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THE 


GARDENER’S MAGAZINE, 


AND 


REGISTER 


RURAL AND DOMESTIC IMPROVEMENT ; 


ore: 
TREATISES ON LANDSCAPE GARDENING, 
ARBORICULTURE, FLORICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, 
AGRICULTURE, RURAL ARCHITECTURE, 
. GARDEN STRUCTURES, 
PLANS OF GARDENS AND COUNTRY RESIDENCES, 
SUBURBAN VILLAS, &c. 
ase 


LISTS OF NEW AND RARE PLANTS, FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 


CONDUCTED BY 


J. C. LOUDON, F.L.S. HS. &e. 


AUTHOR OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIAS OF GARDENING, OF AGRICULTURE, &e. 


VOL. II. 


NEW SERIES, 


LONDON: 


PRINTED FOR THE CONDUCTOR ; 


AND SOLD BY 
LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, 
PATERNOSTER ROW ; 


AND A. AND C. BLACK, EDINBURGH. 
1836. 


CRP ho 


Ye Wack eae o ae . 


UA FADO AW ORE: HRD HOS 


ES ERT AS. CCAP iia 


PGK Ch AA 


PREFACE. 


Tue summary View of the Progress of Gardening during the year 
1836, which will be found in the present Volume, p. 613., renders a 
Preface unnecessary, except for the purpose of introducing the 


Contents. 


These are arranged under the following heads: — 


Orizinal Communications; Reviews of Books; Miscellaneous Intel« 
‘ce; List of Plants ; List of Fruits; List of Culinary Vegetables ; 


s 


a4 


ORIGINAL 


tENERAL SUBJECT. 


storical and Geographical. 

View of the Progress of Garden. 
f Rural Improvement generally, 
, during the year 1836; with some 


\ j-elative to their State in Foreign 

\ / _ By the Conductor. - Page 
Pi / Torticultural Societies - ~ - 
Ex n the Letters of an English Tra- 


veller, now at Sydney, mentioning the 
. Trees and Shrubs that he found in Flower 
during May and June, the Winter Months 
in New South Wales. Communicated by 
Mr. Thomas Backhouse, Nurseryman, 
York - = 3 = = 
A Historical and Descriptive Account of the 
Botanic Garden at Berlin, accompanied by 
a Plan of the Garden, a List of the Ferns 
cultivated in it, and a general Account of 
the Trees contained in the Arboretum, By 
Mr. W. D. Brackenridge, late Head Gar- 
dener to Dr. Neill, at Canonmills Cottage, 
near Edinburgh, and now in the Berlin 
Botanic Garden - = o 2 
Gardening Tour in Germany, made in the 
Spring of 1836, from April 17. to May 5. 
By M. F. Rauch os 5 ¥ a 
Motes of .a Gardening Tour from Berlin 
through Part of Prussia, Saxony, Ger- 
many, Hungary, Switzerland, and Italy. 
By M. Klause, in the Gardens of the King 
of Prussia - - o = = 
Gardening Notices, suggested by a Tour in 
France, in August and September, 1835. 
By T. Rivers, Esq. - = 2 é 
Botanical and Horticultural Tour in Lom- 
bardy. By Signor Giuseppe Manetti - % 
Notes on Gardens and Country Seats, visited 
from July 27. to Sept. 16. 1833, during a 
Tour through Part of Middlesex, Berk- 
shire, Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Wilt- 
shire, Dorsetshire, Hampshire, Sussex, and 
Kent. Bythe Conductor - = S 
Notices of Gardens in Yorkshire. By J. B.W. 
Notices of Gardens, remarkable Trees, &c., in 
the Environs of Lichfield, Staffordshire. 
By Mr. J. Grigor, Lichfield - = - 
Notes made during a Tour to Cashiobury 
Park, Ashridge Park, Woburn Abbey, and 
Hatfield House, in October, 1825. By the 
Conductor - 2 = = 5 
Some Account of the Gardens, and State of 
Gardening, in the North Riding of York- 
shires BylJbeWWe =) =n =e 
Description of Woodbine Cottage, Torquay, 


613 
645 


111 


6 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


the Residence of Mrs. Johnes. By Mr, John 
Gullet, Gardener there - < c - 
Notices of Gardens, remarkable Trees, &c., 
in the Environs of Lichfield, Staffordshire. 
By Mr. J. Grigor, Lichfield” - - 2 
Some Account of the Vineyard and Planta. 
tions of the celebrated Jacob Tonson, in 
1727, at Haffield, near Ledbury; with a 
Notice of the Improvements lately made, 
and now in progress, at that place. By Mr. 
D. Beaton = - - - 
A Notice of the Garden of Canonmills Cot- 
tage, the Residence of Patrick Neill, Esq., 
LL.D. F.L.S., with Lists of the rare Plants 
contained in, or figured and described from, 
it. Drawn up from Communications re- 
ceived from Professor Don, Mr. C. H. 
Smith, and others - = - 5 
Descriptive Notice of Castle Coole, in the 
County of Fermanagh, Ireland. By Y. ~ 
A brief Description of the Gardens at Adare, 
the Residence of the Earl of Dunraven, in 
the County of Limerick. By Mr. Andrew 
Coghlan, Head Gardener there - 2 - 


Science of Gardening. 

On the Necessity of the Study of Botany and 
Entomology to Gardeners. By Joshua 
Major, Esq., Landscape-Gardener _ .. - 

On the Necessity of Young Gardeners study- 
ing the Natural System of Botany, and 
Vegetable Physiology. By a Young Gar- 
dener - e = 2 : = 

Plan for the Exhibition of a Natural Ar- 
rangement of Plants, in the Glasnevin 
Botanic Garden. By N. Niven, Esq. - 

Notice of a Sketch of an Arrangement of the 
Botanical Families in Natural Groups, Al- 
liances, and Races; with Remarks by Sir 
Edward French Bromhead, Bart., F.R.S. ; 
London and Edinburgh ; published in the 
Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal for 
April, 1836. By J. D. 5 ‘ é 

On the Excretory Functions of Plants. By 
Judge Buel - =. - S - 5 

Observations and Experiments on the Pro- 
perty possessed by some Plants, particularly 
the A’rachis hypoge*a, of ripening their 
Fruit under Gr und. By Dr. Augustus 
Trinchinetti of Pavia - = = = 

On the Vegetation of Plants having solid 
Bulbs; and particularly on that of the 
Saffron (Crécus sativus) ; also on the Func- 
tions of Bulbs in general. By Dr. Augustus 
Trinchinetti. Translated from the Italian - 


|A few Facts illustrative of the Cause of 


A 2 


of Horticultural, Botanical, and Floricultural Societies; List of 
‘ns and Country Seats ; List of Engravings; List of Contributors. 


114 


450 


Gr 


169 


116 


395 


452 


s 


iV 


Canker, and other Diseases, a Fruit Trees. 
By Mr. T. Rivers, jun. 

Some Account, and partly in Sequel to the 
foregoing Communication, of Four Species 
of Insects that feed, while in the Larva 
State, upon the Wood of ANGE By John 
Denson, jun. - - 463 

On the relative Terassareses of the Earth, 
under Surfaces covered with a Vegetable 
Coat, and under Surfaces preserved bare ; 
with a Table of ESSERE By Robert 
Mallett, Esq. - - - a 


LANDSCAPE-GARDENING AND 
GARDEN ARCHITECTURE. 


Design for a Public Garden, made for an 
English Corporate Town; with a List of 
the Trees and Shrubs to be planted in if, 
and their Prices. By the Conductor - - 

Design for a Cemetery proposed to be formed 
at Bristol By Mr. P. Masey, jun. - 

On the Introduction of Single Trees in Park 
Scenery. By Mr. R. Glendinning - 

Remarks on improving the Approach Road 
to a small Villa which is now (Nov. 1835) 
undergoing Alteration. By the Conductor 

On a Method of making elastic Walks for 
Gardens. By Mr. Peter Mackenzie - = 

On the Use of Slate for Horticultural Pur- 
poses. By W.B. - 

A Series of Designs for laying out Suburban 
Gardens and Grounds, from One Perch 
to several Acres in Extent. By Mr. T. 
Rutger. 

Design 5. Frontages to Two detached 
Houses. Design 6. Frontages to Four 
double Houses - 

Design 7. For laying out the Frontage 
Grounds of Twenty-one Houses. De- 
sign 8. For Jaying out ner Ground in 
Front of a Crescent - 

Design 9. For laying out a Place of 
Twenty Perches (an Highth of an Acre) 
in Extent. Design 10. For laying out 
a Place containing a Quarter of an 
Acre - 220, 

Design 11. For laying out a Place of 
Half an Acre in Extent. Design 12. 
For laying out a Place containing 
Three Quarters of an Acre - - 471 

Designs 13. and 14. For laying out Two 
Places, each about CHE Acre in Ex- 
tent. - 

Design for laying out ‘the Grounds of a Villa 
of Four Acres in Extent. By Mr. T. 
Rutger 

A Design for laying out a Piece of Ground 
in front of a Villa Residence, as a Flower- 
Garden and Arboretum. By T. Rutger - 

Plan of a small Garden in the Town of Go- 
dalming, Surrey, laid out for H. Marshall, 
Esq., Solicitor, by Richard Varden, Esq., 
Architect, i in 1833. Communicated by Mr. 
Varden - 2 

Design for laying “out the Garden of a Tavern, 
now Building, in the Neighbourhood of 
Gravesend, in Kent. By E. B. Lamb, Esq., 
Architect.” With a List of the Trees and 
Shrubs recommended for planting the Gar- 
den. By the Conductor - 

A Series of Designs for laying out and plant. 
ing Flower-Gardens, with Remarks on each 
by the Conductor. Design 5. By a CORBY 
bred Gardener - = 177 

Design for a Gothic Flower-Garden. By A. 
G.C. - - 520 

Design for a Flower-Garden. By E. B. 
Lamb, Esq., and the Conductor - 5 ~ 596 

Descriptive Notice, accompanied by Plans 
and Sections, of a Range of Forcing- 
houses, including a Green-house, erected 
for William Constable Maxwell, Esq., at 
Everingham Park, near Pocklington, York- 
shire, by Mr. W. Crosskill, Iron-Founder 
and Hot-house Builder, Beverley. Drawn 
up from various Communications, forward- 
ed by Mr. Maxwell, his Gardener Mr. 
Ingram, Mr. Crosskill, and others, - - 347 


- 460 


- 121 


- 564 


- 175 


180 


474 


66 


- 516. 


CONTENTS. 


Notice of « Range of Green-houses recentiy 
erected in Barratt’s Subscription Botanic 
Garden at St. John’s, Wakefield. Drawn 
up from a Communication by Mr. Barratt 

On the best Form of Stages and Shelves for 
the Display of Green-house Plants. By Mr. 
T. Rutger - 

Description and Result be suspended Trellises 
in early Forcing-houses, as a Method for 
more readily forwarding Vines, Xc. BY Mr. 
Charles Pullar = S e = 


312 


68 


248 


HORTICULTURE. 


On the Systems of Cropping Kitchen-Gar- 
dens, adopted by the best Private and 
Commercial Gardeners; with an Attempt 
to reduce them to fixed Principles. By 
WeeDass y= 476 

Remarks on the Ringing of Fruit Trees. 
Translated from an Article on that Sub- 
ject by M.Van Mons, published in Belgium 

On the Arrangement and Management of 
Fruit Trees in Kitchen-Gardens. By Mr. 
Robert Errington : - 

Remarks on Cropping Fruit. -tree Borders. 
By Mr. T. Rutger - 5 

Pomological Notices; or, Notices of new 
Fruits, which have Been proved, during the 
past Year, to deserve general Cultivation in 
British Gardens. By Mr. Robert Thomp- 
son, Fruit-Gardener in the Horticultural 
Society’ s Garden - - 

On the Treatment of old Fruit Trees which 
it is wished to preserve; and on {the Ad- 
vantages of laying Cow-Dung at the Bases 
of their Trunks, and also at the Rootstalks 
of Vines. By W. A. L. 

On the Culture of the Pine- ane By Mr. 
Alexander Forsyth 5 

On removing the White Scale from Pine 
Plants. By Mr. Charles Pullen, Gardener 
to J. L. Goldsmid, Esq. = 352 

On a Mode cf producing Two Crops of Grapes 
from the same Vines in one Year. By Mr. 
James Waldron, Gardener to the Arch- 
bishop of Armagh - 356 

A Mode of producing Two Crops of Grapes 
in One House, in One Year. By Y. - 537 

A new Method of grafting, or rather budding, 
Vines. By Mr. George M‘Leish - silt 

Some Account of the Vineyard at Collin 
Deep, near Hendon, Middlesex. By James 
Bamford, Esq. 

Observations on the Cultivation of the Vine 
under Glass. By Jasper Wallace, Gardener 


192 


126 
242 


639 


- 416 
593 


to William Forsyth, Esq. - 244 
Olitorial Notices ; or, Npaeee of new Culi- 

nary Vegetables, deserving of general Culti- 

vation in British Gardens - - 641 
On the Culture of Asparagus ; with a | Note 

on the Globe Artichoke. By Mr. James 

Cuthill - 506 


On the Culture of theChicory, asaSalad Plant, 

as practised in Belgium. By Dr. Lippold - 250 
On a new and economical Method of preserv- 

ing Endive through the Winter. By Mr. 

James Cuthill, Gardener to Capt. Trotter 

Dyrham Park - - 356 
A Plan for growing Potatoes and Dahlias on 

the same Ground, and in the same Season. 

By J. H. R. - - - - 249 
On the Culture of the Potato. By R. L. - 132 
An Account of an Experiment made with 

Three Potatoes. By Mr. John Denson, 

Sen. - - 134 
New Mode of growing Mushrooms. By W. 35 
On the Mode of raising Mushrooms from the 

Mushroom Stone. By Mr. James Alex- 

ander, Gardener at Maeslaugh Castle - 35 


ARBORICULTURE. 


Dimensions of Trees of the British Oaks 
(Quércus AObur pedunculatum and Q. R. 
sessiliflorum), and of the Cedar of Lebanon 
(Cédrus Libani), now growing in different 
Parts of Britain and ireland ; selected from 


OS 


CONTENTS. 


%he Return Papers filled up for the Arbo- 
retum et Fruticetum Britannicum = - 

Wist of the most celebrated old Oaks, Cedars, 

~ Larches, Chestnuts, Beeches, Elms, Ashes, 
Sycamores, &c., in Great Britain = Ee 

A List of the Places in? Great Britain and 
Ireland from which Return Papers have 
been received for the ‘“* Arboretum Britan- 
nicum,”’ up to the 21st of November, 1825. 
By the Conductor 

On the Geography of the ‘Trees and Shrubs of 
the Scandinavian Peninsula. By Professor 
Schouw of Copenhagen. Communicated by 
M. Jens Peter Petersen, Gardener to the 
King of Denmark 

Onthe Arboricultural Flora of Sweden. By 
Dr. Agardh, late Professor of Botany at 
Lund, now Bishop of Carlstadt - 

Notice of the Indigenous and Exotic Trees of 
Switzerland. By M. Alphonse De Candolle 233 

Remarks on Mr. Lawrence’s Plan for 
‘“* forming Plantations, with a View to faci- 
litating their after Management. >» By Mr. 
Archibald Gorrie, F. Hs S., M.C.H.S., &c. 237 

On the proper Season for transplanting Ever- 
greens. By Mr. T. Rutger. - 

On Thinning, Pruning, and Girdling Trees. 
By William Ward, Esq. 

Facts relating to the annual Increase of the 
Trunks of Timber Trees. Communicated 
by John F. M. Dovaston, Esq. A. M. - 526 

Remarks on Oak Foliage. By the Rev. W. 
T. Bree = ~ 533 

Further Notices respecting British Oaks, and 
some Remarks on the Turkey Oak and 
Scarlet Oak ; extracted from various Com- 
munications received from the Rev. W. T. 
Bree: with a note on the Study of Oaks, 
and of Trees generally, by the Conductor - 571 


On the Uses of the U/imus montana, or 
Wych Eim. By Mr. John Ashworth - 409 

Scottish Arboricultural Notices. By Mr. 
Gorrie = - 399 

Scottish Arboricultural Notices. Argyle- 
shire. By Mr. Alexander Anderson, Gar- 
dener at Baltimore House - - 402 


. FLORICULTURE. 


Floricultural and BotanicalNotices on Kinds 
of Plants newly introduced into our Gar- 
dens, and that have originated in them, and 
on Kinds of Interest previously extant in 
them ; supplementary to the latest Edi- 
tions ef the ‘‘ Encyclopedia of Plants,” 
and of the “ Hortus Britannicus” ~ 36. 73. 135 
182. 252. 314. 357. 418. 481. 538. 597 
On the most suitable Description of Flower- 
ing Plants for planting in Beds and Groups 
on the Lawns of Public Gardens. By S. S. - 535 
On the Treatment of Green-house Plants in 
the Summer Season. By An Observer = 241 
Notices of Green-house Plants which have 
lived in the open Air for several Years 
(chiefly in the SOL West of England) 


By A.S. 410 
On the Culture of the Solandra grandiflora, 
By Mr. Thomas Symons - - 413 


On a particular Method of Managing the 
Brugmansia suavéolens an} the open Air. 
By Mr. J. Spence- - 589 
On the Cultivation of Viola tricolor. In a 
Letter to Mr.:Gorrie by Dr. Miller of Perth 591 
On the Mode in which Hyacinths are grown 
in the Neighbourhood of Berlin. By Mr. 
W. D. Brackenridge, now in the Berlin 
Botanic Garden 
Notice of a successful Mode of grafting the 


Notice respecting the Lombardy Poplar (P6- Rhododéndron alta-clerénse. By Mr. Jo- 
pulus fastigiata Desf.) in Italy = - 569! seph Walker = - - = 242 
REVIEWS. 


ne GENERAL SUBJECT. 
Transactions of the Horticultural Society of 
London. Second Series. Vol. I. Part IV. 
4to. London, 1833. 5 - 80. 258. 423. 
Curtis’s Botanical Magazine ; or, Flower- 
Garden Displayed ; a New Edition, with 
amended Characters of the Species; the 
whole arranged according to the Natural 
Orders. By W.J. Hooker L.L.D. F.R.A.and 
L.S.,&c. &c. &c.and Regius Professor of Bo- 
tany in the University of Glasgow. To 
which is added, the most approved Method 
of Culture. By Samuel Curtis, F.L.S., 
of the Giazenwood Horticultural Grounds, 
Essex, and Proprietor of the “ Botanical 
Magazine.” Vol.I. 8vo. Londen, 1833. - 152 
Royle’s Illustrations of the Botany and other 
Branches of the Natural History of the Hi- 
Himalayan Mountains, and of the Flora of 
Cashmere, &c. Part VI. containing from 
p. 177. to 216. of letterpress; a view of the 
Himalayan Mountains, a plate of birds, and 
eight plates of plants, all beautifully co- 
loured - 142, 185. 318 
Remarks on the Geographical Distribution of 
British Plants ; chiefly in-Connexion with 
Latitude, Elevation, and Climate. By H. 
Cottrell Watson. 12mo. London, 1835. - 154 
The New Botanist’s Guide to the Localities 
of the Rarer Plants of Britain ; on the Plan 
of Turner and Dillwyn’s Botanist’s Guide. 
By Hewett Cottrell Watson. Vol. J. Eng- 
landand Wales. 12mo. London, 1835 ~- 154 
Flora Hibernica: comprising the Flowering 
Plants, Ferns, Characeze, Musci, Hepatice, 
Lichens, and Algz of Ireland; arranged 
according to the Natural System ; with a 
Synopsis of the Genera according to the Lin- 
nean System. By James Townsend Mac- 
kay, M.R.I.A., Associate of the Linnzan 
Society, &c. &. - - 544 
Shirreff’s Tour through North pues ica, to- 
gether with a comprehensive View of the 


Canadas and the United States, as adenrcd 
for Agricultural Emigration 189 
Catalogue of Works on Gardening “Agricul. 
ture, Botany, Rural Architecture, &c. 
lately published, with some Account of 
those considered the more interesting :— 
De Candolle’s Notice sur les Graines de 
LV Ananas, 192. Bridgeman’s Young Gar. 
dener’s Assistant, 193. Le Cultivateur, 
Journal Belge d@’ E‘conomie Rurale ; ; Re- 
cueil de Connaissances Pratiques et Raison- 
nees d’ Agriculture, 261. Annales des Jar- 
diniers Amateurs, Suiteaux Annales de la 
Société d’ AgronomiePratique, 261. Histoire 
Naturelle des tles Canaries, 26). 321. 


LANDSCAPE-GARDENING.- 


Observations on Landscape-Gardening, with 
an Account of its practical Application in 
Muskau. By Prince Puckler Muskau, 
Fol., with forty-four views and four ground 
plans. Stuttgard, 1834, Hallberger - 85 

The Landscape. Gardener ; comprising the 
History and Principles of Tasteful Horti- 
culture. By J. Dennis, B.C.L., Prebend- 
ary of the ‘Collegiate Church of Exeter 
Castle, and Author of “ The Key to the 
Regalia,” &c. 8vo, London, 1835 - = 150 


HORTICULTURE. 


The Use of crushed Bones as Manure. B 
Cuthbert William Johnson, Author of ‘An 
Essay on the Employment of Salt in Agri- 


culture,” &c. - S - - 319 
FLORICULTURE. 

The Floricultural Magazine, No. I. = = 436 

The Annual Dahlia Register for 1836 - 192 


The Florist Cultivator, or Plain Directions 
for the Management. of the principal Flo- 
rest Flowers, Shrubs, &c. &¢c., adapted to 
the Flower.Garden, Shrubbery, and Green- 
house ; with select Lists of the finest Roses, 
Geraniums, Carnations, Pinks, Auriculas, 


A3 


° 


yl 


Polyanthuses, Tulips, Dahlias, Heartsease, 
&c. &c. The wholearranged ona Plan dif- 
ferent from any Work hitherto published. 
By Thomas Willats, Esq., Amateur Culti- 


vator. Small8vo. London, 1835 3 - 155 
An Essay on Calcareous Manures. By Ed- 

mund Ruffin. Small 8vo, 242 pages. Pe- 

tersburg, Lower Virginia, 1832 = - 156 


Catalogues of Roses. 
logue of Roses, cultivated and sold by 
Rivers and Son, for 1835-6. 2. A Catalogue 
of Roses, cultivated by Mr. Hooper, at his 
Nursery Gardens, Brenchley, near Lam- 
berhurst, Kent - 260 


I. A descriptive Cata- 


al 


CONTEN'S. 


AGRICULTURE. 
The Agriculturist’s Manual. By Peter Law- 
son and Son = = - 
Literary Notices: Flora Hibernica, 193. Ge- 
raniacee, 193. Zur Geschichte, Kultur, 
und Klassifikation der Georginen und 
Dahlien, 193. The Suburban Gardener, 
193. The Flora Domestica or History of 
Medicinal Plants indigenous to Great 
Britain, 263. Illustrations, with a Topo- 
graphical and Descriptive Account, of Cas- 
siobury Park, Hertfordshire, 263. 


438 « 


MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. 


GENERAL NOTICES. 


Notice of the Coccus broméliz, 92; Forcing of 
Cherries* in England in 1755,; 92; Extraor- 
dinary Produce of single Grains of Wheat, 92; 
Sugar.extracted from Beet Root and Skir- 
rets, 92; Cooling Liquors in hot Weather, 93; 
Use and Abuse of Hybridisation, 194; Heating 
Stoves by Steam not a new Invention, 195; 
Transplanting, 196; Symmetry, 196; The In- 
fiuence of Lightning Conductors on Vegetation, 
196; Plants grown in Moss, 196; Potash, 156; 
Tulip Roots, 196; The Genus Bambisa, 197 ; 


Lobelia spléndens and falgens, 198; Method of | 
preserving Plants during a long Voyage, 263; | 
‘Fhe House Fly, 264; A cheap and durable 


Netting for Garden Purposes, 264; Rowland’s 
Metallic Wire and Metallic Nails, 264; Water- 
proof Strands of Bast for tying Trees, and 
Waterproof Bast Mats, 265; A Measuring 
Chain, 322; A Pruning Hook for Vines, 322; 
The common Bramble of our Hedges effective 
in tanning leather, 323; A new Portable Flour- 
Mill, 323; Glass Tubes for circulating hot 
Water, instead of Cast-iron ones, 323 ; Conti- 
nental travelling, 323; A newly recommended 
Remedy for destroying the Red Spider on 
Plants, 485; Three Crops a Year of Wheat, 
485 ; School Education, 676 ; Effects of Educa- 
tion on Society, 677 ; The Present has no Ene- 
my like the Past, 678; Cruelty to Animals, 
678; British Association for the Improvement 
of Science, 678: On the Action of Light upon 
Plants, and of Plants upon the Atmosphere, 
678 ; On the Colours of Flowers, 679; On the 
Selecting Power of the Roots of Plants, 680; 
The Effects of Arsenic on Vegetation, 673; Elec- 
tric Property of Plants, 684; Accelerating the 
Growth of Seeds by Scalding them, 684; Ar- 
tesian Wells, 685; Heating by hot Water 
drawn up from the Bowels of the Earth, 685 ; 
The Structure of Pit Coal, 685 ; Karwigs, 687 ; 
The Wireworm, 687; Botanist’s Spud, 687 ; To 
preserve Botanical Specimens, Insects, &c.,’688 ; 
‘Ligridia Pavdnza, 688 ; Age of Yew Trees, 688 ; 
Grafting the Céltis on the common Thorn, 688; 
Xanthorrhee*a arborea, 689; The most extraor- 
ordinary agricultural Improvement of modern 
Times, 689; Acceleration of the Growth of 
Wheat, 689. 


ForEIGN NOTICES. 


France. — The deciduous Cypress, 198 ; The Red 
Oak, 198; L’Institut Horticole de Fromont, 
198; Cultivation of the Bamboo in France, 
199 ; Seeds,199; Paris, Female Salisbaréa, 266 ; 
Salisburia, (690; Improvements in the Jardin 
des Plantes, 692; Soulange-Bodin, 693. 

Belgium. — Ghent, 199 ; Horticultural Notices, 
266; Different varieties of Indian, Bengal, and 
Noisette Roses, 267; Some of the principal 
Gardens and Gardeners in Belgium, 324; 
Trees in the Botanic Garden, Leyden, 692 ; 
Park at Lacken, 547; Park of the Duc 
a’ Aremberg, at Enghien, 547. 

Germany. — The Lake Zirknitz, in Carniola, 199 ; 
Notes on the Trees, Gardens, Gardeners, Gar- 
den Artists, and Garden Authors of Germany, 
200; The English Garden at Munich, 693. 

Téaly. — Monza Gardens, 267 ; Plants which stand 
in the open Air at Como, 263; Genoa, 548 ; 


Naples, 548; Monza, 548; Salisbiiria adianti- 
folia, 549, 

Spain.— Information on, 201. 263; Gibraltar, 693. 

Norway, 548. 

Russia.—Isle of Cronstadt, near St. Petersburg, 93. 

Turkey.—The great Plane Tree at Buykdere, 549- 

Syrza, — Dahlias, &c., 208. 

India. — Botanic Garden, Calcutta, 209; Seeds 
of the Prangos Hay Plant, 269. 

North America. — Lemon Hill, Philadelphia, 
209; Exhibition of Cheeses at Albany, 326 ; 
Quércus Alba, 693; Platanus occidentalis, 
693; Endicct Pear Tree, 694; Large Pears, 
694; Large Virginian Apples, 694; The Ma- 
clira, 694; The Tea Plant, 694. 

South America. —Vhe Timber Trees which grow 
in the Neighbourhood of Caraccas, 210. 

West Indies.—Practicability of cultivating Wheat 
and other Articles of Agricultural Produce, at 
certain Elevations, in the West Indies, 211. 

Australia. — Death of ,Mr. Richard Cunning- 
ham, 326, 

Domestic NOTICES. 

England. —Ashwell in Hertfordshire, 97; Public 
Gardens and Literary Institutions, 99; The 
Bristol, Clifton, and West of England Zoological 
Society,; 99; Building at Northfleet, 100; 
Booker’s Hoe. 100; The Palo de Vaca, or Cow 
Tree, 100; Linnean Society, 157; Society of 
Arts, 157; The Stamford Hill Horticultural 
Reading Society, 157; The Stratford Nursery, 
157; Stercilia\ platanifdlia, 157; The Milford 
Nursery, 157; Hickling Wheat, 158; Golden 
Drop Wheat, 158; Vicia villdsa, 159; List of 
Melon and Gourd Seeds, 159; Plant of Brug- 
mansia suavéolens, 213; Chimonanthus fra- 
grans 213; Alstroemerias in the open!’ Air in 
Devonshire, 213; Lathyrus rotundif dlius, 213 ; 
Tpomee‘a ribro-cerilea, 214; Strelitzia augusta, 
214; Entomological Society 214; Turnip Fly, 
215; Silkworms, 215; Subject of Prize Essay for 
1836, 215; Professorship of Botany at King’s 
College, 367; South London Floricultural So- 
ciety, 368; Botanical Collector sent to South 
America, 368 ; Weeping Oak at Moccas Court, 
Herefordshire, 368; Common Oak at Moccas 
Court, 368; Planting at Moccas Court, 369; 
The Alpine Laburnum, 369; Cytisus purpi- 
reus appearing on the hybrid Laburnum, 
369; Choice Plants at Sheppy Hall, Leicester- 
shire, 369; Fuchséa arboréscens, 370; Plants in 
Flower on March 1. in the Neighbourhood of 
Falmouth, 370; Plants in full Flower at Pen- 
zance, Cornwall, on Nov. 12. 1835, 370; Zeu- 
cdjum vérnum, 371; Twickenham Botanic Gar- 
den Apple, 371; Horticultural Fetes, 485: A 
Public Pleasure-Garden at Lichfield, 486; Cé- 
reus speciosissimus, 466; Heraclézm asperum, 
the Siberian Cow Parsnep, 487; The Grapery 
at Kinmel Park, 487 ; Forming Meadows, by 
Tnoculation, in One Year, 487; English Gar- 
dens visited by Foreigners, 550; Kensington 
Gardens, 550; New and rare Plants lately 
introduced into the Liverpool Botanic Gar- 
den, 551; Horticulture in Jersey, 551; Pe- 
tits Pois Anglais, 552; Maclira aurantiaca, 
552; Shrubby Calceolarias, 552; Large Yecca 
gloridsa, 552; Gigantic Thistle, 553; Large 
White Currant Tree, 553; A new Species of 


Aphis, 553; The old Vinery and Peach-Houses 


CONTENTS. Vii 


ut the Whim, 553; Spruce Firs at the Whim, 
553; Nettles, 553; Peat Tiles, 553; Yacca glo- 
ridsa, O‘lea excélsa, and Cléthra arborea, 554 ; 
Upright, or Irish Yews, 554; An Insect on the 

. Pear Trees at Kinmel Park, 695; Vitality of 

Seeds, 695; London Botanical Society, 695; 

Proposed Botanic Gardens in Leeds, 696; Col- 

chester Botanic Garden, 696; Zoological Gar- 

dens, 696; Sheffield Floricultural and Hotti- 
cultural Exhibition, 697; The Pomological 

Rivals of Lancaster, 697; Kensington Nursery, 

697; A Half-hardy Arboretum, 697; Miller’s 

Nursery Bristol, 697; Wheeler’s Nursery War- 

minster, 697; Wasps in Warwickshire, 698 ; 

Rooks and Walnuts, 698; The comparative 

Protection afforded to Horticulture and Arbori- 

culture by the English Law, 698; Grafting the 

Oak; Grafting the Cydonia japonica and the 

. Crate*gus Pyracantha on the common Haw- 
thorn, 698; Grafting the Zelkoua, or Planera 
Richardz, on the common Elm, 698; Fraxinus 
americana juglandifdlia, 699; Edwardsza mi- 
crophylla, 699; The Lemon, 699 ; The Whorl- 
leaved Elm, 699; A‘bies Douglasiz, 699; Draw- 
ings of Trees for the Ayboretum Britannicum, 
699 ; Napoleon’s. Willow, 700; Ipomece’a rdbro- 
cerilea, 702; Seed-growers, 702; Lupinus, 
703 ; Blue Dahlias, 700 ; The Cape Shallot, 703 ; 
Scale on the Pine, 703 ; Budding the Vine, 703; 
Italian Melons, 703; Persian Melons, 703 , The 
new Turkish Onion, 704; The Mercer Potato, 
704; The Steam Plough and the Scotch System 
of Husbandry, 704; Samples of Wheat from 
the Spanish Main, 705; A Refinery of Sugar 
from Beet Root, 705. 

Scotland. — The Idea of an Experimental Farm, 
103; Usetul Reading for Gardeners, 104; 
Sir W. J. Hooker, 371; The Botanical Society 
of Edinburgh, 705 ; Subscriptions for a Monu- 
ment to Douglas, 765; Hints for the Improve- 
ment of Cottage Gardening in Scotland, 706 ; 
The Curatorship of the Caledonian Horticul- 
tural Society’s Garden, 706; Leptospérmum, 
706; A new Seedling Strawberry, 706. 

Ireland. — Effect of Light and Heat in affecting 
the Exhalation of Moisture from the Leaves of 
Plants, 105; Structure of the Wood of the 
Conffere, 105; Variegated common Ash, 371. 


<: 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


Proposals for erecting a Monument to the 
late Mr. David Douglas - - 384 

Biographical Notice of the late Mr. David 
Douglas, the Traveller and Botanist ; with 
a Proposal to erect a Monument to his 
Memory ; and a List of the Plants which 


» he introduced 3 - = - 602 
Ploughing by Steam - - - 488 
The scientific Examination of Gardeners - 610 


Retrospective Criticism. — Errata, 159. 269. 372. 
706 ; Mr. Mearn’s Method of coiling Vines, 
159; White Scale on Pines, 160; Destroying 
the white Scale on the Pine-apple, 160 ; Arbo- 
retum Britannicum, 215; Wistarza chinénsis, 
215; Destruction of the white Scale on the Pine 
Plants, 216; The Belfast Horticultural Society, 
269; Alterations proposed in the Form of the 
Exhibitions of the Productions of Horticultural 
Societies, 372; The Horticultural Society’s 
Fruit Show of May 14., 373; Serpentine Walls 
causing Currents of Air, 373; Culture of the 
Potato, 374; On the Subject of Bottom Heat, 
374; Destroying the white Scale on the Pine- 
apple, 376; Deformity occasioned by the usval 
Method of nailing Fruit Trees, 576; Analysis 
of Vegetables and Manures, 490; Variegated- 
leaved Plants, 490; The Formation of Arbo- 
retums, 490 ; The Kincairney Ash, 492; The 
Pendency of the Spray of the Ash, 492; Cul- 
ture of Epiphytal Orchidex, 492; Grafting 
the Vines, &c., 493; Cutting large Limbs off 
the Vine, 494; The Construction of Vineries, 
and the Shriveling of Grapes, 494; Culture of 
the Potato, 494; Arrangement and Manage- 
ment of Fruit Trees in Kitchen-Gardens, 554 ; 
Soot and Ashes as Manures to Lawns, 555; 
Objections to Pruning, 555; Kensington Gar- 


A 4 


7 


dens, 706; Taking the Girt of Trees for the 
Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum, 706: 
Destroying the Scale on the Pine-apple, 707; 
Quércus Robur sessilifldrum at Woburn Abbey, 
707; Oak Galls, 707; The Excrescences upon 
the Oaks, 708; Cossus Lignipérda Fadb., Zeu- 
zéra_ 2’sculi_ Lat, Dorcus parallelopipedus 
Maci., 708; The Portraiture and Biography of 
the Species of Insect most commonly observed 
by Persons engaged in Gardening of any kind, 
or in Farming, 710. The Poverty of the Jersey 
Gardens, 711. 

Queries and Answers. — Manner of making a 
Peach taste of Wormwood, 52; Freeing Fire- 
Stones of Flues from Smoke Stains, 52; Graft- 
ing Forest Trees in Parks and Plantations, 52; 
The Red Spider on the Aibes sanguineum, 52 ; 
Currants and Gooseberries for Wine, 52; Me- 
lons, 52; The inherent Power of Soils to con- 
vert Foreign Substances into their own Nature, 
161; Destruction of the Thrips, 162; Destruc- 
tion of Insects, 162; A Machine for discharg- 
ing Bullets of Dung or Earth over a Peat 
Bog or Swamp, 162; Serpentine Garden Walls, 
162; Smoke Stains on Flues, 163; Remov- 
ing Shrubs, &c., from a Garden, 163; Facts on 
the Mistletoe, 217; Two Plants of Mistletoe, 
217; Raisin des Carmes, 218; White Scale 
on Pine Plants, 218; Canker on Cucumber 
Plants, 218; A remarkable Yew Tree, 270; 
Loudon’s Seedling Grape, 270; The Gama 
Grass, 271; Crickets in Hot-houses, 376; Re- 
medy for the Thrips, 367; Safe and effectual 
Remedy for the Thrips, 377; Effects of Frost 
on French Beans, 378 ; Salisbirza adiantif dlia, 
378; The Mistletoe, 378 ; Taxddium distichum, 
379 ; Coe’s Golden Drop Plum, 379; Smooth- 
leaved and rough-leaved Rape, 379; Destruc- 
tion of Crickets, 495; Destroying Crickets in 
Hot-houses, 495; Thrips destroved in Cucum- 
ber and Melon Frames, 495; Destroying the 
Scale on the Pine-apple, 495; The reddish in- 
sular Scales on the under Side of Oak Leaves, 
496; Oak Galls, &c., 496; Pinus Pinaster as 
Timber, 496; Singular Varieties of indigenous 
Oaks, 498; Azicuba japonica, 555; Frogs will 
eat Wasps, 555; Two Crops of Grapes in One 
Year, 555; Coal Siftings for Garden Walks, 
555; The black Grub on Turnips, 711; The 
Grapes at Kinmel Park, 711; Large black 
Hamburgh Grapes,711; A new Seedling Vine, 
711; Destroying the Scale on the Pine-apple 
Plant, 711; Budding or grafting the Walnut, 
712; The Olive Tree immersed in Water, 712; 
Pinus Pinaster as Timber, 712; The Salisbura, 
712; Certain Trees in the Park of Blair Drum- 
mond, near Stirling, 712; Malformation of 
Pears, 712; “Johnson’s Willow, 713; Hybrids 
of the True Service, 713; Roses in Northamp- 
tonshire, 713; ‘free Dahlias, 715; The Potatoes 
in Norway, 715; The Fruit of the Aibes san- 
guineum, 716; Queries respecting the most 
profitable Kind of Fruit fora Market-Gardener, 
716; Salubrity and Insalubrity of Situation, 716. 
Apse Court, near Walton on Thames, 712. A 
Garden in a Burial-Ground, 712. Miller, Gar- 
dener to the Earl of Orford at Chelsea, 712. 
Walter Clarke, an ancient Florist. 712. The 
Papaw Tree, 716. The Hydrangea with blue 
and red Flowers on the same Plant, 717. Do 
Sheep eat aromatic Plants? 712. Rosa Hardzz, 
717. Fungus meliténsis, 717. The Girton Pip- 
pin Apple, 719. Potash from Beet Root, 719. 
Rabbits preferable to Pigs for, making Ma- 
nure, 711. Cactus heptagona, 718. Ornamental 
Hedges, 718. 

Covent Garden Market. — 50. 107. 219. 272. 328. 
383. 498. 

London Horticultural Soctety and Garden. — 51. 
106. 163, 220. 273. 329. 379. 443. 499. 556. 717. 

South London Floricultural Society. — 382%. 

Obituary. — Mr. Charles Williamson, 108; Mr. 
Joseph Picken, 164; M. Deleuze, 164; Further 
Details respecting the Death of Mr. Douglas, 
274; Dr. Hosack, 276; Sir John Sinclair, 276; 
Mr. Richard Cunningham, 386; Mr. James 
Young, F.H.S, 612; Mr. Robert Adams, 612; 
Jussieu, 719; Mr. John Shepherd, A.L.S., 720. 


LIST OF PLANTS. 


Those marked with a * are not registered in the last edition of the Hortus Britannicus, but have 
S been introduced into Britain; those marked with a + have been already registered, either in the 


Hortus Britannicus or this Magazine, but with less perfect details ; 
have not been introduced, or, 


A*bies Clanbrasil/aina - - 283 
communis [? excélsa] - 206 
Douglasti ~ - - - 699 
excélsa . - 60. 401. 584 

Eo Picea. - 401. 402. 588 


The Dunmore fir - - 589 
Acacia dealbata - — - - 144 
Julibrissin = - 144, 448 
sp. = . - - 684 
Acer campéstre - ~ 60. 400 
The Boldre maple - - 584 
monspessulanum - 693. 699 


O’pulus- .« - - 
platanoides = ote 
Psetido-Platanus - 235. 

var. variegata - = 563 


Achilléa tomentosa - ~< 155 
Adésmia eee - - 138 
4H/sculus (Pavia) flava, fig. - 30 
Hippocastanum -  - 110 
The Burleigh horse- 
chestnut - < - 585 
rubicinda - - - 223 
rubra - - = - ll 
Agaricus campéstris, cult. - 35 


Agaveamericana ~~ 
Agrostemma * Bungedna ; 
syn. Lychnis Bungedna 


Hort., jl. - - - 76 
Allium ascalénicum - - 703 
* siculum, i. - - 543 
ursinum «= - - 679 
A’\nus glutindsa = - 60 
incana - = ~ - 60 
Aloysia citrioddra - 55}. 673 
Alstreemeéria hirtélla - 213 
cult. 370 

ovata - = - 213 
psittacina, cult. - - 370 


+ Amhérstéa + nobilis - ~ 143 
Anandssa sativa, cult. 428. 503 
Angreé’cum * caudatum, fi. 257 


Anona Cherimolia — - - 
Antirrhinum * glanduldsum, 


. - = - 541 
* Aptésimum ft depréssum, jf. 483 
A’rachis hypoge’a, jig. - 396 
Arauctria [Altingéa] ex- 
célsa 5 Ss - 12. 390 
A’rbutus U‘nedo- - - 404 
Ardisia * odontophylla, 77. - 541 
Aristolochia * foe‘tens, fl. - 74 


Aristotélia Miacqui - ~- 391 
Armeniaca brigantiaca; syn. 
Prunus brigantiaca - - 148 
Asparagus officinalis, culé. - 596 
Aucuba japonica = - 555 
Averrhoa Carambila - 664 
Azalea indica 
*7 Rawsonz, fl. - ~ 421 
ledifolia- — - 449., fig. 413 


Bambisa arundinacea’ - 325., 
= eult. 199 

+ Gudduas 4 - 197 
Banksia serrata = - 411 
Baphia nitida . . - 491 
Bartonia * atirea, fi. - - 136 
Begonia * Fischerz, 7. » 429 
* platanifolia, jl. - - 429 
+sanguinea, ji. - - 422 
Bellis * integrifolia, 1. - 46 
Betula S = é - 7 
nana - - 60 


* Bifrenaria * aurantiaca, jl. 422 
Bignonia ventista - =Eeoll 

kea = < c - 690 
Bleétéa * patula, 77. - 423, 542 


Botr¥chium Lunaria - - 645 
Brassica * asperifodlia - - 379 
campéstris = = - 379 
olerdcea - = 679. 681 
Brugmansia suavéolens 213. 618 
cult. 589 

* Brunodnia * australis, 7. - 139 
Brya E’benus - S - 491 
Bixus sempervirens - - 10 
Cacti, cult. = - - 431 
Cactus heptagona = - 718 
Calceolaria vars. - - 662 


Callidpsis * Drummond, fl. 46 
tinctdria [bicolor], var. 


2 * atrosanguinea, fl. - 183 


Calochértus spléndens - 435 


ventstus - - 435 
Camélléa japdénica var. 
t Donkelaerz, fi. - - 314 
Canna Achiras ; syn. €. edu- 
lis, culf. = cS - 268 
Cannabis sativa = = 681 
Capraria Janceolata - - 413 
Carica Papaya 2 - 325 
Carpinus Bétulus - - 60 
Carya alba; syn. JUglans alba 452 
Caryota Urens) - - - 325 
Castanea vésca - 110. 400, 401. 700 
At Cobham Hall, ‘‘ Four 
Sisters ” - - 584 


Ditto,‘ fallen chestnut ” 584 


Tortworth chestnut = 583 
Cecrdpza peltata - - 32 
Cédrus Libani - - 579. '700 

Chelsea cedars - ~ 585 


Enfield cedar - « 585 


Hammersmith cedar - 585 
Celdsia fF coceinea, jl. - 13 
coccinea - = 702 
Céltis - - - 10 
australis = - 688. 700 
Centauréa Cyanus’ - - 199 
Ceanothus aztreus ~- = 370) 
Cérasus + capricida - 148 
tcornuta - - - 148 
Laurocérasus - 404 
lusitanica - - 404. 451 
Padus - - 60. 564 
t Puiddum S = 148 
Cércis = = - 10 
canadénsis = - 391 
Siliquastrum -~ - 391 
Céreus * Napolednis, j7.; 


syn. Cactus Napolednis 
Hort., Céreus trian. 
gularis var. major 
Salm Dyck - - 
+ triangularis, 77. = 
Cheetogastria * gracilis, jl. - 
Chame*‘rops humilis - 200. 299 
Chenopodium Quinoa 619, 
Chimonanthus fragrans - 
Chrysanthemum indicum - 
sinénse, f var. ‘Sulphur 
yellow, * var. Wheeler’s 
sanguineum, * var. 
Wheeler’s expanded 
crimson, ji. - = a) a7 
Cineraria * macrophylla, /Z. 
Cinnamomum Cdmphora = 
Cirrhe‘a * tristis, 71. - 
Cistus Lédon © shalt 
Citrus margarita - - 
Clematis *azlrea grandi- 
flora, 7l. : - = § 
Clerodéndrum * speciosissi- 
mum = - - 656 


and those with a t prefixed 


if introduced, have since become extinct. 


Cléthra arborea - 
Coccéloba uvifera - 


* virens, Ft. - ‘= 43 
Cochlearia Armoracea - 679 
Collinsia * bicolor =o a= LOS 
Collomia F Cavanillesza, fl. 139 


* Coopérza * chlorosdlen, jl. 141 

* Drumméndz, ji. - 141 
Coréopsis _atrosanguinea ; 
syn. Callidépsis bicolor 

var. * atrosanguinea - 703 


* coronata, jl. - - 138 
* diversifolia, 71. - - 183 
* filifolia, 72. = - 419 
Coriaria myrtifdlia - - 187 


Corydalis bulbdsa syn. Fu- 


maria bulbdsa sélida Lin. 455 - 


Cérypha umbraculffera  - 200 
Corylus Avellana : - 60 
Cosmélia +ribra, fl. - - 76 
+ Cotoneaster 7 laxiflora, 71. 540 


Crate*‘gus :Ardnia; syn. 
Méspilus Aronia, 
Willd, fl. - - 59g 

CrGis-galli = - 451 
prunif lia, 72. - = 359 
salicif lia - - 10 
ovalifolia, j.; syn. C. : 
ovalif dlia Horn. - 359 
* Douglasz, fl. - - 41 
heterophylla, 77. = - 253 
maroccana, ji. - - 315 
+microcarpa ; syn. C. 
spathulata £22. Arb. 
Brit., jz. = - 253 
monégyna = - 10 
odoratissima fl. = - 482 
orientalis, 72. & - 314 
Oxyacantha - 10 


* platyphylla ; syn. C. 
melanocarpa Bieb., fi. 419 
* platyphYlla, 7. fig. - 420 


pyvif Olia, 72. - - 418 
spathulata; syn. C.vir- 
~ ginicayArb. Brit. C. 
viridis Hort., ji. - 540 
tanacetif dlia, 77. - - 482 
Crocus sativus - - 540 
* Crybe* 70sea, fl. = - 361 


Cyclobéthra *4lba ; syn. Ca- 
lochértus albus Doug. 436 


* pulchélla - - 435 — 
Cydonia japonica = 391. 698 
sinénsis - = 223 


Cynara Cardiinculus, cul¢. - 597 
Cypélla * Drumméndi, 7. - 78 
Cyrtopddium punctatum ; 


synon. Epidéndrum 
punctatum L., ff. - 485 
* Willmorez, ji. - 542 
Cytisus * Adamizz; syn. C. 
Labtrnum purpu- 
rascens, A7b. Brit. - 524 
* eodlicus, jl. - - 598 
alpinus - = 233. 235 
Labirnum alpinum - 369 
purpureus = ~- 224. 369 
var. = - - 616 
Dalbérgia Stissoo - - 145 


Daphne Mexéreum BI, 
odora var. *2 rubra, jf. 75 
* Daubénya * atirea ; syn. 
Massonia litea Hort., fl. 48 
Delphinium — cheilanthum 
* var. 2 multiplex, 7. - 38 
Dendrobium } cassythéides, 


If 2 


rs 


Dend. 7 densifldrum,.7. - 79 
macrostachyum, jl. - 362. 
rigidum - - - 434 

Dictammus t¢himalayanus 186 

Didsma ¢altaica - - 186 

Diospyros Z’benum - 491 
Lotus = - - 391 

* Douglasia * nivalis, fl. = 433 

Drésera filiformis, 72. - 418 

E*chium candicans - 413 

Edwardséa grandiflora, fig. 282 
microphylla - 699 

EJate. sylvéstris = - 324 

Epidéndrum * armeniacum, 

. = - - 362 
* bifidum, (fi. ey - 422 
* clevatum, fi. - = 422 
+ condpseum, ji. - 49 
* Skinner, /7. - - 362 

Epimédium }diphyllum, jf. 39 

Exigeron canadénsis - 570 

Escallonia * illinita, 7. - 600 
+ pulverulénta, 7. - 39 
Eschscholtzza, califor- 

nica - = - 548 
cespitdsa = - - = 434 
crocea = = - 548 
crocea, desc. - 434 
crocea, ji. - - 3558 

_ * hypecoides . - 434 
*tenuifdlia  - - 439 

Duldphia * lurida, 77. - 44 

Euonymus europe us - 400 
Hamiltonianus - = 187 

Euphorbia falgens - - 390 
heterophylla; syn. £. 

pulchérrima - - 390 
Poinséttz? — - - 210. 256 
Eutérpe pisiformis - ~- 200 

Ettoca multiflora Hort. 

Brit. ; syn. E. Men- 

ziést%z D. Don. - - 315 
viscida, ji. = - 47.703 

Fagopyrum esculéntum - 318 
tataricum 5 - 318 

Fagus sanguinea : 5) oul 
sylvatica 60. 109, 110. 401. 

402, 403. 448, 700 
The Burnham beeches - 583 
The great beech, Wind- 

sor Forest = - 585 
Tityre\a [syn. F. sylva- 

tica] 2 = 529 

Ferdlia guianénsis = 499 

Ficus Carica - 8. 391. cult. 430 
elastica - - - 452 

Fragaria ¢nubicola - - 14 
vesca, cult. = - 43) 

Fraxinus - - - 7.11 
amer. juglandifdiia - 699 


excélsior - 60> 109. 167. 400. 
402, 404. 451. 700 
Carnock ash - - 589 
Saltwood Castle ash ~- 584 
Woburn Abbey ash_ - 583 
heterophylla *variegata, 


if. = - - 372 
O’rnus - = - 693 
Fritillaria * ct‘prea, ji. - 78 
Fuchsia arboréscens, cult. - 370 
coccinea, var. *Groom- 
jana, fi. = - 540 
discolor, jt. - - 359 
globosa - - - 3/0 
gracilis = - 370 
macrostémon ; vars. 1 
discolor JLzndl.; 2 
conica D. Don., syn. 
F. cénica Lindl.; 3 


globdsa D. Don, syn. 

F. globdsa Lindl. ; 4 

gracilis D. Don, syn. 

F. gracilis Lindi., F. 

decussata Grah.; 5 

*recurvata Hook., F. 

recurvata Niven, jl. - 600 
ovata. - = ~ 675 
*recurviflora ; syn. ma- 


_ LIST OF PLANTS. 


. 


crostémon var. recur- 

vata = - - 674 
Fuchsia virgata = - 370 
Fucus digitatus = - 679 
Fungus meliténsis - = (17 


Gagea uniflora Hort. Brit. ; 
syn. * Orythyia + uniflora 
D.Don, fi. - - 317 

*Galatella .+ punctata ; 
syn. 4’ster punctatus W. e¢ 
K., G.intermédia ‘Cass., 

_ A’ster desertorum Fis. 


ined., fl. - = - 45 
Gardoquia *Gilliész, fl. - 47 
Gatira biénnis —- - 155 

* parviflora, ji. - » 419 
arborea - - - 715 
pinnata, cult. - - 249 
Blue var. - 703 
Dod’s Mary 618 


The Northern Whig - 
Gentidna pyrenaica - - 
tquinquefiora, fl. - - 3 
Geranium + Lindleyanum - 
Gilia +tenuiflora, fi. - - 
Gladiolus cardinalis Colvillz, 
cult. (2 syn. G. Colvillz 
H.B., No. 1170.] © 
natalénsis, cult. - =o 
Glycine nigracans [? Ken- 


neédya nigricans] - - 664 
Godétia, fi. o - 135 
* lépida, ji. - - 255 
*rubictnda, fl. - - 315 

* vinosa, ji. - - 419 
Gomitus saccharifer - 325 
Guatacum officinale - 186 


Gymnocladus canadénsis - 391. 
448,, fig. 286 


Gymnopus purus : - 657 
Habenaria *procéra, ji. = 362 
Hematéxylon campechia- 
num - - - 491 
Helianthus 4nnuus = - - 679 
+Helichrysum *bicolor, fl. - 45 


Heliotropium europe2*um - 199 
Heracléum asperum [gigan- 


téum] - - 487. 548 
Hibiscus syriacus - - 10 
Hordeum vulgare = - 61 
Hyacinthus orientalis, cult. 353 

*spicatus, fi. - 362 


Hydrangea Horténsia - 402. 413 


Mex Aquifdlium - 400. 404 
tdipyréna - - 188 
texceélsior = - 188 
paraguaiénsis - - 188 
tserrata - - - 188 
vomitoria - - - 188 

Impatiens fglandulifera - 185 


Ipomee’a ribro-ce‘rulea[rt- 
bro-cyanea] - - 214. 
*Isméelia *maderénsis, ji. - 
Isopdgon *Baxterz, jl. - 
j{spathulatus var. 2 * li- 
nearis, 7. = 


S ‘O 

Jaborosa * integrifolia, 77. - 315 
Juglans nigra - - 4 

régia = - 236. 451 

Juniperus communis o (0) 

virginiana, fig. - - 288 


Kageneéckia + crategifodlia ; 
syn. K. crategoides D. 
Don, ji. = - - 136 

Kennédya * macrophylla, 

- 358 


fe = v0. 
* Stirling?, ji. = - 252 
Kérrza *japonica, single- 
flowered, ji. - - - 359 
KGlreutéria paniculata 223. 391 


Lagétta lintearia = - 157 
Larix europea - 206. 235. 402. 
563. 589 

pénduia - - - 401 


* Lasiopus * sonchoides, jt. 482 
Lasthénia + californica, jl. - 77 
Latania borbonica- ~ 299 
Lathyrus f Armitagednus, ji. 42 


1X 


Lathyrus + rotundifodlius ; 
_, syn. rotundifolius var. 
> ellipticus D. Don, jl. 213 


314 
Latrus Benxdin  -« - 391 
nobilis -- -  —~ 891. 403 
Sassafras - - 391 
Leptosiphon densifldrus ~- 703 
Leptospérmum sp. - - 706 
Leucdjum vérnum- - 371 
+ Limnanthes Dougiasiz, 


desc. = - 434 


Linaria Cymbalaria O05 
Linum x Berendiéri, fl.  - 252 
Liparis * Walkérie, fl. - 79 
Liquidambar Styraciflua - 8 


Liriodéndron Tulipifera - 8. 10. 


11. 404. 492 

Lobéléa falgens - - 198 
spléndens = - 198 
Lolium perénne - - 61 
Lonicera - 5. 7 
alpigena - - 693. 699 
Lupinus albifrons - - 435 


* bimaculatus, /7. - 42 
* densiflorus = - 435 
* hirsutissimus - 435 
* latifdlius, 72. Si - 539 
*leptophyllus - - 435 
* macrophyllus, 7. - 599 
nanus - - 703., desc. 435 
nootkaténsis - - 548 
* subcarnosus, jf. - 137 
* texénsis, jl. - - 314 
Lycium fF afrum, ji. - 140 
Maclura aurantiaca - 210, 293. 


552. 633. 694. 700 


Macradénia * triandra, fl. - 49 
Magnolia auriculata - 448 
conspicua = - 281 
gracilis - - 448 
grandiflora - 10, 11. 281.391. 
411. 448 
magordénsis - 448 
pre cox = - 448 
macrophylla - - 11. 199 
obovata * pumila ~ - 448 
pyramidata - - 448 
tripétala - - 11. 281 
Malcomza maritima - 548 
Malope trifida * alba - 703 
Mangifera indica = - 143 
Moringa pterygospérma ~- 143 
Maxillaria * cristata, /2. - 48 

fT ruféscens; syn. M. 
fuscata Hort., ji. - 257 
Meconépsis *? + crassifolia - 434 
* ? ¢t heterophylla ~ - 434 
Medicago luptlina - 199 
Melianthus major - - 510 
Méntha viridis i= - 679 
Mimosa pudica - = 679 
Mimulus * cardinalis - 51 
Varieties of Mimulus - 662 

* Mormoddes * atropurpurea, 
fl. < S - 361 
Morus alba 2 - 10 
* multicatilis - - 693 
nigra = - - 115 

Musa +Cavendishz; syn. 
M. chinénsis Sw. 618 

t chinénsis ; syn. M. 
Cavendish? Paxt., 1. 316 

Myanthus barbatus var. *2 
labéllo albo, jz. = - 542 
Narcissus * conspicuus, jl. - 184 
Nelimbium specidsum = 9 
NemO6phila * aurita - 703 
Nérium * thyrsifldrum, 77. - 315 
+ Nima quassidides  - - 186 
f{Ochranthe targita, #7. - 40 

Gnothéra + humifusa ; syn. 
@. concinna D. Don, fi. 135 

* Oldenlandia * Deppeana ; 

syn. GerontOgea Deppedna 
Link et Otto, fi, - - 541 
O‘lea europe*‘a - - 391. 712 
excelsa ~ 554 


x 


Oncidium t Lanceanum, fi. Ae 
papilio = 5 
* Russellianum, jl. c 148 
Ondnis rotundifolia - - 155 
Ornithégalum * chloroled- 


cum, jl. - - 316 
O’rnus europe‘a - 692. 6¢9 
O’xalis Acetosélla - - 185 

Arracacha - - 268 

corniculata - - 185 

crenata - 212, 268. 619 

Déppez - - 302 

+ Pidtte, jl. - - 41 

tetraphylia S - 302 


* Oxytra * chrysanthem6- 


ides, ji. - - 256 
Palme - c - 692 
Palo de Vaca - - 100 
Papaw tree - 716 
Passiflora * Mayana, Ht - 13 

new sp. - - 665 
Pentstémon * Cobee%a ‘a, fl. - 139 
* Murraydnus, jl. - 184 
Peristéria * pendula, fi. — - 258 
Petrophila * acicularis, jl. - 136 
Petinia ;* carnea = - 661 
Phacélia * congésta, ft. - 47 
vinifolia, ji. - 421 
Phaséolus multifldrus - 681 
vulgaris - - 144 
Phillyrea angustifolia -.391 
zlicifodlia - = - 391 
latifolia - - 391 
média o - - 391 
obliqua - - 391 
Phléx Drumméndé - 618 
Phérmium ténax = - 411 
Phylica plumdsa~s- - 410 
Physocalymna floribinda - 491 


Physostegia * truncata, ji. - 361 


Picea f pectinata; syn. 
A*bies Picea a - 204 
Pimeléa hispida, 77. - 74 
+digustrina, jl. - - 74 
Pinus Cémbra - 10., fig. 283 
Douglasz7 - - 605 
Lambertiana - - 605 
Laricio - - - 401 
{ Liavedna = 299 
Pinaster - - 498. 712 
Pinea = = - 364 
pumilio - - - 206 
pyrenaica = - - 204, 206 
Strobus - - 236. 448 
sylvestris - 60. 205. 363. 399. 
501. 562 
Teda - 2 - 448 
uncinata - 205 


[and see A’bies and Ficea.] 


Piptanthus nepalénsis - 144 
Pittédsporum Tobira 3) D7 
Pianera Richard? - - 698 
Piatanus = = - 10 
at Lee Court - - 585 
occidentalis - = 693 
orientalis = - 400 
Platyst¢mon californicus 
desc. - 433 
* 2+ Platy stigma lineare, 
desc. ~ - 434 
Pleurothdllis * picta, th oo 7B 
Poincidana * Gilliész, fi. a “al 
* Poinséttéa * pulcherrima, 
ih = = - 361 
Pol¥gala myrtifolia - 413 
Polypddium vulgare - 412 
Pontedéria * certilea, fl. - 362 
Populus alba S - 547 
angulata - - 563 
caroliniana - o oihl 
' dilatata - - - 636 


dilatata ; syn. fastigiata 
547. 549, 569 


monilifera ~ - 5AT 

nigra - 547 

nigra at Bury St. Ea. 
munds - - 588 


LIST 


OF PLANTS. 


Pépulus trémula - 60 
Potentilla * mollissima, jl. - 253 
Primula sibirica, var. * 2 
integérrima, jl. - - 44 
Priinus + Alodcha - - 148 
brigantiaca ; syn. Arme- 
niaca brigantiaca - 148 
spinosa - 60 
spinosa *fldre pléno - 223 
tf triflora Ss - 148 
Psidium Cattleyanum - 27 
Psoralea glandulosa, jig. - 410 
} glutinosa, 7. - - 42 
Pyrus aucuparia, fig. - 31 
communis, cvdt. - 222 
crenata - - 148 
lanata - 148 
Pashia ; syn.P. varioldsa 148 
tsinica [?sinaica] - 148 
Punica Granatum - 148 
Quercus 
Ampthill oak 2 - 582 
Beggar’s oak ~ 587 
Boddington oak - 583 
Bulloak - = - 588 
Burley Lodge oaks, 
‘Twelve Apostles” - 584 
Cowthorpe oak = . 588 
Chandos oak - 583 
Creeping oak (Saver- 
nake Forest) - - 588 
Duke’s Vaunt oak - 588 
Fredville oaks - - 584 
Gog and Magog oaks - 586 
Gospel oak - 588 
Greendale oak o/c) Bely/ 
Hampstead Large oak - 583 
King oak (Savernake 
Forest) = - 588 
Moccas Park oak - 584 
Panshanger oak - 584 
Queen Elizabeth’s oak - 588 
Salcey Forest oaks - 587 
Shelton oak « 587 
Sir Philip Sidney’s oak 584 
Squitch Bank oak - 587 
Standish oak 2 - 583 
Swilcar Lawn oak - 587 
Wallace oak - 589 
Wootton oak 2 - 587 
4s' gilops - 366 
alba - - 693 
{ australis - 366 
Cérris, fig - 575 
coccifera - 366 
? coccinea 5 515. fig 576 
coccinea - - 8.10 
t Encina - = Gay 
gramuntia ; syn. hispa- 
nica - - 364 
Tex = - 10, 402, 411 
Robur 60. 268. 366, oe 574., 
533 
#. pedunculatum see 574. 


578, 579. 613., var. fig. 575 
var. *Fennéssy/,. fig. - 497 
The Abbot’s oak at 


Woburn 


The Winfarthing old 


oak, fig 


* pendula 
R. sessilifldrum 571. 578, 579. 


vars., 
rubra 
? rubra, 
Suber 


{ valentina - 


sp. 
Rakdathta sps. 


igs. 


faphanus sativus 


Rheum austiale - | 
Rhaponticum 


583 


585 
368 


613. 707., fig. 53: 
- 573, S74, 575 


198 575. 


207. 492. 


é 110. 


Rbodochiton voldbilis ; syn. 


Lophospéermum 


Rhodo- 


chiton, and L. atrosangui- 


neum 


576 
698 
- 365 
167 


Hhododéndron alta-clerén- 
- se, cult. - - 242 
arboreum { mutabile - 449 
* 4 undulatum, 77. - 421 
ferrugineum - - 206 
flavum; syn. Azalea pon- 
ticavar. * coronaria, jl. 256 
maximum var. * hybri- 


dum, ji. = - 43 
Nobleanum, jl. - 
ponticum - 404, 562 
* pulchérrimum, fl. - 44 

Rhus Cétinus = - 10 


Ribes ¢glutindsum Benth., fl. 38 
+ malvaceum Sm., fl. 38. 360 


rubrum 2 Album - 553 
sapguineum - 27. 716 
Robinza glutinodsa ~ 693 
Psetd-Acacia umbra- 
culifera = - 445 


Rodriguézéa * Barker, fl. - 361 
*planifolia; syn. Gomeza 
rectirva Lodd. >jl. - 422 
Aodsa Brundnis ; ? syn. Bru- 
non - - 146 
centifolia, muscdsa sub- 


var. * cristata, fi. - 182 
Hard - = - 717 

} sericea = _ - 146 
sulphurea = - 226 
Rubus ft concolor - 146 
trotundifdlius - - 146 
ARimex Acetosa < - 318 
Acetosélla : - 318 
Ruta albiflora 4 - 186 
Sagittaria sagittifolia - 679 
Salicornia herbacea - 679 
Salpiglossis integrifolia - 703 
Salisbi7za adiantifolia 8. 378. 


549. 633. 693. 699. ge 


foem Spam. 
Salix [alba] 
The Abbot’s Willow, 


Bury St. Edmunds - 588 
babylonica = - 10. 547 
herbacea_ - - =12d0 
Napoleons - - 700 
reticulata - - 235 
retusa - - = = 230) 
Russellédana_ - - 713 
vitellina = s ~ 547 

Salvia spléndens - - 27 
Sambucus racemosa - ~ 204. 
Saponaria * cerastidides, fl. - 41 
Saracha * viscosa, fi. - - 140 


7 Sarchochilus f falcatus, ji. 142 

* Sceptranthes + Drum- 
méndz; syn. Zephyranthes 
Drummond D. Don, ji. - 258 


Schizanthus himilis - - 703 

pinnata “ . - 703 
Scilla * Cupanidna, ji. ~ 423 
Senécio * ampullaceus. Jl. - 315 
t Shorea robusta - - 145 


{ Stchingia Erythroxylon - 210 
Siléne + régia, ji. - 40 
Solandra grandiflora 618., ‘cult. 

413 


Solanum tuberosum - 133., cuié. 
132. 249. 373. 494 
Sollya heterophylla - 370., jl. 598 


Sophora japonica - 10. 391 
pendula - - 223 

Sérbus aucuparia = - 60 
doméstica - - 715 

sp. - - - 691 
Sterculia platanifolia - - 157 
Strelitzia augtista - - 214 


Streptanthus * hyacintho- _ 
ides, fi. - 539 
*Strobilanth es * Sabinzana ; 


syn. Ruéllia Sabinzina 

Hort. Brit., jl. - - 541 
Swieténia Mahigoni - - 491 
Syringa vulgaris - - 682 


} Tasmannia dipétala ; syn. 
T.insipida Brown - -1 


LISTS OF FRUITS, 


Taxddium distichum 87. 198. 379 


Taxus baccata 60. 404. 559. 563. 


688., fig. 270 
Ankerwyke yew - - 585 
Crowhurst yew - - 588 
Fortingale yew - 588 


Fountains Abbey yew - ree 
Gresford yew = 58 

Harlington yew, jig. 270. 5 ay 
Iffley yew - 587 


Leeds yew - - 584 
Queen Mary’s yew - 589 
Rosedoe yew = - 588 
Warblington yew - 584 
Windlesham yew - 588 
Irish yew, baccata hi- 
bérnica - 284., fig. 554 
Théa viridis” - - 637. 694 
Thuja occidentalis = - 404 
Thunbérgia_ alata, 2 +albi- 
flora, jl. = - 483 
Tigridia Pavonza = - 688 
Tilia americana - ce = HO 
europea - - 60 400 


The Moor Park lime 


tree - 584 
*Trichopilia * tortilis, 72. - 361 
Trifolium * fucatum, ji. - 481 

incarnatum - Se D) 
+reflexum, jt = - 137 
Tripsacum dactyloides, fig. - 271 
monostachyon, jig. - 271 | 
Almond = - - 147. 227 
Anona Cherimolia == 285 
Apples - - - 148 
Girton Pippin - - 719 
Downton Nonpareil - 220 


Hunt’s Duke of Gloucester 


Large Virginia - 694 
Twickenham Botanic Gar- 
den Apple - - d/1 
Apricot - - 147 
Averrhda Carambola - 664 
Cherries - 5 148. 672 
Bigarreau gros monstru- 
euse 5 = - 499 
Downton - > - 164 
Mayduke = - 661 
Royal Duke - - 499 
Winter’s Black Heart - 500 
(forcing of ) = = oP 
Currants : — 
Naples Black - - 645 
Red 2 = - 653 
White - - - 653 
(for Wine) = > 
Fig, cult. = - 431 
Gooseberries : — 
Companion = 656. 659 
a red var. of - 656 
Dewhurst’s Eagle - - 652 
Fardon’s Wonderful - 692 
Fordham’s Ostrich - 652 
Gidding’s Ostrich - - 652 
Gidding’s Peacock - 652 
Huntsman : - 647 
Leader = - 692, 653 
Ormond’s Thumper - 632 
Roaring Lion - - 653 
Thumper = - 656 
Wonderful = - 656 
Yellow - - 656 


Verbéna erinéides 2 Sabinz ; 


Tristania + macrophYlla, 7. 182 
Tritelela *laxa - 436 
Trope’olum tricolorum —- 368 
Troximon f glaicum vars. 
* 1 and * 2, fi. 76 
Tussilago hybrida [? Peta- 
sites hybrida] - - 679 
U mus 
Bagot’s Mill elm - 587 
Chipstead elm - - 584 
Crawleyelm - - 588 
Joe Pullen’s elm - 587 
Mongewell elms - 587 
Piffe’s elm - - 583 
Pollock elms - - 589 
Tutbury elm - - 587 
campéstris - 60. 400, 451 
montana - - 409. 700 
* crispa = - 699 
sp. = - - 167 
Urtica dioica - - 553 
Vaccinium * canadense, jl.- 44 
ft myrtilldides, fe - 44 
virgatum, j7. - 610 
Vanda * téres, jl. 49 
Veltheimza glauca * var. fl. 
rubescénti-purpureis, ji. - 48 


syn. V. multifida var. 
contracta, jl. - - 483 
* rugosa, jl. > 7s} 
Veronica. * exaltata, fl. - 256 


AND CULINARY VEGETABLES. 


Xt 
Veronica + labiata, fl. - - 77 
$ speciosa, jl. ~ Tal 
Vesicaria * grandiflora, fl. - 73 
Vibarnum cassinoides = 10 
Vicia Faba - - 680 
villosa = - - 159 
Viola tricolor, cult. - 591 
Virgiléa litea - - 223, 391 
* Viscaria + neglécta; syn. 
Ly¥chnis Viscaria albiflora 
Hort., fl. - - 40 
Viscum album = 217. 378 
Vitis vinifera 679., cult. 244. 356 
Watsonia marginata, cult. - 369 
rosea, cult. = - 370 
Wistaréa sinénsis ; ene Con- 
sequana - 215., ft. 75 
Xanthorrhee‘a arborea - 689 
Xanthoxylum hostile - 186 
Yucca aloifolia - - 
7 draconis, ji. - 543 
f flaccida, (i. - 543 
gloridsa - = 552. 55: 
superba - - 656 
Zea Mays, cult. - - 212 
* | Zenobia fF specidsa; syn 
Andromeda speciosa 
Mich. fi., - 256 
Zephyranthes*Drumméndi, 
- 184 


Zysopétalum *cochleare, ft. 315 


LIST OF FRUITS. 


Brown Beurré > 


Gooseberries (for Wine) - 52 
Grapes - - 116. 619. 634 
Large Black Hamburgh 
711, 718 
Loudon’s Seedling - 270 
Raisin des Carmes, &c. - 218 
White - - 661 
budding or grafting 171. 703 
ditto, fig. - - - 172 
coiling = - - - 159 
cult. - = 82 
ditto under glass - - 244 
to produce two crops in 
in one year - 356. 557. 555 
shriveling of = 404 
at Collin Deep - - 414 
at Kinmel Park - 487. 711 
Seedling - 711 
Guava, aap fruited - 645 
Melons - 52. 634 
Ditto Black rocks 444 
Italian - - 703 
Persian - 703 
Musa Cavendishii - 316. 331 
Peaches : 
Barrington - - 556 
Belle de Vitry - - 556 
Bellegarde = - 556 
Royal Charlotte - 556 
Pears - 130. 148 
Althorp Crassane - - 640 
Belmont - - 540 
Bergamotte de Pentecdte 667 
Beurré d’ Aremberg - 667 
Beurré d’ Angleterre - 718 
Beurre de Capiaumont - 718 
Bon Chrétien fondant ~- 718 
Broom Park - - 640 
Brougham - - 640 


LIST OF CULINARY VEGETABLES. 


4 yachis hypoge‘a, proper- 
ties., &c., of 

Asparagus = 
Asparagus, cult, - 


= 649. 653 
- 566 


= fig. 395. 396 | 


| Beans: — 

Dark Red, desc. 
Dutch Long- pod, dese. - 
Dwarf Fan, dese. = 


- 260 | 


959 | 
259 


Green Windsor, desc. - 


Goosb. Chaumontelle *- 667 
Comte de I-amy 164. 713 
Crassane - - 667 
Croft Castle - - 640 
Duchesse d’Angouleme 

667. 718 
Dunmore - - 640 
Emerald - - 220 
Endicot Pear - - 694 
Eyewood = = - 640 
Fingal’s - - 556 
Fingal’s, or Ellanrioch - 639 
Gansell’s Bergamot - 718 
Jargonelle var. monstrdsa 712 
King Edward’s - - 640 
Large Pears - - 694 
March Bergamot ~- - 640 
Marie-Louise - - 718 
Marie-Louise Nova - 640 
Monarch 5 = - 640 
Nelis d’Hiver = - 164 
Pengethley : - 640 
Rouse Lench - - 640 
Thompson’s - 220 
Williams Bon Chrétien - 639 
Willmott’s new - - 640 
cult. in pots - = 222 

Pine- Apples - - 619 
Providence - 655. 717 
Queen - - 717, 718 
Enville r - 718 

Pine, cult. - - 428. 593 

Plums - 145 
Coe’s Golden Drop - 3/9 

Pomegranate = - 149 

Quince = - - 148 

| Strawberry (Hautbois), cat. 431 

| anew Seedling S 06 

| Walnut, pudding or graft. 
ing - = - 712 

Beans : — 

Early Mazagan, desc. - 259 
Green Long-pod, dese. ~ 259 


260 


xi LIST OF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES, ETC. 


Beans :— 
Long-pod, desc. - - 259 
Red- blossomed, desc. = £59 
Violette, desc. - - 259 
White-blossomed, desc. 259 
Windsor, dese. - - 259 
French (effect of frost C 
on) - - - 378 
Bect - o = 92, ve 
Cabbages = - = & 
Cow, the - - 441 
Pomeranian - - 646 
Turnip-rooted - 646 


Waterloo Cesarean - 630 


Chicory - - 287. 619 
Cucumbers - UE 
Mr. Niven’s long green 673 
Endive - - 287 
Mode of preserving 
through we Winter 356 
Melons - - 634 
Mushrooms, cult. - - 35 
Nettles - - - 553 
Onions - 93. 664 
The new Turkish - 704 
Peas : — 
Alberjas, desc. - - 496 
Bean Pea, desc. ~ 498 
Bishop’s Dwarf, desc. - 424 
Blue Prussian, desc. - 427 


Branching Marrow,desc. 425 


Peas : — 

Common Spanish Dwarf, 
desc. - - 

Crown Pea, desc. - ~ 426 

D’ Auvergne, desc. - 425 

De Guiverigny, desc. - 425 

Dwarf Brittany, desc. - 424 

Dwarf Dutch, desc. - 426 


Dwarf green Marrow, 
desc. - - - 425 
Dwarf Imperial, desc. - 497 


Dwarf Sugar, desc. - 426 
Dwarf White Marrow, 
desc. 2 
Early ‘Charlton, desc. - 424 
Early Dwarf, desc. ~ 494 
Early Frame, desc. - 424 


Early May Sugar, desc. 426 
Eastern Shore, desc. - 425 
Egg, desc. - - 425 
Fishamnend’s Sugar, desc. 427 
Grey Rouncival, desc. - 427 
Groom’s Superb Dwarf 


Blue, desc. - = 497 
Knight’s Dwarf Mar- 
row, desc. - ~ 425 
Knight’s Tall Marrow, 
desc. - 425 
Large Crooked, desc. - 426 
Large Spanish Dwarf, 
desc. - 424 


LIST 


Peas : — 
LargeWykersugar,desc. 426 
Late Grey, desc. 428 
Maple Grey Pea, desc. - 428 
Pearl, or Nonsuch, desc. 426 


Purple-podded Grey, 
desc. - - 

Red-flowered Sugar, 
desc. - 

Spanish Marotta, desc. - 428 

Tall Frame, desc. - 425 


TallGreen Marrow, desc. 425 
Tall Imperial, desc. = 427 
Tall White Marrow,desc. 425 
Tamarind Pea, desc. - 426 
Vilmorin’s Sugar, desc. 426 
Waterloo, desc. - 425 
White Prussian, desc. - 427 
Potato, culé. - 132 219. 373. 494 
The Mercer - - 704 
Crops, failure of - 630. 641 
Potatoes in Germany - 715 
Quinoa 2 - 619. 645 
Rape or Cole Seed: smooth- 
leaved and rough-leaved - 379 


Salsify - = - 641 
Scorzonera - - 641 
Shallot, Cape o. 3 708 
Skirret S - 92. 641 
TurnipS - = - 93 

Hungarian - 675 


OF HORTICULTURAL, BOTANICAL, AND FLORICULTURAL 


Aldersley Flor. - - 646 
Alfreton Hort. and Flor. - 648 
St. Andrew’s Hort. and Fl. - 669 
Anglesea Hort. - - - 665 
Arbroath Hort. - - 670 
Auchenbowie and Plean 
Hort. 
Bath Royal Hort. and Flor. 
656 
Belfast Hort. = - 296. 674 
Birmingham Bot, and Bol- 
ton Flor. and Hort. - 653 
Brampton Pink Show - 648 
Bristol, Clifton, and West of 
England Zoological a 
British Association - 618. 678. 


680. 683, 684. 688, 689 


Bury Hort. - - - 657 
Caledonian Hort. - 667. 705 
Cambridgeshire Hort. - 646 


Chesterfield Flor. and Hort. 648 
Chilwell and Beeston Auri- 
cula and Polyanthus Show 655 


Chippenham Hort. and Flor. 659 
Cirencester Hort. Assoc. - 650 
Clackmannanshire Hort. - 667 
Collinsburgh Hort. - - 670 
Cork Hort. = - 675 
Cornwall Royal Hort. - 646 
Cowpen and icity Flo- 
rists’ - - 655 
Cupar Hort. - - - 670 
Dereham Hort. = - 654 
Devon and Cornwall Bot. 
and Hort. - - 649 
Devon and Exeter Bot. and 
Hort. - - - 649 
Diss Hort. - - - 658 
Dumfries and Galloway 
Hort. - - - 668 
Dundee FI. 7 = - 671 
Dunfermline Hort. - - 670 
East Riding (Yorks.) Hort. 
and FI. - 661 
East Suffolk Agric. Assoc. - 704 
Edinburgh Bot. - 616, 705 


SOCIETIES. 
Entomological = - 214 
Felton Florists’ - 655 
Forfar Hort. S - 671 
Galloway Union Hort. - 668 


Ghent Hort. - = -1 
Glasgow Hort, = 
Guernsey Hort. - 

Gwennap Cottage Gardening 646 
Hadleigh Hort. and Flor. - 658 
Hampshire Hort. - _ - 651 
Highland Soc. of Scotland 627. 


0, 631 
Holt Hort. = = - 654 
Huddersfield Hort.  - - 662 


Hungerford Dahlia Show - 646 


Huntingdonshire Hort.  - 652 
Institut Horticole de Fro- 
mont - 198 
Jersey Agr. and Hort. - 666 
Kilkenny Hort. - - 675 


Lancaster Flor. and Hort. - 653 
La Société Royale et Cen- 


trale d’ Agriculture - 692 
Leeds Flor. - 2 - 662 
Lewes and East Sussex Hort. 658 
Linnean 2 = 157, 
London Botanical o 616. 695 
London Horticultural 51. 80. 

106. 163. 220. 258. 273. 329. 372. 

379. 423. 443. 499. 556. 610. 620. 

637. 717 
Malton and District Fl. and 
Hort. - 663 


Marlborough Dahlia Show - 660 
Mid-Lothian Hort. - - 669 
Montrose Hort. - - 671 
Newcastle upon Tyne Bot. 

and Hort. - - - 654 
Newick Hort.  - - - 658 
Newry, Armagh, and Dundalk 

Hort. - 676 
Norfolk and Norwich Hort. 654 
Nottingham Flor. and Hort. 656 
Nottinghamshire Gooseber- 

ry Shows S - =O 
Nottingham - - - 656 


New Radford - = - 656 
Southwell - o - 656 
Wollaton  - - 656 
Nuneaton Flor. and Hort. - 659 
Ouseburn Florists’ - - 655 
Perth Horticultural - - 606 
Pontefract Hort. - - 663 
Radford Flor. = - 655 
Retford and Bawtrey Hort. - 655 
Royal Berkshire Hort. - 646 
Royal Devon and Cornwall 
Hort. = - 649 


Salisbury Royal Dahlia Show 660 
Sheffield Bot. and Hort. 436. 620. 
663. 697 
Sherborne and Yeovil Hort. 650 
Society of Arts - Seems aay) 
South Essex Hort. and Flor. 650 
South London Flor. ~- 368. 382 
Stamford Hill Hort., and 
Reading - - - 
Stirlingshire Hort. - - 673 


Stowmarket Hort. - - 658 
Surrey Zoological - - 485 
Tywardreath Rural Garden- 

WR os = - 647 
Ulster = = 674, 675 
Uttoxeter Hort. and Flor. - 657 
Vale of Evesham Hort. and 

Flor. So o - - 661 
Walsall Hort. and Bot. - 657 
Warwickshire Flor. - - 658 
Waterford Hort. a> Ss &o 
West Devon Annual Pink 

Show - 649 
Meee Cottagers’ Garden- 

- 646 
West Riding (Yorks.) Hort. 661 
Whitehaven Hort. - - 647 
Whitehill Point Florists’ - 655 
Wilts and General Hort. ~- 660 
Winchester Pink Feast ~- 652 


Wingham Hort. and Flor. - 653 
Worcestershire Hort. - 660 
Yarmouth Hort. > 

York Hort. - - 


LIST OF GARDENS AND COUNTRY SEATS. Xi 


LIST OF GARDENS AND COUNTRY SEATS. 


Adare - = - - 450 
Airds - = - - 403 
Allesley 2 - « 581 
Ampthill - - - 580. 582 
Ankerwyke - - - 585 
Antrim Castle 2 - 582 
Appin House - - 403 
Ardrossan - = - 403 
Armitage - - 311 
Ashridge Park - = 289 
Ashwell - - = o oY 
Attwassar - - a ig 
AudleyEnd - - - 580 
Bagot’s Mill - = - 587 
Bagshot Park - - 621 
Barcaldine = = - 403 
Baron’s Court : - 582 
Beaudesert 2 - - 311 
Beechworth = S = 287 
Belvoir Castle - - - 581 
Bishopton - - - 589 
Blair Drummond - 581. 712 
Blenheim - a - 580 
Boddington 2 - - 583 
Boldre - - 584 
Botanic Gardens, see Gardens. 

Bothwell Castle - - 581 
Bowood = - 581 
Brahan Castle - - 581 
Brockley Hall - - - 581 
Briick - 200 
Briick on the Leytha 5s g 
Brough - = - 167 
Burg ~ 3 : - 200 
Burleigh - - - 585 
Burley Lodge - - - 584 
Bury St. Edmunds = - 588 
Buykdere - - 549 
Bystock Park - = - 580 
Cannons Park 6 = 278 
Canonmills = - - 333 
Cappoquin - - - 700 
Caralate - - oe 
Carclew - - 2 - 412 
Carnock - - - 589 
Cashiobury - - 263. 277. 279 
Cassel S 2 Ss - 200 
Cassincarrie - - - 581 
Castle Ashby - - - 580 
Castle Coole - 5 - 109 
Castle Freke - - - 582 
Castle Howard - ° - 581 
Castle Menzies - - - 581 
Castle of Portero - - 109 
Castletown - - - 582 
Charlton - - - 580 
Chatsworth - - 486. 621 
Chipstead Place - - 584 
Cidova - - - fag 
Claremont - - - 581 
Clayton Priory - - 701 
Clemensruhe Castle - - 391 
The Cliff = - - 581 
Close = - - 363 
Clovelly Court = - - 412 
Clumber Park = - 580 
Cobham Hall - - - 584 
Collin Deep - - - 414 
Combe Abbey - - - 381 
Cowdray - - - - 581 
Croft Castle = cS - 580 
Croome - - - 581 
Crowcombe Court - - 581 
Crowhurst = o - 588 
Cruichstone Castle - - 589 
Cypress Grove - - 582 
Danibristle Park - - 581 
Deepdene © = - 621 
Desio = 2 2 - 445 
Ditten Park - 2 - 580 
Doddington = - - 580 
Drayton Green - = - 701 
Dresden - - - - 200 


Dresden, TheGeorge Garden 
The King’ s Garden 


Dunmore Wood 
Dunrobin Castle 
Eastnor Castle 


East Hampstead 
Edgecumbe Park 


Elvaston Castle 
English Garden, Monza 
Everingham Park - 
Faulkburn Hall 
Finborough Hall - 


Florence Court 
Fonthill Pavilion 


Fredville Park 


Gardens, Botanic :— 


2 ” 535. 0: ue 
- 604 

Glasnevin - 106. 116. 208. 20 

a 


Jardin des Plantes - 293, 633, 
Kew - 368. 619. 620. 698. 701 


Leeds (proposed) 
Leyd L . 69 
Liverpool- 551. 620, 715. 720 


St. Petersburg - 
Prince Salm Dyck’s 


Twickenham 


Gardens, Horticultural : — 

- 51. 106. 163. 220, 
973. 329. 368. 372, 379. 443. 
499. 556. 604. 610. 614. 619. 


Gardens, Cemeteries : — 
Bristol (proposed plan) 341 
Kensal Green 21 


Gardens, Cemeteries : — 


Pére La Chaise - 282 
Frankfort, Churchyard- 12 


Gardens, Public : i— 


Belvedere - - 39% 
Breslau, Promenades - 7 
Dusseldorf, ditto - 394 
Kensington - 550. 706 
Leipsic, Parks - - 9 
Milan, promenades - 10 


Gardens, Scientific : — 


AHalf-hardy Arboretum 697 
Litchfield Public Plea- 
sure-Garden - - 486 
Stockholm, Plantations 
at - 65 
Thavant, Plantations at 9 


Gardens, Zoological : = 


Birmingham - - 613 
Bristol, &c. 99. 613. 620. 696 
Cheltenham ~- 613. 620. 696 


Dublin - - 613 
Liverpool - - 613. 720 
London = - 381 
Manchester - - 613 
Surrey - - 382. 485 
Gardens of Private Individuals :- 
Andraes, M. J. ~ 389 
Antoine’s, Prince - 200 


Bethmann’s, Baron Von 289 
Brunswick, Count of - 200 


Capaletti, Countof - 10 
Chrasalkourtz, Princess 200 
Clari, Prince - - 200 
Esterhazy, Prince - 200 
Festitit, Count - - 200 
Gruneberg, M. F. - 389 
Guyer, — - 5 iy 


Henshaw, Rev. Mr. - 410 
Holdsworth, —, Esq. - 411 


Jackson, —, Esq. - 411 
Kinsky, Brees - 9. 200 
Knight, Mr. 2 - 701 
Koch, M. : - 393 
Lemon, Sir C. - - 412 
Maclen, — = 325 
Mechelyneck, — - - 32h 
Metternich, Prince - 9 
Mott, W., Esq. - 563 
Mrs » Wilton ~509 
Mr. . - - 324 
Noar, — = a 3 
Origo, Count ca - 549 
Pendarves, —, Esq. - 413 
Prideaux, —, Esq. - 411 
Rofenblad, — 65 
Rothschild, Baron - 12. 389 
Rynders, —  - - 325 
Salm, Count - 9 
Salm Dyck, Prinee = 12. 393 
Schnitzboors, — 12 
Schraymaker, — 326 
Smedt, — = 222 


Stern, M. 3 = 
Stevens, Capt. - - 701 
Strenberg, Count 5 
Strong, — Esq. Ss 


Szandor, Count 200 
Taxis, Prince - - 200 
Thun of Hebenstein, 
Count - - 9 
Tremayne, J., Esq. - 412 
Tuff, Count - - 200 
Vandermaersh, — - 324 
Volden - - 325. 380 
Wallis, Count - - 200 
Weber, Lieut. - ot 
Gordon Castle - - 581 
Gravesend = - - 516 
Gray - - - 700 
Gray House - - 581 
Grenville’s, Lord - - 583 
Gresford - - 583 


XLV LIST OF ENGRAVINGS. 
Grimston - = - 581 | Munich - - 200 | Savernake Fores = - 58 
Gunnersbury - . 62l | Munich, English Garden at 608, Schanbruh py 5 - a0 
Haffield = - - 114 634 | Schwedt - “3 6 
Hagley 2 . - . 581 | Muskau - - ~ 8] Schwetzingen Si 
Hammersmith = . 585 | Needwood Forest - - 587 | Scone E oe . 603 
Hampstead 3 Es . 583 | Nettlecombe - - 581 | Shelton - 587 
Hardwick : - 581| Neustadt - 2 - 700} Sheppy Hall - ~~ = 969 
Harlington 5 6 - 585 } Nun-Upton 2 - 580 | Shipley House = - 580 
Hartburn - - - 580} Nurseries : — Southend - 580 
Hassop - - - = 580 Barraud’s - SU Se Gian = : 760 
Hatfield House - - 294, Barratt’s - - 313 | St. Mary’s Isle - 581 
Headington Hill - - 587 Baumann’s - - 11] Stackpole Court ; 581 
Heidelberg Court Garden - 12 Booth’s - -  - 635] Standish baer RE 
Hirsil - 581 Bristol - - 697 | Stoke Edith Park bi 700 
Hooper’s, Dr., Cottage - 279 Calvert’s - - 229 | Stonehenge = E 508 
Hopetoun House - - 581 Clapton 1 916| Stoneleigh 9 - | | 2588 
Huntingfield - - 588 Cels’s - - - 227 | Strath fieldsaye r a 580 
Inspruck S - - 10 Cologne 2 - 392 | Studley Royal : = B57 
Isola Bella - oe jul Fion’s - -  - 227 | Stuttgard y = 200 
Johanisberg — - Si ASG Floetbeck i - 351 | Syon 2 ~ 580, 622. 698 
Kenwood s - - 83. 577 Fulham = - 223 | Szinnen 200 
Kilkerran 2 - 581 Hadel's - - 11| Taymouth ni S88 2 581 
Kinlet - ~ 581 Kensington - 623. 697 | Temple House - 580 
Kinmel Park _- 487. 580. 695 Knight's - - 619 | Thainston Basal 
Kinnaird Castle -  -581| Lows -  . - 178| Toplitz = - : 9 
Kopenzel- é - 699 M‘Mahon’s — - - 210 | Tortworth - ~ 583 
La Casino - - - 445 Milford = - = - 157 | Toward Castle 403 
Lacken Park - - 547 Noisette’s - - 227| Trentham ¥ E 581 
Lago Maggiore © oS iil Ogle’s Grove = - 371 | Tutbury La i 587 
Latham House 2 - 580 Perth 2 - - 703 | Tynningham Sane ~ 581 
Lawers- i ~ 399 Pfemning’s —- - 7 | Valleyfield - 604 
Laxenburg : - 200 Ring’s - - - 12} Vienna : > 290 
Wee Conte: ee 585) Rollison’s) .-) oa-4178.484 | Wvalla)Realem as) ieee 
Leeds - = - 584 Rose, in Paris - - 228 | Villa of Somma Riva 11 
Llanbede Hall . - 581 Stratford - - 157] Villas, Mill Hill i 576 
Lochnell House’ - - 402 Versailles, at = - - 223 Warblington ; 584 
Loudon Castle - ~ 581 Vitry - - 996| Wardour Castle —= 504. 581 
Luscombe - - - 580 Warminster - - 697 | Wedgenock Park - 588 
Maddingley - ~ | 5 ESO Watford - -  -279| Welbeck Park ~ 587 
Maeslaugh Castle - - 581 | Oldershaw - - 310 | West Dean e e 581 
Maiden Castle - - 695 | Oranienbaum - - 8| Wetherley Lg 83 
Manheim & _ 12, 200 | Oriel Temple E - 582 | White Knights’ eee 0 
Mayence  - = - 12| Packington i - 563| Whitton Place  - —- 580 
Melbury - 2 - 580} Panshanger - - 580. 584 | Wilhelmsberg - 63 
Melbury Park 2 - 400 | Penshurst pes - 584 | Wilton House Hf 509 
Michendon House - = 585| Pollock ~ 589 | Wimpole "2580 
Minard 3 © - 404 | Potzdam S - 200 | Windlesham § z 588 
Minto - S - 581 | Priory Gardens ° - 279 | Windsor Forest 4 i 585 
Moccas Court - - 368. 700 | Pulbus 5 ~ - 6] Winfarthin Aa 285 
— Park ‘ - 584 | Piccarton — - . 1555 | Woburn Abbey - 292. 578, 580 
Nias wae - 582 Roses - 588 re 583, 621 
onboddo ~ - 581 oseneath Castle - 581, 588 
Mongewell - - nee Hoval Garden, Engers - 391 eaters ee a o 
onza - - =k alcey Forest - 0 & vf 
Mount, The - - - 506 | Salterbridge - a ae eee pode Bem Wood 2g, 
Mount Stewart - - 581} Saltwood Castle - - 584) Yardley Forest - 588 
Moor Park = - 584] Sauchie - - 581 | Yester - - - 581 
1 
LIST OF ENGRAVINGS. 
No. INSTRUMENTS, Page| No. Page; No. 
C 15. New Method for Graft- deca’ te 
59. Porcelain Tally. ie - 298 says Wlaee & 172 110. Malformation of Pears 713 
. Pruning Hook forVines 323 ti Aisi q 
Rcierallgitonvcea Sin S16 ee Hon oeeoece ate eis 
lig, HOES ol Gu) ay ee eee nee fae Chace (inp 
i 2 Be cum dactylé ao 38 
GARDEN STRUCTURES. | 05 the Castile ye arene ees TRE ane one 
37. Cucumber Frame -  - 287 PIEntAGOHeN 1s "238-240 Be Cae ea ea eras 
16. Orange Tubs made of 63, 64. Pruning Trees-  - 407] 5 difldra -  - - 358 
Slate — - 174 | 70, 71. Treatment of Fruit pay eeria japonica ee 
84, 85. Fence for protecting ainrcesie ang) CD A Seeeeee Siva 
Trees-from Deer -  - 514 5 i hetero aon Ue raxinus 
s etero) a foliis va- 
.E -house - 2 : 
14. Mice of AEE Fruit 42. View of Mr. Barratt’s 66, Arachis hyvoge 2 40 
rees - - 128 Green-houses, &c. - 313 PhYlica plumdsa = 410 


68. 


LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. 


XV 


No. Page | No. Page ; No. Page 
69, Azalea ledifdlia - - 413 | 76. Perforation of ditto - 468) 13. Design for laying out 
73. Vegetation of the Crd. Bs 77. Dorcus _parallelopipe- the Ground in Front of 
cus sativus - - 45 dus Steph. - - a Crescent - - 123 
82. Fennessey’s Oak - - 497 17. Design for laying out 
94. 102. Quércus Rdbur pe- PLANS OF GARDENS, THE the Grounds of a Villa 
dunculatum - 533 574 GROUNDS OF SMALL of Four Acres in Ex- 
95. Quércus Rodbur sessi- VILLAS, &c. tent = = a IS 
florum - -. - 534) 1, Plan of a Public Gar- 21. Design for laying out a 
98—101. Q. AR. sessiliflora ‘den! 2 2 15 a Place of Twenty 
ae ae re Es 573, ee 4. Working Plan for form- Perches an Eighe of = 
ee zeus érris - 575 ing a New Approach - 54 an Acre) in Extent - 230 
. Leaf of Quercus rubra 11. Plan for the Exhibition 22. Design for laying out 
and Quércus coccinea - 576 of a Natural Arrange- a Place containing a 
105. Leaves of Scarlet Oak - 576 ment of Plants - - 118 Quarter of an Acre ~ 232 
107. Viola tricolor - - 593) 18 A Design for a Flower- 79. Design for aying; out a 
ENTIRE TREES. Garden - a = if Place of Half an Acre 
g, Hsculus (Pavia) flava 3 19, Design for a Villa Resi- in Extent - - = 472 
a Pyrus aucuparia : 31 eee iry Park r Bet eth Design for jasingiout 2 
i F ay 32. Cashiobury Park - - ace containing Three 
ee porlington Yew Rae 20 41. Ground Plan of the Quarters of an Acre - 473 
35. Taxus baccata hibér- ‘ ESA OIG Gorden Bt Bo ee Sao eae 
ae _ oe4 | 44. Isometrical View of the out Two Places, each 
36 ayannocladus canadén ue Garden of Canonmills 334 about EE LOE pe 56 
dices : 3 Cottage - S = ent - - - 565, 566 
sis - - 286 
eee pulelsater 45. Ground Plan of Ditto - 337| 81. Plan of a small Garden 
3g, Juniperus virginitng, ~ 288] 45, 0, ‘Design for a Ceme in the ‘Town of Go 
melanocarpa = - 420) 5) aaa a mie ; a 87 Sin ee lanting aa a 
106. Winfarthing Oak - - 586 | 9! —¥®. # lan, Mievations, an ; ee aie 
SEPTIL Sections of the Range e Ween Road 2 - 515 
TILES. of Forcing - houses at . Design for laying out 
46, Siren Zacertina - - 339 Everingham Park 348—352 , the Garden of aTavern 517 
- . a esign ing 0J—JU. 
pada honed 339 5, Design for laying out §9—93. Design for a Gothic 
48, Testiido gra ’ca i 340 the Frontages to Two Flower-Garden - 521—523 
INSECTS. 6. Deen rene BLOKE oo MISCELLANEOUS. 
40. Mole Cricket (Gryllo- ages to Four Houses - 58 | 108. Portrait of D. Douglas 602 
talpa vulgaris Latr.) - 301 | 12. Design for laying out 10. Springs at Ashwell = 98 
74. Cossus Lignipérda Fabr. 464 the Frontage Grounds 61. Loop-nail_ - E - 376 
76. Zeuzera e’sculi Latr. - 467 of Twenty-one Houses 121} 27. Metallic Wire - - 267 
A. B., 52. 92. A Bedfordshire Subscriber, 713. 160. 162. Forrest, Thomas, 695.712. Forsyth 
yo, 
A. C., 552, A Constant Reader, 716. A Coun. Alexander, 593. 


try-bred Gardener, 177. A.D. G.,720. A.D. H., 
716. Agardh, Dr., 62. G. G. C., 520. Agro- 
nome’s Nephew, 495. Alexander, James, 35, 
702. 704. Anderson, Alex., 402, Andrews, 
Michael, 269. 554. Antiquitas, 713. An Ob- 
server, 241. Anon, 555. A. S., 326.410. Ash- 
worth, John, 409, A Young Gardener, 169. 
Ayres, W. P., 707. 

B., 215. Backhouse, Thomas, 111. Bamford, 
James, 414. Banks, T. W., 163. Barratt, Mr., 
312. Baxter, William, 214. 217. 270. 371. 378. 
714. Beaton, D.,'114.218. Blaikie, Thomas, 266. 
698. Bourgeois, M., 198. Bourke, R., 328. 
Brackenridge, W. D., 295.353. Bree, W. T., 
490. 496. 498. 533. 571. 688. 698. Buel, Judge, 
229. 326. Burt, Henry, 370. Butler, J. D., 


718. 

Cato, John, 698. C. G. M., 220. 329. 384. 498. 
Clarke, John, 712. 718 C.M.J., 548. Cogh- 
lan, Andrew, 450. Collyer, W., 376. Con- 
ductor, 13. 28. 53. 99. 277. 323. 384. 487. 492. 501. 
516. 527. 550. 552. 571. 613. 699. '704. Crosskill, 
Mr., 347. Cunningham, Allan, 387. Cuthill, 
James, 356. 373. 596. 

Davidson, Thos., 699. D.B., 195. De Candolle, 

M. Alphonse, 233. Denson, John, sen., 134. 

_ 471, 495. Denson, John, jun., 379. 463. Dilke, 
Henry, 93. Don, Professor, ‘333. _Dovaston, 
J. F. M., M.A. Oxon., 527. D.R., 52. Drury, 
J. F., 712. Duncan, James, 216. 

E. D., 378. Elliot, G. M., 269. 373. Errington, 
Robert, 126. 


F. 444, Fennell, James H., 702. Fish, Robert, 


G. C., 51. 108. 273. G. G. 699. Gimbert, P. J., 
378. Glendinning, R., 163. 213. 216. 513. Gor- 
rie, Archibald, 237. 399. 591. Gorrie, W., 158. 
Grigor, J., 310. 486. 562. G. S., 548. Gullet, 
John, 26. 

Hamilton, William, 103. 198. 211.213. Harbison, 
James, 213. Harland, George, 322. Harvey, 

» John, 370. Henchman, John, 493. Hender- 
son, William, 218. 555. Heron, Basil R., 693. 
H. M., 548. H.S., 551. 

J. B.,271. J. B. H., 699. J.B. W., 165, 376. 557. 
687. 703. 708. 711. 713. J. C., 495. J. C. D., 692. 
J. D., 376. 458. 708. J.D. S., 162. J.G, 164. 
J H. R., 249. 377. J. M.B., 267. J. Mease, 
378. 693. Ingram, Mr., 347. J. P., 555. J. R., 
215, 554. J.S8., 271. J. T.B., 706. J. W., 706. 

Klause, M., 6. 

Lamb, E..B., 516. 527. Lippold, Dr., 250. L. O. 

: L., 161. Lush, F., 714. 

Mackenzie, Peter, 181. Mackenzie, Peter, Phila- 
delphia, 210. Main, J., 708. Major, Joshua, 5. 
Mallet, Robert, 1. Manetti, Giuseppe, 268. 379. 
445. 549, 554. 669. Manetti, Antonio, 269. Mas- 
sey, P., jun., 341. Maxwell, Mr., 347. M‘Leish, 
George, 171. 375. 492. Miller, Dr., 591. 

Niven, N., 116. 

Parks, J. D., 490. 494. Petersen, Mr. Jens Peter, 
59. Pomona,719. Pro Bono Publieo, 496. Pul- 
lar, Charles, 248, 352. 

Q., 372. 

R.,713. Rauch, F., 214. 389. R. B.S, 555. Rein- 
wardt, Professor C. G. C., 693. R. F. J., 196. 
R. J., 706. Rivers, T., jun., 221. 460. R. L., 132. 


XVi LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. 


495. 498. Roberts, Job, 694. Rusticus in Urbe, | Varden, Mr., 474. Vilmorin, M., 379. 485. Viola, 

52. Rutger, T., 66. 68. 99, 121. 162. 175. 209. 593. V. K., 376. 

230. 242. “370. 471. 564. 713. W.A.L, 417. W. B., 108. 173. Waldron, James, 
Saunders, Bernard, 487. S.C., 697. Schouw, Pro-| >» 356. Wallace, Jasper, 244, Walker, "Joseph, 

fessor, 59. Sckell, M., 693. Smith, C. H., 333. 242, Ward, William, 405. Watts, J., 555. 696. 

Spence, J., 213. 589. 703. S. S., 535. 8. ate 718. 703. _ W. Ce, 705. 711. 717. W. D. S, 476. 

Stewart, AC 379. Symons, Thomas, 413. W. #H., 553. W.H. B., 703. White, Thomas, 
T. 0. M., 716. Taylor, Samuel, 159. T. B., 713. 719. Wilson, John, 712. W. M., 374. W. P.,; 

TG, 718. The Labourer’s Friend, 95. Thomp- jun., 214, W. R., 719. W.S., 552, W.T.C., 

son, jun., H. W., 712. Trinchinetti, Dr. Au- 199. 

gustus, 305. 452. "Trotter, William, 218. T.S.,] Y., 109. 537. 716. Y. D., 491. Ye Ken Wha, 

Be 712. Turner, Henry, Q17. T. W., 52. 712. 163. 

T. W. B., 717. 


Shortly will be Published, illustrated by numerous Engravings on Wood, 


THE SUBURBAN GARDENER, 


AND 
VILLA DIRECTORY ; 


> 


By J. C. Lounon, Author of the Encyclopedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa 
Architecture and Furniture. 


Tuts Work is preparing for publication, and will contain : — 


1. An Introduction, showing the Use and Enjoyments which may be derived from 
a Garden, however small; with a Plan of the Work. 


2. Directions for the Choice of a House and Garden in a Town or its Suburbs; 
or in a Village, or Country Town, or its Neighbourhood. 


3. Designs for laying out small Gardens, and Cottage and Villa Grounds from 
One Perch to Ten Acres or more in extent; including Plans and Elevations for 
appropriate Houses, Offices, &c. ; with different Degrees of Accommodation, and 
in different Styles of Architecture; including Plans of some of the more interesting 
small Gardens in the Suburbs of London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Paris, Berlin, 
Munich, and Vienna. 


4. Directions for the Planting, Culture, and General Management of the 
Grounds of small Suburban Residences; and for the Building or Altering, and 
Keeping in Repair, of the House. 


5. Special Directions for the Cultivation of all the Culinary Plants, Fruits, 
Flowers, Shrubs, and Trees, usually grown in small Gardens ; including the best 
Modes of cooking the different Culinary Vegetables, and of preserving and pre- 
paring Liqueurs, "Spirits, Wines, &c., from the different Fruits. 


6. Directions for the Building and Furnishing of small Green-Houses, Pits, and 
Frames ; for the Culture of such Plants as are usually grown in them in small 
Gardens; and for the Management of Plants in Pots, in Balconies, on House- 
Tops, and in Rooms. 


7. A Monthly Calendar of Work to be done; including Directions respecting 
Poultry, Pigs, Cows, Grass Fields, &c. 


8. A Priced List of the Trees, Shrubs, Plants, Tools, &c., usually required for 
small Gardens. 


The whole intended as a complete Gardening Book for such as are not professed 
Gardeners. 


The work will be illustrated by numerous Engravings on Wood. 


THE 


GARDENER’S MAGAZINE. 
JANUARY, 1836. 


ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. 


Art. I. On the relative Temperatures of the Earth, under Surfaces 
covered with a Vegetable Coat, and under Surfaces preserved bare ; 
with a Table of Observations. By Ropert Mazer, Esq. 


‘Tue following table contains the results of a series of morning 
and evening observations, continued for about a month, in order 
to determine whether, and how far, the temperature of the earth’s 
surface is affected, at small depths, by the vegetation which sub- 
sists upon it. It is uncertain whether the results observed are 
due merely to differences of radiating and absorbing power, or 
to some specific consequences of vegetable life. 

Two Fahrenheit’s thermometers of considerable delicacy, 
which had both been previously accurately compared, were 
placed at about 20 ft. apart, the one beneath a surface covered 
with a short close coat of turf or grass, and the other under a 
portion of the soil, the surface of which was preserved bare, 
the termination of the surface of grass being midway between 
the two instruments. Both were so arranged, that they could 
be examined without removal, and without danger of change of 
temperature during observation. 

The thermometer for aerial temperature was hung at about 
5 ft. from the ground, in the immediate neighbourhood of the 
two terrestrial instruments; and it was shaded so as to prevent 
any effects from sun heat, or from radiation from surrounding 
bodies, as far as possible. 

The table sufficiently explains its own nature. The hours of 
9 a.m. and 8 p.m. were chosen, chiefly because they are nearly 
those of diurnal mean temperature, and partly as a matter of 
convenience. 

It will be observed from the table, that, with two exceptions, 
viz. on the 10th and 30th of July, the earth beneath the surface 
of grass was uniformly at a higher temperature than that under 
a bare surface, or that not covered with vegetation. 

Vou, XIT.— No. 70. B 


2 Relative Temperatures of the Earth, 


TABLE OF 


Of the respective Temperatures of Surfaces covered with Grass, and of those 
on the North Side of Dublin, at an Elevation of about 


The Observations taken and register made, at Nine o’Clock a.m. and 


Grass. Earth. Grass. Earth. Air. Air. 
Date. Morning. | Morning. Evening. Evening. Morning. Evening. 
1835. July 9 63°5 61° 61 61-4: 67°5 56.5 
10 59° 59°2 60 59 59°8 54 
11 59°1 58'6 60°3 59°6 60°4 517 
12 61:2 60°5 61 60°6 62°9 55°3 
13 60° 58°9 61.1 60°8 61°9 55 
14 60:4: 59°4: 63 61°8 63° 60°1 
15 64°3 62°8 62°77 62:1 68°3 57-1 
16 60:7 60:1 62°8 612 60°8 577 
17 63° | 62:3 64:4: 63:9 64°6 61.7 
18 64°5 63:1 63°3 62:1 67°6 59°7 
19 63° 60°8 63°5 61:4 65°7 60°7 
20 64° 62°5 66°2 64:9 66°8 61 
21 65°2 64-1 66°4: 65:9 63°5 58'8 
22 67° 65:2 68:1 67:2 66: 59°9 
23 67°5 66°3 68 67-6 66 61:9 
24: 67° 66°5 69°5 68° 67 62°8 
25 68° 66°8 69°7 68°7 66°4 62 
26 69° 67°3 69°9 69°4 65-4 60°1 
27 68°7 68°1 68°3 68°5 65°7 56°5 
28 68:2 67-4 66:9 66:7 67°2 58°4 
29 72'°2 66:1 va re) 69:5 65°6 6371 
30 66°7 67 68°9 68.7 65'°8 6074 
31 65°5 65°3 68°2 68° 63:3 58:8 
August | 69°3 68° 68 66°5 69 62°7 
2 66.2 65°3 70°5 68°5 63°6 61 
3 69°5 66°38 68°7 68: 67°8 58°6 
4 69° 67°5 68°5 66°7 69°3 63°3 
5 66° 64°8 66 6474 63°6 61:2 
6 65°7 65 65°5 64°3 65°2 62°8 
7 65°3 6405 63°5 62° 63° 55 
8 66°8 66°7 66°74: 66° 64: 538 
Averages - | 65°3 64°1 65'8 65:0 65:05 59°20 


It will be observed, that the difference of temperature occa- 
sionally amounted to as much as 3°; and that the average dif- 
ference in the morning was above 1°, and in the evening nearly 
lige 

A careful examination of the table will present some interest- 
ing relations between the aerial temperature, the state of the 
weather, &c., and the temperatures of the surfaces of grass and 
earth. ‘They are hardly sufficient, however, to enable it to be 
pronounced with certainty to what cause the difference of tem- 
perature is to be assigned; whether to some result of the prin- 


23 | Sun (heavy dew last night),s.z.) Dry, wm (lightning), no wind, £. 
24 | Sultry, sun, no wind, s.£. Fine, dry, clouds, no wind, s.z. 
25 | Hot,sun(hvydewlastn),n.w.w.| Clear, warm, no wind, s.E. 

26 | Hot,sun(hvy dewagain)N. byw.) Fine, warm, very clear, N. by w. 


under grassy Surfaces, and under bare Surfaces. 3 


OBSERVATIONS 


preserved bare, at a Depth of 5in. under the Surface of the Soil; made 
25 ft. above the Sea, with a free Exposure to the South. 


at Eight o’Clock p.m., together with the aerial Temperature in the Shade. 


General Weather. 
Morning. 


Sun, clouds, slight wind, w. 


Chilly, clouds, dry wind, E.by s. 


Heavy rain, no wind, s.w. 
Showery, wind and sun, s.w. 
Warm, windy, clouds, s.w. 
Dry, warm, sun, windy, s.w. 
Dry, calm, hazy, no sun, s. 
Dry, dark, close, cloudy, s. 
Dry, clouds and sun, still, s.w. 
Dry, sun, warm, still, s.w. 


Most genial, sun, calm, s.w. 
Dry, mild, little wind, s.z. 
Dry, mild, no wind, s.£. 
Dry, warm, no wind, s.£. 


Fine, sun, warm, dry, N.w. 


Strong sun,no wind, N.w. [N.w. 
Fine, sun, windy, slight chill, w. 


General Weather. 
Evening. 


Observations. 


Rain, clouds, little wind, w. Grass shaved. 
Clouds, dry, chilly, wind, w. 

Cold, clouds, dry, windy, w. 

Damp, cold, hazy, dry, s.w. 


Damp, chilly, cloudy, s.w. 


’ Warm, still, cloudy, no wind,s.w. 


Dry, warm, cloudy, s.w. 

Dry, windy, cloudy, s. 

Dry, cloudy, close, still, s.w. 

Dry, clear, still (showers, mid- 
day), s.w. 

Heavy clouds, damp, windy, s.w. 

Warm, dry, sun, little breeze,s.z. 

Fine, dry, mild, s.z. 

Mild,wm, showery, little wind,z. 


Grass shaved. 


Warm, dry, hazy, n.w. 
Warm, dry, sun, no wind, n.w. 
Very warm, no wind (day sultry) 


Grass shaved. 


30 | Dry, clouds, slight wind, n.w. | Fine,slight clouds, wind, w.n.w. 
31 | Fine, sun, little wind, s. Dry, warm, still, s. 
1 | Clouds, fine, no wind, s. Rain, warm, hazy, s.w. 
2 | Rain, warm, no wind, s. Clouds, warm, vo wind, s.w. 
3 | Sun, warm, little wind, s.w. Dry, mild, little wind, s.w. 
4 | Sun, warm, light breeze, s.w. | Dry, very wm, light breeze,s.w.| Grass shaved. 
5 | Cloudy, moist, little wind, s.w.| Dry, mild, calm, s.w. 
6 | Clouds, dry, windy, s.w. Cloudy, warm, windy, s.w. 
7 { Sun, dry, light wind, w. Fine, temperate, calm, s.w. 
8 | Sun, dry, windy, w. by s. Fine, clouds, windy, w. by s. 


ciple of vegetable life, altogether distinct from the mere pheno- 
mena of heat; to chemical or other forces, put in motion by the 
assimilative powers of the plants; or to the simple effects of’ 
varying powers of absorption and radiation. To the latter of 
these conclusions I myself incline; but one most interesting, 
and, I believe, novel, fact is thus established; namely, that the 
surface of our earth is considerably affected, as to its temperature, 
by the vegetation that subsists upon it. Its temperature is proved 
to be increased. by this covering; and we cannot fail to recognise 


in this one of those innumerable and ever wondrous adaptations 
B 2 


4d Relative Temperatures of the Earth. 


by which the Author of nature has most fitted our system to the 
living beings it is destined to support. 

It would hardly have been anticipated, that such a difference 
of temperature should exist in the same soil, within so short 2 
distance as little more than 20 ft.; but the effects of radiation and 
absorption, in some particular instances, are even far more re- 
markable. Humboldt mentions a granitic sand, which he tra- 
versed in South America, the temperature of which was, I think, 
-about 140° Fahrenheit; and I have myself found the temperature 
of the interior ef a mass of hard turf, or dry peat, exposed on a 
bog, at mid-day in summer, to reach 117° Fahrenheit. ‘The peat 
was intermixed with granitic sand. 

The soil in which the above observations were made is a fine, 
good, compact, aluminous garden earth, of a bistre brown colour, 
which extends. to a depth of 18 ft., lying on a coarse bed of 
gravel, composed of shingle of the aluminous limestone of the 
county of Dublin; which reposes on the solid beds of the same 
stone, the calp of Kirwan, at a depth of 29ft. ‘Fhe temperature 
of a well of 29 ft. in depth, near the site of these observations, 
is = 52°6 Fahrenheit, in the present month (August 10. 1835). 

The principal object held in view in making this series of 
observations was, to determine how far it was advantageous, or 
otherwise, to cover the surfaces of vine and peach borders with a 
clothing of turf. 

The opinion of working gardeners is usually, I believe, unfa- 
vourable to this, under the impression that the grass makes the 
soil beneath cold and damp. The table shows that this view is 
unfounded, and that a great advantage may be expected from the 
covering, both by increase of temperature, and the preservation 
of a more equable degree of moisture. The advantage, in point 
of appearance, of a vine or peach border, clothed with velvety 
turf, over one bare and brown, is sufficiently obvious. I believe 
it is admitted, that plants. or erops should never be grown on 
such borders; but the amount of vegetable nutriment abstracted 
from the soil by a short turf kept close is exceedingly small : 
and, where borders are made very rich, they should be covered. 
with 3 in. of sharp sand, and over that 2 in. of soil, in which the 
grass might be sown ; thus placing a stop between the grass and 
the rich earth, in order to prevent the former from becoming 
rank, and the latter from being deteriorated. Further experi- 
ments on the subject should be made, to determine the effects of 
other vegetable surfaces, as mint, thyme, &c., upon temperature ; 
the variations produced by long and short grass; and also its 
effects on temperature in winter as well as in summer. 

I may mention that a peach border of eighty yards in length, 
which has been treated in the above way now for three years, 
produces luxariantly. 


Gi 


Botany and Entomology necessary to Gardeners. 


Arr. IL On the Necessity of the Study of Botany and Entomology 
to Gardeners. By Josuua Masor, Esq., Landscape-Gardener. 


Some time ago I visited a large town, in which a very respect- 
able Horticultural Society had for some time been established ; 
and my visit happened to be made at the time the managing 
committee was sitting to arrange plans for the exhibitions that 
were shortly after to take place. The chairman of the com-- 
mittee very kindly invited me to attend, and I was much pleased 
with the meeting, every thing being pleasantly and properly 
discussed. 

It struck me at the time, that, as the great object of horticul- 
tural societies is to promote the science of gardening, two most 
important branches of that science particularly claim the atten- 
tion ef such societies; viz. botany and entomology; which are 
so little attended to by gardeners generally, that we might sup- 
pose they were quite unconnected with the: profession ; while, at 
the same time, I think it requires no argument to show to the 
gardener who is ignorant of them, that he is much beneath the 
point of knowledge which he ought to have attained. Perhaps, 
when I say botany and entomology ought to be studied as a part 
of the science of gardening, [ am imposing a task upon some 
gardeners, which neither their time nor their education will 
allow them to accomplish; but every gardener who can read 
and write, without a knowledge of which he has no business 
to be a gardener, ought at least to inform himself of the names 
of plants, their native places, the time of their introduction and 
flowering, and the proper mode of their culture. The same 
may be said of entomology: although a gardener may fancy 
himself unable to acquire that science, there is no reason why 
he should not acquaint himself with the habits of those insects 
which prove injurious to vegetation generally, in order that he 
may know the best time and season for their destruction; and 
of such other insects, and insectivorous birds which Providence 
has appointed for their extermination, that he may not inad- 
vertently destroy the insect-destroyer. Certainly, this knowledge 
will be found to require no small labour; but it is so essential, 
that, if it is possessed and properly applied, the gardener, in- 
stead of being disappointed by the loss of a great part of his 
plants, fruits, and vegetables (which, although, perhaps, not 
totally destroyed, will at least assume a dirty and crippled ap- 
pearance), will find them, is most cases, to flourish in health and 
beauty. Perhaps the young gardener might assist himself, in 
some degree, by consulting the work which I published, some 
time ago, on this subject (although it is far from being com- 
plete); but I fear the price of it is so high, that but few will 

BS 


6 Gardening Tour through Part of Prussia, 


be able to possess it. I have been frequently requested to bring 
out another edition, at half the price, which would equally an- 
swer the purpose of the gardener ; and, having only six or eight 
copies of the first edition left, I may, perhaps, at some future 
period, be inclined to publish another edition, though it is at 
present quite out of the question, as my professional engage- 
ments totally prevent me from doing it. Having only time to 
give these few hints, I must beg to leave it to the councils of 
the respective horticultural societies to arrange such plans as 
they may think most likely to induce the young gardener to in- 
form himself efficiently on these subjects; and I would just say 
to him, ‘ Let these two important branches have full share of 
your attention with the rest of your professional pursuits; col- 
lect specimens of plants wherever you can; dry them, and fix 
them in the usual way in your specimen book ; and, if your in- 
structor should be ignerant of the names of any of them, take 
every opportunity of asking other gardeners.” I think I need 
not add that these acquirements will lift a young man much 
above those gardeners who have repeatedly to confess, on being 
_asked the names and descriptions of flowers or trees, that they 
have not paid much attention to plants, having almost exclu- 
sively applied themselves to forcing and the kitchen-gardening 
department. A young man, following the study I have pointed 
out, instead of thus degrading himself, will be daily acquiring 
the most important knowledge of a part of his profession, which 
will, at the same time, be most interesting and useful to himself, 
and of inestimable value to his patrons. 
Knosthorpe, August 1. 1835. 


Art. II]. Notes of a Gardening Tour from Berlin through Part of 
Prussia, Saxony, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland, and Italy. By 
M. Ktauss, in the Gardens of the King of Prussia. 


Beror:E I set out on my long journey, I went to the Island of 
Rugen, and passed through Neustadt, Leckweld, and Stettin. 
The king’s garden here is not worth mentioning; the king’s 
garden at Schwedt is of more consequence: the gardener’s name 
is Kelder. It has a good situation, and contains some fine oaks 
and limes; and, although it is old-fashioned, it affords the in- 
habitants an agreeable promenade. ‘The grounds round Stettin 
are tolerably large; but it is too much crowded, and it is to be 
wished that an experienced hand would improve it. ‘The garden 
in Pulbus, on the island, is large. The clumps and winding 
walks around the palace are well laid out. The few plants which 
I saw look well; and, as the present prince is fond of gardening, 
it is hoped it will soon be in good order. The soil of the Island 


Saxony, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland, and Italy. ~ 7 


of Rugen is generally loamy ; so that there is a great difference 
in the vegetation there from that on the Continent. The botanic 
garden at Greiswald is small: there are few green-house plants, 
and much improvement is wanted. 

After my return, I also made a journey through all Silesia, 
and found the only garden that was worth mentioning at Cara- 
late. M. Kleeman, the head gardener, has rendered himself 
celebrated by applying liquid manure to orange trees, which, 
when used with prudence, is always successful. ‘The garden is 
small, but it is situated on a mountain, and has a beautiful view 
of the village. The orangery, and a tolerably large collection of 
ericas, are worthy of notice. ; 

The promenades round Breslau are beautifully laid out. The 
small well-formed squares (platze) are not overcrowded with 
trees and shrubs; amd one garden has a most beautiful view of 
the Oder. The botanic garden at Breslau (the gardener’s name 
is Leebig) has, for some years, been much improved: the plants 
look well, but the collection is not valuable enough to deserve 
notice. From the situation of the garden, and the abundance 
of water, it might easily be made very beautiful, if laid out with 
taste. Professor Nees von Esenbeck is a most suitable person to 
improve it. 

From Breslau I went to Neiss, and to the celebrated Johan- 
nisberg. The castle and garden lie very high on a mountain, and 
there is a most delightful view from it. The pine-apple and 
plum forcing-houses are in a very bad condition; but the orchard’ 
is somewhat better. From the latter place we went up some 
small mountains, called Heuscheuer, on which there are high 
rocks lying on each other; on the top of which I found the fol- 
lowing plants, which had been planted there: — Daphne Me- 
zéreum, Acer platanoides, Lonicera, Fraxinus, and Bétula, which 
looked well. Not far from there lies the celebrated Cidova, 
which is a better bathing-place than those mentioned in p. 9. 
There is a good garden here, but it might be improved. In 
Silesia there are very few gardens : there are some at Furstenstein, 
Attwasser, &c., to which nature has done more than art. 

Not far from Schmiedeberg lies the village of Fischbals, which 
belongs to Prince William of Prussia. The castle is surrounded 
by a garden, which is charmingly situated, and which might be 
made the most beautiful in all Silesia. At Logarl is M. Pfen- 
ning’s celebrated nursery: the trees and shrubs are all in good 
order. . 

The love of gardening increases every day more and more in 
Silesia, particularly in Upper Silesia. As soon as the people 
know the easiest and cheapest way to set about improving their 


gardens, they will do so, as the love of gardening is already 
B 4 


8 Gardening Tour through Part of Prussia, 


excited in their minds, and they only want the power to carry 
their wishes into effect. 

On the frontiers of Silesia, not many miles from Dresden, 
stands Muskau. ‘This garden is considered one of the most 
beautiful in Germany ; and its well-placed single trees, its fine 
vistas, and its beautifully laid out walks, show that it has been 
planned by a clever man. Among the single trees, the most 
remarkable are some tulip trees, and some fine beeches. The 
river which runs through the garden, however, sometimes over- 
flows its banks; and it is much to be lamented that there is no 
good view from the garden, as it would make it much more 
interesting. 

Next I went, by Torgau, to Oranienbaum, where the garden 
is partly in the French, or geometric, style, and partly in the 
English, or natural, manner. It is very interesting to see espaliers 
formed of cypress, and the avenues of young oaks, which are 
very beautiful. I also saw there the large orangeries which have 
rendered M. Klevitz, the gardener, so celebrated. Four miles 
farther lies the celebrated Worlitz, which is remarkable for 
its castle and garden. ‘The garden is large, and the Elbe runs 
through part of it, and forms an island; but, in my opinion, 
there are too many ornamental buildings in it (although some of 
them are very remarkable); and they, with the badly laid out 
walks, and ill-formed groups of trees, materially lessen the beauty 
of the scene. The trees are, however, very interesting. ‘There 
are some fine specimens of Quércus coccinea, Liriodéndron 
Tulipifera, Salisburza adiantifolia, and Liquidambar Styraci- 
flua, &c. 

There are, on the beautiful road from Worlitz to Dresden, the 
most remarkable oaks that ever were seen. Not far from the 
city lies the park of Louisiana, which is much neglected. The 
water near the castle looks very well. I found here a beautiful 
collection of pelargoniums, roses, and auriculas. The George 
Garden is two miles from Dresden; it is larger, but in a much 
wilder state. It is a pity that more attention is not paid to this 
garden, as it might be made one of the first in the country; and 
it is not the fault of the gardener, but of the duke. 

From Dresden I went to Halle, where the university garden 
is; and, although it is small, it is well worthy of notice. 

Amongst the gardens at Dresden I may mention that of 
Lieutenant Weber, which has particularly fine green-house plants 
and shrubs; where the gardener, M. Sidel, has enormously 
large fig trees, which stand out in the open air, and only require 
a slight covering in winter. It is well known that these trees are 
200 years old. ‘The king’s large garden here (gardener’s name, 
M. Therscheck) has a few pretty spots, but it is now much neg- 
lected. The fruit nursery only is particularly worthy of notice. 


Saxony, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland, and Itaiy. 9 


The garden under the direction of M. Lehman is valuable on 
account of its vegetables. 

From Dresden I went to Leipsig, where the parks round the 
city are particularly tastefully laid out: the part near the water 
is also very well planned. Amongst the nurserymen, M. Breiten 
deserves particular notice; he hasa valuable collection of cactuses ; 
and, as he spares no trouble to get the newest sorts, it is expected 
that he will soon have the largest collection in Germany. In 
the plantations at Thavant there are some very pretty shrubs, 
but they are far from being what they should be. 

From Leipsig I went to Tetshe, where there is a very fine 
garden ; it belongs to Count Thun of Hohenstein. His pine- 
apples and forced kidneybeans were particularly remarkable. 
Hence I now travelled over the mountainous country of Swiss 
Saxony, and arrived at Toplitz, a bathing-place, which has a 
very beautiful garden: it cannot be called badly laid out, but it 
might, by a practical man, be much improved. This garden 
has a very good collection of trees and shrubs, and the situation 
is extremely fine. 

I then went to Carlsbad, Eger, and Marienbad. The public 
walks and gardens of these bathing-places are not remarkable. 
Near Marienberg lies the country seat of Prince Metternich : 
it has a very large garden, quite new, which is situated on a hill, 
and has a fine view. One of the most important gardens at 
Prague is that of Prince Kinsky. ‘This garden is situated on an 
artificial hill, which must have cost an immense sum of money : 
the garden is not so good as might be expected. Count Salm 
has the best collection of green-house plants in Germany, and 
the best method of propagating ericas, epacris, &Xc. 

I went trom Vienna to Bruck on the Leytha, where I was 
astonished to see such a beautiful garden; and it is the only one 
I have seen which is perfect in every part. It is very unfer- 
tunately situated, and the gardener has had a great many difi- 
culties to overcome. Its situation is not only bad with respect to 
prospect, but the river Leytha, which runs through it, overflows 
its banks every summer. I found in this garden some most 
magnificent North American trees and shrubs, the remarkably 
vigorous growth of which was probably owing to the loamy de- 
posit (6 in. or 9 in. deep) which the water leaves every year. I 
also saw the Neléimbium speciosum in such quantities as to be 
thought of little value; M. Wancke having, for a long time, 
bestowed so much care on these plants, that every seedling 
flowers once in two years. 

From Bruck I went, by Presburg and Raab, to Pesth and 
Buda; but I had not time to see the gardens there. On my 
road I passed by Eisenstadt, and found a garden which has par- 
ticularly good green-house plants. From the large specimens I 


10 Gardening Tour through Part of Prussia, 


saw there of the newest plants, I judged they must have been 
purchased when very rare. The part round the castle is well 
laid out, and it is only a pity that enough money is not spent to 
keep it in order. . 

On my return to Vienna, I went to Salzburg, a city with a 
beautiful view; which there is also all the way from Vienna to 
Salzburg. There are four gardens in Salzburg, not worth 
mentioning. ‘The most remarkable gardens in Germany are 
those at Munich, laid out by M. Sckell. The garden at In- 
spruck, under M. Eshenlohr, is not in good order, and very little 
money is spent on it. In this place I found a great number of 
the Pinus Cémbra, the fruit of which is commonly eaten. 

In Trieste, the garden of Capaletti is the most remarkable : it is 
not large, but has very good plants, particularly Cacteze. There 
is also a magnificent collection of orange trees in the open air ; 
and the Hibiscus syriacus, trained as an espalier, which is com- 
mon all over Italy, is here particularly fine. In Romano are 
seen very magnificent cypresses, uncommonly large, and cut in 
the form of a pyramid. 

On the way to Venice are seen plants of Céltis, Cércis, Rhis 
Cotinus, &c., by the road-side. Here is the celebrated Lago di 
Garda, on the banks of which are planted beautiful lemon trees, 
and, immediately behind them, olive trees. The Giardino 
Giusti is only remarkable for its fine views: it is laid out in the 
old-fashioned style, as most of the gardens are in the upper part 
of Italy. The box trees, trained as espaliers, are very remark- 
able. On the way to Padua are seen many olive trees, bignonias, 
Salix babylonica, but more particularly the Morus alba, round 
the stems of which the vines grow of an enormous size. ‘The 
botanic garden in Padua is remarkable for its specimens, in the 
open air, of Magnolza grandiflora, of an enormous size; Quércus 
Tlex, Quércus coccinea; Crategus Oxyacantha, monégyna, and 
Cris-galli salicifolia ; Bignonza, Kolreutérza, Vib’rnum cassz- 
noides, Tamarix, Sterctlia, Cércis, &c. ‘The reses, trained as 
espaliers on the walls, and almost covering the houses, are well 
worthy of a stranger’s notice. 

The promenade round Milan is very extensive, and contains 
remarkably fine trees of Liriodendron, Sophora, Platanus, &c. 
On both sides of the promenade are beautiful trees, trained as 
espaliers. 

On the road to Pavia the rice fields are very remarkable. 
These fields are entirely under water, which is supplied from 
the canals on both sides of the road. 

Among the numerous gardens at Monza, the government 
garden is certainly the most remarkable. The gardener’s name 
is Rossi. Itis more like a nursery than a garden. He has 
immense quantities of beautiful deciduous cypresses, partly in 


Saxony, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland, and Itay. 11 


groups, some of them, by the aid of art, stand in the water. 
There are some particularly large liriodendrons, Magnolia tri- 
pétala, and grandiflora, and also a great collection of roses. 
The garden of the Villa Reale (the gardener’s name is Casemetti) 
is tolerably large: it is rich in plants and beautiful shrubs. 
There are some fine specimens of Magnolza macrophylla, 
Fagus sanguinea, 4’sculus rubra, Populus caroliniana, and a 
large collection of camellias, pines, and roses. There is also 
a very large collection of oranges. ‘The pine-apples are pretty 
large; and yet the plants do not look particularly well. The 
English garden is very large, and has a few pretty scenes in it 
near the castle. Not far from Como begins an avenue of Lirio- 
déndron and Fraxinus, in which are some very good specimens. 
Among the beautiful villas which lie on the Lake of Como is, 
particularly, the villa of Somma Riva, with a very excellent gar- 
den, more especially near the castle. Here are seen groups of 
myrtle, Latirus nébilis, Magnolia, Citrus, and particularly Cl- 
trus salicifolia ; also plants of the citrus family, and roses trained 
as espaliers. On the Lago Maggiore are two small islands, on 
which grow the following plants in the open air: — Agave, F'i- 
cus, CApparis, Erythrina, Casuarina, Zatrus, Leptospérmum, 
Erica, Sophora, Hibiscus, Mimosa, Metrosidéros, Rhododén- 
dron, Bonapartea, Prinus, Magndlza, Taxus, Corylus purpu- 
rea, &c. Besides these there are also a few espaliers of the 
citrus. The garden has beautiful views over the lake, the 
towns, and villages. Although the Isola Bella has also very 
beautiful plants, it is more remarkable for the various castles, 
grottoes, and caverns in its celebrated garden. 

The nursery at Lausanne, belonging to M. Barrand, has a 
very fine collection of plants, and he is particularly celebrated 
there for his pelargoniums. ‘The gardens at Lausanne contain 
nothing particular. In general, the gardens in Switzerland are 
not much known. Messrs. Baumann’s nursery, at Bollwyller, 
makes an impression which one seldom feels. Fruit trees, and 
other trees, were in the best order. The collections of pears, 
apples, Z’sculus, Fraxinus, roses, Ahododéndron, Azalea, 
Kalmia, Tilia, Quércus, Juglans, Carya, Caméll¢a, and Erica 
are, one may with truth say, better than any other that can be 
seen in Germany. M. Hadel’s nursery contains a particularly 
good collection of North American shrubs. The garden at 
Schwetzingen is tolerably large, but does not form a whole, as 
it is partly in the old French, and partly in the English, style, 
which do not harmonise. ‘The view from the castle is exceed- 
ingly beautiful. ‘The arrangement of trees round the water is, 
on the whole, very good. : 

The botanic garden in Heidelberg is only just beginning. 
The agricultural garden, which is near it, is beautifully situated : 


12 Gardening Tour through Part of Prussia, 5c. 


it is expected that it will be carried on with much eagerness, and 
that both gardens will, in time, become celebrated. ‘The court 
garden is remarkable for its beautiful views ; it has also one very 
fine specimen of Thuja occidentalis. ‘The garden at Manheim, 
under M. Stihler, has some very well laid out scenes, and some 
very good clumps of shrubs. This garden has not enough 
water, and very fine views, but better ones might easily be made. 
Darmstadt has a great deal of garden ground round it. The 
garden of M. Schnitzboor is one of the largest; but the paths 
are not well laid out: the clumps are bad, and the ground 
dirty. The view is not worth mentioning: the part round 
the water is the best. The garden under M. Noar has 
particularly fine dahlias, and especially very fine annuals; 
its vegetables are also worthy of remark. One of the most 
beautiful gardens is that on the road to Rosenhohe, under 
tthe direction of M. Guyer. The part round the castle, and 
that on the hill, are very well laid out. ‘The views, paths, and 
grouping are in good taste. ‘The gardens round Frankfort are 
worthy of notice. | M. Rinz’s nursery is only just begun ; but 
he has a good collection of fruit trees, and barren trees and 
shrubs. ‘There is also a good collection of camellias, rhodo- 
dendrons, kalmias, ericas, and azaleas. His green-house 
plants look extremely well. Baron Rothschild’s garden is 
tolerably large, but his trees only are worthy of notice. He 
has a fine specimen of Araucdria [Altingia] excélsa. The 
churchyard of Frankfort is very striking, and resembles an 
English garden. .The botanic garden has nothing remarkable. 
The garden at Mayence is pretty large, and has beautiful views ; 
but the choice of shrubs, and the grouping of them, require 
much improvement. ‘The botanic garden at Bon is one of the 
best gardens in Prussia. Not far from Cologne lies a new gar- 
den, with a nursery near it: it is laid out with much taste. 
The garden at Dusseldorf is poor in plants, and those few are 
in bad condition. Some parts are worth notice; but that round 
the water wants improving, and also the form of the water. 
The walks are laid out well; and it is evident that the designer 
was an experienced man. Not far from this lies the garden 
of Salm Dyck, which is so celebrated for its cactuses, mesem- 
bryanthemums, &c. The garden is very bad; but it is not the 
gardener’s fault, as the princess laid it out. Alten has no good 
gardens; the walk round the town is only remarkable. 

Want of time prevents me from writing further particulars, 
and this is the reason that I have written in such a hurry. 
When I get home I shall make a full description of all I have 
seen, and send it to you. 


Public Garden for a Corporate Town. 13 


Art. IV. Design for a Public Garden, made for an English Corpo- 
rate Town ; with a List of the Trees and Shrubs to be planted in it, 
and their Prices. By the ConpucTor. 


Tue plan which we are about to describe may be very fitly con- 
sidered as an illustration, as far as it goes, of the article Vol. XL., 
p- 644. In it we have attempted to show how much may be 
made of a piece of ground not much exceeding three acres, and 
very unfavourably circumstanced, at the least expense. We were 
employed to give the design by a committee of management, and 
our instructions were, simply, to make the most of the ground at 
the least expense. The following remarks are what we delivered 
to the committee on the 24th of October last; and the plan has 
since, in great part, been carried into execution. 

The piece of ground to be laid out being of limited extent, 
and having a distant prospect only on one side, viz. that next 
the river, the object, in contriving the plan, has been to create 
interest within the area. This has been attempted by increasing 
the inequalities in the surface ; by producing the greatest length 
of walk which the space admits of; by varying the views along 
that walk ; by concealing the boundary everywhere except on the 
river side and at the principal entrance; and, above all, by plant- 
ing the most extensive collection of trees and shrubs which, it is 
believed, has been hitherto planted in any public garden, not 
avowedly botanical. 

The plan (fig. 1.) which occupies p. 14. and p. 15., is explained 
at the bottom of those pages. ‘There is one walk, viz. that to the 
right on entering from the terrace, which makes the complete 
circuit of the garden; and another, to the left, which goes, by a 
more direct course, partly through a tunnel, to the proposed 
esplanade. This tunnel, which is about 60 ft. in length, it is pro- 
posed, may be either made winding, and lighted by circular 
funnels of about 1 ft. in diameter, and at about 10 ft. apart, 
terminating in iron gratings; or it may be made straight, in which 
case, it will be sufficiently light without any funnels. The object 
of making the tunnel in a winding direction is, to prevent persons 
who may be passing through it from ascertaining its extent at a 
single glance, and thus perceiving the narrowness of the garden; 
but this result, even if the tunnel is made straight, may be in a great 
degree prevented by the winding of the walk, and planted banks 
at each end of the tunnel; by which means the boundary of the 
garden will not be seen from whichever end the spectator enters. 
The great object, in a limited space, is to vary the interior ; from 
every point of view to conceal the bounds; and, by a great length 
of walk, no part of which is ever seen at one time but the part 
walked on, to increase the apparent extent in the highest degree. 
Where these walks approach the boundary, the trees and shrubs 


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16 Public Garden for a Corporate Town, 


indicated in the list to be planted in such situations are chiefly 
evergreens, in order completely to screen;the fence; and, for the 
same important end of disguising the apparent extent, no en- 
trances must be made to the garden in addition to the two indi- 
cated. If we imagine four entrances to this garden, at the four 
angles, or in the centre of the four sides, instead of two in the 
centre of two opposite sides, the seclusion of the interior will be 
destroyed, and one main intention of the design completely de- 
feated. 

The walks are so arranged, the surface of the ground so 
formed, and the evergreen trees so disposed, that a spectator 
walking on any one of the walks will, in very few cases, be able 
to see the other walks, as the section of the ground will show. 
If the ground cannot be raised to the height indicated in the sec- 
tions, nearly the same: effect will be produced, in the course of a 
few years, by the growth of the trees and shrubs. 

In the execution of the plan, the first step is to mark out the 
tunnel walk, and to form a drain in the bottom of it, commencing 
at the entrance to the garden at a, and continuing it at least as far 
as g; the tunnel should then be built, because, till this is done, 
the ground over, and on each side of it, cannot be prepared for 
planting. A drain should also be formed from the point a, along 
the bottom of the walk, and through the boundary, to the point 
b. Adrain will also require to be formed from the point c in the 
walk, all along its bottom, to b; and also from the point c, along 
the bottom of the walk, and through the boundary, to the point d: 
from this point a drain will require to be conducted, along the 
bottom of the walk, to e; from e, along the bottom of the walk, 
to f; and also from g and bto f Other drains, necessary to 
effect the complete drainage of the walks, will readily occur to 
the foreman who will be sent to superintend the execution of the 
work. Nothing conduces more to the comfort of a public gar- 
den than having the walks at all times fine and dry ; and, where 
these walks are 10 ft. broad, as they are here in the broadest 
parts, such a result cannot be accomplished satisfactorily without 
a drain along the bottom of each walk, with gratings at the sides 
of the walk, communicating with the drain at regular distances. 

None of these drains, however, will require to be formed, till 
after the planting is completed, except the tunnel drain from a to 
g, and the upper drain from a to 6. 

These drains being-made, and the tunnel built, the ground may 
be formed agreeably to the sections; after which, all that portion 
of it intended to be planted, must be trenched to the depth of 
4 ft. at least; and, where the soil is bad, it must be taken out, 
and replaced by good soil. The soil from such portions of the 

round as are to be covered with grass, where it is good, may be 
used for this purpose, and the bad soil substituted for it, as it 


with a Priced List of the Trees and Shrubs. east 


will answer equally well, and even better, for the grass. The 
soil from the bottoms of the walks, when good, can also be used 
for the part to be planted. 

The trees and shrubs which will be required are indicated in 
the following lists ; and they are all such as may be purchased in 
the London nurseries at moderate prices, and all of the most or- 
namental kinds, not one being admitted which is a mere timber 
tree or fruit tree, or which is purely of botanical interest. 

The first list (I.) consists of evergreens; and they are distributed 
over the whole garden in such a manner as to prevent the eyes of 
the persons on the walks, both in summer and winter, from seeing 
more than a certain portion of the ground at one time. At the 
east and west ends of the ground there are rows of evergreens 
and semi-evergreens of comparatively tall growth, for the purpose 
of shutting out the houses of the town. All the other trees are of 
low growth ; and, with two or three exceptions, de not ordinarily 
exceed the height of from 12 ft. to 20 ft. 

The next list (II.) is of deciduous or flowering trees, and tall 
shrubs, with some evergreens, all about the same height as those 
in List I. These are to be distributed over the ground as indi- 
cated in the plan by the numbers preceding the names. 

The next list (III.) is of deciduous flowering shrubs, and some 
evergreens, the distribution of which may be left to the planter, 
with this single direction, that the species of each genus must 
be kept adjoining each other. 

The succeeding list (IV.) is of climbing, creeping, and trailing 
plants. These it is proposed to plant along an arcade of trellis- 
work, which should be commenced at each entrance of the tun- 
nel, and carried on to the length of 50 ft., at each end, over the 
walk. The trellis-work, where it terminates, should be quite 
light and open, and, in short, little more than arches of iron wire, 
crossing the road at about 6 ft. apart. This distance between the 
arches should gradually diminish, till, at the mouth of the tunnel, 
the last arch should not be more than 3 ft. from the one preceding 
it. Each arch should consist of three iron wires; each of about 
half an inch in diameter, joined together by horizontal pieces, and 
their lower ends leaded into blocks of stone. Along the summit 
of the arches, one rod may connect the whole; but there ought 
to be no connexion along the sides, or at the bottom. The same 
rod may be continued along close, under the roof of the tunnel 
for hanging coloured lamps on, upon extraordinary occasions, so 
as to illuminate both the tunnel and the arcade. 

It is very desirable to form an arcade of this sort as an ap- 
proach to a tunnel; because, to a stranger, and in the summer 
time more especially, the transition from the glow of a mid- 
day sun to the gloom of the tunnel would be too sudden. At 
the same time, the tunnel will be only comparatively dark, as it 

Vou. XII.— No. 70. c 


18 Public Garden for a Corporate .Town, 


will be quite sufficiently lighted for walking in, even if not straight, 
by the funnels and gratings before mentioned ; which may be 
made only 6 ft. apart, if 10 ft. should be thought too far distant. 
If, as the trees and shrubs grow up, they should be found to 
obscure the gratings, the funnels for them can be carried up 
higher than the shrubs ; and any funnels that are thought too con- 
spicuous may be terminated with elegant vases, through which 
the light is admitted: and whether these funnels are carried up 
10 ft. or 50 ft., will make no sensible difference in the quantity 
of perpendicular light which will pass through them to the tun- 
nel below. The necessity of building funnels, however, may be 
altogether avoided, by having the tunnel made straight. 

The next list (V.) is of select trees and shrubs, to be scattered 
on the turf; but, as this cannot be done till the ground is pro- 
perly consolidated, which it will require at least a year to effect, 
their places are not indicated in the plan, lest it should create 
confusion. 

The last list (VI.) is of plants which are of low growth, and 
are either ornamental evergreens, deciduous shrubs with showy 
flowers, or shrubs with highly fragrant flowers. Any blanks 
which remain in the masses, after all the other trees and shrubs 
are planted (and there will not be many), may be filled up with 
the species enumerated in this list, which are so beautiful, that, 
even if there were a dozen or two of each in the garden, there 
would not be too many. 

Nothing is proposed to be planted on the green bank (Z 2) 
between the upper and lower terraces, because the large elm trees 
already there, as well as the steepness of the slope of the bank, 
will effectually prevent any ordinary shrub from thriving. If 
it is absolutely required to have something like an evergreen 
fence, an open wooden railing is recommended, which may be 
thickly covered with ivy, the soil being first properly prepared, 
and the plants abundantly supplied with water during the sum- 
mer season, for the first two or three years. 

The kind of fences to be used in enclosing the garden, the 
projection of the quay into the river, and the details of the pro- 
posed esplanade, with the seats at each end, are not here entered 
into; neither is any design given for a fountain, nor for rock- 
work, nor any other architectural object in the situations indi- 
cated. The entrances to the tunnel may be finished in a rustic 
style, and rock plants inserted in the crevices. 

The walks commence at the gate opening into the lower ter- 
race, and also at the steps descending from the esplanade, with 
a width of 10 ft.; and, after being continued at that width for a 
distance of 80 or 100 yards, they are gradually diminished till, 
directly over the tunnel, the width is only 8 ft. The tunnel walk 
is only 6 ft. wide under the tunnel; but it gradually widens to 


with a Priced List of the Trees and Shrubs. 19 


10 ft. as it advances to the other walks. These details the plan 
and the scale will show. The object in narrowing the walks in 
this manner is, to aid the perspective on entering and proceeding 
along the walk from each gate, and thus, in a small degree, to add 
to the apparent extent of the whole. 

It is recommended that all the trees and shrubs shall be pro- 
cured of small size, as being much less likely to die, in conse- 
quence of removal toa bleak situation, and as more likely to grow 
rapidly in well-prepared soil. Instead of bestowing more expense 
than usual in purchasing large plants, it is recommended rather 
to give extra preparation to the soil, and even to add to it 
manure. The mass of rhododendrons and azaleas will require 
peat soil, as will a few of the other trees and shrubs; and the 
beds of roses will require rich mould. 

The double and Chinese roses are recommended to be planted 
in groups by themselves, and also the herbaceous flowering plants; 
and on no account whatever are either double roses, or herba- 
ceous flowers, to be planted among the shrubs. In the two com- 
partments where fountains or other ornaments may be placed, 
flowers may be planted for the first year or two; and, after the 
esplanade is finished, perhaps some more groups of flowers may 
be formed on the turf near it; and, probably, the sloping border 
(kk) may be entirely devoted to flowers. On each side of the 
esplanade may be a parapet, with piers at regular distances, sur- 
mounted by vases, and in these vases mignonette may be kept 
all the season, which would diffuse an agreeable odour in every 
direction. 

It is recommended that, in purchasing the trees and shrubs, it 
be made a condition with the nurserymen from whom they are 
procured, that they should name one plant of each kind with a 
zine label written on with prepared ink, and fastened to the plant 
with metallic wire. By these means the names of the plants will 
remain attached to them, and unobliterated, for two or three years; 
and in the meantime, as likely to give a great botanical interest 
to the garden, it is recommended that one plant of each kind 
should be named, with a large conspicuous label, placed suffi- 
ciently near the walk for any person to read it without moving off 
the gravel. These labels may be formed of zinc, or thin board 
painted white, from 2 in. to 3 in. broad, and from 3 in. to 4 in. long, 
and fixed to the end of wooden rods. For shrubs close by the 
turf verge, these rods need not be above a foot in height; but 
when a tree is to be named which stands back from the walk, 
and has low shrubs in front of it, the rod should be of such a 
length as that the label may overtop the shrubs. On each label 
should be painted the scientific and English names of the plant, 
its native country, and the year of its introduction into Britain. 


This naming of the trees will, it is conceived, very greatly add 
c 2 


20 Public Garden for a Corporate Town, 


to the attractions of the garden, more especially as a place of 
resort for young persons, and consequently increase its value to 
the town. 

In the management of this garden, the ground in which the 
masses are planted will only require to be kept clear of weeds, 
and covered with the short grass which is mown from the glades. 
As the trees and shrubs advance in growth, the duplicates will 
require to be removed ; and, after this, both trees and shrubs 
must be prevented from touching each other by pruning. While 
this is attended to, care must be taken that, in all the masses near 
the boundary fence, both trees and shrubs be allowed to grow as 
close to each other as they can, without coming into absolute con- 
tact. The masses of roses will require to be taken up and pro- 
perly replanted in fresh soil every three or four years, and the 
masses of flowers, which may be chiefly hardy showy annuals of 
low growth, or entirely mignonette, will also require the soil to 
be occasionally renewed. It must be constantly borne in mind 
by the managers of this garden, that a border or plantation of 
trees and shrubs which are never allowed to touch, but which 
are, at the same time, placed as close together as they possibly 
can be without touching, produces a much more effectual screen 
than a thick plantation. In a thin plantation, such as we allude 
to, there is a compact mass of foliage on every tree and shrub, 
from the ground upwards; and, if there are only two rows of 
such trees and shrubs, the plants of the one row alternating with 
the openings of the other, the screen will be as effectual as if it 
consisted of a holly hedge. If this mode of keeping up a screen, 
both in the boundary plantations and in the masses which sepa- 
rate the walks, be neglected, the effect of the garden will very 
soon be materially injured, and the plantations, so far from hav- 
ing that gardenesque character which they are intended to have, 
will resemble mere commonplace masses of shrubbery; the 
boundary will be seen from every point of view; the eye will 
penetrate the interior in all directions; and the effect of the whole, 
as a work of art, will be destroyed. 


Bayswater, Oct. 26. 1835. 


LIST OF TREES AND SHRUBS PROPOSED TO BE PLANTED IN 
THE PUBLIC GARDEN AT 


I. Evergreen Trees and tall Evergreen Shrubs. 


No. in No, of No. in No. of 


Plan. ; Plants. | Price. Plan. Plants. | Price. 
Sal Sar 
1. Quércus Ilex - - 64) 64 Of 5. Q.Cérris dentata - 13/732 6 
2) Suber a Sit 2G 6 virens = See Bo © 
3. Tirneri — - - 6/15 O Ue Banister? - See ile B 
A, Lucombedna - 19/*38 0 8. Taxus baccita = | oa ao 


24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 


28. 
29. 


80 


with a Priced List of the Trees and Shrubs. 


Magnolia grandiflora 
Latrus nobilis = 
Mahonia Aquifolium 
lex Aquifolium, in 
varieties = 
balearica - = 
recarva - = 

; opaca - = 


UN) 


No. in No. of 
Plan. Plants. 
9. Taxus bacc. hibérnica 1 
10. Juniperus virginiana 4 
iil, rectrva - - Jj 
12. suécica = - =) 
13. Thuja occidentalis - 2 
14. orientalis - = g 
15. Cupréssus ¢hyoides = 1 
16. sempervirens - 3 
17. sem. horizontalis 3 
18. lusitanica - 5 & 
19. Pinus pumilio - - 2 
20. Pinaster - ae) 
21. Pinea = = 9 
22. Cémbra - > @ 
28. Cédrus Libani - > @ 
2 

4 

2 

0 

] 

] 

] 

3 


3l 


. Rhamnus Alatérnus - 


21 
No. in No. of 
Price. Plan, Plants.| Price. 
Gs Wo 8 dhe 
2 6] 32. U‘lexeurope‘a, double 2} +1 6 
4 O] 33. Spartiumjunceum - 1] O 6 
+2 6] 34. Genista virgata = lela nG 
1 6] 35. Photinia serrulata - 2|} 5 O 
1 O| 36. Bupletrum fruticdsum 3} 4 6 
2 O| 37. Escalloniaribra - 2|+3 0 
+1 O| 38. Adtcuba japonica = 613) 9970 
2 3] 39. d’rbutus U‘nedo - 6| 4 6 
+l Of} 40. hybrida_- = 2) G0 
7 6| 41. Erica sp. - - 12; 18 0 
5 0| 42. Rhododéndron sp. - 20| 60 0 
3 9| 43. Phillyreasp. - - 6| 6 O 
+1 6| 44, Ligastrum vulg. sem- 
5 0 pervirens - 2} 0 6 
7 O} 45. lucidum - Sy) © O 
10 0} 46. Buaxus baleéarica - 2} 3 O 
4 O} 47. sempervirens - 20} 10 0 
+21 O| 48. Smilax aspera - || *2 0 
49, Rascus aculeatus - 1| O 6 
50 Of] 50. racemosus =" Li OG 
+l 6] 51. Yucca gloriosa - 2/+15 0 
2 6 
1 6 
3 © Total number, 272. £22 19s. 


Il. Deciduous Trees, or tall Shrubs, including some Evergreens. 


52. Magnolia glatca aa | 
53. Thompsonidna - 1 
54, acuminata - | 
55. cordata - =. 1 
56. auriculata - 1 
of. conspicua aid 
58. Soulangeana - 1 
59. obovata (purpurea) 1 
60. gracilis - - | 
61. Liriodéndron Tulipifera 1 
62. Malachodéndron ova- 
tum - - - 
63. Stuartia virginica - 
64. Acer O’pulus -— - 
64a. rubrum - - 
65. monspessulanum 
66. AZ’sculus rubictinda 
67. Pavia discolor - 
68. rubra - - 
69. flava - - 
70. humilis = - 
71. Kolreutéria paniculata 


. Xanthdxylum fraxi- 
neum - - - 
. Ptélea trifoliata - 
. Staphylea trifoliata - 
pinnata - ~~ - 


. EHudnymus europze‘us 


latifolius - = 


1 
1 
1 
6 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
] 


] 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


= =P 
Swonwnonrtaw Ww 


—+- 


+ + 


eS OD DW — = 2D 


+ 
See eee 


—+ 


+ 
Se ODMH He KKH OWMOW 


78. Prinos deciduus - 1 
79. Paliurus aculeatus - 1 
80. Rhamnus catharticus 1 
81. alpinus” - - | 
82. Frangula - - | 
83. latifolius - Soll 
84. Aristotélia Macqui - 1 
] 
] 
] 
2 
] 
2 


k 


85. Rhus typhina - - 
86. Sophora japonica = 
87. Virgilia litea - - 
88. Cytisus Labirnum - 
89. L. quercifolium 
90. alpinus” - - 
91. Robina Pseud-Acacia 
umbraculifera 
92. hispida - - 
93. viscosa = - 
94. Caragana arboréscens 
95. Halimodéndron  ar- 
génteum - - | 
96. Colutea arboréscens - 1 
97. Gleditschza sménsis - 1} + 
98. hérrida’ - = 
99. Gymnécladus  cana- 
dénsis - - - | 
100. Cércis Siliquastrum - 1 
0} 101. Amygdalus communis 
0 macrocarpa - 1 
61 101a. Pérsica flore pléno 4} 8 
c 3 


m0 WO = 
* 
a 


ooo DHAAPARDDSOOADSD SFAARDARDSDADS 
® WO — 0 


m= 0 


— 


AAAH BSHBHAASSTSOVODOAaG 


aD AAS 


om 


29 
No. in No. of 
Plan. Plants. 
102. Armeniaca vulgaris - 1 
103. Cérasus avium and 
double flower- 
ing - - 2 
104. nigra x ath] 
105. semperflorens - 1 
106. serrulata, double- 
flowering “ 
107. Mahaleb - = 
- 108. Padus = . 
109. caroliniana - 
110. lusitanica = 
J11. Laurocérasus - 
112. cerasifera Oo = 
113. Méspilus grandiflora 


fee el ee te ee DOD ee 0D 


1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
] 
] 
1 
1 
1 
] 
I 
] 
1 
1 
] 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
] 
1 


114. Cratze‘gus coccinea - 
115. coce. corallina - 
116. coce.maxima_ - 
117. cocc. indentata - 
118. glandulosa - 
119. macracantha - 
120. subvillosa - - 
121. pyritolia - = 
122. punctata flava - 
123. punc. rubra - 
124. Cris-galli - 
125. C.-gal. arbutifolia 
126. C. pyracanthe- 
folia ae 
127. C. salicifolia —- 
128. C. ovalifolia—- 
129. C. prunifolia = - 
130. nigra - - 
131. purpurea - - 
132. Douglasi - - 
133. altaica- - 
134. flava - - 
135. lobata = uf 
136. trilobata - = 
137. apiifolia major - 
138. cordata - - 
139. mexicana - 5 
140. Azarolus - - 
141. Aronia - = 
142. tanacetifolia = - 
143. tan. glabra - 
144. odoratissima - 
145. orientalis = 
146. heterophylla - 
147. spathulata - 
148. oxyacanthoides - 
149. Oxyacantha reginze ] 
150. Oxy. sibirica - 1 
151. Oxy. pre‘cox - 1] 
152. Oxy. rosea - | 
153. Oxy.7osea supérba 1 


* 


+ 


aS OWS OH dw W 


* KS 
SO = 


re 


0 


Q 


* 
— i OD 


+ 
— 


— 


++ 
— 


* 


po 


Lt ee a ee ee ee 


ace 


DADE DOCODCSCASDAAARATANSAaS 


DABDBAIABAAHARHHOHADADHRODHDOSOAABAAD 


. Sambucus racemosa - 


Public Garden for a Corporate Town, 


. Vibtrnum O’pulus - 
Lantana - - 
pyrifolium - 


. Cornus alba - - 
sanguinea - - 
mas - - - 

. Halésia tetraptera - 
diptera- - 

. Diospyros Lotus” - 
virginiana - - 

. O'rnus europea 

. Catalpa syringefolia 


No. in No. of 
Plan. Plants. 
154. C. Oxyacantha fl. pleno 1 
155. Oxy. Celsiana - 1 
156. Oxy. melanocarpa 1 
157. Oxy. rigida - i 
158 laciniata = | 
159° Cotoneaster frigida - 1 
160 affinis - - | 
161 Nummularia - 1 
162. Amelanchier ovalis - 1 
163 Botryapium - 1 
164. Pyrus bollwylleriana J 
165. salicifolia - > i 
166. nivalis - eel 
167. spectabilis mee 
168. prunifolia - =o 
169. baccata - = il 
170. coronaria - 5 1 
171 angustifolia Sha 
172. torminalis = il 
173. A‘ria - = il 
174. intermedia all 
175 vestita - = ll 
176. aucuparia ell 
Wee 7 americana - | 
178. _ doméstica = ie 
179. splria - =r) 
180. Cydonia sinénsis - 1 
1 
] 
i 
1 
] 
1 
1 
] 
1] 
1 
] 
] 
i 
] 


194, Nyssa aquatica - 
195. Hippophae rhamnoides J 
196. Hlaagnus angustifolia 1 
197. Borya ligistrma  - 1 
198. Maclira aurantiaca - 1 
199. Broussonétiapapyrifera | 
200. JMorus tatarica - 
201 


1 
. Céltis Tournefértz - 1 
, Planera Richardt - 1 

1 


203. Quércus palistris  - 
204, Fagus americana pur- 
purea - - yi! 
205. Castanea pumila - 1 
206. Corylus Colirna = =] 
207. O’strya vulgaris - | 
208. Betula pumila - - | 


Price. 


a a ee 
mea OW 


SS 


+ 


Sys + * 
WO eS OR Re 


ON ec ll el 


s 
DOnaGao SOO ADOADOCOCDAADADAOCOHHHOCOSOADOAAADSGOAADBDAAAABAARWOMHBIDSOSOS: 


with a Priced List of the Trees and Shrubs. 


No. in No. of 
Plan, Plants 
209. Alnus cordata - el] 
210. Salix pentandra al 
211. Platanus cuneata - 1 
212. Liquidambar Styraciflua 1 
213. imbérbe - el 


217. 
218. 
219, 
220. 


221. 
222. 
223. 
224. 
220. 
226. 
227. 
228. 


229. 


230. 
231. 
232. 
233. 
234. 
235. 
236. 
237. 


238. 
239. 
240. 
24.1. 
242. 
243. 
244, 
245. 
246. 
247. 
248. 
249, 
249a. 
250. 
251. 
252. 
2538. 
254. 
255. 
256. 
257. 
258. 
259. 


Price. 
S. ° 
x2 0 
*] O 

1 6 
+1 6 
1 6 


No. in 
Plan. 


214. 
215. 
216. 


Total number, 178. 


No. of 


Plants. 


Hamamélis virginica 
Salisburza adiantifolia 
Taxodium distichum 


Ill. Deciduous Shrubs, including some Evergreens. 


Xanthorhiza apiifolia 
Calycanthus fléridus 
Chimonanthus fragrans 
frag. grandiflorus 
& frag. luteus 
Bérberis vulgaris = 
emarginata - 
canadénsis - 
sinénsis - - 
aristata - - 
crética = - 
Cistus, 12 species - 1 
Helianthemum, 12 
sorts - - - 1 
Hibiscus syriacus, 12 
sorts - - al 
Hypéricum elatum - 
hircinum - = 
kalmidnum c 
calycinum - 
prolificum : 
Coriaria myrtifolia  - 
Prinos lanceolatus - 
Rhamnus Clusz and its 
varieties - - 
Ceanothus americanus 
Rhis Cétinus - 3 
glabra - - 
vernix = - 
radicans - - 
Toxicodéndron - 
aromatica - 
suaveolens - 
Piptanthus nepalénsis 
Ulex nana - - 
hibérnica - - 
Spartium janceum - 
june. flore pléno - 
Genista candicans - 


triquetra - - 
radiata = = - 
lusitanica - - 
anglica - - 
virgata - - 
tinctoria_ - - 
sagittalis  - - 
prostrata - 


C¥tisus nigricans = - 


I 
6 
6 


6 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
] 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
] 
1 
1 


6 
J 


pe ee ee ee ee ee ee 


+e +t + H+ x 


Oe eee ee He Ome eee eae 


S SCAHGAHAAHROSS ooo 


OQ BSDOAOKDDADODADSDACOOTCOHAGAHAS SCoasooodcoe 


260. Cytisus sessilifolius - 
261. triflorus - - 
262. purpureus - 
263 supinus) = - 
264 uralénsis - - 
265. Amérpha fruticdsa - 
266 Lewisz - = 
267. Caragana Altagana_ - 
268 Chamlagu - 
269 frutéscens - 
270 pygme‘a - - 
271 spinosa - - 
272 tragacanthoides 
273. Caldéphaca wolgarica 
274, Colutea cruénta - 
275 Pococki - - 
276. Coronilla E’merus - 
277. Amygdalus nana - 
278. Prunus Cocomilla  - 
279. Cérasus pumila - 
280 depréssa - - 
281 prostrata - = 
282 japonica plena_ - 
283 chinénsis -- - 
284. Cratz‘gus viridis - 
285 virginica - - 
286. Cotoneaster vulgaris 
287. Amelanchier vulgaris 
288. Aronia arbutifolia  - 
289 melanocarpas_ = 
290. floribinda - 
291. Lowea (Rosa) berberi- 
folia = - - 
292. Rosa, 12 sp. = 
293. Rubus spectabilis  - 
294 odoratus - - 
295. nutkanus - = - 
296. Potentilla fruticosa - 
297. Kérria japonica - 
298 Spiree‘a opulifolia - 
299. wmitolia - - 
300. chameedrifolia~ - 
301. bella - - 
302. trilobata - - 
303. thalictroides = 
304. corymbosa - 
305. levigata - - 
306. salicifolia - - 
4 


Sy 1 


1 
1 
1 


Pm ee ee es 


fe ee ee 


23 


Price. 


§ 


. 
1 
1 


Se Sp 


Ci ee Dt NON Sl le ee ee 


+ 


Es 


or Sr 


—+ 


— * 
— = @D a — See He WWW HKH KWOK Ww 


Ce el ee ee 


SGaof 


£14 19s. 9d. 


DOAAOGAIAAMAAAIAHHHOAARCAARADDTDOOCONDSS 


SCOOCOCHOOCOCOCOCOAAHSOAa09D 


24 


No. in 
Plan. 


307. 
308. 
309. 
310. 
311. 
312. 


313. 
314. 
315. 
316. 
317. 
318. 
319. 


320. 
321. 
322. 
323. 
324. 
320. 
326. 
327. 
328. 
329. 
330. 
331. 
332. 
333. 
334, 
335. 
336. 
337, 
338. 
339. 


340. 


34d. 
342. 
343. 
344, 
345. 
346. 


347. 
348. 


388. 
389. 
390. 
391. 
392. 
393. 


Public Garden for a Corporate Town, 


No. of 
Plants. 


Spiree‘a salicifol. alba 
tomentosa 
arizfolia 

Tamarix gallica 
germanica 

Philadélphus 
narius - 
floribindus 
verrucosus 
egrandiflorus 
hirsutus 
eracilis 
inodorus 

Ribes, 20 ornamental 

sorts 

Aralia spinosa - 

Lonicera alpigena 
ceerulea 
Xylosteum 
tatarica 
nigra - 

Symphoria glomerata 
racemosa - 

Diervilla humilis 

Vibarnum dentatum - 
levigatum 
nudum 
Tinus 
lucidum 

Cornus alternifolia 
paniculata 
stricta 
sericea 
florida 

Hydrangea 

cens 

Cephalanthus 

dentalis 

Baccharis halimifolia 

Artemisia Abrotanum 
sibirica 

Vaccinium, 12 sorts - 

Oxycéccus, 2 sorts - 

Arctostaphylos De 

uarsi 

Andrémeda, 12 bors! 

Cléthra alnifolia 


coro- 


arborés- 


occi- 


1 
1 
2 
] 
] 


Se 


iS) 


fe ee ee ee OD OD BS OR HK EK 


— 


— 


12 
1 


Price. 


Se 
*2 
+0 


— 
Sy) OR BR ee ERP OEE Ew 


IV. Climbers, Creepers, and Trailers. 


Clématis Flammula 
Vitalba 
Viodrna 
flérida 
Viticélla 
calycina 


Lelie \2 a 


OQGTenanonoooooancecoecs 


No, in No. of 
Plan. Plants. | Price. 
d. Sree 
0 | 349. Cléthra tomentosa - 1} 1 6 
9} 350. paniculata - Lie dags 
01351. acuminata = Jie Iyge6 
01352. Calluna, 6 sorts - 6| *7 6 
01353. Erica, 12 sorts - 12} 18 0 
354. Menziésia, 6 sorts - 6)*12 O 
01355. Kalmia, 2 sorts - 12} 30 O 
6 | 356. Rhodora canadénsis- 6| 9 O 
61357. Azalea, 20 sorts - 20| 60 O 
0 | 358. Leédum palistre - 1| 2 6 
01359. I’tea virginica - = Sa] ela 
0} 360. Styrax g crandifolium - 1) *5 O 
9 |361. Bumélia ténax - I/ql 6 
362. Chionanthus virginica 1} 2 6 
0|336. Fontanésia phillyre- 
6 dides Pp 
6| 364. Ligdstrum vulgare 
0 sempervirens Se ell |p 8} 
0} 365. Syringa vulgaris alba 2} 2 
0 | 366. vul. purpurea - 2| 2 
0 | 367. chinénsis - - 21-2 
0 | 368. pérsica- - 2] 2 
0} 369. Jasminum fruticans - 2) 1 
0 | 370. humile’ - - 2} 2 
0} 371. officinale - - 2] 2 
0| 372. Vinca minor - - 6; 3 
0} 373. major - 6) 3 
0| 374. Baddlea slabive = seaplane 
0|375. Rosmarinus officinalis 6| 2 
0| 276. Vitex A’gnus-castus- 1] 1 
0] 377. Atriplex. Halimus - 1} 1 
0} 378. Dirca palistris - Ij 38 
0] 379. Daphne Mezéereum - 20) 10 
0 | 380. autumnalis - 20|*30 
381. Shephérdia argéntea 1} 2 
6 | 382. Huphorbea auiyedalty 
ides - 1| *1 6 
0 | 383. Chartze - - 1| *l 6 
6 | 384. Comptonia aspleniifolial| 1 6 
4.] 385. E’phedra distachya - 1| 1 6 
0| 386. Juniperus Sabina - 1] 1 O 
0} 387. Smilax aspera - = Ol cla 
6 | 387a. Fothergilla alnifolia 1} 1 6 
3876. Double roses 100) 75 O 
6 | 387c. China roses’ - 100} 50 O 
0) 
6] Total number, 537. £40 2s. ld. 
0 | 394. Atragéne alpina =| Glee 
9 | 395. sibirica - - 1| *2 0 
0] 396. Menispérmum cana- 
0 dénse - - =) 1). De 
0 | 397. Ampeldpsis hederacea 1| 0 6 
6 | 398. bipimnata - = Al 26 


3 aS 


with a Priced List of the Trees and Shrubs. 25 
No. in No. of No. in No. of 
Plan Plants. | Price. Plan. ° Plants. | Price. 
& dh Sams 
399. Vitis laciniosa « - 1} 2 6]411. Cap.sempervirens - 1| 1 6 
400 Labrisca - - 1} #2 0} 412. impléxum me bits lens 
401. Celastrus scandens - 1] 1 6) 413. Periclymenum - 1] 0 9 
402. Wistaria Consequana 2| 5 0} 414. Hédera Helix palmata 2} +2 0 
403 frutéscens - 2) 5 OF 415. canariénsis =) 2) 76 
404. Caprifoliumjapénicum 1| 2 6]416. Periplocagre‘ca - 1] 1 6 
405. flexuosum - 2) 1 6]417. Bignonia radicans - 1] 1 6 
406. italicum = - - I} 1 O7 418. capreolata 5. ji 2 3B 
407. diofcum_ = - 1] 1 6419. Lycium barbarum - 1] 1 QO 
408. eratum—- - l/fl 6} 420. chinénse - - 1| *1 6 
409. flavum - 1| +2 6{|421. Aristolochia sipho - 1} 1 6 
410. hirsutum pales 
cens) - = elo 6 Total number, 40. £3 2s. 6d. 
V. Select Trees and Shrubs, to be scattered, as single Specimens, on the Turf. 
422, Chimonanthus _ fra- 453 Arctostaphylos Wives 
_grans - - | 3 6 ursi ] 1 6 
423, Latrus Benzoin - 1] 1 6454. A’rbutus Unedo = a 
4.24 Sassafras ~ 1] 3 6) 455 hybrida_ - = hi Qa 
425, Bérberis iicifolia - 1)/+10 6] 456. rica australis - DitiyG 
426. Mahonia Aquifolium 1] *7 6] 457 mediterranea - 1] 1 6 
427. Hibiscus syriacus 458. Rhododéndron cataw- 
purpureus - 1] 1 O biénse  - - 4/10 0 
428 s. purpureus flore 459. ponticum - - 4) 6 O 
pleno - - 1] 2 6]460. Azalea poéntica = ey ag 
429. Pavia discolor - 1} 2 6] 461 nudiflora - - 1] 2 6 
430. Palitrus aculeatus - 1] 2 61} 462 viscosa = =) Li 2G 
431. Ceanothus azureus - 1] 2 6/1463. Halésia tetraptera - 1] 1 O 
432. Pistacia Lentiscus - 1] *5 0} 464. Diospyros GOtusy = lens 
433. Rhais Cotinus - - 1} 1 64465. Fraxinus O ‘rnus (O!r- 
434, Ulex europea flore nus europze‘a), /en- 
plenoe= ie t= i) 16 tiseifolia, excélsior 
435. Cytisus Labarnum jaspidea, and excél- 
péndulum- Sal ea sior péndula - 4) 60 
436. Robinia Becua: desea 466. Fontanésia phillyree- 
crispa - 1) 72 6 Oldes_ - - aH EG. 
437. Caragana Siege - 1] 1 64467. Ligistrum licidum - 1| 2 6 
438. tragacanthoides *5 0} 468. Dirca palustris = 136 
439. Halimodéndron ar- 469. Daphne Mezéreum - 1| 1 O 
génteum = - 1] 2 64470 Cneorum - - 1/1 6 
440. Caléphaca wolgarica 1) 2 6) 471 collina = - =? Lips 2ene 
44.1. Cérasus semperflorens 1} 2 6] 472 Tarton-raira  - 1] 2 6 
442. serrulata - - 1| 2 6] 473. Nyssa aquatica =) 15), Sle 
443. Photinia serrulata - 1| 2 6] 474. Hippdphaerhamnoides 1] 1 0 
444, Cotoneaster rotundi- 475, Buaxus balearica = 2 Deo es 
folia = - - 1] 2 6476. Borya Agistrina = eG 
445 microphylla - 1/ 2 6) 477. Maclira aurantiaca - 1] 1 6 
446, Pyrus sinaica - - 1) 2 61478. Quércus virens ee Ty ea G 
44.7, Cydonia sinénsis - 1) 1 64479. Suber - =) ete G 
448. Rosa, 12 select sorts, 480. coccifera - SD iB 
climbers 5 - 12} 24 O07} 481. Ballota = - 1| *5 O 
449. Ribes sanguineum - 1] 1 6] 482. eramuntia - 1| 26 
450. Escallonia rubra - 1/71 61] 483. 4’ gilops - - 1] *7 6 
451. Aralia spinosa - 1] 2 6] 484. Banisteri - - 1] 2 6 
452. Aucuba japonica - Il] 1 6] 485. Ey seulusi! =") =" WD \e-.2nG 


26 Description of Woodbine Cottage, Torquay, 


No. in No. of No. in No. of 
Plan. Plants. | Price. Plan. Plants. | Price. 
ek S. de 
486. Castanea pumila - 1| *2 0{496. Juniperus Sabina fol. 
487. Cérylus Avellanartbra 1) +O 9 varies. - - 1 ie 6 
488. Alnus oblongata - 1| *5 0} 497. rectrva = =) Li 2ee6 
489. glutinosalaciniata 1} 1 61498. Pinus inops” - - lj 2 6 
490. oxyacantheefolia 1|T1 0} 499. Te\da = - 1| 2 6 
491. Hamamélis virginica 1} 1 Of 500. Cémbra- =) eee 
492. Salisburia adiantifolia 1} 2 6{|501. A‘bies Clanbrasiliana 1) 3 6 
493. Taxus baccata hibér- 502. Picea spectabilis - I1|f21 O 
nica = - - 1} 2 6] 503. Douglasi - 11/15 0 
494. Taxodium distichum 504. Riscus hypogléssum 1] 1 O 
péndulum - - 1/3 61505. Yucca, 12 sorts - 12|*40 0 


495. Ephedra distachya - 1 1 6] Total number, 115. £15 Ils. 3d. 


VI. Supplementary List. 


When all the above are planted, then the blanks which remain should be 
up with the following species : — 


Viburnum J'inus; large plants, 1s. each; small plants, per 25, 20s. 

Bixus sempervirens arboréscens ; large plants, 1s. each; small plants, per 
25, 20s. 

Cérasus serrulata, 1s. 6d. each. 

I\ex Aquifolium ; good plants, 2s. 6d. each; small plants, per 25, 50s. 

Atcuba japonica; good plants, 1s. 6d. each; small plants, per 25, 20s. 

Chimonanthus fragrans, 3s. 6d. each. 

Caprifolium flexuosum, Is. 6d. each. 

Ribes sanguineum ; good plants, 1s. 6d. each; small plants, per 25, 25s. 

Spiree‘a arizefolia, 2s. 6d. each. 

Acer rubrum, 1s. each. 


Recapitulation. 
No. of 
Plants. Price. 
Shit Ss d. 
I, Evergreen trees, &c. - - = 1272) | 3220 OR MeO 
II. Deciduous trees, &c. - - - 178} 14 19 9 
IIIf. Deciduous shrubs = - - =) 5805540) \e 2a 
IV. Climbers - - - = =" 40s Shecn 26 
V. Select trees and shrubs - - oes hi 
VI. Supplementaries, say - - = 100 325 Oren. 
1242 |101 14 7 


The prices in the above list are for plants of the smallest size, and for ready 
money. The manner in which they were procured was, by first sending the 
list to one nurseryman, and asking him to fill in the column of prices for all 
those species of which he had actually plants in his grounds. All those prices 
to which no mark is prefixed were thus obtained. The list was next sent to 
another nurseryman, who filled in those preceded by a dagger (t+); and the 
remaining prices, distinguished by a star (*), were filled in by ourselves, from a 
knowledge of the gardens where they are to be procured at those prices. 


Art. V._ Description of Woodbine Cottage, Torquay, the Residence 
of Mrs. Johnes. By Mr. Joun Guuver, Gardener there. 


TuE extent of the grounds of this much admired and most 
romantic place is about seven acres, on a declivity towards the 


the Residence of Mrs. Johnes. DF 


south-south-west; and, twelve years since, it was what we call 
in Devonshire a furze brake ; or it might, perhaps, be more pro- 
perly called a furze down, with a great part of it a barren rock. 
In the year 1823, Mrs. Johnes took a fancy to build and plant ; 
and the cottage she has erected is certainly the prettiest thing I 
have ever seen. From the drawingroom, at the east end, we 
enter a pretty conservatory, 40 ft. long by 15 ft. wide, full of 
choice creepers, with canted glasses, reflecting the whole three 
ways. From this we proceed to the flower-garden, in front of 
the house, which is 60 yards by 30 yards, with a fountain in 
front of the drawingroom window, and laid out in beds of dif- 
ferent forms. Here are all the species of magnolia, which do 
well; rhododendrons, which make no great growth, but flower 
profusely ; myrtles, geraniums, camellias, Pitt6sporum Tobzra, 
Clethra arborea, Yzcca aloifolia, now coming in bloom; and 
Agave americana; all of which do well in the open air, without 
protection. Salvias, except S. spléndens, are also all found quite 
hardy perennials; and in some seasons they become quite hardy 
shrubs, not being injured with the frost. The Cinnamomum 
Camphora, against the wall, is quite hardy ; the 2zbes sanguineum, 
as a dwarf shrub, standing on the grass plot, fruits to great per- 
fection, producing bunches of beautiful blue fruit, 5in. long. 
From the flower-garden we ascend the grounds by winding walks, 
almost forming a labyrinth: in one of those walks I have a 
vinery, which answers also as a green-house, formed in a lime- 
stone quarry; which, with the natural rock, and other kinds of 
rock that I have introduced, completes a rock house, in which 
are plunged my plants. In this house the Psidium Cattleyanum 
fruits to perfection without fire heat; the situation being so fa- 
vourable, that I have had no occasion to light a fire but once for 
five years, and then only for a few hours, to air the flue. My 
oranges in this house, I think, are as fine as you ever saw. You 
may think I boast by saying this; but, should you visit Devon- 
shire at any time, I should be very proud to show them to you. 
Here I have the cactus tribe in great perfection, suspended from 
the roof by wire; being of a decided opinion it is much to their 
advantage, and it also keeps them from those enemies the snail 
and slug. From this green-house we ascend, by winding walks, 
to a grass terrace, from which we have the most beautiful 
picturesque views in nature. At our feet, as it were, we have 
Torbay, the finest of the kind in the kingdom ; on the opposite 
side is a fine landscape of hill and dale, woods and _ villages. 
In the back-ground, fifteen miles distant, is the famous High 
Tor, and its neighbouring hills of Dartmoor, forming a most 
beautiful evening scene. At one end of this terrace I have a 
small garden in the French style, the beds of which are edged 
with sheep’s trotters, which gives it a neat appearance. In this 
place I have a moss house, paved with sheep’s trotters in various 


28 List of Places from ‘which Return Papers 


devices, initials, date of year, &c.; and a table in the middle, 
covered with fir cones, and edged with the same. Here I have 
displayed my winter evenings’ amusements, all kinds of figures, 
from the elephant down to the little mouse, made of fir cones, 
the produce of my own growth and labour. Imagine to your- 
self a Highland shepherd, with lambs in his bosom, and a shep- 
herdess with her pet lamb, with a flock surrounding them, 
frightened, as it were, with a fox and hounds in full chase. In 
another part I have imitated a farm-yard, where the maid is 
milking her cows, and an old woman feeding her geese; the 
geese, as well as the old woman, appearing quite frightened: for 
here the fox is run up, and the huntsman is seen winding his 
horn. In another part is a Devonshire plough, drawn by four 
oxen, with a man driving, &c.; all made of the same material. 
Suspended from the roof, by way of lamp, is the emblem of 
peace, a dove with the olive branch in its mouth, surrounded by 
a flock of canaries, suspended, also, from the roof. By means of 
vistas cut through the trees, we see, from the moss house, the 
entrance to Torbay from the Channel, Berry Head, &c. 

From this we turn into another terrace, 300 yards long, with 
borders of dahlias and other flowers on each side, leading to a 
grass-plot of three quarters of an acre, with beds for roses, cis- 
tuses, helianthemums, stocks, and various other things. Here 
we are fenced in with a wrought-iron paling, 700 ft. long, allow- 
ing a public path on the outside, which is a great accommodation 
to the inhabitants of Torquay. Here, also, is situated my little 
cottage, commanding a beautiful view of the bay, and also of the 
Channel, the envy of all who see it. A few paces from this, on 
the top of the hill, we have a panoramic view of the country and 
Channel to a great extent, including many of the Dartmoor hills, 
reaching, as it were, to the clouds. 


Art. VI. A List of the Places in Great Britain and Ireland from 
which Return Papers have been received for the ARBorETUM Brt- 
TANNICUM, up to the 21st of November, 1835. By the ConpucTor. 


NorwitHsTanpING the immense number of Return Papers 
(that is, of skeleton lists of trees on four folio pages, headed as 
shown in X. 582.) which we have sent out in all directions, 
we have as yet received papers back from those places only the 
names of which are enumerated in the following list. We 
publish this list in order that, by making known the places from 
which we have received returns, those proprietors or gardeners 
from whom we have not received them, but who are friendly to 
our undertaking, may still have an opportunity of sending. 
Some, also, who have sent lists themselves, or who have not any 
trees that they think worthy of notice, may yet discover that a 


have been received for the * Arboretum Britannicum.” 29 


number of places celebrated for their trees are omitted. We 
should be greatly obliged to such persons if they would write 
to the gardener at such places on our behalf; or inform us of 
the name of the place, and that of its proprietor or gardener, 
in order that we may send Return Papers thither ourselves. 

Our readers will bear in mind, that we wish to know the height, 
and number of years planted, of all foreign trees whatever that 
have been more than ten years standing in any one place; and 
the height, and circumference of the trunk, at a foot from the 
ground, of all indigenous trees in any way remarkable for their 
age, height, breadth, or rapidity of growth. 

It would be of great use to us to know the height and girt, at 
a foot from the ground, of the largest cak, ash, elm, sycamore, 
&c., in the grounds or park of every country seat throughout 
Great Britain and Ireland; with the kind of soil and subsoil on 
which the trees stand; their exposure, and their probable age. 
Surely, it cannot give much trouble to any gardener or forester 
to send us this information. The height may be taken by a 
practical man, with sufficient accuracy for our purpose, by the 
eye; and the circumference of the trunk at a foot from the 
ground, by passing a string round it, and sending us the length 
of the string; or if this be too much trouble, the diameter of the 
trunk may be estimated by the eye, as well as the height of the tree. 

As we find that we shall be able, by publishing double numbers, 
to finish the Arboretum on the 1st of June next, whatever in- 
formation may be sent to us (and we shall be glad of hints on 
propagation, culture, uses, the formation of plantations, fences, 
&c., because our object is to produce a complete Encyclopedia of 
Arboriculture) should be received by the 1st of March. In the 
Gard. Mag. for April a supplementary list to this now given will 
be published ; and, when the Arboretum, or rather Encyclopedia, 
is finished, both lists will be incorporated into one, and the name 
of the proprietor, and (where it is known) that also of the gar- 
dener or forester who prepared the list, will be added, and the 
whole published, in a tabular form, in that work. 

We may take this opportunity of mentioning that, through the 
kindness of a wealthy and distinguished individual, who volun- 
teered to have a number of full-grown trees drawn for us at his 
own expense, we are enabled to render the work far more com- 
plete than we at first contemplated ; by giving, in addition to the 
portraits of trees of ten years’ growth, to the scale of a quarter 
of an inch to a foot, portraits of full-grown trees of one or more 
species of all the principal genera. ‘These full-grown trees are 
drawn to a scale of a quarter of an inch to 3ft.; and, as a spe- 
cimen of them we give Pavia flava. ( fig. 2.) Hig. 3. is a tree of 
ten years’ growth, of the mountain ash (S6rbus aucuparia), to 
a scale of a quarter of an inch to a foot. The botanical speci- 
mens at the foot of both trees are to the scale of 2 in. to a foot. 


50 ZE’/sculus (Pavia) flava. . 
The yellow-flowered (Pavia) Horsechestnut. 


Specimens of Trees in the “ Arboretum Britannicum.”’ 31 


Pyrus aucuparia. 
The Fowler’s Service, or the Mountain Ash, tree. 


3 “Sy 


Mm Js 


OX HNMR 
URE 


$2 List of Places from which Return Papers 


* * In the following List, all those residences marked ‘with a * 
are supposed to have arboretums ; those with a + appear to have ex- 
tensive collections, and all the others have trees and shrubs, more or 
less remarkable. From all we have received back the Return Papers 
we sent, or letters containing the dimensions, age, and other par- 
ticulars of their trees: and, besides the above, we have received tm- 
cidental notices of several single trees standing at places, the names 
of which are not here given. 


ENGLAND. 


Bedfordshire. *¥Flitwick House, *Woburn Abbey, +South-hill, Ampthill. 

Berkshire. Ditton Park, + High Clere, *White Knights, --Dropmore 
(pinetum), Englefield Green, Wallhampton. 

Buckinghamshire. +Temple House, Harleyford. 

Cambridgeshire. “Cambridge Botanic Garden, Christ College, St. John’s 
College, Gamlingay, Maddingley, Wimpole. 

Cheshire. Cholmondeley, Tabley Hall, * Eaton Hall, + Kinmel Park, St. 
Asaph Deanery, + Dickson’s Nursery. 

Cornwall. Port Elliot, Carclew, Heligan. 

Cumberland. Ponsonby Hall. 

Derbyshire. *Chatsworth, Hassop, Kedleston, Bretby Hall, Osmaston Hall, 
St. Helens, Markeaton. 

Devonshire. +Killerton, + Veitch’s Nursery, -Luscombe, +Bystock, Hal- 
don House, Saltram Gardens, + Endsleigh Cottage, + Mamhead, Brochill, 
+Bicton, Heanton Satchville, Grilston, Primley Hill, Woodbine Cottage. 

Dorsetshire. Melbury, Sherborne Castle, Lewiston, Abbotsbury Castle, 
Bryanston House, Castleton, Cuftnels. 

Durham. + Southend, Darlington. 

Essex. Faulkbourne Hall, Audley End, +Hylands, Witham, Ham House, 
Upton, Leyton Nursery, Thornden Hall. 

Gloucestershire. The Querns, Readcomb Park, Tortworth Park, Dod- 
dington. 

Hampshire. + Farnham Castle, + Rogers’s Nursery, Old Alresford, Test- 
wood, Bishop’s Stoke Vicarage, Wilkie’s Nursery (Isle of Wight), Strath- 
fieldsay. 

Herefordshire. ope End, Stoke Edith Park, Eastwood, Haffeild, Eastnor 
Castle, Garnstone, Foxley. 

Hertfordshire. Hatfield Park, Aldenham Abbey, Danesbury, *Cheshunt, Mr. 
Sanders, Mr. Crawler, *Bayfordbury, + Wormleybury. 

Huntingdonshire. 'Tetworth. 

Kent. +Cobham Hall, Ramsgate Hermitage Nursery, Waldershaw, Hayes 
Common, Lewisham Nursery. = 

Lancashire. * Manchester Botanic Garden, -Latham House. 

Leicestershire. Elvaston Castle, Whatton House, Doddington Park. 

Lincolnshire. Nacton. 

Middlesex. + Kenwood, Mount Grove, +Mr. Bromley (Stamford Hill), 
+Mile End Nursery, + Haringay, Brown’s Nursery (Hampstead), Loddiges’s 
(Hackney), Malcolm’s Nursery, Lee’s Nursery, + Fulham Palace, * Syon, 
+Enfield House, *Purser’s Cross, +Whitton Place, *Kew, +Upton House, 
Muswell Hill, Chelsea Botanic Garden, Ridgway House, York House, Botanic 
Garden (Twickenham), Richmond Hill, Brompton Park Nursery, Vere’s Villa 
(Brompton), Knight’s Nursery, Fulham Nursery, Chiswick Villa, Brentford 
Nursery, Kingsland Nursery. 


have been received for the ** Arboretum Britannicum.” 33 


Monmouthshire. +Tredegar, Gillies, Llanvihangel, Coed Ithil. 

Norfolk. Merton Hall, +Norwich Nursery. 

Northamptonshire. Wakefield Lodge. 

Northumberland. WHartburn Vicarage, Bywell Hall, Cresswell, Belsay Castle. 

Nottinghamshire. Thoresley Park, Worksop Manor, Eastwood, Strelly Hall, 
Shipley Hall, Nuttal. 

Oxfordshire. *Oxford Botanic Garden, Dr. Woodcock’s Garden (Christ 
Church), St. John’s Garden. 

Rutlandshire. Belvoir Castle. 

Shropshire. Hardwicke Grange, Willey Park, Smethwick, Wallcot Park, 
Kinlet. 

Somersetshire. Weigh Court, Ham Green, King’s Weston, Hinton House, 
TNettlecombe, Elm Cottage (Taunton), Hestercombe. 

Staffordshire. *Trentham, + Alton Towers, Blithfield, Teddesley Park, 
Wrottesley House, +Kine’s Bromley, Rolleston Hall, Heath House, *Somer- 
ford Hall, Handsworth Nursery, Weston, + Arley Hall. 

Suffolk. Euston House, *Bury Botanic Garden, Finborough Hall, Liver- 
mere, * Ampton Hall, St. Edmund’s Hill, Hardwicke House, Shrubland 
Park, + Barton Hall, Wolveston, Stretton Rectory, Bergh Apton, Ditching- 
ham, Bungay. 

Surrey. +Bagshot Park, +Claremont, Oakham Park, -Walton on Thames, 
Burwood Park, Ashley Park, Barn Elms, Ashtead Park, Esher, Sandown 
Place, Milborne, West End (Esher), Deepdene, Nutfield, *Milford House, 
Milford Nursery, +St. Ann’s Hill, Copse Hill (Wimbledon), *Surrey Zoo- 
logical Gardens, *Buchanan’s Nursery (Camberwell), Mere Cottage, *Gold- 
worth Nursery, Epsom Nursery. 

Sussex. Cowdray, Kidbrooke, + Westdean, Slaugham Park, Woolbedding, 
Easelbourne, Arundel Castle, Chichester Nursery, New Cross Nursery, Du- 
bois’ Villa (Mitcham), Howey’s Nursery, Woburn, Busbridge. 

Warwickshire. + Coombe Abbey, Whitley Abbey, Berkswell, Newnham 
Paddocks, Aston Hall. 

Westmoreland. 

Wiltshire. -+Longleat, Corsham House, +Bowood, + Wardour Castle, Long- 
ford Castle, Paulton’s Park, +Fonthill Abbey. 

Worcestershire. *Croome, +Hagley, Hadzor House. 

Yorkshire. *Wull Botanic Garden, Kilnwick, Boynton, Percy, Sledmere, 
Ripley Castle, Hackress, *Grimston Park, Cannon Hall, Hornby Castle, 
Cvrk) Langton Lodge, Castle Howard, Knedlington, Backhouse’s Nursery 

York). 


Jersey. Mr. Saunders’s Nursery, Bagatelle. Guernsey. 
WALES. 
Nortu WALEs. 
Anglesey. Caernarvonshire. Denbighshire. +ULlanbede Hall. 
Flintshire. Merionethshire. Montgomeryshire. Powis Castle. 


Soutu WALEs. 


Brecknockshire. Cardiganshire. Caermarthenshire. 

Glamorganshire. Penllergare, The Willows, Skelty Hall, Margam, + Dow- 
lais House, Swansea, Briton Ferry. 

Pembrokeshire. ~Golden Grove. Radnorshire. Maeslaugh Castle. 


SCOTLAND. 


Aberdeenshire. +Thainston, +Huntly Lodge, Moneymusk. 

Argyllshire. +Hafton, +Mount Steuart, Roseneath Castle, Dunoon Castle, 
Toward Castle. g 

Ayrshire. Rozelle, Kilkerran, Doonhole, Blair, Cassilis, Kilkenzie, Dal- 
quharran. 


Vou, XII. — No. 70. D 


34 Places from which Return Papers have been received. 


Banffshire. Gordon Castle, Huntly Lodge, Cullen House. 

Berwickshire. +The Hirsil. Caithness-shire. 

Clackmannanshire. Callander House. Dumbartonshire. 

Dumfriesshire. Eccles, Drumlanrig Castle (an arboretum is forming here, 
but we have not received any detailed account of it), Cairn Salloch, Jardine 
Hall, Closeburn, Springkell. 

Edinburghshire. *Edinburgh Experimental Garden, * Lawson’s Nursery 
(Edinburgh), +Dalhousie Castle, Newbattle Abbey, Woodhouselee, Cram- 
mond House, Hatton, Dreghorn, The Whim, Gogar House, Moredun, Barn- 
ton, Edinburgh Botanic Garden, Melville Castle, Dalkeith: 

Elginshire. 

Fijeshire. Dunbrisal Castle, Raith, Wemyss Castle, Dysart House, Largo 
House. 

Forfarshire. -+Kinnardy, * Airlie Castle, Courtachy Castle, Invergowrie. 

Haddingtonshire. Yester House, + Tynningham, Gosford House, 7 Biell, 
Pinkie. 

Inverness-shire. Inverary Castle. 

Kincardineshire. Kinross-shire. 

Kirkcudbrightshire. +St. Mary’s Isle, Cassincarie, Calley, Cairnsmuir, Del- 
vin, +Bargally, Kenmure Castle. 

Lanarkshire. *Glasgow Botanic Garden. 

Linlithgowshire. “Hopetoun House, Dalmeny Park, New Saughton. 

Nairnshire. Orkney and Shetland Isles. Peeblesshire. 

Perthshire. *Kinfauns Castle, +Dickson’s and Turnbull’s Nursery (Perth), 
Taymouth, Annat Garden, Invermay, Moncrieff House, Rossie Priory, Bel- 
mont Castle, Errol House, Gray House, Duncruib, Methven Castle, Castle 
Menzies, Pitfour, Dupplin Castle, The Ballo, Ferigack, Myginch Castle. 

Renfrewshire. Scotstoun, Erskine House, North Barr, Bishoptown, Both- 
well Castle. 

Ross and Cromarty. Coul, tBrahan Castle. Roxburghshire. 

Selkirkshire. Hasseldeanburn Nursery. 

Stirlingshire. Woodhead, Buchanan, Drummond and Co.’s Nursery (Stir- 
ling). 

Sutherlandshire. -+Dunrobin Castle, Rhives, Balnadach, Tongue. 

Wigtonshire. 


IRELAND. 
Connavent.— Leitrim. Galway. +Coole. 
Sligo. Makree Castle. Roscommon. Mayo. 
Monster. — Clare. Kerry. Rough Island, &c., at Killarney. 
Cork. +Castle Freke, Glengariff, 
Waterford. Tipperary. Limerick. 


Lernster. — Dublin. +Glasnevin Botanic Garden, Trinity College Bo- 
tanic Garden, Mount Anyille Hill, |Cypress Grove, Howth Castle, * Terenure, 
+Cullenswood Nursery. 

Louth. Oriel Temple, Dundalk. 

Meath. Kilruddery House, Newtown Mount Kennedy. 

Wicklow. Shelton Abbey, Dunganston Nursery, Shankhill Nursery, Bally- 
arthur. 

Wexford. New Town Barry. Longford. + Pakenham Hall. 

Westmeath. King’s County. * Charville Forest. 

Queen’s County. Kildare. + Castletown. 

Kilkenny. Woodstock, Robertson’s Nursery. Carlow. 

UxnstEer. — Down. Moira, Hillsborough, Tollymore Park, Mount Stewart, 
Ballyleedy, Bangor, Castle Ward, Spring Vale. 

Antrim. Belvoir Park, Antrim Castle, Cranmore, Echlinville, Summerhill, 
Moyland. 

Londonderry. Mount Hewick, Grey Abbey, Scarvagh. 

Donegal. Fermanagh, + Florence Court, Castle Coole. 

Cavan. Monaghan. - Armagh. Tyrone. Barons Court. 


ee 


New Modes of Mushroom Culture. 35 


Art. VII. New Mode of growing Mushrooms. By W. 


Nor having seen in your Magazine so easy a method to grow 
mushrooms, for catchup and other purposes, as I have practised 
for several years, at little or no expense, I take the liberty to send 
you the following sketch of my plan. The only expense is at 
the commencement, as it may then be necessary to get a few 
bricks of the best mushroom spawn: afterwards, enough may be 
saved every year from the dung, &c. 

My plan is this. About the middle of July, when preparing 
the ground for early broccoli or Savoy, I have some of the best 
fresh horse dung, that is short, and has not much straw in it, dug 
in the furrow, under the soil where the row of broccoli or Savoy 
plants are to be planted. The furrow is filled pretty full of the 
dung, and trodden rather firm, and a few pieces of the spawn are 
put in it; the mould is then dug over it, and the digging is con- 
tinued, until where the next row of plants is intended; which 
furrow is filled with dung and spawn as the former; and so on, 
as far as the ground is to be planted. After the ground is dug, 
the plants are planted, and nothing further is required. I do not 
use any more dung in this way than would be required for the 
same quantity of ground if spread regularly over it in the usual 
way; and the plants grow more vigorously by having the dung 
under them. I consider that the broccoli or Savoy plants are 
of great service to the working of the spawn, by shading it from 
the hot sun and heavy rains. 

About the middle of September, the mushrooms come up in 
great quantities, large and fine. I have this morning (Sept. 21.) 
gathered nearly half a bushel of large mushrooms from about 
two poles of ground, planted as above; and have had two or 
three gatherings before, and expect to have a good many more 
before the season is over. 

September 21. 1835. 


Art. VII. On the Mode of raising Mushrooms from the Mushroom 
Stone. By Mr. James ALEXANDER, Gardener at Maeslaugh Castle. 

I wave no doubt but you, and many of your correspondents, 
are acquainted with the mushroom stone; but, as I have not seen 
it mentioned in your Magazine, I send you the following account 
of one that was under my care for upwards of two years. It 
was sent to Mr. Thorburn of Murth, from Calabra, in Sicily, 
with directions to give it a little water when it appeared dry, 
which was generally three or four times a week in dry weather : 
and, in the course of a fortnight after I received it, a couple of 


mushrooms made their appearance, which grew to be very large ; 
D2 


36 09 - Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


I think, about 9 in. in diameter. They were porous beneath, in 
place of gill, as in the common mushroom; consequently, they 
appeared rather to be a species of Bolétus than a species of 
Agaricus. However, they were of excellent flavour, and the 
ship captain who brought the stone home told me that it pro- 
duced three mushrooms at sea, which, he said, were very fine. 
In three or four weeks after the two above-mentioned were ga- 
thered, three or four more came up, and so on, for the first year. 
The second year it was not quite so productive; and, in 1833, 
my successor informed me that the mushroom stone was nearly 
exhausted. I think eight or ten such stones would supply an 
ordinary family with mushrooms for two or three years. 
Maeslaugh Castle Gardens, June 16. 1835. 


Art. 1X. Floricultural and Botanical Notices on Kinds of Plants 
newly introduced into our Gardens, and that have originated in them, 
and on Kinds of Interest previously extant in them ; supplementary 
to the latest Editions of the ‘‘ Encyclopedia of Plants,” and of 
the ** Hortus Britannicus.” 


Curtis’s Botanical Magazine; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 3s. 6d. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Dr. Hooker, 
King’s Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow. 

Edwards's Botanical Register ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 4s. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Dr. Lindley, 
Professor of Botany in the London University. 

Sweet's British Flower-Garden ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
four plates; 3s. coloured, 2s. 3d. plain. Edited by David Don, 
Esq., Librarian to the Linnzean Society. 


Aw asterisk prefixed to the name ofan order, a genus, species, 
or variety, is prefixed to mark it as one not registered in the 
Ffortus Britannicus or the Gardener’s Magazine; a dagger, to 
denote it as already registered in one, at least, of these works, but 
with details more or less different from those given with the dag- 
ger; a double dagger, to denote a genus, species, or variety, 
either not yet introduced into Britain, or that has been intro- 
duced, but is since extinct in it. 

The late Mr. Drummond. —(Vol. X. p. 583.; Vol. XI. p. 
608.) His Christian name is ‘Thomas, not James, as given in 
p- 608., in the notice of the fact of his death. 

Baron Ludwig. — Dr. Wooker,in the Botanical Magazine, the 
number for December, 1835, in his account of Veltheimza glatca 
var. floribus rubescénti-purptreis, t. 3456., has noted that ‘“ We 
are indebted, at the Glasgow Botanic Garden, for our bulbs [of 
it] to Baron Ludwig, a nobleman resident at the Cape of Good 
Hope, where he generously devotes his time and his fortune to 
the promotion of botany and horticulture, particularly with the 


~ 


a a 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 37 


view of rendering service to the colony, by the introduction of 
useful plants. “Co Europe he has, with the greatest liberality, 
communicated many rare South African plants, and has enriched 
our gardens with several new or little known species.” The 
panier of the Botanical Magazine for December, 1835, com- 
pletes vol. 62. of that work. Dr. Hooker has inscribed the 
volume to Baron Ludwig. 

A Key to Structural, Physiological, and Systematic Botany, for 
the Use of Classes. By John Lindley, Ph. D. F.R.S. L.S. and 
G.S., Professor of Botany in the University of London, and in 
the Royal Institution of Great Britain. — This work, recently 
published, is a more matured edition of both the enunoe s Outline 
of the First Principles of Botany, and of his Nixus Plantarum, both 
included in this one, the Key. ‘The Outline, published in 1830, 
has been previously commended in this Magazine; and it may be 
stated of that part of the Key which embraces the same subjects 
as that work, namely, the structure and physiology of plants, 
that information so succinct and comprehensive on them is not 
to be obtained in any other work extant. ‘The Nzxus Plantarum 
is written in Latin; it was published in 1833; its subject and 
office are noticed in Vol. IX. p. 608, 609.: that part of the Key ~ 
which embraces the same subject is written in English, with the 
exception of the denominative botanic terms. ‘The author’s ob- 
ject, in both the Nexus and the kindred part of the Key, is, to 
consociate congruously the natural orders into groups, inter- 
mediate in the rank of comprehensiveness between the orders 
themselves and those few groups of much higher rank, as, dicoty- 
ledoneze or exdgenze dichlamydeee thalamifloree, Hort, Brit., 
p. 492. 495.; dicotyledoneze dichlamydeze calyciflorse, Hort. Brit., 
p- 492. 508.; dicotyledoneze dichlamydeze corollifloree, Hort. 
Brit., p. 492. 523. ; dicotyledoneze monochlamydeze, Hort. Brit., 
p. 492. 530.; monocotyledonese, Hort. Brit., 492. 535.; in each 
of which rather many orders were included, and these less con- 
gruously associated among themselves than was desirable. His 
proposed mode of effecting this object is, by consociating orders 
by characters of common agreement into groups, named al- 
liances ; and alliances into groups, named groups. 

In application to the species of plants which may be noted on 
in the floricultural and botanical notices anticipated to be given in 
the Twelfth Volume of this Magazine, it is purposed to cite, ad- 
ditionally to the name of the natural orders to which they may 
belong, the names of the alliances, groups, and higher groups, to 
which the cited orders may belong. ‘The fulfilling of this pur- 
pose will have, at least, the effect of placing these botanic terms in 
the way of the cognisance of readers of the notices, and, in some 
cases, may have the better effect of contributing to elucidate the 


end of the invention and first application of them. Relative to 
; D3 


38 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


previous notices, the orders cited in application to the species 
noted on have been placed in a course of succession after that 
in which they are placed in Lindley’s Introduction to the Natural 
System of Botany ; and the numbers prefixed to them are those 
he has used in that work to denote their successional place in 
his series of all the orders. 

The author, in his system presented in his Key, has employed 
some devices in nomenclature which he has thus explained : — 
«To prevent confusion in the use of the names of the numerous 
divisions in the natural system, it is to be observed, that the 
names of the suborders terminate in ee ; of the orders in acee ; 
of the alliances, in ales ; and of the groups, in ose. ‘The higher di- _ 
visions have merely plural terminations. The ear of the classical 
critic may be offended at many of these terminations ; but the 
distinction which they establish is too important not to outweigh 
all verbal niceties of construction.” ‘The author has other notes on 
this part of his work, in his preface, thus :—‘*I have... ventured 
to reform the laneuage of botanists in some respects, by carry- 
ing out their own principles to their full extent; thus securing 
amore uniform kind of nomenclature, and expressing the value” 
of the classes, orders, &c., in all cases, by the manner of the ter- 
mination of their names. ‘The scheme of arrangement which Dr. 
Lindley has proposed in his Key is a production that no one can 
investigate without high profit. — J. D. 


*,* The degree of rank of the groups down to the orders: — Ist, the class; 2d, the subclass; 3d, 
the group; 4th, the alliance. 


Class Exégene or Dicotyleddnez, subclass Compléte (plantz) polypétale (the contents of this 
group are about identical with those of the groups Dichlamydez thalamifldre and Dichla- 
mydee calycifldre in Hort. Brit.), group Albuminose, alliance Ranales, order Ranunculacee. 


1599. DELPHI’/NIUM ¥14134 cheilanthum  large-lipped”? D. Don. [co Sw. fl. gar. 2. s. 309 
*2 multiplex D. Don multiplied-sepaled Y A spl 3to5 jn Dp azure blue D 
See Penny, in Gard. Mag., Vol. IX. p. 489. 


“The type of this species is decidedly the finest of the per- 
ennial species: it is alsorare... Flowers,” of the variety, “blue. 
In rich loamy soil, it will attain the height of 4 ft. or 5 ft.” (Penny, 
as above ; see, too, in the place there cited.) ‘ A double variety 
of one of the finest species of the genus. It is a most lovel 
plant, the flowers being equal in size to those of the double va- 
riety of grandiflorum, and of a still richer colour, a deep azure 
blue; stems 3 ft. high. A mixture of peat and loam will be found 
to suit it best. Our drawing was taken from the collection of 
Messieurs Allen and Rogers, at Battersea.” (D. Don, in the 
Brit. Flower-Garden, Nov.) 


Cl. Exdgene, subcl. Compléte polypétale, group Albumindsz, alliance Grossailes, order Gros- 
sulacee., 


719. RIBES * glutindsum [? Bentham] and * malvaceum [Smith] 
are the names of two species of Azbes that are described in the 
Hort. Trans., second series, vol. i. part 6., in a continuation of a 
“Report on some of the more remarkable hardy ornamental 
plants raised in the Horticultural Society’s Garden, from seeds 


:: ies 


supplementary to Eincyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 39 


received from Mr. David Douglas, in the years 1831, 1832, 1833. 
By George Bentham, Esq., I'.L.S., Secretary.” The report was 
read on June 17. 1834. Not any of the live plants of either of 
the two species of Zzbes had, up to that date, produced flowers. 
Both are allied to sanguineum. Glutinosum in foliage only dif- 
fers from that species in being destitute of down and slightly 
viscous. It promises, from the dried specimens transmitted by 
Mr. Douglas, to exceed sanguineum in beauty: the bunches of 
flowers are twice the length of the bunches of sanguineum, and 
contain at least from 30 to 40 flowers, which are borne on long 
slender pedicels ; the colour of the flowers is red: its degree of in- 
tensity cannot be judged of from the dried state of the specimens. 
Glutinosum “is quite hardy, and grows vigorously incommon gar- 
den soil.” Malvaceum differs from sanguineum in these points: — 
its leaves are very rough and hispid on the upper side, and clothed 
underneath with a whitish cottony down. The bunches of 
flowers are shorter and closer, and each flower is nearly sessile 
on the common stalk. It is deemed to be as hardy as san- 
guineum, and as easily propagated. (Hort. Trans.) 


Cl. Ex6ég., subcl. Compl. polypét., group Albumin., alliance Grossales, order Escallonidcee. 


4687. ESCALLO‘NIA [Conception and Valparaiso in Chile 1831 C pl Sw. fi. gar. 2. s. 310 
28855 pulverulénta Per's. dusted (deemed accidentally) % _\or8 jl WW Common about 


A very handsome shrub, upright, branched, evergreen. 
Leaves on short foot-stalks, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, flat and even, 
2 in. to 4in. long, 1 in. to 14 in. broad, light green, regularly 
crenulate, pubescent, varnished and glutinous on both sides, es- 
pecially in the younger leaves. Flowers small, petals white, 
anthers yellow. ‘Some of the flowers in our specimens, we re- 
marked, were ten-cleft and decandrous.” The flowers are dis- 
posed into racemes that are spike-formed, 3 in. or 4 in. long, and 
terminal; each raceme consists of many flowers. Flowering spe- 
cimens were communicated from “the Birmingham Botanic Gar- 
den, by Mr. Cameron, the zealous curator of that establishment.” 
(Brit. Flow.-Garden, Nov.) 


Cl. Ex6g., subcl. Compl. polypét., group Albumin., alliance Berberdles, order Berberacee. 


390. EPIME‘DIUM é [mag. 3448 
f diphyllum Lodd. Bot. cab. twin-leafed Y A pr 3 my W Japan 1830? Ditl Bot. 


Noticed in VIII. 721. The flowers are pendent and do not 
include any pouch-shaped petals, nectaries of Linnaeus, such as 
are in the flowers of Z. alpinum. (Bot. Mag., Nov.) 


Cl. Exég., subcl. Compl. polypét., group Epigyndsz, alliance Cucurbitales, order Cactacez. 

41472. CEYREUS (Cereus in Latin, *‘ Literally, a torch or taper; a name translated by the English 
Torch-thistle ; and given to these plants in consequence of the upright kinds having some- 
thing the appearance of the tapers used in the ceremonies of the Roman Catholic religion.” 
— Lindley, in Rot. Reg., t. 1807.) [1690 C_slru Bot. reg. 1807 

412559 triangularis Haw. triangular-stemmed 2. _jor7+ s WY Mexico and W. Indies 

‘¢Tt flowers so rarely, that” its flower “has never,” before in 

the figure cited “been represented froma European specimen.” 

(Lindley.) In Loudon’s H. B., Bot. Mag., t. 1884., is cited for. 

a figure: correctly? It flowered, in September, 1834, at Sir G. 
D 4 


40 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


Staunton’s, Leigh Park, near Havant, under the good manage- 
ment of Mr. Robert S. Wilson, the gardener. The plant had 
been in the collection upwards of fifteen years without blossom- 
ing. It produced shoots, upwards of 7 ft. long, between March 
and September, in 1834. ‘[wo flowers were perfected: the one 
which opened first, opened at about six o’clock in the afternoon 
of September 22., and faded at about eleven o’clock in the mor- 
ning of September 23. The flower of C. triangularis is stated to 
exceed in size that of any other species, even C. grandiflorus. 
The sepals are green, the petals “of the most dazzling white- 
ness ;” the anthers, yellow, are represented densely disposed into 
a broad ring ; the style is shown from within this ring, prominent 
above it, very stout, and ended in many stigmas that are disposed 
ina cone rather than spread; both the part of the style and the 
rays are yellow. (Bot. Reg., Nov.) 

Cl. Exég., subcl. Gompl. polyp., group Calycdsx, alliance Guttales, order Hypericacex, division 


Anémale. 
tOCHRA’NTHE Lindl. Partrsioom Lindi. (Ochros, pale, anthos, flower. (Lindley.) The 
calyx and corolla are whitish.) 5. 3. sp. 1. [reg. 1819 
jarguta Lindl. finely-toothed-leafed 3% \_Jor... mr Wsh China 1823 C? 1? Bot. 


‘Jt flowered in the garden of the [Lendon] Horticultural So-- 
ciety, so long since as March, 1826; but shortly after died, and 
has never again made its appearance.” <A shrub. Attitude, by 
the specimen figured, upright. Leaves disposed in pairs, the 
pairs cressing each other: the disk obovate lanceolate, 4 in., 
less or more, long, abeut 2 in. broad in the broadest part, the 
margin serrate, the petiole short, a pair of stipules at its base, 
and interior in position to the petioles. Flowers in a terminal 
thyrse, its branches in opposite pairs. Flowers subglobose, larger 
than a pea, sepals 5, petals 5, both whitish, becoming yellow. 
(Bot. Reg., Dec.) 


Cl. Ex6g., subcl. Compl. polypét., group Syacarpdse, alliance Silenales, order * Silenacez. (This 
order is identical with order CaryophYllee, tribe Silénew, Hort. Brit., p. 502.) 
1388. SILE‘NE. 
711619, régia Sims royal yY A or 43 my:au S North America 1811 C pl Sw. fl. gar. 2. s.313 


“The stems are upright, rising to the height of 4 or 5 ft.” 
The inflorescence is paniculate, the flowers are numerous, the 
limb of the corolla is large and of a bright scarlet. The plant 
thrives “ best in a soil composed of peat and loam, and is chiefly 
propagated by cuttings, as it is found rarely, if ever, to perfect its 
seeds in this country.” ‘The figure is from a specimen ‘from 
the choice collection of David Falconar, Esq., of Carlowrie.” 
(Brit. Flower-Garden, Dec.) 

*J415a. VISCA‘R1A Roehler. Rock Lycunts (“* Viscus, bird-lime ; because the stems of the plants 
are covered with clammy gluten.’? — G. Don, in his Gen. Syst. of Gard. and Bot.,i.414. Of V. 
neglécta G. Don, he has stated that the stem is not clammy.) 10. 4 5 sp. 1 var. 

y [... 1807 D co Maund’s bot. gard. t. 523 
tneglécta G. Don neglected to be botanically distinguished us a species YF A or; my.jl W 
Synonyme : Lychnis Viscaria albiflora Hort. (G. Don, in his Syst. of Gard. and Bot., i. 415.) ; 

Tt may be that this is not rare in gardens: it is eligible for all 
the hardy flower-gardens that are yet without it. Its shoots and 
leaves are disposed into a tuft ; and this is verdant throughout the 


year. The flowers are disposed in the mcde of a crowded pa- 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 4} 


nicle about the upper part of short stems; the corollas are white, 
and not small ; and, as the flowers are not few, the kind is, when 
in flower, ornamental. Mr. G. Don has deemed it elegant. 
Plants of it may be obtained by planting portions of plants pre- 
viously extant. 

1385, SAPONA‘RIA. 


*1137la cerastidides Fis. Mouse-ear-chickweed-like 2% A? cu 4 Pk Russia ? 1833 
These details may not be correct. 


Stems prostrate. Leaf glaucous to a degree of whiteness. 
Plants of a species thus named have been cultivated in the Chelsea 
Botanic Garden, and in the Cambridge Botanic Garden. 


Cl. Exég., subcl. Compl. polypét., group Gynobasedse, alliance Geraniales, order Oxalidacez. 


1414. O’X ALIS. 
11984 Pidtte Col. Piotta’s % _Ajori jlau salmon-coloured C.G.H 1816 O s.p Bot. reg. 1817 
Seems nearly allied to compréssa. (Lindley.) 


* A truly beautiful little half-hardy or frame perennial, flowering 
most copiously during the months of July and August. A little 
tuft does not, indeed, produce much appearance ; but a pot filled 
with its dense green leaves, and covered with the large salmon- 
coloured flowers, is a lovely object .... We believe that the 
plant is at present in the possession of no one in this country ex- 
cept Mrs. Marryat, Wimbledon, Surrey, and those of her friends 
to whom she has given it.” (fot. Reg., Dec.) 

O’X ALIS fF Darwallidna, described in Vol. XI. p. 526, 527., corrective and additional information on. 

The authority is Westcott: see under Lathyrus Armitage- 
anus, below, p. 42. O’xalis Darwallzdna has its leaflets nearly 
thrice as broad as those of O. tenuifolia Jacq., to which it is allied, 
and should be placed next. 


Cl. Exég., subcl. Compl. polypét., group ced ae alliance Rosales, order Rosacez, suborder 
omez, 


1506. CRATA*GUS. {Bot. reg. 1810 
?12898a * Douglasz Lindl. Douglass *“or¢.? my W North-west America 18302 SG co 


Synonymy: C. punctata 8 brevispina Douglas, in Hook. Fl. 
Bor. Am., 1.201. ‘* We believe this [Douglas:z] to be essen- 
tially different from all the published species of this genus; but 
... we are by no means certain. . .. It is possible that what is called 
C. macracantha in the gardens may not be specifically distinct; 
but, as its fruit is red, it requires further examination.” (Lzndley.) 

A small tree. Branches ascending; spines, rigid, straightish, 
now short, now very long; leaves, some obovate, some oval, 
gashedly serrate, acute, at the base wedge-shaped, glabrous, in 
the autumn remarkably leathery, and they then acquire a pur- 
plish cast and are shining: they fall off at about the same time 
as those of punctata and pyrifolia. Flowers produced in May : 
they are of a middling size. Fruit small, dark purple. The 
figure is from a plant in the London Horticultural Society’s ar- 
boretum. (Bot. Reg. Nov.) 


Cl. Exég., subcl. Compl. polypét., group Apocarpdse, alliance Rosales, order Leguminacez. 


1274. POINCI A‘ Nd. [grounds about Mendoza in South America 1829 C rm Sw. fl. gar.2.s. 311 
* Gilliés%? Hook. Gillies’s 7723 J] spl 10 jl Y Abundant on banks of rivers and irrigated 


*¢ An erect, slender, branched tree, rising to the height of 8 ft. 
b) 3 oO ° 


42 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


or 10 ft.” May not a plant of such stature be rather deemed a 
shrub? Leaves alternate, bipinnate, 7 in. or 8 in. long, spread- 
ing ; pinne about nine pairs ; leaflets'in each pinna, from 12 to 
16 pairs; oblong elliptical, 4 or 5 lines long. Flowers in a ter- 
minal corymbose raceme ; corolla yellow, 2 in. across, of 5 petals. 
Filaments bright red, slender, about 3 in. long; anthers dark 
red. Style of about the same colour, length, and thickness as 
the stamens. ‘* We have seldom had to record so interesting a 
production as the present, and one so eminently deserving the 
attention of the cultivator.” ‘The figure is from a plant at Mr. 
Knight’s, King’s Road, Chelsea, which ‘has stood for several 
years, placed near the wall of a stove, which it now considerably 
overtops, and even exceeds the height that” the species usually 
attains in its native country. From the tree being deciduous, 
and ripening its shoots early in the autumn, we may infer that it 
will endure our winters in situations less favourable than the one 
at Mr. Knight’s.” (Brit. Flow.-Garden, Nov.) 
2136, LA’/THYRUS. 
fl9287a Armitageanus Westcott (Frederick Westcott, Esq., one of the Honorary Secretaries of the Bir- 
mingham Botanical and Horticultural Society.) Armitage’s or &  jn.au Purple-blue 
Brazil, Buenos Ayres 1829 SandC Its.l1 Maund’s bot. gard. 526 
These particulars are, some corrective, some additional, to those 
in XI. 525. 689.: of the following, all are additional, except the 
fact of its being a native of Brazil. Raised by C. H. Hope, Esq., 
from seeds collected in Brazil. Mr. Hope communicated it to 
the Birmingham Society. It appears, also, to be indigenous about _ 
Buenos Ayres; W. Borrer, Esq., having recognised it as iden- 
tical with one which he raised, a few years ago, from seeds col- 
lected there. (Mr. Maund, in his work, the Botanic Garden, 
t. 526.) Mr. Cameron has communicated that the kind which has 
been denominated Armitagednus was introduced into the col- 
lection of the Birmingham Botanical and Horticultural Society, 
in 1833; and that he believes that Mr. Borrer raised it from 
Buenos Ayres seeds, in about 1828 or 1829, but lost it before 
it flowered; and that Mr. Borrer considered it to be near ner- 
vosus by the foliage. 


1984. ZUPINUS. [low, afterwards dull red Texas in Mexico 1835 S It.s.1_ Sw. fl. gar. 2. s. 314 
* bimaculatus Hook, twin-spotted-standarded <,perhaps®. A or... s_B, the spot pale yel- 


Discovered by Drummond. ‘* Very pretty. Stems procum- 
bent, about a foot long; leaves of five leaflets, that are glabrous 
and pale green above, and 1}in. long; racemes of flowers ter- 
minal, solitary, 2 in. or 3in. long, many-flowered; corolla blue, 
except that the standard is ‘ marked in the centre with a large 
pale-yellow spot, which afterwards changes to a dull red.” 
Hardy. Should be planted in light sandy loam. ‘The figure is 
from a plant which flowered in the collection of Dr. Neill, at 
Canonmills, near Edinburgh. (Brit. Flower-Garden, Dec.) 

2071. PSORA‘LEA 718634 glanduldsa. 
A specimen received, on August 18. 1835, from Bury St. Ed-. 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 43 


munds, as * of a most beautiful shrub, free-bloomer, and quite 
hardy,” has been submitted to Mr. D. Don, who has identified 
it as of the species Psoralea glandulosa. Mr. Alexander Scott, 
Pince’s nursery, Exeter, has since communicated, orally, that he 
had seen, in some garden that he had visited in the course of a 
professional tour, a plant of Psoralea glandulosa, with a stem as 
thick as his wrist, and with branches 12 ft. or more in spread. 
In whose garden was it? Was the plant growing against a wall ? 
Had its branches been trained? ‘The specimen from Bury St. 
Edmunds is about 6 in. long; and consists of a portion of branch 
more than 3 in. long, some leaves, and five stalked racemes of 
numerous small flowers, whose corollas, when the specimen was 
received, when it was somewhat withered, though not dried, were 
in colour blue and whitish. It is easy to conceive that a plant 
of this species, with numerous branches, thus terminated, and 
very many of the flowers open together, must be beautiful indeed. 
The dried specimen has a remarkable odour, perhaps com- 
parable to that of boiled parsneps: this may be ascribed to matter 
contained in the very numerous minute glands that are situate 
upon the surface of the herbage. The dried leaves of this spe- 
cies are used as tea by the natives of Mexico. 


Cl. Exég., subcl. Incompléte (plintz), group Tubiferdse, alliance Proted/es, order Proteacez. 


303. ISOPO‘GON. 
tspathulatus #2. Br. spathulate-/eafed [Sound 1830 C s.p Bot.’mag. 3450 
#2 linearis R. Br. linear-spathulate-leafed % \_Jor 2andabove sp PaP King George’s 


It is a plant of strong growth, flowering with freedom in the 
spring of the year, and deserving a place in every choice col- 
lection. ‘The disposition it manifests to push forth its heads of 
pale purple blossoms at the extreme points of the lateral branch- 
lets, which the plant throws out rather abundantly, and by which 
it is readily propagated, render spathulatus var. linearis well worth 
the cultivator’s care. The branches are fully clad with leaves, 
these are wedge-shaped, obovate, or linear-spathulate, with an 
acute point, scarcely 1 in. long, a quarter, more or less, broad. 
Introduced to the nurseries near London from seeds collected 


by Mr. William Baxter. (Bot. Mag., Nov.) 


Cl. Exdg., subcl. Incompl., group Curvembrydsz, alliance Polygonales, order Polygonacee. 
1212, COCCO’LOBA. (“ From kokkos, fruit (in this case, seed), and-dodos, a lobe; in allusion to the lobed 
seeds.” — Lindley, in Bot. Reg., t. 1816.) 
#10302a virens Lindl. green-racemed-and-leafed #* [_) cu ... au Yellow-green ‘* We [Dr. Lind- 
ley] are unacquainted with its native country, but presume it to be the West Indies” 1825? 
C .xm_ Bot. reg. 1816 
Virens Lindl. has been distinguished and elucidated from it in 
a living state, in Sir A. Hume’s collection of plants at Worm- 
leybury, in which it flowered in August, 1833. It differs from 
obtusifolia Jac. in the form of its leaves, from microstachya W. 


in their size and proportion to the racemes. (Bot. Reg., Dec.) 


o 
co) 
S 


Cl. Exég., subcl. Complétz (plantz) monopétale, group Polycarpdsz, alliance Hricales, order Hri- 
cacee. 


1339. RHODODE’NDRON 11006 maximum 
*var. hybridum Hook, hybrid tor .. .. WP ?hybrid ?1830 L pl Bot. mag, 3454 


44 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


‘Tt has every appearance of a hybrid.” (Hooker.) Dr. Hooker 
has stated that he has little hesitation in deeming it identical with 
the ** Rhododendron hybridum ; bigener Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 195.” 
and this, it may be inferred from Dr. Hooker’s account, “ is the 
offspring of the common white glaucous-leaved Azalea, which 
had been fertilised with the pollen of Rhododendron maximum.” 
#. maximum hybridum Hook. has been cultivated, for some time, 
in the Glasgow Botanic Garden; where it was received under 
the name of Rhododéndron fragrans. Dr. Hooker has given 
this name as a synonyme with the authority ‘ Hortulan.” to it. 

Fhododéndron maximum hybridum Hook. “is amply worthy 
of a place in every flower-garden and shrubbery: ” its flowers 
are fragrant. (Bot. Mag., Dec.) 

* pulchérrimum Lindl. “‘ the lovely”’ or most beautiful or... mr PaRo Hybrid, ‘‘ obtained 
by Mr. Waterer of Knaphill between R. arboreum and caucasicum.” 1832? L_ p.l Bot. reg. 


11820, fig. 2. f [reg. 1820, fig. 1 
Nobleanum Hort. Noble’s or... mr. Dpand brilliant rose colour hybrid 1832? p.l Bot. 


Pulchérrimum is “ a most beautiful” variety. “ It is of rather 
delicate appearance ; but we are informed that it is quite hardy, 
and an abundant flowerer.”” Nobleanwm “is very much like the 
other in all respects, except that its flowers are of a deep and 
brilliant rose colour. Both are among the handsomest hardy 
shrubs in cultivation.” (Bot. Ieg., Dec.) 


Cl. Exég., subcl. Compl. monopét., group Polycarpodse, alliance Ericales, order Vacciniacee. 
1194. VACCI’NIUM. (It belongs to Decandria Monogynia Hook.) 
*10107a canadénse Hook. Canadian orl my WR Canada 1825? L p_ Bot. mag. 3446 


: It may be readily known from corymbosum by its dwarf size, 
leafy flowering branches, and campanulate corolla; from penn- 
sylvanicum, by its large quite entire leaves, and wider mouth to 
the corolla; from both, by its leaves being very hairy. Stem 
much branched, leaves often 1 in. long, lanceolate, acute at both 
ends. Racemes of from four to six flowers. Corolla short and 
campanulate, white, tinged with red. Berries, blue-black, agree- 
able to the taste. (Bot. Mag., Nov.) 

710120 myrtilléides Mz. Myrtillus-like St orl, “2” in H.B. apmy Pk N. America: high alpine 

woods of the Rocky Mountains, about lat. 529; in Canada and Hudson’s Bay; on the north- 


west coast; on the west side of the Rocky Mountains; so that its place of growth extends from 
the Atlantic to the Pacific. 1776 Lo p_ Bot. mag. 3447 


A shrub with spreading branches; in the Glasgow Botanic 
Garden about 1 ft. high. Leaves oval, more or less acute at 
both ends. Flowers solitary, pendent. ‘The corolla remarkable 
for its flagon-shaped appearance, pale yellowish green, or dingy 
white, tinged with red. Anthers with two rather short awns. 
The fruit large, globose, blackish purple, highly esteemed by the 
natives. (Bot. Mag., Nov.) 


Cl. Ex6g., subcl. Compl. monopét., group Polycarpdse, alliance Primulales, order Primulacez. 
451. PRI’MULA 3791 sibirica Bot. mag. 3167. 
f pet [Altai Mountains, about the middle ofthe range 1852 O p.l Bot. mag. 3445 
* 2 integérrima Hook. entire-leafed  Ajorl mr ap _ Reddish lilac Marshes among the 


The picture exhibits a plant with several leaves, and three 
umbels of flowers upon three peduncles ; one umbel is of three 


eae 


———~- 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 45 


flowers, one of four, one of four or five; the flowers upon pedi- 
cels of from more than half an inch to more than an inch long; 
the limb of the corolla is not so broad as a sixpenny piece. The 

eduncles are described to be from 8 in. to 1 ft. long. The colour 
of the corolla is described to be reddish lilac, paler behind, the 
throat yellow, the tube yellowish. ‘This variety, as well as the 
crenated-leafed one, was received at the Botanic Garden, Edin- 


burgh, from Mr. Goldie of Ayr. (Bot. Mag., Nov.) 


Cl. Ex6g., subcl. Compl. monopét., group Aggregose, alliance’ Asterales, order *Asteracee (A part 
of the order formerly named Composite.) 


*2337a GALATE’LLA Cass. __ (The etymon is not given in the Bot. Reg., t- 1818.) 19. 2. sp. 3.—4 


Synonyme ; certain of the species of the Linnzan genus d’ster. 
{elsewhere in the east of Europe: it also occurs in Siberia.” 1815 D co Bot. reg. 1818 


421290 punctata Nees dotted-leafed Y A or 23 jl.s VY “ Salt marshes in Hungary, Podolia, and 


2340. CINERA*RIA. 


BELOn TES: A’ster punctatus Waddst. and Kit., Galatélla intermédia Cass., A’ster desertdOrum 
Fis. ined. 


“ All the species of this genus [Galatélla] are well adapted 
for borders of shrubberies, and for places where shade-loving 
plants alone will grow.” (Bot. Reg., Dec.) 

Dr. Lindley, in his account of G. punctata, has mentioned two 
other species, named * hyssopifolia and * Acris; but has stated 
that he greatly doubts whether punctata “is really a distinct 
species from G. hyssopifolia and acris, or they from each other ; ” 
and that “ so very difficult is it to distinguish them with absolute 
certainty, when one has a long series of specimens under exami- 
nation.” It can scarcely be doubted that Galatélla hyssopifolia 
is another name for No. 21241. in H. B., and Galatélla acris for 
No. 21291. 


year. t. 524 
*macrophylla long-leafed yy A or8 jlau Y Altai Mountains 1831 S It aund’s bot. 


* It is one of the noblest herbaceous subjects we have lon 
met with; and, notwithstanding its flowers, individually, are 
small, the mass of them displayed, during nearly a month, on a 
stem 8 ft. high, emanating from a base of glaucous leaves, each 
2ft. long, preduces a most striking effect.” (B. Maund, in his 
work, the Botanic Garden, Nev.) 

This species is noticed in IX. 112., from Mr. Cameron, as 
cultivated in the Birmingham Botanic Garden, in 1831. Mr. 
Maund has now made known that it was raised there from fo- 
reign seeds, and that it flowered there in 1835 for the first time. 
‘* At present, it possesses no appearance of offsets, for increase 
at the root. Should this still continue, it will be unimportant, 
on account of the facility of its increase by seeds. It appears to 
be completely hardy ; and flourishes in light soil. (B. Maund, in 
his work, the Botanic Garden, Nov.) 


+2323. HELICHRY‘SUM. [18352 S co Bot. reg. 1814 
*20992a bicolor Lindley gold-and-tawny-coloured-bracted[?] © or3? au Y Van Diemen’s Land 


The botanical name for the species of plant that is called the 


yellow everlasting flower, or xeranthemum, is Helichrysum brac- 


teatum. Dr. Lindley has stated of bicolor, that ‘ it resembles 


46 . Hloricultural and Botanical Notices, 


bracteatum, but is much handsomer :” he has not stated in what. 
The following particulars on it are derived from the description 
and figure: — Stem, 2 ft. high, bearing a branched head; but 
whether additionally to the height of 2 Fi, or as part of it, is not 
stated: stem, glabrous ; : branchlets, hairy; leaves, linear lance 
late, at the base obtuse, and, in some instances, almost heart- 
shaped ; upper leaves, awl-shaped ; all the leaves ciliate on the 
edge, at least at the base ; and roughish on the upper face (surface, 
in contradistinction to the lower face, subface), it may be supposed 
with hairs ; heads of flowers (flowers in the language of those not 
versed in botanic language) borne singly on the tips of branch- 
lets. ‘The application of the epithet bicolor is not explained. 
*¢ Introduced by Mr. Low of the Clapton Nursery.” (Bot. Reg., 
Dec.) 
2361, BE/LLIS. 

*integrifolia Ma. entire-leafed © pr 3 jn.jl_ W Purplish Y Shady hills and banks of rivers 
in Tenessee. (Michaux.) Arkansa Prairies. (Nuztad/.) Abundant in some parts of Kentucky. 
eee) Rio Brazos and San Felipe de Austin in Texas. (Drummond.) 1834? S lt Bot. 
The daisy of America. Michaux was the first to record a notice 

of this species, Subsequently certain other botanists had not met 
with it; ‘¢ and a general opinion prevailed, that no species of our 
favourite daisy was to be found in the New World.” ( Hooker.) 
The localities that are cited above, additional to that by Michaux, 
are sufficient to show that this opinion has ceased to be well- 
founded. Mr. Drummond “ sent numerous specimens and seeds.” 
From the latter, Mr. Murray [curator of the Glasgow Botanic 
Garden] has raised plants, which blossomed ina cool frame, and 
in the open air, during... June and July.” The more obvious 
of the features of Béllis integrifolia are these : — Stems rarely 
simple and unbranched, generally branched; and, frequently, 
many arise from the same root, and are spreading and ascending; 
branches filiform; leaves oblong or spathulate, entire; pedun- 
cles terminal upon the stem or branches, elongated, naked, each 
bearing a single head of flowers, that, before the flowers expand, 
has a pendulousposition. Corollas of the ray fourteen to twenty, 
white, with a purple tinge, especially on the outside; the outline 
of the ray exceeds in extent the breadth of a sixpenny piece. 
(Bot. Mag., Dec.) 


2418. CALLIO’PSIS. [co Sw. fl. gar. 2. s. 315 
* 22016a@ Drummond D.Don Drummond’s © or2 s Y witha reddish-brown spot .. 1835 S 


“© We have named the species after its indefatigable discoverer, 
the late Mr. Thomas Drummond, whose zeal and talents so 
eminently fitted him for a successful ‘collector.” (D. Don.) “ Not 
less ornamental than the more common Callidpsis bicolor [Core- 
opsis tinctoria Nwz.], which it much resembles in habit, but from 
which it differs,” in points deemed characteristic of the condition 
of a species. ‘ It is, like that species, a hardy annual of easy cul- 
ture, perfecting its seeds freely in the open border.” ‘The figure 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. AT 


is ‘‘ from plants which blossomed in Dr. Neill’s collection,” 
Canonmills, near Edinburgh. (Brit. Flower-Garden, Dec.) 


Cl. Ex6g., subcl. Compl. monopét., group Labidse, alliance Labiales, order Labiacee. 
3451. GARDOQUI‘4. 
728881 Gilliés# Grah. Gillies’ss ye _A] pr £ jntos LiY Chile 1828 C ps Bot. reg. 1812 


A neat little half-shrubby herbaceous plant, with divaricate 
branches and oblong linear leaves, scarcely half an inch in length, 
and, by the picture, numerous flowers. It is far less showy than 
Hookerz, but is hardier; it flowers from June to September in 
the open border, but requires a little protection in winter. Cut- 
tings in peat and sand root freely. ‘The figure is from a plant in 
ag garden of the London Horticultural Society. (Bot. Reg., 

Ov.) 


Cl. Exég., subcl. Compl. monopét., group Dicarpdse, alliance Echiales, order Hydrophyllacez. 


477. PHACE‘LIA. [veston Bay, Texas 1835 S co Bot. mag. 3452 
*3934acongésta Hook. grouped-racemed © or 13? jnjinthe green-house Bright purplish blue Gal- 
** Its nearest affinity is with bipinnatifida of Mich. Fl. Bor. Am., vol. i. p. 134 t. 16, a native of 

the Alleghanies.” i 


It seems that most of the particulars which Dr. Hooker has 
described of congésta are derived from plants of it cultivated in 
the green-house in the Glasgow Botanic Garden. Some of the 
particulars are these : — Annual; stem branched in the cultivated 
specimens, simple and upright in the native ones. Leaves pinnate; 
by the picture, less and more than 3 in. long; by the description, 
slightly downy, the leaflets alternate, some stalked, some sessile, 
some pinnatifid, some lobed, some cut, the terminal ones almost 
bipinnatifid.- Flowers disposed in racemes; of which racemes three 
to five terminate each of the several peduncles; and are rather 
densely disposed upon them in a corymbose manner: the situa- 
tion of the peduncles is on the side and extremity of the stem. 
Corolla, of a bright purplish-blue colour, broadly bell-shaped, 
with a spreading limb. Its pretty blossoms were in perfection, 
in the green-house, in June. It is beautiful; ‘and, being an an- 
nual... there is no doubt but it will soon become a great ornament 
to our flower-borders.” Phacélia congésta was first received in 
Britain “‘ among the many interesting” species of “ plants col- 
lected by Mr. Drummond in Texas, and sent home in his last 
despatches from that interesting country.” (Bot. Mag., Dec.) 


8292. EU‘TOCA. i s 
*viscida Benth. clammy-hatred © or2 jl BRo California 18342? S co Bot, reg. 1808 


Annual; perfectly hardy; stem branched, 2 ft. high. Leaves 
2 in. broad, a little longer, gradually smaller towards the tips of 
the stem and branches, the upper leaves coarsely toothed. Flow- 
ers In racemes, many in araceme; this revolute, while the flowers 
are unexpanded, becoming gradually straight as the flowers ex- 
pand, in succession, from the base of the raceme to its tip. Co- 
rolla, in its limb, of a pleasing blue; inits tube, rosy. The 
surface of the whole herbage is covered with hairs that are tipped 
with little black heads, filled with a viscid secretion, and that 


48 ~Eloricultural and Botanical Notices, 


stick to the fingers like those of henbane. “The blue of the 
flowers is remarkably deep and brilliant, so that the plant has a 
handsome appearance; but its leaves are rather coarse and weedy. 
We know, however, of no plant better adapted for bouquets; 
for it will go on growing and flowering, in water, for two or three 


weeks after being gathered.” Mr. Douglas discovered this spe- 
cies. The figure has been prepared from the species in a living 
state in the London Horticultural Society’s Garden. It will 
grow in any common soil. (Bot. Reg., Nov.) 


Cl. Endégenz, group Hypogyndsz, alliance Liliales, order Liliacee. 


1024. VELTHEI’MT4 8489 glatica (C.G.H 18342 O rm _ Bot. mag. 3456 
* var. fldribus rubéscenti-purpireis Hook. red-purple-pertanthed % \Ajor 1... Reddish 


The perianths are “ of a very different colour” from those of 
glatica itself; they are “ of a reddish colour, marked with paler - ‘ 
spots; each segment with a little white spot at the point; the . 
limb purple.” ‘The kind is illustrated from the Glasgow Botanic 
Garden, where bulbs of it had been received from Baron Ludwig 
at the Cape of Good Hope. (Bot. Mag., Dec.) 


Cl. Endégenz, group Hypogyndse, alliance Lilidles, order Liliicex, suborder Asphodélez. 
* 1058a. DAUBE‘NY4 Lindl. (“ We name this new and curious genus after Dr. Charles Daubeny, 
Professor of Botany at Oxford, whose interesting researches in vegetable chemistry have mate- 
rially conduced to improve our knowledge of the physiology of plants.’? — Lindley.) 6. 1. sp. 1 
*atirea Lindl. golden.coloured-flowered % :Ajor2+ jn Y C.G.H 1832? O s1 Bot. reg. 1813 
Synonyme : Massonza lutea Hort. 


In the bosom of two oblong fleshy furrowed prostrate leaves, 
by the figure, 3 in. or more long, and 2 in., more or less, broad, 
is situate a sessile umbel of numerous densely aggregated 
yellow flowers: the outline of the umbel is about orbicular, and 
more capacious than that of a crown piece. A good share of this 
extent is occupied by the lower lips, three-parted, of the perianths, 
the segments of which lower lips are obovate rounded, very 
much larger than those of the inner lips, and are spread rayedly. 
It “is very pretty as well as singular, so long as its blossoms . 
remain expanded, which is for about three weeks. From Mas- : 
sonza, with which it remarkably agrees in habit, it differs es- ~ 
sentially in its tubular, not campanulate, very irregular, perianth, 
and in the absence of the honey-pores which form so remark- 
able a part of the character of Massonza. It was obtained from 
the Cape of Good Hope by Messrs. Young of Epsom, under 
the name of Massonza litea. No trace of it is to be found in 
books ; so that it has, probably, been recently discovered in the 
interior of the Cape Colony.” (Bot. Reg., Nov.) 


Cl. Endég., group Gynandrose, order Orchidacez. 4 
2537. MAXILLA‘RIA. [O p.r.w Bot. reg. 1811 
*cristata Lind?. crested-labellumed €[X)or3 jl WP Trinidad, near the Mud Lake 1834? 


Pseudo-bulb ovate, furrowed, bearing one leaf: this is oblong- 
lanceolate and plaited. Scape pendulous, bearing two flowers. 
Sepals 1? in. long; petals equal to them. ‘The sepals are in co- 
lour white and crimson; the petals are so too, but not in the 
same mode. ‘The striping, banding, and painting of the de- 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 49 


licate white flowers, with rich crimson, produce a very rich and 
striking effect.... The lip is a most curious organ.” It is pur- 
posed to quote here on it only for explaining the specific name, 
that it is deeply divided into three parts, and that the central of 
these is crested in front by a deep white fringe of necklace-shaped 
hairs. The figure has been derived from a plant in flower, in 
July, 1835, at Mr. Knight’s nursery, King’s Road, Chelsea. (Bot. 
fieg., Nov.) 
2554, EPIDE/NDRUM. 
722744. condpseum Bartr. gnat-like-flowered ?tA} cu Pale yellowish-green Southern terri- 
[tories of the United States of N. America 1775 D p.xr.w Bot. mag. 3457 
The only epiphytal orchideous specie of plants found in the 
United States of North America. (Bot. Mag. Dec.) 
95438. MACRADE'NIA R. Br. LonG-GLAND Lindl. (Makros, long, adén, gland ; in allusion to the 
long caudicula of the pollen masses. — Lindley, in Bot. Reg., t. 1815.) 20. 1. sp. 2. 
*triandra Lind?. three-anthered €? ZX) cu % my PWG Surinam ... Brought by Mr, 
[Lance D p.r.w Bot. reg. 1815 
Not showy in its flowers. Its leaves are narrower than those 
of lutéscens; its raceme is pendulous or prostrate; that of lu- 
téscens is erect; in trid4ndra there are three lamella in the middle 
of the lip; the clinandrium is regularly and strongly serrate ; 
and there are three anthers; two of them abortive, which are al- 
ways present. In the possession of the London Horticultural 
Society. ‘ A strong damp stove-heat is required to keep it in 
health.” (Bot. Reg., Dec.) 


2568. EULO*‘PHIA. : (Bot. reg. 1821 
*lrida Lindl. lurid-fowered €& (ZX) or 13? allsea PY W Sierra Leone 1833? O p.r.w 


The scape is branched; the flowers are disposed in racemes 
along the branches, except about the base of them: the flowers, 
when expanded, are not so broad as a sixpenny-piece, but the 
whole inflorescence of them must render the species a pleasing 
one when in flower. It is very easily cultivated in an atmosphere 
hot, damp, and uniform. It then flowers profusely at intervals 
through the year. Great quantities of plants of it are occasion- 
ally brought from Sierra Leone. The figure is from the species 
in a living state in Messrs. Loddiges’s collection, Hackney. (Bot. 
Reg., Dec.) 


2564. VA’ NDA. [the Burmese Empire 1828? C? p.r.w. Bot. reg. 1809 
*téres Lindl. -taper-leafed -& (A) el «.. .. Dp P, WC Y Sylhet, and near Medown in 


It has produced flowers in the Duke of Northumberland’s 
collection at Syon. ‘ Nothing can exceed the flowers of this 
plant, in delicacy of texture or softness of colour ; the deep purple 
of the petals softens away to the margin, and seems to melt, as it 
were, into the purer white of the sepals; while the rich crimson 
and yellow of the lip render the brilliancy of the other parts 
still more conspicuous.” Flowers produced from two to three 
in aspike. Dr. Lindley has two preserved flowers, that were 
produced during Dr. Wallich’s importation of the species from 
India to England, both in one spike, and are all that were in the 
spike, that individually measure 43 in. from the tip of one petal 
to the tip of the other. (Bot. Reg., Nov.) 

Vox. XII.— No. 70. E 


50 Covent Garden Market. 


MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. 


ARtT.1. Covent Garden Market. 


The Cabbage Tribe. From To From To 
Cabbages, per dozen: ES CHER. G GL A . i 5 a ye 
White i S - |0 1 610 2 O|| Watercress, per doz.small bun. 
Red 4 a ~ 10 1.0/0 8 || Burnet, per bunch oe |G oO 210 0 & 
Plants, or Coleworts oO S OO 7 Oo Pot and Sweet Herbs. 
Savoys, perdozen - - |0 2 6/0 3 0 Parsle as half sieve 0.240) (ree 
Brussels Sprouts, per sieve- |0 2 0/0 2 6 Tarra aa ape medion bunch 020/000 
German Greens, or Kale, F B ? Be Pp bunches taljOo-42-01 10.) Ons 
per dozen Zz az i 010/101 6 Thine 5 per Agees Banh S 020 030 
Gauliflowers, perdozen - | 9 3 0/0 6 O Saneure EA OEERURRnES es OOO © WO 
By ry . = 
Broccells ples pune 5 . 1020/03 09 Mint, dried, per dozen punches| 9 1 On CC 
Green : ek —~ lO t 610 2 @ Peppermints dried, per dozen 01 ON OnOMO 
lunches = Ss © 
Eunple 3 3 oO AGO a0 Marjoram, per dozen bunches} 9 1 0/0 0 O 
Tubers and Roots. Sos, per leon Bunetes i " f 3 B 
per ton 310 01410 0|| B2sil:perdozenbunches  - 
Potatoes - Sper ewt. 0 40/0 410 eda aD dried, per 08 pan g eg g | 8 3 : 
per bushel 0201026 avender, per dozen bunches 
Bcney, per bushel = 10 2 3/0 26 Edible Fungi and Fuci. 
cotch, per bushel - - 1/019 3 
Jerusalem Artichokes, per One Mushrooms, per pottle = - |0 1 0 e ny a 
. half sieve 2 A\on Sig a. Morels, dried, per pound 012 0 
Turnips, White, perbunch [9 0 41/0 0 6|| JtUfiles, per pound: 050 
Carrots,perbunch - - {1005/00 8j| English - yi ye 014 0 
Parsneps, per dozen - 1010/01 6|| Foreign Fiche 012 0 
ed Becks is dozen - 10 10/0 16 Fruits. 
Skirret, per bunc so i@ nl & i 
Scorzonera, perbundle - |0 1 3 5 A i Apples, eer per bushel: | . 
Salsify, perbunch - - 1/01 3/0 1 6 Nonpareils- - 1010 0;012 0 
Horseradish, per bundle - |9 1 0/0 4 || Ribstoa Pippins 2. 2 1O- G-O} OO © 
Radishes : Golden Pippins - - |0 6 0/018 0 
Red, per dozen hands (24 Baking es - 10 2 3/0 6 O 
etal sn wnek (0 0 219 4 Qllpamtesee neamiracrs| 8° O1Cuaay 
White hue, per Duel 00 3 Gieaniontel: ia sli Men ROM NEG 
The Spinach Tribe. chepinanls Seedling - 10 40/0 8 0 
y of Ie Glout Morceau” - - |0 5 0/010 0 
per sieve 5 1@ 2 6 : 
Spinach ees halfsieve - |9 1 61/0 4 g||. Baking = = - |0 20/0 3 0 
Sorrel 3 & L110 il BIO 9 G Medias; per naleene - 10 3 6/0 5 0 
; ; Almonds, per pec - - 10 01/0 00 
The Onion Tribe. Cranberries, per gallon 5 iw i 010 40 
Onions, old, per bushel - |0.0 6|0 4 O|| Chestnuts, French, perpeck {9 3 0/0 5 O 
Green (Ciboules) per bunch} 0 0 3/0 0 4]! Filberts, English, per 100 lbs.| 115 0|2 0 O 
Leeks, per dozen bunches - | 0 1' 0| Q 1 6/]| Pine-apples, per pound - 105 0/108 0 
Garlic, per pound - - |0 0 6|0. 0 8]]} Grapes, per pound : 
Shallots, per pound - - |}0 0 640 0 8 Hot-house ——- S10 3 GIO & @ 
Asparaginous Plants, Spanish SLAVET Bey ees 2s as 
Portugal 5 - 1/0 10/0 16 
Salads, &c. per dozen F- 19 0 9|0 2 0 
Asparagus, per hundred - | 010 0] 0 12 0j| Oranges perhundred - |0 3 6|014 0 
pcr kale, per punnet 5 10 2 G1O 2 Bitter, per dozen - 0 16/\0 26 
Sceqy st) =) |) =) 10) 1 6| 0x2 0| Lemons | Ber eee So asane eee Nee 
Cabbage Bites - |0 9 6|0 O 91! Sweet Almonds, per pound 03 010 40 
Endive, per score = - | 0 1 9) 0§2 6)| Brazil Nuts, per bushel - |016 0/0 00 
Celery, per bundle (12t0 15) | 0 0 6/0 1 6{/ Spanish Nuts, per bushel 014 01016 O 
Small Salads, per punnet - {0 0 2|0 O 3{{ Barcelona, per bushel 1 0) 0) NOMONG 


During the latter end of November and the early part of December, the 
weather was extremely mild, and favourable to the growth of vegetables ; in con- 
sequence our supplies became more general, and the prices somewhat more 
moderate. A few days of severe frost intervened, which created a considerable 
change; but, during the last week, the weather has again become open and fine, 
and most of the articles usually furnished at this season have been more plentiful. 
Sea-kale and asparagus have been brought to market during the last week, but 
are not as yet in much demand: prices moderate. Broccolies, of various sorts, are 
now in fair supply ; but, as the effect of the dry and hot weather during the pre- 
ceding summer must have in a great measure prevented the cultivators from 
planting out so extensively as usual, the quantity as yet brought to market is 
rather limited. Savoys and coleworts are also less plentiful than usual, and 
realise good prices. Turnips are more abundant, being brought from farther 
oft; the prices being such as to pay the growers for their extralabour. Carrots 


j 
a 
i 
i 


London Horticultural Society and Garden. 51 


are short in supply, owing to the same causes. Potatoes have been, until the 
last week, plentiful : the prices have fallen materially; but, as the supply of the 
market depends altogether on the coasting trade, being almost exclusively, this 
season, confined to the growth of the distant counties, should any interruption 
from frost take place, a considerable difference in their value would be the con- 
sequence; although it is generally understood that the crop is not so large as 
usual. Onions are not as yet in much demand: the crop is supposed to be 
much smaller than that of the last and preceding years ; consequently, should 
the winter prove severe, a considerable advance in price might be expected. Of 
fruit we have an excellent supply, with the certainty of any farther quantities 
that may be required, should the prices warrant it being sent from the dis- 
tant counties: at present the market is principally furnished from the home 
districts. Of apples the crop is very large. Of pears of the more hardy and com- 
mon sorts, such as Chaumontels, swan’s eggs, &c., the crop has been good: 
they are as yet plentiful. The supply of oranges has not been so large as 
usual up to this period ; but the prices have been very moderate. The crop of 
erapes has been so good, that, as yet, there has been but little demand for the 
foreign varieties. Nuts and chestnuts are rather short in supply, but not in 
extensive demand. — G. C. December 19. 1835. 


Art. II. The London Horticultural Society and Garden. 


Nor. 3. 1835.— Read. A Note upon Mimulus * cardinalis, a newly 
introduced species of hardy herbaceous plant; by Dr. Lindley. 

Exhibited. Citrons, and pears of the kinds Uvedale’s St. Germain and 
Chaumontel, from C. Dixon, Esq., F.H.S. Apples of the kinds Wadhurst 
pippin, wintef pearmain, and unnamed, from J. H. Slater, Esq., F.H.S. 
A pomegranate off a plant in the open air, from J. L. Goldsmid, Esq. Pome- 
granates produced on a plant or plants in the open air, from Miss Player, Ryde 
House, Isle of Wight. Oncidium ciliatum, from Messrs. Rollisson. Bulbs, 
from J. Rogers, Esq., F.H.S. Calceolarias and seedling heartseases, from Mr. 
Glenny. Rhodochiton volubile (synonyme Lophospérmum atrosanguineum), 
from Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S. Cataséetum tridentatum, from W. Harrison, 
Esq., F.H.S. 

From the Garden of the Society. — Cyclamen sp., from Mr. Bentham. Fears 
of the kinds pomme poire, Seckle, poire Neill, beurré Diel, Bezi de la Motte, 
Colmar Neill, Doyenné gris, sucré and vert, and figue de Naples: the speci- 
mens of all these kinds, except the beurré Diel, were from standard trees. 
Apples of the kinds Court of Wick, king of the pippims, Warwickshire pippin, 
Foxley, Sam Young; Orack Elma, Persian, only a kitchen apple; pomme de 
Neige, royal russet, Dumelow’s: seedling, gloria mundi, Pennington seedling, 
Caroline, golden russet nonpareil, black American, golden reinette. Except 
where grown in particular situations, little favourable can be said of fruits this 
season. Even the new sorts of pears, that usually grow large and juicy on 
standards, are small, dry, and contain a bitter, in consequence of the trees 
having nearly lost their leaves in the dry weather. Mr. Thompson deemed the 
specimens of poire Neill exhibited of but a third of the full size of this kind. 

Dec.:1.— Read. A communication on the cultivation of Bignonia venista ; 
by Mr. G. Phillips. An account of several varieties of grapes grown at Kiplin ; 
by Mr. J. B. Whiting. 

Presents. Of the works, these are two: — Arbres Fruitiers, tome i.; leur 
Culture en Belgique, et leur Propagation par la Graine: presented by the 
author, J. B. van Mons, M.D. De la Botanique, de ses Avantages, et des 
Moyens faciles de l’étudier avec succes; par M. B. Gaillon: presented by A. 
Cruckshanks, Esq. 

Exhibited. Bignonia venista, from Mr. G. Phillips, gardener to the Misses 


52 . Queries and Answers. 


Trevor, Tingrith, near Woburn. Rhodochiton volubile, grown in the open 
air, from Mrs. Lawrence. A miscellaneous collection of flowers, from the 
Hon. W. T.H. F. Strangways. Epiphyllum truncatum, from Mr. Dennis, 
King’s Road, Chelsea. Chrysanthemum, from E. Johnston, Esq. Two sorts 
of seedling apple, from J. Cobbold, Esq., the Cliff, Ipswich. A drawing and 
specimens of the Bedfordshire foundling apple, and specimens of flower- 
defenders, from Mr. T. Levitt of Wandsworth. 

Also, from the Garden of the Sociely.— Specimens of sorts of pears, and of 
dessert apples. Of these it is stated by Mr. Thompson that the pears are all 
of good sorts, and all from trees against walls, except those of the bergamotte 
cadet ; and that the beurré d’ Aremberg is not so good from a wall as from a 
standard; and, at the same time, the trees are not so hardy as those of the 
glout morceau, and that, on this account, the latter has the preference. The 
apples are dessert sorts, kitchen apples being of no size worth exhibiting this 
season. 


Art. III. Queries and Answers. 


THE Manner of making a Peach taste of Wormwood is, to set a wormwood 
plant, root by root, neara peach tree. A large green plum grafted on the stem 
of the long black fig has been tried here, and answers very well. (Letter of John 
Ford to Mr. Ellis, dated Rome, July 8.1775. Smith's Correspondence of Linnaeus, 
vol. ii. p. 64.) Are such absurdities as the above still believed in the neigh- 
hourhood of the Holy City ? How strange it appears to us now, that any one 
should write such stuff to Mr. Ellis, who must have been known to be a scien- 
tific man. Can any of your readers inform me whether such tricks as that of 
pretending to graft a plum upon a fig are still played im Italy? — 4. B. Lon- 
don, Feb. 1835. 

Freeing Fire Stones of Flues from Smoke Stains. — Can you or any of your 
correspondents suggest the means of getting fire stains out of a sandstone flue ? 
The outside of the stove is covered with large clouds, as it were, of smoke 
stains. Do you think that any chemical preparation could be made that would 
wash them out; any infusion, for instance, of alkali? — D. R. Alion Towers, 
July 14. 1835. 

Grafting Forest Trees in Parks and Plantations. — Why should not gentle- 

men head down oaks, elms, horsechestnuts, and other forest trees, and graft 
them with the finer American kinds, in the same way as large apple trees are 
headed down and regrafted in cider countries ?— 7’. 8. Hereford. 
- The Red Spider on the Ribes sanguineum.— Having several plants of this 
beautiful shrub, all much infested with the red spider, though in different parts 
of my garden, and though it appears on no other plant in my possession, I 
should be glad to learn, through the medium of your Magazine, whether the 
plant is particularly liable to the attacks of that destructive msect.— T. W. 

Currants and Gooseberries for Wine. — What-is the most suitable variety of 
red currant for growing to produce wine? ‘The largest variety is generally 
chosen by gardeners; but, considering that the largest grapes are never chosen 
for planting vineyards, in wine countries; may not some of the smaller va- 
rieties of red currants be preferable; on the same principle that small and 
harsh-flavoured grapes are preferred for making the strongest wines? Will not 
the same doctrine apply to gooseberries? Has wine ever been made from un- 
ripe currants, or unripe grapes, as it is from unripe gooseberries ? — Jd. 

Melons. — Might not the smaller kinds of melons be grown against hot-walls 
in many parts of the country? If grown on a peach wall, furnished with a co- 
ping, and a bunting or net curtain, the latter might be let down in cold evenings. 
— Rusticus in Urbe. 


THE 


GARDENER'S MAGAZINE, 
FEBRUARY, 1836. 


ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. 


Art. I. Remarks on improving the Approach Road to a small 
Villa which is now (Nov. 1835) undergoing Alteration. By the 
ConpucTor. 


Tur following remarks referring to the plan (jig. 4.), writ- 
ten on the occasion of our being consulted professionally, we 
think it may be useful to publish (of course without naming 
either party or place), as a specimen of the manner in which we 
would recommend young gardeners to prepare and arrange their 
reasons when proposing alterations to their employers ; as the 
very endeavour to do this will be of the greatest service to them. 
These remarks may also serve asa hint to the employers of land- 
scape-gardeners and architects, to require a reason for every thing 
which these artists may suggest. Nothing is more common 
among professional men, whether architects, landscape-painters, 
or landscape-gardeners, when they object to any thing or recom- 
any thing, to say that it is in bad or in good taste, without ex- 
plaining why it is so; but dicta of this kind are worth nothing 
in point of reason or instruction, and they ought never to be ac- 
cepted by either employers or the public. There is just as much 
room for reasoning in matters of taste, as there is in matters of 
common sense; and that taste for which a reason cannot be as- 
signed by the person possessing it, and such a reason, too, as can 
be understood by those who can understand reasoning on any 
_ other subject, cannot be depended on as either just or correct. 
We would also strongly recommend the reasons for alterations, 
improvements, or new creations, both in architecture and land- 
scape-gardening, to be given by the artist in writing. This has 
always been our practice (however imperfect our earlier re- 
marks or treatises may have been), from the time that we first 
made a plan for laying out a small garden in Leith Walk, in 
1803, to this present November, 1835, when we gave in a copy 
of what is printed below. 
Vou. XII. — No. 71. F 


54 Remarks on improving 


WORKING PLAN 

FOR mG 

| 

FORMING A NEW APPROACH 4 


: ge yon 


ae a 


At ——, the Seat of ——, Esq. 
By J.C. Loudon. 


Dec. 1. 1835. 


rs, 
a, 
me 
~ 


eH | 


me, 
mae 


é 
eit 


ae ie 
i a 


a, bias nt between which and ihe whouse, the road and the ground on each side of it are nearly level. 
which the hous 
Hone a cross the roa ad ke eho in athe ground is to be rais sed on ean a ide of it. 
a, Sect showing the rise of the prone from the house to the entranc 
°. Secti on across the grou ‘ale in front of the house, showing that i iti is perteckeievel: or nearly so. 


the Approach Road to a small Villa. 55 


References. 
Horizontal sections of trunks of large trees already existing. 


9. Smaller trees and shrubs already existing in belts, which are to 
be thinned out, and those only left which are thus shown. 


trees and shrubs to be planted of the kinds mentioned below. 


wceece Ivy, laurels, or other evergreens, now existing, or to be 
2 planted against the wall. 


—~ Trees which must be cut down, in order to admit of forming the 
approach. 
x Trees which ought to be cut down, to do justice to the elevation 
of the mansion, 


Trees to be planted. 
. Cedars of Lebanon, which are to be the prevailing trees. 
Red cedars. f 
. Hollies. 
. _Luccombe or Fulham oaks. 
. Evergreen oaks (Quércus Ilex). 
Cypress. 7. Platanus. 8. Arbutus, 9, Box. ~ 


Oa SUB 69 to Re 


= 
= 


al ; 


y 
| Mc 


‘ 


‘ 


a y) 
ae Jy tll y 
ey 


| i 
i 


Y Terrace 


4 


20 40 60 80 100 120 140 ft, 
Hot ti 


56 Remarks on improving 


In the accompanying plan for forming a new approach road, 
it will be observed that it is proposed to retain the entrance in 
the same place where it is at present, but that it is intended to 
alter the position of the gate and lodge. The reason for retain- 
ing the entrance in its present situation is, because there is no 
other point in the boundary line along the public road which is 
so well adapted for entering from; and the reason for altering 
the position of the gate and lodge is, in order to accommodate 
them to the new direction of the approach road within the gates. 

The superiority of the present position for an entrance con- 
sists in its being marked out by a space outside the boundary 
wall, on which are three large trees of the same kind as those 
within; and in the direction of that wall forming a recess, ap- 

parently, and doubtless really, made on purpose to give dignity 
and consequence to the entrance gate. To form an entrance 
anywhere else, and more especially on the south of the present 
gate, would appear, to a stranger passing along the public road, 
altogether forced, and as though some untoward circumstance 
had obliged the entrance to be made in an unsuitable situation. 
South of the present entrance, it would besides be very incon- 
venient for a carriage, either to turn in, or go out, on account 
of the narrowness of the public road in that direction. It will be 
observed, that, in altering the position of the gate, another large 
tree is thrown outside the boundary wall, in addition to the three 
already there. This we consider a fortunate circumstance rather 
than otherwise; because, in a small place, the appearance of trees 
and of a space belonging to that place without the walls, con- 
veys the idea of there being no want of room within, of the lands 
of the proprietor not being limited to the space enclosed within 
the walls, and of his possessing that liberal spirit, and abundance 
of wealth, which render two or three poles of land, and two or 
three large trees, of no consequence to him. Finally, it gives a 
favourable idea of his patriotism, in not enclosing these trees and 
the ground on which they stand, but leaving them to ornament 
the public road. There is nothing gives a more contracted idea 
of the owner of a small place, than to see every inch of ground 
belonging to it carefully walled in, a piece of waste ground, or 
common, perhaps, encroached on, and the public road pared as 
closely as the law will permit. 

The direction which is given to the approach road is made, 
first, in order not to proceed abruptly in a direct line from the 
gate to the house, in the commonplace manner which would be 
adopted in making a road through a field, from a gate in its 
boundary to a shed or barn in its interior; and, secondly, in order 
to afford an opportunity of lengthening the read, and thus giving 
it a more graceful line of direction. An additional reason for 
lengthening the line of road arises from the unfortunate circum- 


the Approach Road to a small Villa. 57 


stance of the house being placed in a lower position than the 
entrance gate, and, of course, the approach road descending to it. 
There is always something derogatory from dignity, in the im- 
pression conveyed to the mind by having to descend to a house; 
and the more abrupt the descent is, the stronger will be the im- 
pression. 

By lengthening the road over the declivity, the degree of slope 
is diminished, and the actual descent rendered less obvious. 
The same object, of concealing the undignified position of the 
house, is aided by the bends in the line of direction of the road 5 
because by these bends, and by the trees to be planted, the eye will 
be prevented from seeing the house till exactly on a level with it. 

In the execution of the approach road, one uniform slope must 
be formed from the entrance gate to the point a, near the front 
of the house. As the difference of level between these two 
points is 6 ft., and the length of road 360 ft., the slope will be at 
the rate of °; of an inch to a yard, or i ft. in 60 ft. 

The house will scarcely be seen till the spectator is directly in 
front of it; and the reasons for this are, that he may not see it 
from a higher level than that on which it stands; and that, as, 
from the confined situation in which it is placed, there is no pos- 
sibility of procuring an angular view of the house from any point 
on the approach side, the want of this angular or perspective 
view may not be felt. Even on the supposition that the surface 
of the ground, from the entrance lodge to the portico of the man- 
sion, were a perfect level, we do not conceive that, in a place of 
this limited extent, and where the house, as an object, has no- 
thing to recommend it but its front elevation, it would be 
desirable to show a view of it sooner. As we propose it to be 
seen, the objections of a descending approach to it, of there being 
no angular view, and of the space to the right and left of the 
entrance front being extremely confined, will be ina great mea- 
sure done away with. 

The names of the trees which it is proposed to plant are in- 
dicated by the list on the plan; their positions are such as to 
conceal the house from the approach road till it is seen from the 
point 4; and to conceal the boundary, and increase the apparent 
extent of the surface, not only from the approach road, but from 
every other point of view. 

It is particularly to be observed, that no thick plantations, 
clumps, or belts of trees, or shrubs on dug surfaces, are proposed 
to be planted, for the following reasons : — First, because closely 
planted clumps or belts always convey the idea of there being 
something to conceal ; or, in the case of belts, of there being a 
boundary fence behind them; besides which, they are heavy and 
lumpish features in themselves. The object of concealment can 


be equally well effected by scattered trees and shrubs, placed so 
F3 


58 _ Approach Road to a small Villa. 


as to form groups ; which will at once convey the ideas of extent 
and freedom by the glimpses of open space, and glades of turf 
which will be seen through them, and which, by the varied po- 
sitions in which the spectator will see them as he moves along, 
will produce continued variety. From the open airy appearance 
of trees and shrubs so disposed, the idea of there being some- 
thing behind them to conceal never occurs to the mind of the 
spectator. Secondly, the trees and shrubs already existing 
being for the most part old and full grown, a new plantation of 
trees and shrubs planted in dug ground, would not harmonise 
with them, either with reference to picturesque effect, or to the 
individual beauty of the plants. Clumps of young trees and 
shrubs, if placed so near the old trees as to be affected by their 
shade, by the drip from their branches, or by the extent of their 
roots, cannot thrive; and, if placed at such a distance from the 
old trees as not to be affected by them in any way, they do not 
group or combine with them so as to form a whole. The only 
mode, therefore, of introducing young trees among old trees is, 
to introduce them singly, or in small groups of two, three, or four, 
together, as indicated in the plan. 

The plants ought to be procured, if possible, not less than 
10 ft. or 12 ft. high ; and they ought to be planted in a circle of 
prepared soil, at least 12 ft. in diameter, and 6 ft. deep, the sur- 
face of which should be covered with turf close up to the stems of 
the plants, so that they may not appear to have been recently 
planted : they will, in this case, grow rapidly ; and plants of the 
sorts recommended to be planted in ———— Park, will make 
shoots of from 18 in. to 2 ft. every year after the first year. 

As the soil should be prepared to the depth of 6 ft., due al- 
lowance must be made for its sinking, which it will continue to 
do for five or six years after the trees are planted. ‘The soil, 
therefore, for every single tree or group must be formed into a 
small hill, which will by no means have a bad effect on the land- 
scape; provided the sides of the hill are not convex, but con- 
cave, so as to be gradually united with the general surface. The 
hill should be of such a height as that the tree, when the soil is 
finally settled, may still appear to rise from a prominence, rather 
than from a level; since nothing can be more contrary either to 
what is found in natural scenery, or to what is advantageous for 
the growth of trees, than to see them rising abruptly out of a flat 
surface. Another advantage of planting single trees or groups 
on raised hills is, that their effect, immediately after they are 
planted, is rendered much greater by the height of the hill. 
Where the ground is prepared to the depth of 6 ft., the summit 
of the hill from which the tree proceeds ought to be at least 3 ft. 
above the level of the general surface; which height, added to 
that of the hollies, cedars, ilexes, Luccombe oaks, and such other — 


nt | ea he es 


Trees and Shrubs of Scandinavia. 59 


evergreen trees as are purchasable in the nurseries of 10 ft. or 
12 ft. high, will produce an immediate effect. 

As the lowering of the ground, in order to reduce the slope of 
the road, will require the removal of from 1500 to 2000 cubic 
yards of earth, that earth may be employed in increasing the 
undulations of the surface, by laying it on the highest parts of 
these undulations ; and in softening down certain inequalities in 
them, which are at present too abrupt and unpolished for the 
scenery of a lawn. 

The greatest care, however, must be taken not to heap up this 
earth round the roots of trees already existing; because this 
would not only injure the growth of these trees, but would de- 
prive them of that appearance of stability and age, which is pro- 
duced by the spreading base formed by the trunk at its junction 
with the roots and the ground. In all cases of planting single 
trees or shrubs, or small groups of these, the advantage, in point 
both of effect and culture, of this appearance of the base ought 
never to be lost sight of; and hence it is that all young trees, 
whether the soil is prepared or not, ought to be planted some- 
what above the general line of surface. Old trees, also, in which 
this appearance of base is wanting or undecided, should have 
the earth removed from them to the depth of a few inches all - 
round the root, so as to show its connexion with the trunk. An 
appearance of truth and nature, and, at the same time, of age, 
may thus be given with very little trouble. 

All the above remarks have reference to the approach road, 
and the ground on each side of it, between the entrance front of 
the mansion and the entrance lodge. ‘The improvements re- 
quired in the pleasure-ground, and on the lower front of the 
house, which are numerous and important, owing to the dis- 
cordance of the parts connected with that front, have not here 
been taken into consideration. — J. C. L. 

Bayswater, Nov. 30. 1835. 


Art. II. On the Geography of the Trees and Shrubs of the Scandi- 
navian Peninsula. By Professor Scuouw of Copenhagen. Com- 
municated by M. Jens PeTer PETERSEN, Gardener to the King 
of Denmark. 


Tue Scandinavian peninsula extends from 553° to 71° north latitude, and 
consequently presents great diversities of climate, particularly in the interior ; 
the climate of which is distinctly separated from that of the coast by the lofty 
range of mountains which intersects the peninsula. This portion of Europe is, 
consequently, particularly well calculated to afford a view of the northern 
boundaries ef the principal vegetable productions, both wild and cultivated, 
and thus to illustrate the peculiarities of climate required by each. 

There are no trees to be found on the shores of the Icy Sea: low bushes 

F 4 


60 Geography of the Trees and Shrubs 


of Bétula nana, and of some of the species of willow, are only to be met with. 
The common birch is found at Hosperdet, in a bay of the Icy Sea; only, 
however, in the form of a low bush. At Alten the birch becomes a lofty tree, 
forming woods; and to it are soon added Populus trémula, Sérbus aucuparia, 
and A’Inus incana, which are found at Kirstrand, and at Tana Ely, in lat. 704. 
Proceeding southward, the next large tree met with is Pinus sylvéstris, which 
is found at Alten, in lat. 70°. Cérasus Padus and Juniperus communis reach 
to the same degree of latitude. A‘bies excélsa is found on the east side of the 
Scandinavian mountains, in lat. 68—69°; but, on the western side, not before 
coming to Kunnen, in lat. 67°. On the whole, the coast climate is less 
favourable to the fir than to the pine; the former is, therefore, more searce on 
the western coast of Norway than to the eastward of the Scandinavian 
mountains, and does not grow wild in Scotland. 

The climate of the coast is more propitious to Corylus Avellana, which is 
found on the west side of Heligoland, in lat. 66°; while, on the eastern side of 
the great mountain range, it reaches only to lat. 60-61°, and though met 
with more to the northward, in the Gulf of Bothnia, yet it does not go beyond 
63° at Agermanna Elf. The lime tree (Tilia europze‘a) is first met with at 
Oeland, on the western coast of Norway, lat.64°; but, in the Gulf of 
Bothnia, it reaches as far as Agermanna EIf, lat. 63°. 

On the western coast of Norway, in lat. 63°, several important trees make 
their appearance for the first time; viz. Quércus Rébur, U/lmus campéstris, 
A‘cer platanoides, Taxus baccata, Fraxinus excélsior, Alnus glutindsa. The 
eak is found in the west of Norway, at Egsund, in Soéndermor (lat. 63°): in 
the east of Norway it reaches only to Skudsmoe, lat. 60°. In the west of 

- Sweden its northern boundary terminates in lat. 59°; but it ascends again in 
the Gulf of Bothnia to 603°, at Gefle, U’Imus campéstris, which is also found 
at Sondermor, extends in the Gulf of Bothnia to the same degree of latitude. 
The boundary of the A‘cer platandides is on the west coast of Norway, at 
Roesdalen; in the midland districts of Sweden it descends to 60°, but rises 
again on the east coast to 63°. The yew (7Z'axus baccata) extends to the 
same degree of latitude on the west coast, but in Sweden not farther than 603°. 
The ash, on the othe! hand, extends in Sweden to 62°, only one degree more 
southward than on the west coast of Norway. A’lnus glutinosa is found east 
ward of the Scandinavian mountains only as far as 61-62°; but on the east 
coast it ascends again to the same degree of latitude as on the western 
coast, 63°. The hawthorn is found at Vedden, on the coast of Norway, 
lat. 623°: in the east of Norway it does not go beyond 61°, and in Sweden 
not beyond 60°. The northern boundary of the Prunus spinosa is, on both 
sides, at 60°. 

The northern boundary of the beech (Fagus sylvatica), on the other hand, 
descends considerably towards the east. Laurvig is the most northern point 
where the beech is found in Norway (lat.59°). On the west coast of Sweden 
it goes to 58°: on the east coast, not farther north than Calmar, 56—57°. 
The hornbeam (Carpinus Bétulus) and the common maple (A‘cer campéstre) 
are only met with in the southernmost parts of Sweden. The northern 
boundary of the former is at 57°, of the latter 56°. 

The most common trees in the Scandinavian peninsula are, the birch, 
Scotch pine, and fir. Of these, the birch is found growing nearest to the 
summit of the mountains, and is succeeded by the fir. With respect to 
elevation, therefore, three regions may be assumed: that of the Scotch pine 
and fir; that of the birch, where the pine disappears and the birch forms 
woods; and, lastly, the rocky region, where there are no trees to be found, 
but only herbs.and low shrubs, such as the dwarf birch, and the smaller sorts 
of willow. 

The boundary of the woods of birch descends considerably towards the 
ocean. In Lapland, in lat. 67°, on the east side of the Scandinavian moun- 
tains, it is found at 2200 ft. above the level of the sea; but on the west side at 
1200 ft. In the south of Norway, in lat. 60°, it is 3600 ft. on the east side ; 


of the Scandinavian Peninsula. 61 


1900 ft. on the west. The most northern islands, on the west coast of 
Norway, are destitute of wood. The declension of the tree boundary, from 
north to south, amounts to 2000 ft.; being 1600 at 70°, and 3600 at 60°. The 
fir extends, at lat. 70°, to '750 ft.; in the south of Norway, to 3000 ft. 

The boundaries of the cultivated plants are always more indeterminate than 
those of the plants that grow wild; and it must be remembered that these 
boundaries may sometimes show how far northward the plants are cultivated, 
and not to what extent the climate allows of their cultivation. These bound- 
aries, therefore, may be often extended by. industry and new experiments. 
The cultivation of corn reaches much farther northward than we might be 
inclined to suppose. At Malangerfiord (lat. 69°) corn succeeds every year; 
and even at Lyngen, and at Alten (70°), and on the east side of the moun- 
tain range, in the so-called companquy districts (69-70°) corn is still cul- 
tivated. At Enontekis (69°, and 1430 ft. above the level of the sea) corn is 
still to be seen in small quantity, though it cannot be expected to ripen 
oftener than every third year. Barley is, however, the only species of grain 
that is found so far to the north. Rye ceases at 67’ on the west side, and at 
65° on the east. The extreme boundary of wheat is 64° in the west of Nor- 
way, and 62° in the east of Sweden; but the general cultivation of it does not 
reach higher than 60°. With respect to altitude above the sea, the cultivation 
of corn ceases, in the south of Lapland (67°), at 850 ft.; in the south of Nor- 
way (60-61°), on the other hand, at 2100 ft. 

In the west of Norway, the most northern apple and plum trees are found 
at Tuterden, near Trondhiem (634°); and the most northern cherry trees at 
Ertvaagoe (63°). The pear tree extends no farther than 62°. On the east 
side of the Scandinavian mountains, the most northern apple trees are at 
Sundsval 624°, and the northern boundary of the three other fruit trees 
mentioned is also about 62-63°. 

Potatoes, cabbage, turnips, carrots, spinach, and salad succeed at Saltdal 
(67°) ; nay, even at Kamerssest (70-71°) ; though they are but rarely met with 
north of 64-65°. The cultivation of peas ceases at 644° on the west side, at 
63° on the east; and asparagus, in the open ground, is not met with more 
northward than 61-62°. Hemp still continues to be cultivated on the west 
side, at 67°, though sparingly ; but, on the east side, till 66°. Flax ceases at 
64-65°. 

The annexed table of the relative temperature of the Scandinavian penin- 
sula will give an idea of the climates required by the different plants above 
mentioned : — 

Indigenous Trees. 


West | East West | East 
side. | side. |} © side. | side. 
Drargbirk, Bétula nana - = 719 | 71° || Eeg, Quércus Rdbur 5 s 639 | 603° 
Birk, Betula alba - - = 71 71 Elm, U’Imus campéstris - 63 63. 
Esp, Pépulus tremula = - - 702 | 702 || Ahorn, A‘cer platandides - - 63 63 
Ron, S6rbus aucuparia! - ~ - 702 | 702 || Tax, Taxusbaccata} - - 63 602. 
Graal El, Anus incana - = 702 | 703 || El, A/Inus glutindsa_ - 5 5 63 63 
Fyr, Pinus sylvéstris - = = 70 70 || Ask, Fraxinus excélsior- — - 63 62 
Enebzr, Juniperus communis - 70 70 Hvidtorn, Crate‘gus Oxyacantha | 623 | 60: 
Hegeber, Cérasus Padus - - 70 70 || Slaeentorn, Priinus spindsa - 60 60 
Gran, Abies excélsa = os 67 | 68-69|] Bog, Fagus sylvatica - - 59 56. 
Hassel, Cérylus Avellana - 3 66 63 Avnbog, Carpinus Bétulus - - 57 57 
Lind, Tilia europe‘a = - 64 63 |i Naur, -4‘cer campéstre - - 56 56. 
Cultivated Plants. 
West | Eas West | East 
side. | side. side. | side. 
Byg, Barley - = - 70°} 69° || Karstopler, Potato = 2 70° | ‘70° 
Rug, Rye - - - 67 65 || Kaal, Cabbage - > 70 70 
Havre, Oats - - - 65 632 || Roer, Turnip = - = 70 70 
Hvede, Wheat = - 64 62 Gulerédder, Carrot - = 70 70 
Abletrze, White Poplar - - 632 | 624 || Arter, Peas - - - 642 | 63 
Blommetree, Appletree - - 633 | 62-63 || Asparges, Asparagus .- 61-62 | 61-62 
Kirsebertree, Cherry tree 63 | 62-63 || Hamp, Hemp = a aw 67 66 


Peretree, Pear tree - = = 62 |62-63 '| Hor, Flax = - 64-65 | 53-64 


62 Arboricultural Flora of Sweden. 


Difference 
ete Year. | Winter. | Spring. | Summer.) Autumn. Pile 
Winter. 
Fahr. Fahr. Fahr. Fahy. Fahr. Fahr. 
Mageroe - - TiO iO! || Bee |) @ee7O || Bip | ABP || Bile) 198° 
Enontekis, 1430 Fod.| 68 50 | 22°3 2:6 | 25:0 | 5407 | 27-1 52°1 
Umea - - 63 50 | 35:4 | 13:3 | 33°2 | 574 | 37°6 44°] 
Trondhiem - - 63 26 | 39°6 | 23-4 | 38°1 | 59:0 | 378 35°6 
Hernésand = 62 38 | 36:0 | 17-2 | 32:4 | 56:0 | 38:3 38'8 
Ullensvang - - | 60 20 | 43:9 | 30:2 | 41:4 | 601 | 441 | 29°9 
Christiania - 59 55 | 41:6 | 25°2 | 39:1 | 59:4 | 42:3 34:2 
Upsal - - 59 52 | 41°9 | 248 | 39-4 | 60°5 | 42°7 35°70 
Stockholm - -|.59 20 | 42:1 | 25°6 | 38°3 | 61:0 | 43°6 354 
Lund - - 55 42 | 45:0 | 29°7 | 41°7 | 62:1 | 47-0 32-4 


Copenhagen, Sept. 1835. 


Art. UI. Onthe Arboricultural Flora of Sweden. By Dr. AGARDH, 
late Professor of Botany at Lund, now Bishop of Carlstadt. 


Tue arboricultural flora of Sweden may be divided into three 
regions; 1. that of the beech; 2. that of the oak; and 3. that of 
the birch. : 


1. The Region of the Beech is the most southern, and it terminates obliquely 
towards the north; its boundary line extending from the east coast at Calmar 
(56° 45’) through the province of Smoland, and West Gothland, to the river 
of Gotha, at 57° 45’; and thence proceeding to the south of Norway, near 
Christiania and Laurwig. The vegetation of this region has the character of 
that of the north of Germany; but modified by the fertile soil of Scania, and 
the mountainous surface of Smoland. The climate resembles that of the 
south of Scotland and the north of England. The peaches, apricots, and 
grapes (Vitis vinifera) ripen every year in Scania, as does also the sweet 
chestnut (Castanea vésca). The low shrubs of this region are, Hrica [Calltna] 
vulgaris and H. Tétralix, H/’mpetrum, and, in some places, C'ftisus scoparius ; 
Genista germanica, pilosa, and tinctoria; Zhymus Serpyllum, Vaccinium sp., 
and the small salixes. Of large trees, we find woods of beech, birch, oak, elm 
(U'mus campéstris), alders (A’Inus glutinosa), and of pines (Pinus sylvéstris). 
Of low trees and shrubs, we possess A‘cer campéstre, Hédera Helix, Daphne 
Mezereum and Laureéola, Caprifolium Periclymenum, and Lonicera Xylésteum ; 
various roses, rubuses, and salixes ; Sambucus nigra, Ligistrum vulgare, Car- 
pinus Bétulus; Tilia borealis (intermédia Dec.), Bérberis vulgaris, Pyrus 
communis and Malus, Cotoneaster vulgaris, Hudnymus europze‘us; Sorbus 
A‘ria, intermédia, and aucuparia; Zaxus baccata, Cérylus Avellana, Rhdm- 
nus catharticus and Frangula, Prinus spinosa, Cérasus Padus and avium, 
Cratee‘gus Oxyacantha and [Ox.] monégyna; Pdpulus trémula, nigra, and 
alba; iMyrica Gale, and Cornus sanguinea. 

2. The Region of the Oak is to the north of the region of the beech, and it 
also terminates obliquely, though in a contrary direction, descending from 
Gefle (90° 40’), and following almost the limits of Weshnanland, and Nerike 
on the south of Warmeland, to the same point on the west, where the former 
region is terminated by the river of Gotha. With the exception of the beech, 
which fails totally, and the elm, which is only found occasionally, the woods 
partake of the character of those in the lower region; though the shrubs and 


Arboricultural Flora of Sweden. 63 


undergrowth are essentially different. The woods consist chiefly of pines and 
firs, the pines (Pinus sylvéstris) being principally in the plains; and the firs 
(A’bies excélsa) on the mountains; and of birch and alders. The low trees 
and shrubs are quite changed; we no longer find A‘cer campéstre, Hédera, 
Sambucus, Ligistrum, Hudnymus, Cérasus avium, Caprifolium Periclymenum, 
Sorbus A‘ria, Pépulus Alba and nigra, Erica Tétralix, or Carpinus; and in 
their stead begin the Hippdphaes, A’lnus incana, Lédum palistre, and Bétula 
nana. 

3. The Region of the Birch is bounded only by the limits of vegetation itself. 
As it extends farther and farther towards the north, it gradually drops 
many of the former species, and others arise in their stead ; such as Lonicera 
certlea, and more especially all the plants belonging to the Lapland flora, as 
many of the salixes, the andromedas, azaleas, diapensia, &e. The Tamarix 
germanica exists in Sweden, only in this region; and we find here three 
singular varieties, with laciniated leaves, of the birch (Bétula hybrida Moen.) 
near Fahlun; of the alder (Alnus glutinosa var. laciniata) in the north of 
Warmeland ; and of A’Inus incana ( Bétula pinnata, Landini in Act. Holm.), also 
in the north of Warmeland. As the woods of pines and firs disappear, from 
being destroyed by fire, the birch takes their place, and thrives so well in the 
burnt soil as to give quite a different appearance to the country. 


Different regions of vegetation may also be formed by boun- 
daries taken longitudinally, or from east to west. ‘These consist 
of: 1. the two islands of Oeland and Gothland; 2. the eastern 
maritime district; 3. the western maritime district; 4. the in- 
terior region ; and 5. the alpine region; all of which have different 
kinds of vegetation. 


1. Zhe two Islands of Oeland and Gothland have a chalky soil, and a maritime 
atmosphere, with what may be called an island climate. They possess many 
shrubs which are not to be found in any other part of Scandinavia ; such as 
Coronilla E’merus, Helianthemum Fumana and oelandicum, and Potentilla 
fruticosa; and some trees, such as U’lmus effusa and Sorbus hybrida. 

2. The Eastern Maritime District is poorer in vegetation than the western 
one; and its flora bears a strong resemblance to that of the Russian continent. 
Taxus baccata and Hippdédphae rhamnoides are principally found in this 
region, as is also Cornus sanguinea. 

3. The Western Maritime District possesses an extremely mild climate, and its 
flora partakes of the character of that of the British Islands, most of the trees 
and shrubs of which country we find there; especially the Genista, Ligdstrum 
vulgare, Hippophae rhamnoides, Sérbus A‘ria, Erica Tétralix and cinérea, 
and A*cer campéstre. Asparagus belongs to both coasts. The holly and 
the furze fail totally in Sweden; but both are found in Denmark, and the 
holly in Norway. 

4, The Interior Region is the poorest of all, so that we may invert the law of 
Linnzus, who stated that vegetation has descended from the mountains; as, 
here, the principal station of the plants seems to have been the valleys, from 
which they have ascended to the hills and mountains. An interior shrub is, for 
example, Bérberis vulgaris. The most interesting of the shrubs found in the 
interior is Linnze‘a borealis. 

5. The Alpine Flora is certainly poor in the number of its species, though it 
is rich in species which are to be found in no other part of Sweden; it is not, 
however, essentially different from that of the southern European alps, except 
in shrubs, some salixes, the diapensia, and Rhododéndron lappénicum. 


Having thus given a short sketch of the regions into which the 
arboricultural vegetation of Sweden may be divided, I shall next 


64 ; Arboricultural Flora of Sweden. 


attempt to convey an idea of the proportions of the natural 
orders, by roughly estimating the number of plants it contains 
of each. 


Berberidez. 1 sp. 

Cistinee. 3 sp. 

Tiliacee. 1 sp. 

Acerine@. 2 sp. 

Celastrinee. Eudénymus, | sp. 

Iiicinee. Ilex, 1 sp. 

Rhamnee. 2 sp. (#hamnus). : 

Legumindse. Cytisus, 1 sp. ; Genista, 3 sp.; Coronilla,1 sp. In all 5. 

Rosdcee. Ribus (ligneous sp.), 5 sp.; Potentilla, 1 sp.; Rosa, 8 sp.; 
Pyrus, 2 sp.; Sérbus, 4 sp.; Crate ‘gus, 1 sp.; Méspilus, 1 sp.; Prunus 
[and Cérasus], 3 sp. In all 25. 

Tamariscineé. 1 sp. 

Grossulariée. 4 sp. (Ribes). 

Araliacee. 1 sp. (Hédera). 

Caprifolidcee. Cornus, 2 sp.; Vibtrnum, Isp.; Sambucus, 1 sp.; Lonicera, 
3 sp.; Linne‘a,1 sp. In all 8. 

Lordnthee. 1 sp. (Viscum). 

Vacciniée. 4 sp. (Vaccinium) [and Oxycoccus]. 

Ericacee. A’rbutus, 2 sp.; Rhododéndron, 2 sp.; Ledum, 1 sp.; Andro- 
meda, 4 sp.; Menziésia, 1 sp.; Callina, J] sp.; Erica, 2 sp.; Diapénsia, 
1sp. In all 14. 

Oleine. 1 sp. (Fraxinus). 

Labiate. 1 sp. (Thymus). 

Thymele‘e. 1 sp. (Daphne). 

Eleagnee. 1 sp. (Hippophae). 

Ulmdacee. U"\mus, | sp. 

Salicinee. Salix, 33 sp.; Populus, 3 sp. In all 36. 

Betulinee. Bétula, 3 sp.; A’lnus, 2 sp. Inall 5. 

é Cupulifere. Quércus, 2 sp.; Corylus, 1sp.; Fagus, 1 sp.; Carpinus, | sp. 
nall 5. . 

Myricee. ? Myrica, 1 sp. 

Conifere. Pinus, 1 sp.; A*bies, 1 sp.; Juniperus, 1 sp. ; and Taxus, 1 sp. 
In all 4. 

Empétree. 1 sp. 


‘According to thzs enumeration we find, in the Scandinavian 
peninsula, 134 indigenous ligneous species. 

We now come to the foreign trees and shrubs. ‘The central 
points from which these plants have spread over the whole coun- 
try are, Lund, Upsal, Stockholm, and Gottenburg. Some of 
the introduced trees, such as Larix europea, Z’sculus Hip- 
pocdstanum, some species of Populus, and A’cer Pseudo-Platanus, 
thrive here as well, and are almost as common, as the indigenous 
trees. Of fruit trees, all that are cultivated north of the Euro- 
pean alps grow in Scania; such as peaches, apricots, grapes, 
almonds, chestnuts, walnuts, and mulberries (Morus alba and 
nigra), and they appear to suffer very little from the cold: even 
figs (Ficus Carica) have lived through some winters. The 
Japanese shrubs endure the climate of Lund tolerably well, as 
Kérrza japonica, and Broussonétia, which last had grown to the 


Arboricultural Flora of Sweden. 65 


size of a large tree, one third of a foot in diameter, in the botanic 
garden at Lund, till accidentally (and not, as it seemed, by the 
severity of the winter) it died off. But very few evergreens en- 
dure our winters; not even the Aivicuba japonica, or ae. Portugal, 
or the common laurel; and the holly with great difficulty. The 
few exotic evergreens that we do possess are, Biaxus sempervirens 
and var., Crate gus Pyracantha, Vinca sp., and the Conifers. 
Many of the Swedish noblemen have contributed much to the 
spread of foreign trees throughout Scandinavia, by planting them 
on their estates; as, for example, His Excellency Count Trolle 
Wachtmeister, His Excellency the Count de la Gardie, Baron Gyl- 
lenkrook, and several more in Scania; also, the late M. Thouse 
in West Gotha, His Excellency Count Trolle Bronde in Upland, 
M. Wares in Warmeland, &c. The Morus Alba thrives well, 
even as far as Upsal; and, under the protection of our adored 
Crown Princess Josephine, there is a large plantation of it at 
Stockholm, for the purpose of breeding and feeding silk-worms ; 
and the silk obtained from them is not only abundant in quantity, 
but the quality of it is excellent. 

At Stockholm there are several patrons of arboriculture, as re- 
gards the cultivation of foreign trees. Some of the most distin- 
euished are, the Counsellor de Pontin, M. Siefwerstrale, and M. 
Rofenblad ; the latter, of whom has the richest collection of plants 
that can be found in any private garden in Scandinavia. 

Of the botanic garden at Upsal I have only a superficial know- 
ledge; but, judging from a slight inspection, it appears to contain 
as rich a collection of foreign trees and shrubs as the climate will 
endure; and to be worthy of having had such renowned directors 
as Linnzeus, Thunberg, and Wahlenberg. 

There are two public plantations of foreign trees at Stockholm; 
viz. that of the Forest Institute, directed by M. Strom, and that 
of the Agricultural Academy; both of which possess a great 
number of foreign trees, of which I am not yet able to give you 
a catalogue. As to the height of the trees, 1 can find no differ- 
ence between those in Scandinavia and those in Ger many, or in 
any other country north of the Kuropean alps. ‘The beeches and 
oaks are as well grown trees with us as they are in Germany. 
The sweet chestnut tree and the Robinza Psetd- Acacia are some- 
what smaller, as they have hitherto never attained a greater height 
here than 50 ft.; but others, as the Z’sculus, the ‘foreion tilias, 
Populus, the foreign pines, Juglans, &c., may be compared 
with those of Germany. ‘The Platanus occidentalis attains a 
height of 30 ft. The Platanus orientalis does not stand in the 
free ground in our garden. ‘The tulip tree is perfectly hardy. 
We have not yet tried the cedar of Lebanon in the open air; 
but we hope to be able to do this at some future time. 


Lund, Sept. 23. 1835. 


By Mr. T. 
Design 6. 


See Nu 
/ Sea 


SS ee ee 
= 5 : mee Gas ee) Renee ea 


peo 


ae Sp Oa 5 Oe 
See 9-96 OR D=KG ps 

<3) 6S (EOS 
BEE] SS oe 
HOS ee 
i—O; = 2S 
AS ZO CS 
= fg O0: = 


Designs for laying out 


66 


of Designs for laying out Suburban Gardens and 


One Perch to several Acres in extent. 


ges to Two detached Houses. 
Houses. 


Rutcer. Design 5. Fronta 


ArT. IV. A Series 
Grounds, from 


In the design jig. 5. the frontages of two detached houses 


Frontages to Four double 


are given, with the principal entrances to both in the centre. 
5 


Fee to er a = 


pposed to be occupied by such as keep a 


one-horse phaeton or 


therefore given, 


stanhope; a carriage entrance to each is 
and a small stable, gig-house, and yard to each, 


These houses are su 


yard and buildings on the other side, 
s or other conveniences, and to which a 


e; witha 


on the one sid 
supposed. to be for office 


67 


ges of this de- 


troduction of a 
to four double 


» by the in 
or a basin for gold and silver fishes, and 


ge-road leads, by which a back en- 
mbellishment placed here and there as 


may be done in fronta. 


Suburban Gardens and Grounds. 


The design fg. 6. consists of frontages 


a 


fountain in the centre, 
by a few articles of e 


scription to render them attractive 
fancy may point out. 


small walk from the carria 
trance is effected. Much 


SS SS SS SSS SS 
a aa 0S a ee 
eee 


SSS 
25 SSS 
SSS 


oS: 


—~ oe 
—— = 
Eo ee 
ces Se 
3/5 Bate 
=a/S = 


Tol: 
Milo] | 
in 


die 


Fa SS 
SSS ey 
Bre SP ye tbke wha Bn oe 


vEmeyy & 


The 
There are 
they may be 


40 ft. 


20 


10 


ground to each of these frontages; but, 


ground cannot be afforded, 


ft. 10 


houses, or such as have rooms on each side the entrance. 


walks are all intended to be laid down with stone. 


about seven perches of 
in cases where so much 


68 Form of Stages and Shelves 


curtailed in their length, which will render a little alteration in 
the sizes and forms of the clumps necessary. In frontages of this 
size, a considerable variety of elegant plants and flowers might 
be introduced, and such a selection made as would give con- 
siderable pleasure in their culture to amateurs in a small] way. 


Portland Place, 1835. 


Art. V. On the best Form of Stages and Shelves for the Display of 
Green-house Plants. By Mr. T. Rutcer. 


THE green-house and conservatory always afford me a high 
treat, and particularly when stocked with the more rare and 
beautiful plants: but it is one thing to have a good collection of 
plants, and another to have them so disposed as to enable spec- 
tators to view each particular plant with advantage. High stages 
are by no means well adapted for this purpose; and we gene- 
rally find plant-houses in the nurseries more suitable for dis- 
playing green-house plants, than green-houses in gentlemen’s 
gardens. These last are, indeed, generally constructed rather 
for the sake of convenience, than for making a display and 


for the Display of Green-house Plants. 69 


5 — oe 
= Oo ee 
=|=0=5=—— 
— z so 
3-2 = 
== a 
SS a 
Po 0 o= 
0 = 
10 5 0 10 20 30 40 


showing the plants they contain off to advantage; and, besides, 
houses of such a construction as to be suitable for the latter 
purposes might not be deemed sufficiently ornamental for the 
shrubbery or flower-garden. High stages are inconvenient for 
watering and cleaning the plants, as well as for viewing them in 
such a way as to satisfy those who really delight in noticing 
their progress. 

Opinions may vary as to the precise height that the stage 
ought to be; but, upon the principles I have in view, namely, 
those of enjoying all the advantages necessary for convenient 
inspection, and of watering, cleaning, &c., I should recom- 
mend it not to exceed 4 ft. 6 in., or, at the most, 4 ft. 9 in., in 
height. This height would, I think, be found advantageous in 
watering, as well as for viewing the plants; and by this means 
a sight would be obtained of the surface of the mould in all the 
pots, which would prevent a careful person from giving an in- 
discriminate supply of water, which is too frequently done in 
cases where the surface of the mould in the pots is above the 
line of vision. But some may say that this, even with high 
stages, only requires the person to place one foot upon the 

Vor. XII.— No, 71. G 


Form of Stages and Shelves 


stage between the plants; 
and I am aware that this is 
frequently done, but, I fear, 
too frequently at the expense 


| of mutilating many of the 


plants; and this will always 


| prove a source of regret to 


the owner if he values his 


| collection, and -particularly 
| should a plant of value be 


injured. 
In order to carry out the 


| principles I have in view, it 
| is obvious that the stage 
| must be constructed differ- 


ently to those we generally 


| find where collections of 


plants are kept; and this I 
some time since carried into 
effect, by altering a stage 


| which reached from the 
| ground to the back of the 
| house in the usual way, the 


sketch of which (fg. 7.) I 
now send you. ‘The plants, 
when placed upon this stage, 
had rather a pleasing and 
unique appearance, present- 
ing something like the sec- 
tions of three pyramids, and 


| at the same time affording 


all the convenience neces- 
sary for viewing, watering, 
cleaning, &c. For the sake 


| of economy the old materials 


were worked up for this 
stage, otherwise I should 
have given it the form of 


Jig: 8., which, I think, is an 


improvement, both as it re- 
spects the platform in the 
front as well as the stage. 
Following up the same 
principles for a span-roofed 
green-house, I submit jg. 9. 
for approval; which might 
answer for a conservatory 
as well as for a green- 


_ for the Display of Green-house Plants. 


i 


| 


il 


— | 


Le er OSE Teel O fee. 5 


| 


ee 
—_—_—_—_— 
—_—_—_ ——>>E———————— 


—————— ee 


0 


——————— 


Tu 


a 


G2 


j Upon 


71 


| house, by placing beds of 
| composts 
| form as the stages and 
| platforms are represented 


in the same 


in the sketch. 
But let it be under- 


| stood, that, in giving these 


sketches my principal aim 
is to draw the attention 
of your readers to the 
subject, with the hope of 
seeing other designs given 
better principles 
than those now submitted 


| to the public. 


A plausible objection 
may arise on account of 
there being a small space 
sacrificed by this mode of 
constructing the stages ; 


IY Duel witches Ilr chinlesiare 


more than compensated 
by the convenience it 
offers to the real ad- 


- mirer of plants. 


The dotted lines across 
the footpaths near the 


| back, in jigs. 7. and 8., 


are intended for small 
borders to plant creepers 


| in, to be trained against 
| the walls over the stages, 

iif so as to meet in the 
| centre. 


If 


these boards are 


| painted twice with the 
| anti-corrosion 


paint, 


which you have _ so 


} strongly recommended in 


the Encyc. of Arch., they 


| will have the colour of 
| stone, and a rough sur- 
| face like that material; 


and they will endure 


+ much longer than when 


painted with common 
paint. 


London, June, 1835. 


Floricultural and Botanical Notices. 73 


Art. VI. Floricultural and Botanical Notices on Kinds of Plants 
newly introduced into our Gardens, and that have originated in them, 
and on Kinds of Interest previously extant in them ; supplementary 
to the latest Editions of the “‘ Encyclopedia of Plants,” and of 
the ‘“* Hortus Britannicus.” 


Curtis's Botanical Magazine; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 3s. 6d. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Dr. Hooker, 
King’s Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow. 

Edwards's Botanical Register ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 4s. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Dr. Lindley, 
Professor of Botany in the London University. 

Sweet's British Flower-Garden ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
four plates ; 3s. coloured, 2s. 3d. plain. Edited by David Don, 
Esq., Professor of Botany in King’s College, and Librarian to the 
Linnzan Society. 


EMBRYO DICOTYLEDONOUS: COROLLA POLYPETALOUS, 
OR NOT ANY. 


IX. Crucidcea. 


1838. VESICA‘RIA. [co Bot. mag. 3464 
* grandiflora Hook. large-flowered © or 13. jltoo Y Texas, Mexico 18365 or, else, 1834 S 


M. Berendier has discovered three species in Texas of Mexico, 
namely, lasiocarpa Hook. ms., gracilis, and grandiflora Hook. Mr. 
Drummond, also, found the last two. He sent seeds of, at least, 
erandiflora in the spring of last year, which produced plants 
in the summer, exhibiting a profusion of blossoms, and a bright- 
ness and size in the flower [by the figure, the corolla is farther 
about than a sixpenny-piece], equalled by few plants of this 
natural order, and which render the species most highly deserving 
of cultivation, whether in the flower-border, or on the shelves of 
a cool green-house. ‘The almost sessile, spreading, and concave 
petals give it an appearance very unlike that of most cruciform 
flowers. The blossoms are long-lived; and the same plant will 
yield a succession of flowers from July to October.” (Bot. Mag., 
Jan.) 


XLVI. Cactacee. 
1472. CEREUS. 
*12559a Napolednzs Graham Napoleon’s # —] spl.6 s W ... 18252? C s1 _ Bot. mag, 3458 
Synonymes ; Cactus Napoledn?s Hort., Céreus triangularis var. major Salm-Dyele 
Dr. Graham has described this species. As compared with 
triangularis, the far greater length of its joints, their different 
form, and the shape of the edges between the tubercles, have led 
Dr. Graham to conclude it to be not a variety of that species. 
Its flower is very like that of grandiflorus: one was 8 in. long, 
and, when fully expanded, 6 in. across. The outer segments of 
the perianth are straw-coloured, lanceolate-linear; the inner, 
pure white, spathulate-linear. Stamens yellow; stigma yellow, 
protruded, of many segments. This kind was received at the 
G 3 


7A Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


Edinburgh Botanic Garden, from Mr. Mackay of Clapton, in 
about 1825. It had repeatedly formed buds; but no blossoms 
expanded until September, 1835. The flower opened in the 
morning, and closed towards the afternoon : it is slightly, and not 
very agreeably, perfumed. (Bot. Mag., Jan.) 

LX. Proteacez. 


303. ISOPO*GON. _ {S_sp_ Edin. n. ph. journ. vol. xx. p. 194 
* Baxterd R. Br. Baxter’s # _J or 2 inthe specimen described mr.ap Ro N. Holl. 1831 


Stem erect. Leaves hard, stiff, pubescent; once or twice 
tvifid, cuneate, and once or twice twisted at the base; edges 
placed vertically ; the segments terminated with long pungent 
mucros; the lower leaves undivided, rounded, and toothed at 
the apex; the teeth terminating in pungent mucros. Capitula 
crowded at the termination of the stem and branches. Perianth 
rose-coloured. ‘ This is a handsome species, of which seeds 
were sent by Colonel Lindesay, from New Holland, to the 
Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, in July, 1830; it was raised in 
1831, and flowered in the green-house in March and April, 1835. 
(Dr. Graham, in the Edin. New Phil. Journ., Jan.) 

LXII. Aristolochiacee. 


2582. ARISTOLO‘CHIA. (C pl Bot. reg. 1824 
*22845a foe‘tens Lindl. stinking-flowered § [_) or 20? jn Va.with PandY WW. Indies 1832? 


‘¢ It is chiefly remarkable for the large size and singular colour 
of” the limb of the calyx, which is “ beautifully variegated with 
purple and dirty yellow.” The flowers ‘‘ have a most disagree- 
able disgusting smell, which will prevent the plant from becoming 
a favourite. ... Nearly allied to 4. grandiflora.” The figure is 
from the species in a living state, in the collection of Mrs. Marryat, 
Wimbledon, Surrey, who obtained it from the West Indies. 
(Bot. Reg., Jan.) 

LXV. Thymelacee. 


87. PIMELE‘A. [1823 C s.p Bot. reg, 1827 
+797 ligistrina Lab. Privet-leafed %\ Jor 10 mr W_ Van Diemen’s Land to Port Jackson 


A striking species in the largeness of its leaves, to those who 
only know the spectes with smaller leaves, as glaica and decus- 
sata. Jigistrina is pleasing in its foliage and heads of white 
flowers ; the flowers are small; but many are comprised in each 
head. ‘The figure is fram the species, in a living state, in the 
nursery of Mr. Low, Clapton, in March, 1834. It grows, in its 
native places, as much as 10 ft. high. (Bot. Reg., Jan.) 

In Vol. X. p. 347, 348., is some account of Aypericina Cuz., 
another species with large leaves, on which it is there quoted, that 
“it has much of the habit and strength of growth of P. 
fgustrina Lab. 

+ hispida A. Br., a figure of a full specimen of, is in Bot. mag. 3459. 

This species, noticed in Vol. IX. p. 364., from the Bot. Reg. 
t. 1578., and from observation, is figured in the Bot. Mag., Jan., 
t. 3459., and there thus remarked on. ‘ This is, assuredly, the 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 75 


handsomest of this very pretty Australian genus, whether we con- 
sider the beauty of its blossoms, or the great quantity of them pro- 
duced by a single plant, of which one now before us, scarcely 
a foot high, is loaded with upwards of forty heads of flowers.” 
The figure of this species that is in the Bot. Reg. had been 
derived from the species in the collection of Mr. Knight, Chelsea. 


197. DA’PHNE 10142 odora [p-lf-m. ands Sw. fl. gar. 2. s, 320 
*2 r0bra D. Don red-perianthed  _j orandfra 2n,latterend Pk China 1831? C 


The figure shows an upright branch well furnished with leaves, 
and terminated by a group of more than a dozen flowers, whose 
perianths are described to be ofa rich pink colour. The leaves 
are described to be lanceolate, or cuneately lanceolate. The 
figure has been derived from the kind in a living state, in the 
collection of Mr. G. Smith, nurseryman, at Islington. “ It ap- 
pears to be of a hardy constitution, having been exposed for 
some time to a considerable degree of frost, without, apparently, 
suffering.” Mr. Smith, considers it a most desirable kind “ for 
the green-house or conservatory, as, if growing vigorously, it 
will continue to blossom during the greater part of the year. 
The flowers are produced in heads at the extremity of almost 
every shoot; they are of a dark red in the bud state, becoming 
paler and glossy after expansion, and they are then highly fra- 
grant.” (Brit. Flow.-Gard., Jan.) 

LXXVII. Legumindcee. 


WISTA‘RIA sinénsis Dec. (Consequana Loudon), circumstances under which a certain plant of 
it produces fruit annually. 


‘* Never having observed in your Magazine any notice of the 
Wistarza sinénsis having fruited in this country, and having a 
plant of it here, which fruits annually on the open wall, I send 
you some pods, together with a few observations upon the circum- 
stances under which it produces its fruit; and, as I fancy its 
fruiting is rather a rare occurrence in this country, perhaps the 
observations may not be uninteresting to some of the readers of 
your Magazine. 

‘The plant which produces fruit here is, as far as I have been 
able to ascertain, about eight years old, and is planted on the side 
of a gravel walk, with its branches trained on a wall with a south 
aspect. Shortly after I came here, I was induced, by the stunted 
appearance of the plant, to examine its roots, and I found that 
all the roots it had had run into the gravel walk, by the side 
of which it is planted; indeed, it seems to prefer the gravel to 
the neighbouring mould, as I found, on examination, that at any 
part where the roots had come in contact with the latter, they 
had invariably receded from it into the walk again. The plant 
is, certainly, a diminutive specimen; but it seems to me that its 
fructiferous habit is entirely to be attributed to the nature of the 
soil in which it grows; and, I have no doubt, were this species 


planted in a gravelly, instead ofa rich, soil, in which we generally 
G 4 


76 Ftoricultural and Botanical Notices, 


find it planted, we should soon have an abundance of seed from 
it; from which many varieties might be obtained of this most 
interesting of all our hardy climbers. — 4. Sleigh, Gardener to 
F. Bernasconi, Esq. Harrow Weald, Middlesex, December 31. 
1835.” 

The pods are of about the size of those of the white Dutch 
runner: the seeds are considerably larger than those of the 
Jaburnum, of about the same figure, and not of so dark a colour. 
The seeds have been distributed. 

CXL. Caryophyllacee. 

*1415a, AGROSTE’/MMA. ard. 2. 8. 317 


& 
*1200ba Bungeana D.Don Bunge’s XY A orl jl S ?Asiatic Russia 18342? SCD 1 Sw. fi. 
Synonyme: L¥chnis Bungeéna Hortulanorum. 


“The species comes near to falgens [that is, to Lychnis fal- 
gens Fis.], but is distinguished at once by its longer leaves, 
attenuated at the base, larger flowers, longer calyx, with subulate 
bristle-pointed teeth, more frequently [numerously] lobed petals, 
and longer torus.” Those who know of the showy beauty of 
Lychnis falgens in its flowers, and would choose it on account 
of this, will readily conclude that A. Bungedna is a species 
choosable for the gratification of themselves with its beauty. 

It “is a hardy perennial, requiring a loamy soil, and it may 
be increased by cuttings, or by seeds, which it appears to perfect 
freely.” The lamina of the petal is described to be 14 in. long : 
this would render the circumference of the flower more than 
3in.in diameter. In the figure, two flowers are represented, 
each of about 2 in. in diameter. The figure is derived from the 
species in a living state, in the collection of Dr. Neill, Canon- 
mills, Edinburgh, who had received it from Messrs. Booth of 
the Flotbeck Nurseries, near Hamburgh. (Brit. Flow.-Gard., 
Jan.) 


EMBRYO DICOTYLEDONOUS: COROLLA MONOPETALOUS. 
CLXXI. Epacriddcee. 


517. COSME‘LIA &. Br. [C sp _ Bot. reg. 1822 
44324 ribra #. Br. red-corollaed # (_| or 13” my RoR _ South coast of New Holland 1826 


It resembles, in its general aspect, a species of E‘pacris; in 
its foliage, perhaps, E. grandiflora. Most or all of its flowers 
are pendulous. Its corolla is tubular, more than half an inch 
long, inflated in the middle of its length, tapered to each end, 
most to the tip one. The native locality of rubra is marshy. 
The figure is derived from the species in a living state, in the 
collection of Messrs. Loddiges. (Bot. Reg., Jan.) 

CLXXXVI. Compésite. 

2198. TRO/XIMON 19792 + glaicum Nut. , 
*], The scape and the leaflets of the involucre, which are spreading, hirsutely tomentose. (Hooker.) 

x A orl jn.au Y_ Rocky Mountains Raised from seeds gathered by Mr. Drummond during 

Capt. Sir John Franklin’s Expedition.. Bot. Mag. 3462. (mag. 1667 
*2, The scape and the Jeaflets of the involucre, which are erect, perfectly glabrous. (Hooker.) Bot. 


Dr. Hooker has cited cuspidatum PA., and marginatum Nut., as synonymes of var. 2., with a 
doubt to each. 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. Gi 


‘¢ So different is the appearance of this handsome plant [var. 1.] 
from that of ‘Troximon glaucum of Dr. Sims, in the Botanical 
Magazine (var. 2.], that, were I not possessed of native specimens, 
exhibiting intermediate gradations, I should certainly have pub- 
lished it as a new species.” (Dr. Hooker, in Bot. Mag., Jan.) 

LASTHE'NIA Cassini. 


Lf califérnica Dec. Californian © or 1? ‘* About six weeks, at different periods of the year, 
eecordlng to the season at which its seeds are sown.” Y California 18342 S co _ Bot. reg. 


See in G. M., vol. xi. p. 475, 476. Dr. Lindley has stated that 
Professor De Candolle, in a manuscript list of the genera of 
Compésitee which he has just received from him, has included 
Lasthénia in his first series Tubulifloree, 4th tribe, Senecionideze, 
5th subtribe Helenzée, 1st division Gaillardze@, 2d subdi- 
vision Luzhelenzée. (Bot. Reg., Jan.) 

2374. CHRYSA’NTHEMUM 21664 sinénse 
7 var. the sulphur yellow. 
* var. Wheeler’s sanguineum. 
* var. Wheeler’s expanded crimson. 

In Vol. X. p. 188. is a notice that “ Chrysanthemum sinénse 
Wheelerianum, and six other seedling varieties, from Mr. Isaac 
Wheeler, Beaumont Buildings, Oxford,” were exhibited to the 
London Horticultural Society on econber 3. 1833: this was at 
a meeting of the Society of that date. In the Floricultural Cabinet, 
the number for Jan. 1836, is a plate of coloured figures of the 
three kinds of chrysanthemum named above; and a statement 
on the two varieties designated Wheeler’s, that ‘they are a most 
valuable addition to this pleasing tribe of autumnal-flowering 
plants.” The sulphur yellow is described in our Vol. IX. p. 223. 
by the deceased Mr. Haworth: more fully in the Floricultural 
Cabinet. 

CCXI. Scrophulariacea. 


45. VERONICA. [cited as a synonyme. 
4438 labiata R. Br. is figured in the Bot. mag., Jan., t. 3461., where V. Derwéntia, Andr., rep. t. 531., is 


There are appended descriptions of four species recently dis- 
covered in New Zealand, by Mr. Richard Cunningham: these 
are named,— 

speciosa A. Cun., tligustrifolia R. Cun., t diosmifodlia R. Cun., and ¢calycina R. Br. 

Specidsa is a shrub 3 ft. to 6ft. high, with many ascending 
robust stems. Flowers blue purple, Tesembling those of Lu- 
binga atropurpurea. Mr. Allan Cunningham has remarked 
that “ we know of no shrub more to be desired to enrich our 
collections than this very remarkable and beautiful speedwell ; 
judging, as we do, from the fine specimens we have received, 
and from the description given of it on its native hills by its 
discoverer. Ligustrifolia is a slender shrub, 2 ft. high ; its flowers 
are whitish. Diosmifolia is a slender twiggy shrub, 3 ft. to 12 ft. 
high: its flowers are white. ‘The other species discovered by Mr. 
R. “Cunninghamis deemed to appear identical with calycinaft. Br., 


criginally found by Mr. Brown in Van Diemen’s Land. This 


78 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


is a herbaceous species, with repent or decumbent stems, in many 
instances 5 ft. to 6 ft. long. (Bot. Mag., Jan.) 
CCXX. Verbendcee. 


1749. VERBENA. [gar. 2. 8. 318 
*29324a rugosa D. Don wrinkled. leafed & A or? jl Vi Buenos Ayres 1833? DC it Sw. 


Stems about 2 ft. high. Leaves on very short esl. 
cordate-lanceolate, serrate, veiny and wrinkled; grass green on 
both sides; 2in. long, nearly 1 in. broad. iMlowars in short 
dense spikes, disposed i ina corymbose panicle. Corolla violet. 
Avery showy species, raised at the Birmingham Botanic 
Garden. It is evidently allied to venosa, and is principally dis- 
tinguished by its stalked leaves, cordate at the base, and more 
hairy corollas, with deeper-notched lobes. A hardy perennial.” 
(Brit. Flow.-Gard., Jan.) 


EMBRYO MONOCOTYLEDOGNOUS. 
CCX XXIX. Ividacee. 


1912, CYPE’LLA. [1834 O s.p Ed. n. ph. journ. vol. 20. p. 190 
* Drummond# Graham Drummond’s *% ?¥% 33 or... jn,inthestove PYB San Filipe 


Stem erect, flexuose, leafy. Leaves sword-shaped, plicate, 
distichous, sheathing at the base. Spathe 2-flowered. Perianth 
rotate, 6-partite, purple, yellow, with brown spots in the centre ; 
inner segments rather more than half the length of the outer. 
Tubers, or else bulbs, of this very pretty species were received 
at the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh; by Dr. Neill, Canonmills, 
Edinburgh; and by Mr. Cunningham, nursery, Comely Bank, 
Edinburgh ; from Mr. Drummond, in 1834. The species tor 
ered in the stove, in all these esiablichments! in July, 1835. (Dr. 
Graham, in Edin. New. Phil. Journ., Jan.) 

CCLI. Liliaceae. 


1018 FRITILLA*‘RIA. (Ed. n. ph. journ. vol. 20. p. 192 
*clprea Grakam  copper-Ccoloured-pertanthed Aj or 14 jl Cop? Mexico 1834? O ... 


Stem 15in. high, leafy. Leaves somewhat glaucous, ovate, 
acuminate, stem-clasping; in the axils of the upper two are two 
ovate bulbs. Flower solitary, terminal, campanulate, nodding ; 
perianth of six elliptical copper-coloured segments. ‘ This very 
graceful little plant flowered in a close green-house, in the nur- 
sery of Mr. Cunningham, at Comely Bank, Edinburgh, in July, 
1835. He believes it was imported from Mexico. (Dr. Graham, 
in the Edin. New. Phil. Journ. Jan.) 

CCXL. Orchidaceae, 


2539. PLEUROTHA/LLIS. [reg. 1825 
* picta Lindl. painted-jlowered & ZX) pr 2 omr WR Demerara 1833? D p.zr.w Bot. 


Close akin to P. Grobyz: see in Gard. Mag., vol. xi. p. 589. 
“Itisa graceful pretty species, and well deserves an attentive 
examination.” The figure is derived from the species in a flow- 
ering state, with Messrs. Loddiges. It seems to require the close 
atmosphere of a bell-glass: its tufts are readily formed under 
good management. (Bot. Heg., Jan.) 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 79 


2547. DENDRO‘BIUM. (Bot. reg. 1828 
*densifldrum Wal, dense-inflorescenced or pendulous 13 my Y Nepal 1830? p.xrw 


In the figure is depicted a branch, or part of one, bearing 
three leaves, and a raceme of 24 flowers: that part of the raceme 
upon which the flowers are seated is about 6in. long. The 
colour of the flowers and bracteas is yellow; the labellum is of 
a golden yellow, and pubescent. ‘The flowers are rather large. 
The figure has been prepared from the species in a living state, 
in the collection of Messrs. Loddiges. ‘ Beautiful as is the 
specimen represented, it is still inferior to what is produced in 
India; so that cultivators have still a point to gain in respect to 
this charming species.” (Bot. Reg., Jan.) 

? ¢ ?22706a@ cassythdides R. Cun. Cassytha-like 6 ¢_J} cu ... In flower on the eastern side of Sydney 
Cove in Oct. 1834 Brownish or golden yellow, white Port Jackson .. Dp.r.w _ Bot. reg, 
1828, in the text 
Leafless, stoloniferous. Racemes tribrachiate. Perianths of 

a brownish or golden-yellow colour, and the labellum white, and 
elegantly penciled within, as in D. Pierardz. This species has 
been discovered growing from the crevices of sandstone rocks, 
on the eastern side of Sydney Cove, Port Jackson. Dr. Lindley 
had derived the account published from Mr. Allan Cunningham, 
who had derived it, and a specimen, from his brother, Mr. Rich- 
ard Cunningham, who has called it cassythdides, from the 
resemblance that, at first sight, it has to the laurineous “ genus 
cassytha, not only in its leafless character and short racemes of 
flowers, but in its peculiar chocolate bronze or japanned papulose 
stems.” It is deemed remarkable of this species, that it should 
have been so long overlooked, in a locality which, it is considered, 

has, doubtless, been traver 68 by botanists of many countries a 
Europe. It seems to be the fact, that this species has not yet 
been received in a living state in Britain. (Bot. Reg., Jan.) 


2576. LY’PARIS. [Op.r.w Ed. n. phe journ. vol. 20. p. 19% 
* Walkérze Graham Mrs. Col. Walker’s % AJ cu ?3 .. PY Ceylon 1834, June 


Leaves subrotundo-ovate, cucullate, acute. Spike many- 
flowered, cylindrical. Germen purple. Sepals dark purple. 
Lips dark purple in the middle, yellow and crenulate at the 
edges. Received at the Edinburgh Royal Botanic Garden, 
from Mrs. Col. Walker, Ceylon. ‘Tt has flowered twice since 
in the stove. ‘ It ought to stand, in the arrangement of the 
species, between Z. purpurascens and J. atropurpurea, and is 
distinguished from the former by its spike, and from the latter 
by its acutely angled, almost winged, stem.” (Dr. Graham, in 
the Edin. New. Phil. Journ., Jan.) 


80 Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 


REVIEWS. 


Arr. I. Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. Second 
Series. Vol. I. Part1V. 4to. London, 1833. 


(Continued from Vol. X. p. 504.) 


35. A Report upon the principal Varieties of the Cherry cultivated in 
the Garden of the Society. By Mr. Robert Thompson, Under- 
Gardener in the Fruit Department. 

36. A Note upon the Brabant Bellefleur Apple. By John Lindley, 
Ph. D. F.R.S., Assistant Secretary. 

39. Notes upon some French Stewing Pears. By John Lindley, Ph. 
D. F.R.S., Assistant Secretary. 


The essence of these three papers may be considered as given 
in the new edition of the Encyclopedia of Gardening. 


37. Journal of Meteorological Observations made in the Garden of 
the Horticultural Society, at Chiswick, during the Year 1830. By 
Mr. William Beattie Booth, A.L.S., till June, 1830; subsequently 
by Mr. Robert Thompson, Under-Gardener in the Fruit Depart- 
ment. 


Another of those elaborate and most valuable papers, from 
which, at a future time, most useful generalisations may be made 
respecting the weather. 


38. On the beneficial Effects of the Accumulation of Sap in Annual 
Plants. By Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., F.R.S., President. 


This is a most valuable paper, both in a scientific and prac- 
tical point of view, and we shall therefore make large extracts 
from it. 


“ Biennial plants very obviously form, in one season, the sap which they 
expend in the following season in the production of blossoms and seeds ; and 
the capacity of the reservoirs they form is greater or less, in proportion as ex- 
ternal circumstances are more or less favourable. Trees also generate, in a 
preceding season or seasons, the sap which feeds, in the spring, their unfolding 
blossoms and young leaves. Annual plants, on the contrary, possess no such 
reservoirs; and they must generate, in each season, all the sap which they can 
expend, exclusively of the very small portion derived from the seeds from 
which they spring. But, by appropriate management, and creation of varieties, 
annual plants may be made to accumulate, in one period of their lives, the sap 
which they expend in another, with very great advantages to the cultivator. 

“« The first produced female blossoms of the melon plant, particularly of the 
larger and superior varieties, do not often set; and, if they set, the fruit they 
afford never attains as large a size, or as much excellence, as the same plants, 
at amore mature age, would have given to it under the same external circum- 
stances. This, I imagine, arises not only from the different quantity, but from 
the different qualities, of the sap in the young and in the more mature plant ; 
for I have found the sap of very young birch and sycamore trees to be speci- 
fically much lighter, and to contain much less saccharine matter, than the sap 
of trees of greater age, of the same species, and growing in the same soil, and 
in the same seasons. Under the influence of abundant light, in those climates 


Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 8 


in which the melon was placed by nature, the first formed fruit probably 
_ acquires a high state of perfection, possibly greater than it can ever be made to 
acquire in less favourable climates. But this I am much disposed to question, 
and to believe that, by proper management, the melon may be made to acquire, 
in the climate of England, a degree of excellence which it is very rarely found 
to possess in any climate; and that the degeneracy of the finest varieties may 
be totally prevented. 

“ Very young plants of the sweet melon of Ispahan (the variety which, till 
within the present year, I have chiefly cultivated) very rarely show fruit ; and, 
in my melon-house, I never suffer a lateral shoot or blossom of this variety to 
be produced at a less distance from the root than that of the fourteenth or 
fifteenth joint above the seed leaves; and, when I am anxious to obtain the 
fruit and seeds in the highest state of perfection, I do not suffer a blossom to 
be produced nearer the root than its eighteenth or twentieth joint. Under 
this mode of management, the expenditure of sap, being confined to the 
extremity of a single stem, is very small comparatively with the creation of it, 
and it consequently accumulates, and the fruit is therefore most abundantly 
nourished; I conceive, more abundantly than it usually is in any natural 
climate : and its growth is always enormously rapid. 

“ Every gardener who has been in the habit of raising cucumbers in winter, 
perfectly well knows the advantages of raising his plants in July or August, 
and preventing their expending themselves in the production of blossoms or 
fruit till they have been introduced into the stove. The general opinion of 
gardeners is, that such plants succeed best only because their stems are more 
firm and ligneous than those of young plants; but I feel confident that the 
real cause of their succeeding best is, the’ existence of accumulated sap within 
them. 7 

* By delaying the period of sowing the seeds of many species of plants (the 
turnip and some varieties of the cabbage afford examples), those which would 
have afforded flowers and seeds within the same season, form reservoirs of 
accumulated sap in autumn, which becomes, during winter, the food of man 
and other animals. 

“‘ Proportionably late varieties of different species of annual plants generate, 
in one part of their lives, the sap which they expend in another. I, every 
season, plant, in the beginning of June, and a little earlier, a large quantity of 
the very late variety of pea which bears my name; and, by supplying the 
plants abundantly with water, I prevent (as I have stated in a communication 
to the Society many years ago), to a very great extent, the injurious effects 
of mildew; and by these means I regularly obtain a most abundant supply of 
peas in September and October, and of better quality than I can obtain in the 
month of June. In this case the sap which is prepared in the summer is 
obviously expended in the autumn. 

“ The good effects which I have proved to arise from planting large tubers 
of the potato plant, obviously spring from the large accumulation of sap in 
them. Fed by means of this, not only a large breadth of foliage is produced, 
and exposed to sight more early in the year, but that foliage contains much 
disposable organisable matter, which once formed a part of the parent tuber. 
Any person who will pay close attention to the growth of produce of early 
crops of potatoes which have sprung from large tubers, will readily obtain 
ample evidence of the truth of this position. The variation in the comparative 
growth of fruits of different species in similar seasons frequently arises, I have 
good reason to believe, from the more or less perfect state of the reservoir 
formed in the preceding year; and every experienced gardener knows that, 
under any given external circumstances, the blossom of his fruit trees sets 
best when the preceding season has been warm and bright, and when his trees, 


in such season, have not expended their sap in supporting heavy crops of 
fruit.” 


82 Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 


40. On the Cultivation of the Vine. By Mr. John Smith, Gardener 
to D. Alexander, Esq., St. Matthew’s, Ipswich. Communicated 
by the Ipswich Horticultural Society. 


Mr. Smith prefers the long running method of pruning the 
vine; that is, laying in the young shoots of the last year of 
nearly their whole length, and, after they have borne a crop, 
cutting them out, and replacing them by other young shoots of 
similar lengths. The difficulty is, to get such shoots to break, 
or burst their buds, equally from the commencement of the shoot 
to its termination. To effect this, Mr. Smith began by making 
the following experiment : — 


«: When the external air was cold, I tried the heat of a hot-house near the 
glazed surface, and found the thermometer averaged from 12° or 2° of heat higher 
at 10in. or 12 in. from the glass than at | in., or nearly in contact with it. The 
roof of the house in which the experiment was made is two lights deep, and the 
trellis is attached to the rafters at an equal distance; consequently, the vines, 
being fixed thereto, are at a greater distance from the glass at the upper part 
of the house by the thickness of the lower light, on which the upper one 
slides, and therefore, in midwinter, are in a warmer air: of course, this assists 
the disposition of the upper buds in their natural habit of breaking first. To 
counteract this, I fixed the shoot at about 103 in. from the glass at its base, 
bringing its extreme end close to the glass, by a gradual inclination, at about 
the twenty-sixth bud, and running the remaining part in close contact with the 
glass to its end. In the beginning of February, the plant began to break its 
eyes, and, as I purposely kept the house rather dry, a very fine piece of wood, 
on the same plant, but trained to the trellis, broke only eight buds at its ex- 
treme end, while the one above described broke every bud, and nearly of 
equal strength, except those at the extreme end, which, by lowering a little 
from the glass, broke also; and this piece of wood, of about half an inch in 
diameter, with thirty-two buds, showed sixty-five healthy bunches of grapes, 
or two on every bud, with an additional one on the fifth bud from the base. 
Having satisfied my mind in bringing an important desideratum to a settlement, 
I headed it back to its twentieth bud; and though I intended cutting it out 
entirely in the outset of the experiment, I now chose rather to leave about 
half a dozen bunches on it, disbudding, of course, the remainder, &c. That 
to study the variation in the heat of the glazed surface of a hot-house, caused 
by radiation, is a subject worthy our attention, will be readily admitted ; for, 
although it appears that the uppermost surface is the coldest in midwinter, 
yet an effect directly contrary to it is produced as the season advances, and a 
practice contrary to the one above stated is required, which can only be con- 
veniently and effectually obtained by the use of a movable trellis, fixed at its 
Jower part, but capable of elevation at its upper end. This would not only. 
secure, by its use in the dreary months of winter, a good breaking of the vine 
at an early season, but it would give an advantage above the fixed trellis in 
other particulars, especially in the prevention of a disease common to grapes 
at their approaching a state of maturity ; for whatever conclusion experience 
may end in as to the cause of the disease, it is certain that the rays of the sun 
fallmg upon condensed vapour produce an air not very fit for a delicate plant, 
loaded with fruit, to live and to flourish in; but, as Mr. Judd expresses it, 
one that is calculated to produce an effect equal to scalding, in consequence 
of which the fruit becomes deformed, and ceases to acquire that state of per- 
fection it otherwise would do. But suppose the rays of the sun to raise the 
thermometer in a hot-house to 90°; and suppose that, with all the air that 
can be adinitted, it rises still higher, say to 95°, at 10in. from the glass it 
would be considerably increased, say 10°; while, at a similar distance, or at 


Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 83 


one foot lower, it will be found that it is increased very little ; consequently, 
by the use of the movable trellis, we should have an opportunity of lowering 
the vine, and thereby placing it in a more temperate atmosphere, of from 5 to 
6, 7, or 8 degrees.” 


41. Observations on the Quality of the Oak Timber produced in Great 
Britain. By William Atkinson, Esq., F.H.S. 


This is an important paper. What is called the durmast 
oak is merely a variety which produces mast or acorns of a dun 
colour ; and such dun-coloured acorns are found on trees both 
of Quércus pedunculata and Q. sessiliflora. 


** The Q. pedunculata is easily known by the acorns having long stalks, and 
the leaves having very short footstalks, or, in some specimens, hardly any. 
In the Q. sessiliflora, the leaves have footstalks from a quarter to one inch in 
length, and the acorns sit close to the branch, having hardly any stalks. 

“ With respect to the qualities of our two native oaks, the Q. pedunculata 
contains a great quantity of the silver grain, which shows, when the wood is 
planed, what workmen call the flower in the wood. In consequence of this, 
the wood splits clean and easy, and is best adapted for split paling and laths. 
It is also a stiffer wood ; and, though it may be broken with a less weight than 
the Q. sessiliflora, yet it requires a much greater weight to bend it, and is 
therefore best calculated for beams, or to bear the greatest weight without 
bending. 

“The Q. sessiliflora contains so small a portion of the silver grain, or flower, 
that wood of that kind from old buildings has generally been mistaken for 
sweet chestnut (Castanea vésca). During the last thirty years 1 have taken 
every opportunity of procuring specimens of wood from old buildings, and 
particularly what the carpenters called chestnut; but I have never, in a single 
Instance, seen a piece of chestnut from an old building: what has been taken 
for that wood, I have always found to be the Q. sessiliflora, mistaken for 
chestnut from its deficiency of the flower or silver grain. 

“* The roof of Westminster Hall has been said to be chestnut: while it was 
under repair, I procured various specimens from different parts of the roof; 
the whole of them were oak, and chiefly the Q. sessiliflora. Most of the 
black oak from trees dug out of the ground I have found to be of the same 
kind. From finding the wood from the oldest buildings about London to be 
chiefly of the Q. sessiliflora, I should suppose that, some centuries ago, the 
chief part of the natural woods were of that kind; at present the greater part 
of the oak grown in the south of England is the Q. pedunculata. 

“‘ Specimens of oaks that I have procured from different parts of York- 
shire and the county of Durham have been all Q. sessiliflora, which is very 
scarce in the south. There are some trees of it at Kenwood, the Earl of 
Mansfield’s, near Highgate, which I believe to be one of the oldest woods near 
London, and a greater part of the Q. sessiliflora appear to be trees from old 
stools. 

“ Q. sessiliflora appears to grow equally well with Q. pedunculata: it is a 
handsomer tree in the foliage; and, from finding so much of it sound in old 
buildings, I suspect it may be the most durable. It bends from a weight much 
sooner than Q. pedunculata, but requires a much greater weight to break it. 
From its toughness, I consider it best calculated for ship timber. The old 
Sovereign of the Seas was broken up after forty-seven years’ service, much 
longer than the general durability of ships; and, as the wood the ship was 
built of was had from the north of England, it is very probable it was the Q. 
sessiliflora. ; 

“ Turkey oak (Q. Cérris) is a native of the Levant, and, I believe, is found 
in many parts of Poland, particularly about Warsaw. The introduction of 
this oak into England has been within the last century; therefore we have 


84. Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 


very few trees of large dimensions. The largest I have seen are at the Mar- 
quess of Downshire’s, East Hampstead, in Berkshire. I had never been able to 
obtain a specimen of the wood grown in England, till about five years ago, 
when two trees were cut down at East Hampstead, and the wood was made 
into doors for the principal rooms of the house. It is much finer in the 
grain than our British oak, or foreign wainscot. It takes a better polish, and 
is more beautiful than any other oak I have ever seen. From only a single 
specimen I had broken, it was not so strong as our native oak, but equal in 
toughness; but my specimen being rather cross-grained, it was not a correct 
experiment, and I suspect it is equal in strength to our oak. For all orna- 
mental purposes, where the wood has to be polished, it is superior, and must 
be a profitable tree to plant, as it grows much quicker than our common oaks, 
and | have seen it thrive rapidly in poor land. 

“ Oak timber has, for a great length of time, been imported into this 
country, from Holland, by the name of Dutch wainscot, which is generally 
used for floors, doors, and furniture. It is more straight in its growth, tender, 
and more easy to work than British oak; does not require so much seasoning ; 
and stands better without warping: but it is not equal in strength or durability 
to British oak. 

“ Some years ago, I procured acorns from the Black Forest in Germany, 
where this wood is grown. Three varieties were sent me by a botanist, who 
collected them in the forest. Some of the trees from the acorns are now 
about six feet high; but I can only discover two distinct species, which appear 
to me to be exactly the same as our Q. pedunculata and Q. sessiliflora. The 
Dutch wainscot being from a natural wood, and the trees growing close, may 
account for the straightness of the wood, and its being more tender than our 
oak, which differences may also partly be owing to the soil. 

“< There is no other oak that appears to thrive in this country, or likely to 
be worth cultivating for timber, except the white oak (Q. alba) of North 
America. Of this there are not many large trees in England; but the young 
trees appear to grow well, and I have seen them do best in a peaty sand. The 
white oak imported from America is heavier than British oak: it appears to 
be as strong, and is more difficult to work. There are a great variety of oaks 
in America; but all, except the white oak, appear to be of an inferior quality. 

“ As ornamental trees, there are many of the American kinds that are 
beautiful in their foliage; and, from the various and rich tints the leaves take 
in the autumn, are a great ornament to landscape scenery, and ought to be 
planted more than they have been, as ornamental trees in parks and pleasure- 
grounds.” 


42. On the Advantages of irrigating Garden Grounds by Means of 
Tanks or Ponds. By Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., F.R.S., Pre- 


sident. 


“‘ The quantity of water which may be given with advantage to plants of 
almost every kind, during warm and bright weather, is, I believe, very much 
greater, than any gardener, who has not seen the result, will be mclined to 
suppose possible; and it is greater than I myself could have believed upon 
any other evidence than that of actual experience. 

“My garden, in common with many others, is supplied with water by 
springs, which rise in a more elevated situation; and this circumstance 
afforded me the means of making a small pond, from which I can cause the 
water to flow out over every part of my garden whenever I wish. I am thus 
enabled to irrigate my strawberry beds while in flower, and my alpine straw- 
berry beds, and plants of every other kind, through every part of the summer ; 
and I cause a stream to flow down the rows of celery, and along the rows of 
broccoli and other plants which are planted out in summer, with very great 
advantage. But the most extensive and beneficial use which I make of the 
power to irrigate my garden by the means above mentioned is, in supplying 


Prince Puckler Muskau on Landscape- Gardening. 85 


my late crops of peas abundantly with water, by which the ill effects of mil- 
dew are almost wholly prevented ; and my table is most abundantly supplied 
with very excellent peas through the month of October, as I have stated in a 
former conimunication. 

“* When water is delivered in the usual quantity from the watering pan, its 
effects, for a short time, are almost always beneficial, by wetting the surface of 
the ground. But if water thus given be not continued regularly, injurious 
effects frequently follow; for the roots of plants (as I have shown in the Phi- 
losophical Transactions, in a paper upon the causes which direct the roots) 
extend themselves most rapidly wherever they find proper moisture and food ; 
and if the surface alone be wetted, the roots extend themselves superficially 
only, and the plants, consequently, become more subject to injury from drought 
than they would have been if no water had been given to them; a circum- 
stance which can scarcely have escaped the notice of any observant gardener. 
When, on the contrary, the soil is irrigated in the manner above recommended, 
it is wetted to a great depth; and a single watering, once in eight or ten days, 
is, in almost all cases, fully sufficient. 

“ It may be objected, that excess of rain is more often injurious, in the 
climate of England, than drought; but, in wet seasons, plants suffer owing to 
want of light, and, generally, of warmth; and I feel confident that, if the 
same quantity of rain which the soil receives in our wettest summer, were to 
fall only between the hours of nine in the evening and three in the following 
morning, and the sun were to shine brightly and warmly through the whole of 
the days, no injurious effects would follow; and every experienced gardener 
knows with what luxuriance and rapidity plants of every species grow in hot 
and bright weather, after the ground has been drenched with water by thunder- 
storms.” 


Art. II. Observations on Landscape-Gardening, with an Account 
of tts practical Application in Muskau. By Prince PucKLER Mus- 
KAU. Fol., with forty-four views and four ground plans. Stuttgard, 
1834, Hallberger. 


TuHouGu we subscribed for this work, yet, owing to an unforeseen cause, we 
have not yet received it. In the meantime, in order that our readers may 
form some idea of its contents, we have translated the following extracts from 
the Berlin Gardener's Magazine. The editor of that work, in his review, 
says, — “ Nothing has appeared for a long time so worthy of the attention of 
landscape-gardeners as the work before us. We consider it a duty to make 
long extracts from this work, as, on account of its high price, it is not in the 
power of every gardener to obtain it; and, as we believe it is now only sold te 
subscribers, it is not to be met with in every bookseller’s shop. We are also 
convinced that it will be of great use both to gardeners and amateurs, and that 
it is worthy of being held up to all persons concerned in the laying out of 
grounds as a model. 

“ The work is well arranged, and is divided into sections. The introduc- 
tion contains many important observations, and begins as follows: — _ 

“¢ The inhabitants of a great part of Germany, it must be confessed, are 
only beginning to turn their attention even to what is useful; and only a few 
have directed their endeavours to produce what is merely beautiful without hay- 
ing any prospect of reaping advantages by it; a combination of both these 
objects is still more rarely met with. 

“© This chiefly refers to the art of landscape-gardening ; and it is certain 
that England, in this branch of civilisation, is nearly a hundred years before 
Germany. That which is done there every day with the utmost facility, re- 
mains here at present impracticable. It is time, however, that wealthy Ger- 
man proprietors should try, without slavish imitation, to improve their places 
according to their respective localities. When I thus extol England, it does 

Vou. XII.— No. 71. H 


86 Prince Puckler Muskauw’s 


not proceed from Anglomania, but from the certain conviction that England 
is far superior to any other part of the world, in respest to desirable and (af £ 
may be allowed the expression) gentlemanly enjoyments, particularly in refer- 
ence to a country life. In England we continually find general comforts 
united with the satisfaction arising from noble occupations, and a style of 
living equally far removed from Asiatic revelry as from that sparing Conti- 
nental economy, which has not its foundation in actual poverty, but in bad 
customs and neglected household arrangements, and is but too common 
among us. In this respect, then, we must look up to England as a model. 

“© From this high state of civilisation has landscape-gardening been more 
extensively encouraged than was ever known at any other period or in any 
other country; and, notwithstanding its cloudy skies, England has produced 
the greatest number of the most delightful abodes for the lovers of nature, 
and fer those who prefer what is effected by the united aid of nature and the 
hand of man; so that such places may be compared to the diamond, not in its 
rough state, but which has obtained the height of its beauty from the hand of 
the polisher. I do not mean to assert that nature in its wildest state and 
simplicity cannot produce the greatest excitement, and call forth the most 
sublime feelings; yet, in order to preserve nature in this state, the trace of the 
judicious hand of man is necessary. Even in the painted landscape we seem 
to wish to behold traces of the hand of man to enliven it; and this is still 
much more necessary in the real landscape, which would appear doubly agree- 
able to us, if we acted as they do in England, where, from a manly and gene- 
rous feeling, their rural improvements extend not only to their palaces and 
gardens, which excite our admiration by their splendour and beauty, but to 
the humble dwellings of the smallest farmers, and even cottagers, which are 
equally well laid out and agreeably situated, and which thus aid in forming 
harmony of the whole. In England small farm-houses are to be seen, like 
proud palaces, surrounded by ancient trees, or on luxuriant meadows, orna- 
mented by flowering shrubs; and they manifest the taste and good sense of 
the owner by the appearance they display. Even the poorest man ornaments 
his thatched cottage with flowers; and, notwithstanding his poverty, cul- 
tivates with care a well-hedged small garden, where there is nothing but the 
green velvet grass perfumed by roses and jasmine. 

«© Are we not overpowered with shame when we take the same view of 
our country? Webhere find a great number of noblemen’s seats with a dung- 
hill in front, and the pigs and geese going out and in at the door the greater 
part of the day; while the only mark of cleanliness the interior can boast 
1s, that the floor is strewed with sand. Independent people, indeed even 
those who are very rich, I have often seen, in the north of Germany, living 
in such pseudo-palaces, as such houses may be called, as an English farmer 
would undoubtedly take for a stable. 

“«« Such is a nobleman’s seat in the north of Germany. The kitchen-gar- 
den is generally near the house; and its greatest ornament is a few plants of 
sweetwilliam and lavender round the beds of onions and greens. Crooked- 
grown fruit trees look melancholy round the beds of cabbages and turnips ; 
and a few very old oaks or limes, that have stood many a blast, are clothed 
with dry and scanty foliage, so that, like naked victims, their bare branches may 
not be stretched out to heaven imploring vengeance.’ 

“In the more cultivated parts of Germany this is not the case: the farm- 
yard and kitchen-garden are always behind the house, while in front there is 
a lawn with flowers and plantations. The prince afterwards observes : — 

“‘<«Tt is as much to be lamented when the proprietor lays out his place in 
what is called, with us, the English style. The straight walks are then so 
formally made serpentine, that the only difference is, a longer road is made be- 
tween young birches, poplars, and larches, which, in wet weather, is almost 
impassable for dirt, and, in dry weather, from the depth of the loose sand. 
Some foreign trees, badly grown, and therefore not so beautiful as the indi- 
genous ones, mixed with pines, are planted by the sides of the paths; but, in 


we a 


Observations on Landscape- Gardening. 87 


the course of a few years, the pines grow over the path, and must be pruned ; 
afterwards the under branches drop off, and the stems are left naked; while, 
below, the badly grown grass and stunted foreign trees neither present a 
picture of lovely nature, nor one which the art of the landscape-gardener 
should produce.* Where the subject is more earnestly and more extensively 
pursued, unsightly stagnant water is turned into running brooks; and a bridge, 
made of the rough stems of the birch, with suitable arches, is thrown across 
the gentle stream; a few vistas are cut through the forest to produce beauti- 
ful views ; and here and there a temple and a ruin are erected, though, also, 
the former usually too soon becomes what the latter is intended to represent. 

“ < This, in some degree, is the highest point of perfection ever reached in 
such an undertaking ; and which, indeed, only causes us to regret that such 
good land is not cultivated for a more useful purpose. 

“ « This innovation is often laughed at with more or less reason ; and, when 
it is attempted, there is seldom any improvement made; and, therefore, I 
repeat, that when large and expensive gardens are laid out with the greatest 
care, they only bear testimony that the art of landscape-gardening in Ger- 
many has not, at present, advanced one step. There are, indeed, some 
exceptions, but they are but very few; and I know of none which, like the 
English gardens, I could hold up as a model.’ 

““ When the grounds are perfectly well laid out and finished, it seldom 
happens that they are long kept in that state; and, therefore, they do not look 
welllong. The groups of trees and shrubs are soon neglected, and the grass is 
badly managed, and unseasonably mown; so that, in the course of a few years, 
the whole thing falls to decay, and no longer resembles a park. In large parks, 
the greatest attention is paid to the grass for its utility; but how unpardon- 
able it is, that in small ornamental gardens, where the best sorts of grasses 
are sown, as English ryegrass, species of Poa and Agréstis, Phléum, &c., the 
turf is so carelessly managed, and the grass suffered to grow so long, that it is 
completely spoilt. Why such a grass-plot is not mown every eight days, if 
the weather permit, and also swept and rolled, as in England, I cannot under- 
stand. Probably the reason is, that, in general, the proprietor keeps cows or 
goats, or the grass is the perquisite of the gardener; so that the small grass- 
plot is not regularly mown, but only as much is cut every day as is necessary 
for the cattle. Nothing is so unsightly as a grass-plot, near a house, mown 
here and there at different times, and therefore looking so ill, that the whole 
has the appearance of a barren heath, instead of a piece of velvet. I also 
agree with the author, when he says that the Germans never display either 
exalted ideas, taste, or decoration, in the laying out and keeping of our 
pleasure-grounds. Sometimes this is the fault of the proprietor; but more 
generally it arises from the want of sense and taste in the gardener. 

“< The first section of Prince Puckler Muskau’s book treats of the funda- 
mental idea and plan of pleasure-grounds. It is short and conclusive. The 
author then continues his subject in the following manner : — 

“¢*In my lopinion, landscape-gardening, when on a great scale, must be 
directed by a fundamental idea. I must be allowed here to use the word idea 
as is customary in common conversation, and not according to the new system 


“* Tt is to be lamented that unsuitable trees are too often planted by the 
road sides, or in groups; and I was lately astonished to see that Taxddium 
distichum had been considered as a shrub, and thickly planted by the side of 
the road. If there had only been a few of them, it might have been supposed 
that the gardener had made a mistake; but, unfortunately, they are innumer- 
able. Whoever knows much about these trees, or even has seen them in all 
their beauty at Worlitz, will be astonished how a tree which grows to the 
height of 80 ft. in its native country (America) could be considered as a 
shrub. _I saw, also, several other trees used in like manner, of which I shall 
say more another time. — Ofto.”’ 

H 2 


88 Prince Puckler Muskaws 


of philosophy. In landscape-gardening, the word idea is generally used in its 
most extensive meaning; viz. that from the whole of nature’s landscape the 
idea of a concentrated picture is formed ; a picture such as that a poet fancies ; 
that this idea is such as would give existence to a work of art in another 
sphere, and from which man himself frames a kind of microcosm, a world in 
miniature. A large undertaking should, consequently, as much as possible be 
begun, directed, and finished by one experienced hand. The ideas of another, 
it is true, might be used; but they must be so acted upon that they may com- 
bine in forming a whole. I shall, perhaps, be better understood when I say 
that a fundamental idea refers to the whole; that no important work should 
ever be done at random, but should proceed from one leading principle, 
which should be observable in every part of it, whether taken separately or 
together. This original idea, or plan, may arise from the particular condition 
of the artist, from the circumstances of his life, or from family legends, as well 
as from the particular locality in which he lives; but I by no means wish that 
every part of the plan, as originally conceived, should always be adopted and 
strictly followed up; in certain circumstances, I should recommend quite the 
contrary: because, although the whole thing may be arranged, the artist is 
not obliged to follow the first dictates of his fancy. New ones may spring up ; 
the subject is ever creating something new : for instance, nature in its primi- 
tive state, lying before him in various degrees of light (because, as a beautiful 
comparison, light is his principal material), is observed by him-in the circle of 
his small creation; he studies cause and effect; and then the original general 
idea directs the manner in which they may be combined, or is entirely given 
up if a better thought strikes him. The painter, also, occasionally deviates 
from his first plan, and continually touches up his picture without ever making 
it perfect ; parts are altered to make it look better or more natural ; a shadow 
is strengthened, or more effect is given to a line: how, then, can a landscape- 
gardener be expected to make a thing perfect at first, who has often such per- 
verse and difficult materials to work upon ? 

‘‘ ¢ T know nothing so much to be lamented as when a thing has been badly 
done, and not undone, if afterwards a better idea has arisen: it remains a 
blemish to the whole; and, though it may occasion regret that the cost of 
forming it should be quite thrown away, the fear of wasting a trifle should not 
be suffered to destroy the effect of the whole. Indulgence should be granted 
to the progress of every art, because frequently, from want of money, the im- 
provement of the old is preferred to a totally new arrangement.” 

« At p. 18. the author treats of the mode of executing plans and maps 
without a knowledge of the neighbourhood and locality ; on which subject we 
perfectly agree with him. He says as follows : — 

“ «Tt may, therefore, easily be seen how useless it must be to send for a 
draughtsman from a distance to stay a day, a week, or even a month, to make 
a plan of a road or plantation which is well known already ; though nothing 
is more common than for a landscape-gardener to set about making a plan for 
laying out grounds, without obtaining the necessary information, without any 
knowledge of the locality, of the near and distant views, or of the effect of hill 
and dale, and of high trees and low ones, in the intermediate distance, and 
also at the greatest distance. Plans thus designed may look exceedingly well 
on paper ; but, when they are executed, they generally produce an effect that is 
extremely pitiable, flat, unsuitable, unnatural, and unexpected. Whoever 
wishes. to make a proper plan for laymg out grounds, cannot be too well 
acquainted with the locality; and he must also understand the staking out 
and the execution of it extremely well; because, if he does not, he will find 
that the materials he has to work with are quite different from those of the 
painter on canvass. The beauty of a real landscape may in some degree be 
known by looking at a very good painting ; but it is not so with a plan; and I 
can confidently assert, that (except in a very flat situation, where there are no 
distant prospects, and which, therefore, is a place that nothing can be made 
of) a plan which looks exceedingly well on paper can never produce anything 


eee Gee ae Sei ie 


Observations on Landscape-Gardening. 89 


fine in nature when executed ; and, on the contrary, that, in order to produce 
anything worthy of admiration in execution, a union of forms must be made 
which would appear, on paper, quite inconsistent.’ 

“ The second section treats of the size of parks. Amongst other things, the 
author says that it is not necessary to make a park very extensive, in order to 
produce a fine effect. He, however, states (at p. 23.) that, ‘when a park can 
be made very large without committing a sacrifice, it is very desirable to make 
it so,’ and that, ‘its imposing magnitude renders permanent the all-subduing 
charm which novelty creates.’ 

‘“ With respect to the English parks, which the author holds up as a model 
of taste and agricultural improvement, we find the following observations : — 

*** Tt appears to me that the beauty of most of the English parks is lessened 
by attempting to make too much of them, that is, making them appear as large 
as possible; and that they thus soon become more tiresome and monotonous* 
than any thing that ever came under my observation in such a beautifully cul- 
tivated and open landscape scenery. Many of the English parks are, in fact, 
nothing but very extensive meadows, sprinkled with picturesque groups of high 
and low trees. Partly to enliven the landscape, and partly for use, the Eng- 
lish generally having in their parks some tame animals, such as sheep and black 
cattle, or horses. 

“< The first sight of such an extensive space is imposing, and almost always 
presents a splendid picture; but the impression once received is incapable of 
improvement, and soon becomes monotonous. 

“< Tf you then examine the same more closely, many faults will be found. All 
the trees are eaten up to a certain height by cattle; and often in such a re- 
gular manner as if they had been cut by hedge shears ; the forms of the trees 
have, consequently, very little variety. The groups are never without some 
kind of fence ; indeed, every young newly planted tree has a fence also, which 
produces a very stiff and formal appearance; and the groups can seldom be 
used to intercept the view sufficiently, to form out of the principal landscape 
several smaller ones. Only one road leads, through this extensive desert, to 
and from the house, which, without the trace of the hand of man, is situated 
on a lawn in bare and cold majesty, the cows and sheep feeding close to the 
flight of marble steps, which lead to the entrance door. Itis not astonishing, if, in 
such a monotonous and extensive place, an involuntary shudder should be felt ; 
and it is a place where none but a John Bull would live. The scene would 
be much improved if a particular place were allotted for the cattle and deer, 
instead of giving them the range of the whole park. It, however, seems a rooted 
idea in England, that a landscape cannot be lively without cattle, though if en- 
livened by man they consider it quite insupportable, and the gardens of a 
private gentleman in England are generally hermetically sealed to every stran- 
ger. They are quite unacquainted with the kindness of our nobility, and give, 
as an excuse for their illiberality, the excessive rudeness of the common 

eople.’ 
? “The author continues, to the third section, to say a great deal on the 
size of the English parks, and (at p. 28.) he speaks of their enclosures, and 
says, — 

ted I have often heard it remarked, that there is nothing in landscape-gardening 
more contrary to nature than the enclosures of parks. + 

“<¢ Tam of a contrary opinion, and agree with the Englishman, who carefully 


«* I do not mean to include in this censure either their pleasure-grounds 
or gardens, which are full of variety, but only their parks.” 

+ The proper meaning of the German word for “ park” (Thiergarten) is 
an enclosed place or garden for wild beasts. The word “ park ”’ is, however, 
now used in Germany for every extensive place laid out as pleasure-grounds. 

H 3 


90 ‘Prince Puckler Muskau’s 


encloses his parks: the boundary fences should, however, be ingeniously con- 
cealed from within, Slight and almost invisible fences are more suitable to 
the English style of gardening, than walls or any other kind of fences, which 
are more avowedly works of art ; and, consequently, I prefer them, though at 
the same time I do not mean to say that I despise art. How often are the 
most beautiful scenes of rural nature partially concealed by enclosures, and, 
by that means, how much are their charms increased! A thick forest, an 
apparently impenetrable rock, enclosed valley, or an island surrounded by 
water, are objects which each produce in our minds a feeling of secresy, of 
certainty of perfect possession, and of security against intruders, which makes 
us to enjoy the spot with double pleasure. A park, to a certain extent, creates 
similar feelings when provided with a wall or hedge; which, indeed, may be 
considered necessary to enable us to enjoy perfect freedom and repose; as 
from such a spot the uncalled-for intruder is excluded, while those within can 
go out and be at liberty when they please. But this strange representation 
of freedom, when seen, is very unpleasant. These limits will soon be done away 
with, and every thing of the kind will be abhorred. In England, as I have 
already said, not only their parks, but all the subdivisions, groups, and single 
young trees contained in them, are enclosed, on account of their cattle; and, 
although these enclosures areso common, and, generally speaking, so offensive, I 
have yet often found that, by an enclosure here and there, particularly where 
the character of the neighbourhood is varied, a picturesque effect is produced ; 
and I may even say that it seems to prepare the mind for a new impression, 
and to point out a peaceful retreat which it longs to obtain.’ 

“‘ The author proposes the following kind of enclosure for the parks in Ger- 
many, where the locality and soil will permit : — 

“* There should be a piece of ploughed ground, about a yard broad, round 
the park (particularly where there is no distant prospect), sown with black- 
thorn and acacias, which, in the course of a few years, if the soil is tolerably 
good, will form an impenetrable fence. Next to that a plantation of firs, 
which should also surround the park, and always be adjusted according to the 
view, and mixed with only a few of the deciduous trees and shrubs, to form a 
variety of colours in summer. In low and sheltered spots, in our climate, we 
must plant junipers, yew, the low-growing firs, and, also, such of the common- 
sized pines and white firs as can, by means of pruning, be kept as shrubs. 
Along this plantation, which may be sometimes broad and sometimes narrow, 
but which, however, should never exceed three yards, there ought to be a path 
of grass 24 ft. wide, which should be of this breadth to leave room for the 
spreading branches of the pine and fir tribe. On the inside of the park, the 
same kind of mixed plantation of ornamental shrubs, in groups, would have a 
fine effect from the opposite side; the deciduous trees predominating, which 
would, in a great measure, conceal the monotonous appearance of the pine 
and fir tribe, which should be only allowed to appear where it might be thought 
desirable. It is inconceivable how much this mode of arrangement would en- 
liven a park during our long gloomy winters’; and the grass pathway, which 
would be seldom covered with snow, though every thing around it looked 
barren, would afford the most delightful promenade. The evergreens in the 
foreground, which, of course, would remain green all winter, would give life to 
all around, and afford that appearance of vegetation which is so much wanted 
in German scenes at that period. With respect to the general appearance, if 
the park is well laid out and grouped, the effect will be very good, without a 
variety of colour in the tree ; particularly in winter, when they are deprived of 
their leaves ; though yet, by the harmony of the masses in which they are dis- 
posed, the grass and pieces of water, the agreeably formed outlines, paths, and 
banks, an interesting picture is produced. How these border plantations of 
pines are to be formed, so as to resemble nature, will be easily understood, 
and copious directions on the subject are given in the section on plantations.’ 

“ The fourth section treats of the form and grouping of large masses of trees. 
It is particularly well arranged, and rules are given how to lay out and group 


Observations on Landscape-Gardening. 91 


in the best manner ; and, also, the errors enumerated that are committed in the 
distribution of them in large pleasure-grounds. At p. 36. the author says, — 

“<In almost every landscape, great or small, a judicious grouping is highly 
necessary. Natural taste, however, is a very great assistance; and, though I shall 
hereafter give directions for the detail, the following observations may be con- 
sidered as a general introduction :—Light and shade are every where distributed 
in a picture ; it ought to be so also in grouping in masses. The grass, water, 
and level ground throw no shadow, but rather take it from other objects, and 
are themselves used as lights by the landscape-gardener. Trees, forests, and 
houses, on the contrary (and also rocks, where they can be found), produce 
his shades. The disagreeable effect should be avoided of what is abrupt and 
unconnected, amongst so many varied objects, in an interrupted light; and 
almost all the other side should be darkened by an enormous shade. Let a part 
of the meadow and water be seen, to its full extent, in a free and open space ; 
but arrange it so that they may be here and there lost in the shade of vege- 
tation ; or, like a well-managed light, let them suddenly emerge as if from the 
dark ground. Buildings should not be entirely seen, but should be treated in 
the same way as objects on which nature has not been too lavish. Whatever 
is half exposed, has its beauties increased by something being left for the fancy 
to guess at. The eye often dwells with more pleasure on a mere chimney in 
a distance, with its grey cloud of smoke arising from amidst the trees of an 
ancient forest, than on a naked palace, which is accessible on all sides ; where 
no animating variety presents. itself, and where nature nowhere secretly and 
delightfully insinuates her charms. 

“© It is highly necessary that the buildings should be always in character witlr 
the landscape that surrounds them. Many of our German architects pay too 
little attention to this rule. Buildings, in a city, require quite a different style 
from those in a park: the one produces its effect by itself alone; while the 
other both gives effect to the other parts of the scenery, and receives from 
them a picturesqueness which alters its original character, and thus makes it 
form a part of the whole. The near and distant prospect of such a building 
should, therefore, be carefully attended to; and its relative, as well as its imme- 
diate, effect should be fully considered. In general, park buildings should be 
rather irregularly built, as they thus become more picturesque, and, conse- 
quently, harmonise better with the natural objects around them. A sacred 
temple, a theatre, or a museum, in which art is displayed, should, undoubtedly, 
be symmetrical, and in a pure state of art; but the mansion, or country seat, 
should be constructed for convenience, as well as for exterior effect. 

““¢ The situation selected for a building ought to be particularly attended to ; 
viz. a nobleman’s house in the middle of acorn field, as at Washern, near 
Leipzig, is almost ridiculous ; so is, also, an Egyptian pyramid in a beautiful 
birch forest and romantic scenery, or surrounded by a French parterre. 
Every thing that is incongruous disturbs the harmony produced by judicious 
contrasts. The pointed Gothic style of architecture has also a very bad effect 
amongst tapering pines and Lombardy poplars; but, among ancient undulating 
oaks, beeches, and spreading firs, it would be exactly in its proper place. 
Those pines and poplars belong, on the contrary, to an Italian villa, to which 
they are suitable, on account of the contrast they afford to its horizontal lines. 

“« If the beauty of harmony is particularly desired, it should also be shown 
by the suitableness of the construction to the purposes which the building is 
intended for. A Gothic house, for instance, without a reason for making it so, 
but merely because something Gothic was wished for, occasions an unpleasant 
feeling. It is unnecessary and unsuitable as a dwelling-house; and, as a mere 
decoration, it has no connexion with any thing around it, there seems no suffi- 
cient reason for having it there: when, however, the tower of a Gothic chapel is 
seen on a distant mountain, rising from amongst the tops of old trees ; and when 
you learn that it has been a family burial-place, or, perhaps, a frequented tem- 
ple, consecrated to sacred worship; you will feel satisfied, because the situation 
and scenery are suitable. 

H 4 


92 General Notices. 


““¢ The most important building in a park is, certainly, the dwelling-house. 
It should be built, and the grounds laid out, not only according to the wealth 
of the proprietor, but even in reference to his business. The ponderous 
castle, with its pinnacles and towers, does not suit the merchant ; but is in ac- 
cordance with the aristocracy, whose families have inherited it for centuries, 
and whose forefathers, indeed, found it absolutely necessary to inhabit strongly 
fortified castles, to secure themselves from their foes. The elder Repton car- 
ried this idea so far, that he shut out a beautiful view of the city before a mer- 
chant’s house near Bristol, merely that the proprietor, who had retired from 
business, might not see the buildings which would call to his remembrance 
the by-gone days of trouble and care. This is completely English; so is, also, 
the endeavour of several egotists there, who would conceal all objects, how- 
ever picturesque they may be, which do not belong to them. I will not attempt 
to remove this feeling, but shall only state that the view from the house 
should always be adjusted according to the taste of the possessor ; that both a 
near and a distant prospect are desirable, though both can rarely be obtamed 
from park buildings.’ ” 


(To be continued.) 


MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. 


Art. I. General Notices. 


THE Céccus bromélie. — At a meeting of the Entomological Society, on 
July 6., Mr. Children called the attention of the members present to the de- 
struction of the pine-apple by the Céccus bromeéliz, a small apterous insect, 
which infests it in immense profusion, so as to become a perfect pest. Speci- 
mens were exhibited by him from the stoves of Sir John Lubbock, and the 
heads of the fruit were found to be almost covered with a cottony secretion, 
in the midst of which the eggs and young of the coccus were deposited. A 
peculiarity observable in this, and other species of insects infesting hot-houses, 
was noticed; viz. that their production is not annual, as in the outdoor species, 
but continuous, thereby occasioning greater obstacles against the application 
of remedies. The subject was discussed by various members at great length, 
by whom various remedies were suggested, and it was considered sufficiently 
important to form the subject of one of the prize essays of the Society. 
(Atheneum, July 18.) The circumstance of the breeding of insects being 
continued throughout the year, in plant-houses kept in a continued state of 
growing temperature, will confirm gardeners in their practice of occasionally 
leaving vineries, peach-houses, and other forcing-houses, an entire winter with- 
out being warmed artificially. 

Forcing Cherries in England in 1755. — “ Wednesday, Jan. 1., at His Ma- 
jesty’s (Geo. II.) dessert after dinner, a large plate of fine ripe duke cherries 
was served up; to such perfection is the art of promoting vegetation arrived 
in England.’ (Gent. Mag., vol. xxiii. for 1755, p. 40.) 

Extraordinary Produce of single Grains of Wheat.— Accounts to this effect 
have lately been published by Mr. Lance as something remarkable; but the 
practice of exciting wonder in the ignorant in this way is as old as the time of 
the Romans. A writer in the Gent. Mag. for 1754, who dates from Basing- 
stoke in 1754, produced 50 stalks from a single grain, each stalk containing 
60 grains. He kept some of the plants as a curiosity, which Mr. Lance also 
has done. — A. B. Jan. 1835. 

Sugar was extracted from Beet Root and Skirrets previously to 1754, and the 
mode of effecting it is described in the Gent. Mag. for that year ; where it is 
stated, that, from half a pound of the root of white beets, half an ounce of pure 
sugar was obtained; from half a pound of red beets, 1}.0z.; and from 3]b. 


Foreign Notices : — Russia. 93 


of skirrets, 3.0z. of pure sugar. The first chemist who extracted the sugar 
was Marcgraff. — Id. 

Liquors may be cooled in hot weather, and are cooled in hot countries, by 
immersing the vessels which contain them in deep wells, or placing them in 
cisterns in a good cellar. Cucumbers, onions, cabbages, turnips, and other 
vegetables are salted in casks, and the casks sunk in wells, or buried deep in the 
earth, and thus preserved the whole year, in Poland and Russia. The casks 
are, of course, water-tight. This last practice may be useful in America; and 
the first, with regard to liquors, in every family in Britain, where beer, or even 
water, is drunk. — Henry Dilke. Brown’s Close, Edinburgh, Feb. 1835. 


Art. II. Foreign Notices. 
RUSSIA. 


IsLeE of Cronstadt, near St. Petersburg, June, 1835.— Accident, which we 
cannot always guard against, occasioned my not seeing the 40th Number of 
your Magazine [Vol. VIII. p. 559.] till this spring, else I should have re- 
deemed my promise to you last summer. I must, however, before I proceed 
further, embrace this opportunity of returning you my best thanks for the 
handsome manner in which you are good enough to notice my communica- 
tions, assuring you that I shall feel the highest satisfaction, if my feeble efforts 
can, in the slightest degree, aid the comforts of the poor. 

By the Wesleys, Captain Tindall, I send you samples of the produce of 
various kinds of grain used in this country, which might assist the rising gene- 
ration; for I am convinced, from what I have read, and the little I have seen, 
that the adult population of England will not use grits, though by the number 
of different grain employed, and the various ways of cooking them, the labour- 
ing population might have occasional changes of diet at a cheap rate. The 
first point is to encourage the use of broth, which, thickened by any of the 
grits, would be pleasant and nutritive. The bones of the meat should be 
boiled a long while, or digested, and the meat added, so as not to have all its. 
nutritive juices extracted. I think Rumford observes that an Englishman 
throws half his dinner up the chimney : a Scotchman does better, his porridge 
and kail are good settlers of the appetite. Another most extensive source of 
foed in this part of the world is broth made of dried fish, of which I shall send 
you samples, if I can get them in time from the fishing stations up the coun- 
try. In the meanwhile you will get one specimen of what is used in common, 
called by the Russians snetky, and in Latin, I think, Salmo Eperldnus minor. 
The manner of drying, I am told, is to throw the fish, when caught, into brine, 
and then dry them in a cool oven, laying them on straw, to prevent them from 
being burnt. Soup must be made of them, without boiling them to rags, and 
thickened with one of the kinds of grits, barley, perhaps. I can eat it without 
repugnance, nay, with satisfaction ; and it forms the broth of my servants, as 
well as of all the lower ranks of society during the long fasts. What led me 
to the idea of sending you this sample was, reading that small fish were so 
plentiful with you, that they are used for manure ; and, surely, it would be more 
humane to dry a part, and use it to vary the food of the poor, than to plough 
it down in a field. The baker’s oven, when the bread is baked, might be used 
for the purpose of having the fish dried. 

Owing to our long winters, we are forced to pay the most particular atten- 
tion to our supply of vegetables, and, among the rest, we salt French beans, 
spinach, and the green of celery and parsley, using the latter two to relish our 
soups. The process is simple, and, I think, fully explained in Vol. VIII. p. 184. 
A layer of vegetables and one of salt, put in alternately till the keg is full, and 
a stone resting on a board, to press it down, form the whole process. Broad 
beans and peas are dried, and the latter, taken young, are most excellent. You 
will ever kindly keep in mind that the dishes I recommend are not for luxury, 


94 Foreign Notices : — Russia. 


except the finer grits. Manna and Smolenskaia grits, when boiled in milk, 
and sweetened with sugar, are most delicious ; and be not alarmed, I beg, at 
the appearance of the dry fish: a little boiling will take out the wrinkles. The 
most effectual way would be to get any Russian cook, if such is to be found 
in London, to make the dishes; or, perhaps, a cook might be found among 

‘the Jews; but a Russian would be best. The operation is very simple ; and, if 
you have eaten your porridge, as I suspect you have, you will understand me at 
once, only substituting baking for boiling. The former is, in this country, an 
easy matter, as every peasant must have an oven in his house to keep him 
warm, and all the ovens are made in the form of a baker’s. This is well; but 
my hope of rendering what I have said really useful is grounded on a renewal 
of my former recommendation of sedulously cultivating bees, as their honey 
will make many an insipid dish palatable, especially for children. Should the 
care of a few hives be too much for a labourer’s family, several families might 
join, collect all their hives into one place, and get some old man, past the years 
of working in the fields, to look after them ; and, if they cannot afford to pay 
him, a parish pauper might be employed, whose little comforts might be in- 
creased by occasional gifts either of money or of food. The number of hives 
might be increased to any amount in the course of a very few years; and, 
besides bettering the situation of the family, the surplus honey and wax would 
leave a little fund for domestic purposes. Bees, when once introduced, cost 
nothing ; what they yield is clear profit; and, when the swarming season comes, 
plenty of people will be found to join, under a leader, in the sport of collect- 
ing them. 

There are many peasants in this country who have 200, and some even as 
many as 500, hives, whence they draw a handsome revenue. The hives are 
the rudest imaginable, being simply the trunk of a tree hollowed out. The 
peasants here do not often destroy the bees ; when they take the honey they 
fix an old sack to a hair sieve, and cover their face, neck, and shoulders with 
it, the sieve serving as a visor, through which they can see to do their work. 
They pass a ligature round their coats, at the wrist, to prevent the bees getting 
up their sleeves, and defend their hands with gloves. They next create some 
smoke in any vessel they have at hand, with which they drive the bees afield, 
and, by holding it close to their persons, keep themselves from bemg incom- 
moded. They then open the hive, cut out what they want ; and, on leaving it, 
the bees return to their former occupations. The visor I used was similar to 
a fencing mask, made of thin brass wire, with the pendent part of leather, 
which forms an impenetrable defence to the head and upper part of the body. 
Mead forms also a very pleasant drink, and would give zest to a Sunday's 
dinner, if the taste for ardent spirits is not too predominant in the country. 
Here some of the finest is sold as high as 21d. the bottle. Mushrooms form 
a considerable part of the food of the people here during the fasts; but I do 
not send a sample of them, as the population of England are too little ac- 
quainted with their qualities to collect the proper sorts: here an accident is, 
at least to me, unknown, though thousands and thousands of pounds of mush- 
rooms are brought to supply the markets of all the towns in the country. I 
presume there must be a surplus of hazel nuts in England, and that oil might 
be manufactured there, and, perhaps, be of use. Mustard oil is excellent, and 
may be used as a substitute for the better oils, where the price of the latter is 
too high for the labouring men. Poppy oil might, I doubt not, be fabricated, 
though the opium is extracted ; but the idea is theoretical, and experiment must 
decide. The dried fruit I would recommend your trying at your own table, 
stewing it till tender, and seasoning the dish with sugar. The pears may 
require a little soaking, to take out the smoky smell, and to soften them. 
The fritters in this country are made by mixing the ingredients with warm 
water, or, much better, with warm milk, and adding a little yeast. When well 
risen, the material is put into a frying-pan, and baked in a brisk oven (I doubt 
not, a Dutch oven would serve), much on the principle of a Yorkshire pudding. 
These fritters must be eaten hot, as soonas made. They may also be pre- 


Foreign Notices : — Russia. 95 


pared in a common frying-pan, only in that case the batter must be thicker, 
and they are not so fine. Buckwheat is the most valuable of all grain for 
general use, and would answer for man as well as for pheasants. An oven, for 
many purposes, may be made of an iron pot or saucepan, with a cover, by 
placing it on a moderate fire, and putting live coals over the cover. Should 
you want anything of me, you know my address; in the interim, as I hate ap- 
pearing in print, know me, I beg, as — The Labourer’s Friend. 


List of Samples received. 


Wheat, manufactured into manna grits; price 20 copecks per lb.: used for 
porridge, with water, or boiled with milk, to the consistence of thick peas- 
soup: also for making fritters and puddings. 

Wheat manufactured into malt ; price 20 copecks per Ib. : used for beer, or an 
acidulous liquor called quas. 

Rye manufactured into grits; price 20 copecks per lb.: used for porridge 
with milk. 

Rye manufactured into malt; price 15 and 13 copecks per lb.: used for beer 
and quas. 

Barley manufactured into grits; price 10 copecks per lb.: used for porridge, 
and with milk. 

Barley manufactured into flour; price 10 copecks per lb.: used for bread, 
pies, fritters, and pancakes, 

Barley manufactured into malt; price 15 copecks per |b.: used for beer and 
quas. 

Oats manufactured into grits; price 12 copecks per lb.: used for porridge and 
water-gruel. 

Oats manufactured into flour; price 20 copecks per lb.: used for fritters and 
jelly. 

Oats manufactured into roasted flour; price 12 copecks per Ib.: to eat raw, 
mixed with quas, or water; mostly used by labourers in the field. 

Buckwheat manufactured into grits; price 12 copecks per Ib.: two qualities, 
used for porridge ; to be eaten with butter or milk ; and fritters. 

Buckwheat manufactured into Smolenskaia; price 23 copecks per Ib.: used 
boiled in milk, and for porridge, fritters, and puddings. 

Buckwheat manufactured into flour; price 16 copecks per lb.: used for frit- 
ters and pies. 

Millet manufactured into flour; price 12 copecks per lb.: used for porridge, 
puddings, and fritters. 

Peas, ripe, unbroken ; price 2 copecks per lb.: used for broth or stews. 

Peas, young, green, dried; price 2 copecks per lb.: used at the best tables for 
soups or stews, or to boil. 

Peas manufactured into flour; price 15 copecks per lb.: used for fritters, 
jelly, and puddings. 

Potatoes manufactured into flour; price 40 copecks per lb.: used for pud- 
dings and jellies, seasoned with fruit. 

Nut oil; price 120 copecks per lb.: to fry fish with, and eat with porridge 
during fasts. 

Mustard oil; price 200 copecks per lb.: used to fry fish with, and for salads. 

Poppy oil; price 70 copecks per lb.: used to fry fish with, and for salads; 
also for other purposes, as, in Russia, butter, during the fasts, is forbidden. 

Dried apples; price 80 copecks per lb.: used for tarts, to stew, and compots. 

Dried pears ; price 80 copecks per lb.: used for tarts, to stew, &c. 

Dried apricots ; price 100 copecks per lb.: used for tarts, to stew, &c. 

Dried cherries, wild; price, 80 copecks per lb.: used for soup; most excellent 

_ with sugar and spices in tarts. 

Dried strawberries, wild; price 80 copecks per lb.: used for tarts and pud- 
dings. 

Dried raspberries, wild; price 80 copecks per lb.: used for tarts and 
puddings. 


96 Foreign Notices : — Russia. 


Dried blackberries, wild; price 50 copecks per lb.: used for tarts and pud- 
dings. ~ 

Dried black currants, wild (Vaccinium uligindsum); price 80 copecks per lb. : 

__ used for tarts and puddings. 

Fish, a kind of minnow, dried in an oven, on straw ; price 25 copecks per |b. : 
used as a whet before dinner, and in soups and stews. 

The prices in the above list are for small quantities, except for the grits 
[groats] which are bought for house use by the chetwerick, a measure which is 
a little less than a bushel, as follows ; viz. :— Buckwheat, 4 rubles, 50 copecks ; 
barley, 3 rubles, 50 copecks; oats, 4 rubles; millet, 7 rubles. You must 
call to mind that we have been suffering next to famine last year; but in 
former years the prices were nearly half less throughout; and it is expected 
will return to their former level. A copeck is the 11th part of a penny ; or, 
for shortness’ sake, 10 copecks are equal to 1,'5d. 10\b. Russian make 9 lb. 
English. 

[We subjoin the following extract from another letter of our correspondent 
respecting these samples. It is interesting in various points of view, and par- 
ticularly as showing his benevolent turn of mind.] 

The promised supply of samples, which will show you the extensive use of 
grain in this country, rendered unavoidable by our protracted winters, and by 
the long fasts prescribed by the Greek religion; these fasts being kept with 
strictness by all classes of people, except by many in the better walks of 
life, and by some of the common people who have mixed with foreigners, and 
are resident in large towns. I sent you the two boxes with a heavy heart, as I 
fear the peasants in England will not be tempted to use any of the grain; and 
as for the populace of the towns, I am sure they will not. The preparations of 
buckwheat (a grain, I believe, you only use for birds) are, in my opinion, the 
best of all; and, as I wrote you, the Smolenskaia and manna grits form dishes 
which may be used in the first families of the land, if such a meal as supper 
exists any longer: at any rate, they are most excellent food for children. I 
know little of my native land; but, surely, the British hills, or hilly parts which 
are uncultivated, must teem with wild berries: those of Scotland, I am pretty 
certain, do; and the drying of the fruit would prove a source of profit to the 
Highland women and children, besides mending the fare, not of the poor alone, 
but even of the middling classes of society. 

The apples I sent you I also believe to be wild, as about six and seven 
hundred miles to the southward and eastward apple trees abound, sown by 
the hand of nature, in the woods. 

I was much amused by the crusade carrying on against the sparrows. In 
my garden, if they get out of my way, when I am half a dozen paces from them, 
I am satisfied. A sieve cover, some sticks with floating feathers tied to them, 
and some old nets, defend my peas; but, as they are sown by line, my best 
defence is a couple of laths, placed diagonally against one another, and as 
much open at top as to admit light, but to exclude the body of a sparrow. I 
calculate that, if these impudent fellows do me little harm, they must do me a 
great deal of good, as they must eat to live. In my younger days, I recollect 
hearing that in a district of Prussia the sparrows were nearly annihilated, 
designedly, and that in consequence of it a race of worms or caterpillars in-_ 
creased to such a degree, that the mhabitants, as the less evil of the two, 
bought sparrows in distant parts to renew the breed. On lookmg over my 
vade mecum, your Encyclopedia, I observe that, among the currants, you have 
not got the green one. I have all the sorts you enumerate, and the green 
besides; but in my soil it does not bear well. I got the variety from Finland. 
As gardening is my only pastime, and, indeed, a passion, I shall be truly happy 
to be useful to you, and more especially in the cause of the labouring poor. 

To-day I had fish soup. The stock was small fish and perch, boned, 
boiled in it. The blackberries make excellent soup. I am trying the dried 
fruit in many ways, and can produce them at my own table. 


Domestic Notices : — England. 97 


[We received all the articles safe in the last week of September, and have 
tasted the fish, the dried apricots, apples, and blackberries, and found them ex- 
tremely good, particularly the fish and the apricots. We shall taste all the 
rest, and report on them. In the meantime we return our much-esteemed 
correspondent our sincere thanks. — Cond.] 


Art. III. Domestic Notices. 
ENGLAND. 


ASHWELL in Hertfordshire. — On visiting Ashwell, in the county of Herts, 
some time since, I was struck with the peculiar rise of a spring, or springs, said 
to be one of the principal sources of the river Cam, and which is situated on 
the verge of the road as you enter the village from Royston. A kind of irre- 
gular cove is formed, which, in the centre alongside of the road, may be about 
14 ft. or 16 ft. deep, and nearly perpendicular, but shelving down on each side. 
The accompanying sketch (fig. 10.) is intended to give a representation of it. 
When the springs are all up, as many as thirty-seven may be counted, all issuing 
from nooks, as represented in the sketch; and the waters, joining at a small dis- 
tance, form a kind of small island, in the centre of which stands an ash tree, 
and from which, it is said, the village of Ashwell (by the conjunction of ash and 
well) derives its name : nevertheless, the village, no doubt, bore the name long 
before the existence of the tree which is now growing there. 

At Woolmer’s, near Hertford, there is a spring worthy of notice, situated in a 
wilderness, to which a branch of the pleasure-ground leads. There isa sort of 
romantic wildness about this spot, which renders it a pleasing and cool retreat 
during the summer months ; and it is greatly admired by visiters. The spring is 
situated at the base of a hill, well clothed with trees and foliage: its diameter may 
be about 60 ft., and it is in appearance like a pool, or pond ; it throws up a large 
volume of water, which forms a cascade, and, at about 100 yards’ distance, joins 
the river Lea, which skirts the wilderness on the south. It is said that this spring 
is unfathomable; but, whether so or not, it is certain that it is very deep; and, 
although such a quantity of water continually issues from it, it is always per- 
fectly calm on the surface. There is a peculiarity in this spring with regard to 
the colour of its water, which is of a bluish green; but, when taken up and 
poured into a glass, it is as clear as crystal. Whether this colour is produced by 
the chalky sides of the pool, its great depth, the refraction of light, or any of 
these combined, has not been determined. That it is not produced by the 
foliage around is certain, as, during winter, it has the same appearance. Perhaps 
some of your correspondents may be able to throw some light upon this phe- 
nomenon. 

That water is a grand requisite in landscape scenery has been strongly ad- 
vocated by all writers upon the subject ; and, in short, it is generally considered 
that no place of importance is perfect without it. That the prevailing taste is 
in accordance with this opinion,is manifest from continual observation ; and 
hence it is that the margins of rivers abound with gentlemen’s seats and villas, 
and that, where nature does not afford facilities for attaining the object desired, 
artificial means are resorted to. The banks of the river Thames afford a strik- 
ing proof of the strong propensity that prevails for having water for embellish- 
ment, by the numerous seats and villas with which they are adorned; and the 
number of marine residences which are to be seen along our coasts go to cor- 
roborate the truth of these observations, at least so far as that water has a 
pleasing effect. In fact, there is that something in this element, which seems 
to give the finishing stroke to all that is truly sublime in scenery; and, while 
it has frequently inspired the poet’s song, it has not been less admired by the 
lovers ofnature. Hence, from the wide expanse of ocean, down to the rivulet, 


98 Domestic Notices : — England. 


Mts ae: 
ai RS Wig 
i\ 


that meanders along the vale, opportunities should never be lost sight of in ma- 
king use of it, so as to give it all the effect it is capable of producing. There 
is, however, one exception to this rule as it respects marine residences ; where 
the house should never be artificially brought into view, so as that from any 
position it may be seen in a line with the sea; as in such situations it would 
dwindle into insignificance, and produce no effect. 

The propensity above alluded to is also apparent in most of those countries 
where taste and refinement have made considerable progress ; and, where na- 
ture has been sparing in affording means for gratification equal to the demand, 
art has been resorted to, and in some instances at an enormous expense of 
capital and labour, in the construction of aqueducts, jets-d’eau, &c. At Ver- 
sailles there is an instance of this with regard to fountains; which are there of 


Domestic Notices : — England. 99 


the most splendid description, and upon the grandest scale of any, perhaps, in 
the world, and, when in full play, present one of the most striking effects ima- 
ginable, surpassing the conceptions of most persons, except those who have 
witnessed them; though, on account of the enormous expense of keeping 
them at work, they do not play, at the most, more than two or three days in the 
course of the year. 

It would seem that Britain is rather peculiarly favoured above most of her 
Continental neighbours, by the distribution of her streams and rivulets in such 
a way as to give greater facilities for employing them in accordance with the 
English taste of the present day; and this taste has, perhaps, in some measure 
grown out of those facilities which are offered for employing them in artificially 
rendering the scenery in their vicinities such as we see them. — 7’, Rutger. 
Shorigrove, 1834. 

Public Gardens and Literary Institutions —Mr. Buckingham has brought into 
parliament a bill for the better preservation of public health and morals, by 
empowering the majority of rate-payers to establish Literary Institutions and 
Gardens, or other places of public recreation in the open air. (See Morn. 
Chron., July 10th and 16th, 1835.) The proposal met with the most favour- 
able reception from the House ; and, should the bill pass into a law, it will be 
one of the noblest victories ever gained by the majority against the few. We 
trust that gardeners will not be wanting in urging on this measure wherever 
they have any influence, and in giving their advice and assistance gratis, in lay- 
ing out the gardens, and planting them with trees, shrubs, and plants, in such 
a manner that as there shall not be a single duplicate. 

This was written in July. In August the bill was withdrawn ; but we have 
no doubt it will be presented again next session. — Cond. 

The Bristol, Clifton, and West of England Zoological Society. — Weare happy 
to learn that the plan, recently adopted, of establishing a Zoological Garden in 
the neighbourhood of this city, has been so favourably received, that no doubt 
remains of its successful accomplishment. The capital stock required has been 
raised without the necessity of any special solicitation, or even the common 

reliminary of a general appeal to the public. Had such an appeal been made, 
it is probable that the nobility and gentry of this and the adjoining counties, to 
the greater number of whom the plan at the present moment is absolutely un- 
known, would have been eager to give their patronage to an undertaking that 
promises, both in utility and ornament, to hold so distinguished a rank among 
the great features of improvement which are now in the rapid progress of de- 
velopement among us. When the elements of our commercial prosperity are 
receiving daily the most powerful stimulants, we hail with pleasure the simul- 
taneous excitements in literature and science, which such institutions as the 
Zoological Society are now administering to the public mind and taste. We 
trust that the spirited institutors of this establishment will be encouraged, by 
the cordial support it has so instantaneously received, to extend their plans of 
improvement, open their books to a greater number of subscribers, and thus 
procure resources for completely perfecting it in all its details, and for ex- 
tending its plan, so as to combine with it other and not less necessary im- 
provements. A Botanical Garden, for instance, might be most advantageously 
combined with the Zoological, and each would be essentially auxiliary to the 
other. If these were united in their locality, as well as in their noble objects, 
we might look forward to a scene in our immediate vicinity of more attraction 
than can be found in any other direction of the United Kingdom.— Bristol 
Mirror. 

We understand that this garden has been laid out by our friend Mr. Forrest, 
late of Syon House Gardens. We hope the progress of improvement will not 
stop till not only every town, but every village, will have its garden, its arbo- 
retum, its library, and its museum, of some sort. But we should like to see the 
thing done, not by subscription, as it must necessarily be in the present in- 
fant state of this kind of improvement, but, on Mr. Buckingham’s plan, at the 
expense of all, and for the benefit of all. We should like to see every little 


100 Domestic Notices : — England. 


town and village considered as a community, and that community providing for 
themselves, as a whole, all those rational enjoyments and luxuries which are 
now only exclusively enjoyed by individuals of rank and fortune. The town- 

house should be the mansion in which the community should give their splen- 
did dinners, déjetinés, and other feasts, when they choose to do so; the public 
gardens should be their pleasure-ground and park; and so on. In short, there 
is nothing worth having, now enjoyed by the wealthiest in the land, that might 
not be enjoyed by the members of a corporation, where all were considered 
equal in point of rights. We allude to no fanciful scheme of community of 
goods, or to Mr. Owen’s college system ; our ideas might be carried into ex- 
ecution by the mere passing of the bill brought into parliament, during the last 
session, by Mr. Buckingham. — Cond. 

Building at Northfleet. — A correspondent informs us that 27 acres of ground 
at Northfleet “are being covered with houses in the London manner, in re- 
gular streets, with diminutive gardens ; so that the inhabitants will have all the 
disadvantages of a town, or, rather, of a crowded village, without any of its ad- 
vantages ; viz. cheapness of provisions, privacy or publicity at pleasure, and 
choice of study or amusement.” He has said a great deal more in favour of 
open, airy, detached dwellings, with gardens which cannot, like those of a town, 
be overlooked ; in all of which we entirely agree with him; lamenting-with him, 
at the same time, that there should be such a general ignorance, in the great 
mass of society, of what constitutes health and enjoyment in a dwelling, as to 
induce them to rent such houses so crowded together. We are persuaded that 
this will not long be the case, and that the rising generation will grow up with 
very different ideas on this subject from those of their parents. In Leigh 
Hunt’s London Journal, a twopenny paper, which it would contribute to the 
happiness and comfort of every human being to read, there have lately been 
some admirable articles relating to this subject. It is by diffusing the kind of 
knowledge contained in these articles among all classes, so as to create a de- 
mand for properly constructed huuses, that such houses will be produced, and 
many that are at present occupied deserted. Whenever we see a builder’s 
speculation going on, and sitting-rooms 8 ft. or 9 ft. in height, and bed-rooms 
not quite so high, being constructed, we say to ourselves : This will be all very 
well for a year or two; but who will live in such houses twenty years hence, 
when railroads in all directions shall have rendered it as easy to go twenty 
miles from London as it is now to go two; and when free trade in corn, and 
all raw materials, shall have rendered labour so cheap, that as good a house 
may be built for 100/. as now costs 300/. ? — Cond. 

Booker’s Hoe. (Vol. VIII. p.558. fig. 115.) We have at length received 
one of these hoes (a very superior kind of Dutch, or thrust, hoe) from the in- 
ventor, and we have sent it to Messrs. Cottam and Hallen, who have promised 
to manufacture some for sale. — Cond. 

The Palo de Vaca, or Cow Tree. — After a variety of efforts, made through 
considerable number of years, 1 have at last succeeded in obtaining, through 
the kindness of Sir Robert Ker Porter, the fruit of that interesting and valuable 
production of the coast of Venezuela, which has acquired such celebrity from 
the travels of Humboldt, and which furnishes such an abundant supply of 
vegetable milk to the thirsty peasants of those burning regions; I mean the 
Palo de Vaca, or cow tree, of which, I am inclined to suspect, there are, if 
not many different genera, at least some diversity of species. I am led to this 
conclusion from the discrepancy between the account given of the tree, the 
fruit of which has been now sent to me, and that of the illustrious traveller 
just mentioned ; as, also, from the accounts formerly received from my valu- 
able correspondent, of the three milk trees, the Popa, the Lerio, and the 
Laulé, growing in the forests of the Choro, along the banks of the river, near 
Citara, or Quibdo, the capital. 

I shall first transcribe the passage relating to the sort now sent, and some 
other matters, from Sir R. Ker Porter’s letter of the 22d of last March, from 
Caraccas : — 


Domestic Notices : — England. 101 


“ T will not forget you on the subject of the Lirio hermoso (Pancratium 
undulatum Humbé.), and will write to a friend in the Tay to get some Lirio 
bulbs. I send you, with this, three seeds, or fruit, of the Palo de Vaca, or 
milk tree: one of them is in its husk, and the others are without it. I hope 
they will vegetate with you. The average temperature where these splendid, 
lofty, and umbrageous trees grow, is from 70° to 76° of Fahrenheit, amidst a 
thick forest of other large trees, at an elevation of 3000 ft. above the level of 
the sea, in a soil black and rich, and containing a great degree of moisture the 
whole year through.” 

As the work in which Humboldt speaks of this remarkable production of 
a bounteous Providence may not be accessible to all your numerous readers, 
I shall, for their information, extract from the fourth volume of the English 
translation of his Personal Narrative, p. 212, 213, &c., the observations of this 
distinguished traveller, which differ in some slight degree from Sir Robert’s 
account, and, at the same time, furnish particulars which he did not feel it ne- 
cessary to introduce: — 

“We returned from Puerto Cabello to the valleys of Aragua, and again 
stopped at the plantation of Barbula, by which the new road to Valencia is 
traced. We had heard, several weeks before, of a tree, the juice of which is 
a nourishing milk. It is called the cow tree; and we were assured that the 
negroes of the farm, who drink plentifully of this vegetable milk, consider it as 
a wholesome aliment. All the milky juices of plants being acrid, bitter, and 
more or less poisonous, this assertion appeared to us more or less extraor- 
dinary ; but we found, by experience, during our stay at Barbula, that the 
virtues of the Palo de Vaca had not been exaggerated. This fine tree rises 
like the broad-leaved star apple. Its oblong and pointed leaves, tough and 
alternate, are marked by lateral ribs,-prominent at the lower surface, and pa- 
rallel. They are some of them 10 im. long. We did not see the flower: the 
fruit (from the specimen sent to me, about the size and shape of a nectarine) 
is somewhat fleshy, and contains one, and sometimes two, nuts. When inci- 
sions are made in the trunk of the cow tree, it yields abundance of a glutinous 
milk, tolerably thick, destitute of all acrimony, and of an agreeable and balmy 
smell. It was offered to us in the shell of the ¢wttono, or calabash tree. We 
drank considerable quantities of it in the evening before we went to bed, and 
very early in the morning, without feeling the least injurious effect. The vis- 
cosity of this milk alone renders it a little disagreeable. The negroes, and the 
free people, who work in the plantations, drink it, dipping into it their bread 
of maize or cassava. The major domo of the farm told us that the negroes 
grow sensibly fatter during the season when the Palo de Vaca furnishes them 
with most milk. This juice, when exposed to the air, presents at its surface, 
perhaps in consequence of the absorption of atmospheric oxygen, membranes 
of a strongly animalised substance, yellowish, stringy, and resembling a cheesy 
substance. ‘These membranes, separated from the rest of the more aqueous 
liquid, are elastic almost like caoutchouc; but they undergo, in time, the same 
phenomena of putrefaction as gelatine. The people call the coagulum that 
separates by the contact of the air, cheese. This coagulum grows sour in the 
space of five or six days, as I observed in the small portions which I 
carried to Nueva Valencia. The milk, contained in a stopped phial, had 
deposited a little coagulum’; and, far from becoming fetid, it exhaled constantly 
a balsamic odour. The fresh juice, mixed with cold water, was scarcely coagu- 
lated at all; but, on the contact of nitric acid, the separation of the viscous 
membranes took place. 

“The extraordinary tree of which we have been speaking appears to be 
peculiar to the Cordillera of the coast, particularly from Barbula to the Lake 
of Maracaybo. Some stocks of it exist near the village of San Mateo (where 
the Victoria wheat is cultivated); and, according to M. Bredemeyer, whose 
travels have so much enriched the fine hot-houses of SchGnbrunn and Vienna, 
in the valley of Caucagua, three days’ journey east of Caraccas. This natu- 

Vou. AIL. — No. 71. I 


102 Domestic Notices : — England. 


ralist found, like us, that the vegetable milk of the Palo de Vaca had an agree- 
able taste and an aromatic smell. At Caucagua, the natives call the tree 
that furnishes this nourishing juice, the milk tree (Arbol de Leche). They pro- 
fess to recognise, from the thickness and colour of the foliage, the trunks that 
yield the most juice; as the herdsman distinguishes, from external signs, a good 
milch cow. No botanist has hitherto known the existence of this plant, of 
which it is easy to procure the parts of fructification, It appears, according 
to M. Kunth, to belong to the Sapota family. Long after my return to Eu- 
rope I found, in the description of the West Indies by Laet, a Dutchman, a 
passage that seems to have some relation to the cowtree. “ There exists 
trees,” says Laet (Dese. Ind. Occ., lib. 18. c. 4. ed. 1633, p. 672.), “in the 
province of Cumana, the sap of which resembles curdled milk, and affords a 
salubrious nourishment.” 

{t is not here the solemn shades of forests, the majestic course of rivers, the 
mountains wrapped in eternal frost, that excite our emotion. A few drops 
of vegetable juice recall to our minds all the power, fulness, and the fecundity 
of nature. On the barren flank of a rock grows a tree with coriaceous and 
dry leaves. Its large woody roots can scarcely penetrate into the stone. For 
several months of the year not a single shower moistens its foliage. Its 
branches appear dead and dried; but, when the trunk is pierced, there flows 
from it a sweet and nourishing milk. It is at the rising of the sun that this 
vegetable fountain is most abundant. The blacks and natives are then seen 
hastening from all quarters, furnished with large bowls to receive the milk, 
which grows yellow, and thickens at its surface. Some empty their bowls 
under the tree itself; others carry the juice home to their children. We seem 
to see the family of a shepherd who distributes the milk of his flock.” 

Humboldt speaks of the cow tree as growing on the barren flank of a rock, 
where it has little soil, and less moisture. Sir Robert, on the contrary, says 
that it grows to a vast size in the depths of humid forests, where it enjoys a 
rich and fertile soil. The nature of the locality will account for the difference 
in the statements. In Kunth’s description I have introduced those points 
in which he seems to differ from my specimen: the point of attachment of the 
footstalk (which is broken off ) is deeply sunk in the body of the first, giving 
it almost the appearance of being hearted; the equatorial diameter (if I may 
use the expression) exceeds the polar, or that measured in the direction of 
the insertion of the footstalk ; the former measuring 2 in., the latter 12 in. only : 
hence its shape is more that of an oblate spheroid, or, rather, approaches to 
reniform. The form of the specimen sent, on the contrary, approaches nearer 
to a sphere, being nearly 2 of an inch in its polar, and somewhat less than 
this in its equatorial, diameter; it has, also, a cicatrix at its base, as though it 
had been attached to a dissepiment. 

In order to give a connected view of all the information I possess on the 
subject of this interesting tree, I shall now extract the particulars furnished 
to me by Mr. Thomas Higson, in a letter, dated Carthagena, May 16. 1824, 
eleven years ago. 

Mr. Higson states, that this tree abounds in the deep and humid forests of 
the provinces of Choco and Popayan, on both sides of the line; but states 
that he had not been fortunate enough to see the flowers. He then gives 
some extracts from his Journals of the date of May 7. 1822, from which it 
appears that, during the intermission of an attack of intermittent fever, he 
accompanied the Alcaide and two other gentlemen from the town of Quibdo, 
on an excursion about twelve miles up the river, to examine the cow tree, 
which is there known by the name of Popa; the milky juice of which is pro- 
cured by the Indians from incisions made in the trunk, and by the jaguars, or 
wild tigers, by lacerating the bark with their claws; and he confirms Hum- 
boldt’s accounts of its nutritive qualities, by remarking on the improved con- 
dition of both men and brutes during the season in which this milk is had 
in greatest abundance; although, he observes, “ the better conditioned inhabit- 
ants, timid of its effects, and having other food, make no other use of it than 


Domestic Notices : — Scotland. 103 


to besmear straws to catch parrots, by placing them across their nests; and, 
by boiling it with the gum of the mangle tree (?), tempered with wood ashes, 
producing a glue impervious to moisture.” 

He then proceeds to state, that they obtained abundance of the milk, which 

he describes as being aromatic, sweet, of the thickness of good cream, and so 
white as to stain substances on which it fell pretty durably. He says, that it 
mixed as readily with spirits as cow’s milk, and, either with it or with water, 
formed an agreeable beverage, of which they drank freely without injury. 
They cut down one of the trees, which he describes as being the loftiest of 
the forest, in order to obtain specimens, and found that the timber was white, 
with a fine grain, proper for boards or shingles. The flowers, which he was 
informed were very showy, were gone; but the branches were loaded with 
fruit, of about a month old, growing in clusters from the alze of the leaves: 
they were scabrous, and about the size of small nutmegs. The leaves he de- 
scribes as standing on short footstalks, coriaceous, hearted at the base, and 
marginate, or sometimes pointed at their summit: they were, he says, covered 
over, to a considerable extent, with large semiglobular glands. He considers 
this tree as different from Humboldt’s Palo de Vaca; which latter he sup- 
poses to be the same with that called lyria in the Checo. In a further part of 
his letter, he speaks of some of the fruit of the popa gathered by himself in 
the wood of the Esca, adjoining Citara, or Quibdo, which he sent to our com= 
mon friend Mr. Watts; and which, although he was uncertain how far they 
were sufficiently mature to germinate, were sufficient, he observed, to show 
that it was not a drupe, but a berry. It appears to me not improbable, al- 
though the observation seems to have escaped even the penetration of 
Humboldt, that the Chichiuhalquehuitl of the: Mexicans, spoken of by Hum- 
boldt in the 2d vol. of his Researches, p. 32., on the authority of the Codex 
Vaticanus Anon., No. 3738., is a species of the Palo de Vaca. The MS. quoted 
contains, as he informs us, several curious figures; and, among the rest, one 
of the Chichiuhalquehuitl, tree of milk, or celestial tree, that distills milk from 
the extremity of its branches, and around which infants are seated who ex- 
pired a few days after their birth. 
_ Besides the popa and the lyria, Mr. Higson speaks of another tree, the 
milk of which is not so palatable, although yielded in far greater abundance. 
The milk of this tree, which is called sandé, is thinner than the former, of 
a bluish cast, like skimmed milk, not so pleasant to the taste, and not em- 
ployed for food; but, in every other respect, closely resembling Humboldt’s 
tree, rising, as Mr. Higson says, like a broad-leaved star apple (Chrysophyllum 
Cainito), with alternate leaves seated on short petioles, 10 in. or 12 in. long, 
oblong, ovate, and sharp-pointed, with the veins alternate, and ferruginous un- 
derneath. The milk of this tree, inspissated in the lees, acquires the colour 
and consistence of a black gum prized as a medicine, especially for external 
use in splenitis and pleuritis. Such is the estimation in which it is held, that 
it sells, even in the vale of the Cauca, for a dollar the pound weight. 

Thus, besides the Palo de Vaca of Humboldt, the locality of which appears 
to be limited to the Cordillera of the coast, we have here (af we can depend upon 
Mr. Higson’s account) three other distinct milk trees, yielding a liquor more 
or less potable, and applicable to various other uses, belongmg, possibly, to 
the same genus, or forming distinct genera of the same family, together with, 
perhaps, a fourth to be yet sought for amidst the unexplored parts of Mexico, 
and thus giving a far wider range to this valuable production than that assigned 
by Humboldt. — William Hamilton. Oxford Place, Plymouth, June 20. 1834. 


SCOTLAND. 


The Idea of an Experimental Farm has been thrown out, from time to time, 
by different individuals, both in France and Britain. A farmer in Scotland 
has lately sent to the Highland Society “ Suggestions” on this subject; and 
the following are the very judicious observations of the Directors, who, at the 
request of the Duke of Gordon, took the paper into consideration ; — 

i 


104 Domestic Notices : — Scotland. 


« Transmitted through such a channel, the Directors gave the suggestions 
the fullest consideration; but they are sorry they cannot recommend to the 
Society to adopt the proposal contained in the paper. In point of expense, 
it would far exceed the amount of funds at the disposal of the Society; and it 
is, besides, in a great degree, inconsistent with the principle upon which the 
Society uniformly acts. The Directors are not prepared to say that, although 
similar establishments, hitherto tried, have all proved failures, an experimental 
farm could under no circumstances be productive of benefit; but it must, 
under any circumstances, be conducted at a great expense, its objects being 
in a great measure incompatible with attention to profitable return from its 
operations; and they are well convinced that such a farm, and for such pur- 
poses as are contemplated in the “ Suggestions,” would, in a very short time, 
exhaust the capital, instead of the portion of the annual income proposed by 
the projector. Besides this fundamental objection, the plan is inconsistent 
with the present system of the Society, which is, not to be itself the experi- 
menter, but to encourage, stimulate, and in some cases to remunerate, those 
who are about to make, or have made, experiments in the improvement of 
agriculture. For conducting such experiments the most useful course will 
generally be followed by those who must necessarily keep ultimate profit in 
view; and the Directors are of opinion that the Society have wisely left it in 
their hands, aiding them, as far as possible, by collecting and digesting inform- 
ation as to the objects to be kept in view, and the most probable means of 
attaining them, by offering premiums to those who, keeping these objects in 
view, will conduct their experiments on the principles pointed out by the 
Society, and, finally, by promulgating the results regularly through their Quar- 
terly Transactions, for the use of the public generally. There is no doubt 
that the application of scientific principles, and extremely accurate observation 
of results, which might be commanded under the Society’s auspices, are in- 
portant objects, and have been attained in horticulture; but the Directors 
conceive the objects of investigation in agricultural practice to be of so ex- 
tended and diversified a character, that it cannot be so well carried on in one 
spot, one climate, and nearly one soil, as by the Society’s present practice, 
which brings it at once to the doors of a great many acute examinators in every 
part of the country, and causes the trial to be made simultaneously, under 
every possible variety of situation and circumstance. Nor is the whole ad- 
vantage of the Society’s present system to be confined to these two points ; 
another and important result is the habit of mental exertion thus fostered 
among the agricultural classes, and the practical experience which each suc- 
cessive experiment supplies, opening up new trains of interesting speculation, 
and giving confidence to push forward in hopes of farther discovery. The 
Directors point with satisfaction to the Society’s proceedings, as a proof that 
there is no difficulty in getting correct reports of numerous and complicated 
experiments from practical men, and no want of enterprise where there is a 
reasonable prospect of success in any new inquiry, which, if deemed too hazard- 
ous for the tenant’s exertions, is generally taken up by some public-spirited 
proprietor, who is willing to encounter the risk, in hopes of producing a result 
which may be useful to the community at large.’ After some farther observ- 
ations, the report concludes by adding, that, “if an experimental farm, on a 
well-digested plan and moderate scale, should be thought an advantageous 
adjunct for the investigation of certain phenomena, of which cases may per- 
haps, be conceived, offering a too uncertain or too remote chance of advantage 
for individual speculation, the means of carrying it on being procured and placed 
at the disposal of the Society, they would do their utmost to make the scheme 
conducive to the public advantage. (Scotsman, Jaly 11. 1835.) 

As Useful Reading for Gardeners, we would strongly recommend two works, 
one by Dr. Andrew Combe, of Edinburgh ; viz. the Principles of Physiology 
applied to the Preservation of Health, which will show the immense importance 
of breathing fresh air; and the other, by Mr. George Combe, also of Edinburgh, 
is The Constitution of AZan considered in relation to External Objects, which: 


at 
hy 
if 


Domestic Notices : — Ireland. 105 


will make them natural philosophers. No man, who has perused the first- 
mentioned work, will voluntarily consent to live in the small low-ceilinged, and 
often damp, houses or sheds, which gardeners, both journeymen and masters, 
now too frequently occupy ; neither will they consent to have them surrounded 
by trees and bushes, in such a manner as to render ventilation impossible, 
The second book is most delightful and instructive reading. In that excellent 
newspaper the Scotsman, for October 28., there is a review of it, which thus 
concludes ;: —“ It contains the most clear and satisfactory exposition of the 
nature of man, and his relations to the external world, which we have ever met 
with ; and we rejoice to see it brought within the reach of all classes, In its 
subject it has a considerable analogy to the Bridgewater Treatises ; and in 
quantity of matter it rather exceeds one of the volumes of that work; but it 
is amusing to observe, that, by a skilful employment of the powers of the press, 
a volume directed to the same end, and, in our opinion, affording a much 
clearer and more instructive commentary on the moral and physical world, 
than all the published Bridgewater Treatises put together, is here presented 
at the price of Is. 6d.; while each volume of that work costs 8s., though some 
thousand pounds were bequeathed to promote the diffusion of its supposed 
wholesome doctrines among the people.” The price of the work on ven- 
tilation is 7s. Some farther details respecting it will be found in the Archi- 
tectural Magazine, I. 460. 


IRELAND. 


Effect of Light and Heat in affecting the Exhalation of Moisture from the Leaves 
of Plants. — At the meeting of the British Association at Dublin, in August, 
1835, Professor Daubeny reported that, since his communication to the British 
Association at Cambridge (when he had ascertained that the quantity of car- 
bonic acid decomposed by a plant was in proportion, not to the chemical or 
heating influence of the ray transmitted to it, but to its illuminating power), 
he has found that the functions of exhaling moisture by the leaves, and ab- 
sorbing it by the roots, depend upon the same law; with this difference, how- 
ever, that, provided some light be present, much heat will serve as a substitute 
for our transmitting a greater degree of light. He has made experiments which 
serve to show, that, so long as the plant continues healthy, in the mutual 
action of the plant and atmosphere, the balance is always in favour of the 
purifying influence of plants. Dr. Daubeny employed Drummond?’s light ; but 
he could not discover that it had any influence on the functions of the plants. 
(Ed. Phil. Journ., vol. xix. p. 404.) 

Structure of the Wood of the Conifere.— At the meeting of the British Asso- 
ciation at Dublin, in August, 1835, Mr. Nicol of Edinburgh “ read a paper on 
the horizontal branches of the natural family of the Coniferee. He stated that 
in these branches the pith is always nearer the upper than the under side ; 
that the upper side is of a paler colour than the under side; that the upper 
side is softer, and less dense than the under side; and that, whilst the upper 
side has a structure similar to that of the stems, the under side has a structure 
so different in all the three principal sections, that, without occular proof, no 
one could imagine it to belong to the very same branch. ‘The transverse sec- 
tion has the partitions forming the network of the under side considerably 
thicker than those of the upper side. The vessels, or openings, of the former 
are, consequently, smaller than those of the latter; and hence the greater 
solidity of the wood on the under side. The longitudinal sections, parallel to 
the radial partitions of the under side, have smaller, less numerous, and more 
obscure discs than those in the upper side. The vessels, or spaces, containing 
the discs in the under side present numerous decussating fibres, which do not 
occur in the upper side; and these fibres also occur in the longitudinal con- 
centric section of the under side. The branches of ten different species of 
pines were examined, and the same structure was observed in them all, although 
In some it was better defined than in others. The peculiarity of the structure 


106 London Horticultural Society and Garden. 


in the branches was stated as an additional proof of the absurdity of attempt- 
ing to constitute new fossil genera, on the supposition that a single slice of a 
Scotch pine, or spruce fir, is characteristic of the whole family of Coniferze. 
In conclusion, Mr. Nicol observed, that an accurate knowledge of the 
anatomical structure would sometimes enable the botanist to classify aright, 
when the external character might leave him in doubt; and, in proof of this, 
was observed, that, had the structure been known, the miro of New Zealand 
would not have been represented as a podocarpus. The structure of that 
tree bears no resemblance to that of any of the Coniferze, its character being 
that of a true dicotyledon. It was also mentioned, that the Tasmannia dipé- 
tala (insipida of Brown), which has been classed with the Magnolia, is 
decidedly not a dicotyledon, it having the structure of the Coniferz; and, 
although the texture is more minute, and less defined, than that of any of the 
larger species of Araucaria, yet it is evidently allied to the Araucarian division. 
Since the meeting of the Association at Dublin, Mr. Nicol has received, from 
Mr. AllanCunningham, a bit of the wood (probably a branch) of the Tasmannia 
aromatica ; and he finds that, although there is a peculiarity in its structure, yet 
there is not a doubt of its resemblance to the dipétala. The peculiarity 
alluded to consists of curvilinear rays proceeding from the pith to the surface. 
These are composed of one or two rows of quadrangular apertures, three or 
four times larger than those constituting the intermediate spaces. (Edin. 
Phil. Journ., vol. xix.) 

Glasnevin Botanic Garden.— An arrangement of plants, according to the 
natural system, is about to be formed in this garden by Mr. Niven, the intel- 
ligent and active curator. We have received a plan of it, together with a list 
of the orders in the series in which they are to be placed, which will appear in 
our next Number. In the mean time, we may observe, that it is one of the 
most comprehensive and expressive arrangements which has hitherto been ex- 
ecuted in any garden, either foreign or domestic. Not only does it include 
ligneous and herbaceous plants, but the foreign and domestic species are kept 
apart in separate beds; and those of the indigenous species which are peculiar 
to any one of the three kingdoms, are designated by characteristic marks on 
the tallies. — Cond. 


Art. IV. The London Horticultural Society and Garden. 


JAN.19. 1836.— Works presented. Among these is the American Silk-grower’s 
Guide, presented by the author, Mr. William Kenrick ; also a Catalogue of 
the Nursery of Mr. William Kenrick, presented by him. 

Read. Observations on the Althorp Crassane pear; by Mr. Robert 
Thomson. Description of a hot-water apparatus used by John Rogers, jun., 
Esq. 

Exhibited. Apples of the kinds gilliflower, Bampton nonesuch, aromatic 
nonesuch, and Cambridge pippins, from William Rashleigh, Esq. Apples of 
the kinds Kirke’s Lord Nelson, Norfolk beaufin, Woodstock pippin, scarlet 
nonpareil, French crab, Newtown pippin (Sir Joseph Banks), Powell’s russet, 
golden noble, Hawthornden, Pile’s russet, cockle pippin, Beauty of Kent, fa- 
meuse, Braddick’s nonpareil, from Mr. J. Kirke. Renantheéra coccinea, 
Justicia coccinea, from S. F. Phelps, Esq. Astrapze‘a Wallichz, Caméllia 
japonica altheiflora, C. j. the white single, and a kind of Cyclamen, from Mrs. 
Marryat. 

From the’ Garden of the Society. — Apples of the following kinds: Court- 
pendu plat: this escaped the frost in spring from its late blossoming; it was 
likewise free from the blight in summer: reinette du Canada; new rock pippin, 
a seedling from Newtown pippin; Hubbard’s pearimain, one of the best of the 
pearmains ; Stage’s nonpareil, or Hicks’s fancy, a good brisk early nonpareil ; 
golden russet, mére du ménage, Martin nonpareil; golden reinette, kept much 


Covent Garden Market. 107 


longer than usual, probably from being of a smaller size; federal pearmain ; 
cockle pippin, a justly esteemed Sussex apple, a fertile bearer ; Pennington’s 
seedling, usually a very rich apple, but, this year, the flesh is too dry; red 
everlasting; reinette blanche d’Espagne, or Cobbett’s fall pippin ; Braddick’s 
nonpareil, a very fertile bearer; St. Julien, Wareham’s russet, tulip. Pears 
from standards of the following kinds: glout morceau, the specimens not very 
good; ne plus meuris, a very fertile bearer, keeps sometimes till March, its 
good qualities reconcile one to its irregular form; beurré rance; Dowler’s 
seedling, a fertile bearer, the fruit keeps well, and is, on the whole, a very 
good pear. Flowers: Chimonanthus fragrans, f. var. grandiflorus ; Caméllia 
japonica anemoneflora alba, C. j.imbricata; Epidéndrum odoratissimum, Ama- 
ryllis calyptrata, and Huphérbia élegans. 


Art. V. Covent Garden Market. 


From To From To 
The Cabbage Tribe. £Lo5.d.\£5. d. Pot and Sweet Herbs. £ 5. d.|£ 8. d. 
Cabbage, per dozen: Parsley, per half sieve 5 (0 23) 0 2 0 
Large White a - |0 2 0/0 2 3]/Tarragon, dry, per doz. bun, |9 2 0)0 0 0 
Red = 2 o - |0 1 6]0 3 O|/Thyme, per dozen bunches -|0 3 0/0 0 O 
Plants, or Coleworts - |0 0 6] 0 O 8||Sage, per dozen bunches 210 8 OO OW 
Savoys 3 a - |0 2 6] 0 3 Oj/Mint, dry, per dozen bunches | 9 1 0/0 0 0 
Brussels Sprouts, per2 sieve | 0 2 0|0 3 O||Peppermint,dry per doz.bun. | 9 1 0 0100 
German Greens, or Kale, per Marjoram, dry, per doz. bun, |9 1 0 0, O10 
dozen A o - |0 0 9/0 1 6]|Savory, dry, per dozen bun. 0; 1 (0), OR ORO 
Broccoli, per bunch : Basil, dry, per doz. bunches 0 10;0 0 0 
White = ES - |0 3 6]0 5 (j|Rosemary, per dozen bunches | 9 2 0 000 
Purple = : - |0 2 6|0 4 Oj/Lavender, per dozen bunches |0 2 0|9 0 0 
Tubers and Roots. Stalks and Fruits for Tarts, 3 
per ton - |410 0/5 0 0 Pickling, &c. a 
Potatoes - $ per ewt. - |0 5 0/0 5 6 
per bushel- |0 2 6]0 2 9 Rhubarb Stalks, forced, per 
Kidney, per bushel - - |0 3 0/0 0 Oj| bundle 2 Sb TO 2 So a 6 
Scotch, per bushel so il@ 8 O10 0 
Jerusalem Artichokes, per egal Beare Edible Fungi and Fuci. 
half sieve . - - |0 
Turnips, White, perbunch- |0 0 5/0 0O 6 Mushrsome, ee poule ¥ g a a f ra ‘ 
Carrots, per bunch - - 1/0 0 4/0 0 6 ae ea Pee oie 
<|| Lruffles, dry, per pound : 
Parsneps, perdozen - - |0 10/0 1 4) ph lish 0 40/0 5 0 
Red Beet, perdozen - + |0 1 3/0 1 6 Fosei athe = > 1012 0]014 0 
Skirret, per bunch = - |0 16/0 0 0 8 vi = 
Scorzonera, per bundle = ||0 1 GO O Fruits 
Salsify, per bunch - - |0 16/0 0 0 2 
Horseradish, per bundle - | 0 1 6/0 3 6/|/Apples, Dessert, per bushel : 
’ : Nonpareils : - |0 5 0/0 8 O 
The Spinach Tribe. et tale Gallien Pippins - |012 0 : Q 0 
: er sieve 5/0 2 @ aking = co - 10 20 0 
Spinach f Eine = 1@ GO 1 BIL secsean = - |010 0/016 0 
Sorrel, per halfsieve - = |0 2 0/0 2 6/|Pears, Dessert, per dozen: 
4 i Chaumontel S - |0 40/0 6 O 
The Onion Tribe. Glout Morceau - |0 3 0/0 4 0 
Onions, old, per bushel - |0 30/0 40 Beurré d’ Hiver - |0 40/0 6 0 
Leeks, perdoz. bunches - {0 1 3] 0 1 €|| Baking, per half sieve - |0 20/0 3 0 
Garlic, per pound = - |0 0 6] 0 O 8||Almonds, per peck ~- - |0 6 0;0 0 O 
Shallots, per pound - - |0 0 8/0 O 10)/Chestnuts, French, per peck 0301/0 4 0 
; Filberts, English, per 100 lbs. | 110 0/2 0 O 
Asparaginous Plants, Pine-apples, per pound - |0 4 0/0 60 
Salads, §c. Grapes, per pound ; 
Asparagus, per 100: Spanish = - - |0 0010/0 1 0 
ae - - - |010 0/012 C|| Black i “ = ° t 0/0 2 g 
iddling - : - |0 5 0/0 6 0 per dozen - 6/0 { 
Small s - |0 2 6/0 38 ol|Oranees Q per hundred ~=t-—«||0 3:01 014 O 
Sea-kale, per punnet - |0 1 3/0 2 O|| Bitter, per hundred - |0 6 0|016 O 
Lettuce, per score: L ns § Per dozen - - |0 0 9})0 2 0 
Cos m eS Ss =s/@i7T 6lo ® gies per hundred S10 5 OV Mub o 
Cabbage - - - |0 0 6] 0 O 9||Sweet Almonds, per pound- |0 3 0/0 0 O 
Endive, per score - - |0 2 6/0 4 O/|Brazil Nuts, per bushel - |016 0}0 0 0 
Celery, per bundle (12 to 15) 0 0 6|0 1 6j||Spanish Nuts, per peck - 10 40/;0 00 
Small Salads, perpunnet - |0 0 2]0 O 53j||Barcelona Nuts, per peck - 1!0 5 0|0 0 O 


Up to the present date the weather has continued changeable and unsettled ; 
the supply to the market has been irregular, and prices have fluctuated con- 
siderably; nevertheless they have been generally good, but the quantities 
brought have been inconsiderable. During the prevalence of frost, in the 


108 Obituary. 


early part of this month, broccolis have suffered materially, so that a short 
supply may be expected during the spring. Coleworts and savoys are getting 
scarce, and will necessarily command good prices. We have had considerable 
quantities of drumhead cabbages brought from Essex, which have proved 
acceptable to the dealers during the prevailing scarcity of the finer and better 
varieties. Turnips are still furnished in moderate quantities; so that the 
prices, as yet, have not offered a sufficient inducement to the far-off growers 
to send supplies, which might be obtained readily by water, did not the absurd 
objection still prevail against having this valuable vegetable sent in baskets or 
sacks, with the green part cut off. Carrots are still moderately plentiful, and in 
good demand. Little doubt can exist but that all the varieties of vegetable 
will become scarcer and dearer during the next two months. 

It has been from time to time reported, that, in consequence of the long 
prevailing drought during the preceding summer, all kinds of vegetables are so 
scarce and dear in the London markets, as to induce a considerable importation 
of the more general articles, such as turnips, cabbages, &c., from Holland, by 
steam. Ihave made some enquiry on the subject, and can safely say, that 
nothing of the sort has taken place as regards this market, not an article of the 
sort having as yet been introduced. That, in cases of shortness of crop in future, 
we shall be amply supplied from more distant parts of the country by steam 
communication, I have not the least doubt; but, except carrots and onions 
from Bedfordshire, we have as yet but little furnished beyond the distance of 
twelve or fifteen miles; and that for heavy articles, such as turnips, &c., is a 
material addition to the expenses of preparing and bringing to market, 

The supply of apples continues to be good, although partially interrupted by 
frost, which at all times prevents the grower’s sending any quantities. It is 
generally understood that the stock on hand is considerable, and will be sent 
steadily to market as soon as the weather is settled and steady. Of pears we 
have at present but few varieties offered, and those in very inconsiderable 
quantities. The gardeners about London have, for some time past, turned 
their attention to the culture of the new and improved varieties; so that we 
may, in a few years, expect a much better and more general supply. Oranges 
are abundant, and at very moderate prices. Foreign nuts are not so plentiful 
as usual. We have still a considerable quantity of last year’s crop of filberts, 
and some walnuts, on hand, which are now out of season, and comparatively 
unsaleable. — G.C. January 23. 1836. 


Art. VI. Obituary. 


Dizp on December 31. 1835, in St. Clement’s, Oxford, in the 87th year 
of his age, Charles Wilkamson, for more than forty years one of the under- 
gardeners in the Botanic Garden in that university. He was a native of 
Aberdeen, in Scotland ; in which country he served his apprenticeship to a gar- 
dener. Shortly after he was out of his time he came to England; and, on his 
first arrival in this country, he worked in some of the nursery gardens near 
London. He was afterwards gardener to Admiral Bowyer, at his seat near 
Harley Green, Oxfordshire ; and, on his leaving there, he was employed in the 
Royal Gardens at Windsor. He afterwards went to Oxford, where, after work- 
ing for some time for Mr. John Madox, gardener, at Christ Church, he 
got into the Botanic Garden, sometime about 1790, where he continued till 
within about three years of his death.— W. B. Bot. Gard., Oxford, January 
18. 1836. 


Se. THE | 
GARDENER’S MAGAZINE, 
| MARCH, 1836. 


ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. 


Art. I. Descriptive Notice of Castle Coole, in the County of Ferma- 
& fe nagh, Ireland. By Y. 


Castie Coote, the demesne of the Earl of Belmore, is situated 
within an English mile of Enniskillen, in the county of Fer- 
managh. ‘The house stands on a commanding eminence, about 
hala mile from the entrance lodge. It is a noble mansion, and 
was built by the tate earl. We entered by the new approach 
from the Dublin road, which is two miles long, and sweeps boldly 
through the park, affording magnificent views of the surround- 
ing country; and which has lately been completed under Lord 
Belmore’s own superintendence, since his return from Jamaica. 
From the house, there are varied and extensive views: on the 
left, about four miles distant, we have Florence Court, the beau- 
tiful demesne of the Earl of Enniskillen; in the foreground. is 
the broad winding lake, studded with woody islands; and farther 
beyond it are the mountain plantations of Florence Court; while, 
to terminate the scene, the bold Benaughlin and the lofty Cul- 
tagh Mountains rise. In front, there is a distant prospect of 
Belmore Mountain rising in lofty grandeur; and, nearer, are the 
Castle of Portera, and the picturesque town of Enniskillen, with 
its numerous towers and steeples. On the left, two miles distant, 
are the sombre plantations of the Temple Hills, broken into 
irrecular dense masses, and forming such mountain scenery as we 
always consider the distinguishing feature of alpine regions. On 
the lawn, in front of the mansion, are some magnificent old trees ; 
and, among others, an ash which measures 65 ft. in height, and 
23 ft. in girt; the tree has a fine straight bole, and its branches 
extend over a space 270 ft. in circumference. ‘There are, also, 
a noble beech, which, at a distance, resembles a group, more 
than a single tree, and which is 123 ft. high, and 13 ft. 10 in. in 
girt, circumference of the top 885 ft., forming a beautiful, close, 
regular column, crowning a fine olen bole, 25 ft. high ; a sweet 
er. ele Nore: é K 


110 Descriptive Notice of Castle Coole, Ireland. 


chestnut, 80 ft. high, 10 ft. in girt, 20 ft. of a clear bole; a horse- 
chestnut, 50 years old, 60 ft. high, girt of the trunk 7 ft. 7 in., 
and diameter of the head 60 ft. ‘This is a very superb specimen; 
and Lord Belmore told us that it inereases one inch every year 
in solid timber. We measured another very fine beech, which 
was planted by Lord Belmore about thirty years since, and found 
it to be 80 ft. high, 10 ft. in girt, with a head 18 ft. in diameter, 
and a straight bole of 20 ft. We saw, also, some other fine speci- 
mens, which we noted down for the Arboretum Britannicum. 
In a noble avenue of oaks, we measured several, one of which was 
90 ft. high, girt 10 ft. 5 in., bole to the branches 30 ft. Here 
we were shown an old oak, taken out of the wood when it was 
70 years old, and planted in the lawn, in a very exposed situa- 
tion, by His Lordship, after some peculiar method of his own, 
differing from Sir H. Steuart’s plan. This oak has now been 
planted 25 years; and, it having thrown out some small spray, 
and proved strong enough to weather the Atlantic blast, we need 
not say that such planting will answer the purpose, particularly 
where there is little shelter. We were shown a design for a walk 
round the rear of the plantation in front of the mansion, but 
which we thought would be of little interest or use, except being 
on a level with the other parts of the grounds. We would beg 
to suggest the propriety of bringing it on the same level in front 
of the plantation, when it would form by far the best walk in the 
demesne, at once giving a beautiful prospect of the different 
surrounding scenery, and affording a full view of the front of the 
house. Situated at a short distance in the rear of the mansion, 
and seen from the approach road leading to Enniskillen, is a 
beautiful lake, nearly two miles round, inhabited by numbers of 
domesticated and wild fowl. ‘The bank on the distant side is 
clothed with venerable oak trees projecting over the water, and 
thus affording shade for the swans and wild geese; while their 
tops are clustered with myriads of rooks, and the trees in the 
island, and on the margin of the lake, are knotted with the nests 
of the heron. The varied chattering of the waterfowl, combined 
with the monotonous croaking of the raven colony, and the sin- 
gular beauty of the wild scenery around us, raised in our minds 
poetic feelings fraught with beauty, that it would require the 
genius of a Scott or a Byron to describe. | 

The approach to this front comes too near the lake, and is too 
low. It would be a decided improvement to carry it into the 
majestic oak avenue, bringing it with a gradual sweep towards 
the offices. The garden is an extensive parallelogram, sur- 
rounded with high walls, which are well clothed with fine old 
fruit trees. There are extensive ranges of hot-houses on the old 
plans ; peach-houses, vineries, and pine-stoves; and frames for 
forcing melons, cucumbers, &c.; a general assortment of herba- 
ceous plants, dahlias of every variety, rhododendrons of the 


Planisin Flower in Winter, in New South Wales. 111 


newest kinds, roses, kalmias, and every sort of American plant. 
We saw a fine collection, in full bloom, of new annuals, from Mr. 
Charlwood, the celebrated seedsman in Covent Garden, that 
we admired very much; also a fine collection of camellias and 
other new green-house plants, selected by His Lordship from the 
English nurseries. His Lordship’s taste for plants gives him a 
botanical knowledge, as well as an inclination for rural affairs. 
We were disappointed in the appearance of a green-house, which 
is the only modern improvement in the garden: it is not at all 
in character with the splendid mansion and other buildings, and 
it is only fit for a nurseryman to put his seedling heaths and cut- 
tings in. It is a pity to see such fine plants in it. We expected 
to see a splendid modern conservatory, in an appropriate situa- 
tion, in character with such a demesne. We were informed by 
Mr. Fennelly, who is an experienced gardener and practical 
botanist, that His Lordship intends to remodel the hot-houses, 
and to change the general appearance of the garden into a more 
modern style — an improvement which is much wanted. 

The offices are in character with the noble mansion, and form 
extensive and separate squares. There is the stable square, the 
cattle square, and the poultry square, all situated at a little dis- 
tance from the house, and all screened by a fine plantation and 
shrubbery. The woods are extensive; and we were informed by 
Mr. Greenfield, the steward, that they consist of 750 acres. We 
went a little way into them; and, according to our judgment, they 
are very skilfully managed. ‘There are some fine young oak 
plantations, managed in the same manner as those of Lord En- 
niskillen, at Florence Court, mentioned in the Zrish Farmer’s and 
Gardener’s Magazine, vol. i. p.70. We saw some beautiful 
drawings of well-designed lodges and gates, which are to be put 
up: we should say the sooner the better; for the present ap- 
peared to us more fit for a country chapel than a park, and only 
just wide enough for the family carriage to pass through. 

The approach leading to Enniskillen, we thought, should be 
extended to the public road, and brought with a gentle sweep 
into the avenue, ornamental trees and shrubs being planted on 
the rising ground. 

Enniskillen, Nov. 16. 1835. 


Art. II. Extracts from the Letlers of an English Traveller, now at 
Sydney, mentioning the Trees and Shrubs that he found in Flower 
during May and June, the Winter Months, in New South Wales. 
Communicated by Mr. THomas Backuouse, Nurseryman, York. 


May 28. 1834. — Winter is now far advanced; but in this 


mild climate we found Acacia suaveolens, and some other species, 
K 2 


112 Plants in Flower during May and Jung, 


Ane integrifolia and spinulosa, Hakea gibbdsa, E’ pacris g eran 
difldra, Ricinocdrpus pinifolius, a narrow-leaved ibenandhns. and 
several other plants, in blossom. 

June 1. — In addition to the shrubs noticed on the 28th ult., 
the following were in flower: Banksza ericifolia and australis, 
Conospérmum ericifolium, Crowea saligna, Eriostémon linearifo- 
lius; E’pacris pulchélla, microphflla,’ and heteronéma; Styphélia 
‘oli. and Ziéra levigata. 

June 2. — In our walk, “the following plants. were seen in blos- 
som, in addition to those already noticed at this season. Acacia 
plagiophflla, dinifolia, and myrtifolia ; Banksza oblongifolia, A4¢i- 
ceras fragrans, Lambértza formosa, Grevillea duxifolia and line- 
aris, Lobélia gracilis, Bossize a heterophylla, Acacia pingens, 
Dillwfnza ericoides, and Mélichrus ureeolatus. 

June 3.—We met with Correa speciosa, Stenanthéra pini- 
folia, Bordnza tetrathecdides, Grevillea sericea, Isopdgon ane- 
monifolius, Leucopogon microphyllus and ericzefolius, “Pimelda 
Zinifolia, Hibbértza linearis, ‘and Eriostémon salicifolius, in-blos-. 
som, in our walk. 

June 9.— At an early hour, we set out for the residence of a 
friend, on Cook’s River, at about seven miles distant from Sydney. 
The Poa is well tracked ; and, in some places, it is formed by 
the edges being cut, and the earth levelled: portions of it are 
also bounded by post and rail fencing. Some of the land through 
which it passes is of a stronger quality than most of that in the 
vicinity of Sydney. It is cultivated, and has cottages or farm- 
steads upon it; but the greatest part of the way is through bush, 
or forest, of eucalyptus, casuarina, and acacia, with underwood 
of various shrubs, intermingled, in the more open places, with: 
the singular Zamia spiralis. From some parts of the road there 
is a fine view of the waters of Botany Bay, of which Cook’s 
River forms an arm, which is crossed by boats, at about five miles. 
from Sydney, to the residences of a few settlers. The river here 
_has a low sandstone cliff on the west side, and patches-of low 
level land, backed by sandstone: rocks, on the east side. ~The 
muddy margins, like those of Port Jackson and: cther: similar 
places washed with salt water, are covered with AMgiceras fra- 
grans, and another arborescent shrub, both-of which go here 
promiscuously under the name of mangroves, and are burnt for 
the sake of their ashes. A man was waiting for us, who con- 
ducted us along a narrow path under the cliff to a large boat, 
used for bringing shells from Botany Bay to burn for ‘lime, i in 
which his fellow- prisoner servant and himself conveyed us about 
a mile further up the river to his master’s house, which is built 
in the style of many of those of persons of the middle class in 
the West Riding of Yorkshire, and which is commodious, but 
by no means elegant. Our friend has a wife and four children; 


the Winter Months, in New South Wales. 113 


and the whole family are located between the rocks and the river, 
on a slope naturally grassy, but a part of which has been con- 
verted into a garden, chiefly planted with grape vines. Near the 
house we conversed with a party of blacks, who were assembled 
in the bush around a small fire, on which they had been cooking 
some fish. We had seen two of them spearing fish in the river, 
which they de with great dexterity, both from logs lying with 
one end in the river, and from their canoes. ‘Their fish-spears 
are made of long pieces of wood, with a socket at one end, into 
which four long wooden prongs are fixed, by means of the yellow 
gum of a species of grass tree (Xanthorrhoe a), and some string. 
"Their canoes are made of single sheets of bark drawn together 
in folds at the ends, by heating them over a fire, and agi sO as 
to keep them in that state: a few sticks are placed across and 
bent to the inside, so as to keep the canoe properly open. These 
canoes will accommodate two persons. ‘They are propelled by 
means of paddles put perpendicularly and alternately into the 
water by a man sitting on his knees; and are made to move very 
steadily and rapidly, in the direction of the face of the person who 
propels them. Sometimes a fire placed on a stone is carried in 
the canoe. ‘The natives look for fishes about dead logs in the 
river, and bring their spears almost close to them before they 
strike: they seldom miss their prey, which they generally trans- 
fix near the head. 

On some sandy table land we saw Hakea acicularis, Grevillee 
sphacelata, and a variety of other shrubs, in blossom. ‘There 
‘was.a species of Callitris 20 ft. high, with spherical cones; and, 
_by the side of the river, Eucalyptus robista was in flower. This 
tree is quite distinct from the one that attains such great magni- 
tude in Van Diemen’s Land (see Gardener’s Magazine, vol. xi. 
p- 570.), which is called there stringy-bark, and which is probably 
Eucalyptus obliqua. The remarkable elkshorn fern (Acrés- 
tichum alcicorne) is very common in fissures of the sandy rocks, 
in this part of New South Wales: occasionally it is found on 
trees, and at a great height up. I saw one mass of it to-day, 
encircling the upright slender trunk of a tree, by the side of a 
creek of fresh water. 

June 15. —We took a walk in the afternoon, and enjoyed the 
fine clear weather of an Australian winter. The thermometer is 
often. a few degrees above 60° in the shade at noon, and about 
a an the evening, when the cold is sensibly felt, and we are glad 
of fires. 


(To be continued.) 


114 Vineyard and Plantations of Jacob Tonson, 


Art. III. Some Account of the Vineyard and Plantations of the 
celebrated Jacob Tonson, in 1727, at Haffield, near Ledbury; with 
a Notice of the Improvements lately made, and now in Progress, at 
that Place. By Mr. D. BEeaton. 


THE estate at Haffield consists of several small estates, which 
were in the hands of different proprietors till 1817, when they 
were united into one. One of these small estates, containing 
about 25 acres, and called the Vineyard, was bought, in 1726, 
by the celebrated London bookseller, Jacob Tonson, whose name 
is so intimately associated with those of the great men whose 
works he published. ‘This small estate no doubt derived its 
name from a vineyard on it, which had been cultivated from time 
immemorial. The site of this vineyard was a steep bank, facing 
the south and south-east; and that it was considered of some 
importance in 1726, may be inferred from the following extract 
of a letter, from Mr. Tonson to his agent, when he was about 
buying the place: —‘* Pray take care about the title, and that the 
house, wine-press, tools, glasses, and every other thing belonging 
to it, be particularly included in the bill of sale.” In a bill sent 
in to Mr. Tonson, by his tenant, May 1727, are the following 
charges: — 


s. de 
‘“‘ For three chickens, and dressing them ~ - 1 6 
For six pounds of butter - - - 2 6 


For the use of my tubs, and a vessel for making the wine 3 0” 


In another bill, not dated, but supposed to be about the same 
time, strawberries were charged 6d. per quart or pound, and 
raspberries at 4d. ditto. Tradition, in this quarter, says that 
the vines were first trained against the steep banks (a practice 
of late years supposed to be new), but that Mr. ‘Tonson intro- 
duced espaliers, which the common people called ‘diamond 
palisading.” 

Mr. Tonson evidently made great alterations and improve- 
ments, soon after purchasing the place. He formed terraces on 
the bank on which the vineyard stood, and planted Scotch pines, 
common spruce firs, and yews, on the north-west and east sides 
of his vineyard; and, near the house, some yews and lime trees, 
and some variegated hollies, one of which now remains, and is 
4.7 ft. high, the girt, at one foot from the ground, being 4ft. 3 in. 
A few of the Scotch pines have reached within a fraction of 
100 ft., and girt from 8 ft. to nearly 12 ft., at one foot from the 
ground. They were “ shredded” about 70 years ago; and some 
of the trees have now 40 ft. of clean straight stems. They are 
still in the greatest vigour, and produce abundance of seeds 
every year. ‘The soil is 6 inches of gravelly marl on a hard red 
conglomerated rock, and on the termination of a range of low 


in 1727, at Haffield, near Ledbury. 115 


hills, much esposed. ‘The trees are fac-similes of the Scotch pines 
in the forests of Braemar and Strathspey. The spruce firs are 
all gone, except two trees, which are now in a sickly state ; 
though one of them is 70 ft. high, and girts 7 ft. 2 in. at one 
foot from the ground. ‘The lime trees have been pollarded for 
a length of time. The yews, which were planted about the same 
time, are comparatively young trees: a fine upright one is 40 ft. 
high, and 6 ft. 2 in. in girt, at one foot from the ground. If 
yews were planted close together, or among close young planta- 
tions, so as to “draw” them up, and if attention were paid to 
keep down contending leaders, and to foreshorten the strongest 
branches, I have no doubt they might be grown as straight and 
as high as the larch. 

No traces of any vines are now to be seen on this bank; but 
a few plants, as late as 40 years ago, were growing on the ori- 
ginal site, and there were some remains of the espaliers. ‘The 
white muscadine is supposed to have been the chief sort used, 
as some very old plants of this variety are still to be found in 
the neighbourhood, trained against houses, and bearing immense 
crops every year. An old mulberry, in one corner of the vine- 
yard, was blown down some years since; its larger boughs stuck 
in the ground, and, having taken root there, they now support 
the trunk, though all traces of the original roots are gone. This 
tree produces a regular and good crop every year. 

The present house at Haffield (by Sir Robert Smirke) was 
built in 1818 and 1819, and the grounds were planted from 
1820 to 1823, chiefly with forest trees on dry shallow soil, which 
was formerly under corn. It was thought of no use to trench 
such soil, it being no where deeper than 9 inches, on a hard 
red sandstone rock. ‘The trees have, notwithstanding, made 
rapid progress, and are very promising. ‘They consist of larches, 
Scotch pines, beech, and spruce and silver firs, with a few oaks 
and chestnuts in the best soil. In a low part of the grounds, 
there are a few acres of peat bog, similar to that of Chat Moss, in 
Lancashire. Thishas been partly drained, and planted with alders, 
ash trees, willows, abele trees, and black Italian poplars. The 
latter surpass every thing I have ever seen in the growth of trees: 
the abeles are fair specimens, but are beginning to look old 
already; and the ashes do not promise much better. The alders 
are quite at home, although the black Italian poplars are double 
their size and strength. I mean this winter to plant a salicetum 
here; and hope to make it complete, as upon the margin of this 
bog I can find different soils, sandy loam, mixing with peat and 
bog earth. I shall give the ground a deep digging, and shall then 
plant potatoes for the first three years, which will effectually clean 
it from weeds, without hurting the progress of the trees, notwith- 


standing all that has been written to the contrary. Last spring, 
K 4 


116. Plan for a Natural Arrangement, 


we began a pinetum, and got thirty species; and thus, by degrees, 
with a little industry, I may have a complete arboretum. 

Speaking of arboretums generally, I do not at all think it 
necessary for their success, or for the enjoyment to be derived 
from them, that private gentlemen of limited fortunes should 
plant full collections of either trees or shrubs, even should there 
be plenty of ground to spare for them. Selections, and not col- 
lections, should always be the study of the private gentleman ; 
and, ifa selection be judiciously made from all the tribes, or even 
from the principal tribes, so as to maintain the leading features 
of each tribe, and its connexions with those immediately follow- 
ing and preceding it, all the purposes of a complete arboretum 
are answered. In the meantime, the greatest desideratum is to 
know how to make the best selection; and to this point you, 
and those capable of cooperating with you, ought to pay parti- 
cular attention. Owing to the manner in which most places 
have been planted within the last thirty years, all that ninety- 
nine gardeners out of a hundred can do is, to plant as many 
trees or shrubs as they can procure, in suitable places, which 
will be at least one step towards the formation of general arbo- 
retums. 

Very few shrubs were planted here when the grounds were 
first laid out; but the soil about the house is suitable for most 
kinds, being deep strong loam on gravel, sand, or rock, and 
since 1830 a good many have been planted. ‘The kitchen-gar- 
den is four acres in extent, and the enclosed pleasure-grounds 
about twelve acres. In the kitchen-garden are grown the finest 
out-door grapes I have ever seen, an account of which, and some 
pomological notes, I have been preparing for you for two or three 
years back. . 

[ We need hardly say how glad we shall be to receive these 
notices, or any other, from a correspondent of so much scientific 
knowledge, and practical experience, as Mr. Beaton. See vol. xi. 
p- 580—582.]— Haffield, near Ledbury, August, 1835. 


Art. 1V.. Plan for the Exhibition of a Natural Arrangement of 
Plants, in the Glasnevin Botanic Garden. By N. Niven, Esq. 


AGREEABLY to your wish, I send herewith my plan for the ex- 
- hibition of a natural arrangement of plants, an account of which 
is published by Mr. Dixon Hardy of Dublin, in his Report of 
the Transactions of the British Association held in Dublin; but 
not the plan. When you look at fg. 11. you will at once see my 
object ; viz. the uniting together of a British and an exotic ar- 
'_ «agement, ona serpentine walk: the whole suited for a piece of 
ground at present preparing for such purpose in this garden. On 


in the Glasnevin Botanic Garden. 117 


the right of this walk I propose as full an exhibition as possible 
of the exotic genera, as shown by the dark figures ; on the left, 
as they occur, the British natural orders, proposing to identify 
the plants peculiar to any of the three countries, by distinctive 
labels cf metal, impressed with the rose, shamrock, or thistle ; 
entering the principal divisions of the system, through appropriate 
archways, over the continuous walk, on each of which, as they 
occur, | mean to have the leading characters painted, &c. 

I have been induced to think that such a plan would be well 
adapted for the purpose of facilitating the progress of the student. 
I also think that the effect to be produced by such a mode of 
arrangement must be, not only simple, but beautiful. . 

Glasnevin Garden, Dublin, October, 1835. 


[ We have waited till February 15. before sending this article 
to the printer, in the hope of first seeing the report above 
referred to ; but, though we have written to Dublin, and applied 
to different public institutions in London, we have not been able 
to obtain a copy. ] 


First Grand Division, VASCULA‘RES. 
Class I. DicoryLeDo‘NE&z. 


Subdivision I. 27. Linacee. 56. Simarubdcee. 
DICHLAMYDE. 28. Malvaceze. 57. Ochnicee. 
29. Bombaceer. ~ 58. Coriaceze. 
Subclass I. aS 

THALAMIFLO‘RE. oH le aan goes I. 
1. Ranunculacez. 32. Elzocarpacez. dept’ 320 
2. Dillenidcee. 33. Chlenacez. 59. Celastracez. 
3. Magnoliacee. 34. Ternstromiacee. 60. Rhamnacez. 
4. Anonacee. 35. Camelliée. 61. Brunidcee, 
5. Menispermacez. 36. Olacacez. 62. Samydacez. 
6. Berberacee. 37. Aurantiacez. 63. Homalinacez. 
7. Podophyllacee. 38. Hypericacez. 64. Chailletiacee. 
8. Hydropeltidee. 39. Guttacee (Gutti- 65. Aquilariacez. 
9. Nymphzacee. ferze). 66. Terebinthaicee. 
10. Sarraceniee. . 40. Marcgravidcee. 67. Leguminicez. © 
1]. Papaveracee. 41. Hippocrateadcee. 68. Rosacez. 
12. Fumariacee. 42. Erythroxylez. 69. Calycanthaceze. 
13. Cruciaceze (Cruci- 43. Malpighiacee. 70. Granatez. 

fer). 44, Aceracez. 71. Memecylacez. 

14, Resedacee. 45. Afsculacee (Hip- 72. Combretacez. 
15. Datiscacee. pocastanez). 73. Vochydcee. 
16. Capparidaceze. 46. Rhizobolacee. 74. Rhizophoracez. 
17. Flacourtidcee. 47, Sapindacez. 75. Lophiree. 
18. Bixdcee. 48. Meliacez. 76. Onagraceze. 
19. Cistacez. 49, Vitaceee (Ampeli- 77. Haloragez. 
20. Violacez. deze). - 78. Ceratophylleze. 
21. Droseracee. 50. Geraniacez. 79. Lythracee. 
22. Polygalacee. 51. Tropzolez. 80. .7'amaricacez. 
23. Tremandracez. 52, Balsaminacee. 81. Melastomacex 
24. Pittosporacez. 53. Oxalidacee. — 82. Alangidcee. ~ * 
25. Frankenidcee. _ 54, Zygophyllacee. 83. Philadelphacez. 


26. Caryophyllacee. 55. Rutacee. 84, Myrtacee. 


118 Plan for a Natural Arrangement, 


al ) ) 


_ 
= 
on 


pyr 


iD 


atl 


10 20 30 40 50 


Dosili ! 


60 70 80 


Sa uatlI TICLE Ail 


This arrangement may be commenced at either end. If we enter the walk 
at a, we begin with Division I. Vasculares, Class I. Dicotyledonez ; Sub- 
division I. Dichlamydez, Subclass I. Thalamiflore, Order I. Ranunculacez. 
Proceeding onwards, from No. 1. to No. 58., according to the list in p. 117., 
we arrive at Subclass II. Calyciflore. The groups containing the British 
species are always on the left-hand side of the walk, and those containing 
foreign species on the right-hand side. On both sides of the walk, those 
groups supposed to require rock-work are indicated in the manner shown at 

. At’, commences Subclass II. Calyciflore ; at c, Subclass IIT. Corolliflorz; 
at d, Subdivision II. Monochlamydez; at e, Class II. Monocotyledonez ; 
at f, the Second Grand Division, Cellulares, Class I. Foliacez, Order 211. Fi- 
lices ; and at g, Class II. Aphylleze, which is continued to the termination of 
the walk, where it ends with Order 219. Fungacez, as indicated in p. 121. 

At his a mount, which has no connexion whatever with the natural ar- 
rangement, but is merely a labyrinth for amusement. The bed z is devoted to 
ornamental shrubs. We refer for other particulars to p. 116. and p. 117. 
When we receive the Report alluded to in p. 117., we shall give such other 
particulars as we may think necessary, in a succeeding Number. 


in the Glasnevin Botanie Garden. 119 


120 Glasnevin Botanie Garden. 

85. Cucurbitacez. Subclass IL. 148. pie ae 

86. Passifloracee. \ 149. Globulariaceze. 

87. Loasacee. a 150. Plumbaginacee, 

88. Turneracee. 117. Epacridacez. 

89. Portulacez. 118. Symplocinez. Subdivision II. 

90. Illecebracez( Paro- 119. Styracez. MonocuLAMY’ DEEZ. 
nychiéz). 120. Myrsinacee. 

91. Crassulacee. 121. Sapotacee. 151. Plantaginacee. 

92. Ficoidacez. 122. Hbenacez. 152. Nyctaginacez. 

93. Cactacee. 123. Brexiacee. 153. Amarantacee. 

94, Grossulacez. 124, Oleacez. 154. Phytolacacee. 

95. Escalloniacee. 125, Jasminacee. 155. Chenopodiacee. 

96. Saxifragacee. 126. Strychnee. 156. Begonidcee. 

97. Cunoniacee. 127. Apocynacee. 157. Polygonacee. 

98. Umbellacez (Um- 128. Asclepidcee. 158. Lauracee. 
bellifere ). 129. Gentiandcee. 159. Myristicaceze. 

-99. Araliacez. 130. Bignoniacee. 160. Protedcee. 

100. Caprifoliacez. 131. Cobeacee. 161. Zhymelacez. 

101. Loranthacez. 132. Pedaliacez. 162. Osyridee. 

102. Chloranthacee. 133. Sesamez. 163. Santaldcee. 

103. Rubiaceze. 134. Polemoniacex. 164. Hleagnacez. 

104. Operculariée. 135. Hydroleacee. 165. Aristolochiacez. 

105. Valeriandcee. 136. Convolvulaceze. 166. Cytinacee. 

106. Dipsacee. 137. Boraginacee. 167. Huphorbiacee. 

107. Calyceracee. 138, Cordidcee. 168. Stackhouseacee. 

108. Compésite. 139. Hydrophyllacee. 169. Stilaginacez. 

109. Lobeliacee. 140. Solanacez. 170. Urticaceze. 

110. Stylidiaceze. 141. Scrophulariacee. 171. Ulmacez. 

111. Goodeniacee. 142. Labiacez. 172. Piperacez. 

112. Campanulacez. 143. Verbenacee. 173. Juglandacee. 

113. Gesneracee. 144. Myoporacez. 174. Amentaceze. 

114. Vacciniacee. 145. Acanthacee. 175. Hamameliacee. 

115. EHricacez. 146. Orobanchaceze. 176. Conaceze(Conifere). 

116. Penzedcee. 147,. Lentibulacee. 177. Empetracee. 

Class II. MonocoTyLEDOo‘NEER. 

178. Cycadacee. 182. Juncaginacee. 185. Marantacee (Can- 

179. Hydrocharaceze. . 183. Orchidacez. nez). 

180. Alismacez. 184. Zingiberaceze (Sci- 186. Musacee. 

181. Butomacee. taminee ). 187. Jridacez. 


Desivns for Suburban Gardens. 12} 


188. Hemodoracee. 196. Tulipdcee. 204. Araceze (Ardide x). 
189. Hypoxidacee. 197. Melanthacez. 205. Fluviaceze. 

190. Amaryllacee. 198. Bromeliacea. 206. Juncacez. 

191. Hemerocallidee. 199. Pontederacee. 207. Gilliestacee. 

192. Dioscoredcee. 200. Commelindcee. 208. Restiaceze. 

193. Tamez. 201. Palmaceze. 209. Cyperacee. 

194. Smilaceze. 202. Pandandcee. 210. Graminacez. 

195. Asphodélez. 203. Typhacee. 


Second Grand Division, CELLULA‘RES. 


Class I. Foutacem., 214. Marsileacee. Class Il. Apuy’Lum. 
211. Filices. 215, Muscacee(Masci). 217, Aledces. 
212. Equisetacee. 216. Hepatacee (Hepa- 218, Lichenacee. 
213. Lycopodiacez. tice). 219. Fungacee. 


Art. V._ A Series of Designs Sor laying out Suburban Gardens and 
Grounds, from One Perch to several Acres in Extent. By Mr. T. 
Rutcer. Design 7. For laying out the .Frontage Grounds of 
Twenty-one Houses. Design 8. For laying out the Ground in 
Front of a Crescent. 


Desien 7. (jig. 12.) represents the frontage of a terrace, con- 
sisting of twenty-one houses, which are approached by a carriage 
drive, with a small entrance lodge at each end. The front is 
laid out in the parterre style, with shaded walks at the back; an 
alcove stands in the centre; and there is a seat at each angle, 
where the two.walks join. The small circles at the two extreme 
corners are intended either for small rotundas to sit in, or for 
statues, or vases, for embellishments. The small walks are re- 
commended to be laid down with stone. 


122 Remarks on the Ringing of Fruit Trees. 


Design 8. (fig. 13.) represents a crescent, where only the line 
for the houses is given. The front is laid out as a shrubbery, 
with groups of shrubs planted on the grass, but where clumps 
may be introduced if better approved of. In the centre is a 
circle intended for a fountain, or any other appropriate embel- 
lishment; at the back of which is an alcove. ‘The other small 
circles and squares are also intended for articles for embellish- 
ment; and seats may be introduced at pleasure in any of the 
shaded situations. ‘The approach to the crescent is by a carriage 
drive, with a small entrance lodge at each end. The small walks 
are meant to be laid down with stone. 

Portland Place, 1835. 


Art. VI. Remarks on the Ringing of Fruit Trees. Translated from 
an Article on that subject by M. van Mons, published in Belgium. 


Tue season for ringing fruit trees [the spring] is approach- 
ing; and I cannot let it pass by without a word or two on the 
practice, and on the effects of the operation. 

Ringing a tree cuts off the part operated upon from the cir- 
culation of the sap, and necessitates it to subsist principally on 
the nourishment which the leaves derive from the air. We 
will not say in what respects this nourishment differs from that 
which the tree derives from its roots; but we will remark that 
nature provides abundance of leaves for those buds which she 
intends to produce flowers. 


‘ 


Remarks on the Ringing of Fruit Trees. 123 


Peach and apricot trees will not bear ringing, because they 
always produce their fruit on the young wood; and the vine 
still less, because it bears on the growing shoot. Ringing does 
not advance the fructification of either plum trees or young 
cherry trees; and it is apt to produce the gum in old trees of 
the latter species, as the wound is a long time before it heals. 
Apple trees shrivel above the ring; and, if they live, they do not. 
soon bear any fruit. The pear tree thus remains the only spe- 
cies of fruit tree on which the operation of ringing can be 
practised with advantage. 

Ringing may be performed at any season, but it only pro- 
duces its full effect when undertaken in the spring, at the first 
appearance of the movement of the sap, and as soon as the 
bark begins to crack. The wound ought not to be wider than 
the thickness of the blade of a knife, if it is desired that it. 
should heal before the end of the season. ‘The operation ought 
to be performed on a side branch which is rather stronger and 
more elevated than its neighbours ; or one which is badly placed, 
and which, in the end, may be removed without disfiguring the 
tree. A tree will not bear ringing either round the trunk or 
round the leading shoot, unless there should by chance be a 
second leader, and one may be removed without injury. 

The tree which has had its trunk operated upon is in dan- 
ger of either perishing, or remaining a long time in a sickly 
state; and, after it has recovered its health, its sterility will be 
more durable than if it had never undergone the operation. 

If a branch is ringed too close to its base, or the point where 


124 Remarks on the Ringing of Fruit Trees. 


it is inserted into the trunk, it will be in danger of being beaten 
down by the wind, or broken by the weight of fruit. A good 
place is at a quarter of the length of the bough, and beyond 
other side shoots, the eyes of which will also generally produce 
fruit. 

The upper lip of the wound swells considerably, and the 
more so according as the ring has been broad, or the sea- 
son far advanced. This tumefaction of the bark is partaken 
of by the wood ; and the formation of this tumour proves that it is 
principally by the descent of the sap, which has been elaborated 
in the leaves, that the tree increases in girt. It rarely happens 
that a pear tree, operated upon when it has attained the age for 
bearing, does not go into flower the same year that the opera- 
tion is performed. There are, however, cases in which the re- 
pugnance of a tree to flower resists the efficacy of this method : 
these occur with all drooping trees, and whenever the wood is 
hard and rough; and, when at last trees of this description do 
show flowers, it is upon another branch rather than on that 
which has been operated upon. 

The eye which is constrained by ringing to form its flowers 
prematurely, is of the same description as a similar eye springing 
from the young wood: the flowers, in both cases, are very lia- 
ble to drop off; and the fruit, when it becomes ripe, is deficient 
-in colour. une 

The fruit of a branch operated upon, if it comes to anything, 

_owes its strength to the state of suffering of the bough which 
bore it: it is unequal in bulk, very often small, worm-eaten, 
dry, cracked, gritty, and of an excéssive sweetness, which it 
obtains at the expense of its juice. The fruit should be re- 
_ duced, by thinning, to a very small number, if it is wished that 
_they should attain perfection. 
_* The new property which I have discovered to belong to ring- 
ing is, that it causes the eyes of branches which have not un- 
dergone the operation to flower also; and that these are almost 
_ always immediately opposite to the branches which have been 
_ operated upon, or a little above those branches. There is not a 
single case known where this effect has not been produced, 
though till now no one has remarked this excellent property, 
_ which is itself sufficient to prove the advantage, and perpetuate 
_ the practice, of ringing; because it not only makes the wounded 
branches. produce fruit, but, by throwing those branches into 
_ bearing that are not mutilated, it insures a fertility to the tree 
_ which is not likely to be soon interrupted. 

Another mode of bringing fruit trees into bearing is, to take a 
ring of bark from some of the principal roots, at a little dis- 
_ tance from the trunk. The ring ought to be more or less broad, 
according to the thickness of the root. The operation may be | 


Remarks on the Ringing of Fruit Trees. 125 


performed at any season, in April or May, as well as in August 
or September, without there being any reason to fear the extrava- 
sation of the sap, which is so prejudicial to the tree when the roots 
are pruned in the spring. A year, however, is gained when the 
operation is performed early in the season. There is no occa- 
sion to apply any dressing or covering to the wound: in fact, 
there is no occasion to do anything more than to draw the earth 
round the tree, and to tread it down firmly with the feet. If 
the roots are not ringed all round the tree, the opposite side to 
that on which the incision has. been made will bear fruit; which 
coincides with the effect produced by ringing on the branches, 
and denotes a physiological fact which has not been hitherto 
noticed. The wound heals so rapidly, that inabout a year no 
traces of it can be discovered, except a few wrinkles in the bark. 
No excrescence is formed, and no other roots are sent out, 
either from the lips of the wound, or above or below it; at least, 
none that can be supposed to have been occasioned by the inci- 
sion. ‘The root operated upon appears, indeed, less likely to 
send out suckers than any of its neighbours. The fruit does 
not in the slightest degree participate in the state of disease or 
suffering in the tree, which has thrown it into bearing. 

The wood of the shoot below the incision bursts almost 
always from the bark, or the lips of the wound: this wood is of 
' the kind called false; and the buds of it ought to be rubbed off 
as soon as they appear; as preserving this wood can only injure 
the bark, and retard the healing of the wound. 

The principal object of ringing ought to be, not to throw 
known varieties prematurely into fruit, or to make trees bear on 
which other resources may be resorted to in order to produce 
the same effect (such as shortening the largest roots, pruning 
the tree after the sap has risen, &c.); but to force young seed- 
ling plants to show early the bad or good quality of their fruit. 
It must, however, be used cautiously, as it sometimes does in- 
jury instead of good, and when applied to the side branch of an 
espalier, it produces no other effect than that of rendering wood 
sterile which was before only backward in bearing. 

Ringing never produces a marked effect on the fertility of a 
branch more than once: if repeated the following year, it more 
frequently produces sterility, than a continuation of bearing. 

The mode in which ringing affects a tree is precisely similar 
to the effect produced by many other modes of suffering which 
are employed to throw trees into bearing: such as bending the 
tree, breaking or twisting the branches, transplanting, &c., and 
it should only be employed with one branch at a time; it can- 
not be applied to several branches at once, without disfiguring, 
and probably ruining, the tree. 


Vou. XII. — No. 72. L 


126 On the Arrangement and Management 


Art. VII. On the Arrangement and Management of Fruit Trees in 
Kitchen-Gardens. By Mr. Rosert ERRINGTON. 


Havine promised, in a former paper on fruit trees, to resume 
the subject at a future opportunity, and to offer some suggestions 
as to a different arrangement of them, and as to a better system 
of management, I shall now attempt to make that promise good : 
but, I must say, with some apprehensions that it will hardly be 
admissible in your useful work, so much having already been 
written on this subject, and, I fear I may add, so little done. It 
seems to be generally admitted, both by writers on horticulture 
and by good practitioners, that, when the fruit department must 
be blended with the culinary one, it is by far the best arrange- 
ment to place the fruit trees round the margins of the quarters, 
and to leave the interior completely at the service of vegetables, 
as well for the sake of economy as of effect. These borders are 
generally formed from 4 ft. to 6 ft.in width, and are, for the most 
part, cropped with some kind of vegetable that requires digging. 
It seems surprising to me that a border of this width should be 
deemed too much for a row of trees of this description; but it 
appears that such is the case; and, through the practice just alluded 
to, the upper and most valuable roots of the fruit trees are con- 
tinually cut away, and the trees driven to seek their food in a 
subsoil of the most ungenial character. Whether trees of this 
class possess the power of selection in regard to their food, I am 
not physiologist enough to know; but, if they do possess it, it 
would be of little avail when they were situated in a barren sand, 
clay, or gravel; besides the great difference in the average tem- 
perature of the soil, which temperature does, of course, decline 
progressively downwards to a certain depth. Now, what is the 
consequence to trees thus situated? They are rendered doubly 
liable to the blight produced by various kinds of insects: as, for 
instance, the aphides, the scaly insect, the red spider, &c.; all of 
which, it is well known, will make way much more rapidly on a 
diseased subject, than on a healthy one: and, very frequently, by 
these means all the early-made wood is either crippled or de- 

- stroyed, and a later crop of watery wood is produced at or after 
midsummer; which, I hardly need say, is quite immature. In 
trees thus situated, the sap in the shoots is put in motion a Jong 
time before that in the roots; and the consequence is, that leaves 
are produced chiefly from the fund of sap of the former year 
deposited in the branches, and which, being ofa sweeter character, 
if I may use the expression, than the ascending sap, is the very 
food for the above-named insects, as we find by experience; and 
the wood that is produced later is overtaken by the chills of 
autumn, before the leaves have performed half their functions. 


of Fruit Trees in Kitchen-Gardens. 127 


These observations apply most especially to apples; but they will 
apply, in some degree, to almost every other kind of fruit tree, 
if treated in the way here described. Having thus glanced at a 
few of the evils resulting from the mismanagement of the roots 
of fruit trees, I may proceed with what I have to suggest in the 
room of such treatment. I will suppose, in the first place, a new 
garden, and that the borders are all fitted for the reception of 
fruit trees, either by nature (which is rarely the case) or by art. 
Such being the case, I should dispose of my trained trees against 
the walls much after the usual manner, as to distance, aspect, &c.; 
but, instead of cropping the whole of the border with vegetables, 
I should plant a line of dwarf fruit trees of various kinds, accord- 
ing to the situation, along the margin of the wall border next the 
walk, to be trained on table trellises: as, for instance, along the 
margins of the south borders, I should plant the new Flemish 
pears; along the east and west, favourite dessert apples or plums, 
of a tender or late character ; and, along the north or other cold 
aspect, a line of bush fruit. It is probable that green gage, Wash- 
ington, Coe’s golden drop, impératrice, and other dessert plums, 
together with some cherries, would succeed well in some of the 
aspects, with a particular kind of management ; but on this head 
Iam not prepared to speak fully. For the southern margins, I 
recommend, as I before said, the best Flemish pears; of these 
the country has a very extensive collection of the very first-rate 
quality. These pears are a most valuable acquisition to the dessert, 
and rank next to the pine and the grape, both as to flavour and 
keeping properties; and nothing is wanted to insure a most ex- 
tensive cultivation of them, but some method to guarantee their 
free and certain bearing, and perfect ripening, without the aid 
of walls: not but some of them will always find a place on a good 
aspect, such as a beurré d’Aremberg, beurré d’hiver, the best 
chaumontelle, and many others I could name; but there are so 
many kinds possessing very high merit, that it is impossible 
places could be found for even a select lot, unless in a few of the 
most extensive kitchen-gardens in the country. On the kind of 
trellis Iam about to describe, and with a proper system of both 
root and top management, I am convinced that five out of six 
of the kinds now in cultivation may be fruited in very great per- 
fection. We will suppose, in the first place, that the walls are 
of the usual height, viz: from 9 ft. to 12 ft., and that the borders 
are about 10 ft. or 11 ft. wide: in such a case the trellises should 
be from 4 ft. to 5 ft. wide, to admit of a man reaching to dress 
and prune them. ‘The trellises should be about 9 in. from the 
ground, or, in fact, as near as a bunch of pears would hang 
without touching the stones, which will be placed under them to 
increase heat. The bars of the trellis must be 1 ft. apart, and, 


in whatever situation they are placed, must run north and south 
L 2 


128 On. the Arrangement and Management 


invariably, and, of course, in parallel lines. On their running 
north and south I lay much stress, as that direction will admit the 
full effect of the sun’s rays at noon, for nearly two hours, on that 
portion of the stones which is unshaded between the bars of the 
trellis, and, of course, heat them in a very considerable degree ; 
which heat by radiation will increase that of the atmosphere im- 
mediately round the plant for some time after sunset. It is 
absolutely necessary, for this purpose, that the soil for these pears 
be a good, sound, and rather stiff loam, in a dry and, if possible, 
impenetrable bottom; and that it should not be deeper than 
18 in. or 20in.: the subsoil may be either strong clay, gravei, 
or stones. Let it be borne in mind that I lay the greatest stress 
on the conditions of soil and subsoil here stated. I should by 
all means choose the trees on free stocks, provided their subse- 
quent management was in every respect correct; as I am satis- 
fied that apples on Paradise stocks will never endure long, 
except the circumstances of soil, &c., are particularly favourable. 
As the trees become established on the trellis, the ground be- 
neath should be covered with stones or clean gravel; I should 
prefer the former, as the ground, after some few years, would, in 
all probability, require top-dressing, and the stones would be 
easily moved to accomplish this: slates would not do; they would 
prevent the free ingress of the rains, as well as the air. A 
systematic mode of training would be necessary, both for effect 
and utility; and the following rough sketch (fig. 14.) will give an 
14 


idea of the appearance that the trellis would present, when the 
tree was fully established on it. ‘The trees should be planted 
about 16 ft. apart, which would, of course, give eight parallel bars 
on each side of the centre one; and the lateral branches for spurs 
should be placed four on each side, alternating with each other. 

One thing more remains to be recommended; and that is, 
after the trees are established, and in a bearing state, to cover 
them all the time they are in bloom with canvass. If this plan 
be adopted (and which I should not hesitate to do a moment), 
it will be necessary, in making the trellis, to have the outer lines 
of it of iron, and made after the manner of a railway, only very 
slight; and, by having the canvass rolled round a strong hoop 
(which hoop must work in or on the groove of the railway), a 
considerable length of these trellises might be covered, and un- 
covered, in a few minutes. This canvass might also be put on in 


of Fruit Trees in Kitchen-Gardens. 129 


the end of September, to accelerate the ripening of both wood 
and fruit; which it would do, by preventing, in a considerable 
degree, radiation. 

Having now stated, as far as the limits of a paper of this kind 
will allow, every thing connected with the mode of arranging 
fruit trees in kitchen-gardens, I will add a few loose remarks on 
fruit trees in general; especially pear trees on walls. Before I 
proceed farther in this way, methinks I hear some honest gar- _ 
dener of the old school lamenting the less of his early border 
for peas, or his row of early lettuces: I, however, must contend, 
that there is not an early crop of vegetables which I could not 
obtain within one week of those on a wall border, on proper 
spots in the interior of the quarters, by making artificial slopes, 
and by careful protection otherwise; and I beg to remind my 
nervous friends that, if they think a week of paramount import- 
ance in such matters, there is still a foot or two of wall border 
left for the peas, or the other early crops, if they will fain have 
them in that situation: for the border being 10 ft. or 12 ft. wide, 
and the trellis not occuping more, at any rate, than 5 ft., the vege- 
tables may yet come in, though in a more limited quantity. As 
to pears on walls, although they bear chiefly on spurs from the 
old wood, after the manner of apricots, plums, &c., yet there is 
dissimilarity enough to require a somewhat different treatment. 
In the first place, they cannot endure what I must call a capricious 
soil; I mean one that works by fits and starts: such are all 
light sandy soils, which derive all, or most of, their virtues from 
manures. Such soils, in the months of June and July, with 
showery weather, will make pear trees grow more like willow 
bushes than fruit trees; whereas in dry hot summers the very 
extreme effects are, of course, produced; and, although such trees 
may have a good crop of fruit on, little of it will come to proper 
perfection, in either size or flower, or both will be lamentably 
deficient. But in a strong loamy soil their growth is steady and 
uniform, in spite of seasons, and can be depended on; the sap, 
also, is more easily controlled, or directed, in trees on such soils. 
It is of the utmost importance, of course, in all modes of training 
whatever, to get as perfect a command over the ascending sap 
as possible, through the mismanagement of which most of the 
barrenness so much complained of in pear trees, in my humble 
opinion, arises. It needs not any pains on my part, I presume, 
to prove that the free admission of light to all parts of a trained 
tree is the cause of more pruning and stopping of shoots than 
is at all times wholesome to the constitution of the tree. The 
question here assumes a physiological character ; and, although 
** fools rush in where angels fear to tread,” yet, having got my 
foot fairly in, I feel I must proceed in spite of angry critics. As 


to the effects of shade on the buds of fruit trees, I am quite aware 
L$ 


- 


130 On the Arrangement and Management 


that it tends to barrenness, as being adverse to the elaboration of 
the sap, or true blood, of the plant. Let its evils, however, be 
as great as they may, I am satisfied that they are not greater 
than injudicious disbudding. As, however, it will happen, through 
most seasons, especially moist ones, that they will make more 
breast wood than is compatible with the due admission of light, 
what must be done? If it be pruned away, or disbudded nearly 
as fast as it is made, the embryo flower buds will be forced 
from their snug retreat into wood. If it be left on the tree all 
the summer, from the almost total exclusion of light, the buds 
will be meagre and imperfectly ripened, and a bad developement 
in the ensuing spring, and a shy setting, will be the consequences. 
How, then, are these evils to be avoided ? Simply by laying in 
the leading branches at greater distances than they are com- 
monly done (I should say a foot apart); and then we shall be 
enabled to procure a moderate crop of foreright shoots, without 
excluding the light. My maxim is this as to disbudding, as it 
is termed. Having abundance of free-growing wood in the centre 
of the tree, and this all nailed as nearly perpendicular as possible, 
I proceed (I speak now of pear trees), in the early part of July, 
or, at the earliest, the end of June, to crop with a knife some of 
the foreright shoots back to four or five joints, commencing at 
the bottom of the tree, and doing a few tiers of branches at a 
time ; in the course of another week, I go over them again, and 
crop another tier or two, and so on, advancing from the bottom 
of the wall towards the luxuriant centre of the tree ; and always, 
if possible, taking advantage of a dry time for the purpose, or 
when, in fact, there is the least excitement to wood. Some few 
shoots here and there I entirely disbud : for instance, where there 
are several situated close together, making the tree dark in that 
part; and those I leave are pruned to within about four or five 
leaves. As for neatness of appearance, I esteem it as highly as 
any one; but when, in kitchen-gardening, neatness is found in 
opposition to utility, the former, of course, must give way : how- 
ever, a clever hand at fruit trees will render the two sufficiently 
compatible for all purposes. It is a fact, and known well to 
most practical gardeners, that those embryo buds of pear trees 
which are to produce blossoms the next spring must develope 
a good tuft of large and healthy leaves early the spring preced- 
ing; for, if they do so, and do not push into wood, they are sure 
to be blossoms the ensuing spring. How frequently we see pear 
and other trees against walls, in which the upper branches 
cannot bear through luxuriance, and the under ones through 
weakness; and this in the selfsame tree! Now, this is very com- 
monly the case on the capricious light soils above alluded to, and 
it requires no small skill and attention, on such soils, to divert 
the ascending sap into the lower branches; and, unless diverted 


of Fruit Trees in Kitchen-Gardens. 131 


into these inferior parts of the tree, to the production of young 
wood, ay, and breast wood too, from where is the true sap con- 
ducive to fructification to,be secreted ? Let any one, for instance, 
select an apple or pear tree, growing in his garden as a rough 
espalier or standard, with a succession of side shoots from the 
lower part of the bole upwards ; in fact, as nearly resembling a 
wall tree, in the position of its branches, as possible. Let him, 
then, I say, continually divest one portion of the tree of all its 
foreright shoots, as fast as they are produced, and leave the other 
with all its breast wood on, and observe the difference. He will 
soon find that the stripped part will almost cease to thicken, and, 
in a short time, will not possess power sufficient to form a good 
tuft of leaves on the embryo buds, as noticed in the early part 
of this paper; and will eventually become what. practical men 
term “hide bound.” The only way to decoy the ascending sap 
into the inferior branches, in the growing season, is, by stopping 
the superior ones at acertain period of their growth, and leaving 
the inferior ones with all their breast wood growing. In the rest 
season, another way of effecting this is, by close pruning and 
shortening all the heart of the tree, which, by my mode of ma- 
nagement, is always full of young luxuriant wood, and which I 
denominate ‘ waste pipes.” These waste pipes I not only en- 
courage, but I stimulate the tree to make them by pruning. The 
purpose to which I hold these shoots subservient is, by their 
strong action, to cause the roots to make plenty of new fibres 
every year (the action of the root and top being well known to 
be reciprocal) ; which fibres, when in motion, are made, in the 
ensuing spring, to serve the purpose of the inferior branches. I 
speak now of such trees as I alluded to above. By pruning 
these ‘ waste pipes ” tolerably close (as to the degree of which, 
nothing but an intimate knowledge of the habits of the tree, and 
the effect desired, can guide us), the new root, now beginning 
to work, and which would have filled those shoots removed with 
the ascending sap, is made, instead, to fill all the inferior branches 
of the tree first; and, by the time that the trees have developed 
a good strong tuft of healthy leaves on the embryo buds, the 
waste pipes in the centre of the tree are getting to work, and 
decoy that heavy fund of sap away, which, had it not vent in 
this way, would have driven most of these buds into wood. 
Another point of much importance is, carefully, and at all times, 
to preserve a leading shoot at the extremities ofall the branches. 

Some soils are so happily constituted by nature, that fruit 
trees on them will bear almost any kind of abuse; and on such 
soils very good crops of fruit are obtained, with a system of 
digging and cropping underneath. ‘This is the case, however, 
with, perhaps, only one garden in twenty; and I am quite con- 


vinced, haying paid the very closest attention to the subject for 
L 4 


132 Culture of the Potato. 


some years, that three fourths of the evils complained of in fruit 
trees arise from mismanagement of the root. It will be readily 
seen that this is one of the reasons why I recommend table 
trellises on wall borders; and, with the other reasons, viz. the 
reciprocal injury done to bush, tree, and vegetables, in mixed 
cropping, in regard of light, together with the great advantage 
these borders possess for a system of trellising the tender pears, 
&c., it is sufficient, in my opinion, to warrant a departure from 
the old practice. 

I believe that I have now said all that the limits of this paper, 
and the character of your work, will allow; though I have only 
exhibited what I call a skeleton of the affair; and it is very pro- 
bable that this article will be much too long for one party, and 
much too speculative for another. However, I have not forgotten 
the old fable of ‘ the Man and his Ass.” I am well aware how 
difficult it is for the human mind to shake off entirely its early 
prepossessions in favour of certain habits and systems. I can 
only hope that these observations and suggestions may be judged 
with candour and caution before they are condemned, especially 
by those of your readers who love to see the profession in the 
ascending scale. As for those who read with the preintention of 
snarling, not to say biting, I can only say I am sorry for them, 
and that such folks too frequently ‘ die in their sins.” 

Oulton Park, June. 1835. 


Art. VIII. On the Culture of the Potato. By R. L. 


Turnine over the last volume of your Magazine, in order to 
see what it contained respecting potatoes, | was disappointed at 
the very little notice taken of that root, which may now almost 
be considered as the staff of life. One of your correspondents, 
from East Ham, speaks most decidedly against planting whole 
potatoes; whereas [ am satisfied, by repeated experiments, that 
one third more potatoes (especially of the kidney kind) are pro- 
duced by whole potatoes than by cuttings or sets. Ihave, for 
twenty years, been a grower of this valuable article; and, though 
only in a small way, yet I do not think myself the less qualified 
to form a judgment; because I have often and carefully made 
experiments, both as to the mode of culture and sorts of 
potatoes. Persons who plant 300 or 400 acres annually, have 
neither time nor inclination for observation and experiment; 
and, perhaps, like other farmers, are wedded to their own 
system. 

A Yorkshire gentleman, who plants yearly 150 acres for the 
London market, informs me that he plants sets, and not whole 
potatoes, and thinks 350 bushels an acre a very great crop. Now, 


Culture of the Potato. 133 


I have repeatedly grown from 500 to 600 bushels per acre. 
He says he is a great sufferer by what he calls the dry rot. 
Two years ago, he lost 80 acres from that cause. The term 
dry rot, as applied to potatoes, is new to me; but I presume 
it means that the cutting dries up, and is not productive. Sup- 
posing this to be correct, would that have happened had whole 
potatoes been planted? I think not; for, though I have fre- 
quently seen cuttings dried up and withered, I never had to 
complain when whole potatoes were planted. The operation 
of cutting potatoes for sets is very often left to ignorant and 
unpractised persons, and any old woman is thought capable 
of performing it: but this is not the case. If the knife goes 
either through the eye, or very close to it, I believe it will not 
produce. 

Last year (by no means a favourable one) I made the following 
experiment : — 

One row was planted with eight whole potatoes (of the agri- 
cultural kidney), each containing eight eyes, sixty-four in the 
whole. Produce, 33 potatoes; weight, 12 lb. 

Two rows of the same size were planted with eight sets each, 
each set containing four eyes, sixty-four in the whole. Produce, 
52 potatoes; weight, 18 lb. 

The result was, that twice the quantity of land produced only 
an excess of one third in weight: but, if two rows had been 
planted with whole potatoes, the produce would have been 24 lb. 
I have repeatedly tried the experiment, with nearly the same 
result; and, therefore, I come to the conclusion, that it is more 
advantageous to plant whole (kidney) potatoes than sets. ‘The 
rent, the taxes, the ploughing, and the dung must be the same 
in both cases. I calculate that my Yorkshire friend loses 7/. an 
acre, or 1000 guineas a season, by the use of sets. 

I have not tried the experiment with the round potato, which, 
generally, is so full of eyes, that it must be cut. But the 
pigs ask no questions :; I speak only of potatoes fit to be eaten 
by man. 

I take it for granted that you know the agricultural potato 
is decidedly thebest for the gentleman’s table, though not so pro- 
ductive as many others. ‘The bread-fruit potato is also, I pre- 
sume, well known to you; and you may, perhaps, have seen or 
heard of a new potato, called the poor man’s profit, which was 
sent to me as a very great bearer. 

Last year they produced, after the rate of, per acre: agricul- 
tural, 572 bushels; bread-fruit, 689 bushels; poor man’s profit, 
636 bushels. ‘This last is a round purple and white potato, very 
good for the table. Any one of these proceeds far exceeds the 
quantity which contents my friend in Yorkshire. 

I am now preparing some ground for experiments in small 


134 Experiment made with Three Potatoes. 


quantities. I shall carefully mark the result; which, with a 
specimen of the three kinds of potato, I would send you, if you 
like it. [We shall be very happy to receive it.] 

April 6. 1835. 


Art. 1X. An Account of an Experiment made with Three Potatoes. 
By Mr. Joun Denson, Sen. 


In 1832, I received three potatoes from you, with a request 
that I would plant them, and get what produce I could from 
them. When I received them they bore shoots in a forward state ; 
those I took from the plants, and struck in a slight heat, at the 
same time covering the potatoes over with the warmearth. By 
this method the potatoes, by the time the cuttings were struck, 
had formed fresh shoots: those shoots I carefully took off; I then 
cut the potatoes, leaving one or two eyes toa cutting: by these 
means I had nearly plants sufficient to plant half a pole of land: 
the produce was upwards of two bushels. 

This year (1833) I planted the produce in an open field, in 
the latter end of May, in rows a yard distant from each other: 
by this means my crop had the full benefit of the sun and air ; 
and, notwithstanding the season being unkind for potatoes, the 
produce averaged at the rate of full 400 bushels per acre. The 
greater portion was earthed up in due time: some few rows, 
for a time, were not: both were kept free from weeds. There 
was very little difference in the produce: what difference there 
was was in favour of those that were earthed up; and as, be- 
sides, the earthing up causes the culture to look more workman- 
like, I shall continue to practise it. 

The potatoes are of the red kind, with a purple eye, and are 
of good size and excellent flavour. 

I believe I have previously informed you that, owing to the 
kindness of the vicar, the greater portion of the labourers in the 
village occupy from half an acre to an acre of land. It was on 
a portion of this land that I grew the potatoes I have been speak- 
ing of. My neighbours have been in the habit of planting their 
potatoes in rows from 18 in. to 22 in. asunder. As my crop has 
been the most productive of any in the field, they will alter their 
system: by so doing, their potatoes will be better with less la- 
bour and less seed. I have often considered a crop might 
almost as well be smothered with weeds, as to suffer it to smother 
itself by being planted too thickly. 

Waterbeach, Cambridgeshire, December, 1833. 


[Tu1s communication has been delayed at the request of the 
gentleman from whom we received the three potatoes, who was 


Floricultural and Botanical Notices. 135 


also trying the experiment with them, with the intention of let- 
ting us know the result. He died, however, before the experi- 
ment was completed; or, at all events, before sending a final 
account of it. — Cond. 


Art. X. Floricultural and Botanical Notices on Kinds of Plants 
newly introduced into our Gardens, and that have originated in them, 
and on Kinds of Interest previously extant in them ; supplementary 
to the latest Editions of the “ Encyclopedia of Plants,” and of 
the ** Hortus Britannicus.” 


Curtis’s Botanical Magazine ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 3s. 6d. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Dr. Hooker, 
King’s Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow. 

Edwards’s Botanical Register ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 4s. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Dr. Lindley, 
Professor of Botany in the London University. 

Sweet’s British Flower-Garden ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
four plates ; 3s. coloured, 2s. 3d. plain. Edited by David Don, 
Esq., Professor of Botany in King’s College, and Librarian to the 
Linnean Society. 


A LITHOGRAPHED portrait of the lamented Douglas is pub- 
lished in the Companion to Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, the 
Number for February. 


EMBRYO DICOTYLEDONOUS: COROLLA POLYPETALOUS, 
OR NOT ANY. 


XLVII. Onagracee. 
1183. GNOTHERA 
410018 humifdsa Nutt. ground-spread © -Xori s PaRo Florida 1824 S co Bot. reg. t. 1829 
Synonyme: C2. concinna D. Don, in Sw.fi.gar. 2. s. t. 183 
See in Gard. Mag., vol. ix. p. 235, 236. Mr. D. Don (since 
Professor) had reputed this to be a native of Chili. Dr. Lind- 
ley has not been able to find any trace of it as Chilian, and 
has judged it to be identical with Gi. humifisa Nuéz., which was 
originally discovered on the sea coast near Cumberland Island, 
in Florida. It is a pretty little hardy annual, which creeps close 
to the ground, forming a plant 1 ft. across, and shedding its seeds 
freely. The tube of the calyx is of a red colour. Its expanded 
corolla is scarcely so far about as a shilling: when exposed to 
much light, it is of a very pale delicate flesh-colour, but when the 
plant grows in a cool shaded place, of a beautiful pink colour. 
Mrs. Marryat has the species in cultivation. (Bot. Reg., Feb.) 
*1183a GODE'TIA Spach. 8, 1. Sp. 2. 
Dr. Lindley has communicated in the Bot. Reg., the number 
for February, 1829, that M. Spach, a German botanist, resident 


136 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


at Paris, has produced a revision of the genus @nothera, and 
distributed the species into several groups, which he has deemed 
and denominated as genera, on, Dr. Lindley has represented, 
very insufficient grounds. However, Dr. Lindley has expressed 
the following notice of a part of the results of M. Spach’s re- 
searches that he deems of value. ‘ He [M. Spach] states that 
certain supposed cenotheras have their chalaza [“ a sort of vas- 
cular disk at the base of the nucleus,” within the ovule, or embryo 
seed] bordered by a fringed margin. This is an additional organ, 
and a special type of structure: it is the beginning of the feathery 
appendage of the seed of Epilobium; but it is incapable of per- 
forming the office of buoying up the seed in the air, so as to en- 
able it to be dispersed from place to place. I find the structure 
to be as M. Spach states, and that the species collected by the 
character are Ci. Romanzovii, purpurea, and the like, which 
will not intermix with the true evening primroses, and which 
have quite a peculiar habit. Among other things, their flowers 
have no tendency to become yellow.” 
LI. Loasacez. 


1477. BARTO‘NIA 
* atirea Lindl. golden-flowered © or 3 jl Go California 1833 S m.s.r.m_ Bot, reg. 1831 


‘* A very beautiful half-hardy annual, discovered by Mr. 
Douglas in California, and raised in the garden of the ” London 
‘* Horticultural Society, where it flowered in July last.” Stem 
2-$ ft. high, upright, branched, hispid; the branches brittle. 
Leaves dark green, sessile, acuminate, pinnatifid; the lower one 
3in. long. Flowers axillary, produced towards the tips of the 
branches. Corolla as wide as, or wider than, a crown-piece. It 
is only beneath bright sunshine that its splendid flowers unfold. 
As the sun exercises its influence, the petals gradually unroll, till 
every branch is radiant with gold; and so metallic is the lustre of 
the inside of the petals, that they seem as if composed of something 
more solid and enduring than the delicate and perishable tissue of 
a flower. Dr. Lindley has recommended for it a sheltered, warm, 
and sunny situation, and arich moist soil. (Bot. Leg., Feb.) 

LX. Proteacee. 


302. PETRO’/PHILA [New Holland 1830 S sp Bot. mag. 3469 
*2436a acicularis Zt. Br. needle-shaped-leafed #1] cu ... ap WH _ King George’s Sound in 


Shrub erect. Leaves 3 in. to 6in. long, thread-shaped. Head 
of flowers terminal. Perianth silky, concave, and red internally 
in the tips of the segments. Raised in the Botanic Garden, Edin- 
burgh, from seed communicated by Colonel Lindesay, in 1830, 
under the name of Petréphila filifolia. Plants flowered in April, 
1834, and in April, 1835. (Bot. Mag., Feb.) 

LXXIII. Rosacee § Quillajiz. 

KAGENE’CKI/4A R. & P. (M. de Kageneck, ambassador from the Emperor of Germany to the 
King of Spain.) 22. 11.  § 


p. 3. 
28592 crategifolia Lindl. Crategus-leafed # __Jor10 jn W_ Chili? 1830? L? C1 Bot. reg. 1836 
Synonyme :; K. crategéides D, Don, in Edinb. N._Phil. Journ. 10. 229, 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 137 


An evergreen shrub, with slender branches, oblong, serrated, 
acute, green leaves, and corymbs of white flowers produced on 
short axillary shoots towards the tips of the branches. The spe- 
cies is dicecious, and it is the male sex which isfigured. The 
corolla in this is of five distinct petals, and its outline of greater 
extent than that of a sixpenny-piece. The stamens are fifteen. 
(Bot. Reg., Feb.) 

The figure is from this sex of the species, in a living state, in 
the garden of the London Horticultural Society, where it is 
trained to the southern face of a tall wall, and is sheltered above, 
more or less, through the winter. It is pleasing in its foliage and 
its flowers. 


LXXVII. Legumindcee. 


1985. LUPI‘NUS (between Brazoria and San Felipe (Mr. Drummond) 1835 S_ s.1 Bot. mag.3467 
*subcarndsus Hook. almost-fleshy-leafed? © orl jl DpBW Texas (M. Berendier), and 


The leaf has a long petiole, and a disk of five leaflets that are 
in substance singularly thick and almost fleshy ; they are glabrous 
on the surface, and silky with scattered hairs on the subface, and 
severally obovate-lanceolate and retuse. Flowers disposed in 
terminal pyramidal racemes, many in a raceme. Corolla ex- 
tremely richly coloured: standard bent back, especially at the 
sides, orbicular, deep rich blue, with a nearly quadrangular 
white or yellowish-white spot in the centre; wings deep blue, 
oval, combined by their lower margin and concealing the keel, 
which is much acuminated, white, purple-black at its tip. ‘ An 
extemely beautiful, and, apparently, very distinct species.” 
Raised, and one may conclude in the Glasgow Botanic Garden, 
from seeds received from the late Mr. Drummond. (Bot. Mag., 
Feb.) 

2066, TRIFO‘LIUM 
718515 reflexum ZL. reflexed (the effloresced flowers) “%& A or ?1 jnjl RoW “long cultivates in 


the southern states of North America, and as far north as Kentucky.” ‘ Texas.’ 1794 
Bot. mag. 3471 


Long cultivated in the southern states of North America, and 
even as far north as Kentucky, by the name of buffalo clover. 
The figure, as compared with the kind of clover cultivated in 
British fields (7. praténse), shows a more globular head of flowers, 
and these individually party-coloured: the standard, by the de- 
scription, is of a beautiful rose-red ; the wings and keel are white. 
** After flowering, the wings spread considerably, and, by slightly 
cohering with the sides of the keel, they cause it to dilate and to 
have the appearance of a white bird with its wings expanded.” 
Stems decumbent. Foliage resembling that of J. praténse. 
Flowers, after flowering, deflexed: those of 7. répens, the white- 
flowered clover, are obviously so. T7. refléxum is stated to be 
handsome, and one would desire it in a garden. Is not the field 
clover a very ornamental plant? TZ. refléxum has been raised 
from seeds, which the late Mr. Drummond had sent from Texas; 


it is most probable, in the Glasgow Botanic Garden. (Bot. Mag., 
Feb.) 


138 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


1980. ADE/SMIA [fi.gar. 2. s. Re 
+17684 péndula Dec. pendulous-fruited YY A orl su Oand Y Buenos Ayres 1825 s sl Sw. 


a3 A creeping perennial herb, furnished which long white run- 
ners,” apparently under-ground ones. Scapes 7 in. or 1 ft. high. 
Leaves radical, impari-pinnate, 9 in. long. Leaflets, about twelve 
pairs with mes odd one, obovate or elliptical-oblong. Racemes 
terminal, solitary, many-flowered, erect. Flowers more than 
half as broad as a sixpenny-piece. Standard orange yellow, 
streaked with purple lines; wings orange yellow, keel pale yel- 
low. A native of dry sandy pastures in Buenos Ayres, raised 
in 1834, by Dr. Neill, Canonmills, near Edinburgh, from seeds 
sent by Mr. Tweedie. The figure is from a plant in the Chelsea 
Botanic Garden, where, in an open border, it has produced an 
abundance of flowers and ripe fruit. It ‘* appears to be quite 
hardy.” (Brit. Flow.-Gard., Feb.) 

CXXXI. Passifloracee. 


1923. PASSIFLO‘RA 
* ? 168892 Maydna May’s &. —J or 230 00 .. English hybrid ?1833 Cc rm 


On the wrapper of the oricultural Cabinet, the number for 
February, 1836, is an advertisement from Mr. William May, 
nurseryman, &c., Hope Nursery, Leeming Lane, near Ripon, 
of a kind of passion-flower, named as above; and, besides, 
his “ new hybrid fruit-bearing passion-flower,” and particulars 
to the following amount are sinied of it. It flowers early, and 
bears numerous flowers and fruits, insomuch that the plant, 
covering a space of wall 15 ft. square, was on December 24. 1835, 
bearing 94 fruits in a state of perfection. ‘The fruit resembles 
the yellow magnum bonum plum; but it is of a deep orange co- 
lour, ripens in October and November, and hangs upon the plant 
until the end of January ; and the fruits, in contrast with the 
fine deep green foliage, render the plant, in mid-winter, exceed- 
ingly interesting. 

CLI. Amarantacee. 


[the word in Hort. Brit. 
" 735. CELO‘SIA {(Kéleos, something burnt, Eagle LY § appearance of the inflorescence. Kelos is 
$6004 coccinea Z.  scarlet-injlorescenced [©] or jn.s S° China 1597 S r.m_ Bot. reg. 1834 


“* It differs from C., cristata oe common cockscomb] chiefly 
in the crowded pyramidal arrangement of the inflorescence, the 
narrower leaves, and the short stamens. It is also a far more 
hardy plant, and goes on producing, glowing crimson tassels, in 
the open border, till winter destroys it.” The inflorescence seems 
by the figure, composed of numerous ovate-acuminate spikes, 
disposed into an ovate-acuminate one of more than 3 in. long, 
and of nearly 3 in. broad in its broadest part. The figure is 
from specimens from the Hon. W. F. Strangways, from his 


garden in Dorsetshire. (Bot. Reg., Feb.) 


EMBRYO DICOTYLEDONOUS: COROLLA MONOPETALOUS. 


CLXXXVI. Compésite. 


2415. COREO’PSIS , [mag. 3460 
*coronata Hook, “‘crowned” Yyor2 suaut YBrspot Texasin Mexico 1835 S co Bot. 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 139 


Annual. Beautiful in the many heads of flowers produced in 
the summer and autumn: the heads are remarkable for the ray 
bearing a circle of brown spots placed at a distance from the disk. 
Peduncles much elongated, sometimes almost 1 ft. long. Stem 
erect. Leaves opposite, undivided or cut in a pinnated manner. 
Seeds received in the spring of 1835, from Mr. Drummond, who 
had gathered them in Texas. (Bot. Mag., Jan.) 


CLXXIX. Brunoniacee. 

*BRUNO‘NIA Smith. (So named by Smith in compliment to Robert Brown, Esq., D.C.L., &c. 
&c., the present keeper of the Banksian herbarium in the British Museum, whom I may designate, 
with perfect truth, as the most learned systematic botanist of this or any previous age. — Lindley.) 

wattle Be. southern A or and fral ... B New Holl. 1834 D? 1? Bot. reg. 1893 

Leaves all radical, spathulate, hispid, and radiating from the 
crown of the rootstock. Three scapes are shown in the figure, 
the longest near 1 ft. long, terminated by a head of numerous, 
rather small, flowers, that is subtended by an involucre of a few 
leaves small and shorter than the flowers. The plant “in ap- 
pearance is very like our wild scabiouses,” but the flowers are 
delightfully fragrant. According to the generic character by 

Brown, each flower is subtended by four bracteas; has a 5-cleft 

calyx ; a corolla of one petal, with a slender tube and a limb of 

five spreading segments ; five stamens arising from beneath the 

pistil and with connate anthers; a one-seeded ovary; and a 

stigma with a two-valved indusium. ‘The fruit is a utriculus 

[one-celled, one-seeded, capsule] enclosed in the enlarged hard- 

ened tube of the calyx, which spreads upwards, and has its seg- 

ments plumose. The seeds are without albumen. ‘“ A most 
interesting perennial, introduced by Mr. James Backhouse in; 

1834. ‘The drawing was made from specimens supplied by Mr. 

Low of Clapton; and ” Dr. Lindley has “ also received it from 

the Messrs. Backhouse of York.” He has recommend the pro- 

tection of a frame or cool green-house for it. (Bot. Reg., Feb.) 

CC. Polemonidcee. 


473. COLLO‘MIA [3468 
fCavanillési¢ Hook. and Arn. Cavanilles’s © or 13 jn—n RY Chile 1832 S co Bot. mag. 
Synonymy : Phi6x linearis Cav., Ic., not Colldmia linearis Nuét.; Colldmia Cavanillés#? Hook 
and Arn. Bot. of Beech. Voy. v. i. p. 37. 1831; C. coccinea Lehws., Delect. Sem. Hort, Hamburg., 
1832; Bot. reg. t. 1622.; C. lateritia D. Don, in Sw.fi.gar. 2. s. t. 206. 
Previously noted on by other names in Vol. IX. p. 620. 704. 
706. ** A very desirable annual.” (Bot. Mag., Feb.) 
CCXI. Scrophularidcee. 


1717. PENTSTE‘MON [St. Austin 1835 S s.1 Bot, mag. 3465 
*Cobee’a Nutt. Cobcea-flower-like-flowered yy AV or 2} aut WPYR Interior of Texas, about 


Stem 2 ft. and more high. Leaves, the upper ones, oblong, or 
even oblong-cordate and half stem-clasping; the middle ones ob- 
long, narrower at the base, but sessile; the radical leaves oval- 
spathulate petiolate : allof themsomewhat glossy, denticulate at the 
margin. Flowers inaterminal leafy panicle. Mr. Nuttall has called 
the species Cobce'a on account of the magnitude, and a sort of ge- 
neral resemblance in its flowers to those of Cobce‘a scandens. 


Dr. Hooker has stated that the specimen that he has figured had 


140 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


not flowers so large as some of those on wild specimens, nor of 
the colour described by Nuttall; and he has attributed this to the 
plants, from seeds sent by Mr. Drummond in the spring of 1835, 
not producing their blossoms till the period of the autumnal 
colds. It may be found in future seasons to flower earlier. The 
flowers are described to have a corolla that has the tube con- 
siderably inflated, pale, almost white,. tinged with purple; the 
limb of five spreading segments, within white, slightly suffused 
with yellow, and streaked with red. According to the figure, the 
corolla is 1 in. long, and the limb nearly 1 in. across; the lower 
part of the filaments whitish, the anthers deep purple. ‘The 
ficure is from the species, in a living state, in the Glasgow Bo- 
tanic Garden. (Bot. Mag., Feb.) 
CCXIII. Solanaceae. 
587. SA’/RACHA R. and P. (After Isidore Saracha, a Benedictine monk, much attached to botany, 
and who enriched the royal gardens at Madrid with many rare plants.) 5. 1. ree Bo oes 
* yiscdsa Lk? clammy-herbaged SE 1_] cu 1 s Wespot. with Ol. Peru? 1834 SC pl Sw. 
Stem suffruticose. All parts of the plant thickly clothed with 
glandular clammy hairs. Leaves heart-shaped, about 5 in. long, 
and about as much broad, sinuosely lobed, with several large 
triangular pointed teeth, or sometimes wholly entire. Flowers 
in nearly sessile umbels in the forks of the branches : the umbels 
of from three to five flowers. Corolla with its limbnearly 143 in. 
across, with five ovate-triangular acute lobes, white, marked 
towards the centre with olive-coloured spots: tube very short 
and wide. Berry globose, the size of a cherry, scarlet. The 
account is relative to *‘a plant which flowered, and subsequently 
ripened its fruit, in an open border of the Chelsea Botanic 
Garden.” It ‘is shrubby, and requires to be protected in the 
green-house during winter. It is easily multiplied both by seeds 
and cuttings.” (Brit. Flow.-Gard., Feb.) 


588. LY’CIUM [co Sw. fl. gar. 2. s. 324 
$4678 afrum LZ. African or 10 su Liv P. Northern Africa, or else C. G. H. (see below) 1712 C 
‘¢ Although too tender to grow in the open border unpro- 
tected, it will be found to succeed admirably well, if planted. 
against a wall in a favourable aspect. The plant whence our 
drawing was taken is placed against the wall of the Chelsea 
Botanic Garden, where it has stood for many years, without 
any kind of protection, except what its situation affords, and is 
annually adorned throughout the summer months with a pro- 
fusion of its rich purple blossoms.” As to its native country, 
* some will have it to be indigenous to northern Africa; while 
others, with Thunberg, give the Cape of Good Hope.as its na- 
tive country. ‘The former opinion I am rather inclined to adopt, 
as Thunberg’s description would seem to apply to a species 
different from the present.” (Professor D. Don, in Brit. Flow.- 
Gard., Feb.) 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 141 


EMBRYO MONOCOTYLEDONOUS. 


CCXXXVIII. Amaryllacee. - 
The Hon. and Rev. W. Herbert is preparing for publication 
a revision of the order Amarylldcee, preceded by a review of 
the defects of the present arrangement of monocotyledonous 
plants, and an attempt to remove them. It is to contain between 
thirty and forty copper-plate engravings, in which representations 
of upwards of eighty “new plants” will be given; and it is to 
** contain ample details; and is intended equally for the use of 
the scientific botanist and the unlearned cultivator. A treatise 
on hybrid vegetables will be subjoined to it.” 
§ 2. Scapacee, suborder Schistandre Herbert. 
74a, COOPE‘RIA Herb. (Mr, Joseph Cooper, who has now had, for upwards of twenty years, the 
management of the botanic garden at Wentworth [House, the property of the Earl Fitzwilliam 
family, and the place of residence of one or other member of it], and is one of the most zealous 
and successful cultivators of rare plants in this kingdom, and has, with unremitting exertion, 
brought together the fine collection of plants now at Wentworth, by a liberal system of exchang- 
ing his superfluities for those of other persons. — Herbert.) 6. 1. Sp. 2. 
[O ?p.l Bot. reg. 1835. 
*Drummond Herb. Drummond’s ¥% .AJor.A] cu 32 ?su. WR_ Texasin Mexico ?1835 
{?p.l Bot. reg. t. 1835, in the text 

*chlorosolen Herb. green-tubed % AJ or.:A] cu ?2 WG ... Texasin Mexico ?1835 O 

A bulbous genus, nearly allied to the genus Zephyranthes. 

Drummondz. The bulb, by the figure, of about the size of 
a large acorn, and of similar form. Leaves 12 in. to 13 in. long, 
and the 12th of an inch broad, channeled, twisted, glabrous, 
green, reddish near the bulb; protruded in autumn. Scape 
45 in. long, bearing a spathe out of which emanates a flower that 
has a tube 43 in. long, slender, terminated by a limb flatly ex- 
panded, and 1% in. across, and formed of six segments that are 
white within, lineated with red at the back; and the tube is ex- 
ternally red. ‘* This plant is at once distinguished from all the 
known genera of the order to which it belongs, by anthers sessile 
on the mouth of the tube, so that the filaments are consolidated 
with it, and decurrent in its texture.” The tube is striated from 
the decurrence of the filaments. ‘ Discovered in the province 
of Texas in North America, by poor Drummond.” It has flow- 
ered in the Botanic Garden at Wentworth House, that of Edin- 
burgh, and at Mr. Dickson’s nursery. 

At Wentworth, two 1-flowered scapes were successively pro- 
duced, and, on the first, ripe seeds, that have readily vegetated. 
It is possible that it may endure our climate, as the frosts are 
severe in Texas. 

Chlorosolen. Leaves nearly 18 in. long, an eighth of an inch 
broad, twisted, green. ‘Tube of the flower, 43 in. long, green ; 
limb 14 in. across, white, with the segments tipped with green 
and lineated externally with green. (Bot. Reg., Feb.) 

CCXL. Orchidaceae. 

A prospectus of an intended work by Dr. Lindley on tropical 
Orchidacez, to be published by Messrs. Ridgway, has been 
issued. It isnamed Sertwm Orchideum (the orchideous garland), 

Vou, XII.— No. 72. M 


142 Royle’s Illustrations of the Natural History 


and is to include figures of a selection of the most remarkable of 
the tribe, and to be published in 20 two-monthly parts, of folio 
size, each containing 5 plates, highly finished, from drawings 
made for the purpose by Miss Drake. ‘The subjects of the fi- 
gures will be any very beautiful kinds of which fine specimens 
may be produced from time to time in the hot-houses of Britain, 
and some of those magnificent species which are at present un- 
known in Europe in a living state. 


2540. ONCI’/DIUM [Mrs. Moke, at Tejuca, near Rio Janiero 1835 D_ p.r.w Bot. reg. 1830 
*Russelléanum Lindl. Russell, Duke of Bedford’s €(Ajor1{... Li P Br G From the garden of 


Pseudo-bulb ovate, ribbed, bearing strap-shaped spreading 
leaves. Four flowers and a flower-bud are shown upon the stem. 
The divisions of the flower spread beyond the outline of a half- 
crown piece. ‘The sepals and petals are described to be in co- 
lour brown purple, edged with green; the labellum lilac, and 
bearing lamellze in its disk, which are purple, edged with white ; 
the wings of the column and the gynizus yellow, the latter edged 
with purple. Named in compliment to the Duke of Bedford. 
The Hon. Capt. J. Roos, R. N., sent it, derived from the source 
named above, to Woburn, with many other valuable plants, in 
1835. (Bot. Reg., Feb.) 


$2525. SARCOCHI‘LUS [D pzr.w Bot. reg. 1832 
$22643 falcatus R.Br. falcate-leaved ye (Xjor3 ap WPk New Holl., near Hunter’s River 1821 


Stem very short. Leaves linear-lanceolate, rather leathery, 
about 3 in. wide, the longest depicted about 3 in. long, disposed 
in 2 rows. Flowers in axillary upright racemes, 3—6 in a ra- 
ceme, and turned to one side, nearly entirely white. Perianth 
spreading, of about the width of a shilling. It “is so neat and 
simple in its appearance, as to be sure to captivate the feelings of 
every lover of nature. It must be treated just like other orchi- 
deous epiphytes.” Messrs. Loddiges and Mr. Bateman possess 
the species in a living state. (Bot. Reg., Feb.) 


REVIEWS. 


Art. I. Royle's Illustrations of the Botany and other Branches of 
the Natural History of the Himalayan Mountains, and of the 
Flora of Cashmere, &c. Part VI., containing from p. 177. to 216. 
of letterpress; a view of the Himalayan Mountains, a plate of 
birds, and eight plates of plants, all beautifully coloured. 


Tue letterpress commences with Zerebinthaceee, which con- 
tains chiefly Indian trees, though the group of Anacardiéz con-- 
tains the Pistacia véra, P. Terebinthus, and P. ZLentiscus, the 
two former of which stand the open air in this country. The tribe 
Sumachinee is also chiefly hardy. 


They “ exude resin. The bark, as well as the leaves and fruit, of several 
species is astringent, on which account they are employed in the preparation 


oe. 


of the Himalayan Mountains and of Cashmere. 143 


of leather. The genus Rhis includes some true poisons, as FP. venenata [R. 
vérnix], R. pernicidsa, &. radicans, and &. Toxicodéndron; and, though 
most are inodorous, others, as &. suaveolens and #. aromatica, exhale a plea- 
sant odour; while some of the species have acid berries, as R. Coriaria, R. 
Bicku-Améla, and Schinus Molle. Thus, R. Cétinus, or the red sumach, has 
wood, called young fustick, which is astringent, as well as the berries; and R. 
Coriaria, known in India by the same name as in Europe, is a powerful astrin- 
gent, chiefly employed in tanning leather, but also in Indian medicine. The 
seed of R. parviflora, twntereek, is frequently substituted in India for that of 
the sumach. A. glabra is considered a febrifuge. &. vérnix, a Japanese tree, 
exudes a whitish resinous juice, which soon becomes black in the air. R. 
succedanea, and R. vernicifera, both common to the Himalayas and Japan, 
are said, in the latter, to yield a similar product. Species of other genera, as 
of Schinus, contain a resinous matter.” (p. 179.) 


The Terebinthaceze, Mr. Royle concludes, are one of the 
most important families in India, for the number and value of 
their products. There appears to be a number of species of 
Rbis in the Himalayan Mountains which have not yet been 
introduced into Europe; and these, it is observed by Mr. Royle, 
“‘ being found at any elevation, might, no doubt, be introduced 
into English shrubberies.” By grafting and transplanting the 
mango, its “ ordinary growth is much impeded; and shrubs of 
less than 4 ft. in height have borne, in the Saharunpore Garden, 
above a dozen mangoes. It would be necessary only to imitate 
the climate, by giving a green-house cold in winter; rapidly 
raising the heat in February and March, and continuing it till 
May or June, or about the time of the accession of the rains, 
when the addition of moisture to the heat is indicated; as the 
mangoes only perfectly ripen after the atmosphere has become 
moist in the rains.” (p. 180.) 

Moringee form an order consisting of a single genus, separated 
from Leguminose by Mr. Brown. Moringa pterygospérma is 
common in most parts of India. From the seeds “an oil is 
procured, which is described as not becoming rancid. Being 
inodorous, it is now chiefly employed for retaining the aroma of 
delicate flowers, and, though aperient, is seldom used as medi- 
cine. The flowers, leaves, and tender seed-vessels are eaten by 
the natives of India in their curries; and the roots are uni- 
versally known to European residents in India, as a substitute 
for the horseradish. ‘They are remarkable for their pungent and 
stimulating nature, and are employed for the latter property, by 
the natives, in medicine.” (p. 180.) 

Leguminose.— This order forms one of the most important of 
the vegetable kingdom in point of number of species, diversity 
of form, and important uses, as food, medicine, and in the arts. 
Many of the species are also highly beautiful; and the Am- 
hérstza nobilis Mr. Royle characterises as “‘the most splendid of 
the many magnificent objects of the vegetable kingtom.” In 


consequence of the irritability of the leaves of many of this 
M 2 


144 Royle’s Illustrations of the Natural History 


species, and their collapsion during sleep, they have been con- 
sidered by some authors as the most highly organised of plants, 
and therefore placed at the head of the vegetable kingdom. 
They may be almost universally recognised (Detarium is the 
only exception) by the form of fruit, from which they are 
named. ‘They form, in almost every country, a considerable 
portion of the flora. In the present collection, they amount to 
300 species, which is about one twelfth of the whole. The hill 
specimens being, to those found in the plains, in the proportion 
nearly of 92 to 208.” (p. 180.) 

The Legumindsze have been divided into the three orders of 
Mimoseze, Ceesalpinee, and Papilionacese, by Mr. Brown; and 
into two grand divisions, and a number of sub-orders and tribes, 
by Professor De Candolle, whose arrangement we have adopted 
in our Hortus Britannicus. Mr. Royle devotes a considerable 
space to this important order; and, in conclusion, there is given 
an account, by Mr. Bentham, of the Himalayan Leguminosz of 
European and Siberian forms. Mr. Royle adopts Mr. Brown’s 
division, and speaks first of the Mimdsez. The plants of this 
order belong almost entirely to warm climates. ‘There are only 
two species ; viz. the Acacia Julzbrissin and affinis, or dealbata, and, 
perhaps, a few others, which stand the open air about London. 
Some species, however, are found as high as 6000 ft. on the 
Himalayas, in north latitude 30°; and there can be little doubt 
that these will resist our British winters. 

The Cesalpinee, also, chiefly inhabit the warm parts both of 
the New and Old Worlds; and to this order belong Amheérstza, 
just mentioned, and the well-known carob tree. 

The Papilionaceze include by far the greater number of the 
species belonging to the order Leguminosee, as the reader may 
see by turning to our Hortus Britannicus, p. 511. Some genera 
of this order are found at the elevation of 8000 ft. and 10,000 ft. 
Piptanthus nepalénsis, from this region, is already in our 
gardens, and is found about London to be nearly as hardy as 
the laburnum; and Thermopsis barbata, which is described 
by travellers as a ‘‘ superb sort of lupine,” and many others, may 
be expected. Trifoliéae and Viciéze, which form the principal 
plants for fodder, and for producing leguminous seeds of Ku- 
ropean agriculture, are also, with the Cerealia, the principal 
plants of the ‘cold weather cultivation” of Northern India. 
At this cold weather season, “‘ the obliquity of the sun’s rays 
allows the plains to be cooled down to a temperature which 
approximates to that of the summer of the mountains, and of 
European latitudes.” Mr. Royle thinks it probable “ that both 
the red and white varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris were intro- 
duced into Europe from Caubul, Cashmere, or the neighbouring 
countries; as the seeds of both were brought to him “ from 


of the Himalayan Mountains and of Cashmere. 145 


the latter, and they can only be successfully cultivated in a 
lower temperature than other species of the genus.” (p. 192.) 
Passing over numerous important observations respecting this 
order, we stop to notice Dalbérgza Sissoo, one of the most 
valuable of the Indian timber trees, and, except Shorea robista 
(called the saul tree), more extensively used than any other in 
Northern India; ‘ but, like every other, subject to be speedily 
destroyed by the unceasing ravages of the white ant. 


“It would be important to ascertain whether timber and vegetable 
matter might not be defended from these destroying hordes by the same 
process as employed by Mr. Kyan in so effectually preserving from the dry. 
rot, and of which so luminous an account was given by Dr. Faraday, in 
his lecture, and subsequently in the Quarterly Review. When in India,” 
Mr. Royle continues, “it was my intention to have prosecuted a series of 
experiments on the subject. I commenced by dissolving corrosive sublimate 
and assafcetida in strong spirits (articles, all of which are procurable in every 
bazaar), and poured the solution into any place where the white ants were 
beginning to make their appearance. The process was so effectual, that they 
were always driven away from the point attacked; and my servants were 
afterwards in the habit of resorting to the same measure whenever occasion 
required. I regret that my avocations did not allow me leisure to pursue the 
subject ; but I commend it to my ingenious friend Mr. James Prinsep. 

“ While this is passing through the press, I have seen (March 14. 1835) 
specimens, at the Royal Institution, of oak and deal, which had been sent to 
and have returned from India, with a certificate from Mr. Kyd, stating that 
both had been freely exposed in such situations as where timber is never known 
to escape the depredations of white ants; but neither piece had been touched 
and both were returned sound and uninjured. It is hardly possible to calculate 
the benefit of which this may be productive. It remains to be ascertained 
whether the preparation (ruskupoor) procurable in India is equally efficacious ; 
as well as to ascertain the Indian woods in which the chemical combination is 
most complete and effectual in resisting the destructive powers of the white 
ant ; powers second only, if second, indeed, they be, to the dry rot.” 


Rosdcee. — This order is “ chiefly confined to the cool parts 
of the northern hemisphere, being found in the plains of high 
latitudes, and in the mountains of more southern regions. Though 
roses, peaches, and some of the apple tribe, are found in the 
gardens, we°do not meet with any of the Rosacez in the plains 
of India, with the exception of Rubus, found, however, only in 
hilly places in the southern parts of India, and a single Poten- 
tilla.” (p. 202.) 


“ Two other species of Poténtilla are found on the Neelgherries, with a 
Cotoneaster Fragaria, and species of Ritbus and Photinia. Of this last genus, 
species are also found in the mountains above Silhet and Pundua, and extend- 
ing further north, with a species of Eriobdtrya in Nepal; making these genera 
common to the Himalayas and to China. A Raphidlepis is also mentioned 
in India, but it does not appear to extend beyond China or Cochin-China. A 
species of Eriobotrya is said to be found in Persia. 

“In addition to these, in the northern as in the southern parts of the 
Himalayas, there are numerous species of Rosacez belonging to such genera 
as are found in Europe, Siberia, the Altai Mountains, China, Japan, and North 
America; and from Caucasus to the Hindoo Khoosh, on the ramifications of 
which, and in the valleys they include, some, as the Pomacee and Amygdalez, 

M 3 


146 Royle’s Illustrations of the Natural History 


appear to have their favourite resort. The genera of which species are found 
in the Himalayas are, Amfgdalus, Pérsica, Armeniaca, Prunus, Cérasus, Spi- 
rea, Neillia, Géum, Sievérsia, Rubus, Dalibarda, Fragaria, Potentilla, Sib= 
baldia, Agrimonia, Sanguisérba, Rosa, Cratee‘gus, Cotoneaster, Cydonia; and 
of Pyrus, species of the sections Pyréphorum, Malus, and Sérbus. Of these, 
Neillia is alone peculiar to these mountains. Sievérsia is interesting, as found 
on the Alps, in Kamtschatka, in Melville Island, and in the Himalayas, on 
such lofty mountains as Choor, Kedarkanta, and Gossainthan; and Dalibarda, 
in these mountains, in North America, and the Straits of Magalhaens. 
Though the Rosacez are chiefly confined to the northern hemisphere, yet the 
southern is not without them, as a Géum is found in the last-mentioned 
straits; a Fragaria and Rubus in the Andes and Peru; a Cratze‘gus and Po- 
tentilla in Chili; and, though not to the south of the line, a Geum, Rubrs. 
and Amygdalus, in Mexico; and a Cérasus in the West Indies; appearing to 
indicate that, where any similarity of climate exists, representatives of genera 
and families may be found, of which the greater numbers exist in very distant 
regions. 

“ With respect to species which, independent of those yielding the well- 
known fruits, are common to these mountains and other parts of the world, 
Pyrus baccata may be mentioned, which, common in Siberia, was procured by 
Dr. Wallich from Kemaon, and found by myself on Kedarkanta. Of th2 
. spireeas, one is near, if not identical with, S. callosa of Thunb.; S. chameedri- 
folia Linn., and S. kamtschatica Pall., allied to S. Ulmaria, found in Siberia, 
are also so in these mountains. SS. triternata approaches S. Arancus; and 8. 
Lindleyana is like S. sorbifolia. Agrimonia nepalénsis resembles A. Eupa- 
torium. The potentillas are thirty-one in number: of these, twenty-one are 
in Dr. Wallich’s, and twenty-three in the author’s collection: of the latter, 
six are new, and three are Siberian species. Many are highly ornamental, as 
may be seen by those already introduced, as well as by those figured in the 
present work, which would sueceed equally well in England. P. cathaclines, 
multifida, and bifarca are the three Siberian species found in Kunawur. _Sib- 
baldia procimbens is common to Europe, Siberia, America, and the Hima- 
layas. 

“ Nothing can be more ornamental than the double white rose of Northera 
India and the Deyra Doon, R. Lyélliz, kooza of the natives; nor than &. Bru- 


nonis, allied to 2. moschata Linn., common in the valleys, or the banks cf 


streams within the mountains, ascending to the tops of lofty trees, especially 
alders, and hanging down in elegant racemes. On more lofty and drier situ- 
ations, as the passes of Kunawur, 2. Webbiana, allied to the Scotch rose, is 
common. #. macrophylla is the most common species on the southern face 
of the mountains; but on Choor, Urrukta, and such situations, &. sericea 
Lindl, is remarkable in always having four (as P. Tormentilla among the po- 
tentillas) instead of five, the usual number of petals. In the plains, though 
so extensively cultivated, no species of rose appears to be indigenous. R. 
damaseéna (goolab and sud-burg of the natives, wurd of the Arabs) is that most 
highly esteemed, and cultivated in Northern India for making rose-water and 
the atter of roses. _ The latter is, however, only extensively distilled at Ghazi- 
pore, probably from this species, as it is in Persia; though it is difficult to 
ascertain whether the same species be cultivated for these purposes in Cash- 
mere. Some of the species of Rubus, as in Europe, ripen their fruit early in 
the season, and others towards autumn. A. fruticosus is found in Cashmere. 
R. rotundifolius (zwrd-anchoo of the Hill people) affords a grateful fruit in 
April and May; but 2. lasiocarpus (Au-anchoo) not until the rams. #. con- 
color comes the nearest to the raspberry, and is not found except on lofty 
mountains, as Dhunoultee, Choor, and Kedarkanta. In addition to these, a 
species of strawberry, Fragaria nubicola Wall., very closely allied to F. col- 
lina, affords a grateful fruit in May, on such places as Phagoo, Mhasoo, 
Bhoke, &c. 


“ With exception of the Amygdaleze, which secrete hydrocyanic acid, non 


of the Himalayan Mountains and of Cashmere. 147 


of the Rosacez are possessed of deleterious properties; but many are remark- 
able for producing the most delicious fruits, both in Europe and Asia. Of 
most of these, the native country is not well ascertained ; but in Europe we 
point to the s.£., and in India to the n.w., as their native country. Thus, in 
India, Caubul and Cashmere; and, in Europe, Pontus and Armenia, are con- 
sidered as the native countries of the same fruits, which the ancients generally 
named from the places whence they were procured. Thus, we have Cérasus 
and Pérsica, Armeniaca, and Cydonia mala. In India, however, the languages 
being more analogous, they adopt the names of the countries more to the 
northward. But, as none of these fruits have been found wild in the plains of 
these Asiatic countries, we must look to the mountains which run along their 
whole extent, as their probable native sites, especially as we shall there find 
most of the fruits alluded to, if not wild, yet in a high state of perfection, with 
new species of the genera to which they belong. 

“ Thus, the almond, peach, nectarine, apricot, plum, and cherry, with the 
apple, pear, and quince, are all found, either in a wild or cultivated state, on 
the ramifications of Taurus and Caucasus, Hindookhoosh and the Himalayas, 
or on the valleys included within them. Most of them are enumerated by 
Forster and Moorcroft, as being abundant in Cashmere, whence I introduced 
them into the Musscoree Nursery. Mr. Elphinstone and Lieut. Burnes 
inform us they abound in Peshawur and Caubul; and by the latter, the peach, 
apricot, cherry, plum, pear, apple, and quince are represented as abundant at 
Bokhara, and other places on the north of the Hindockhoosh. In Kunawur, 
on the north of the Himalaya, we have the apricot, peach, plum, and apple. 

“ The almond, which, though flowering, does not ripen its fruit in N. 
India, and of which both the sweet and bitter kinds are known and imported 
into the northern parts from Ghoorbund, and into the southern parts of India 
by the Persian Gulf, is so extensively cultivated in the south of Europe, in 
Syria, and Barbary, that it is probable its native country may be further north 
than others of the tribe, and therefore the north of Africa, as generally sup- 
posed; though it may also be found in the mountains of Asia. 

“ The peach, introduced into Europe from Persia, a country in which the 
fruit is very fine, and where both the free and clingstone varieties are known, 
and called kulloo and kardee ; the general name for peach being, Persian, 
aroo, and, Arabic, khookh. They ripen well, and are of a fine flavour in 
Peshawur ; also, in the north of India, with the well-flavoured flat peach from 
China. With care, it succeeds also in the elevated iand of Mysore; it is 
found wild in different parts of the Himalayas, as about Mussooree, at 
elevations of 5000 ft. and 6000ft. In the district of Bissehur there is a dis- 
tinct kind, called bhemee by the natives (Pérsica saligna nod.), which, though 
small, is juicy and very sweet. The nectarine is found in gardens in Northern 
India, where it is called shuft-aloo, and moondla (smooth) aroo, though it does 
not perfectly ripen its fruit, nor is it known from whence it was introduced, 
though probably from Caubul. 

“ The apricot is very abundant round almost every village in the Himalayas, 
rendering it difficult to ascertain whether it be ever found wild, as the trees 
remain the only vestiges of deserted villages. It has been supposed to be a 
native of the Oases of Egypt, in consequence of its name (burkook) being pro- 
bably the original of the old term apricoke and Precocia; but as that is its 
name in the Arabic language, which prevails, like the apricot, over a great 
extent of the Oriental region, the same name is likely to be everywhere ap- 
plied to it. At Caubul it is said to be preserved in fourteen different ways, 
with and without the stones, or the kernel left, or an almond substituted. 
(Burnes.) It is generally brought in this state into Northern India, under 
the name khoobanee ; the Arabic name is mishmish ; in Bokhara, where they 
are particularly fine, they are called bakwr-khanee. In the Himalayas, the 
fruit is called zurd-aloo, chooloo, and chinaroo. In Kunawur, the fruit is dried 
on the tops of their houses, and, when pounded, mixed with their meal. It is 
chiefly cultivated on account of the beautiful oil which is expressed from the 

Mm 4 ; 


148 Royle’s Illustrations of the Natural History 


kernels. These may also be found in the bazaars, under the name of Jadam- 
kohee, or hill almonds. The oil has a slight smell of hydrocyanic acid, and 
must resemble that from almonds, especially the bitter kind, or that obtained 
from Prunus brigantiaca. 

« Specimens of the cherry, or aloo-baloo, which I obtained from Cashmere, 
appear to Dr. Lindley not to differ from the common species, which therefore 
is probably that met with at Caubul, perhaps also at Bokhara. ‘The fruit of 
Cérasus Piddum, common in the Himalayas, is not edible, but is employed for 
making a well-flavoured cherry-brandy, though not distilled like the kirschen- 
wasser ; the bark (pudmak) is used in medicine, as is that of species of cherry 
in the United States and Mexico. Cérasus undulata and capricida (the last 
so called from the leaves being poisonous to goats), and C. cornuta, remarkable 
for its pod-like monstrosity, are handsome and showy trees, growing on lofty 
mountains, and worthy of introduction into England. 

“ The plum is known in India in a dried state, under the name of aloo- 
bokhara, though chiefly cultivated about Ghuzni. It was seen by Lieut. 
Burnes, both at Koondooz and Bokhara, whence it may originally have been 
introduced into the kingdom of Caubul. Specimens of the plants from Cash- 
mere appear to Dr. Lindley to be a new species, Prunus bokhariénsis nod. 
To this kind, kokamalis is applied as the Greek name in Persian works on 
Materia Medica. From Irki, near Sabathoo, a small, yellow, thin-skinned, 
and very juicy sweet plum was introduced into the Saharunpore Garden, and 
which, though I considered to be a new species (P. Alodcha), is very like a 
variety of the common plum. It is this, probably, which is called green gage 
by travellers. Mr. Moorcroft also mentions a plum in Ludak, Cérasus tomen- 
tosa Wall., Cat. N., 715. Prunus triflora Roxb. is a plum now common in 
gardens in India, which Dr. Roxburgh states was originally introduced from 
China. The peach, apricot, cherry, and plum all exude gum in Northern 
India. 

“* Of the Pomacez, the quince plants, introduced from Cashmere, do not 
differ from those already in India, Cydonia vulgaris Pers. The seeds (bihee 
dana) being mucilaginous, and used in medicine, are imported from Caubul - 
and Cashmere into Northern, and by the Persian Gulf into Southern, India. 

“ Of pears, that of Samurcund is most noted: they are plentiful at Caubul, 
and excellent at Peshawur; and are brought into India by the northern mer- 
chants from Cashmere and Boodurwar. In the gardens of India, the only 
kind known is one introduced from China, Pyrus sinica, or sand-pear, which 
more nearly resembles the baking pear than any other I know. P. Pashia 
Ham., P. varioldsa Wall., or wild pear tree of the hills, attains a great size; 
but the fruit is not edible until it becomes somewhat decayed. P. lanata and 
crenata are other species of this genus, which are found at, higher elevations. 
The first affords an edible fruit called paltoo. 

‘© Apples alone of the tribe succeed well in the southern parts of India, as 
they are stated to be excellent at Bangalore and in Tirhoot; and, though 
small, of a good quality in most parts of Northern India. As an mstance of 
the difficulty attendant on the introduction of European plants into Northern 
India, it may be mentioned, that an apple tree from Liverpool, in consequence 
of being the only one which survived, cost upwards of 70/. before it was 
planted in the nursery at Mussooree, where, however, it was thriving along 
with the fruit trees introduced from Cashmere. The apple is grown in some 
of the villages of the Himalaya, as well as in Kunawur. They are remarkably 
fine at Peshawur and Caubul, and are brought down to India from Boodurwar 
and Cashmere. On the northern face of the mountains they are grown both 
at Balkh and Bokhara, and are remarkably fine at the former.” 


Granatee.— There is only one genus, Punica (which, Mr. 
Royle says, might be retained in Myrtaceze), originally of Western 
Asia, but which has extended into the south of Europe, and 
been taken from thence to India and the north of Africa. 


of the Himalayan Mountains and of Cashmere. 149 


* Lieut. Burnes describes the pomegranates as forming quite a wood in 
Mazenderan, whence the dried seeds are exported for medicinal use; and 
mentions that the famous pomegranates without seeds are grown in the rich 
gardens, called Balabagh, lying under the snowy hills near the Caubul river. 
Mr. Forster describes them as delicious about Hadgiabad, as they are, indeed, 
in most parts of Persia. (Journ., p. 169.) Though grown in most parts of 
India, large quantities of a superior quality are yearly brought down by the 
northern merchants from Caubul, Cashmere, and Boodurwar. In the Hima- 
layas, the pomegranate may be seen growing wild, and also near villages. 
The fruit, though small, is brought down for sale to Saharunpore; it is called 
darmee: and the rind (naspal), being very astringent, is used in medicine, as 
well as in dyeing. The employment, by the natives of India, of the bark of 
the root for the expulsion of tape-worm being now well known, since the sub- 
ject was communicated by Drs. Hamilton and Fleming, is a remarkable in- 
stance of the oblivion into which even a valuable medicine may fall, as this 
property was well known to Dioscorides, 1. c. 154. The natives give buloo- 
siton and rooman as the Greek names of the pomegranate.” 


Memecylee and Combretacee are equinoctial orders, respecting 
which Mr. Royle has given information most valuable for the 
settler in India, but which we pass over, confident that his work 
will soon find its way into the libraries of the wealthier classes of 
British residents in India, or of British Indian merchants, or of 
other men of wealth resident in Britain. 

Onagrarie. — This order contains Epilobium, of which thir- 
teen species have been found in the Himalayas. It also contains 
Circee'a, of which some species are found in Nepal; and Trapa, 
which, like many other aquatic genera, spreads over a great 
extent of latitude, “ being common everywhere in the waters of 
India and China, as well as of Cashmere, of Europe, and of 
Siberia.” (p. 211.) 


Haloragez, “ being an aquatic family, does not, by its distribution, indicate 
differences of climate, as its plants are found in streams and wet situations in 
various parts of the world. Thus, Hippuris is common to Europe and America, 
and has been found at Unalaschka, but not in India. Callitriche is common to 
India and Europe; Myriophyllum to both these and to America. Serpicula 
is common to India and Africa, being found in the Mauritius, the Cape of 
Good Hope, and the Indian Peninsula; Haloragis in the last, as well as in 
New Holland.” 


Ceratophyllee is also an aquatic order, distributed over a wide 
extent, both in Europe and India. 

Lythrariée, or Salicariée.— The true Salicariéze form a tribe 
which contains a number of aquatic species, and, as is generally 
the case, these are distributed over a wide extent, and in very 
different climates. Lythrum is found in Europe, America, and 
New Holland, and in the Himalayas. 

Tamariscinee.— The genus T4marix is distributed over a 
wide extent in the Old World, from Britain to China, on the 
shores of the ocean, on the banks of large rivers, in arid and 
sandy plains, and in saline soil in the cold climates and elevated 


plains of Thibet in Siberia. 


\ 


150  _Dennis’s Landscape-Gardener. 


Melastomacee. — One of the most natural families: the spe- 
cies are for the most part tropical, and are chiefly found in the 
southern parts of India. . 

Philadélphee. — The genus Philadélphus has several species 
which grow on the Himalayas, all of which, Mr. Royle observes, 
‘¢ appear to be suited to the open air in English shrubberies.” 

Myrtdcee. — This order is well known, from its European 
representative, the common myrtle. It abounds in Australia 
and New Zealand; but is not common in the hilly regions of 


India. 


“The Myrtacee are chiefly remarkable for secreting volatile oil, which 
gives an aromatic fragrance to the leaves and other parts of many species, 
rendering these useful as condiments; they also secrete tannin; hence the 
employment of some as astringents: others yield edible fruit, as the guava and 
the different kinds of rose-apple, which are, however, seldom unaccompanied 
by a degree of aromatic principle, which renders them agreeable to some, but 
disagreeable to others.” 


We cannot too highly commend this work, or respect the 
talent and industry of its enlightened and scientific author. 


Art. Il. The Landscape-Gardener; comprising the History and 
Principles of Tasteful Horticulture. By J. Dennis, B.C.L., Pre- 
bendary of the Collegiate Church of Exeter Castle, and Author of 
‘¢ The Key to the Regalia,” “ Architectura Sacra,” &c. &c. 8vo. 
London, 1835. 


Tuis work, which has no pretensions to being scientific, may 
be characterised as a series of unconnected, and sometimes irre- 
levant, remarks, in a rambling and very peculiar style. Its chief 
merits are, that it displays a great love of the subject on the part 
of its author, and that it contains some descriptive notices of 
country seats. The following extract will, we think, justify 
what we have said, or it will, at all events, enable the reader to 
judge for himself. It commences about the middle of the 
volume (at p. 48.); and contains a recapitulation of what the 
author considers the contents of the preceding pages, a speci- 
men of the kind of remarks that are made on planting, and a 
descriptive notice. 


“ Tn the historical portion of this essay, [the] commencement of plantations 
was ascribed to the expediency of preserves for game, consequent on [the] 
destruction of forests; and the succession of style in [the] formation of parks 
was detailed. Horticulture was stated to have originated with the monastic 
orders, yet not to have extended beyond esculent, bibulent, and sanative 
objects of culture. Ornamental gardening was traced from the Roman quin- 
cunx, through Dutch distortion of nature, and its subversion by Kent’s inves- 
tigation and defective transcript of Continental forests, on taste for pictoresque 
scenery having been elicited through importation of paintings by Italian 
masters, concurrently with the influence of poetic lucubrations. The peculiar 


Dennis's Landscape-Gardener. ‘151 


style of several subsequent landscape-gardeners, as Brown, Davis, Repton, 
Eyton [? Aiton], was distinctively described. Numerous errors were detected, 
and various improvements suggested. Adaptation of different classes of trees 
and shrubs to the respective parts of pleasure-ground was then in part de- 
tailed. The concluding topic was the design of the yew tree, as an invariable 
appendage in ancient churchyards ; a topic frequently discussed, but never pre- 
viously developed. It being an enquiry of somewhat interesting character, 
probably its repetition for information of absentees from the last lecture [?] 
may be permitted, although a twice-told tale can only be tolerated by special 
indulgence. 

“If yews be planted in proximity to a mansion, for the sake of valuable 
shelter from bleak winds, they should not assume a prominent position, but 
should be interspersed with groups of Weymouth pine or bay, and be faced 
with laurels of luxuriant growth. By such contrast, the gloom of their dingy 
leaf [foliage] is relieved with vivid and glossy green; or, if the contrast appear 
too strong, it may be mellowed by blending Portugal laurel in [an] intermediate 
position. In short, the recommendation cannot be too frequently reiterated, 
to substitute [a] studied assortment of tints for tasteless indiscriminate admix- 
ture. Let but the pictorial artist be permitted, or the amateur condescend, 
to transfer his principles of taste, the one from his easel, the other from his 
gallery, to occasional superintendence of English landscape-gardening, and 
they [? he} would contribute to [the] production of a living vegetative picture, 
constituting incalculable improvement in style, and commanding inevitable 
commendation from the spectator of cultivated taste. Nay, pleasure-grounds 
thus constructed would excite universal admiration, and impart universal gra- 
tification. Pictoresque effect, copying and harmonising with natural scenery, 
elicits pleasurable emotions, even in such as ‘ know not why, and care not 
wherefore.’ But, for accomplishment of such [an] important desideratum, 
science must be suffered to acquire unlimited confidence, in exercise of 
control; while prejudice must cease to plead for senseless ‘ custom, more 
honoured in the breach than in the observance.’ An individual proprietor, 
or a public association, might rest assured of the anticipation of a result 
decidedly warranting the experiment. 

“ In resumption of the topic of evergreen trees, for formation of a fore- 
ground, it may strongly be recommended, while collecting perennial foliage of 
every species, to permit the beautiful ilex of each variety [? each variety of 
ilex] to predominate. Single or combined, from elegance of shape, delicacy of 
leaf, and duration of mantling, the ilex constitutes an embellishment almost 
unparalleled, yet too frequently neglected. Of faster growth than the deci- 
duous oak, it [here it would appear that our reverend author alludes to the 
Quércus Cérris, and not to the Q. I‘lex, as that is of slow growth as com- 
pared with the common deciduous oak] attains expansion competent to [the] 
gratification of the planter’s eye, with not less certainty, in the ordinary cal- 
culation of life’s duration, than to please and profit posterity. It should, 
then, on various accounts, abound in proximity to [? the proximity of] a de- 
corated mansion, blended with masses of bay, backed by cypress, yew, and 
pinaster, and faced with laurel, laurestinus, Portugal laurel, privet, phylirea 
[phillyrea], arbutus, with other flowering or variegated shrubs. 

“In similar relative situation, but in prominent advance from trees and 
unblossomed shrubs, flowering evergreens should invariably rank. Defying 
‘the icy fang and churlish chiding of the winter’s wind,’ the gay, cheering, 
precocious laurestinus anticipates the lingering arrival of an English spring. 
Tenacious of florage and permanently retentive of foliated decoration, it is 
entitled to numerical predominance over every blossoming shrub. By season- 
able intervention and flowering profusion, it compensates for temporary dimi- 
nution of ornament, in other component ingredients of a shrubbery, thus 
transferring to nipping winter’s gloom the exhilarating semblance of summer’s 
embellishment. Productive of such interesting impression in pleasing the eye, 
it certainly merits conspicuousness by prominent position. 


152 Curtis’s Botanical Magazine. 


“ The arbutus is a shrub peculiarly elegant and eligible, from perennial 
decoration, rapid growth, and superior beauty in shape and tint of leaf, from 
delicate blossom, and glowing berry. If suffered to remain unpruned, by 
gaining height, it becomes hollow and leafless beneath, retaining, like other 
evergreens, only two years’ shoots [leaves], except about midsummer, when 
the third year’s are annexed, some weeks previously to [the] decay of the 
first. If not surrounded by evergreens more stunted in growth, for conceal- 
ment of its lower leafless branches, it should biennially be deprived of a few 
long shoots, by application of the pruning-knife, the shears being calculated to 
render a shrub hideously cabbage-poled(?]. Any shrub judiciously pruned will 
retain resemblance of its natural form. Artificial treatment should be stu- 
diously disguised, and interposition of control be invariably concealed. 

The phylirea [phillyrea] presents striking contrast to the gay or gaudy dis- 
play of flowering shrubs, being characterised by singular chasteness and 
unobtrusive simplicity. It is of intermediate tint, diminutive leaf, and 
moderate growth; consequently is precisely adapted to an advanced position. 
It will there present [a] striking contrast to the imposing glare of variegated 
shrubs, whether holly, aucuba, or others of similar class. Here, too, that 
lowly, yet cheering, harbinger of spring, the meserium [? mezereon], should rank, 
interspersed with contemporaneous masses of hepatica, snowdrop, crocus, red 
daisy, and other vernal flowers, protected by [a] wicker fence. The cypress is 
adapted, by [its] taper form and elevation to relieve a structure. The pyra- 
canthus [pyracantha], pomegranate, trumpet-pomegranate, white jessamine, 
but, paramount to all, the elegant tamarisk, supply ornamental covering to a 
wall. Ina sheltered nook, even this [these] may be surpassed by the beau- 
tiful single-blossomed myrtle. From mildness of climate, it abounds in Devon- 
shire, perhaps in no instance so luxuriantly as in a garden of Mr. Neck’s, 
[?] curate of King’s Kerswell, where it acquires considerable size detached 
from a wall, as well as height when attached. The front of a house at 
Bishop’s-Teingten has long been covered to the top by myrtles of forty years’ 
growth, protected from the easterly wind by a wing, and trom the westerly by 
an equal defence, with the advantage of a southern aspect. Inspection of 
these flourishing shrubs, of such delicate character, attracts frequent visitors 
from the adjacent watering-place, Teignmouth. The broad-leafed species, 
when annually deprived of its lateral shoots, has been found to acquire asto- 
nishing size and strength of stalk, and, on recovery of lower leaves, has 
eventually become a bold shrub, contributing handsome decoration to the 
interior of a drawingroom.” 


This last sentence we do not pretend to understand. 

As an appendix to the work, a map of the gardens at Buck- 
ingham Palace is given, accompanied by two views, which are 
very neatly executed and coloured. ‘There is also a map of St. 
James’s Park, with the piece of water as altered; an island 


concealing the boundary at one end, and a peninsula at the 


other. 


ree TTI 


Art. III. | Curtis’s Botanical Magazine; or, Flower-Garden Dis- 
played; a New Edition, with amended Characters of the Species 
the whole arranged according to the Natural Orders. By W. J. 
Hooker, LL.D. F.R.A. and L.S., &c. &c. &c., and Regius Professor 
of Botany in the University of Glasgow. To which is added, the 


most approved Method of Culture. By Samuel Curtis, F.L.S., of 


Curtis’s Botanical Magazine. 153 


_the Glazenwood Horticultural Grounds, Essex, and Proprietor of 
the Botanical Magazine. Vol. I. 8vo. London, 1833. 


In our Volume for 1833, we announced the intention of Mr. 
Curtis, the proprietor of the Botanical Magazine, to publish a 
new series of that work, with the engravings arranged according 
to the natural system, and at a comparatively low price. It 
was intended to appear in monthly numbers; but it has been 
found more convenient to bring it out in volumes; and the first 
of these, price 21s., is now before us. 

The work is prefaced by an outline of the natural system, by 
Dr. Hooker, and his reasons for preferring that arrangement to 
any other. ‘The plates are beautifully coloured; the descriptions 
have been amended, or re-written, by Dr. Hooker, and the modes 
of culture given in a concise and masterly manner by Mr. Curtis. 
We can, therefore, strongly recommend the work, and only deeply 
reeret that some arrangement could not be formed by which the 
possessors of this work could purchase from the proprietors of 
the Botanical Register such plates as have appeared in that 
work, and not in the Botanical Magazine ; and this accommo- 
dation, we think, ought to be reciprocal. For example, there 
are some species of magnolia figured in the Bot. Keg., that have 
not been figured in the Bot. Mag.; and some in the Bot. Mag. 
that have not been figured in the Bot. Reg. Now, it would be 
a great advantage to the possessor of either work (and we do 
not suppose that there is any one who takes in both), if he 
could purchase such plates from the other as he might want, 
either to render as complete as possible his collection of figures 
of one genus or of one natural order, or to complete his 
collection of plates of the whole vegetable kingdom. Why 
should not the proprietors of these and similar works sell single 
plates, or plates by the dozen, by the score, or by the hundred, 
charging a handsome price for a single plate, and diminishing 
the rate per plate according to the quantity taken? If we could 
be the means of inducing the proprietors of botanical works to 
do this, we think we should be rendering an essential service to 
gardeners and botanists, more especially in remote parts of the 
country, or in other countries; and even to the publishers them- 
selves. It would then be practicable for a gardener or amateur, 
in any part of Britain, or for an amateur on the Continent, or 
in North America, when in doubt about any particular species, 
or the species of a genus, to obtain the plate or plates he might 
desire to solve his doubts, by post. 

We frequently hear of disputes between gardeners in the 
country respecting the name of a plant. Now, by such an ar- 
rangement as that which we suggest, all such differences could 
be settled in a post or two. 


154 Watson’s New Botanist’s Guide. | 


Art. IV. Remarks on the Geographical Distribution of British 
Plants ; chiefly in Connection with Latitude, Elevation, and Cli- 
mate. By Hewett Cottrell Watson. 12mo. London, 1835. 


Tue author has taken very great pains to render this work as 
perfect as the present state of our knowledge on the subject of 
which it treats permits; and he has succeeded in producing a 
book which will be read with instruction and delight by every 
one fond of the study of plants, and more especially by the Bri- 
tish gardener. Its use to the practical gardener may not ap- 
pear obvious at first sight; but it will enable him to judge of the 
comparative difference of climate in different parts of the island, 
and to generalise on the important subjects of climate, weather, 
and soil. To the gardener, and to every botanieal reader, it 
will add greatly to the local interest of particular places ; for it 
is hardly possible to live in any part of Britain that is not cited 
in this volume, or in the New Botanist’s Guide (to be next no- 
ticed), as the station of some plant. 


Art. V. The New Botanist’s Guide to the Localities of the Rarer 
Plants of Britain; onthe Plan of Turner and Dillwyn’s Botanist’s 
Guide. By Hewett Cottrell Watson. Vol.I. England and Wales. 
12mo. London, 1835. 


WE cannot better recommend this work than by the following 
short extracts from the Introduction, and from the Prefatory 
Notice. : — 

‘In publishing the following work, two subjects are imme- 
diately in view: first, to exhibit the ascertained distribution of 
our less common indigenous Plants throughout Britain; and, 
secondly, to form a Guide-Book for botanical tourists. The 
well-known Botanists Guide of ‘Turner and Dillwyn may be said 
to form the model of the present one, omitting the cryptogamic 
plants. But the lapse of 30 years since the publication of that 
work has greatly increased our knowledge on the subject ; while 
the manuscript communications of several friends, and personal 
researches, enable me to add considerably to it, independently of 
the information contained in various local floras and catalogues of 
more recent date.” (Introd., p. 1.) 

“‘ This volume includes all the counties of England and Wales, 
and will form a complete work in itself, if the publication of the 
second volume should be prevented by any unforeseen circum- 
stance. The counties of Scotland, with the adjoining isles from 
Man to Shetland, are intended to be comprised in the second 
volume, which will be ready in 1836. (Not., p. v.) 


Willats’s Florist Cultivator. 155 


Art. VI. The Florist Cultivator, or Plain Directions for the Ma- 
nagement of the principal Florist Flowers, Shrubs, &c. &c., adapted 
to the Flower-Garden, Shrubbery, and Green-house; with select 

Lists of the finest Roses, Geraniums, Carnations, Pinks, Auriculas, 
Polyanthuses, Tulips, Dahlias, Heartsease, &c. &c. The whole 
arranged on a Plan different from any Work hitherto published. By 
Thomas Willats, Esq., Amateur Cultivator. Small 8vo. London, 
1835. 


Tuis is a well intended book; but it is behind the age in the 
manner in which the author has treated the subject. For ex~ 
ample, in his enumeration of plants he has occupied, generally, 
more than the fourth of a page for each species, without giving 
the authority for the name, the accentuation, the derivation, the 
natural order, or, in short, more than half the information which 
we have given in the Hortus Britannicus in asingle line. As a 
proof of this, we may take his first three species. 


“J, AcHILLEA TomEnTOosSA, or Woolly Milfoil. 


“ This is a hardy Perrenial for the borders; it is increased by parting the 
roots in the spring. It affects a dry and open situation. It blows from June 
to October. 

“It is a native of the South of Europe, and was first brought to England. 
in 1658. 

“ This plant is of the 19th Class, under the head ‘Syngenesia Superflua.’ 


“2. GaurA Brennis, or Biennial Gaura. 

“This herbaceous plant requires rather more trouble than many of this 
kind, from its being a Biennial; it is increased by seed, and blows in the 
autumn. 

“Tt is a native of North America, and was first brought to England in 
1762. 

“Tt belongs to the 8th Class, under the head ‘Octandria Monogynia.’ 


“ 3, OnonIs RoTUNDIFOLIA, or Round-leaved Rest Harrow. 
“ This is a hardy plant, and raised by seed. } P 
“Tt affects a sunny aspect, and will thrive well in the border; it blows in 


May and July. : 
“Tt is a native of Switzerland, and was first brought Into England in 


1570. 
“Tt belongs to the 17th Class, under the head ‘ Diadelphia Decandria. 


#0387. ACHILLE*4 L. Muxroit. (Achilles, pupil of Chiron, first used the plant in med.) Com. Anthem. 74. 
21858 tomentosa L. tomentose y A or 2 my.o Y Britain hea. D co _ Eng. bot. 2532 


*1184. GAU’/RA L. GauRa. (Gauros, superb; flowers.) Onagrarie. 6.—7. 
10041 biénnis L. biennial % @or 5 auo Rw N. Amer. 1762 S pl Bot. mag. 389 


#1966. ONO‘NIS L. Resruarrow. (Onos, anass; onem?, to delight; grateful to.) Leg. Pap. Lot.Gen. 56.—111. 
17576 rotundifolia Z. round-leafed #% or 2 my.jl Pk Switzerl. 1570. C sl Bot. mag. 335 
If the author had endeavoured, by giving authorities, syno- 
nymes, references to figures, and descriptive traits, to convey an 
idea to the reader’s mind of what the plants were, he would have 
succeeded better in attaining the very laudable end which he 
professes to have in view. 


156 Ruffin’s Essay on Calcareous Manures. 


Art. VIL. An Essay on Calcareous Manures. By EpMuND RuFFIN. 
Small 8vo, pp. 242. Petersburg, Lower Virginia, 1832. 


Tue object of this essay, Mr. Ruffin informs us, is to in- 
vestigate the peculiar features and qualities of the soils of the 
tide-water districts of Lower Virginia; “to show the causes of 
their general unproductiveness; and to point out means, as yet 
but little used, for their effectual and profitable improvement.” 
The sterility of these soils Mr. Ruffin has ascertained to arise 
from their being destitute of calcareous earth, and from their being 
injured by the presence of vegetable acid. 

After two chapters on earths and soils generally, and on the 
soils and state of agriculture in the tide-water districts of 
Virginia, the author treats of the different capacities of soils for 
improvements, and discusses the following propositions : — 

1. “ Soils naturally poor, and rich soils reduced to poverty by cultivation, 
are essentially different in their powers of retaining putrescent manures: and, 
under like circumstances, the fitness of any soii to be enriched by these 
manures, is in proportion to what was its natural fertility. 

2. “ The natural sterility of the soils of Lower Virginia is caused by such 
soils being destitute of calcareous earth, and their being injured by the pre- 
sence and effects of vegetable acid. 

3. “ The fertilising effects of calcareous earth are chiefly produced by its 
power of neutralising acids, and of combining putrescent manures with soils, 
between which there would otherwise be but little, if any, chemical at- 
traction. 

4, “Poor and acid soils cannot be improved durably or profitably, by 
putrescent manures, without previously making them calcareous, and thereby 
correcting the defect in their constitution. 

5. “ Calcareous manures will give to our worst soils a power of retaining 
putrescent manures equal to that of the best ; and will cause more productive- 
ness, and yield more profit, than any other improvement practicable in Lower 
Virginia.” (p. 30.) 

These propositions contain the marrow of the essay, which 
is closely reasoned, and, in several particulars, original. Mr. 
Ruffin has the merit of first pointing out that there can be no 
such thing as a naturally fertile soil, without the presence of 
calcareous earth; but, where this earth is present, the soil, 
however exhausted it may have been by culture, will, when left 
to itself, after a time regain its original fertility: that soils which 
contain no calcareous earth are never found naturally fertile, 
except masses or beds of vegetable matter, which are not pro- 
perly soils: and that all that art can do to them, exclusive of 
adding calcareous earth, is, to force crops by putrescent manures ; 
but that, when these manures are withheld, the soil will speedily 
revert to its original sterility. Mr. Ruffin observes that no 
agricultural or chemical writer ever denied these facts; but he 
asserts, and we think with truth, that by not one of them have 
they ever been distinctly stated. We are not quite certain as to 
Grisenthwaite, but we are so as to Kirwan, Dundonald, Davy, 


aa 


Domestie Notices : — England. 157 


Chaptal, and other agricultural chemists of the Continent. Mr. 
Ruffin allows that it might be inferred from the ingredients 
exhibited by the analysis of fertile soils, as given by these 
chemists, that calcareous earth was an ingredient essential to 
permanent fertility; but still none of them have ever distinctly 
said so. We shall probably examine the work more in detail 
hereafter: in the mean time, it is due to Mr. Ruffin to state it 
as our opinion that he has performed a very important service 
to the scientific agriculturist in this country, as well as in 
America. 


MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. 


ART. 1. Domestic Notices. 


ENGLAND. 


LINNEAN Society. — Nov. 3. Mr. Lambert exhibited a branch and leaves of 
an arborescent species of dahlia, from Oaxaca, Mexico, which is said to grow to 
the height of 50 ft. There are living plants of it in the Liverpool Botanic 
Garden. Mr. Lambert also exhibited the root of a remarkable fern (An- 
gidpteris erécta) from the Society Islands, which is used by the natives for 
food, and the root of which weighed 14]b. This may probably bea useful 
plant for Australia. 

Society of Arts. — Nov. 4. At this meeting were exhibited, a sample of 
cloth from Assam, made from the down of the silk-cotton (Boémbax hepta- 
phyllum) ; a fine sample of safflower, from the same country; a sample of fibre 
prepared from the leaf of the pine-apple, with netting made of the same, also 
from Assam; and extraordinarily beautiful specimens of natural lace from the 
inner bark of the lace-bark tree (Lagééta lintearia), from Jamaica. 

The Stamford Hill Horticultural Reading Society.— A sneer thrown out against 
this Society, in a contemporary publication, has induced the Secretary to send 
us a communication, full of practical instruction, relating to societies of 
this kind, which we regret that we cannot find room to insert at length ; 
but from which we make the following extract: — “ This Society has been 
established about two years and a half, for the study of Horticulture, Bo- 
tany, and Natural History; and it consists of more than fifty members: it 
has a monthly meeting for the production of specimens of plants, and for 
conversations on their mode of culture, &c.; also, meetings for botanical dis- 
cussions. If the benefits the gardener and his employer derive from such 
institutions as this were better made known than at present, I am quite sure 
that every nobleman and gentleman having an interest in the welfare of his 
gardener and garden would feel the propriety of contributing to their forma- 
tion and support; and such societies would then be found in all parts of the 
kingdom.” — Stamford Hill, Jan. 21. 1836. 

The Stratford Nursery, formerly in the occupation of Mr. Corbet, has lately 
been taken by our correspondent Mr. W. Garvie, many years foreman to 
Messrs. Low and Co. of Clapton; and we sincerely hope that he will do 
well. 

Sterculia platanifola has stood in the open ground at Flitwick House, near 
Ampthill, Bedfordshire, for several years, producing its fine large leaves during 
summer, though frequently killed down to the ground during winter. 

In the Milford Nursery, Genista monospérma is now covered with fragrant 
white flowers; and Cytisus filipes, Helléborus purpurascens, and Crambe 
fruticosa, are in flower. This nursery has just received some new species or 

Vou. XII. — No. 72. N 


158 Domestic Notices : — England. 


varieties of Pyrus, Tilia, A‘cer, and Pavia from France, through Mr. Webb; 
among the pavias are, P. mutdbilis foliis varieg., and P. pallida foliis varieg. 


List of Kinds of Wheat, received from Mr. Gorrie. — Nov. 1835. 


1. Victoria wheat, sown Oct. 24. 1834, at Annat Park; ripe 30th of July. The 
grain seems larger than when first introduced; and, being sown in the 
Peo of a field of common wheat the preceding year, it appears to have 
sported. 

2, Early white-bearded Tuscany wheat. 

3. Early beardless white-glumed Tuscany wheat. 

4. Blanc d’Hongrie, supposed to be the best sample amongst 60 sorts; re- 
quires an early situation ; and is rather a late wheat in Scotland. 

5. per § white, raised successively for 65 years on one farm in the Lo- 
thians. 

6. Bléde Mars d’Odessa; too late for Scotland. The seeds were received from 
Mr. Lawson of Edinburgh. 

7. Early striped chaff, gathered in a field, in 1834, on Shanny farm. 

8. Shanny yellow Surrey, gathered by Mr. Gorrie in a field on the farm of 
Shanny. 

9. Richelieu blanc. 


Wheats received from Mr, Lawson of Edinburgh, through Mr. Gorrie, Jun. 


10. Triticum e’stivum, var. Victoria wheat. 
11. Triticum bengalénse, received by Mr. Lawson from Germany. 


Wheats recewed from Mr. Taylor, of Whittington, Stokeferry, Norfolk. 


12. Hickling wheat ; prolific winter variety. 
13. Golden drop wheat; also a winter prolific wheat. 

The above wheats were chiefly sent to M. Vilmorin, Paris, but partly to 
Vienna, Poland, and to different correspondents, farmers, and seedsmen in 
Britain. 

The accompanying sample of Triticum bengalénse is part of the produce of 
a spelt-like wheat, which Mr. Lawson procured when in Germany, in 1833, 
under that name. It is a free grower, very early, hardy, and prolific; and (as 
you will see by the ear sent) quite distinct from either 7. Spé/ta or T. Zéa.— 
W. Gorrie. Edinburgh, Nov. 13. 1835. 

Hickling Wheat. — I see you wish for a quantity of any new and valuable va- 
riety of wheat ; and I therefore present for your acceptance a small parcel of the 
“ Hickling wheat,” of which you have doubtless heard, as a lately-discovered 
and most productive kind in Norfolk. Now, observe, in sending you the above, 
I do not vouch for the truth of the marvels of which so much has been said 
and written concerning it; still less am I disposed to draw the inference that, 
because a fine sample and an immense crop has been produced on some soils, 
the same may be expected from al/ soils. You and I know such reason- 
ing is very likely to lead to disappointment : at the same time, I would by no - 
means be understood as wishing to discourage experimental husbandry ; and I 
know none more important than that branch of it which involves attention to 
a judicious change of seed, both in grain and roots. With regard to the wheat 
in question, I have heard from so many quarters, that I cannot doubt the fact, 
that from 12 to 20 bushels per acre have been grown of it more than of any 
of the common wheats. The parcel I sent you was grown by my neighbour, 
Mr. Pearson of Sporte, near Swaffham; and is, I think you will say, excellent 
in quality. 

Golden Drop Wheat. — There is another variety of wheat, which has lately 
occasioned a good deal of talk amongst our farmers, called “the golden drop.” 
It appears to me of the yellow lammas, or something very like it; a fine, bold, 
yellow sample; though the quality of this, as well as all other varieties, will 
depend much on the nature of the soil. I have seen it very good, and I have 
also seen it miserably bad. It originated with Mr. Fullard, a tenant of the 
Duke of Bedford, I think, at Thorney. 


Retrospective Criticism. . 159 


Whittington Stokeferry.— Nov. 19. My neighbour Mr. John Bush, of Stow, 
has given me the quantity sent herewith of this wheat. The sample is not so 
fine as it often has appeared; but Bush assures me you may rely on its being 
the genuine stock. The same observations I made anent the Hickling wheat 
apply with equal force to this variety. It is impossible to know from the 
stock how the produce may turn out. Of one thing only can we be certain, — 
that, be the quality what it may, the stock will be pure; and I am one of those 
who, if I can but be sure of the stock, care very little what the quality of the 
seed may be. My agricultural training, from my youth up, has led me to en- 
tertain these notions. My father sowed about 100 acres of wheat annually ; 
and invariably made it a practice to use his most shrivelled and mildewed grain : 
no matter how thin it might be in the sample, it would do for seed. The only dif- 
ference he made was (especially in the beginning of the wheat sowing) a trifling 
reduction in the quantity sown per acre, in consequence of the smallness of the 
seed. I beg your pardon for this digression, and the rather so, as these doc- 
trines may to you be “damnable and heretical;”’ but they appeared to me 
necessary to explain the fact of the wheat sent being so unlike the golden 
drop as it is often found in our markets. One thing I ought to state, in recom- 
mendation of the wheat; Mr. Bush so highly approved of what he grew that 
year, that he has sown nothing else this year! And here endeth my lecture on 
seed. — Samuel Taylor. 

Vicia villosa. — This is an excellent and prolific tare, which was found by 
Mr. Gorrie among a sample of Russian wheat. It should be sown in October, 
or early in the spring. The seeds which we received of it from Mr. Gorrie have 
been distributed to the same parties as the wheat. — Cond. 


List of Melon and Gourd Seeds, received from Sr. Manetti of Monza. 


Melone grosso (long, and of excellent quality); M.grosso (long, and of a 
pyramidal shape) ; M. moscatello (middling); M. moscatello (green and round); 
M. ovale (green); Bariri; M. zucohinno (excellent); M. arancini; M. Pa- 
lermitano ; M. Parmigianino (early); M. olandese; M. di Spagna (excel- 
lent); M. ungarese (large and netted) ; Zucche marine. 

Some of the melon seeds in the above list we have given to one gentleman, 
an amateur cultivator of melons; and we will give some of the remaining 
seeds to any person who will engage to devote a light to each kind, and to send 
us one of the fruit when ripe. 

We have occupied so large a space with the above lists of seeds, as well to 
evince our gratitude to the friends who have sent them, as for the sake of re- 
cording the varieties of so valuable a grain as wheat, and of indicating that 
seeds of all the kinds we have enumerated may be procured from Mr. Lawson 
of Edinburgh, and M. Vilmorin of Paris. 


Art. II. Retrospective Criticism. 


ERRATUM. Page 98., line 9. from the bottom, for “ the house,” read “ water.” 

Mr. Mearns’s Method of coiling Vines. (Vol. XI. p.603.)—An anxiety to avoid 
unprofitable discussion alone prevents mefrom criticising Mr. Marnock’s remarks 
in detail. In answer to the only question which he asks, I scarcely think it ne- 
cessary to inform him of that with which he must be perfectly conversant ; namely, 
that there is, in my opinion, a great difference in the principles of action of two 
distinct parties, when one party, possessing grounds for distrust, calls for 
proofs of the truth of a published statement of success, while the other party, 
without giving so much as a reason for what has been asserted, finds fault be- 
cause proofs did not accompany the statement that impugns it; and there is a 
still greater difference when one party offers to give proofs to repletion as 
soon as they may be demanded, while the other party, after proofs of a speci- 
fied nature have been required, returns only reiterated asseveration for proof, 
and empty declamation for argument. Mr. Marnock plainly asserts that Mr. 

N 2 


160 Retrospective Criticism. 


Mearns did not exaggerate his statements, so far as his own success was con- 
cerned. Now, my opinion is that he has done so, so far as success the first 
season is concerned; and, with all due respect to Mr. Marnock, I beg leave to 
say, that, sick and tired as I am of this subject, both he and the public shall 
have my reasons for forming such an opinion when he chooses to ask for them. 
Surely, Mr. Marnock must see that assertion will go for nothing in an inquiry 
like this. Ifhe is confident in Mr. Mearns’s success, why hesitate for a mo- 
ment to give a clear and definite answer to the questions which I put in my 
first paper upon this subject ? If by such means the claims of the system to 


utility, during the first season, be fully established, I shall then feel a satisfac- 


tion that I have been instrumental in removing a stain from the character of 
one who, after all, is a worthy man, and shall not hesitate for a moment to 
give every necessary satisfaction to him for the part I have taken. If these 
claims are not supported, I shall then congratulate myself as having been the 
means of exposing a case of exaggeration, which, I doubt not, will operate as a 


check upon a system (which has been but too long in operation, without 


means being taken to detect its fallacy, or arrest its career) of broaching, as 
new and valuable discoveries, schemes which will not bear the test of examina= 
tion. — Robert Fish. Hyde Park Corner, Nov. 5. 1836. 

White Scale on Pines. (Vol. XI. p. 433. 548. and 604.) — Observing a 
discussion between L. O. Z. and J. B. W., respecting the best means of de- 
stroying this insect, without at all interfering with any of their observations, I 
wish merely to state a fact. In the spring of the present year, I had about 
twenty large plants very much infested with the white scale. Fearful of their 
spreading, after rubbing off a number where they were thickest, I put a 
temporary partition between the infested plants and others in the same pit, 
which I supposed were perfectly clean. The pit was principally heated with 
dung linings; and, when I had placed my board of separation, I applied fresh 
dung to the part which contained the infested plants, admitting the steam into 
the pit. My idea was, that, by admitting the steam of fresh dung into the pit, 
the evolution of ammoniacal gas which would take place would destroy the 
insects, and yet at the same time be a benefit to the plants. The result is, that 
the experiment was quite success{ul, and that I have not seen an insect for six 
months past. Iam acquainted with a gardener who cleaned a very extensive 
collection by the same process. Nothing can be simpler than this mode of 
destroying the insect : but the simplest method is often the best. Some gar- 
deners, however, are very successful in cleaning a stock, without the aid of 
dung heat, by washing, &c. A striking proof of this I have witnessed in a stock 
of plants under the superintendence of Mr. Pullar, gardener to Golds- 
mid, Esq., Champion Hill, Camberwell. Ihave often seen plants bad enough, 
but those which Mr. Pullar received charge of were decidedly the worst I ever 
saw: and yet, from that dirty stock, in the space of two years he has obtained 
as beautiful a collection as one could ever wish to see. Perhaps you could 
induce Mr. Pullar to give a detailed account of his system of treatment. Iam 
fully convinced, along with Agronomes’s Nephew, that the bashfulness and 
timidity of gardeners operate as a means of causing much useful information 
to be lost to the profession at large. — Jd. 

Destroying the White Scale on the Pine-apple, §c. (Vol. XI. p. 604.) — As 
in J. B. W.’s reply to my strictures on his paper on destroying the white 
scale it appears that he still continues sceptical, the subject at issue resolves 
itself into the following question: —Can the white scale which infests the pine 
plant be destroyed without previous removal of the plant, or can it not? I 
unhesitatingly affirm it can: J. B. W. asserts it cannot. In this conflict of 
opinion, it remains for evidence to be adduced on both sides, and for that evi- 
dence to be published, in order that the public may draw their own conclusion. 
As J. B. W. questions my veracity, I shall not add any more to what I before’ 
advanced (Vol. XI. p. 433.), but merely content myself with transcribing a few 
lines from a letter which I received from an esteemed friend and a first-rate 
practical gardener, now residing in the county of Bedford, to whom, by the 


Queries and Answers. | 161 


way, I am indebted for a knowledge of the recipe before recommended. It is 
this: —“ In answer to your question respecting my pines, I am happy to inform 
you, that all my succession plants are now quite clean, and are growing as well 
as I could wish them. In destroying the insects, I was obliged (from the 
want of pit room) to deviate a little from what was my practice when you 
were with me, inasmuch as I was obliged to attempt their destruction in the 
pine-stove ; and in that I have succeeded as wellas I couldwish. The follow- 
ing was the plan taken. I syringed the plants three times a week with soap- 
water heated as usual. I kept the axils of the leaves filled, and the front path 
of the stove flooded with soap-water ; and I kept the house as warm as I could 
consistently with the proper management of the vine. This treatment was 
continued for upwards of a month; and I now believe there is not a living 
insect on any of tbe plants.” I shall not add any thing to this corroborative 
statement, further than to say, that the plants, when I saw them in August 
last, bore as extensive marks of the insect as I ever saw: in fact, the leaves re- 
sembled those of Azcuba japonica, so far as regards spots, more than pine leaves. 
I am sorry I have not the leave of my friend to make his name public ; I, how- 
ever, for the satisfaction of yourself, give his address, and you can inquire 
whether my statements are correct. With reference to J. B. W. knowing an 
instance of more than one published remedy failing, I do not doubt it; neither do’ 
I question the correctness of his statement, of four different gardeners in succes- 
sion, for forty years, vainly endeavouring to extirpate this insect: but these fail- 
ures, probably, were not the fault of the recipes, but arose from some error in the 
application of them ; or, if they were bad, J. B. W. must not thence infer that ad/ 
recipes are the same. I know an instance myself of a gardener, in one of the 
midland counties, who has failed for upwards of twenty years in his attempts 
to extirpate this insect ; and to a question that was put to him by an acquaint- 
ance of mine, he answered, that he had grown as good pines as his neighbours 
with dirty plants, and he did not think it worth his while to trouble himself 
any more about cleaning them ; and, perhaps, added he, “ some other person 
will get them by and by, and then he can clean them.” 

As respects the rather invidious thrust which J. B. W. makes at my having 
sojourned ina country “ prolific in the white scale,” however sarcastic it may 
appear in the eyes of its author, it is, perhaps, beneath notice. I may, how- 
ever, just observe, that the fortunes of all men are not alike. Some young 
men, in. acquiring a knowledge of their profession, have to plod as journeymen 
for many years, and in that time may pass through six, eight, or even more 
gardens, in all of which they may possibly see more or less of the white scale; 
while others, more fortunate, after having served their apprenticeship (or even 
before that is expired), may, through the patronage of some influential friend, 
be recommended to a nursery, or to horticultural or botanical gardens, and, 
after remaining there for a short time, then, as if by magic, be wafted across 
the country into a master’s situation. 

In taking leave of J. B. W., I wish it to be understood, that 1 am actuated 
by no personal motives in continuing the discussion. Iam as open to con- 
viction, and as anxious for the truth, and nothing but the truth, to be stated, 
as he possibly can be. Ido not, however, fancy fighting with a shadow. 
I shall, therefore, expect J. B. W., in his next letter, to come from behind the 
pale of an anonymous signature, and, fully and fairly before the public, to give 
his name and address, and then I will do the same, and, at the same time, in- 
form him of other recipes that will destroy the scale; but, should he not think 
proper to do this, here my labour on this subject will cease, and I shall remain 
L,O.L. Chiswick Gardens, Nov. 2. 1835. 


ArT. III. Queries and Answers. 


THE inherent Power of Soils to convert Foreign Substances into their own 
Nature.— Ido not recollect reading in your Magazine any thing upon the 


162 Queries and Answers. 


inherent power there is in soils in converting foreign substances into their 
own nature. It is a subject of some importance; and a paper upon it by one 
of your philosophical correspondents would, I think, prove useful to many of 
the readers of your Magazine. Has the subject been treated upon by M. 
de Candolle, or any other person of deep research? If so, an extract might 
suffice. I have long been convinced, from experience, that this is not merely 
an imaginary theory, and, accordingly, gave my advice some time since as to 
the mode a friend of mine might take, in making a peach border, to prevent it ; 
and it is singular that, almost immediately afterwards, there was a paragraph in 
one of the daily prints in confirmation of my opinion on the subject. In 
treating upon it, I should propose the question as to which of the natural soils 
has the greatest inherent power of conversion; viz. whether that of the cal- 
careous, argillaceous, siliceous, &c., and to what extent either of them has this 
property ; to be stated, as far as experience has gone, by way of proof. A few 
hints, also, would be useful upon the kinds of manure, as well as of other 
ingredients, which might prove the most useful to counteract, as far as may be, 
the effect of this inherent power in the different kinds of soil that the horti- 
culturist has to compete with. — 7’. Rutger. Portland Place, 1835. 

Destruction of the Thrips. — Could any of your numerous readers supply me 
with anything approaching to a safe and effectual remedy for that destructive 
jumping insect the thrips? Ihave been terribly annoyed with whole shoals 
of them this last summer; and, as yet, J have found out noremedy. Tobacco 
smoke will destroy the green fly, and plenty of syringing, or a moist atmosphere, 
will chase away the red spider ; but neither of these methods have much influ- 
ence upon the hardier constitution of the thrips. I once gave some plants such 
a fumigation with tobacco, mixed with a little sulphur, that in the morning 
there was not one of them possessed of a green leaf; and yet, luxuriating in 
the general wreck, the thrips with which they were infested appeared gay and 
sprightly as ever. What I have found best for their ravages, was syringing the 
plants with soap-water, and keeping them growing in an atmosphere saturated 
with moisture, and of a high temperature. I hope this will meet the eye of some 
experimentalist. — R. Mish. Hyde Park Corner, November 7. 1835. 

Destruction of Insects. — Weston, writing about the middle of the last cen- 
tury, says, “ If any insects attack the trees, immediately apply quicksilver, 
by the method directed in the Musewm Rusticum, of boring a hole with a 
smooth awl, in two or three of the branches, but sloping so as not to touch 
the pith, and about an inch deep; fill it almost full with quicksilver, and then 
stop it with a bit of wax. I have tried it on thirty cherry trees; and the 
insects disappeared in three days. It were proper, also, to apply the fumi- 
gating bellows with tobacco.” (Weston’s Tracts on Agriculture and Gardening, 
p. 28.) Have any of your readers proved the effect of mercury in this way 
This ought to be done, as the statement has lately been running the round of 
the newspapers as a new thing. — John Brown. Kent, February, 1835. 

A Machine for discharging Bullets has been invented by Mr. Toplis, of the 
Museum of National Manufactures, Leicester Square, London. It can be re- 
moved into any situation where horses or men can go, and can be made at 
will to pour out, for any desired time, a continued stream of bullets, which can 
be directed with the same facility as a stream of water from a fire-engine. If 
so, might not such.a machine be so modified as to distribute soil over the sur- 
face of a bog, powdered manure over a field, or water or liquid manure over 
sown crops or grass lands? — J.D. S. Birmingham, November, 1834. 

Serpentine Garden Walls. (Vol. XI. p. 554.) —“ The wall that surrounds the 
garden is of stone, lined inside with brick : it is wavy, or serpentine; but Mr. 
Bane says it is not so good as a straight wall, as it causes currents of air.” 
Perhaps the relater of this singular fact, or he who observed it, will favour us 
with some explanation of this remark. Having hitherto held that irregular or 
uneven surfaces impeded, diverted, or considerably lessened the force of air 
when impelled by natural causes, I was surprised to hear, not only that this 
law did not apply to serpentine walls, but that they acted in a contrary manner. 


London Horticultural Society and Garden. 163 


This appears a singular phenomenon, and, to meat least, a very interesting one ; 
I should, therefore, much like to hear more on the subject. — R. Glendinning. 
Bicton, November 12. 1835. > 

Smoke Stains on Flues. — D. R., of Alton Towers, complains of smoke stains 
on his sandstone flues. May I ask him if his flues are heated by Witty’s pa- 
tent furnace? Ifso, I would recommend him to substitute another mode of 
heating as soon as possible, as I find that, when these furnaces are used with me, 
my brick flues are not only horribly discoloured, but the houses smell so un- 
pleasantly, as to be disagreeble to be in. I fear that, to get rid of this evil, 
D. R. will have to build new flues, as well as a newfurnace. Most flues, when 
the soot is allowed to remain long in them, and to become very damp, are liable 
to the same unpleasant effect. I fear that no chemical preparation consistent 
with a due regard to economy, or the safety of the flue, will k e out the 
stains. — Ye ken wha. London, December, 1835. 

Removing Shrubs, §c. from a Garden. — At the last York assizes, an action 
was brought against a party for removing shrubs, &c. from a garden he had 
recently occupied; and a verdict, under the judge’s direction, was given 
against him. The judge laid it down as law, in the nineteenth century, that 
shrubs, when once planted, “ became part of the freehold; and, therefore, 
could not be removed.” Would you admit the discussion of this point, not 
legally, but morally, into your Magazine? It is, in the present state of 
the country, where there exist so many tenancies, during which immense 
improvements are made in gardens, a very important one. I deny that 
this is law, because I deny that the trees are part of the freehold; for, if they 
are, then are carrots, thistles, and, much more, docks, also part of the freehold, 
and ought not to be removed. But, if it is law, it is fit that all parties knew 
it, that, if dissatisfied, they may set about getting it altered. — 7. W. Banks, 
near Barnsley. 

[Yes; and we regret that this query has, with many others, been so long at 
the printer’s, that we fear our correspondent will think we have forgotten it.— _ 
Cond.] 


Art.1V. The London Horticultural Society and Garden. 


FEBRUARY 2. 1836.—Read. A communication on the cultivation of alstree- 
merias, by Mr. William Scott, gardener to C. Barclay, Esq., M.P. 

Exhibited. Aspasia epidendroides, a newly ascertained species of orchideous 
plant, from Mr. Knight, Exotic Nursery, Chelsea. Oncidium Cebollet:, from 
Mr. Low, Clapton. Correa Milneri, from Mr. Glenny. Solanum sp., from 
Demerara, from J. Batemann, Esq. The following varieties of Camélla 
japonica, from J. Allnutt, Esq. :— old double white, buff, various-flowered, 
Wellbank:, imbricata, ranunculiflora, althzezflora, Allnatta alba, and another 
one. A collection of flowers from the Hon. W. H. F. Strangways. Fruit 
of the cockle pippin apple, from H. Hollist, Esq. 

From the Garden of the Society. Flowers. — Garrya elliptica, Chimonan- 
thus fragrans, and f. grandiflorus; Echevéria gibbiflora, and the following va- 
rieties of Caméllia japénica: anemoneflora alba, althaeeeflora, various-flowered, 
variegata pléna. Fruit.— Pears: Easter bergamot, from a wall; Dowler’s 
seedling, from a standard tree. Apples: russet-coated nonpareil, Hubbard’s 
pearmain, Braddick’s nonpareil, golden russet nonpareil, Wareham’s russet, 
St. Julien, court pendu plat, winter queening, tulip, true old golden pippin, 
male carle. This exceedingly delicate and beautiful apple, in Finale, near 
Genoa, is only here a vapid, pale, and a very poor-flavoured apple: such is 
the effect of climate ! 

Articles for Distribution. Cuttings of kinds of cherries : late duke: and bigar- 
reau Napoleon. Kinds of pears: monarch, and beurré Bosc. The late duke 


164 Obituary. 


cherry is a fine, large, late, and very abundant bearing sort, with watery flesh : 
the fruit may be had as late as the middle of August, or, netted on a wall, 
even later. The bigarreau Napoleon cherry is allowed to be the largest of the 
bigarreau tribe: it is a very fertile bearer. The monarch pear is a very hardy 
sort, seemingly as hardy as the hawthorn: the tree has a wild and thorny 
appearance, but the fruit is excellent. The beurré Bosc pear is as large as the 
Marie Louise, and in flavour excels it: it ripens rather later than that sort. 
Seeds of Pinus nigricans. 

Read. A communication on making a selection of kinds of apples for 
cultivation ; by Sir G. S. Mackenzie, Bart. The Meteorological Journal for 
1835, kept at the Society’s Garden. 

Exhibited. Apples of the kinds: Hunt’s royal nonpareil, Hunt’s Duke of 
Gloucester, and Newtown pippin, from Thomas Hunt, Esq. Grapes of the 
kind Escholata supérba, from G. H. Ward, Esq. Specimens of metallic wire 
for gardens ; also a new sort of wall-nail for the above, from Mr. W. A. Row- 
land, 20. Prince’s Street, Chester. A miscellaneous collection of flowers, 
from the Hon. T. H. F. Strangways. Strelitzia sp., Crinum amabile, and three 
kinds of Cyclamen, from Mrs. Marryat. E/’pacris varidbilis and campanulata, 
and the Caméllia japénica var. the eclipse, from Mrs. Lawrence. 

From the Society’s Garden. Chimonanthus fragrans, and f. grandiflorus ; 
Helléborus odorus, Crinum amabile, and the following varieties of Caméllia 
japonica: anemoneflora alba, aucubefolia, various-flowered, variegata plena, 
althezflora, and Wiltoni. Appies of the kinds Boston russet, table; white 
Easter, kitchen; French crab, kitchen; green apple: this has considerable re- 
semblance to the preceding, but is different, and has less acidity. Gros Bohn, 
kitchen; Rhode Island greening, table, kitchen; northern reinette; St. Julien, 
table; Norfolk beaufin; grey queening ; russet nonpareil, table. Pears of the 
kinds Easter bergamot, poire d’Austrassie, and la fortunée de Parmentier. 
The last is one of more than a hundred new sorts of pears, which a favourable 
season would render it possible to judge of the merits of most of. This sort 
was first noticed in the Revue Horticole, in Le Bon Jardinier, 1829, “as 
having a buttery, melting, delicious flesh, and as keeping until July.” It isa 
great bearer, and may, perhaps, be found, in a different season, to possess 
merit nearer to that originally announced of it. ‘There is a pear, called the 
merveille d@hiver, which will, perhaps, be found to be the same. 

Cuttings for Distribution, of the Downton cherry, reine Claude, violette plum, 
nelis d’hiver pear, and Comte de Lamy pear. The Downton cherry is an 
excellent bearer as a standard, and attains a good size as such. The Comte 
de Lamy pear is hardy, and, as a standard autumn pear, is to be recommended 
for its exceedingly rich sugary quality. The fruit of the nelis @hiver is a hand- 
some middle-sized pear, not so desirable, on acount of this last quality, to the 
general fruit-grower ; but, in private collections, it ought always to be included, 
as it is richer than even most of the new kinds. 


Art. V. Obituary. 


Diep, on October 16. 1835, at Liverpool, in the 30th year of his age, M/r. 
Joseph Picken, of the firm of Caldwell and Picken, Nursery and Seedsmen, 
Knutsford, Cheshire ; a good man, of business habits, and a scientific practical 
botanist. — J. G. Greenbank, near Liverpool, January 26. 1836. 

Died lately, at Paris, in the 82d year of his age, J. Deleuze, Honorary Libra- 
rian at the Garden of Plants. He was well known in the learned world as 
the translator of Darwin’s Loves of the Plants and Thomson’s Seasons, as well 
as for some original works ; and he was the author of a History of the Intro- 
duction of Ornamental Plants into European Gardens, published in the Annales 
du Musée, from which we have derived some interesting facts, noticed in the 
historical part of our Hncyclopedias of Gardening, and of Arboriculture. 


ROL EAD 


THE 


GARDENER’S MAGAZINE, 


APRIL, 1836. 


ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. 


Arv. 1. Some Account of the Gardens, and State of Gardening, in the 
North Riding of Yorkshire. By J. B. W. 


I entirety agree with your highly intelligent correspondent, 
Scientize et Justitize Amator (Vol. X. p. 365.), that much valuable 
information might be acquired by gardeners, if they were occa- 
sionally to inspect the gentlemen’s gardens in their neighbour- 
hood. Few gardens are so poor that they will not repay the 
trouble of a visit, by supplying some useful hint, or improved 
' practice, to an acute observer; or making him acquainted with a 
new or superior variety of fruit, flower, or vegetable ; or bringing 
under his notice one or other of the remarkable variations so 
often produced on plants by the difference of soil and situation ; 
or, what is, perhaps, of equal importance to a gardener of the 
present day, by exhibiting something either advisable to follow, 
or necessary to avoid, in the higher department of his art, land- 
scape-gardening. - 

The gardener who is confined within his own walls, whether 
by the illiberality of his employer or his own apathy, generally 
overrates his own horticultural skill; and, instead of * growing 
wiser as he grows older,” becomes bigoted in his erroneous no- 
tions, and prejudiced against any deviation from the beaten track 
which he has so long followed. _It is to freedom of intercourse 
that we are chiefly indebted for the vast extension of knowledge 
in the last century ; compared with which, its most rapid pro-« 
gress in former ages appears only a snail’s pace. In gardening, 
especially, the modern improvements must, in a great measure, 
be attributed to this cause, acting through the media of horti- 
cultural societies and books. But, in the practical part of the 
art, seeing, and reflecting upon what we see, are better than read- 
ing, and reflecting upon what we read; therefore, so far as it can 
be done without neglect of duty, a gardener ought to visit, with 


a. view of acquiring knowledge, all the gardens accessible to him. 
Vou. XIT. — No. 73. Oo 


166 Gardens, and State of Gardening, 


I do not wish, however, to undervalue the advantages of read- 
ing; without it, a gardener must necessarily remain far in the 
rear of the spirit of the age; and, in the choice of subjects, it 
is my opinion, that descriptions of, and critical remarks upon, 
places, such as those occasionally given in this Magazine, are 
quite as instructive to a learner, as a detailed method of culti- 
vating a particular kind of flower or vegetable. I have derived 
much gratification and instruction from these descriptions; and, 
believing that they are alike interesting to other readers, I pur- 
pose giving, as opportunity permits, short notices of the gentle- 
men’s residences in my immediate vicinity. But these notices 
will be almost exclusively confined to the kitchen and flower 
gardens; for I do not consider myself competent to discuss the 
more elevated subject of architecture, or to point out, except in 
a very casual manner, the beauties and defects in the laying out 
of the grounds. 

Perhaps a general view of the leading features of the sur- 
rounding district may not be unacceptable, before entering upon 
the subject of its gardens. 

The place where I reside (in the North Riding of Yorkshire) 
is within a few miles of extensive tracts of hilly and barren 
ground, called the Moors and, accordingly, the temperature 
is materially affected, in early spring, by the proximity of the 
high and bleak lands which bound us on the north and east. 
Richmond (a most picturesque town on the banks of the river 
Swale, in the neighbourhood of which are beautiful and very 
extensive views) stands on the very edge of the Moors; and, 
although only eight miles north-west of us, is described by a 
resident as being “a great coat colder in winter.” It has been 
truly remarked, that tourists run from one end of the Continent 
to the other in search of beauties, which seldom surpass, and, 
in many cases, do not equal, those contained in our own island. 
The taste of the present day is too highly refined for the enjoy- 
ment of homely beauties; but, should it ever again become 
fashionable for British gentry to admire British scenery, Rich- 
mond and its environs will not be overlooked. 

When viewed from a rising ground, the aspect of the country 
is fertile, because it is well wooded; yet it contains a consider- 
able extent of unproductive land, which, at the present low prices 
of produce, barely pays the expenses of labour, seed, and taxes. 
This poor land is distinguished here by the appellation of clay 
land; which term, however, includes soils of very different tex- 
tures and qualities, varying from clay so stiff that it is scarcely 
permeable to water, to a comparatively fertile strong loam. 
Gravel land is a light sandy loam, upon a substratum of sandy 
gravel: this land, when plentifully supplied with moisture, is 
exceedingly productive, and it suffers in a corresponding degree 


in the North Riding of Yorkshire. 167 


from drought. The ash is the principal forest tree of the dis- 
trict, except in plantations, and it shows a striking difference in 
growth in the clay and gravel lands: in the former it generally 
has a stunted starved look, while in the latter it attains a consi- 
derable size. ‘The oak grows best in the deeper soils; but we 
cannot boast of many fine specimens. The wych elm is much 
more common than any of the other species; it, however, does 
not thrive remarkably well. Wood, as an article of fuel, is of 
very little value here, in consequence of the low price of coals ; 
and, from the same cause, forcing is practised to a greater extent 
here than in the south, few gentlemen’s gardens, however small, 
being without one or two hot-houses. 

The North Riding of Yorkshire abounds in gentlemen’s seats, 
to many of which first-rate gardens are attached: my visits, 
however, have necessarily been restricted to places within a few 
miles of me; and of these I may first notice Brough, the residence 
ef William Wright Lawson, Esq. 

According to my judgment, the house is worthy of the situ- 
ation, and the situation of the house; one being badly chosen, 
and the other as badly designed. Neither is there any redeeming 
quality in the pleasure-grounds, which are limited in extent, and 
contain nothing worthy of remark. The flower-garden is merely 
a long narrow strip on the south side of the kitchen-garden, con- 
tiguous to the boundary wall of the latter. An old-fashioned 
conservatory, and two peach-houses, stand against this wall, the 
remaining part of which is covered by fruit trees. If a good 
flower-garden should ever be formed at this place, that now ex- 
isting would be useful as a reserve-garden; or it is well suited 
for the cultivation of florists’ flowers. 

The kitchen-garden is in form a parallelogram, the longest 
direction of which is from east to west, and it slopes gently from 
both those points to the middle. A broad gravel walk having 
a circular basin of water in the centre, and a flower-border 
with dwarf apple trees on each side, divide the garden into two 
equal parts. Another main walk runs parallel to the walls quite 
round the garden, having a border 10 ft. or 12 ft. wide between 
it and the wal]. The inner side of this walk is bordered with a 
row of dwarf apple trees, pruned and trained like those in the 
Horticultural Society’s Garden; on the north side of the garden, 
however, where the succession pine-stoves are placed, the walk 
is bordered on the inside with flowers, and a substantial railing 
for espaliers. The two great divisions of the garden are again 
variously subdivided by alleys, and by rows of gooseberry and 
currant trees, with here and there a young standard apple or 
pear tree. 

At each end of the garden, outside the walls, is a slip: that on 


the west is under grass, and planted with different sorts of filbert 
0 2 


168 Gardening in Yorkshire. 


and nut trees: that on'the east is now used partly as a nursery, 
and partly for growing potatoes; but it is intended to plant there 
the rhubarb and sea-kale for forcing, that no unsightly litter might 
disfigure the principal garden. ‘The melon-ground, which also 
contains the fruiting pine-stove, is on the north side of the gar- 
den, close to the stable-yard, and to another yard for the reception 
of dung, leaves, and rubbish. 

I have been somewhat diffuse in describing this garden, be- 
cause I consider that its form and general arrangements are, 
with a few exceptions, excellently adapted to convenience of 
working, and well deserving of imitation where practicable. As 
to management and cleanliness, I have not seen any kitchen- 
garden equal to that at Brough: scarcely a weed can be found at 
any time; and the crops, so far as they depend upon the skill 
and industry of the gardener (Mr. Burrow), are invariably good. 
Leaves are used in the pineries as a substitute for bark, and with 
the best results. As a fermenting material, leaves are much, 
superior to bark, not being liable to those almost ungovernable 
extremes to which bark is subject. Oak leaves are best, because 
they resist decomposition longer, perhaps, than any others; 
but, as oak leaves can seldom be procured alone, a mixture of 
sorts in which they predominate may be used. Leaves require. 


no sweating, or other preparation; they may be gathered and. 


conveyed directly to the pits: care -should be taken, however, 


that the pit be well drained, and that the leaves are not very. 


wet, or they will soon decay. They should also be trodden 
firmly and regularly, to prevent uneven settling. Hight or ten 
inches of bark, according to the depth of the pine-pots, should 
be spread over the top, which will prevent the too rapid escape 
of heat from the leaves, and likewise be much better to plunge 


the pots into. A bed thus formed will retain a nearly uniform, 


temperature for months. 


The plan upon which the peach-houses are constructed is, 


superior, in regard to economy of space, to any of those described. 
in the Encyclopedia of Gardening, or, so far as I know, in any 
other work on horticulture. ‘The following description and di- 
mensions are taken from a peach-house on the same general plan 
as those at Brough, but differing in several details. Length, 
32 ft.; width, 16 ft.; height at the back, 12 ft.; height at the 
front, 4 ft.6 in. ‘The upright front sashes are hung by hinges 
to the upper wall-plate, and open outwards at the bottom for the 
purpose of admitting air. Every alternate upper light is likewise 
movable in the usual way. The flue enters the house at one 


end, beneath the back walk, and passes along the front and. 


the other end, 1 ft. from the glass, returning along the house, 
3 ft. 6 in. from the back wall, to the place where it entered ;_ it 
then dips again under the walk, and enters the back wall. The: 


— 


On studying the Natural System. 169 


flue thus encloses a pit 27 ft. long, and 8 ft. 6 in. wide, in which 
the trees are planted. Between the back flue and the back wall 
there is another border, in which standard trees are planted: 
these are trained to a trellis against the back wall. ‘The trellis 
to which the other trees are trained is nearly horizontal ; and it 
extends over the whole of the house, except 3ft. of the back 
border (which, being covered by a framing of boards, serves for 
a walk), and that part of the flue which passes along the front of 
the house. This trellis is 3 ft. 6in. high at the back, and it 
declines to 2 ft. 6 in. in front. 

A vine, pruned on the spur system, is trained beneath each 
rafter; the shoots are confined within a breadth of 18 in. or 20 in.; 
consequently, the obstruction of light is not so great as to be very 
detrimental to the peach trees. A great extent of surface is thus 
obtained for the training of peach trees, with the advantage of 
having a crop of grapes without any additional expense. Such 
houses, however, are ill adapted for very early forcing: when 
peaches are required earlier than the end of July, one of the 
houses described in the Encyclopedia of Gardening will be much 
preferable. Another disadvantage is, that, about the time the 
grapes are setting, and, consequently, require a close warm atmo- 
sphere, the peaches will be about stoning, when a free circulation: 
of air is indispensable to them; but this difficulty might be in a 
great measure overcome by care and attention. It should never 
be attempted to have very late grapes in a house of this sort. 

An orange apricot tree, growing against a building in the. 
kitchen- oarden, deserves to be mentioned on necouht of its 
great size. Its branches cover a space of 42 ft. by 18ft.; and, 
being still full of vigour, it most likely will extend many feet 
further. . 

A large chapel is now in the course of erection near the man- 
sion, under the direction of Bonomi. 


North Riding, Yorkshire, Dec. 1. 1835. 


Art. II. On the Necessity of young Gardeners studying the Natural 
System of Botany, and Vegetable Physiology. By A Youne Gar- 
DENER. 


Tuoueu I perfectly agree with the opinion you have so often 
expressed, as to the utility of gardeners making themselves ac- 
quainted with all the different arts and sciences, yet I think you 
will allow that the first they should study should be those im- 
mediately connected with their own profession, and that botany 
is at least one of the most important, if not of the very greatest 
importance, of these. 


03 


170 On studying the Natural System. 


Notwithstanding this, it is a fact, that many young gardeners, 
who have abundance of time on their hands, rest contented with 
a partial knowledge of the artificial system of Linnzeus; while 
the natural arrangement of Jussieu is almost, if not entirely, 
unknown to them. Ido not wish to undervalue the Linnzan 
system, nor have I any desire to take from it one of those many 
laurels it has so justly won; but it must be acknowledged, that, 
by following it, we may acquire the names of a great number of 
plants, and at the same time be entire strangers to their proper- 
ties. A notion that there is so much difficulty connected with a 
natural arrangement of plants, appears to deter many from giving 
the subject anything like due consideration. That the classi- 
fication of Linnzeus is more simple, and much easier understood, 
than the natural orders, no one will deny; but the latter are by 
no means so difficult as to deter any from becoming acquainted 
with them. I think, however, that the student, before he attempts 
the study of the natural arrangement of plants, ought, if possible, 
to make himself acquainted with vegetable physiology, as he 
would then have a knowledge of the fundamental principles on 
which such arrangements are founded. 

Without such knowledge, many, on the very outset, being puz- 
zled with such words as Vasculares and Cellulares, or acotyle- 
donous, monocotyledonous, and dicotyledonous, give up the 
study, and can never afterwards be induced to return to it. To 
remove some of the difficulties which discourage young botanists 
at the commencement of their study, is certainly an object worthy 
of some attention; for, if it were not for the first obstacles, they 
would prosecute the study with pleasure; and if you, or any of 
your correspondents, would introduce the subject in the form of a 
few plain remarks in your Magazine, from its wide circulation, and 
the number of young gardeners who peruse it, I have no doubt 
it would be more useful than all the expensive volumes which 
have been written on the subject. ‘The most superficial observer 
must notice the striking resemblance which certain plants bear 
to others of a different kind; and that they have a tendency to 
unite and form groups, or families; but no such grouping can be 
considered as truly natural, any farther than the true species of a 
genus. Nature has not chosen to mark so distinctly the different 
classes or orders of her works. In the Filices we see a connecting 
link between the Acotylédones and Monocotylédones ; and these, 
again, are gradually united by many other genera to the Dicoty- 
lédones. Even in the different orders of these divisions we 
behold a union pervading the whole, like the different counties 
in a kingdom: they are not only united by one particular part, 
but all around. In short, from the majestic tree of the forest, 
down to the humble moss or lichen which grows upon its sur- 
face; throughout the whole of nature, not oily in the vegetable, 


New Method of grafting Vines. 171 


but in the animal kingdom, from the dead and inorganised sub- 
stance, to the most perfect of beings; we see a continued chain, 
which reaches from the earth to the skies: the only place where 
we can with certainty draw a line of division, is between the 
creature and his great Creator. 

Mid-Lothian, March 6. 1835. 


In Dr. Lindley’s Ladies’ Botany, and Mr. Main’s Vegetable 
Physiology, and, when these have been thoroughly mastered, in 
Lindley’s Introduction and Key, our correspondent will find 
every thing which he requires. To treat of the natural system 
of botany at length, in the Gardener's Magazine, would occupy 
far too much space; and, given, as it must necessarily be, in 
detached portions through many Numbers, would only be of 
real use after the whole was finished; by which time, probably, 
the “ Young Gardener” would be engaged to fill a place, 
and no longer possessed of sufficient leisure to be able to 
devote that degree of attention to the subject which it requires. 
— Cond. 


Art. lil. A new Method of grafting, or rather budding, Vines. 
By Mr. Georce M‘Letsu. 


I sxc to submit to your readers a method of grafting, or rather 
of budding, vines, which I was led to adopt merely from my 
own ideas of vegetable physiology, and which, I feel confident, 
will always be attended with success. I am not aware that the 
method is at all known; at least, I have never heard of it, and to 
me, at least, it is quite original. ‘The well-known method of de- 
tatched grafting I had tried repeatedly, but without success ; and, 
in endeavouring to trace the cause of this failure, I remembered 
having seen two new vine-houses, which, under the management 
of several most distinguished gardeners, had for a series of years 
been partially accelerated, for the important purpose of furnishing 
abundance of bearing wood; and such was the failure in both these 
instances, that, as a last resource, the vines in one of the houses 
were cut down to the parapet every second year. In this place, 
the gardener was changed five times in as many years; but, 
when the fifth made his entrée, he was accompanied by a most 
auspicious companion, success. In the other place, the gardeners 
were not more successful: the buds broke so irregularly, that 
only two, or at most three, eyes at the top of the vines appeared 
with sufficient strength to render their retention tolerable; while 
the rest of the shoots downwards were as bare as a barber’s pole. 
In both the instances alluded to, I readily perceived that there 


was a great want of humidity in the atmosphere, and, also, that 
o 4 


172 New Method of grafting Vines. 


there was avery rich deep border. Although, in my endeavours 
to graft with detached scions, I had taken care to keep up a very 
damp atmosphere, still my attempts proved abortive: to a gar- 
dener who knows that a single bud, when immersed an inch in 
any tolerable soil, will not fail, under ordinary care, to become 
a plant; or, that a cutting of. young wood, when in full leaf, 
put in a heap of fermenting tan, and shaded, will also root freely; 
the failure of detached scions, even when grafted in a masterly 
manner, will certainly appear paradoxical. Knowing that the 
same kind of sap which, when put in motion, causes the emission 
of roots in the cutting, produces also the union between the 
stock and scion in grafting, I was led to put the question to my- 
self, whether a single bud, inserted in the stock, and enveloped 
with any light mould that may keep moderately moist, would not 
effect the desired union? ‘To enable myself to give a decisive 
answer to this question, I took a small black Hamburgh vine, 
which had grown for a year or two in a pot, the stem of which 
did not exceed -%5 of an inch in diameter, from which I ex- 
cised two pieces of the extent of 
half their diameters (see jig. 15.). 
I then took two shoots from vines 
growing out of doors, from which 
I selected the buds (a and 0); 
first cutting quite across the 
shoots, and afterwards slipping 
them longitudinally, reserving 
nearly all the pith to the part 
containing the bud; except the 
two extremities, which I cut away 
till the bark of the stock and 
scion came nicely in contact. 
I then bandaged them tightly 
together in the usual manner, 
only leaving the buds uncovered 
by the ligature. I next fitted a my 

small flower-pot (size No. 60. ) | 

round the grafts, which I filled | i} ill 

with the mould of an old cu- 

cumber bed: this was done about the beginning of Novem- 
ber, and about a month afterwards the vine was plunged in 
a mild heat. ‘The buds of the vine soon broke; and, in about 
three weeks afterwards, the buds from the scions were seen 
emerging from the mould in the pots.. The bud a is now about 
4 in. above the mould; and the other, as might be expected 
about half that distance. I may mention that I have suffered 
strong shoots to issue from the stock above the scions; so that, if 


Use of Slate for horticultural Purposes. 173 


the scions had been suffered to draw the nourishment furnished 
by the stock, they would probably have extended upwards of 
1 ft. in length. Should you think the above hints worth your 
notice, [ have no doubt they may prove acceptable to some of 
your readers; and, if so, they are voluntarily, though hastily, 
tendered. 

Ville parm les Collines, Jan. 21. 1836. 


Art. IV. On the Use of Slate for horticultural Purposes. 
By W. B. 


Tue introduction of slate for horticultural uses well deserves 
the encouragement it meets with. It can, indeed, scarcely be 
too highly recommended, from its almost imperishable nature, 
the facility afforded by the sawing machinery of cutting it into 
plates suitable for nearly all the various purposes to which wood 
is generally applied, and its cheapness, arising from the increased 
quantity now sent into the market, through the enlargement of the 
quarries which has taken place since the repeal of the duty. 

The slate tubs for orangeries, conservatories, and the decora- 
tion of lawns and walks, lately exhibited at the gardens of the 
London Horticultural Society at Chiswick, by Messrs. North 
and Co. of Palace New Road, Lambeth, (the introducers and 
manufacturers of the slate billiard tables,) led me to examine 
into their merits. The appearance of their shape and colour, 
when seen upon a lawn, or amongst foliage, is very pleasing and 
ornamental ; and a decided improvement has been made in their 
form, each side being now made to take off, instead of to slide 
up, which is much less likely to injure the fibrils of the roots. 
These slate tubs have been seen and approved of by Mr. Aiton 
and Mr. Munro; and they can now be sold much cheaper than 
when they were exhibited last summer at Chiswick; Messrs. 
North and Co. having discovered, since that period, a much 
quicker method of manufacturing them. One of the first em- 
ployers of slate for horticultural purposes, since the repeal of the 
duty, was William Harrison, Esq., F.R.S., H.S., &c., who has 
fitted up his conservatory at Cheshunt with it: the pavement, 
shelves, and stages are all of slate, and have a very neat and 
elegant appearance. Mr. Low of Clapton, and Messrs Rol- 
lison of Tooting, have also used it in their houses, and. much 
approve of it. 

A terrace, with steps, coping, and balconies, has been made of 
slate, under the direction of Lady Farnborough, at Bromley 
Hill, which keeps perfectly free from moss or stains without any 


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Design for the Grounds of a Villa. 175 


cleaning, although it is situated under the drip of trees. In 
this instance, the slate was rubbed down with coarse grit, to give 
it a porous face, and was afterwards painted of a stone colour; 
which, when flatted (that is, the last coat of paint given, mixed 
with turpentine alone, without oil, to avoid the shining appear- 
ance of oil paint), strongly resembles stone. 

For the lining of reservoirs, fish-ponds, and canals, slate might 
be advantageously used, as, from experiments now in progress, it 
appears to answer satisfactorily; and does not exceed the cost 
of other materials in use, that are not so well adapted for such 
purposes as slate. 

The repeal of the duty on slate has caused a great increase 
of the supply afforded ; thereby assisting the shipping interests, 
giving increased employment at the quarries, and affording the 
manufacturers of slate occupation, during the winter months, at 
such works as may be made within doors. 

Tables for public-houses, tea-gardens, bowling-greens, &e. ; 
and shelves in bars, kitchens, and pantries, and even book- 
shelves, might be made of slate; more especially where the ob- 
ject is to render the building, as far as practicable, fire-proof. 

The engraving (fig. 16.) represents two orange tubs made of 
slate ; and a variety of designs, for other objects, may be seen at 
the manufactory of Messrs. North. 

London, March 2, 1836. 


Arr. V. Design for laying out the Grounds of a Villa of Four: 
Acres in Extent. By Mr. T. RutGer. 


Tue design (fg. 17.) is for a villa and pleasure-grounds, 
comprised in about four acres of land. It consists of the house 
and its approach, with the stables and yard on the right, and on 
the left a yard to be appropriated for laundry, poultry court, &c., 
as may be required; a shrubbery-garden on the north, with a 
pond and fountain; beyond which is the kitchen-garden, with 
slips on the north and south, and a small range of forcing-houses : 
on the left is the gardener’s house, and asmall orchard ; and, on 
the right, the melon-ground, with a shed at the back. ‘There is 
a walk, or road, behind the shrubbery, from the stables to the 
melon-ground, which may serve, also, as a back way from the 
garden to the house; and an arbour or two, with garden-seats 
and vases, &c., for embellishment, may be introduced in the 
garden or pleasure-grounds, according to the taste of the person 
employed to lay it out. 

63. Portland Place, April 30. 1835. 


176 Design for the Grounds of a Villa. 


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Art. VI. A Series of Designs for laying out and planting Flower- 
Gardens, with Remarks on each by the Conpuctor. Design 5. 
By A CounTRY-BRED GARDENER. 


Our readers, by turning to Vol. XI. p. 449., or to Vol. VII. 
p- 726. 727., will be reminded of the intention of this series of 
designs, for correcting a bad plan of a flower-garden. ‘The 
one now before us (fig. 18.) was accompanied by the following 
remarks :— 


‘¢ Sir, Having seen your plan of a flower-garden, published in 
Vol. VII. p. 726. and .727., as an exercise for the talents of 
young gardeners in laying out grounds, I beg leave to sub- 
mit the design (fig. 18.) for your inspection; but I am rather 
doubtful whether it will meet your approbation, as I have seen, 
in one of your former Numbers, objections made by you as to 
dispersing the beds regularly over the surface; though that, I 
think, depends a great deal on the taste of the gentleman or lady 
that may be going to make a garden. ‘Towards the upper left- 
hand corner, I haye introduced a narrower walk, to go in at one 
side, and round what seems to be an ornamental tree or shrub, 
and out at the other side: this walk may be admitted, or not, as 
may be thought most agreeable. My humble opinion of the 
original is, that the walks are very well; but the beds next the 
house, and, again, at the farther end from the house, are too 
much in a line; some of them too close together, and too many 
of them of one shape. 
** A CoUNTRY-BRED GARDENER. 
© April 28. 1832.” 


The plan of A Country-bred Gardener, we regret to say, 
has many faults, and but few beauties. As the plan has been 
in our possession four years, if the author of it has been a reader 
of the Gardener’s Magazine during that period, we have no 
doubt the faults will now appear almost as obvious to him as 
they do tous. To point them out in detail would be to repeat 
much of what we have said on former occasions: suffice it to 
say, that there is a total want of connexion in the position of the 
beds relatively to one another, and to the walks; a total want 
of expression and character, because the beds are in no degree 
erouped ; and a want of harmony in the forms of the beds, 
because some of them are of the most artificial, or, in other words, 
geometrical, shapes, and others of shapes which may be called 
natural or accidental: the whole shows a want of artist-like 
feeling, and of knowledge of composition, — Cond. 


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180  Hower-Garden and Arboretum in Front of a Villa. 


ArT. VII. A Design for laying out a Piece of Ground in Front of ‘ig 


a Villa Residence, as a Flower-Garden and Arboretum. By Mr. 
T. RuTGER. 


THE accompanying plan (fg. 19.) is intended to be placed at 
the south of a villa residence, the principal front of which may 
be supposed to look to the east; with a conservatory on the 
south of about 80 ft. in length, projecting from the building, from 
the centre of which you enter ie flower-garden, which is sepa- 


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Elastic Walks for Gardens. 181 


rated by a thick hedge, or by shrubs closely planted, from the 
shrubbery or arboretum. If an arboretum, the water at the end 
of the straight walk is intended for an aquarium; if a shrub- 
bery, it may be turned into a pond. The side wings of the 
flower-garden are intended for children’s gardens; or they may 
be appropriated for florist’s flowers. 


Art. VII. Ona Method of making elastic Walks for Gardens. By 
Mr. Peter MACKENZIE. 


Many things have been invented to render the body of man 
easy and comfortable; and, of these, the improvements which 
derive their advantages from elasticity appear to be preferred : 
the Indian-rubber shoes, and the water-proof elastic hats, I think, 
are proofs of this. “The object of this paper is to carry the em- 
ployment of elasticity a little farther, and to introduce it into 
gardening, if it is not already in use. Among the various 
methods of making walks pointed out in your Encyclopedia 
of Gardening, I can find none that accord exactly with those 
that I would recommend in this paper; namely, elastic walks. 
Their object is to add pleasure to the flower-garden; for in many 
gardens the walks are of such a nature, that one would almost 
think ihey were intended to make the persons walking on them 
do penance in the temple of Flora, instead of affording ease 
and pleasure while contemplating the cultivated beauties of the 
vegetable kingdom; but, I believe, if the plan be adopted which 
I shall presently recommend, the fairest flowers of creation will 
linger with delight among the ambrosial sweets of the flower- 
garden, and walk with as much softness and comfort as if on a 
Brussels carpet. 

The method I would recommend to make elastic walks is this: — 
Remove the earth 1 ft. deep; and, if found necessary to have a 
drain, make it in the centre or side of the walk. After the 
drain is finished, fill the bottom of the walk with small stones 
to the depth of 3in. or 4in.; then fill up the remaining 8 in. 
with flow-peat, or decomposed moss (Sphagnum). This kind 
of peat is light and spongy, it resists putrefaction, and remains 
longer unimpaired in its form, than any other kind of peat. 
After it is put into the cradle of the walk, it must be levelled 
with the spade, and trodden upon with the feet, so that no ine- 
qualities may appear on the surface: afterwards the roller should 
be brought over it. After this treatment, it will become more 
compact, and will have sunk a little: this will allow room for 
2 in. or 3 in. of fine engine ashes to be laid above it. The ashes 
that have undergone two burnings are the best for colour, having 


a close resemblance to gravel. After distributing the ashes 
Vou, XII. — No. 73. P 


182 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


equally over the surface of the peat with a rake, they must be 
rolled over and over, until they form a kind of cake above the 
peat, and then the walk is finished. It may be thought that 
walks of this nature will be damp, but I have always found them 
as dry as those that are made with stones and gravel; and they 
are strong enough for all the ordinary wheeling that is required 
in the flower-garden. I have no doubt that the valetudinarian 
would derive great comfort from such walks; and if they tend 
to make the flower-garden a greater source of pleasure, I shall 
have gained my object. 
West Plean, Jan. 1. 1835. 


Art. IX. Floricultural and Botanical Notices on Kinds of Plants 
newly introduced into our Gardens, and that have originated in them, 
and on Kinds of Interest previously extant in them ; supplementary 
to the latest Editions of the “ Encyclopedia of Plants,” and of 
the “* Hortus Britannicus.” ; ; 


Curtis's Botanical Magazine ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 3s. 6d. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Dr. Hooker, 
King’s Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow. 

Edwards’s Botanical Register ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 4s. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Dr. Lindley, 
Professor of Botany in the London University. 

Sweet's British Flower-Garden ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
four plates ; 3s. coloured, 2s. 3d. plain. Edited by David Don, 
Esq., Professor of Botany in King’s College, and Librarian to the 
Linnean Society. 

Maund’s Botanic Garden, or Magazine of Hardy Flower Plants cul- 
tvvated in Great Britain; in monthly numbers, each containing — 
four coloured figures; large paper Is. 6d., small 1s. Edited by 
B.Maund, F.L.S. 


Rosacea. 


1522. ROSA L. 13429 centifdlia L. (1833? LB rm _ Bot. mag. t. 3475 
yar. ?muscosa Mié/, subvar.* cristata Hook. crested-calyred 2% or 3 jn.jl Pk France 


A subvariety of the moss rose, obtained from France, and 
curious from the manner in which the moss springs in tufts from 
the edges of its sepals. In a note by Mr. Curtis, he says, “ Its 
beauty and variety will, I hope, plead an excuse for a departure 
from the rule against figuring varieties in this work.” (Bot. Mag.) 

Myrtdcee. 

' 0180, TRISTA‘NIA R. Br. 
419647 macrophylla AZZ. Cunn. MSS. ; 
Synonyme : Tristania daurina R. Br., Hort. Brit. 19647., Bot. reg. t. 1839. 

In its native country (the sandy southern shores of Moreton 
Bay, New South Wales (S. lat. 27° 30’), Mr. Cunningham states 
that it becomes a tree 50 ft. or 60ft. high. ‘The plant figured 


supplementary to Eincyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 183 


had been kept in a green-house for some years, and flowered 
when it was 4 ft. high. (Bot. Reg., t. 1839.) 
Compésita, suborder Helidnthee. 


9415. COREO’PSIS : [mag. t. 3474 
*29001a diversifolia Hook. various-leaved © or 2 jl BrOBr Texas 1825 S$ co Bot. 
Synonyme ; C. auriculata var. diversifdlia Elliott, Carol. vol. ii. p. 437. 


*‘ Sent from Texas by the late Mr. Drummond, who was 
much struck with its beauty, and who gathered it not only upon 
the coast of Brazosia, but in the interior of the country round 
San Felipe. It promises to be a hardy and most desirable an- 
nual. Its nearest affinity, as a species, is, undoubtedly, with C. 
auriculata, with which Mr. Elliott appears, though doubtfully, 
to have united it. It differs from that plant in its much smaller 
size; thinner and usually more divided leaves, with broader and 
blunter segments; in its much larger flowers ; and, above all, in 
the truly annual duration of the root.” (Bot. Mag., t. 3474.) 

2418. CALLIO’PSIS Rech. 


422016. tinctoria Nez. [gard. t. 538 
var. 2 *atrosanguinea Maund © or 3 jlo Dk Bd N. America 1823 s co Maund’s bot, 


This is a very distinct variety, and much better entitled to be 
considered a species than many varieties that are so designated. 
When we consider how different this plant is from C. tinctoria, as 
it was when introduced in 1823, how different the dark-flowered 
variety of the common nasturtium is from the species; and also 
that white foxgloves (Digitalis purpurea var. alba) and white 
wood hyacinths (Scilla non scripta var. alba) are frequent in a 
wild state, we cannot help thinking that nine tenths of what 
are now recorded as species by botanists are, probably, nothing 
more than varieties. We shall be told, perhaps, that there is a 
wide difference between plants in a wild state, and plants in 
culture, and also between the nature of herbaceous plants, and 
that of ligneous plants; but we think we are entitled to deny 
this: the nature of all plants is essentially the same, and the 
question between an annual, a perennial, or a tree that does not 
flower, perhaps, till it has attained the age of a quarter of a cen- 
tury, as to sporting into varieties, is merely one of time. As to 
culture, the difference, at first sight, appears greater; and we 
admit it to be great in plants of a very limited range of latitude 
and altitude: but take a plant of a very extensive range, whether 
an herb or a tree, and we shall find it in something analogous toa 
state of culture in those localities where there is a maximum of 
favourable circumstances. We should say, for example, that 
the Quércus Lobur was nearly equivalent to being in a state of 
culture in Sussex, and the Robinza Psetd-Acacia in Limestone 
Valley in Virginia; and both these species to be in a comparatively 
uncultivated state, the one on the mountains in the Highlands 
of Scotland, and the other in Pennsylvania in lat. 40° 20’. 
Accordingly, we find a very great difference, both in the appear- 

P 2 


184 Floricultural and Botanical Notices. 


ance of the trees, and in the quality of the timber, in these two 
habitats; and hence the varieties Q. Robur sessiliflora and Ro- 
binza Pseud- Acacia macroph¥lla. In like manner, in the case of 
herbaceous plants, on the alluvial banks of rivers, many are found 
comparatively in a state of cultivation; and, consequently, so 
luxuriant as to appear like different species. We throw out 
these ideas chiefly to direct the attention of our readers to the 
subject of species and varieties ; not that we by any means under- 
value the latter, and would not wish them kept distinct whenever 
they are truly so, as in the case before us. 

To return to this very beautiful variety of Coreépsis, Mr. 
Maund judiciously observes, that, if plants of it, and of the com- 
mon variety, be mingled together, and seeds gathered from them, 
their distinctions will soon be lost: so will seeds of the golden 
pippin apple if the tree has been grown in a garden along with 
other apple trees; but let it-be grown alone, and we will venture 
to assert that plants raised from seeds will come as true as in the 
case of the plant before us. 


“\ 
Scrophulariacee. 
1717. PENTSTE‘MON 
* Murraydnus Hook. (In honour of the skilful curator of the Glasgow Botanic Garden, who has 


been the means of rearing so many of Mr. Drummond’s plants, and to whose undeviating kind- 
ness and friendship that naturalist was greatly indebted for much of the success that attended 
his exertions.) Murray’s scarlet ye A or3 aut. S SanFelipe 1835 SD pl Bot. mag. 3472 


“A native of San Felipe, in Texas: discovered by Mr. 
Drummond, in 1834, and by him sent to our gardens, where it 
promises to be a very great acquisition, being remarkable for its 
stately growth, its singularly g olaucous and large foliage, and the 
Sener’ and size, anc > eens colour ‘of the flowers. The seeds 
arrived rather late in the spring of 1835; so that, in the Glasgow 
Botanic Garden, the autumn advanced rapidly upon us before 
the blossoms were generally expanded. ... It will probably prove 
a quite hardy herbaceous perennial.” (Bot. Mag., t. 3472.) 

Amaryllaceze. 


974. ZEPHYRA’NTHES Herb. (Sw. fi.-gard. 2s. t. 328 
¥8022a Drummond D.Don Drummond’s ¥ _AJ or 13 jl Wetinged with Pk Texas 1835 O. rm 


An elegant bulbous plant, found in the Texas by the late Mr. 
Thomas Drummond, to whose memory it has been dedicated by 
Professor Don. It is said to be nearly related to Z. verecinda, 
but to be “ essentially distinguished from it by its larger size, 
much larger tube of its perianthium, and broader leaves.” (Swi. 
Flow.-Gard., t. 328.) 

~ 983, NARCISSUS § Corbuliria 


*7583a conspicuus D. Don conspicuous-flowered § A ori my Y .. «. O. Sw. fi.-gar. 2s. t. 236. 
Synonyme : Corbularia conspicua Haworth, Monog. Narciss. p. i. 


This species, or variety, for we believe it to be nothing else, 
which comes near to N. targidus (Swi. Mow.-Gard., t. 164.), is 
the most showy of the hoop petticoat division of the Narcissi. 
Professor Don says, ‘* We cannot take upon ourselves to say 
that these forms are entitled to be ranked as distinct species; but. 


Royle’s Illustrations of the Himalayas. 185 


they were so regarded by our late valued friends Mr. Haworth 
and Mr. Sweet, who had both devoted much attention to the 
subject of this difficult genus, and to whose opinions we willingly 
submit in such matters.” (Swt. Flow.-Gard., 2s. t. 326.) In 
our opinion, both Mr. Haworth and Mr. Sweet carried the 
making of species to a most absurd extreme ; and we need only 
refer in proof of this to the Narciss. Monog. of the former, and 
the Geranzacee of the latter. It is, we should think, the duty of 
professors like Mr. Don and Dr. Lindley, not to “ willingly 
submit” to such authorities, but to examine into the merits of the 
case, and then to form an independent opinion of their own. 
Uniess this be done by every succeeding botanist, the science of 
systematic botany, instead of making progress, wiil become little 
better than a useless assemblage of names. 


REVIEWS. 


Art. 1. Koyle's Illustrations of the Botany and other Branches of 
the Natural History of the Himalayan Mountains, and of the 
Flora of Cashmere, &c. Part V., containing from p. 137. to 176. 
of the Illustrations of the Natural Orders; with nine beautifully 
coloured plates of plants, and one plate of fossil bones, teeth, and 
shells. Folio. London, 1835. 20s. 


(Continued from Vol. XI. p. 202.) 


TuEreE are doubtless numerous species of Vitis and Ampelép- 
sis, not yet introduced into Britain, which would stand the open 
air as well as the species which we already have, and thus add 
to the variety of our climbers. 

Geraniacee. — Several species of Geranium and Erédium are 
found in the Himalayas. Mr. Royle has named a very beau- 
tiful species of Geranium, G. Lindleydnum, after his friend Dr. 
Lindley, from whom he acknowledges having received great 
assistance during the progress of his work. 

Balsaminee. — This is an Indian order, there being no fewer 
than forty-seven species of the Impatiens enumerated by Dr. 
Wallich. I. glandulifera is a giyantic plant, which is cultivated 
in Nepal, in the botanic garden at Saharunpore, and in the Mus- 
sooree Experimental Nursery. As all the species of Impatiens 
are annuals, there can be no doubt that the tender kinds would 
flower in the open air in Britain, as well as the common balsam. 

Ovalidee.— Four genera are indigenous in India. O’xalis 
corniculata is found in Europe, North America, Mexico, Japan, 
the plains of India, the Himalayas, and some of the African 
islands. 
' “ The different species of Oxalis are well known to contain oxalic acid; 


combined with potass. O, Acetosella, called in England wood sorrel, well 
P38 


186 Royle’s llustrations of the Natural History 


known for its acid leaves, and as a substitute for Rumex Acetosella, is repre- 
sented in India by O. corniculata, which is there called chooka tipputtee, or 
three-leaved sorrel, and prescribed as a cooling medicine. The roots of Oxalis 
tuberosa are eaten in Chili, when cooked. Those of O. crenata, a plant of 
Columbia, bearing tubers like small potatoes, is one of those called arracacha, 
and has been introduced into England as a substitute for that invaluable root. 
It might be so into India, and be useful wherever the soil and climate are 
better suited to it than to the potato.” 


Zygophillee. — 'The most important species of this family is 
Guaiacum officinale, celebrated for its sudorific properties ; it is 
found in the West Indies, and might be cultivated in Bengal. 

Rutdcee. — Rita albiflora is common in the Himalayas, at 
elevations of from 5000 ft. to 8000 ft., and would possibly stand 
the open air in Britain as well as the common rue. ‘This last 
plant, in dry calcareous soils which are somewhat rich, forms 
one of the most beautiful of evergreen shrubs, attaining a height 
of 6 ft. or 8 ft.; as may be seen in the gardens in some of the 
old chalk pits in the neighbourhood of Greenhithe in Kent. 

Diésmee. — Didsma altdica is found in the Himalayas, and 
also Dictaémnus himalayanus. 

Xanthoxilee.— The genus Xanthoxylum is overspread in 
different parts of its substance with vesicles of essential oil, 
which cover the leaves with transparent dots. This oil is the 
cause of the aromatic pungency of the different species of this 
genus; and hence, in India, the capsules and seeds of X. hostile 
are employed for intoxicating fish, and are chewed as a remedy 
for the toothach. Different species of Xanthéxylum, Ztddalza, 
and Brucea are found in the Himalayas, and would probaly 
stand in the open air in Britain. 

Simarubaceze.— In the Himalayas this order is represented by 
Nima quasszé?des; but, as it grows only in moderate ele- 
vations, it may probably not stand the open air in Britain. 
The Himalayas support an Indian flora at their base and 
within their valleys: European as we ascend; and “ almost 
polar on the summits of their lofty mountains, which only for 
a few months in the year are freed from their covering of 
snow.” Under this order Mr. Royle has introduced an interest- 
ing comparison of the flora of the north of India with that of 
Egypt; pointing out what useful plants might be supplied by 
the former country to the latter, and what from Europe to both. 
He observes, in a note, that “ the present intelligent ruler of 
Egypt, when lately sending an unlimited order for. plants to be 
sent to him from England, particularly specified the useful 
plants of India.” (p. 162.) Our friend, the Bey Galloway, the 
pacha of Egypt’s* chief engineer, who is now (Feb. 1835) in 
London, informs us that the teak tree grows vigorously in the 
government garden at Grand Cairo, under the direction of Mr. 
Trail, an Englishman, with whom we expect soon to be in cor- 


of the Himalayan Mountains and of Cashmere. 187 


respondence. In concluding the remarks referred to, Mr. 
Royle observes : — 


«© The extent to which the acclimatation of plants may be carried, or the 
benefit which may be derived, it is at present difficult to conceive; for not 
many years have elapsed since true principles have, even in England, been 
applied to the subject, where, as my friend Dr. Graham expresses it, ‘ every 
rare plant was supposed to require heat ;’ and now the gardens and shrubberies 
are adorned with the richest varieties, and all intelligent cultivators seek for 
plants from congenial climates. India, open by sea to the productions of 
South America, has already possessed herself of such as the guava, custard- 
apple, pine-apple, tobacco, maize, capsicum, and others, which appear as much 
at home as its native productions: but the difficulty of communication on the 
north, and the nature of the countries and people which intervene, are suf- 
ficient to account for the few productions of the Oriental region which have 
travelled southward. It is fortunate that the Honourable Company’s Botanic 
Garden at Saharunpore, with a nursery in the hills, is so favourably situated 
for carrying on the experiments necessary for the acclimatation of the useful 
plants of this region; which, no doubt, the present zealous superintendant, 
Dr. Falconer, will carry into execution, as the means are afforded or oppor- 
tunities offer. Such experiments, though they can be extensively or bene- 
ficially carried on only when the climate and natural products of a country 
have been ascertained, are well calculated to convince those who, unacquainted 
with a subject, are yet inclined to question its utility; and, though incapable 
of appreciating the worth of the information obtained, or the truth or error of 
the inferences deduced, yet consider themselves fully qualified to pronounce 
upon their value. But the botanist, contemplating his science in all the bear- 
ings with which modern improvements have invested it, in examining the 
peculiarities of a new vegetation, ascertains also what it is capable of yielding 
useful to man, either as diet, in medicine, or in the arts; and, connecting 
structure with the climate in which it is found, infers, with almost unerring 
certainty, for what useful productions of other countries it is particularly 
adapted ; and has thus the gratification of contributing at once towards the 
perfecting of his science, and pointmg to the means for improving the re- 
sources of the country for the benefit of which his investigations are, in the 
first instance, especially intended.” — 


Coriariée.— There are some species of Coriariéze found at 
from 5000 ft. to 7000 ft. of elevation, which would probably 
endure the open air in England. The fruit of the Indian spe- 
cies is eaten on the hills, while that of the European is con- 
sidered poisonous, fifteen French soldiers having died by eating 
this fruit in Catalonia. C. myrtifolia, rich in tannin, is used in 
Europe for staining black ; and the leaves, in France, have been 
employed to adulterate senna leaves, and have produced fatal 
consequences. 

All the orders hitherto treated of by Mr. Royle belong to 
the subclass Thalamiflorze ; the next subclass is Calycifloree. 

Celastrinee. — A number of species of Zudnymus are found 
in the Himalayas; some, as Z. Hamiltonzdnus, have already 
been introduced into England, and stand the open air, as will, 
doubtless, all the others. It may be laid down, we think, as a 
general principle, that when we find one or two species of a 
genus decidedly hardy, all the other species that truly belong to 


that genus will be hardy also. There are, doubtless, at present 
P 4 


188 Royle’s Illustrations of the Himalayas. 


many apparent, and, perhaps, some real, exceptions; but most 
of these, we think, arise from species being assigned to genera 
which cught to be separated from them, and form genera of 
themselves. ‘Time, and the vigorous prosecution of the study of 
the affinities of plants, which is now going on among botanists, 
will determine this. If unity of organic structure be necessary 
to constitute unity of family, it is difficult to conceive how there 
should be any great diversity of constitution in that family. 

There is a species of J lex (lex dipyréna), common in the 
Himalayas, which bears a very great resemblance to the British 
holly, especially when covered with its clusters of scarlet berries 
in November and December. Mr. Royle also mentions ZL ex- 
célsior and J. serrata, both “ lofty species.” Would that we 
had them here ! 

“ Of the Ilicinez, the holly is well known to be employed for making bird- 
lime, as some of the figs are in India; and the genus is remarkable for con- 
taining the Ilex paraguaiensis, or maté tree, which produces the famous 
Paraguay tea, now an article of considerable South American commerce, for 
which, if it were thought desirable, a suitable locality might no doubt be found 
within the Indian territories. The Ilex vomitoria is considered to be tonic, 
inebriating, and, in larger doses, emetic; while Prinos verticillatus is ac- 
counted, in North America, a powerful febrifuge.” 

Rhdmnee “ are found in almost every part of the globe within 
the temperate and equinoctial zones; and the different genera 
affect respectively cool and warm situations.” Zizyphus is a 
tender genus. Ceanothus formerly contained tender and hardy 
plants ; but the former have lately been separated from it. Of 
this genus there are two Nepal species. Hovenza dulcis is found 
at 6500 ft. of elevation. Several species of Rhamnus and of 
Palitrus are natives of the Himalayas, and there can be no 
doubt but they would bear the open air in Britain. 

Terebinthacee. —'The mango thrives as high as 4000 ft. on 
the Himalaya range; but does not ripen its fruit. Sabza, a new 
genus found in Nepal, grows at a considerable elevation in the 
mountains; and there are severals pecies of #his which are very 
common there. All of these, no doubt, would grow in the open 
air in England. 

The plates which accompany this work are most beautifully 
engraved and coloured. We cannot close the book without ex- 
pressing our ardent wish that botanic gardens were formed in 
all countries, for the mutual exchange of seeds and plants. As 
the mass of society becomes more and more enlightened, the 
people will force this subject on the attention of their respective 
governments. Half the money now thrown away on pro forma 
ambassadors would establish and support botanic gardens all over 
the world; and the other half would be quite sufficient to pay 
working ambassadors, who would do the duties required of the 
office much better than the present ones, with very few ex- 
ceptions. 


Shirreff’s Tour through North America. 189 


Art. II. A Tour through North America, together with a Compre- 
hensive View of the Canadas and the United States, as adapted for 
Agricultural Emigration. By Patrick Shirreff, Farmer, Mungos- 
wells, East Lothian. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1835. 


(Continued from Vol. XI. p. 199.) 


THE following remarks will account for the state in which 
Hyde Park is kept, and for the general inattention to neatness 
throughout America: — 


“ The progress of a people in refinement and taste, manifested in a com- 
bination of nature and art, is commonly the work of time, and the decoration 
of grounds an unproductive investment of capital. Thus, the residences of 
England, having descended for ages in the same line, without the power of 
possessors changing their destination, may be said to represent the accu- 
mulated savings, labours, and tastes of many generations. In America the 
country has not been long possessed by the present owners, and property does 
not necessarily descend in the same line; and if to these causes be added the 
high price of labour and the scarcity of capital, the state of the residences will 
be sufficiently accounted for. Dr. Hosack has great merit in what he has 
accomplished, but it is mockery to compare his grounds, in point of embellish- 
ments, with the fine places in Britain, which have originated in circum- 
stances which America is not likely soon to experience. 

* Throughout the whole of my transatlantic tour, the inhabitants of the 
country manifested perfect indifference to the beauties of nature. It was 
rarely I could learn the name of a plant, with the exception of trees. Nur- 
serymen, seedsmen, and farmers were, generally, unacquainted with varieties, 
and, with the exception of two or three individuals, no one seemed interested 
in the matter. Rhododendrons grow as plentifully in many parts of the eastern 
states as furze in Britain; yet I saw vast numbers of this plant shipping at 
Liverpool for Philadelphia, although millions of the same variety could have 
been obtained for the trouble of lifting, at no great distance from the city. 
Gardens and nurseries were overrun with weeds, and did not display beauty 
either in decoration or arrangement. 

“ The French Canadians, of the ordinary classes, almost invariably live in 
block houses, with large windows, that seem ill constructed, externally and in- 
ternally, for economising heat, which the nature of the climate and scarcity of 
fuel render so desirable. They have a clean appearance, being often white- 
washed with lime; and the window-boards and roofs are occasionally painted 
of different colours, and seldom harmonise with the house. A tree or shrub 
is never found in their gardens, and an orchard, except in the neighbourhood 
of the mountains, is almost unknown. y 

“ Colonel Talbot’s residence, near St. Thomas, on Lake Erie, in Canada, 
may be described as a cluster of mean wooden buildings, consisting of dwelling= 
houses, stables, barns, pigsties, and cattle sheds, constructed and placed 
seemingly without regard either to convenience or effect, commanding a view 
of Lake Erie, from which it is distant about 200 yards, and at the mouth of 
Otter Creek, a small brook, with clay banks of considerable height. The clay 
banks behind the colonel’s house have a barren and naked appearance, while 
the lake in front is too near. The situation, nevertheless, has capabilities to 
make a fine place, when taste shall build a habitation. The garden, which 
was badly kept, contained some fine apple and pear trees, which we viewed 
from the outside of the fence. There were a few weeping willows, the first I 
saw In Canada, and which raised the colonel considerably in my estimation, as 
they are not, I believe, indigenous to the country. 

** After dining at Columbus, I strolled into the woods north of the village 
in search of the pawpaw fruit, which I had heard much extolled by some of 


190 Shirreff’s Tour through North America. 


my fellow-travellers. This plant grows plentifully as underwood on most of 
the rich soils in this part of the country. I found the fruit growing on slender 
trees or shrubs 15 ft. or 20ft. high; it resembles, in size, shape, and colour, 
the jargonelle pear of Britain. I found them variable in quality, and the best 
might rank with a third-rate pear of Scotland. The forests were now clothed 
in the splendour of autumn, and the richness and variety of their tints was of 
the most pleasing description. The oak, maple, beech, and dogwood seemed 
to vie in brilliancy; and I often observed many leaves on the same lateral 
branch, exhibiting every shade from vivid green to the darkest purple.” 


We shall conclude with a long extract from the first chapter 


of the second part of the work, which places Mr. Shirreff in the 
highest rank as a scientific agricultural writer. This passage 
deserves to be thoroughly studied by every young gardener and 
farmer : — 


“ From whatever sources arise the materials which compose and sustain 
organised bodies, no symptoms of decline can be discovered in them. Nature 
seems to be a system of continued reproduction, and, when aided by man, of 
progressive increase. 

“The quantity of matter which has been organised since the beginning of 
time must be immense. But, whether the world is viewed in whole or in 
portions, nature has no appearance of decay, but seems a manufactory pro- 
ducing new fabrics, which are again reduced to their elements, in endless 
succession. Generation succeeds generation, and year after year furnishes 
sustenance. In the operations of nature there is no loss of materials, and when 
they are aided by human industry, she generously rewards man with an in- 
crease of her returns, and continues to reproduce the increase. The bounties 
of nature seem inexhaustible, and, in some measure, proportioned to man’s 
industry. 

“ The system of nature, such as I have ventured to describe, may be illus- 
trated by the details of the farm. Pastures which have continued under the 
influence of nature annually yield herbage without decrease. When they are 
stocked with sheep, man is rewarded with the increase of the animals, and the 
herbage is reproduced as before. If the pasturage is improved by draining 
and top-dressing, there will be an increase in the returns from sheep, and the 
improvement in the pasturage continues from year to year. When an im- 
provement in the sheep is effected, there will be an additional return from 
them, which, by continued attention, becomes permanent. 

«* When pasturage is superseded by grains and roots, their increased returns 
above pasturage are the reward of cultivation; and drainage, manures, and 
labour greatly increase the returns. In such a system of farming man acts a 
prominent part with nature, and skilful mdustry is required to continue the 
increase. Without skill and industry the returns from cultivation yearly 
diminish, and ultimately fall short of those from pasturage or undisturbed 
nature. In this case it is not nature but man which fails to do his part ; and 
the decrease may be considered a just retribution. 

' “A reflecting mind will discover much evidence of nature’s economy 
throughout the universe; and the farm supplies familiar illustrations. Cows 
and sheep, by consuming grass, yield butcher meat, milk, butter, cheese, and 
leather. These varied fabrics emanate from the same source, and, when re- 
duced to their elements, may again enter into the composition of grass. The 
straw of grain crops, and other vegetable matter, after being eaten by or tram- 
pled under the feet of animals, decomposes, and enters into wheat, barley, and 
turnip, or any other plant. In this manner the vegetable and animal kingdoms 
assist each other; and so perfect is the economy of nature, that none of her 
materials are lost in the intercourse. 

© By judicious management, the fertility of a farm may be maintained, or 


Shirreff’s Tour through North America. 191 


its productions reproduced year after year; the produce usually disposed of 
being the reward of cultivation. If such produce were to be consumed on the 
farm, its fertility would be augmented, and the reproductive and progressive 
increase of nature, when assisted by man, exemplified. But the progression 
in fertility is checked by excessive luxuriance, which diminishes the returns. 
Thus lavish and niggardly cultivation is both punished, and illustrative of 
the maxim to use the things of this life without abusing them. 

“Man seems to have been endowed with rational powers for supplying 
himself with the means of subsistence, which he accomplishes chiefly through 
the vegetable and animal kingdoms. Vegetables directly minister to his wants 
in various ways, and indirectly, through domestic animals, which are altogether 
dependent on them. ‘The farm illustrates the direct supply in the production 
of wheat, potatoes, and flax; the indirect supply, in butcher meat and wool. 
In farm economy, vegetables and animals may be viewed as manufacturing 
machines, assisting man and each other, and the united results of which are 
necessary to the formation of certain fabrics, such as milk. From this source 
man is supplied with many of the luxuries as well as the necessaries of life. 
The results of the mulberry tree, silkworm, and cochineal insect are united 
in some of the lustrous clothing of the fair sex. 

« The materials entering into organised life may be varied, and partly un- 
known to man. The most important elements of them, however, are to be 
found in air and water, and may, therefore, be said to pervade the universe. 
Should. a difference of opinion exist regarding them, it is encouraging for the 
farmer to know that they abound everywhere within the sphere of his oper- 
ations. 

“ The localities for manufacturing sustenance are almost as varied as the 
machinery or plants. The sea, air, and exterior of every organised body are 
stations, but the surface of the earth or soil is the chief. The localities may 
_ be considered workshops, differmg in merit, without generally contributing 
materials towards the manufactures. Sustenance manufactured in the sea, 
and on the surface of the earth, equally sustains human life, and, in both cases, 
contains the same elements. f 

* Soil is not often regarded simply as a workshop, although no other view 
of it accords with the operations of nature and of man. It does not in any 
case appear to contribute materially to the formation of plants, and is only 
useful to them by affording support to their roots, and holding their sus- 
tenance; being a receptable of air, water, decomposing organised bodies, and 
mineral substances. Soil may be rendered fertile or unfertile by imparting or 
withdrawing whatever promotes vegetation. 

“In the preparation of human sustenance, then, soil is a workshop; air, 
moisture, light, heat, and decomposing organised bodies, raw materials; plants 
and animals, machinery ; certain minerals and labours, oil for the machinery. 
In manufacturing produce, nature supplies air, light, heat, and moisture ; man 
furnishes organised bodies, machinery, and oil, which may generally all be ob- 
tained by capital. The parts performed by nature and man vary according to 
the fabric produced. In the case of pasturage, nature contributes the greatest 
share; in cultivation, the capital, skill, and mdustry of man are conspicuous. 
The neglected farm, incapable of producing turnip with a visible bulb, yields a 
full crop with a judicious application of labour and manure. The united ex- 
ertions of nature and man insure success. She accomplishes much when 
unaided by man, but he cannot obtain any thing without the assistance of 
nature. When she withholds heat or moisture, the manufacture is suspended, 
and she possesses the power of arresting or altogether destroying the ma- 
chinery. Farmers combine nature’s agency under the term climate; and they 
are familiar with the general effects of heat, frost, drought, and moisture. If 
given quantities of manure and labour were bestowed on equal portions of 
soil, similar in quality, situated in Scotland, on a level with the ccean, and 
pe top of a mountain, the difference of produce would be the ettect of 
climate. i 


192 ? Dahlia Register for 1836. 


“ Man has been doomed to earn his bread by the sweat of his brow. Ex- 
perience confirms that the industry of an individual, closely applied to the 
cultivation of the soil in the temperate climes of the world, is more than ade- 
quate to supply sustenance to himself. It is a beautiful feature in farming, 
that agricultural improvements furnish additional food, increase almost every 
comfort, and ameliorate climate. The goodness of God to man is thus mani- 
fested,in providing him with the means of subsistence, and a reward according 
to his industry.” 


Art. III. The Annual Dahlia Register for 1836: containing Par- 
ticulars of the Introduction of the Dahlia into this Country, Mode 
of Cultivation and Management, the Properties of a good Flower, 
Arrangement of Stands for Shows, Show Flowers, &c. &c.3 up- 
wards of Fifty highly coloured Figures of dissimilar Duhlias, con- 
sisting chiefly of very superior new Flowers, with Catalogues of 
Growers, also, Specimens of several old Flowers, with an Alpha- 
betical Index of 700 Varieties of the Dahlias; and an Account of 
Exhibitions held in England and Jersey in 1835. By an Amateur. 
Royal 8vo. London, 1836. Price 1/. 10s. 


Tue titlepage so fully explains the nature of this work, that 
little remains for us to do, except to describe the manner in 
which it is executed. The engravings are from drawings by 
Woodroff of Bath, and Wakling of Walworth. They are printed 
from stone, and very well coloured. The letterpress consists of 
14 pages of introductory matter, almost entirely extracted from 
gardening periodicals, and from an article on the dahlia, published 
in Baxter’s Library of Agriculture and Horticulture, and written 
by J. Mantell, F.L.S. ‘The remainder of the work consists of 
the enumeration of the dahlias that were exhibited at 45 different 
shows during the year 1835, with their prices, and the height 
to which the plants grow. It thus appears to be for the dahlia- 
grower, what the Gooseberry Book is for the gooseberry-grower ; 
and to those cultivators who speculate in this popular flower, it 
will doubtless be found a very useful work. 


Art. IV. Catalogue of Works on Gardening, Agriculture, Botany, 
Rural Architecture, &c., lately published, with some Account of 
those considered the more interesting. 


De CANDOLLE, M. Aug. Pyr.: Notice sur les Graines de |’ Ananas. 
(Extrait de tome vii. des “‘ Mémoires de la Société de Phy- 
sique et d’ Histoire Naturelle de Genéve.) 


It appears not to be commonly known at Geneva, that the 
circumstance of the pine-apple ripening seeds in Europe is by 
no means uncommon, and that, in consequence, a number of 
new varieties from seed have been procured in England. ‘The 
rarity of the appearance of seeds at Geneva induced M. Aug. 


Loudon’s Suburban Gardener. 193. 


Pyr. de Candolle to have drawings made of the seeds in a fruit 
which was sent to him for that purpose by a successful culti- 
vator at Preguy, near Geneva; and these are here engraved, 
and scientifically described. ‘The references to the plates are 
not so correct as they should be, in particular those to plate i. 


Bridgeman, T., Gardener, Seedsman, and Florist, New York: 
The Young Gardener’s Assistant; containing a Catalogue of 
Garden and Flower Seeds, with Practical Directions under 

~ each head for the Cultivation of Culinary Vegetables and 
Flowers; with Directions for cultivating Fruit Trees, the 
Grape Vine, &c. 8vo. New York, 1835. 


This appears to be a very judicious compilation, chiefly from 
European works ; and it is gratifying to observe that, since 1829, 
it has gone through six editions. 


Art. V. Literary Notices. 


Ftoraé Hibernica is preparing for publication, and will appear 
about the middle of April. Part I., comprising the Flowering 
Plants and the Ferns of Ireland, by J. T. Mackay, M.R.I.A. 
A.L.S., &c.: and Part II., comprising the Masci, Hepaticee, and 
Lichénes, by Thomas Taylor, M.D., M.R.I.A.; and the A'lge, 
by W. H. Harvey. In one royal 8vo volume of about 600 
pages. 

Geraniacee.— A new work on this subject is projected by 
Messrs. Ridgway, to appear in 4to numbers on the first day of 
every alternate month, price 7s. The flowers will be painted in 
oil, by the first artists in flower-painting, from which the en- 
gravings will be taken, and coloured to imitate the originals. In 
the execution of the flower, it has been attempted to surpass 
any works that have preceded it, so that any individual flower 
might form a copy, that ladies fond of flower-painting might 
use, preparatory to their painting from nature. 

The History, Classification, and Culture of the Dablia is now 
publishing in Leipsic, in large 8vo numbers, at one dollar each. 
The German title of the work is Zur Geschichte, Kultur, und 
Klassifikation der Georginen und Dahlien. Von M. Gerhard. 

Within the last two years we have had various applications 
for a Gardener’s Calendar; and, in consequence of having an- 
nounced some years ago a Gardening Annual, applications have 
also been made to us for such a gardening book as would be 
suitable for persons who had very small gardens, and did not 
wish to go to the expense of a work that treated of arboriculture, 
Jandscape-gardening, forcing, and various matters of that sort, 
which are only applicable to large places. In consequence of these 


194° Loudon’s Suburban Gardener. 


applications, thinking that there may be a demand for such a 
book, and feeling that we could produce such a one as would 
answer the end in view, and would be truly useful, we have 
planned, and begun to carry into execution 

The Suburban Gardener, containing: — 1. Directions for 
choosing a House and Garden in a town or its suburbs, with 
some Plans for Street Houses, and Suburban Cottages and 
Villas. — 2. Designs for Laying out Small Gardens, Cottage, 
and Villa Grounds of from 1 perch to 10 acres or more in ex- 
tent; including plans of some of the more interesting small gar- 
dens in the suburbs of London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Paris, 
Berlin, Munich, and Vienna. — 3. Directions for their Planting, 
Culture, and General Management. — 4. Directions for the 
Cultivation of all the Culinary Plants, Fruits, Flowers, Shrubs, 
and Trees usually grown in small Gardens. — 5. Directions for 
Building and Furnishing small Green-houses, Pits, and Frames; 
for the Culture of such Plants as are usually grown in them in 
small Gardens, and for the Management of Plants in Pots, in 
Balconies, on House tops, and in Rooms.— 6. A Monthly Calen- 
dar of Work to be done, including Directions respecting Poultry, 
Pigs, Cows, Grass Fields, &c.— 7. A priced List of the Trees, 
Shrubs, Plants, Tools, &c., usually required for small Gardens. 
The whole intended as a complete gardening book for such 
as are not professed gardeners. Illustrated by numerous en- 
gravings on wood. 

Any of our readers who can suggest any improvement on the 
above plan, or who will furnish us with any details for filling it 
up, will greatly oblige us by doing so with as little delay as pos- 
sible, as we are determined to have the work published in De- 
cember next, if not before. We shall be happy to receive from 
gardeners in different parts of the country, ground plans for 
laying out small places of a perch or more in extent, up to ten 
acres, together with directions and lists for planting them, &c. ; 
provided always that we are allowed either to make such alter- 
ations in the plans before sending them to the engraver, as we 
shall think fit, or to criticise them in the manner in which we 
have done the designs published in our Encyclopedia of Cottage 
Architecture. Every hint, paragraph, or design, used will be 
duly acknowledged in the work. 


MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. 
Art. I. General Notices. 


THE Use and Abuse of Hybridisation. — In the Botanical Register for Febru- 
ary, 1835, Dr. Lindley has, in an article appended to his description of Calceo- 
laria longiflora, cast a very unjustifiable reflection upon gardeners, which is no 


General Notices. 195 


less than that, in their “ haste and unskilfulness,” they have converted the 
fairest races of the vegetable world into unhealthy, monerel, and debased 
varieties; and that calceolarias are already sinking in estimation in con- 
sequence of the ruin they have brought on them by hybridisation. We were 
previously aware that calceolarias do not hold the same place now as formerly 
in the estimation of some, with whom pounds, shillings, and pence weigh 
heavier in the balance than either beauty or deformity. But the calceolaria 
is not altogether the point at issue; Dr. Lindley only makes use of it as the 
peg on which to hang his charge against us of converting the “ fairest races” 
into mongrel and debased‘forms. To this charge we should at once plead 
guilty, promising in future to adhere more strictly to “ wild and genuine ”’ 
forms, and to “ abandon a pursuit which has as yet led to few results which 
good taste can approve ;” but we have the evidence of our senses, and that of 
the horticultural world, coupled with Dr. Lindley’s previous opinions, to 
bring against this charge. We may at once advert to a few instances, er 
pluribus, of Dr. Lindley’s previous opinions on cross-breeding and its results. 
Who said, “ The power which man has over nature holds out to us prospects 
of the most gratifying kind, in regard to the future gayness of our gardens?” 
Who asserted that “ improvements of the most remarkable kind are yearly 
occurring in consequence of hybridisation?”’ and that “ hybrid productions 
are undoubted cases of improvements resulting from skill?’ Who said, 
“ The industry and skill of modern gardeners have been creating intermixtures 
which greatly add to the beauty of the flower-garden ?”’? And who even went 
as far as to say, “ The constant dropping of water will not more surely wear 
away the hardest stone, than will the reason of man in time compel all nature 
to become subservient to his wants and wishes?”? Who, indeed, but Dr. 
Lindley ? And yet he now turns round, at the eleventh hour, and proclaims to 
all the world that gardeners, through their ignorance, have brought ruin on 
the “ fairest races of the vegetable world.”’ The doctor ought at least to have 
been impartial in this charge. It is well known that gardeners are not alone 
guilty of these acts. The late Earl of Carnarvon converted some of the 
“ fairest races” into mongrel and debased varieties: witness Rhododéndron 
alta-clerénse, and Azalea thyrsiflora, &c. ‘The present Earl of Mount Norris 
brought ruin on the Pednia Moitan. Mr. Knight, Dr. van Mons, and 
others, have done more injury among our best fruits than gardeners; to say 
nothing of that king of hybridisers the Rev. and Hon. William Herbert, who 
has, perhaps, brought more ruin on the “ fairest races,” than all the gardeners 
put together. Dr. Lindley:says, if we must have hybridising, let us have it 
by those rules by which alone it is possible to arrive at a really desirable 
result: but Dr. Lindley knows, or ought to know, that the power which pre- 
scribed the exact limits to which certain genera can change their natures, has 
given unbounded limits to others, which set at defiance the best rules of the 
most consummate philosophy, and, in their progressive stations to a “ de- 
sirable result,” thousands must necessarily be discarded. Here lies the whole 
secret. If we trace the history of our best fruits and vegetables (to say 
nothing of the tulip, the dahlia, &c.), we shall find the same effects following 
the same causes, ever since the discovery of the sexual system in plants. With 
these facts staring us in the face, are we to give up a practice by which we 
are sure of ultimate success, because certain “races”? are falling into disrepute 
with those who cannot take a comprehensive view of the subject? Certainly 
not. Dr. Lindley, with the candour of the true man of science, renounced some 
of his former opinions on conviction of their untenableness ; and, that he may 
reconsider his opinions respecting cross-breeding in the vegetable world, these 
facts are, with the utmost respect, submitted to his notice. — D. B. March, 
1835. 

We have to apologise to our correspondent for the long delay of this paper, 
which has been in type nearly a year. We shall be happy to receive the 
other articles proffered by him.— Cond. 

. Heating Stoves by Steam not a new Invention. — The following extract is 


196 General Notices. 


taken from Sir Hugh Platt’s Garden of Eden, edit. 1675., which was first 
published in 1600, under the title of Mora’s Paradise : — 

“A Stove for all Vegetables, good and cheap. And for the keeping of any 
flowers or plants abroad, as, also, of these seeds thus sown within doors, or 
any other pots of flowers, or dwarf trees in a temperate heat, with small charge, 
you may perform the same by hanging a cover of tin or other metal over the 
vessel wherein you boil your beef, or drive your buck, which, having a pipe in 
the top, and being made in the fashion of afunnel, may be conveyed into what 
place of your orchard or garden you shall think meet ; which room, if it were 
so made as that, at your pleasure, it may become either close or open, you 
may keep it in the nature of a stove in the night season, or in any other cold 
weather; and in the summer time, you may use the benefit of the sunbeams, 
to comfort and cherish your plants or seeds. And this way, if I be not de- 
ceived, you may have both orange, lemon, pomgranet trees, yea, peradventure, 
coloquintida and pepper trees, and such like. The sides of this room, if you 
think good, may be plastered, and the top thereof may be covered with some 
strained canvas to take away at your pleasure. Quere, if it be best to let the 
pipe of lead to breath out at the end only, or else at divers small vents which 
may be made in that part of the pipe which passeth alongst the stove. I fear 
that this is but a meer conceit, because the steam of water will not extend far; 


but if the cover to your pot be of mettel, and made so close that no air can 
breath out saving at the pipe, which is sodred or well closed in some part of 


the cover, then it seemeth probable, this cover may be put on after the pot is 
scummed.” (Garden of Eden, part li. p. 17.) —R. F. J. London, August, 
1835. 

Transplanting. — Plant not deep, nor trench deep; but tempt the roots by 
baiting the surface with dungs to make them run ebb within the reach of the 
sun and shoures. (Reid’s Scots Gardener, edit. 1683, p. 91.) 

Symmetry. — Make all the buildings and plantings ly so about the house, as 
that the house may be the centre; all the walks, trees, and hedges running to 
the house. 

As the sun is the centre of this world; as the heart of the man is the centre 
of the man; as the nose the centre of the face; and as it is unseemly to see a 
man wanting a leg, one arme, &c., or his nose standing at one side of his face, 
or not streight, or wanting a cheek, ane eye, ane eare, or with one (or all of 
them) great at one side and small on the other; just so with the house-courts, 
avenues, gardens, orchards, &c., where regularity or uniformity is not ob- 
served. 

Therefore, whatever you have on the one hand, make as much and of the 
same forme, and in the same place as the other. (Jéid. p. 2.) 

The Influence of Lightning Conductors on Vegetation has by many been con- 
sidered as beneficial, and by some as injurious. Mr. Matthew, the author of 
a Treatise on Naval Timber, relates in Jameson's Journal, October, 1831, four 
experiments which he has made, from which it appears to produce neither 
good nor evil. — Cond. 

Plants were grown in Moss by Charles Bonnet of Geneva, as related by 
Du Hamel to the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, April 16. 1749. (Gent. 
Mag., xix. 259.) 

Potash cannot be made advantageously from resiniferous, or odoriferous 
woods; such as pines, firs, cedar, cypresses, sassafras, liquidambar, &c. ; 
though more or less of this salt can be obtained from all vegetables whatever. 
(Phil. Trans., abridged, vol. p. 777.) 

Tulip Roots. —n the very cold part of the winter of 1833, M. Tongard, 
found that his tulip roots, in the ground, had been devoured by some animal 
which had scratched up the soil in order to get at them; and, putting a snare 
with a tulip root in it, close to the spot, he, the next morning, found the root 
gone, and a dead field mouse close to it. A second morning the same thing 
occurred ; a third was caught in the trap, and, when discovered, was completely 
benumbed. It was carefully warmed, but very soon died. Dr. Bouchet ex- 


General Notices. 197 


amined the body, and’ found that the tulip.had poisoned it: when the thaw 
came, these animals ceased to attack the tulip roots. (Atheneum, July 25. 
1835. : 

ae Genus Bambusa. — The disappointment created by the mutilated article 
on the genus Bambusa in the twenty-fifth monthly part of the Penny Cyclo- 
pedia, has induced me to trouble you with a few observations upon that useful . 
genus of plants, some of the species of which appear capable of cultivation in 
the milder parts of our own island, and are therefore entitled to notice in your 
excellent depository of horticultural knowledge. The article Bambusa, in the 
Penny Cyclopedia, appears to have been drawn up with a view to comprehend 
all the information that the most recent discoveries could furnish on the sub- 
ject, in the most compendious and methodical form; but I find it reduced to 
one only, out of the three sections of which it ought to have consisted ; and 
confined wholly te an account of eighteen Asiatic species of bamboo, without 
even an indication of one of those found by Humboldt and others in the New 
World, although there appears little doubt that some of these will be found as 
suitable for European, and even British, cultivation as the Asiatic. It has been 
remarked by Humboldt, as a circumstance of peculiar good fortune, that he 
and his companion Bonpland met the bamboo twice in flower, once on the 
banks of the Cassiquiare, and a second time near the village of Muerto, between 
Buga and Quilichao, in the province of Popayan. (Humb. de Distributione 
Geographica Plantarum, p.205. Paris, 1817.) Now, in the Island of Nevis, 
one of the Lesser Antilles, | have seen it regularly blossoming, in a dry volcanic 
soil, every year, about the period of Christmas ; and the circumstance was there 
regarded as one of ordinary occurrence. [am aware that, in the East Indies, 
the flowering of the bamboo is by no means regarded as a rare occurrence}; 
but, as the reverse appears to be the case in America, I have been induced to 
notice the fact of my personal observation at Nevis, for the purpose of calling 
attention to the possible influence which the dry volcanic tufa (called in that 
island terras, and employed for the same purposes, and with the same effect, as 
the terra puzzolana brought from Italy) may have in the production of this 
phenomenon. Humboldt says, “ These arundinaceous trees, although they 
spread widely over the marshy soil, and frequently attain an altitude of from 
50ft. to 60 ft., rarely blossom in the New World. Neither the illustrious 
Mutis, who examined so many guadales (as those marshy spots covered with 
bamboos are termed by the inhabitants) in the kingdom of New Granada, nor 
Tafalla, who accompanied Ruiz and Payon in their travels through Peru, 
was ever able to obtain either the flowers or the fruit of the bamboo.” 

Humboldt farther observes, at p. 208. of the same work, that the bamboo is 
by no means so frequent in the marshy situations of the New World as 
is generally supposed, being rare in the province of Caraccas and New 
Andalusia (with the exception of the valleys between the villages of Cumanacoa 
and San Fernando), in the humid forests of Guayana, which overhang the 
streams of the Cassiquiare and Atabapo, and almost wholly wanting at the 
mouth of the Apure, which traverses the province of Varinas, and on the banks of 
the Rio Negro. They are most abundant, he observes, on the western side of 
the Andes, and form vast forests in the kingdom of New Granada, not only in 
the hottest situations, between Turbaco and Mahates, but in the more elevated 
and temperate valleys, between the village of Guaduas and the town of Bogota; 
on the western slope of the Andes of Quindiu, near Buenavista and Carthago ; 
on the banks of the Cauca (between Buga and Quilichao of Popayan); and 
on the opposite side of the volcano of Rucu-Pichinea, near the city of Quito. 

Of these bamboos, that species which, from its principal locality, Humboldt 
has described under the name of Bambisa Gudduas, flourishes indifferently at 
all varieties of elevation, from the level of the ocean to a height of 860 hexa- 
podes and upwards (about 5374 English feet) ; and grows equally in marshy 
and in dry alpine situations. This bamboo, flourishing at heights when the 
mean annual temperature dees not exceed 61° or 62? of Fahrenheit’s thermo- 


meter, and the ordinary temperature by day varies from 57° 20’ to 66° 20%, 
Vou. XII.— No. 73. Q 


198 Foreign Notices : — France. 


and by night from 50° to 53° 60’ of Fahrenheit, might possibly, by care, be 
habituated to bear the ordinary severity of the winters of our southern and 
western coasts, and add at once to the ornament and utility of our pleasure- 
grounds. Could it, and its Asiatic congeners, be successfully acclimatised, their 
hollow and durable stems would form an invaluable substitute for the lead 
and iron employed for the distribution of water through our towns, besides 
answering many other useful purposes in which great strength and durability 
are required in combination with great levity. Even the frames of the sashes 
for covering our stoves and conservatories might, possibly, be advantageously 
and economically formed of this substance, and its cultivation thus rendered 
at once useful and ornamental. — Wilham Hamilton. Oxford Place, Plymouth, 
Feb. 23. 1835. 

Lobélia spléndens and filgens, two beautiful varieties, apparently belonging to 
one species, were introduced to Europe by rather a singular circumstance. 
Specimens of these plants were gathered in flower in Mexico, by the celebrated 
botanists Humboldt and Bonpland, and put into their herbariums in the usual 
manner. When these botanists arrived in France, they found ripe seeds on 
their dried specimens; and these seeds being given to M. Thouin of the Jardin 
des Plantes, were the origin of all these showy lobelias now common in British 
and Continental gardens. This is stated on the authority of Dr. Lippold, an 
eminent German botanist and horticulturist, now in London, and the author 
of the Volstandige Gartner, 2 vols. 8vo, &c. 


Art. II. Foreign Notices. 


FRANCE. 


THE Deciduous Cypress (Cypres chauye, F’r.; Taxodium distichum Rich.), 
in the park of Rambouillet, has attained the height of from 65 ft. to 70 ft. ; 
and the circumference of the trunk, at 1 ft. from the ground, of different trees, 
varies from 5 ft. 3in. to 9 ft. 9in.; while, at 3 ft. from the ground, it varies 
from 4 ft. to 8 ft.6in. These trees have borne seeds for many years ; but 
we have never succeeded in raising plants from them. — MZ. Bourgeois, Direc- 
tor of the Royal Farm of Rambouillet, in a letter to M. Vilmorin, of Nov. 1834. 

The Red Oak (Chéne rouge, Fr.; Quércus ribra Micher.), in the same forest, 
has attained the height of from 80 ft. to 90 ft., with trunks, the diameter of which, 
at 1 ft. from the ground, varies from 4 ft. 2in.to 4 ft.9in.; and at 3 ft. from 
the ground, from 3 ft. 8in. to 4ft. 3in. The trunks of these oaks are straight, 
and clear of branches to a great height. The plantation where they stand has 
lately been thinned by cutting down half the trees. The wood appears to be of 
excellent quality, and is hard, though somewhat porous; the grain, or texture, 
having altogether the appearance of the common oak ; but it is finer, and the 
wood appears to be more united (dant). These trees have produced acorns 
for many years: all those of this year (1834) were sent to the government 
nurseries at Versailles. — Id. 

TL? Institut Horticole de Fromont is very well known by name both in France 
and England; but in the latter country the difference of language prevents 
young gardeners from knowing much about it ; and in the former country there 
is a general prejudice amongst the ordinary cultivators of the soil against 
science and novelty. The Annales published monthly at this institution, and 
of which five volumes have appeared, abound im proofs that the science of 
culture, whether in the garden or in the field, is perfectly understood by the 
professors and gardening authors of France; and by none better than M. 
Soulange-Bodin himself. Every person, at all attached to gardening, who visits 
Paris, ought not to leave it without devoting a day to Fromont, where they 
will be gratified, not merely by seeing the different modes of propagation, and 
particularly some modes (such as herbaceous grafting) little known in this 
country, and the results; but also avery agreeable park; and some good speci- 


Foreign Notices : — Belgium, Germany. 199 


mens of trees and shrubs. Among the latter is a Magnolia macrophylla, which 
is said to be as large as, or larger than, that of the Duke of Devonshire at 
Chiswick. — Cond. 

Cultivation of the Bamboo in France. — A piece of bamboo, about 12 in. in 
height, was planted, on the Ist of April, 1833, in a garden at Hiéres, in the 
department of Var. It has already produced several shoots, from 20 ft. to 
26 ft. long. The ground in which it was set was constantly irrigated during 
the summer. One of the shoots, which only came out of the ground on the 
3d of last September, had obtained 25 ft. of elevation on the 29th of October. 
Its circumference at the base was 9 in., and at the height of a man about 74 in. 
(Atheneum, Sept. 19. 1835.) 

Seeds. — Several tombs were discovered last year at Monzie, St. Martin 
Dordogne, the most remarkable circumstance attending which is, that the head, 
of the skeletons were placed on a heap of seeds, contained in a cavity left in 
the cement, large enough to contain the occiput. These seeds have been sown, 
and from them have been raised the Heliotropium europz‘um, Medicago lu- 
pulina, and Centauréa Cyanus. This circumstance confirms the opinion lately 
advanced by several physiologists, that certain vegetables preserve their ger- 
minating power for an indefinite period, if kept out of the reach of the agents 
necessary to germination. Some of these vegetables are birch, aspen, ground- 
sel, rushes, broom, digitalis, heaths, &c. (Atheneum, July 25. 1833, p. 572.) 


BELGIUM. 


Ghent, Oct. 19. 1835. — 1 enclose an engraving of a new building for the 
Ghent Horticultural Society: it is intended partly as a cassino, or concert 
room, and as an exhibition for plants, either of which names it has as much 
right to as the one it bears: in fact it is a compound of all three. Hereafter a 
garden is intended to be laid out. The building and ground have cost a great 
sum of money, and there appears to be much room lost. The building appears 
heavy, and out of proportion to its breadth; but, till finished, it is unfair to give 
an opinion. TI certainly do not approve of the compound association, and 
should have preferred seeing a smaller building, built expressly and solely for 
our Society ; and, also, that part of the money expended on the present struc- 
ture should have been set aside for the purpose of giving encouragement to 
gardeners and to horticulture, by increasing the number, value, and utility of 
the prizes; which, at present, consist solely of medals; whereas books and 
small pieces of plate ought to be substituted; and any surplus funds might be 
employed to enable the Society to send out to South America an able collector 
of plants. In the mean time, the present building will dono harm; and, though 
it might have been arranged much better for the purposes of horticulture than 
it is at present, it is very likely to increase the number of members, and may, 
in a few years, be the means of benefiting the Society. At present our Society 
requires many reforms ; and, until such reforms take place, the rules of the So- 
ciety cannot be called beneficial to horticulture. But, from the present state 
of society, and from the opinions of some of our most influential members, I 
am led to believe that the period of reform is not distant. I hope, also, to see 
a botanical work established by the Society; for, until the gardeners in this 
country become perusers of botanical works, there will never be one who is 
capable of taking care of, or superintending, a valuable collection of plants, in 
the way they ought to be cultivated. I send you the first number of a new 
work, called the Le Cultivateur, §c., though it relates more to agriculture than 
horticulture. — W. T. C. 


GERMANY. 


The Lake Lirknilz, in Carniola, —“ This lake is about six miles in length by 
three broad. Towards the middle of summer, if the season be dry, its surface 
rapidly falls, and in a few weeks it is completely dry. The openings by which 
the waters retire beneath the soil may then be distinctly perceived, sometimes 
quite vertical, and in other places bearing a lateral direction towards the ca- 

Q 2 


200 Foreign Notices : — Germany. 


verns which abound in the surrounding mountains. Immediately after the re- 
treat of the waters, all the extent of the surface which they covered is put 
under cultivation, and at the end ofa couple of months, the peasants are 
mowing hay, or reaping millet and rye, in the very spot where, some time before, 
they were fishing for tench and pike. Towards the end of autumn, and after 
the rains of that season, the waters return by the same natural channels which 
had opened a passage for them at the time of their departure.” (Jameson’s 
Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, January—April, p. 220.) 

Notes on the Trees, Gardens, Gardeners, Garden Artists, and Garden Authors 
of Germany.—The oldest palms are in Vienna and Dresden. The Céorypha 
umbraculifera has a head with an enormous circumference. Onein Schonbrunn 
is nearly as large. There are here, also, Chamz‘rops htmilis, Zamia, and 
Eutérpe pisiformis, which belong to Prince Antoine, and which have grown 
so high, that they have been obliged to make the house higher. 

It is worthy of remark, that a Baron Dietrich, in Vienna, sent out ships, at 
his own expense, to Brazil to collect palms, &c., for the emperor; and such 
wonderful discoveries were made, that several palms were found from 30 ft. to 
40 ft. in height, which are now exhibited in the Brazil Museum at Vienna; 
by which the age of the trees can easily be ascertained, and an idea of tropical 
vegetation given. 

The oldest orange trees in Germany are at Dresden, and have been there 
since the time of King Augustus the Great. He was very fond of turnery, and 
sent for orange trees with very thick stems from Asia; and, in order to keep 
them fresh, they were laid in a cellar: after a short time they began to grow ; 
and they were removed and planted, and grew extremely well. 

The largest and best green-houses in Germany are in the Burg at Vienna: 
they are 80 ft. high, and 300 ft. long. [According to other accounts these di- 
mensions are much exaggerated; but they will no doubt be corrected for us 
by Baron Jacquin, or M. Charles Rauch.] In the middle there is a space for 
flowers, in which, in winter, there are several thousand bulbs in flower sent 
every year from Holland. Once every year there is a fete in this garden, 
which is called the rose feast. After breakfast the company retire to a ball, 
where the nobility are seen waltzing surrounded by flowers. 

The best imitation of nature is seen at Schonbrunn, where, i the new 
hot-houses, you might fancy yourself in a Brazilian forest. The Caladia and 
other Ardidez, Cymbidia, Scitaminez, and Tillandsie, grow hanging down 
from old trees. The ferns grow in deep shade among rocks. This arrange- 
ment was made by M. Schott, court gardener, who was several years in Brazil, 
and who has succeeded in giving these plants such a natural appearance. 

Amongst the most remarkable gardens in Germany are those of Laxenburg, 
Bruck, Cassel, Munich, the new garden at Potzdam, the gardens at Manheim, 
at Frankfort and the new gardens at Stuttgard which contain 400 acres, and 
have cost, perhaps, already more than a million of florins. 

Amongst the Hungarian gardens, those that belong to Princess Chrasal- 
kowitz in Getelo, the Count of Brunswick in Corompa, and Prince Esterhazy 
at Eisenstadt, Count Szandor, Count Festetits, and several others, are the most 
worthy of notice. 

In Bohemia, the most remarkable are those of Prince Kinsky, Prince Taxis 
near Leitmeritz, Count Tuff near Briin, and Count Sternberg near Praeg, 
Schénborn, Szinnen at Tchonhoff near Toeplitz, Prince Clari at Toeplitz, 
and Count Wallis.and Count Canal in Prague. 

Amongst the most considerable landscape-gardeners at present in Germany 
may be reckoned the following : — 

MM. Zeyher in Schweitzengen. He has laid out the gardens at Schweit- 
zengen, Manheim, Carlsruhe, and Baden. 

Riedel. We laid out the park at Laxenburg, and several private gardens 
about Vienna. 

Lenne at Berlin. He has laid out the gardens at Potsdam and Magdeburg ; 
and we have great expectation from his improvements now making in the park 
at Berlin, known as the Thier Garten. 


Foreign Notices : — Spain. 201 


Schell. Ue laid out the gardens about Munich. 

Claus. Ve has improved the gardens at Cassel. 

Otto. He laid out the botanic garden at Berlin. 

Lubek. He laid out the park at Briick on the Leytha. 

Schoch. We laid out the park at Worlitz. 

Ritter. He laid out the parks at Presburg, at Konigshaiden, Gambo, Mayer- 
hoff, St. Miholy, Zurz, and several others. 

The following dilettanti architects, and nurserymen, have laid out gar- 
dens :— 

Prince Pickler Muskau. We laid out his own garden in Muskau. 

Carlowitz, He laid out some gardens in Dresden. 

Derseik. He laid out the botanic garden, and some others, in. Dresden. 

Koch, Architect in Vienna. He laid out the garden of Prince Kinsky in 
Prague, the gardens of the Counts Caroly and Crdady, in Hungary. 

Rosenthal. He laid out Petzlersdorf near Vienna, and several others. 

Bosch. We laid the garden at Stuttgard, and the botanic garden at 
Rosenstein. 

Kins. He laid out the gardens at Leipzig. 

Rinz, Nurseryman. He laid out several places about Frankfort, and the 
public garden on the ramparts. 

Authors who have written on gardening : — 

Pickier Furst von Moskau. Andeutungen der Landschafts Garten- 
kunst. Folio. 10/. 

Zeyher, Garten Director. He is preparmg a work on Perspective, and 
Light and Shade. He has written a work called Beschreibung, des Schwe- 
zingen Gartens, mit kupfer. 8vo. 

Otto. Glashaiiser-bau, Die Cacteen, &c. &c. 

Antoine. Monographie der Pfirschen. 

Schott. Filices. 

Boch. Wortus Schonbrunnensis: 

Bouchée. Blumen Treibereyen. 

Sckell. He has written some articles in the Prussian Transactions. 

Kins. Baumzucht. 

Ritter. Kiinstliche Treibereyen. 8vo. 

Schoch. Kleine Schrift iiber Anlagen. 

The above notes were furnished by M. J. Ritter, Garden Director in 
Austria and Hungary whilst in London, in July, 1835. Though we have 
spared no pains to get the names of places given above properly spelled, yet 
we fear we have not in every case-succeeded. M. Ritter saw one proof before 
he left London, and we sent another to the office of the Austrian Embassy. 


SPAIN. 


Some valuable information, respecting the state. of rural improvement in 
Spain, will be found in a very interesting work lately published by Captain 
S. E. Cook, F.G.S., &c., of Newton, Northumberland. The perusal of this 
work has given us more distinct ideas of Spain and the Spanish people, than 
any work with which we had been previously acquainted. We feel grateful to 
Captain Cook for having enabled us to love and esteem a people, of whom, in 
several respects, we had entertained very erroneous. ideas ; and for satisfying 
us that Spain is fast participating in the general march of improvement. It 
is fortunate for us, at this time, when we are collecting information respecting 
trees, from every source, for our Arboretum Britannicum, that Captain Cook is 
as enthusiastic an arboriculturist as ourselves. He has a chapter on forests, 
from which we shall make large extracts; and we shall also extract several 
incidental remarks on this topic, and on various others suitable for this 
Magazine, from different parts of the two volumes before us; for all which 
Captain Cook has kindly given us his permission. 

Physical Divisions of Spain. — Spain is divided geologically into three grand 
divisions, the productions of which amalgamate with each other. “ The first 

Q3 


202 Foreign Notices : — Spain. 


is the northern zone, which includes Galicia, Asturias, the Free or Basque 
Provinces, Upper Navarre, and the maritime part of Old Castile. This is the 
region of humidity and moisture, and possesses, especially the parts which 
adjoin the coasts, a remarkable equality of temperature throughout the year. 
It is the only dairy country in Spain; which branch of industry, as well as 
that of breeding horses and other domestic animals, is as yet in its infancy, 
although capable of almost indefinite extension. The natural limits to this 
region, inland, are the ranges which separate it from Castile, and bear up the 
great table land which forms the centre of Spain ; and the termination of the 
Western Pyrenees, in the uplands of Lower Navarre and Old Castile. 

“ The vegetation of this division is characterised by the Quércus Robur ; 
Quércus J‘lex, the true ilex; the Menziésta Daboéci, Irish heath ; common 
fern; Ulex stricta and europze‘a; and other plants of a northern and moist 
climate, The forests are now not extensive, but it contains more valuable 
and available timber than any other part of Spain. It produces little or no 
oil, and wine only in small quantity and of inferior quality. 

“ The second is much the more extensive division, as it includes the Cas- 
tiles, Estremadura, Aragon, and part of Catalonia, with the upper parts of 
Valencia, Murcia, and Andalusia; thus embracing a large portion of all Spain. 
The peculiar characteristic of this region is, the dryness of the atmosphere 
during the greater part of the year. Copious winter and vernal rains, acting 
on a soil generally tenacious of moisture, impart a fertility peculiarly suited to 
the cerealia, leguminose, and the vine, which are the finest in the world, with 
the least skill and attention bestowed on them. This wide range extends 
over the varied climates, elevations, and soils, which maintain the mesta, or 
flocks of merinos, in their wandering life. The olive is abundantly grown in 
some parts, but less so than in the southern region. The silk-worm, which 
now can hardly be said to exist, ought to enrich the greater part of what is 
now one of the poorest countries in Europe. 

“ Upper Aragon and Catalonia are referred to this division. The situation 
of these countries, at the foot of the Pyrenees, would seem to insure them 
humidity; but it is by no means the case. On their western side the high 
Pyrenees break the flow of vapour from the Atlantic, and cause it to be pre- 
cipitated on the northern division, leaving nearly the whole region included 
in these provinces comparatively dry. 

“* This region contains the vast pine forests of Aragon, of the Sierras de 
Cuenca, Segura, and the Guadarrama, and of the central range of Castile. It 
is characterised by the Spanish ilex ; the Quércus J'oza; and Quércus prasina, 
or a species presumed to be this, which is widely spread over its middle 
elevation; by the white cistus, which grows in prodigious quantities in some 
of the middle parts; and by the absence of those which are enumerated as 
marking the divisions on each side of it. 

“ The third region is that which lies along the coast of the Mediterranean, 
at the foot of the ranges which extend in a parallel direction to it, and protect 
it from the piercing cold of winter, to which the middle division is exposed. 
The coast of Western Andalusia, and the valley of the Guadalquivir, as far as 
Cordova, or Andujar, must be referred to this division. It is characterised 
by a dry and burning atmosphere, during part of the year, and a temperate 
winter which succeeds it ; a portion of it having abundant rains, whilst others 
depend on irrigation for the produce of their culture. The productions are, 
sugar, cotton, rice; the batata (sweet potato), and other fruits of southern 
climes; and it is the favoured country of the lemon, orange, and palm. In 
it, at present, is almost exclusively found the scanty production of the mul- 
berry. It is difficult to assign arbitrary lines to the vegetation, or to affix the 
limits of it, as some species, properly belonging to it, spread into the upland 
region above it, the aloe and cactus, for imstance; and the palm will, in 
sheltered situations, resist the cold of Madrid, although its fruit only matures 
in this region : but the Ceratonia Siliquastrum (algarroba), which is a delicate 
tree, nearly all those in Catalonia being killed to the ground in the winter of 


te. 


Foreign Notices : — Spain. 203 


1829-30, or the beautiful oleander, might serve as general boundary marks. 
The Salsdle, which produce the barilla, and the liquorice root, are the exclu- 
sive produce of its soil. This division now contains no extensive forests, and 
timber is but scantily spread over its surface. It produces wine and oil in the 
greatest abundance, and of the best qualities. This region may be appro- 
priately named after one similarly situated in another hemisphere, the Tierra 
Caliente. 

“ These divisions, which are founded on the arrangements of nature, will be 
occasionally referred to in these sketches, in which the botanical department 
is omitted, excepting the important and neglected branch of the forests. 

“ The southern and middle districts contain the most interesting botany of 
Spain: they realise what an eloquent modern writer said of Italy, which is 
naturally far inferior to it, that “ her waste is more than the fertility of other” 
countries.” ‘This is literally true of Spain, where, in the most wild and un- 
cultivated parts, the air is perfumed with delicious scents; the ovens are 
lighted, and the ores are smelted, with the most aromatic shrubs; and in cases 
of epidemic, in many districts, they would send out to the Sierras for brush- 
wood to burn in the streets, confident that the aroma would ward off or 
disperse the pestilence. The syngenesious plants alone would reward a 
botanist for a toilsome journey. No country in Europe can compete with 
them in this class of vegetable production. The Jridaceze and the Cistaceze 
are equally varied and abundant. It is very much to be regretted that some 
use should not be made of a station so conveniently situated as Gibraltar, to 
forward the views of science in that most interesting locality, where, with com- 
parative ease, and at a trifling expense, most valuable information might be 
obtained.” (vol. ii. p. 216—223.) 

Forests. — The forests of Spain have suffered much from the destruction of 
the trees by the peasantry; and though there is an excellent code of forest 
laws, they are inoperative from the general habit which prevails of evading 
their execution. Some of the most magnificent forests in the Castiles, in 
Andalusia, and Estremadura have been passed by nearly unnoticed, both by 
native and foreign botanists, though the herbaceous plants have, in most parts 
of the country, been carefully examined by Cavanilles, Roxas de San-Clemente, 
and others. In the maritime district there are few forests naturally; and a 
law, by which the king is proprietor of every tree in these districts fit for naval 
purposes, completely prevents them from being planted. 

“ Nothing can be done until the government resolutely puts an end to this 
system, by sweeping away every impediment, and enforces the execution of the 
laws, and the appropriation of common and waste lands to the purpose of 
planting. In many districts they may be said to be entirely without wood for 
any purpose, whilst the country around is in a state of wild and unproductive 
waste. This is the case in various parts of the Castiles, of Aragon, and of 
Andalusia and Estremadura. In the mining districts they are compelled, in 
many places, to burn the aromatic shrubs of the country, which are rapidly 
consumed, and even now are becoming scarce, and are only suited for certain 
purposes ; whilst the more solid fuel must be brought coastwise from distant 
parts. In the cities, the fuel is becoming more and more scarce, and must 
generally be fetched from great distances. The increase of population is 
retarded by a system which deprives the tender child, or the sickly adult, 
of the means of resisting the severe winter cold which prevails over the 
greater part of Spain, and is the more felt after their burning summer. The 
destructive habit that has bared those plains, which, more than any other, 
require shelter from the ardent sun, is confined to no part or race in the 
country. Immediately after the conquest of the southern provinces from the 
Moors, who were careful protectors and cultivators of trees, the work of 
destruction commenced, and their extensive woods are now scarcely to be 
traced. The feeble remains of former habits are to be seen in some villages of 
the kingdom of Granada, where an ancient tree of large dimensions, which has 

Q 4 a 


204 Foreign Notices : — Spain. 


stood for centuries, may be observed, as in the villages in England, the object 
of respect and veneration to the people. The French invasion has fearfully in- 
creased the destruction, by the wanton havoc always made by soldiers in time 
of war. The only people who are exempt from it, in some degree, are the 
people of the northern provinces, and the Catalans and Valencians; but in 
those provinces it is little better, and the mode of pruning or polling them, 
especially the pines, is ruious to the growth of these trees. In Biscay they 
now cultivate scarcely any other than the beech, the worst and most unprofit- 
able of trees, under whose shade no vegetation thrives. In the maritime part 
of the free provinces, their building timber is the miserable pin de Landes, 
bought from the French, which is valueless, whilst their mountains would 
produce the finest timber. 

“ To give the most clear idea of the forest vegetation, especially in the im- 
portant bearings of the successive elevations, or zones, two sections will be 
given: one.( fig. 20.) extending across the Pyrenees to the west, and follow- 
ing the line of the Sierra de Cuenca, Sierra de Segura, Sierra Nevada, and 
Serrania de Ronda, to Gibraltar; the other [which will appear in a subse- 
quent extract] from Valencia, by the Sierra de Cuenca, the Sierra de Guadar- 
rama, across Old Castile, by the Puerto de Pajares in the elevated range of 
Asturias, to the Bay of Biscay. These two lines intersect each other, and, 
by filling up the parts which they do not touch, will give a general idea of the 
natural forest system through the country. 

“ The northern side of the High Pyrenees affords a complete example of 
successive zones, or lines, of superposed vegetation, which can be traced along 
the flank of the higher range, by threading the mountains between Bagneres 
de Bigorre and de Luchon, and the country east and west of these places. In 
the ascending series, the vine, chestnut, and oak of various species, are suc- 
ceeded by the beech, the silver fir, and a few of the Pinus sylvéstris, or Scotch 
pine; and the highest and most inclement range, up to the limits of congelation, 
and the habitat of lichens and other Siberian plants, exclusively by the Pinus 
uncinata, the most interesting tree of these regions. In descending, on the 
southern ‘side, the Pinus sylvéstris is again met with amongst the uncinata; 
and, considerably lower, another species, first deseribed by La Peyrouse, as the 
P. Laricio, but, in the supplement to his flora of the range, as P. pyrenaica, a 
name most improperly applied ‘to a tree which searcely belongs to it, but is 
placed on its southern foot. This species is first met with below the Petia de 
Ventimilla, a magnificent gorge, about three leagues lower down than Venasque, 
in Aragon, and extends to the neighbourhood of Campo, where it forms ex- 
tensive forests, covering the district between the Cinca and the Essera, which 
are the main streams of the south side of the High Pyrenees, and are fed 
from the glaciers of Mont Perdu and the Maladetta. This habitat is a tem- 
perate and dry region, at a moderate elevation above the plains of Lower 
Aragon. 

“ This section must be understood to be carried over the flanis, or sides, of 
the chain, and not as following the gorges or sinuosities of the water courses, 
which afford a regular but somewhat different succession, including the lime, 
elm, beech, oaks, alder, birch, mountain ash, various salices, and other shrubs, 
amongst which is the beautiful Sambucus racemosa, an elder with clusters of 
bright scarlet berries, like bunches of grapes; the yew and holly, which are 
found in the beech region near Bagneres de Luchon; and the box, which occurs 
in tolerable quantity in ascending to Gavarnie. In the high valleys, the last 
trees and shrubs correspond with those of the north of England, and above 
them, where it has not been destroyed, is invariably found the Pinus uncinata. 
The once magnificent beech forests of Bagneres de Luchon, the destruction of 
which commenced before the revolution, and was deplored by Arthur Young, 
no longer exist but in the form of copse, in which that tree is of no value. 

“ The principal forests of the silver fir (Picea pectinata) now remaining are 
in the country between the two Bagneres, in the Spanish yalley of Aran, and 


Foreign Notices : -— Spain. 205 


in the Western Pyrenees, where it ranges on both sides of the chain. The 
P. sylvéstris grows above it, but now in small quantity, and may be seen in the 
Lake of Gaube, where a scrap of native forest yet exists, owing to its having 
remained in possession of the government. In it the three species of pine, 
some of them of great antiquity, may be seen growing together, the uncinata 
gradually taking the higher place. 

* P. uncinata.—The upper zone of this chain is formed entirely of the P. un- 
cinata, which is a species hitherto almost unknown, or unattended to, and which 
is certainly one of the most valuable trees in the European flora. The name 
was given in consequence of a peculiarly hooked form of the scales, which is 
extremely marked, especially just before maturity. This character has been 
disputed ; but a very little practice and observation will enable any cne to pro- 
nounce without hesitation, on seeing the different colour and character of 
the tree from those of its congener the sylvéstris. The cone is rougher, and 
of a different and more rugged texture, than that of the sylvéstris, or any other 
Tam acquainted with. An additional proof of the hardmess of the tree is 
afforded by the early ripening of the cones. I gathered some in the Valley of 
Andorre in July, which were full formed, at a season when those of southern 
climates are yet far behind in vegetation. The reason of this admirable 
arrangement is evident. In these elevated regions the season of vegetation is 


-so short, that the operations of fructification must be proportionably accele- 


rated, to insure their completion. The seed from these cones vegetated; and 
it is of great importance to be aware of this fact, because the collecting the 
seed of this species is difficult, in many seasons, from the early falling of the 
snow. The rule I followed was, to select the cones when they had assumed a 
brown green, and cut dry to the knife. On opening them in this state, the 
seeds will be found quite formed, in the state of a green almond when it is eaten. 
It is of the last importance that they should not be taken out of the cones 
until the planting season, and that they should be kept dry. I had a quantity 
spoiled by some wet moss, from other plants being imprudently packed with 
them, in my absence. The port and bearing, as well as colour, are quite 
different from those of any other species. The form, where the tree is fairly 
developed, is round and massy, frequently resembling that of some of the 
deciduous trees, the long arms sweeping the ground. The foliage is longer, 
and much more tangled, than that of the Scotch pine, and the green much more 
intense. It is so dark, that the Spanish woodmen distinguish it by the name 
of pino negro, the two varieties of the sylvéstris being called blanco and rowo. 
The growth, as far as I could judge, appeared to be about the same, or of 
rather greater, rapidity than that of the Scotch pine. The wood is highly 
resinous, so much so that it serves for torches; and it is reputed in the 
Pyrenees to be of very great duration. A peculiar quality, which, if it suc- 
ceed in other respects, will make it invaluable in some parts of England, is 
that of resisting the wind. In the most elevated and inclement regions, where 
I have observed the tree in every form and situation, I never saw an instance® 
where the wind appeared to affect it, nor where it showed a weather side. At 
the upper limits of its habitat, where it is compelled to yield to the law of 
nature, and lower its ‘ diminished head,’ the same rule is observed, and, instead 
of the stunted and starveling appearance of the rest of the tribe in similar 
situations, it assumes the shape of a furze bush, presenting an impenetrable 
and bristling front of dark spicula on every side, the stem or branches being 
quite undiscoverable. This is the species to which the name of pyrenaica 
ought to have been given, it being, as far as observations have yet been made, 
peculiar to that chain. It may be expected to form a valuable addition to our 
forest trees; and it is singular that it should have hitherto been nearly un- 
noticed. It is mentioned in Sweet’s catalogue as introduced in 1820; but, in 
the botanical garden at Glasnevin, near Dublin, is an individual of much 
longer standing. I have not seen that tree since I visited the Pyrenees, but 
I have little doubt, from the recollection of it, that it is the right sort. I 


206 Foreign Notices : — Spain. 


could obtain no certain information of its history : most probably it came from 
Paris. 

«The republic of Andorre occupies a wild and alpine valley opposite to 
that of the Arriége, the waters falling to the side of Catalonia, and joining 
those of the Segre. The lofty ranges which bound this valley are clothed 
with P. uncinata, and, alone in the Pyrenees, it resembles those of Switzer- 
land, the lower part being covered with walnuts and other deciduous trees, 
and the upper parts with continuous masses of dark pine of this species. 

“ The Rhododéndron ferrugineum grows in the valley in prodigious quantities, 
attesting its elevated situation; and in the high pastures, above the trees, is 
the habitat of the beautiful Gentidua pyrenaica, and other rare plants. These 
are the sites where this species is now found ; and I conceive it has never been 
much extended beyond the Arriége to the east, and the Lac de Gaube and its 
district to the west, being replaced by the silver fir and Scotch pine, as the 
chain respectively declines in height to its flanks. It is found both on the 
primary and secondary formations ; and I am not aware of any difference in its 
growth, in these different soils. 

“ Pinus pyrenaica.—We now proceed to the P. pyrenaica of La Peyrouse, 
which grows at the foot of the chain, immediately opposite the highest range, 
and at an elevation, probably, from 2000 ft. to 4000 ft. La Peyrouse had 
never seen these trees; but described them, as I have been informed, from 
the reports of others, who brought the cones and branches to him, conse- 
quently the original description in the work is quite erroneous. That in the 
supplement is, however, extremely accurate. 1 believe M. la Peyrouse was 
indebted for his information respecting this tree, and many plants of the 
southern side of the Pyrenees, to M. Paul Boileau, now maire of Bagneres 
de Luchon. The foliage is of a light grass green, quite unlike any other 
European species. The spicula are very long, and of free growth. The tree 
is of elegant and noble form, and more resembles those of southern climates 
than most of the European sorts. The cones are of a light reddish green, and 
the seed is enclosed in a thin shell. The wood is not bad, but is of much in- 
ferior value to the other kinds which grow above it. I visited the place where 
these trees commence to appear, in the autumn of 1829, and procured some 
cones, as well as some from the trees in the garden of M. la Peyrouse, near 
Toulouse (now in the possession of his son, to whom I was indebted for them), 
where the trees planted about thirty years since are now of large size. On 
observing the real habitat of this tree, the impropriety of the name is evident ; 
but subsequent observations will show that it has a much wider range, and 
ought to have a different denomination. There are other species mentioned 
in the list of La Peyrouse; but, in the various tours I made in the Pyrenees, 
I never met with any other than the three species above mentioned. 

“ The P. pumilio I believe to be only the stunted uncinata at a great 
elevation. 

© << AXbies communis and Larix europe‘a.— Neither the spruce nor larch 
(Abies communis and Larix europee‘a) exists in the Pyrenees, nor, I firmly 
believe, in any part of Spain. A contrary opinion is held in the country 
respecting the larch ; but, after much enquiry and observation, I am quite satis- 
fied that the real larch neither exists, nor has existed, in Spain. The word 
alerce certainly would appear to be connected with Larix; but even if the 
Arab derivation, mentioned as traced by Mr. Drummond in the account of 
Cordova, were incorrect, which there is no reason to suppose, words do not 
prove the existence or identity of species. The practice of Spain alone, where 
the same words are applied to different trees in almost every province, would 
prove the fallacy of depending on etymology to solve questions of natural 
history. 

“ The Oaks on the north side of the Pyrenees are, the Robur, of both kinds ; 
the Zoza, or Taizin, and its variety the pubéscens; the curious variety, the 
fastigiata, or cypress oak, which is found in the route to Gavarnie; and ano- 
ther variety of which I am ignorant of the name, the acorns haying failed. It 


Foreign Notices : — Spain. 207 


has peculiarly large buds and shoots, and an ill-shapen leaf, and grows also in 
Asturias. Below towards Bayonne, and, I believe, on the opposite flank, in 
Languedoc and Roussillon, the Q. Suber (cork tree) abounds, but no ever- 
green oak is seen on the northern side of the High Pyrenees. On the Spanish 
side, high up, in the Pea de Ventimilla, and at the village of Andorre, are 
found the first evergreen oaks. In Aragon they are termed the alcina, and 
are of the species which will be more particularly described hereafter as the 
Spanish oak. The elm described by La Peyrouse as a variety of montana, 
under the name of m. pyrenaica, if it be a variety, grows on the Malvern Hills, 
where are two Salices which are also common in the Pyrenees. 


Forest Section across the High Pyrenees. 


L, Plain of Languedoc. M, Mediterranean. N, North side. S, South side. a, Lower 
region, oak, chestnut, lime, &c. 6, Beech and yew, holly, elder, &c. c, Silver fir and Scotch 
pine. d, d, Pinus uncinata. e, Scotch pine, _f, P. pyrenaica of Lapeyrouse, supposed to 


be identical with P. hispanica of the Sierra de Segura. g, P, halepénsis, 


“ Sierra de Cuenca, — The section is now carried across the Ebro, and the 
treeless plains of Aragon, to the Sierra de Cuenca. The lower zone of that 
range, on the south side, is the P. halepénsis ; above which, and mingled with 
it, but now nearly extinct, is found the P. Pinaster; and above that, occu- 
pying the highest part of the range, I found the P. sylvéstris. I have every 
reason to believe that there is no species at a higher level than this, which 
supplies Madrid with building timber, floated down by the Tagus to Aranjuez. 
This species is named by the woodmen alvar, and I saw it in the Val de 
Cabras, about three leagues from the city of Cuenca; the whole intervening 
pmes, on the route from the city, being now exclusively the P. halepénsis. 
Travelling to the west from this, we again cross the plains of La Mancha, 
and reach the Sierra de Segura, which is described in a visit to it. The 
upper zone of this vast district is covered by a tree, undescribed by any 
Spanish or other author, to my knowledge, unless it be the same as that 
noticed by Roxas de San-Clemente, as growing on the Sierra de Baza, which 
is a detached fragment of this range at its southern end, and called by him 
Pinaster hispanicus. 

“ The description of this tree is so exactly identical with that of Aragon, that 
I am quite convinced they are the same, and they grow at similar elevations. 
The cones of both these species are now in England; and, as they have vege- 
tated at the garden of the Horticultural Society, and other places, it will be 
known certainly whether they are identical, of which I have not the smallest 
doubt, from ample examination and opportunity of judging. The height of 
range of this species, in the localities mentioned, may be taken at from 
2000 ft. to 4000 ft., and in the Sierra de Segura somewhat more. One pecu- 
liarity is to be observed in the cones of this species. A quantity I brought 
from the spot were packed amongst geological specimens, and opened at 
Somerset House during the heat of summer, when a delicious perfume, a per- 
fect “ Sabzean odour” exhaled from them, but was quickly lost in the gases 
of an atmosphere very unlike that of its native Sierra. 

From a variety of concurrent and cross testimony, I have no doubt what- 
ever that this same species exists in the Sierra de Cuenca, in that part of it to 
the south, where are the sources of the Gabriel, the chief subsidiary of the 
Xucar. This district is called the Marquesado de Moya, and the timber of it 
is floated down to Valencia, where it is known in the timber-yards by the 
same of pino blanco. As the species is peculiar to the country, and is thus 


208 Foreign Notices : — Syria. 


widely spread, it ought to be denominated P. hispanica. The tree would bea 
noble addition to our park or ornamental kinds, from the differences of its 
foliage from the common kinds, and the beauty of the form. It is essential to 
observe that its native habitats are entirely on limestone. The timber cannot 
be called good, but is of middling quality, probably a little better than that of 
the silver fir. It is white and dry, without much turpentine, and by the navy 
was used for decks and similar purposes. The lower zone of the Sierra de 
Segura is of halepénsis. There is said to be P. Pinea ; but it never occurred 
in the wide range I took through those forests. This forest supplies the 
building timber of Granada, at least the best quality, the forests of P. Pinea, 
which probably supplied the Moors, being now extinct. South of the Sierra 
de Segura is the Sierra Nevada, on the north side of which are now no pine 
forests, or even remains of them. In the neighbourhood of Loxa are remnants 
of halepénsis, which supply their scanty stock of fuel. On the southern side, 
the forest of Macael, which is in an elevated situation of the Sierra de Filabres, 
is of halepénsis. The woodwork of the Alhambra appeared to me to be of 
the P. Pinea, or stone pine; and I have no doubt forests of it existed im the 
time of the Moors. It is still called, in that district, pino real, probably from 
the use made of the wood. Pinos del Rey, and Pinos del Valle, villages in 
sites, no doubt, named from local causes, are now without them, as is Pinos del 
Fuente, on the outskirts of the Vega. 

“ The Serrania de Ronda terminates the southern section of the forests. 
In the barrancos and river courses is P. Pinaster, which is used at Marbella 
for smelting the iron ore. Mixed with it, but lower down, is P. halepénsis, 
and to the western side, I believe, the Pinea. High up, on the most elevated 
ridges of the Serrania, is a species I have not been able to classify, and know 
only by the vague descriptions of the natives, obtained too late to enable me to 
visit the place. It grows on S. Cristobal, and the Sierra de la Nieve, and is 
not improbably, from the description, P. sylvéstris. 


(To be continued.) 


SYRIA. 


The following is an extract from a letter lately received from J. W. Farren, 
Esq., the British consul at Damascus, by Wm. Wingfield, jun., Esq., son of 
Wm. Wingfield, Esq., of Theobald’s, Cheshunt, whose lady, Mrs. Wingfield, 
being possessed of an excellent taste for ornamental gardening, and being, at 
the same time, an ardent admirer of the beauties of Flora, has had the honour 
of first introducing the dahlia into that part of the world; and who, in order 
to meet the wishes of the consul, has again very lately forwarded a package, 
containing a variety of articles both in seeds and plants, such as will, no doubt, 
be received with much pleasure. The extract is as follows :— “I have often 
intended to write you a few lines of acknowledgment and thanks for the very 
beautiful dahlias you sent us; and you will be gratified to learn, that they have 
flourished in perfection; and that, while you are the first to introduce that 
beautiful flower into Syria, it has ornamented the fair foreheads of all the 
Circassians in the richest harems of Damascus; has decked the bridal gar- 
ment, and publicly ornamented the tomb. Indeed, you have no idea of the 
enjoyment your kind attention has been the cause of. The house in which we 
reside is really an Oriental palace; courts, gardens, terraces, marble pavements, 
fountains, and jets-d’eau, &c.: and you can scarcely have an idea of the 
luxury of these mansions. We are having one of the gardens laid out in the 
English style: the dahlias have been taken up ; and, in replanting them, we shall 
follow the directions given by you. You must not think me inconsiderate in 
saying that we look forward with pleasure for the pelargoniums, and other 
seeds and roots, which we hear you had intended for us. You know what a 
scarcity of choice flowers and plants there is in Syria, and what a treasure 
they are here, and how admired by the natives. I haye just had some bulbous 


Foreign Notices : — India, North America. 209 


roots from France of the double orange lilies, tulips, &c., which I hope to 
cultivate. You recollect our pelargoniums (those sent over by Mrs. Wingfield): 
there is no other sort in the country; nor is there such a flower as the moss 
rose in Asiatic Turkey.” 

While it appears that the splendour of the Orientals at Damascus is not 
inferior to many other places in the East, and that the gardens, in point of 
extent and scenery, may be imposing, yet it is evident that floriculture is at a 
low ebb; while, at the same time, the soil and climate in Syria are such as to 
induce us to believe that no country in the world can offer greater facilities 
for the growth and perfection of a vast number of the most splendid flowers 
now known, which may be inferred from what the country in other respects 
produces; as it is said that “it abounds in oil, corn, and several sorts of fruits, 
and peas, beans, and_all kinds of pulse and garden stuff,’ and that there are 
to be seen “ the finest plains and pastures in the world.” Should, therefore, 
this spirit for floriculture at Damascus continue to be indulged, and be fostered 
by the kind liberality of individuals in Europe, even Syria may shortly become 
possessed of the beauties of Flora in many of her richest varieties.— 7. Rutger. 
Portland Place, March, 1836. 


INDIA. 


Botanic Garden, Calcutta, Feb. 16.1835. (Extract of a letter from Dr. 
Wallich to Messrs. Loddiges.)—The plants you sent me by the Asia arrived in 
the most beautiful condition. Your plan has therefore succeeded admirably ; 
viz. that of sending plants rooted in peat moss [live plants of Sphagnum], 
enclosed in almost hermetically sealed boxes. I opened the box in the pre- 
sence of several friends, who were almost as much delighted as myself on the 
occasion. The moss was, with very little exception, as fresh almost as the 
day you put it into the box, and as wet as if it had just been taken out of its 
native place of growth. I should say that double the quantity of light, indeed 
as much light as could possibly be given, would have added to the success of 
this most ingenious plan. The fuchsias and alstroemerias were very much 
drawn up and blanched. It would be desirable to have many small panes 
fixed into the lead on future occasions, taking care to secure them well with 
iron cross-bars. If you could employ some panes of very thick glass, I would 
take care to use these panes again when [ send you similar collections. I 
subjoin a list of the plants that were alive: —Calathea (Maranta) zebrina, 
Canna iridiflora; Alstroeméria pulchélla, psittacina, tricolor, oculata [Lod- 
diges’s Bot. Cab., 1851.; the Salstlla L.; but not the Salstlla of some of the 
botanists of Britain, which is edulis Zussac. (Mr. D. Don, in Brit. Flow.- 
Gard., and quoted in G. AL, xi. 77.)]; Fuchsia bacillaris, stricta, globdsa, 
virgata ; Cactus chilénsis, Phycélla glatca, Habranthus robistus, Sisyrinchium 
chilénse, Duvata (Schinus) dentata, Sophira macrocarpa, Stemodia chilénsis, 
Pernéttia (Arbutus) mucronata [See G. M., x. 286.], Lobélia mucronata, 
Billbérgia bicolor, Tillandsta (Billbérgia) amee‘na, humilis. 


NORTH AMERICA. 


Lemon Hill, Philadelphia, Aug. 18. 1835. I have now been more than 
three years in this country, and continue to like it well. I should have written 
much sooner; but, as I was in no settled situation till now, I postponed it. I 
have great pleasure in saying that we are here making rapid strides in the 
science of horticulture, and the time is not far distant when we shall be able 
to compete with our brethren over the water. A number of houses entirely 
for the forcing of foreign grapes are now building round Philadelphia, one 
520 ft. in length ; and in the city, green-houses, hot-houses, camellia-houses, 
and propagating-houses are being erected. There is more glass going to be 
put up this season than on any former occasion. A magazine similar to your 
own is now established, conducted by Messrs. Hovey of Boston [see Vol. XI. 
p. 530.]. There is a Huphérbia here, that was introduced in 1828, from 


210 Foreign Notices : — South America. 


Mexico, by Mr. Poinsette. It went under the name of Z. heterophylla for a 
few years, until its true character became more conspicuous. It was then 
named Poinsétté, in honour of Mr. Poinsette, by Mr. Robert Buist, nursery- 
man and florist, Philadelphia. Last winter it was surprisingly grand with me 
in the stove. The bracteze were 18in., and on some plants 20in.,in diameter, and 
of the most brilliant scarlet, remaining in the greatest perfection from the first 
of December to the latter end of March, and forming, during the solitary 
months of winter, a most magnificent ornament to our collections. It is easy 
of cultivation, and certain of flowering regularly, if kept in the warmest situa- 
tion of the house. I treat it in every respect the same as a geranium, except 
keeping it in the hot-house during winter. About the middle of May, I cut 
down the last year’s wood, which is commonly from 3 ft. to 4 ft. in length, 
leaving one or two eyes according to the strength of the plant. The wood 
that is cut off will be found to make the finest plants from cuttings, making the 
cuttings three or four days previous to their being planted, so as to dry the 
milky substance that comes from them. After the plants are struck, they 
ought to be put out of the pots into the open ground, and taken up, with the 
greatest of care, with large balls of earth. You have no idea what a fine 
addition this is to the stove. Every collection about London, or in Europe, 
should procure a plant of it, if it is not with you already. I never saw this 
plant either in Scotiand or England, and can with confidence say it is the finest 
thing I have ever seen: some call it the Dutchman’s parasol. You seem to 
doubt (Vol XI. p. 530.) about there being a male and female Maclura aurantiaca, 
or Osage orange, in the nursery of Mrs. M‘Mahon, near Philadelphia. There are 
four old trees in that nursery, three females and one male. Only the female 
that stands alongside of the male produces perfect seeds. The other females 
are about 30 yards from the male, and their fruit is abortive, and is not near 
so large as the fruit from the productive tree. The above facts became pub- 
licly known in 1832, while the nursery was in the possession of the late firm of 
Hibbert and Buist. Ihave not the smallest doubt but the Maclura would 
produce fruit in the south of England by planting a male and female close to- 
gether. It is generally supposed that the wood will make an excellent yellow 
dye. Should you deem these remarks worthy of a place in your Magazine, I 
think it will be the means of our nurserymen exporting euphorbias. I shall 
continue with pleasure to inform you of anything that may come under my own 
observation. — Peter Mackenzie, Gardener to Henry Pratt, E'sq., Lemon Hill, 
Philadelphia. 

Our correspondent is so kind as to offer to send us certain dried specimens 
and native plants. We should prefer to them seeds of trees and shrubs, if it 
would not give him too much trouble to collect them. We particularly wish 
acorns and nuts, and these should be packed in moist Sphagnum, as soon as 
convenient after they are gathered, in order to preserve the vital principle. If 
they vegetate during the voyage it will be of no bad consequence. — Cond. 


SOUTH AMERICA. 


The Timber Trees which grow in the Neighbourhood of Caraccas.— 1 have just 
received from Sir Robert Ker Porter a valuable box of specimens of the 
various timber trees which grow in the neighbourhood of Caraccas, most of 
which promise to become of great commercial importance, when the state of 
society admits of the formation of roads and other conveniences for felling, 
transporting, and shipping them. At present they are of no commercial or 
other earthly value. I regret that among them I have no specimen of the 
aguatire (Stchingia Erythroxylon Humb.), which abounds on the mountains 
of Higuerote, and furnishes a timber of the most beautiful blood-red hue, and 
compact grain: of this I have been labouring in vain for years to obtain a 
specimen. Sir Robert gives me only the local names of specimens he has sent, 
which prevents my learning anything farther about them; nor has he accom- 
panied them, as I requested, by specimens of their leaves, flowers, or fruit. 


Foreign Notices: — West Indies. 911 


Among them are two specimens of cedar; one inscribed Cedro amargo, or 
Bitter cedar, and the other Cedro dulce, or Sweet cedar; both of the colour 
of new mahogany, and both exhaling the cedar odour strongly: their resem- 
blance is such, that, but for the difference of name, I should have concluded 
them to be taken from the same tree. Whether the specimens are the produce 
of a Pinus Juniperus, or what, I cannotsay. They do not appear to me to 
resemble the timber of any of the bignonias, several of which are vulgarly deno- 
minated cedars; as the B. leucéxylon, or white wood, and B. pentaphylla; both 
of which are called white cedar in our English islands ; but the timber of which 
is white, and of a totally different grain and texture, as well as destitute of 
smell; while the specimens sent have not only the red colour, but the grain 
and peculiar odour, of the Bermuda cedar. One of the other specimens re- 
sembles satin wood ; and one or two others, which probably come from some 
of the species of Bréwnia, the timber of which is known in this country under 
the name of zebra wood, appear as handsome as rose wood, and are close 
grained and heavy. Should an opportunity of private conveyance offer, I shall 
cut off a piece from each specimen, and send it to you, accompanied by its local 
name. Upon referring again to the specimens, I find a considerable difference 
in colour and grain between the Cedro dulce and the Cedro amargo; and 
neither are so red as the Bermuda cedar: the smeil of the former, also, is 
fainter, and its colour paler, than those of the latter. The wood resembling rose 
wood is labelled Chacarandan; and, from its weight, its-specific gravity must 
be considerable. 

Besides these, Sir Robert has sent me six seeds of the wax tree of Guayana, 
accompanied by nearly six inches of a candle made from the wax. Enclosed you 
will find two of these seeds accompanied by some of the wax (as it is called, 
although evidently a resinous substance, and not sebaceous), which I took off 
the upper part of the candle. Should you desire more, I shall gladly send it to 
you. Sir Robert says the tree producing it is called by the Indians Cuajo ; 
the j aspirated, like ho. He says it is a large and shady tree, but professes him- 
self ignorant as to the manner in which the wax is obtained. I hope you will 
be able to make the seeds vegetate, and that you will succeed in determining 
what the tree is. Party spirit runs so high here, that I fear I shall be unable 
to execute your commission. I have tried two different quarters, but, as yet, 
without effect. — W. Hamilton. Plymouth, April 15. 1835. 


WEST INDIES. 


The Practicability of cultivating Wheat, and other Articles of Agricultural Pro- 
duce, at certain Elevations, in the West Indies. — The problem of the practica- 
bility of cultivating wheat at certain elevations in the West Indies, which vulgar 
opinion absolutely denied, and which the remarks of Humboldt rendered at least 
questionable, is now solved, as far, at least, as Jamaica is concerned, in the 
most satisfactory manner; and I think I may be allowed to anticipate the day 
when wheat will be added to our other imports from that fine colony, and tend 
materially to the advantage both of the parent state and the inhabitants of the 
isiand. Dr. Bancroft’s information on this subject is as follows : — 

“ Victoria Wheat. The Jamaici Society have received samples, from three 
or four different places, of the wheat yroduced there, all of which appear to 
be of a favourable sort. First, from the mountains of St. Ann’s, where the seed 
had been sown in the latter end of January, and the corn was ripe the latter 
end of April. In another part of the same district, the dates of sowing differed 
from the above, but the wheat ripened in nearly the same period. Secondly, from 
the mountains of St. Andrew’s: on one property (Fair Hill), the sowing and 
the ripening happened at the same dates asin the first-mentioned case, Of this 
corn, one grain produced 28 ears, containing 1500 grains. Notwithstanding 
this apparent success, the proprietor of the place thinks it unlikely that planters 
would grow Victoria wheat in preference to the great corn, as it is called here 


212 Foreign Notices : — West Indies. 


(i. e. Zéa Mays). On another plantation, again, Charlottenberg, the seed was 
sown early in March, and received a top dressing in the course of a few days : 
it had already sprung three inches above ground; and, as favourable moderate 
rains continued to fall subsequently, the corn throve well, and ripened in the 
early part of June, producing abundantly grain of a larger size than the parent 
seed ; the ears being, in general, large and full. Six of these, for instance, yielded 
336 grains, weighing three ounces; making an average of 56 grains, weighing 
half an ounce, to each ear. The owner of this plantation, Mr. W. B. King, an 
assistant judge of assize, and member of assembly, has since sent me two 
bundles of the ears of his wheat; and J intend to enclose one or two of them as 
a specimen of the produce of the Victoria wheat here. From a trial just made, 
Mr. King has no doubt that this grain could be cultivated in many parts of this 
island, and that it might become a profitable resource.” 

I have no time to comment upon this, farther than to observe, that, besides 
furnishing a practical refutation of a vulgar and pernicious error, it opens a field 
to much curious and valuable speculation. From the similarity of climate, I 
conceive that, if any wheat was likely to succeed, the Victoria held out the best 
chance, and, accordingly, sent an ample supply by different channels. The ex- 
periment having so far triumphantly succeeded, and Humboldt’s period, of from 
70 to 74 days between seed time and harvest, having been in every instance 
verified, it will be worth while to try other varieties of wheat; and, if any of your 
correspondents will supply me (post free) with samples of the most approved 
sorts of wheat, I shall gladly transmit them to Jamaica. I regret that Dr. Bancroft 
has omitted the dates of sowing and ripening, the elevation above the sea, and 
the mean temperature of the months during which the wheat was growing. 

The Trifolium incarndtum, of which I sent out several supplies of seed, has 
succeeded admirably at Charlottenberg, at an elevation of 4000 ft., where it has 
grown and flourished luxuriantly, and has since produced seed. At Fair Hill, 
in the mountains of St. Andrew’s, a considerable patch, which was planted at 
an elevation of about 2000 ft. above the sea, after flourishing well for a few 
weeks, was destroyed by the occurrence of a long drought. In an island 
where fodder is so scarce as in Jamaica, this plant promises to be of much 
importance. 

O'valis crenata. The climate appears to be too hot and dry for the O’xalis 
crenata: further experiments, however, may exhibit more favourable results. 

The Pita does not appears to realise my expectations, either from the un- 
suitableness of the soil, or the want of humidity, or other causes, which, at this 
distance, I am unable to ascertain. Could I personally visit that part of the 
province of Carthagena in which it grows spontaneously, I should be able to de- 
termine the circumstances essential to its culture ; in point of climate, that of 
Jamaica must correspond closely witi its own. On this point, however, I antici- 
pate favourable reports. Dr. Bancroft has sent me a few seeds of the Cheno- 
podium Quinda from Quito; and ofa plant called Tomata de Arbal, said to be 
a native of the equator, but the seeds of which he received from the alpine 
regions of Antioquia, where its fruit is used in cookery, like the true tomata 
(Lycopérsicum edule), and is also considered as a very palatable food when 
eaten by itself. 

Dr. Bancroft says the name of tree tomata (Z'omata de Arbal) is given to it, not 
from any affinity it bears (as far as he could learn) to the genus Solanum, but 
from the analogous use of its fruit: from the appearance of the seed, however, 
and a leaf which he sent me, I suspect it will prove to be a Solanum, and, pos- 
sibly, the S. quiténse; only that the leaf sent (nearly Sin. long by 4in. broad) 
is oblong-ovate, acuminated, very entire, hearted at the base, with the lobes un- 
equal, and overlapping the midrib; contrary to what is usual, waved, together 
with the primary veins. This, however, may be the effect of bad drying ; Dr. Ban- 
croft saying “it was not properly pressed when first gathered, and it has, con- 
sequently, shriveled in length and breadth, being at least one inch shorter than 
at first.” The leaves of the S. quiténse are, I believe, lobed. Dr. Bancroft says, 
“ To what genus or order it may belong, I cannot at present tell. Iam informed 


Domestic Notices : — Lngiand. 213 


that it grows to the height of 10 ft., 12 ft., or 15 ft. ; but Ishould be disposed at 
present to consider it, at most, rather as a shrubby tree than as a tree proper: 
perhaps it will prove to be only a tall herbaceous plant. Some of the seeds 
I distributed have been sown in the mountains, and have already grown 
to the height of about 15 in., and produced leaves which are comparatively of 
an enormous size.” This plant will probably be a conservatory one, if not 
a hardy annual in this country. — W. Hamilton. Oxford Place, Plymouth, 
Aug. 20. 1835. 


Art. III. Domestie Notices. 


ENGLAND. 


A PLANT of Brugmansia suaveolens, grown in the garden of Richard Durant, 
Esq., Putney Hill, and now in flower there, was propagated from a cutting in 
August, 1833. It is in a pot 12 in. deep, by 13in. over; its height is 5ft.; 
and it has a single stem 2 ft. high, with a spreading top, the circumference of 
which is 19 ft. It shows at the present time 102 flowers and flower buds, 80 
of which are expanded. Each of its pure white trumpet-like flowers measures 
53 square inches; so that it will,in about four weeks from its first beginning to 
flower, produce 8586 square inches of flower, and all from less than one solid foot 
of mould. Wehave another Brugmansia, that was exhibited at Chiswick last 
year, three years old, which had upon it, thirteen weeks before the exhibi- 
tion, 228 flowers and flower buds. Another, now in flower, one year old, 
growing in a pot, size 16, has 40 flowers upon it. —J. Spence. Putney Hill, 
Oct. 14. 1835. 

We shall be glad to receive an account of the mode in which this plant was 
grown.—Cond. 

Brugmdnsia suaveolens W. grown in the same sort of loam and peat as men- 
tioned above, is 16ft. high, and had 700 flowers on it during the year 1835. 
The flowers, when expanded, were, on an average, | ft. long, and 36 in. in cir- 
cumference at the mouth. The conservatory is about 60 ft. by 30 ft., built by 
P. Robinson, Esq., architect ; and the height of the dome is 30 ft. It is the 
best place in the country to grow camellias ; and the worthy owner (R. Wil- 
liams, Esq., M.P.) spares no expense to beautify his mansion, and extensive 
pleasure-grounds; and, if he continue to enlarge them (as I have no doubt he 
will), they will be the finest grounds in the country. — James Harbison. Bride- 
head house, Feb. 19. 1836. 

The Chimonanthus fragrans has produced fruit, a specimen of which I send 
you: it does not often fruit here; in the neighbourhood of London it may, 
probably, do so more frequently. — Id. 

Alstreemerias in the open Air in Devonshire.—I1 send herewith a stem of 
Alstroeméria ovata, 14 ft. long (Loddiges); and another of A. hirtélla, 11 ft. 
long (Tate), to show, in proof of what I stated in a paper on acclimatising 
trees, which I sent you some time since [and which shall appear in an early 
Number], the great luxuriance with which they grow in the open air in Devon. 
—R. Glendinning. Bicton Gardens, near Exeter, August 22. 1835. 

_ Lathyrus rotundifolius W., though one of the very handsomest of its genus, 
is, I believe, in but few collections at present; yet few plants are more orna- 
mental, or more deserving a place in the flower-garden, than this beautiful 
pea. It is a perennial, quite hardy, and not much of a climber, as it seldom 
exceeds 3 ft., or at most 4 ft., in height. It is a free flowerer, and produces its 
long upright racemes of delicate rose-coloured blossoms as early as the first 
or second week in May, a month earlier than most other species of its genus. 
It generally ripens its seeds, by which, and also by dividing the roots, it may 
be readily increased. According to all the authors that I have had an oppor- 
tunity of consulting, it is stated to have been first brought to England in 1822; 
but this cannot be the true date of its first introduction to this country, for it 
is certain that it was cultivated in the Oxford garden, before the late Dr. Wil- 
Vou. XII,— No. 73. R 


214 Entomological Society. 


liams was appointed to the botanical professorship, in 1795; and I know that 
he considered it to have been introduced to Oxford by his predecessor, Dr. 
John Sibthorp, who enriched the garden by the introduction of a great num- 
ber of plants from Greece, and other foreign countries. As far as I have ob- 
served, there is no specimen of this lathyrus in the Sibthorpean Herbarium ; 
neither is it described inthe Fora Greca. The earliest account I find of it is 
in the Annals of Botany, by Konig and Sims (vol. ii. p. 451.), where it is 
described as a newly discovered plant, in a paper entitled “ Some Account of 
the Vegetable Productions of the Countries situated between the Terek and 
Kur, rivers flowing into the Caspian Sea. Extracted from a description of 
these parts by F. R. Marschall von Bieberstein.” The work of M. Bieber- 
stein from which the extracts were made was published, according to the 
Annals of Botany, in 1800; and, in the same year, Professor Willdenow pub- 
lished the name of this plant in the third volume of his edition of Linnzus’s” 
Species Plantarum, p. 1088. : this was six years after the death of Dr. Sibthorp ; 
by whom, I think, there is no doubt the plant was introduced into the Oxford 
Garden. It appears not to have been in the Kew Garden in 1812, when the 
second edition of the Hortus Kewensis was published. It has been recently 
figured and describedin Maund’s Botanic Garden; but, as I have no access to 
that work, I am unable to refer to the plate in which it is figured. [t. 511.] — 
William Baxter. Botanic Garden, Oxford, March. 1836. 

Ipomeea rubro-cerulea,— Many persons are deterred from cultivating this 
beautiful plant, from the idea that it requires a stove to bring it to perfection. 
This, however, is not the case, as nothing could be more splendid than the blos- 
soms on a plant which I had last summer, ina pot in the open air. Three or 
four large magnificent blossoms, of a most brilliant ultramarme blue, expanded 
every morning for several weeks, dying off a pale pink ; and in the end the 
plant produced several pods of ripe seeds. It was raised in heat, and trained 
up a slight frame, but received no farther culture, except occasional watering. 
— F. Rauch. Bayswater, Oct, 28. 1835. 

Streliizia augista H. K.— A magnificent specimen of this plant is now in 
fine flower in the stove of Joseph Wilson, Esq., Clapham Common, under 
the care of my very esteemed friend Mr. Joseph Gunner, who is gardener 
there.— W. P., jun. Wandsworth Road, March 1. 1836. 


Art. IV. Entomological Society. 


Tue labours of this most useful Society, though only lately commenced, 
will ultimately be of immense advantage to the gardener and the farmer. We 
can strongly recommend these Transactions (in two parts, 7s. 6d. each) to 
all who can afford to purchase them ; and, at all events, to all gardening and 
agricultural societies, and to all county book clubs. Mankind in general know 
little of the gigantic operations that are performed by insects, and of the 
immense influence which creatures, that could not be seen with the naked eye 
by our rude ancestors, have directly and imdirectly on human happiness. We 
intend, from time to time, to notice the progress of this Society, as far as 
respects vegetable cultivation; and, in the mean time, we give the following 
extract from the Address on the Second Anniversary, by the Rey. F. W. Hope, 
President :— 

“In Grenada, the Cicada (Délphax saccharivora Westwood, Jag. of Nat. 
Hist., vol. vi. p. 407—413.; vol. vii. p. 496.) still continues its ravages on 
the sugar canes, and I regret to state that two thirds of the crop are already 
destroyed. A species of Céccus, which infests our hot-houses, prevents the 
pine-apple from arriving at perfection. In various counties, arising, probably, 
from the mildness of our late winters, the wire worm, the flea beetle, and the 
saw fly and caterpillar have nearly annihilated the turnip crops. To find 
antidotes against these evils should be the unceasing object of your enquiries. 
Respecting the turnip beetle, there is now a better prospect of checking this 


Retrospective Criticism. ONG 


scourge, as we have lately become acquainted with its larva and pupa in a 
notice by Mr. Lekeux. 

« A communication from Mr. Mills of Durham, respecting the corn weevil 
being effectually destroyed by the application of heat, deserves to be generally 
known. Such notices as.the above will convince the public that we are not 
mere collectors of insects, but that we cultivate science in the sincere hope of 
being able to apply our knowledge beneficially.” (p. 5.) 

Turnip Fly.— At the ordinary Meeting of the Entomological Society held 
on Monday evening, a communication from Mr. Raddon, respecting the natural 
history and habits of the turnip fly, was read by the secretary, which was 
accompanied by specimens of the larvee and pupz. The larva is a small black 
caterpillar, having six legs of about the eighth of an inch in length, being 
extremely active, and hopping about with great agility, so as to render it 
extremely difficult to catch it. ‘lowards the end of the summer, it enters the 
earth, and there undergoes its change of form, coming out of the pupa a 
beetle. [It is creditable to the Society, that they have made this subject the 
theme of a prize essay, and have been the means of bringing before the public 
even so much as is stated above on the turnip beetle; for the pamphlet of the 
Doncaster Agricultural Association on this insect, and the means of preventing 
its ravages, published in 1834, is a comprehensive proof that the attempts at 
preventing its ravages have been more numerous than the attempts to ascertain 
intimately its personal history; which last object is the one that would have 
most conduced to the discovery of what was to be prevented; and, hence, to 
the employment of the most effectual means of effecting this object.) The 
best essay on the habits of the insect, and the readiest and cheapest mode of 
preventing its ravages, is the subject of a prize to be given by the Society in 
the course of the present session. (Newspaper, Jan. 6. 1836.) 

Silkworms.—At the ordinary Meeting of the Entomological Society held on 
Monday evening, M. Hoffman of Munich presented a series of specimens 
of the silkworm in its different stages. He stated that he had long had them 
successfully in cultivation at Munich, were he had upwards of 30,000. In the 
mountains of Savoy, where the cold is much more severe than in England, 
they flourish equally well; and he expressed himself confident that, both here 
and in Ireland, the production of silk in large quantities might, with moderate 
care, be successfully introduced. — B. Jan. 1836. 

The Subject of the London Entomological Society's Prize Essay for 1836 is 
the Coccus of the Pine-apple Plant.— Fhe plan of the essay is, that it do 
include a description of the natural history of the insect, and of a mode or 
modes of preventing its ravages, founded upon actual experiments; and be 
accompanied by testimonials of the measure of success of the mode or modes. 
Every candidate is to forward his essay with a fictitious signature, and the 
testimonials, and a sealed letter including his real name, under cover, to the 
= See 17. Old Bond Street, on or before Jan 4. 1837. (Jag. Nat. Hist., 
ix. 219. 


Art. V. Retrospective Criticism. 


ARBORETUM Britannicum. (p. 32.) —“ The asterisk before ‘Cheshunt, Mr. 
Sanders, ’_should have been omitted, as the place has little or no pretensions 
to an arboretum. Harrison’s, Esq., place there is entitled, at least, to 
the t.—J. R.” 

This error arose from some mistake, as we fully intended to mark Mr. Har- 
rison’s place with a *; as we were perfectly aware of that gentleman’s possessing 
an arboretum, from the comprehensive and well filled up Return Paper we 
have received of it. — Cond. 

Wistaria chinénsis producing Seed. (p. 75.) — Observing some observations 
on a plant of Wistaria chinénsis having produced seed at the residence of F. 
Bernasconi, Esq.; and, having served that worthy gentleman in the capacity of 

R 2 


216 Retrospective Criticism. 


gardener for upwards of eight years, I am well acquainted with the plant in 
question, and am of opinion that it is of a different variety from any I have 
ever observed in any other place. I therefore hope that a short history of it 
will prove interesting to you, and also to your readers; and, if so, I shall feel 
a pleasure in having placed it at your service. 1 purchased the plant a seed- 
ling at the Clapton Nursery, in the autumn of 1830; and I was there informed 
it had been raised from some seeds imported by Mr. Loudon, conductor of 
the Gard. Mag. [We brought seeds, and also a few plants, from Carlsruhe, in 
the winter of 1828, and gave some of the seeds to the Clapton Nursery. We 
were informed by M. Hartweg, the director of the Botanic Garden at Carls- 
ruhe, that they were produced by Glycine sinénsis ; but the tree being, at that 
time, without leaves, we could not ascertain the fact from our own knowledge.] 
In the spring following, I planted it out where it is now growing. In July, 
1833, it showed three clusters of flowers which produced seeds, the plant at 
that time being in a very vigorous state of growth. In the end of June, 1834, 
the plant was again in flower, and again produced seed; the greater part of 
which, at M. Bernasconi’s particular desire, was sent to the London Horti- 
cultural Society ; for which, I believe, he received a letter of thanks. In the 
autumn of the same year, it flowered a second time; but the season was too 
far advanced for the seed to ripen before the approach of winter. The above 
dates are only taken from memory ; but, to the best of my belief, they are cor- 
rect ; and, taking these facts into consideration, I cannot agree with Mr, Sleigh, 
in supposing that the fructiferous habit of the plant is to be attributed to the 
nature of the soil it grows in; but am of opinion it is entirely owing to its 
bemg a variety, or, perhaps, species ; and I flatter myself that the three follow- 
ing reasons will convince you also. 

First, the plant produced seeds the third year after planting, and the fourth 
year from the seed, being at that time, in a very vigorous state of growth; 
secondly, it flowered at a much later season than the common kind; and, 
thirdly, I have seen many plants of Wistaréa chinénsis, growing in a similar 
situation to that described by Mr. Sleigh, by the side of gravel walks, that 
never showed the least inclination to produce seed. One of these last-men- 
tioned plants grows over the door of the mansion in Cashiobury Park, the 
princely residence of the Earl of Essex ; and I have no doubt that my worthy 
friend Mr. Anderson (His Lordship’s very intelligent gardener) will feel a 
pleasure in showing it to Mr. Sleigh. A few seeds, which ripened while I 
was with M. Bernasconi, which I had remaining, I gave to Mr. Young, a very 
respectable nurseryman at Taunton, who has now got a stock of plants. — 
James Duncan, Gardener. Walford House, N. Taunton, Somerset, Feb. 19. 1836. 

The Destruction of the White Scale on the Pine Plant seems to have drawn 
forth the jarring elements of contention between L. O. L. and J. B. W. (p. 160.); 
the one affirming that these insects can be thoroughly eradicated without 
previous removal from the plant, and the other that they cannot. I have, 
unfortunately, been subject to the facetious rub of J. B. W., in meeting in my 
peregrinations with pine- apple plants inordinately “ prolific in the white scale ;” 
and yet I have succeeded, though every plant has been infested with myriads, 
in destroying them, without having recourse to the shampooing process. 
After trying various methods, I was successful, on about 600 plants, with the 
following mixture, which, you will observe, is little different from the recipes of 
old writers on gardening : — 2 |b. sulphur, 2 lb. soft soap, 14 lb. tobacco, 2 oz. 
nux vomica, 1 oz. camphor dissolved in a wine-glassful of spirit of turpentine. 
Add 8 gallons of water, and boil the whole an hour. When the mixture has 
fallen to a temperature of 120°, immerse each plant separately, keeping the 
liquid as near as possible to that degree of heat. This I did in March, 1832, 
when the plants were disrooted ; and I have never seen a scale on them since. 
I am in possession of a more simple mixture, which has proved, in other in 
stances, equally efficacious; but to the above I can speak from my own un- 
qualified success, without the auxiliary process of rubbing. —R. G, Bicton, 
March 8. 1836. 


~ Queries and Answers. 217 


Art. VI. Queries and Answers. 


THE Mistletoe (Viscum album L.): Facts in its Economy, and, mainly, in Re- 
lation to the Question (expressed in Vol. XI. p. 318.), whether, in any Two 
Plants developed from One Seed, both are of the same Sex. — I send you speci- 
mens of a few plants of the common mistletoe (Viscum album Z.), raised from 
seeds which I have, at different times, sown on the bark of some apple trees 
in the Oxford Botanic Garden, 

No. 1. This is from a plant which, I believe, is about 18 or 20 years old: it 
is a large plant, and ramifies very much from the base : it is now in full flower, 
and the flowers on all the branches (whether they originally proceeded from 
1 or 2 embryos, it is now impossible to ascertain) are made. 

No. 2, This is from a plant of about the same age as No. 1., and, like that, 
it is very much branched from the base. The flowers on this plant are all 
JSemale. 

No. 3. This, also, is from a large and oldish plant, and which, like Nos. 1. 
and 2., produces from its very base a number of branches, all of which bear 
jemale flowers only. 

No. 4. This specimen is from a younger plant than the three preceding ones: 
the stem is simple at the base, but afterwards much branched. All the flowers 
are female. 

No. 5. The specimens of this number are from a young plant which has two 
distinct stems from the very base; and I think it is not improbable that the 
seed from which they were produced had a double embryo; a circumstance of 
common occurrence in the seeds of this plant. All the flowers on each of the 
two stems are female. 

No. 6. The specimens of this number are from a very young plant, which 
has two distinct stems from the very base: these, like those of No. 5., were pro- 
bably produced from a seed with a double embryo. The flowers produced from 
both stems are, like those of No. 5., female. 

No. 7. The specimens of this number are from a younger plant than that 
from which the specimens No. 6. were taken: it has three distinct stems, all 
of which appear to have been produced from one seed; consequently, the seed 
must have had a triple embryo. From the appearance of the buds, I should 
expect that the flowers, when developed, will prove to be all of the same sex. 

No. 8. The four specimens of this number are from four distinct stems, 
which, to all appearance, must have been the produce of one individual seed : 
the plant is a very young one; and I believe this is the first season of its 
flowering. All the flowers on the four stems are femade. 

No. 9. A young plant, with two distinct stems, from a berry sown on the 
bark of an apple tree, in the Oxford Garden, about three years ago. 

The seeds from which the above specimens were produced were all sown at 
a sufficient distance to prevent their coming in contact with each other. The 
specimen No. 2. was growing on a crab tree, in a shady situation; which is 
probably the cause of its being of a greener colour than the other, and, also, 
of the leaves being longer and narrower, and the plant of a more slender growth. 
All the other specimens were exposed to the sun nearly the whole of the day. 
— Wilham Baxter. Botanic Garden, Oxford, March 6. 1836. 

The Two Plants of Mistletoe, noticed in Vol. XI. p. 318., as deemed to 
have been produced from One Seed, are of distinct Sexes.— The two plants 
arose from the [hawthorn tree’s] bark, very near each other: both have 
grown remarkably quickly. They are of distinct sexes. In June, 1835, the 
female plant showed symptoms of decay, and is since dead. I have just gone 
sorrowing to the tree, to take another view of the lifeless stump ; when, to my 
surprise and gratification, I perceived, about 1 in. from the dead stump, on the 
side farthest from the male plant, three young branches that had just peered 
out ; so that I hope I may still have the gratification of showing my friends 
the two sexes of the mistletoe, in two plants from one seed. — Henry Turner, 
Botanic Garden, Bury St, Edmund’s, Suffolk, August, 1835. ; 


218 Queries and Answers. 


[It is admitted, in Vol. XI. p.318., that there is a slight shadow of doubt 
hanging over the impression that these two plants were produced from one 
seed ; otherwise the facts of the cas2 would lead toa conelusion different to 
that from which those of the cases related by Mr. Baxter would lead. As it 
is, with best thanks to both correspondents for the relating of the cases, there 
is ground of need for additional cases before the question can be regarded as 
settled. Any correspondent who may feel interested in it, may assist in set- 
tling it by sowing individual seeds of mistletoe, quite distinctly from one an- 
other, and observing and stating the results. It can scarcely be practicable to 
discern which seeds contain more embryos than one, before they have germi- 
nated to evince them ; but it is essential, and much, to be able, if more than one 
plant be developed in any place of sowing, to feel certain that they have pro- 
ceeded from one seed. 

The fact stated by Mr. Turner, that young living shoots had sprouted forth 
about 1 in. distant from the dead stump of an older plant, is very interesting 
in its apparent relation to a question first mooted by Professor Henslow, and 
communicated by him for the Magazine of Natural History, and published in 
that work. (Vol. VI. p. 500.) The nature of this question will be apparent 
from the following conclusion of Professor Henslow’s:.... ‘there can be 
no doubt of the mistletoe being propagated [in the bark or young wood of the 
trees in which it is parasitically established] in the manner of those terrestrial 
plants, which, like the potato, possess rhizomata, or under-ground stems, from 
~ whose surface young plants are developed at intervals.” 

The male flowers in one of the numbered sets of which Mr. Baxter sent 
specimens were in bloom, and had an odour somewhat resembling that of ripe 
apples, perceptible on being smelled to.] 

The Raisin des Carmes, and other Grapes. — If this should meet the eye of 
any person who knows any thing of the original plants from which Mr. Hooker’s 
drawings of the raisin des Carmes and Black Prince grapes were taken for 
the Pomona Londinensis ; and if those plants are still existing, or authen- 
ticated plants raised from them; I should be much obliged to receive an eye 
of each by post. Perhaps Mr. Fish would take the trouble of making the en- 
quiry, and procuring the cuttings for me. The Black Prince was figured from 
some place about Highgate, and the raisin des Carmes from a plant in the 
possession of “J. R. Wheeler, Esq., of Gloucester Place, New Road, London, 
who received the plant from George Jenner, Esq., of Chiselhurst.””—D. Beaton. 
Haffield, Ledbury, Herefordshire. 

White Scale on Pine Plants. (Vol. XI. p. 604.) — My method of destroying 
the white scale on pine plants is as follows: — Take soot and sulphur, each an 
equal quantity, and mix them well together in a dry state; then take a small 
brush, or a bit of sponge tied to the end of a small stick, and apply the above 
mixture to the plants, causing it to run down between the leaves as much as 
possible. I found that one dressing cleaned a pit of pme-apple plants under 
my care; and I never have seen any insect on them since, though it is two years 
aco. This powder has been used by others, as well as myself, and it has no 
bad effect on the plants whatever. — William Trotter. Fltwick Gardens, Nov. 
27. 1835. 

The Canker on Cucumber Plants. (Vol. XI. p. 605.) — I find that the spread- 
ing of fine white sand, about half an inch deep, over the surface of the mould in 
the frames in use for early forcing, is an effectual means of keeping away the 
canker, and also the damp, provided a proper heat be kept up. It also keeps 
down the rank steam, which is often injurious to the plants. — Jd. 

The Canker on Cucumber Plants. (Vol. X1. p. 605.) — In answer to Mr. 
Shuttleworth’s enquiries respecting the canker, to which cucumber plants are 
subject, I have to observe, that, when proper water is used, it is seldom that 
canker makes its appearance. In order to remove it, lay on the affected place 
fresh lime finely powdered ; and repeat this every day until the disease disap- 
pears, taking care to brush off that which was laid on the preceding day. — W. 
Henderson, Gardener. Crum Castle, March 1. 1836. 


Covent Garden Market. 


Art. VII. 


The Cabbage Tribe. 


Cabbage, per dozen: 
Large White = - 
Plants, or Coleworts - 
Savoys - - 
Brussels Sprouts, per sieve 
German Greens, or Kale, per 
dozen 
Broccoli, per bunch : 
White = = 5 
Green = = 5 
Purple = = 


x sack 
Turnip-tops ver Sve 


Legumes. 
Peas, forced, per punnet - 
Kidneybeans, forced, per 
hundred - - = 


Tubers and Roots. 


per ton 
Potatoes - ) per cwt. 
per bushel 
Kidney, per bushel - 
Scotch, per bushel 
New, per pound - 
Jerusalem Ar- f per 3 sieve 
tichokes per dozen 
Turnips, White, per bunch 
Carrots, per bunch - 
Horn = = 
Parsneps, perdozen - 
Red Beet, perdozen = 
Skirret, per bunch 6 
Scorzonera, per bundle 
Salsify, per bunch = 
Horseradish, per bundle 
Radishes, Red, per dozen 
hands (24 to 30 each) - 


The Spinach Tribe. 
nee per sieve - 
Spinach ee half sieve  - 
Sorrel, per halfsieve - - 


The Onion Tribe. 


Onions, old, per bushel s 
for pickling, per half sieve 
when green (Ciboules) per 

bunch - - - 

Leeks, per doz. bunche - 

Garlic, per pound = 

Shallots, per pound a! ie 


pre poe @ t gt eb tet es te 


Asparaginous Plants, 
Salads, &c. 
Asparagus, per hundred: 
Large = Z 
Seconds - - 
Middling - - 
Small - - 
Sea-kale, per punnet 
Lettuce, Cabbage, per score 


Observations. — From the date of the last report, until Friday last, 


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Endive, per score - - 
Celery, per bundle (12 to 15) 
Small Salads, per punnet © - 
Watercress, per dozen small 

bunches - - - 


Pot and Sweet Herbs. 


Parsley, per half sieve S 
Tarragon, per doz. bunches: 
Dried - - - 
Green - - 3s 
Fennel, per dozen bunches - 
Thyme, per dozen bunches - 
Sage, per dozen bunches 
Mint, forced, per dozen bun. 
|Peppermint, dry, per doz. bun.: 
|Marjoram, dry, per doz. bun. 
Savory, dry, per dozen bun. 
Basil, dry, per doz. bunches 
Rosemary, per dozen bunches 
Lavender, per dozen bunches 


Stalks and Fruits for Tarts, 
Pickling, &c. 
Rhubark Stalks, forced, per 
bundle - - : 


Edible Fungi and Fuci. 
Mushrooms, per pottle 
Morels, dry, per pound 
Truffles, dry, per pound : 

English = oS = 
Foreign = S 5 


Fruits. 


Apples, Dessert, per bushel : 
Nonpareils - 
Court pendu A 
Reinette grise  - 

Baking = 2 
French, per bushel 

Pears, Dessert, per dozen : 
Beurré rance - = 
Beurré de Pentecéte_ - 


Colman’s = 

Bonne Chrétienne 
Raspberries, red, per ounce 
Strawberries, forced, per oz. 
Pine-apples, per pound - 
Grapes, hot-house, per pound 
Cucumbers, pane per brace 

per dozen 
Oranges ee hundred 
Bitter, per hundred 
er dozen S 

Lemons He hundred 
Shaddocks, per dozen 3 
Pomeloes, or Forbidden Fruit 
Olives, per dozen - 5 
‘Sweet Almonds, per pound - 
Brazil Nuts, per bushel o 
Spanish Nuts, per bushel - 
Barcelona Nuts, per peck = 


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the 18th, 


we have, with slight intermissions, had a series of cold and chilling winds, 
with much rain, which has materially retarded the progress of vegetation. 
This, superadded to the effect of the dry summer (which has induced, through- 
out the winter, a scarcity of most articles), has materially enhanced the value 
of the vegetables in demand at this season, as very clearly indicated by the scale 
of prices quoted: an exception to the rule prevails as regards the forced ar- 
ticles. Asparagus has been abundant, and very low in price. Sea-kale (except 
for a short period) has been plentiful, and at a moderate rate. Broccolis of the 
best description have been very scarce, and certainly dear; but, as in all pre- 
vious seasons, when the value of any article, but that of immediate necessity, 
reaches its maximum, it is less sought after, and declines in price: so that of 


. . 
* e 3 
es 


220 London Horticultural Society and Garden. 


broccoli is now not near so high, although much better in quality, as it was 
three weeks since. Celery, endive, lettuces, and saladings generally, are scarce 
and rather dear. Of potatoes we have had, up to the present time, a full 
supply; but, in consequence of the prevalence of violent winds for the last ten 
days, no arrivals, coastwise, have taken place, The stock on hand has been 
exhausted, and prices very materially enhanced ; but this state will immediately 
yield to a material reduction on the arrival of a supply to be daily expected. 
Of fruits, our supply has principally consisted of apples, which are worth 
more than before quoted. Of oranges, the quality is now much improved by 
recent arrivals: prices low. A few hot-house grapes, some raspberries and 
strawberries, a small parcel of peas, some new potatoes, and a good supply of 
French beans, were in the market this morning.— C. G. AZ. March 19. 1836. 


Art. VIII. The London Horticultural Society and Garden. 


Marcu |. 1836.—Works presented, Among these is Mémoires de la Société 
d’E’conomie Rurale de la Russie méridionale, presented by the President of 
the Society, Count Woronzow. 

Exhibited, Caméllia japonica supérba, and a seedling and very freely growing 
kind, from J. Allnutt, Esq. Azalea /edifolia, sinénsis, péntica; Huphérbia 
spléndens, Amarfllis sp., and camellias and rhododendrons, from Mr. G. Glenny. 
Winter orange apple, and a capital kind of kitchen pear, which keeps till May, 
and passe-Colmar pear, from A. Arcedeckne, Esq. 

From the Society's Garden. Chimonanthus fragrans, and f. grandiflorus; 
and the following varieties of Caméllia japénica, élegans, Chandler, anemone- 
flora alba, aucubefolia, sanguinea, Rosa sinénsis, Dorséti’, various-flowered, 
double white, Rawes’s waratah, Parks’s striped rose; Amaryllis sp., Gladi- 
olus ramosissimus, Azalea indica pheenicea. 

Cuttings for Distribution. Pears. Althorp crassane. Broom Park: “ its 
very peculiar flavour may be said to partake of the melon and pine-apple. 
Season, January.” Trans.,2.p.65. Bonne Chrétienne fondante; one of the 
most melting of autumn pears, Apples, Brabant bellefleur. Figured in Hort. 
Trans., second ser. vol. i. p. 295. 

Exhibitions at the Garden during the ensuing Summer. It was announced 
that there are to be three; one on May 14,, one on June 11., and the other on 
July 9.; and that tickets are now ready for delivery. 

March 15.—Exhibited. Specimens of garden-engines from Mr. Read. 
Protea longiflora, speciosa rosea; Acacia longissima, pubéscens, affinis, stricta ; 
Azalea /edifolia, and Cyclamen pérsicum, from Mrs. Marryat. <A collection of 
various flowers from the Hon. W. F. Strangways. Cut flowers and camel- 
lias of the following kinds, seedling, Allnutt’s seedling, supérba, Colvilli, and 
anemoneflora alba, from J. Allnutt, Esq. 

From the Garden of the Society. — The following varieties of Camélla ja- 
ponica, élegans, corallina, princeps, Dorseti, Parks’s striped rose, various- 
flowered, double-white, double-striped, Colvillz, and waratah; Crinum amabile. 

Cuttings for Distribution of the following kinds of fruit. Emerald pear: this 
is a new Flemish kind of pear, received, without a name, from Dr. van Mons : 
it resembles the glout morceau, and keeps as late. Thompson’s pear: also 
received without a name: it resembles the passe-Colmar in form and flavour, 
and keeps well. Downton nonpareil apple: the fruit of this is a handsome 
middle-sized, roundish-oblate apple, and retains its briskness late in the spring, 
either for table or kitchen use. Hunt’s Duke of Gloucester apple: this is an 
excellent dessert kind for winter and spring. Nanny apple, from the Rey. F. 
Beadon. 


THE 


GARDENERS MAGAZINE, 
MAY, 1836. 


ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. 


Art. I. Gardening Notices suggested by a Tour in France, in August 
and September, 1835. By T. Rivers, Jun. 


Forcrne the Rose. — At Lisle, in one of the numerous small 
nursery gardens, I was interested with what might be called a 
most eligible mode of forcing the rose. In this instance, a small 
span-roofed house was used. A border on each side of the 
central path was planted with roses budded on dog rose stems 
of different heights; the shortest stems being put next the 
path, so as to make their heads form a sloping bank. ‘The sur- 
face of these borders was covered with manure, to keep them in 
a constantly moist state. ‘The common smoke flues were used 
for heating this house; and the owner informed me that, by 
beginning to force in December, roses were gathered from it 
plentifully for the market in March and April. 

After the crop of flowers was gathered, the lights were taken 
off in May, and the plants exposed till the period for forcing 
again arrived. ‘This method appeared so simple and economical, 
that I took a memorandum merely for the purpose of suggesting 
it to your readers; and, for growing moss and other roses for 
bouquets near London, it might, I think, with some little modifi- 
cation, be carried extensively and profitably into practice. In 
this way, also, with but very little trouble, a rose garden in full 
bloom and luxuriance might be created as early as the end of 
February ; and, by selecting some of the ever-blooming varieties, 
continued nearly through the whole year. And what a delight- 
ful sheltered promenade might thus be formed by those who, 
regardless of expense, would build an elegant span-roofed house, 
with movable lights, so as to form an agreeable resort, not only 
in early spring, but also at the end of summer and autumn! for 
in September and October, and even in November, the Noisette, 
China, and perpetual roses, regardless of having been forced, 


would bloom again as luxuriantly as ever. 
Vou. XII.— No. 74. s 


222 Notices suggested by a Tour in France, 


Mode of cultivating Pear Trees in Pots, where the Object. ts 
Economy of Space.— A Frenchman’s town garden is often a 
model of economy of space. You will find a choice collection 
of roses, budded on short stems; a collection of valuable rhodo- 
dendrons, azaleas, and camellias, in pots; and perhaps thirty or 
forty varieties of pears, all growing in so small a space, that an 
English gardener can scarcely believe what he sees. In the 
garden of M. Smedt, a distinguished amateur at Lisle, the pear 
trees were literally pyramids of fruit. The summer foreright 
shoots were tied in so as not to shade the pears, and the follow- 
ing winter they were removed. I suspect, also, that the roots of 
the trees are annually shortened, to reduce the luxuriant growth 
which pear trees are so liable to; but this I could not ascertain. 
The soil was a loose black sand, and the trees models of pro- 
ductiveness. Many of their stems, being too weak to support 
the weight of fruit, were tied to green painted stakes. Much of 
this extraordinary fruitfulness in such confined limits was owing, 
no doubt, to a more genial climate than we have here; as the 
summers and autumns are warmer, and the wood is always well 
ripened: but many of the best Flemish pears might be grown in 
our town gardens with quite as much economy of space as in 
France, if any regard were paid to culture. This culture is 
simply to keep them from growing too fast, by confining or 
reducing their roots ; blossom buds will then be formed in abun- 
dance. It seems almost impossible to kill a pear tree; for, 
though I have opened a circular trench round a pear tree, and 
cut off every root to within 15 in. from the stem, yet it has not 
suffered, but, the following season, has been covered with blos- 
som. In some of our rich London gardens, cutting the roots 
annually would have little or no effect; but I think that, if pots 
were manufactured expressly for the purpose, of large dimen- 
sions, we will say 2 ft. deep, and 13 ft. in diameter, and plunged 
to the rim, not deeper, a collection of the new Flemish pears 
might be grown in any small garden. I mention particularly 
that the rim of the pot ought to be above ground, on account of 
the lateral roots, which would otherwise make their way over it, 
and. give the luxuriance which it is so necessary to check in 
order to get fine fruit. To keep the trees under control in 
this respect seems to be the grand object of pear tree culture ; 
and I feel assured that this may be attained by growing the trees 
in pots, by keeping the surface well supplied with manure, and, 
in summer, by watering with liquid manure. I hope ere long 
to see as many amateurs of pears as there now are of dahlias 
and roses; and, in all the principal nurseries, specimen plants of 
every variety in cultivation, growing and bearing abundantly in 
plunged pots. One precaution must be strictly urged. Every 
gardener is aware of the tendency of the pear tree to make what 


in August and September, 1835. 223 


is called a taproot. This the plants in pots will most assuredly 
do, if not checked, through the hole in the bottom. I therefore 
recommend that, in November or December annually, a trench 
be dug by the side of the pot, which must then be turned on 
one side, and every vestige of a root which may appear through 
the hole cut off with a spade. In the course of a few years, a 
bunch of fibrous roots will be formed, that will require no other 
trouble than being annually disturbed; that is, the pot turned 
completely on one side, to prevent their giving too much luxuri- 
ance to the tree by spreading into large feeders. 

At Versailles are numerous small nurserymen, who principally 
erow plants for the flower-markets of Paris. In these gardens I 
was much struck with the superiority of climate. Grapes were 
ripe, fastened to stakes in the open quarters, Sept. 6. ‘The 
Maenolza tripétala was ripening its seeds; and pomegranates 
were blooming in the flower borders. Hundreds of yellow 
China roses, budded on short stems, were covered with flowers, 
and nearly ripe hips. The plants grown were principally 
Kalmza latifolia and glaica, common white and pink azaleas, 
rhododendrons, and other showy plants, crowded in beds in 
immense numbers; but not sold so cheap as in our Surrey nur- 
series for American plants. 

In the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, the inflated and brilliant 
seed-vessels of Kolreutérza paniculata had a most pleasing effect. 
In England, this tree is very ornamental in July, with its fine 
panicles of yellow flowers; and, in fine seasons, it bears seed 
abundantly in the neighbourhood of London, particularly at 
Syon, Kew, Ham House, and in the Fulham Nursery, where the 
trees are old and of a large size. Sophora japonica, of which there 
are many large trees, was covered with its pale straw-coloured 
flowers. Sophora japonica péndula, that most pendulous of all 
trees, was originated from seed in 1816. Cydonia sinénsis was 
in fruit, which was exceedingly curious, but not edible. I should 
think, from memory, it was from 6 in. to 8 in. long, conical, and 
of a vivid green. Maclura aurantiaca was also bearing fruit, 
but not yet ripe; in its green state, it was much like a middle- 
sized green orange with a very rough rind. Virgilia lutea is 
here in fine perfection, forming a large tree of 3 ft. in girt, and 
full of seed-pods: it blooms abundantly every summer, and 
bears spikes of pale sulphur or yellowish white flowers. 

The original plant of 4Z’sculus rubictinda raised here from 
seed by Michaux, in 1812, is now a fine specimen; and, as the 
plants from its seeds do not vary in the least from the parent 
plant, M. Camuset, the pépiniériste en chef, thinks it a distinct 
species. I saw young plants with every character of the 
original. The double-blossomed sloe (Prunus spinosa flore 


pléno) was raised from seed here by M. Camuset, in 1817. 
s 2 


294. Notices suggested by a Tour in France, 


Melia Azedarach, which, in our climate, will scarcely endure a 
slight frost, was forming fine trees. ‘That beautiful and graceful 
plant, Acacia Julibrissin, was flourishing, and making fine stand- 
ards, with stems as thick asa man’s arm. An avenue of catalpas, 
of sixty years’ growth, the plants now covered with seed, with 
the before-mentioned instances, told a tale of a better clime than 
we can boast of in old England. Very few new or rare plants 
are, however, to be seen here, though the garden altogether is 
very interesting, owing to its fine specimens of hardy American 
trees, museums of natural history, anatomy, &c. The two new 
iron palm-houses now erecting are, perhaps, the most magnificent 
structures of the kind ever yet built, and are the boast of the 
Parisians. The tanks for aquatics, heated, as the houses are, 
by steam, are very extensive and superb. The iron rods and 
curtains attached to most of the green-houses in France, to pro- 
tect them from hail storms, shows a prevalence of those (to gar- 
deners) horrible visitations, from which we are, with some few 
partial exceptions, nearly exempt. Vitex A’gnus castus, and its 
varieties, were now in full bloom, and formed a beautiful mass, 
covered with racemes of lavender-coloured flowers. One of 
those anomalies, so striking to a foreigner, here caught my 
attention; fences made of slight sticks, not larger than a man’s 
thumb, stuck in the ground at an angle of 45°, crossing each 
other so as to form a kind of trellis-work with diamond-shaped 
openings. ‘These fences, which are bound together with osiers, 
look very light and pretty, but are not calculated to last more 
than one year, in places where a fence must constantly be kept; 
and form incongruous accompaniments to the immensely heavy 
unwieldy copper watering-pots, with uncouth spouts, that would 
last half a century; the fences and the watering-pots both con- 
trasting strongly with our own usages in such matters. 

The purple laburnum, of which so much has been said lately, 
was growing here in great perfection. It came accidentally from 
seed among some common laburnums, in 1828, in the nursery of 
M. Adam, whence its name of C¥tisus Adamzz in some cata- 
logues. A fine plant was shown me by M. Camuset, which 
appeared to be half C¥tisus purpureus, and the remainder purple 
laburnum. On examination, the curious fact was ascertained, 
that the purple laburnum, which is evidently a hybrid between 
C. purpireus and C. Zabtirnum, had partially returned to the 
habits of one of its parents, the C. purpureus. This is surely a 
most unusual occurrence. Here was no trickery of grafting 
practised; for I saw nearly a similar effect produced, in July of 
the present year (1836), on a tree which I had sent to the Hon. 
C. Herbert of Ickleton, Cambridgeshire, in 1834, which pre- 
sented precisely the same appearance. At the extreme end of 
one of its shoots there came forth a branch of the pure CYtisus 


in August and September, 1835. 225 


purpureus, with its small leaves and peculiar habit, appearing as 
if budded on the purple laburnum. Have you, in your long 
experience, ever seen any fact approaching to this, viz. of a tree 
returning from hybridisation to the state of one of its parents ? 

I observed one sound gardening practice in this garden; that 
of surface manuring every shrub or plant worth cultivation, and 
more particularly roses. During this last dry summer, when 
they constantly required water, without this, the surface of the 
ground would have been regularly baked and impervious; with it, 
the water poured down did not rapidly evaporate, but carried to the 
fibres a constant supply of nutriment from the manure. What 
an excellent hint does this give to planters on poor, stony, sandy, 
or chalky districts in this country! On such soils all the manure 
should be put on the surface, and left for the worms and the rain 
to force itin. In the private garden attached to the Luxem- 
bourg Palace, and open to members of the French Chambers 
only, are some of the finest rose trees in the world, apparently 
of great age (I regret not ascertaining this more correctly), and 
in vigorous health. Many of the stems of the standard roses in 
this ‘garden are as thick as a stout man’s leg. ‘They are not 
budded on tall stems, their average height being, perhaps, from 
4 ft. to 5 ft.; and they support Jnamselnras oidaenn stakes. ‘Though 
so old and so large, they have regular annual culture, their 
heads being pruned every season, and the surface of the ground 
constantly manured. In this we have yet much to learn from 
our neighbours. With us, the general mode is, to plant a tree, 
and leave its after-erowth to chance. Of course, I now allude to 
amateurs, and those gentlemen who amuse themselves by being 
their own gardeners; and, perhaps, this hint may induce them to 
give all their trees and Trp some little annual notice. 

Here, again, was shown a great superiority of climate in the 
numerous beds of seedling China roses (2osa indica), and _ tea- 
scented China roses (Rosa indica odorata), in full luxuriance of 
bloom on Sept. 10. Some most superb varieties were among 
them ; but M. Hardy is rather chary of his roses, and does nee 
like hen to be distributed hastily, patronising the old-fashioned 
idea of possessing what his neighbours have not. It is amusing 
to find very prevalent here the little jealousies and envyings 
that at one time were so common among our florists. If a rose 
that has been raised from seed by M. Hardy is praised in the 
presence of another celebrated amateur near Paris, it is always 
responded to with “ Bah!” and a shrug of contempt. Reverse: 
this, by praising the amateur’s rose to another, and you will find 
the same effect produced. It is therefore most prudent, if you 
wish to remain in the sunshine of favour, to limit all your ad- 
miration to the roses present, forgetting that there are any other 


roses or rose amateurs in the world. 
s 3 


226 Notices suggested by a Tour in France, 


Among the seedling roses in this garden were some most 
curious hybrids between Rosa or Lowea berberifolia and other 
roses: they had not yet bloomed, but really looked very inter- 
esting, owing to their peculiar habit. A custom in France 
among rose-growers gives rise to many (to us) very uninterest- 
ing names. An amateur who raises roses from seed is regularly 
besieged by his lady friends to name one after them. He there- 
fore keeps a book in which applications are duly registered, 
and this is only deviated from under very peculiar circumstances ; 
hence we have Madame Desprez, Madame Hardy, &c. I often 
think that some of the fair applicants have not been in high 
favour when I find very bad roses honoured with their names, 
which are soon consigned to oblivion. On the contrary, if you 
find a cultivator names one after his wife, it is generally a very 
fine flower, as is the case with those above mentioned. I think 
this is generally a very safe criterion for judging of the goodness 
of the flower merely by the name; for, if the unfortunate grower 
has a termagant wife, I am quite sure (from the active part 
French women take in business) that she would not allow her 
name to be attached to a bad rose; and, if an affectionate part- 
ner, his feelings will prompt him to honour her name with a 
fine flower. 

The Yellow Rose in Italy. — I remember, in one of your 
early Magazines, a correspondent enquiring the name of a yel- 
low rose that blooms and grows freely in Italy. I received a 
letter from a friend at Como, a short time since, in which he 
says that nothing can be more superb than the yellow roses in 
that neighbourhood. At Genoa, Florence, and other places, 
there are also large trees of Rosa sulphtrea (the common 
double yellow rose) covered with their brilliant yellow flowers, 
hanging like golden balls from the branches, in shape like our 
cabbage roses, and perfectly formed. How much it is to be 
regretted that our climate will not allow us to grow this rose in 
such perfection! I also ascertained from my friend in Italy 
the curious fact, that the yellow and copper Austrian roses (20sa 
lutea and var.), though both growing wild in the mountains near 
Como, never bear a single seed-vessel. 

The Vitry Nurseries. — At Vitry, near Paris, is one of the 
largest communities of pépiniéristes, or nurserymen, perhaps, in 
the world. A friend (also a nurseryman) with whom I took 
breakfast (@ la Frangaise) of mutton chops, eggs, peaches, 
grapes, wine, brandy, and coffee, served up with true country 
abundance and hospitality, amused me much with his descrip- 
tion of the village, in which he said 100 nurserymen resided. 
On a little eminence in the road, I should think 400 or 500 
acres of nursery grounds could be embraced in one view, all 
unenclosed, and varying from a slip of ground of half an acre, 


in August and September, 1835. 227 


to squares of eight or ten acres. Forest trees of large growth, 
for avenues, and fruit trees, with some standard roses, were the 
principal objects of culture. I had supposed that from this 
neighbourhood a great part of Germany and Italy must be sup- 
plied, but was informed by one of the principal men of business 
that but few trees were sent out of France. 

The soil here is a soapy, tender, reddish loam, on a rocky 
substratum, in which most trees grow well. Dwarf peaches are 
raised very expeditiously. Almonds (a peculiar variety, with a 
very hard and close shell, and sweet kernel,) are sown in March, 
in rows, aud budded the following August, making fine plants 
the following season, From the peculiar growth of this stock, I 
thought it was the bitter almond, but was assured it was not. 
I had also been previously informed that the bitter almond was 
the only proper stock, but found that this was wrong also; and 
I have this spring imported some of the almonds used in Paris, 
which are as above described. 

In many of the nurseries here the trees were managed well, 
and the pears particularly so: they were all tied to stakes, and 
trained en quenouille. ‘This is an admirable method for small 
gardens, if the trees can be kept from over-luxuriance. I hope 
to see pyramidal pear trees in large pots in every small garden 
in England, as this is the only method, in our moist climate, to 
check their growth, and make them put forth short well-ripened 
shoots, covered with blossom buds, so as to give abundance of 
fruit in a small space. 

The Paris Nurseries.— There is not one respectable plant 
nursery at Paris. ‘That of Cels is much reduced, and is now at 
a very low ebb. Noisette has retired. Fion’s Nursery is ex- 
cessively neat, and in good taste; but it is very small, and 
orange trees are almost exclusively cultivated in it. It is said 
that new or rare plants are not patronised, and it is only flowers 
and flowering plants for the market that are worth cultivating. 
Another cause for the slovenly and bad state of the French nur- 
series is, that the instant, by plodding, the proprietor accumu- 
lates 8000 or 10,000 francs, he considers himself a man of for- 
tune; and, instead of investing it in improvements in business, as 
we do, he lives on the interest, and feels proud in being called 
a gentleman: for, however respectable we think a man in large 
business, the French do not; but consider an idle man of 30/. 
per annum as much his superior. I have found this from ex- 
perience: as an amateur, you may command anything; but if 
you avow yourself wn commercant, ten to one but the tone is 
changed. When an Englishman is told the amount of property 
that some of these ‘* men of fortune” possess, it is impossible to 
repress a smile at the extraordinary smallness of the sum which 


contents them: but then sowpe aux choux (cabbage soup with- 
s 4 ae ha 


228 Notices suggested by a Tour in France. 


out meat) five days out of seven is cheap living, and coffee is 
also cheap; and these are all a Frenchman cares about at home 5 
though, if you take him to a restaurateur’ S, and treat him with a 
wood dinner, it is amazing how he will enjoy the good things of 
this life. 

Commercial Rose Nurseries in Paris. — Nothing can be more 
insignificant, both as to size and stock, than the nurseries of the 
commercial rose- -crowers near Paris: they seldom exceed one 
acre, and more frequently contain but half that quantity of - 
ground ; in which standard roses of all heights, and dwarfs of all 
SoS are grown in the same rows; presenting to a stranger an 
inextricable mass of confusion. It would be difficult to eae 
an order for a general good collection from any one of these 
nurseries ; but they are so numerous, that twenty may be visited, 
for twenty sorts of roses, with but little difficulty. I had con- 
cluded that M. Laffay, and one or two others, whom I knew to 
have been in our English nurseries, would have adopted, in 
some degree, our orderly arrangement ; but they had not in the 
least deviated from the custom of their neighbours; and M. 
Laffay’s little garden, of half or three quarters of an acre, was as 
full of roses and confusion as any that I saw. 

The Cemetery of Pere la Chaise. — 1 was much disappointed 
with the entrance to Pére la Chaise: it seemed an overgrown 
nursery of Chinese arbor vitaes; and, till you make your way to 
the upper part, where the larger tombs show themselves, the 
crowd of naked-stemmed evergreens has a miserable effect. 
This has arisen from the injudicious mode of planting; for it 
appears that every person may plant as many trees as he pleases 
around the graves of his friends: consequently, four Chinese 
arbor vitees thus ::, or six thus:::, are planted to hundreds 
of tombs, forming a dreary and unpicturesque mass. Many of 
the tombs in the upper part are decorated in much better taste: 
a few pots of flowers are placed on them, and kept in order by 
persons paid for that purpose. Standard plants of Robinza 
inérmis are very numerous; but they are not pendulous and 
eraceful enough. ‘The cypress, that appropriate tree, is not 
very abundant; and the weeping willow is still less so. ‘The 
most pleasing tombs are those with one weeping willow at the 
head, and flowers, or a cypress, at the foot. In a public cemetery 
like this, planting ought to be restricted to one or two trees for 
each grave, with flowers at liberty ; for, if planted capriciously, 
as this has been, the light and air must be soon excluded, and 
the tombs sought for as in a wood. I had imagined Peére la 
Chaise to be a large picturesque expanse of turf with magnificent 
tombs, graced by the light shadows of the weeping willow in 
contrast with the funereal cypress. You may, then, guess my 
disappointment in finding a wood of arbor vitees, intersected by 


On the Excretory Functions of Plants. 229 


rugged slovenly paths, such as would disgrace our common 
farmer’s gardens. Nothing, however, can be more beautiful than 
the view of Paris and its environs from the higher parts of Pére la 
Chaise; and some of the tombs individually are exceedingly im- 
posing and grand. How much it is to be regretted that a finish 
is not given to this interesting place by removing and thinning © 
the overgrown and crowded trees, and planting others more 
appropriate ; filling up the hollow paths, and giving some of 
‘them a fresh direction! In short, it ought to be under the 
management of a committee of taste, rather than left to indivi- 
dual caprice. 

Calvert's Nursery at Rouen. — From Paris I returned by 
Rouen to Dieppe. ‘This makes a pleasant variation; for the 
roads from the coast to Paris are all dull and uninteresting. 
My object in visiting Rouen was to look at the nurseries of the 
rose-growers there, more particularly at that of Calvert, about 
which some little controversy took place some months since in 
your Magazine. Mr. Calvert was not to be found; but one of 
his workmen walked round with me—not to show me roses, how- 
ever, for there were none to show, and a bill was up at the gate, 
“ To be let;” indeed, the place seemed to want a fresh tenant, 
for it looked desolate enough. Mr. Calvert, jun., who speaks 
broken English with great volubility, said that his father was 
going to leave for England, and that he intended commencing a 
nursery near London. I believe that he is now agent for the 
purchase of carriages in England for Louis-Philippe and the 
royal family of France; but has met with a great misfortune in 
the transit of one, which, for a time, has clouded his prospects. 

Sawbridgeworth Nursery, April 4. 1836. 


Arr. II. On the Excretory Functions of Plants. By Judge Burt. 


I HAvE read with much interest an account of some experiments 
relative to the excretory habits of plants, and can readily believe 
that they throw off those portions of their sap, or those matters 
that are taken up by their roots, which are not suited to their 
wants; yet I cannot subscribe to the deductions which have been 
drawn from this discovery in reference to agriculture; though 
these opinions are sanctioned by De Candolle, and seemingly 
adopted by Roget, in his Bridgewater Treatise. 'The deduction 
is, that plants of the same species cannot be grown successively, 
and successfully, in the same soil, on account of the noxious or 
poisonous excrementitious matters which are deposited there by the 
first crop. I think this an error, and that we have abundant 
facts in the New World to disprove the hypothesis. 


230 Designs for laying out 


The ejected matters, on being thrown into that great laboratory 
of vegetable food, the soil, must immediately become again 
blended, through the medium of water, with the vegetable food 
there deposited, and in nearly similar proportions as at first; 
and, consequently, may be as innoxious to the plant the second 
time as they were the first. But I have stronger reasons to offer. 
In the great secondary formation of West New York there are 
hundreds, and, I believe, thousands, of instances, where a wheat 
crop has been taken from the same field, ten, fifteen, and twenty 
years in succession, and in one instance at least twenty-two 
years, without any manifest diminution of product. Upon some 
of the alluvial flats of the Genessee, Sciota, and other western 
rivers, Indian corn has been grown twenty and thirty years in 
succession; and before their settlement by the whites, it was 
grown time out of mind, it is believed, by the natives. These 
facts are wholly irreconcilable with the proposition of M. Macaire. 
I apprehend it is the matters which plants retain, and which are 
carried from the field, and not those which they throw off, and 
are left in the soil, that unfit it for a repetition of the same 
crop; that it is the want of specific food, which has been dimi- 
nished or exhausted by the first crop, and not the presence of 
noxious matters, that renders a resort to alternation expedient 
and beneficial; and that it is the presence of the specific food 
of the wheat and Indian corn in the districts I have named, in 
yet unexhausted quantities, which has allowed these crops to be | 
taken during so many successive years. If any entire crop is 
left to decay undisturbed where it grows, and its substance is 
permitted to become again blended with the soil, fertility will be 
increased, and the same species may be grown every year, with 
increasing luxuriance. This is demonstrated in our prairies, 
and in our forests, where the same perennials and annuals are 
found constantly occupying the soil. It is proved, also, by the 
annual growth of the same weeds upon some of our badly 
managed farms, where annuals are permitted to occupy patches 
undisturbed, and to return again to the soil from which they 


have sprung. 
Albany, New York, Jan. 26. 1836. 


Art. III. <A Series of Designs for laying out Suburban Gardens and 
Grounds, from One Perch to several Acres in Extent. By Mr. T. 
Rutcer. Design 9. For laying out a Place of Twenty Perches (an 
Eighth of an Acre) in Extent. Design 10. For laying out a Place 
containing a Quarter of an Acre. 


Havine gone through what may be considered as the first part 
of the series of designs for suburban gardens, which consists 


Suburban Gardens and Grounds. 931 


Ml 
== 


merely of frontages, I shall now commence the second part, 
which will consist of whole places, the first of which is No. 9. of 
the series. This design (fg. 21.) comprises about 20 perches, or 


=| i 


ill 
_l 


Tm 

IRR 

Hil 
i 


=a 


ie | 
| | 
iN (] : Hl | 
rae, a aS | 
il a | t : gt 
a a 
a 
0 30 40 69 80 i 
; 


half a quarter of an acre. In fig. 21, ais the house, with the 
stable and yard attached, placed on the right, with an entrance 
from the road; and the kitchen and offices on the left, with the 
court in front. ‘The structure J, at the extremity of the garden, 
is intended for a tea-room. ‘There is a flower-border on each 
side of the central walk (c), with espaliers at the back, to shut 
out from view the culinary departments (d d). 


Trees of Switzerland. 233 


The design No. 10. is comprised in a quarter of an acre of 
ground. In fg. 22., the path e, from the road to the house, is 
supposed to be a covered way. ‘The stable is on the right, with 
a way to it from the mainroad. ‘The culinary department (/) is 
thrown partly round the flower-garden (g); and there is supposed 
to be a wall onthe north side, at #, for a few fruit trees. ‘The 
two small ovals on the south of the house, opposite zz, are in- 
tended for flower-baskets, if approved of. 

Portland Place, 1835. 


Art. IV. Notice of the Indigenous and Exotic Trees of Switzerland. 
By M. AtpHonse De CANDOLLE. 


SWITZERLAND is a country naturally favourable for the produc- 
tion of ligneous plants. It contains the highest mountains in 
Europe; and, from the rain which they attract, and the snow 
which is continually melting from their peaks, the whole atmo- 
sphere acquires a degree of humidity that is particularly favour- 
able for the growth of trees. At the same time, there are exposed 
places of the most varied description, which, combining with the 
different degrees of elevation above the level of the sea, at which 
they are found, produce a singular diversity of climate. 

If we enquire into the primitive state of this country, there 
seems little reason to doubt that a great part of the soil was once 
covered with an immense forest, uniting on the north-east with 
the celebrated Black Forest, so often spoken of by the Latin writers. 
By degrees the plains and the bottoms of the valleys were culti- 
vated ; but there stiil remains a considerable portion of the land 
(perhaps a fifth, or even a fourth, of the whole) covered with 
trees of different kinds. On the sides of the mountains, trees 
are found as high as 5000 ft. above the level of the sea; above 
which is found only a slender pasturage, crowned by eternal 
snows, which rise to the height of 8200 ft. 

According to the most copious and complete Flora of Swit- 
zerland which has been published (Gaudin’s Mora Helvetica, 
7 vols.), combined with M. Seuter’s Catalogue des Plantes des 
Environs de Geneve, the total number of ligneous species in 
Switzerland amounts to 218, of which 55 rarely exceed the 
height of 2 ft.; 101 are shrubs, varying from 2 ft. to 10 ft.; 24 
are shrubs and low trees, not exceeding 25 ft. in height; and 
38 are trees which surpass 25 ft. ‘These calculations must not 
be considered as exact, on account of the great difference pro- 
duced in different kinds of trees from the soil in which they 
grow: for example, the C¥tisus alpinus has been found, in 
some soils, to exceed the height of 35 ft., though, generally speak- 
ing, it seldom attains a greater height than 18 ft. or 20 ft. 


234 Trees of Switzerland. 


As the Flora of Gaudin comprehends 2313 flowering plants, 
it is evident that the ligneous species constitute one tenth of the 
entire vegetation of the country. In this number are compre- 
hended 50 evergreen trees and shrubs, which form about a fourth 
or a fifth of the total number of ligneous plants. It must be 
observed, however, that the proportion of ligneous plants which 
exceed 2 ft. is only about one eighth, and ‘of these not above 
one seventh exceed 25 ft. 

The genus Salix is that which contains the most species, the 
annie: being 32. There are also 13 roses, 5 Rhamni, 7 
ientaemnas | 8 Géniste, 6 CyYtisi, 5 Bétule, 5 Populi, 5 
Daphnes, &c. 

The trees which are most common in Switzerland, that is to 
say, those of which there are the largest forests, are, in the lower 
regions, oaks, pines, and firs; and, in the mountains, beeches, 
larches, pines, and firs. Thecelebrated naturalist Wahlenberg, 
who has so well compared the vegetation of Switzerland with 
that of Lapland, says that forests of beech are rarely found, on 
the mountains in Switzerland, more than 4000 ft. above the 
level of the sea, though some trees are occasionally found as 
high as 4600 ft.; the forests of the stone pine rise as high as 
4550 ft.; and those of Pinus sylvéstris and Abies excélsa, to 
5500 ft. Every person who has travelled in Switzerland must 
be aware of the preponderance of dark fir foliage in the forests, 
particularly in the more elevated regions. The larch is less 
common ; and it grows at different heights, particularly near the 
glaciers, and generally on the sides sloping towards the north. 
The Pinus Cémbra grows also at ice: heights, and forms 
forests; as does the Alnus viridis, which grows Sornesunes above 
the level of the firs. 4’Inus glutinosa is generally found in low 
damp places; and Bétula alba, in Switzerland, is never found 
above the height of 4400 ft., though in the north of Europe it 
rises above the limit of the firs. 

On the borders of the torrents there are a great number of 
willows, and Hippéphae rhamnoides. The sweet chestnut grows 
here and there in any soil that is not calcareous, and is found even 
at the considerable elevation of 2400 ft. It is evident that this 
tree requires a peculiar kind of soil, as in the western part of 
Switzerland, where it is common, it is scarcely ever found on 
calcareous soils. If sweet chestnuts ever succeed in soils where 
this earth predominates, it will almost always be found that they 
happen to be planted on a bed of sandstone. On the high 
mountains, above the limit of the trees, there are two species of 
#hododéndron (#. ferrugineum and £&. hirsutum), which are 
only bounded by the regions of eternal snow. Near these elegant 
shrubs are found the P¥rus Chameeméspilus, and a hybrid” be- 
tween that tree and Pyrus Ayia which well merits to be intro- 


Trees of Switzerland. 235 


duced into cultivation. Some species of willow (S. retusa, 
herbacea, and reticulata) spread over the uneven surface of the 
soil; and, as their branches are often covered with the earth, 
which the heavy rains wash over them, they present the singular 
phenomenon of trees which are more or less subterranean. The 
extremities of these branches form, sometimes, a kind of turf, 
and the astonished traveller finds himself, as we may say, walking 
on the top of a tree. The Salix herbacea is the tree that most 
frequently presents this remarkable appearance, because it gene- 
rally grows on steep slopes of loose soil, particularly among the 
fragments of schistus, that are easily penetrated by the melting 
snow and the rain. 

At the foot of the mountains, on the gentle eminences, the 
Arctostaphylos U'va-irsi, remarkable for its pink flowers and red 
fruit, grows freely, and covers large spaces of ground. 

The forests and brushwood of the less elevated regions present 
a great diversity of ligneous plants. Here and there are found 
beautiful specimens of 4’cer Pseddo-Platanus, Pyrus A‘ria, S6r- 
bus doméstica and aucuparia, several species of rose, Cotone- 
aster vulgaris and tomentdsa, Daphne alpina, Cytisus Zabarnum 
and alpinus, &c. This last species of C¥tisus, notwithstanding 
its specific name, is found much more frequently on the Jura 
than on the Alps. Near Geneva, for example, it is never found 
on the Alps, though it is found on the south side of the Jura. 
It is cultivated in preference to the C. Zabarnum, because its 
flowers are of a brighter yellow, its leaves are greener, and it is 
less liable to be attacked by insects. In German Switzerland, 
it is in great demand for the manufacturers of musical instru- 
ments. 

Switzerland derives great benefit from her forests. She ex- 
ports, both to France and Italy, a great proportion of the timber 
used in those countries for building, &c.; particularly the timber 
of the fir and of the larch. The fir and the beech are also used 
for fire wood; but the oak and the larch are more particularly 
the woods employed for construction. The larch is in especial de- 
mand, on account of its durability when covered with water, or in 
damp places. Its bark, according to Kasthoffer, is excellent for 
tanning. ‘The shepherds of central Switzerland make a number 
of vases, cups, spoons, &c., of the wood of the A‘cer Psetido- 
Platanus, which they sell to travellers, as the fruits of the labour 
of their winter evenings. The leaves of this tree are used as 
forage. In the canton of Glaris is prepared most of the wood 
used for inlaid work in England, Belgium, &c. _Baxus semper- 
virens, Sorbus doméstica, S6rbus aucuparia, and Cérasus avium 
also produce ornamental woods, which are used by cabinet- 
makers and upholsterers. 

In a country naturally so well wooded as Switzerland, there 


236 Trees of Switzerland. 


is little occasion for planting trees and shrubs, either exotic or 
indigenous. However, near Berne, large plantations of the 
Pinus Strobus have been raised from seed ; and it is said that this 
wood, at 25 years old, is much more advantageous to the planter 
than the common pine of the country. Forests of larch and 
fir are also sown, and for this purpose there are seedsmen for 
selling indigenous seeds. One of these, M. Thomas, at Bex 
(canton de Vaud), sells tree seeds by wholesale; and strangers 
may apply confidently to him for excellent seeds, especially of 
the larch, of which he sells a great quantity annually. This is 
particularly important for English planters, as it appears from 
the correspondence between Mr. Stephens and M. De Candolle, 
in the Bibl. Univ. de Geneve, Feb. 1835, and the Quart. Journ. 
of Agric. for 1835 (vol. v. p. 403.), that the larch seeds grown 
in Switzerland are much better for sowing in British plantations 
than seeds ripened in Britain. 

Some trees are in general cultivation in Switzerland both for 
their fruits and for their wood. Of these the common walnut 
(Juglans régia) grows in the valleys, and in sheltered situations 
about 2000 ft. up the mountains. It attains the height of the 
largest trees, and is much admired for its beauty and its ma- 
jestic habit of growth. Unfortunately, the introduction of the 
colza (the rapeseed plant), for making oil, has driven the 
walnut trees grown for that purpose from the plains; and there 
are already many parts of western Switzerland where much 
fewer trees are planted than are cut down. It is, however, 
consoling to reflect that, though the value of walnut oil has di- 
minished, that of the timber of the walnut tree has increased ; 
and it is evident that this wood, from its beauty, will be always 
valuable for cabinet-makers, &c. Cherry trees are cultivated to 
a great extent for their fruit, which is used in making kirsch- 
wasser, a liquor which becomes excellent when it gets old. ‘The 
mulberry is cultivated only on the southern side of the Alps; 
for example, in the canton of Tessin, of which the agriculture, 
the people, and the geographical situation are all alike Italian. 
Throughout the whole extent of Switzerland, up to about 3800 ft. 
above the level of the sea, we find pear and apple orchards, 
from which a great quantity of cider is made, though it is of an 
inferior quality. ‘The proportion of harsh and sweet fruits is 
not properly calculated, and the best mode of making the liquid 
is not properly attended to. It is true that the common drink 
of the country is wine, which forms an important article in Swiss 
agriculture, particularly in low and sheltered regions. 

The best vineyards, as to quality, are those of Valais and 
Tessin: they produce a sweet wine, often with a muscat flavour, 
analogous to some of the wines of Italy, the fault of which is, 
that they do not keep well. ‘The vineyards which border the 


On Lawrence's Plan for forming Plantations. 237 


lakes of Zurich and Thun produce a great quantity of wine, 
but it is of rather inferior quality ;*and Jose on the borders of 
the lakes of Neufchatel and Geneva produce a wine very superior 
to it. The wines of Cortaillod at Neufchatel, and those of 
Ivorne, of Lataux, and of la Cote, in the canton de Vaud, are 
most esteemed: they resemble the inferior Rhenish wines, and 
sell readily, on account of the proximity of the country in which 
they are made to those mountainous parts of Switzerland where 
the vine does not flourish. ‘The vineyards of the canton de 
Vaud are remarkable for the enormous quantity of wine which 
they produce from a given surface, in consequence of the manure 
which is lavished upon the land, and the care which is bestowed 
upon the vineyards by the vine-dressers. A produce of 800 or 
1000 franes the hectare [about two acres and a quarter] is very 
frequent; but the expense of cultivation absorbs two thirds of 
this produce. 

Cherry trees, apple trees, and pear trees are seldom grown in 
Switzerland at more than 3800 ft. above the level of the sea; but 
the vine is not grown higher than 1700 ft., or, at most, 1900 ft. 


Art. V. Remarks on Mr. Lawrence’s Plan for “forming Plantations, 
with a View to facilitating their after Management.” By Mr. Arcut- 
BALD Gorrie, F.H.S. M.C.HLS., &c. 


Peruaps there is no branch of rural improvement so much 
neglected as that of thinning young plantations; and, though it 
cannot be said that the evil consequences of such neglect have 
not been frequently pointed out by writers on arboriculture, yet 
a slight glance at the generality of young plantations is sufficient 
to convince any one acquainted with the subject, that judicious 
thinning is, in the forest, adesideratum. Your respectable corre- 
spondent, Charles Lawrence, Esq., (Vol. X. p.28.) has given some 
very plain directions as to “ forming plantations with a view to fa- 
cilitating their after management,” by planting in rows, and sub- 
sequently thinning out by rule; and, where the operation of mark- 
ing out thinnings depends on land proprietors, some sort of royal 
road may be necessary to relieve them from the “ irksome task,” 
which, by the method of your ingenious correspondent, may be 
safely committed ‘to any labourer, without superintendence.” 

Although this plan appears to me to be liable to several serious 
drawbacks; such as trees in rows being more exposed to currents 
of wind than when planted in the ordinary irregular way; the 
thinner being obliged to mark for cutting a given tree, although 
its neighbour might be the better plant to remain for timber ; 
and, ultimately, the trees being left all over the plantation at equal 


distances, for timber, without. respect to variety of soil or vigour 
Vou, XII.— No, 74, T 


238 On Lawrence's Plan for forming Plantations, 


of growth; yet, for the benefit of those proprietors who will not, 


or cannot, superintend the thinning of their own plantations, and 
who may not have it in their power to employ a skilful forester, 
I submit a few remarks on row planting, with illustrative tables. 
As to the mode of operation, anything like aid from a garden 
line, in extensive plantations, is out of the question : the planter, 


whether in setting or pitting, has only to keep in line with two. 


distant poles or objects, the same as a land surveyor does, who 
holds the back end of a surveying chain. The mode was much 
practised in Scotland about the middle of last century ; and some 


23 

a a Patty my Hg UH EH 

Hi idhleihtalhihaadbalbelval elke 

G ‘o) oO rH a 

5 Mi oO ) i i a i 

See Beal al 

i Ha Aas aii 

O) nti ia mus 

FSET 

AA ale wii: 

| aul ii 

BSS es 

) a a 

nd duu a aaa 

G aadheihallaaltalh : cally 

na i 

: WS TTR a 
haa aa 
o Al) OHO TG ONG SOOO: Civ f 
I AU oO 
i a ac hl a a a NK 
i edb alhedbedbeiedhadal hai 
o> ©: a hedmaaltaibeaslielkcl il by 
Hi Pa a eee. Mt 
we Pca Pa ea nl) 
ili a a a i a a 
Be EEE ‘| 
ea Ug a ac a i i 
indtasltdbin All Ard id T i ill al PRL 


plantations still standing show the accuracy with which trees were 
then planted in rows, on an extensive scale. 

In planting in rows, it should be kept in view, as far as pos- 
sible, to accommodate the plants to the soil most suitable for their 
growth; and this may be done by retaining the same lines, and 
varying the hard-wood plants according to the nature of the soil 
and subsoil over which the lines may pass; still preserving the 
same distance with hard wocd and nurses. For these nurses, I 
would prefer larch in general, as affording ample shelter in 
summer and autumn, while the plants are in a growing state; 
and, from their comparatively open nature, as well as being 
deciduous, they admit a sufficient quantity of air, at all times, to 
produce what Sir Henry Steuart would call “ protecting pro- 
perties” in the reserves: nor are their roots understood to be 
hurtful to the growth of any of the hard-wood trees. Although 
I would, in ordinary circumstances, not recommend planting 
closer than from 4 ft. or 6 ft., yet, as on some poor soils, and ex- 


with a View to facilitating their after Management. 239 


posed situations, closer planting may be advisable, I have, for the 
sake of illustration, commenced the plantation represented in 
Jig. 23., at 3ft. plant from plant, in squares; introducing hard- 
wood plaaes (say oak) at 12 ft. apart, interlined as mar ked by the 
darkest spots. Supposing this a plantation ultimately to stand 


either as oak coppice, larch, or Scotch pine, the first thinning 


i 


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might be necessary some time between the 6th and 9th years, 
according to soil and locality. The first thinnings may be useful 
for tops of dike fences, short hurdles, and rustic fancy work; and, 
by taking every other plant, as marked (fig. 24.), the plants re- 
24: 
ce Mle i Hl i he 
lial il i i 
: lt | hi ii i, < 
Me i eae 
il: i ‘i ie i i 
Ht i / Mi 
il a i : Wh Mi i, i i 7 
ib 
i NG i 
ees all 1 a i 
nea tet i i it ie i , 
ee: iG i 
is ‘if if a cu 
| | Ai a a Aa ile i 
: seat 
| bi HK al ii! i Hi \ si nil i! S ‘i 
ete 
il al le Hil ii i ath i hi 
maining will be interlined without the trouble of conspicuous 
“knots” on a garden line in planting. If hard wood is inter- 
mixed as indicated by the dark marks, the larch nurses may 
be “ Billingtoned” [have their side branches foreshortened] where 
they interfere with the reserves, before the second thinning, which 
should take place between the 15th and 20th years, according to 
circumstances ; when the thinnings will be useful for palings, 
bosses [hollow cones in the centre of corn ricks, to admit the air], 
and other rural purposes. In this thinning, it will be observed, 
that all the nurses in the line of reserves, whether these reserves 
are of soft or hard wood, are removed; and the entire rows next 
to them, with the half of those left at the previous thinning in the 
middle row. This will leave the mass rather irregular, as ap- 
pears from fg.25. ‘The nurses left should be finally removed 
some time between the 20th and 25th years from planting, leaving 
the reserves, whether larch, Scotch pine, or oak coppice, at 12 ft. 
apart, and regularly merle: or quincunxed, as some call it, as 
T 2 ; 


240 On Lawrence's Plan for forming Plantations. 


represented in jig. 26. For oak coppice, the stools may stand 
rather wide at 12 ft., unless the soil is very favourable. On high 


26 
it | RT 


i" i | 
ee 
ir | i i 
{ ' Hani 
| ae AN ees | 
Mi Ha Vy cil 
i | Hi | a 
i aN lane 
tl lil | ll | Th | 


and poor lands, the distance may be sufficient for the ultimate 
crop of larch or Scotch pine. On lower and richer soils, this 


Treatment of Green-house Plants in Summer. 241 


distance is too little; and, in such cases, the original distance 
at planting should be wider (say 4 ft., 5 ft., or 6 ft.) ; which, by 
following out the principle offered, would afford a proportionally 
large space at the first, intermediate, and final thinnings: a fourth, 
or even a fifth, thinning, on the same principle, would place the 
reserves regularly at any required distance. 

To those who may feel inclined to adopt and act upon this 
system of row planting, the above remarks are submitted: but, 
from the general tenor of the communication by Mr. Lawrence, 
I doubt not but that gentleman will agree with me in saying 
that, when plantations are under skilful and judicious manage- 
ment, planting regularly irregular possesses many advantages, 
which cannot be obtained where the fate of every tree in the 
wood is fixed at the moment of putting it into the ground. 

Annat Gardens, Jan. 16. 1836. 


Art. VI. On the Treatment of Green-house Plants in the Summer 
Season. By AN OBSERVER. 


GaRDENERS generally allow their young men a few days during 
summer to visit the neighbouring gardens; and, having lately 
had a perambulation of a few days, I have been induced to note 
down the following remarks on what I saw. I have not unfre- 
quently observed Cape heaths, acacias, and other green-house 
plants, while out of doors during the summer months, huddled 
together close to garden walls, or under the drip of trees, one 
hanging east, another west by the neck over the pot; some 
peeping through Marchantza polymorpha, and some climbing, 
interwoven one with another: in fact, looking as if they belonged 
to nobody. Some of your readers may think I am exaggerating ; 
but I can assure them that what I have stated is a fact. I could 
mention several places where the green-house plants are treated 
as above; but I forbear doing so, lest I should give offence : but 
Ihave no doubt many readers have seen it frequently both in 
England and Scotland. After the plants are removed into the 
green-house, supposing them to have been treated in the above 
manner, a great many may be expected to die; and then who 
is in fault? Why, the foreman. When he (the foreman) has in- 
formed his master ofasickly or dead plant, of course he will ex- 
amine it; and then he will say, ‘“* Why, you have drowned it: ” 
or make some equivalent remark ; though, in all probability, the 
plant was virtually dead before it was brought into the house, 
owing to having been so long soaked with heavy rains, without 
the enjoyment of a free current of air. Now, if the plants were 


treated in a proper manner while out of doors, many of these 
tT 3 


242 Mode of grafting Rhododéndron dlta-clerénse. 


unpleasant meetings between masters and their men would be 
avoided ; and not only that, but both the master gardeners and 
their employers would have the pleasure of looking at healthy 
and vigorous-growing plants. I by no means wish to insinuate 
that no plants would die under good treatment; but it must be 
allowed, that it would give them a fairer chance to live. The 
mode of treatment that I would advise is, that, when the plants 
are turned out in summer, let them enjoy a partial shade (but 
by no means place them close under a garden wall), and let 
them have a free current of air; attend to watering, tying them 
up, &c. I would also recommend syringing morning and even- 
ing, while the weather continues hot ; and, by attending to the 
above, I have no doubt the plants will do well. 
November 14. 1835. 


Art. VII. Notice of a successful Mode of grafting the Rhododéndron 
dlta-clerénse. By Mr. JosepH WALKER. 


Havine been successful in propagating Rhododéndron Alta- 
clerénse in a way that I have not before seen practised, I make 
it known to you, hoping that my doing so may induce others 
to practise it; and trusting it may be the means of making this 
scarce species of this beautiful genus of plants more abundant. 
Calling at Chatsworth last spring, I observed that they had a 
fine plant of it beautifully in bloom; and I begged the favour of 
Mr. Paxton to allow me to take a small sprig, which he kindly 
permitted me todo. I then inserted the end of the sprig into 
a potato, and brought it home with me a distance of eight or 
nine miles. Happening to have a small plant of Rhododéndron 
ponticum in a pot, I cut it down to about 5 in. above the pot, 
and grafted it in the whip manner with the small sprig thus pro- 
cured, letting the end still remain inserted in the potato. I 
then clayed it, and put it under a hand-glass in a cool vinery, 
where it united to the stock, and is nowa healthy plant, standing 
out under a south wall. 

Banner Cross, near Sheffield, Nov. 10. 1835. 


Art. VIII. Remarks on cropping Fruit-tree Borders. 
By Mr. T. Rurcer. 


Tue articles which have occasionally appeared in your Maga- 
zine, upon the injury that wall-fruit trees sustain by cropping the 
borders, seem to leave no doubt that the system has an injurious 
effect; and, therefore, whatever may be advanced towards reme- 


On cropping Fruit-tree Borders. 243 


dying the evil is, I think, worthy of regard. Every practical 
gardener cannot help appreciating the value of a south border 
for early crops of peas, beans, kidneybeans, &c.; and, in spite 
of the regard he may have for his fruit trees, and the desire he 
may feel to see them in a prosperous condition, still, he will very 
reluctantly give up that portion of the garden which is so ad- 
vantageous for the purposes of an early crop of the more delicate 
kinds of vegetables; and, although such a crop, whether of peas, 
or any other, may, according to Mr. Errington’s hints (p. 129.), 
be obtained within a week of that on a wall border, still this 
will not sufficiently gratify those who pride themselves on being 
the first in their neighbourhood to succeed in bringing an early 
crop to perfection, and with whom the priority of a single day 
may be considered a triumph. 

In order, therefore, to secure the advantages necessary for wall- 
fruit trees, and for obtaining early crops of vegetables at the 
same time, a totally different system from that which heretofore 
has been generally pursued seems to be necessary. I would 
therefore suggest that, in the laying out of a new garden of con- 
siderable extent, a compartment should be appropriated expressly 
for the purpose of growing early crops of vegetables; and that 
in this compartment there should be erected screens of some 
material or other, running east and west, say at about 20 ft. 
distant from each other, and about 6 ft. high, between which 
borders and walks might be formed. With regard to the ma- 
terials to be used for the erection of such screens, it may be left 
to the judgment of those who may be favourably disposed to the 
plan here hinted at; taking into consideration the most efficient, 
and, at the same time, the cheapest mode of carrying the plan 
into effect. In old gardens, where it may be inconvenient to 
have a new compartment attached, I should recommend one, or 
part of one, of the quarters to be appropriated for it; and, 
whether in a new or an old garden, the most sheltered spot 
might be selected for the above purpose. ‘These screens, if 
constructed of solid materials, and which would be best for the 
refraction of light and heat, might be also convenient for train- 
ing young fruit trees, growing tomatoes, &c. ; and, if not wanted 
for such purposes, a row of peas or kidneybeans may be sown 
close to the screen, the former of which might be confined to 
it with strands of bast, or any other material; and in this posi- 
tion they could easily be protected from early cutting winds and 
sharp frosts, and thus enable the cultivator to sow earlier, with 
a prospect of almost certain success. 

If objections arise against the allotment of a compartment for 
permanent screening, I should recommend something of the 
kind that might be portable, constructed in about 10 ft. lengths, 


to be fixed in any part of the garden that might be considered 
T 4 


244 Observations on the Cultivation 


best for the intended crop; and, on the removal of the crop, the 
screening might be taken away, and laid by against another 
season. 

All, [think, will agree with Mr. Errington, that, where fruit 
trees of any description, whether for standards, espaliers, or for 
Dutch training, are planted on the margin of the quarters, the 
borders on which they stand shou!d never be digged; but the 
misfortune is, that, in general, gardens are found to be too small 
for carrying every thing into operation that the gardener may wish, 
and, in many instances, it is necessary that every inch of ground 
be made available for some purpose or other. 

63. Portland Place, March, 1836. 


Art. 1X. Observations on the Cultivation of the Vine under Glass. 
By Jasper Watvace, Gardener to William Forsyth, Esq., of 
Clayton. (This Essay gained the first Prize at the St. Andrews 
Horticultural Meeting, in September, 1835, as mentioned in Vol. XI. 
p- 714.) 


Brrore making any observations on the culture of the vine, it 
will be necessary for me to make a few remarks on what I con- 
sider the best method of constructing the vinery. Instead of the 
common practice of building the front wall of the house on pil- 
lars, I would advise it to be made a solid wall from the founda- 
tion, as I consider an inside border to be more injurious than 
beneficial to the roots of the vines. The principal cause of the 
shrinking of early-forced grapes is, indeed, in my opinion, owing 
to the roots being over-heated, and not having sufficient mois- 
ture, which, when they extend far in the interior of the house, it 
is impossible for the most experienced to be aware of at all times, 
without too often disturbing the roots of the vines. Having given 
my objections to an inside border, and explained why I would, as 
before mentioned, make the front wall solid from the foundation, 
I may add, that it will be found a saving of expense. I consider 
upright sashes of no use, which, also, would be a considerable 
saving ; and I would recommend the back wall to be made much 
higher than it commonly is, as the vines always fruit best at 
their extremities. I would also advise the house not to be made 
so wide as is usual, which will give less strain upon the rafters; 
and, instead of wooden walks, I would have the floor of the house 
paved with stones, which would look much better, and be no 
more expense in the end. I consider 2 ft. sufficient height for 
the front wall, as the lower it is, the less strain there will be on 
the roof, and the less height will be required for a back wall. 
I think that the rafters should be thinner and deeper than usual ; 
and, instead of the trellis being hung by bolts at a considerable dis- 


a. 


- 


of the Vine under Glass. Q45 


tance from the rafters, I would have it fastened to the lower 
edge of them, in order to keep the young wood and fruit as near 
the glass as possible. Where there is only one house to be 
erected, it would certainly be much better to make it circular in 
front, as it would be more exposed to the sun’s rays. With re- 
gard to the construction of the flues, if the house is to be warmed 
by fire heat, I would recommend them to be made lower and 
much wider than they commonly are, as the greatest heat always 
proceeds from the top of them. I would have the furnace or fire- 
place made much larger than usual ; as, by having plenty of room 
to make up a large slow-burning fire, the operator has it more 
in his power to keep a steady heat in the house, than when the 
fireplace is small, and he has to stir it often to keep up the re- 
quired heat in cold weather. 

I now come to the preparation of the border. The situation, if 
not naturally dry, must, of course, be rendered so by draining. 
The best bottom, in my opinion, is one formed of large flat stones, 
got from the top of a lime rock, which is of a nature that would 
assist the growth of the vines when they reached it. The border 
ought not to be deeper than from 2 ft. to 3 ft.; as, if itis more, the 
roots of the vines will get away from the action of the summer 
weather, and the good of the manure that may be put on the 
surface. Instead of having the border almost composed of a 
stiff clay, as is often the case, I would have it formed of decom- 
posed turf and good black earth, with a sufficient quantity of 
decomposed cow-dung, vegetable mould, and cold [slaked] lime, 
well mixed by frequently turning it, and which should be allowed 
to lie for two years if convenient. Having the border filled in 
and subsided, I would plant the vines in rather poor soil, as the 
roots will run farther in such soil, the first year, than in a strong 
rich soil. I would have good strong plants planted close to the 
wall on the outside, and introduced through holes made in the 
building, from 4 in. to 6 in. in diameter, projecting upwards to- 
wards the inside, and proceeding from a few inches above the 
surface of the border on the outside. 

I would not plant more than one plant for every two sashes 
in the house, as the less the roots are interwoven with one an- 
other the better; and there is no difficulty in filling any house 
in this way. I would train up only two shoots the first year, 
keeping the sashes of the house on all the first season, until all 
the leaves have fallen off; at which time I would cut down both 
shoots to three buds. ‘The second season, I would put on the 
sashes on the first of March, giving plenty of air through the 
day, and shutting up at night. It will be observed, that I have 
allowed three buds to remain on each shoot of last year’s growth, 
which will produce three for every sash this year, which I would 
train up to their full length. There should bea little fire put on 


246 Observations on the Cultivation 


this season, about the latter end of August, at night, or when 
the nights turn cold; and this fire should be continued until 
every leaf falls off. ‘The third season, I would allow the shoot 
in the middle of the sash to remain, nearly to the top of the 
house, cutting down the other two to two buds, or eyes, which 
will produce two shoots on each side of the fruiting one, and 
which are to be trained up to their full length. ‘The house may 
be shut up about the 1st of March, and the fire lighted about 
the middle of that month, the heat being raised gradually to 75°, 
at which it may be kept until the fruit is ripe; when it should be 
allowed to fall off by degrees, but not entirely discontinued until 
the whole of the leaves have fallen off. 

I now come to the winter pruning for the fourth season. It 
will be observed, that I had one fruiting shoot, and four young 
shoots, for every sash last year: the old one I would allow to 
remain, with spurs of three buds, and one of the young shoots 
on each side of it, nearly to the top of the house; the other two 
I cut down to two buds, which will produce two young shoots 
on each side of the three fruiting ones, to be trained up to their 
full length. If the vines have been all along treated as above, 
they will now be very strong, and will be able to stand forcing 
nearly a month earlier, if required ; and also more heat than when 
they were younger: indeed, I consider that vines, after they 
have attained to the age of standing forcing, should have much 
more heat than is commonly given to them. 

J will now describe my method of winter pruning for the fifth 
year, which will show how I would continue it. It will be ob- 
served, that I had three fruiting shoots, and four young ones, for 
every sash last year; the spurred one I cut away altogether, and 


spur the two which had only fruited one year, with two of the - 


young shoots, which will leave two for cutting down, to produce 
four young shoots again. Now, it will be seen that I have always 
two spurred shoots, and two young shoots fruiting, and two to 
cut down; which is not only a regular method of pruning, but 
one which will keep the vines in a far more growing state, than 
the common methods of having so much old wood upon them. 
It will be seen by this regular method of winter pruning, that the 
summer pruning can be done in much less time, which is also an 
advantage, by my method of performing ; which is, to pinch offall 
- the laterals which may appear below the fruit, and one bud above 
it; continuing to pinch off all above the next bud, as the plants 
grow, for the whole season. With regard to the number of 
bunches which I would allow to grow on each fruiting spur, it 
should be all that set well, as the vines will be able to bring to 
maturity almost all the fruit they show, if treated in the manner 
I have endeavoured to describe. 

I have said that vines, in my opinion, should have more heat 
than is usually given to them. I have forced vines at 76° of fire 


of the Vine under Glass. Q47 


heat, and I am convinced they never should have less, from the 
flowering season until the fruit is at maturity. With regard to 
watering, I commence, as soon as the fires are begun, with ¢ syring- 
ing the vines with water which has been kept in the house for a 
night, and continue so to do every night until the vines show 
flower; at which time I give all the steam possible by pouring 
water on the flues when the fire is made up for the night; a 
practice which cannot be overdone except when air is required, 
if there is no frosty weather to be apprehended. I consider the 
middle of the day by far the best time for watering, giving 
plenty of air at the time; as the flues require to be warmed too 
hurriedly to keep up the heat if the watering is done at night, as 
is the usual practice. As to giving air, I consider there should 
be a little admitted as soon as the thermometer rises a very few 
degrees above the medium heat of the fire ; 3 and that it should 
never be allowed to rise much more than 5° above it; at which 
heat the house should be shut, when the sun gets late and the 
fire stirred up ; but the heat should not be raised too hastily. The 
thining of the grapes, in my opinion, should be done very care- 
fully, as soon as they are fairly set, too much should not be done 
at once ; and they should be gone over a second time shortly after 
the first. 

With regard to the surface manuring of the border, as soon 
as the wood of the vines is fully ripe, it should be forked over 
about 2in. deep, with a blunt dung-fork, and 6 in. of the best 
cow-dung should be put on. To supply liquid manure for the 
border of one house, get one bushel of common salt, as much 
black soap, and a quantity of the drainings of stable-yard dung, 
all put into a large cask, and allow it to stand for a week ; after 
which, mix it with a large quantity of rain water, and put it re- 
gularly over the border; then put on as much common earth 
as will completely cover the dung, but no more. In this state 
the border should remain until the month of April, when there 
should be none of this covering taken off; instead of nearly taking 
off the whole, as is the general custom, and often digging the 
border nearly a full spade deep, and cropping it with potatoes or 
cauliflowers, which is, certainly,'a very wrong practice. All that 
should be done to the border in the spring is, to break the sur- 
face well with a rake, and sow the whole with dwarf annual flower 
seeds. It will be allowed by every one, the least conversant with 
the nature of vegetation, that the nearer to the action of the sum- 
mer weather the roots of any plant are the better; and, as the 
vine is a plant which requires a great deal of food, its roots run 
in search of it wherever it can be found: so this very rich surface 
which IJ have directed to be made will be found, on examination, 
to be full of the roots of the vines, and it is the very life of them, 
to have sufficient nourishment so near to the surface. 

September, 1835. 


248 Suspended Trellises in early Forcing-houses. 


Art. X. Description and Result of suspended Trellises in early 
Forcing-houses, as a Method for more readily forwarding Vines, 
&c. By Mr. Caries Puttar, Gardener to J. L. Goldsmid, Esq., 
Champion Hiil, Camberwell. 


I wave under my charge a hot-house, of the curvilinear con- 
struction, 40 ft. long, heated by hot water, with vines planted 
outside, and introduced through the front wall; there are also 
vines planted inside on the back wall, trained on the spur system ; 
and there is a pine-pit in the centre, containing pines in a fruit- 
ing state. ‘The command of artificial heat is sufficient, and there 
is no obstruction of light; but, when the sun shines bright, the 
internal air is heated to excess, as the means of admitting the 
external air are limited; consequently the vines are exposed to 
extremes in sunny weather ; and, if not carefully attended to, they 
would receive a severe check in cloudy weather and in cold 
nights, being near the glass. 

To give, in some measure, more uniformity to the heat, I 
lowered the vines by tying them to iron rods belonging to another 
house not in use; fixing their lower ends, and suspending the 
upper ends at pleasure. One half of the vines in the house were 
thus let down from the glass about 3 ft. or 4 ft. The other vines 
were trained in the usual manner to the fixed trellises, 12 in. from 
the glass. 

The comparative results, even in the same house, after two 
months’ trial, were in favour of the lowered vines, which were more 
than two weeks in advance; they being in a state to be thinned 
in their bunches, while the vines kept near the glass were only 
in flower. Another advantage was in productiveness ; as, though 
those nearest the glass showed bunches of grapes generally, yet, 
owing to the variableness of the season, and their being so near 
to the wet, many of the bunches failed in perfecting their fruit, 
and were consequently useless. 

The above remarks give a proof favourable to the experiment 
of suspended trellises, upon the conditions mentioned, at the first 
stages of the course of forcing; and, also, after the fruit has been 
gathered, it will be of beneficial effect in preventing the vine 
leaves from being dried up; and they will be better preserved to 
perfect their fruit buds for the after-season, likewise affording 
succession of fruit in the same house. ‘The mode I had recourse 
to was only temporary; but the trellis might be constructed in 
such a manner as to be lowered or raised at ease, and in little 
time; so thai, if it were found necessary to give air to the back 
of a hot-house in case of several successive sunny days, the vines 
might be let down, and at night raised to any distance that might 
be deemed proper. 

I have thus given but general ideas; however, at the end of 


Potatoes and Dahlias on the same Ground. 249 


the season, if an opportunity offers, I will detail more minutely 
the full result of the fruit ripening, and all the sorts of grapes 
in the house, if you deem it necessary, and will forward them 
for observation. 


March 26. 1836. 


[We shall be happy to receive the details to which our cor- 
respondent alludes; and, in the meantime, we hope he will 
favour us with his method for destroying the white scale (see 
p- 160.), to which he refers in his postscript. ] 


Art. XI. A Plan for growing Potatoes and Dahlias on the same 
Ground, and in the same Season. By J. H.R. i 


I am fearful that I shall be thought troublesome, if I give you 
my plan of growing potatoes and dahlias; yet some of your 
numerous readers, who are fond of profitable and ornamental 
gardening, may like to follow it. In the autumn, when the leaves 
have nearly ail fallen from the trees and shrubs, and the seediing 
weeds are near coming to seed, I fork over all the spare ground 
where crops have been growing, which leaves it in a neat state 
during the winter. In February, I piant my potatoes (the early 
Shaws), which I generally put into the ground whole; but, if the 
potato is large, I divide it by drawing the knife through the 
middle of the cluster of eyes at the end of the potato. I begin 
planting the large beds, having the first row a convenient distance 
from the edge; after setting down the line, I dig a trench with- 
out treading upon the spade, and, as I.come back, clean out the 
trench to about 4in. deep. I put in the sets, then remove the 
line 3 ft. or 34 ft., and dig another trench in the same manner, 
having a wooden rake by me to pull in the earth over the sets, 
and rake the ground even as the work of planting goes on. I 
next remove the line 2 ft., and dig another trench, which leaves 
but sufficient space for the moulding up of the potatoes. I next 
remove the line 3 ft. or 34ft., and so on. As soon as the 
potatoes are grown a sufficient height to be seen, I fork the 
ground one fork wide on each side of the row, by thrusting in 
the fork and pressing it down, so as to raise the earth, and thus 
leave it, not to throw it out. When the plants are sufficiently 
high, I mould them up, observing to mould them highest on 
the wide side, so as to give the stalks an inclination to fall be- 
tween the narrow rows, where they are to be kept, so that one 
side of each row may have the full benefit of light and air. 
About the middle of May, I put on between the wide rows a 
slight coat of dung, and dig it in close to the moulding of the 


250 Culture of the Chicory, 


potatoes. By this plan the potatoes do not get at the dung, 
until they are in a fit state to bear it without injuring their 
flavour. I plant the dahlias 5ft. asunder between the wide 
rows of potatoes, placing a stake about 2 ft. high to each plant, 
for the purpose of supporting it, and marking the place where 
a taller stake is afterwards to be placed. In July and August, 
the potatoes are taken up, and the ground cleared. If the 
weather should be dry, and the dahlias likely to require water, 
I then make basins round the plants before levelling the soil. 
Since I have adopted this plan, I have had a more > abundant 
crop of potatoes, and of better flavour; and, instead of the 
ground appearing as if lying waste after they are gathered, I 
have something to look at. As my garden rises on each side 
from the centre walk, I can assure you the dahlias, when the 
colours are well mixed, make a very pretty appearance. 
Saffron Walden, March 9. 1836. 


Art. XII. On the Culture of the Chicory as a Salad Plant, as 
practised in Belgium. By Dr. Lippotp, Author of the “ Taschen- 
buch der verstandi gen Girtners.’ 


Durine my journey through Belgium, in the months of Ja- 
nuary and February of the year 1834, I was struck with seeing 
a winter salad on the landlord’s table, and another in the vege- 
table market, which recommended themselves as much to the eye 
by their beautifully yellow and red speckled leaves, as to the taste 
by their agreeable bitter. I enquired the name of this salad, and 
was informed that it was called the Chicorée de Bruges all 
over Belgium. It is grown in a cellar, like the wild chicory 
(Cichorium J/ntybus £.), which the Parisian vegetable-growers 
bring in such quantities to market, and which is called, jocosely, 
Barbe de Capucin. ‘There is, however, one difference: the thick 
_ roots of the Chicorée de Bruges produce broad leaves, and lux- 
uriant young shoots ; whilst the roots of the Barbe de Capucin, 
or wild chicory, have such small leaves, that a bundle of fifty 
roots scarcely produces a moderately sized plateful of salad ; while 
from one dozen of roots of the other a good-sized dish of salad 
can be obtained. My predilection for garden culture induced 
me to procure seeds of this vegetable, and the following inform- 
ation for its cultivation. 

The seed is sown about midsummer, in deeply dug garden soil, 
well manured with rotten dung: it should be but thinly sown, so 
that the plants may have sufficient space to grow. When the 
young plants produce leaves, they should be thinned, so that each 
plant may stand at least 1ft. apart from the others. ‘Those that 


as practised in Belgium. 251 


are taken out may be replanted in another place. It is to be 
understood that the ground must be kept free of weeds, and well 
watered from time to time. About the end of October, or the 
beginning of November, forcing begins, when the roots that are 
too long should be cut off, and all the leaves also, except those in 
the very centre. The roots are then planted in a bed of earth, ina 
cellar that is of a moderate warmth and completely dark; the bed 
should be broad, and consist of light garden mould, neither too 
damp nor too dry; and the plants should be either one foot, or 
two thirds of a foot, from each other, and watered moderately. 
In the course of a month, the produce may with certainty be ob- 
tained. ‘The largest outer leaves should only be taken, and those 
in the centre left to grow. It may easily be seen from these di- 
rections that the cultivation of the chicory is very simple; and I 
will only add a few words on the subject from my own experi- 
ence. On my arrival in London, I gave some of the seeds to my 
esteemed friend and patron, William Christy, Esq., Clapham 
Road, who permitted his gardener to sow them. Although the 
seed was sown tolerably thick, on the outer edge of a bed, the 
plants grew so luxuriantly without any attention or care, that their 
dark green thick bushes of leaves covered the whole border 2 ft. 
broad. I think the chicory in this state might be cooked as spinach; 
but Ihave not yet tried it, though it is well worth the trouble. 
The plants, however, would not do so well for producing winter 
salad if they were to be forced, after having been deprived of their 
leaves in summer for spinach. I found, to my astonishment, in 
the autumn, that the roots, notwithstanding the plants had been 
suffered to remain too close together, had grown as thick as the 
finger, and were from 13 ft. to 2ft. long. I observed two va- 
rieties amongst the plants; one had curly leaves, very much cut, 
and of a uniform green colour; the other had varied green and 
brown speckled leaves, quite smooth round the edges. Both 
kinds equalled my highest expectations. Agreeably to the di- 
rections, I took off all the outer leaves, and planted the roots in 
Mr. Christy’s cellar. ‘They were sixty in number ; and I planted 
them half a foot apart: in the course of a month they produced 
fine strong leaves. ‘The first variety had beautiful pale yellow 
curly leaves ; but the second was much more splendid, with red 
and yellow mottled leaves, of a very agreeable bitter taste, and 
very tender. ‘This salad is not only very wholesome, like all the 
chicories, but is a true ornament to the table, and has the ad- 
vantage of being grown very clean. During the space of two 
months, I never saw a decayed leaf in the cellar, a snail, or any 
vermin whatever. As I have two plants keeping for seed, if it 
ripen, I shall be able to give you and other friends of gardening 
some next year. I only wonder that this chicory is not so well 
known in France and England as it deserves. I have only to 


252 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


remark, in the last place, that these plants differ as much from the 
coffee chicory, as from the wild chicory and the common 
chicory, while they, perhaps, are only a variety of the latter. 

10. Commerce Place, North Brixton Road, Dec. 1835. 


Art. XIII. Floricultural and Botanical Notices on Kinds of Plants 
newly introduced into our Gardens, and that have originated in them, 
and on Kinds of Interest previously extant in them ; supplementary 
to the latest Editions of the “ Encyclopedia of Plants,” and of 
the “ Hortus Britannicus.” 


Curtis’s Botanical Magazine; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 3s. 6d. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Dr. Hooker, 
King’s Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow. 

Edwards’s Botanical Register ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 4s. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Dr. Lindley, 
Professor of Botany in the London University. 

Sweet’s British Flower-Garden ; inmonthly numbers, each containing 
four plates; 3s. coloured, 2s. 3d. plain. Edited by David Don, 
Esq., Professor of Botany in King’s College, and Librarian to the 
Linnean Society. 

Maund’s Botanic Garden, or Magazine of Hardy Flower Plants cul- 
tivated in Great Britain; in monthly numbers, each containing 
four coloured figures in one page; large paper Is. 6d., small 1s. 
Edited by B. Maund, F.L.S. 


Lindcee. 

921. LI‘NUM, 
*Berendiéri Hook. Berendier’s © ?_] or ?2 au YO Bejar 1835 S s.1 Bot. mag. 3480 
Synonyme: Plotziz Hook. MSS. 

An exceedingly beautiful and new species of Linum, dis- 
covered by Mr. Drummond at Rio Brazos and San Felipe, and 
introduced by him into our gardens in 1835. In the Glasgow 
garden, it has been kept in a cool frame, where it flowered in 
August; but there is reason to think it may prove a hardy 
annual, and, if so, it will be a valuable acquisition to our gardens. 
(Bot. Mag., April.) 

Leguminacee, or Fabacee Lindl. 

9144. KENNEDY 4. 
*1938la Stirling? Lindl. Stirling’s § t_Jor ?3 ap S Swan River 1834 ?C s.p Bot. reg. 1845 

« A graceful green-house trailing plant, native of the Swan 
River. It was raised by Robert Mangles, Esq., of Whitmore 
Lodge, from seeds given to him by Sir James Stirling, the 
governor of the colony, in compliment to whom it has been 
named. It has thin, broad, pale green leaves, fringed with 
long weak hairs; and its twin scarlet flowers sufficiently charac- 
terise this species, which, moreover, is botanically remarkable. 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 253 


for having its bracts collected into a whorl, or even. grown toge- 
ther into a little involucre.” 
Rosdcee. 


1528. POTENTI’LLA Ef. (gard. 542 
*13613a mollissima Lehm. softest-leaved SY A ori1i jis Y Europe 1832 S co Marind’s bot. 


A free-flowering and showy sort of Potentilla, raised from 
seeds sent from the Berlin Botanic Garden. Mr. Maund has. 
some doubt whether it is a distinct species: he says, “ It 
approaches near to Potentilla Thomaszz of Tenore, and, pro- 
bably, may be the identical plant.” It ripens seeds, and requires 
no peculiarity of management. (Bot. Gard., April.) : 

41506. CRATZ*GUS 12908 microcarpa Lindi. Bot. Reg. 1846.; C. spathulata Eiliot, Fl. S. Carol. i. p. 525. 5 

Arb. brit. t. 31. k.; not of Michaux nor of Pursh. 

Spec. Char. Subspinose ; leaves in fascicles, oblong-cuneated, 
3-cleft, lobed and crenated, smooth, shining; corymbs many- 
flowered; calyx smooth; segments ovate, quite entire; fruit 
ovate subrotund, smooth, 5-celled; stone thin. (Zzndl.) 


“ Few hardy plants are more deserving of general admiration, for the neat 
ness of their foliage, the diversity of their manner of growing, the beauty of 
their flowers in the spring, or the gay appearance of their numerous richly 
coloured haws in the autumn than the various species of the genus Cratz‘gus ; 
and yet they are little known, except to the curious collector. They are not 
very frequently seen in gardens, if we except a few varieties of the common 
hawthorn; and botanists themselves. have paid them but little attention. I 
therefore propose to avail myself of the circulation of this work for the pur- 
pose of bringing the subject into more notice, and of showing how very well 
deserving the species of Crate‘gus are of general cultivation ; but, as they are 
very much alike in flower, and as their strongest claims to be considered orna- 
mental plants arise from the beauty of their leaves and fruit, it is in the latter _ 
state that they will generally be represented. C. microcarpa is, according to 
Elliot, a native of the upper districts of Georgia and Carolina ; in Colombia 
county, Georgia, common, growing to a small tree, from. 12 ft. to 15 ft. high. 
It was also collected in an unusually spiny state by Mr. Drummond, in the 
province of Texas. Elliot confounds it with C. spathulata, which, as described 
by Michaux and Pursh, must be a different species in the way of C. parvifolia, 
and allied to C. virginiana of the English nurseries. In this country, C. micro- 
c4rpa is a small tree, with slender, smooth, drooping branches, and something 
of the habit of the white thorn. Its leaves have a very handsome appearance, 
and are remarkably shining and deep green ;. they usually grow in clusters; have 
a long stalk, tapering upwards into.a blade, which is sometimes. nearly entire, 
with only a tooth or two at the end; sometimes they are 3-lobed with cre- 
nated segments; and occasionally they are deeply 3-parted ; their form is 
always more or less spathulate. The stipules of the more vigorous branches 
are large and leafy. The flowers are white, and appear in May, or the begin- 
ning of June, at the same time with those of C. cordata, and later than most 
others. The fruit is rather abundant, but small; and, although bright red, 
does not make much show upon the branches. The sides of the stones of the 
fruit are unusually thin for a Cratze‘gus.”” (Bot. Reg., April.) 

12923 heteroph¥lla Bot. reg. t. 1161. and t. 1847 

Spec. Char. Leaves bright, falling off late, lanceolate-cu- 
neate, toothed at the apex, 3-cleft, pinnatifid, segments serrated ; 
tube of calyx fusiform; cymes many-flowered; flowers 1-styled ; 
fruit ovate, including one put, with a hard bony shell, and one 

seed; stipules large, pinnatifid. (Zzndl.) 
Vox. XII. — No. 74. U 


254 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


‘“‘ The tree,” Dr. Lindley observes, from which the drawing in the Register 
was taken, “is one of the handsomest in that very extensive collection of 
hardy trees and shrubs. It forms a dense pyramidal head, leafs among the 
first of the genus, and is soon covered with a mantle of snow-white blossoms. 
After the latter have fallen away, the leaves become fully developed, and, from 
their shining surface, neat figure, and firmness of texture, render the tree still 
a beautiful object. Finally, the rich crimson of the numerous haws, which 
adorn the branches in the last days of autumn, harmonises beautifully with the 
fading verdure of the leaves.” (Bot. Reg., April.) 


We have quoted the specific characters of this and the pre- 
ceding species, and Dr. Lindley’s remarks on them, at length, 
in order to lend our aid in attracting attention to this very in- 
teresting genus of hardy trees and shrubs. We are much gra- 
tified to find that Dr. Lindley proposes to bring them into more 
notice, and to show, as quoted above, ‘“ how very well deserving 
they are of general cultivation.” We have been endeavouring 
to impress this on the readers of this Magazine for the last three 
years, and, we hope, not without some effect. We have already 
figured thirty-five sorts in the Arboretum Britannicum, the entire 
trees drawn from nature, from specimens in the Horticultural 
Society’s Garden, or in the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges, to a 
scale of 11 in. to 4ft.; and the botanical specimens, ali from the 
same sources, and all drawn by Mr. Sowerby on wood, to a scale 
of 2in. to 1 ft. We have more species and varieties to figure 
before our monograph of this genus in the Arboretum will be 
complete; and, besides these, we mean to give, in the same 
work, figures of one leaf of each species and variety, the exact 
size of nature, traced from the real leaves, in the same manner 
as we have done figures of the leaves of the species and varieties 
of the genus 4 cer in the number of the Arboretum for April. 
We rely much more on figures of this genus, as, indeed, of 
most others, than on descriptions, however elaborate ; for thorns 
vary so much in the size and shape of their leaves, and in the 
absence or presence of spines and bracteze, that we do not see 
how it is possible to frame a specific character in such a manner 
as to embrace only those points which are common to all the 
forms of the species, and, at the same time, enable any one to 
make out the species in any one of its forms. In fact, this may 
be said of specific characters and botanical descriptions gene- 
rally; and hence the necessity of dried specimens and drawings 
or engravings. yen specific characters, drawn from dried 
specimens, drawings, or engravings, cannot, in many cases, be 
altogether depended on: and, in proof of this, we may refer to 
any genus of which there are more than a dozen species which 
are not all natives of the same country, or which have not been 
seen together in the same garden, for several years, by some 
botanist who has described them. Nothing, in our opinion, 
will ever enable botanists to bring their characters and descrip- 


o 


suppeementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 255 


tions to perfection, but seeing all the species of a genus growing 
together in the same garden, and studying them there for several 
years. Things, however, must go on as they are for a long 
time; but, however impracticable the possibility of studying all 
the species of a genus in the same garden may seem at present, 
it is an object that, with the progress of civilisation and science, 
will certainly be ultimately attained. When there shall be bo- 
tanists and botanic gardens established in almost every country, 
and a universal intercourse among botanists, it will then be a 
comparatively easy matter to assign to each garden the genus or 
genera which it ought more particularly to contain. 

To return to the figures in the Botanical Register: they are 
most beautifully executed; and, being of the natural size, and 
coloured, and of species more absolute and limited in their forms 
than most others of the genus, they cannot fail to enable any one 
instantly to recognise the species they represent. 

Onagracee. 


1183a. GODE‘TTA Spach. (See Gard. Mag., xii. 135.; unexplained, but, doubless, a Latinised proper name.) 
*lépida Lindl. pretty © prl1s aus Pk California 1835 S It. Bot. reg. 1849 


«¢ A pretty new annual, found in California by Mr. Douglas, 
and raised in the garden of the Horticultural Society, in July, 
1835. In some respects, especially in the spots on its petals, 
it resembles Godétéa (Ginothéra) quadrivilnera, but is more 
handsome than that species: in reality, it is more nearly allied 
to Godétza (Hnothéra) decimbens ; but that species, independ- 
ently of its glaucous leaves, decumbent habit, and whole- 
coloured flowers, has less shaggy and more linear fruit.” (Bot. 
feg., April.) 

The genus Godetza has been formed from certain species of 
Ginothéra, by M. Spach, a German botanist resident in Paris, 
who has published several monographs of both herbaceous and 
ligneous genera, in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Copies 
of several of the latter M. Spach has been kind enough to send 
us, together with dried specimens illustrative of his names, and 
for which mark of attention and kindness we take this oppor- 
tunity of returning M. Spach our best thanks. We shall notice 
M. Spach’s arrangement of the hardy ligneous genera, to which 
he has directed our attention, in the Arboretum Britannicum. 

Melastomacee. 


3345. CHAETOGA/STRA. 
*gracilis Hook. slender (ZA) pr 1 jn R. Li Brazil 1834 S pl Bot, mag, 3481 


An extremely beautiful melastomaceous pliant, raised in the 
Glasgow Botanic Garden, from seeds received from the col- 
lector, Mr. Tweedie, who sent them from South Brazil. It 
requires the heat of a stove, and blossoms in June. (Bot. Mag., 
April.) 

U 2 


256 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


Compésite, § Tubuliflore, §§Senecionidea, §§§ Helenite, §§§§ Ga- 
linsogeee, §§§§§ Madicéee. 


*OXYU‘RA Dec. (It is supposed that this word is from ozxus, sharp, and owra, a tail; but its 
application is not obvious.) [ Bot. reg. 1850 
*chrysanthemoides Dec. Chrysanthemum-like © or 14 aus Y California ?1834 S Itl 


A new genus of Composite, placed by M. De Candolle, in 
his catalogue of the genera of that order, in the second edition 
of Dr. Lindley’s Natural System of Botany, in the subdivision 
Madice. 

A hardy annual, found by Douglas in California, and sent by 
him to the Horticultural Society. Dr. Lindley remarks that, 
though it has “ very much the aspect of Chrysanthemum coro- 
narium, except that it is not half so tall, it agrees very nearly in 
structure with the widely different genus Média.” Tt flowers in 
August and September, “ ripening “seeds in abundance.” ( Bot. 
Reg., April.) 

Scrophularidcec. 


45, VERO’NICA L. 
*343a exaltata [?Hort.] lofty y A or4 jlau B Siberia 1816 D It.1 Maund’s bot. gard. f. 543 


‘¢ A well-marked and distinct species, which is far from being 
the case with many of this extensive genus. It is a plant of 
elegant growth; and its handsome spikes of blue flowers are 
very orn namental, equal, if not supErTlOny! to any Veronica with 
which we are acquainted. i 

It does not increase very freely, but may be divided every 
autumn; and, doubtless, might be propagated by cuttings of the 
stems, planted in sand, and covered with a glass. (Bot. Gard., 
April.) 

Evicacee. 


[2d series, t. 330. 
+11041. ZENO‘BIA specidsa D. Don, in Edin. Phil. Journ., July, 1384, p.152.; Swt. B. Fl. Gard. 
Synonyme: Andromeda speciosa Mich. ; Hort. Brit. No. 11041. 


The genus Zenobia has been formed by Professor Don from 
a part of the species previously included in Andrémeda. It is 
«¢ dedicated to the illustrious Queen of Palmyra, alike celebrated 
for her virtue, learning, and misfortunes.” (Brit. How.-Gard., 
April.) 


1339. RHODODE’NDRON 4343 flavum D. Don, Syn.: Azalea péntica sla fl. gard. 2. i t. 331 
var. *coronarium D. Don garland-flowered Séor7 my.jn_ rich Y oll. 1832? s.p.l 


This is one of the new Ghent azaleas, as they are commonly 
called in the nurseries; a number of the species of that genus 
being now united with Rhododéndron. This variety may be 
considered as an improvement of the commonest kind of azalea 
sold in the nurseries; its flowers are of a rich yellow, and are 
produced in large compact clusters. Professor Don remarks 
that it ‘‘*may be regarded as the handsomest of the yellow- 
flowered kinds.” (Brit. Flow.-Gard., April.) 

Euphorbiaceze. 

*Poinséttza (Gra.) *pulchérrima Gra., Huphdrbza Poinsettia 


supplementary to Eincyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 257 
Buist MS., mentioned by Mr. Peter Mackenzie of Philadelphia, 


in p. 209., as a splendid plant, is recorded in Jameson’s Journal 
for April, vol. xx. p. 412., as having been introduced to the 
Edinburgh Botanic Garden, by Mr. James Macnab, in Nov., 
1834, and/as having flowered twice there in 1835; subsequently, 
with Dr. Neill, at Canonmills; and again in the Edinburgh 
Botanic Garden, in Feb., 1836. From the information com- 
municated by Mr. Macnab, it has been imported into several 
British collections from Mr. Buist’s garden. ‘‘ Nothing can be 
more ornamental,”’ Dr. Graham observes, ‘in the stove. The 
rose-like whorls of bractesze which terminate the branches have 
been seen, on the large plants cultivated at Philadelphia, as much 
as 20 in. across, and equal in colour to the finest tints of Hi- 
biscus #osa-sinénsis. There can be no doubt that it forms a 
new generic type, though, in several species of Huphorbea, espe- 
cially Z. spléndens, there are the rudiments of the remarkable 
septa found in the involucre here. J] have dedicated it, if not 
to its original discoverer, at least to one who has first brought it 
into cultivation, and into general notice among botanists, and 
from whose exertions many additions to our collections of plants 
from Mexico are expected. At Philadelphia the plant is ex- 
posed in open air during summer; but is placed in the stove 
during winter, at which season, or early in spring, there, as 
here, it seems to have its period of flowering.” (Edin. New 
Phil. Journ., April.) 
Orchidacee. 


2569. ANGRASCUM. [r.w Bot. reg. 1844 
*caudatum Lind? tailed-labellumed €& (XK) cu 13? au WYG Sierra Leone 1834? . 
“A most remarkable new species of Angre‘cum, imported from Sierra 
Leone by the Messrs. Loddiges, in whose collection the accompanying draw- 
ing was made in August last. At present it is exceedingly rare, and is likely 
to remam so; for it seems to be-one of the most difficult of the tribe to 
manage successfully. In the nursery at Hackney, it is attached to a piece of 
wood suspended from the roof of the stove for epiphytes. The most curious 
point of structure in this species is the unusual length of its spur, which mea- 
sures 9in. from its base to its two-lobed apex. The only parallels to this, 
among all the orchideous plants I am acquainted with, are those of Habe- 
naria longicatda, figured in the Botanical Magazine, t. 2957., and of Angre’- 
cum sesquipedale of Du Petit Thouars’s Orchidee, t.66. and t.67. For what 
wise purposes these extraordinary appendages may have been destined by 
nature, we may well be unable to imagine. It would seem that they must be 
added to the vast list of objects which, to our confined apprehension, appear 
merely intended to exhibit the endless diversity of power of the Creator,? 
(Bot. Reg., April.) 
2537. MAXILLA‘RIA. [reg. 1848 


truféscens Lindl. brownish ¢ (XJ) cu 34 d Yshspot Trinidad ?1834 D p.r.w Bot. 
Synonyme: M. fuscata Hort. 


Described in our Vol. XI. p. 588. Imported by Mr. Low of 
Clapton. It flowered at Chatsworth in 1834, and is now gene- 
ral in collections; in some, under the name of M. fuscata. “ By 


no means one of the prettiest of the genus; nevertheless, its 
u 3 


258 Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 


yellow labellum, richly spotted with crimson, is a beautiful 
object, when closely examined.” (Bot. Reg., April.) 


3478, PERISTE‘RIA Hook. [3479 


*péndula Hook. pendulous €@ (GJ or1 ja Gsh W Demerara ?1835 D p.r.w Bot. mag. 

“« This fine plant unquestionably belongs to the curious genus 
Peristéria, of which only one species (P. elata Bot. Mag., 
t. 3116.) was hitherto known, and that was a native of Panama. 
The present one was imported, with many other varieties, from 
Demerara, by John Allcard, Esq., in whose stove, at Stratford 
Green, it flowered in January of the present year, and who 
kindly sent us the drawing here engraved, from the pencil of 
V. Bartholomew, Esq., Associate of Painters in Water Colours.” 
(Bot. Mag., April.) 

Amaryllacee. 

*Sceptranthes Graham (from sképtron, a sceptre, and anthos, 
a flower; in allusion to the length of the perianth, which is 2 in. 
Jong, and 14 in. across) +Drummondz7z. This is a new name, pro- 
posed by Dr. Graham to be given to the Zephyranthes Drum- 
mondzz of Don, in Sweet’s Brit. Flow.-Gard., 328., and our 
No. *8022a, p. 184. The reason given is as follows: — “ The 
length of tube, and especially the adhering filaments, seem to 
me to remove the plant from the genus Zephyranthes; the 
greater shortness of the tube, the less flattened limb, and the 
stipitate germen prevent me from uniting it to the genus 
Coopéria.” (Edin. New Phil. Journ., April.) 


REVIEWS. 


Art.I. Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. Second 
Series. Vol. I. Part V. 4to. London, 1833. 


(Continued from p. 85.) 


43. Journal of Meteorological Observations made in the Garden of 
the Horticultural Society, at Chiswick, during the Year 1831. By 
Mr. Robert Thomson, Under Gardener in the Fruit Department. 


44, A Report upon the Varieties of the Bean cultivated in the Garden 
of the Horticultural Society. By Mr. George Gordon, Under Gar- 
dener in the Kitchen-Garden Department. 


Tus Report and one on Peas, by the same experienced author, 
which we shall give in next Number, “‘are intended to reduce the 
discordant nomenclature of the seed-shops to something like order ; 
to enable the gardener to know the quality of the sorts he is 
unaccustomed to cultivate; and, above all, to prevent his buying 
the same kind under different names. ‘The results which have 
been arrived at are taken from the observations of several suc- 


Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 259 


cessive years, and the comparison of many thousand samples ; 
from which it appears that only eleven kinds of beans can be dis- 
tinguished among forty-three reputed varieties. 


“1, Dwarf Fan. French Synonyme: Féve naine a chassis. English Sy- 
nonymes: Fan or bog, dwarf cluster or bog, broad. — Stems about 23 ft. high. 
Blossoms white. Pods short and nearly round, seldom containing more than 
three beans, which are white, small, and nearly oblong. A very abundant bearer, 
rather late and of good quality. 

“2. Early Mazagan. French Synonyme : Féve de Mazagan. English Sy- 
nonymes : Mazagan, Stidolph’s new early.—Stems about 44 ft. high, but some- 
times more, if the seeds are sown early. Blossoms white. Pods rather short, 
seldom containing more than four beans, which are small, oblong, and thick, of 
a white colour. This is the best bean in the collection for early sowing, as it is 
hardy, a good bearer, and early. 

“3, Red-blossomed. French Synonyme: Feéve a fleurs pourpres. English 
Synonymes: Early asper, scarlet-blossomed, purple-blossomed. — Stems about 
42 ft. high. Blossoms varying, sometimes of a light red, at others of a dark 
crimson colour. Pods short and much pointed, seldom containing more than 
three beans, which are small, short and thick, of a rusty white colour when 
ripe. This is only fit for ornament ; it is but a moderate bearer, and will not 
keep long after gathering, as it soon turns black. 

“4, White-blossomed. Enghsh Synonyme: White-blossomed long pod, — 
Stems about 4ft. high. Blossoms pure white. Pods rather long and nearly 
round, mostly containing four beans, which are small and nearly oblong, of a 
rusty white colour when ripe. This, like the preceding one, is of very little 
value, as it bears but moderately. 

“5, Violette. French Synonyme: Feéve verte de la Chine. — Stems about 
44 ft. high. Blossoms white, with the vexillum striped with brown, and two 
dark brown spots on the alz. Pods long and broad, mostly containing three, but 
sometimes four beans, which are large and broad, white stained with purple 
when young, but when ripe, of a dark red colour. This is atolerably good bean, 
and worth growing as it is somewhat later than the Mazagan in coming into 
use. 

“6. Long Pod. French Synonyme: Feve a longues cosses. English Sy- 
nonymes : Common long pod, hang down long pod, early long pod, large long 
pod, sword long pod, Windsor long pod, moon, Wrench’s early moon, Lisbon, 
early Lisbon, Sandwich. — Stems about 43 ft. high. Blossoms white, with the 
vexillum striped with brown, and two brown spots on the ale. Pods lon 
but not very broad, mostly containing four, but sometimes five beans, whic 
are large, broad, thin, and white. This is a good bean, and of excellent 

uality. 
Me 7. Dutch Long Pod. — Stems about 5 ft. high. Blossoms white, with the 
vexillum striped with brown, and two brown spots on the ale. Pods long 
and broad, containing five or six beans, which are large, broad, and white, 
This is the best bean in the collection for general cultivation, a good bearer, of 
good quality, and rather late. 

“8. Green Long Pod. French Synonymes: Feéve verte, Féve toujours verte, 
English Synonymes : Green nonpareil, green Genoa. — Stems about 44 ft. high. 
Blossoms white, with the vexillum striped with brown, and two dark brown 
spots on the ale. Pods long, and not very broad, mostly containing four beans, 
which are small, oblong, and rather thick, of a green colour, both when young 
and when ripe. This is one of the best bearers, and a good bean for summer 
use, as it is rather late and looks well even if a little old. 

“9. Windsor. French Synonyme: Féve de Windsor. English Synonymes : 
Kentish Windsor, Taylor’s Windsor, broad Windsor, Mumford, small Spa- 
nish. — Stems about 43 ft. high. Blossoms white, with the vexillum striped 
with a dark brown, and two brown spots on the ala. Pods short and very 

vu 4 


260 Catalogues of Roses. 


broad, seldom containing more than two beans, which are very large and 
nearly round, of a white colour. This is the best bean in the collection for 
summer use, as it remains longer in perfection than any other, except the green 
Windsor. The Mumford is only the smaller seed of the common Windsor 
bean separated by sifting. 

“10. Green Windsor. English Synonyme: Toker. — Stems about 5 ft 
high. Blossoms white, with the vexillum striped with brown, and two brown 
spots on the ale. Pods short and broad, seldom containing more than two 
beans, which are large and very broad, and, like the green long pod, retaining 
their green colour after being ripe. 

“11. Dark Red. English Synonyme: Red Windsor. — Stems about 4 ft. 
high. Blossoms white, with the vexillum striped with brown, and two dark 
brown spots on the ale. Pods short and broad, mostly centaining two beans 
(but sometimes three), which are large and broad, of a light red colour when 
young, and of a very dark red when ripe. This is a good kind, but is not 
liked by the cooks on account of its red colour; it is of good quality, and 
rather late. 

“The following are the best sorts for spring or early sowing: — Early Ma- 
zagan and green long pod. For summer or late sowing :— Windsor, Dutch 
long pod, and green Windsor.” 


SED SRS PTR REESE 


Art. II. Catalogues of Roses. 1. A descriptive Catalogue of Roses, 
cultivated and sold by T. Rivers and Sen, for 1835-6. 2. A 
Catalogue of Roses, cultivated by Mr. Hooker, at his Nursery Gar- 
dens, Brenchley, near Lamberhurst, Kent. 


In both these catalogues the different sorts of roses are classed, 
and shortly described and priced; on which account they both 
well deserve the patronage of the public. In Vol. X. p.509., we 
have noticed the very excellent observations on rose culture con- 
tained in the first edition of Mr. Rivers’s catalogue; and these 
are repeated in the present edition, with several additions. In 
order that our readers may judge of both the Sawbridgeworth 
and Brenchley collections, we shall give the following summary 
of each. : 

Mr. Rivers’s catalogue contains: Moss Roses, 24 sorts; 
Provence, or Cabbage, Roses, 25; Perpetual, or Autumnal, 
Roses, 49; Hybrid China Roses, 90; Varieties of Rosa alba, 
24; Damask Roses, 19; /?. gallica, 100; Select Roses of un- 
certain origin, 25; Climbing Roses, 52; China Roses (&. 
indica), 70; Tea-scented China Roses, 51; Miniature, or Dwarf, 
China Roses (2. Lawrenceaza), 16; Noisette Roses, 65; l’Isle 
de Bourbon Roses, 38 ; Musk Roses, 10; Macartney Roses, and 
R. microphylla, 10; Sweet Briars, 17; Scotch Roses, 27; 
Miscellaneous Roses, 101; Variegated Roses, 42. 

Mr. Hooker’s catalogue contains: of Rosa bracteata, 2 sorts, 
and 22 Hybrids; &. alpina, Hybrids, 6; &. sulphurea, 2; 
R. spinosissima, #2, pimpinellzefolia, 15; Hybrids of ditto, 2; 
R. centifdlia, 17; Hybrids of ditto, 7; Pompone Roses, 5; R. 
muscosa, 18; R. damascéna, 14; &. portlandica, 32; R. gal- 


oe a a 


Sig ae ee 


Works on Gardening, Agriculture, &c. 261 


lica, 89; F. alba, 20; Hybrids of ditto, 3; A. rubiginosa, 6; 
Hybrids of ditto, 5; &. lutea, 2; &. indica odorata, 18; Hy- 
brids of ditto, 2; R. bengalénsis, 32; &. Lawrencedna, 7; 
hi. Noisettzana, 25; R. Bourbonzdna, 11, Hybrids of ditto, 6; 
Hybrids of Bengal and China Roses, which flower only once in 
the year, 64; FR. arvensis, Hybrids of, 3; 2. sempervirens, and 
Hybrids, 9; R. moschata, 4; R. Bankstg, 2; R. multiflora, 
and Hybrids, 6. 


Art. III. Catalogue of Works on Gardening, Agriculture, Botany, 
Rural Architecture, &c., lately published, with some Account of those 
considered the more interesting. 


LE CuLtTivaTEvR, Journal Belge d’E’conomie Rurale; Recueil 
de Connaissances Pratiques et Raisonnées d’ Agriculture. 8vo. 
Nos. 1, 2, and 3., for July, August, and September, 1835. 
Bruxelles. Price 6 francs a year for Belgians, and 8 francs for 
foreigners. 


This periodical is more agricultural than horticultural; but 
it contains some good articles in both departments; and, being 
circulated at so very low a price as 5s. a year in Belgium, can- 
not fail to do much good among the reading cultivators of that 
country. An article by M. Van Mons recommends raising po- 
tatoes from seed, not so much for the sake of obtaining new 
varieties, as such, but because the old varieties are continually 
degenerating. 


Annales des Jardiniers Amateurs, Suite aux Annales de la Sociéte 
d’ Agronomie Pratique. In monthly numbers, 8vo. Paris. 
Price, yearly, 10 francs in Paris, and 14 francs if sent to other 
countries. 


We have received two or three numbers of this work, which 
appears to be a sort of Florist’s Magazine, being chiefly occu- 
pied with descriptions of dahlias, roses, &c. 


Fitstoire Naturelle des Iles Canaries. Par MM. P. Barker 
Webb, and S. Berthelot, Membres de plusieurs Académies et 
Sociétés savantes: ouvrage publié sous les auspices de M. 
Guizot, Ministre de lInstructicn Publique. Fol. and 4to. 
Paris, 1836. 


Of this splendid work, published under the immediate pa- 
tronage of the French government, 5 numbers have appeared. 
The publisher and the authors spare no expense or trouble to 
render it worthy of the advanced state of art in the capital of 
France, and a model for similar publications. The authors, 
both of whom have been long accustomed to such studies, and 


262 Works on Gardening, Agriculture, &c. 


who are not unknown in the scientific world, after a residence 
of several years in the Fortunate Islands, returned to Europe 
with immense collections in all the departments of natural 
history, accompanied by numerous observations, manuscripts, 
and drawings. ‘The greatest part of these materials they will 
elaborate themselves; but other parts they have confided to 
those who more especially dedicate themselves to the particular 
branches of science to which they relate. M. Valenciennes, the 
celebrated collaborator of Cuvier, in his great work on ichthy- 
ology, has undertaken the fish. M. Brullé, Azde-Naturaliste at 
the Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle, a young entomologist of the 
highest merit, will describe the insects; Col. Bory de St. Vincent 
has arranged the ferns; Dr. Montague has classified the acoty- 
ledonous plants; and Messrs. Brongniart, Cordier, Geoffroy St. 
Hilaire, De Jussieu, and other distinguised professors of the 
Jardin du Roz \end their advice and cooperation. 

The first artists in each line are employed ; and lithography, 
according to the new method of engraving on stone, or copper- 
plate, is employed, as either method best suits the subject in hand. 

The work will be composed of 50 numbers, appearing twice 
a month. LKach number contains 12 or 16 pages of text, with 
5 or 6 plates; and the publisher, desirous of seconding the dis- 
interested views of the authors, has offered them at the moderate 
price of 6 francs the plain, and 12 francs the coloured, copies. 

The whole will form three volumes in imperial 4to, with an 
atlas of from 25 to 30 plates of large dimensions ; and will con- 
tain altogether upwards of 300 lithographic engravings and 
copperplates besides, vignettes, cul-de-lampes, &c. 

The first volume, which may be subscribed for separately, will 
be dedicated to the conquest, the history, and the statistics of 
the Canaries; together with the relation of the journey, the 
costumes of the country, and whatever is strictly picturesque. 

The second volume will comprehend the geography, geology, 
and zoology of the country; under which latter head the mol- 
lusca, insects, reptiles, fish and birds will be separately considered. 

The third volume will contain the flora, or an enumeration 
and phytographical description of the vegetation; and the bo- 
tanical geography, or a comparison of the vegetable produc- 
tions with those of other countries, and their leet distribution 
as to situation and altitude. 

Mr. Webb is the proprietor of the arboretum at Milford, and of 
Messrs. Young and Penny’s Nursery ; and, as he has kindly sent 
to that nursery seeds of many of the plants that will be described 
in the above-announced work, we have given this lengthened 
notice of it, thinking that some of our readers, purchasers of 
these fine plants, might like to become subscribers, in order to 
know something about their natural habits and habitats. The 
agent in London is Mr. Hunneman, Queen Street, Soho. 


General Notices. 263 


Art. IV. Literary Notices. 


THE Flora Domestica, or History of Medicinal Plants indige- 
nous to Great Britazn, illustrated by numerous coloured plates, 
by Benjamin H. Barton, F.L.S., will be published in parts. 
Part I. to appear on May 2. ‘The work will contain a correct 
description of all the medicinal plants growing wild in the woods 
and fields of this country, and such as are cultivated, and easy 
of access in our gardens. ‘The history of each plant will com- 
prise its botanical and popular character; its poisonous qualities, 
if any; the uses to which it has been applied in medicine, the 
arts, and in rural and domestic economy; the mode of appro- 
priating its active principle, with the proper doses, &c. 

Illustrations, with a Topographical and Descriptive Account, of 
Cassiobury Park, Hertfordshire, the seat of the Earl of Essex, by 
John Britton, F.S.A. &c., is about to be published by subscrip- 
tion. Cassiobury is interesting in an antiquarian point of view; 
and also on account of its noble Gothic mansion, its beautiful 
garden scenery, and its very picturesque lodges and cottages; 
erected, for the most part, from the designs of the present earl. 
Mr. Britton’s work will consist of about 40 pages of letterpress 
in folio; and, at least, 30 embellishments by Turner, Alex- 
ander, Hearne, Elridge, and Pugin. The publication will be 
limited to 150 copies; 20 of which will have the plates coloured, 
price 6 guineas each; and the others will be 3 guineas each. 


MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. 


Art. I. General Notices. 


METHOD of preserving Plants during a long Voyage. — The following letter 
was communicated to Messrs. G. C, and R. W. Fox, and Co., by Capt. R. 
Gillies, of the ship Hibernia : — 

In accordance with your wishes, I have much pleasure in describing to you 
the mode in which the plants brought by me from Calcutta were put up. 
The plants were all intended for the green-house in England, and, I presume, 
were of a delicate kind. Each plant was in a box, 6 in. square, by 1 ft. in 
depth, filled to the top with a kind of clay; and, no doubt, well saturated 
with water, previously to being put into the large outer box, which contained 
eight of these small ones. 

The large box was constructed in the usual way; that is, a glazed roof 
about 2 ft. high, the glass strong enough to resist the fall of a small rope, or 
other light body. It was hermetically closed with the common Chunam * of 
the country, and was never opened during a voyage of five months. When 
we arrived in England, the plants were all in beautiful health, and had grown 
to the full height of the case, the leaves pressing against the glass. 

In dry weather, I always observed moisture within the glass, which was 


* A sort of lime, used in India as a cement for plastering houses, &c. 


264 General Notices. 


caused, no doubt, by the evaporation of the earth, and was again absorbed by 
the plants. 

It is difficult to account for the perfect health of the plants, without the full 
admission of the atmosphere ; but oxygen sufficient was probably admitted, 
either through the pores of the wood, or otherwise. It is, however, a fact, 
that no water was given to them during the voyage, and that they were landed 
in excellent order. — Robert Gillies. Hiber nia, Falmouth Harbour, October 2. 
1835. (The Third Annual Report of the Roy yal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, 
Falmouth, 1835. Svo. 2s. 6d.) 

The House Fly. — At the Entomological Society, on Monday, a paper by 
Lieut.-Col. Sykes was read, on excluding the house fly. ‘The mode adopted was 
a net made of different-coloured meshes, of about three quarters of an inch 
square, and which, when placed against a window, was found quite effectual in 
excluding the visits of these troublesome insects from the outside of the room. 
The same experiment was tried with meshes made of the finest black thread, 
1im. square, which proved to be equally effectual. The approach of wasps 
was also prevented by the above mode, very few finding their way within the 
boundary. This was accounted for by an optical illusion in the eyes of the in- 
sect, of the highly magnifying power of vision, and the small focal length. 

Now that netting can be procured at the low price of 2/.1s. 3d. for thirty-three 
square yards, gardeners might try whether, by covering a hot-house with such 
a net, they could not exclude both birds and wasps. They might also apply it 
over standard cherry trees, and over various kinds of newly sown seeds ; and, 
lastly, they might place it before the windows of their own cottages, to exclude 
the common house fly. 

A cheap and durable Netting for Garden Purposes has lately been brought 
into notice by Messrs. Howden, who manufacture the article on a new princi- 
ple by steam. This principle consists in making the knot of the inesh move- 
able, by which means it expands when the cord swells with wet. The expansive 
power possessed by this netting renders it much stronger than any other, as it is 
well known that all nets manufactured in the ordinary manner fail first at the 
knots, from the wet swelling the cord immediately above and below them, and 
thus tearing asunder at the point where the tightness of the knot prevents 
the cord from expanding. Messrs. Howden’s nets are manufactured in pieces 
of thirty-three yards long by ten yards wide, when the meshes are not strained 
tight ; but, when they are thus strained, the length and width of the piece are 
considerably increased. A piece of this netting containing thirty-three square 
yards, will cover a wall ninety-nine yards long and 12 ft. high; and the cost of 
such a piece is only 2/. ls. 3d. Thus, if this netting were put three times 
over the trees, it would not be so expensive as bunting (which, when new, is 
8d. per yard), or any other covering now in use for garden purposes. Pieces 
of this netting may be manufactured of any size and shape. It would form 
excellent netting for covering a cherry orchard, such as that described, and 
accompanied by : an engraving, in Vol. III. p. 396. 

Rowland’s Metallic Wire and Metallic Nails, —1n order that these articles 
may have a fair chance of extensive trial, we have figured specimens of seven 
different sorts, which Mr. Rowland has sent us, viz.: Nos. 8.to 20. in jig. 27. ; 
and also the two metallic nails, Nos. 21. and 22. in the figure. The utility of 
the wire is thus described by Mr. Rowland : — 

“First, in securing wall trees: from its preventing any vermin or insects from 
harbouring on them (as they do on list); and from its durability, which is far 
superior to that of either listing or matting, while its softness and pliability far 
surpass copper or brass wire, and it does not canker, cut, or verdigrise the 
trees. 

“ Secondly, in securing vines: it will not cut or injure the young branches, 
as it is of a very elastic nature; and, in point of cheapness, it is much less ex- 
pensive than any other wire, listing, or even string; it also occasions a saving 
of time in securing or tying, as it is ‘fastened by only one turn of the wire. 

** Thirdly, in flowers the same as vines, labeling trees, &c.” 


2 ae 


Gencral Notices. 265 


As the fitness of this wire for general purposes must depend much on its 
cost, relatively to that of other materials, we give the following scale of prices 
of the metallic wire : — 

No. 8. is 6d. per lb., measuring two yards in length; No. 10. is 8d., and five 
yards ; No. 12. is 10d., and seven yards; No. 14. is 1s.,and twelve yards; No. 
16. is ls. 2d., and eighteen yards; No. 18. is 1s.4d., and thirty yards; and No. 
20. is 1s. 6d., and sixty yards. 

The prices of the metallic nails have not been stated to us by Mr. Rowland 
The circumstance of these nails being made round, alone, renders them much 
better adapted for having the shoots of trees tied to them, than the square- 
shanked cast-iron nails n common use. Every gardener knows that it is the 
sharp angles of these cast-iron nails that chiefly wound the shoots. We would 
strongly recommend that all cast-iron nails, intended to be used for training 
purposes in gardening, should, in future, be cast like the metallic nails of Mr 
Rowland, both with round shanks, and with round heads. They would then 
be less likely to do mischief than they are at present, though they would still 
be liable to rust. If Mr. Rowland’s nails be any thing like as cheap as the 
cast-iron ones, they are certainly greatly to be preferred to them. — Cond. 

Waterproof Strands of Bast for tying Trees, and Waterproof Bast Mats. — In 
our Second Volume, p. 192.,a mode of rendering ties of bast waterproof is‘men- 
tioned by Dr. Van Mons; and, while recommending a trial of metallic ties, 
it is but fair that we should remind our readers of this very simple mode of 
increasing the durability of bast. To make bast ties waterproof, it is only ne- 
cessary to wet them first with a solution of soap, and next with a solution of 
alum. A neutral compound is formed from the soap and the alum, joined to 
the albumen of the wood of which the bast is composed, which is insoluble 
in water. It has often occurred to us, that, if common matting could be woven 
in Russia, with the weft of pack-thread, and the woof of strands of bast, mats 
would then throw off the rain nearly as well as canvass ; and the whole might 
be tanned, or rendered waterproof by Dr. Van Mons’s process. Perhaps our 
friend at Cronstadt might be able to induce some of the Russian mat manu- 
facturers to try this process, — Cond, 


266 Foreign Notices: — France, Belgium. 


Art. II. Foreign Notices. 


FRANCE. 


Paris, 5. Rue des Vignes, March 6. 1836. — I was pleased and surprised to 
see, by an article from M. Alphonse De Candolle, p. 381., that his father had 
discovered, fifteen or eighteen years ago, in a garden at Bourdigny, near 
Geneva, a tree of the female Salisbiirza ; but, when he adds that all the female 
salisburias in Europe are from that tree, I imagine, he is wrong. It was at 
Bourdigny where I resided in 1775, when I was collecting plants upon the Alps, 
and I deposited them in the garden of M. Gaussin, the proprietor of Bourdigny, 
until I could send them to England, which I did, to Drs. Pitcairn and Fother- 
gill, the same year. When I returned to France in 1776, I continued in cor- 
respondence with M. Gaussin ; and, when employed in forming the gardens at 
Bagatelle and Monceau, I always sent to M. Gaussin some of all the new 
plants that I gots and these were numerous, as I was then forming a collection 
of trees and plants at Monceau for the late Duke of Orleans. The last 
packet of trees that I sent to M. Gaussin was in 1790; and amongst them 
was a plant of the Ginkgo biloba (Salisburia), which I reared at Monceau. 
I have M. Gaussin’s letter, wherein he writes to me from Geneva, “I have re- 
ceived a parcel of plants, twenty-nine species, by M. Merlin, for which I beg 
your acceptance of my sincere thanks,” &c.; dated, “ Geneva the 11th Xbre., 
1790 ;” and signed, “ Gaussin de Chapeaurouge.’’ Now, this tree, when M. 
De Candolle observed it, as he says, must have been nearly twenty-nine years 
planted. This is what I can certify; but, whether the trees at Monceau were 
male or female, I cannot say, as the revolution in France began about this 
time, and I was forced to leave Paris, and all the plantations that I had made. 
Part of these plantations were afterwards destroyed, but some were saved. 
For this reason, I think it cannot be from Bourdigny that all the female 
salisburias have sprung. There was cut down, about two years ago, to build a 
house in the garden of Marbceuf, a fine salisburia, above 40 ft. high. This tree 
was planted about fifty years ago, by Mr. Jansen, an English gentleman, who 
laid out the garden, and who was very curious in plants. The garden is cut up 
for building all round; and many fine trees that were in it have been desiroyed. 
A beautiful sophora was cut down near the same place where they cut down 
the salisburia. The gardens at Bagatelle have been sold, and purchased by 
Lord Yarmouth, who, they say, is going to restore the house and gardens, but 
how I do not know. 

The winter here has been long, but not severe: we have had no very hard 
frost to kill the plants; so that now many evergreens, which formerly could not 
be purchased, can easily be had in the nurseries about Paris, and may orna- 
ment thegardens. I have been executing some works lately at Mortefontaine, 
the seat of the Baronne De Feuchere. This place, I dare say, you saw when you 
went to Ermenonville. A great part of it was laid out when it belonged to 
Joseph Bonaparte, when there were many things badly placed, which cannot 
now be changed. There was a long and narrow dark passage from one park 
to another, which I proposed to enlarge, so that the two parks might join. 
This the lady saw the propriety of; but former arrangements rendered it im- 
practicable. I would have sent you grafts of the early-flowering horsechest- 
nut; but Mr. Gordon, the ambassador’s gardener, who was bred up at Kew, 
told me they had an early-flowering horsechestnut there. I asked him if the 
ailantus bore seed in England. He said he never had seen the flower. However, 
you may. If you have not, and would wish any seed, I could send you 
plenty, as there are several trees here loaded with seeds. — Thomas Blakie. 

We have seen flowers of the ailantus frequently, and also seeds, at White 
Knights; but the latter, when we saw them, were not quite ripe. — Cond. 


BELGIUM. 


Ghent, March 1. 1836.— I have been expecting plans of gardens from dif- 
ferent gentlemen for your Suburban Gardener, but, as vet, have not received 


er Pn oo ee 


; 


Foreign Notices : — Italy. 267 


them. I send youa new number of the Horticulteur Belge, and recommend 
to you an article, by M. Moren of Liege, on the artificial fecundation of the 
Orchidez tribe, and which I would recommend to you to translate. Our new 
building for the exhibition of plants will be open for the winter exhibition of 
1837; and it will be well worth any gardener’s coming over to see it. [believe 
there will be a kind of féte on the occasion, and a large banquet given. Our 
last winter exhibition was very respectable in forced plants, though some 
camellias figured under false names ; a plan which both foreign and English 
gardeners ought to be ashamed of practising. Foreigners are very apt to play 
sad tricks with the names of camellias, dahlias, and roses; so much so, in- 
deed, that I scarcely ever purchase any of these three classes of plants unless 
in flower. A hint in your Magazine might, perhaps, make the foreigners 
ashamed of these tricks, and would serve as a lesson to the English gardener. 
—J. M. B. 

All my different. Varieties of Indian, Bengal, and Noisette Roses, budded upon 
the Rosa canina and Rosa Smithz, or the common blue Noisette, have stood 
the winter, uncovered, very well; the points only of the branches being a 
little scorched by frost; whereas those on their own bottoms have, for the 
most part, been killed down to their roots. Jzbes speciosum has stood very 
well uncovered. The winter has been very trying for open ground plants, 
not one day being like the other. Eleven degrees and a half below the freezing 
point of Reaumur was the lowest degree of cold, with very litle snow; but 
during the most severe weather the flavour of the Brussels sprouts was much 
improved. Green-house plants here have suffered severely. Many gardeners, 
being deceived by the mild appearance of the night, have found, to their cost, 
two or three degrees (Reaumur) of cold in their houses before morning. In 
short, I never, in this country, have observed so changeable a winter as the 
present; and vegetation is at least three weeks backwarder than it was last 
winter. — Jd. 


ITALY. 


Monza, November 25. 1835.—I1do not know what pleasure people can 
find in deceiving others, and in propagating falsehoods; but it is certain that 
there are such beings in existence, and | fear your correspondent Mr. 
may be one of them, as he has had the folly to declare that he saw the fruit of 
the salisburia in the Botanic Garden at Pavia, where it has never flowered, 
and where it does not appear that there is even a female plant. I consider 
the contradiction of this false assertion of such importance, that I transmit to 
you, enclosed, an answer which I received from Signor Pratesi, a gardener, and 
good botanist, belonging to that establishment ; and whom your correspondent 
must have seen, if he really visited the Botanic Garden at Pavia. I do not 
think that there is a female plant in this garden, because, when I was there a 
short time ago, I do not remember it; and, certainly, if it were there, Signor 
Pratesi must have been aware of it, and would have mentioned the circum- 
stance in his answer. Professor Giuseppi Moretti would also have mentioned 
it in the Return Paper which I sent him from you, begging him earnestly to 
fill it up as soon as possible. 

Now we are on the subject of deception, I must tell you that you have been 
very incorrectly informed respecting this royal garden. In your valuable EHn- 
cyclopedia of Gardening, p. 19., Ist edition, you say, that “ Every thing is in 
as good order as the parsimony of the present viceroy permits.” This is an 
injustice which this best of princes does not deserve; and you may suppose 
so, when L assure you that the gardens at Monzaare not kept up for himself, but 
for the government ; and that the sum spent annually for their support (I speak 
of the gardens only) is now never under 35,000 Austrian francs ; while under 
the former government only 19,000 Italian francs were expended. 

For two years past I have had the pleasure of the acquaintance of a coun- 
tryman of yours, who lives near the Lake of Como, Signor Conte George 
Compton, to whom Lombardy is indebted for the introduction of many beau- 


268 Foreign Notices : — Italy. 


tiful and useful plants; and, among others, for a tuber of Canna Achiras, or 
C.edilis. From what you say in your Magazine, and the testimony of Signor 
Conte Compton, I wrote a paper, suggesting to the Georgofili Academy at 
Florence to try to cultivate it in the marshes which are occasionally over- 
flowed by the sea. The secretary of that establishment informed me that, 
according to my proposal, they had planted and cultivated the achira in the 
open air; and that the result was very successful, as he thus writes: — “The 
four tubers which I planted have produced more than twenty of a large size. 
I have tasted them, and they are excellent; the juice being sweet and agree- 
able. I have also extracted the fecula, and find it resembles that of the 
potato, and of the Mardnta arundinacea; and I have calculated that it pro- 
duces at the rate of eight to a hundred.” This year I have also grown a 
considerable number of tubers. When the extreme cold was over, I planted 
them in the open air early in the spring, in a rich soil exposed to the sun, not 
failing to water them abundantly every day; and by these means the stems grew 
to the height of about 9 ft., flowered freely, and produced abundance of seed. 
When the cold set in, which this year was a month earlier than usual, because 
on the 13th of this month the thermometer was at 3° of Reaumur, and on the 
14th and 15th there was a heavy fall of snow, I dug up the ground, and found 
that the tubers of the achira had produced abundantly, and that those of a 
moderate size weighed 4.0z. I had some boiled, and some baked : Ifound by 
both the methods that they were agreeable to the palate. I had also a little 
of the fecula prepared for the table, and found that it tasted like a mixture of 
the potato and the beet root. I had, also, some tubers fried, and found them 
excellent. This year it will become better known in the country, and I hope 
its usefulness will be proved. The stems and leaves might, probably, serve as 
food for cattle, if prepared by steam. 

O’valis crendta and O. Arracacha. The former has been introduced here by 
Signor Compton, and succeeds very well with me; having produced tubers 
weighing more than 160z. I have not yet tried them for the table, but shall 
do so when I get a sufficient quantity, and will send you the result. Our august 
viceroy received O. Arracacha from Vienna. It appears to me to be a variety 
of O. tetraphylla, only differing in having flowers flesh-coloured, instead of 
violet. The tubers resemble the root of the carrot which is called in Italy 
carota corta ; but they contain too much water to be pleasant to the taste. 
They weigh about 20z. each. I have never seen tubers of O. tetraphylla 
of so large a size, although it is cultivated in this neighbourhood. 

T here add a list of the professors to whom you may address your Return 
Papers: — Sr. Burberi, at Montovo; Sr. Bomato, at Padua; Sr. Jean, at 
Parma; Sr. Bertolini, at Bologna; Sr. Merati, at Bergamo; Sr. Moretti, at 
Pavia; Sr. Balsami, at Milan; Sr. Comolli, at Como; Sr. Linneo Tagliabue, 
at Lairate, near Milan; Sr. Biasoletto, at Trieste; and Sr. Brambilla, at Cre- 
mona. All my spare time is devoted to translating Dr. Lindley’s excellent 
Ladies’ Botany. 

My brother Antonio, who is director of the plantations on the military road 
on the banks of the Lake of Como, writes to me that he will soon send me 
a list of the exotic plants that stand the open air on the Lake of Como, from 
Leno to Collico; and as soon as I receive it I will forward it to you. — Giuseppe 
Manetti. 

Monza, December, 1835.— The Acorns of Q. Robur. When I mentioned the 
oaks in the Return Paper, I forgot to state that the acorns of Quércus Robur 
and pedunculata are used here as coffee, after being subjected to the action of 
heat ; and that such coffee is chiefly drunk by those who suffer from weakness 
of the stomach. 

The O’xalis Arracacha, which I mentioned to you in my last letter, appears to 
be the O. floribinda which you speak of in Vol. VIII. p. 691. 

Plants which will stand in the open Air at Como. —1 subjoin the list I pro- 
mised in my last of the plants which stand the open air on the shores of the 
Lake of Como; from which you will be able to form an idea of the mildness 


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Retrospective Criticism. 269 


of the climate. Ricinus communis has lived with me three successive years. 

- Aloysia citriodéra, Baddlea globdsa, Czsalpinia Sappan, Caméllia oleifera, C. 
Sasdnqua, C. japonica, C. j. fl. albo, C. j. fl. pleno, and other varieties, Clethra 
arborea, Eleagnus argéntea, Eranthemum pulchéllum, Jasminum azéricum, 
Justicia Adhétoda, Latrus indica, L. foe‘tens, L. tomentosa, Leptospérmum 
pubéscens, Magnolia fuscata, Melaleuca hypericifolia, Eriobdtrya japonica, 
Metrosidéros [Eriostémon] salfgna, M. [?]4lba, M. [E.] lophantha, M. angusti- 
folia, Myrica guercifolia, Nérium Oleander, NV. spléndens, O'lea fragrans, O. 
americana, Pinus longifolia, Pistacia Lentiscus, Pitt6sporum undulatum, 
Podocarpus elongatus, Rhus licida, &. viminalis, Royéna lucida, Ed- 
wardsia grandiflora, VibGrnum rugdsum, V. odoratissimum, Littz‘a gemi- 
niflora, Anthyllis Barba Jovis.— Antonio Manetti. 


INDIA. 


Seeds of the Prangos Hay Plant were sent by the French general Allard, in 
the service of the Rajah of Lahore, in the spring of 1834, to the Calcutta 
Botanic Garden ; but, though they were sown, and every care taken of them, 
none of them came up. A bottle of the same seeds was also sent to Europe, 
to M. Vilmorin of Paris, by the desire of the Agricultural and Horticultural 
Society of India; but they, also, had lost their vital principle before arrival. 
The same Society, with that liberality which ought to distinguish every public 
body that has fer its object the improvement of the arts connected with civi- 
lisation, sent seeds to Britain, to North America, and to Van Diemen’s Land. 
The climate of Ladak, of which country the Prangos hay plant is a native, 
resembles that of Canada, Ladak forming part of the vast plateau of Tartary. 
There can be no doubt, therefore, of the hardiness of this plant, if it were once 
introduced into Europe. (Evtract of a Letter from H. Peddington, Foreign Se- 
cretary to the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, to M. Vilmorin of 
Paris, dated Calcutta, May 5. 1834.) In Vol. VIII. p. 13., there is a notice 
of this plant, taken from Wallich’s Rarer Asiatic Plants, No. 9., from which it 
appears, that the Prangos hay plant is said to fatten sheep in an incredibly 
short space of time, and to prevent them from being affected with the rot. — 
Cond. 


Art. III. Retrospective Criticism. 


ErraAtsA.— In the communication of M. Klause, p. 7., for “ Caralate,” read 
“ Caralath;” p.7., for “ Fischals,’ read “ Fischbach;”  p. 8., for “ Sidel,” 
read “ Seidel;” p.9., for “ Thavant,” read “ Thurant;” p.9., for “ Breiten,” 
read “ Breiter;” p. 12., for “ Schnitzboor,” read “ Schnitzban;” p. 12., for 
“ Noar,” read “ Noack.” 

Errata. — Vol. XI. p. 554., 7th line from the bottom, for “ Mr.” read 
“ Mrs.;” and p. 556., 4th line from the bottom, for “ I think in L. micro- 
cArpa,” read “I think it L. microcarpa.—G. M. Elhot. Ripley Castle, 
March 19. 1836. 

The Belfast Horticultural Society.— Xt is only lately that my attention has 
been drawn to an anonymous article which appeared in your Magazine for 
March, 1835, No. 60. p. 152., under the head of Ireland, and relating to the 
Belfast Horticultural Society ; or I should ere this have taken notice of it. I 
now beg to inform you, that this article is one tissue of calumny and misstate- 
ment; and, through you, to call upon the writer to come forth from his 
ambush, and avow his real name. When I know with whom I have to grapple, 
I pledge myself to prove, if needful, the falsity of the imputations attempted 
to be cast upon the proceedings of the Society, which were only intended to 
bring order out of confusion, and to place the Society on such a footing, that 
its members might meet together in harmony and peace. — Michael Andrews, 
Secretary B. H.S. Ardoyne, near Belfast, March 21. 1836. 

Vou. XII.— No. 74. x 


270 Queries and Answers. 


Art. IV. Queries and Answers. 


A REMARKABLE Yew Tree. (fig. 28.) — Mr. Gibson, bookseller in Oxford, 
found, the other day, 
among some old books we 
which he had_ recently Zo 
purchased, and_ which 
were formerly the pro- 
perty of (the Rev.) Mr. 
Henry Bright, who, I 
think, was author of a 
small work on the virtues 
of British plants, an old 
copperplate print of a 
very large and curious 
yew tree (fig. 28.), said 
to have been growing, 
about 1729, in the village 
of Arlington, Middlesex. 
This print is headed, 
“Poet John Saxy upon 
his Yew Tree, Nov.1729;” 
and it is accompanied by 
a copy of verses, from 
which it appears that it 
must have been as much 
as 50ft. or 60 ft. in height. 
It was surrounded at the 
bottom of its trunk by a 
wooden seat,above which, 


23 


at 10 ft. from the ground, was a large circular canopy, formed by the tree 
itself, which was, according to Poet Saxy, — 


“ So thick, so fine, so full, so wide, 
A troop of guards might under it ride.” 


Ten feet above this canopy was another, of much smaller dimensions ; and above 
that a pyramid, about 20 ft. high, surmounted by a globe 10 ft. in diameter ; and 
this globe was crowned by — 


“ A weathercock, who gaped to crow it 
This world is mine, and all below it.” 


In the rhymes, this tree, it is said, — 


* Yields to Arlington a fame 
Much louder than its Earldom’s name ;”’ 


from which it may be inferred, that it grew in some churchyard in the parish 
of Arlington, though the paper is indorsed, “The Yew Tree at Harlington, 
Middlesex.” 

I find no notice of such a tree as this ever having been growing at Arlington, 
either in Brewer’s Description of London and Middlesex (1816), Middleton’s 
Agricultural Survey of Middlesex (1807), Miller’s Gardener’s Dictionary, Eve- 
lyn’s Sy/va, or any other work in my library. As you are living not far from 
the place, perhaps you may know more about it, and whether the tree is still 
growing there. — W. Baxter. Bot. Gard. Oxford, Dec. 16. 1835. 

We have been unable to procure any information respecting this tree ; and 
should be much obliged to any of our readers who have it in their power, to 
send us an account of its present state. — Cond. 


Loudon’s [Robert of Carstairs] Seedling Grape is mentioned ( Vol. X. p. 397.) 


as an excellent grape, which “readily produces a second crop, especially when 
grown in a pine-stove.” A correspondent in the same volume, p. 577., asks 


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Queries and Answers. 271 


from what part of the vine the second crop is produced. Mr. Barnet has not 
answered the question directly; but he has sent us a plant, and some cuttings, 
from the letter accompanying which we make the following quotation :—“ Lou- 
don’s seedling grape is a very excellent variety, producing a second crop from the 
fourth or fifth eye beyond the joint at which it has been pinched off in summer. 
In cases where it is grown in stove heat, the plant is seldom without clusters 
of fruit. I am not acquainted with any variety of the vine that seems to have 
this property.” —J. B. Experimental Garden, Edinburgh, April 1. 1836. 

The Gama Grass. — Messrs. Jacob Wrench and Sons, seedsmen, London 
Bridge, having received a bag of the seeds of this grass, and having requested 
us to give them some account of it, we think it may be useful, more especially as 

this grass is at present making a consider- 
able noise in the United States, to lay 
some particulars respecting it before our 
readers. The Gama grass was so named in 
honour of the Spanish gentleman who 
first introduced its culture into Mexico. 
Its scientific name is Tripsacum dacty- 
loides L. (fig. 30.) ; and there is a variety 
of it, T. monostachyon W. ( fig. 29.), 
which by some is considered as a species. 
T. dactyloides was introduced into England 
from Virginia in 1640; and T. monosta- 
chyon was brought to this country from North Ame- 
rica in 1825; though we have not been able to ascertain 
where a plant of the latter species is to be found. 
There are plants of “ T. dactyloides in the grass 
collection at Kew, which have been there a number of years. It is there a 
robust perennial grass, requiring no looking after as regards its cultivation, 
because neither heat nor cold, wet nor dryness, appear to affect it. It is late 
in beginning to shoot ; and its flower stems do not show till late in the summer. 
They are spreading, and from 3 ft. to 4ft. in length. They continue green 
till destroyed by the cold nights inautumn. It does not appear that the seeds 
are sufficiently ripened to vegetate ; at any rate, no plants have been raised at 
Kew from seeds ripened there. — J. S. Kew, April 12. 1836.” 

In the Gard. Mag., vol. x. p. 570.,a New York correspondent states that the 
Gama grass is considered the best of all grasses for soiling, in the neighbourhood 
of that city. It is also strongly recommended for this purpose in the Genessee 
Farmer, vol. iv., for 1834. It is there stated, that Dr. Hardiman of Missouri 
appears to have been the first cultivator of this grass in the United States; 
but that whether he found the seed there, or procured it from the Spaniards, 
is uncertain. It is said to be a native of various parts of the Union, and to 
be found on the sea coast as far north as Connecticut; and in the interior, on 
the Schuylkill, 25 miles above Philadelphia. Various accounts are given of the 
produce of this grass. From “seventy to ninety tons of green hay, and from 
twenty to thirty tons of cured hay, to the acre,” are saidto have been grown in 
North Carolina. The flower stems attain the height of 7 ft. or 8 ft. ; and the edi- 
tor of the American Farmer says that a blade sent to him in a letter measured 
321 in. in length, One of his correspondents observes : “ When all surrounding 
vegetation was literally burnt up, the Gama grass was green and flourishing ; 
and during the month of July it grew 43in. It was cut on the first day of 
every month, ranging from 33 ft. to 44 ft. im height.” It is said to grow well 
in both sandy and clayey soils; to taste like the leaves of Indian corn (a taste 
of all others the most agreeable to animals); and, when mixed with a little 
salt, and given to mules, to render the addition of corn for them quite un- 
necessary. (Genessee Farmer, vol. iv. p. 4.) In a subsequent page of the 
same volume, the editor states that the seed requires an unusual length of 
time to vegetate ; in some instances, as much as fourteen months. Some 
seeds, which the editor of the Northern Farmer kept constantly wet with water, 

x 2 


272 


Covent Garden Market. 


near a stove in the kitchen, were two months before they began to sprout. 
From all that we have read in the American agricultural journals, and from 
the habits of the plant at Kew, we think it very likely that the Gama grass 
will prove a valuable forage plant in all climates suitable for the Indian corn ; 
for which reason, we hope Messrs. Wrench will send seeds of it to M. Vil- 
morin for France and the south of Europe, to Sydney and Van Diemen’s 
Land, and also to India and South America. 


ArT. V. 


From 


The Cabbage Tribe. 


Cabbage, per dozen = 
White - - - 
Plants, or Coleworts - 
German Greens, or Kale, per 
dozen = - o 
Broccoli, per bunch : 
White - 5 = 
Purple S = 5 


Legumes. 
Peas, forced, per pottle - 
Kidneybeans, forced, per 
hundred - = o 


Tubers and Roots. 


per ton - 
Potatoes - ) percwt. - 
per bushel - 
Kidney, per bushel -- - 
Scotch, per bushel - 
Turnips, White, per bunch - 
Carrots, per bunch: 
Old > 2 
Horn co - 
Parsneps, perdozen_=- 
Red Beet, perdozen = 
Skirret, per bunch G 
Scorzonera, per bundle 
Salsify, per-bunch - 
Horseradish, per bundle 
Radishes, Red, per dozen 
hands (24 to 30 each) = 
White Turnip, per bunch 


The Spinach Tribe. 

. per sieve - 
Spinach per half sieve 5 
Sorrel, per halfsieve - - 


The Onion Tribe. 

Onions, old, per bushel —- 
for pickling, per half sieve 
when green (Ciboules) per 
bunch - - - 
Leeks, per dozen bunches - 
Garlic, per pound o - 
Shallots, per pound S65 


Asparaginous Plants, 
Salads, &c. 


Asparagus, per hundred : 
Large S és 
Seconds - - 
Middling - - 
Small - os 

Sea-kale, per punnet 

Lettuce, per score : 

Cos S = 5 
Cabbage « 5 = 


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So ecesococoso coooog So SE SoS So b& 


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|Barcelona Nuts, per peck 


Endive, per score - - 
Celery, per bundle (12 to 15) 


per half sieve, 
Small Salads per punnet = 


Pot and Sweet Herbs. 


Parsley, per half sieve - 
Tarragon, dry, per doz. bun. 
Fennel, green, per dozen 
bunches - - - 
Thyme, green, per doz. bun. 
Sage, green, per doz. bunches 
Mint, green, per dozen bun. 
Peppermint, dry, per dozen 
bunches - - ° 
Marjoram, dry, per doz. bun. 
Savory, dry, per dozen bun. 
Basil, dry, per doz. bunches 
Rosemary, green, per dozen 
bunches - - - 
Lavender, dry, per doz. bun. 
Tansy, green, per doz. bun, 


Stalks and Fruits for Tarts> 
Pickling, &c. 
Rhubartk Stalks, per bundle 


Edible Fungi and Fuei. 


Morels, dry, per pound e 

Truffles, dry, per pound : 
English - - - 
Foreign - - - 


Fruits. 


Apples, Dessert, per bushel : 
Nonpareils 5 S 
Reinette grise - o 

Baking - ° 
French c Z 

Pears, Dessert, per dozen : 

Beurré rance . 5 
Baking : 

Worcester = - 
Strawberries, forced, per oz. 
Walnuts, per bushel = 
Filberts, English, per 100 tb. 
Pine-apples, per pound - 
Grapes, hot-house, per pound 
Cucumbers, frame, per brace 

per dozen 

Oranges per hundred 

Bitter, per hundred 
per dozen 

Temons es hundred 

Sweet Almonds, per pound 

Brazil Nuts, per bushel 


Spanish Nuts, per peck 


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Observations. — The supply to the market, until this morning, has been very 
limited, and the prices of most articles continued slightly advancing; but they 
have declined considerably, in consequence of a larger supply coming to hand 
than could have been reasonably expected in so short a period, with but little 
influence from improvement in the weather, which has continued to be wet 
The season may, upon the whole, be con- 


and cold until within a few days. 


sidered full fourteen days later in every article of natural produce usually sup- 


plied at this season. 


Articles artificially produced are also materially retarded 


(ages 


London Horticultural Society and Garden. 273 


by the total absence of solar heat, and come to hand rather sparingly. Grapes 
not so plentiful as usual; strawberries very limited in quantity ; cucumbers 
rather plentiful, but by no means in demand; asparagus not very abundant ; 
sea-kale in good supply, owing to the forced and the natural being in market 
together. Of cabbages we have as yet but few, and none of very good qua- 
lity. Rhubarb, owing to the large breadth in culture, is furnished rather 
liberally, at a very moderate rate; to-day we have had several waggon-loads. 
Broccolis, of course the very late varieties, are rather plentiful. The new Rus- 
sian, or late dwarf white, is found to be an excellent sort for standing well 
through the severest frost we have experienced this winter. As mentioned in 
my last, potatoes have been rather plentifully supplied; but, as the season 
advances, and, as yet, with little else to rely on, the stock must be rapidly 
diminishing, As expected, prices have fallen materially, but are now again 
steadily improving. Turnips are now nearly over for the season; some tew 
late sown are still supplied. Carrots continue to be much in demand, and at 
a very good price. All other vegetables much as usual, with some allowance 
for the lateness of the season. Our stock of apples of home growth is getting 
short. We have a few French crabs, gooseberry pippins, winter sourings, 
and other late keeping varieties; but the commoner sorts come to hand in 
bad condition. Some considerable importations from Ostend have taken 
place, of very indifferent sorts, which have kept the supply and prices equally 
moderate. ‘The dessert varieties, such as nonpareils, golden pippins, court 
pendus, &c., with some reinettes grises, are all getting scarce; and more valu- 
able pears are now reduced to one variety, and that in very small quantities. 
—G.C. April 16. 1836. 


Art. VI. The London Horticultural Society and Garden. 


APRIL 5. 1836. Camellia Show.— Ewhibited for Prizes. Chinese camel- 
lias: Caméllia japénica striped, C. j. fimbriata, C.j. imbricata, from Mr. Chan- 
dler. C. j. double-striped, C.j. fimbridta, and C. j. altheeflora, from Mr. G. 
Glenny. English seedling camellias in pots, from Mr. Chandler. Baskets of 
cut flowers of Chinese camellias, from Mr. W. Wells, Mr. Chandler, and Mr. 
Donald ; the latter of which were produced in the open air; and of English 
seedling camellias, from Mr. Allnutt, Mr. G. Glenny, and Mr. Chandler. 

Extras. Caméllia japénica double white, C. j. Chandler, C. j. concinna, C. j. 
althzzeflora, from Mr. Chandler; seven seedling camellias, from Mr. Allnutt ; 
baskets of camellias, from J. C. Palmer, Esq., and W. Wells, Esq. ; Huphérbia 
spléndens, heartseases, a seedling rhododendron (with somewhat the habit of 
RF. azaledides), from Mr. G. Glenny ; Huphérbia spléndens, Tropz‘olum tri- 
colorum, from Mr. Pressley (gardener to Walter Boyde, Esq.) ; Tropz‘olum 
tricol6érum, a hybrid rhododendron, Phaius Woodférdi immaculata, Acacia 
verticillata, Ardisia hymenandra, from Messrs. Young of Epsom ; Tropze‘olum 
tricolorum, from Mr. Lane (gardener to J. C. Palmer, Esq.); Solandra grandi- 
flora, from Mrs. Marryatt; Drimia sp., Plumbago rosea, from Mr. Buck; and 
a very remarkable specimen of ivy, which was laid on the table for the inspec- 
tion of the visitors, and which had grown and twined round an ash tree (at 
Chi Grove, Sussex) to such an extent as to completely destroy the tree, from 
C. P. Dimmond, Esq. —-Fruits. Maurice pears, from J. Arcedeckne, Esq. At 
this exhibition Mr. T. C. Palmer, Mr. S. E. Henderson, and Mr. D. Munro, 
were the judges, and awarded the prizes in the followmg manner : — 

A large silver medal to Mr. Chandler, for the best three Chinese camellias 
in pots. A large silver medal to Mr. Chandler, for the best three English 
seedling camellias in pots. A silver Banksian medal to Mr. Wells, for the 
best basket of cut flowers of camellias. A silver Banksian medal to Mr. 
Chandler, for the best basket of cut flowers from English seedling camellias. 
Amongst the extra productions, the following plants being deemed of superior 
merit, Banksian medals were awarded, one, for Ardisia hymenandra, to Messrs, 
Young of Epsom ; and one for Tropz‘olum tricolorum, to Mr. Lane, gardener 
to J. C. Palmer, Esq. 


274 Obituary. 


Medals as Prizes, we are inclined to think, are not in accordance with the’ 
spirit of the age. Useful articles of an ornamental, an elegant, or of an in- 
tellectual description, would, we should think, be more gratifying to the pos- 
sessor: for example, a microscope, a case of drawing instruments, ora botanical 
work, to a young gardener ; and a snuff-box, a cup, a teapot, a tea-tray, or 
something of that kind, to a master gardener. What gratification can there 
be in possessing twenty or thirty Banksian medals, pieces of jeweller’s gold 
or silver, about the size of eighteen-penny tokens? We would suggest the 
idea of giving prize numbers instead of medals, and leaving it to the option of 
the party obtaining the prize number to present it either for a certain sum, or 
for the medal itself, as he might choose. The party taking money instead of 
medals might write, or have engraved, on the book or other article purchased 
with it, “ Purchased with prize numbers, received from the Hor- 
ticultural Society of London, between » 1830, and , 1836, 
as recorded in the Hort. Soc. Trans., vol. Sp oe (see WOL We jo, Gills), 
However, this is but the crude expression of an idea, written on the spur of 
the moment, like many others in this Magazine, to be hereafter dilated of by 
ourselves or others, or thrown aside, as circumstances may direct. 


Art. VII. Obituary. 


FarTHER Details respecting the Death of Mr. Douglas. (See Vol. XI. 
p. 271.) — The following particulars of this most terrific occurrence are taken 
from that excellent publication, the Mirror, for March 26. 1836. The editor 
acknowledges having copied it from Ke Kumu Hawaii, a mission newspaper, 
published at Honolulu, Oahu, which was kindly lent to him by a subscriber to 
the Mirror. This newspaper is printed at the Mission Press of Oahu, and in 
the native language of the Sandwich Islands, except the paper relating to Mr. 
Douglas, which is in English. It appears that the lamentable event occurred 
on July 12. 1834, six months sooner than, according to a notice in the Maga- 
zine of Natural History (vol. vii. p. 410.), was supposed to be the case. 

“The document whence these particulars have been extracted is dated Hilo, 
Hawaii (the principal of the Sandwich Islands), July 15. 1834, and is 
addressed to Richard Charlton, Esq., his Britannic Majesty’s consul there. 

“ Intelligence of this distressing event reached Hilo on the morning of 
July 14., when a native came up, and, with an expression of countenance 
which indicated but too faithfully that he was the bearer of sad tidings, in- 
quired for a Mr. Goodrich. On seeing hin, he stated that the body of Mr. 
Douglas had been found on the mountains in a pit excavated for the purpose 
of taking wild cattle; and that he was supposed to have been killed by the 
bullock which was in the pit when Mr. Douglas fell in. Never were the feel- 
ings of the writers of this letter so shocked ; nor could they credit the report 
till it was painfully confirmed, as they proceeded to the beach, whither the 
body of Mr. Douglas had been conveyed in a canoe by the native who brought 
the news of his death. Upon further enquiry, this person related, in sub- 
stance, as follows: — That on the evening of the 13th instant, the natives who 
brought the body down from the mountain came to his house at Laupahoihoi, 
about 25 or 30 miles distant from Hilo, and employed him to bring it to this 
place in his canoe. The particulars which he learned from them were as 
follows: — Mr. Douglas left Kohala Point during the previous week, in com- 
pany with an Englishman as a guide, and proceeded to cross Moncna Kea on 
the north side. On the 12th instant, Mr. Douglas dismissed his guide, who 
cautioned him, on parting, to be very careful lest he should fall into some of 
the pits for taking wild cattle; describing them as being near the places to 
which the animals resorted to drink. Soon after Mr. Douglas had dismissed 
his guide, he went back a short distance to get a bundle, which he had for- 
gotten ; and, as he was retracing his steps, in some fatal moment, he fell into 
one of the pits, into which a bullock had previously fallen. He was found 
dead in the pit by these same natives, who, ignorant, at the time, of his pass- 


Obituary. 275 


ing, were in pursuit of bullocks, and, on coming up to the pit, found a small 
hole in one end of the covering of it. At first, they conjectured that a calf 
had fallen in, but, on further examination, discovered traces of a man’s steps, 
and soon afterwards saw his feet in the pit, his body bemg covered with dirt 
and rubbish. They went immediately in pursuit of the guide, who returned, 
shot the bullock in the pit, took out the body, and hired the natives, at the 
price of four bullocks (which were killed immediately), to convey the body to 
the sea shore. He himself accompanied them, and procured the native to 
convey the body to Hilo, promising to follow immediately, and bring with him 
the compass, the watch (which was somewhat broken, but still goimg), some 
money found in Mr. Douglas’s pockets, and a little dog, a faithful companion 
of the departed traveller. Thus far the report of the native who brought the 
body in his canoe, and who professed to relate the facts as he learned them 
from the natives who came down from the mountain. 

“What an affecting spectacle was presented, on removing the bullock’s hide, 
in which the body had been conveyed! It appeared to be in the same state 
as when taken from the pit. The face was covered with dirt, the hair filled 
with blood and dirt, and the coat, pantaloons, and shirt were considerably 
torn: the hat was missing. On washing the body, it was found to be in a 
shocking state: there were ten or twelve gashes on the head, a long one over 
the left eye; another, rather deep, just above the left temple; a deep one 
behind the right ear; the left cheek-bone appeared to be broken, and also the 
ribs on the left side; the abdomen was much bruised, as were also the lower 
parts of the legs. 

“ After laying out the body, the first thought was to bury it within Mr. Good- 
rich’s premises; but, when a spot had been selected and cleared, doubts were 
suggested, by a person who had assisted, and who had been much engaged in 
taking wild cattle, whether the wounds on the head could have been inflicted by 
a bullock. The matter did not seem clear: many parts of the story were dark 
and confused ; and the following questions arose among the persons present : — 
How was it that Mr. Douglas was alone, without any guide, whether foreigner 
or native ? Where was John, Mr. Diell’s coloured man, who left Honolulu with 
Mr. Diell, and who, on missing a passage with him from Lahaina, embarked with 
Mr. Douglas, as had been ascertained from the captain of the vessel in which 
Mr. Douglas sailed from Lahaina to Kohala Point, and there left the vessel, with 
Mr. Douglas, on the morning of the 19th instant, in order to accompany him 
across the mountain to Hilo? How was it that Mr. Douglas should fall into 
a pit when retracing his steps, after he had once passed it in safety ? And, if 
a bullock had already fallen into the pit, how was it that he did not see the 
hole necessarily made in the covering? It was, therefore, thought due to the 
friends of Mr. Douglas, and to the public, whom he had so zealously and use- 
fully served, that an examination should be made of his body by medical men. 
The only way to have this effected was by preserving the body, and either 
sending it to Oahu, or keeping it until it could be examined at Hilo. The 
former plan seemed most desirable. Accordingly, the contents of the abdo- 
men were removed, the body was filled with salt, and placed in a coffin, which 
was filled up with salt; and the whole was enclosed in a box filled with brine. 
After the body was laid in the coffin, the members of the mission family and 
several foreigners assembled to pay their tribute of respect to the mortal 
remains of the deceased: prayers were offered up, and a brief address was 
made. These services being concluded, the body was removed to a cool 
native house, where it was enclosed in the box. 

* As neither the guides nor any natives had arrived by the 16th instant, two 
foreigners were despatched to the place where the body was received on the 
sea shore, with directions to search out the natives who discovered the body, 
to go with them to the pit, and, after making as full enquiries as possible, to 
report to Hilo immediately. So far as could be ascertained, the guide was an 
Englishman, a convict from Botany Bay, who left a vessel at the Sandwich 
Islands some years previously: he had a wife and one child with him, to which 
circumstance was attributed his delay. In the meantime, it was feared that 


276 Obituary. 


the captain could not convey the remains of Mr. Douglas to Honolulu, as his 
vessel was filled with wood, canoes, food, &c. 

“In the afternoon, however, Edward Gurney, the English guide, arrived. 
He stated that, on the 12th instant, about ten minutes before six o’clock in 
the morning, Mr. Douglas arrived at his house on the mountain, and wished 
him to point out the road to Hilo, and to accompany him a short distance. 
Mr. Douglas was then alone, but said that his man had given out the day 
before; referring, probably, to John, Mr. Diell’s coloured man. Having 
taken breakfast, Edward accompanied Mr. Douglas about three quarters of a 
mile; and, after directing him in the path, and warning him of the traps, pro- _ 
ceeded about half a mile further with him. Mr. Douglas then dismissed the 
guide, after expressing his anxiety to reach Hilo by evening, thinking that he 
could find out the way himself. Just before Edward left him, he warned him 
particularly of three bullock-traps, about two miles and a half a head; two of 
them directly on the road, the other on one side. 

“ Edward now returned home to skin some bullocks which he had previously 
killed. About eleven o’clock, two natives came in pursuit of him, saying that 
the European was dead, and that they had found him in the pit in which the 
bullock was. They stated that, as they were coming up to this pit, one of 
them, observing some of the clothing on the side, exclaimed “ Lole!” and, ina 
moment afterwards, discovered Mr. Douglas within the pit, trampled under 
the feet of the bullock. Edward accordingly ran to the house for a musket 
and ball. On reaching the pit, he found Mr. Douglas lying upon his right 
side, and the bullock standing upon his body. THe shot the animal, descended 
into the pit, drew the carcass to the other end of it, and got out the body of 
the poor traveller. His cane was with him, but the bundle and dog were 
missing. Edward, knowing that he had a bundle, asked for it. After a few 
moments’ search, a loud barking was heard at a short distance ahead, on the 
road leading to Hilo ; and, on reaching the spot, the dog was found with the 
bundle. On further examination, it appeared that Mr. Douglas had stopped 
for a moment and looked into an empty pit, and also into that wherein the 
bullock was taken; that, after passing on up the hill some fifteen fathoms, he 
laid down his bundle, and returned to the fatal pit; and that, while looking 
in, by making a misstep, or by some other means, he fell into the power of 
the infuriated animal, who speedily executed the work of death. 

“‘ The body was covered in part with stones; which circumstance is thought 
to have prevented its being entirely crushed. After removing it, Edward took 
charge of the dog and bundle, and of Mr. Douglas’s chronometer, his pocket 
compass, keys, and money, found upon him ; and, having hired the natives to 
carry the body to the shore (a distance of about twenty-seven miles), accom- 
panied them, and came thence to Hilo. The letter adds: ‘ This narrative 
clears up many of the difficulties which rested upon the whole matter; and, 
perhaps, it will afford a pretty satisfactory account of the manner in which Mr. 
Douglas met his awful death.’ The writers then propose to the consul to 
send the body to Hilolu, should the captain consent to convey it; if he should 
not, the corpse was to be interred. We are not aware which course was 
adopted. The black man mentioned in the letter probably lost his way, and 
perished in the mountains, as he has not since been heard of.” 

Dr. Hosack of Hyde Park, near Albany, U. S., a great patron of gardening, 
died on the 22d of Dec. last, at New York, aged 66, He had, we understand, 
been visiting the ruins of the great fire that so lately desolated that city, 
and dropped in a fit of apoplexy in the streets. 

That venerable agriculturist and most excellent man, Sir John Sinclair, 
Bart., died, Dec. 22., in Edinburgh, aged 82. Excellent biographical notices 
of Sir John Sinclair will be found in the Quarterly Journal of Agriculture, and 
in the Gentleman’s Magazine for April, 1836; and we trust Dr. Mease, or 
some other American correspondent, will send us some particulars of the life 
of Dr. Hosack, of whom there is a short, but interesting, notice in St/liman’s 
Journal for January, 1836. 


THE 


GARDENERS MAGAZINE, 
JUNE, 1836. 


ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. 


Art. I. Notes made during a Tour to Cushiobury Park, Ashridge 
Park, Woburn Abbey, and Hatfield House, in October, 1825. By 
the ConDuUCcTOR. 


Oor esteemed friend Mr. Britton, who is about to publish 4 
Lopographical and Descriptive Account of Cashiobury, having 
asked us if we could supply any information respecting the gar- 
dens, we are induced to print the present article, which was pre- 
pared exactly as it is in Nov., 1825; with the exception of the 
additions contained within brackets and the engravings. These 
additions are made entirely from the Return Paper filled 
up for us by the gardener at Cashiobury, Mr. Anderson. The 
whole is very far from being a correct idea of the gardens at 
Cashiobury ; but, not having time to revisit it at present, we con- 
sider it our duty to supply what we have to Mr. Britton, leaving 
him to choose any part of it, or reject the whole, as he may think 
proper. Mr. Britton’s work, as will be seen by the literary no- 
tice of it, p. 263., will be unique in its kind; and it would afford 
us very great pleasure to be able to give any information worthy 
of insertion in such a work. . 


OcT. 13.1835. London to Watford and Berkhampstead. — 
Proceeding along the Edgware Road, we found it had undergone 
great improvement within the last three or four years. This 
road needed no alteration in the direction, being nearly a straight 
line from Paddington to Edgware; but it was very irregular in 
regard to breadth; and some hills required lowering, and hollow 
places and trifling watercourses filling up, or being crossed by 
substantial bridges. All these improvements, and others, have 
been accomplished in a very effectual and satisfactory manner, 
under the direction of the local trustees. At Edgware there is 
one of the handsomest toll-houses in the neighbourhood of Lon- 


don. (fig. 31.) On the summit of the tower is a reflecting lamp 
Vou. XII. — No, 75. Y 


278 Notes of a Tour in Oct. 1825. 


aoe 3] 


with three burners; two looking along the road before and be- 
hind, and one looking across for the purpose of illuminating the 
gate and gate-posts. [The tower on this toll-house has been since 
taken down, the lamp at night having been found to frighten 
-horses, when brilliantly illuminated. Such, at least, was the 
excuse made to us, in 1834, for its disappearance.] 

Cannons Park. — Near the middle of Edgware is the prineipal 
entrance to Cannons, a place of extraordinary interest, both in a 
moral and gardening point of view, though it can now ouly be consi- 
dered as the wreck of what it once was. (See Encyc.of Gard., 2d ed, 
§ 7520.) It is impossible not to reflect on the wonderfully sump- 
tuous and yet regulated magnificence of the Duke of Chandos. The 
circumstance of his employing, at first, calculators, to ascertain 
exactly to what extent he might carry his expenditure ; and then 
adjusting his daily expenses accordingly ; the magnificence of his 
house, the principal staircase of which consisted of blocks of 
Italian marble, 20 ft. long, and the handrailing of silver; his 
painted chapel at Little Stanmore; and the complete band kept 
on purpose for it; the vault underneath, where his remains and 
those of his family lie in coffins, which, in 1814, were in a dilapi- 
dated state, and liable to have pieces of their rich coverings torn 
off as memoranda, by strangers; his horse patrol, which day and 
night perambulated the park ; his body guard ; and, above all, his 
grand idea (which he had in great part carried into execution 
and which, it is said, if he had lived, he would have been able ‘to 
accomplish), of making purchases of land from Little Stanmore to 
Chandos House, in London, (then surrounded by fields, but now 
forming part of Cavendish Square,) so as to have an uninterrupted 
private avenue in a direct line, and which would have been nine 
miles in length, from his country to his town residence. 

That the establishment at Cannons should have been broken up 
at his death is generally looked upon, by the vulgar, as a visitation 


Cannons, Dr. Hooper’s Cottage, Priory Grounds. 279 


for some supposed irregularities in the mode by which he acquired 
his immense fortune. That he did acquire both his wealth and 
his title, as a government contractor, is a matter of notoriety ; but 
we know of nothing upon record that indicates him to have been 
less honest than other men of his time; and it appears to us proba~ 
ble, that the chief difference between him and other men of modern 
times, who have made large fortunes as government contractors, 
consists in the greater liberality and public spirit he displayed in 
spending the sums he had acquired. ‘The park of Cannons has 
the advantages of possessing a rich soil, and of being near Lon- 
don; but the situation is low, the grounds little varied, and there 
is scarcely any distant prospect. In looking at the park from the 
road, we observed some round clumps of newly planted trees, 
placed in the midst of large open spaces, which we could not 
but consider as deformities, destroying the breadth of the land- 
scape. It surely could never be the intention of the planter, 
that these formal and unconnected masses should grow up and 
remain, 

Dr. Hooper’s Cottage at Stanmore. — On Stanmore Hill great 
efforts have been making in the cottage Gothic style, by Dr. 
Hooper. The proprietor being from home, we did not enter the 
grounds; but we could observe the outline of the cottage pic- 
turesquely varied by enriched clusters of chimney tops, and the 
pointed roofs of projections and dormer windows. From what 
we could see of the exterior offices and garden walls, they seemed 
to be all finished in the same style, and in enrichments kept duly 
subordinate to the principal mass. We have since heard that 
the place, in the interior, is unique in its kind. 

The Grounds of the Priory. —¥arther on are certain plantations 
of spruce firs, apparently meant to conceal the grounds of the 
Priory from the public road. They have been thickly planted, 
and never thinned; and, like other woods of the same kind which 
have been similarly treated, they are now beginning to defeat the 
purpose for which they were intended. Had two thirds of the 
plants been hollies, there would now have been a phalanx of vege- 
tation, impenetrable, both as a fence and asascreen. A few 
hollies, indeed, appear to have been planted among the spruce 
firs; but, from inattention to thinning out the latter, the former 
have never come to any size. 

Watford deserves to be mentioned for its gravel, which is equal 
to the best of that at Kensington. Mr. Snare, the nurseryman 
here, has attracted notice, for many years past, by his dwarf 
apple trees. It was formerly, it seems, quite new here, to graft 
apples on paradise stocks, and thus produce bushes not larger, and 
not less prolific, than the gooseberry. 

- Cashiobury Park, the Seat of the Earl of Essex, has been cele- 


brated for upwards of a century anda half, for its plantations and 
Y 2 


280 Notes of a Tour in Cet. 1825. 


gardens. ‘The latter are said to have been laid out by Le Notre; 
and an interesting isometrical view of them is given in Kip’s 
Views of the Seats of the Nobility and Gentry, from which 
Jig. 32. has been reduced. Of Cashiobury, Evelyn observes: 
«¢ No man has been more industrious than this noble lord (Essex), 
in planting about his seat, adorned with walks, ponds, and other 
rural elegances. .... The gardens are very rare, and cannot be 
otherwise, having so skilful an artist to govern them as Cooke, 
who is, as to the mechanical part, not ignorant in mathematics, 
and pretends to astrology. There is an excellent collection of 
the choicest fruit. My lord is not illiterate beyond the rate of 
most noblemen of this age.” (Bray's Memoirs.) 

‘* My lord,” Evelyn informs us, “ assisted in pruning the trees 
himself:” and the gardener he alluded to (Moses Cooke) was the 
author of The Manner of Raising, Ordering, and Improving Forest 
Trees, published in 1675; who afterwards became a partner in the 
famous nursery at Brompton Park. In the dedication of his 
work, Cooke compliments his master on his “* honour’s great un- 

derstanding in, and love to, the subject of” trees. He adds: ‘‘For, to 
your eternal praise be it spoken, there is many a fine tree which 
you have nursed up from seeds sown by your own hands.” Suc- 
ceeding proprietors seem to have been equally attached to Cashio- 


bury and planting, with the subject of Moses Cooke’s praises; so 


that the character of the place for planting and gardening has. 


continued to increase rather than to diminish. 

We entered the park through a recently erected Gothic gate- 
way and lodge, built, as we were informed, from the proprietor’s 
own designs. The style was that sort of Elizabethan Gothic 


Ms 


Cashiobury Park. 281 


which prevails in the house. The execution was most substantial; 
and, to give the appearance of age, it was painted over, and 
splashed in imitation of moss and weather stains. The gates 
were hung with Collinge’s patent hinges, which open and shut 
with the least possible friction, and remain stationary at whatever 
point they may be left. In this last respect, they are not so desir- 
able for gates in general as the common hinges, and mode of hing- 
ing; by which the gate falls to, or falls back, of itself, and is only 
at rest when perfectly shut, or opened to the greatest width. With 
such gates as the present, however, and in all cases where a door 
or a gate is likely to be carefully shut by the person who opens it, 
Collinge’s hinges are by far the best; and it is highly gratifying 
to see a nobleman alive to their merits-and patronising them. 

Cashiobury House, and the scenery immediately surrounding 
it, excite ideas of grandeur, combined with comfort and beauty, 
such as cannot easily be communicated by words. The buildings 
and garden scenery seem peculiarly well suited to each other: 
both are venerable with age, extensive, rich in design, and gene- 
rally in the highest order and keeping. We entered the pleasure- 
ground by a small door near a Turkish pavilion, richly lined 
with cloth, and carpeted and furnished with sofa and tables. 
We then passed in front of the house, and entered on the other 
side to a series of different sorts of flower-gardens. After pass- 
ing through these in succession, the effect left on the mind was 
that of having been carried through a labyrinth of beauty and 
variety. So rapidly were we hurried along, that, after a first visit, 
it is not easy to recall to the memory distinct pictures of what we 
_ have seen, or the order in which we saw them. We shall merely 
note a few particulars from recollection, promising ourselves, in 
the beginning of next summer, the gratification of seeing this 
place at leisure, when to its many other attractions will be added 
the singing of innumerable birds. 

Much of the gardening and botanical interest of all pleasure- 
grounds consists in the exotic trees and shrubs which they contain. 
There are some fine specimens of this kind in these gardens : one 
of the oldest plants of the Magnolza tripétala in England [in 
1836, 14 ft. high]; a very large Magnolza grandiflora [one against 
a wall, 50 ft. high]; and some of M. conspicua in the open 
air: but the largest plant was in the Chinese conservatory ; 
where, however, it has not a tenth part of the room requisite to 
its attaining its full size There are some magnificent and ve- 
nerable plants of Rhododéndron, Azalea, and Andrémeda. The 
American plants, in general, are grouped together in dug masses, 
surrounded by turf; and they have grown to such a size as to- 
tally to cover the margin of the dug space around them, and 
to form a broken picturesque outline on the turf. Roses and 
ornamental flowers are also disposed in masses, much in the 


same way as at Cobham Hall, in Kent. Some are enclosed by 
y¥ 3 


282 Notes of a Tour in Oct. 1825. 


basket-work, others trail over rocks and fantastic stones; some 
of the rockeries have a margin of curious Derbyshire spar, and 
others are entirely of plum-pudding stone. ‘There are groups 
of large shells (Chama gigas), corals, corallines, madrepores, 
tuffa, lava, petrifactions, ammonites, and different sorts of scoria, 
all curiously intermixed with flowers and plants. There is a 
picturesque, aquarium, the sides of which are finely ornamented 
with rockwork and American evergreens. ‘There is a conserva- 
tory with an opaque roof in the ancient style, with the piers be- 
tween the windows externally clothed with rare exotic creepers, 
and the interior of the house decorated with rustic props, and 
green trellis-work. At one end is a sort of banqueting-room, 
carpeted and furnished with couches, sofas, tables, musical instru- 
ments, books (especially on botany and landscape), mirrors, and 
a variety of other things. 

The plants in the conservatory are chiefly orange trees, which 
are particularly appropriate to this kind of building: they are 
not, generally, in tubs, but planted in the free soil; and they 
looked far better than could have been expected from plants 
kept perpetually under an opaque roof. In commen with the 
holly, the box, and the common laurel, when grown under the 
shade of trees, their leaves, though flaccid, were of a dark shining 
green. ‘There are two other conservatories, of a modern cha- 
racter, with glass roofs: the plants they contain have for many 
years been too large for them, so that they are annually obliged 
to be cut down. When these conservatories were built, the idea 
of such immense glazed structures as are now erected had not 
entered into the minds of either gardeners or architects. There 
is a wall on which various half-hardy plants are trained, and, 
among others, that singular New Zealand tree, Edwardsza gran- 
diflora. (fig. 33.) ‘The Chinese garden here is unique of its kind. 
It is not large, but contains a 
conservatory, a sort of low 
pagoda, and other ornamental 
buildings, and a great quan- 
tity of valuable Chinese por- 
celain, of Chinese figures, 
monsters, mandarins, the god 
Joss, dragons, &c., and paiut- 
ings, fountains, gold fish, jets, 
&c. In the conservatory are 
all the sorts of camellias that 
could be procured when it 
was planted; very large plants 
of green and black tea, be- 
cause at that time it was 
not known that the green 


Cashiobury Park. 283 


tea is nearly as hardy as the sweet bay (Zatrus nébilis), and will, 
in a few years, be a common evergreen in our shrubberies in the 
south of England. Among the hardy plants is a fine specimen 
of Abies Clanbra- 
silzana, above 20 Sh atin 34. 
years old, and form- 
ing a tuft not above 
a foot high, and a 
foot in diameter. It 
is now (1836) 2 ft. 
3 in. high, the dia- 
meter of the trunk 
23 in., and that of 
the head 3 ft. 6 in. 
Such a dwarf is pe- 
culiarly appropriate 
to a Chinese gar- 
den. We observed 
in other parts of 
the pleasure-ground 
various plants of 
the Pinus Cémbra 
[the largest was 20 
feet high, in 1836] 
(fig. 34.), which is 
the aphernousli tree 
of the Tyrol, so 
much recommended 
by Harte for cul- 
tivation in this country, and noticed by Lord Byron as the tree 
found at a greater elevation on the Alps than any other of the 
pine and fir tribe. 

“ But, from their nature, will the tannen grow 

Loftiest on loftiest and least sheltered rocks.” 

It is a very slow-growing tree, but attains a considerable size, 
and, when full grown, the timber is of excellent quality. The 
height of this tree in England, according to our Return Papers 
received in 1835, varies from 40 ft. to 50ft. The largest spe- 
cimens are in the park of Wolcot Hall, in Shropshire. 

[In 1836, there were at Cashiobury, the hemlock spruce 
(Abies canadénsis), 28 ft. high; the cedar of Lebanon, some 
plants of which, only 30 years planted, have attained the height 
of 35 ft.; tulip trees, 20 years planted, which have attained the 
height of 30 ft. ; Virgilia lutea, 19 ft. high; Gymnocladus cana- 
dénsis (an idea of which tree may be formed from jg. 36., which is 


a portrait of a full-grown tree of that species at Syon); Photinia 
Y 4 ‘ 


284 Notes of a Tour in Oct. 1825. 


35 


== = a 


11 ft. high. 4in. diam. 


The tree drawn fo a scale of 1in. to 4ft.; and the botanical specimens to a scale of 2in. to 1 ft., with 
the exception of the parts marked +, which are of the natural size: represents the female flowers, 
and m the male flowers. 


Cashiobury Park. 285 


serrulata, 20 ft. high, against a wall; Catdlpa syringefolia, 21 ft. 
high; a purple beech, 15 ft. high; an Irish yew, 11 ft. high 
(fig. 35.); Juniperus virginiana, 34 ft. high (fg. 38.); and a fine 
old white mulberry, 25 ft. high, with a trunk 32in. in dia- 
meter. ] 

We could say a great deal more about these grounds; but the 
truth is, we were so much charmed with them, that we have not 
a sufficiently definite recollection of what we saw; and doubt 
not that inaccuracies, and, of course, omissions, will be found in 
what we have said. A fine effect on the mind is produced where, 
in passing from one garden to another, two large granite balls 
attra.t the eye. ‘A copperplate inscription informs us that they 
were shot from the castle of Abydos, in the Dardanelles, and fell 
on a ship under the command of a brother of Lord Essex, in the 
squadron of Admiral Duckworth, and killed or wounded 15 men. 
They weigh 7 cwt. each. The unexpected occurrence of objects 
of this sort recall the mind from what it is engaged in, and re- 
lieve it by raising up a new train of ideas, and transporting the 
imagination to distant and very different scenes. Such episodical 
effects are very desirable, when they can be introduced in garden 
scenery without appearing ridiculous or affected. 

The kitchen-garden at Cashiobury is large; but not more so 
than is required for the family, which resides here all the year, and 
averages at least a hundred persons. Asan item of consumption, 
the gardener, Mr. Anderson, informed us, that he had sent in 
last year ten thousand heads of celery. On one of the walls we 
observed two plum trees, which had been killed down to the 
graft by a coup de soleil, one afternoon about 2 o’clock, in July, 
1825. The trees were in their usual state when Anderson passed 
them, about half-past 1 o’clock ; and when he returned, in half an 
hour, he found all their foliage black. In the October following, 
when we saw them, they were shooting from the graft. Accidents 
of this kind are not uncommon in the south of France, and are 
said to be guarded against by wrapping straw round the trunk 
and main branches. It is not likely, however, that this or any 
other precaution can be effectual, unless it is accompanied with 
an abundant supply of moisture to the roots. Trees spread out 
on walls are, undoubtedly, more liable to be so killed than such as 
are standards. A standard tree, with a bushy head, abundantly 
clothed with young shoots and leaves, would be least liable to it, 
because the trunk, branches, and all the interior parts of the tree, 
and the entire half of the exterior surface, would be safe from the 
direct influence of the sun’s rays. 

There are some very good pines grown here; and, on the back 
of one of the stoves, we observed a plant of Andna Cherimolia 
trained with a view to its producing fruit. It has not yet blos- 


286 Notes of a Tour in Oct. 1825. 


iN / 
By 


iS 


Vull-grown tree f the trunk, 3ft.; and of the head, 47 ft. 


The.tree drawn to a scale of 1 in. to 12 ft.; the foliage to a scale of Zin, to 1 ft. 


Cashiobury Park. 287 


somed, nor has a larger plant at Woburn Abbey; but one plant 
has shown flowers in the garden of the Horticultural Society. 

There is one part of kitchen-gardening carried to a great 
extent here, which deserves particular attention in every place, 
from the smallest to the most extensive; viz., the raising of winter 
salading. Wherever there is a cucumber-frame this may be 
done to a certain extent; but, even without frames with glazed 
roofs, roofs of wickerwork, covered in severe weather with thatch 
or reeds (fig. $7.), will effectually preserve endive and chicory. 
What are called small sa- 
lads may be raised in every 
kitchen; and blanched chi- 
cory fromthe previous year’s 
roots (as Dr. Lippold has 
shown, p. 250.) may be pro- 
duced in every cellar. At 
Cashiobury, we found long 
ranges of frames filled with 
endive, brown Cos lettuce, 
and large quantities, also, 
of full-grown endive, placed 
in the floors of the vineries and peach-houses, not in a state 
of forcing, but of slow or imperceptible growth, amounting 
almost to complete hybernation. ‘There was also a large plot of 
chicory for the purpose of being dug up during winter, and 
forced into leaf in any warm dark shed or cellar, in the Dutch, 
Belgic, German, and Russian manner. ‘Two or three hot-beds 
were already filled with pots of Neapolitan violets, which are 
here regularly forced throughout the whole winter, their blossoms 
being much in demand for perfuming apartments. 

Without viewing the park, we took our leave by an approach 
not far from the kitchen-garden ; to which, as a lodge, there is 
a very picturesque cottage, in the old style of oak framing, filled 
up with brickwork, and plastered. ‘This lodge, like the other, is 
also from the design of the proprietor, and does credit to his taste. 

The head-gardener here had lately been visiting Stowe, and 
other remarkable gardens within a day or two’s ride of Cashio- 
bury He mentioned that, in the months of September and 
October, a gardener could better spare time for this purpose 
than at any other season of the year. This practice of gardeners 
visiting one another’s gardens ought to be particularly encouraged 
by their employers; for scarcely any other means will be found 
so effectual in improving them, and enabling them to add to 
the stock of plants, and increase the variety and excellence of 
what is under their care. 

We were sorry not to have leisure to call at Beechworth, where 
we should have seen a fine example of agriculture, and the 
improved breeding of live stock: the proprietor, Sir John 


288 Notes of a Tour in Oct. 1825. 


The tree drawn to a scale of lin. to 4ft.; and the botanical specimens to a scale of 2in. to 1 ft., with 
the exception of the parts marked +, which are of the natural size; and of those marked mag., 
which are magnified : f represents the female flowers, and mm the male fowers. 


Ashridge Park. 289 


Sebright, possessing much science and great experience in these 
subjects. 

Oct. 14. Berkhampstead to Woburn. — We went from Berk- 
hampstead to Ashridge Park along an excellent new road which 
leads across the country to Dunstable, and was formed, as we 
were told, chiefly, or entirely, at the expense of the late Earl of 
Bridgewater. Various other roads leading to Ashridge were 
made by the same patriotic individual, who, in this respect, may 
be said to have displayed a similarity of taste with his ancestor, 
the celebrated Duke of Bridgewater, the friend and patron of 
Brindley, the engineer. We entered the park by a very elegant 
Gothic lodge, built of rubbed white stone and black flints. No 
one is allowed to enter or go out by this or any other of the 
gates, without having his name and address put down in a book 
kept by the porter. An excellent approach road, the length of 
which is reckoned by miles, leads over an even surface,and through 
a stately grove, composed chiefly of beech trees, to the house. 
Every variety of effect is produced that can result from a varied 
disposition of the trees; and groups, thickets, scattered trees and 
bushes, ferns, furze, hollies, thorns, glades, recesses, and natural 
vistas, succeed each other in endless variety. ‘These were inter- 
spersed with abundance of red and fallow deer in some places, and 
horses and cattle in others. No distant prospect, nor any striking 
object, meets the eye till we are within half a furlong of the house. 
This grand and irregular pile is seen to very good advantage 
from this and the Dunstable approach. ‘The two prominent 
features in the outline are, a square tower near one end, and a 
lofty spire with a clock at the other. From the two approaches 
mentioned, these two features fall into perspective in such a way 
as to form one pile, or group; but when the edifice, or, rather, 
assemblage of edifices, is viewed directly either from the entrance 
or garden front, it appears thrown into two groups. Though it 
does not, when so viewed, form so good a whole, yet it gives an 
idea of grandeur and magnificence to an ordinary observer, which, 
perhaps, would not be produced by the foreshortening of an 
angular perspective view. 

We first went to see the kitchen-garden, which is upwards of 
a mile from the house. On our way to it, we descended to a 
hollow surface, and passed through scenery of a more open and 
varied description than that of the Berkhampstead approach. The 
timber trees were, if possible, grander than before: both oaks 
and beeches had straight clean trunks, often, we have little doubt, 
50 ft. or 60 ft. high. 

The garden is situated on a steep bank, facing the south-east ; 
the walls appear to have been built between forty and fifty years ; 
but the hot-houses and pits seem of more recent construction. 
We found the head kitchen-gardener, Mr. Torbron, advantage-~ 


290 Notes of a Tour in Oct. 1825. 


ously known at Kew, and by a paper on forcing cherries in the 
London Horticultural Society's Transactions, busily occupied in 
making up that day’s supply for the kitchen and the dessert. 
A large sheet of paper has a printed column down the left-hand 
margin, enumerating every description of kitchen-garden pro- 
duct, each article having a line ruled across the page; then there 
is a vertical column for every day in the month, headed as in the 
table below, with the days of the week. Fifty-two of these printed 
sheets are required for the year. The first thing the gardener 
does, is to enter in the table, under the day of the month, and 
day of the week, the articles he is about to send off; noting such 
things as are sent by weight or measure, by inserting their weight 
or measure after them; but simply inserting the number in 
figures when the articles are sent by number: thus : — 


January. Ist. 2d. 3d. 4th. 
Sent on Pi Friday. Saturday. Sunday. Monday. 
Potatoes - | 2 pecks com--| 3 pecks com-|3 pecks com- | 2 pecks com- 
mon. mon. mon. mon, 
1 pk. kidneys. 1 peck kidneys. 
Melons — - |2 Cantaloups.| 1 green flesh. 2 Lady Chite’s 
1 black rock. green flesh. 
Grapes -|2\b. black |2lb. black |21b. Black | 2b. Black 
Hamburgh.| Hamburgh.| Prince. Prince. 
4 lb. sweet- | 3b. sweet- |1lb. musca- | 11b. musca- 
water. water. dine. dine. 
Small salad | 1 pint. | pint. 3 pint. 3 pint. 
Cucumbers | 2 brace. 4. brace. 6 brace. 4: brace. 


The items being filled into the table, the next thing is to copy 

off on a slip of paper, the names and quantities of the articles 
sent, which paper is delivered as a bill of parcels by the man 

with the donkey-cart to the clerk of the kitchen. 

A similar plan is pursued in some other great places; but, 
instead of entering them in a table, they are entered in a journal, 
which is sent to the kitchen along with the articles, and brought 
back again to the gardener. If nothing is said or written by the 
clerk or cook, it is concluded that every thing entered for that 
day has been received safe, and is of a satisfactory quality. 

We found the open garden excellently cropped with large 
supplies of those standard articles of winter consumption, 
broccoli, celery, and endive. In the houses was a large supply 
of retarded black and white grapes, pine-apples that promised 
a succession during the whole winter, and a fig-house in full 
crop. No attention seemed any where to be paid to neatness or 
orderly keeping; but every effort to the production of excellent 
crops. 


Ashridge Park. 291 


The pleasure-grounds at Ashridge Park are under a separate 
direction from the kitchen-garden: the gardener was, when 
we visited them, Mr. Poynter, formerly propagator in Messrs, 
Colvill’s nursery. He had every thing in very high order and 
keeping, and especially the plants in two large conservatories. 

The pleasure-grounds here extend in front of the house, 
without being continued either to the right or left of it, as in 
most instances of successful effect in pleasure-ground scenery. 
They contain a good many acres ; but, from their compact round- 
ish form, and their naked obvious outline, the first impression 
which they made upon us was that of being confined. We 
should have preferred less depth in front of the house, and a 
greater extension along the margin of a valley on the north side. 
It is agreeable to have a secure pleasure-ground, where one can 
walk safe and secluded ; but it is, at the same time, grand, where 
one can look from the windows of the house, over the wire fence 
or ha-ha, to an undefined extent of park scenery, where we can 
ride about at pleasure. There is no natural variation of surface, 
and very little of distant prospect; so that, to create interest in 
this scene, it became necessary to form gardens, or parterres, of 
different kinds, and rockworks. Rare exotic trees and shrubs 
would also have contributed to the variety ; but very few of these 
have been introduced, either in the open ground or in the con- 
servatory. ‘There is a small spot, surrounded by a hedge of box, 
called the Monk’s Garden; another, called the French Garden; 
a rosary, rockwork, and some other separate scenes; the best 
of which is the rockwork, composed of large masses of plum- 
pudding stone, a production which abounds in this county. 
There is no great variety of plants in the conservatories; but 
such as are there are, in general, of the most showy kinds ; and, 
being brought forward in reserve-houses, are only placed in the 
conservatory when in flower, or in their best state. Very few 
plants, and those chiefly creepers, are fixtures in the soil. There 
is a Pittdsporum undulatum, with a round head, 10ft. or 12ft. 
in diameter. The principal conservatory connects the state- 
rooms with the chapel ; and, we should think, is one of the finest 
Gothic structures for plants in England. [We have since seen 
that at Alton Towers, in Staffordshire, which is considerably 
larger, and, when we last saw it, in 1831, was in the very best 
possible order.] Both front and roof are glazed with plate glass. 
A plan of the principal floor of the house, conservatories, and 
chapel is given in Brewster’s Encyclopedia (art. Architecture), as 
an example of every modern comfort and luxury, combined with 
the ancient style of building. ‘The architect was Mr. Jeffrey 
Wyatt, now Sir Jeffrey Wyattville. 

The park is of great extent, exceedingly well wooded, limiting 
that phrase to bulk and quantity of timber; but it exhibits very 


292 Notes of a Tour in Oct. 1825. 


little variety of kinds of trees, the prevailing, and, indeed, almost 
the only, tree being the beech ; and it is well known to the ad- 
mirers of forest scenery, that of all forests one of beech is the 
tamest. Notwithstanding this, there are some beech trees here 
with straight clean trunks of upwards of 100 ft. in height; and 
we hardly think these are to be equalled in the island. Let 
the stranger enquire for the king and queen beech. All the 
trees in the park seem to have been regularly pruned and 
trained for the timber-merchant; and form, in this respect, a 
singular contrast to the beech trees in Eastwell Park. 

The surface of the park is not without considerable undula- 
tions; but these are not heightened or brought into effect in a 
picturesque point of view by the emplacement of the wood. 
There is, also, a total want of water. ‘To make the park what it 
ought to be, in correspondence with the house, water ought to 
be brought by a steam engine and iron pipes from the nearest 
practicable stream, and the valley to the left of the house flooded. 
‘The approach from Dunstable would then pass over a bridge; 
and the pleasure-ground might be narrowed opposite the house, 
and extended along the margin of this lake, or river, toany extent, 
and with variations in the distant scenery, which our hasty glance 
did not enable us to determine. In short, while the highest 
degree of. art and expense has been displayed on the house, 
scarcely anything has been done to the grounds to render them 
a worthy accompaniment to such a splendid pile. 

Oct. 15. Woburn Abbey. — Went round the park with Mr. 
Forbes, the gardener, venerating that fine old drive through 
evergreens, said to have been planted by Miller; and which is 
commended by Repton in his Enquiry into the Changes of Taste 
in Landscape-Gardening ; 8vo; art. Drive. The large speci- 
mens of the pine and fir tribe, especially the cedars, are gratifying 
to the sight. The dark green hollies, with trunks of timber size, 
with their shining leaves and coral berries, remind us of the 
time of Evelyn, and his fine hedge at Sayes Court, which the Czar 
Peter made gaps in, by having himself wheeled through it by 
his attendants; of the fine holly hedge in Sir Mathew Decker’s 
garden, at Richmond; of those of Moredun, Collington, and 
Woodhouselee, near Edinburgh; and of the miles of holly 
hedges at Tyningham, in East Lothian. There are few trees or 
shrubs, in our opinion, certainly no natives, that can compare in 
dignity and beauty with the holly. The common and Portugal 
laurels in this drive are remarkably fine; and there is no want of 
rhododendrons, junipers, and laurustinuses. Among the evergreen 
timber trees, the cedars are most conspicuous. A considerable 
number of silver firs, and Weymouth and other pines, have been 
cut down since we visited the place for the first time in 1806. 

We turned out of the drive to the thornery, a most pictur- 


Woburn Abbey. 293 


esque morceau of huge and fantastic oaks, grotesque old thorns, 
hazels, and dogwoods; on ground abruptly varied, and appro- 
priated to man and elegant enjoyment, by a highly characteristic 
cottage with a Scotch kitchen and furniture. The parlour of 
the cottage is beautifully painted in bedy colours by Aiglio ; and 
the speck of kept ground immediately around it is trim and neat 
in the highest degree. 

There are a number of ornamental cottages scattered round the 
margin of Woburn Park, of much exterior beauty, with neat gar- 
dens, kept in good order under the direction of the head gardener. 
In most of them is an apartment for the reception of small parties 
from the Abbey, who wish to amuse themselves by allusions to 
primitive simplicity: for it is one of the enjoyments of those who 
are habituated to live in a style of high art and refinement, to 
take occasional refuge in the contrast produced by comparative 
artlessness and simplicity. 

The farm lands were in beautiful order ; the new-sown wheats 
already above ground, and the drilled turnips luxuriant, con- 
sidering the by-past season. We pointed out to Mr. Forbes a 
defect in the training of the young hedges, which we did not 
expect from a Northumbrian manager ; that of training them up- 
right in the sides, instead of beveling them to the centre, like a 
hogged mane. 

There are a great many fine oak trees in the park: a number 
are of considerable age, and of these some now and then show 
symptoms of decay. When that is the case, it appears to be cus- 
tomary for the forester, Mr. Ireland, to paint a white line round 
the trunk, in order to show the duke that such trees ought to 
be felled. ‘The duke, however, does not always consent to the 
opinion of the forester, but wisely prefers retaining some grand 
and picturesque forms, though in a state of decay, as proofs of 
the antiquity of the scenery, and as contrasts to the youth and 
vigour of more recent growths. 

‘Oct.16. This, being Monday, is the public day for seeing through 
the house and pleasure-grounds at Woburn Abbey. Of the 
house, and the buildings connected with it, we shall only observe 
that the gallery of statuary is the most extraordinary thing of the 
kind in Britain, outof London. It is gratifying, in another gal- 
lery, in the interior of the Abbey, to observe the models of cattle 
and other domestic animals reared under the direction of the late 
Duke Francis. In one room is a series of miniatures of the heads 
of the Russell family, from the earliest times to the present. A 
biographical account of them has been written by the late Mr. 
Wiffen [whose lamented death we have heard of while passing 
this sheet through the press. ]. 

With respect to gardening, Woburn Abbey has never been 
so celebrated, as for its plantations. The kitchen-garden, though 

Vor. XIT.— No. 75, Z 


(294 Hatfield House. 


large, has scarcely any hot-houses, and very few pits or frames. 
One wonders how a duke could live without peaches and grapes, 
not to say pine-apples, forced strawberries, and kidneybeans ; 
but, doubtless, these articles are procured from London. [A most 
complete kitchen-garden, and ample ranges of forcing-houses, 
pits, and frames, have been since formed and erected ; and the 
most complete success has attended their management. See Hortus 
Woburnensis, by Mr. Forbes, in which engravings are given of 
the garden and garden structures, and various other objects. ] 

The pleasure-ground is a large roundish area behind the 
Abbey. ‘There are a few fine old specimens in it of oaks, pines, 
firs, and cedars, but very few rare trees or shrubs. Since the 
accession of the present duke, it has been very greatly improved 
in one small spot near the house. Some beautiful flower-gardens 
have been formed from the designs of Repton, and the sugges- 
tions of the present duchess ; but the principal features are the 
exotic and hardy heatheries, formed under the particular direc- 
tion of the duke. Plans and a description of these have been 
printed, and distributed by His Grace, accompanied by an enume- 
ration of the heaths they contain, by Mr. George Sinclair. A 
willow-ground is in contemplation, which will be a great addition 
to the interest of the scenery. [This has been since accom- 
plished, and the Salzctum Woburnense printed.] We must not 
forget the grass-garden, the most complete thing of the kind 
which has ever been formed in any country; and which, from the 
exertions of Sir Humphry Davy, and the patient and assiduous 
labour of Mr. Sinclair, and the publication of them to the world 
in the Hortus Gramineus Woburnensis, it may confidently be pre- 
dicted, will, in time, bring to a very high degree of perfection that 
part of agriculture which consists in the culture of forage grasses. 

Oct. 17. Woburn to Hatfield. — Hatfield House, the residence 
of the Marquess of Salisbury, is in the Elizabethan style, and de- 
servedly celebrated. The park is extensive, but not remarkably 
interesting ; and the gardens afford little to gratify the amateur. 
There is an antique flower-garden, with walks arched over with 
clipped lime trees, which is separated from the house by a terrace- 
walk of turf. Beyond this garden is another, also devoted to 
flowers, and containing a range of hot-houses, for the culture of 
pine-apples and grapes. ‘The kitchen-garden is in a different 
and distinct part of the grounds. ‘The whole is very well kept; 
but there are no rare plants, either hardy or exotic; and there 
is but little evidence of such a love of gardening in the pro- 
prietor, as would be sufficient to stimulate and encourage his 
gardener. [The collection of plants here, we understand, has 
since been considerably increased. ‘The park, according to the 
Return Paper sent us, contains a number of magnificent trees, 
especially oaks.] 


Account of the Berlin Botanic Garden. 295 


Art. II. A Historical and Descriptive Account of the Botanic Gar- 
den at Berlin, accompanied by a Plan of the Garden, a List of the 
Ferns cultivated in it, and a general Account of the Trees contained 
in the Arboretum. By Mr. W. D. BrackenrincE, late Head 
Gardener to Dr. Neill, at Canonmills Cottage, near Edinburgh, 
and now in the Berlin Botanic Garden. 


§ 1. History. 


Tue Royal Botanic Garden at Berlin lies about a mile from the town, 
on the great Potsdam read, at the end of the village of New Schoneberg. The 
locality is certainly anything but well adapted for such an establishment, from 
the low-lying marshy nature of the soil, and the total want of shelter. It is 
bounded on the east by the turnpike road ; having on the south the village, 
and on the west and north sandy fields. It has a surface of about twenty-seven 
German acres, surrounded by a wall 9 ft. high. But, before entering into par- 
ticulars respecting the present state of the garden, the rich collection of plants 
it contains, and the scientific manner it is conducted in, I presume it may not 
prove altogether uninteresting to some of your readers, to have laid before 
them a short account of the origin of the establishment, and its progress, under 
its different sovereigns and directors, up to the present day. 

About the middle of the seventeenth century, it was a field, surrounded by a 
wooden fence, where hops were cultivated for the royal brewery. After the 
termination of the war in 1679, Frederick William, the great Elector of 
Brandenburgh, and the last who bore that title, a lover of gardening and 
botany, had it converted into a garden for the cultivation of exotic trees and 
ornamental plants, appropriating, at the same time, a part for the raising of 
vegetables of the more uncommon kinds for the kitchen. One Michelman, a 
native of Holstein, was appointed gardener; and the ambassadors at the dif- 
ferent courts of Europe, who seem to have had the interests of the garden no 
less at heart than their royal master, sent home plants and seeds for orna- 
menting it, Frederick, the first king of Prussia, who used to spend much of 
his time in this garden with his sisters, at his own private expense sent the son 
of the gardener, Michelman, a journey through France, Holland, and England; 
and, on his return, appointed him successor to his father. The kitchen-garden 
he caused to be turned into a pleasure-garden for the court, and commenced 
erecting forcing and green-houses. These houses were not expressly for the 
cultivation of plants belonging to the garden, but also for the protection, during 
winter, of those used for decorating the royal palaces in summer. At this time, 
the garden contained many interesting plants; as Dracee‘na Draco, Ladrus 
Camphora L. [Cinnamomum R. Br. Cémphora Swt.], Chame‘rops humilis, 
Royéna lucida, Pistacia T’erebinthus, &c. 

By the liberality and perseverance of Dr. Gundelsheimer, physician in or- 
dinary to His Majesty, who accompanied Tournefort on his travels, many 
valuable additions were made. At his own expense, he introduced seeds, and 
greatly enriched the collection with the many rarities he received from Tourne- 
fort, tilla premature death deprived the garden of his valuable services. 

Frederick William I., not possessing so great a taste for gardening as his pre- 
decessors, made a present of the botanic garden to the Royal Society of Berlin ; 
who, not being provided with means necessary to meet the outlay, gave orders 
that only medicinal plants should be cultivated in it, for the royal apothecary. 
Under such circumstances, the gardener, Michelman, was scarcely able to pre- 
serve from ruin that which it had cost so much expense and trouble to collect, 
far less to make any additions. About this time, Ludolff, the first professor 
of botany here, drew up a catalogue of the plants, showing, at the same time, 
the state of the establishment. He, with the assistance of Michelman, in- 
creased the collection as far as was practicable, without incurring expense, 

Z 2 


296 Fitstorical and Descriptive Account 


But the successor of the latter, one Miiller, who seems to have had little taste 
as a botanic cultivator, neglected the more rare and valuable plants. 

In the year 1744, when Frederick the Great was on the throne, Ludolff died ; 
and the king appointed Gleditsch director; and afterwards conferred on the 
Society the title of Academy of Sciences, whereby the splendour of the garden 
was again restored. But the exertions of Gleditsch were in a great measure 
counteracted by the negligent conduct of the acting gardener. During the seven 
years’ war, when, it may be said, science slept, it received almost a death-blow: 
the enemy not only destroyed the gateway, but extended their ravages to the 
hot-houses ; so that the cultivation of the plants was obliged to be given over 
for atime. About this period, it was flooded in spring with water; so that 
what plants remained of consequence were utterly destroyed. At the return 
of peace, the king gave orders that the garden should be surrounded by a wall; 
the houses were put into repair, and considerable additions made to them; and 
these were soon decorated with those plants that had escaped the ravages of 
invaders, and many new ones. Two acres were allotted for the cultivation of 
exotic plants in the open air, and one for trees and shrubs; the remaining part 
was cropped with vegetables. 

From this time till 1786,in which year Gleditsch died, little mention is made 
of improvement, with the exception of removing the houses with oblique roofs, 
and in their place erecting others with high upright fronts, similar to those 
common in Germany:to this day; and it is not to be wondered at that the loss 
of a great many plants was the result. 

After Gleditsch, Professor Meyer succeeded as director ; and it may be ne- 
cessary here to mention, that, a few years previous to Gleditsch’s death, Stiel 
had become gardener ; but he, like some of his predecessors, looked upon the 
interests of the garden as a secondary consideration; and Meyer, from his 
medical profession, andthe multiplicity of other business which he had to 
attend to, was prevented from devoting that time and talent to the garden 
which the interests of such an establishment required, 

_ Such was the state of affairs in 1801, when the celebrated Willdenow, who 
may be said to be the father and founder of the present flourishing establish- 
ment, undertook the direction of the garden. Willdenow took quite a differ- 
ent view of things from those who had gone before him ; and, with an industry 
only equalled by his perseverance and love for the science, he soon caused the 
face of the garden to assume a different appearance. In the place of Stiel, he 
appointed one Siedle, from Dresden, as gardener. A green-house was built, 
32 ft. long; the lines of beeches and oaks, which ran in different directions 
through the grounds, were cleared away, and an additional two acres taken in, 
which is now planted as an arboretum. Nor was it at home only that he was 
busy; he took advantage of every opportunity in opening a correspondence 
with botanists and botanical cultivators, both at home and abroad, from whom 
he received large supplies of plants and seeds. For the same purposes, he made 
botanical excursions through Italy, France, and Holland, and considered no- 
thing’a toil which tended to advance the interests of the garden. It is well 
known how successful he was in raising ferns from the sweepings of his dried 
specimens; and I have been told it was not uncommon, in spring, to see him 
busy at the potting board, shifting plants with his own hands. The progress 
which the garden made under his direction can only be fairly ascertained by 
referring to the catalogue, which, in 1801, when he first undertook the manage- 
ment, contained only 1200 specimens, including indigenous plants, but which, 
in the space of seven years, had accumulated to 6350, among which were many 
rare plants belonging to the genera Banksia, Piper, Cassia [? Acacia] Mi- 
mosa, Melaletica, Protea, rica, Strelitzia, A‘rum, Passiflora, Céstrum, &c. 
Those tribes which seem to have been his favourites were, mesembryanthe- 
mums, stapelias, and ferns, of which he drew together large collections. In 
1802, an alteration took place, which assisted him greatly in putting his plans 
into execution. On the resignation of Seidle, he was succeeded by the present 
indefatigable and truly scientific director, Otto; who found a wide field for 


of the Botanic Garden at Berlin. 297 


improvement open before him, especially in the grounds; the soil, in most parts, 
being poor, and of a marshy nature. This evil he overcame, ina great measure, 
by the making of ponds, to draw the water together, there being no declivity 
for draining. Many parts of the garden were afterwards raised and improved, 
by the addition of composts; and the whole was laid out with walks and plots, 
in an elegant manner. The trees and shrubs may be said to have been planted 
what you call geographically ; each species being placed in the situation where 
it was most likely to succeed, whether moist, dry, shady, or open; and, in 
many instances, this system has been found advantageous, particularly in pro- 
moting the growth of the trees. 

On the 2d of June, 1802, the prosperity of the garden received a severe 
check from a violent hail storm, which left not a pane of glass in the houses; 
and the tropical plants, which were then in their greatest beauty and vigour, 
were laid prostrate with the ground by the pieces of ice, which are said to have 
been as large as common walnuts. The trees and shrubs in the open garden 
were also considerably injured ; but, through the bounty ofthe King of Prussia, 
the requisite sum for the repairing of the damage was soon granted; so that, 
by the end of summer, scarcely any traces of the disaster were visible. Nothing 
particular occurred worthy of mentioning till the death of Willdenow, which 
happened in 1812. Shortly after, Professor Schlechtendahl drew up a Supple- 
ment to Willdenow’s Hortus Berolinensis, containing 1350 additional species, 
which, with what the author published himself in 1809, showed that the gar- 

den, at his death, possessed a collection of between 7000 and 8000 plants. 

* Since the learned and well-known Professor Link became connected with 
the garden, considerable and important additions have been made to it. Ele- 
gant and commodious houses have been erected, and richly stocked with many 
valuable tropical plants, especially from Brazil and Mexico, received from the 
different botanical collectors sent out for the express purpose, and also from 
private individuals. The different journeys made by Director Otto through 
France, Holland, and England have also been of the highest importance to 
the establishment; not only from the quantity of plants M. Otto brought 
back with him, but from the establishment by him of a correspondence with 
the superintendants of other botanic gardens ; which, from the liberality with 
which new plants are here given out, must be beneficial to all parties. 
§ ii. Description. 

Concerning the origin and progress of this garden, I think enough has been 
said; and I shall now endeavour to give you a short account of it in its 
present state. Whatever different opinions may be entertained as to the 
garden itself in the neighbourhood of Berlin, I think all must allow that the 
entrance-gates are poor, and the situations badly chosen. To speak plainly, 
the entrance-gate does not seem to be here considered as an object on which 
taste can be displayed; although, in the instance now before me, the deficiency 
does not appear so glaring as in some gardens which I have lately visited, and 
of which I will send you an account at some future period. The entrance to 
the Berlin Botanic Garden is through a plain cast-iron gate, supported by four 
stone pillars, or columns, forming the carriageway in the middle, with two 
small gates on each side. On passing these, you find yourself in a large court 
or square, formed by the superintendant’s house on the one side, and the 
dwellings of the gardeners on the other. The last is high, and has a barrack- 
like appearance ; but it is commodiously fitted up inside. On being shown 
through the inner door by the porter, a stranger is astonished to find himself 
all at once in the midst of green-houses and stoves: these are arranged in 
three grand ranges of seventeen divisions, running east and west, the whole 
breadth of the garden. On account of the houses having been built at different 
periods, and without any regular plan or arrangement having been attended 
to, they fail in producing an effect as a grand whole; but this defect is amply 
overcome by the numerous and rich collection which they contain. I shall 
first speak of the tropical plants and their houses, which consist of ten diyi- 

Z3 


298 Historical and Descriptive Account 


sions: these are constructed on various plans inside, to suit the nature of 
the plants to be cultivated in them; the dry stoves being fitted up with stages, 
and most of the others having pits in the centre, filled with dung and old 
leaves, in which the plants are placed, or plunged. This department has been 
greatly enriched through the combined exertions of the collectors Sellow and 
Beyrich, in Brazil; and Schiede and Deppe in Mexico, who not only imported 
vast quantities of seeds, but living plants also. The number of species in 
many genera is truly astonishing; as in Passiflora, Sida, Malpighia, Gésnera, 
Hbiscus, Banistéria, Aristolochia, Begonia, Ficus, Ardisia, Bignonia, Pothos, 
Piper, &c. Among these are many new species, or, at least, species that are 
supposed to be new, which have not yet flowered. The collection of ferns, 
of which I send you a list, is the finest I have seen, and it is most admirably 
cultivated. Most of these plants have been raised from the shakings of dried 
specimens, and many of them areassuming the habits of trees; as Polypédium 
alséphilum, which has a stem 4 ft. high, by 6in. m diameter, with an elegant 
crown of leayes; and Cibotium Schiédez, from Mexico, which is supposed to be 
of the tree kind. The plant, though young, has pushed fronds 12 ft. long, and is 
remarkably handsome. Among the other conspicuous ferns may be mentioned 
Didymochle‘na sinudsa, Polypodium atreum, Diplazium arboréscens, Ma- 
rattia lz'‘vis, and M. cicutzefolia: the propagation of the latter is rather in- 
teresting. The root, or tuber, whence the leaves spring, is a large, scaly, corky= 
looking substance, resembling the stem of a Zamia. Each of these scales has 
at the point of its insertion in the stem an eye, or bud, which, when carefully 
removed, and planted im a small pot placed in heat, roots freely. The more 
rare and tender ferns have a house allotted to them; but most of them are 
used in decorating the other houses, for which purpose they are admirably 
adapted, from their light green foliage, and from their thriving well in situations 
which could not be otherwise occupied. The cultivation of tropical Orchi- 
dacez here, as in England, has become a matter of interest. A pit of 60 ft. 
long has lately been built, and it already contains a very neat collection: the 
parasitical kinds are grown in cork boxes and cocoa nut shells suspended by 
brass wire from the rafters; and, although that degree of humidity and heat 
is not kept up which some late writers on this beautiful tribe recommend, the 
plants are succeeding admirably, and flowering freely. Many specimens have 
flowered this season which have not been, as yet, figured in any work: they are 
mostly from Brazil. 

The Berlin Garden has long been celebrated, and justly, for its collection 
of succulents, especially Cactacee, which certainly do great credit to the 
director; not only from their number and their robust and healthy state, but 
from the scientific manner in which they are named and 
arranged. Each species has the name and authority 
attached to it, neatly written with black paint on a 
porcelain tally. (jig. 39.) These tallies are about 
4 inches long, of a wedge shape rounded at the head, 
which has a very clean appearance; and the different 
genera are arranged together ; a method indispensably ne- 
cessary in a tribe so difficult to distinguish. An exceed- 
ingly interesting house is kept up at a heat of 15° of 
Reaumur. Great care is taken in watering at this season, 
especially the mammillarias, which are apt to damp off. 
In summer, the more rare and tender kinds are removed 
into frames, where they receive a gentle bottom heat; 
the bed being covered over with a layer of sand, on 
which the plants are placed. They are now more co- 
piously watered, and, in hot weather, syringed and shaded 
from the scorching heat of the sun. The more hardy 
kinds are placed in a sheltered situation in the open air, 
and remain without protection through the whole of 
the summer. The number of species runs about 350. 
Hybrids are not so much sought after here as in Eng- 


of the Botanic Garden at Berlin. 299 


land. In the second dry stove there is a tolerably complete assortment of 
species of Mesembryanthemum, 4’loe, Gastéria, and Hawérthia, named and 
arranged in the same way as the Cactacez. Among the Cape and New Hol- 
land plants, which occupy seven divisions, are some fine old specimens of 
species of Acacia, Banksia, and Dryandra. The Protedcee are cultivated 
in a separate house, and the Ericacez in another. The plants comprised in 
this order, though not so stocky as they are generally to be seen in England, 
are healthy, and flower profusely; but what is more worthy of notice, are the 
fine seedling plants of Araucaria imbricata and A. brasiliana, and Altingia 
Cunningham. A new species of pine, Pinus Llavedna, has been raised 
here from Mexican seeds, which has a very graceful habit of growth. Lych- 
nis Bungeana [Agrostémma Bungeana D. Don, in Sweet’s British Flower- 
Garden, second series, t. 317.;"whence some account is quoted in Gard. Mag., 
vol. xii. p. 76.] and Siléne laciniata, which flowered here for the first time last 
summer, are very showy plants, and are well worthy of notice. It would 
occupy too much space to enumerate all the varieties which have lately been 
received from different countries, and especially from North and South Ame- 
rica; but one thing I must observe, which I think would please you, namely, 
the clean and workmanlike manner in which the plants and houses are kept, 
and the vast number of old species which are cultivated, and, apparently, are 
as much thought of as their more modern neighbours. 

About the middle of the garden, and in front of a fine group of old trees, 
stands the conservatory (or, as it is called here, the winter house, from its 
being only in winter protected with glass). It is a square heavy-looking build- 
ing, 80 ft. long, by 26 ft. wide, with an upright front 36 ft. high; and is covered 
with a span roof, which has a rise from the front to the centre of the house 
of about 7 ft. The shrubs, or rather trees, are growing in a large bed, or 
border, which is divided into two by a walk which crosses the house, and 
goes round the front, with other small paths between the plants for the con- 
venience of watering them. ‘The entrance is from behind, Here stands the 
celebrated female plant of Chamze‘rops humilis, on which Dr. Gleditsch, in 
1769, performed the well-known experiment of fertilising the seeds by sus- 
pending a bunch of male flowers over them. (See Encyc. of Gard., edit. 1835, 
§ 678.; and Transactions of the Prussian Horticultural Society, vol. i. p. 32.) 
The stem of this palm is now 16 ft. high; and it is in a healthy state, bearing 
manv bunches of flowers and fruit ; though the latter are, of course, imperfect, 
as the flowers are not now fertilised. According to Dr. Otto’s account, it must 
be 181 years old: Leptospérmum flexuosum, Eucalyptus longifolia, and E. 
robasta, Casuarina torulésa, and Melaleuca linarizfolia, have reached to the 
top of the house; and, when the sashes are removed in summer, they send 
forth their luxuriant shoots, 8 ft. and 10 ft. above the rafters. Between these 
fine plants, and as underwood, are large specimens of Magnolia grandiflora, 
Cunninghimia lanceolata, Cléthra atborea, Melaletca styphelidides, Pzednia 
Moittan, Quercus Tarneri, Acacia floribanda, and A. affi‘nis, with many more 
New Holland trees and shrubs. A large plant in a tub of the rarely flowering 
Phérmium ténax, pushed ten stems, each at least 10 ft. high, last season, and 
flowered beautifully. Nothing can be more elegant than the appearance of 
this house, when laid open in summer, from the walk in front outside. The 
graceful habits of the casuarina, the shining green leaves and large white 
flowers of the magnolia, contrasted with the hoary-looking eucalyptus; have 
a very striking effect, which attracts the attention of all the strangers of taste 
who visit the garden. 

A little farther on, and about 100 yards to the right, is the palm-house, 
which was built in 1828, on much the same principles as the last, though not 
so high by 8ft. In the centre of the house, and standing on a pedestal, is a 
magnificent plant of Latdnia borbénica, which covers a space of ground 29 ft. 
in diameter, and is supposed to be the finest plant of the kind in Germany. 
On both sides of this noble specimen, the house is divided into three beds, 
with gravel walks between: these beds run lengthwise, and are thickly set 

Zz 4 


300 Historical and Descriptive Account 


‘with pedestals, or cut stems of old trees, on the top of each is placed a slab, or 
table, on which the plants are placed. You will be apt to imagine that these 
will have an unsightly appearance ; but they are almost entirely hidden by the 
plants growing in the borders; such as species of Ficus, Pothos, and A‘rum, 
which mingle their tops with those of the dicksonias and polypodiums, which 
hang down from the pots and tubs, and which, in turn, are crowned by the 
leaves of the palms, the number of which, including the Cycadaceze, amounts 
to about 80 species. Among the most rare and fine specimens may be reckoned 
Thrinax élegans and argéntea, Loudonia excélsa, Ela‘is guineénsis, Cocos 
refléxa, Caryota trens, Wallichia caryotoides, Acrocdmia globosa, Sagus 
Rumphi’, Diplothémium maritimum, Desmoncus orthacanthus, Latania 
glaucophylla, &c. Encephartos Frederic? Wilhélmi, and E. Altensténi, two 
species of a genus nearly allied to Zamia, have lately been uhported from the 
Cape, and named in honour of His Majesty the King of Prussia, who is a 
great lover of palms, as may be seen from the fine collection on the Peacock 
Isle (Pfauen Insel), and of one of his ministers. Among the other plants: 
of interest are, Furcree‘a longe‘va, and Agave yuccefolia; the latter of which 
is now in flower. This house, though built at so late a date, cannot be con- 
sidered as a proof of the improvement of garden architecture: the back wall 
is arched over, and shades more than one half of the plant; while the thick 
columns and stout beams used for its support would give the whole a very 
heavy and unsightly appearance, were not the ingenuity of the gardener brought 
in to remedy the defect. The beams and rafters are now covered with different 
kinds of Passiflora and Aristolochia, the gay trusses of flowers produced by 
which tend to lighten the fabric. All the kouses are heated by means of flues, 
with the exception of one small warm-water apparatus, which has been erected, 
but which is almost too trifling to mention: the fuel is wood. Outside of this 
house, advantage has been taken of the heat given out by the flues, which run 
along inside close to the wall under the passage; and frames have been sunk, in 
which Cape and South American bulbs are cultivated. The soil is a mixture 
of vegetable earth and sand. Brunsyigia Josephine, different sorts of Ama- 
ryllis, Zephyranthes, Z’xia, Hamanthus, and Gladiolus, flower freely; and 
the tall sorts of Alstroeméria are planted near the back of the bed, and trained 
against the glass. I mention this, that others, possessing the same means, may 
take advantage of them. I am well aware that many Cape and South Ame- 
rican bulbs have been grown in England in the open air; but, where a general 
collection is planted out, as is the case here, the protection of a frame is 
necessary. As many of these bulbs push in winter, the German gardeners 
are very dexterous in protecting the frames and plant-stoves from frost; the 
frames are covered with boards, one laid over another like the tiles of a house, 
and the stoves the same, with the exception that the boards are there laid 
side by side, parallel with the sashes, the ends resting against a bar; and the 
upright fronts are protected by shutters pushed into grooves, or sockets. In 
this manner a range of houses 200 ft. long can easily be covered and un- 
covered in the space of ten minutes. For the shading of the houses in sum- 
mer, the stems of the common reed (Phragmites communis) are used: they 
are cut to suit the breadth of two sashes, and are fastened together at the 
ends, till a kind of network, or web, is formed of the required length, which 
is fastened to a roller, and let up and down by means of a rope and pulley. 
The herbaceous plants, which occupy a considerable space, are arranged ac- 
cording to the Linnzan system, and named with written wooden tallies ; but, 
from the vast devastations committed by the Achéta Gryllotalpa [Fabr., Gryl- 
lotalpa vulgaris Laér.], duplicates of the more tender and uncommon kinds 
require to be kept in pots. 

This insect ( fig. 40.) is called in English the mole cricket ; a word that is the 
literal meaning of Gryllotalpa, from gryllus, a cricket, and tal/pa, a mole; a 
description of which, with a figure, will be found in the Mag. of Nat. Hist., 
vol, ii. p. 290. There is clso some account of this insect in a French work, 
entitled Spectacle de la Nature, which has been translated into English in 
7 volumes It appears about the beginning of summer, in myriads, and in 


of the Botanic Garden at Berlin. 301 


provided with two strong 
claws, or feet, attached 40 
to its body near the head, 
by means of which it 
makes its way through 


the ground like a mole, ff Ss ee ls 
aS =: 
se 6 


and with as much dex- 


terity. Nothing in the erat < 
herbaceous way is proof Z2==—= oy fii SS 
against its ravages. I (fA { eat 
have seen the stem of a / 

dahlia an inch thick cut p 
through by it in the 

course of a night, with as much precision as if done with a knife. From the 
circumstance of these insects seldom appearing on the surface, and the rapidity 
with which they breed, no method has been fallen upon whereby they are 
likely to be eradicated, although hundreds of thousands are caught yearly by 
means of flower-pots, plunged with their brims about 2 in. below the level of 
the surface, into which the insects fall during their nightly rambles: nests are 
also sought for and destroyed. Do you know any means by which this de- 
structive insect could be extirpated ? It is the greatest enemy the gardener has 
to contend with at Berlin. 

The collection of alpines is large, and among them are many little gems, 
particularly be'onging to the order Primulacez. The plants are shifted early 
in spring, and placed in a shady situation, every genus being placed by itself. 
I would here have made a few remarks on the number of deciduous shrubs and 
trees, their size and general arrangement; but, from the correct manner in 
which this has already been done by Director Otto, any thing from me on that 
head would be superfluous ; only, I would observe, that about half an acre is 
kept as a nursery, for the raising and propagation of the more rare kinds ; so 
that, when improvements are making, or a vacancy occurs, the garden can be 
supplied from resources of its own. 

The arboretum, though rich in trees and shrubs of deciduous kinds, is as far 
in the other extreme with regard to evergreens; and this may be accounted 
for by the coldness of the climate, and the unsheltered situation of the garden. 
The &hododéndron ponticum and azaleas, of which there are several groups, 
are covered in winter with dense coverings of pine branches, and, in very 
severe weather, receive an extra layer of leaves. The only evergreens which 
seem to bid defiance to the bitter cold are, Z’huja occidentalis, Junfperus vir- 
giniana, and J. Sabina; Pinus resinosa, P. [Cémbra var.] sibirica, P. [Larix] 
microcarpa, P. mariana, P. nigréscens, P.rtbra, P.inops, P. [? L.] péndula, P. 
rigida, P. variabilis, and P. hispanica. Portugal laurels and bays [ ? Cérasus 
Laurocérasus], there are none; and I have never seen a good specimen of the 
common holly in the country. Owing to the absence of these and similar 
evergreens which stand the open air in Britain, you can easily imagine the 
bleak aspect which the country assumes in winter. 

The months of February and March are, in general, cold, with sharp easterly 
winds; and, before the beginning of April, vegetation is scarcely perceptible; 
but the rapidity with which Nature now unfolds her gay productions, spread- 
ing her mantle over field and garden, is truly astonishing, and, in some mea- 
sure, may be said to resemble the springs of North America. The activity of 
the gardener is now called into exertion ; the plants are uncovered; and the 
vines, which have lain buried in the ground all the winter, are taken out, 
pruned, and tied to their trellises. One of the greatest beauties of the garden, 
at this time, is the Cércis canadénsis, of which there are several fine specimens, 
covered from bottom to top with flowers. 

The more hardy kinds of house plants are, by degrees, removed to the open 
air, and arranged in groups in front of and between the ranges of houses. 
The figures which they form are of different shapes, to suit the sweeps of the 
walks, or to take advantage of the shade of walls or large trees. The larger 


Ne) SS 
irises 


302 Historical and Descriptive Account 


ones being placed in beds for the convenience of watering, the pots are plunged 
up to within 1 in. of the brim, the tall plants being made fast to light spars, 
and the groups always sloping to the walk. As much regularity as possible 
is observed in selecting the plants for each group, by placing together such as 
require the same treatment, and, where it is practicable, such as belong to the 
same family ; as Proteaceae, Myrtacex, Conifer, &c. This method of culti- 
vating the green-house plants in summer has many advantages : first, a beauti- 
ful effect is produced by the different forms of the groups themselves ; secondly, 
a contrast is formed by the various shades of colour and forms of the leaves ; 
and, lastly, the plants do not suffer so much from wind and drought as they 
do when huddled together upon gravel, in some out of the way corner, as is 
often enough to be seen in Britain. The only serious objection which can be 
raised against this plan is, that worms will infest the pots, and that the borders 
must be prepared with sand, or some other hard material. Here, for the fine 
and tender kinds, the beds are raised 2 ft. high by means of a platform, which 
is covered with sand. All the species of Canna flower well in the open ground. 
The bed in which they are to be planted is dug out to the depth of 2 ft.; and a 
quantity of warm dung and leaves is laid in the bottom, which is covered with 
a layer of vegetable mould and peat earth. With this treatment, many grow 
to the height of 10 ft. and 12 ft. in a season; but, to do this, they must be co- 
piously watered. Many of the ligneous plants of Brazil and Mexico are also 
removed to the open air in summer. The cultivation of fancy or florist’s 
flowers has, of late years, become a matter of interest, especially the dahlias 
and heartsease. Of the first, there is a very fine and select collection, most of 
the plants contained in which are from England, they being considered supe- 
rior to those raised in Prussia. The borders along the edges of the walks are 
ornamented, in summer, with annuals of the more hardy and easy-flowering 
kinds, as the Prussian stocks, larkspurs, &c.; and are succeeded by the rare and 
tender sorts from the frames, as Schizanthus Graham, S. retusus, Ipo- 
mopsis pulchélla, Gilia tricolor, and a mass of other plants too numerous to 
mention in detail. As a substitute for box edgings, a very neat one is made of 
O’xalis tetraphylla and O. Déppez. The bulbs, or eyes, are planted about the 
beginning of May, in a drill 2 in. deep: the soil is light and sandy, in which they 
grow rapidly, and flower beautifully till cut down by the frost. I do not know 
if you are aware that these plants are used as vegetables. I can assure you that 
the tubers (by which I do not mean the bulbs, or knobs, but the spindle-shaped 
root underneath them) of both species, when stewed, as they are done here, 
make a very palatable and fine-looking dish. Bushels of them are raised here 
yearly; a result which has never followed the cultivation of the much famed 
O. crenata, at least not in this country, as it has here proved a failure: the 
leaves of O. Déppei are said to be used as spinach; but on this head I cannot 
speak. The breadth of the walks are in proportion to the size of the garden, 
and are kept in good order; the grass, though inferior to that of England, 
may be considered as a fair specimen in this country; and near its margins figures 
of various forms are cut out; and groups of salvias, fuchsias, verbenas, Gla- 
diolus psittacinus [natalénsis], salpiglossises, dahlias, and erythrinas, are planted 
out in summer. Petween the palm-house and conservatory, and rather in 
front of the latter, is a neat little pond, with an island in the centre, planted 
with Salix babylénica, Bétula péndula, Juniperus virginiana, and other grace- 
ful-growing trees. The pond is well stocked with aquatic plants, such as 
Thalia dealbata, sorts of Pontedéria, Sagittaria, Nymphe'‘a, &c. The banks are 
ornamented, in summer, with Musa, Papyrus antiquorum, Canna, Hedychium, 
&c. The garden contains a collection of between 14,000 and 15,000 species, in- 
cluding those undescribed. There are more than 15,000 according to Professor 
Link’s account. The whole of the houses together give a length of 1117 
lineal feet, and have a surface inside of 256°169 square feet; namely, 123°269 
squarefeet the hot-houses, and 132°900 square feet the cold-houses. The ground 
plan of the garden (jig. 41.) and the description are annexed. Little alteration 
has been made of late. You will easily see, from the narrowness of the grounds, 


of the Botanic Garden at Berlin. 


a, Entrance and fore 
court, 

6, Lodgings for work. 
men and various 
offices. 

c, Hot-house No. 1, 
for small and 
young plants. 

d, Hot-house No. &. 
for monocotyle- 
donous plants. 

e, Hot-house No. 3, 
for ferns and 
palms, 

J, Hot-house Nos, 4 
and 5, in two di- 
visions. 

£, Hot-house Nos. 6 
and 7, in two di- 
Visions, together 
with the two 
green-houses, 4 
and 5, for Cape 
and New Holland 
plants. 

#, Hot-house No. 8, 
for large palms, 

2, Hot-house No. 9, 
for large speci- 
mens of tropical 
piants, together 
with the two 
green-houses Nos, 
6 and 7, for 
Orangery plaints. 

%, Hot-house No. 10, 
for large _speci- 
mens of Pandda- 
RUS, Dracez‘na 
Draco, Misa, &c. 

i, Green-house No.1, 
for Cape, New 
Holland, and 
Mexican plants. 

m, Green-houses Nos, 
2 and 3, for heaths 
and succulent 
plants. 

n, Conservatory No. 
8, for large spe. 
Cimens of New 
Holland and 
other plants, 

0, Dung-beds for 
raising seeds, 

p, Structure with 
Props for twining 
plants. 

q, Compost ground. 

77, Place for under- 
shrubs, hardy pe. 
rennials, and bi- 
ennials, 

5, Place for annuals. 
z, Place for water 
and bog plants, 

u;, Place for setting 
out the green 
house plants, &c, 
during summer, 

v, Road trom Berlin 
to Potsdam, 


304 Historical and Descriptive Account 


that the views cannot be fine or extensive: the only one which may be con- 
sidered as picturesque is seen from the lower end of the garden, where you 
have the pond with its island, on the right the conservatory, and on the 
left the palm-house, overtopped with stately trees ; and between these, over 
the green, a perspective view of the other houses, which form the back- 
ground, 

The regulations for carrying on the work in the garden are admirable : every 
journeyman has his allotted division of houses, or other work, with which he 1s 
intrusted; and, acccrding to the heaviness of his task, he receives a given num- 
ber of apprentices, labourers, or boys, to assist him. This causes asort of com~ 
petition, who shall cultivate and keep his ground in best order; and according 
as any one distinguishes himself, so follows his promotion. The gardeners 
have also formed themselves into a society, which meets once a week, to dis- 
cuss points of gardening; one of the oldest of the members being chosen president. 
They receive a copy of the Prussian Horticultural Society's Transactions, and 
Gardener's Magazine, gratis. Attached to the establishment is a kitchen, with 
servants for the cooking of victuals, and cleaning of the rooms ; every gardener 
having his own private apartment, which is neatly furnished and fitted up. In 
providing for the comfort of the gardener, much more attention and expense 
are bestowed than in any other establishment which I have yet seen. 

The garden is open to the public on Wednesdays, and is much visited by 
_ all classes of society, but especially by military men, who seem to be great 
lovers of Flora in this country, Strangers and practical men are admitted at 
all times. 


§ iti, List of Ferns cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden, Berlin, 1836; 
arranged according to Link’s Hortus Berolinensis. 


Order ]. HymMenorny’Lie&. 26. Adiantum glanduliferum Link. 
1, Hymenophyllum tunbridgénse 27. sulphureum Kaulf: 
Smith. 28. Ptéris longifolia Linn. 
2. Wilson Hooker. 29. costata Bory. 
30. egrandifolia Linn. 
Order Il. Potyropia‘cEem. 81. taleata Brown. 
3. Davallia canariénsis Swartz. 32. argéntea Langsd. et Fischer. 
4:, pyxidata Cavan. 33. pedata Linn. 
5. divaricata Schlechtendhal. 34. crética Linn. 
6. Cibotium Schiédei Schlechtendahl. 35. stenophylla Hook. et Grev. 
7. Dickscnia adiantoides Willd. 36. denticulata Swartz. 
8. rubigindsa Kau/f. Bile serrulata Linn. 
9. pilosiiscula Willd. 38. spinulosa Link. 
10. aculeata Spreng. 39. crenata Swartz. 
11. Balantium glaucéscens Kunze. 40. atropurpurea Linn. 
12. Adiantum reniforme Linn. Al. ternifolia Cavanill. 
13. pedatum Linn. 42, calomélanos Link. 
14, curvatum Kaulf: 43. hastata Swartz. 
15. brasiliénse Raddi. 44, cordata Cavanill. 
16. fructuosum. 45. nemoralis Willd. 
17. pentadactylum Langsd. et 46. biaurita Linn. 
Fischer. 47, lata Kaulf. 
18. trapeziforme Linn. 48. sulcata Dr, Meyen. 
19. pubéscens Schkuhr, 49. arguta Vahl. 
20. formosum Link. 50. dectrrens Raddi. 
21, Capillus-Véneris Linn. 51. polita Link. 
22. zethidpicum Linn. 52. defléxa Link. 
23. assimile Swartz. 53. alloscGra Link. 
24. cuneatum Langsd, ct Fischer. 5+. pallida Raddi. 


25. concinnum Willd. 55. macroptera Lik. 


gq the Botanic Garden at Berlin. 305 


56. Ptéris aquilina Linn. 


57. 


08. 


59 
60 


chrysocarpa Hooker et Gre- 
ville. 
inframarginalis Kau/f. 


. Ceratépteris ¢halictrdides Link 


or Brongn. 


. Allosorus crispus Bernhardi. 


61. Cheilanthes auriculata Swartz. 


62. 
63. 
64, 
65, 
66. 
67, 
68, 
69. 
70, 
71, 
72, 
73, 
74, 
75, 
76, 
77. 


78 


profusa Kunze. 
micrémera Link. 
microphylla Swartz. 
tenuitolia Swartz. 
ferruginea Willd. 
spectabilis Aaul/f: 
marginata Kunth. 
ruféscens Link. 
cuneata Link. 
hirsuta Link. 
crenulata Link. 
odora Swartz. 
hirta Swartz. 
tomentosa Link. 
lentigera Swartz. 
viscesa Link. 


- Nothochlee‘na lanuginosaDesvauc. 
79, 
80, 


sinuata Kaulf. 
Marante Desvaux. 


81. Acréstichum conférme Swartz. 


82, 


100, 
101. 
102, 


103 
104 


callefolium Blume. 
scolopendrifolium Raddi. 
aureum Linn. 
staphyleum Link. 
alcicérne Swartz. 


. Gymnogramma palmata Linn. 


pedata Kau/f. 

rufa Desvaux. 
tomentosa Desvauz. 
Raddiana Link. 
polypodidides Spreng. 
villosa Link. 
leptophylla Desvaux. 
cherophylla Desvaux. 
calomélanos Kaulf. 
dealbata Link. 
peruviana Desvaux.~ 
distans Link. 
chrysophylla Link. 
Céterach Link. 
cordata Schlechtendahl. 


. Acrépteris septentrionalis Link. 
. Asplenium Nidus Linn, 

105, 
106. 
107, 
108, 
109, 
110, 
111. 
112. 


serratum Linn. 
palmatum Swartz. 
oligophyllum Kauwlf. 
sérra Langsd. et Fischer. 
marinum Linn. 
obtusifolium Linn. 
brasiliénse Raddi. 
ebéneum Att. Kew. 


113. 
114. 
115. 
116. 
117. 
118. 
119. 
120. 
121. 
122. 
123. 
124. 
125. 
126. 
127. 
128. 
129. 
130. 
131. 
132. 
133. 
134. 
135. 


136. 
137. 
138. 
139. 
140. 
141. 
142. 
143. 
144. 
145. 
146. 
147. 
148. 
149. 
150. 
151. 
152. 
153. 
154. 
155. 
156. 
157. 
158. 
159. 
160. 
161. 
162. 
163. 
164. 
165. 
166. 
167. 
168. 
169. 
170. 


Asplénium Otites Link. 
triste Kaulf. 
auritum Swartz. 
Trichémanes Linn. 
viride Smith. 

Petrarche Dec. 
melanocailon Willd. 
flabellifolium Cavan. 
fontanum R. Brown. 
pumilum Swartz. 
affine Swartz. 
thelypterdides Tischer. 
praemérsum Swartz. 
Adiantum nigrum Linn. 
Ruta muraria Linn. 
alternifolium Jacq. 
angustifolium. 
decurtatum Kunze. 
rachirhizon. 

Filix foe’mina Hooker. 
disséctum Link. 

Camptosorus rhizoph¥llus Link. 

Scolopéndrium — officinarum 

Swartz. 

Diplazium acuminatum Raddi. 
Shephérd: Link. 
Riedelidnum Fischer. 
rumicifolium Escher. 
dubium Link. 
coarctatum Link. 
pubéscens Link. 
arboréscens Swartz. 
obtusum Link. 

Didymochle‘na sinudsa Desvaux. 

Allantédia umbrosa R. Brown. 

Biéchnum lanceolatum Raddi. 
intermédium Link. 
sracile Kaulf. 
triangulare Link. 
glandulosum Kaw/f. 
occidentale Linn. 
faleatum Link. 
australe Linn. 
brasiliénse Desvaur. 
stagnum Raddi. 
hastatum Kaulf. 

Lomaria borealis Link. 
minor Spreng. 
dénsa Kaulf. 
attenuata Willd. 

Gilliést Hooker et Grey. 

Doddia aspera R. Brown. 
rupéstris Link. 

Meniscium paltstre Raddi. 

Woodwardia radicans Swartz. 
onocledides Willd. 
virginica Swartz. 

Polypodium lycopodisides. 
tteophyllum Link, 


306 


171. 
172. 
173. 
174. 
175. 
176. 
177. 
178. 
179. 


180. 
181. 
182. 
183. 
184. 
185. 
186. 
187. 
188. 
189. 
190. 
191. 
192. 
193. 
194. 
195. 
196. 
197. 
198. 
199. 
200. 
201. 
202. 
203. 
204. 
20a 
206. 
207. 
208. 
209. 


210. 


211. 
212. 
213. 
214. 
215. 
216. 
217. 
218. 
219. 
220. 
221. 
222. 
223. 
224. 
225. 
226. 
227. 
228. 


Eistorical and Descriptive Account 


Polypodium dimérphum Link. 
Brownianum Spreng. 
percissum Cavan. 
crassifolium Linn. 
Phyllitidis Linn. 
brevifolium Link. 
répens Swartz. 
ceespitdsum Link. 
vaceiniifolium Langsd. et 

Fischer. 
eiliatum Willd. 
phymatodes Linn. 
alternifolium Willd. 
terminale Link. 
lepiddpodum Link. 
peltideum Link. 
vulgare Linn. 
vulgare var cambricum. 
meenurum Link, 
latipes Langsd. et Fischer. 
ramosum Link. 
herpeddes Link. 
vacillans Lunk. 
le‘tum Raddi. 
aureum Linn. 
sporadocarpum Willd. 
pulvinatum Link. 
attenuatum Willd. 
proliferum Kaulf. 
polystichum Link. 
Preslianum Spreng. 
dectrrens Raddi. 
crenatum Swartz. 
Phegopteris Linn. 
concinnum Willd. 
subtetragonum Schkuhr. 
defléxum Kaulf. 
compositum Link. 
alséphilum Link. 
ineequale Link. 
divérgens Willd. 
effisum Swartz. 
Dry6pteris Linn. 
calcareum Smith Bot. 


hexagonépterum (NV. Amer). 


Microsorum irregulare Link. 

Niphdébolus rupéstris Spreng. 
pertusus Spreng. 

Aspidium trifoliatum Swartz. 
macrophyllum Swartz. 
fraxinifolium Spreng. 
Lonchitis Swartz. 
acrostichoides Swartz. 
sérra Swartz. 
stenochlz‘num Kunze. 
molle Link. 
violaceum Link. 
patens Willd. 
Kaulfiassz Link. 


229. 
230. 
231. 
232. 
233. 
234, 
235. 
236. 
237, 
238. 
239. 
240. 
241, 
242. 
243. 
244, 
245. 
246. 
247, 
248. 
249. 
250. 
251. 
252. 
253. 
254. 
255. 
256. 
257. 
258. 
359. 
260. 
261. 
262. 
263. 
264, 
265. 
266. 


267. 
268. 
269. 
270. 
271. 
Mies 
273. 
274, 
275. 
276. 
277. 
278. 
279. 
280. 
281. 
282. 
283. 
284. 
285. 


Aspidium chrysolobum Link. 
noveboracénse Swariz. 
Oreépteris Swartz. 
Thelypteris Swartz. 
rivulorum Link. 
concinnum Link. 
cristatum Swartz. 
aculeatum Swartz. 
lobatum Smith Bot. 
angulare Willd. 

Filix mas Swarts. 
marginale Swartz. 
ctenitis Link. 
spinulosum Swartz. 
dilatatum Svwartz. 
rigidum Swartz. 
pungens Kaulf. 

Nephrodium pectinatum Willd. 
tuberosum Link. 
exaltatum R. Brown. 

Tectaria coriacea Link. 

Cyclosorus gongylodes Link. 

Cystépteris bulbifera Swartz. 
dentata Hooker. 
fragilis Bernhardt. 
alpina Swartz. 
rhe’tica Swartz. 
montana Swartz. 
Petrinidna Link. 

Woddsia hyperborea R. Brown. 
ilvénsis #. Brown. 

Physématum molle Kauilf. 

Polybétrya Ruddidna Link. 
acuminata Link. 
incisa Link. 

Struthidpteris germanica Willd. 
pennsylvanica Willd. 

Onocléa sensibilis Linn. 


Order III. Osmunpné‘cEz. 

Lygodium circinatum Swarlz. 
scandens Swariz. 
varium Link. 
polymorphum Kunth. 
palmatum. 
microph¥llum Link. 
mexicanum Pres/. 
japonicum Swartz. 

Anémia Phyllitidis Swartz. 
dénsa Link. 
mandiocana Raddi. 
collina Raddi. 
repens Raddi. 
Raddiana Link. 
Jraxinifolia. 

Osminda regalis Linn. 
eracilis Link. 
interrapta Michaux 
Claytonidua Linn. 


‘of the Botanic Garden at Berlin. 307 


286. Osminda cinnamomea Linn. 298. Salvinia natans Hoffman. 
287. Todea africana Willd. 


\ 
Ooo IVS Manienid bee Order VII. Lyccoropra‘cem. 


299. Lycopodium clavatum Linn. 


288. Marattia cicutzefolia Kaulf. 300. aonmaemevnne Eup. 

289. levis Raddi. 301. pumilum Schlechtendahl. 
Order V. Opui0G.o’ssz&.' 302. annotinum Linn. 

290. Botrychium Lunaria Swartz. 303. inundatum Linn. 

291. sibeaseaiad Swartz. 304. dendr dideum. : 

292. disséctum Muhlenb. 305. selagindides Linn, 

293. Ophiogléssum vulgitum Linn, 306. Selago Linn. 

294., lusitanicum Linn. 307. cuspidatum Link, 

295. pedunculosum Desvauw. 308. stoloniferum Si warts. 

309. brasiliénse Raddi. 

Order VI. Satvini4\cez. 310. helvéticum Linn. 

296. Pilularia globulifera Linn. 311, denticulatum Linn. 

297. Marsilea quadrifolia Linn. 312. Bernhardia dichétoma Willd, 


§ iv. Notes on the Trees in the Berlin Botanic Garden in 1835. Extracted 
from the Return Paper filled up under the direction of M. Otto, the 
Director. 


[The Berlin Botanic Garden being unquestionably the richest in species on 
the Continent, we consider it will be of general interest to collectors of trees 
and shrubs, to be made acquainted with the species which stand in the open 
air there; with a view not merely to the increase of our knowledge generally 
as to botanic gardens and climates relatively to vegetation, but to facilitate 
exchanges of plants and seeds. Planters of trees in the coldest situations in 
Britain may safely calculate on the species which stand the open air in the 
Berlin Botanic Garden being quite hardy.] 

Magnolia acuminata, twenty-five years old, is 30 ft. high; the diameter of 
the stem 10in., with a loose and spreading head. M. tripétala, about twelve 
years planted, is 15 ft. high; the diameter of the stem 5in., with a loose and 
spreading head. M. glatca is a fine tree, but does not flower here. M. ma- 
crophylla, 10 ft. high, is well grown, and has stood the open air for about five 

ears. 
: Liriodéndron Tulipifera, from fifteen to eighteen years planted, is from 30 ft. 
to 40 ft. high : in general, it stands the winter, but is sometimes killed down to 
the ground, by the frost. 

Tilia alba and 7’. glabra, thirty years planted, are from 20 ft. to 25 ft. high ; 
the diameter of their trunks 1 ft. 3in., and of the heads 18 ft. 7. americana, 
eighteen years planted, is from 18 ft. to 20ft. high, with a trunk 1 ft. in 
diameter. 7’. laxiflora, eighteen years old, is 12 ft. high, and the diameter of 
the trunk 5in.; but it is not particularly well grown. 

A‘cer dasycarpon, twenty-five years planted, is 3 ft. high, with a trunk 12 ft. 
in diameter ; the head loose. A. monspessulanum, eighteen years planted, is from 
12 ft. to 14 ft. high. A. obtusifolium, about the same. A. pennsylvanicum 
grows rapidly in height. A. platandides, thirty years planted, is from 20 ft. to 
30 ft. high. A.rubrum has a slight stem, but 1s tolerably high. A. saccharinum, 
forty years planted, is 30 ft. high, with a trunk 9in. in diameter. 4. neapoli- 
tanum, six years planted, is 15 ft. high: it is a beautiful tree, which, however, 
is tender when young. A. Negéndo, twenty years planted, is from 18 ft. to 
20 ft. high ; and the diameter of the trunk 9 in., with a very loose head. 

4E’sculus Hippocastanum is quite hardy. 4. rubicinda grows rapidly: 
being grafted on 4’. Hippocastanum, it produces a beautiful head, and its 
flowers are a great ornament to the garden. 

Pavia flava, rubra, and pallida, from fifteen to twenty years planted, are about 
15 ft. high. 

Kolreutéria paniculata, at 16° or 20° of Reaumur [from 2°, to 13° below zero, 


308 Historical and Descriptive Account 


Fahr.], is sometimes killed by the frost, and requires protection from the north 
and east winds. 

Ptélea trifoliata grows from 15 ft. to 20 ft. high. 

Aildntus glandulosa is generally killed by the frost when young; yet one has 
been spared, which, in eighteen years, has attained the height of from 20 ft. to 
30 ft., with a head 18 ft. in diameter. 

Huonymus europe ‘us, quite hardy. 

Mex Aquifolium, although it grows wild in a forest about twenty miles from 
Berlin, yet, in the Berlin Botanic Garden, must be grown in loam, and ina 
sheltered situation. 

Sophora japonica, thirty years planted, is 25 ft. high, with a trunk 9 in. in di- 
ameter. It has suffered from the frost, and has not yet flowered. 

Virgilia lutea, six years planted, is 12 ft. high: it suffers from the frost. 

C¥tisus alpinus, fifteen years planted, is 18 ft. high; it stands every degree 
of cold. C. Labirnum, ten years planted, is 16 ft. high: diameter of the stem 
8in.: it is very frequently killed by the frost at 16° of Reaumur [4° below 
zero, Fahr.]. 

Robinia [P.-A.] viscdsa attains a considerable height in a short time, as do 
the other varieties. The seeds of these varieties, when sown, come up of the 
species R. Pseud-Acacia. 

Caragana arbérescens is, here, aconsiderable shrub, which grows well in any 
soil. 

Gleditschia férox, twenty years planted, is from 25 ft. to 30 ft. high; the di- 
ameter of the stem 9in.; and the circumference of the head considerable. G. 
horrida grows as fast, but was later planted ; and the stem, consequently, is not 
so high. G.monospérma,the same. G. triacanthos and macracantha are con- 
siderable trees. G. inérmis grows as fast as G. hérrida. 

Gymnocladus canadénsis is from 15 ft. to 20 ft. high, with stems from 3in. 
to 4 in. in diameter. 

Cércis Siliquastrum is tender, and suffers from the cold, unless protected. - 
C. canadénsis has a head 20 ft. in circumference, and flowers beautifully every 
year: it often suffers from cold. 

Amygdalus orientalis, and also a great many more species of this genus, 
stand the open air. A. Pérsica, and two varieties of communis (amara and 
fragilis), require a sheltered situation. é 

Cratz‘\gus. Various species attain a considerable height and breadth. C. coc- 
cinea, cordata, pyrifolia, glandulosa, flava, grandiflora, punctata, nigra, mo- 
nogyna, and many others, are quite hardy, and very ornamental. 

Meéspilus and Pyrus, the same. 

Sdérbus (Pyrus) americana, twelve years planted, is 9 ft. high. 

Sérbus (Pyrus) doméstica has acquired a considerable height. 

Cydonia sinénsis and japénica grow well in sheltered situations, and become 
considerable-sized shrubs. 

Halésia diptera, tetraptera, and parviflora, in eighteen years, attain the 
height of from 12 ft. to 15 ft.: they are hardy, flower freely, and are very or- 
namental in clumps. 

Diospyros does not stand the cold well. 

F'raxinus. Many species, in thirty years, have become considerable trees ; as 
F. epiptera, expansa, acuminata, juglandifolia, alba, &c. Only a few species, 
as I’, elliptica, Richardi, conspicua, lucida, and one or two others, are tender. 

O'rnus grows here as a shrub, and somewhat tender. 

Catalpa dies of cold at 20° or 25° of Reaumur [from 13° to 25° below zero, 
Fahr.]; yet one in a sheltered situation, in thirty years, has attained the height 
of 25 ft. 

Latrus nobilis does not stand the open air. LZ. Benzoin and Sdssafras 
grow here as shrubs. 

Nyssa stands the air in a sheltered place; but is a weak plant. 

Hippophae stands the open air. 

- #leagnus sanguinea, latifolia, argéntea, angustifolia, and orientalis, are toler- 
ably hardy, and attain a considerable height. 


of the Botanic Garden at Berlin. 309 


Maclira stands the open air. 

Broussonétia usually dies from severe cold, yet sometimes stands out, and 
flowers well. Shrubby. 

Morus tatarica, Morétti, multicatilis, macrophylla, rubra, and nigra, stand 
our climate, and suffer little from frost ; most of them being considerable trees. 

Ficus requires protection. 

Planera aquatica (Gmelini) 18 ft. high, grows rapidly for a few years. P. 
Richard? is tender. 

U’lmus. A great many species and varieties, under an infinite number of 
names, attain the height of trees in a few years. U. campéstris, suberdsa, 
and effusa, in ten years, have attained the height of 25 ft.; and U. detuldides, 
gigantea, pyramidalis, alba, americana, falva, and péndula, grow, under any 
circumstances, to beautiful trees. U. prunifolia is killed by the frost, at 8° or 
10° of Reaumur [from 9° to 14° Fahr.]. 

Céltis australis, occidentalis, Tourneférti#, and sinénsis, are 25 ft. high, 
after having been fifteen years planted; but they suffer from the cold and 
moisture. 

Juglans nigra and cinérea grow rapidly. In forty years, their stems mea- 
sure 2ft. in diameter; and trees twenty-five years old are, sometimes, even 
as large. J. fraxinifolia and pterocarpa are more tender, and of less rapid 
growth. 

Carya olivzeférmis, amara, and falcata, are now becoming very fine trees; but 
are tender when young. 

Salix. Many of the species, from cultivation, are of a height and size resembling 
trees, attaining, in twenty years, the height of 50 ft. or 60 ft. S.alba, tridndra, 
Russellidna, and Meyeriana, are from 2 ft. to 3 ft. in diameter. 

Populus canéscens, alba, trémula, nigra, and monilffera, in ten years, acquire 
the height of forest trees; and, in twenty years, are 70 ft. high, with trunks 
3ft in diameter. P. grandidentata, trifida, candicans, heterophylla, and angu- 
lata, (the two last when young,) grew rapidly, but are not so strong as those 
before mentioned. 

Alnus incana is a beautiful tree, which, in ten or fifteen years, attains the 
height and breadth of a forest tree. ' A. cordata suffers in severe winters, but 
is seldom killed. A. undulata and serrulata are shrubs. 

Bétula nigra, populifolia, papyrifera, lénta, carpinifolia, and excélsa, twenty 
years planted, are from 30 ft. to 40 ft. high: the stems of some are 1 ft. 4 in. 
in diameter. The small shrubs are from 6 ft. to 8 ft. high. 2B. dahurica, pdén- 
tica, and excélsa, are moderately sized trees. 

Carpinus orientalis and americana are about 25 ft high. 

O’strya virginica, the same. 

Corylus Colirna, a considerable tree; twelve years planted, with a trunk 
4.in. in diameter. 

Quércus. The American oaks have been planted here since 1804, and they 
thrive on a bad soil. Q. coccinea, palistris, ribra palistris, tinctoria, and 
discolor, are from 25 ft. to 30 ft. high. The strongest of them measure 1 ft., 
and often more, across one of the branches. Many of the species have been 
retarded in their growth by the frost. @Q. dlicifolia is a shrub: the southern 
and evergreen oaks do not stand in the open air; the attempt having often 
been made unsuccessfully. 

Fagus, twenty years planted, is from 15 ft. to 18 ft. high. FF. sylvatica pur- 
purea, thirty years planted, is 25 ft. high. F. sylvatica asplenifolia, guercifolia, 
and crispa, are only small trees. 

Castanea vésca, in the neighbourhood of Berlin, is sixty years old, and 30 ft. 
high, with a trunk 2 ft. in diameter. C. pumila and americana are shrubs. 

Piatanus. ‘Fhe species of Platanus, especially the P. acerifolia and occi- 
dentalis, grow to strong and beautiful trees, from 60 ft. to 70 ft. in height. P. 
orientalis and cuneata are tender, and are killed by the frost. 

Liquidambar, only one specimen, 20 ft. high, which died from cold in 1803. 

Vou. XII.— No. 75. AA 


310 Notices of Gardens, remarkable Trees, &¢., 


Taxus is hardy, and grows to a considerable size. 

Schubértia [Taxddium] grows to a good-sized tree: those twenty-eight 
years old are from 25 ft. to 30 ft. high, with trunks about 9 in. in diameter. 

Juniperus virginiana is very strong and high. J. Sabina and nana are 
hardy; but J. Oxycedrus is killed by the frost. 

Thuja is hardy, and of compact growth. 

Cunninghamia stands out under covering, but requires much protection. 

Cupréssus thydides, ten years old, is 15 ft. high, in good soil. 

Pinus. The American species of Pinus stand our climate, and thrive well; 
but we have not so much room as these trees require. P. Alba and Strobus, 
twenty-eight years planted, are from 25 ft. to 30 ft. high: the diameter of their 
trunks is 12 ft. The new species, as P. Lambertidna, excélsa, and ponderosa, 
Abies Doiglasi and spectabilis, grow well ; but we have only one specimen of 
each. The southern species, as P. Picea, canariénsis, Pinaster, and halepénsis, 
do not stand the open air. 

Larix europea, e. sibirica, péndula, and microcarpa, particularly the last 
three, are but very poor specimens. They thrive well in our soil, when they 
have once taken root. The first mentioned has attained a pretty good height 
in twenty years. 

Cédrus does not stand out well, and requires protection. We have only 
one small specimen. 


Art. III. Notices of Gardens, remarkable Trees, 5c., in the Environs 
of Lichfield, Staffordshire. By Mr. J. Gricor, Lichfield. 


From the slight survey I have had of some gardens and pleasure-grounds, I 
am inclined to think that arboriculture and floriculture are not advancing so 
rapidly in this quarter as might be expected. A knowledge of these arts 
being now every where disseminated, I should not only expect to see trees and 
flowers already in cultivation under superior management, but the introduction, 
at least, of those finer species of trees, such as belong to the genera Cratze‘gus, 
Sérbus, Pavia, /’sculus, A‘cer, &c. Ihave, as yet, seen no arboretums here; 
and, in order to create a taste for them, I have taken a piece of ground close 
to this city, where I iniend to piant one of each of the species of my favourite 
trees. All the sorts of the genus Cratee‘gus are most exceedingly beautiful, 
both when they flower, amd when they bear their fruit ; and, as I consider 
them to have been hitherto neglected, I have resolved to advance them in my 
little collection. I would earnestly recommend the gentlemen of this place, 
when in London, to visit the Horticultural Society’s garden at Chiswick, and 
the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges at Hackney, and to note the many new 
varieties of trees with which they might adorn their pleasure-grounds. 

There do not seem to be many trees remarkable for their size in the imme- 
diate neighbourhood of Lichfield ; but, as 1 am not yet altogether acquainted 
with the localities of the place, perhaps I may have overlooked some. “ John- 
son’s Willow,” as it was called, famous on account of its being planted by Dr. 
Samuel Johnson, attained a great size; but it was blown down in 1829. It 
stood by the side of the road leading from the city to Stowe, in a damp fa- 
vourable situation. An offset of the old tree was planted on the same site, 
which is now above 20 ft. high, in 4 most vigorous state of growth. The ad- 
mirers of Johnson had the trunk of his willow converted into pieces of house- 
hold furniture, and snuff-boxes ; and the young shoots were planted throughout 
the surrounding country. This tree, which was so much esteemed, appears 
to have been the Salix alba. 

Among the places I have visited are the following : — 

Oldershaw, the Residence of the Rev. Burns Floyer. — This is apparently one 
of the most ancient seats in this part of the country ; and it has all that dignity 


€ 


in the Environs of Lichfield. Sit 


about it which old and lofty trees usually confer. The proprietor has, of late, 
modernised and improved the pleasure-grounds, carefully preserving all the 
finer specimens, and tastefully blending with them those of more recent intro- 
duction. There is a handsome cedar of Lebanon here, which, though not remark- 
able for its size, is the most vigorous I ever saw; and a common beech, said 
to be the largest in this part of the country, about 60 ft. high; diameter of the 
trunk, at 1 ft. from the ground, 7 ft. 2 in.; and that of the space covered by the 
branches 110 ft. The soil, which is of rich sand, on sandstone, seems to be 
particularly favourable to the fir and pine tribes; for, in a grove of the Pinus 
sylvéstris, | observed some trees almost as magnificent as they are to be seen 
on the mountains of Strathspey, their native abodes. I am convinced that 
magnolias, and other trees of America, would thrive well here. The few fine 
exotic shrubs which have been lately planted are in a most healthy state. Rho- 
dodéndron pénticum grows to a great height at this place. The spirited pro- 
prietor, Lam told, has expended some thousands of pounds, lately, in improving 
his pleasure-grounds and garden : they are still capable of being beautified; and 
it is to be hoped that the good work will be completed. 

Armitage Park, Leister, Esq. — A splendid residence, with very varied 
and extensive pleasure-grounds. The family have been long from home, and 
there is an air of desolation stealing over the place, that I thought not alto- 
gether disagreeable. There is only one individual employed here, and his 
operations are principally confined within the walls of the kitchen-garden. In 
the park, there is a common hawthorn, 30 ft. high ; diameter of the trunk, at 
1ft. from the ground, 4 ft. 2in.; and the diameter of the space covered by the 
branches 45 ft. It is a handsome tree, and, when in flower, must form a very 
lovely object. In the shrubbery there is a cherry, 48 ft. high; diameter of the 
trunk, 2ft. 10 in. 

Beaudesert, the Seat of the Marquess of Anglesey. — The kitchen-garden is 
under the management of Mr. Hodson, who has been here for many years. I 
was sorry to think that this enthusiast in his profession should toil so ardently 
on a spot that produces such meagre crops. A great part of the garden lies 
much too high; and the crops planted in it are every year destroyed by the 
winds and frosts of spring. The wall trees, even now (May 1.), are thickly co- 
vered with laurel branches, to preserve the bloom; and, as Mr. Hodson observed, 
his neighbours in less elevated spots, though close to him, have fruits and 
vegetables some weeks earlier than he can possibly raise them. After having 
seen his plots of vegetables, I examined his pine-pits. The plants seem to be 
exceedingly healthy; but, as is generally the case, a portion of them is in- 
fested by that insect called the scale, which had been conveyed to him, he said, 
on some young plants he had got from His Lordship’s gardener in Ireland. Mr. 
Hodson, I understand, is famed in this quarter for growing pines; and, from 
the appearance of his pits, it would seem that he is really eminent in this de- 
partment of his profession. 

On the way from the kitchen-garden to the mansion, there is a very large oak, 
the trunk of which is entirely scooped out by decay. There is a door, as it 
were, at one side; and the shell is sufficiently roomy to contain eight people 
standing within it. The late Lady Uxbridge often sat within this tree, and 
loved to hear 


“ The spirit of the winds 
Growling among its boughs.” 


There is a circular hole in the bark, or shell, of this tree, through which she 
used to place a telescope, in order to amuse herself by looking at objects in 
the surrounding country. Though an extraordinary tree, it is by no means to 
be ranked among the largest in the estate. Being adjacent to the house, it is 
pointed out to strangers on account of its grotesque appearance, and its being, 
at one time, the favourite resort of this lady. 

The flower-garden is in front of the mansion, and under the care of Mr. 
Birch. There is much of the magnificence of nature here. Art, too, hath 

AA 2 


312 Notice of a Range of Green-houses 


done her part. The lawn is kept exceedingly smooth, and already appears 
green and velvety. There are some curious old trees scattered over it (no 
one knows how old), peculiarly cared for by their noble owner. The flowers 
had not blossomed ; but birds of foreign climes, in gaudy colours, sat here and 
there upon the grass, basking themselves in the sunshine. When I considered 
this place, I thought the general curse that was pronounced against the soil 
had fallen lightly here, it was all so beautiful. Every thing, in short, in this 
noble demesne bespeaks a refined taste, and almost unbounded wealth. Because 
the proprietor loves his trees, he will not have them cut down; no matter how 
great a price they might be worth: as they sprang of the earth, so they are 
allowed to return thither. 

In front of the flower-garden there is a sweet chestnut, 65 ft. high; diame- 
ter of the trunk, at 1 ft. from the ground, 64 ft. The largest trees on the estate 
are oaks: they stand in an open thinly planted spot, about a mile from the 
mansion. Near Newee Gate there is one of them, called the Roan Oak, of very 
singular appearance. The branches are almost all decayed, and the efforts of 
remaining vegetation have wrought all manner of fantastic shapes and figures 
at the top of the stem: among these, there is a figure of a twisted serpent, 
and a tolerable representation of a lion cowering. The trunk of this tree is 
8 ft. 9in. in diameter. The Magii Oak, which is connected, I believe, with 
some tale of enchantment, is in a like state of decay: the trunk, which mea- 
sures 291 ft. in circumference, is hollow and open. An old woman at an 
adjoining alehouse told me that the owls and all the spirits of the wilderness 
gather into this tree in particular, and hold conference in the darkness of the 
night. The other tree, which stands in a ravine called the Gutter, is the 
largest I ever saw, and, perhaps, the largest in England. The trunk, at 1 ft. 
from the ground, is 13 ft. 2in.in diameter. Like the others, it is decayed and 
hollow, so that a person can walk into it; and it isso roomy within, that the 
man who accompanied me observed, that, with a little fitting up, it might be 
made to contain his wife and family comfortably ! 

Elford Park, the Seat of Colonel Howard. — This estate forms a portion of 
one of the richest plains in Staffordshire. The mansion and pleasure-grounds 
are beautifully situated on the banks of the Tame, and bear a striking resem- 
blance to some of the pleasant residences on the river side at Richmond. The 
kitchen-garden is extensive and well kept, and particularly distinguished for 
its earliness. The flower-garden is laid out after the manner of ancient times, 
and exhibits a specimen of what is known amongst gardeners as the geome- 
trical style. The scientific gardener here has become well known in this part 
of the country as a successful competitor at prize flower shows. His col- — 
lections of auriculas, anemones, and polyanthuses, which are now in flower, 
are really splendid ; and, had I seen them sooner, I should have certainly qua- 
lified my previous opinion regarding the culture of flowers in this quarter. In 
this, as in all the other places, however, the introduction of ornamental trees 
and shrubs is almost neglected: it would appear that a taste for such a thing 
has yet to be created. I trust that my endeavour to form an arboretum at 
Lichfield will be aided by a]l gardeners and lovers of trees, and that it will 
stimulate others in this quarter to similar undertakings. 

In my next communication I shall enter more into the details of this place, 
and enumerate the remarkable trees which it contains. 

Lichfield, May 1. 1836. 


Art. IV. Notice of a Range of Green-houses recently erected in 
Barratt’s Subscription Botanic Garden at St. John’s, Wakefield. 
Drawn up from a Communication by Mr. BaRRATT. 


Mr. Barratr’s Botanic Garden consists of about three acres in the 
suburbs of the town of Wakefield. Three sides of the garden are bounded 


in Barratt’s Botanic Garden, Wakefield. 313 


by three streets; and on the remaining side is the large cemetery of St. John’s 
Church, which is planted with trees, and has an excellent effect from the 
walks in the garden. The terms of subscription are exceedingly moderate :— 
*“ For a family (including visiters who live more than four miles from the 
town), 10s. 6d. per annum; single subscriber, 7s. Each of the above to be 
entitled to plants of half the amount of subscription. A subscriber of one 
guinea is allowed the whole in plants.” 

Fig. 42. is a perspective view of the range of green-houses, counting-house, 
and seed-shop, which Mr. Barratt has erected; and, in laying it before our 


42 


Za 


A a A 


PZ 
Fl see) Ti 


ae 


TTTOUWI 


readers, we cannot help expressing our admiration at the general improvement 
of the taste of commercial gardeners in every part of the country. Thirty 
years ago, the commonest shed-looking structures were thought good enough 
for any nurseryman or florist ; but now we find them, as in the case of Mr. 
Barratt before us, vying with the architectural plant structures of the gardens 
of our first nobility and gentry. The improvement which is taking place in 
every kind of building throughout the country is indeed astonishing. There 
is not a shop front, a public-house, a brewery, or a manufactory, pulled down, 
that is not rebuilt in a superior style; and, besides the effect of all this in con- 
tributing to the general ornament of the country, there can be no doubt that 
the individuals incurring the expense find their interest promoted by it. No 
improvement, indeed, can be considered as solid, where this is not the case. 

We should like to see new nurseries and botanic gardens rising up all over 
the country like that of Mr. Barratt ; and we hope, also, at no distant period, 
to see bills passed by the legislature, authorising the establishment of public 
gardens and public institutions in every part of the country, at the expense of 
all, and for the benefit of all. 

In the view before us, a represents the entrance from St. John Street; 8, 
a seed-shop, with warehouse under a, 6, and c; c, green-house for ericas and 
select green-house plants, in flower, for sale ; d, counting-house, with three 
windows commanding nearly the whole garden; e, centre dome, which is to 
be made larger than the two end ones, for a camellia and orange house for 
large specimens; f, green-house for camellias (nursing house), geraniums, 
fuchsias, cactuses, &c.; g, entrance from Margaret Street under the dome, 
filled with large plants ; 2, a reading-room for all the periodicals in gardening, &c. 

The roofs of the green-house and domes are formed of iron rafters with 
wooden sash-bars ; on these sash-bars the glass is laid, and the joints covered 
with lead lap; so that the roof appears, at a distance, as one sheet of glass, 

AA 3 


314 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


The shape of the green-house roof is curvilinear, and pointed at top, some- 
thing like a Gothic arch: the whole length of the range of houses is nearly 
300 ft. 

St. John’s, Wakefield, May 2. 1836. 


Art. V. Floricultural and Botanical Notices on Kinds of Plants 
newly introduced into our Gardens, and that have originated in them, 
and on Kinds of Interest previously extant in them ; supplementary 
to the latest Editions of the “ Encyclopedia of Plants,” and of 
the *“* Hortus Britannicus.” 


Curtis's Botanical Magazine ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 3s. 6d. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Sir William 
Jackson Hooker, LL.D., &c. 

Edwards’s Botanical Register ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 4s. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Dr. Lindley, 
Professor of Botany in the London University. 

Sweet’s British Flower-Garden ; inmonthly numbers, each containing 
four plates ; 3s. coloured, 2s. 3d. plain. Edited by David Don, 
Esq., Professor of Botany in King’s College, and Librarian to the 
Linnean Society. 


Paxton's Magazine of Botany, and Register of Flowering Plants; 
in monthly numbers; large 8vo ; 2s. 6d. each. 


Ternstromiaceze. 

2088. CAME’LLIA L. 18166 japonica [Bot. reg. t. 1854 
var. *Donckela‘erd Lindl. Donckelaer’s # 1] spl 10 fimy W.Pk Seedling ... 

A remarkably beautiful variety, said to be a genuine Japanese kind, and to 
have been brought to Holland by Dr. Sieboldt. It is figured from the Clap- 
ton Nursery, where plants may be obtained. (Bot. Reg., May.) 

Leguminacee. 

2136. LA/THYRUS 19289 rotundifdlius Hort. Brit. p. 313. 

+Synonyme: L. rotundifolius var. ellipticus D. Don, Swt. fl. gard. 2. s. 333. 

This is a very beautiful plant; and, as Mr. Baxter has noticed, p. 213., not 
very common. Our plant at Bayswater, for which we are indebted to the 
kindness of Mr. Baxter, has this day (May 4.) expanded its first blossom; but, 
in ordinary seasons, it doubtless flowers some weeks earlier. (Brit. Fl Gard., 
May.) 

1985. LUPI‘NUS Tow. 

*texénsis Hook. Texas © oor 13 jl Dp.B_ San Felipe... Ss s.1 Bot. mag. 3492 

This species closely resembles Lupinus subcarnosus ; but it ditfers some- 
what in the foliage, and in having rather a stouter habit. (Bot. Mag., May.) 

Rosdcee@. 

12926. CRATAGUS orientalis Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1852 


This sort of Cratee‘gus has very dark red fruit; and there are several 
fine plants of it in the gardens of Fulham Palace, and in the Fulham Nursery ; 
and one as a standard in the southern boundary hedge of the Horticultural 
Society’s garden. Dr. Lindley considers it “ the genuine Oriental mespilus 
of Tournefort, with villous celery-like leaves, and a large purple five-cornered 
smooth fruit ;” distinct from C. odoratissima, and C. tanacetifolia. It is a 
native of the Crimea, and of parts bordering on the Black Sea. To us it ap- 
pears to differ from C. odoratissima only in the colour of the fruit; and, as the 
plant bearing the latter name in British gardens is not at all remarkable for the 


supplemeniary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 315 


odour of its flowers, which are, in fact, less odoriferous than those of the common 
hawthorn, we think C. orientalis flava, or pallida, would be a better name for it. 

C. maroccdna Dec., Sarrour in Arabic (Bot. Reg., t. 1835), is a native of 
Mount Sinai and St. Katharine; and it is said, though Dr. Lindley knows 
not on what authority, to be a native of Barbary. Dr. Lindley adds that “ it 
is not improbable that C. maroccana is a mere variety of C. heterophylla, to 
which it approaches very nearly in some respects. Independently, however, of 
the form and colour of the fruit, and of the shape of the leaves, by which these 
species are sufficiently distinguishable, the stipules of C. mareccana are smaller, 
the growth less vigorous, and the fruit has usually two stones instead of one.” 
(Bot. Reg., May.) To us it appears to belong to C, Azarolus. 

Onagricee. 


§183a. GODE‘TTZA Spach. 
*rubicanda Lindl. ruddy © or2 ji.au P.Fia California ?1834 S si  Bot.reg. 1856 


A handsome species, found in California by Mr. Douglas; in many respects 
approaching to G. lépida ; but differing from it in the leaves being green, and 
not glaucous; and in the flowers being twice as large, and of a bright flame- 
colour at the base of the petals. “It forms an agreeable contrast with G. 
Lindleydna, in consequence of the want of spots, and the peculiarly ruddy 
appearance of its petals. (Bot. Reg., May.) 

Composite. : 


9335. SENE‘CIO L. 
‘ampullaceus Hook%. flask-headed ? © or2 ... Y Texas ?1834 S co Bot. mag. 3487 


** A handsome showy species, but too near, perhaps, in the appearance of 
its flowers, to some of our larger European groundsels, te become a general 
favourite.” (Bot. Mag., May.) 

Apocyndcee. 

529. NE‘RIUM L. [1830 L rm Paxton’s mag. of bot. t. 73. 
*4367a thyrsifldrum Paxton’s Mag. of Bot. thyrse-flowered % \_Jor4to5 jlau Rich Pk Nepal 
_ This species is figured from Mr. Tate’s Nursery, Chelsea, where it flowered 
in July, 1835. It was raised from seeds sent, about 1826, from Silhet or 
Nepal, by Lady Amherst. Mr. Tate says, “ upon the authority of several 
practical botanists, among whom is Mr. Smith at Kew, that it is a distinct 
species.” Judging from the form of the leaves in the drawing, we should think 
it only a variety: but the flowers in the drawing are so badly coloured, that it 
is difficult from them to ascertain whether they are distinct from the common 
species, NV. Oleander; of which, in our opinion, WV. odorum and N. flavéscens 
are nothing more than varieties. In short, we think that there is only one spe- 
cies known in Britain of the genus Nerium. (Part. Mag. of Bot., May.) 

Hydrophyllacee 

3292, EU‘TOCA BR. Br. 28077 multiflora Hort. Brit. p. 471 

¢Synonyme: E. Menziész D. Don, 2. s. Sw. 41. gard. t. 534 

Solandcee. 


3464. JABOROSA J, 
*integrifolia Hort. entire-leaved Yor? jlau W Buenos Ayres ... D p.i Bot. mag. 3488 


A creeping-rooted herbaceous plant, likely to prove perfectly hardy. (Bot. 
Mag., May.) * 


Orchidacee. ; 
2582. ZYGOPE/TALUM Hook. 
22660a *cochleare Lindl. spoon-lipped €(Ajor1 au Wsh.B Trinidad ... D p.xrw Bot. reg. 1857 


“ Beautiful as all the species of Zygopétalum are, without exception, this 
is, perhaps, upon the whole, the most attractive; not only on account of the 
delicate wavy surface of its petals and sepals, and the peculiarly rich veining of 
the lapis lazuli blue ofits lips, but because of its delicious fragrance. If lilies of 
the valley were growing intermingled with the plants, the air could not be 
more perfumed with pure and delightful odour, than it is after these curious 
flowers have unfolded. The engraving was made from a specimen in Mr. 


Knight’s Nursery. (Bot. Reg., May.) 
AA 4 


316 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


Musacee. 

746. MUSA 29028 ... chinénsis Swf. 

+Synonyme: M. Cavendishz: Paxton Mag. Bot. t. 51. 

This species of Musa, named, in Paxton’s Magazine of Botany for April, 
1836, M. Cavendishi, in honour of the Duke of Devonshire, was previously 
named by Sweet, in the Addenda to his Hortus Britannicus, published in 1830, 
Misa chinénsis. We are informed, in the article accompanying the engraving, 
that the specific name Cavendishzi was given to it in November last, by A. B. 
Lambert, Esq., at a meeting of the Linnean Society, at which he exhibited 
a copy of an old Chinese drawing, which he believed to be of a plant identical 
with the species of Musa now before us. We wrote to Mr. Cameron respect- 
ing this plant; and the following is an extract from his answer :—“ In an- 
swer to your enquiries about the Musa Cavendishz, I have to inform you 
that I have not seen Paxton’s figure of the plant, but know from enquiries 
made of me that it is the same as was grown at Bury Hill. Two plants were 
sent from the Mauritius by Mr. Telfair, in 1829, to Mr. Barclay, both of 
which lived, and were the only plants of the species I ever heard of as being 
in the country, up to the time of my leaving Bury Hill. Musa chinénsis was 
the name which Mr. Telfair sent with the plants; and this name was com- 
municated to Mr. Sweet, who published it in the Addenda to the second 

edition of his Hortus Britannicus. It was No. 578. Musa chinénsis, in the 
catalogue of sale at Bury Hill. Whether any other species had a right of 
priority to that name, or whether the specific characters of the species had 
ever been published so as to establish it, I cannot tell. Mr. Telfair mentioned 
in one of his letters, that he had collected a great number of both species and 
varieties of Musa at the Mauritius, to ascertain those most worthy of culture ; 
and that he considered the Musa chinénsis to be the most desirable, for that 
purpose, out of all his collection; and, from its also fruiting when only 3 ft. 
high, he had very sanguine hopes of its being found to prove a valuable ad- 
dition to the English stoves, where he expected it would fruit abundantly.— 
David Cameron. Botanic Garden, Birmingham, May 12. 1836.” 

M. Cavendish#, having been the first name accompanied by a scientific 
description, must, therefore, according to the laws of botanists, be the future 
name of this most valuable new sort of Musa. It grows to the height of 4 ft. 
or 5ft.; bas a nodding spadix, with brown-red spathes, freckled with white 
spots; pale yellow petals, the upper one fringed, and the lower one reflexed. 
The plant at Chatsworth is 4 ft. 6 in. high, with leaves very short and thick, and 
short petioles. It began to show flowers in November, 1835; and in April, 
1836, there were 100 fine fruit, which were swelling off. 

Mr. Newman, the curator of the Botanic Garden at the Mauritius, writing 
to Mr. Cooper, the botanic gardener at Wentworth, in March, 1835, says that 
he has gathered, from a plant of this species, 240 fruit from a single raceme, 
in less than a year after planting; and that the fruit is of an exquisite flavour. 
Mr. Newman has offered plants to Mr. Cooper ; and, as the Musa multiplies 
with tolerable rapidity by suckers, we have no doubt, from what is stated of it 
below, that, in a few years, it will be in as a aa cultivation as the pine- 
apple. The following passage concludes the account in Paxton’s Magazine :— 

“‘ We have a very healthy plant, which we intend to grow with every pos- 
sible care; and there is no doubt but a great crop of fruit will be gathered. If 
our anticipations should prove correct, what a valuable addition this will be to 
our exotic fruits! A pit 40 ft. long, 15 ft. broad, and 5ft. high, will produce 
several hundred weight of fruit in a year, with no other care or attention than 
that of giving plenty of manure to grow in, and a good supply of heat and 
water. It will fruit at all seasons, and, no doubt, with easier culture than any 
kind of fruit grown under glass.” (Part. Mag. Bot., April.) Plants of this 
species are in Rollisson’s nursery at Tooting, and are 5 guineas each. 

Asphodelacee. 


1053. ORNITHO’GALUM Lf. : [O rm_ Bot. reg. t. 1853 
*chloroleQcum Lind/. greenish-white-flowered % | or 1 jl Gsh.W Valparaiso ?1834 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit 317 


A frame bulb, introduced by Mr. Cuming, and other collectors; the figure 
is taken from a specimen supplied by Robert Mangles, Esq. 


1052, GA*GEA Sal. 8747 unifldra G. Don, Hort. Brit. p. 134 
Synonyme; Orythyia (the fabled wife of Boreas) unifldra D. Don, Swt. fl. gard. 336 


The following reasons are given by Professor Don for changing the name 
of this plant from Gagea to Orithyia: — 

“ T have followed the suggestions of Professor Ledebour, in removing this 
species, and oxypétalum, from amongst the Ornithdgala, with which they have 
been hitherto generally associated. They appear to form, alo g with Rhino- 
pétalum, the connecting link between the Liliaceze proper, and Asphodelez. 
They have entirely the habit, and many of the characters, of T’i/¢pa, from which 
they are principally distinguished by their distinct and elongated style. The 
present species has been even referred to Zulipa itself by Gebler, under the 
trivial name of altaica; and, indeed, it is so like the single-flowered specimens 
of 7. biflora, that it might readily be overlooked for that species, which, more- 
over, exhibits, in the attenuated apex of its ovarium, a striking approximation 
to the style in this genus.” (Swt. F/. Gard., May.) 

We admit that this change is made in strict accordance with the theoretical 
canons generally acknowledged by botanists; viz. that the characters of a 
genus should be taken exclusively from the parts of fructification (Lind]. Introd. 
to Bot., ed. 1. p. 367.) ; but, surely, there must be something defective in this 
system of forming genera, when a plant so obviously, to general observers, a 
tulip, and which, perhaps, after all, may prove to be only a variety of the com- 
mon species (for, even according to botanists, it differs from the tulip prin- 
cipally in having a distinct and elongated style, doubtless very different from 
the common tulip, which has a sessile stigma), is made a separate genus. 
It appears to us, that there is almost no end to the genera that might be esta- 
blished on this principle, taken singly, unless it be controlled by some other 
principle or principles. Not to speak of plants in cultivation, such as the 
peach, in which the fruit, in some varieties, is smooth, and in others downy ; 
in some rich in flesh, and in others, as the almond, with a mere husk; let us 
take the common hawthorn, which is found in a wild state with flowers having 
one, three, or five styles; and which ought, therefore, not only to be formed 
into three genera, but these genera ought even to be classed in three separate 
orders. Many instances of the same kind might be mentioned ; but it is un- 
necessary to go into detail. What we would wish is, to see genera founded 
on the same general principles that tribes and orders are founded ; that is, 
upon a totality of characters and their relations. Let the parts of fructifi- 
cation, as being the most important for the continuance of the species, be first 
considered, after its anatomy and physiology, but not before, for these are the 
most important for its existence. Thus, the branching, rooting, leafing, 
&c., would be taken into consideration as well as the flower and fruit. This 
would no doubt lead to very great changes: we should no longer have plants 
in the same genus both decidedly ligneous and herbaceous, as in Solanum; 
lofty trees and twining shrubs, as in Rhis; plants with pinnated leaves, and 
simple leaves, as in Pyrus,&c. We think this would contribute greatly to 
facilitate the knowledge of plants, and, as it were, effect for the practical 
botanist and gardener what the natural arrangement has done for the scientific 
student. In all this we may be mistaken ; and we shall, perhaps, be told, that 
it is merely a question between the value of synthesis and analysis, or between 
botanic genera and natural genera. Be it so: but let it always be recollected, 
that we throw out hints of this kind as matter of speculation, and for the 
consideration of others, with the most perfect good feeling, and with all due 
deference to those who know more than ourselves on this subject. 

Since writing the above, Mr. Denson has reminded us that Dr. Lindley 
has suggested something analogous to our speculation in the Botanical Re- 
gister for September, 1826 ; to which we may add that something farther may 
be found on the same subject in that work, t. 1261., under the character and 
description of Lowea berberifolia. 


318 Royle’s Illustrations of the Himalayas. 


REVIEWS. 


Art. 1. Royle’s Illustrations of the Botany, and other Branches of the 
Natural History, of the Himalayan Mountains, and of the Flora of 
Cashmere, &c.; Parts VI., VIL, VIII., and IX.; completing the 
work as far as p. 336. of the Illustrations of the Natural Orders ; 
each part contains nine beautifully coloured plates. Folio. Lon- 
don. 20s. each part. 


WE are happy to find this admirable work brought near a 
conclusion, which will be effected, we believe, by Part x. The 
letterpress of No. 1x. carries it on to Artocarpeze, which is the 
154th natural order. We propose, at some future time, to notice 
the information given under these different orders more in detail; 
at present, we shal! confine ourselves to one or two short notices 
of facts stated in the work; one of the most remarkable of which 
is, that tobacco is actually grown in India, and sent to the 
London market, where it can be sold at as low a price as 8d. 
per lb.! This branch of industry alone, if pursued with vigour, 
will contribute wonderfully to extend the commerce of the East; 
and, whatever increases the commerce of any one country, ne- 
cessarily influences in a beneficial manner the commerce and 
prosperity of every other. 

Among the plants useful in Britain, the Rhéum australe is 
noticed. * The roots of rhubarb secrete the peculiar principle of 
rhabarbarin, possessing properties which make them useful as 
purgative medicines; but these are also accompanied by astrin- 
gent properties, while the stalks secrete acid, chiefly acetic and 
tartaric, with oxalate of lime (Iée), oxalic acid (Turner). This 
is most fully developed in sorrel (Rumex Acetdsa and Aceto- 
sélla); while the astringent principle dependent on the presence 
of gallic acid and tannin, in many of the roots of the Polygo- 
neze, is most fully secreted in CoccOloba uvifera.” (p. 317.) 

The buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculéntum and tataricum), which 
is grown in several parts of Europe, is cultivated in the Hima- 
layas along with F. emarginatum. “ The two first are, no doubt, 
originally inhabitants of the mountains of Central Asia, and were 
first known in Europe under the name of ‘frumentum Sarra- 
cenicum.’ Both are much cultivated in Russia and Siberia: 
the first is usually preferred in other parts of Europe; but the - 
second grows in every soil, and requires less time. Professor 
De Candolle says, it is preferred to F. esculéntum in Piedmont, 
in the Luzerne valley, because it ripens quicker; and, therefore, 
it is much grown in late years, and at high elevations in the 
Alps. In the Himalayas, Fagopyrum esculéntum (paphra and 
kooltoo of the natives) is also most commonly cultivated; but 
F, emarginatum (ogla), which comes very near the Linnean 
specimens of F. tataricum, is preferred in higher and drier cli- 


Johnson's Use of crushed Bones as Manure. 319 


mates, as in Kunawur. Thus, the more closely we examine the 
distribution of plants, and the agriculture of different countries, 
the nearer do we observe the correspondence in practical results 
among those that participate in the same peculiarities of climate; 
and we cannot but admire the bounty of Nature, which affords, 
even in what appear sterile wastes, some article fitted for the 
food of man, and suited to the climate, with others that are 
adapted for commerce ; as buckwheat, borax, musk, and rhubarb, 
from the three kingdoms of Nature, in the cold, bleak, and arid 
plains and mountains of Tartary.” (p. 317.) 

This last quotation affords a specimen of the masterly gene- 
ralisations which Mr. Royle occasionally introduces, when treat- 
ing of plants common to the Himalayas, and other parts of the 
world. 

Among the plates in Part 1x. are, Hlee4gnus parvifolia; four 
beautiful species of Huphérbia; Pinus Khiitrow, apparently a 
new spruce fir; Quércus dealbata, of which beautiful species 
there are plants in the Horticultural Society’s garden; Pinus 
longifolia and Geraldédna, proper pines; and Abies Pindrow, 
a splendid new silver fir. There are, also, the Crocus of Cash- 
mere, 7 ‘ris nepalénsis, and various other interesting plants. 


Arr. II. The Use of crushed Bones as Manure. By Cuthbert 
William Johnson, Author of “ An Essay on the Employment of 
Salt in Agriculture,” &c. Pamph. 8vo, pp. 16; third edition. 
London, 1836. 

Tue use of bony matters as manures originated in the neigh- 
bourhood of Sheffield, towards the conclusion of the eighteenth 
century; the farmers being allowed, at first, to carry away the 
bone rubbish for nothing; but afterwards, when it was found of 
some value, a small charge per load was demanded by the ma- 
nufacturers from whom the rubbish was obtained. ‘The use of 
bones as manure did not become general till the Doncaster 
Agricultural Association published a circular letter of enquiry, 
about ten years ago, which directed the attention of the public 
to the subject. 

Such is the essence of the historical introduction given by 
Mr. Johnson. He next examines, — 1. The composition of 
bones; 2. The component parts of bones found in vegetable 
substances; and 3. The effects of, and the modes of applying, 
bones, either broken, crushed, or in the state of powder, or 
bone dust. 

1. “ The bones of animals do not vary much in composition : 
they all contain phosphate of lime; and carbonate of lime, with 
a portion of cartilage or animal matter, with other minor ingre- 
dients.” (p. 5.) 


320 Johnson's Use of crushed Bones as Manure. 


2. ‘The cartilage of bones is composed of a substance nearly 
identical in all its properties with solid albumen. 


One hundred parts of albumen are composed of 


Parts. Parts. 
Carbon - - - 52°888 Azote - - 15°705 
Oxygen - - 23°872 
Hydrogen - - 7540 100° 


It is perfectly needless to specify any vegetable substances into which the 
three first of these enter; for the vegetable world is almost entirely composed 
of them, and occasionally, though rarely, a portion of azote is also found in 
vegetable substances, but the three first are invariably present. The flour of 
wheat, the poison of the deadly nightshade, the oxalic acid of the wild sorrel, 
the narcotic milk of the lettuce, the stinking odour of the garlic, and the per- 
fume of the violet, are, by the contrivance of their Divine Architect, only some 
of the results of the combination in different proportions of carbon, oxygen, 
and hydrogen. : 

But the chief constituent present in all bones, we have already seen, is the 
phosphate of lime ; and how absolutely necessary this substance is for the 
healthy vegetation of plants, will be apparent from the following table, which 
contains the results of the examination by MM. Saussure and Vauquelin, 
and a few other distinguished chemists, of the ashes, or solid contents, of a 
number of vegetable substances. 

One hundred parts of the ashes of the 


Parts. Parts. 
Grain of the oat yielded of Leaves of oak - - - 24 
phosphate of lime - - 39:3 Wood of oak - - 4:5 
Straw of wheat, phosphates Bark of oak - - 45 
of lime and magnesia - 62 Leaves of poplar = - - 13 
Seeds of wheat - - 44°5 Wood of ditto - - - 16°75 
Bran of wheat - - 46°5 Leaves of hazel - - 23°3 
Seeds of vetches - - 27°92 Wood of hazel - - 35° 
Seeds of golden rod (Soli- Bark of hazel - - 55 
dago Virgatrea) - - Il Wood of mulberry - - 2°25 
Plants of turnsole (Helian- Bark of mulberry - --. 85 
thus annuus) - - 22:5 Wood ofhornbeam - - 23° 
Chaff of barley - - 75 Bark of hornbeam - - 46 
Seeds of barley - - 42°5 Seeds of peas - - 175 
Seeds of oat - - - 24 Bulbs of garlic - - 8&9 


Phosphate of lime has also been found in the common bean (Vicia Faba), and 
in the pea pod, or husk, by Einhof; in rice, by Braconnot; in the Scotch fir, 
by Dr. John; in the quinquina of St. Domingo, by Fourcroy; in the fuci, by 
Gaultier de Claubery; and in many others. In fact, as Dr. Thomson remarks, 
System of Chemistry, vol. iv. p. 319., “phosphate of lime is a constant ingre- 
dient in plants.” 

The cultivator of the soil will not be incredulous as to the power of vege- 
tables to dissolve and feed upon the hard substance of the crushed bones of 
animals, when he is reminded that the ashes of the straw of wheat are com- 
posed of 612 per cent of silica (flint), a still harder substance than the hardest 
bone. And this is not a solitary instance; for the same earth abounds in a 
still greater proportion in the straw of other grain. Vauquelin found 603 per 
cent of it in the ashes of the seeds of the oat ; and the Dutch rush (quisé- 
tum hyemale) contains it in such abundance, that it is employed by the turner 
to polish wood, and even brass. (See Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. v. p. 178.) 


3. The returns received by the Doncaster Association es- 
tablished the efficacy of bones as manure, more especially on 


Works on Gardening, Sc. 321 


light soils; and Mr. Johnson’s pamphlet concludes with the fol- 
lowing general directions for their use : — 


The crushed bones have been invariably found more immediately beneficial 
asa fertiliser, when suffered to remain previously for some weeks, mixed with 
earth in heaps, exposed to the action of the atmosphere. By being thus fer- 
mented and dissolved, they are necessarily more speedily serviceable as food to 
the plants to which they are applied; and this observation more especially 
relates to the oat, barley, and other spring corn, since these do not remain on 
the ground for so long a period as other agricultural crops. The proportion is 
50 bushels of bones, with five loads of earth or clay; or 40 bushels to five 
loads of common dung. 

For wheat, and pasture lands, the previous fermentation of the bones is, 
for this reason, not so essential to the production of immediate benefit. 

It is impossible to give any general directions for the quantity of bones to be 
applied per acre, since soil, situation, and climate, must all be taken into the 
farmer’s consideration. 

The following facts, however, have been ascertained by numerous experi- 
Iments, at some of which I have personally assisted : — 

Ist. That crushed bones remain in the soil for a length of time proportionate 
to the size of the pieces; the dust producing the most immediate effect, the 
larger pieces continuing to show the longest advantage. On arable land their 
good effects continue for four years; on pasture land for eight. 

Qdly. On turnips, oats, barley, and wheat, the quantity applied has been from 
25 to 30 bushels, per acre; on pasture land, from 25 to 40 bushels of bone 
dust, early in the spring. 

3dly. The best mode of application is by the drill], with the seed corn. 

4thly. The bones should, when first used, be always applied for the sake of 
correct information, in varying quantities per acre; and on no account should 
the farmer omit to leave, by way of comparison, a fair portion of the field 
without any manure. 


Mr. Johnson deserves the thanks of the public for having 
produced this useful pamphlet. We wish we could impress 
upon gardeners the value of bones as a manure; because there 
is not a gentleman’s gardener in Britain who cannot command a 
certain quantity of them, which are at present lost for every 
useful purpose. The bones could be deposited in the back 
sheds, and broken by the men during wet or inclement weather ; 
and afterwards fermented in the compost ground with common 
garden earth. Inthe composition of vine borders, powdered 
bones, which have been fermented, form a most valuable in- 
gredient. 


Art. III. Catalogue of Works on Gardening, Agriculture, Botany, 
Rural Architecture, &c., lately published, with some Account of those 
considered the more interesting. 


CATALOGUE, et Prix-Courant pour 1836, de la Collection 
de Plantes de L. Jacob Makoy, Horticulteur, Rue Neuville sur 
Avroy, a Liége, contains 48 printed pages, and is chiefly rich in 
stove plants. Of Orchidaceze alone M. Makoy reckons above 200 
species, varying in prices from 2 to 100, and even 150, francs a 
plant; which last price is that charged for Oncidium macrobul- 


329 General Notices. 


bosum. The collection of green-house plants is very consider- 
able, and, we believe, one of the best on the Continent. ‘There 
are some herbaceous plants enumerated, and a selection of roses 
and dahlias. 


The Annual Catalogue of Fruit and Hardy Ornamental Trees, 
Shrubs, Herbaceous Plants, &c., which are cultivated for Sale in 
the Nursery of William Kenrick, Nonantum Hill, in Newton, near 
Boston, occupies 42 pages, and has an appendix of 4 pages on 
the culture of the mulberry and the management of the silk- 
worm. The principal articles contained in this nursery are fruit 
trees, and showy ornamental plants and shrubs. ‘The price of 
every article is given; a practice which, we think, might be advan- 
tageously imitated by British nurserymen. 


The New American Orchardist, or An Account of the most valuable 
Varieties of Fruit Trees of all Climates, adapted to Cultivation 
in the United States, with their History, Modes of Culture, 
Management, Uses, &c.; and The Culture of Silk. With an 
Appendix on Vegetables, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, and Flowers. 
By William Kenrick. Small 8vo; second edition, enlarged 
and improved. Boston, 1835. 


We have before noticed the first edition of this work: that 
now before us appears to have been carefully revised, and to 
have received numerous additions and improvements from recent 
European works. A chapter on the use of fruits for food and 
health is added; and “the list of fruits, although so complete 
in the former edition, is yet in this greatly improved, and espe: 
cially of those fine new Flemish kinds; and others now added, 
which have been so lately proved at Chiswick by Mr. Thompson, 
or, more latterly, approved with us.” (Advert.) It is highly 
gratifying to find a nurseryman so thoroughly acquainted with 
the science of his art, and capable of producing so very useful 
a work. 


we 


MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. 
Art. I. General Notices. 


A MeEasurinG.Chain of 50 ft., containing 100 Links of 6 in. each, in all re- 
spects on the same principle as Gunter’s chain, except its length, has been found 
peculiarly useful in measuring ground for the purpose of making a plan of 
it. The reason is, that all the operations upon ground connected with gar- 
dening are measured by yards, feet, and inches. — George Harland. Gateshead 
Nursery, April 23. 1836. 

A Pruning Hook for Vines ( fig.43.) has been sent us by Mr. James Bamford 
of Hendon, Middlesex, who has planted a vineyard at Hendon, and who 
finds the hooked part of this knife useful in preventing the point from injuring 
adjoining shoots. We hope Mr. Bamford will favour us with some account of 


General Notices. 


his vineyard, his mode of managing 
it, and the particular advantages he 
derives from this instrument. —Cond. 

The common Bramble of our Hedges 
(Rubus fruticdsus), and, doubtless, 
all the numerous varieties of it, are 
found to be as effective in tanning 
leather as the oak bark. That the 
genus 2tibus contained a good deal 
of the tannin principle, has long 
been known; but it is only lately 
that this knowledge has been turned 
to any practical purpose. A patent 
has been taken out for its use. 

A new Portable Flour-Mill has 
been invented, entitled Hebert’s Do- 
mestic Flour-maker, which, for sim- 
plicity, durability, and for not being 
liable to go out of repair, appears far 
to surpass every thing of the kind 
that has hitherto been made public. 
For small farmers, for market-gar- 
deners who grow a little wheat, and 
for emigrants, it will be invaluable. 
We have seen it at 20. Paternoster 
Row, London, and had some wheat 
ground in it. A description of this 
machine, accompanied by an engrav- 
ing, is given in the Mechanic’s Ma- 
gazine for May the 7th, which may 
be purchased for 3d. by any reader 
who wishes for farther information. 

Glass Tubes, instead of Cast-iron 
ones, havebeen used for circulating hot 
water in green-houses at Vienna. The 
tubes are about 3 in. in diameter, and 
3 ft. long; and the glass, which is of 
the quality of British crown glass, 
is a quarter of an inch thick: the 
tubes are joined by bands of brass 
and cement. Their appearance is 
most elegant; and, if not broken by 
accident, there can be no doubt of 
their durability. Our correspondent, 
M. Charles Rauch, has sent us a de- 
sign and description ofa house heated 
in this manner, which we intend to 
publish in our next Number. 

Nurserymen who are desirous of 
extending their connexions on the 
Continent, may now go from London 
Bridge to Frankfort on the Main, by 
steam and track-boats, in a week’s 
time, and at an expense, every thing 
whatever included, under 107. A cor- 


7 i, 
Seg Uy 


hy 


Uff i) \ 
“aH 


HAAS 
Ah 
Ly 

Ui TA 


323 


respondent, who has just been there and returned, states that the waiters and 
others speak English at every inn that he had occasion to stop at, except at 
one inn at Dusseldorf; so that there can be no difficulty in point of language. 


324 Foreign Notices : — Belgium. 


Art. II. Foreign Notices. 


BELGIUM. 


NAMES of some of the principal Gardens and Gardeners in Belgium. — Nur- 
serymen: M. Verleeuween has a fine collection of stove, green-house, and 
hardy plants, including a collection of Orchidacez, and a superior collection 
of the Belgian kinds of azalea, &c. Messrs. Van Geert have a fine collection 
of stove plants, including Orchidacew, and the rarer species of Cactacez. 
There is also a fine collection of choice camellias ; and the garden is rich in mag- 
nolias, azaleas, &c., and Australian and other choice green-house plants. M. 
Varschaffelt’s very superior nursery contains many rare and handsome species of 
stove, green-house, and hardy plants. He has a fine collection of magnolias, 
azaleas, &c.; and has a house exclusively devoted to his collection of Orchi- 
dace. These and several other nurserymen are very spirited, and cultivate 
with success large collections of choice plants: they are, in regard to extent 
and variety of rare and valuable species, superior to most of the London nur- 
series; of course excepting Messrs. Loddiges, and two or three other col- 
lections, which it would be erroneous to compare with them. Their nurseries 
have no pretensions to elegance or novelty in their arrangement ; utility being 
the first object. In their hot-houses, green-houses, &c., they have their stages 
constructed so as to hold an immense number of small plants in 48-sized and 
32-sized pots ; and, except in very choice species, they do not allow space to 
large plants, the severity of the winters obliging them to shelter many ever- 
green shrubs which live and flourish in our gardens and shrubberies. In their 
love for and knowledge of plants they are happily very different from many 
who, in England, assume the name of nurserymen, grossly ignorant of the his- 
tory and wonders of the vegetable kingdom, loving their plants as the coal- 
merchant loves his coals, merely as a source for procuring wealth. 

M. Mechelyneck (a private gentleman) has a first-rate collection of plants, 
particularly of stove plants. His Orchidacez, and other expensive plants, must 
not be compared to the groups of hybrid Cactacee, Pelargonium, &c., which 
seem to be the only objects some collections can boast of. You may travel 
several English counties through, without meeting with as many really interest- 
ing species. 

Mr. , near Mr. Maddison’s, has a good garden, several houses for 
plants, and a handsome grafted specimen of Rhododéndron arboreum (true), 
which has produced numerous flowers during the last six or seven years, and 
will be very fine this spring. In the shrubbery near the dwelling-house are 
fine specimens of magnolias. Magnolia macrophylla is equal to, if not larger 
than, the plant at Chiswick (Duke of Devonshire’s); and there are several 
very large specimens of azaleas, rhododendrons, and other choice shrubs, in the 
shrubbery. 

M. Buyck Vandermaersh (an amateur) has a fine collection of green-house 
plants, camellias, rhododendrons, pzonias, &c., in a very small garden; a real 
multum in parvo. Besides these, there is a great number of market-gardeners 
and nurserymen, chiefly growers of camellias. 

Here they have a public sale, or auction, of plants almost every day, at cer- 
tain times of the year; several good plants are offered, and, in general, sold, 
for more than they would bring in Covent Garden Market. There is in pro- 
gress, and will soon be finished, an elegant and extensive building for the use 
of the Agricultural Society, its library, museum, &c., in outline not unlike the 
new National Gallery now erecting in Trafalgar Square. ; 

In Ghent, the nurserymen, gardeners, amateurs, and all lovers of plants and 
gardening, frequent an inn in a fashionable part of the town, where they have 
a large room for themselves, and where, in good social company, they discuss 
matters connected with their profession, or pass an hour at card-playing or 
the ie With few exceptions, they all attend; and on Sunday nights as well 
as others. 


Foreign Notices : — Belgium. 325 


At Brussels, a private gentleman, M. Vander Maelen, has two splendid 
stoves, with green-house, &c., richly stocked with choice plants (the plants of 
which you have, no doubt, seen), particularly palms and Orchidacee. They 
are attached and parallel to one side of his dwelling-house; and you enter 
from the large stove into a museum of natural history, containing collections 
of reptiles, corals, and insects; some beautiful specimens of butterflies, brought 
by his collector from Brazil; and also shells, a collection of minerals, fossils, 
&c., in beautiful order. In an adjoining room is a geographical library, with 
globe, maps, &c.; and in this room is kept a book for entering the names of 
all visitors. M. Vander Maelen showed us every thing himself with the greatest 
kindness. He had two artists taking drawings of two species of Stanhopea, 
which were then in flower in his large stove. His gardener is an intelligent 
young man; and, at the request of M. Vander Maelen, went to show us the 
botanic garden and other collections in the vicinity of Brussels. M. Vander 
Maelen’s garden is first rate ; his stoves are splendid, and he is enthusiastically 
attached to natural history. He is a correspondent of Mrs. Marryatt, Wim- 
bledon; but is not acquainted with any of our leading men in botany and 
other branches of natural history. You will be delighted to visit his place, 
which is close to Brussels, 4 la Porte de Flandres. M. Vander Maelen had 
a collector two years in Brazil; and he showed me the young man whom he 
sent there, and who was working in one of his stoves. His green-house plants 
are also very fine. 

M. Rynders, afprivate gentleman (St. Josse, Tennoode), has a fine collection 
of stove and green-house plants, and in most beautiful order ; a splendid collec- 
tion of camellias (more healthy handsome plants we have not seen); a very 
select collection of green-house plants, in the very best health and vigour; as 
Telopea, Enkianthus, Oxylobium, Daviésia, Banksia, Dryandra, E’pacris, &c. 
Banksia Browni was 8 ft. high, and most of the new species were very fine. 
His collection of Orchidaceze, which fills a neat small stove, is surpassed by 
very few private collections in England; and is decidedly far superior to 
many collections we could name that are considered first-rate in this country. 
The appearance of this collection at once shows M. Rynders’s gardener to be 
an excellent cultivator ; and M. Rynders spares no money to accommodate 
his plants. Although his houses are not so large as many others, they are 
well adapted to the successful cultivation of good plants; an object often lost 
sight of by many in erecting hot-houses. M. Rynders is a very free and 
affable gentleman, and is much pleased by a visit from any one who under- 
stands his favourite study and amusement. 

Baron Van Volder, near Brussels, has a good garden, which I did not see.; 

Botanic Garden, Brussels. In the large and splendid stove conservatory, 
which, with the adjoining house, forms a range of glass superior in effect to 
anything we have ever seen, and which, from the Boulevards, is particularly 
grand and imposing, there is an extensive collection of stove plants: the 
most remarkable to us are the following:— Gomutus saccharifer, 50 ft. 
high; Caryota urens, 46 ft. high, stem 13 ft. diameter, 15 ft. to the first frond, 
a very noble plant; E’late sylvéstris, large and handsome; Carica Papaya, 
40 ft. high, in flower ; Cecropia peltata, 25 ft. high; and Bambisa arundinacea, 
which had grown 36 ft. in less than three months. The green-house and 
stoves generally are filled with plants now considered in England as of little 
value; and the want of funds is, no doubt, the cause of much that requires 
reformation in this fine place. The water to the houses is pumped from a 
pond at the bottom of the garden by a steam-engine, for which there is a fine 
engine-house erected; and we saw the engine at work. The grounds require 
considerable alterations to make them look suitable to this intended fine 
garden. 

We had not time to see the king’s collection at Licken; and, when we tell 
you that we arrived in the morning, and left at four o’clock in the afternoon, 
you will excuse the dryness of the above remarks. We again passed through 


Brussels returning from Louvain, but had not time to see any gardens, 
Vou, XII. — No. V5. BB 


326 Foreign Notices : — North America. 


At Louvain, the botanic garden is rich in stove plants. The great circular 
stove conservatory has a fine effect ; the plants are in good order, and contain 
many rare and interesting species. Here is a fine specimen of Opdntia cochi- 
nillifera, covered with the insects. The green-house contains several new 
and interesting plants; but the majority of the plants are from the Cape; and 
those from New Holland are of kinds now considered less valuable, although, 
to a botanic garden, all species are interesting. Want of time prevented our 
paying that attention to this rich collection which it deserves. M. Donkelaar, 
the curator, is son of the late curator, our excellent friend M. Donkelaar, 
sen., now curator of the botanic garden, Ghent. I was also recommended 
to call on Mynheer Dondegein, MM. Provis, Le Roi, and W. Mertens; but 
these I did not find time to see. 

M. Schraymaker has a town garden containing many rare plants; a fine 
green-house, camellia-house, and small stove. His camellias are very fine; 
his green-house plants are, also, very neat and healthy; and his stove is filled 
with Orchidacez and the more rare species of Cactaceze, much prized in the 
collections here and in Germany. This gentleman has also a fine collection of 
herbaceous plants, as G'entidna bavarica, G. vérna alba; Cyclamen, rare species, 
&c.: a very interesting collection of plants, in a very small piece of ground. 

The Botanic Garden, Ghent, is now undergoing a series of alterations and 
improvements under the skilful management of M. Donkelaar, sen., who has 
already got the extensive collection of stove plants in excellent order. This 
garden contains many species, the most interesting of which are among the 
stove plants. Dr. Sieboldt introduced from China and Japan several interest- 
ing species, which I will notice at another time. There are the finest speci- 
mens of Chamee‘rops humilis and C.? sp. we have ever seen: they must be 
veryold. The trunks are 6 ft. high, or more, below the first fronds. The trees 
in the arboretum contain nothing that is very remarkable; but, in a few years, 
this will be much altered for the better. 

Trees, as Objects of Ornament, in Belgium, are nothing to be compared to 
the same in England. There is little like landscape attempted; and the Bel- 
gians have no idea or ambition, in general, for such things, as far as I have 
seen. I met the Duc d’Aremberg’s gardener, a German, at Louvain, who 
invited us to accompany him to Enghien, where there is a splendid park 
belonging to the duke. I intend writing to him soon, and shall then enquire 
the particulars. — A, S. Jan. 3. 1836. 


NORTH AMERICA. 


Albany, Nov. 25, 1835.— I have been to-day to see an exhibition of cheeses, 
of so extraordinary a character, that I venture to send you a brief account of 
them. There were ten of them, one weighing more than 1400 lb., and the 
other nine exceeding 700 lb. each. They were all, with others like them, 
from the dairy of Col. T. M. Meacham, of Oswego county, in this state. The 
largest one is destined as a present to the President of the United States; two 
of the others to the Vice-President and the Governor of this state; three to the 
cities of New York, Albany, and Troy; one to Daniel Webster; and the others 
to distinguished individuals. They are covered with cloth cases, fancifully de- 
corated with devices, inscriptions, and paintings, and transported in boxes. 
The weight of the ten cheeses is between 7000 lb. and 8000lb. Probably 
there was never so extraordinary a production of a single dairy exhibited in 
this or any other country. — J. Buel. 


AUSTRALIA. 


Most of our readers will, doubtless, have seen, in the newspapers, an an- 
nouncement of the death of Mr. Richard Cunningham, the colonial botanist, 
while accompanying Major Mitchell’s expedition into the interior. The first 
arrivals announcing this event, brought few or no particulars respecting it; and, 
therefore, we refrained from saying anything on the subject in our last Num- 


Foreign Notices : — Australia. 327 


ber, till we could obtain an authentic account. Such an account has, however, 
not yet arrived in England; but we are enabled to give some particulars from 
the Literary Gazette of April 2., by which it appears that this amiable man 
may, possibly, be yet alive. In the report which first reached England, it was 
stated that Mr. Cunningham was killed; but it is most gratifying to learn, that 
there is no evidence whatever to prove that this has been the case. It ap- 
pears that, in an early stage of the expedition, Mr Cunningham wandered from 
the party, in pursuit of plants, near the head of the Bogan river. “ After 
an anxious search,” says Major Mitchell, “of twelve successive days, during 
which period the party halted, his horse was traced till found dead, having 
still the saddle on, and the bridle in his mouth. It appeared, after losing his 
horse, he had directed his own steps northward: we traced them into the 
Bogan, and westward along the bed of that river, for twenty miles, and until 
they appeared near a recent encampment of natives. There a small portion of 
the skirt of his coat was found, also some fragments of a map, which had been 
seen in his possession. There were two distinct tribes of natives on the Bo- 
gan; but from those with whom the party had communication we could learn 
nothing of his fate. Whether Mr. Cunningham really survives, or not,” adds 
the surveyor-general, “his absence has made a melancholy blank in our party, 
and has certainly caused a serious loss to science. 

The report the surveyor-general gave, upon his return to head-quarters, of 
the loss of the botanist of his expedition, did by no means satisfy the nume- 
rous friends of that unfortunate gentleman in the colony. Letters appeared in 
the colonial prints, calling upon the local authorities to prosecute a farther 
search for Mr. Cunningham, who, it was firmly believed, from his known be- 
nevolence of disposition, his conciliatory manners, and philanthropic feeling 
towards the aborigines in the settled colony, might still exist. The tact he 
had, on all occasions, so abundantly at command, to influence the savage into 
whose hands he might at any time fall, in his wanderings in pursuit of plants, by 
identifying himself with him, and adopting his habits, fully confirmed this hope. 
A long month, however, elapsed before the colonial government, urged by the 
pressing and repeated calls of the inhabitants, and by the public prints, thought 
it necessary to prosecute another enquiry. Sir Richard Bourke, we learn, 
has now directed another and a stronger party to proceed to the Bogan river, 
to search far and wide for Mr. Cunningham; His Excellency conceiving that — 
(as he had heard the story of a white man, named Buckley, a runaway convict 
of 1803, having been recently discovered at Port Philip, with a numerous 
body of natives, among whom he had lived thirty-three years, and had become 
an influential chief) it was just possible the colonial botanist might be detained 
a prisoner by one of the Bogan tribes, and, therefore, might be recovered to 
civilised society, and to the duties of the appointment he held. The party 
were to proceed on this interesting service in November last; and the next 
arrival from New South Wales may bring us the results of the second search 
that had been instituted.” (Literary Gazette, April 2. 1836.) 

The above account contains nearly all the particulars regarding Mr. Richard 
Cunningham that are at present (April) known in England. An undoubted 
authority, however, adds, “ I would just correct a little error regarding a date 
that will be seen at the close of the account in the Literary Gazette: the 
party despatched in search of Mr. Richard Cunningham (of whom the belief 
was prevalent in Sydney that he might be still living, and recoverable,) con- 
sisted of an officer of mounted police, and a detachment of his men; and 
they proceeded on that anxious service early in October last (not November) ; 
but, at the date of the last communication from Sydney (the 17th of No- 
vember ), no tidings had been received at head-quarters of their success. We 
are looking daily for the arrival of ships that left in December, to give us the 
result of the second search: by which vessels the government will, doubtless, 
receive despatches to say that Mr. Richard Cunningham still lives, and has 
been restored to the society of his friends; or, that evidences were discovered 

BB 2 


Poy 


fe 


328 Covent Garden Market. 


in the wilds where he had separated himself from the party, at the head of 
the Bogan river, of his having entered on 


© That undiscover’d country, from whose bourn 
No traveller returns!’ ” 


March 14, 1836. — Since the above was set up in type, an arrival from our 
distant colony has taken place, by which the Right Hon. the Secretary of 
State has received a despatch from the governor, Sir Richard Bourke, dated 
30th of November last, from which the following paragraph is extracted : — 

“I have now to inform Your Lordship, with great regret, that 1 have ascer- 
tained, by means of a party sent out to seek for Mr. Cunningham, that he was 
murdered by the black natives soon after his separation from his companions. 
The circumstances of the case have not been yet (officially) reported to me, 
but will be communicated as soon as received.— R. Bourke. 


ArT. III. Covent Garden Market. 


" From To From To — 
The Cabbage Tribe. £3. d.\£5.4)|  Potand Sweet Herbs. |¢ 5 d.\£s. d. 
Cabbage, per dozen : Parsley, per half sieve SiO goo 5 
hite - - = 10 1 6|0 2 6/)Tarragon, dry, per doz. bun. 040/000 
Plants, or Coleworts - |0 4 0|0 6 O|/Fennel, green, per dozen 
Broccoli, per bunch : bunches = © S10 2 a0 @ 
hite - - - |0 2 6|0 4 O|/Thyme, green, per doz. bun. |0 3 0/0 0 O 
_ Purple - - - |0 2 0/0 3 Oj\Sage, green, per doz. bunches |0 3 0/0 0 O 
Mint, green, per dozen bun. 04 0,10 00 
Legumes. Peppermint, dry, per dozen 
Peas, forced, per punnet - |0 5 0/0 7 Oj|_ bunches - - Olu ROO ea) 
Kidneybeans, forced, per Marjoram, dry, perdoz.bun. |0 4 0/0 5 0 
hundred - - a 10 3 5 0||Savory, dry, per dozen bun. 93 0/0 00 
Basil, dry, per doz. bunches O68 O10 © o 
Tubers and Roots. Hosemany green, per dozen Ot oll Cee 
erton - BUNELNSS = = ss 
Potatoes - $ per oy s 8 Q 5 d ay 8 Lavender, dry, per doz. bun. |0 2 6] 0 f # 
per bushel 510 3 O10 a @ Tansy, green, per doz. bun. 0 1 6;0 
Kidney, per bushel - - , 
Seaten ar bushel a e 2 B e 3 q Stalks and Fruits for Tarts, 
New, per pound - -/0 20/026 Pickling, &c. 
Carrots, old, per bushel - | 0 92 6!0 3. 6||Rhubarb Stalks, per bundle 005/009 
Young, per bunch - - 10 010/0 1 0 i f Y 
Horn, per bunch - S10 + OIO WG Edible Fungi and Fuct. 
Parsneps, perdozen - - |( 1 0/0 2 O|/Mushrooms, per pottle = LOS MOMGS KORO 9) 
Red Beet, perdozen_ -~ - 10 0 9] 0 1 6||Morels, dry, per pound 014 0/0 0 0 
Skirret, per bunch + 10 1 6]0 O Oj|/Truffies, dry, per pound: 
Scorzonera, per bundle - |0 1 6/0 O O|| English z a 5 O12 O10 O @ 
Salsify, per bunch - - 10 1 6]0 © O|| Foreign A = = «| 012) (010, (010 
Horseradish, per bundle - |Q9 1 6/0 4 6 F 
Radishes, Red, per dozen Fruits. 
hands (24 to 30 each) - |0 0 6/0 0 8|| Apples, Dessert, per bushel : 
White Turnip, per bunch 0 01/0 013) Reinette grise = Sah aC) 1) (0) (0) 
m. o {9 
The Spinach Tribe. Baeoees Bee ae 3 ; ie 4 , 2 o 
. er sieve - |0 0 9/0 1 3)|_ French - 5 5 10.96 @ 
Spinach ee half sieve - |0 0 6|0 O 9)/Peaches, per dozen - |2 2 0 2 3 . 
Sorrel, per halfsieve - - |0 1 6/0 2 0 Nectariness per dozen - fF2 20/3 30 
F : Almonds, per pec. - 10 
iB The noes Cherries, ee an 7 - |1 A 8 4 Ap A 
nions, old, per bushe - 1015 0/1 0 0 5 per half sieve | 0 12 
when green (Ciboules) per Gooseberries ee pottle . | 0 0 iS “ ‘ 
bunch - - - |0 0 5]|0 O 6/Cranberries, per gallon - 10 40/000 
Garlic, per pound = - |0 0 8] 0 1 O/||Strawberries, forced, peroz. |0 10/0 2 0 
: Filberts, English, per 100 1b. 115 0/210 0 
Asparaginous Plants, Pine-apples, per pound - |010 0/100 
Salads, &c. Hot-house Grapes, per pound | 0 6 0|012 0 
Asparagus, per hundred : Cucumbers, frame, per brace |0 5 01010 O 
Large -  - - |0 5 0/0 6 Oloyanges § Per dozen S10 1 O10 8 @ 
Seconds 5s 5 oo 10 29 BIO 86 8° Uper hundred - |0 8 0/1 4 0 
Middling : - - |0 1 6/0 2 O|}| Bitter, per hundred - |0 5 0/110 0 
Small - - - |0 1 0/0 1 Git amons § Pet dozen - - |/0 1-0/0 °2 0 
Lettuce, per score : per hundred - |0 6 0|016 0 
Cos 5 - - |0 1 0} 0 1 6)\Sweet Almonds, per pound- | 0 3 0/0 3 6 
Cabbage = - - |0 0 6]0 O 9'Brazil Nuts, per bushel - 1016 0/0 00 
Celery, per bundle (12 to 15) 0 1 6/0 2 O/'Barcelona Nuts, per bushel LO) 2080210) .0) 
Small Salads, per punnet - 10 0 2]0 O 3/ Spanish Nuts, per bushel - 016 0/018 0 


London Horticultural Society and Garden. 329 


Observations. — The protracted state of the season will, in a measure, ac- 
count for the extreme prices quoted of some articles, in comparison with those 
‘stated in former lists at the same season: a difference of fourteen days may 
be fairly considered as existing between the present and the preceding seasons 
of 1834 and 1835. Asparagus is now the principal article in supply; which, 
owing to the setting in of dry and warm weather, will be forced into the market, 
as the season for it is somewhat advanced. Cabbages, owing to the high prices 
which have been obtained, are brought rather freely, but very small; conse- 
quently, a large space of ground must be cleared, which will prevent the supply 
from being more than is wanted for some time to come; added to which, the 
space occupied about London (owing to the very depreciated state of produce 
for the last three years) for the growth of vegetables is materially reduced ; 
especially that portion of Essex from which our markets have been exten- 
sively supplied with the leading articles for many years past. The stock of 
potatoes is necessarily much reduced, without any possibility of a further con~ 
siderable supply from the coast, as the season is now nearly over. Broccolis 
are now nearly out of season: some late white, dwarf Russian, or cream- 
coloured variety of late brimstone, are as yet supplied sparingly. Cauliflowers 
are not, as yet, come in, except some few that have been prematurely forced 
by the recent hot weather, Of fruits we have but little left of last year’s sup- 
ply. Some apples are yet produced, but very sparingly. Forced fruits are now 
pretty generally furnished. Strawberries are scarce, owing to the plants not 
having (technically) trussed well: I presume, from the extreme drought during 
last season. Pine-apples are by no means plentiful; but the present hot 
weather will soon produce a supply. Grapes are abundant, and very fine. 
Cherries, as yet, scarce. Some few peaches and nectarines have been supplied. 
French beans are in demand: peas forced in moderate supply. —C. G. MZ. 
May 14, 1836. 


Art. IV. The London Horticultural Society and Garden. 


MEETINGS in Regent Street. — The council of the Horticultural Society, 
having found it expedient that some alterations should be made in the existing 
arrangements regarding the ordinary meetings in Regent Street, have drawn 
up the following regulations upon the subject :— 

The meetings are to be held, as heretofore, on the first and third Tuesdays 
in every month, except November, December, and January; on the first 
Tuesday only in the months of November and December; and on the last 
Tuesday only in the month of January. 

The chair will be taken at 3 o’clock in the afternoon during the months 
of March, April, May, June, July, August, September, and October; and at 
2 o’clock in the afternoon during the months of November, December, Ja- 
nuary, and February, instead of 1 o’clock, as heretofore. 

At these meetings, it is the practice of the Society to award medals for 

.such specimens of horticultural productions as may be exhibited, provided 
they possess sufficient merit to deserve such a distinction ; no subjects being 
excluded, except such as may have gained medals at some of the garden ex- 
hibitions within a short time previously. 

_ It is, however, to be observed, that as hitherto, except on special occasions, 
the object of the council has not been to excite at these meetings a spirit of 
rivalry among the exhibitors, by giving medals to the best only of those whose 
specimens may have been placed before the Society, but, on the contrary, to 
reward merit wherever it has been sufficient to justify such a measure ; so it 
is the intention of the council to adhere to this practice, by confining, in future, 
the days of competition to the great exhibitions at the garden. 

The medals which the Society has the power of granting are, —1. The 
Banksian ; a new die for which has been recently executed by Mr. Wyon. 2. 
The Knightian; now in the course of preparation by Mr. Wyon. 3. The 


330 London Horticultural Society and Garden. 


large medal; of which a new and far superior die by the same artist will, it 
is hoped, be completed in a short time. These will be given in silver, at the 
discretion of the judges, as nearly as possible according to the following rules, 
from which the judges have no power to deviate, except on very special 
occasions. 

The Large Medal, for remarkably handsome ornamental plants of recent 
introduction, which have never been exhibited previously. 

The Knightian, for specimens of eatable fruits, and of ornamental stove 
or green-house plants. 

The Banksian, for specimens of the ornamental hardy plants, and for 
culinary vegetables. 

All persons, whether Fellows of the Society, or not, may exhibit for these 
medals; but no person can gain more than one medal of the same descrip- 
tion at any one meeting. 

As it is possible that exhibitors may, in the course of time, acquire a right 
to many medals of the same description, they will be allowed the option of 
either receiving their medals immediately after they have been awarded, or of 
waiting until there shall be a sufficient number due to admit of their exchang- 
ing their silver medals for gold ones, or the latter for objects of a higher 
value, according to the following scale: — A silver Banksian medal is valued 
at 25, a silver Knightian at 50, a large silver at 100, a gold Banksian at 
200, a gold Knightian at 300, a large gold at 500. 

Thus two awards of silver Banksian medals will entitle an exhibitor to a 
silver Knightian; two silver Knightian, or four silver Banksian, to a large 
silver; two large silver, or four silver Knightian, or eight silver Banksian, 
to one gold Banksian medal; and so on. The greatest prize is the large 
gold medal; but the council do not limit themselves to this as the highest 
mark of distinction which they have it in their power to confer. A person 
entitled to it may exchange it for a bound copy of the Transactions of the 
Society; or the large medal itself may remain at the credit of the exhibitor, 
who may finally arrange with the council the exact nature of the prize to 
which he may eventually be entitled. [We were not aware of this determi- 
nation of the council, when we threw out a suggestion to the same effect in 
our last Number, p. 274.] 

In order to insure correct, and, as far as is possible, satisfactory, awards, 
a committee will be named, of which three will form a quorum, with the 
power, in case a sufficient number should not be present, of calling others in 
to assist them in their decision. 

The award of the judges will always be announced at the meeting on which 
the objects are exhibited. 

All objects intended for examination by the judges must be delivered two 
hours before the time of meeting; that 1s to say, by 1 o’clock in summer, 
and by 12 o’clock in winter. Objects sent in at a later hour may be ex- 
hibited, but the Judges will not be expected to take cognizance of them. 

As the proposed exhibitions are not for competition, the names of the 
exhibitors may be attached to the specimens before they are inspected by the 
judges. 

: These regulations are to be observed from Tuesday, the 3d of May, inclu- 
sive, until further notice. — 21. Regent Street, April 16. 1836. 

April 19. 1836. — Read. A Notice of two Species of Insects which are 
found injurious to the Pear Tree; by T. A. Knight, Esq., President. At 
this meeting it was announced, that the meetings of the society in Regent 
Street would henceforward be held at 3 o’clock in the afternoon, during the 
months of March, April, May, June, July, August, September, and October; 
and at 2 0’clock in the afternoon, during November, December, January, 
and February, instead of 1 o’clock, as heretofore. 

Presented. Osservazioni Fisico-Geognostiche fatte in un Viaggio per diversi 
Luoghi delle Provincie di Terra di Lavoroezoli Abruzzo, nella State del 1834 ; 
by Signor M. Tenore. 


5 eee ? 


London Horticultural Society and Garden. 331 


Exhibited. Plants. Acacia decirrens, longifolia, pubéscens, undulata, ci- 
triformis, levigata, longissima, and a seedling; Wistaria sinensis, Magnolia 
conspicua, Neméphila insignis, Brugmans’a bicolor, Protea rosea, sp., from 
Mrs. Marryatt; Rhododéndron arboreum, from Lady Farnborough; Brug- 
mansia bicolor, from S. C. Palmer, Esq.; Caméllia japonica rosea, from 
J. Allnutt, Esq.; Caméllia japénica corallina, and a sp. of hyacinth, from 
E. Johnston, Esq.; and nine sorts of camellias, from Messrs. Chandler. 
Magnolia conspicua, from Sir A. Hume, Bart.; Rhododéndron Nobleanum 
(a hybrid between FR. caucasicum and #. arboreum), from Mr. J. Duncan, 
gardener to J. Martineau, Esq. Beckmannzia sinénsis, from Mr. Jas. Young; a 
box of heartseases, from Mr. Glenny. — Fruits. Apples, from J. M. French, 
Esq.; two seedlings raised from an apple of the Newtown pippin, from J. 
Allnutt, Esq.; gooseberry pippin apple, from Mr. Jas. Young; and nonpareils, 
from Mr. Hollist. 

The Plants from the Garden of the Society were, Epidéndrum crassifolium, 
Oncidium altissimum, Acanthophippium bicolor, Aristolochia trilobata, Sola- 
num Aspero-lanitum, Azalea ledifolia, Acacia pubéscens, Caméllia japénica 
Colvilk, j. imbricata, j. Gray’s invincible, and maliflora; Neméphila insignis, 
Veronica pérsica, Douglasia nivalis, Rébes aureum preze‘cox, sanguineum, s. dark 
var. ; Bérberis Aquifolium. 

At the Annual Meeting of the Society on May 2., a general statement of the 
accounts was given, by which it appears that the outstanding debt of the 
Society is now reduced to 15,8477. 12s. 2d.; that the amount of income for 
the past year was 6,856/. 3s., and the expenditure 4,602/. 8s. 8d.; leaving a 
balance of income over expenditure of 2,253/. 14s. 4d. This statement was 
received with general approbation. Officers for the year ensuing were elected. 

May 3. 1836. — Read. A Paper on the Means of destroying the Red Spider 
in Melon Frames; by T. A. Knight, Esq. ; 

Exhibited. Plants. Rhododéndron arboreum, Hovea Célsi, and Erica 
erubéscens, from E. Johnston, Esq.; three seedling cinerarias, a basket of seed- 
ling mimuluses, and Frica transparens, from Mr. J. Henderson ; five seedling 
Cactacez, and a sp. of Ornithdgalum, from Mr. R. Buck; Azalea indica 
pulchra, Tropz‘olum tricolor, Nemophila insignis, 2 vars.; Acacia lanata, 
and A. brevifolia, from Mr. James Young: Pelargonium var. Dennis’s per- 
fection, six fine healthy plants of this beautiful var., from Mr. Dennis ; 
A'rbutus procéra, and heartseases, from Mr. Glenny; a seedling Mimulus, 
Protea speciosa, Eschschéltzia crocea, and Helonias bullata, from Mrs. 
Marryatt; three trays of flowers of camellias, from Mr. Chandler; Oncidium 
altissimum, from Mr. Pratt, gardener to Wm. Harrison, Esq.; seedling Cac- 
taceze, and Gongora maculata, from the Earl of Derby; and Brassia maculata, 
from the Duke of Devonshire.— Fruits. Musa Cavendishi (M. sinénsis Sz.) : 
a fine specimen of this newly introduced and most valuable addition to our 
stove fruits, the produce of a plant 33 ft. high, from the Duke of Devonshire, 
was exhibited, and found in great perfection. Keen’s seedling strawberry, 
and pippin apples, from Mrs. Marryatt ; and Sweeny nonpareils, from J. N. 
Parker, Esq. 

The Plants from the Garden of the Society were, Oncidium divaricatum, 
bifolium, carthaginénse ; Maxillaria aromatica, Galeandra gracilis, Acantho- 
phippium bicolor, Cattleya Forbési#, Physosiphon Loddigési, Sarcanthus 
paniculatus, Neméphila insignis, Beckmannia sinénsis, Acacia pulchélla, Lasio- 
pétalum solanaceum, Cassia sp., Ramonda pyrenaica, Cotyléedon cordscans, 
Solanum aspero-lanatum, M/imulus variegatus, Mahonia repens, Rébes niveum, 
céreum, tenuiflorum, and the double-blossomed French cherry. 

Prizes. A Knightian Medal to His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, for the 
before-mentioned Musa Cavendishz; one to Mr. Pratt, for the previously no- 
ticed Oncidium altissimum; and one to Edmund Johnston, Esq., for his fine 
specimen of Hovea Célsz. 

Banksian Silver Medals were given, one to Mr. Dennis, for his pelargo- 
niums; to Mrs. Marryatt, for the specimen of Helonias bullata; and one to 


332 London Horticultural Society and Garden. 


Mr. Young, for the A’rbutus procera, which was a grafted plant, growing in 
a pot. 

Ten 14. 1836. — The exhibition at the Horticultural Society’s garden was 
attended by between 3000 and 4000 persons. There were many finely grown 
specimens of Cactacez, Orchidacez, rhododendrons, calceolarias, and various 
other plants; and some good grapes, pines, melons, and other fruits. The 
medals given away were as follows : — 

Gold Knightian Medals. To Messrs. Rollisson, for the best stove Orchi- 
dacez ; and to Mr. Green, gardener to Lady Antrobus, for stove or green- 
house plants, in collections of ten varieties. 

Large Silver Medals. To Mr. W. Smith, for green-house azaleas; to Mr. 
Green, gardener to Lady Antrobus, for cactuses in flower ; to Robert Gibson, 
Esq., for melon cactuses; to John Allcard, Esq., for ferns; to Mr. Davis, 
gardener to Lady Clarke, for grapes; to Messrs. Luccombe and Pince of the 
Exeter Nursery, for heaths; to Messrs. Roilisson, for Asiatic Orchidacez, for 
American Orchidacez, and for a collection of stove and green-house plants ; to 
Mr. Lane, gardener to J. H. Palmer, Esq., for a collection of stove and green- 
house plants; to Mr. James Young of Epsom, for a New Zealand plant 
(Clianthus puniceus); and to Mr. Green, gardener to Lady Antrobus, for a 
Chinese plant (Ixora coccinea). 

Silver Knightian Medals. 'To Messrs. Wather, for hardy azaleas; to Mr. 
W. Smith, for green-house azaleas ; to Mr. James Young, for ditto; to Mr. 
Salter, for Amaryllidee; to Mr. Fielder, for ditto; to Mr. Green, for cal- 
ceolarias; to Mr. Glenny, for ditto; to Mr. John Wilmot, for cucumbers; 
to Mr. Lane, gardener to J. H. Palmer, Esq., for ditto; to Mr. Falconer, 
gardener to A. Palmer, Esq., for cactuses in flower; to Messrs. Rollisson, 
for meloa cactuses; to Mr. Redding, gardener to Mrs. Marryatt, for ferns; 
to Mr. Wilmot of Isleworth, for grapes; to Mr. Mountjoy of Amwell Nursery, 
Ealing, for a collection of heartseases ; and to Mr. Glenny, for ditto. 

The arrangement of the plants and other articles, on the stages, was rather 
more to our satisfaction this day than it has hitherto been. One of two prin- 
ciples ought to be the guide on occasions of this sort, viz. general effect or par- 
ticular beauty ; or, in language applicable to the open garden, the picturesque 
or the gardenesque. In working for general or picturesque effect, the plants 
should be placed so as almost to touch each other; and should form one ir- 
regular sloping surface of brilliant colours backed by green. In working for 
individual beauty, or gardenesque effect, every plant ought to be completely 
detached ; and no part of its branches or leaves ought to come within 6 in. or 
a foot of any part of any adjoming plant. The object, in this latter case, is 
to give effect or display to every individual plant by itself; in the other case, 
the object is to give effect by combination. The very same principles apply 
to planting flower-borders and shrubberies ; and, wherever they are deviated 
from, there will be found an indefinite and unsatisfactory result. The perfection 
of the gardenesque mode of exhibition, if there were sufficient space, would be 
attained by placing the plants on tables or benches, in single rows, leaving 
space enough between the tables for persons to walk along, and examine each 
plant individually. This is, however, altogether impracticable in the case of 
such exhibitions as take place at the Horticultural Society’s Garden; and, there- 
fore, the next best thing that can be done is, to distribute the plants thinly and 
regularly, the lowest always nearest the front; in such a manner as that at 
least the whole of one side of each plant should be seen by the spectator in 
the front of the stage; or, in other words, that the ground plan of the plants 
on the stage should form a right-angled zigzag lime, somewhat in the manner 
shown in the engraving in Vol. VII. p. 361. As the stages are double, and 
the light admitted from both sides of the tent, a back-ground, formed by a 
single row of evergreen shrubs, or by a partition of boards covered with green 
cloth, placed along the centre of the stage, would be a desirable addition, 
more especially when the full glare of light is admitted by drawing up the side 
curtains of the tent. 


THE 


GARDENERS MAGAZINE, 
JULY, 1836. 


ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. 


Art.I, <A Notice of the Garden of Canonmills Cottage, the Rest- 
dence of Patrick Neill, Esq., LL.D. F.L.S., &c., with Lists of the 
rare Plants contained in, or figured and described from, it. Drawn 
up from Communications received from Professor Don, Mr. C. H. 
Smitu, and others. 


Canonmitts Cortrace has been the residence of Dr. Neill’s 
family for upwards of a century. It is situated close by the mills 
which formerly belonged to the canons of Holyrood House, 
about a mile from the city of Edinburgh, on the north shore of 
the Loch, and contains, in all, not more than half an acre 
and three poles of ground ; but in this limited space there is in- 
cluded a greater store of botanical riches than, we believe, is to 
be found in any other suburban garden, of even much greater 
extent, in any part of Britain, or, perhaps, in the world. It is for 
this reason that we have been long anxious to lay a plan of it 
before our readers, accompanied by a list of the more remarkable 
plants at present growing in it, and of the new and rare plants that 
have been figured from it at various times. The plan of the garden 
(made by Mr. C. H. Smith, landscape-gardener and garden ar- 
chitect, mentioned in Vol. XI. p. 673.), with its explanation, and 
a list of the more remarkable hardy ligneous plants growing in 
the garden, will be found in p. 336, 337.; and jig. 44. in p. 334. 
is a perspective view of the whole, as seen from the door of the 
dwelling-house, late in the autumn. For the drawing from which 
this view was engraved we are indebted to that eminent botanist, 
and elegant draughtsman, Dr. Greville. 

On the other side of the dwelling-house is a bank fronting the 
north, where alpine plants are grown, and on which there is a 
large frame for the more rare plants of that description. 

The surface of the ground of this garden falls towards the lake ; 
so that the point a in the ground plan is 10 ft. higher than the 

Vou. XITI.— No. 76. co 


334 


Garden of Canonmills Cottage, 


=a ie 
ON AS TANI 


a, A span-roofed green-house, shown in the ground plan (jig. 44.), at K. 

b, Hot-house, or stove, marked F in the ground plan. 

c, Vinery and orangery ; in which last is a fine specimen of Penélope obscura, and turtle doves. 

d, Frames heated with stable dung, or with tan. 

e, Cold-frame. Jf, Frame for Orchidacee. 

g, Rockwork and small pond, with a couple of tame herons. 

h, House for an eagle, A’quila Haliz‘etus, marked D in the ground plan. 

i, Very large willow (Salix Russelléana foeminea), overhanging the garden wall and the loch, or pond 


surface of the water at m; and there is nearly the same declivity 
from the point v to the dining-room (c). The latter declivity 
forms a steep bank, which is planted with select trees and shrubs, 
having herbaceous plants next the edges of the walk; the whole 
of which has a very interesting appearance from the dining-room 
window. ‘The soil is a deep dry sand. 

A List of the more remarkable hardy ligneous Plants, with the 
situations indicated in which they stand, is given in p.336., as 
part of the explanation of the plan. 


A List of the remarkable Plants which, in 1835, were growing in the Stove. 


Cinnamomum Cassia, 9 ft. high, which 


Euphorbia Poinsettidna Grah. 
has ripened fruit from which young 


p- 256.) This plant flowered 


See 
ere 


plants have been raised. 

C. nitidum and C. verum, each 7 ft. 
high. 

Brugmansia sanguinea. 

Nepénthes distillatoria. Both sexes 
of this plant have flowered, and 
seeds have been matured, from which 
many plants have been raised. 


in December, 1835. 
Bréxia spinosa. 
Solandra guttata. 
Swieténia Mahdgoni. 
Mantisia saltatoria. 
Russélia grandiflora. 
Ceropégia élegans. 
Dionz‘a Muscfpula. 


_ with Lists of its rare Plants. 


Sida venosa. 

Sinningia guttata. 

Blétia pallida. 
Fernandésia élegans. 
Oncidium papilio. 
Vanda rostrata. 
Catasétum semiapértum. 
Renanthéra coccinea. 


320 
Brassia caudata. 
Stanhopea élegans. 
Epidéndrum ciliare. 
Gloriosa supérba. This plant has 


repeatedly flowered here. 
Dillénia speciosa; a very large speci- 
men. 


List of Plants, hardy and tender, figured and described from the Garden of Canon- 
mills Cottage, from 1826 to 1836. 


Ruta albiflora, Hooker’s Exotic Flora. 
Arthrostémma nitidum, figured in Bot. 
Mag., t. 3412. 
Astragalus decaphyilus, figured in Bot. 
Mag. 
A’rbutus pilosa, figured in Bot. Mag. 
Primula pusilla, Hooker’s Ev. FV. 
Francoa appendiculata, figured in Bot. 
Mag. 
sonchifolia, Bot. Mag. 
Gardoquia Gilliésii. 
Piptanthus nepalénsis, Hooker’s Ex. 
Fi. 
Milla uniflora, figured in Bot. Mag. 
Manéttia cordifolia, Bot, Mag. 
Eucrosia bicolor, Hooker’s Ex. Fl. 
Nierembérgia gracilis, figured in Bot. 
Mag. 


Nierembérgia filicadlis, Sweet’s Br. 
Fil.-Gard. 
aristata. 
intermédia. 
calycina. 
Nicotiana /ongiflora. 
Primula amee‘na, Bot. Mag. 
Physianthus albens, Bot. Mag. 
Rulingza corylifolia. 
Sisyrinchium macrocéphalum, deser. 
Tropz‘olum pentaphyllum, figured in 
Bot. Reg. 
Lupinus incanus, Bot. Mag. 
bimaculatus, Sweet’s Br. F/.-Gard. 
Gaillardia picta. 
Phl6x Drumménd:. 
Callidpsis Drumméndi. 
Agrostémma Bungeana. 


Lust of Plants described in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, from Canon- 
mills Cottage Garden; and most of which were figured in Curtis’s Botanical 


Magazine, from 1826 to 1836. 


Alstroeméria pallida. 
Neilli. 
Arthrostémma nitidum. 
Astragalus decaphyllus. 
A’rbutus pilosa. 
Begonia diversifolia. 
Brachystélma crispum. 
Calceolaria thyrsiflora. 
Leucocarpus alatus. 
Eryngium comosum. 
Ferraria elongata. 
Francoa appendiculata. 


cens. 


Gardoquia Gilliésiz. 
Habenaria obtusata. 
Lophospérmum erubés- 


Milla uniflora. 
Manéttia cordifolia. 
Nierembérgia gracilis. 
intermedia. 
aristata Don. 
Nicotiana longiflora. 
Piptanthus nepalénsis. 
Primula amee‘na. 


Physianthus albens. 

Ruta albiflora. 

Ruling?a corylifolia. 

Sisyrinchium peduncula- 

tum. 

macrocéphalum. 

Stylidium janceum. 

Tropze‘olum pentaphyl- 

lum. 
Teucrium levigatum. 


List of rare and interesting Plants cultivated in the Garden of Canonmills 
Cottage. 


A’rbutus(Pernéttia) mu- Aubriétia Colaimne. 


Béllium crassifolium. 


cronata. Adenéphora stylosa. bellidoides. 

sibirica. Anthyllis Webbidna. Calanthe veratrifolia. 
Andromeda hypnoides. Astragalus Benthamid- Calandrinia grandiflora. 

tetragona. nus. Cologania heterophylla. 

evicoides. Agrostémma pyreniica. Cytisus purpureus flore 
Alstreemeéria airea. Bellevalia operculata. albo. 

pulchélla. Begonia monéptera. Cypripedium spectabile. 

tricolor. picta. Calcéolus. 

5 other species. bulbifera. pubéscens. 


Clens 


336 Garden of Canonmills Cottage, 


s Vy 
(ayy ae 

a 

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Il 
if 


= 
Sie 
SO 
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Remarkable Plants on the Wall and in 
the Borders of the Garden of Canon- 
mills Cottage. 


‘1, Cistus ladaniferus, on wall, 14 ft. high. 2, Ed- 
wardsia grandifldra. 3, Piptanthus nepal€nsis, ori- 
ginal plant, 10ft. high. 4, Maclira aurantiaca. 
5, Pitt6sporum Tobira, on the border, 12 ft. in cir- 
cumference, and 5 ft. high. 6, Phérmium ténax, 
very large, 6ft. in circumference. 7, Myrtus 
communis latifdlia, on wall, 10 ft. high. 8, Yacca 
gloridsa, in border, 7 ft. high. 9, Méspilus japo- 
nica, on wall, 10, Verénica decussata, in the 
border. 11, Escalldnza ribra, on wall. 12, Ca- 
tdlpa syringefdlia, standard, 16 ft. high. _ 13, 
Banksia integrifolia, on the wall, flowers. 14, Ery- 
thrina Zaurifolia, in the border, flowers. 15, Aca- 
cia verticillata, on wall, 13ft. high. 16, Passifldra 
czrilea, on wall, flowers regularly. 17, Aloysia 
citrioddra, large, covers a seat. 18, Grevillea 7os- 
marinifolia, on wall. 19, Avaucdréa brasiliana, 
standard, 12ft. high. 20, Rides speciosum, large, 
5ft. high. 21, Rhododéndron arbodreum, and 
Tropz‘olum pentaphyllum growing through it. 
29, Araucaria imbricata. 23, Pinus ponderosa. 
On rockwork : 24, Pinus Laricio; 25, P. Pinea ; 
96, P. Banksiana; 27, Abies Clanbrasiliana ; 
98, A. Douglasii; 29, Acacia affinis, as a stand- 
ard. 30, A‘bies tortudsa. 31, Pinus caramanica. 
32, Ribes sanguineum. 33, Acacia dealbata, on the 

- wall, 20ft. high; and Wistaréa Consequaza, on 
the wall; both of which flowered. 34, A7ldntus 
glanduldsa. 


4 


Uy 


with Lists of its rare Plants. 337 


= yyy 
: : yy 
AT 


: cM 


y 


LL) Y 
TET 


eS 
4 ba ( 


A, Canonmills Cottage. The principal 
entrance is from the garden front 
(a), and is approached from the outer 
gate (6) through a wide passage (c). 
d, Library. eé, Dining-room, with 
drawingroom in upper flat: the win- 
dows of both command a view of the 
principal part of the garden. | 

B, Poultry-houses and yard. 

C, Pigeon-houses, 

D, Eagle-house: a fine specimen of 

‘etus. 


E, Orangery.. Cages; in one a fine 


F, Stove. jf, Back-shed. 
G, Frame for Cape bulbs. 
H, Pits. 


I ae Apiary. 

J, Owl-house; Strix Nyctea, fine spe- 
cimen. 

K, Green-house. , Shed. 

L, Lake. 

M, Auricula stage. 

N, Orchidaceous frame. 

O, General frame. 

P, Seat covered with ivy. 

Q, Seat beneath weeping ash. 

R, Space for green-house plants during 
the summer season 

S, House for peacocks. 

T, Pump-mill, 

V, Alpine frames, 

W, Parish school. 


Gi & 


338 Garden of Canonmills Cottage, 


Cyprip. parviflorum. Jatropha Manihot. Prim. Colamne. 
arietinum. Kennédia Comptoniana 21 other species. 
humile. var. quinquefolia. Parnassia caroliniana. 
venustum. Leontice altaica. asarifolia. 
insigne. Lobelia odorata. sp. nova, Drum- 

Dendrobium specidsum. Lycopddium stolonife- mond, N. A. 

Dodecatheon Meéadia rum. Portulaca Gilliés#. 

flore albo. Lilium tenuifolium. grandiflora. 
Meéadia élegans. philadélphicum. Potentilla nivea. 
Dionz‘a Muscipula. Lychnis chalcedénica glabra. 
Delphinium — chinénse flore pléno Albo. Clusidna. 
flore albo. Dabee‘cta (Menziésia) Randnculus Thora. 

Euphorbia aleppica. poliifolia flore albo. fumariefolius. 
spléndens. Phyllédoce (Menziésia) 12 other species. 

Epigze‘a répens. empetriformis. Rueéllia strépens. 

Ensleénia albida Nuttall. ceerulea. Sarracenia psittacina, 

Epidéndrum noctarnum. Mahonia nervosa. adinca. 
ciliare. fascicularis. Siléne régia. 
fuscatum. Aquifolium. Scutellaria cordata. 

10 other species. Mantisia saltatoria. altaica. 

Fritillaria ruthénica. Nuttallia pedata. Schizanthus Graham. 
kamtschaténse. digitata. retusus. 

Gratiola tetragona. Nepénthes distillatoria. Tropz‘olum tricolorum. 

Gloriosa supérba. Ornithogalum atireum. T‘halictrum anemondides 

Galanthus plicatus. caudatum. flore pléno. 

Gentiana vérna flore O’xalis Déppe:. Tacsonia pinnatistipula. 

albo. Bowiei. Velléia lyrata. 

Gypsophila sabuldsa. 29 more species. Viola flabellifolia. 

Houstonia cerulea, Primula sibjirica. primulifolia. 
serpyllifolia. carnidlica. pedata. 
purpurea. longiflora. Wedelia atrea. 

Hunnemania fumarie- glaucéscens. Xylobium squalens. 

folia hirsuta. Zephyranthes _mes6- 

Isopyrum __thalictré- farinosa flore albo. chloa. 

ides. pusilla. Zigadénus glabérrimus. 


List of Animals kept in the Garden of Canonmills Cottage. 


Léstris Illiger Cataractes, synon. Larus Cataractes L. This gull (the skua) 
is quite tame, and has walked about in the garden, at large, for the last 
seventeen years. 

A'rdea cinérea L. The heron. The two specimens indicated in the view 
( fig. 44.) have been at large in the garden for the last fourteen years. 

Larus fascus L., the brown gull, is quite tame, and goes about with the 

oultry. 

ae ane L., the great black-backed gull, once tamed at Canonmills, 
has revisited the garden every year for the last thirteen years; remains 
through the winter, and goes off again in the spring. (See Audubon’s Biog. 
of Birds, vol. iii.) 

Pelecanus Carbo L., the corvorant, or shag, has been tame, and at large in 
the garden, for the last fourteen years. 

Strix Nyctea L., the snowy owl, sent to Dr. Neill from the Orkney Isles, in 
May, 1835; where it had arrived during a strong north-west gale, with 
flocks of wild flowls, snow-flakes, &c., indicating an Icelandic or Greenland 
origin. (See Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. viii. p. 508.) 

A’quila Haliz‘etus, the grey eagle, from the Western Islands, is kept in a 
large eagle-hcuse, where it has been for the last seven years, in good health. 

Penélope obsctra Jiiiger, syn. P. cumanénsis LZ. The yacou. This bird is 
kept in the conservatory. 


with Lists of its rare Plants. 339 


Colamba sp. The exotic turtle- 
dove. Several specimens 
are kept in cages in the con- 
servatory. 

Siren /acertina L. (jig. 46.) 
This lived in the stove for 


amphibious, and capable of breathing either by means of external branchiz 
or internal lungs. (See Mag. Nat. Hist., vol.i. p.171.) 

Rana arborea L., the tree, or green, 
frog (fig. 47.), is green above and 

* whitish beneath, with a yellow curved 
line on the side. In elegance and 
activity, it is superior to every other 
European species. It is a native 
of the south of Germany and of 
France; in which country it resides 
in the woods, and mounts the trees 
in quest of insects, which it ap- 
proaches on its belly, in the same 
manner as a cat approaches a mouse, 
and, at length, seizes it with an elastic 
and instantaneous spring. It is par- 
ticularly noisy on the approach of 
rain. In winter, it takes up its abode 
in the bottom of ponds or other 
pieces of water, remaining till the 
spring in a state of torpor. The noise of this frog is, by many, considered 
musical; and it is often kept in houses in Germany, both as a curiosity and 
as a weather guide. When kept in a house, it is placed in a crystal jar, 
6 in. or 8in. in diameter, and 1 ft. or 18 in. high, the bottom of which is 
covered to the depth of 2 in. to 3in. with water. In the jar is placed a 
small ladder, or arod of wood, leaning to one side, up which the animal 
mounts, and remains near the top, when the weather is fine; while, on 
the approach of rain or thunder, it descends to the bottom, utters a 
peculiarly shrill cry, and plunges up and down in the water. To prevent 
it from getting out, and, at the same time, to admit air, the jar is covered 
with gauze. [We brought a frog of this species from Carlsruhe, in 1828, 
which remained in a glass jar, covered with gauze at the top, living on flies, 
till the spring of 1832, when it died.] 

Rana Bifo L., the toad, is kept in the frames, pits, and stoves, for destroying 
ants, which the toad devours greedily; and, also, for keeping under wood- 
lice, and other insects, and slugs and worms. The common frog is en- 
couraged for the same purpose. 

Testido gre‘ca L., the Greek, or common, tortoise. (jig. 48.) This species 
abounds in the countries surrounding the Mediterranean, especially in 
Greece, where it is much used as food. In September or October it buries 
itself under the soil, where it remains torpid till February, when it reappears. 
In June it lays its eggs, in holes exposed to the full beams of the sun, by 

cc 4 


340 Garden of Canonmills Cottage. 


which they are matured. Tortoises are 
of a most extraordinary longevity; and 
one was ascertained to have lived in the 
gardens of Lambeth to the age of 120 
years. They answer, in some measure, 
the purpose of a barometer, and uni- 
formly indicate the fall of rain before 
night, when they take their food with 
great rapidity, and walk with a sort of 
mincing and elate step. The tortoise 
appears to dislike rain extremely, and is discomfited and driven back only 
by a few, and scarcely perceivable drops. 

Erinaceus europz‘us L., the European, or common, hedgehog, is found useful 
in the open garden, for clearing the ground of snails and slugs, and the 
houses of beetles, cockroaches, &c. 


In the spring of the present year, a railroad was projected be- 
tween Edinburgh and Newhaven, and the line of direction laid 
down was unfortunately through Dr. Neill’s garden. It may 
easily be conceived what an appalling circumstance this must have 
been to one so completely devoted to his plants, birds, and hot- 
houses as Dr. Neill; for, though it was proposed, in order to injure 
the garden as little as possible, to carry the railroad under it in a 
tunnel, yet, the soil being a deep dry sand, there was every reason 
to fear that its execution would be impracticable, without open- 
ing the ground (as the miner’s phrase is) “to the day.” Dr. 
Neill petitioned parliament on the subject, and came up to Lon- 
don to watch the progress of the bill through the house; but, 
though some concession in his favour was made by the committee 
to whom the bill was referred, yet he was obliged to submit, and 
allow it to pass through his grounds. The following extract from 
the printed petition presented by Dr. Neill on this occasion 
presents a summary of the contents of the garden, drawn up by 
his gardener, and will form a very suitable conclusion to this 
article. : 

‘s Extent of Glass, and Number of Plants in Pots, at Dr. Neill’s, 
Canonmills, April, 1836.— A span-roof conservatory, or cool 
green-house, 30 ft. long, 17 ft. wide, and 14 ft. high, containing 
upwards of 500 pots. A stove, or hot-house, 20 ft. long, 15 ft. 
wide, and 12 ft. high; above 400 pots. A vinery, or warm green- 
house, of same dimensions as stove; 320 pots. A large brick- 
built forcing, or warm, pit, 20 ft. long, with five double lights ; 
4.00 pots at present, often above 100 more. A Cape bulb-frame 
of three sashes; plants in the border. An orchis frame of four 
sashes; plants in the border. An alpine frame, of four sashes ; 
210 pots. A glazed house 10 ft. high, for protecting plants in 
winter. The amount of pots with plants, at present, is above 
2030; and the number of species and varieties of plants, in- 
cluding trees and shrubs, in the open ground, greatly exceeds 
1000. — W. Lawson.” 


ae 


Design for a Cemetery at Bristol. 341 


It thus appears that the total flora of Canonmills Cottage ex- 
ceeds 3000 species; an immense number, when we consider the 
limited area in which they are grown, and the considerable size 
which some of the specimens have attained, 

Dr. Neill’s present gardener is Mr. Wm. Lawson: his prede- 
cessor was Mr. Brackenridge, now in the Berlin Botanic Gar- 
den, and the author of the description of that garden in p. 295. 
Mr. Brackenridge succeeded Mr. Scott, now in the Exeter Nur- 
sery; an excellent botanist, and one of the best cultivators of 
Orchidacez in England. 

Of Dr. Neill himself we shall only say that he is one of the 
best friends that gardeners and practical botanists ever had in 
Scotland. To his love of gardening and plants, his urbanity 
and conciliating manners, and to the great respect in which he 
is held by all classes of society in Scotland, is to be attributed 
the establishment of the Caledonian Horticultural Society; and 
to the same cause, and his exertions as secretary, its present 
flourishing state. Dr. Neill is the author of 4 Tour through the 
Islands of Orkney and Shetland, with a View chiefly to Olyects of 
Natural History, but including also Husbandry and Political and 
General Economy: 8vo, 1806. He is also the author of papers 
on the Fishes of the Frith of Forth, on the Siren, on the extinct 
Beaver of Scotland, on the Whale, and on other subjects, in the 
Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, in Nicholson’s Journal, 
the Magazine of Natural History, the Gardener's Magazine, 
&c. He drew up the Journal of a Horticultural Tour, &c., by a 
deputation of the Caledonian Horticultural Society; a most 
interesting work, published in 1823; and he is the translator of 
Daubuisson on Basalt, to which he added notes. Dr. Neill is 
also author of various articles in the works published by Sir 
John Sinclair, and in the Edinburgh Encyclopedias ; and he 
has the merit of having been the first to treat horticulture in 
a scientific manner, in the article on that subject published in the 
seventh edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, in 1818. ‘This 
article, and another by Dr. Neill on Scottish Gardens and 
Orchards, suggested to us the mode of treating subjects his- 
torically, theoretically, practically, and statistically, adopted in 
our Encyclopedia of Gardening, and in subsequent works. 


Art. II. Design for a Cemetery proposed to be formed at Bristol. 
By Mr. P. Masey, jun. 


Tue advantages of public cemeteries are now too generally admitted to 
require any comment ; and, as most of the churchyards in Bristol are closely 
surrounded by houses, and so full as to have become dangerous masses of 


342 Design for a Cemetery 

‘ 
corruption, the time seems to have arrived when one ought to be commenced 
here. The plan now offered was designed in 1831, for your Encyclopedia of 
Landscape-Gardening. Since that work has been in abeyance, I have been 
urged to publish it separately, and should have done so, had there been any 
disposition manifested in the public mind here likely to have given support to 
the measure. But the want of encouragement to such an undertaking as the 
proposed suspension bridge at Clifton, and the design for a public garden 
published in the second number of your I//ustrations of Landscape-Gardening, 
showed to me how useless it would be to bring forward any design for a 
cemetery. I now venture to introduce the subject through your Magazine, in 
consequence of a more liberal feeling being manifested here for the support of 
public works. My intention is only to introduce this design to public notice, 
in the hope of its being the means of directing the attention of some more 
influential person to the subject; and, also, for the purpose of giving my pro- 
mised support to your useful work. I have experienced more difficulty than 
I expected in selecting a piece of ground in our vicinity, suitable, in every 
respect, for the purpose; and find that which I have fixed upon the most 
favourable, except Tindal’s Park, which I hope never to see diverted from its 
present purpose, except for a botanic garden. As a matter of choice, I 
should have preferred the ground round Redland Chapel, including the field 
on the south side, the common, and the whole of the glen on the north and 
east side. The capabilities of this site are very great. There are some in- 
teresting views from it, and the features of the ground are very suitable for 
creating pictorial effect. The chapel, being already erected, would prevent 
the necessity of what generally forms an expensive outlay in such under- 
takings ; and the distance from the city is just that of a pleasant walk. But 
I understand the ground is too wet for the purpose, so much so, as not to be 
rendered eligible even by draining. The site I have selected, originally a 
nursery, is situated between Wellington Place and St. Paul’s; which parts of 
the city I propose connecting by a carriage-road through the cemetery. 

The churchyards and_ burial-grounds of Bristol, at present occupied for 
interment, contain in all rather more than 15 acres; two thirds belong to the 
church, and one third to dissenters. The spot I have selected would furnish 
30 acres; but, as it would be desirable to have another cemetery on the 
Clifton side, I should think from 15 to 20 acres would suffice. 

It has been objected, that the lower part of this ground would also be too 
wet; that it would be likely, in the course of twenty years, to be as much sur- 
rounded by buildings as our present churchyards; and that it does not pos- 
sess a single natural picturesque advantage. The first objection would be 
remedied by the manner in which I purpose carrying the plan into effect, by 
which the ground bounded by Wilden Street would be raised 5 ft., still leaving 
a 4 ft. current [an inclination of 4 ft.] on the surface; and admitting of under- 
draining into courses, which would carry the water off into the river Froome. 
The next objection is by no means a reasonable one; for, allowing the city 
to extend in this quarter, still the site cannot be fairly subject to a comparison 
with the confined state of any of our churchyards. There would not be any 
buildings within 140 ft. of three fourths of the ground, and, in the remaining 
part, not near enough to cast a shadow on it; and, so long as it remains suf- 
ficiently open, its immediate vicinity is a very great advantage. With respect 
to the latter objection, I should certainly have preferred a site possessing some 
natural picturesque features; but, 1 trust, my design will show that the want 
of them is not an insurmountable objection. The working of such a piece of 
ground only requires a little more creative genius in the artist. For my own 
part, I do not at all regret the absence of every natural feature of beauty or 
interest, because it aids one very material object I have in view; which is, as 
it bears so strong an analogy to most of our churchyards, to show that they 
may still be laid out with some degree of taste and interest, and, at the same 
time, with due economy in the occupation of the ground. As an illustration, I 


ag 


proposed to be formed at Bristol. 343 


refer to the new churchyard at Clifton, in the arrangement of which I con- 
sider my design would have afforded some useful hints. It has been a matter 
of much surprise to me, that so little attention has been paid to this subject, 
particularly in laying out the ground of so many new churches. I contend 
that laying out the ground of the churchyard is of as much importance in 
giving effect to the church, as laying out the ground of a residence is in giving 
effect to the house: the landscape-gardener has the opportunity of giving 
quite as much effect to the one as to theother. This would be evident, if, in 
viewing the finished side of St. Matthew’s Church, Kingsdown, the imagina- 
tion were brought to contemplate it, as it would be if surrounded by a portion 
of St. James’s churchyard: it would then serve as an illustration how much 
such a building may be disfigured. The same observation will apply to the 
new church at Frenchay, the effect of which will be entirely destroyed, if due 
attention be not paid to laying out the churchyard. That of St. Mary, Red- 
cliffe, furnishes another illustration : its former state detracted considerably 
from the grandeur of that noble pile. I consider there is much credit due to 
Mr. Hall, not only for his taste and judgment, but for his perseverance in 
effecting the alteration amidst so much opposition and difficulty. But, although 
as much has been effected as, perhaps, circumstances would admit, yet it falls 
very short of the effect that might have been produced, if the ground had been 
originally laid out so as to harmonise with, and give effect to, the building. 

In designing the plan now presented, I bore in mind the want of some 
interesting public resort at that end of the city; and I have endeavoured to 
arrange my plan so as to create such an interest as might compensate for the 
want of any natural feature of the picturesque; and, to render the intended 
cemetery suitable for a public promenade, I purpose giving it that botanic 
character which would render it always sufficiently interesting and attractive. 
For this purpose, 1 intend the shrubs and trees surrounding the principal 
walks to form an arboretum; the mass of rockwork covering the catacombs 
to be suitably arranged for a display of rock shrubs and plants (particularly 
those that are indigenous); and the pond for a display of aquatics. The union 
of such distinct characters in my design would require much taste and judg- 
ment in carrying them into effect: if arranged in too gay a manner, the place 
would not be in unison with the feelings of those whose visits are directed to 
the tombs of their friends and relations; and, if too sombre, it would not be 
sufficiently accordant with the feelings of those who visit it for promenade, or 
for purposes of botanical research. The arrangement, therefore, should be 
such as to produce that degree of simplicity and hallowed peacefulness which 
would be most likely to harmonise with the feelings of each class. This 
object I have endeavoured to attain; but, a ground plan not affording sufficient 
illustration of my views, I will briefly describe the leading features I wish to 
realise. 

The entrance from St. Paul’s (1, in fig. 49.) is intended to be in a line with 
Dean Street, and connected by a straight road with the entrance (2) in Wel- 
lington Place, having suitable lodges at each. To the mason’s yard (3) there 
is a private entrance from Adam’s Court, Stokes Croft; and to the gardener’s 
yard (4), from a road leading out of Moon Street. Both of these depart- 
ments can thus be provided with every convenience, without creating any 
unsightly appearance. In arranging the ground for a general promenade, there 
should still (as far as circumstances will admit) be created a certain degree 
of privacy for those visiting the remains of their friends. With this view, I 
have divided the ground into sections, so that each may form, in some measure, 
a distinct part, enclosed by a shrubbery, without destroying the connexion in the 
general plan. The designs for the arrangement of the graves in each section 
are not intended (in carrying the plan into effect) to be confined to the 
section now drawn; my object has been to produce a series of designs that 
will admit of being adapted to any situation that circumstances may render 
desirable, The graves in sections 5, 6, 7, and 8 are common ones, covered 


344 Design for a Cemetery 


Sin Tt 1 
Scant en 
esas] eee ieamale 
Linn = NG 


=} 7 ArrrreTNS | 2 


SAREE A 
Sanaa 
= NSE 
Sn 


with a flat stone; each of those in 10 and 11 are the same, with only a 
diamond tablet let into the turf. The paths between the graves in each section, 
and in the part allotted to the poor (12), form an accommodation much wanted 
in our churchyards; where persons attending a funeral in unfavourable 
weather, with the head uncovered, and the feet standing on a wet sod, are 
fortunate in escaping a chill that may lead to very serious consequences: in 
fact, the fear of it often prevents persons from attending funerals altogether. 


ae 


proposed to be formed at Bristol. 345 


Explanation. 


1, and 2, Entrance lodges. 3, Mason's 
yard. 4, Gardener’s yard. 5, 6, 
7, 8, Graves with flat stones. 10, 
11,. Graves with diamond tablets. 
12, General place of interment for 
those not purchasing a grave. 13, 
Catacombs. 14, Obelisk. 15, Cha- 
pel. 16, Bristol High Cross. 17, Or- 
namental cottage for gardener’s resi- 
dence. 18, Mausoleum temple. 
20, Aquarium. 21, Druid’s temple. 
22, 23, Vaults with flat stones form- 
ing the high cross. 24 to 27, Vaults 
with flat stones forming a knight’s 
cross. 28, 29, Pillars for gas lamps. 


C : = 


—— 


ea egere 


TTT 


The evil may be partially remedied by the sexton providing dry planks to 
stand upon; to insure which, the public ought to consider it a gross neglect 
in the attention of any undertaker who does not have such accommoda- 
tion provided. The severe chills that this evil occasions, arise, too often, 
from the want of due precaution on the part of the mourners, in not being 
duly fortified against it by suitable clothing. For instance, on a cold damp 
day in November, and after a week’s hard rain, I recently saw four young 
females, lightly clad about the head and shoulders, with silk stockings and 


346 Design for a Cemetery at Bristol. 


thin shoes, carry a child over about 90 yards of wet turf, and stand on it 
during the service. Some persons, from a less cause than this, would have 
been returned, in a short time, a corpse to the same grave, or have become 
subject to rheumatic pains, or perhaps crippled for life. In a cemetery, this 
evil can and ought to be remedied. Section 13 is a range of catacombs, built 
with Hanham or Stapleton stone, and cased with natural rock, en masse. The 
flight of steps at each end is intended to lead to a terrace in front of a second 
range, in the centre of which a chasm may be formed, through which a path 
should lead to a flight of steps ascending to the top of the rock, in which 
irregular paths should be cut, with such a boundary on the outside as would 
serve for a parapet. If this is carried into effect with judgment, and planted 
in good taste, it may be rendered very attractive; and the catacombs would 
amply repay any extra expense it would occasion. The spot in front is 
intended, chiefly, for forest trees, and the margin is intersected with walks 
leading into two sections (10and 11), with range of graves ineach. The walks 
in the margin would also lead to suitable retired spots for monuments: the 
centre (14) should be reserved for a handsome cenotaph or obelisk, and the 
space around it should be kept open as a lawn. On the other side of the 
road, in front of this range, should be erected the chapel (15), for which I offer 
no design at present: it must, of course, depend on the amount of the sum 
allowed for the purpose. The leading feature of my design, internally, should 
be for monumental display. The road from the back of the chapel should 
present, in the distance, a very interesting view of the Bristol High Cross (16), 
which, I am informed, the present liberal owner would again spare to us, if a 
suitable site were fixed upon to insure its preservation: but, if the original 
could not be obtained, I should recommend erecting a model. This spot may 
then be made the most interesting in the cemetery. I purpose raising it on a 
sort of dais, or platform, of about 4 ft.in height: the ascent would be by a 
flight of steps, a path from which would branch off right and left, and lead to 
an ornamental cottage (17) for a gardener’s residence; the centre room of 
which should be a public saloon, from which the cross on the lawn would 
have an interesting appearance. At the back of the cottage should be small 
separate gardens for ladies and gentlemen; and in the front an ornamental 
flower-border. The whole of this spot I propose reserving for the repose of 
those ennobled by birth or merit: those of the army or navy to be interred in 
the vaults forming the half circles, with laurels planted within, so that the 
branches may wave over them; literary characters the same, with bays 
planted within the circle, as well as laurels; those whose merit has been 
manifested by their benevolence should be interred in the circles with the 
weeping ash or willow planted in the centre, to represent the feelings of the 
widows and orphans they have benefited; and those whose merit entitled 
them to a public funeral should be interred in a suitable vault under the cross. 
On the east side of this spot (12), separated by a wall, is the ground allotted 
for the interment of those who could not afford the expense of a separate 
gn: This part should also be so arranged, that persons may have a dry 
ootpath to each grave, which, of course, would afford accommodation for 
standing with more comfort than at present during the service, and would 
enable them more seriously to attend to it: such an advantage would occasion 
a decided preference over any other place of interment. On descending the 
flight of steps from the dais, the chapel (15) would present itself as a very 
interesting object: the footpath on the right would lead to a mausoleum 
temple (18), with a vault underneath; continuing from this, the path 
would lead to the entrance lodge, Wellington Place (2). The footpath 
on the left would lead to the aquarium (20), and a druid’s temple (21), 
which I should wish to be composed of the stones, supposed originally to 
have been devoted to that purpose, but now lying in our neighbourhood, 
quite neglected ; three or four, for instance, at Stoke Bishop. Continuing 
this path, it would lead to the entrance lodge, St. Paul’s. Each of the walks 
just named may be rendered very interesting, by the variety of evergreen and 


Forcing-houses at Everingham. Park. 347 


flowering shrubs, and devices formed 
in the stones laid on the graves. The 
annexed ground plan (fig. 50.) will 
suffice as an illustration of the circles; 
in forming which, the whole of the 
ground between the outward and 
inner circles should be excavated at 
once, and then formed into separate 
graves, with 9-in. brickwork, which 
would be only half the ordinary ex- 
pense. The shape would necessarily 
partake of that of the coffins. The 
space within the imner circle should 
be planted with the weeping ash 
or willow; or filled with peat earth 
for the tribe of azaleas, rhododen- 
drons, &c. The whole of the crosses 
22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27) are for vaults: the flat stones on which to 
orm the shape, around which is a gravelled path. Each cross, when formed, 
should be excavated, and built up in the necessary divisions, all together, which 
would effect a saving of one half. In the shrubbery, at the head of the cross 
of Christ (22 and 23), should be planted Christ’s thorn (Palitrus acule- 
atus) and the Judas tree (Cércis Siliquéstrum); and over some trellis-work 
across the path should be nailed the passion flower (Passiflora certlea). The 
wall between each half circle, on the St. Paul’s side, should be covered with 
the varieties of ivy; marble slabs set in which would have a neat appearance. 
The open space of wall on the opposite side of the ground (having a good 
south aspect) should be reserved for such plants as the Australian acacias, 
Eriobétrya japénica, pomegranate, bignonia, camellia, magnolia, &c. In the 
centre of each section, I would wish to see erected either the original, or a 
model, of the principal ornamental crosses from various parts of the king- 
dom: such a collection, erected in suitable parts of a cemetery, would be 
highly interesting and ornamental; and, if erected with vaults underneath, 
might turn out a not unprofitable speculation. 

| The description already given, I trust, will afford a sufficient outline of the 
general features I wish to create, without entering into further details. I 
shall therefore only remark, in conclusion, that the formation of a cemetery of 
this class would not only be promoting the health and comfort of the citizens 
of Bristol, but prove, also, a profitable speculation to those disposed to 
embark in such an undertaking. 

Bristol, Nov. 18. 1835. 


Art. III. Descriptive Notice, accompanied by Plans and Sections, of 
a Range of Forcing-houses, including a Green-house, erected for 
William Constable Maxwell, Esq., at Everingham Park, near 
Pocklington, Yorkshire, by Mr. W. Crosskill, Iron-Founder and Hot- 
house Builder, Beverly. Drawn up from various Communications, 
forwarded by Mr. MAxwe tt, his Gardener Mr. Incram, Mr. 

- CROSSKILL, and others. 


Havine heard much respecting the range of hot-houses at 
Everingham Park, as being the handsomest in that part of 
Yorkshire, we applied to Mr. Crosskill for some particulars 
respecting them ; when he kindly favoured us with a loan of 


348 Description, with Plans and Sections, 


TOOT 
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Perspective Section of the Vineries. 


#, The floor of the pine pit; ZL, the back shed; and G G, the hot-water pipes. 


the plans, from which the accompanying engravings are taken; 
and also sent us some particulars respecting the construction of 
the houses, and ample testimonials from Mr. Maxwell and his 
gardener, of the success which has attended their use after eighteen 
months’ trial. 

Mr. Maxwell says: “‘ The hot-houses which you erected for 
me have fully answered my expectations ; your system of heating 
them with hot water has proved most successful, and I can 
strongly recommend it to the adoption of any one.— W. C. M. 
Everingham Park, May 6. 1836.” 

Mr. “Ingram, Mr. Maxwell’s gardener, who is well known to 
Mr. Mackintosh of Claremont, Mr. Knight, Mr. Lowe, and 
other London nurserymen, as a highly respectable man, and an 
excellent gardener, says: ‘* When you erected the hot-houses in 
the gardens of W. C, Maxwell, Esq., I promised you that, after 
a twelvemonth’s trial, I would give you my candid opinion in 
regard to their ra 2) and, now that eighteen months have 
passed by, I consider that I am fully warranted to lay it before 
you. It affords me much pleasure to be able to assure you that 
these houses are, in every respect, to my satisfaction, and 
answer every purpose for which they were intended. Your plan 
of opening the ventilators is excellent, and I hope it will, some 
day, not.far distant, be generally adopted. I can command a 


of the Forcing-houses at Everingham Park. 349 


Ly 


Perspective Section of the Peach-houses. 


G G, the hot-water pipes, over which is the peach trellis; J, the cast-iron footpath, and 
LL, the back sheds. 

sufficient degree of heat to force vines and peaches, and grow 
green-house plants at any season, even were the thermometer, 
out of doors, to fall below zero of Fahrenheit. Your mode of 
laying the footpaths, and fixing the iron framework round the 
pits is so good, that it cannot escape the eye of the most super- 
ficial observer. Upon the whole, I consider that Mr. Maxwell’s 
hot-houses, on a small scale, are second to none.—John Ingram. 
Everingham Park, April 2. 1836.” 

The engravings, which form jigs. 51—56., are separately ex- 
plained under each, and, therefore, will require no further notice 
here. aie 

From the descriptive notice sent by Mr. Crosskill, we learn 
that the roof and front framework, and in general all those. 
parts usually made of wood, are here formed of iron, with the 
exception of the sashes; that the copings of the walls are iron, 
and also the walls of the pits and the pathways. By the walls 
of the pits being made of iron, any pit, however small, is in- 
creased in width and length by the difference between the thick- 
ness of a plate of iron, and that of a 9 in. or a 5in. brick wall, 
a 3 in. flagstone set on edge, or plates of slate set on edge. 

Mr. Crosskill never makes the sashes of iron, knowing from 


experience that wood is lighter, and slides with greater ease ; 
Vou. XII.— No. 76. DD 


350. Description, with Plans and Sections, 
e 


53 


jam (iti lon ft i) 


TTT FA A A A et 
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= ee 


Fron 


also that, in putting up, they can be fitted more accurately to the 
rafters, so as effectually to exclude the weather. Another ad- 
vantage of wooden sashes and iron rafters is, that, while the latter 


54 


ELAN ERNEST UE Pat SELAH 
TMUEUPUCSGSeveT eee Uo ANeUE HLT OEPOATLCLSDOLILEL GEERT Paty Maran Ln a 


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ah uate UR TTT 
UR EMEA TT INLET nm i HT 

Elevation c 


expand in a slight degree by the excessive heat of the sun in 
summer, the former contract in a very slight degree from the 
same cause. When Mr. Crosskill forms curvilinear roofs, he 


5S M.MWG.G 


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a, Back sheds; 6, Furnace and boiler; c, Peach-house, 24 ft. long ; 
long; g, Peach- 


uses wrought-iron sash-bars, and makes the roof a fixture; by 
which means he never finds the slightest breakage of glass. 
The expense of the whole of this range, which is 130 ft. long, 


a Ee 


of the Forcing-houses at Everingham Park. 351 


sh AU ae OT J 


iii: B58 
Ju ee £5) CEH SE a : 


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in a 


com a 


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Elevation. 


completed and ready for use, exclusive of bricks and brickwork, 


was only 1100/., delivered at Hull. 
Mr. Crosskill informs us, that he has erected another range 


the Back Sheds. 


of glass for E. H. Reynard, Esq., at Sunderland-wick, and a 
greenhouse and two vineries, of the same dimensions as those at 
Everingham Park, for Edward Steer, Esq., of the Ham, near 


we IOLA TLL fi CLT VHUWIMIMSTHTIS ty 


MM 


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LLL CULL ELPY LALLY LNETUITLLPLECELLLEPPUPLILLLLIOLL LLL LE dds 
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d, Vinery, 30 ft. long ; ¢, Green-house, 20 ft. long; f, Vinery, 30 ft. 
house, 20 ft. long. 


Hamburg. Mr. John Booth of the Floetbeck Nurseries, near 
Hamburg, who is now in England, and who called on us at 


the time we were preparing this article, states to us, that these 
DD 2 


352 On removing the White Scale. 


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MOTTA UT 
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INLICATTETLLE 
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Perspective Section of the Green-house. 


Stage, curvilinear roof, and back sheds. 


houses have been much admired. We have also a testimonial 
of Mr. Reynard, who declares that he considers the houses 
which Mr. Crosskill erected for him ‘* to be in every respect 
most complete, both as regards the workmanship and the de- 
sign.” He adds, addressing Mr. Crosskill, “* They reflect much 
credit upon yourself and workman, there never having been one 
screw out of order, or one broken pane of glass, since they were 
put up. — #. H.R. Sunderland-wick, May 8. 1836.” 


[To us, the most remarkable feature in Mr. Crosskill’s iron hot- 
houses is their cheapness, as compared with the price of iron 
hot-houses either in London or Birmingham. Whether the 
workmanship is equally good, or not, can only be ascertained by 
a minute comparison; which we, of course, have no opportunity 
of making. We have done our duty, in having brought Mr. 
Crosskill’s claims as a hot-house builder fairly and impartially, 
as we think, before the public. ] 


Art. IV. On removing the White Scale from Pine Plants. By Mr. 
CHARLES PuLLEN, Gardener to J. L. Goldsmid, Esq. 


Tue method employed to remove the scale which particularly 
infests pine plants are various; and some are not only laborious 


Culture of Hyacinths at Berlin. 353 


and complicated, but not always effectual in the destruction of 
the insects; while they are frequently injurious to the plants. 

Many gardeners, however, are successful in cleaning their plants; 
and, at your request, I give you an account of the plan I adopted 
with the stock under my charge, which has removed all the scale 
from the plants and pits, as none have been seen for more than 
a year and a half past, although I found them in the state your 
correspondent refers to, p- 160. 

The intended existence of the pine plant is only of short du- 
ration ; and, when arrived nearly at its full size, i a state over- 
spread with the scale, it is then doomed to undergo some severe 
treatment, to make it appear more comely. Rather, I would 
say, take the young crowns and suckers, before ever being in pots 
at all, and rear them up through their successive stages in a 
clean and healthy state. 

I put them all into a tub sufficiently large to contain the plants, 
and fill the tub with soapsuds from a laundress, and one sixth of 
good tobacco-water, the mixture being warmed to 90°; and, if 
thought too strong for the plants, it may be reduced by adding 
water. I tried a few first, to see how they would bear it ; and I 
allowed the:n to remain in the liquid for five or six hours; I 
then took them out, and, after washing them in cold water di- 
rectly on taking them out, I put them on a dry back shelf in the 
pine-pit, top downwards, till they were sufficiently dry, and then 
potted them, and plunged the pots in a hot-bed frame, with a good 
heat. In this way I have obtained a clean healthy stock of pine 
plants from those originally infested with myriads of the scale. 

The old stock I fruited off, and kept all the others infested 
with the scale separate from those that I had operated upon. 
The pits, as they were emptied, I had well washed with hot 
water, afterwards with hot lime, mixed with a portion of blue 
black, and a little sulphur. The black was to take off the white 
appearance in the pits above the tan, and to make the walls 
nearer the colour of the bloom which is on the plants when they 
are in a healthy state. ‘The stock now consists, for the greater 
part, of queens, including a few Envilles, globes, and white Pro- 
vidences ; all of which have gone through the same process, and 
all are now clean. 

Champion Hill, Camberwell, May 24. 1836. 


Art. V. On the Mode in which Hyacinths are grown in the Neigh- 
bourhood of Berlin. By Mr. W. D. BRACKENRIDGE, now in the 
Berlin Botanic Garden. 


Havine lately paid a visit to the hyacinth growers in Berlin, I 
was so much struck with the vast quantities of well-grown bulbs 
DD 3 


354 Culture of Hlyacinths 


cultivated by them, that I cannot refrain from remitting for your 
perusal the few notes which I made on the spot. 

You are well aware, that the Dutch, of all other nations in the 
world, are the most successful in cultivating bulbs for sale. I 
might say, that they carry this art to perfection; but the rapid 
strides which the growing of the hyacinth has of late years made 
in Berlin, gives me every reason to think that, in a very few 
years, that city may rank with Holland both as to quality and 
number. On the east side of the townof Berlin, within the 
walls, is a large tract of land, commonly called the Kopenicker 
Feld; formerly old pasture ground. Here a vast number of 
market-gardeners have of late years established themselves; and 
among them men of capital and taste are to be found, he. to 
enlarge the former, and gratify the latter, have beaker them- 
selves to the cultivation of bulbs for the market. Among the 
most important of these may be reckoned M. Krause in the 
Fruchtstrasse, who has not less than seven acres planted with. 
hyacinths ; and, from a calculation which I made, above one 
million of flowering bulbs, and half as many seedlings. From the 
immense number grown of one sort, this field (for so I must: 
call it) has a very grand appearance ; the colours being so ar- 
ranged as to resemble a rainbow ; beginning with a light shade, 
which rises gradually to a dark blue, backed with red, which is 
lightly led away into a pure white; and so on, in alternate shades, 
to the end of the field. Just as I was entering the grounds, I 
found his Majesty the King of Prussia, who had honoured M. 
Krause with a visit, retiring, after having examined all the 
different kinds very minutely, and having expressed himself 
highly satisfied with the grandeur of the scene; which certainly 
exceeds any thing of the kind I have ever witnessed. The kinds 
which I observed he cultivates in large quantities are as follows :— 

Single Reds. — Aimable Rosette, Gellert, Madame, I’Hon- 
neur de Sassenheim, Reine de Rouge, Riche en Fleurs, Rose a la 
Reine, Acteur, Superbissima rubrorum, la belle Rose. 

Double Reds.— Kuterpe, Grossfirst, Hugo Grotius, Il Pastor 
fido, Rosenkranz von Flora, Superbe Royal. 

Single Blues. — La belle Violette, Staaten General, Appius, 
Ami de Coeur, Manteau, Vulcain. 

Double Blues. — A la Mode, la bien aimée, Nigritienne, 
mon Ami, Duc de Penthiévre, Perle brillante. 

Single Yellows. — Aurore d’Or, Bouquet Orange, Jaune 
Merveille, la Pluie d’Or, Aidonia. 

Double Yellows. — Bouquet d’Orange, la Favorite, Ophir. 

Single Whites. — Impériale, Vainqueur, la jolie Blanche. 

Double Whites. —-Hermine, Pass Virgo, Raath van Staaten. 

M. Krause had also, I observed, about four acres of early 
tulips, in a very vigorous state: the late ones were not in flower. 


in the Neighbourhood of Berlin. 355 


Those which appeared to me to be the finest grown, and in 
greatest quantity, were, Duc von Tholl, Grande Duchesse, 
Grootmeester von Maltha, Wit en rood borde, Standart, Tour- 
nesol, Rex rubrorum, Beauté parfaite, Braut von Harlem, 
Cerise royale, Aurora Arachne; with an immense quantity of 
fine seedlings, too tedious to mention. ‘The next in rank as a 
bulb-grower may be reckoned M. Limprecht in the Koppen- 
strasse. His collection of hyacinths, though not so large as the 
last, consists of bulbs, which are extra well grown. M. Lim- 
precht forces, on an average, every year, from 12,000 to 15,000 
hyacinths, in pots, for the market. The early tulips were 
es M. Limprecht has raised a variety of the Duc von 

holl from seeds, which he calls Duc de Berlin: it is much 
larger, and finer-coloured, and is said to force better than the 
original. Both of the establishments which I have mentioned 
are kept in a very orderly and business-like manner. In fact, 
the market-gardeners and florists in Berlin are rather a superior 
class of individuals: of the former you shall hear more at 
another opportunity. It would occupy too much room to enu- 
merate here all the different gardeners that have turned their 
attention to this branch of floriculture, it having become general ; 
but I cannot pass over the collection of M. D. Bouchi in 
Blumenstrasse; it being one of the most select and numerous 
in Berlin as to sorts. M. Bouchi has long been celebrated as 
a florist; and, certainly, his garden 1 is worth visiting, not only for 
the neat and orderly manner in which it is kept, but for the rich 
collection of auriculas which it contains, and, above all, the ori- 

inal and interesting habits of its owner. 

The Berlin growers generally begin to plant their hyacinth 
bulbs about the latter end of October, or beginning of Novem- 
ber; the ground having been, the previous spring, trenched to 
the depth of 2 ft., and enriched with good short dung; which is 
planted, in summer, with cauliflowers, kohlrabi, or stocks, the 
seeds of which are made an article of trade. The bulbs are 
planted about 6 in. deep, in rows parallel with the beds; the 
distance between the rows being regulated according to the 
habits of the kinds; so that they stand free of each other when 
in flower. Many fine sorts have been raised from seeds here; 
and, in general, the seedlings flower the third year. ‘The beds 
are covered, in winter, with a thick layer of stable litter, which 
is removed early in spring. ‘The ground appeared to be com- 
posed of two thirds of brown ‘sand, with a portion of black 
vegetable earth ; and the subsoil is a moist white sand. Although 
an immense quantity of hyacinths is required to supply the de- 
mand in Berlin itself; yet the greatest part of those grown in 
that city is sold to the Vienna and Saxony growers. In passing 


along the streets in Berlin, scarely a dwelling-house window is to 
DD 4 


356 Two Crops from the same Vines in One Year. 


be seen that is not decorated with flowering bulbs from January 
till May; and the hyacinths grown in the open ground are cut, 
and sold at so much per basket to the retailers, for making gar- 
lands, &c. There is, however, a great want of a regular vege- 
table market; flowers, fruits, and vegetables being, in general, 
exhibited for sale in the streets or open squares: a thing very 
incommodious. — Royal Botanic Garden, Berlin, May 4. 1836. 


Arr. VI. Ona Mode of producing Two Crops of Grapes from the 
same Vines in One Year. By Mr. JAMes WaLpRon, Gardener to 
the Archbishop of Armagh. 

I now send you the short sketch I promised you of my mode 
of treating the vines that were under my care at Elmgrove, 
Roehampton, and which produced two crops in the year. I 
shall not attempt to give a detailed account of the management 
of all the houses there, but I shall confine myself to two pits, 
each 52 ft. long. When I went to Elmgrove on the 15th of 
April 1833, I found that my predecessor had been forcing the 
vines in those pits since Nov. 1832; and that the grapes in both 
pits did not exceed 5lb. In Nov. 1833, I began to force the 
west pit; and by the end of March, 1834, I had a pretty good 
crop of grapes, according to the strength of the vines, fit to 
cut; and by the end of April all the grapes were gathered. 
The other pit then succeeded. I immediately threw open the 
west pit, after pruning the vines, and filled the border with 
night soil. About June, the buds began to push, and they ap- 
peared very strong. I then shut up the pit, and gave very little 
air, and plenty of water, but no fire; and on Dec. 1834, I had 
a fine crop of grapes, fit to cut, and well coloured; besides my 
vines having made good wood, and the other pit coming in, as 
before, in succession. In the autumn of 1835, I had another 
still larger crop of finer fruit, with better wood; and the other 
pit im succession; and, if my employer had not been so very 
much alarmed at the expense of about 12/. for coals, I should 
have had another crop fit to cut this last February, which would 
have been four crops in one year and eleven months; and the 
vines as strong again as they were when I first had the care of 
them, and producing double the quantity of fruit. 

Palace Gardens, Armagh, April 11. 1836. 


Art. VII. On a new and economical Method of preserving Endive 
through the Winter. By Mr. James CuTHILL, Gardener to Capt. 
Trotter, Dyrham Park. 

As the season for endive is fast advancing, I send you the fol- 
lowing account of a mode of preserving that plant, which I tried 


Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 357 


last year through necessity, on account of our new pits having 
been built too late in the autumn to receive the endive plants 
for forcing in due time. I covered about one thousand full- 
grown green curled endive plants over with pans similar to those 
generally used for strawberries in the forcing season ; and, know- 
ing that the pans would neither keep out the frost from the plants, 
nor the rains from the border, without some additional pro- 
tection, it struck me that leaves would be better than any other 
covering, on account of their absorbing the moisture. I accord- 
ingly covered the whole border with tree leaves to the thickness 
of 9in., after getting the border as dry as the autumn would 
allow. Nothing more wasdone. ‘The green curled endive, so 
treated, was much better than I have ever had it in frames; and 
two heads went nearly as far as fuur, on account of every leaf 
being well blanched. I am quite certain, that those gardeners 
who have the command of fine light ground will have no oc- 
casion to use frames at all. The ground here is nearly as stiff 
as any I have ever seen; and it is more liable to damp. Iam 
also certain, from the nature of leaves, that, where people cannot 
command pans, by taking the best dry leaves, the plants would 
keep nearly as well without as with pans. 
Dyrham Park Gardens, June 4. 1836. 


Art. VIII. Floricultural and Botanical Notices on Kinds of Plants 
newly introduced into our Gardens, and that have originated in them, 
and on Kinds of Interest previously extant in them ; supplementary 
to the latest Editions of the ‘‘ Encyclopedia of Plants,” and of 
the ‘* Hortus Britannicus.” 


Curtis's Botanical Magazine; in monthly numbers, each containing 


eight plates; 3s. 6d. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Sir William 
Jackson Hooker, LL.D., &c. 

Edwards’s Botanical Register ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 4s. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Dr. Lindley, 
Professor of Botany in the London University. 

Sweet's British Flower-Garden ; inmonthly numbers, each containing 
four plates; 3s. coloured, 2s. 3d. plain. Edited by David Don, 
Esq., Professor of Botany in King’s College, and Librarian to the 
Linnean Society. 

Maund’s Botanic Garden, or Magazine of Hardy Flower Plants cul- 
tivated in Great Britain; in monthly numbers, each containing 
four coloured figures in one page; large paper 1s. 6d., small 1s. 
Edited by B. Maund, Esq., F.L.S. 


RANUNCULACEZ, Clematidea, § Anemoneflore. Clématis 
*azurea grandiflora Sieboldt was in flower at Messrs. Loddiges’s 
on the 13th of May last; and fg. 57. is reduced to the scale of 
2in. to 1 ft., from a drawing taken of it by Mr. Francis Rauch, 


358 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


May 15. This species has a large and 

beautiful blue flower, nearly 4 in. 57 
across. It belongs, apparently, to the 
division Anemoneflorze; but has 8 pe- 
tals instead of 4. Messrs. Loddiges 
received the plant, about seven months 
ago, from Holland; and, as it is a na- 
tive of Java, it will probably be found 
half-hardy, or, perhaps, quite hardy. 
We delayed taking any notice of it 
last month, hoping that it would have 
been figured and described in some of 
the botanical periodicals. Further de- 
tails respecting it will be given in the 
Supplement to our Arboretum et Frutice- 
tum Britannicum, which will appear 
very shortly, with the last Number of 
that work. 

Papaveracee. 


3370. ESCHSCHO’/LTZIA 28369a crocea Benth. Bot. mag. t. 3495. 


In speaking of the beauty of the specimen figured of this plant, Sir W. J. 
Hooker says : — “ It has been remarked by several of my English friends, that 
the many beautiful hardy herbaceous plants, which have been lately intro- 
duced to our gardens by the indefatigable Douglas, succeed better in the hu- 
mid climate of Scotland, than in the vicinity of London: they remain longer 
in perfection ; the flowers are frequently larger, and the colours brighter.” _ 
(Bot. Mag., June.) 


Every practical gardener must be a aware of the truth of this 
remark. Some alpine and American and Russian shrubs succeed 
better in the cold moist climate of Glasgow, than they do in the 
comparatively dry climate of Edinburgh ; and many succeed ad- 
mirably at Edinburgh, which do not thrive in the gardens about 
London, and which cannot be kept alive in the neighbourhood 
of Paris. ubus Chamzemorus may be referred to as a proof of 
what we state; and, also, Oxycoccus palistris, and some indi- 
genous vacciniums, heaths, ferns, &c. 

Legumindcee, or Fabaceae. 


2144. KENNE‘DYA [1862 
?19384a@* macrophylla LindZ. long-leafed $ -Jor15 .. P Swan River 1835 C s.p Bot. reg. 


“ A beautiful green-house twining shrub, introduced by Sir James Stirling 
from Swan River in New Holland. It was raised in the garden of Robert 
Mangles, Esq., at Sunning Hill; whence specimens were received in the course 
of last summer. A pretty mode of managing such plants is that practised in 
the garden of Mrs. Lawrence, of twining the stems round and round to stakes 
fixed into the sides of the pot, so that the plant is compelled to grow round 
itself. The result of this is the collection into the compass of a bush of hun- 
dreds of clusters of flowers, which would otherwise be scattered over the roof 
of a green-house, and too far removed from the eye to enable the beautiful 
form and colour to be distinctly seen.” (Bot. Reg., June.) 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 359 


Rosdcee. 


’ (Brit. No. 12900 
1506. CRATAYGUS Cris-galli prunifolia Lindi. Bot. reg. 1868; synon. C. prunifdlia Bosc. Hort. 


Spec. Char. Leaves oblong, unequally serrate, somewhat gla- 
brous; spines not very long, straight; peduncles villous; fruit 


oblong, 2-stoned. 

Dr. Lindley considers this as “ apparently a distinct species of thorn, in the 
way of C. Crus-galli ovalifolia ; from which it is readily known by its shaggy 
flower stalks, and its less pear-shaped fruits; each of which contains two, in- 
stead of three, stones.” The genus Crate‘gus is one of the very few that we 
have been able to study, and make up our mind as to what are species, and 
what varieties, in the collection of the London Horticultural Society, and in 
that of Messrs. Loddiges. We have been able to do that chiefly in conse- 
quence of most of the sorts having produced fruit last summer, and, also, from 
having seen old plants of some of the more rare species at White Knights, 
Farnham Castle, and Ham House. Perhaps another reason why we have 
arrived at satisfactory conclusions is, that, of all the genera of hardy, deciduous, 
ligneous plants, Cratze‘gus is that which we like the best. We know of no 
genus that is so interesting at all seasons, and that produces so much variety 
in the course of the year. It is among hardy trees and shrubs what rica is 
among green-house plants, and the oak and the pine among forest trees. 
From the thorns, the bark, the leaves, the fruit, and something in the general 
aspect of the plant, which is more easily felt than described, we are convinced 
that this very handsome kind of thorn is only a variety of C. Cras-galli. 
Nevertheless, we fully admit the accuracy of Dr. Lindley’s description, and 
agree with him, that it is a very distinct sort. 


var. ovalifolia Lindl. Bot. reg. 1860.; synon. C. ovalifdlia Horn. Hort. Brit. No. 12904 


Distinctive Characteristics of the Variety. — Leaves obovately 
wedge-shaped, shining, glabrous, falling off late; spines strong, 
very long; pedicels glabrous; fruit pear-shaped, 3-stoned. 

1531. KE/RRIA 1702 * japonica Dec. 


The double-flowered variety of this 
handsome early-flowering hardy shrub 
is well known to most gardeners; but 
the single state of the species is com- 
paratively rare. There is a plant of it, 
however, in the Chelsea Botanic Gar- 
den, which flowered this spring, and 
which has been figured in the British 
Flower-Garden for June. Fig. 58. is 
a reduced copy, to the scale of 2 in. to 
1ft. This figure appeared rather too 
late for publication in our Arboretum 
Britannicum ; but it will be found in 
the Supplement to be given with the 
last number of that work. 

Onagracee. 

Fuchsza discolor Lindl., Bot. Mag., t. 3498., is never injured 
by the winters, even of Scotland. 

I'uchsias and veronicas, with large woody stems, were seen by 
Mr. Anderson (who accompanied Captain King in his late 


360 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


voyage for the purpose of surveying the southern extremity of 
South America, Terra del Fuego, and the Strait of Magelhaens) 
at Port Famine, in full flower, within a very short distance of 
the base of a mountain, covered for two thirds down with snow, 
and with the temperature at 36° Fahr. 


** The Fachsia, certainly, was rarely found but in sheitered spots; but not 
so the veronicas; for the beaches of the bays on the west side of St. John’s 
Island, at Port San Antonio, are lined with trees of the latter, growing even 
in the-very wash of the sea. There is no part of the strait more exposed 
to the wind than this; for it faces the reach to the west of Cape Froward, 
down which the wind constantly blows, and brings with it a succession of rain, 
sleet, or snow; and in the winter months, from April to August, the ground 
is covered with a layer of snow from 6 in. to 2 ft. or 3 ft. in depth. There 
must be, therefore, some peculiar quality in the atmosphere of this otherwise 
rigorous climate which favours vegetation; for, if not, these comparatively 
delicate plants could not live and flourish through the long and severe winters 
of this region.” (Journal of the Geographical Society, as quoted in the Bot. 
Mag., June.) 


Mr. Low of Clapton was the first who raised this kind of 
Fachsza in England. 


Grossulacee . 


719. RIBES [California ?1832 C co Sw. fl.-gar. 2. s. 340 
5906a malvaceum Benth. {[? Smith, in Rees’s Cyclop.] Mallow-leafed %or5 my PaP 


There in an account of this kind in our p. 38, 39. Pro- 
fessor Don and Mr. Bentham seem to consider it as a distinct 
species. We may be mistaken; but, from having observed R. 
malvaceum, #. glutinosum, and #, sanguineum, in the London 
Horticultural Society’s garden, and in various nurseries; and 
having, besides, a healthy vigorous-growing plant of each in our 
garden, we have not the slightest doubt of the three sorts being 
only varieties of one species. Professor Don recommends a 
soil composed of peat and loam; but we have seen it, in several 
places, growing in common garden soil as vigorously as the 
black currant. 

“ The leaves emit, on being passed through the hand, an agreeable balsamic 
odour.” (Brit. Fl.-Gard., June.) 

Gentianaceze. 


794. GENTIA‘NA 
6363a@ quinquefldra Pers. 5-flowered © or 13 o Li New York ?1834 S s.l1 Bot. mag. 3496 


This very pretty annual, which was raised at the Botanic 
Garden, Edinburgh, from seeds sent, without a name, by Mr. 
Thomas Churnside, nurseryman, New York, is considered 
by Sir W. J. Hooker to differ from the G. quinquefolia of 
Linnzeus, Willdenow, Lamarck, and Sprengel; because these 
authors all refer to the figure given of a plant under this name 
in the Flora Danica, which differs from the plant figured in the 
Bot. Mag., in having the leaves ovate, instead of acuminated, 
ae the flowers axillary as well as terminal. (Bot. Mag., 

une.) 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 361 


Labidcea. 


3880. PHYSOSTE‘GIA [Bot. mag. 3494 
*truncata Benth. truncate-calyved © orl .. PaPk SanFelipede Austin 1834 S It. 


Seeds of this handsome annual were sent from San Felipe de 
Austin to Europe, by Mr. Drummond, in 1833 and 1834; and 
plants flowered in the open borders of the Glasgow Botanic 
Garden in 1835. (Bot. Mag., June.) 

Euphorbiacee. 

1460a. POINSE/TTIA Gra. 
pulchérrima Gra. fairest  —]ori1 ja.mr Bt.S Mexico 1834 C sl Bot. mag, 3493 

This plant has been repeatedly noticed in our pages. See 
in p. 209. 256. ‘The engraving exhibits a splendid display of 
bright scarlet bracteas, which measure nearly a foot across; and 
the circumstance of the plant flowering in winter, must render 
it a desirable object in every garden where there is a stove, whe- 
ther for ornamental plants or pine-apples. j 


“ The rose-like whorls of bracteas which terminate the branches have been 
seen, on the large plants cultivated at Philadelphia, as much as 20 in. across, 
and equal in colour to the finest tints of Hibiscus Rosa-sinénsis.” (Bot. Mag., 
June.) 


Orchidaceae. 


2503a. *CRY‘BE Lindi. (Krupté, to conceal ; whence krubezs, concealed ; in allusion to the manner 
in which the column is hidden by the floral envelopes. — Lindley.) [reg. 1872 
*ydsea Lindl.* rose-coloured-flowered € (AJ or1l ju PG Mexico 1834 D p.x.w Bot. 


This plant is remarkable for never expanding its singular 


club-shaped flowers, the edges of the lip turning inwards, and 
forming a sort of disk at the end of the flower. It requires the 
same management as Bletza vereciinda. (Bot. Reg., June.) 


9521. RODRIGUE‘ZIA 
*22632a Barkerd Hook. Barker's [AJ cu 1 ja PaG Brazil 1835 D p.r.w Bot. mag. 3497 


“ Imported by George Barker, Esq., of Birmingham, and communicated to 
us, in full flower, January, 1836, by Mr. Cameron of the Birmingham Botanic 
Garden. The whole flower is of a uniform pale green colour, and nearly des- 
titute of fragrance.” (Bot. Mag., June.) 


2530b. *MORMO‘DES Lindi. (Mormo, a frightful-looking object, a goblin ; in allusion to the 
strange appearance of the flowers. — Lindley.) D r.w Bot. reg. 1861 
*atropurpurea Lind. dark-purple-flowered €& (A) cu 2 d DP Coast of the Spanish Main 1834 


Sent to Dr. Lindley from the garden of John Willmore, Esq., 
of Oldford, near Birmingham, with whom it flowered for the 
first time. 


«« A tender stove plant, requiring the same treatment as Catasétum, Cyc- 
noches, &c. With reference to orchideous plants, with this habit, it may in 
general be observed, that they require to be kept cool and dry when not in a 
growing state; to be forced gently into growth; and, when in the full vigour 
of their vegetation, to have a copious supply of moisture. They will at that 
season even introduce their roots into water, if they are allowed, and flourish 
the more under such treatment.” (Bot. Reg., June.) 


2537a. *TRICHOPYLIA Lindi. (Thrix, a hair; and pilion,a cap. The anther of this genus is 

concealed below a cap surmounted with three tufts of hairs. — Lindl. [p.r.w Bot. reg. 1863 

*tortilis Lindl. twisted-petaled €«& (A) cu 2% ja WhblotchedwithC Mexico 1835 D 

“ A beautiful and highly curious plant, communicated, in January last, by 

George Barker, Esq., of Springfield, near Birmingham. From the habit of 

this plant, it may be conjectured that it will thrive in the stove, under the 
same treatment as maxillarias.” (Bot, Reg., June.) 


362 Floricultural and Botanical Notices. 


2547. DENDRO‘BIUM 28806 macrostachyum. 

In the Bot. Reg. for June, 1836, D. Lindley mentions a very curious cir- 
cumstance connected with this plant. Dr. Lindley had received a dried spe- 
cimen of it from Ceylon; on examining which, he “ found a minute blanched 
portion of it that seemed still alive: this was fastened by a nail and shred to 
a damp shady wall in a stove in the garden of the London Horticultural 
Society, where it gradually recovered its green colour, and began to grow. By 
tending it carefully, and not feeding it until it had recovered the effects of its 
long fast, while buried between two sheets of brown paper in a dry chest, it 
gradually recovered, and grew into a plant, the offspring of which has been 
distributed.” (Bot. Mag., t. 1865.) 

9554. EPIDE’NDRUM [ Bot. reg. 1867 
*29741. armeniacum Lindl. apricot-coloured-flowered €¢ (A) pr = ju Ci Brazil 1834 D pxrw 
This species was imported by Messrs. Rollinson of Tooting ; 


and it is readily increased by division of its tufted stems. 


“ Tt was first seen in England, in flower, in the year 1835, at one of those 
splendid exhibitions in the Garden of the London Horticultural Society, which 
attest more strongly than even the country residences of our nobility and 
gentry the skill and perseverance of English gardeners. There, in the midst 
of the dazzling scarlet or pink of various kinds of Cactacez, and surrounded by 
the brilliant plumes of Chinese azalea flowers, that weighed down their grace- 
ful branches, which really seemed as if they were proud of the lovely burdens, 
from a basket of humble moss, a little tuft of stems of this species was seen 
to rear its modest head, as if in hopelessness of attracting notice in so gay a 
company. The neatness, however, of its tiny flowers, the pleasing tint of its 
apricot-coloured petals, the elegant form of their slightly nodding, or even 
drooping, clusters, and the novelty of their form is so well-known a genus as 
Epidéndrum, arrested the curious observer, who soon found the symmetry and 
simple elegance of the little blossoms of Epidéndrum armeniacum compensate 
for the absence of those more obvious beauties that adorned its gaudier rivals.” 
(Bot. Reg., June.) 

[reg. 1870 


*Skinnerz Bateman MSS. Skinner’s [ZX] cu ~ jl GW Cumana 1834 D p.r.w Bot. 
Found in August, 1834, near Cumana, by Mr. Skinner. 


‘Tt is not a pretty species, but it is very distinct from any previously de- 
scribed, and is remarkable for its stems being dilated at the upper end, like some 
of the species of Dendrobium.” (Bot. Reg., June.) 


2483. HABENA‘RIA d [reg. 1858 
22506a *procéra Lindl. tall-stemmed YW (Ai cu 2 au WG Sierra Leone 1835 D p.r.w Bot. 


“‘ This plant must have the heat of a damp stove, when in a growing state ; 
but will doubtless partake of the habits of its kindred species, in requiring a 
longer period of coolness and dryness, while its roots are at rest, after the 
leaves have perished.” (Bot. Reg., June.) 

Liliacee. 
1080. HY ACI’NTHUS 

*spicatus Smith spike-flowerzng § A ori f Bluish Zante 1826 O 1p Bot. reg. 1869 

“ Ripe seeds of this plant were gathered in April, 1826, in the island of 
Zante, by H. F. Talbot, Esq., and were raised in his garden at Laycock Abbey, 
Wilts. Asaspecies, it is well marked by its crowned sessile half erect flowers, 
and the double membranous bracts that subtend it,” (Bot. Reg., June.) 


Pontederdceze. 


959. PONTEDE*RIA 
*7758a certlea Maund blue-flowered %& A or 2 au B N. America 1830 D h Bot. gard. 551 


“From the unexpected loss of the specimen from which our drawing was 
taken, we are unable to determine whether or not it be more than a variety of 
P. cordata. When the plant flowers again this shall be noticed.” (Bot. Gard., 
June.) 


Foreign Notices : — Spain. 363 


MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. 


Art. I. Foreign Notices. 


SPAIN. 
(Continued from p. 208.) 


“ SzcTION across the Castiles, between Valencia and Gijon.—The P. halepénsis 
is found on the sands of the Albufera to the very brink of the Mediterranean, 
and extends, probably uninterruptedly, across the Sierra de Cuenca, in follow- 
ing the course of the Xucar. Above it, on the southern verge of the Sierra, 
I have every reason to believe is the P. hispanica, as before stated; andon 
the north side are the P. Pinaster and P. sylvéstris. The Alcarria and dis- 
trict near the junction of the Tagus with its great western branch the Gua- 
diela, where there is a considerable mass of pine, have, to my knowledge, no 
other species than the P. halepénsis. This locality, in the vicinity of Sacedon, 
is, as far as my observation extends, the northern limit of this species, as the 
Sierra de Cuenca is the southern limit, certainly in Europe, of the P. 
sylvéstris. 

“‘ Reaching the foot of the Guadarrama, which is in the line of section, the 
P. Pinaster is seen forming the lower zone, but has nearly disappeared; and 
above it is a vast mass of P. sylvéstris, which forms the noble forest of S. 
Ildefonso ; and, no doubt, the same order prevails in those of the Tietar, in the 
neighbourhood of Talavera, and in the same range; where pitch and tar are 
made in considerable quantities. 

It will be observed that the same order exactly prevails on the opposite 
sides of the plain of New Castile, in ascending the Sierra de Cuenca and 
Guadarrama. After crossing this central range, the scanty remains of forest 
in Old Castile, between the Guadarrama and Valladolid, are of the Pinea, 
according to information I have received. In approaching the chain which 
divides Leon from Asturias, the oak, Q. prasina ?, is topped by the beech, 
which is at the Puerto of Pojares, on the road to Oviedo; and below it, on the 
other side of the range, are other oaks, elms, and chestnuts, to the sea. I 
could not ascertain that any pines exist in the elevated range of Asturias, the 
beech occupying, as in the Abruzzi, the highest levei. The P. pectinata, which 
is next in the series, does not appear until you reach the Western Pyrenees. 

“ The districts not included in these sections are Catalonia, in which, from 
the coast as fat as my observation has extended, there is only the P. hale- 
pénsis, which is in large quantities, every hamlet and village having a propor- 
tion, which would be much more valuable, but for the barbarous practice of 
polling, or cutting off the branches, so fatal to the fir tribe, and which com- 
pletely defeats the purpose meant to be obtained by it, of procuring a larger 
quantity of timber on a given extent of ground. There are said to be three 
kinds of pine on Monserrat; but they escaped my observation the more easily, 
as it is impossible, in the manner the trees are cut, to distinguish a species 
from individuals with only a small bunch of branches at the top of a trunk 
twenty or thirty feet high. It is not improbable that the P. hispanica may be 
found in the upper region of the mountain; and a desideratum, in this part, 
would be, to follow the line from the coast to the forests of P. hispanica on 
the Essera, to ascertain (which I have not had the opportunity of doing) 
whether there is a species or more interposed between the P. halepénsis and 
P. hispanica, in ascending from the coast level. {From a commuuication from 
the author, dated Dec. 9. 1835, we learn that, after more muture consideration, 
he is inclined to place the P. hispanica above the P. Pinea, but still without 
considering the point as quite settled.] 

“In the Pyrenees, on the confines of Aragon and Navarre, and on the 
river which gives the name to the former kingdom, is a valley named Roncal, 
which produces the timber used at Zaragoza, and which they assured me was 
of excellent quality. I could obtain no certain information about the species 


364 Foreign Notices : — Spain. 


of the tree, which is, most probably, either P. uncinata, or P. sylvestris ; most 
likely the latter. The adjoining country to the west, the Roncesvalles district, 
is clothed with the P. pectinata, like the opposite side of the French Py- 
renees. Along the whole coast of the Tierra Caliente, as far as the Serrania de 
Ronda, I believe no other species to exist than the P. halepénsis. On the 
western coast of Andalusia are P. halepénsis and P. Pinea. The latter forms 
a forest, through which the old road passes from Uterra to Seville, which is 
still followed by horsemen and muleteers. In the Sierra Morena I saw no 
native pines; but I believe the species which properly represents that region, 
and which is found cultivated, is the Pinea, which probably extends into the 
southern provinces of Portugal. In Lower Estremadura I am unacquainted 
with any pinares or pine forests. 


Forest Section across the Castiles. 


S. B Sea of Biscay. a, Oak, chestnut, hazel, &c., of Asturias. P. P, Puerto de Pajares. c, Beech. 
d, Oak of Castile (Q. prasina). V, Valladolid. e, P. Pinea (stone pine). G, Guadarrama range. 
Jf; P. sylvéstris, forming the upper zone of the range. g, P. Pinaster. hk, Oak (Quércus Toxa, 
Encina, &c.) M, Madrid. 7, P. halepénsis, Encina, &c., of Alcarria. g, P. Pinaster. jf, P. syl- 
véstris, of Val de Cabras. S.C, Sierra de Cuenca. k, P. hispanica? h, P. halepénsis. V. 
Valencia. M, Mediterranean. 


> 


“ The respective lines of vegetation of the pine as to altitude, established 
by these observations, give, in the ascending series, P. halepénsis, hispanica, 
Pindster, Pinea (in Old Castile), pectinata, sylvéstris, and uncinata. The 
Pinea also occupies a much lower range in the flat of the Guadalquivir, where 
it is equal with the halepénsis, thus varying its native habitats considerably. 
The value for economical purposes is nearly in the ratio of the ascent, the 
order increasing being, halepénsis, Pinaster, Pinea, hispanica, pectinata, syl- 
véstris, and uncinata. 

“It may be necessary to observe, that, in naming these species, the only 
certain mode of distinction has been followed, which is that founded on the 
fruit or cones; the other characters, of colour, of length of spicula, and other 
artificial methods, only tend to mislead, and, even to the experienced eye, 
should be viewed with extreme caution. The difficulty of obtaining accurate 
information is so great as to be nearly insurmountable. The subject has been 
little attended to, scarcely at all; and the observations even of the translator 
of Linnzus, in the imperfect state of knowledge of that period, in this depart- 
ment, only mislead. 

“Jt is far from being meant to be asserted, that the species in this vast 
country are confined to those in this list ; it is possible more may exist, but 
they require examination and proof, and more than the idea held by many 
people in Spain, that every thing and every species is to be found on their soil. 

“ Tn examining the forests, care must be taken not to be misled by local 

names, which are exceedingly varied in the different provinces, and often do 

not apply to species at all. In the Sierra de Cuenca, for instance, they have 
a term applied to a tree in a particular state of foliage, and of stunted form, 
or what the French call ‘rabougri,’ in distinction from a sound and well- 
growing tree. 

“The Oaks. — The evergreen oak is one of the leading vegetable features of 
nearly all Spain. The native woods of Aragon, of the greater part of Cata- 
lonia, of the Castiles, Estremadura, Andalusia, Valencia, and Murcia, are 
formed in a great measure of a species which has been little noticed, and has 
acquired an unfortunate appellation, that of gramuntia, from having been 
observed in a remnant of a wood near Montpelier, which is a kindred soil and 
climate to the middle and southern regions of Spain. This species is quite 
distinct from the Q. J‘lex, its nearest congener. The leaves are thicker, more 
rounded at the point, of a dull glaucous green, and the tree altogether of a 
more compact and less graceful form than the Italian ilex. The great and 


Foreign Notices : — Spain. 365 


essential difference, however, consists in the acorns, which are edible, and 
when in perfection are as good as, or superior to, a chestnut. To. give this 
sweetness they must be kepi, as, at first, they have a considerable taste of the 
tannin, like the other species, which disappears in a few days, and accounts 
tor the scepticism of some writers, who assert that both sweet and bitter are 
the produce of the same tree, and that their sweetness.is no character. These 
are the edible acorns. of the-ancients, which they believed fattened the tunny 
fish, on their passage from the ocean to the Mediterranean; a fable only 
| roving that they grew on the delicious shores and rocks of Andalusia, which, 
unhappily, is no longer the case. Remains of them may, however, still be 
traced in the west, and they. produced the celebrated salted meats of Malaga, 
and that vicinity. These are the bellotas, which Teresa, the wife of Sancho, 
gathered herself in La Mancha, where they grow in the greatest perfection, 
and sent to the duchess, wishing, instead of their being only the best of their 
kind, they were the size of ostrich eggs. I have frequently seen them pro- 
duced by individuals. and offered to the company, as bonbons are in some 
countries, with a sort of apology for their small intrinsic.value, from their size. 
and flavour. This species is beyond question very hardy, I believe even more. 
so than the I‘lex of Italy. It ascends the sides of the Sierras, in the incle- 
ment region of the centre of Castile, and in Aragon is seen within the limits. 
of the Pinus sylvéstris and uncinata, as also in the cold and wintry valley of 
Andorre. The widest forests of it are now in Estremadura, where the best 
sausages and other salted meats are made from the vast. herds of swine which. 
are bred in them, This species [Q. gramintia] ought to be denominated Q. 
hispanica, instead of a weak and obscure name from a wood, which I have. 
heard no longer exists, where the tree may possibly not have been.a native, 
although the climate and soil ef Lower Languedoc very much resemble that of: 
the two regions of Spain to which this tree is confined. 

Q. Tex. The genuine Quércus 7‘lex grows in the first, or humid, region, 
and alone would serve to indicate the difference of climate of that part of the 
peninsula. It may be seen in the neighbourhood of Bilboa, Santander, and 
Asturias, where, no doubt, it was once much more abundant. The Quércus 
hispanica [our gramuntia] is not found in that division, but appears the 
instant you cross the boundaries assigned to it; nor is the Q. Z‘lex found in 
either of the other two. The habitats would indicate a dry climate as best 
suited to this valuable species. 

* A beautiful species was observed by Cavanilles, in.the eastern part of the 
kingdom of Valencia, and named by him Q. valentina. A good plate is given 
in the Icones Plantarum, which is, unfortunately, the only tree he has figured. 
He mentions its having the valuable property. of ripening the acorns a month 
sooner than the other species. They are however bitter, and fit only for 
animals. This species is not far spread. ‘The district, it was observed, is in 
the Tierra Caliente ; but I saw the branches of it in a carral in La Mancha, 
near Valdepenas, where it had been brought from the adjoining hills for fuel. 
This is a much colder country, and quite within the middle region. I believe 
it to be identical with the Quércus Ballota of the catalogues, which is stated to 
be a native of Barbary, and has, no doubt,been named by some misapplication 
of the Spanish term dellotas, which means acorns generally. These evergreen 
oaks are termed, in the country, encinas, to distinguish them from the robles, 
or deciduous oaks, and the cork trees, which have the specific name of 
alcornoque. 

“This last species is spread through the Tierra Caliente in all its extent, 
but is most abundant in Catalonia and Valencia, whence the principal exports 
have been made. The forests of Lower Andalusia are proceeding rapidly to 
extinction. A contract has lately been made for the extraction of a quantity 
of the finest bark from the Sierra Morena, in the neighbourhood of Seville, 
where it has hitherto been allowed to pass unnoticed. The money resulting 
from this bargain I have understood was applied to building the new theatre 
at Madrid: but, to show the manner in which business is conducted in these 

Vou. XII. — No. 76. EE 


366 Foreign Notices : — Spain. 


jobs, the contractors were compelled to take the inner bark as well as the 
outer, which forms the cork. This inner rind is only fit for tanning, and 
was an encumbrance to the parties, who had no demand for it, and were 
obliged to go abroad to seek for purchasers. The evil is, that the stripping it 
kills the tree; so that this contract, for the sake of a paltry temporary gain, 
will be the cause of a national loss of a prodigious number of valuable trees. 
The form of this tree is much more beautiful than that of the encina, as it 
grows with more freedom, and, in the districts suited to it, attains a great height. 
It is little seen in the middle region, excepting in Estremadura, and in a wood 
near Talavera de la Reyna, where I believe it is mixed with the encina. 1 can- 
not positively assert it to be so, having passed it rapidly ; but, if it be, this is 
its northern limit. 

“A noble species is associated with the Suber, in the neighbourhood of 
Gibraltar, where I met with it in ascending through a forest to the left of the 
common route to Cadiz, above Los Barrios. We were compelled to quit the 
road on account of the floods, which made the regular line impassable, and to 
scramble up amidst masses of sandstone, where it was growing with the Stber 
and Rhododéndron, and ether beautiful plants. This species, one of the 
finest of the European trees, and which has not yet found its way into our 
nurseries, was pronounced by Dr. Lindley to be the Quércus australis of Link. 
The leaf is very large and ovate, with small indentures. The acorns might be 
easily procured in October, or the beginning of November, from Gibraltar, 
where the species. could be preserved, and gradually removed to a more 
northern climate. The Quércus coccifera, or kermes oak, is found in vast 
quantities in the southern division, and as far north as near the central line of 
Spain ; but I think it does not pass the Guadarrama range. There are said to 
be two kinds; but it is not improbable that the spray, or young shoots, of 
other species, which sometimes resemble it, may have caused this idea. 

“ Deciduous Oaks. The uplands of Castile, the Alcarria, and Guadalaxara 
districts, the neighbourheod of Leon and of Valladolid, at a corresponding 
elevation with that of the encina, offer an oak thought by Dr. Lindley to be 
the Q. prasina, of Bosc; but there is not an absolute certainty of it; and I 
never crossed any of these districts in the fruit season. Another species, 
somewhat similar in appearance, if it be not the Q. lusitanica, grows on the 
flanks of the Sierra de Segura with the Q. Hnctna. At a parallel above these, 
on the Somosierra, -at §. Ildefonso, and on the Sierra Nevada, in ascending 
to the Barranco de San Juan, where it forms the upper zone of forest, above 
the Q. Eneina,is seen the Quércus Toza or Tatzin, or its variety, pubéscens. 

“<Q. Aegilops. In the Sierra de Morena is found the Quércus A’gilops, 
but it is rare, owing to a prejudice of the peasantry that it causes abortion in 
the brood mare. 

* The Quércus Robur is the most abundant, and almost the only species in 
the whole of the northern district, or first region; such parts, at least, as I 
visited. It extends through Navarre, Guipuscea, Biscay, maritime Castile, 
and Asturias; but I never saw it in the middle region, where it is immediately 
replaced by the other kinds above mentioned. The oaks in the park or outer 
grounds of Aranjuez are of this species, but they have evidently been planted ; 
and, whether from the soil not suiting them, or from over irrigation, are bad 
specimens of it. By a singular prejudice, which we may well pardon, the oak 
for the sculpture of the cathedral of Pamplona was brought from England, as 
mentioned in the sketch of that place, whilst it is the common species of the 
neighbourhood. 

Q. Toza and Q. pubescens. The other kinds in the northern region are the 
Toza and pubéscens, tarely ; and the variety (1 am not acquainted with the 
name) mentioned in the account of the Pyrenees. I am ignorant of the 
species of deciduous oaks which grow in Catalonia, where there is a consider- 
able quantity, having been in that country in a backward spring, before the 
leaves were sufficiently developed. There is also beech, which is exported, 
but I am not acquainted with the locality. 


Domestic Notices : — England. 367 


“ Tn an economical view, there is a lamentable deficiency in this catalogue. 
In the whole of the species enumerated in the southern and middle regions, it 
is doubtful if there be a single one which produces good timber. The best is 
the Q. Encina, which is heavy, and unfit for most uses, and is now unfor- 
tunately the only firewood in most parts of Castile, which is hourly diminish- 
ing the scanty stock that yet remains. The mode of cutting increases the 
evil; the practice of the peasantry almost invariably being to level the whole 
tract which they attack. The consequence is, that there is a tolerably vigorous 
spring from the stocks. This is soon cut, when a more feeble spring takes 
place, and is again levelled; after which operation being repeated a few times, 
every remnant is annihilated, and the country reduced to the open waste it 
now exhibits. In the oak tribe it is of vast consequence to have standard 
trees, as the fruit is not blown about, and has a scanty power of vegetation, 
which is soon lost by exposure to the air. The acorns fall in a mass under- 
neath the tree, where they are soon devoured by various animals, or spring in 
situations where they cannot thrive; whilst the seeds of the sycamore, or ash, 
or pines, are transported by the winds about, and have infinitely greater chance 
of being perpetuated. The ash grows along the foot of the Guadarrama range, 
but not farther south, to my knowledge. The elms and poplars, and other 
trees of similar description, are not intended to be noticed, being of little value 
compared with the more important species enumerated. 

“ Should it be intended seriously to establish woods and forests in Spain, 
which must be done before any regular improvement can take place, the 
Quércus Cérris, and probably the apennina and sessiliflora, which grows in the 
kingdom of Naples, ought to be introduced in the southern and middle pro- 
vinces, and above all the larch, of which the value is quite unknown, and for 
which they have vast tracts of waste peculiarly suited. 

* Tt will be easily seen that naval resources for building may be said not to 
exist. With the exception of a small quantity of the Q. Robur [? pedunculata] 
in the northern provinces, only to be obtained with great difficulty and expense, 
there is in the wide range of this magnificent country absolutely none avail- 
able for such purposes.” 


(To be continued.) 


Art. II. Domestic Notices: 


ENGLAND. 


THE Professorship of Botany at King’s College has been given to Mr. David 
Don, Librarian of the Linnzan Society ; acircumstance which we are exceedingly 
glad of on various accounts. We had the pleasure of hearing Frofessor 
Don’s Introductory Lecture, May 2., as we had that of Dr. Lindley, seven 
years before, in the London University. Rapid indeed has been the progress 
of scientific botany in London since that period; mainly, as we believe, owing 
to Dr. Lindley’s having had the courage to commence teaching the Natural 
System, instead of the Linnzan method. Professor Don did not, as far as 
we could hear, state what mode of teaching he intended to pursue; but we 
have no doubt it will be one analogous to that of Dr. Lindley’s, and calculated 
to give the student a knowledge of the nature of plants, rather than a mere 
key to the discovery of their names. In paying a tribute of respect to the 
names of modern botanists who have advanced the science, we were glad to 
observe that Professor Don included that of Du Hamel. We doubt much if 
Du Hamel’s merits as a vegetable physiologist are duly appreciated in this 
country. It is astonishing to us to look back and reflect on the number of 
years which British botanists and gardeners have been in becoming acquainted 
with the doctrines which were perfectly familiar to Du Hamel in the middle 
of the last century: for example, the ascent of the sap absorbed by the roots. 

EE 2 


368 Domestic Notices : —Lngland. 


through the soft wood; its maturation in the leaves; and its descent by the 
inner bark. 

South London Floricultural Society. — The first general meeting and flower 
show of the above Society, for the present year, took place at the Horns 
Tavern, Kennington, on April the 7th. The show of flowers may be con- 
sidered as magnificent, considering the severity of the season: every table of 
the large ball-room was thickly studded with the most superb specimens, and, 
amongst others, that singular plant Tropz‘olum tricolorum was most distin- 
guished This plant, to the great regret of the floral world, was lost, many 
years ago, at the Botanic Garden, Chelsea; and the restoration of it has afforded 
much pleasure. There were abundance of azaleas, salvias, primulas, roses, 
camellias, oxalises, magnolias, cyclamens, ericas, &c. Catcleugh of Chelsea 
exhibited a splendid show of pelargoniums, consisting of all the best known 
varieties. The cucumbers from Mr. Conway of Fulham were much admired, 
being 17in. long. The prizes were awarded, for the best pair of auriculas, to 
Mr. Harding of Sydenham; and for the second best, to Mr. Lidgard of Ham- 
mersmith; for the best seedling auricula, to Mr. Dickson, Clapham ; for the 
best polyanthus (Burnard’s Formosa), to Mr. Harding ; for the best hyacinths, 
to Mr. Lane of Henlingham, Fulham; for the second best ditto, to Mr. 
Chandler, Wandsworth; and for the first, second, and third best miscellaneous 
collection of plants, to Messrs. Chandler, Young of Epsom, and Fairburn of 
Clapham Rise. Extra prizes were given to Mr. Sadler of Dulwich, for the 
best specimen of fruit; and to Mr. Conway of Fulham, for the best vege- 
getables. (Morn. Chron., April 8.) 

A Botanical Collector has recently been sent out from Kew, to South 
America; and another, it is said, will soon proceed to Mexico, under the 
auspices of the Horticultural Society. Lord Mount Norris’s collector has ar- 
rived safely in New Zealand. We wish we could hear of our friend Dr. 
Lippold being engaged in an expedition of this kind. 

The Weeping Oak (Quercus Robur var.) at Moccas Court, Herefordshire, 
the seat of Sir George Cornewall, Bart. This is one of the most extraordi- 
nary trees of the oak kind perhaps in existence. It was first pointed out to 
us in 1806; and we have lately had the following account of it sent to us by 
Mr.J. Webster, who was then,and is still, gardener and forester at Moccas :— 
The tree is in vigorous health; the height of the trunk to the first branch is 
18 ft.; girt, 9 ft. from the ground, 13 ft. 2in.; total height of the trunk 75 ft., 
with branches reaching from about the middle of its height to within 7 ft. of 
the ground, and hanging down like cords. Many of these branches are 30 ft. 
long, and no thicker in any part of that length than a common waggon rope. 
The entire head of the tree covers a space 100 ft. im diameter. The tree 
bears acorns every year, from which many plants have been raised, all of 
which partake more or less of the weeping character of the parent, and many so 
much so, that, when they are young, they areobliged to be supported by props. 
Many of the trees raised from this oak at Moccas are 20 years before they 
show much inclination to hang their branches like cords; others begin to do so 
when they are quite young. There are plants at Moccas, raised from the pa- 
rent tree, which are 50 years old. 

A common Oak at Moccas Court was blown down in a hurricane on Jan. 
19. 1804. It was 105 ft. high; the diameter of the space covered by its 
branches was 135 ft.; and the cubic contents of the trunk, and of the principal 
limbs, were 23 tons. 

Planting at Moccas Court has been carried on with great vigour by the late 
proprietor, Sir George Cornewali, and his father. Mr. Webster has been 
gardener and forester there for 43 years. Many of the trees which he first 
planted, he says, have now trunks, which will square 1 ft. on the side, for 
lengths of from 40 ft. to 60 ft. He has planted nearly 300,000 oaks, besides 
other trees, particularly on hill sides, unfit for producing either grass or corn 
from their steepness. Nurseries were made on these hills, and the trees 
raised there which were to be planted in the adjoining ground. Mr. Webster 


Domestic Notices : — England. 369 


says, that he found that these nurseries “ fitted the trees to the climate, which 
made an indescribable difference in their growth when planted out.” He also 
found that young trees from the hill nurseries grew much faster on the low 
grounds, than young trees which were raised in the low-ground nurseries. 
Larch trees, 30 years planted, have attained a large size, and are used for all 
building purposes, and for fences. Mr. Webster has removed oak trees that 
took ten horses to draw them. The oak, he says, thrives so well in that part 
of the country, that, if it were not for the cultivation of the fields, the whole 
would soon become one continuous oak forest. 

The Alpine Laburnum (Cytisus Labirnum var. alpinum). — Having been ob= 
serving the blossoming of the laburnums in the neighbourhood of London, 
this season, with rather more than usual attention, in consequence of writing 
on the subject in our Ardoretum Britannicum, we have discovered along the 
road sides in the front gardens of suburban villas many intermediate varieties 
between what is commonly called the English laburnum (C. Zabarnum), the 
earliest sorts of which come into flower about the middle of May, and what 
is called the Scotch laburnum (C. Z. aipinum), the latest varieties of which 
will not come into flower this season till the middie of June. In the garden 
of the Craven Arms Inn, in Black Lion Lane, Bayswater, occupied by Mr. 
Long, who was formerly a gardener, are several very distinct varieties both 
of the English and Scotch laburnum ; but there is one of the latter which, 
for the number, magnitude, and fragrance of its blossoms, deserves particular 
notice. The tree, which is about 20 ft. high, has only been planted five or 
six years; but it was then about 6 ft. or 8ft. high. It was now so completely 
covered with blossoms, that scarcely a leaf can be seen; and not even its 
ramifications, except by walking underneath the tree, and looking up, when 
it appears one rich mass of long, round, bright yellow tassels, supported by 
the black branches. The flowers are now (June 8.) fully expanded, and the 
racemes measure in length, on an average, 15 in. or 161n. each. This plant never 
bears seeds ; but there are numbers of common laburnum trees in the same 
garden which do, some of which are now completely out of bloom, and others 
partially so, and one of them has not yet a single blossom expanded. We 
recommend nurserymen to apply to Mr. Long for scions to bud on the com- 
mon variety; and, in the autumn, for all the seeds produced by the other trees, 
in order to sow them, and select from the plants produced some distinct 
varieties and subvarieties. 

The Cytisus purpureus, appearing on the Hybrid Laburnum, has been noticed 
by Mr. Rivers (p. 224.) as having occurred about Paris, and also at Ickleton, in 
Cambridgeshire. - The same thing may now be seen on our tree at Bayswater, 
planted in our garden in 1830 (see Vo!. VI. p. 335.) ; and where it flowered for 
the first time in England, in 1832. (See Vol. VIII. p. 473.) This tree is the pa- 
rent of all those propagated by Mr. Rivers, and of the plants of the same kind in 
the London Horticultural Society’s Garden. It is worthy of remark, that some 
of the blossoms produced by this hybrid in the Horticultural Society’s Garden 
were this year completely,and others partially, yellow. The circumstance of 
both of the parents being thus produced quite distinctly on different plants of 
this hybrid, would seem to indicate that hybrids between distinct species are 
not likely to be permanent; hybrids between varieties perhaps may be so. 
Next year, it is not improbable that a part of our tree will produce yellow 
blossoms. In the mean time, the branch of Cytisus purptreus on it, which 
has been seen by Mr. Rivers, and many others, is about 18 in. long, with 
twenty or thirty blossoms, now (June 8.) beginning to fade; and producing 
numerous side shoots. Before the autumn, it will be quite a large bunch. 
None of the laburnum-like blossoms of the tree have, as yet, produced seeds 
with us. 

Choice Plants at Sheppy Hall, near Atherstone, Leicestershire. — Perhaps you 
may think the following particulars worth noticing in your Magazine, as com- 
ing from so northern a part : — 

Gladiolus natalénsis Reinwardt, G. cardinalis Colvilli, and Watsonia mare 

EE 3 


370 Domestic Notices : — England. 


ginata Ker and W. r0sea Ker. — These Cape bulbs I treat as follows : — I 
plant them about 6 in. deep, early in January, in a soil composed of gravel : 
sand one eighth, cow-dung three eighths, decayed leaves and turf four eighths, 
under a south wall, They all bloom most beautifully ; Gladiolus natalénsis 
in particular, both last year (1835), and in 1834, attaming the height of very 
nearly 5 ft., and having twelve or thirteen noble flowers on each stem. They 
bloom about August 7.; and I take the roots up early in September, laying 
them to dry in the sun; I then clear away all the soil, loose skins, and fibres 
from the roots, and keep them in a drawer until January 7.; when I replant 
them as before. 

Alstremeéeria, hirtélla, and A. psittacina.—I have found, by the experience of the 
last four years, are perfectly hardy even in this latitude. I plant them very 
deep in purely vegetable soil, light and black, where they have grown for se- 
veral years. Last year, some stems of A. hirtélla twined up a pole nearly 
8 ft. high; and I gathered one specimen with twenty-eight blossoms. A. psit- 
tacina does not grow above 4:ft. high, but flowers extremely well, though it 
never produces more than ten flowers. I am this winter trying the same treat- 
ment with A. aurea, A.hemantha, A.rdsea (Simsz), A. acutifolia, A.tricolor, A. 
Pelegrina, A. Pelegrina flore albo; and, if you desire it, I shall feel proud to 
supply you with the result of my experiments. —- Henry Burt. Sheppy Hall, 
near Atherstone, Leicestershire, Feb.7. 1836. [We shall be most happy to 
hear again from this correspondent — Cond.] 

Fuchsia arboréscens Sims (Bot. Mag., t. 2620.), a native of Mexico, has at- 
tracted the observation of many scientific men here. It is 22 ft. high, with a 
head 4.0 ft. in circumference ; the trunk, at the surface of the soil, 16 in. in cir- 
cumference; 3 ft. from the ground, where it begins to branch off, 141m. It had 
fifty trusses of flowers on it last August; and continued flowering in succession 
till the end of December. The trusses were 14 in. in diameter, and 1 ft. long. 
IT bought this plant from Mr. Veitch of Killerton Nursery, six years since ; and 
I grow it in a mixture of loam and peat. — James Harbison. Bridehead House, 
Somersetshire, Feb. 19. 1836. 

Plants in Flower on March 1. in the Neighbourhood of Falmouth.— To see 
the number of tender plants that are now growing remarkably well in the 
open borders at Mr. Fox’s, Grove Hill, is surprising. The gardeners about 
London would scarcely believe it, except they were to see them. Here are 
acacias in variety, grevilleas, polygalas, metrosideroses, ericas, oranges, pelargo- 
niums, &c., looking as healthy and flourishing as any other garden shrubs. The 
dahlias and asters are most splendid in this neighbourhood.” (Extract from 
a letter to Mr. Rutger, dated March 1. 1836.) — 7. &. Portland-Place, 
March 1. 1836. 

Plants in full Flower at Penzance, Cornwall, at Mr, John Fox's Nursery 
Grounds, on Nov. 12. 1835. — Ricinus communis, western aspect ; Ceanothus 
azureus, western aspect, covered 30 square feet of wall, from Ist of April to 
12th of Noy.; Sdllya heterophflla, in full flower, 12th of Nov.; Lopho- 
spérmum erubéscens; L. Rhodochiton (synon. Rhodochiton volubile), in full 
flower, and had covered 20 ft. of wall, from Ist of April to 12th of Noy.; Bou- 
vardia coccinea; Fuchsia gracilis, 9 ft. high, and 15 ft. in circumference, three 
years old; Fichsia Thompsonidna ; Fachsia globosa, and virgata, each 6 ft. 
high, and 9 ft.in circumference, one year’s growth ; Asclepias salicifolia [?Gom- 
phocarpus fruticosus]; Hosa odorata ; Polygala, four species; Délichos 
ligndsus; pelargoniums, several varieties; dahlias, many varieties ; Chironia 
linifolia; Bignonia grandiflora; Genista canariénsis; grevilleas, several spe- 
cies; Plumbago capénsis, and zeylanica; Lupinus mutabilis, and var. Cruik- 
shanksidnus ; and many other kinds. ie 

When I left Penzance, on the 14th of February, we had in full flower in the 
open ground; Primula vulgaris ; several sorts of Narcissus ; Galanthus nivalis 
duplici flore ; heartsease and bloody walltlowers ; and many other flowers, too 
numerous to mention. — John Harvey. London, Feb. 18. 1836. 


Domestic Notices : — Scotland, Ireland. 371 


The above list, and others of a similar nature, may be useful in two points 
of view: first, by showing gardeners, in the warmer parts of the south of 
England, how greatly they may increase the number of plants they cultivate 
in the open air; and, secondly, by informing gardeners, in less favourable 
climates, what are the most hardy description of green-house plants, and 
what species they may venture to keep in pits, or to plant against conserva- 
tive walls. 

Leucojum vérnum. — | have now in flower, in the Botanic Garden, some 
bulbs of the Leucojum vérnum L., sent to me, about two years ago, by G. 
Woodward, Esq., Surgeon, of Bicester, an excellent British botanist. This 
gentleman informs me, that he obtained them from a brake near the Catholie 
Chapel, Hethe, Oxfordshire, where they have established themselves in im- 
mense quantities, though there is no house or village near the spot. This 
species is a native of Italy, the south of France, Germany, Austria, and Swit- 
zerland, and has been cultivated in this country ever since the time of Gerard 
(1597) ; yet it is even now a very rare plant in our gardens. That it should 
have become naturalised in such abundance in this place, seems rather an ex- 
traordinary circumstance. Mr. Woodward tells me that it has been known 
to grow there for more than a century. (See Brit. Mlowering Plants, folio 13., 
note). — Wm. Baxter. Botanic Garden, Oxford, March 7. 1836. 

The Twickenham Botanic Garden Apple, a specimen of which has been 
shown us by Mr. Castles, the curator of that garden, which was founded by 
Mr. Swainson, and is now the property of Mrs. Canham. The apple tree 
has a somewhat fastigiate habit of growth, the branches first spreading out, 
and then turning upwards. The leaves are as large as those of the hawthorn- 
den; the flowers are middle-sized, with the petals white; the fruit is also 
middling sized, irregularly conical, with a short stalk, and hollow eye; yellow 
when ripe, and streaked with red next the sun. It is an excellent kitchen 
apple. What renders it particularly valuable is, its possessing the following 
properties : the tree has never been known to be attacked by the American 
blight ; the blossoms appear later than those of any other variety of apple in 
the neighbourhood of London; the fruit has a short stalk, and is not liable 
to be blown off by wind; and it will keep till the middle of April or begin- 
ning of May. Mr. Castles, at our suggestion, has sent grafts of this tree to 
Mr. Thompson of the Horticultural Society’s Garden. 


SCOTLAND. 


_ Sir W. J. Hooker. — Weare happy to observe that the King has conferred 
the distinction of knighthood on Dr. Hooker: not that we attach much 
positive value to honours of this kind, but because we consider the circum- 
stance of bestowing them on scientific men as indicating a more liberal and 
enlightened, as well as a more impartial, spirit on the part of government than 
has hitherto generally been displayed. Tull lately, honours of this kind were 
almost exclusively confined to the army and navy ; as if defending the country 
from its enemies were the greatest good that a man could do in enlightened 
times, as it certainly was in times of barbarism. Not only the French, but 
even the Russians, have been far in advance of us in the distribution of 
honours. In Russia, not only professors of every description, but artists, 
architects, engineers, mechanics, manufacturers, physicians, lawyers, &c., re- 
ceive orders of knighthood, according to their degrees of merit; or to their 
standing and respectability in their several professions or other occupations, 


IRELAND. 


A variegated simple-leaved Ash has been discovered, and propagated for sale, by 
Mr. Henry Davies, Ogle’s Grove Nursery, near Hillsborough, in the county 
of Down. A drawing has been shown to us (from which jig. 60. was re- 

EE 4 


372 Retrospective Criticism: 


duced to the scale of 2 in. to 
1 ft. for our Arb. Brit.) The 
variegation is white and yel- 
low, with very dark, and also 
~ with light, green; and it does 
not seem to be attended with 
that ragged and imperfectly 
developed appearance of the 
leaf common to most. varie- 
gations. The plants are said 
to take the habit of shrubs 
rather than of trees; and a 
number ef -them having been 
propagated -by grafting, are 
now selling by Mr. Davies at 
one guinea each. We have 
recommended Mr. Davies to 
send a plant to the Horti- 
cultural Society, in order that 
it may be seen by the horti- 
cultural world generally. 


Art. HI. Retrospectrve Criticism. 


Errata. — P. 296., for “ Siedle,’ read “ Seidel;” p. 297., for “ garden 
itself,’ read “ Royal Garden.” P. 298., for “ Polypodium atreum,” read 
* Acréstichum atreum.” P. 300., for “ Encephartos Frederic: Wilhélmi, and 
E. Altensténi,” read “ Encephalartos Frideric: Guiliélmz, and E. Altenstein#.” 

Some alterations proposed 2 the Form of the Exhibitions of the Productions of 
Horticultural Societies. — These ‘I weuld suggest are, that market-gardeners, 
nurserymen, and all those persons who are known in any way to traffic in 
plants, should form one entire class, and compete among themselves ; and 
that the private gardeners of the nobility and gentry should form another 
class, their productions at the exhibitions occupying a separate part of the 
room, and that they also shall compete among themselves. The latter class, 
at present, are not able to compete with the traders; and how can they? In 
the article of asparagus, for instance, sixty heads are required to be preduced 
as a specimen. Now, the trading gardener has, perhaps, sixty times the space 
of ground the private gardener has for his selection; hence his great advantage 
over the latter. The public nurseryman and florist must, of course, obtain, by 
early purchase, the newest and primest articles for the market, long before 
they are introduced into private gardens: their plants, &c., are ‘more for sale 
than show ; and, consequently, they can bring ten for one that canbe brought 
from a private garden. The private gardeners cannot possibly anticipate what 

are coming forward to the exhibition ; for the ladies and gentlemen are not in 
the habit of purchasing plants or fiowers, until they have seen them exhi- 
bited in tolerable perfection. It is with humility that I submit the forgoing 
observations to your consideration : ‘they are the honest dictates of a heart 
that -harbours not a wish but forthe good-of man; they are made in the 
absence of every feeling of disrespect for a single individual; and they aim at 
nothing but to prevent dissatisfaction and unpleasant feelings among the dif- 
ferent parties concerned. — Q. Doncaster, Nov. 7. 1835. 

The Horticultural Society's First Show of May 14. (p..332:)—In looking over 
your remarks upon the London Horticultural Society’s show of the 14th of May, 
I observe, in the enumeration you give of the fruits exhibited, melons are in- 
cluded. Now, a person looking over the list of prizes, would naturally en- - 


Retrospective Criticism. 373 


quire why melons were not favoured with a prize: a most reasonable enquiry, 
too, considering that this has been one of the worst seasons for growing them 
that has occurred for many years. There was but one ripe melon at the 
Society’s show, and that one was cut upon the 10th of May, at Dyrham Park 
gardens. It is true it was but small; but, as it was the first melon ever pro- 
duced at the first show of the London Horticultural Society, that circumstance 
alone, I think, ought to have had some weight with the judges. I know well there 
was not a single ripe melon round London at the time this one was exhibited, 
as, if there had, it would certainly have been sent there. I enquired of one 
of the judges if he had any. The answer was, No! Did he know any per- 
son who had? No! Now, I cut eight melons inthe month of May, and none 
of them weighed less than a pound. I do not approve of growing only one 
or two large turnip-flavoured melons. Let them be small Canteloup, or large 
black rock. I grow equal numbers of each, that is eight, in a light. The 
light in length is 7 ft. Last year I cut 70 lbs. of melons out of three lights. 
However, my complaint is only one amongst twenty that might be made with 
regard to the Horticultural Society’s show ; and, if the judges are not more 
liberal, and more general in distributing their prizes, whether the gardeners’ 
masters be members or not, gardeners will not take the trouble to bring their 
things so far merely to go home disappointed, while they can be far better 
rewarded by the provincial horticultural societies. — James Cuthill, gardener 
to Captain Trotter, Dyrham Park, near Barnet. June 4. 1836. 

Serpentine Walls causing Currents of Air. (p. 162.) —I, like your correspondent 
Mr. Glendinning, feel much interested in the phenomenon of serpentine walls 
causing currents of air; and should feel much gratified should any of your readers 
be able ‘satisfactorily to account for it. I had always thought, that the con- 
cavities of the wall formed so many sheltered bays; and, on asking Mr. Bane if he 
found the wavy wall of great utility, 1 was much surprised to hear that he did 
not think it so good as a straight wall, because it caused currents of air; and, 
on stating to Mr. Bane my surprise, he told me that, although not able to ac- 
count for it, yet, in practice, he had always found itso. I think, also, that Mr. 
Duffus-said the gardener who preceded Mr. Bane had made a similar observation. 
When I went home, I examined your Encyclopedia of Gardening, in hopes of 
getting the problem solved; but found it merely stated that, having been fre- 
quently tried, they had been generally disapproved of, as creating eddies 
(Encyc. of Gard., § 1567.) I have since then endeavoured, without effect, to rest 
satisfied that, although not accounted for, yet it must be as stated. I have 
thought, that the same laws that change the direction of regular currents 
of air, on a large scale, might also be in force in regard to this; but, as yet, I 
have remained anxious to have information. — G. M. Elliot. Ripley Castle, 
March 19. 1836. 

Culture of the Potato. (p. 132.) — In looking over the communication from 
R. L. on the culture of the potato (p. 132.), I find he says, that Ispeak “most 
decidedly against planting whole potatoes ;” adding, that he has been a grower 
for the last twenty years; and that he is satisfied, by repeated experiments, the 
planting whole potatoes is best, especially of the kidney kinds; and that one 
third more is to be obtained by that method, than by cuttings or sets. 

Now, R. L. has given us the results of only one solitary experiment to prove 
his assertion ; and he has neither shown in what manner they were planted, save 
only that they were in three rows of 8 plants each; nor has he said a word of the 
distance the plants were from each other, nor of the manner in which the ground 
was prepared; both very essential points to be known, before we can justly de- 
cide on the superiority of his system over that in general practice. The quantity 
he obtained from the 8 whole plants is by no means extraordinary ; it being 
frequently exceeded by potato-growers in the neighbourhood, who he thinks 
have neither time nor inclination to make experiments, and nete the results: 
but in this he is much mistaken. For the last twenty years, the culture of the 
potato has been very much studied in this neighbourhood, and improved ; 
and that, too, by a class of men who, certainly, have not much leisure time, 


374 Retrospective Criticism. 


but whom necessity has stimulated to ascertain which is really the most pro- 
fitable mode of culture. 

I have adopted many different modes of culture, and have witnessed many 
others, by different persons, and have frequently found it a difficult matter to de- 
cide which is really the best ; as every soil and situation has something or other 
connected with it that must be taken into consideration, and which cannot be 
met by any positive general rule. The same principle is applicable to the 
different kinds of potato; a true knowledge of which is to be only attained by 
long and active practice. 

Now, Sir, R. L. has mistaken my meaning, in supposing that I speak de- 
cidedly against planting whole potatoes. Idonot! I have frequently done 
so; sometimes with favourable results, and sometimes the reverse. In my 
communication, I merely state my general practice, with which I have every 
reason to feel satisfied, as by that method I obtain crops equal, and some to 
surpass, those mentioned by R. L. 

As regards the cutting of potatoes being left to old women, I readily admit 
the fact ; and know no reason why an old woman should not cut them as well 
as an old man. I certainly much regret the want of gallantry in R. L., in 
speaking thus disparagingly of old women. He should remember, those old 
women were at onetime young; and that, what they have lost in youth, they 
have, in common with mankind, gained by experience; and I know many 
whose eye is so quick, by continual practice, that they can discern in a mo- 
ment where to divide the potato, so as to make good strong sets for planting. 

Notwithstanding my advocacy of the system, I can assure R. L. I am not 
so wedded to it, or to the old women who cut the potatoes, as to preclude my 
adopting any other practice, which can be shown, by a series of undoubted 
facts, to possess advantages over that of cutting: but this I cannot consider 
he has done, by merely giving us an account of the produce of eight whole 
potatoes, and of 16 setsof 4eyes each. His experimentis not sufficiently ex- 
tensive, nor his description of it sufficiently definite, to furnish data on which 
to decide. 

Respecting the dry rot, he says he knows nothing of it relative to potatoes. 
If he is really a grower of any extent, he certainly is a most fortunate man to 
remain thus in “blissful ignorance ” of that serious drawback on the potato- 
erower. I would tell him, it is not that drying up and shrivelling of the set 
after cutting, which we sometimes see when due care has not been taken; but 
it is what I should call a premature decay of the tuber, the effect of various 
causes, by which the vital principle is quite destroyed; and which is very fre- 
quently to be found in potatoes that at first sight appear sound, but which, on 
close inspection, are found destitute of their natural juices, or sap. Should 
those tubers be planted, the hopes of the cultivator are frustrated ; and, if they 
be examined, they will in most cases be found, if cut or broken, to have the 
appearance of clotted meal. 

I believe the dry rot might, in many instances, be avoided, were sufficient 
pains taken in the laying up potatoes. If they heat in the heaps beyond a cer- 
tain degree, they will be injured in their vegetative powers ; and it 1s from this 
cause, I apprehend, that what are called ship goods, are so often exclaimed 
against, as having the dry rot, and thus disappointing the hopes of the grower. 

I hope R. L. will give us a definition of the terms “ agricultural kidney,”-and 
“aoricultural potato.” The latter he describes as being the best for the gentle- 
man’s table, though not so productive as many others. Now, there are so many 
kinds of potato that, Ithink, have an equal claim to the term agricultural, that 
I know not on which to decide. I have known several kinds that were con- 
sidered field potatoes thirty or forty years since; but they are great producers, 
and at that time were considered fit only for those “ who ask no questions, the 
pigs.” I suppose it is not any of these that R. L. means ; although, from their 
long adoption in field culture, they certainly appear to have the best claim to 
the term agricultural. — WV. MZ. East Ham, March 9. 1836. 

On the Subject of Bottom Heat, as applied to the culture of exotics, practical 


q 
j 
’ 


Retrospective Criticism. 375 


men are unanimous in admitting its utility ; though Mr. Knight, as well as 
some others, nas desi»nated the practice as worse than useless, and has 
endeavoured to estas_sh a system which he deems to be without the diffi- 
culties inseparable from the bark bed, and as possessing, at the same time, 
every requisite necessary for the culture of all tropical plants. To those men 
who object to bottom heat, as being unnatural, I must take the liberty of observ- 
ing, that, even in our own climate, abundant proofs might be adduced to show, 
that bottom heat is often produced in the natural soil, particularly in the 
months of August, Sep:ember, and October ; and, in humid and low situations, 
sometimes a month or two longer. This is, no doubt, occasioned from the 
earth being strongly heated by the summer sun; the rain which falls in August, 
and the following months, serving as a conducting medium for the heat pre- 
viously obtained as weil as for what follows: yet, on trial, on the mornings at 
that season of the year, the temperature of the earth will be found to exceed 
that of the superincumbent atmosphere ; but so far is this from being injuri- 
ous to vegetation, that even Mr. Knight himself must acknowledge the reverse 
to be the fact, since during that period of the year the progress of vegetation is 
much more rapid than at any other period. The Rev. R.H. Williamson of New- 
castle on Tyne (see his paper in Vol. IV. p. 24.) seems to understand the 
subject of bottom heat better than any one who has hitherto made any refer- 
ence to it; and with his opinion I perfectly coincide. Mr. Knight is a gentle- 
man much devoted to scientific pursuits, and especially gardening; and it is 
to be deplored that he should so often descend to sully his pen with as- 
persions on the characters of humble and unaspiring practical gardeners. 
Whether the gardeners in the vicinity of Downton are of a character to 
justify the insinuations made use of by Mr. Knight, I cannot tell; for, although 
I lived not very far from the site of his experiments, I never found any real 
gardeners willing to admit the superiority of his practice. One thing is evident: 
the diversity of opinion existing between Mr. Knight and many gardeners, 
who combine science with practice (such, for example, as Mr. Fish), will lead 
to diligence and investigation on the part of the young aspirant. — George 
M‘Leish. Ville parmi les Collines, Jan. 1836. 

Destroying the White Scale on the Pine Apple, Sc. (p. 160.)—I did not see 
L. O. L.’s rejoinder to my reply on this subject till yesterday. Viewing the 
discussion in its proper light, it perhaps only concerns those engaged in it, 
and is of little or no importance to the public. It is certain that, as the only 
object in view is, that pine plants may be freed from the white scale, the best 
method is that which is the simplest, provided it be effectual ; and no gardener, 
who finds that a few applications of soapsuds have the desired effect, will 
ever think of resorting to the more tedious process recommended by me. I, 
however, am far from being convinced, by the evidence L. O. L. has adduced, 
that plants can be effectually cleaned in the way he describes; for, if so, how 
is it that the insects upon his friend’s plants required killing twice, or, perhaps, 
even oftener ? That such was the case, appears to me to be a legitimate in- 
ference from the following words : — “ In destroying the insects, I was obliged 
to deviate a little from what was my practice when you were with me.’ If I 
rightly understand this passage (and, unless the plants were doctored a few at 
a time, no other meaning can be attached to it), it implies, that the plants 
alluded to had required cleaning more than once; and, if so, may they not 
require cleaning again? I have been assured by two persons (one of whom 
made trial of Speechly’s recipe, and the other of the steam of hot dung, in the 
way described by Mr. Fish), that although, for a time, the plants experimented 
upon were supposed to be quite clean, yet in the course of the next spring 
the insects re-appeared in myriads. Should it happen, however, that the 
plants either of Mr. Fish, or of L. O. L.’s friend, continue clean until next 
autumn, 1 shall then be convinced that the white scale may be destroyed 
without previous removal; if, on the contrary, those plants are found noé to 
be clean, I have a right to expect that they will make their failure known. All 
T require, or ever have required, is conclusive evidence ; and, surely, L. O. L. 


376 Queries and Answers: 


could not reasonably expect me to surrender to his unsupported assertion an_ 


opinion founded upon personal experience, corroborated, too, by the testimony 
of others, who are much better acquainted with the white scale than I am. 

Not wishing to make the Gardener’s Magazine the medium of a mere per- 
sonal squabble, I shall not notice the last paragraph but one in L. O. L.’s 
observations, further than to remark that, when young men have to plod as 
journeymen, “ through six, eight, or even more gardens,’ it is frequently 
owing to their own indolence, neglect of duty, and overweening self-conceit. 
Those who, by good conduct, obtain the patronage of influential persons 
are, I think, entitled to praise. Patronage, however, if it should place a 
young man in a master’s situation, will not suffice to keep him there; and 
when it is found that he fulfils the duties of that situation with satisfaction 
to his employers, and credit to himself, every one must allow that such pa- 
tronage has not been ill bestowed. 

Aware that my name would add no weight to any thing I wrote, I did not 
make it known; and it would be much more agreeable to my habits to remain 
in obscurity; but, rather than be deprived of the information promised by 
L. O. L., I give my name and address. I shall now, for the satisfaction of 
myself, and others who think with me, expect from L. O. L. a full account of 
the several methods by which he has had “ ocular proof,’ that the white 
scale can be destroyed upon the plants. — J. B. Whiting, Gardener to the Earl 
of Tyrconnel, Kiplin, Yorkshire. April 2. 1836. 

The Deformity occasioned by the usual Method of nailing Fruit Trees has given 
rise to many attempts at improvement. The loop nail (fig. 61.) 
is no favourite with gardeners; and cross laths are unsightly, and 61 
unsuited to our climate. In my own case, I adopted the loop £0) 
nail, and found, it is true, the injury to the wall obviated, but at 
the expense of the trees themselves. They were either tied too 
loose, or too tight, and, in every case, were at too great a distance 
from the wall. I then adopted the practice of securing them by i 
pegs pushed through the loops. It has answered every purpose ; | 


and though, at first, it may be attended with more trouble to the 

operator, I think, in the end, the owner of the wall will be satis- 

fied. The loop nails must, of course, be in a line with the 

branch, that the peg may cross and secure it. The best pegs are made from 
the straight shoots of the hazel, split and cut to proper lengths. — V. &. 
May, 1836. 


Art. IV. Queries and Answers. 


CRICKETS in Hot-Houses. — Having had a great many strawberries, as well as 
pine-apples, destroyed by crickets, I should be greatly obliged to you, or any 
of your readers, if you could inform me of the best method of destroying 
them. — W. Colyer. Worthend, Crayford, Kent, May 23. 1836. 

A device that I have known to be used for capturing crickets in a house, 
and which was effective, is, putting portions of the crumb of bread into a 
basin, with a portion of water, that did not fill the basin by a good deal: the 
crickets got into the basin, and were drowned. — J. D. 

A Remedy for the Thrips. (p. 162.) — The enquiry of your correspondent R. 
Fish (p. 162.) for a sate and effectual method of destroying the thrips, of 
which he so much complains, has induced me to give you the plan I have fol- 
lowed, and an account of the success that has attended it. They annoy me 
most upon my dahlias ; and Ihave invariably found them most troublesome on 
the plants that have been growing beside grass walks or lawns. My plan is, on 
the first appearance of a plant being infested by them, to look it over carefully, 
as well as those that are near, for the insect in its infant state, which is ge- 
nerally inclosed in a kind of spittle, which I destroy ; I next take a few pieces 


me Soe 


Ba “ ae 


Queries and Answers. 377 


of soft string, about 1 ft. long, and dip the middle part of it into some gas 
tar, which I tie loosely round the stem of the plant, and of those that are near, 
about 5 in. or 6 in. from the ground. I generally adopt this plan for my best 
dahlias, just as they are coming into flower, in order to prevent the insects 
from ascending the plants. I immediately begin rolling the walks near the 
plants (first shaking them) in the morning, while the dew is upon the grass, and 
in the evening about six or seven o’clock. If the plants are on the edge of 
the lawn, three or four times the width of the roll will be sufficient. I have, 
by following the above plan, nearly extirpated them; as I had but two dahlia, 
plants, the last autumn, that were injured by thrips ; and these immediately re- 
covered after following the above plan.—J. H. R. Hinxton, near Saffron 
Walden, March 9. 1836. 

[It is clear, from our correspondent’s description, that he means the species 
of insect called in entomology Aphrophora spumaria, synon. Cicada spumaria 
Lin., and commonly, in Britain, the cuckoo spit; on the habits of which some 
information is given in Vol. IX. p. 574, 575. On the thrips (Z'hrips physapus), 
there is a little nformation in the Encyclopedia of Gardening, ed. 1835, § 3073., 
illustrated by two figures (fig. 682. f 682.4.) It is a minute insect, that is 
common in the flowers of some species of plants, and is very distinct from the 
Aphréphora. Our correspondent’s information in relation to the means of 
checking the prevalence of the Aphrophora spumaria is interesting.] 

A safe and effectual Remedy for that destructive jumping Insect the Thrips.— 1 
will just state to your correspondent Mr. Fish, in p. 162., my experience 
on this subject, hoping he may glean something frcm it that may help to rid 
himself of these enemies to the gardener. During the summer and autumn 
of 1834, our vines at this place were sorely infested with the red spider and 
thrips ; a great part, or the whole, of the foliage of some of them was destroyed 
by the latter insect, and dropped off; the fruit was also attacked, and was much 
injured and disfigured ; and, although we had a fine crop of grapes, such was 
their appearance, that I felt ashamed of showing any one through the houses. 
I was determined to use some means to destroy these depredators. Accord- 
ingly, at the commencement of forcing in the beginning of February last year, 
every part of our early house, viz. the rafters, bars, walls, flue, &c., was washed 
with a mixture of black sulphur, 3 lb., flower of sulphur, 3 |b., and soft soap, 4 lb.; 
dissolved in two gallons of water, and applied whilst warm. The vines were 
also anointed with the above mixture, dissolved in water, and mixed to the 
consistency of paint, and laid on with a painter’s brush. The vines were 
syringed every evening, until they commenced growth; after which the syring- 
ing was discontinued, and a damp atmosphere maintained, until the fruit was 
perceived to be changing colour. The temperature of the house was frequently 
found so low as 50° in the morning, and the leaves covered with drops of 
water. A Jarge crop of grapes was obtained: the bunches were fine, and the 
berries well swelled ; and not a single insect of any kind was observed on the 
foliage during the following summer. In the beginning of March, our late vines 
were got into the succession house: they were treated in a similar way, and the 
result was the same. Ido not claim the above remedy as my own: I obtained it 
from a former number of your Magazine; and I write you this merely to relate 
its success in this instance. Here, and at various other places, I have observed 
a disease in vines, which more frequently attacks the white muscat of Alex- 
andria, than any other vine I know. The buds may break well, and show fruit ; 
but, to the disappointment of the gardener, his vines prove abortive: some- 
times, however, the buds do not break, and part of the vine dies. This disease is 
evidently caused by overbearing. The fruit of the white muscat of Alexandria 
vine is long in coming to maturity: the bunches and berries are large; conse- 
quently a large proportion of nutriment is required for its support ; and, when 
this vine is excessively overborne, such a large porportion of sap is required 
for the support of the grapes, that no “ accumulation of sap” is formed for the 
next year; when, in consequence, the disease will appear ; and, except proper 
treatment be resorted to, the vine will thus continue for years. The best pre- 


378 Queries and Answers. 


ventive is, not overbearing ; the best remedy, rest, and heading down for a year 
or two. — P. J. Gimbert, Kitchen-Gardener. Heath House. 

Effects of Frost on French Beans. — Will you, or any of your numerous 
readers, favour me with the solution of what is, perhaps,a common phenomenon, 
but which I am unable to explain myself? The night of May 24. will, no 
doubt, be remembered, by many amateurs of gardening, for the sad effects 
produced by a severe frost: but my attention was particularly attracted, the 
following morning, by acrop of French beans, which appeared to be almost 
completely destroyed. There were a few plants, however, in the rows (per- 
haps about one in thirty), which had not suffered in the slightest degree, al- 
though the rest of them, even those immediately contiguous, were black, and 
entirely shrivelled. The plants that were preserved did not appear to be of 
stronger growth than the others. What is the cause of this? The favoured 
plants had, certainly, no shelter which the others did not enjoy. Did it arise 
from a partial influence in the frost, or from some variation in the internal 
organisation of the plants, which enabled them better to resist the cold? 

Will you also allow me to ask for information on a somewhat kindred 
subject, which has long raised my curiosity, but of which I have been unable 
to meet with any explanation? There is no one but must have observed, 
that shrubs and trees in hedgerows and plantations, even those of the same 
species, and immediately adjacent, put forth their leaves by no means at the 
same time, as might be expected. It is not an uncommon thing to see a 
beech tree clothed with the beautiful verdure of spring, whilst its next neigh- 
bour, is still in the dreary habit of winter. A solution of this difficulty, also, 
would oblige me, and, perhaps, interest some of your readers. — H. D. Salis- 
bury, May 26. 1836. 

Salisburia adiantifolia. — Agreeably to your request, I called on the present 
owner of the Woodlands, and learn from him, that “ there are three salisburia 
trees in his garden. The largest girts 3 ft. 10 in. at 2 ft. from the ground, and is 
54 ft. high; the others are smaller, and all very thrifty. The gardener, who has 
been six years on the place, says that none of them have flowered.” I then 
visited Mr. M‘Aran, who had been gardener to Mr. Hamilton for many years; 
and he stated that, while he was at Woodlands, the salisburias had never 
bloomed. The late Mr. Lyon, who preceded him, and who lived at the 
Woodlands nine years, told Mr. M‘Aran, that he looked for that occurrence 
annually, without being gratified. You think that all the salisburias in Europe 
came from the tree in the Mile End Nursery; but it is a fact, that Thunberg, 
who discovered the tree in Japan, sent the plants in pots to his patrons in 
Batavia and Holland. Mr. Hamilton brought the parent tree at the Wood- 
lands from England (a male) in 1784. I wish you could send me a female 
plant, by some American, in a pot. Mr. G. Ralston wil find an opportunity : 
he may be heard of by addressing a note to him, “ Care of Mr. Timothy Wiggin, 
merchant, Lordon:”’ but the vessel must come direct to Philadelphia. — 
J. Mease. Philadelphia, Jan. 6. 1836. 

In compliance, as far as lay in our power, with our correspondent’s wish, 
we sent him, agreeably to his instructions, cuttings of the female Salisburia. 
Should these not succeed, we expect soon to be able to send him nuts; a tree 
in the south of France having begun, within the last few years, to ripen fruit 
annually, from which young plants have been raised. Of this tree we shall 
soon give farther details. — Cond. 

The Mistletoe (Viscum album L.): Instances of Two or more Plants being 
produced from One Seed. Although the same Plants, from the same Seed, may be 
mostly of the same Sex (p. 217, 218.), it is probable that they are, in some In- 
stances, of different Sexes (p. 217, 218.). Since writing to you last (see in 
p. 217.), the seeds of a few mistletoe berries which I rubbed upon the bark of 
an apple tree, so as to fix the seeds, about the first week in January, 1836, 
have vegetated, and I send them for your examination. You will find that 
the majority of them have double embryos. — W. Baxter. Botanic Garden, 
Oxford, March 29. 1836. 


London Horticultural Society and Garden. 379 


The seeds received are twelve, seven of them having protruded each two 
radicles of as many embryos; and I now feel certain, from the similarity of the 
appearance of any of these seven with the seed which germinated upon the haw- 
thorn in the Botanic Garden, Bury St. Edmund’s (Vol. XI. p. 318.), that the 
two plants which grew upon that tree were from one seed; and Mr. Turner 
has communicated (Vol. XII. p. 217.), that these two plants are of two 
sexes. The settling of the question now rests on the ground on avhich he has 
concluded this: whether from having observed one to bear fruit, and the other 
not ; or from the inspection of the flowers of each.— John Denson, jun. Bays 
water, April 5. 1836. 

Taxddium distichum. — Are you, or any of your readers, aware, that an oil has 
been extracted from the scales of the cones of the Cupréssus disticha [Tax- 
ddium distichum]. It is as transparent as the oil of turpentine, and I feel con- 
fident that it may be used for the same purposes. I have been making some 
experiments with it, and will send you an account of the result, together with 
some of the oil, the first time I have a convenient opportunity; and, in the mean 
time, I should be very glad to receive any information that you, or any of your 
readers, could give me on the subject. — Giuseppe Manetti. Monza, near Milan, 
Dec. 1835. 

Coe’s Golden Drop Plum.— We have seen a few fine plum trees, of the 
kind called “ Coe’s Golden Drop,” in perfect health, on south-east and west 
walls; and every spring they are covered with bloom, and set freely; but I 
regret to say not one in five hundred swells off, the fruit dropping when about 
the size of small peas. I should also mention, that the young shoots, in 
general, terminate in a flower bud; consequently drop off before the fruit ; 
but on the spurs, when there is a shoot before the fruit, they fail in the same 
manner. As it would be most desirable to obtain a crop of so valuable a 
plum, perhaps some of your numerous correspondents would be so good as 
to favour me with their opinion how I could remedy the evil I complain of. 
— A. Stewart. Mount Stewart, May 21. 1836. 

Smooth-leaved and rough-leaved Rape, or Cole-Seed.— We have in France 
two principal and very distinct oil-bearing plants belonging to the genus Bras- 
sica: 1. the Colza, or Colsac (Brassica campéstris Dec.), belonging, by 
its leaf, to the cabbage or kale tribe. 2. The Navette, or Rabette (B. Napus 
oleifera Dec., B. asperifolia Lam.), with a rough turnip-like leaf. The 
Colza is by much the more extensively cultivated in France, especially in 
Flanders; and is, I know, very much grown in England too, under the name 
of rape, or cole-seed. The Navette is also an object of cultivation with us; 
but I have never been able to ascertain, 1. whether it was used in British 
agriculture ? 2. and, in that case, under what particular name it was distin- 
guished from the common, or smooth-leaved, sort? These are the two queries 
I submit. I must observe, there are several subvarieties of both; but the 
varieties are not in question here, the present enquiry only relating to the 
two leading sorts, as mentioned above. — Vilmorin. Paris, May, 1836. 


Arr. V. The London Horticultural Society and Garden. 


May 17. 1836.— Read. A Paper on the supposed Absorbent Powers of 
the Cellular Points, or Spongioles, of the Roots of Trees and other Plants; by 
T. A. Knight, Esq. 

It was announced, that a Knightian medal had been awarded to Mrs. 
Lawrence, for her specimens of heath and Kennédya; and that a Banksian 
medal had been awarded to Messrs. Chandler, for the Trillium grandiflorum ; 
and to Mrs. Lawrence, for the A’rbutus procera exhibited by her this day. 

Presented. A pamphlet on the Spikenard of the Ancients; by Charles 
Hatchett, Esq. 

Exhibited. Piants. Tulipa Gesneriana, Edwardsia sp., &c., from the 
Honourable W. H. F. Strangways. A collection of heaths, heartsease, and 
green-house plants, from Mrs. Lawrence. Chorodzema Henchmanm, Polygala 


380 London Horticultural Society and Garden. 


cordata, Trillium grandiflorum, Lysinéma pentapétalum, and azaleas, from 
Messrs. Chandler. Asparagus, from seed sown in 1833, from L. Sullivan, Esq., 
F.H.S. Fruits. Early muscat grapes, from Mr. Wilmot. 

From the Garden of the Society. Saccolobium guttatum, Sinningia guttata, 
hybrid Gloxinia (between G. speciosa and Sinningéa guttata), raised by W. 
Gordon, Esq. Manéttia cordata, Limnanthes Douglasii, Rhodanthe Man- 
glési, Wistarza Consequana, Rosa Banksie lutea, Plectritis congésta, Rzbes 
multiflorum, Lasiopétalum solanaceum, Peonia Moiitan Banksie, and eight 
varieties of hardy peonies. 

June 7. 1836. — Read. A Paper onthe Management of Vine Borders, and 
a Method of Grafting Vines; by Mr. William Gowans, gardener at Calder 
House, near Glasgow. 

Exhibited. Plants. Gardoquia Hodkeri, Chorézema Henchmanni, Selago 
Gilliés#z ; Erica vestita coccinea, undulata, delécta, mirabilis résea, ventricosa 
supérba, vestita purpurea, vestita falgens; Cosmélia rubra, and Pimeléa decus- 
sata, from Mrs. Lawrence. Passiflora racemosa, Centauréa stereophylla, 
Anemone palmata, Marica ceerulea, Tacsoma sp., from Mrs. Marryat. Plumbago 
capénsis, Sdllya heterophylla, Vallota purpurea, Thunbérgia leucantha, Ery- 
thrina Crista-galli, seedling Fuchsza from F. clobosa, Sutherlandia frutés- 
cens, cauliflowers and mushrooms, from L. Sullivan, Esq. Mesembryanthe- 
mums, gladioluses, hyacinths, Daphne ‘SP:5 Scilla sp., from the Honourable 
W. H. F. Strangways. Azalea regentissima, hilarissima, maritima, eruénta, 
and Martin; Rhododéndron catawbiénse var. ponticum, Lilium sp. from 
North America, from Messrs. Chandler. Alstreeméria oculata, Syringa 
Josikze‘a, Thermopsis fabacea, Passiflora kermesina, Collinsia bicolor, Pent- 
stémon proceérus, from Mr. Tattersall ; a seedling Calceolaria, from A. Mackie; 
double stock, from W. W. Middleton, Esq.; specimens of a calabash, and 
cocoa nut, from Colonel Galindo.— Fruits. Melon, and Keen’s seedling straw- 
berry, from L. Sullivan, Esq.; French crab, from mG: Barnard, Esq., M. P. 
—Articles. A Match for lighting Cigars ; being the Pith ofa Tree; from Colonel 
Galindo ; and a Piece of Netting, for covering Wall Trees, made by Straw, 
and very cheap ; from Mr. P. Howden. 

From the Society's Garden. Passiflora kermesina, Brunozia australis, 
Pimeléa decussata, Alstroeméria oculata, Manéttia cordifolia, Dettzia scabra, 
Mimulus car dinalis, Rhodanthe Manelésii, Phlox Drumméndii, Watsonia 
marginata, Libértia formosa, Lupinus grandifolius, ZL. lucidus, L. polyphyllus 
albus, L. polyphyllus var., Z. rivularis, Collinsia bicolor, Gilia tricolor, Las- 
thénia glabrata, Platystemon californicus, Phacélia tanacetifolia, Leptosiphon 
androsaceus, Pentstemon Scoiler, P. précerus, Thermépsis fabacea, Lathyrus 
erandiflorus, Eschschéltzia crdcea and var., Peeonia officinalis, double var., and 
var. anemoniflora; purple laburnum, Syringa Josikee‘a, Duvata depéndens, 
rhododendrons, azaleas, and Scotch roses. 

The Exhibition at the Garden, on June 11., though the day was boisterous and 
cold for the season, was more numerously attended than on any preceding 
occasion. The total number of tickets issued up to the evening of the 10th 
inst. exceeded 12,000; and it is thought that, including Fellows of the Society, 
who require no tickets, and gardeners who exhibit, and who are admitted free, 
there were upwards of 9000 persons in the garden at one time. Considerable 
as has been the number of tickets sold, we have no doubt that it would be 
doubled if it were more generally known in the metropolis what a brilliant 
scene the Horticultural Society’s Garden presents on the days of exhibition, 
and for how little this scene might be enjoyed ; that, besides a splendid garden, 
and an exhibition of the finest fruit and flowers that wealth and skill can pro- 
duce, enlivened by several bands of music. The principal part of the Eng- 
lish aristocracy are present, and mix indiscriminately with the tradesman, 
the mechanic, and the eardener. This scene may be enjoyed by men, women, 
and children, for five or six hours, at 3s. 6d. each. There are omnibuses in 
abundance, by which persons may be conveyed from the metropolis for a shil- 
ling, and back again for the same sum ; and to shorter distances, as Kensington 


London Horticultural Society and Garden. 381 


and Brentford, for sixpence. Refreshments may be had in the garden for those 
who choose them; but, to see the garden in every part, to examine the flowers 
exhibited, to enjoy the different bands of music stationed in different parts of 
the garden, and to mix indiscriminately with the whole of the company, need 
cost no individual more than 5s. 6d. So much elevating, humanising, and 
rational enjoyment is not to be obtained for a similar sum, as far as we are 
aware, in the metropolis, or its neighbourhood. 

It is most gratifying to observe the propriety, urbanity, and decorum that 
pervade the immense mass of persons assembled in these gardens; the care 
that is taken not to injure either the plants of the garden, or the dug and 
raked borders, which is carried to such an extent, that not a leaf is touched by 
a single individual. We were not in the habit of attending the public break- 
fasts which were given in these gardens some years ago, and for which the lowest 
price charged, we believe, was a guinea; but we are informed by those who 
have been in the constant habit of attending all the public meetings in the 
garden since they were first commenced, that then, when the company must 
have consisted almost entirely of persons of rank, or, at least, of very consider- 
able wealth, neither the borders nor the flowers were so much respected as they 
arenow. The truth is, these gardens, and the two Zoological Gardens of the me- 
tropolis, have, during the last ten years, been gradually and almost impercep- 
tibly working a wonderful change for the better on the manners and hearts of 
the metropolitan public. The more universal education of the children of 
the working classes, and the greatly improved mode of educating those of the 
classes immediately above them; together with the ditfusion of useful and ele- 
gant knowledge, by the means of cheap publications, among both classes, has 
been improving, in like manner, their minds and heads. And once, as we have 
repeatedly stated, let there be something like an equality among mankind in 
knowledge and manners; and the difference in point of wealth, instead of lead- 
ing the poor to envy or hate the rich, and the rich to dread or despise the 
poor, will lead both parties to look upon each other with respect, and, from 
a feeling of mutual obligation, even with affection. Such is the great good 
which these scenes of healthy enjoyment are effecting for civilisation. The 
Horticultural Societies of the country are co-operating to the same end ; and, 
as whatever takes place in England is imitated, sooner or later, throughout 
the whole civilised world, we shall have, at no great distance of time, the same 
cause producing the same effects every where. 

Competition for prizes may be considered as the originating cause of this 
and similar exhibitions; and, of course, it is no easy matter for the judges, in 
awarding the premiums, to give satisfaction to all the competitors. In con- 
sequence of some evil reports having been promulgated on this subject, the 
Council of the Society has deemed it proper to print the following paragraph, 
copies of which were given to exhibitors at the garden gates. 


“ Horticultural Society of London, 
June, 1836. 


“Reports haying been maliciously circulated that some of the gentlemen 
acting as Judges at the Exhibitions in the Society’s Garden are acquainted 
previously to settling their award with the names of the persons by whom the 
subjects placed upon the tables are exhibited, the Council of the Society think 
it due both to themselves and the Judges to declare, that such reports are 
altogether false and unfounded, and that the names of the exhibitors are 
never disclosed to the Judges until after the award is finally determined on, 


“GrorGE BENTHAM, 
“ Secretary.” 


Exhibitions at the Garden, June 11., and award of the judges. 

The Gold Knightian Medal. — For alstreemerias, to Mr. Lane, gardener to 
J. H. Palmer, Esq., F.H.S.; for a large collection of green-house plants, to 
Mr. W. Barnes, gardener to G. W. Norman, Esq., F.H.S. — 

Vou. XII, — No. 76. F F 


382 South London Floricultural Society. 


The Large Silver Medal. — For alstroemerias, to Mr. Scott, gardener to 
C. Barclay, Esq., M.P., F.H.S.; for calceolarias, to Mr. Green, gardener to 
Lady Antrobus; for cacti, to Mr. Green; for melocacti, to Mr. Dennis of 
Chelsea; for grapes, to Mr. Brown, gardener to Messrs. Cridland and Clews 
of Turnham Green; for stove orchidez, to Sigismund Rucker, Esq., jun., 
F.H.S.; for an American orchideous plant, to Messrs. Rollisson ; for pelar- 
goniums, to Mr, Gaines of Surrey Lane, Battersea; for pine-apples, to Mr. 
Floud, gardener to J. J. Guest, Esq., M.P., F.H.S.; for China reses, to Mr. 
Rivers of Sawbridgeworth; for a large collection of green-house plants, to 
Mr. Green; for green-house plants (small collection), to Mr. Fleming, gar- 
dener to C. Ranken, Esq., F.H.S.; for a New Holland plant, to Mr. Douglas, 
gardener to Earl de Grey, F.H.8. 

The Silver Knightian Medal.— For hardy azaleas, to Mr. Rivers; for 
amaryllises, to Mr. Lane ; for balsams, to Mr. Cock of Chiswick ; for calceo- 
larias, to Mr. Gaines; for cucumbers, to Mr. Brown; for cockscombs, to Mr. 
George Mills, gardener to N. M. Rothschild, Esq., F.H.S.; for melocacti, to 
Mr. Pratt, gardener to W. Harrison, Esq., F.H.S.; for figs, to Mr. Foggo, 
gardener to the Marquess of Abercorn; for ferns, to Mr. Lane; for grapes, 
to Mr. Judd, gardener to W. Gambier, Esq., of Sacombe Park; for heartsease, 
to Mr. Gaines; for melons, to Mr. Floud; for an Asiatic orchideous plant, 
to Sigismund Rucker, Esq.; for pelargoniums, to Messrs. Colley and Hill of 
Hammersmith ; for pine-apples, to Mr. Wilmot of Isleworth ; for peaches and 
nectarines, to Mr. Niemann, gardener to P. C. Labouchere, Esq., F.H.S. ; 
for China roses, to Mr. George Glenny, F.H.S.; for garden roses, to Mr. 
Rivers; for green-house plants (small collection), to Mr. Redding, gardener 
to Mrs. Marryatt, F.H.S.; for a single specimen of a green-house plant, to 
Mr. Green; for a New Holland plant, to Mr. Russell of Battersea; for a 
Cape plant, to Mr. Hoskins, gardener to G. F. Maubert, Esq., F.H.S.; for a 
Chinese plant, to Mr. Lane; for a double Eschscholtzia californica, to Mr. 
Redding. 

The Silver Banksian Medal. — For heartsease, to Mr. R.S. Mountjoy of Eal- 
ing; for pelargoniums, to Mr.Cock: for calceolarias, to Mr.Grooms of Walworth, 

.H.S.; for a single specimen of green-house plant, to S. Rucker, Esq. ; for 
Phi6x Drumménd:, to Mr. Barnes; for strawberries, to Mr. Brown. 


Art. VI. South London Floricultural Society. 


Tue second flower show of this Society for the year 1836 was held at the 
Surrey Zoological Gardens, on June 14., attended by an immense concourse 
of persons; among whom were the Duchesses of Buckingham, Leinster, and 
Sutherland; Countess Stanhope, Viscountess Parnell, Viscountess Mahon, 
Lady Farnborough, Lady Grenville, Lady Kerrison, and Mrs. Marryatt; the 
Dukes of Sutherland and Leinster, Earl Stanhope, Lord Prudhoe, Lord Villa 
de Broke, Lord Adolphus Fitzclarence, Lord Farnborough, Colonel Lincoln 
Stanhope, Sir George Wombwell, and the Persian Princes. The flowers were 
arranged in five large tents, and prizes were awarded for the following pro- 
ductions : — 


Class 1. Nurserymen. — Miscellaneous Plants: 1. Large silver medal, Messrs. Chandler, Wands- 
worth Road; 2. Middle ditto, Messrs. Young, Epsom ; 3. Small ditto, Mr. Fairburn, Clapham Rise. 
Pelargoniums; 1. Large silver medal, Mr. Gaines, Battersea ; 2. Small ditto, Mr. Hill, Hammersmith. 
Calceolarias, middle silver medal, Messrs. Young, Epsom. Roses: 1. Middle silver medal, Mr. 
Rivers, Sawbridgeworth; 2. Small ditto, Messrs. Young, Epsom. Heartseases, middle silver medal, 
Mr. Gaines, Battersea. Cut flowers, middle silver medal, Mr. Rivers, Sawbridgeworth. 

Prizes recommended by the Censors: Calceolarias, Mr. Fairbairn, Clapham Rise. Heartsease, 
Mr. Mountjoy, Ealing. Pelargoniums, Messrs. Chandler, Wandsworth. 

Class 2. Gentlemen’s Gardeners. — Miscellaneous Plants: 1. Large silver medal, Mr. Redding, gar- 
dener to Mrs. Marryatt, Wimbledon; 2. Middle ditto, Mr. Curtis, gardener to J. Allnutt, Esq., 
Clapham; 3. Small ditto, Mr. Sadler, gardener to Mrs. Fisher, Denmark Hill. Pelargoniums, 
middle silver medal, Mr. Atlee, Stockwell. Calceolarias, middle silver medal, Mr. Atlee, Stockwell. 
Ranunculuses, middle silver medal, Mr. Stockwell, Walworth Common. Heartsease, middle silver 
Bote Early, Sydenham. Cut Flowers: 1. Middle silver medal, Mr. Redding; 2. Small ditto, 

r. Sadler, 


Covent Garden Maricet. 383 


Prizes recommended: Roses, Mr. Redding. Calceolarias, Mr. Roffee, Camberwell. Heartsease, 
Mr. Atlee, Stockwell. 

Class 3. Amateurs. — Miscellaneous Plants: 1. Large silver medal, J. F. Young, Esq., Upper Ken- 
nington Lane. Roses, middle silver medal, Mr. Salter, Shepherd’s Bush. Ranunculuses: 1. Middle 
silver medal, Mr. Crowder, Broad Street; 2. Small ditto, Mr. Thornhill, Hackney. Heartsease: 1. 
Middle silver medal, Mr. Salter, Shepherd’s Bush; 2. Small ditto, Mr. Ledgard, Hammersmith ; 
3, Small ditto, Mr. Barnard, Brixton Road. 

Open to all Classes. —Specimen Plant: 1. Large silver medal, Mr. Lane, Hurlingham, Fulham ; 
2. Middle ditto, Mr. Redding; 3. Small ditto, Mr. Dickson, Acre Lane. Orchideous Plants, middle 
silver medal, Mr. Redding. 

Prizes recommended: Specimen plant, Mr. Douglas, gardener to Lord de Grey, Putney Heath ; 
Ditto, Mr. Gaines, Battersea; Ditto, Mr. Conway, Fulham. 

Fruit: Queen Pine, small silver medal, Mr. Andrews, South Lambeth, Dish of Strawberries, 
Mr. Lane, Fulham. Bunch of Grapes, Mr. Chapman, Vauxhall. 

Prizes recommended: Grapes, Mr. Stidolph, Peckham ; Ditto,°Mr. Andrews, South Lambeth. 

Vegetables ; Best Six Sorts of Vegetables: 1. Middle silver medal, Mr. Conway, Fulham; 2. Small 
ditto, Mr. J. Gard, Camberwell. 


Mr. Philips of Champion Lodge, Camberwell, exhibited a specimen of Tes- 
tudinaria elephantipes; Mr. Redding, a brace of very fine cucumbers; and 
Messrs. Maids and Co. of King’s Road, Chelsea, a splendid collection of 
kalmias. 

By the side of the lake, a number of Reed’s patent engines were placed. 


Art. VIL. Covent Garden Market. 


The Cabbage Tribe. “ere ey: ane d ‘Eran a\l#£ ip d. 
Cabbage, per dozen: Watercress, per dozen small 
White = = - |0 1 0}0 1 6] bunches - = - |0 0 4/0 0 6 
Plants, or Colewort: - |9 2 0]0 8 O|/Buret, per bunch - - |0 0 2/0 038 
Cauliflowers, per dozen = 0) 3) 10)))0) 610 Pd See Eh 
ot a 5 
Legumes. Parsley, per half sieve o | O to OO 1 6 
perhalfsieve - - |0 1 0|0 1 6||Larragon, per dozen bunches 03 0)0 4 0 
Peas4 per sieve - - |0 2 9/0 4 g||Fennel, per dozen bunches Oot EOC O 
persack  - ~ - |010 0/0 © o|/Thyme, per dozen bunches 03 0;0 00 
Beans, per half sieve - - |0 1 6/0 2 oj|Sage, per dozen bunches 0 20/0 3 0 
Kidneybeans, forced, per Mint, per dozen bunches a " 2 ; 8 e 
hundred 3 ez = 0 2 @ 3 eppermint, p. dozen bunches 
Bae Mehi® Marjoram, per dozen bunches} 0 6 0|0 0 O 
Tubers and Roots. Savory, per dozen bunches 020;0 30 
avean 410 016 0 0 Basil, per dozen bunches 06 0;0 00 
Patines ea ewt. . |0 4 610 6 olRosemary, per dozen bunches |0 2 0 030 
aUo = rer Bushee 0261030 Tansy, per dozen bunches 010;0 00 
Kidney, per bushel - - |0 2 6/0 8 O|\Staiks and Fruits for Taris, 
Scotch, per bushel 5 10 29o 1/0 8% Pickling, &c. 
ew, per pound - o |1O @ Z@ ig 2 
Turnips, White, perbunch- |}0 0 9/0 1 0 Hhubere Stalks, pet bundle v 5) 0 0 au 
PE per bunch ; ; aes 6 Edible Fungi and Fuct. 
oung ° = * 9 1 6))Mushrooms per pottle - 10 061009 
Bom so: « «© s/lO@ ®@/O 1 @ ri 2 
Horseradish, perbundle - |0 2 6|0 5 0 Morelsdt ys Peubound : ua 0) | OOO 
Radishes, Red, per dozen TE ICS Cry eeu 
Handel wate each) = 10. 01 910) Od) ren, fl 2) 2 Ode eee ee 
White Turnip, per bunch 0 0 13/0 0 Q im 
Mr uits. 
The Spinach Tribe. PRES ESSelts per bushel : 
i ack Apples a = 010 0;0 0 0 
Spinach Be Sever Ey | Si Ee Golden Pearmain Seal WO) ONO 0) 
per half sieve = (OC GIO @ & Braue Crabs ; ol gkerens gil anon 
The Onion Tribe. Peaches, per dozen - 1015 0}1 4 0 
< . ectarines, per dozen = 1015 Olt 4 O 
Onion webu {14g alo o af almonds serveck, = [0 4 0/0 5 
ours) ie : B 0 0 00 8 Cherries, per pound - |0 40/0 8 O 
Garlic, per pound OW BAO ab 0) ‘ 
Shallots, per pound 0081010 Gooseberries, per half sieve 020\/0 46 
2 hh Currants, per half sieve - 10 29 Gi0 3 6 
: Strawberries, per gallon (2 
Asparaginous Plants, pottles) about 3 pints 5109 O10 8 6 
Salads, &c. Pine-apples, per.pound - 10 8 0/012 0 
Asparagus, per hundred: Hot-house Grapes, per pound / 9 4 0|0 8 O 
Large BS = - |0 7 01/010 0|| Melons, each aie Mires - |0 6 01010 O 
Seconus awe - |0 3 6/0 5 Ollovanges § Pet Oren 3 009 ° re 
iddling - : EO 2 Os W) 3 per hunare = | 0.4 0 6 
oe = & - |}0 1 0/0 1 6 Bitter, per hundred - 1016 0 7 uy 0 
ettuce, per score: per dozen FON AD A G) 0 
Casita S 5 Ealiomoreo loNsle mer he hundred - |0 6 010 140 
Cabbage : = - |0 1 0]0 1 6|Sweet Almonds, per pound- |}0 3 0|0 3 6 
Celery, per bundle (12to 15) |0 1 6|0 2 0/|Brazil Nuts,perbushel - |016 0/0 0 0 
Small Salads; per punnet - | 0 0 2/0 0 3(Barcelona Nuts, perpeck - |0 5 01/0 0 0 


FF 3 


384 Proposals for erecting a Monument 


Observations. — The season, although certainly much later than for the last 
two years, is now filling the market rather plentifully. The supply of peas, du- 
ring the last week, has been good. Prices have, of course, been materially re- 
duced; but, as the demand was quite equal to the supply, not so much so as 
might have been expected. The prices quoted are from the market of Saturday 
last, it not being practicable to give an average price under circumstances of 
such large difference between that day and the preceding week. The quantity 
of peas pitched, and actually sold, on that day was equal to 10,000 or 12,000 
bushels. Taking the supply of the Borough and Spitalfields conjointly to be 
about 8000, we have about 20,000 bushels for that day. This may appear a 
large quantity; but Ihave no doubt that, at the height of the season, more than 
double that quantity is actually consumed; which, with other articles of general 
supply at this season, such as cauliflowers, cabbages, asparagus, spinach, let- 
tuces, new and old potatoes, will render the quantity of vegetables consumed 
in the metropolis really surprising. Of asparagus, the supply has been latterly 
very limited; the prices higher than usual. Some fine specimens of it have been 
exhibited of the new variety, cultivated by Mr. Grayson: a bundle containing 
130 heads, weighing thirty pounds; the same quantity, also, weighing twenty 
pounds; the first bundle worth about 1/. 5s., the latter 15s. New potatoes 
have been supplied rather freely; but, as the quantity from Cornwall has 
not been so large as usual, the prices have been maintained. During the last 
week, we had some from the open ground from Kent, of a very excellent size 
and good quality. The stock of old potatoes is now nearly exhausted : indeed, 
we are altogether dependent on the supply furnished from the distant counties, 
which are disposed of readily at the prices quoted. All other vegetables are 
now in moderate supply, at reasonable prices. — C.G. M. June 20. 1836. 

Accident having left a space, for which, in the phraseology of the printing 
office, “‘ matter is wanted to fill up,” we take the opportunity of suggesting to 
market-gardeners, the propriety of being careful not to take long leases, at high 
rents, of the grounds they at present occupy; because in a very few years, in 
consequence of the several railroads commenced, or projected, the London ve- 
getable markets will command a supply from the whole of the central counties 
of England. The inconvenience of carrying nearly all the vegetables to be con- 
sumed in so large a metropolis as London to one central market, like that of 
Covent Garden, will then be felt; and several markets will doubtless be esta- 
blished on the line of the circumferential metropolitan railroad, which is to 
unite all the other railroads. — Cond. 


Art. VIII. Proposals for erecting a Monument to the late Mr. David 
Douglas, A.L.S. 


“To Gardeners, Botanists, and Amateurs. —the Perthshire Royal Horti- 
cultural Society, desirous to express their sense of the advantages conferred 
on the science of botany by the late indefatigable Mr. David Douglas, through 
whose exertions a great and valuable addition has been made to the exotic 
flora and arboretum of Great Britain; in consideration of his successful ex- 
ertions, and lamented end, have resolved to erect a monument to his memory, 
in his native parish of Scone, Perthshire ; and have appointed a committee of 
their number to carry the same into effect, by soliciting the aid of those who 
may approve of the undertaking. The committee have limited the sum to be 
subscribed by practical gardeners to from one to five shillings. Any sum from 
amateurs, however small, will be thankfully acknowledged. The design of the 
monument will be regulated by the amount of subscriptions, and approval of 
contributors. Every contributor to the amount of one shilling shall be en- 
titled to a printed list of subscribers’ names, to which a lithographic design of 
the monument and inscription shall be attached. Archibald Turnbull, Esq. , 
Bellwood, Perth, has kindly accepted the office of treasurer ; and a subscription 
paper will lie at his seed-shop, Perth. Subscription papers shall also be sent 


to the late Mr. David Douglas. 385 


to the curators of the botanic gardens at Edinburgh and Glasgow, and to nur- 
sery and seedsmen in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Stirling, Perth, and Dundee. — 
Nov. 23. 1835.” 

We received a printed paper, of which the above is a copy, on June 3., too 
late, of course, to be noticed, even on the wrapper of this Magazine for June. 
By the private letter which accompanied it, signed by the secretary of the 
committee, Mr. Archibald Gorrie, we are informed that all notices of subscrip- 
tions are expected to be returned to the treasurer, Mr. Turnbull, by the Ist 
of July, the day on which this Magazine will see the light. We deeply regret 
this, because we are sure there are many British gardeners who would have 
felt a melancholy satisfaction in testifying their sense of the eminent services 
rendered to botany and gardening, by Mr. Douglas. We should hope that it 
will not be too late to subscribe after the Ist of July, and even to the Ist of 
September or October; and we would recommend all gardeners to do so, 
through their nurserymen or seedsmen, all of whom have a communication, 
either directly or indirectly, with Mr. Turnbull, the seedsman at Perth. We 
much regret that the printed paper above quoted, which is dated Nov. 23. 
1835, was not sent’ to us sooner ; as, had it been so, we trust we should have 
been able to have rendered more effective service to the cause, than we shall 
now be able to do; unless the time for receiving subscriptions shall be pro- 
tracted for five or six months, so as to make the intentions of the Perth com- 
mittee known, not only to gardeners and amateurs in Britain, but to those of 
the continents of Europe and North America, many of whom, we feel confident, 
would subscribe on such an occasion. 

With these views we wrote to Mr. Gorrie, suggesting the advantage that 
would result from extending the time; and, since the above paragraph was 
printed, we have received, just in time for publication, though in the last hour, 
and when we were obliged to send a very hurried notice to press, a letter from 
Mr. Gorrie, from which we are happy to learn that the committee have 
agreed to allow the subscription to stand open for an indefinite period. 

We are exceedingly glad of this, for two reasons: first, because it will 
afford an opportunity to gardeners, in every part of the world, to evince their 
sympathy with that amiable man, and enthusiastic traveller and botanist, Mr. 
David Douglas; and, secondly, because we do hope the friends to gardening 
and science will come forward in such a manner as to enable the committee 
to realise an idea that has been suggested by Mr. Gorrie, though he will, per- 
haps, be offended at us for having stated it publicly. We allude to the grand 
and magnificent project “ of purchasing a piece of ground sufficient to hold 
all the trees and plants introduced by Douglas ; enclosing it, planting it, or a 
part of it, with these trees and shrubs; and building a house on it, which, 
together with the whole demesne, should be settled on his heirs at law for 
ever.” Of all the plans that we have ever heard proposed for commemorating 
the memory of a man, this is at once the grandest and the most rational; and 
we could almost envy our esteemed friend who made the proposal the happi- 
ness of having been the author of it. We know of nothing that can be com- 
pared to it but the giving of Blenheim to Marlborough by the nation ; and next 
to the idea of bestowing such a gift on the descendants of a meritorious indi- 
vidual by the concurrent voices of a whole nation, is, surely, that of giving it by 
the joint contribution of the whole class to which the individual to be com- 
memorated belonged. This, the plan of taking only small subscriptions frou 
Mr. Douglas’s fellow-gardeners appears well calculated to effect. We think, 
also, that a sufficient piece of land should be added to the house to maintain 
the representative of the family for the time being as a market-gardener, 
florist, or small nurseryman; the object being, as in the case of the Duke of 
Marlborough, to form a dasting memorial, that should contain circumstances 
in itself which will prevent the cause of its being instituted from being for- 
gotten. We have no wish to make a comparison between the services rendered 
to his country, to civilisation, or, in one word, to society, by a great and suc- 
cessful warrior, and an enthusiastic and successful naturalist or botanical 
collector.. The real truth is, that the services of the one are, or may be, just 


386 Obituary. 


as great as those of the other; the test of their respective worth being the 
nature of the times in which each performs his part. 

When, therefore, we call upon all gardeners and lovers of plants to subscribe 
for the purpose of raising a perpetual memorial to the memory of Mr. Douglas, 
as great in its way as that which was raised to the memory of the first Duke 
of Marlborough, and for the benefit of his family, it is not, as some may sup- 
pose, that we wish to depreciate the merits of the warrior. We simply mean 
to state, that Mr. Douglas has rendered a most important service to his 
country, to Europe, and, in short, to the temperate regions of both hemi- 
spheres, in their present state of civilisation, by the introduction of a number 
of new and valuable plants. These plants will continue to be useful and 
ornamental to Britain, and other countries having similar climates, as long as 
these climates continue the same as they now are; and we think it is due to 
the arts of civilisation and refinement, that an attempt should be made to raise 
a lasting monument to the introducer of so much good, by his personal friends, 
by his fellow-labourers, and by the lovers of plants and of gardening in every 
country. 

We submit, therefore, to all our readers, the propriety of coming immediately 
forward with subscriptions of from one to five shillings each person, for the 
purpose of aiding the committee of the Perthshire Horticultural Society in 
erecting a monument of some sort to the memory of the late Mr. Douglas, in 
his native parish of Scone, in the neighbourhood of Perth. There is a par- 
ticular propriety, we think, in its being erected in his native village: in no 
other situation could it afford so much pleasure to his friends and relatives ; 
in no other situation could it so well illustrate the great principle, that, in a 
free and a wealthy country, an obscure individual, in a remote situation, may 
rise to the highest honours in the eyes of his countrymen; and on no other 
principle than this could the general appearance of the country be so nobly 
ornamented. It is allowed on all hands, that the most remarkable difference 
between Great Britain and the countries of the Continent is, that, while their 
colleges and other public institutions, their public monuments, their mansions 
of men of wealth, and their men of learning, talent, and taste, are concentrated 
in their capital cities, their provinces are left in a much less cultivated state ; 
whereas our wealth, our wisdom, and our taste are, comparatively with theirs, 
distributed over the whole land. Whatever monument, therefore, may be 
erected to Douglas, we trust it will be placed in his native village. We en- 
treat all our readers to subscribe, and to leave it to the committee to carry 
into execution such a memorial as the funds will justify; and we do most 
sincerely hope that a sufficient sum will be raised to purchase a piece ef land 
large enough to contain all the plants which Douglas introduced, as well as to 
erect a monument on it: even if the sum raised should not be sufficient to pur- 
chase land enough for a market-garden, and to build a house. 

We have already suggested the idea of gardeners sending their subscriptions 
through their seedsmen: others, who have not this opportunity, may send 
them to us; or, what would be preferable, to our publishers, Messrs. Longman, 
Rees, and Co., who have kindly undertaken to receive subscriptions; as has 
Mr. Charlwood, seedsman, 14. Tavistock Row, Covent Garden. Subscriptions 
will also be received at the office of the London Horticultural Society, 21, 
Regent Street, London ; and, we think that we may venture to say, by all other 
Horticultural Societies, not only in Britain, but on the Continent, in North 
America, and, in short, throughout the world. A biographical notice of Mr. 
Douglas will be found in Vol. XI. p. 271., and further details respecting his 
death in the present volume, p- 274. 


Art. IX. © Obituary. 


DEATH of Mr. Richard Cunningham, the Colonial Botanist at Sydney. — 
The distressing reports respecting the loss of this amiable man were in a great 
measure confirmed by the postscript to our Australian article in our last Num- 
ber, p. 328.; and we have since received information to the same effect from 


Obituary. 387 


Mr. Anderson, botanical collector to Messrs. Lowe and Son, at Sydney; and 
from Mr. Allan Cunningham of Kew, the brother of the deceased. The fol- 
lowing letter from the latter gentleman will be read with intense and melancholy 
interest : — 

~ “The last arrival of mails from Sydney has put the government in posses- 
sion of the report of the officer of police (Lieut. Zouch, 4th regiment) who 
had been sent in command of a party of mounted police, to the spot where my 
poor brother was last heard of, with a view of ascertaining his fate. A copy 
of the report (now before me) has been enclosed me by order of Lord Glenelg, 
(Colonial Secretary); and from it, it appears that, after leaving Boree, on the 
present western verge of the colony, beyond Bathurst, Lieut. Zouch and party 
of troopers, accompanied by one of Major Mitchell’s men, and a friendly native- 
black, named Sandy, proceeded to then. w., towards the Bogan. On the third 
day of their advance (viz. the 2d of November last), they fortunately met with 
two blacks, who knew all the particulars of a white man having been murdered 
on the Bogan: also the names and persons of the perpetrators of the deed ; and, 
as they offered to accompany the party to the country where the murderers 
were encamped with their tribe, Lieut. Zouch most gladly accepted their ser- 
vices as guides ; and, on the evening of the sixth, the party, by their directions, 
came upon a tribe consisting of upwards of forty men, women, and children, 
who were bivouacing on the banks of a lake fed by the Macquarie, and called 
the Budda. As no resistance was offered by these savages, they were im- 
mediately invested, and taken prisoners. A few questions produced an ac- 
knowledgment from them, that a white man had been killed by four of the 
tribe, on the Bogan, three of whom they delivered up; and the fourth, they 
stated, was absent on the Big River; that is, the Darling. On searching the 
bags of the tribe, the party found a knife, a glove, &c., which the three blacks 
acknowledged they had taken from the white man, and which the man who 
had been with Major Mitchell on his expedition, and now accompanied the 
police, said he was sure had belonged to my brother. The details of the 
closing scene of my poor relative’s life are dreadful in the extreme, and, to 
those of his friends who had known his great benevolence of mind, his last 
moments can be more readily conceived than described ! 

“The officer goes on to report, that the three murderers, on being taken 
prisoners, admitted that, about six moons ago, they met a white man on the 
Bogan, who came up to them, and made signs that he was hungry ; that they 
gave him food ; and that he encamped with them that night. The white man 
repeatedly getting up during the night, excited their suspicion; and, under the 
apprehension that he would betray them into the hands of some enemies in the 
neighbourhood, they consulted together, and soon came to the determination 
to destroy him; which they effected the following morning, by one of the 
savages approaching him unperceived, and striking him on the back part of the 
head, and the others rushing upon him with their spears. This must have oc- 
curred about the latter end of April of the last year. 

“ The officer adds: ‘I then determined to proceed to the spot where the 
murder was committed, which, I was informed by the blacks, was distant three 
days’ journey ; but, learning from them that there was a great scarcity of water, 
I deemed it advisable to take only a small party, consisting of three troopers, the 
man of Major Mitcheii, and one of the prisoners (Bureemall) as a guide across 
to the Bogan; leaving the remainder of the party, having the other two prisoners 
in charge, under the command of Corporal Moore, to proceed to a station about 
thirty miles distant from Wellington, there to await my return.’ Lieut. 
Zouch and his reduced party were now conducted to a place named Currin- 
dine, where the black showed him some bones, which, he said, were those of the 
white man they had killed; and pointed out a smal! portion of a coat, and also 
part ofa Manilla hat. Being thus convinced that they had reached the spot 
where the very melancholy event had occurred, the officer and his little party, 
with true Christian-like feeling, collected all the remains they could discover ; 
and having, in sad silence, deposited them in the ground, they raised a small 
mound over them, and barked some of the nearest trees, as the only means in 


388 Obituary. 


their power of marking the spot whereon a man wholly devoted to science had, 
in the earnestness and zeal with which he was prosecuting botanical investiga- 
tion (attached, as he was, to the explorative expedition of Major Mitchell) been 
deprived of life, by the hands of mistaken savages!” 

“ Thus fell, in the very prime of life (having just completed his forty-second 
year), Richard Cunningham, an able botanist, and in other respects a very 
talented man; whose very amiable and obliging disposition had in his lifetime 
secured as much to him general esteem, as his premature, ever to be lamented 
death had produced a universal sentiment of unfeigned grief, in the minds of 
all his friends in England, and of every colonist in New South Wales. 
~ «T have now given you the substance of the last official communication re- 
ceived from New South Wales, and which is a final one, regarding my poor 
brother ; who, you will observe, was but one night living with the natives. We 
cannot tell what might have been the state of his mind on that night, which had 
urged him repeatedly to rise, walk about, and listen to catch the bark of dogs, or 
any little stir (amidst the dead stillness of midnight), from the considerable 
encampment of his anxious sleepless companions, not far removed from him 
at the time! How dreadful must have been his feelings, may be readily ima- 
gined. But, could he have composed himself, and not have risen, and thus 
excited the suspicions of the savages among whom he was reposing, he probably 
would have been recovered, in a day or two, by his companions, who came 
to the native encampment but a day or so too late! He had a mind well 
disciplined by the religious education he had received; and, in perfect pos- 
session of his mental faculties, could soon have reconciled himself to a short 
lie in a remote desert, with savages, until rescued by his party: for he 
could say, with real feeling, and in firm belief in the existence of a merciful 
protecting Providence, in the desert and every where, — 


‘ There is mercy in every place; 
And mercy, encouraging thought! 
Gives even affliction a grace, 
And reconciles man ta his lot.’ 


Tcan go no farther with you; but, standing relatively as I do, in this sad 
business, let me now for ever drawa veil upon the whole; just remarking, that 
two of the blacks found means to escape from the soldiers ; and what has been 
done with the third, who was conveyed to Sydney, and there lodged in jail, is 
not known: for it appears very doubtful whether any evidence could be ob- 
tained, sufficient legally, to substantiate his guilt. Last December, the law 
officers had the case betore them. — A.C. Strand on the Green, Kew, June 17. 
1836.” 

The only consolation which we derive from this authenticated account of the 
death of a friend, with whom we were intimate for nearly twenty years, is the 
manner in which he was deprived of life. It could be attended with no pain, 
either actually or by anticipation. How different must be the case where the 
object is avowed, and where processes are had recourse to, which must increase 
the pains of death a thousand fold! With respect to the savages who have been 
caught and detained, as they are out of the pale of civilisation, we do not see 
how they can be tried according to any law. A savage may be put to death, 
or otherwise prevented from injuring man, as a matter of self-defence; but the 
idea of trying such a being according to laws which he had no voice in mak- 
ing, and from which he receives no protection, appears contrary to common 
sense. What is a death occasioned by a stunning blow on the back of the head, 
which must have instantly deprived the victim of sensation, when compared 
with the horrible cruelties lately practised in Spain? There, it is stated in the 
Morning Chronicle of June 20. 1836, that, by the order of Don Carlos, some 
British prisoners were pinioned naked to a wall, then shot in the legs, after- 
wards in the thighs, and finally in the abdomen; and then left to linger in 
agony, till death put a period to their sufferings ! 


THE 


GARDENER’S MAGAZINE, 
AUGUST, 1836. 


ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. 


Art. I. Gardening Tour in Germany, made in the Spring of 1836, 
Jrom April 17.to May 5. By M. F. Raucu. 


Tuere are so many amateur gardeners in Frankfort on the 
Main, that the city has become particularly interesting to the 
horticulturist. The principal nursery is that of M. Rinz; to 
whose attention and industry most of the private gardens are 
also indebted for their beauty: M. Rinz sparing no expense to 
obtain new and beautiful plants from every part of Europe, and 
by this means having a great many customers, and an excellent 
business. All the plants in this nursery looked exceedingly 
healthy; and I observed some of the newest species amongst 
them, which M. Rinz seems to have no difficulty in propagating. 
The public gardens at Frankfort contain a great many very 
beautiful views, particularly those near the waterfall. The groups 
of shrubs are almost all surrounded by borders of flowers, which 
are kept in very good order. ‘The beauty of these public gardens 
is very much increased by the display exhibited in the adjoining 
private gardens. M. Rinz laid out these public gardens, and 
still has the management of them. 

Among the numerous private gardens worthy of notice, that 
of the Baron Von Bethmann is the most conspicuous, being very 
beautifully and ingeniously laid out; also that of Baron Von 
Rothschild, whose collection of plants is very considerable, and 
who has a very beautiful specimen of Araucdria excélsa. This 
garden would look much better, if the groups of shrubs and 
flowers were not laid out in such exceedingly stiff forms. ‘The 
gardens of M. I. Andreae, sen., Baron Von Welden, M. Stern, 
and M. F. Gruneberg, are well worthy of notice. ‘There are 
also many other amateurs, who have collections of plants that 
would well repay a visit from the travelling gardener. 

_ I found a very good collection of succulent plants in the garden 


of M. I. Andreae, sen.; and I observed some very interesting 
Vou. XII.— No. 77, GG 


390 Gardening Tour in Germany, 


plants amongst them. The splendid Céreus senilis is propagated 
here in a very simple manner; viz. the old plant is cut in two, 
and the head planted, which produces a magnificent plant ; 
the parent stem afterwards puts out young shoots every year, 
which are cut off when they are about the size of a Jarge hazel 
nut; and, after they have lain for some weeks in a dry place, they 
are planted in sand, and kept in a damp state till the young 
roots appear ; when, by frequent watering, the plants will continue 
to grow well. It is necessary, however, to observe that this 
operation should take place in a warm dry house, by which 
means the object in view will be sure to be effected. 

I saw in this garden, for the first time, two most beautiful 
species of Zuphorbza in flower; viz. Huphorbza heterophylla 
Karw. (pulchérrima Willd. Her.), and Huphorbza falgens Karw., 
the sight of which was quite delightful; and, although I had 
received, while at Bayswater, in the month of May, 1835, living 
plants of both species, drawings of each, and dried specimens, 
from my brother at Vienna, and was therefore well aware of the 
extreme beauty of both plants, I cannot deny that I was quite 
enchanted with them, and should have left them behind with 
the greatest reluctance, had I not obtained several plants of 
both euphorbias to take with me to England. Phe German 
gardens are indebted to the Baron Von Karwinsky for these 
splendid euphorbias. He found them in Mexico during his 
scientific journey there, and brought living plants of them to 
Germany. He would have preferred bringing seeds of them ; 
but, from experience, he found that they lost the power of ger- 
mination in less than twenty-four hours; he therefore collected 
several plants, and the two above mentioned are all that arrived 
in Germany alive. ‘There is a figure of the Luphorbza pulchér- 
rima in Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, t. 3493., the beauty of 
which speaks for itself; but, as the Z. fulgens has not been yet 
figured in any English botanical periodical, I shall give a short 
description of it, and thus bring the young rivals to public view. 
Euphorbia failgens is an elegant and very ornamental plant of 
the following characteristics. It is a branched, upright, leafy, 
freely growing, and freely flowering shrub. All its green parts 
bear a glaucous bloom. Its shoots are slender, twig-like, round, 
glabrous, and curved outwards in their terminal portion; bearing 
the flowers along this portion in groups, in the axils of the leaves. 
The leaves have petioles nearly 1 in. long, and disks that are 
lanceolate, tapered to both ends, entire, about 3 in. long, and 
from half an inch to 1 in. across in the broadest part. The groups 
of flowers are upon short stalks, and consist of from two to four 
flowers (as they would be ordinarily called), each upon a stalk 
about 1 in. long; and each showy from its inyolucre, which is 
of a bright red colour, and which has a tube of less than half 


made in the Spring of 1836. 391 


an inch long, and a horizontally spread border of a diameter 
somewhat less than that of a sixpenny piece, and consisting of 
five obcordate lobes. One may imagine that a bush, abounding i in 
groups of these involucres displayed together, must be splendid, 

and well merit the application of the epithet falgens; which, 
however, the inventor of the name may rather hens intended to 
express a brilliance in the redness, than the general effect pro- 
duced by a display of flowers of this colour. This plant ap- 
pears disposed to produce plenty of seeds. 

The market-gardens in the neighbourhood of Coblentz are 
well worthy of notice. The Royal Garden at Engers, under 
the direction of the inspector, C. Weyhe, has the finest prospect 
that can well be imagined, and on that account is worth a visit. 
The fruit nursery, and that for ornamental trees and shrubs, are 
both in very good order. ‘There are iron-works about a mile 
and a half Sear Engers, which are well worth the trouble of 
going to see; and where are manufactured most tasteful garden 
seats, ‘abless and flower-stands, of cast iron, which are either 
painted white or green. ‘The extensive sale of these articles is 
a proof that they fully answer the purposes for which they are 
designed. 

die Betanic Garden at Bonn, belonging to the University, 
contains a very rich collection of planis, which are all in excellent 
order. ‘The collection of ferns is very remarkable, on account 
of its being so large, and of the luxuriant growth of the plants, 
which renders them extremely agreeable to the eye. M. Sin- 
ning, inspector of this garden, has a great predilection for this 
tribe of plants, and uses every opportunity to obtain new species, 
by which means the collection is always increasing. The few 
orchidaceous plants which are cultivated here are well worthy of 
notice on account of their luxuriance. 

The arboretum, which also forms part of the park, bears 
testimony to the ingenious assiduity of the landscape-gardener. 
I observed the following trees in it, which have stood the open 
air during many severe winters:— Magnolza grandiflora, 15 ft. 
high ; Kolreutérza paniculata, 15 ft. high : Sophora japénica, 20 ft. 
high ; Virgilia lutea, 10 ft. high ; Gymnécladus canadénsis, 14 ft. 
high; Cércis Siliquastr um, ane C. canadénsis, about 12 ft. high ; 
Cydonia japonica, 5 ft. high; Diospyros Lotus, 12 ft. high ; 
O'lea europeea, 6 ft. high (shr ubby) ; Phillyrea média, P. angus- 
tifolia, P. obliqua, ve latifolia, P; dacwolian from 8 ft. to 10 ft. 
high; Latrus Sassafras, 10 ft. high; LZ. Benzoin, 10 ft. high; ZL. 
nobilis, 8 ft. high (stands out via a slight covering) ; " Biets 
Carica, 10 ft. high; and Aristotélza Mécqui, 10 ft. high. All these 
trees have been "planted from 15 years to 20 years. 

The Castle of Clemensruhe should also be visited, in which 


there are a museum of natural history, and rooms for delivering 
Ga 2 


392 Gardening Tour in Germany, 


lectures. The most delightful views are seen of the whole neigli- 
bourhood from the Kreutz Mountain; and there is a chapel on 
this elevated spot, with beautiful marble steps, and a vault con- 
taining the undecayed bodies of several monks. It may be in- 
teresting to musicians to know that Beethoven was born here. 

The Botanic Garden at Cologne (the birthplace of Rubens), 
under the direction of M. Greis (who has also the management 
of the gardens and nursery that belong to the city), is well 
laid out, and contains all the plants that are necessary for the 
studies of the young botanist; and, although but a small sum 
is allowed for the expenses of the garden, yet, by the parti- 
cular attention of M. Greis, it is kept very clean, and in good 
order. 

The nursery which belongs to the city is worthy of great, I 
may say of the greatest, consideration; as from its commence- 
ment it has received the most powerful assistance from the ma- 
gistrates, to aid its directors in attaining the object in view: and 
it now possesses one of the richest collections of North American 
trees and shrubs in Germany; plants desirable, not only for 
their beauty in landscape scenery, but for their utility. I had 
the pleasure of conversing with M. Greis, and concluded from 
his conversation, that his whole attention has been long directed 
to the trying of all the newest and most beautiful sorts of North 
American trees and shrubs in the open air; and, from what I 
saw and heard, his object is fully attained. I found here a great 
many of the following trees and shrubs standing the open air, 
which in other parts of Germany they unnecessarily grow in 
pots: —20 sorts of magnolias, Bérberis aristata; Mahonza répens, 
M.’ Aquifolium, and M. fascicularis; Gordonza Lasianthus, and G. 
pubéscens; Zlex Aquifclium, and all its varieties: ZL. baledrica, 
I. myrtifolia, J. serrata, and J. opaca ; Aristotélia Macqui; Ulex 
europee a, U.e. fl. pl., and U. stricta; Acacia Julibrissin, Photinia 
serrulata, Cérasus Laurocérasus, Rosa Banksze; Ribes sancui- 
neum, and &. speciosum; <Adcuba japonica; Gaulthérza procim- 
bens, and G. Shdllon; 16 sorts of andromedas; Lyonza pani- 
culata, and L. salicifolia; Cléthra alnifolia, C. acuminata, C. 
Michaixz7, C. paniculata, C. scabra, and C. tomentosa; 27 
sorts of rhododendrons, and several sorts of azaleas; Lédum 
latifolium, Fontanesza phillyreoides ; Phillyrea angustifolia, lati- 
folia, and média; Zigistrum lucidum; Zatrus Benzoin, and 
Sassafras; Baxus balearica, Ficus Carica, Maclira aurantiaca; 
Pinus Doiglasz, and P. halepénsis; Cedrus Libani, and Yéicca 
filamentosa. 

The nursery is situated in the neighbourhood of Cologne, on 
a piece of ground containing about 45 acres, perfectly flat, and 
unprotected from the weather; the soil is such, that the young 
plants grow pretty well, and are not stunted in their appearance. 


made in the Spring of 1836. 393 


The ground is not enriched by animal manure, which makes the 
plants grow better when they are transplanted. 

All trees and shrubs which are required for forests or gardens 
may be had here at a moderate price; and this may be one 
reason that M. Greis is so much employed as a practical land- 
scape-gardener, and layer out of gardens, in the environs of 
Cologne. ‘The garden of M. Koch, who has an excellent col- 
lection of rhododendrons and azaleas, and also the rich collection 
of rare plants of M. Engels, are well worth mentioning. 

At last I came to the garden of the Prince of Salm-Dyck, 
which is situated on a gently undulating plain on the left bank 
of the Rhine, on the road which leads from Dusseldorf to Aix la 
Chapelle. This noble garden is well known as containing the best 
collection, and the most magnificent specimens, of succulent 
plants in Europe. To give an idea of the immense numbers of 
cultivated species at Dyck, I subjoin the following list. The 
whole collection of succulent plants amounts to about 1500; 
in which there are 296 mesembryanthemums, 115 cereuses, 76 
opuntias, 47 mammillarias, 28 echinocactuses, 10 meloeactuses, 
9 rhipsalises, 7 pereskias 196 aloes, 17 yuccas, 29 agaves, &c. 
Of this collection it may be sufficient to say, that it has only been 
brought to this state of perfection by great botanical knowledge, 
and indefatigable industry. As the greater number of the plants 
were given to His Highness by the botanists who named them, 
it may easily be supposed that they are correct, which is very 
seldom the case where there are collections of succulent plants: 
there is almost always a confusion, and sometimes the most ridi- 
culous mistakes, in the names. ‘This evil might in part be easily 
remedied ; and I am sure that every proprietor of such plants 
would willingly lend his aid, if the means were pointed out, by 
which so desirable an end could be effected. Assucha remedy, 
allow me to suggest the use of the Hortus Dyckensis, which 
testifies the great botanical knowledge of the author, and which 
will anticipate the wishes of all amateurs of succulent plants. 
It may be procured, in the German and French languages, of 
the foreign booksellers in Regent Street. 

The botanic garden and flower-garden are kept clean and in 
good order, and answer their purpose extremely well. The 
trees and shrubs are arranged in the natural order in the pleasure- 
grounds: they are planted in the situations best suited for them, 
and form a very picturesque whole; which was effected by the 
assiduity and skill of a scientific English landscape-gardener 
[our esteemed friend and correspondent Mr. Blaikie]. This 
garden was first laid out in the beginning of the present century : 
and, by the continual attention bestowed upon it, it is still a 
complete pattern of a garden. ‘The soil is loamy and exceed- 


ingly productive; and it is well suited for the growth of all the 
GG 3 


394 Gardening Tour in Germany. 


plants, except those that naturally require a chalky or sandy 
soil. M. Funke, the garden director here, an excellent bo- 
tanist and gardener (in whom the plants have a very excellent 
father), told me that many of the plants would stand the open 
air better if the soil were not so rich; yet no pains have been 
spared in other respects to inure some particular shrubs to the 
open air. ‘The collections of trees and shrubs, and of perennial 
plants, are also very remarkable. I was quite delighted with 
this place; and, when I left it, I only thought of the agreeable 
and instructive conversation of the prince, and the splendid 
collection of succulent plants, till I at last found myself again 
on the Rhine; when I sent back the carriage the prince was so 
kind as to send me in, and I then continued my journey to 
Dusseldorf. My first object in Dusseldorf was to call on M. 
Weyhe, who laid out the public gardens there; but, alas! my 
trouble was in vain, as I was informed he had lately set out on 
a journey. ‘The court pleasure-ground, which sustained a great 
injury during the war, is now reestablished ; and, as it is beauti- 
fully laid out, it forms a most delightful promenade for the 
inhabitants of Dusseldorf. The form of the paths and outlines 
of the groups are very agreeable to the eye, and display much 
taste, particularly where there are no flowers intermixed, as is 
so often the case in similar pleasure-grounds, and which only 
distorts nature. ‘The groups are in masses, and would look 
extremely well, if rows of trees did not intervene, which inter- 
rupt the beautiful views of nature. 

There are a great many avenues of trees in the town, and 
squares well laid out, which give an interest to the place. The 
most remarkable avenues are those of the Friedrickstrasse, and 
of the walk from the Bergerthor. 

There are no gardens of any consequence at Nimeguen. Bel- 
vedere is newly.laid out, and the view from it is wonderfully fine; 
extending from Arnheim and Densburg on the north, to Cleves 
and Geldres on the south, and towards the east over half the 
forests of Gelderland to those of Westphalia; so that the spec- 
tator has a prospect of four rivers, the Maes, the Waal, the 
Rhine, and the Yssel. 

As my time only allowed me to spend one day at Rotterdam, 
I unfortunately could not obtain any information respecting the 
gardens there. However, I went to see the botanic garden, 
which is in good order, and the flower-market which displayed 
the most superb flowers; viz. several species and varieties of 
rhododendrons, azaleas, tulips in pots, pinks, Rosa damas- 
céna, &c., which might be expected in such a place. The 
town itself is exceedingly interesting; and the industry of the 
Dutchman is truly wonderful. Numerous canals intersect the 
whole city, the banks of which are generally planted with rows 


Plants ripening their Fruit under Ground. 395 


of limes, with a few oaks and elms, in the shade of which are 
formed the most delightful walks. Some of the houses in the 
new streets, and, indeed, all the houses in the old streets, seem 
as if they were falling down, as the walls are built in such a 
way, that the top projects 1 ft., and sometimes 14 ft., over the path 
at the base. ‘This city is remarkable for its cleanliness; even 
the outsides of the houses being generally washed twice a week 
from top to bottom. 

Any English gardener may accomplish this journey in sixteen 
days, for the expense of 20/.; and he need not be at a loss for 
speaking either German or French, as I spoke English all the 
way, except once at Dusseldorf, where I was obliged to speak 
German to the waiter in the hotel; and I would strongly recom- 
mend the English gardener to visit the German gardens, as but 
little is known of them in England. 

Bayswater, June 20. 1836. 


Art. II. Observations and Experiments on the Property possessed by 
some Plants, particularly the A’rachis hypoge‘a, of ripening their 
Fruit under Ground. By Dr. Aucustus TRINcHINETTI of Pavia. 


THERE are some plants that have the singular property of 
ripening their fruit under ground, which are distinguished by 
botanists by the name of Hypocarpogéee. Why nature has 
provided them with this property is not known ; but it has been 
supposed to be similar in its uses to that possessed by some other 
plants, which, though they ripen their seeds in the open air, 
are guided by nature to deposit them only in the places most 
suitable to their germination and developement; by which means 
species are propagated that it would be difficult in any other 
manner to preserve. Even the Linaria Cymbalaria would soon 
become rare, did it not throw out its branches, and open its cap- 
sules over those fissures of the walls on which it grows, which are 
suitable for the protection of the young plant; whereas, if its 
seed fell on the ground, it would be placed in circumstances so 
unfavourable to its germination, that it would probably perish. 
Without some such provision, how could steep rocks be so fre- 
quently covered with cyclamens, &c. ? 

There are plants, however, growing in situations where no 
particular provision of nature is required to prevent them from 
perishing, which yet form their fruit under ground; or, at least, 
bury it in the earth to bring it to maturity: though in what 
way this is effected, and how the earth operates upon the fruit, 
as far as I know, has never been explained. 

To solve this difficulty, or, at least, to throw some light on the 
subject, I determined to cultivate the A’rachis hypogeea, a plant 

GG 4 


396 Observations and Experiments on some Plants 


which, perhaps, possesses the quality in question in a greater 
degree than any other. I had thus an opportunity of making 
observations and trying experiments, the result of which I shall 
proceed to state, first giving a short description of the general 
habits of the arachis, which will facilitate the comprehension of 
the subject. 

The A’rachis hypogea, or earth nut (fig. 62.), is one of the 
Leguminaceze. It was brought to 
England in 1712, and it is here con- 
sidered a stove plant. It is generally 
cultivated in the warmer parts of 
North and South America, but is 
supposed to be originally from Airica. 
In South Carolina, the seeds are used 
as chocolate; in the eastern countries, 
as almonds; and in Cochin-China 
they furnish an oil used for lamps, and as a substitute for the oil 
of olives. About Paris, it is raised on hot-beds, and trans- 
planted into the open garden, where it ripens its seeds, which are 
used as other legumes. It has also been brought to maturity in 
a stove in England, and proved very prolific. (See Hort. Trans., 
vol. v. p. 372.) 

The greater number of the flowers of the arachis originate 
in that portion of the stem which is nearest to the surface of the 
soil; some, however, are to be found a little higher up, in the 
axils of the leaves. The calyx of these flowers forms a tube at 
the lower end, which resembles a peduncle. The style is enclosed 
in it, and it terminates in a little ovary, at first sessile, and placed 
at the base of the tube. After being fecundated, the flower 
withers and falis off, and a small tubercle is found adhering to 
the stem, which, by degrees, assumes a longer shape, like that of 
a little horn, and, turning downwards, penetrates into the soil, 
or sinks deeper, if it has already entered it. This little horn 
(which is nothing more than the fecundated seed attached to a 
peduncle) increases in the earth, becoming larger towards its 
point, till, by degrees, it assumes the appearance of the legume, 
or seed-pod, of the arachis. 

From knowing that, in general, the parts of plants which are 
under the soil are either roots themselves, or are furnished with 
fibrils, and that they can only derive nourishment from the soil 
by their spongioles, the idea struck me, that the fruit of the ara- 
chis might have an analogy with roots, or might exercise a simi- 
lar function in some degree: and I very soon, by observing the 
plant attentively, discovered, even with the naked eye, a small 
tubercle on the extreme point of each legume, which, on ex- 
amining it with a glass, and afterwards with a microscope, I 
found to be analogous with, though it was much more distinct 


“which ripen their Fruit under Ground. 397 


than, the spongiole of a root. ‘This is more apparent when the 
pod has penetrated the ground, and begins to develope itself, 
decreasing in thickness as the seed which it contains approaches 
maturity. From the point where the tubercle, or spongiole, 
appears, there are salient lines, which mark the legume longitu- 
dinally ; and which appear to be formed of small bundles of 
vessels, or of elongated cellules. 

These observations apply, not only to the arachis, to which 
new and suitable organs of absorption are necessary for its re- 
production, but to the bulb of the saffron, which essentially 
differs but little from seed, and which is known to throw out 
large fusiform roots from its base; a circumstance that I con- 
sider to afford additional support to my opinion. 

Subsequent experiments have confirmed the opinion which 
the above observations first led me to entertain. By means of 
a stone placed under the legume, it was prevented from pene- 
trating into the ground, when it was found to become elongated, 
and to try to change its direction; but, finally, not being able to 
reach the earth it withered and dried up. ‘This convinced me 
that the legumes of the arachis can never be ripened in the 
open air. 

I put another pod of this plant into a small empty phial, and 
set it in a place where it could not receive the direct rays of the 
sun. It is easy to comprehend that, while it was in this situ- 
ation, the atmosphere within the phial was always moist; as, 
during the warm days and cool nights of autumn, the moisture 
combined with the air in the day becomes condensed in the 
night ; and, in fact, the interior of the phial was found every 
morning covered with drops of water. ‘The legume was, therefore, 
all night, and a great part of the morning, not only in an ex- 
ceedingly moist atmosphere, but also completely battered by 
these watery drops. This kept it growing: it elongated itself, 
without appearing injured in doing so; and when, in the course’ 
of about a fortnight, I took it out of the phial, I found that it 
was still in a fit state for penetrating into the ground. A third 
pod, when immersed in water, became covered with a whitish 
film; but it lived, and elongated itself, becoming somewhat 
thicker towards the point. I took it out of the water at the end 
of three weeks, and found that it had still power to search for 
the earth. The last two experiments prove that, although water 
is not sufficient for the full developement of the fruit, it is favour- 
able to the preservation of its vitality ; and that, though moisture 
is a condition necessary to the production of the tubercles, or 
roots, it is not sufficient in itself to produce them so as to enable 
them to exercise their functions, when all other circumstances 
are unfavourable. 

I put another legume into a phial, in which there were a few 


398 Plants ripening their Fruit under Ground. 


drops of water, and buried it in the ground, so that the light 
could not reach it. In this situation, it soon became very long, 
and covered with fine hairs towards its extremity, where a swell- 
ing gradually took the form of a small legume. In a few days, 
the hairy covering disappeared, and the miniature ovary slowly 
increased in size. I took the legume out of the bottle about the 
time when it would have become ripe if it had been in the 
ground, and found it very small, with the point much elongated, 
and furnished with spongioles, but with only one seed, which was 
very small and watery. In this experiment, the legume was 
placed in circumstances much more favourable for the develope- 
ment of the functions of its roots, than it was in the preceding 
ones ; because, in this case, the legume was kept in an atmo- 
sphere constantly impregnated with moisture, and, what was 
particularly suitable to it, in perfect darkness. But why did it 
become covered with hair? Itis well known that hair, in some 
cases, acts as an organ of absorption; and it is probable that, in 
this instance, it exercised the same functions as, and partly sup- 
plied the place of, the spongiole, which, though formed, was, 
from the unfavourable situation in which it was placed, incapable 
of performing its proper office effectively : and, indeed, the hairs 
disappeared as soon as the extreme point of the legume became 
sufficiently elongated to touch the bottom of the bottle, where, 
as I before stated, there were some drops of water, in which the 
spongiole could, though only in an imperfect degree, exercise 
its proper functions. 

Finally, I cut off the extreme points of three legumes, and 
afterwards their spongioles, which were scarcely formed; and, 
after having done this without injuring any other part of the 
pods, I put them in the ground again, and let them remain about 
a fortnight. I then examined them, and found that two of them 
were dried up, and had become soft, and almost decayed. ‘This 
would have proved that the spongiole was essential for the de- 
velopement of the fruit, had not the third legume, which was 
treated exactly like the others, vegetated, and increased in size ! 
What was the cause of this? On observing it closely, I dis- 
covered that it had still a spongiole, although the two others 
had not the least appearance of any; and this explained the phe- 
nomenon: as it appeared clearly, that either I had not entirely 
removed the spongiole, as I intended, or that the plant pos- 
sessed the power of reproducing it. 

From all these experiments, I think we may conclude that 
the fruit of the A’rachis hypogze’a is placed by nature under 
ground, in order to absorb from the earth something that is 
necessary for its developement (which may be only water), and 
that darkness is a necessary condition. Also, that probably all 
plants belonging to the Hypocarpogée are furnished with similar 


Scottish Arboricultural Notices. 399 


organs for similar purposes; which I consider a reasonable in- 
ference, till it has been either confirmed or disproved by future 
observations and experiments. 


Art. III. Scottish Arboricultural Notices. By Mr. Gorrie. 


I wave to thank you for your ready insertion of “ Scottish 
Arboricultural Notices,” from Mr. Bishop, Mr. Densard, and 
myself, which appeared in Vol. XI. p.175. Since then I have 
received several communications on the same subject, from dif- 
ferent quarters, and have made some farther observations myself, 
the substance of which I now transmit. 

Having been lately at Lawers, the seat of Lord Balgray, about 
six miles to the west of Crieff, I was agreeably surprised to find 
so many fine specimens of old and young forest trees, of which, 
as far as I know, little public notice has hitherto been taken. 
The soil appears, generally, to be what is termed a light sharp 
loam, chiefly on a rocky or a gravelly subsoil. The house ap- 
pears to have been built some two hundred years since, and has 
of late received some additions. It stands on a gently sloping 
bank, with a double avenue of very lofty trees of various sorts, 
extending from each end of the house about a mile southward, 
towards the river Karn. ‘The background rises rapidly, and 
irregularly, to a considerable height, and is covered with a dense 
mass of thriving forest trees of different ages, amongst the most 
interesting of which, as appeared to me, is the red, smooth-barked, 
and horizontal-branching variety of Scotch pine, a variety de- 
scribed by the late Mr. George Don of Forfar, in the Caledonian 
Horticultural Memoirs, as attaining to greater age and size than 
the variety with chopped rough bark usually cultivated. Many 
of these elegant and ornamental-looking trees, on the face of the 
hill to the north of the house, measure from 3 ft. to 4 ft. in dia- 
meter, with stems as straight as arrows, reaching about 60 ft. 
before forming a broad bonnet-like top. A row of the same sort 
of Scotch pine had been planted on the outsides of the avenues 
to the south of the house: many of these have been cut down; 
but a number still remain, on the ample tops of which the heron 
securely builds her nest. From the want of shelter in belts or 
avenues, the Scotch pine here does not show the same length of 
bole, the branches generally spreading out at from 12 ft. to 18 ft. 
from the-ground. I girted three of these trees, and found them 
14 ft., 13 ft. 8in., and 12 ft. in circumference. ‘The tops are 
lofty, and beautifully picturesque ; but have been prevented from 
acquiring their natural form by the proximity of other trees: one, 
under these unfavourable circumstances, covers a diameter of 
57 ft. with its branches. On cutting up this variety of pine, it is 


4.00 Scottish Arboricultural Notices. 


found to contain healthy and sound red wood to very near the 
outside. I saw a plank in the wheelwright’s shop measuring 
about 5ft. in breadth. (Here I speak from recollection, my 
notes having been obliterated: but I may afterwards send an ac- 
count of its annual growth, and exact diameter, when the plank is 
cleaned, and formed into a table, for which it is intended.) I mea- 
sured the girt of several old trees on the lawn. A maple mea- 
sured 14 ft. 7 in. in circumference ; and its branches covered a 
circle, the diameter of which was 87 ft.; height about 60 ft. A 
lime tree measured 17 ft. 3 in. in circumference at 6 ft. from the 
ground ; the diameter of the space covered by its branches being 
78 ft. An ash measured 18 ft., and another maple 22 ft., in cir- 
cumference, at 1 ft. from the ground. An English elm measured 
10 ft. 5in. in circumference; and its branches covered a circle of 
63 ft. A sweet chestnut measured 13 ft. round, and its height 
71 ft. An old and singularly picturesque holly, with curved and 
pendulous branches, something similar to those of the Kincairney 
ash, jutting out from the foot of a rock, measured 7 ft. 1 in. in 
diameter near the ground, with a stem 12 ft. high before setting 
off its fantastic branches: this is evidently a curious seedling 
variety, with plain leaves, and deserves cultivation by grafting. A 
fine hemlock spruce stands near the house: its stem girts 6 ft. 
7 in.; and its branches cover a diameter of 35 ft. A spindle tree 
(Zuoénymus europze us) measures 3 ft. 10in. round the stem ; 
and its branches extend 10 ft. each way from the centre. A 
locust tree has the appearance of extreme old age, and girts 5 ft. 
7in. An old tulip tree, which had for a considerable period 
ceased to produce any young wood above | in. long in a season, 
was some years since severely shattered by a storm, which com- 
municated youthful vigour to the tree. The year following its 
mutilation, it pushed out strong healthy shoots, and occasionally 
it has since shown blossoms, from unfolding which it had ceased 
long before. 

There are some large spreading yews ona bank in front of the 
house, one of which, being lately cut down, indicated by its an- 
nular rings an age of nearly two centuries. A very large hedge 
of yew, and another of holly, resembling in size and shape large 
and lengthened Scotch hay-stacks, give an air of antiquity to the 
place. It may not be altogether unsuitable, here, to mention a 
fact communicated by the lady, which tends to strengthen Knight’s 
theory respecting the existence of plants propagated by cuttings, 
layers, or grafts, not extending beyond the natural life of the 
parent. At this place there formerly stood five fine plants of the 
Platanus orientalis, which, like all others of that species in this 
quarter, died about twenty years since: but the lady informed 
me that, previously to their showing any symptoms of decay, a 
Mr. Stephens, drainer and landscape-gardener, who was em- 


Scottish Arboricultural Notices. 401 


ployed there professionally about the same period, mentioned in 
conversation, that “if Mr. Andrew Knight’s theory were true, 
those five fine plants of platanus would die off in a few years; and, 
if that took place, he begged Lord Balgray would have the wood 
cut up, and made into furniture, as no species of timber excelled 
it in beauty.” A short time elapsed, when these five trees, like 
their contemporaries in Scotland, showed symptoms of ap- 
proaching death; when they were cut down, and made into 
bed-room furniture; the wood being of a cream-coloured 
ground, thickly marked with linear, dark brown-coloured, lon- 
gitudinal spots, apparently more artificial than natural. ‘The 
wood takes a fine polish, which heightens the effect. His 
Lordship reflecting on the prophetic announcement of their ter- 
mination, concluded that some other trees in the country might, 
at the same period, have finished their vegetable existence; and, 
on enquiry, found that two had been sold at a roup of wood on a 
neighbouring estate. His Lordship’s carpenter was sent to pro- 
cure them, and bought them of the original purchaser at one 
shilling per solid foot; and of these two, a beautiful wardrobe 
was made, the wood, in its markings and capability of receiving 
polish, being every way similar to that grown at Lawers. I have 
since seen a library fitted up of the same sort of beautifully 
marked wood, from a platanus tree that died at Migginear Castle, 
in 1817; Admiral Drummond having accidentally discovered its 
adaptation for ornamental cabinet-work. After this digression, I 
must return to the forest. 

Besides the many fine specimens of old trees at Lawers, there 
are a number of plants, from 6 ft. to 10 ft. high, of the Pinus 
Laricio, or the Corsican pine, growing vigorously; some plants of 
the sugar maple; and, on the north side of a hill, are some thou- 
sand plants of the Larix péndula, or Fumara, at wide distances, 
overtopping their nurses, and showing rapid growth. Near this 
place is planted a considerable breadth of Scotch pine, from the 
seeds of the fine old trees near the house, which will serve to 
perpetuate that valuable variety. 

Having spent two days at Lawers, I left it, deeply impressed 
with a sense of the grandeur of its wooded scenery, and the kind 
and unaffected hospitality of its worthy landlord and his amiable 
lady. Having applied to Mr. Shillinglaw, gardener to the Earl 
of Kinnoul, for a list of some trees at Dupplin, four miles west 
from Perth, the following measurements were sent me by him, and 
Mr. Bell, land-steward at that place: — A Scotch pine, in front of 
the castle, 59 ft. 6 in. high, 10 ft. 2in. round; a silver fir, north 
from the above, 92 ft. 5in. high, girt 15 ft.; a beech tree, in the 
lawn, girt 13 ft. 10in.; a Norway spruce tree, in the den, 107 ft. 
high, girt 8 ft. 10 in.; a silver fir tree, in the den, 117 ft. high, 
girt 7 ft. 9 in. ; a sweet chestnut, girting 15 ft. 9 in. ; a larch 


402 Scottish Arboricultural Notices. 


tree, west from the garden, 72 ft. high, girt 9 ft. 1 in.: all girts 
3 ft. up. At Murie, in the parish of Errol, Carse of Gowrie, 
Mr. Kinment, gardener there, informs me that there are some 
cedars of Lebanon, which were planted, about ten or eleven 
years since, in a shrubbery, where the ground was kept dry and 
clear of weeds, and the soil is a black rich loam on a retentive 
subsoil. ‘The average circumference of these trees, at 3 ft. from the 
ground, is 18 in., height 163 ft., and their branches cover a circle 
of 14 ft. diameter. Evergreen oaks are 12 in. in circumference, 
3 ft. up, 17 ft. high, and their branches cover a circle of 9 ft. in 
diameter. From this a comparison may be instituted between 
plants of the same kind and age, in the neighbourhood of London 
and the Carse of Gowrie, and the result will show the effect of 
climate at 514° and 562° of north latitude. All the measurements 
of girts or diameters, given in this communication, have been 
taken at 1 ft. from the ground. — Annat Gardens, June 16. 1835. 


Art. IV. Scottish Arboricultural Notices. Argyllshire. By Mr. 
ALEXANDER ANDERSON, Gardener at Baltimore House. 


Havine received one of your Return Papers from my esteemed 
friend Mr. Gorrie, with a request that I would furnish you with 
an account of anything I was acquainted with, worthy of being 
inserted in the Arboretum Britannicum, I with pleasure comply 
with his request. 

At Lochnell House, the seat of General Campbell, whom I 
served six years, there are a great number of large and beautiful 
silver firs from 6 ft. to 12 ft. in girt, and, I should suppose, 
speaking from memory, from 60 ft. to 90ft. high. There are 
also many fine larch and spruce firs, which, though inferior to 
the silver firs in size, all possess a fine conical shape. Ever- 
greens thrive here, also, remarkably well, and many of them 
are of great size and beauty; but the dimensions I cannot state. 
The soil where many of the finest silver firs stand is a thin 
hazel-coloured loam, upon a retentive clayey subsoil. ‘Their age, 
I believe, is about 70 or 80 years. ‘There was a hydrangea in the 
garden, when I was there, of a good size, from which, a few years 
after my leaving the place, the gardener informed me he cut 
from 600 to 700 flowers at one time, which were exhibited to 
some English visitors in bundles of 100 each. ‘There is also a 
row of beeches, with an elm or two among them, the roots of 
which are washed by the tide; but they are of good size, and 
quite healthy. Many of the deep winding glens on this estate 
are admirably adapted for the cultivation of trees; and planting, 
within the last 20 years, has been gaining ground generally. I 
planted, in 1826, on a small property in Morven, on the Sound 


Scottish Arboricultural Notices. 403 


of Mull, 100,000 trees, but have not seen them since. ‘There 
is a great extent of fine oak coppice-wood in many parts of the 
county, the cultivation of which is well understood and attended 
to; the bark forming an important article of export. Twenty 
years is the average period to which coppice trees are allowed 
to grow. : 

Barcaldine. What I have stated respecting Lochnell House 
will apply generally to Barcaldine, the seat of Sir Duncan 
Campbell, which is situated in the neighbourhood. Sir Duncan 
has embellished his place greatly, and, within these few years, has 
built an extensive brick-walled garden, with a considerable 
range of hot-houses. Both places are situated in the district of 
Benderloch, lying between Loch Eteve and Loch Ceveran. 

At Appin House, the seat of R. Downie, Esq., in the district 
of Appin, and eight or nine miles distant from the two former 
places, there is a good quantity of very old timber ; but, as it is 
a long time since I have seen it, I cannot give particulars. 

At Airds, the seat of Sir John Campbell of Ardnamurchan, 
there is also a considerable quantity of fine timber, with well- 
managed coppice-woods; but, so far as I recollect, individual 
trees would not be found to compare with the firs at Lochnell, 
or Barcaldine. 

Toward Castle, the seat of Kirkman Finlay, Esq., is situated 
on the south-west point of Argyllshire, on the Firth of Clyde; 
and, though much exposed to south-west gales, it has extensive 
and thriving plantations, with an almost endless number and 
variety of fine evergreens; but, from the short time they have 
been planted (not more than 15 to 20 years), of course no 
individual among them deserves particular notice. ‘This gentle- 
man deserves to be particularised for the extent of his improve~ 
ments of various kinds, and for the spirit and judgment with 
which he has carried them forward ; having planted several mil- 
lions of trees, drained his farm lands, and built farm offices upon 
them on terms favourable to his tenants. 

Ardrossan. My present employer, Mungo Nutter Campbell, 
Esq., purchased this property in autumn, 1830, at which time I 
entered his service; and since then he has greatly improved it, 
having built an elegant house, with commodious offices, and 
planted from 300,000 to 400,000 trees, which are, in general, 
succeeding well. ‘There is a moderate quantity of good old 
timber upon the property; but many of the finest trees had 
been cut down, during 15 or 20 years previous to his purchasing 
it. ‘There are a good many fine lofty beeches, from 6 ft. to 8 ft. 
and 9 ft. in girt; also an Acer O'pulus (so named by Dr. 
Hooker), about 4 ft. in girt, and 50 ft. high. I shall now give 
the dimensions of some trees and shrubs which I have measured 
on purpose for this communication. A sweet bay is 18 ft. high, 


40 4: Scottish Arboricultural Notices. 


and the head, which is circular, is 22ft.in diameter; a Portugal 
laurel, 17 ft. high, diameter 25 ft., height of the trunk to the 
branches 4 ft., girt 4 ft. 8in., and form of the head nearly 
circular, flowering beautifully every year; a tulip tree has a 
clean trunk of 8 ft. in height to the branches, girt of the trunk 
4 ft., diameter of the head 30 ft. There is a much more lofty 
tulip tree at Lochnell House, but it is in a sheltered situation ; 
whilst all those above mentioned enjoy scarcely any shelter. 
There are also a number of common hollies, with clean trunks, 
from 8 ft. to 10 ft. high, and from 3 ft. to 4 ft. in girt. The 
entire heights of the trees from 25 ft. to 30 ft. 

Argyllshire Proper has a vast extent of sea coast, which is 
reckoned unfavourable for the growth of timber; yet in many 
parts of the district good trees may be met with. 

At Minard, J. Campbell, Esq., of Milberry, are some splendid 
evergreens; one of the most remarkable of which is a common 
laurel, the trunk of which measures 6 ft. 9 in, in circumference - 
at 14 ft. from the ground, and 8 ft. at 23 ft., the point whence 
the branches spread out. The largest branch is 4 ft. 4 in. in 
girt, the next 3ft. 6in., the third 3 ft. lin., and the fourth 
2 ft. 11 in. From these four large branches proceed innumerable 
smaller ones, which form a head 56 ft. in diameter; the total 
height of the tree being 31 ft., and the branches touching the 
ground all round, except where supported by props. Another 
laurel, with a clubby root, branches out just above the surface 
of the ground: the principal branch is 4 ft. 2in. in girt, and 
the second branch 3 ft. 11 in.; but the head is much smaller than 
that of the one before mentioned. Both plants are in a vigorous 
and growing state, without showing the least symptom of decay, 
though their age is said to exceed 130 years. A yew is 349 ft. 
high, with a trunk 6 ft. 8in. in girt, and which rises to the 
height of 6 ft. before it spreads into branches. The head is 
59 ft. in diameter, and cone-shaped, the branches bending almost 
to the ground. Altogether, this is a most beautiful tree. In 
the garden there are a Rhododéndron ponticum, 8 ft. high, and 
20 ft. in diameter, and an arbor vite 20 ft. high, with three large 
limbs, the principal one of which measures 2 ft. 10 in. in girt. 
An arbutus, which is 10 ft. high, with a trunk 25 in. in girt, 
and a head 10 ft. 6 in. in diameter, is at this time (Aug. 4. 1835) 
covered with an abundant crop of half-grown berries. A gum 
cistus, 7 ft. 9in. high, with a head 11 ft. 9 in. in diameter, is 
covered annually with flowers, and has a magnificent appear- 
ance. ‘This place, as will be seen by the above account, possesses 
great capabilities for the growth of trees and shrubs. ‘Those 
noted are finely sheltered ; and there is a considerable extent of 
thriving fast-growing plantations. Minard is situated on the 
west side of Loch Fyne, about 10 miles below Inverary. 


Thinning, Pruning, and Girdling Trees. 405 


- On the opposite side of the loch, in the district of Cowal, on 
the property of Robert Maclachan, Esq., of Maclachan, is a 
solitary ash, which rears its lofty head far above the neighbour- 
ing trees; its trunk 50 ft. high, without a single branch or 
knot; and 12 ft. in girt above the swelling at the root. The 
head is of a flat hemispherical shape; but some of the branches 
show symptoms of decay. ‘The proprietor states that, so far as 
he can ascertain its age, it must have been planted about a 
hundred years ago. 

The foregoing are all the trees and shrubs worthy of noting 
which I have had the opportunity of lately seeing; but I think 
they will serve to give you an idea of the average power of the 
soil and climate of this country for producing ligneous plants. 
Tender shrubs and evergreens thrive uncommonly well on the 
coast, even where they are much exposed to the sea air, provided 
that they are not within the reach of salt spray; they being 
never injured by the weather of our winters, which consists 
chiefly of hoar-frosts (I speak of the coast), dashing rains, and 
sleet. 

Baltimore House, August 4. 1835. 


Art. V- On Thinning, Pruning, and Girdling Trees. 
By WitL1AmM WArp, Esq. 


Havine planted, within the last twenty years, upwards of a 
hundred acres of trees (chiefly in Wales) ; and, if I do not flatter 
myself too much, with rather unusual success, in consequence of 
having followed the system described in the enclosed paper, 
I am induced to offer it to your consideration, leaving you to 
make what use of it you please. 

I trust, however, that you will at least notice the plan of gir- 
dling trees, of which I consider myself the foster-father; and, if 
I am not too partial, I look forward with great confidence to the 
probability that, in a few years, larch, by proper management, 
will beat all the other pine and fir timber totally out of the field 
in point of utility. 

Thinning Trees. — Upon the subject of thinning trees, some 
analogy may, perhaps, be drawn from the culture of turnips, in 
which no farmer of the least experience ever expects to obtain 
these roots of the full size that they are capable of attaining, 
without thinning them out to sufficient distances ; and it can 
hardly be doubted, that the advantage of so doing proceeds from 
thereby affording the plants ample room to extend both their 
roots and leaves. Surely, the same effect will result from the 
proper and cautious thinning of trees: but there is this difference 
between the two cases, that, with regard to turnips, the result 

Vou. XII. — No. 77. HH 


406. Thinning, Pruning, and Girdling Trees. 


may, generally, be observed in so short a space of time as to leave 
no possible doubt upon the subject; whilst, on the other hand, 
the growth of all trees is comparatively so slow, as to require 
much longer time, and a series of close observations of the effect 
of experiments, before any satisfactory deductions can be ob- 
tained. By such experiments it may, probably, be made to ap- 
pear, that, to a certain extent, the removal of any tree will have 
the effect of ultimately adding to the bulk of its neighbour, to 
much more than the amount of the solid contents of that which 
has been taken away; though, without such process, neither of 
them would have attained to one quarter of the bulk of the tree 
which was left. 

Pruning Trees. — Experiments may be still more available 
for showing the effects of pruning, or (if there are any who, in 
defiance of Mr. Pontey, are bold enough to pursue the plan) of 
not pruning at all. Sir Henry Steuart, in a note to his Planter’s 
Guide, says that Pontey’s Forest Pruner has done more injury, 
as wel] as more good, to the woods of Great Britain, than any 
work that has appeared within a century. ‘The evidences of the 
injury which it has done are but too visible, without anything 
like close examination, in numerous instances; but, whether 
it has ever done any substantial good may, perhaps, be ques- 
tionable, when the subject is investigated without prejudice, and 
with some consideration of those discoveries respecting the pro- 
cesses of vegetation of which Pontey was manifestly ignorant when 
he wrote. “All his notions are resolvable into the idea, that the 
feeding sap of trees proceeds only in an upward direction ; 
whereas the observations of Mr. Knight and others clearly show 
that the upward progress of the sap contributes but little, com- 
paratively speaking, to the growth of the tree; and that it is 
chiefly by the downward passage of the juices, after they have 
been altered in their nature in the leaves, that the increase of 
growth is effected. 

From these considerations, and also from the visible structure 
of trunks and branches when they are longitudinally divided, it 
is apparent, that every trunk and branch is fed as much by the 
branches that pass into it, as by the roots, if not more; and, if 
any trees (not having been pruned) are subjected to the experi- 
ment of measuring the girt of the trunk, and also of the prin- 
cipal branches, it will be generally found, that the joint contents 
of the sections of those branches, taken according to the usual 
method of measuring timber by what is called quarter girt 
(that is, by dividing the circumference into 4, and multiply- 
ing the produce, or , into itself), will approach very nearly to 
that of the trunk. Thus, suppose tree having two branches only 
proceeding from the main stem, and the circumference of @ in 

Jig. 63. to be 8in.; this being squared, as the common phrase is 


Thinning, Pruning, and Girdling Trees. 407 


(that is, the square root being taken), gives — 1762 

2 in.; which, being multiplied into itself, pro- NS A] 
duces 4 in. Then the circumference of bhas =? , Var 
been found, in such a case, to be about 6 in., i 
the fourth of which is 1°5 x 1°5=2°25= the 
contents of b. The circumference of ¢ has 
been found, in such a case, to be about 5 in., | 

the fourth of which is 1:25 x 1:25=1°5625 

the contents of c. Now, the circumference of the stem being 
8in., one fourth of which is 2 in., which, multiplied into itself, 
is 4in.; 2°25, the contents of 5, and 1°5625, the contents of c, 
added together, give 3°8125, which nearly equals the contents of 
a; the difference being only °1875. 

The same correspondence may be observed if we measure any 
of the upper branches of a tree, and also the smaller branches 
which immediately pass into them; and such correspondence 
does not merely hold good where there are only two proceeding 
branches, but also where there are three or four, or any greater 
number. 

Hence, there is surely some probable ground for inferring 
that, if the tree in question had been, at any time, divested of 
either of the branches 0 or c, the stem would never afterwards 
have increased more than in proportion to the increase of the 
remaining branch ; and that, instead of having the full thickness 
of the figure below, it would only preserve that which is shown 
by the shaded part of the sketch fg. 64. ; in which dis the branch 
supposed to be pruned off, and e the loss that 
would have accrued to the trunk from so 64 
doing. Of course, the same principle, if it 
be well founded, may be applied in a propor- 
tionable degree to the lopping off all branches, 
whether great or small. One thing seems to 
be quite clear; viz. that pruning, if ever 
attended with any advantage, requires so 
much caution and attention, that it cannot 
be executed without considerable expense, and yet it can pro- 
duce little or no immediate return. ‘Then, if it be not mate- 
rially beneficial, the expense prevents it from being profitable; and, 
if it be injurious, the expense and the injury united must lessen 
the ultimate value of the trees in an enormous degree. On the 
other hand, the process of thinning generally produces some 
return to stand against the expense; frequently equals it; and 
sometimes very much exceeds it. With regard to the supposed 
advantages of pruning, in regulating the straightness and ex- 
tent of the boles of trees, the same benefit may be obtained by a 
due selection of the most promising stems; and by cutting out, 


in the process of thinning, all those which are of a contrary de- 
HH 2 


a 


408 Thinning, Pruning, and Girdling Trees. 


scription: though, in many cases, even this object may be dis- 
regarded, for the straightest timber is not always the most 
valuable. 

Girdling Trees. — Mr. Monteath, in his Forester’s Guide, 
strongly recommends the disbarking of trees in the spring, before 
they are to be felled; and the effect in hardening the timber is cer- 
tainly very great; but, in a hot summer, the exposed alburnum 
is apt to split more or less. A better mode has been found to be 
that of merely cutting out clean, a rim, about 4 in. in width, of 
the bark, close to the ground ; which, in larches, seems to cause 
the turpentine to be wholly incorporated in the wood, instead of 
passing down to the roots ; and, in fact, it so totally alters the 
condition of the trees, that the workmen complain of their being 
much more difficult to saw. 

Another result appears also very interesting. On February 9. 
1831, a section was cut from a larch that had been girdled, as 
above mentioned, in the spring of 1830, and which then weighed 
6540 gr. On March 21. it weighed 4990 gr., having lost 1550 gr. 
A similar section, cut at the same time, from an ungirdled larch, 
weighed, on February 9., 5610 gr. ; and, if it had lost by evapora- 
tion only in the same proportion as the other, should have shown, 
when weighed on March 21., a loss not greater than 1330 gr.; 
instead of which, it then weighed only 3330 gr.; thus showing a 
loss of 2280 gr., nearly double the proportion of the former. 

The effect of this process in establishing the straightness of 
the wood is, moreover, very beneficial. A ladder made from 
a larch so treated will be useful; whilst one not so seasoned will 
twist so as to be quite worthless. 

Chester, December 4. 1835. 


P.S. — July 3. 1836. This spring I have, for the first time, 
adopted a simple contrivance, by which the girdling is effected 
readily, and with precision, of which the sketch jig. 65. will 
give you some idea. A 
In this figure, @ is a 
piece of wood, 2 ft. 
long, 4 in. wide, and 
2 in. thick, having two 
saws screwed one on 
the top and the other 
-at the bottom, so as 
to be perfectly paral- 
lel at the distance of 
6in. from each other, and projecting about three quarters of 
an inch; b shows the uppermost saw; ¢ is another piece of 
wood, of the same dimensions, having four small rollers project- 
ing opposite to the saws; d d show the uppermost two of these 


e gn teiaceiil 


Uses of the U’lmus montana. 4.09 


rollers; ¢ is a slip of tempered steel fixed to a at one end, and 
set to c at any requisite point by a screw nut (f) passing through 
different holes made in e at about 1 in. distance; g is a leather 
strap fixed at one end to c, and fastened to a by a button (A), by 
suitable holes. 

The bark, after being girdled by the saws, may be taken off 
with any chisel, about 3 in. or 4 in. broad in the mouth. 

Allow me to add, that, even with the common pine (Pinus 
sylvéstris), I find the process of girdling extremely beneficial. 
About ten years since, I had a pine tree which had been so 
treated sawn into boards, and made into a large door, which, 
though in a very exposed place, has stood as well as any foreign 
deal. 

I conceive that, by girdling the whole of what would otherwise 
be mere alburnum, it becomes similar to the heart-wood ; and this 
may be one reason why the boards made from such trees are 
found not to warp. 

Before I girdled, I never could have a ladder made of larch 
that would continue straight for a month; but now I have them 


made durably perfect.— W. W. 


Art. VI. On the Uses of the Ulmus montana, or Wych Elm. 
By Mr. Joun AsHworrtuH. 

Tue wych, or Scotch, elm (U/lmus montana), as every planter 
knows, has a wide rambling manner of growth; but it is so 
useful for timber, when compared with any other species of 
Ulmus, that it is a great pity it should be used as a stock, unless 
the graft be better than itself; which, certainly, is not the case 
with the grafted elm (U’Imus campéstris). The timber of the 
Scotch elm is nearly equal in value to the ash; and it is good 
for the naves, poles, and shafts of gigs and other carriages ; 
and, from its not splintering, as the oak and ash do, in time of 
battle, for the swingle-trees of great-gun carriages. It is also 
used for dyers’ and printers’ rollers, the wood by constant use 
wearing smooth. Cartwrights employ it for shafts, naves, beds, 
rails, and standards for wheelbarrows, and the handles of spades, 
forks, and other agricultural implements. ‘The grafted elm 
(U’lmus campéstris) is only used in ship-building, and in the 
construction ef pumps, wheelbarrows, coal-tubs, &c. The 
price of the U'Imus campéstris is from 1s. to 1s. 4d. per cubic 
foot ; and that of the U. montana is from 1s. 8d. to 2s. Young 
plants of the former, 6 ft. high, are 6d. each; and of the latter 
only 12s. per hundred; so I leave your readers to draw their 
own inferences as to the comparative profit attending the grow- 
ing of the two kinds. 


Prestwick, Manchester, Feb. 15. 1836. 
HH 3 


410° Green-house Plants which have lived 


Art. VII. Notices of Green-house Plants which have lived in the - 


open Air for several Years (chiefly in the South-West of England). 
By A. S. 


IT rearn from Mr. J. Eaton, gardener to the Earl of Ilchester, 
at Melbury Park, in Dorsetshire, where I saw the plant grow- 
ing, that the Psoralea glanduldsa (figs. 66, 67.) has been standing 
there in the open air against a wall 
for the last five or six years. “ If 
the wall had been high enough, 

a > it would have been 20 ft. high ; but 

\\\< it has been kept down to the wall, 

Ve * which is only 12 ft. high; and it has 


”\, been cramped for room on the sides 
es 
; (there being on one side a door, 
and on the other a pear tree); 
but its stem is 1 ft. in girt at 1 ft. 
from the ground.” With this de- 67 
scription Mr. Eaton sent me a specimen: it has the “ petiolis 
scabris,” which, in the absence of the flowers, distinguishes it 
from my old acquaintance, Psoralea bitumindsa, ‘“ petiolis pu- 
bescentibus levibus.” 'The leaves, when steeped in hot water, smelt, 
as you once observed to me, very strongly. _ 

Kingsbridge. ‘The Rev. Mr. Henshaw, Salcombe, near 
Kingsbridge, has in his garden, which is within a few yards of 
the sea, anumber of beautiful, large, healthy orange trees, growing 
against two walls which have been built for the purpose. The 
first wall, next the water, has a broad coping, and glass covers, or 
sashes, for protecting the trees in severe winters. ‘The second 
wall, which is a little higher up on the sloping bank of the garden 
(or, rather, flower-garden), has straw or reed covers, which are 
fixed to small pieces of wood driven into the top or upper part 
of the wall; and, as there is no occasion for covering the plants. 
on this wall for nine months in the year, this is a much neater, 
and equally efficacious, mode of protecting the trees. The trees 
on it are twolemons and one orange, loaded 
with fruit. Phylica plumosa has been out 
several winters in this garden uninjured. 
Melianthus major (fg. 68.), in the flower- 
garden, is 10 ft. or 12 ft. high. I made no 
notes at the time; but, at a guess, the 
length of each wall is about 100 ft., the 
height 12 ft. or more. ‘The trees are 
orange, Seville orange, blood orange, ci- 
tron, lemon, limes, &c.; and loaded with 
fruit, which produces such an enchanting 
effect, as will repay any one interested in these matters to go 
out of his way to see them. When I saw these trees in August 


i 
= y 
~~, Y \ 
) NA Wy 
Sif 
4 \ PW YU 
RY SQ yy 
\ \ 
ANANSI A 
\ A Kt / 
ASH |) i ¥ o, 
SS AY 
SS \. i y 
La We 
y VEZ 
q 
\ 


66 


an the open Air Jor several Yearse 411 


last, Phormium ténax was going out of flower in the shrubbery = 
its stem was about 9 ft. high, and its flowers individually not 
showy, being, as far as I recollect, of a dull red and greenish 
colour, and of a fleshy consistence, with long narrow segments to 
the perianth, like the Agave americana and Doryanthes: the 
beauty is in the stately noble outline of the plant in the whole. 
An Agave americana on the turf in front of the house was sending 
up a noble flower stem, which in six weeks had grown 12 ft., 
and, before flowering, must have been much more than 20 ft. high. 
In this neighbourhood, at —— Jackson’s, Esq., the Moult, the 
remains of one thatflowered in 1834 are lying in the flower-garden, 
the flower stem being very much like a spruce fir tree without 
its leaves. At the Moult, many green-house plants of interest 
live out all winter; and among others I observed. Banksza 
serrata, which had been out Pines, winters. At Mr. Prideaux’s, 
in this quarter, I understand the vines bear most excellent 
feuit trained against the natural rocks: indeed, in Mr. Jackson’s 
melon ground which is cut out of the natural rock, the vines 
were growing and fruiting beautifully. The vines growing in 
the melon ground at the Moult are, the black Hamburgh; 

white sweetwater, and black cluster: 10002. or 2000/7. would 
produce wonders in many places along this coast, and might 
enable it to furnish all England with oranges, &c. 

At Dartmouth, myrtles and similar plants grow like privets ; 5 
and they even make hedges of myrtles. A very large citron 
tree against the garden wall ( Strong, Esq.); an “immense 
fig tree in the garden of the late governor of the Castle, 
Holsworth, Esq., lately blown down; and a wonderfully fine ar- 
butus, are, or were, some of the fine trees in this neighbourhood. 

Near Plymouth, on the opposite side of the river, Mount 
Edgecumbe is a wonderfully fine place; and, as seen from the 
river, there are few parks to be compared with it. ‘The views that 
you have from the higher part of the grounds near the house 
{which is large, but plain), I shall never forget: they include 
the harbours and shipping towns of Devonport and Plymouth, 
with all the surrounding country; and, in point of striking, 
varied, and rich landscape, are hardly to be surpassed in Eng- 
land. The flower-garden, which is close to the river, is on 
that side enclosed by hedges of Quércus J'lex, which stand 
the sea breeze, and it is sheltered among high shrubs. It is 
partly laid out in the geometric style, with high cut hedges, ter- 
race walks, a fine fountain, and a large orange-house, with a 
very fine collection of orange trees, large handsome plants. In 
another part of the flower-garden, protected in part by high 
hedges, there are, what are, no doubt, the finest trees of Magnolza 
grandiflora in England, growing in groves, among which there 
are many other interesting trees and shrubs, though but few of 

HH 4 


412 Green-house Plants in the open Air. 


the more recently introduced species. The park and flower- 
garden are both very extensive, and are kept in good order by 
Mr. Palmer, the flower-gardener. In the kitchen-garden, which 
is also extensive, there is the finest citron tree in England, now 
confined for want of room, although it covers a large space 
of a high wall, and occupies part of both Devonshire and 
Cornwall (the division of the counties running through the 
garden). ‘This tree is loaded with its immense fruit ; though 
Mr. Parker, the kitchen-gardener, told us it had only been 
planted a few years. Close by its side grows a very fine sweet 
orange tree, bearing quantities of beautiful ripe fruit. 

There are various interesting plants and trees at other places 
in this part of Devonshire, which, for the present, I refrain from 
mentioning, in hopes that the respective gardeners will give you 
all the particulars regarding them. 

North Devon. —Sir J. H. Williams, Clovelly Court, is re- 
markable for solitary, almost boundless, and interesting scenery, 
and is situated on high ground above Clovelly village, which is 
‘‘ far in a wild, remote from public view,” the walks and woods 
extending down to the brink of the Bristol Channel. It is near 
Hartland Point, and exposed to the gales from the Atlantic, 
which cut the tops from the trees on the lawn, and form them 
into Chinese, or scrubby, dwarfs, which have an alpine and ori- 
ginal effect. ‘There are some fine drives cut through the banks 
and valleys, which afford some singular and interesting views, 
reminding one of the confines of earth and ocean. Mr. Stroud’s 
civility and attention make you forget you are from home; and 
he is particularly successful in his method of treating a fine fruit 
garden in this untoward climate; where, at various times of 
spring and summer, the fruit trees are often left with hardly a 
leaf on them. 

In several places in Devonshire, in moist and humid woods, 
Polypodium vulgare grows on the trees (oak and, I believe, 
ash), at the height of 40 ft. or 50 ft., not only in the clefts, but 
on the upper side of the main branches, almost to the top of 
the highest trees. ‘This may afford a useful hint to the growers 
of epiphytes; and it was first shown to me by Mr. Nash, gar- 
dener at Arlington Court, near Barnstaple. I have also seen 
the same at J. Tremayne’s, Esq., Sydenham, Devonshire, bor- 
dering on Cornwall; where, from excess of moisture, and its 
consequences, the hydrangea never gets more than one year’s 
growth above ground; and the fuchsias share the same fate: 
whereas at Clovelly Court (North Devon), in the flower-garden, 
hydrangeas grow to an immense size, a single plant bearing 
several thousands of seeds on umbels of flowers, although ex- 
posed to the hurricanes fiom the Atlantic Ocean, &c. 

Cornwall. — At Sir Charles Lemon’s, at Carclew, Azalea /edi- 


Culture of the Solandra grandiflora. 4.13 


folia ( fig. 69.) grows in rows, like privet; and, 
together with several species of acacia, and (@ i 
other green-house plants, has stood out two ¢—“WWi/s\Wy 
or three winters. 

At Pendarves’s, Ksq., of Pendarves, 
near Redruth, we saw a plant of #chium 
candicans in one of the borders of the kitchen- 
garden (where it had been, for the last five 
years, unprotected and uninjured by the frost), 
which was 5 ft. high; its branches 27 ft. in 7 
circumference ; and its stem, at 1 ft. from the 
ground, 6 in. diameter. Last season, it had upwards of 50 spikes 
of flowers on it. Ina level sheltered kitchen-garden, the soil 
of which is moist, Hydrangea Horténsia grows to an incredible 
size; the plants having more the appearance of hay-ricks than 
of shrubs, being immense masses, with such loads of flowers 
on them, as to give a new feature to the garden scenery. In the 
shrubbery I saw Polygala myrtifolia, Capraria lanceolata, and 
several other green-house plants I have now forgotten, which 
live out all winter uninjured. Here is a fine grotto, made of 
Cernish diamonds, lead,. zinc, copper ore, &c. Mr. Mitchison, 
the gardener, keeps every thing in first-rate order, and is much 
respected by all who know him. 

Exeter, Jan. 1835. 


Art. VIII. On the Culture of the Soléndra grandiflora. 
By Mr. THomas Symons. 

Havine succeeded to my entire satisfaction in blooming the 
Solandra grandiflora, I desire, through the medium of your 
valuable and widely extended Magazine, to make known my 
method of treating it. ‘This splendid exotic, so freely pro- 
pagated by cuttings, is to be found, perhaps, in most of our 
stoves; but, owing to mismanagement, its magnificent and 
odoriferous blossoms are but too seldom brought to perfection. 
The following mode of culture may therefore be of service to 
some who are in the habit of reading your Magazine : — 

It is well known that the Solandra grandiflora will grow 
many feet in height in one season, if under good cultivation, 
and left to its native luxuriancy. When the plants under my 
care have attained the elevation required, which is about 33 ft., 
I prevent them from growing higher by nipping off the tops of 
the shoots; and, when the plants have arrived to the size desired, 
all the laterals are served in the same way. By adopting this 
mode, the plants throw out a vast number of spurs, which is a 
great object in the cultivation of the solandra; and the plants 
assume a fine bushy shrub-like appearance. Early in January 


414 _ Vineyard at Collin Deep, 


they are turned out of the pots, a part of their balls is removed,’ 
and they are repotted in compost of one half rich loam, one 
fourth peat, and one fourth well decomposed leaf mould. The 
pots used are 12 in. in diameter. Little or no water is applied 
until there are indications of a movement in the sap. The 
plants are then slightly watered, increasing the quantity as the 
shoots advance, with water kept at a temperature nearly equal 
to that of the stove, which, at that. season of the year, is from 
55° to 60°. By the middle of January, the young shoots, toge- 
ther with the flower buds, begin to appear, when regular and 
rather plentiful watering is continued till all the buds have per- 
fected their blossoms, always remembering to use warm water ; 
for if cold water be used, at this particular season, it will cause 
every bud to drop, and thus ruin all. All young shoots, not 
bearing blossom buds, when about 2 in. long, are shortened to 
1 in. from their base as often as they appear. 

Under this kind of management, one plant under my care has 
produced no fewer than sixty of its beautiful blossoms this 
season; many of the spurs having two, and some three, flowers 
on each spur; the flowers delightfully succeeding each other for 
the space of six weeks or two months. It affords me pleasure 
to add, that there is every probability that it will ripen seed ; 
and the seed-pods, at present, are 33 in. long, and 13 in. in 
diameter. It has four of these pods, each looking well, and 
bidding fair to arrive at maturity. 

The stoves under my care being low, I am necessitated to 
confine the plants to the above height: but, in stoves of ‘an 
elevation to admit plants of six, eight, or more feet in height, if 
grown and flowered with the above success, the effect would be 
imposing, and highly gratifying to the persons who might suc- 
ceed in bringing them to such a high state of perfection. 

Clowance, Cornwall, April 15. 1836. 


Art. IX. Some Account of the Vineyard at Collin Deep, near 
Hendon, Middlesex. By JaMes BAMForp, Esq. 


In furtherance of the wish expressed in your notice of the vine- 
dresser’s knife (fig. 43. p. 323.), I forward the following short 
history of the vineyard at Collin Deep. I was induced to cultivate 
this vineyard from my attention having been for some time turned 
to the vine ; and from being struck by the singularity of the cir- 
cumstance, that, whilst all other fruits had become more general, 
and their management better understood, the vine should have 
decreased not only in the numbers cultivated, but have become 
confined within narrower limits than formerly. 


near Hendon, Middlesex. 415 


This, I felt convinced, could not be attributed to deterioration 
of climate, which has been gradually ameliorated as cultivation 
has been extended. 

Knowing that vineyards had been cultivated to a considerable 
extent in this country, during a period of more than a thousand 
years, I determined to attempt their reintroduction. 

The sorts cultivated for wine being, in many instances, differ- 
ent in taste, growth, quality, and hardihood, and requiring differ- 
ent soil and training, from those usually in request for the table ; 
and the success of each particular wine variety being, in most 
instances, confined to its peculiar climate and district ; my first 
object, and that upon which mainly depended my future success, 
was to find out, if possible, and procure those sorts, or the va- 
rieties most closely approximating to them, which had been 
heretofore successfully cultivated by our ancestors. 

To detail the reasoning which led me to the belief that I had 
discovered the original varieties would fill too great a space in 
this brief notice, but will be found in my intended History of 
English Vineyards. 

In pursuance of the above-mentioned plan, in the autumn of 
the year 1830, I took an excursion up the Rhine, and remained 
some time at Mentz, the very centre of the wine country of Ger- 
many, collecting information upon the subject. 

Having informed myself as to the kinds of grapes, their pro- 
duce per acre, time of ripening, and mode of culture; and of the 
quantity and quality of the wine produced, I took lessons of a 
celebrated vine-dresser in the necessary practical details, and also 
personally worked at the vine-press; after which I felt myself 
more competent for the task I had undertaken. 

Previously to my return, I procured a collection of the Rhenish 
vineyard vines, more particularly of the early and hardy va- 
rieties, and succeeded in bringing them into this country in good 
condition. 

The plot of ground forming the site of the intended vineyard 
was trenched 2 ft. deep, drained, and well manured; and then 
marked out in lines of 4 ft. apart each way ; while at the crossing 
of the lines stakes were placed against which to train the vines. In 
fiz. 70., b 6 show the points of intersection at which stakes were 
placed ; not in quincunx, but opposite to each other every way. 

Trenches: were then dug running from south to north 
(fig. 70. a), 8 in. wide, and 18 in. deep; at the bottom of which 
stable dung was put, well trodden down, 6 in. thick; then 6 in. 
more of the trench were filled by the mould previously taken out, 
and the plants were laid at their whole length in the trench 
(fg. 71.), the root. being placed to the south. The trench, upon 
being filled in, left about 1 ft. of the new wood only above ground, 
which was tied to the stake. 


416 Treatment of old Fruit Trees 


z 
| 
ois 
H 
S75 
A 
al 


fas ‘ . .s a Xs fc — 
ie SEMEN ThE |S EN s =i = 
Psa aal band 


The following February (1831), each plant was pruned so as 
to leave two eyes only above ground; and, when the vines had 
pushed about 6 in., the weaker of the two eyes was rubbed off, 
and the remaining shoot tied to the stake; which shoot madé 
about 4 ft. wood before autumn. 


fe as 


\ = 

The second year (1832), each shoot was pruned to two eyes, 
and both allowed to push; three eyes of each shoot were left at 
the time of pruning, in the third year (1833); when I began to reap 
some advantage from my vineyard, which has, by care and atten- 
tion, progressively improved, and is at present in a flourishing 
condition. ‘The principal difficulties with which I have had to 
contend are, the spring and autumn frosts, which have sometimes 
done me much damage, but which now, I am happy to say, I do 
not dread, having discovered a mode effectually to avert both. 

Some experiments are trying with the knife, the result of which 
will be shortly communicated. 

Collin Deep Cottage, near Hendon, June 20. 1836. 


Art. X. On the Treatment of old Fruit Trees which i is wished 
to preserve; and on the Advantages of laying Cow-Dung at the Bases 
of their Trunks, and also at the Rootstalks of Vines. By W. A. L. 


In most old gardens there are to be found the aged remains 
of some favourite fruit tree, which the proprietor is unwilling to 
have removed, either from its having produced excellent fruit, 
or from early associations connected with it. Hence it still re- 


which it is wished to preserve. 417 


tains its place, though age, the chisel, and the pruning-knife 
have been hard upon it, and it remains a heartless stump, and 
almost leafless skeleton of a tree. 

Such was the case, some twelve years ago, with a green gage 
plum tree, which for many years had been trained against a 
wooden fence 10 ft. high, and had long delighted both old and 
young by the yearly produce of an abundant crop of delicious, 
juicy, high-flavoured fruit; but it was now old, and exhausted ; 
and its yearly crops were “‘ few and far between.” 

In the course of some judicious improvements, it was found 
necessary to remove the old wooden fence, and to build in its 
place a substantial brick wall. By this event, a favourable op- 
portunity occurred to have the old plum tree removed, and a 
young healthy tree planted in its place. Having represented to 
my employer the propriety of so doing, his answer was, “I wish, 
if possible, to preserve it: it has produced excellent fruit, and 
was a great favourite with my father. See what you can do.” - 

As many young gardeners, on entering their first situation, 
may be similarly circumstanced, I will relate the means I 
adopted, together with the result. In the first place, I cut down 
the tree to the lowest live wood on the bole (which, in this case, was 
23 ft. from the ground), leaving the branch 20 in. long; I then 
collected four barrow-loads of fresh cow-dung, and laid it round 
the stem to the distance of 4 ft. on every side, and rising coni- 
cally 6 in. above where the trunk was cut off; and, in order to 
conceal the unsightly appearance of the dung, I covered it with 
sand 2in. thick. ‘This was done in February; and in due time 
the live buds of the branch broke, and grew apace. During the 
heat of summer, the surface of the dung became finely pulverised; 
and, on examination, I found that strong healthy roots had issued 
from the bottom of the branch which was left, and had spread 
through the whole mass of dung which enveloped it. The fol- 
lowing spring, I gave it another coating of the same, extending 
to the distance of 6 ft.; repeating it the third year, and occasion- 
ally since. The result was, that the tree grew so rapidly, that 
I was soon enabled to form a handsome, well-regulated, fan- 
shaped head, which fills the whole space of its original allotment, 
and has borne, for these eight years past, excellent and abundant 
crops. 

This is a mode that may safely be adopted with all old fruit 
trees that are worthy of preservation, whether cut down or not. 
In the latter case, I would recommend that the soil be removed 
to the distance of 4 or 5 ft. from the bole, to the depth of the . 
strong leading roots, and a layer of fresh cow-dung, 6 in. thick, 
spread on them, and covered with sand, and left for one season 
to the influence of the sun and air. It will soon be discovered 
whether the cow-dung acts beneficially, by the renewed vigour 


418 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


of the tree, and its sending forth young wood. In this case, a 
judicious pruning of the old wood is necessary; and, in the 
spring, another and more extended layer of dung should be 
added. 

Where vines are planted on the outside of forcing-houses, 
and the roots have got into improper subsoil, the removal of the 
soil from the stem, and a barrowful of fresh cow-dung laid round 
them, never fails to cause the protrusion of strong vigorous roots: 
but it is advisable not to begin forcing early, when it is applied, 
as the moisture, in very cold weather, may prevent the due circu- 
lation of the sap. 


Art. XI. Floricultural and Botanical Notices on Kinds of Plants 
newly introduced into our Gardens, and that have originated in them, 
and on Kinds of Interest previously extant in them ; supplementary 

“to the latest Editions of the ‘‘ Encyclopedia of Plants,” and of 
the “ Hortus Britannicus.” 


Curtis’s Botanical Magazine ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 3s. 6d. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Sir William 
Jackson Hooker, LL.D., &c. 

Edwards’s Botanical Register ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 4s. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Dr. Lindley, 
Professor of Botany in the London University. 

Sweet's British Flower-Garden ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
four plates ; 3s. coloured, 2s. 3d. plain. Edited by David Don, 
Esq., Professor of Botany in King’s College, and Librarian to the 
Linnean Society. 

Pasxton’s Magazine of Botany, and Register of Flowering Plants; 
in monthly numbers; large 8vo; 2s. 6d. each. 
Droseracee. 

922, DRO’SERA 7446 filifoérmis Rajin. 

‘‘ THis remarkable species of Drosera was found by Mr. 
James Macnab, in a swamp about ten miles above Tuckerton, 
New Jersey, U. S., and introduced by him into the gardens 
about Edinburgh, in 1834. It flowered freely in the stove at 
Dr. Neill’s, at Comely Park Nursery, and with us.” Dr. Gra- 
ham says, “ I cannot hesitate to agree with those who consider 
D. tenuifolia of Willd. synonymous with D. filiformis of Rafi- 
nesque; which, being the earliest published name, I retain.” 
(Jam. Journ., July, 1836.) 

Rosdacee. 


1506. CRATZ*GUS. 
12906 pyrifdlia Azt. Bot. reg. t. 1877., Arb. brit. t. 31. 


A very distinct species, distinguished by the broadness and 
strong plaits of its leaves, and the long peduncles of its flowers. 
It is a profuse flowerer ; and the fruit, which is of an orange 


supplementary to Encyc.-of Plants and Hort. Brit. 419 


colour, ripens early, and is greedily eaten by birds. ‘There is a 
large specimen in Kensington Gardens, which flowers mag- 
nificently every year in May. (Bot. Reg., July.) — 


12919x ?12930 platyphylla Lind/. broad-leafed 
? Synonyme: C. melanocarpa Bieb. 


This is the C. Oxyacantha melanocarpa of Arb. Brit., t. 118 d. 
(jig. 72.); and the C. fissa of Lee’s Nursery, where there is the 
largest specimen in the neighbourhood of London. Dr. Lindley 
appears to consider this a distinct species, which we are rather 
surprised at; but, whether a species or a variety, we entirely 
agree with the doctor in the following eulogium bestowed on 
it: — 

“ Certainly, in foliage and elegance of general appearance, this is the hand- 
somest of the European hawthorns. It grows like an exceedingly vigorous 
oxyacantha, spreading its gracefully bending arms on all sides. Its leaves are 
a deep rich green; it is loaded with masses of snow-white blossoms, long after 
the common hawthorn is flowerless ; and it retains its vigour till late in the 
autumn; so that the rich colour of its blackish purple fruit is not impaired in 
effect by the fading tints of the foliage. That this is some European or North- 
Asiatic plant cannot well be doubted ; and yet it is not to be traced in books, 
unless it is the C. melanocarpa of Bieberstem; but that plant, which is a 
native of the Crimea, is described as having trifid leaves, reflexed calycine 
segments, and five stones in each haw. I therefore presume that it must be 
different from this, which has only three stones.” (Bot. Reg., July.) 

Onagracee. 

11832. GODE‘TTA 

*yinosa Lind]. wine-stained-fld. © or 2 jl.au Bh California ?1835 S It.1 Bot. reg. 1880 

‘¢ In technical characters much like G. rubicinda, but a very 
different-looking plant.” The last of the new Californian 
godetias introduced by the Horticultural Society. (Bot. Reg., 
July.) 


1184. GAU'RA {mag. 3506 
10041la@ parviflora Dougl. small-flowered ©) pr 4 au.s DpRo N. America 1835 S p.l Bot. 


Raised from seeds sent by Mr. Drummond from Texas; and 
in habit and inflorescence very similar to G. biénnis; but the 
flowers, independently of the great difference in size, are widely 
different. In the latter, the calyx bursts on one side, the seg- 
ments continuing combined at their extremities; the petals are 
all directed to one side upwards, the stamens and style down- 
wards, and both these latter, especially the style, are longer 
than the petals. The four lobes of the stigma are erect, and 
placed closely together. (Bot. Mag., July.) 

Composite. 


2415. COREO’PSIS. [3505 
21993a *filifolia Hook. thread-segmented-leafed © or2 aus Y Texas 1835 S pl Bot. mag, 


The nearest ally to this species is, perhaps, C. tenuifolia ; 
but there, besides the difference in foliage, the disk is de- 
scribed as being of the same colour as the ray; and the florets 
of the ray are much narrower. Its seeds were sent by Mr. 
Drummond to this country, from Texas, in the spring of 


420: Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


Ww 


ee Ae IBS r 
ie Bes 


SSeS 


15 ft. high, 4in. diam. 


supplementary to Eencyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 421 


1835; and the plants flowered in the open air in August and 
September. (Bot. Mag., July.) 


#2375a. ISME‘LIA Cass. Ismevra. (Origin unknown.) Sp.several. Compésite Anthemtdee. [s. 342 
*21713a maderénsis D. Don Madeira 3 | or2 ap Str. Madeira 1834 C lt.s Swt.fl.-gard. 2. 


A shrub, or shrub-like herbaceous plant, with a branchy 
stem, rising from 1 ft. to 2 ft. in height. It was introduced by 
Mr. Webb, from Madeira, and flowered, for the first time in 
England, in the Chelsea Botanic Garden, in April, 1836. ‘“ It 
appears to be distinct from the various shrubby species, natives 
of the Canary Islands, and hitherto referred by authors to Py- 
réethrum, but which wiil all, doubtless, range under the present 
genus, which is well characterised by its winged fruit, terminated 
by a large membranous crown.” It will require the protection 
of a frame or green-house. (Brit. Fl.-Gard., July.) 

Ericdcee. 


1339. RHODODE/NDRON 11012 arboreum [L p.l Swt.fl.-gard. 2s. 341 
*4 undulatum Hook. waved-corolla wor... my Rich P paler within English hybrid ?1829 


A bushy evergreen shrub, with purple branches, raised from 
seeds of a hybrid of 2. arboreum that had been fertilised by 
some other species, most probably &, pénticum. “* It surpasses 
all the other varieties in the deep-toned purple of its blossoms, 
which are also remarkable for their singularly waved appear- 
ance.” The plant is, apparently, quite hardy. (Brit. Fl.-Gard., 
July.) 


521. AZA*LEA 4341 indica 
#7 Rawsond Paxt. Rawson’s #or2 my C€ English hybrid 1833 L p.l Paxt. mag. of bot. 123 


Supposed to be a hybrid between Azalea phcenicea and Rho- 
dodéndron dauricum atrovirens. It was raised by Mr. John 
Menzies, gardener to Christopher Rawson, Esq., F.G.S., of 
Hope House, near Halifax, from seeds collected by himself, and 
sown in 1832. It is named in compliment to Mr. Rawson, 
with whom Mr. Menzies has lived as gardener many years. 
**'To the example here set by Mr. Menzies, and others who 
have preceded him in the delightful work of hybridisation, we 
solicitously call the attention of our practical brethren, &Xc., in 
whose exertions we will gladly and actively cooperate.” (Pax- 
ton’s Mag. of Bot., July.) 

Boraginee. 


477. PHACE‘LIA (mag. of bot. 121 
*vinifolia Paat. [?vitifdlia] vine-leaved © pr 14 au.o Bt.B Texas 21834 S ltl Paxt. 


An extremely pretty little annual, introduced by the late Mr. 
Drummond, from Texas, and sent to Paxton’s Magazine by 
Mr. Campbell, curator of the Manchester Botanic Garden. It 
promises to ripen seeds in abundance, and, consequently, to be 
very soon added to the lists of the seed-shops. (Pazton’s Mag. 
of Bot., July.) 

Vou. XII.— No. 77. 11 


4.29 Floricultural and Botanical Notices. 


Begoniaceze. 


2654. BEGO‘NTA [of bot. 125 
*platanifolia Pazt. Plane-tree-leaved (7) or10 s Pkish Brazil 1829 C lt. Paxt. mag. 


This species, which, when well grown, produces leaves up- 
wards of a foot in diameter, is seldom met with in a flowerin 
state in British stoves, (hough it flowers freely in those of Paris. 
A plant of it flowered lately with Mr. Cameron in the Birming- 
ham Botanic Garden, from which Mr. Paxton’s figure was 
taken. (Pazton’s Mag. of Bot., July.) 

*Fischerz Otto Fischer’s w [_] or 2 f.mr.ap ?S. Amer. 1835 D pl 

This plant, which was received from M. Otto of Berlin, 
flowered in the stove of the Edinburgh Botanic Garden in 
February and March, 1836. ‘The flowers are small, but the 
foliage is exquisitely beautiful. (Jam. Journ., July, 1836.) 

428542 sanguinea Rad. bloody-leaved w (_Jor2 ap W Brazil 1832 D co Hort. bot. berol. 13 

This species is more remarkable for the colour and texture of 
its leaves, which are green above and blood-red below, than for 
its flowers, which are small and white; or its habit, which is 
herbaceous-like or subligneous and straggling. It was raised 
in the Berlin Botanic Garden, from seed transmitted by Sello 
from Brazil in 1823, and sent to the Edinburgh Botanic Garden 
in 1832, where it flowered in April, 1836. 

Orchiddacee. 

2521. RODRIGUE‘ZIA 
*planifolia Lindd. flat-leaved (AI fra ([P]f [?]Brazil [?]D p.v.w Bot.mag. t. 3504, 
(by inference, not of Hort. Brit. No. 22633 
Synonyme : 2522 Goméza 22683 rectirva of Lodd, Bot. Cab. t. 660., not of Bot. Mag. t. 1748., and, 

“This deliciously fragrant plant, named Goméza (Rodri- 
guéza Lindl.) recirva by Mr. Loddiges, but distinguished from 
that species by Professor Lindley on account of the even (not 
striated) surface of its leaves, and the entire, not emarginate, 
lip, has been kindly communicated by Mr. Campbell of the 
Belfast Botanic Garden, where it was imported from Brazil. It 
flowers in February.” (Bot. Mag., July.) 

9537a. *BIFRENA‘RIA Lindi. (Bifrenaria ; bis, twice; fr@num, a bridle; in allusion to the double 
strap, or frenum, that connects the pollen masses with their gland.) Sp.1. Orchidacee 

Vandee.) (Bot. reg. 1875. 

*aurantiaca Lindl. orange-coloured-flowered €& ZXjor= o O Demerara ?1834 D p.r.w 

Pretty. It flowered in the Duke of Devonshire’s hot-house at 
Chiswick, in 1835. (Bot. Reg., July.) 


2554. EPIDE’/NDRUM [21834 D pr.w Bot. reg. 1879 
*bifidum Aubl. hare- or bifid-lipped €(Zjorlz jl PY WG W. Indies, Tortola, Cayenne 


‘¢ A very remarkable and distinct species, with a peculiar slit 
lip, by which it is readily known from all except E. auropur- 
pureum, a kind that appears to be very nearly related to it.” 


(Bot. Reg., July.) 
[1834 D p.xr.w Bot. reg. t. 1870 


*[ Affinity near E. concolor] clavatum Lind?. club-stemmed (ZX) cu = jl G.W Cumana 
This is the same as that noticed in p. 362. by the name of 
KE. Skinnerz. Dr. Lindley has superseded this name by the one 
above. ‘It was procured by Mr. Henchman for Messrs. Low 


Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 423 


and Co. of Clapton,” and the specimen was supplied by the late 
Lord Grey of Groby. (Bot. Reg., July.) 


2558. BLE‘TIA 
*12753a patula Grah. spyeading-sepaled %[A]or2 mr RshLi Hayti 1830 O sp 


This species has large handsome flowers of nearly uniform 
reddish lilac colour; only the base of the lip, and its ridges, 
being white. It was received at the Edinburgh Botanic Garden 
from Dr. Fischer of St. Petersburg, in 1530, without a name, 
but marked as a native of Hayti. It has flowered repeatedly in 
the stove, immediately succeeding B. verectnda in the end of 
March. (Jam. Journ., July, 1836.) 

_ Lilidcee. 
1054. SCVLLA 
*8812a Cupanidna Gussone Cupani’s ¥ orl jn DIP Sicily ?1834 O s.1 Bot. reg. 1878 

A hardy bulb, of great rarity, which comes very near the 
Scilla, erroneously called S. peruviana; which, like this species, is 
a Sicilian plant, but is altogether much smaller. The bulbs 
were sent from Sicily, by the Hon. William Strangways, to 
H. F. Talbot, Esq., of Laycock Abbey, from whence the plant 
was figured. (Bot. Reg., July.) 


REVIEWS. 


Art.I. Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. Second 
Series. Vol. I. Part V. 4to. London, 1833. 


(Continued from p. 260.) 


45. A Report upon the Varieties of Pea cultivated in the Garden of 
the Horticultural Society. By Mr. George Gordon, Under Gardener 
in the Kitchen-Garden Department. 


Turovueu the liberality and kindness of the Council of the 
Horticultural Society, we were enabled to avail ourselves of 
Mr. Gordon’s knowledge of the best kinds of culinary vegeta- 
bles of every description, so as to give those select lists which 
will be found in our -Encyc. of Gardening, ed. 1835. The paper 
of which we are now about to give an abridgment contains an ex- 
tensive list of garden peas, systematically arranged, and scienti- 
fically described, by the same experienced cultivator. 

The numerous varieties of the pea, which have been grown 
in the Horticultural Society’s gardens, are arranged by Mr. 
Gordon in the following groups: — 


“TT. Common Dwarf Peas. With smallroundish pods, white peas, and stems 
not more than 3 ft. high. 
“TI. Common Tall Peas. With round pods, white peas, and stems requiring 
sticks. 
“TII. Dwarf Marrow Peas. With broad pods, peas particularly sweet when 
"young, and stems not more than 4ft. high. 
Il 2 


424 Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 


“TV. Tall Marrow Peas. Like the last, but with stems requiring sticks. 

“V. Sugar Peas. With pods destitute of the usual tough lining, and eaten like 
kidneybean pods; the peas white. 

“VI. Imperial Peas. With the strong growth of the marrows and the small 
round pods of the Prussians. 

“ VII. Prussian Peas. With the stems branching very much, and roundish not 
very large pods; the latest of any class. 

“VIII. Grey Sugar Peas. With pods like those of the fifth class, but with 
flowers of a purplish colour, and peas spotted, or any colour but white. 

“1X. Grey Common Peas. With purple or white flowers, and peas any colour 
but white. 


“ Group I. Common Dwarr Peas. 


“1, Bishop’s Dwarf. — About 2 ft. high, and of strong growth. Pods short 
and broad, mostly containing 4 or 5 peas. Only a moderate bearer, a week 
later than the early frame, and hardly worth growing. 

“2. Harly Dwarf. French Synonyme: Nain hatif.— Height about 14 ft., 
and somewhat resembling the preceding variety, but is more prolific; broad, 
mostly containing 5 peas. It is the best of the dwarfs, as it is very prolific, and 
of good quality. 

3. Dwarf Brittany. French Synonymes: Trés-nain de Brétagne, trés- 
nain de Brest. — About 6in. or 8 in. high, of a dark green colour, and of 
slender growth. Pods small, and nearly round, mostly containing 5 peas. It 
is a few days later than the preceding, and is very fit for late sowing, as it is a 
good bearer. 

“4. Common Spanish Dwarf. French Synonyme: Pois en éventail. Eng- 
lish Synonymes: New early Spanish dwarf, Spanish dwarf or fan, dwarf 
bog, Knox’s dwarf. — About 2 ft. high, and of strong growth. Pods 
rather broad, flat, and not very long, mostly containing 4 or 5 peas. A mo- 
derate bearer, and a few days later than Bishop’s, which it somewhat resembles. 
Mr. Bishop selected his pea from this variety. (See Gard. Mag., vol. i. 

. 127. 
Bh 5. pie Spanish Dwarf. — About 3 ft. high, and very strong. Pods longer 
than the common Spanish dwarf, and nearly round, mostly containing 5 or 6 
peas. Like the preceding, only a moderate bearer. 


“ Group II. Common Tatu Peas. 


“6. Early Frame. French Synonyme: Pois Je plus hatif, Vert a rames 
de mont Julienne, Michaux de Hollande, Pois Baron, Pois Laurent. Hng- 
lish Synonymes: Best early, early single-blossomed, early double-blossomed 
frame, early one-eyed, double dwarf frame, single frame, early dwarf frame, 
superfine early, Batt’s early dwarf nimble, early Wilson, Young’s very early, 
early Nicholas, Perkins’s early frame, early Nana, Mason’s double-blossomed, 
Russell’s fine early, early French, dwarf Albany. — About 4 ft. high, and rather 
slender. Pods small and round, mostly containing 5 or 6 peas. Very prolific, 
of excellent quality, and the earliest pea in the whole collection. The number 
of blossoms on this pea entirely depends on the soil and situation it is grown 
in. It must not be confounded with the early Charlton. 

“7, Early Chariton. French Synonyme: Dominé, Michaux ordinaire, 
Michaux de Ruelle, Michaux précoce. Hnglsh Synonymes: Golden Charl- 
ton, early sugar frame, late dwarf, I'wesly dwarf, Hotspur, Wrench’s Hotspur, 
double dwarf Hotspur, early Hotspur, golden Hotspur, common Hotspur, 
early Nicholas Hotspur, Nimble Taylor, very fine late garden, Paddington, Essex 
Reading, Russell’s early-blossomed.— About 5 ft. high, and of strong growth. 
Pods large, broad, and rather flattened, mostly containing 6 or 7 peas. A 
very prolific bearer, of excellent quality, and the best pea for standing the 
winter in the collection. It is about a week or ten days later than the early 
frame, but will continue much longer in bearing, and, like, the preceding, varies 
in appearance according to soil, situation, &c. 


~ 


Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 425 


_ “8, D? Auvergne — About 5 ft. high, and rather slender. Pods very long, 
nearly round, much curved and tapering a good deal to the extremities, mostly 
containing 11 or 12 peas (if well grown). A very abundant bearer, of excel- 
lent quality, and later than the early Charlton in coming into use. It is the 
best pea for produce, and deserves to be generally cultivated in all gardens. 

“9, Eastern Shore. — About 53 ft. high, and rather slender. Pods small, 
short, and round, mostly containing 4 or 5 peas. A very abundant bearer, 
coming in after the Charlton. 

“10. Tall Frame.— About 534 ft. high, and rather slender. Pods small, 
round, and rather long, mostly containing 6 peas. Very productive, coming 
into use about the same time as the Charlton, to which it bears some resem- 
blance, but is taller, and of slenderer growth. 


“Group III. Dwarr Marrow Peas. 


“11. Dwarf White Marrow. French Synonymes: Hatif ala moélle d’ Angle- 
terre, hatif a la moélle d’ Espagne, pois sanspareil. English Synonymes: Glory 
of England, wabash. — About 33 ft. high, and very strong. Pods broad, and 
not very long, of a dark green colour, containing 6 or 7 peas. Of excellent 
quality, but only a moderate bearer. 

“12. Kmght’s Dwarf Marrow. English Synonymes: Dwarf Knight’s, 
Knight’s new dwarf. — About 33 ft. or 4 ft. high, very much resembling the 
dwarf white marrow, but of stronger growth. Pods broad, and rather flat, con- 
taining 5 or6 peas. Of excellent quality, and very prolific. The seed wrinkled 
when ripe. 

“13. Dwarf Green Marrow. French Synonyme: Vert hatif ala moélle. 
English Synonyme: New green, early dwarf green, early green, new early green, 
royal dwarf marrow, new green nonpareil, Holloway marrowfat, new extra 
green marrow, Wellington, green Rouncival.— About 4:ft. high, and of strong 
growth. Pods dark green, large, broad, and flat, containing 7 or 8 peas. Of 
excellent quality, very prolific, and rather late. Peas a light green colour, and 
sometimes half green and half white when ripe. 


“ Group 1V. Tati Marrow Peas. 


“14, Tall White Marrow. French Synonymes: Princesse, vert gros Nor- 
mand, De Marly, Suisse. Hnghsh Synonymes: Tall Carolina, large imperial 
marrow, new tall Temple, Clive, Wootten, large Carolina, white Rouncival. — 
About 7 ft. high, and of strong growth. | Pods large, and very broad, containing 
8 or 9 peas. Of excellent quality, very prolific, and late. This is a very good 
pea for summer, but will not do without stakes. 

“15. Knights Tall Marrow. French Synonymes: Ridé hatif, ridé tardif, 
ridé. English Synonymes: Knight’s late. — About 63 ft. high, and of very 
strong growth. Pods large and broad, containing 8 or 9 peas. Of excellent 
quality, and later than the preceding by a week. Peas, when ripe, shrivel very 
much, and are remarkably sweet. This pea is the best of all the tall ones for 
late sowing in summer. 

“16. Branching Marrow. English Synonymes : Donn’s new, prolific Isle of 
France. — About 53 ft. high, and of very strong growth. Pods large, and 
nearly round, containing 8 or 9 peas. Of good quality, and very late. 

“17. Tall Green Marrow. English Synonymes: Green tall, new large 
green, imperial green. — About 7 ft. high, and of very strong growth. Pods 
large, broad, and rather flat, containing 8 or 9peas. Of excellent quality, late, 
and very prolific. Peas, when ripe, of a yellowish-green colour. 

“18. Egg. English Synonymes: Large egg or bean, Patagonian. — About 
71 ft. high, and of strong growth. It greatly resembles the tall white marrow, 
but the peas are much larger and not so round; in other respects nearly the 
same. 

_ “19. Waterloo. English Synonyme: Nonpareil.— About 6 ft. high, and very 
strong. It has a great resemblance to the tall green marrow, but it does not 
grow so tall nor so strong. Peas green, and rather wrinkled. 

Ii 3 ; 


426 Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 


“90, Pearl or Nonsuch. — About 6 ft. high, not of very strong growth, and 
bearing some resemblance to the tall white marrow, but the pods are rounder, 
and much smaller. Of good quality, but a moderate bearer. 

“21. De Guiverigny. — About 44 ft. high, of very strong growth, and re- 
sembling the dwarf white marrow, but much taller, and the pods are rounder ; 
in other respects nearly the same. 

“22. Crown Pea. French Synonymes: Ture ou couronné, ture a fleurs 
blanches. English Synonymes: American crown, rose or crown. — About 
54 ft high, of very strong growth, with the blossoms in tufts at the extremity, 
somewhat like a crown (from which it derives its name). Pods small, round, 
and straight, containing 5 or 6 peas. A very abundant bearer, of good quality, 
and very good for summer use. 

“N. B. Nos. 20. and 22. should, perhaps, be referred to the 2d Group ; but, 
on account of their strong growth, I have placed them in the 4th Group: they 
differ from it only in having small pods; and from the 2d Group, in growing very 
strong, and being late. 


“Group V. Sugar Peas. 


“923, Large Crooked Sugar. French Synonymes: Sans parchemin blanc a 
grandes cosses, mange-tout. English Synonymes: New pea, sugar pea, broad- 
sword, early Spanish. — About 6 ft. high, and very strong. Pods very large, 
broad, and much twisted, containing 9 peas. Peas large, and very pro- 
minent in the pods. Of excellent quality, very productive, and the best in its 
class. 

“24, Vilmorin’s Sugar. —- About 64 ft. high, and of slender growth. Pods 
small, round, and straight, containing 7 or 8 peas, which, as in all the other 
sugar peas, are very prominent, even when quite young. Of excellent quality, 
and the greatest bearer in this class. It was received from M. Vilmorin as an 
“ espéce de pois trés-excellent.” 

25. Alberjas.— About 62 ft. high, and of strong growth. Pods small, 
round, and straight, containing 7 or 8 peas, Of excellent quality, and very pro- 
lific. It was brought from Mendoza by Dr. Gillies. There is sometimes a very 
thin skin inside the pods of this sort, which makes it distinct from all others 
in the class. 

“26. Tamarind Pea. English Synonyme: Late dwarf sugar. — About 4 ft. 
high, and of robust growth. Pods large, broad, and much curved, containing 9 
or 10 peas. Of excellent quality, and a very abundant bearer. The pods are 
from 4 in. to 5 in. long, and are produced the latest in this class. 

“27. Early May Sugar. French Synonyme: Nain a la moélle d’ Espagne. 
English Synonymes: Early Dutch, early sugar, dwarf Dutch sugar. — About 
4 ft. high, and very slender. Pods small, round, and straight, containing 6 or 7 
peas. Of good quality, but only a moderate bearer. This is the earliest pea 
in the collection, but is very tender, and will not do to sow before the begin- - 
ning of March. 

“28. Dwarf Sugar. French Synonymes: Gros nain sucré, nain sucré. En- 
glish Synonyme: Ledman’s dwarf.— About 3ft. high, and of very strong 
growth. Pods long, nearly round, and slightly curved, containing 7 peas. Of 
excellent quality; a moderate bearer, and late. 

“29, Dwarf Dutch. French Synonymes: Nain hatif de Hollande, nain de 
Hollande. English Synonymes: Dwart sugar de Grace, early dwarf de Grace, 
dwarf crooked sugar. — About 23 ft. high, and of slender growth. Pods rather 
short, small, and crooked, containing 5 peas. Of good quality, only a moderate 
bearer, and later than the preceding by a week. 

“30. Late Wyker Sugar. English Synonyme: Late white sugar.— About 
6i ft. high, and of very strong growth. Pods roundish, small, and much 
curved, containing 7 or 8 peas. Of excellent quality, 2 good bearer, and very 

ate. : 

‘“‘N.B. The pods of all the peas belonging to the 5th Group should be gathered 
when quite young, like French beans, and cooked after the same manner, 
without being shelled. 


Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 427 


“ Group VI. Imperiats. 


“31. Dwarf Imperial. French Synonymes: Nain vert impérial, nain vert 
gros, sans parchemin vert.. English Synonymes: Imperial, blue imperial, 
dwarf green imperial, new improved imperial, new improved dwarf imperial, 
new dwarf imperial, new long-podded imperial, Sumatra, green nonpareil, 
dwarf blue prolific, blue scymitar, sabre, blue sabre, new sabre, dwarf sabre. — 
About 4 ft. high, and of strong growth. Pods large, long, and rather flat, much 
pointed and containing 8 or 9 peas. Of excellent quality, a good bearer, and 
one of the best peas for summer, as it is very late in coming into use. 

“32. Tall Imperial. French Synonymes: Carré vert, carré vert gros 
Normand. English Synonymes: Tall green imperial, tall blue imperial, Spanish 
patriot, new tall imperial, blue union, green nonpareil, tall Prussian or blue 
union. — About 7 ft. high, and rather slender. Pods broad, and rather short, 
but not pointed, like those of the preceding, and containing 6 peas ina pod. Of 
good quality, and very productive, but not so late as the last. 


“ Group VII. Prussians. 


“33. Blue Prussian. French Synonymes: Nain vert petit, nain royal, gros 
vert de Prusse. English Synonymes: Dwarf blue Prussian, royal Prussian 
blue, fine long-podded dwarf, Prussian prolific, early Dutch green, green 
Prussian. — About 34 ft. high, and of strong growth. Pods long and rather 
round, containing 8 peas. This is so well known, that it is quite useless for me 
to say anything about its good qualities. It is undoubtedly the best for sum- 
mer use, and one of the greatest bearers. 

34. White Prussian. English Synonymes: Prolific or poor man’s profit, 
prolific, tall Prussian, dwarf white Prussian, new dwarf Norman, royal dwarf, 
royal prolific, dwarf Tewsly, Stowe pea. — About 4 ft. high, and very robust. 
Pods broad, long, and rather flat, containing 7 or 8 peas, which are large and 
white. Of good quality, and,like the blue Prussian, an excellent summer pea, 
and very prolific. This is the best sort for general cultivation, and well de- 
serves the name of poor man’s profit ; but it will not remain so long in bearing 
as the blue Prussian. ; 

35. Groon’s Superb Dwarf Blue.-— About 18in. high, and of robust 
growth. Pods large, broad, and rather flat, containing 8 or 9 peas. Of ex- 
cellent quality, a very abundant bearer, and a few days later than the blue 
Prussian, of which it seems a distinct dwarf variety. Raised by Mr. H. Groom 
of Walworth, who sent seeds of it to the garden in 1831. This deserves ge- 
neral cultivation, as it requires no sticking, and produces more on the same 
space of ground than any other dwarf sort. 


“ Group VIII. Grey Suear Peas. 


36. Purple-podded Grey.— About 7 ft. high, and of robust growth. Pods 
short, broad, and rather pointed, of a deep purple colour, containing 5 or 6 
peas. A good bearer: the peas, when boiled, are rather bitter ; but, if cooked 
like the pods of the scarlet-runner kidneybean, it is very good. 

“37. Red-flowered Sugar. French Synonyme: Sans parchemin a fleurs 
rouges. —About 64 ft. high, and of slender growth. Pods long, nearly round, 
and straight, containing 6 peas. Like the preceding, it is only fit for use when 
quite young. A good bearer. 

“38. Fishamend’s Sugar. — About 73 ft. high, and very robust. Pods very 
long, broad, and much curved, containing 8 or 9 peas, which are rather small, 
of a greenish-yellow colour, dotted all over with small purple dots. A good 
bearer, and the best of all the sugar peas (except the large crooked sugar) for 
use when young. : 


“ Group IX. Grey Common Peas. 


“39. Grey Rouncival. English Synonymes: Giant, Dutch. — About 8 ft. 
high, and yery robust. Pods broad, but not very long, and rather flat. Peas 
It 4 


428 Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 


of a brown colour, black-eyed, and spotted with yellow. A good bearer, but 
only fit for field culture. 

“40, Late Grey. English Synonymes : Tall grey, tall Capucine, large grey. 
— About 8 ft. high, and very robust. Pods broad, but not very long, con- 
taining 7 or 8 peas, of a yellowish-brown colour, black-eyed, and large. A 
good bearer. 

“41. Maple Grey Pea. English Synonymes: Marlborough, partridge grey. 
— About 74 ft. high, and very robust. Pods broad, and rather long, contain- 
ing 7 or 8 peas, which are like those of the preceding kind, but much smaller, 
and not black-eyed. This is a good bearer, and the flowers are much lighter- 
coloured than those of No. 40. 

“42, Spanish Marotta. French Synonymes: A‘ ceil noir, Michaux a ceil noir. 
English Synonyme: Tall black-spotted marotta, black-spotted. — About 6 ft. 
high, and rather slender. Pods small, and nearly round, containing 7 peas of 
a yellow colour, black-eyed, small, and round. It is very productive, and to- 
lerably good if gathered when young, as it is by no means so bitter as the 
other grey peas when boiled. 

“43, Bean Pea. English Synonyme: Funnel’s black-spotted. — About 
8 ft. or 9 ft. high, and very robust. Pods long, broad, and not much pointed, 
containing 9 or 10 peas, of a yellowish-white colour, black-eyed, and having 
some resemblance to small horse-beans when ripe. It is very productive, but 
only fit for field culture, as it is rather bitter when boiled, although not so 
bitter as grey peas in general. 

“ The following are the best sorts (particularly those marked *). 

“ Kor Early Sowing. Pois nain hatif: * Early frame, * early Charlton, 
* P Auvergne. 

“ For Late Sowing. Knight’s dwarf marrow, * Knight’s tall marrow, tall 
green marrow, * crown, branching marrow. 

“ Sugar Peas (not to be sown before the \st of March). * Karly May, * large 
crooked, * Vilmorin’s sugar, * new tamarind. 

“ Dwarf Blue Peas for Summer Use. Dwarf imperial, * b!ue Prussian, *white 
Prussian, * Groom’s superb dwarf blue.” 


46. On the Cultivation of the Pine-Apple. By Mr. George Warren, 
Gardener to H. J. Grant, Esq., F.H.S., at the Gnoll, near Neath, 
Glamorganshire. Read October 16. 1832. 


The following account of the management of a crop of 76 plants, none of 
which produced fruit weighing less than from two to three pounds, many much 
more, obtained the Banksian medal : — 

“In October, 1830, the suckers were taken from the parent plants, potted in 
small pots, and plunged in the tan at the front of the older succession plants. 
In February, 1831, wishing to grow them as large as possible, Mr. Warren had 
his succession pit, which is 21 ft. long by 9 ft. wide, filled with fresh oak leaves 
which he had collected the preceding winter; on the top of which he put a 
compost of two thirds light hazel loam from a turfy pasture, and one third 
rotten hot-bed manure and leaf-mould, to the thickness of 14in. In this the 
pines were planted 14in. apart: they grew and flourished in such a manner, 
that, in October, 1831, Mr. Warren’s usual potting time, finding the plants 
doing so well, he resolved to try and fruit them as they then stood, instead of 
potting them, as was his usual practice. He then began to withhold the water- 
ing from the two back rows till the latter part of January; afterwards water 
was given as usual; and in February several fruit began to_appear: the water- 
ing was then withheld from the other rows for a time, in order to bring them 
on in succession. In order to obtain bottom heat to swell the fruit off, the 
two front rows of plants were taken out and potted, taking out the oak leaves 
to the bottom of the pit: the space thus made was filled with well-fermented 
horse-dung ; and, covering the later with tan, the potted plants were again 
plunged. The horse-dung gave sufficient heat to swell off the fruit to a great 


Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 429 


size. The surface of the soil was covered with moss, which was found to be 
a great help in keeping the soil in a humid state, without the aid of much 
water.” 


47. On the Employment of Cats in the Preservation of Fruit from 
Birds. By Peter Kendall, Esq., F.H.S. Read Nov. 6. 1832. 


“ Robert Brook, Esq., of Melton Lodge, near Woodbridge, in Suffolk, has 
four or five cats, each with a collar, and light chain and swivel, about a yard 
long, with a large iron ring at the end. As soon as the gooseberries, currants, 
and raspberries begin to ripen, a small stake is driven into the ground, or bed, 
near the trees to be protected, leaving about a yard and a half of the stake 
above ground ; the ring is slipped over the head of the stake, and the cat, thus 
tethered in sight of the trees, no birds will approach them. Cherry trees and 
wall-fruit trees are protected in the same manner as they successively ripen. 
Each cat, by way of a shed, has one of the largest-sized flower-pots laid on its 
side, within reach of its chain, with a little hay or straw in bad weather, and 
her food and water placed near her. 

“Tn confirmation of Mr. Kendall’s statement, it may be added, that a wall 
of vines between 200 and 300 yards long, in the nursery of Mr. Kirke, at 
Brompton, the fruit of which in all previous seasons had been very much in- 
jared by birds, was last year completely protected in consequence of a cat 
having voluntarily posted himself sentry upon it.” 


48. Notes upon the Chinese Chrysanthemums. By Mr. Donald Munro, 
F.L.S., Gardener to the Society. Read Dec. 4. 1832. 


“We now possess forty-nine distinct varieties of Chrysanthemum; the merit 
of which is well known to be extremely unequal. Some of them are scarcely 
worth cultivation, on account of the insignificance of their blossoms; others, 
because of their flowering so late, that an English summer never lasts long 
enough for them; some are too tender to flower well out of doors; while 
many, on the other hand, are so hardy as to be well adapted to the rudest 
treatment, and to an inclement situation. 

“ With reference to their qualities, chrysanthemums may be classed thus : — 

“. Elowers large or showy ; requiring Protection. — Superb white, paper 
white, sulphur yellow, golden yellow, curled lilac, tasselled white, semidouble 
quilled white, quilled flamed yellow, tasselled lilac, large lilac, curled blush, 
semidouble quilled pink, starry purple, early crimson, pale-flamed yellow, blush 
ranunculus-flowered, brown purple, two-coloured red, pale buff. 

“2. Flowers large, or showy ; quite hardy. — Quilled white, superb clustered 
yellow, golden lotus-flowered, Park’s small yellow, rose or pink, purple, buff 
or orange, changeable white, tasselled yellow, small yellow, early blush, pale 
pink, changeable pale buff, Spanish brown. 

“3. Flowers large, or showy ; but produced sparingly. — Semidouble quilled 
orange, expanded light purple, large quilled orange, quilled light purple, two- 
coloured incurved. 

“4. Flowers small, or late; not worth Cultivation. — Double Indian white, 
yellow Warratah, Windsor small yellow, quilled salmon-colour, semidouble 
quilled pale orange, late pale purple, double Indian yellow, late quilled yellow, 
quilled yellow, quilled pink. 

“ Of those which thrive in the open air, a few may be cultivated in a very 
pleasing manner, by being planted in the border, with their shoots laid down in 
the ground, so that when the flowers appear they are not more than a few 
inches above the surface of the soil. 

“ For this purpose the plants must be planted out in the beginning of June, 
and must not be more than 9in. apart each way over the whole bed. The 
shoots must be stopped in the usual way about the middle of June, and after- 
wards layered about the beginning of August; they should not then be more 


430 Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 


than 4 in. or 5in. apart, or they will not be sufficiently thick to cover the 
ground from being seen. 

“ So treated, beds may be obtained in the flower garden in November and the 
early part of December, of great brilliancy, provided the following sorts are 
made use of, and planted i in the following manner : — 

“1, Tasselled yellow, 2. quilled white, 3. small yellow, 4. rose or pink, 5. 
golden lotus-flowered, 6. changeable white, 7. changeable pale buff, 8. purple, 
9. early blush, 10, Spanish brown, 11. pale pink, 12. superb clustered yellow, 
13. buff or orange, 14. Park’s small yellow. 

“ They must be watered freely for the first two months, and occasionally 
with liquid manure; if the bed is covered over with about 1 in. thick of very 
rotten dung, the luxuriance of the plants, as well as the size and beauty of their 
flowers, will be increased,” 


49. Upon the Cultivation of the Fig Tree. In a Letter to the Secre- 
tary. By Sir C. M. L. Monck, Bart., F.H.S., of Belsay, Northum- 
berland. Read Feb. 5. 1833. 


After describing his fig-house, the author proceeds as follows : — 

“* My gardener wrote me word this spring, whilst I was absent in London, 
that the trees had put forth only a scanty crop of spring figs. I returned him 
direction to water the borders freely, and force with a strong heat; and that 
when the trees, in consequence, should have broken out into rapid growth, he 
should stop the shoots at the seventh or eighth eye. In about a month’s time 
after this, he sent me word that the trees had begun to produce an abundant 
crop of figs from the eyes of the new wood which had been stopped. Five or 
six weeks | subsequently, I returned home, and found the trees in luxuriant. 
growth ; but most of the fruit on the stopped wood was turning yellow ; some 
had dropped, and much more of it was nearly ready to drop. On consider- 
ation of what might be the cause of this disappomtment, it appeared to me that 
the high temperature, with a plentiful watering and rich soil, had excited a 
luxuriant growth of wood, to which the sap had been diver ted, and the fruit, in 
consequence, was starving. To remedy this, I directed all the fruitful branches 
to be ringed. In five or ‘six days after this had been done, it became evident 
that the. growth of wood was checked ; and, what surprised me, and is the 
cause of my making this communication, the fruit, which had only begun to 
turn yellow, or had only turned par tially SO, recovered its green colour, and 
ripened. I observed that some of the fruit which had not begun to turn yellow, 
when the branches were ringed, became full-sized when ripe: the others more 
or less so, in proportion, apparently, as they had become more or less yellow, 
and, therefore, more or less certain to drop. It is to these particulars that I 
wish to direct attention. The fig is, except in the particular of bearing its 
flowers internally, similar in the structure of its fructification to the compound 
flowers, such as daisies, sunflowers, chrysanthemums; and the course of flower- 
ing, in most of such plants, is, for the florets next the edge of the disk to be the 
first expanded, and afterwards the inner circles of florets in succession from the 
edge to the centre. I take the fig to do the same; and the supposition is con- 
firmed by this, that the fruit, in ripening, begins at the eye, and proceeds to- 
wards the stalk. Itherefore conjecture that, when the fruit begins to show 
yellowness, the florets within have been in part expanded, and failed to set, 
and that, as the failure proceeds, the yellowness becomes more general, till all 
have failed, and then the fruit drops: but if, when some certain proportion, 
perhaps half and more, may have failed, the tree, by any treatment, such as in- 
creased temperature, with sun, and diminution of supply of moisture to the root, 
or ringing, or caprifaction (as practised in the Levant), is induced to set any 
florets, the fruit, the common receptacle, is no longer in progress to inutility, 
but becomes necessary to maintain the fertilised florets: it must therefore 
cease to turn yellow, and recover greenness, which, as [have described, was the 
case with my trees. 


Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 431 


‘My object in this communication is to induce gardeners, who may find 
their crop of figs begun to turn yellow, and, therefore, certainly condemned to 
drop, if not saved by art, to repeat my experiment of ringing behind the fruit ; 
and, if repetition of the experiment by others should show the certain utility 
of the practice, we shall possess the only particular still wanting to our perfe t 
command over the produce of the fig tree; for no fruit tree, as far as I know, 
is so easily propagated, forced by soil and temperature to produce abun- 
dant crops of fruit, and, except they fail of setting, made to bring them to per- 
fect maturity.” 


50. On the Means of obtaining abundant Autumnal Crops of the 
Double-bearing Hautbois Strawberry. By T. A. Knight, Esq., 
F.R.S., President. Read May 21. 1833. 


‘Early in the spring of 1832, Mr. Knight introduced a few plants of the double- 
bearing hautbois strawberry into a forcing-house, from which he obtained some 
very fine and excellent fruit, and (what he chiefly wanted to obtain) numerous 
very early runners. These were detached from the old plants as soon as they 
had acquired sufficient maturity; and they were immediately planted in pots, 
which, during a few days, were kept in the forcing-house, with a view of caus- 
ing the plants to emit roots more freely. The pots were then, early in May, 
removed into the open air; and the plants soon after blossomed very profusely, 
and, in August, afforded much fruit of very large size, and of very excellent 
quality ; and the fruit continued to ripen in succession through the following 
months, 

“ By raising many seedling plants from the double-bearing hautbois straw- 
-berries, Mr. Knight entertains very little doubt but that varieties might be 
obtamed which would possess habits more resembling those of the alpine 
strawberries; and he thinks it not improbable that similar habits might be given 
to other species of strawberries ; for the Roseberry strawberry not very unfre- 
quently affords an autumnal crop.” 


51. On the Management of the Cactus. By Mr. John Green, Gar- 
dener to Sir Edmund Antrobus, Bart., F.H.S. Read June 4. 1833. 


The splendid specimens of Céreus specidsus, speciosissimus, Jenkinson, 
&c., annually exhibited by Mr. Green, at the Horticultural Society Gar- 
den, and in Regent Street, render the following communication extremely 
interesting. 

“The compost that I use is an equal quantity of light turfy loam and pigeon’s 
dung, and one third sheep’s dung, exposing the mixture one year to the in- 
fluence of the summer’s sun and winter’s frost to mellow. When wanted for 
use, I add one third of sandy peat, in both cases mixing them well to- 
gether. 

“T grow the young plants, from February to July, in the forcing flower-house, 
kept from 55° to 60° Fahrenheit ; I afterwards remove them to a shelf in an 
airy situation in the green-house, exposed to the mid-day sun, giving them 
plenty of air, and little water. The plants that I want to flower the following 
September are placed in the forcing-house the first week in December, giving 
them very little water for the first ten days, and gradually increasing the water 
as the plants advance in growth. About the first of February, I stop all the 
young shoots, which soon become well ripened: from this time 1 decrease the 
quantity of water until they become quite dry, in order to throw the plants 
into a state of rest: in the beginning of March, I replace them in a cold shady 
situation in the green-house, keeping them quite dry until the following June, 
when [I put them again into the forcing-house, treating them as before. For 
plants to flower in August, I place a quantity more in the forcing-house the 
first week in January, treating them the same as those fer September; only 
they are put to rest in the green-house a fortnight later, and replaced in the 
forcing-house one week sooner. 


432 Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 


“ The first flowering plants are putin the forcing-house the end of January, 
and will come into flower about the middle of March. When these plants have 
done flowering, and are removed from the drawing-room, or green-house, I 
prune out most of the old shoots that have flowered, so that the plants are 
furnished regularly with young shoots for flowering the ensuing year: these 
plants are also placed in the forcing-house for ten days, to ripen the young 
wood and dry up the moisture, and are then put to rest in the green-house as 
usual: such plants will flower a second time in October; others, put in the 
forcing-house the middle of February, will flower about the end of April: if 
then pruned and dried and put to rest as before, they will flower a second time 
in November, and so on in proportion. I repot them at all seasons whenever the 
plants may require it, always observing to keep the pots well drained with pot- 
sherds, that the moisture may pass off readily. This process may be considered 
troublesome ; but superior growth, and abundance of flowers, amply repay the 
care bestowed. By the above treatment, the Céreus specidsus and Jenkinsonz 
have generally produced from ninety to a hundred fine expanded flowers at 
one year old. The plants that I brought to the Society [May 21. 1833] were 
about two years old: the C. specidsus bore two hundred flowers, C. speciosis- 
simus seventy-two, and C, Jenkinsoni one hundred and ninety-four. I prefer 
growing them in wooden tubs, with wire stakes fixed to the tub, to the 
usual mode of supporting them by stakes driven into the ball of the plant, which 
I consider, injures the fibre, and makes the plant appear unsightly.” 


52. Report on some of the more remarkably Hardy Ornamental Plants 
raised in the Horticultural Society's Garden from Seeds received 


from Mr. David Douglas, in the Years 1831, 1832, 1833. By. 


George Bentham, Esq., F.L.S., Secretary. Read Jan. 21. 1834. 

[It is much to be regretted, that a general abstract of the whole of 

Mr. Douglas’s voyages and travels, some notes of his life, and a 

list of all the various articles which he introduced, has not been 

published in one connected narrative. We hope this may yet be 
accomplished by his early friend and patron, Mr. Sabine. In the 
mean time, the following article will be read with intense interest, 
and it will of itself, we think, justify the exertions that are now 
making to raise an appropriate monument to the memory of 

Douglas. ] 

“The reasons which induced the Council of the Horticultural Society of 
London to engage Mr. Douglas to undertake a second expedition to the north- 
west coast of America, are mentioned in the preface to the 7th volume of the 
Transactions, where it is also stated that he embarked on the 26th of October, 
1829. After a prosperous voyage, he safely landed, in the spring of 1830, at 
the mouth of the Columbia river. 

“Here he met with many difficulties and disappointments as to the journeys 
he had intended to make to those parts of the interior which promised the best 
to reward his exertions. The natural obstacles opposed by the wild state of 
the country were, in many cases, rendered invincible by the dangerous character 
of the natives; and the whole season of 1830 was consumed in short excursions 
in the neighbourhood of the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Fort. 

“Tn the winter of 1830-31, an opportunity occurred of communicating with 
the northern part of Spanish California, of which Mr. Douglas availed himself, 
and landed early in 1831 at San Francisco, from whence he proceeded to the 
Spanish settlement of Monterey. At this place he was well received by the 
monks, and every facility was afforded him for exploring the country in the 
neighbourhood. He remained there the whole summer of 1831, intending to 
return to the Columbia river, in the autumn of that year, by the vessel which 
had brought him to Monterey, and which was expected again to touch on that 
coast. Owing, however, to the death of the captain, the opportunity did not 


Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 433 


present itself; and the crossing the wild and inhospitable mountains of New 

Albion was too formidable an undertaking for him in the circumstances in 

which he was placed. Mr. Douglas was consequently detained in California 

a second season, which he spent in various excursions into the interior, north 

and south of the settlement, and finally left Monterey, in the month of August, 

1832, for the Sandwich Islands. Thence he despatched to this country his Cali- 

fornian herbarium and seeds, and afterwards returned to the Columbia river. 

‘Mr Douglas appears to have applied himself with the same zeal as during 
his former expedition to the making and forwarding to the Society such col- 
lections as might best contribute to its objects; but considerable difficulties 
have arisen in the means of transmission. The seeds and roots sent by sea 
suffered much from the length of the voyage, during which it was also neces- 
sary twice to cross the equator, and to pass alternately through the extremes 
of heat and cold ; and some of the overland despatches never reached England, 
having been, it is feared, lost amidst the confusion to which the troubled state 
of Mexico had given rise. However, one package in particular, despatched 
from Monterey, and one from the Columbia river, arrived safely and in good 
condition ; and about sixty species of plants, more or less useful or orna- 
mental, have been raised from these seeds in the Society’s garden. 

“ Of the former description, the most remarkable are several species of Pinus, 
likely to prove valuable additions to our stock of timber trees ; but, as these are 
still necessarily too young for description from the living specimens, it will be 
sufficient at present to mention the names of P. Sabiniana, monticola, amabilis, 
nobilis, grandis, insignis, and Menziésii, given to them by Mr. Douglas. 

“Amongst the ornamental plants, the following new species have been already 
described, and have been more or less generally distributed amongst the Fellows 
of the Society : — 

“ Lupinus rivularis Dougl, Bot. Reg., 19. t. 1595.; Gard. Mag, ix. 484. 
Clarkia élegans Dougl. Bot. Reg., 19. t. 1575.; Gard. Mag., ix. 363. 
Calandrinia speciosa Lindl. Bot. Reg., 19. t.1598.; Gard. Mag., ix. 112. 
Gnothera densiflora Lindl. Bot. Reg., 19. t. 1593.; Gard. Mag., ix. 483. 
Madia élegans Lindl. Bot. Reg., 18.t. 1458.; Gard. Mag., viii. 19. 
Stenactis speciosa Lindl. Bot. Reg., 19. t. 1577.; Gard. Mag., ix. 366. 
Nemophila aurita Lindl. Bot. Reg., 19. t. 1601.; Gard. Mag., ix. 488. 
Mimulus roseus Dougl. Bot. Reg., 19. t. 1591.; Gard. Mag., ix. 487. 
Calochortus luteus Dougl. Bot. Reg., 19. t. 1567.; Gard. Mag., ix. 240. 
Calliprora lutea Lind?. Bot. Reg., 19. t.1590.; Gard. Mag., ix. 489. 
Hesperoscérdon lacteum Lindl. Bot. Reg., 19. t. 1639.; Gard. Mag., x. 72. 
“ The species which form more particularly the subject of this paper are se- 

lected from among those that are as yet unpublished, with the occasional ad- 

dition of short notices taken from the dried specimens transmitted by Mr. 

Douglas of some species not yet raised in the garden. 

“ Platystémon californicum Benth. Gard. Mag., x. 170.— Mr. Douglas trans- 
mitted this species with the MS. name of Boothia; but, as foreigners would be 
unable to distinguish the sound of this word from Boottia, the name of a genus 
dedicated to Dr. Boott by Dr. Wallich, I have been obliged to give a new one 
to Mr. Douglas’s plant. This little annual flowered very sparingly; but the 
fine specimens transmitted by Mr. Douglas in a dry state promise that it may 
become as interesting to the horticulturist from its beauty, as it is to the bo- 
tanist from forming the connecting link between the Ranunculacz and Pa~ 
paveracez. The trisepalous calyx, and numerous distinct ovaria, would have 
placed it in the former order, were it not for the structure of the anthers, the 
very deciduous sepals, and the general habit, which do not admit of its being 
removed from Papaveracez, especially considering its close affinity with Esch- 
schdltzia through Platystigma and Dendromécon. 

“It is a low, branching, erect, and pale green annual, seldom attaining be- 
yond a foot in heighth. The whole plant is smooth, with the exception of 
long spreading hairs on the peduncles, the margins, and here and there the 
surface of the leaves, and on the calyx and ovaria. The leaves are alternate, 


434 Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 


the upper ones often several so near together as to have the appearance of an 
imperfect whorl; they are oblong, lanceolate, obtuse, perfectly entire, embrace 
the stem at the base, and are marked with from three to five parallel ribs. The 
peduncles are solitary, axillary, about 6 in. long, and bear at the extremity a 
single erect flower, rather larger than that of the common Helidnthemum. 
The sepals are very hairy, round-ovate and obtuse; the petals yellow, with 
occasionally a reddish tinge outside. The flower is sweet-scented, and of a 
pale straw-colour. 

“Mr. Douglas’s dried collection contains also specimens of two other plants, 
each forming a new genus of the same order of Papaveracez. 

“ Platystigma lineare Benth., Gard. Mag., x. 171.— A smaller plant than the 
Platystemon, and growing in closer tufts, but otherwise resembling it very 
much in habit, though so different in botanical character. The flowers are 
yellow, rather smaller than those of Platystémon. 

“ Dendromécon rigidum Benth., Gard. Mag., x. 171.—A very remarkable plant 
in this order, on account of its shrubby stem and coriaceous leaves and cap- 
sules. The flowers appear to be yellow, and nearly as large as those of 
Papaver nudicaile. 

_ © Eschscholizia crocea Benth., Gard. Mag., x. 171.— In general habit, foliage, 
and size of the flower, this new species of Eschschdéltzia closely resembles the 
E. califérnica, introduced by Mr. Douglas on his first expedition, and now so 
generally admitted to be one of the most beautiful additions to our hardy or- 
namental plants. The present species, however, promises far to surpass even 
that one in the rich orange colour of the petals. It appears to be equally hardy, 
and, judging from the experience of a season, to flower still more freely. It 
is distinguished botanically from E. californica by the widely expanded limb of 
that curious appendage of the peduncle beneath the insertion of the calyx, 
which is characteristic of the genus, and by the long attenuated point of the 
calyx. 

@ The following new species of the same genus have been sent home in a dry 
state by Mr. Douglas; but no seed of them has vegetated. 

“ FE. cespitosa Benth.— Flowers yellow, considerably smaller than E. crocea 
and californica. 

“ FH. tenuifolia Benth. — Stature and flowers of E. czespitosa, but easily dis- 
tinguished by its very finely cut leaves, and by the form of the calyx. 

“ EF. hypecordes Benth. — Habit nearly that of E. californica; but the leaves 
are much smaller, and the flowers not one third the size. It bears much re- 
semblance to Hypécoum grandiflorum. 

“* Meconépsis Benth., Gard. Mag., x. 171.— The dried collection contains 
two species of this genus, one of which was raised in the garden, but died 
before it could be determined or drawn. As, however, a small quantity of seed 
has been saved, it is probably not lost to us; and I therefore give here the 
botanical characters of both of them. 

“ M. heterophijlla Benth., and M. crassifolia Benth. — These species belong to 
the section Meconépsis of De Candolle. The flowers of both are of an orange 
red, about the size of those of Papaver Argemone: they do not appear likely 
to be so ornamental as many others of the poppy tribe now in cultivation. 

“ Limndnthes Douglasii R. Br., Bot. Reg., 1673.— This plant has been 
already described by Mr. Brown (Lond. and Edin, Phil. Mag., July, 1833), 
from dried specimens, as the type of a new natural order, to which he has given 
the name of Limnanthez. It has since then flowered in the Society’s Garden, 
and proves to be equally interesting in a horticultural point of view from the 
elegance of its flowers and foliage. It is a prostrate pale green annual, with 
finely divided, rather succulent leaves, and white striated petals with a yellow 
base. The flowers are about the size of Campanula rotundifolia, are slightly 
fragrant, and very pretty. From the habit of this plant, it seems to require 
a damp and shady situation, where it will probably remain in flower for a month 
or six weeks. It is propagated by seeds, which are produced in tolerable 
plenty. (See Gard. Mag., vol. x. p. 174. 285.) 


Transactions of the London Florticultural Society. 435 


“Lupinus nanus Doug]. MSS., Bot. Reg., t. 1705.; Gard. Mag.,x. 174. —The 
leaves of this charming little lupin are very much like those of L. bicolor, of 
which the cultivation has been abandoned on account of the small size of its 
flowers, and consequent want of beauty. The flowers of LZ. nanus are about 
the size of the old annual lupin, but more elegant from. their number and ya- 
riegated colours. It has blossomed very freely, and produced a sufficient quan- 
tity of seed to be partially distributed in the present season. Its diffuse habit 
and dwarf stature render it extremely well adapted for forming patches in a 
flower-garden. 

“ Lupinus densifiorus Benth., Bot. Reg., 1689.; Gard. Mag., x. 173. — The 
flowers, which grow in distinct whorls, are white, delicately stained with pink ; 
they are also a little speckled at the base of the vexillum. The leaves are 
closely clustered together, are covered with fine soft hairs, and each has about 
nine narrow divisions. The stem does not grow above 6 in. or 7 in. high. 
The species has hitherto produced its seeds, which are of an olive green, 
smooth, and minutely dotted with black, in very small quantity. It is probable 
that it requires shade. 

“ Lupinus dlbifrons Benth., Bot. Reg., 1652.; Gard. Mag., x. 173. — Very 
near L. ornatus, from which it differs in its shrubby habit, short leaves, long 
and slender racemes, and rather smaller deep blue flowers. Although not so 
handsome as ZL. ornatus, it is well deserving of cultivation. The seeds are of 
a light chestnut-colour, marbled with brown. It is, perhaps, not hardy enough 
to bear the rigour of our winters without protection; but it seems to thrive 
in a glass pit, and would probably succeed in the front of a south wall, covered 
from wet in winter. It does not seed freely, nor does it strike readily from 
cuttings. 

“ Lupinus leptophyllus Benth., Gard. Mag., x. 173. — This species is remark- 
able for its narrow leaves and hairy surface. It is about 1 ft. high: the spike 
of flowers is elegantly coloured with bluish lilac; and there is a deep crimson 
stain in the middle of the standard. The spike is covered with flowers in an 
irregular manner, and crowned by the long linear bracts of the unexpanded 
blossoms. It isnot so pretty a species as many others of this generally beau- 
tiful genus; it has hitherto produced but a very few seeds, which are pale 
brown, mottled with a darker shade, and unusually small for a lupin. It pro- 
bably requires shade. 

“ Lupinus hirsutissimus Benth., Gard. Mag.,x.173.—A small annual, of little 
iterest, except to the botanist. The leaves are spotted with pale green, like 
those of a pulmonaria; the flowers are reddish purple ; and the seeds, which 
are small, are so closely covered with dark brown marbling, that the olive green 
ground colour can hardly be seen. It has hitherto grown very indifferently, 

and probably requires a rich moist soil in a shady place. 

— “ Calochortus spléndens Dougl. MSS., Bot. Reg ,t. 1676.; Gard. Mag., x. 178. 
— This elegant species has very much the appearance of C. macrocarpus. It 
is, perhaps, rather less branched, and the leaves shorter. The petals are paler 
coloured, and have but a small dark spot at their base. The hairs of the 
inner surface are of the same colour as the petal, and there is neither the 
transverse brown streak on the inside, nor the green rib on the outside, of C. 
macrocarpus. The roots transmitted by Mr. Douglas have grown freely, and 
many have already been distributed. 

 Calochortus ventstus Dougl. MSS., Gard. Mag., x. 178. — This is, again, a 
species resembling C. macrocarpus in the size of the flowers. It differs from 
C. spléndens by the straight sepals marked with a dark spot at their base ; 
from C. macrocarpus, by the absence of the green rib on the petals; from both, 
by their colour, which is a pure white, with the lower part marked in streaks 
of deep red on a yellow ground, and with a spet near the extremity of 
each petal, much resembling a drop of blood. Like the preceding one, it 
is a very handsome species, and has been raised in a sufficient quantity for 
distribution. 

* Cyclobothra pulchélla Benth., Bot. Reg. 1662., Gard. Mag., x, 179.; Calo= 


436 Marnock’s Floricultural Magazine. 


chortus pulchéllus Dougl. MSS. — The Calochérti of Douglas, with pendulous 
flowers, including the C. élegans of Pursh, belong certainly to the genus 
Cyclobéthra established by Sweet (British Flower-Garden, 3. t. 173.) for the 
Fritillaria barbata of Kunth, and are nearer allied to Fritillaria than to Calo- 
chortus, but sufficiently distinct from either. Cyclobéthra pulchélla is about 
1 ft. in height, much branched, each branch terminating with an umbel of two 
or three pendulous flowers issuing from the base of a green leaf-like bract, 
longer than the peduncle. The flowers are of a bright yellow, the sepals of 
a greenish hue and ovate lanceolate form; the petals somewhat longer, very 
much broader, with a very deep nectariferous pit, of a rich yellow colour, 
placed a little below the centre. The margins of this pit are clothed with 
long and thick hairs; the petal below it is entirely smooth, above it slightly 
covered with scattered hairs, and bordered with a beautiful but delicate 
fringe. 
» “This plant produces seeds in great abundance, and will probably become 
as common as a fritillary. 

“ Cyclobothra alba Benth., Bot. Reg., 1661.; Gard. Mag., x. 179.; Calochor- 
tus dlbus Dougl. MSS.—This species resembles very much the preceding one; 
but the flowers are larger, the petals both longer and broader, ef a whitish 
colour, marked towards the centre with a shallow pit, covered with in- 
flected hairs, glabrous below it, above it slightly covered with scattered hairs, 
and almost naked at the border, where a few hairs that straggle so far are 
turned inwards, and by no means form a fringe, as is the case in C. pulchélla. 

“ Triteleia lava Benth., Bot. Reg., 1685.; Gard. Mag., x. 403.—A very hand- 
some plant, the scape of which is from | ft. to 1 ft.6 in. high. Its flower are 
about the size of those of Brodiz‘a grandiflora, and of the same deep blue 
colour. They grow in a lax umbel; but, notwithstanding the length of their 
stalks, stand nearly erect ; the scape is, however, apt to be procumbent if not 
supported. It seeds freely, and will soon be very common. 

“ All the species of Calochértus, Cyclobdthra and Triteleia are probably 
hardy : they seem only to require a shady situation, and a warm and light soil, 
which is effectually protected from wet in winter. But, as they are all at pre- 
sent extremely rare, they have hitherto been treated in the garden like half- 
hardy bulbs; that is to say, have been taken up as soon as their leaves have 
died, and kept dry till the roots have again begun to shoot. 

“ Some Polemoniacez, and a few other plants raised from the same seeds, 
will be the subject of a second report, which will shortly be laid before the 
Society.” 


Art. Il. The Floricultural Magazine, and Miscellany of Gardening. 
Conductor, Robert Marnock, Curator of the Botanical and Horti- 
cuitural Gardens, Shefheld. Small 8vo. No. I. for June, pp. 24.; 
one plate, containing three coloured figures of plants, and one 
woodcut. London and Sheffield. Price 6d. 


THis promises to be one of the best of what may be called, 
with reference to their size and price, the minor gardener’s 
magazines. As it combines both horticulture and floriculture, 
it will probably suit a more extensive class of readers than some 
of the other magazines, which are exclusively devoted to one or 
other of these svbjects. We extract from this first number an 
article on 


The Sheffield Botanical and Horticultural Gardens.—“ The beauty of the 
scenery in the vicinity of Sheffield is universally recognised; and it may be 


Marnock’s Floricultural Magazine. 437 


said that these gardens occupy one of the most delightful points amidst that 
scenery; to the effect of which, indeed, they already materially contribute. 
Seen from the London road, on entering the town, the ground forms a gentle 
slope, having nearly a southern aspect, and at the upper extremity uniting, as 
it were, with the termination to that beautiful sweep of villa landscape for 
which the western precincts of Sheffield are deservedly celebrated. The whole 
is enclosed with a substantial wall of stone, and entered at the upper end by 
a handsome arched gateway of wrought stone, with side lodges, Doric columns, 
and entablature ; the whole designed in a chaste and effective style. Imme- 
diately on gaining admission by this entrance, the eye not only commands a 
view of the diversified arrangements of the garden close at hand, but takes in, 
at the same time, the rich and varied panorama presented by the neighbour= 
ing landscape, and by the country for miles beyond. 

*« Between the grand entrance just described, and the residence of the 
curator (a capital ornamented stone building), extends, along the upper part of 
the garden, the magnificent range of conservatories so admirably represented 
in the engraving [a vignette woodcut, of which the impression in our copy of 
the Magazine is very indifferent]. The entire line of frontage is 100 yards; 
but the extensive and beautiful structure itself is divided, it will be seen, into 
five parts, the narrowest of which is 24 ft. in width. The terminating build- 
ings, as well as that in the centre, forming noble and commodious green- 
houses, the unglazed portions being built in front of rubbed stone, and having 
pairs of Corinthian pillars alternating with the vertical sashes. Each of these 
houses is covered by a quadrangular glazed dome, constructed of metallic 
ribs, connected and surmounted in the centre with an ornamental casting. 
The two intermediate portions of the pile, occupying each an extent of 30 
yards, are of somewhat less elevation: the glazed roofs are arranged in low 
parallel ridges, supported and strengthened by cast-iron trusses and pillars. 
The first green-house that was built on this principle was erected in the 
gardens of His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, designed and completed under 
the zealous and skilful superintendence of.Mr. Paxton. There are, of course, 
connected with these conservatories, the requisite forcing-houses and other 
usual conveniences. 

“ The whole of the buildings are allowed to reflect the highest credit on 
the professional taste and skill of our townsman, Mr. B. B. Taylor, the 
architect. 

* From the front of the central conservatory, a grand promenade path, 180 
yards long, and 26 ft. in width, descends to the margin of a circular tank, con- 
taining a fountain, as represented in the foreground of the engraved view. 
Below this, the ground is artificially laid out in rockwork, including, also, 
ponds, subterranean archways, hermitage, rustic bridge, &c. Of these, as well 
as the general details of the gardens, the conductor of the Floricultural 
Magazine must leave others to judge and to speak: for the designs and ex- 
ecution of the whole, however, he is certainly responsible, the Committee of 
Management having entrusted to him the entire direction of the laying out of 
a plot of ground which, with all the inherent physical capabilities ordinarily 
to be expected, comprised also such rare concomitants of situation and pro- 
spect, as to stimulate his utmost endeavours, not merely to satisfy his em- 
ployers, but to accredit their choice and confidence in the estimation of the 
public generally. 

“ Tt ought to be stated, that the Committee of Management have acted, in 
every thing pertaining to the discharge of their office, with a degree of liber- 
ality and public spirit which must entitle them to the praise of having added 
to the charming neighbourhood of Sheffield a new and most attractive feature.” 


We find, from an advertisement on the wrapper of this maga- 
zine, that the Florigraphia Britannica, or, Engravings and De- 
scriptions of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Britain, by Richard 

Vou. XII.— No. 77, K K 


438 —— Lawson’s Agriculturist’s Manual. 


Deakin, F.R.C.S.E., and Robert Marnock, Curator, &c., no- 
ticed Vol. XI. p. 534., has reached its 12th number, from which 
it may reasonably be concluded, that an improvement has taken 
place in the engravings. It is no less astonishing than gratifying 
to find, from the sale of so many similar periodicals, that there 
is at present such a wonderful taste for plants and gardening in 
every part of the country. 


Art. III. The Agriculturist’s Manual; being a familiar Description 
of the Agricultural Plants cultsvated in Europe, including practical 
Observations respecting those suited to the Climate of Great Britain; 
and forming a Report of Lawson’s Agricultural Museum in Edin- 
burgh. By Peter Lawson and Son, Seedsmen and Nurserymen to 
the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland. 8vo, pp. 430. 
Edinburgh, 1836. 9s. 


Tuis is a very interesting and, indeed, remarkable work; and cannot fail 
most materially to influence the character of agricultural improvement in 
Scotland. Ever since that great era of amelioration in Scottish husbandry, 
which commenced with naked fallows, and which was soon followed by the 
introduction of the turnip husbandry, the attention of the Scottish farmer has 
been directed much more to the improvement of the soil, implements, build- 
ings, and other objects which constitute the means of cultivation, than to the 
improvement of the things to be cultivated. Notwithstanding the favourable 
reception that was given to the Farmer's Magazine, at the commencement of 
the present century, conducted as it was by an eminent East Lothian farmer, 
and read by almost all the farmers of Scotland, we question much if this 
Manual would have been favourably received, either by the conductor of the 
Magazine, or the farming public. This, indeed, seems the natural progress 
of things; for, as the soil must be prepared before any seed whatever is sown 
in it, so must it be prepared in a superior manner to fit it for the reception 
of more highly artificial varieties. The time seems to have now arrived, when 
the current of agricultural improvement in Scotland has set in, in the direction 
of improving the breeds of the plants and animals in general cultivation ; 
we do not say that this has been hitherto neglected, but, merely, that, till 
within these few years, it has not met with the attention that it deserves. 

The founder of this description of improvement, as far as respects plants, 
may, perhaps, be considered as Stillingfleet, who was succeeded by Curtis, 
and Sinclair on Grasses ; while, in regard to animals, the names of Culley and 
Bakewell stand preeminent. Among the more recent promoters of the 
improvement of the breeds of plants in Scotland, may be mentioned Mr. 
Shirreff of Mungo’s Wells, and Mr. Gorrie; and, after them, Messrs. Drummond 
of Stirling, Messrs. Dickson and Turnbull of Perth, Professor Low, and the 
authors of the work before us; which work may be considered as the result 
of all that has been done on the subject up to the present time. If we are 
wrong in the order in which we have placed these names, we shall be glad to 
be corrected. 

In order to give our readers an idea of Messrs. Lawson’s work, we think 
we cannot do better than to quote the Preface : — 1 

“ Feeling a sincere pleasure in promoting whatever appears to us to have a 
tendency towards the diffusion of a taste for rural improvement, and in con- 
tributing as far as m our power to give it a useful direction, we have been 
induced to lay before the public a description of the various agricultural 

lants cultivated in Europe, and of which specimens may be seen in our 
collection. The spirited conduct of our friends, the Messrs. Drummond, who 


Lawson’s Agriculturist’s Manual. 439 


had formed an agricultural collection at Stirling, suggested to us the advan- 
tages likely to be derived from a similar exhibition in Edinburgh, where it 
might naturally be expected to have a much more extended influence. Fol- 
lowing the laudable example set before us, we accordingly, in the autumn of 
1833, fitted up an Agricultural Museum on our premises here, judging that 
by its means we might have it in our power to present to those honouring us 
with a visit samples of the various improved vegetable productions connected 
with agriculture and rural economy, and to bring under their notice the suc- 
cessful efforts made to facilitate improvement in these highly important 
branches of science. Our endeavours met with more than expected counte- 
nance and support, insomuch that, by the end of the year 1834, we were 
enabled, through the medium of the Quarterly Journal of Agriculture, to lay 
before the public a report of the state of our Museum, more ample than at 
its commencement we could have anticipated. Encouraged by the increasing 
number of respectable visitors, and the efficient aid of skilful and kind contri- 
butors, we determined to persevere in our scheme; and, from the success 
which has attended our labours, we feel justified in presenting the Report of 
our Museum, this season, in form of a separate publication, being convinced 
that a descriptive enumeration of the various objects which it contains cannot 
fail to be of considerable interest to all more directly concerned in the 
advancement of agriculture. 

“ To such as are desirous of knowing the peculiar qualities of the different 
species and varieties of the agricultural plants cultivated in Europe, or ca- 
pable of being with advantage introduced into the field culture of this country, 
our catalogue may be confidently recommended, on the ground of its contain- 
ing more information on the subject than is to be obtained in connexion in 
any work with which the authors are acquainted. 

* Tt had been long believed that too little attention was paid by farmers to 
the selection and culture of improved varieties of plants; and the palm, in that 
respect, was generally assigned to their brethren of the spade, whose pursuits 
brought the physiology of vegetation more directly under their observation, 
and whose success in producing improved varieties of fruits, flowers, and 
esculent vegetables had been held forth as an excitement to emulation. In 
our report we hope to be able to make it appear that any ground of charge 
against farmers for remissness in this matter no longer exists; and we sin- 
cerely trust that what has already been achieved will stimulate to redoubled 
exertion. 

“ Of the cereal grains, we are enabled to exhibit more than eighty distinct 

varieties and species of wheat, many of which possess superior qualities, so 
diversified, however, as to afford ample means of selection for sowing on 
strong or light soils, in autumn or spring, on low or elevated situations ; 
while some of them are suited for greater heights than any at which this 
species of grain has hitherto been cultivated in Britain. A great proportion 
of these wheats, as well as the other specimens of plants exhibited, have been 
grown in our own experimental grounds ; and the remarks attached to each 
’ kind will enable our readers to judge of their comparative merits. 
» “ Of barley we are enabled to show twenty distinct varieties of various 
excellence. Of these the Chevalier, Annat, Dunlop, and_ Italian, attract 
merited attention, and lead to the anticipation of still greater success in the 
improvement of this species of grain. 

“ Our collection of oats amounts to thirty-six distinct sorts, some of which 
are little known in this country, and affords an opportunity of comparing the 
merits of several varieties cultivated on the Continent, with those generally 
cultivated in Britain. Of rye, millet, maize, and other kinds of grain, there 
are also many varieties. 

“ The leguminous plants cultivated for their seeds are next enumerated. 
Of the more important of these, the bean, the pea and kidneybean, the 
varieties will be found not less numerous than those of the cereal grasses. 

“ Of the plants cultivated for their herbage and forage, and which are for 

KK 2 


44.0 Lawson's Agriculturist’s Manual. 


the most part referred to the three sections of gramineous, leguminous, and 
cruciferous, the collection is pretty extensive, and we are enabled to speak 
with some confidence of their comparative merits. In this department, how- 
ever, we are sensible that there is still much to learn; and our object being 
to promote the culture of sorts possessing superior qualities, and to discourage 
that of worthless kinds, we shall feel indebted to our practical friends for any 
useful hints on the subject, accompanied by specimens. Appended to this 
section will be found an article on the kinds and quantities of grass seeds for 
sowing down land, in which we have given tables exhibiting the proportions 
and mixtures adapted for the various kinds of husbandry and soil. 

“© The various plants cultivated for their uses in the arts and manufactures, 
and for other economical purposes, also form a considerable branch in the 
exhibition. The esculent roots, particularly those of the potato, turnip, and 
beet, which are greatly distinguished above the others by their superior utility, 
have an imposing appearance in a collection, and will be found to occupy in 
our catalogue a space proportioned to their importance. Of the very nu- 
merous varieties of the former of these plants which have been submitted to 
comparative investigation by us, we have given a table exhibiting the peculiar 
merits. Fifty-one varieties of turnips are specified, and details are given 
respecting those presented by various individuals to the Museum. 

“ Arboriculture forms a distinguished feature in the rural improvement of 
the country. In this department, however, we believe there is still much 
room for exertion; and, to assist us in our enquiries relative to it, we earnestly 
solicit the contributions of such of our friends as have paid attention to this 
most important subject. The growth of trees is so variously affected by soil, 
climate, and management, that sections of trunks from different forests or 
plantations, accompanied by judicious remarks, could not fail to afford in- 
teresting and useful information. The breadth of the annual layers, considered 
in connexion with the meteorological phenomena of the corresponding sea- 
sons, or as affected on one side of the tree by the size and position of the 
branches or roots; the commencement and progress of decay, whether pro- 
ceeding from the taproot and affecting the centre, or from the lateral roots ; 
and the diseases beginning near the surface of the tree, while the heart remains 
sound, afford subjects of observation not less interesting to the physiologist 
than to the forester. 

* The valuable addition made to the British Arboretum by the introduction 
of the larch in the course of the last century, renders it very probable that 
many important accessions to our forest scenery yet remain to be obtained 
from the natural order Conifer. To the introduction and propagation of 
species of this tribe our attention has been especially, and not unsuccessfully, 
directed. The Museum contains living specimens of the genus Pinus from 
various parts of the continents of Europe and America, and from Napaul 
and the Himmalayan Mountains, some of which may yet not only rival, but 
surpass, the larch in the forests of Scotland. 

“* Brief notice is taken of the different horticultural productions and models 
presented to the Museum. In this department, however, we are especially 
indebted to the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, for the liber- 
ality with which they have permitted their valuabie series of models to be 
placed for a limited period in the Museum, to which they have given such an 
interest as it could not otherwise have possessed. 

“ The descriptions of the various specimens have been given with as much 
conciseness as was judged consistent with perspicuity. Botanical terms are 
frequently explained in ordinary language, to render the remarks intelligible 
to the general reader ; and observations derived from experience are offered 
respecting the culture and uses of the different plants. In short, as we con- 
sider this report to form a standard, to which future reports, embracing the 
additions annually made, will be supplementary, we have not spared pains in 
endeavouring to render it as complete and useful as possible. For the zeal 
and ability with which we have been aided in our endeayours to render the 


Lawson's Agriculturist’s Manual. 441 


catalogue worthy of public approbation, we have pleasure in here expressing 
our obligation to our friend Mr. William Gorrie. 

“ A General Index is subjoined, accompanied by an index of the names of 
the contributors mentioned under the different articles. To those who have 
thus generously lent their aid to our undertaking we tender our best acknow- 
ledgments. Should any omissions be here detected, our friends, we are 
assured, will not attribute them to any want of respect, and we shall not fail 
to rectify them in our first Supplement.” — Edinburgh, 3. Hunter's Square, 
May 10. 1836. 

So correct an idea of the plan of the work is given by this Preface, that it 
remains only for us to speak of its execution, which, we think, is excellent. 
In turning over the leaves, we come, at p. 185., to the cow, or tree, cabbage, 
respecting which we have a word or two to record, merely as matter of history. 
An individual in England having shown a specimen of this variety of what is 
properly a borecole, to Mr. Coke of Holkham, that gentleman expressed 
surprise at its size, &c. Advantage was taken of this to puff off, as the 
phrase is, this vegetable under a new name; viz. the Waterloo Cesarean 
evergreen cow cabbage, and to sell the seeds at the rate of a sovereign 
for a packet containing twenty seeds. The following is an extract from the 
advertisement : — 

“ Patronised by His Majesty. Wonderful production of nature! Waterloo 
Czesarean evergreen cow cabbage, of recent discovery, unequalled in affording 
the most interesting and desirable results to the farmer, grazier, and manu- 
facturer. This singular and extraordinary species of cabbage, almost unknown 
in England till introduced by the persevering efforts of Mr. Fullard, three 
years since, grows from nine to twelve feet high, and from fifteen to twenty 
feet in circumference. Five of these stupendous cabbages, now raised to the 
greatest perfection in quality as well as size, have been repeatedly found, by 
proper management, an ample allowance of food for one hundred sheep, or 
ten cows, per day; and the nutrition thence supplied by this delicious vege- 
table will (as experience has already abundantly demonstrated) speedily pro- 
duce the most surprising improvement in the growth and utility of every 
description of cattle. As an evidence of the beneficial tendency of this cab- 
bage, Mr. F. has the great pleasure and satisfaction of saying, that sheep fed 
upon it have been found to produce wool of the finest silken texture, twenty- 
five inches long; a circumstance which cannot fail immediately to claim the 
utmost attention and admiration: as such, the cultivator of these cabbages 
will not only realise pecuniary profit beyond any previous experience, but the 
manufacturer will also obtain a material superior to any heretofore produced 
by the most profitable speculation, the general and extensive demand for 
which must exceed all present calculation. The commerce of the country, 
as well as the interest and pleasure of the community at large, will likewise 
be greatly, if not incalculably, enhanced by the cultivation and use of this 
improved vegetable production. This Waterloo Cesarean cow cabbage has 
been pronounced by the father of the Agriculturists, whom, from his well- 
knewn experience, we are all bound to believe, to be the greatest wonder that 
ever appeared in the vegetable kingdom. It was shown to that very highl 
esteemed and truly respectable gentleman, T. W. Coke, Esq., Holkham Hall, 
Norfolk, in October last, when he immediately said,—‘ Mr. Fullard, you 
told me, three years ago, agricullurists were only half way advanced in improve- 
ment: this cabbage makes me say I am bound to believe you. I do say it is 
the greatest wonder the earth ever produced. Mr. Coke subsequently intro- 
duced several dukes and other noblemen, to the number of nine, to view this 
ereat production, all of whom expressed their astonishment, and engaged a 
part of the seed for use this year (1836). These cabbages, if designed for 
use in the winter season, can, for convenience, as well as advantage to the 
grower, be then removed from the fields, and will serve to make handsome 
serpentine walks in gardens; or they will form a most excellent avenue for 
winter across a field; or, by setting them singly, will make a ground, that has 


442 Lawson's Agriculturist?’s Manual. 


not a tree in it, a park for winter, and may be given to the stock in spring. 
To obviate scepticism, and to afford the highest satisfaction and confidence 
as to the perfect rectitude of the statements here given, agriculturists, graziers, 
and all who feel an interest in this species of produce, are respectfully re- 
quested to apply to Mr. , wholesale perfumer, No. ; » London, 
who will, with pleasure, exhibit specimens of the cabbage, and also wool of 
sheep fed with this vegetable production. Mr. is the sole agent in 
London for the Waterloo Cesarean cow cabbage seed. All purchasers of it 
are particularly desired to sow it at the proper season (which is in July), as 
stated in the directions which accompany the parcels, price 20s. each. The 
plants of this seed, unlike other vegetable produce for cattle, never fail, either 
numerically or in quality. A part of this seed has been engaged by His 
Majesty, and forwarded to Norfolk Farm, near Windsor, to be sown this 
season; and the production is already likewise patronised by most of the 
royal family. The Duke of Wellington, and the following gentlemen, area few 
only who have selected the seed for cultivation this year: — the Right Hon. 
Dymock, champion of England; Robert Leeds, Esq., Surrey ; Thomas 
Back, Esq., Wellesbro’; Joseph Cowen, Esq., Bladenburn; Sir William 
Folk, Norfolk ; R. Preston, Esq., Barrister, Lincoln’s Inn ; Allington, 
Esq., Little Barford, near St. Neots; Edward Lindsell, Esq., Broon, near 
Biggleswade; Henry Walker, Esq., Corn Exchange; R. Sutton, Esq., Royal 
Exchange ; Jesse, Esq., Hampton Court; Henry Hills, Esq., Allebury; 
Henry Handley, Esq., M.P., Lincolnshire ; Perkins, Esq., proprietor of 
Islington Market; William Shield, Esq., Lincolnshire; Thomas Hudson, 
Esq., York ; Hern, Esq., Bury St. Edmonds; Watkin, Esgq., 
Windsor. It is desirable to remember, that these sweet vegetables, when 
boiled, are remarkably tender, and in flavour resemble asparagus. For the 
table, or culinary purposes, they will ever be highly appreciated. They grow 
in the form of a cone, and from the thickness of their foliage, and being ever- 
green, they will be found ornamental to a garden. The plants, after two 
months’ growth (say in September), require to be set out at the distance of 
two yards and a half from each other. They will grow on soil of moderate 
richness ; but their greatest perfection will require soil of good quality. At 
any subsequent period to their being thus transplanted, they may be removed 
to any other place where convenience or taste may suggest. All letters from 
the country, requiring a packet of seed to be forwarded, must (to be attended 
to) contain a sovereign, or an order for the payment in London; and it is 
requested the name and address, where it is to be sent, be legibly written. 
Caution :— Any packet sold at a less price than a sovereign, either in town 
or country, cannot be genuine. Observe, also, upon each packet the circular 
seal, with this inscription : ‘——, No. —, It is important to observe, 
that none of the genuine cow cabbage seed will be sold after the month of 
July, for sowing this year (1836).” 

“ Further Particulars. — In reference to the length of wool produced by 
sheep fed upon the new colossal vegetable, as described in this prospectus, 
the proprietor, Mr. Fullard, to prove the fact, has now a lamb-hog, one year 
old, to be seen at Mr. ,» No.—, , where T. W. Coke, Esq., of 
Holkham Hall, paid a visit on Tuesday, the 14th instant ; and, upon due ex- 
amination of the said lamb-hog, he declared, in the presence of many witnesses, 
that he never before saw such a specimen of wool for /ength and jine quality. 
Mr. F. has already been awarded nine premiums, by the Agricultural Societies, 
for the superiority of his sheep and other cattle. 

“ (Signed) ——, No. 5 om 


The noise made by Cobbett’s Locust was nothing to this. We are informed, 
on what we consider undoubted authority, that from 30 to 40 sovereigns a day 
were taken at the perfumer’s shop referred to for several months. The London 
seedsmen are regularly supplied with similar cow cabbage seed from Jersey ; 
which is sold by retail, by Mr. Charlwood, at Is. per ounce; an ounce, as 


London Horticullural Society and Garden. 443 


we are informed by Mr. Cormick, containing about 5000 seeds, which would, 
of course, produce the wholesale perfumer 250/. in ready money. As several 
~ gentlemen have called upon, and written to, us respecting this cabbage, as 
they did about the time the Gardener's Magazine commenced, respecting 
Cobbett’s Locust (see Ard. Brit., p.616.), we have thought it worth while to 
state the above; adding, that, as we know that our advice was not taken in 
regard to the locust, we doubt if it has deterred those who applied to us from 
purchasing the Cesarean cabbage. The truth seems to be, that there is a 
portion of mankind who have a love for the marvellous to such an extent, as 
to become a disease which will have its course. The work of Messrs. Lawson 
will prove the best antidote to this kind of quackery; and for this reason, 
independently of the good it will do in other respects, we do hope it will find 
its way into every country gentleman’s library, as well as into those of bailiffs, 
land stewards, and reading farmers. A correct estimate of the real merits of 
this cabbage, by Mr. Saunders of Jersey, who supplies the London trade with 
their seeds, was published in the Gardener's Magazine in 1829 (vol. v. p. 440.) ; 
and it has also appeared in the Encyclopedia of Agriculture, 2d edit. p. 867. 


MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. 


Art. I. The London Horticultural Society and Garden. 


JULY 5. 1836.— Read. A Paper on the Management of Rhubarb; by 
Sir G. S. Mackenzie, Bart. 

Exhibited. A Providence pine apple, from C. G. Cooke, Esq. 7 boxes 
of roses, from Rivers and Son, of Sawbridgeworth. Pentstémon latifolius, 
Solanum Herbértia, Gnothera Drumménd:, gesnerias, and Daphne péntica 
fol. variegatis, from W. Young of Epsom. Seedling English irises, from Mr. 
Salter of Shepherd’s Bush. 2 Boxes of pinks, and 1 of heartsease, from 
Mr. Hogg. Rose raised from seed gathered in the Himalaya Mountains, in 
1829, by Col. Finch. Orchidez, sp. n., from James Bateman, Esq. 4 Boxes 
of roses, from Mr. Stephen Hooker. The Large Silver Medal was awarded 
to Mr. Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, for a collection of roses. The Banksian 
Medal, to Mr. Hooker, for a collection of roses; to Mr. Hogg, for pinks, &c. ; 
to Mr. Salter, for English irises; to Mr. Young, for Pentstémon latifolius ; 
and to Mrs. Marryat, for Arbutus pilosa, exhibited at last meeting. 

At the Eixhibition at the Garden, July 9.,the following prizes were awarded :— 

The Gold Knightian Medal. — Fora collection of Orchidez, exhibited by 8S, 
Rucker, Esq., jun., F.H.S.; for Oncidium lanceanum, exhibited by Messrs. 
Rollisson of Tooting; for stove and green-house plants (large collection), ex- 
hibited by Mr. Green, gardener to Sir E. Antrobus, Bart., F.H.S. 

The Large Silver Medal. — For alstroemerias, exhibited by Mr. Gaines of 
Battersea; for melocactuses, exhibited by Charles Palmer, Esq., of Shacklewell ; 
for grapes, exhibited by Mr. Davis, gardener to Lady Clarke; for a collection 
of Orchidez, exhibited by Messrs. Rollisson; for Queen pine-apples, from 
Mr. G. Mills, F.H.S.; for peaches, exhibited by Mr. Errington, gardener to 
Sir P. G. Egerton, Bart.; for roses (Chinese, &c.), exhibited by Mr. George 
Glenny, F.H.S.; for roses (garden), exhibited by Mr. S. Hooker, of Brench- 
ley, F.H.S.; for stove and green-house plants (small collection), exhibited 
by Mr. James Lane, gardener to J. H. Palmer, Esq., F.H.S. ; for stove and 
green-house plants (large collection), exhibited by Mr. Butcher, gardener to 
Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S.; for a specimen of a New Holland plant, from Mr. 
Redding, gardener to Mrs. Marryat, F.H.S.; for a miscellaneous collection 
of roses, from Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, 

The Silver Knightian Medal. — For balsams, exhibited by Mr. Cock of 
Chiswick ; for picotees, exhibited by Mr. T. Hogg of Paddington; for cu- 
cumbers, exhibited by Mr. Snow, gardener to Earl De Grey, F.H.S.; for 
cockscombs, from Mr. Mills, F.H.S., gardener to N. M. Rothschild, Esq., 


444 London Horticultural Society and Garden. 


F.H.S. ; for melocactuses, exhibited by Mr. Dennis, of Chelsea; for ferns, exhi- 
bited by Mr. Redding, gardener to Mrs. Marryat, F.H.S.; for grapes, exhi- 
bited by Mr. Buck of Blackheath, F.H.S.; for heartsease, exhibited by - 
Messrs. Lane and Son, of Great Berkhampstead; for heaths, exhibited by 
Messrs. Rollisson, of Tooting; for melons, exhibited by Mr. Clark, gardener 
to T. Venables, Esq.; for Gongora (a new species), exhibited by S. Rucker, 
Esq., jun., F.H.8.; for pelargoniums, exhibited by Mr. Cock of Chiswick ; 
for Providence pine-apples, exhibited by C. G. Cooke, Esq., F.H.S.; for 
nectarines, exhibited by Mr. Gibbs, gardener to D. Haigh, Esq., of Streatham ; 
for nectarines, exhibited by Mr. Nieman, gardener to P. C. Labouchere, Esq., 
F.H.S.; for roses (Chinese, &c.), exhibited by Mr. S. Hooker, F.H.S. ; 
for roses (garden), exhibited by Mr. Wood of Maresfield, Sussex; for roses 
(garden), exhibited by Mr. Paul of Cheshunt; for a specimen of a stove 
plant, from Mr. Redding, gardener to Mrs. Marryat, F.H.S.; for a specimen 
of a stove plant, from Mr. Spence, gardener to E. Durant, Esq., F.HLS. ; 
for a specimen of a green-house plant, exhibited by Mr. D. Ferguson, gar- 
dener to P. C. Labouchere, Esq., F.H.S.; for a specimen of a New Holland 
plant, exhibited by Mr. D. Mackay, gardener to R. Mangles, Esq., F.H.S. ; 
for a specimen of a Cape plant, from Mr. Douglas, gardener to Earl De Grey, 
F.H.S.; for a hardy herbaceous plant, exhibited by Mr. Marshall, gardener 
to Mrs. Langley. 

The Silver Banksian Medal. — For calceolarias, exhibited by Mr. Jackson 
of Kingston; for pelargoniums, exhibited by Mr. Gaines of Battersea; for 
roses (Chinese, &c.), exhibited by Mr. Paul of Cheshunt; for cherries, ex- 
hibited by Mr. Meyers of Brentford; for droseras cultivated under glass, 
from the Rev. W. Hincks, York ; for hydrangeas, exhibited by Mr. Mills, 
gardener to N. M. Rothschild, Esq., F.H.S.; for large fuchsias, exhibited by 
Mr. R. Scott, gardener to J. Boulcott, Esq., F.H.S.; for Crassula coccinea, 
exhibited by Mr. Buck of Chelsea. 

The company at the gardens were nearly as numerous as at the preceding 
exhibition. The total number of tickets purchased was 17,600, and the total 
number presented, 16,534. The following remarks on the articles exhibited 
are by a correspondent who was present :—‘“ Among the articles of fruit pre- 
sented for competition, I observed, what I believe to be hitherto unrivalled ; 
a cluster of black Hamburg grapes, weighing 8 lb. 6 oz.; and near them, some 
exquisite specimens of the white muscat of Alexandria. About 12 dishes of 
erapes were exhibited, two beautiful dishes of cherries, and 8 specimens of 
melons ; among which the Hoosainee, and other Persian sorts, were fine; and 
there were a beautiful specimen of the scarlet rock, and two immense black 
rocks, weighing, I should think, 16lb. each. I also observed 5 dishes of 
peaches, and 4 dishes of very superior nectarines ; also 7 specimens of pine 
apples, one of which was an elegant-shaped queen: these, with 10 braces of 
very handsome cucumbers, constituted the whole show of fruits; and I was 
much surprised to find that no gold medal was awarded for any of the articles 
exhibited. 

Among the specimens of flowers, I particularly admired the following Or- 
chideze : — Oncidium papilio, Gongora maculata, and sp.; Epidéndrum bicor- 
nutum, Cynochus Loddigés#, Zygopétalum Cochlearia,and Maxillaria; Cattleya 
Forbész, Oncidium flexudsum,and Lancednum; Bifrenaria aurantiaca, Maxillaria 
discolor. lobserved only 3 species of alstreemerias; viz. A. pulchélla, A. atrea, 
and A. psittacina. Three British species of sundew (Drésera) were exhibited, 
grown in a small saucer of moss, under a bell-glass. 1 was also much delighted 
with Manéttia cordata, Lychnis coronata, Ceropégia élegans, Russéllia jancea, 
a remarkably fine specimen ; several species of Htmea élegans (one, I should 
think, 10 ft. high); a cut flower of Magnolia macrophylla; and, in a smaller 
tent, carnations, pinks, and pansies of some merit. The show of roses was 
extensive and interesting. — F. July 9. 1836. 


THE 


GARDENERS MAGAZINE, 
SEPTEMBER, 1836. 


ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. 


Art. I. Botanical and Horticultural Tour in Lombardy. By Signor 
GiusEpPE MANETTI. 


I wow sit down to fulfil my promise to you respecting my 
botanical and horticultural tour, which will contain whatever I 
think will be interesting to you in the gardens of Lombardy, 
not only as respects botany and horticulture, but every thing 
else that appears to me worthy of notice. I do not intend to 
speak of all the gardens in Lombardy indiscriminately, because, 
by undertaking “such a task, I should plunge into a sea from 
which I could not easily extricate myself; but I shall treat of 
those gardens only which are the most celebrated, and which 
present the greatest interest with regard to the object in view. 
I ought, perhaps, to begin with the garden in which I am em- 
ployed ; but, as I have often spoken about it to you already, I 
think I shall prefer commencing with that of Desio. 

Desio is a large village, about four leagues north of Milan, 
and about one and a half north-west from Monza. The soil is 
of that kind which is here usually called Jadino, or arable, and 
is either black, or calcareous, and very fertile. ‘There are several 
villas in Desio; but the most beautiful is that called La Casino, 
which is now the property of Signor ‘Traversi. 

At the epoch of the introduction of the taste for landscape 
and pleasure gardens in what is commonly called the English 
style, the late Marquis Ferdinando Casani, in 1777, laid out 
this villa, and formed a garden to it of 200 superficial Milanese 
perches. The universal opinion is, that Casani spent all his 
fortune on this garden, because his heirs, after his death, put it 
up for sale; and, indeed, it is not wonderful that so much 
money was spent, as, the ground here being perfectly flat, every 
elevation of the soil must have been made by art. Besides the 


ground being cleverly laid out, the trees are planted and grouped 
Vou. XII.— No, 78. LL 


4.4.6 Botanical and Horticultural Tour 


with judgment; and none of them are placed at random, which 
is generally the case when such a trust is confided to the care of 
those who are inexperienced, or who have not studied nature. 
Here, on the contrary, the gradations of the different colours of 
the foliage are so displayed as to afford abundant sources of 
variety and pleasure. In short, the eye continually wanders 
from one beauty to another, and particularly so around the lake, 
where the scenes are always new, always grand, and always 
worthy of the poet’s song. ‘The charms of nature are so com- 
pletely reproduced and created by art, that one may say, with 
the poet of Armida, — ; 


“ L’ arte che tutta fa, nulla si scopra.” 


There is no profusion of buildings or ornaments, which, when 
crowded together in a garden, without the necessary attention 
being paid to situation and suitableness, rather fatigues than 
enlivens the spectator. Amongst the edifices is one dedicated 
to the immortal Tasso; and amongst the other buildings is a 
coffee-house ornamented with beautiful pictures in the Egyptian 
style, and a beautiful statue of Apollo, admirably executed. 
There isa small temple, in which there is a statue of Hymen, and 
an apartment dedicated to Tasso. Four beautiful fresco paintings 
adorn the interior of this room; the effect of which, contrasted with 
the exterior of the building, consisting of boards unequally put 
together, and having the upper part shaded by a penthouse of 
straw, gives to the mind a great and delightful surprise on enter- 
ing at the rustic gate. ‘The inexhaustible ‘Tasso has supplied 
subjects for the skilful pencil of Binozzi, which decorate this 
room. In one picture we see Erminia, clothed in the arms 
(which are much too heavy for her) of the warrior maiden 
Clorinda. 

“ O con quanta fatica ella sostiene 
L’ inegual, peso e muove lenti i passi.” 
“* Heavy and slow, she moves along with pain, 
And scarce her feet the unwonted weight sustain.” 
In the second, Erminia is seen with the shepherd, in that asylum 
of peace, where the din of arms is never heard. 
——  “ Ni strepito de Marte 
Ancor turbo questa remota parte.” 


“ Removed to distance far, 
And never startled with the din of war.” 


In the third, — 


“ Nella scorza de faggi e degli allori 
Segnio l amato nome in mille guise.” 


“* On the smooth beechen rind the pensive dame 
Carves in a thousand forms her Tancred’s name.” 


in the fourth, Erminia is seen, accompanied by the faithful 


an Lombardy. 44.7 


Vafrino, at the spot where Argante has slain, or rather fearfully 
wounded, a warrior, who lies — 


“ La gran faccia 
Sien volto al ciel, e morto ancor minaccia.” 


“ His face was upward turn’d, with dauntless air, 
His aspect menaced, even in death severe.” 


In another part of the picture Vafrino is seen untying the helmet 
of the recumbent warrior, and recognising in him his master 
Tancred, whom at first he believes to be dead. 

This villa is from the design of Piranesi; and, although 
this celebrated architect has faults, it is to him we owe the 
principles of the total reform which has taken place in the archi- 
tecture of Milan. In the house in question, he has committed 
the error which is so common in most of his buildings; that is, 
it is without a base; or, to explain myself better, they are kept 
too low. Signor Traversi told me that he entertained some 
thoughts of rebuilding the mansion on this account. The 
garden was laid out by Antonio Villaresi, a gardener at Flo- 
rence, and the father of the late Villaresi, the enlightened 
director of these royal gardens; and it was here that Luigi Vil- 
laresi was born, and imbibed from his father his taste for land- 
scape-gardening. Signor Traversi has erected a tower from the 
design of Pelagi, which looks like a monastery; the architecture 
of which is a mixed Gothic, and which is adorned with basso 
relievos, ancient and modern, in different styles, the subjects of 
which are taken from sacred and profane history. The sum of 
130,000/. must have been spent on this building. In it there 
is a spacious gallery, used at present as a study by those 
cultivators of the fine arts who pass the summer with Signor 
Traversi, but which was formerly ornamented with the arms 
of ancient warriors. 

According to the strict rules of art, the garden here is much 
too near the house, it only being about 600 ft. from it; and the 
house is, also, so large, that it would require a garden ten times 
the size of the present one. No attention has been paid to the 
great law, that all garden constructions and edifices should be 
made subordinate to the geometric scale of the house, so that 
there may be a just proportion between them and the mansion ; 
and a due attention should also be paid to the distances between 
the objects, and to the whole extent of the garden. Sometimes 
an edifice that is exceedingly rich, and of immense magnitude, 
overpowers the impression which the natural scene imitated in 
the pleasure-grounds should produce. The building has an- 
other defect, which is, that it is not erected on a knoll, or rising 
ground, as such an edifice requires a marked kind of situation. 

In the first part, which is called the ancient grove, which was 


planted when the garden was formed, in 1777, the following 
LL 2 


4.4.8 Botanical and Horticultural Tour 


trees are worth mentioning: — Maenolia grandiflora, 50 ft. 
high, with a trunk 1 ft. 10in. in diameter at 3 ft. from the 
ground, and the diameter of the head 30 ft.; Magus sylvatica 
atropurpurea, 60 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 22in., and of 
the head 44 ft.; Pinus Strobus, 70 ft. high, diameter of the 
trunk 30 in., and of the head 40 ft. ; Juglans nigra, 62 ft. high, 
diameter of the trunk nearly 27 in., and of the head 40 ft.; Gym- 
nocladus canadénsis, 65 ft. high, diameter of the trunk 18 in., 
and of the head 22 ft.; Pinus Tee‘da, 62 ft. high, diameter of 
the head 24 ft., and of the trunk 24 in.; Acacia Julibrissin, 66 ft. 
high, diameter of the head 24 ft., and of the trunk 28in.; Ro- 
binza Pseud-Acacia umbraculifera, 40 ft. high, the diameter of 
the head 24 ft., and of the trunk 24 in. 

In the parterre, which is in the Italian style, and situated 
before the green-house, there is a rich collection of roses, 
amongst which there are several of great beauty, procured by 
the present director, Giovanni Casoretti, whose abilities, intel- 
ligence, and politeness are beyond eulogium. ‘The names of 
these roses are as follows: — Hayez, Traversi, Maffeis, Strambio, 
Cabrisi, Byron, Rossini, la rose tendre, la Padulli, Ja marchese, 
la color di paglia, la trompeuse, la belle Judith, )Elodie, la 
Bartolotti, and la Pirzi. ‘There are a Magnolza pyramidata, 12 f6. 
high, which branches out from its base; Magnolza auriculata, 
16 ft. high, with a trunk which measured, at 1 ft. from the ground, 

1 in. in circumference; and a Magnolza grandiflora magordénsis, 
which appears to me to be a hybrid, not very distinct from 
M. grandiflora pree'cox ; the only properties which distinguish 
it being, as I am told, that the flower is rather larger than that 
of M. g. preecox, and expands rather later. To tell the truth, I 
have never seen it in flower myself; but I have written to 
Signor Casoretti to send me one when they are in their full 
beauty, in order that I may compare it with those of M. g. pree‘cox. 
It is 15 ft. high, with a trunk Qin. in circumference. Mag- 
nolza gracilis is 10 ft. high, branching out from its base, and 
occupying a space of 22 ft. in circumference. Magnolza macro- 
phflla is 20 ft. high, with a trunk 11 in. in circumference, and the 
head 10 ft. in diameter. Last year this beautiful plant produced 
and ripened seeds; and this spring more than 150 plants were 
produced from it, amongst which Signor Casoretti hopes to 
obtain new varieties, having fecundated some of the flowers with 
the pollen of M. purpurea and M. conspicua. About eight 
years ago, Signor Casoretti obtained a variety of M. obovata 
(M. purpurea), which has all the characteristics of its parent 
except that it is only a foot and a half high, and which he therefore 
calls M. obovata pumila. 

The pine-apple stoves which have lately been constructed 
are still heated by the old method, that is, by flues ; and about 


2n Lombardy. 449 


3000 plants are skilfully cultivated, from which, one year with 
another, 750 pine-apples are obtained. ‘The value of this fruit 
in Milan, when of a moderate size (that is, when about thirty 
ounces in weight), is about eight livres Milanese; that is, six 
francs, or 5s. The kinds grown are, the queen, the globe, the 
Otaheite, white Providence, green Providence, Antigua, Antigua 
queen, Havannah, black Jamaica, Madeira, il via spruona, &c. 
In one part of the stove, they are cultivated in the manner indi- 
cated in the Gard. Mag., vol. v. p. 427. Some of the fruit 
treated in this manner have been found to weigh seventy-two 
ounces; but it is said that the flavour is not so good as that of 
the pines grown, or plants raised, in pots. I, however, did not 
find this to be the case; and I cannot even guess the reason of 
so foolish an assertion. 

There are more than 5000 sorts of camellias cultivated here, 
amongst which there are several of very great beauty, obtained 
by Signor Casoretti by means of artificial fecundation, which 
are as follows:— grandiflora, Monti, amplipétala, Leonardi, 
longisepala, Traversi, Bazzoni, ’ albo variegata, Manetti, &c. 
Amongst the peonies are the Mozitan phoenicea, M. carnea, M. 
incarnata, and M. inodora. Amongst the rhododendrons, there 
are #2. arboreum mutabile, 12 ft. high, and the trunk 3 in. in 
diameter; #. campanulatum; #. cinnamomeum; and an Azalea 
Jedifolia, 12 ft. high, which was in full flower, and in perfect 
beauty, when I visited the garden on May 12. Amongst the 
fuchsias, there were F. globdsa and Adolphina. Amongst the 
dryandras, there were a) armata and longifolia; amongst the 
banksias, B. coccinea and Lambértz. Amongst the pelargo- 
niums, which are cultivated in great numbers, there were P. 
olympicum, reticulatum, velutinum, v. d’ Arrufens, v. atrocruén- 
tum, Paleemon, Poiteauanwm, Hephbourndnuwm, &e. I say 
nothing of the dahlias, because their number was infinite. The 
gigantic and dwarf sorts are both cultivated here; the latter of 
which we call Inglesi, as we received the first of them from 
England. Every method of propagation is used by Signor 
Casoretti. ‘The rose is multiplied by slit-grafting, at all Sines 
of the year, with complete success. ‘The comellie and rhodo- 
dendron are treated in the manner described in your Magazine, 
vol. ii. p. 33., as practised by Mr. Wm. Pike; the article having 
been translated by me, and inserted in our Giornale Agrario. 

I do not speak of the fruits or vegetables here, as they are not 
much attended to, and there is little of interest in the mode of 
cultivating them. The neighbourhood of Desio is so celebrated 
for the excellence of its peaches, that, in the market at Milan, 
those who come to purchase that fruit always enquire if they are 
from Desio; and they have obtained the name of Desio peaches. 


The peach trees are planted by the sides of the vines in the 
LL 3 


450 Gardens at Adare, 


fields, and thus serve as a support for them. ‘This fruit pro- 
duces an annual income of 12,000 livres, Milanese money, to 
Desio, when the year is favourable. They have suffered much 
this year on account of the frost and cold in spring. In the 
beginning of May, we had one degree of frost for two or three 
nights. 

I have sent you, through the Baron Jacquin, the dried flowers 
and. the seeds of the Populus dilatata. In the same parcel you 
will find a small glass phial containing the oil of the Taxodium 
distichum, which I mentioned in a former letter, and which, 
according to the opinion of several well-informed medical men, 
might be used for the same purposes as the oil of turpentine 
now is. ‘The celebrated Baron de Grimm, aulic counsellor, 
&c., a very scientific man, told me that a very small dose of this 
oil gives a tone to the stomach, and that it has a diuretic effect. 
Next autumn I will give you a notice respecting the quantity 
that can be obtained from a given weight of cones. 


ETT 


Art. II. A brief Description of the Gardens at Adare, the Residence 
of the Earl of Dunraven, in the County of Limerick. By Mr. 
ANDREW CoGHLAN, Head Gardener there. 


AGREEABLY to your request, I proceed to give you a brief 
description of the Adare gardens; reserving the demesne, the 
park, the forest, and other interesting matters, for a future article. 

At the entrance into the premises stands a commodious 
garden-house, tastefully built, and displaying magnificence and 
comfort, both interiorly and exteriorly: contiguous to which are 
a melon-yard, with pits and frames; and mushroom, tool, and 
compost sheds. 

The gardens, which contain more than three Irish acres, and 
are so highly celebrated for their fine fruit trees, particularly apri- 
cots, figs, and peaches, are surrounded, and divided into three 
equal parts, by lofty walls faced with brick, and communicating 
with each other by great double stone arches. In the middle 
garden stands a fig tree; a rarity indeed, for its equal would be 
sought for throughout this country in vain; having never been 
known to fail, and generally producing two yearly crops, one in 
June and the other in August. In the lower, or cherry, garden 
stands a curious chain of rocks, beautifully planted with alpine 
plants, rising to a great eminence, and surrounded by a pond 
planted with water lilies; on the banks of which are some 
quince trees, that are remarkable for their fine fruit. ‘The 
interest of this spot is increased by the circumstance of an eagle 
having taken up his residence here; where he sits perched upon 
the tallest rock, while the small birds look upon him with terror, 


in the County of Limerick. 451 


and depart from his presence with preeipitation; so that he 
answers the double purpose of use and ornament. 

Adjoining is the Earl of Dunraven’s splendid new house, which, 
when finished, will stand unrivalled for beauty and elegance by 
any other in the kingdom; being built in the richest abbey 
style of ancient Gothic “architecture, and embellished with count- 
less ornaments on the cornices, mouldings of windows, &c. The 
building is flanked with towers more than 70 ft. high ; and in 
the centre of the bay, or oriel, window are sculptured the arms 
of several noblemen. 

To the south of this noble edifice lies the pleasure-ground, 
containing more than twenty acres; at the end of which isa 
well-constructed heath-house, on the verge of the beautiful river 
Maig, which flows through the demesne, close to the mansion, 
and the falls on which are very interesting. ‘This pleasure-ground, 
which is surrounded with beautiful oak and elm trees of immense 
magnitude, strikes the eye of the beholder with an appearance 
of the most pleasing undulations, heightened by its picturesque 
situation along the banks of the river, where a great curiosity 
presents itself in a grand line of thirty English alin trees, more 
than 150 ft. high, and girting 14ft. on an average. These beautiful 
trees stand in regular order on the brink of the river, across the 
bed of which, their roots extend, and derive their nourishment 
from thence. Amongst the great trees is a renowned and vene- 
rable ash, under the roots of which ‘the treasure of His Lerdship’s 
ancestors lay concealed during the troubles of 1688. ‘This 
highly favoured tree is 15 ft. in girt. A little further on, in the 
pleasure-ground, stands a cock’s-spur thorn, forming itself into 
an arbour, surrounded by an evergreen privet hedge, planted 
with standard roses; the intention of which was to hide the naked 
stems of the roses. You next behold three cast-iron bowers, 
which you approach, passing first under three magnificent iron 
rail double arches, planted with roses. A little further on 
appear some beautiful cedars of Lebanon, in grand style, near 
which are an American border, and a Portugal laurel 35 yards 
in circumference. Close by are a green-house, and a grapery of 
exquisite beauty, surrounded by a garden of evergreens. 
large yucca, above 40 ft. high, stands at the end of the ereen- 
house, and makes a noble appearance: it flowers every second 
year. Several acacias, in good bloom, grow hard by, one of 
which girts 9ft.; with some beautiful Portugal laurels and 
evergreen oaks. In the evergreen garden are several clumps of 
rockwork, planted with alpine plants. Outside the iron railing 
stands a beautiful specimen of the hickory tree, 6 ft. in Gixcune 
ference; with several huge elms and silver firs, sweet chestnut, 
and walnut trees, one of which is 9 ft. in girt, and the branches 

Lu 4 


452 Vegetation of Plants having solid Bulbs, 


thereof 70 ft. in circumference; the branch circumference of the 
hickory being 90 ft. 

A little further on appears a castellated wall, beautifully 
planted with magnolias, Sophora japonica, Edwardsza grandiflora, 
and E.microphylla; myrtles, camellias, Nerium spléndens, pome- 
granates, with a vine at the extremity (a never-failing sweet-water 
grape); and a great profusion of other ornamental plants, too 
numerous for insertion. 

Such is the improved and flourishing state of horticulture in 
this quarter, that I had the honour of being adjudged a beauti- 
fully ornamented *silver prize cup, of great value, given by the 
high sheriff of this county to the Limerick Horticultural So- 
ciety at their last meeting; which cup was awarded to me bya 
majority of nine prizes. 

The Ficus eldstica, which you have mentioned, stood out in 
the open air until Christmas, when it was killed by the frost. 
The yucca has stood in the open air these 40 years. 

Adare, April 6. 1836. 


ceca: 


Art. IIL. On the Vegetation of Plants having solid Bulbs; and par- 
ticularly on that of the Saffron (Crocus sativus) ; also on the Fune- 
tions of Bulbs in generai. By Dr. Aucustus TRiNCHINETTI. 
Translated from the Italian. . 


Ir appears to me so very extraordinary that so little should be 
known of the vegetation and use of solid, or tuberous, bulbs, 
as they may be called; that I trust that I shall be excused for 
offering to the public the result of a few experiments which I 
have made on the subject. Having chosen the crocus for ma- 
king observations on, I shall speak first, and most diffusely, of 
that plant. 

The bulb of the saffron (Crocus sativus), examined in its dor- 
mant state, consists of a parenchymatous starchy substance; which 
forms a flattish globular body, surrounded by dry, loosely fibred 
coats, succeeding each other like scales, and forming funnels 
placed one within the other, and gradually decreasing in size, 
which can be easily separated, but which are all attached at their 
base. If you take away these membranous funnels, you will find 
a solid whitish bulb within them, somewhat compressed in the 
upper part, and marked horizontally with circular lines, which 
are nothing more than the bases of the membranous funnels, or 
coats, which have been thrown off by the bulb, or taken away 
from it. In the centre of the upper part of this bulb, or near 
the centre of it, there are three, or sometimes even more, cones, 
formed of finer funnel-shaped coats, under each of which ap- 
pears a small tubercle, that is the germ of the offset, or new bulb, 


and Functions of Bulbs in general. 453 


intended to be developed in the next growth. ‘There are like- 
wise various marks scattered all over the bulb, without regular 
order, and of different sizes, formed of very fine coats, and con- 
taining small germs, which are developed according to the 
quantity of nourishment received by the parent bulb; and which 
sometimes may, perhaps, become abortive when the parent bulb 
is too small te afford them support. 

The bulb, if cut open while in this dormant state, only pre- 
sents a homogeneous milk-white mass, the organisation of which 
is not visible. 

When it begins to vegetate, it sends out circumferential fibrous 
roots, and developes one or more germs, which increase into one 
or more little bundles, each formed of a sheath, enclosing leaves, 
and the largest containing, also, the flower. These little bundles 
have a slight expansion at their base; which, being cut through 
lengthwise, discovers a smaller bulb, surrounded by coats, the 
outer of which proceed from the sheaths above mentioned, and 
the inner ones from the bases of the leaves, and both, combined, 
forming a small solid substance. 

If, when the vegetation has considerably advanced (say about 
a month after flowering), these small bulbs are again cut through, 
and a part of the large bulb from which they sprang is included 
in the section, the portion where the coats terminate will be found 
very much increased in size, and also divided into two parts of 
different substances (see fig. 73.) ; 
one of which,the germ (c),isalmost 
of a conical figure, with its base 
uppermost: it has in its centre 
one or more tubercles; and its 
point, penetrating downwards, ter- 
minates towards the centre of the 
old bulb at, f£ where it joinsa simi- 
lar part, proceeding from each of 
the offsets, and whence the cir- 
cumferential roots (gg) have their 
origin. ‘This germ is of a yel- 
lowish colour, and fibrous struc- 
ture, and forms the central and 
lower part of the little bulb, or 
base of the flower sheath, which 
forms above the large bulb. Fyrom the structure of this part, 
its position, and the circumferential and fusiform roots (which 
will be described presently) proceeding from it, I consider 
it as the vital speck, or germ, of the little bundle, or sheath, 
which springs from its upper part. The other portion (d), which 
remains to be described, has the appearance of the old bulb ; 
being of a miik-white colour, and of a homogeneous texture, ex- 


454 Vegetation of Plants having solid Bulbs, 


cept the threads, or filaments, at e, which are more or less appa- 
rent, and which cross it vertically, proceeding from each of the 
tubercles before mentioned. 

It has been observed, that, as soon as vegetation commences, 
the offsets of the bulb send down from their base or side one or 
more large fusiform roots (4 h), which have their origin in the 
internal part, or germ, of the solid substance above described. 
Whether these are intended to assist the circumferential fibrous 
roots in the office of absorption, need not be discussed here, as it 
is apparent that these latter cannot absorb sufficient matter for the 
formation of the offsets: and this is proved more fully, by ob- 
serving that there are sometimes no fusiform roots when only one 
offset is developed ; the circumferential roots, in that case, ap- 
pearing to be sufficient for its nourishment. 

As vegetation proceeds, the offsets are found to augment in 
bulk; but, when observed internally, their germs are found not 
to have increased at all, and that only the parts which surround 
them are enlarged; so that, when the bulb is completely developed, 
the germ has vanished, leaving only a faint trace of shade, show- 
ing where it has been, and which may be observed in the lower 
part of the bulb. 

In proportion as the offsets become larger, the parent bulb 
diminishes, becomes yellow, and dried up, presenting only a fi- 
brous cellular structure ; which, when the new bulb has attained 
its utmost growth, becomes black, and dwindles away to a very 
small substance, that, sooner or later, disappears altogether. 
The circumferential roots decay with the bulb, and the fusiform 
roots also; the leaves become yellow, wither, and finally rot 
off; and their bases, which have become the inner coats of the 
dried bulb, with their internal sheaths, remain as the involuerum 
of the offset. ‘The bulb thus passes on into its dormant state, 
presenting the above described characteristics. 

The newly formed bulbs, which, at first, par icipaeedth in the 
vitality of the old ones (by means of the prolongation of their 
germs, which united nearly in the centre of the old bulb, and were 
the origin of the circumferential roots), now enjoy an individual 
vitality : they have no longer any germ, as that by degrees 
has withered, and finally disappeared ; and these bulbs, in hes 
turn, can now only be considered asa mass of matter containing 
the germs of new plants, which are to be developed at the next 
season of vegetation. 

Ihave observed that the manner in which the bulbs of the 
Gladiolus communis vegetate is very little different from what 
I have just described. 

The Colchicum autumnale also differs but little from the cro- 
cus in the manner of reproducing its bulbs ; with the exception 
that in the colchicum the offsets always appear at the side of 


and Functions of Bulbs in general. 455 


the parent bulb; and, having a free base, they immediately, with- 
out passing through the large bulb, send down capillary roots, 
which thus, probably, perform the office of the fusiform roots 
produced by the crocus. When this bulb is cut, the germ is 
found of the same form as that of the saffron, except that the 
point penetrates the old bulb laterally, and disappears in it, with- 
out producing any circumferential roots. As all the coats of the 
colchicum entirely surround the bulb, when the latter begins to 
decay, itis not found partly naked, like that of the crocus, which 
has its coats one above another like scales, that are pushed 
up higher by degrees as the bulb increases in size; but appears 
a mass of dry coats, which contain the old bulb, reduced to 
a small withered substance, which soon afterwards becomes. 
rotten. 

The Fumaria bulbosa y s6lida Lin. (Corydalis bulbdsa Dec.) 
has also some analogy with the crocus and other plants, in the 
mode of reproducing its bulbs, or tubers, whichever they may be 
called. In its dormant state, it presents a white starchy mass, 
which contains an olive-shaped substance, situated vertically in 
its centre, with its broadest end downwards, which is of a yellow- 
ish colour, and of a slightly fibrous structure. When the bulb 
begins to grow, the roots proceed from the lower part of the 
olive-shaped substance; and, at the same time, one or more shoots 
rise from the upper part, which continue to grow and produce 
flowers. When the old bulb, or tuber, has done growing, the 
offsets begin to be developed ; and, as it has been observed that 
they are always in the centre of the parent bulb, and as that is 
exactly the spot occupied by the olive-shaped substance, it may 
be inferred that the offsets have their origin in it. As the 
offsets increase in size, the substance of the parent bulb di- 
minishes, till, by degrees, it changes into a spongy involucre; 
which, by being continually pressed by the new bulbs, is soon re- 
duced to a membrane, and then disappears. As soon as the new 
bulbs are completely formed, the roots and the stems of the old 
bulb fall off; and the new bulbs remain in a dormant state till 
the next season of vegetation. 

Having anatomically examined some of the solid bulbs in va- 
rious stages of their vegetation, let us now consider the use which 
nature intends these bulbs to answer. 

Linneeus considered bulbs as hybernacula; that is, as winter 
storehouses, or bodies intended to preserve the germ of the fu- 
ture plant, while vegetation is at rest; and to administer with 
their own substance its first nourishment, as the seed does to the 
embryo with the albuminous matter which it contains in its 
cotyledons. 

Nobody can doubt that bulbs were intended both to preserve 
and to nourish the germ: but, if they were formed for these pur- 


456 Vegetation of Plants having solid Bulbs, 


poses only, why do they continue during the life of the plant; 
contrary to the habit of the buds in the branches of trees, and of 
the albuminous matter contained in the cotyledons of seeds, 
which, soon after the bud, or young plant, has been developed, 
disappear, or, at least, change their nature? Why are they, 
though they slowly diminish in bulk, preserved during all the 
course of vegetation ; and why do they not perish, like the leaves ? 
These reflectionsinduced me to think that the bulb must have some 
important function to perform during the whole life of the plant; 
no part being given by Nature without an intention. 

Can we suppose that the parent bulb is preserved for the purpose 
of supplying the offsets with its own substance; and will it be be- 
Jieved (as some have asserted) that this substance forms the off- 
sets, although their united mass is often four, six, and even more 
times bigger than the bulb itself? Ifit has been proved that the 
deposition of the materials composing this substance is formed 
from the descending sap; if we see, ourselves, that the offsets of 
the crocus, and of the other bulbous plants we have mentioned, 
evidently grow from the outward to the inward part, it will not 
be believed, I think, that the substance of the parent bulb, being 
put in motion, can be immediately conveyed to the offsets; because, 
besides the objection of the latter being much bigger than the 
former, how can the substance circulate in the plant and leaves, 
&c., without undergoing a change? Or, can it be modified in 
the leaves, and then return again to its original state ? This would 
be contrary to common sense. 

What, then, can be the use of the bulb during vegetation ? 
The following fact gave rise to my ideas on the subject : — 

I put some dry bulbs on a board; and, although they could 
not push out roots, I found they sprouted as vigorously as those 
in the ground; and some of them were so strong, that they even 
flowered, and continued growing for some time after they had 
done so. As they had no roots, the growth could be only in 
consequence of the nourishment received from the substance 
composing the bulbs ; and, when I examined them, I found that, 
although they did not appear to be diminished in size, they were 
become exceedingly light; and that their white substance was 
so small, that the upper half of the bulb consisted only of empty 
coats. From this, and also from observing that the growth of 
the plant was the same as that of those which had roots, I formed 
the idea that the substance of the bulb was intended not only for 
the first developement, but also for the future growth and nou- 
rishment of the plant. 

I took out of the ground the bulb of a crocus which had 
arrived at the state of flowering; and I did not perceive any di- 
minution in its size, weight, or usual solidity. We must not 
conclude from this, however, that the substance of the bulb had 


and Functions of Bulbs in general. 457 


not contributed to the nourishment of the plant; since the roots 
with which it was furnished were quite sufficient, by the nourish- 
ment they extracted from the soil, to restore the substance that 
might have been expended. I kept this bulb out of the soil for 
some time; and found that the roots soon dried up, but that the 
leaves continued to vegetate till the white part of the bulb had 
become reduced to a little withered point. Thus I obtained 
another fact in support of my opinion. 

The manner in which the bulb decays, according to the ordi- 
nary course of vegetation, cannot be better explained than 
by admitting this particular mode of nutrition. As soon as the 
bundles, already spoken of, are completely developed, they 
begin to afford nourishment to the offsets. The leaves of these 
bundles, which before elaborated the sap sent up to them by the 
roots, to supply nourishing matter to restore the substance lost 
by the parent bulb, now, having formed with their bases the 
innermost coats of the offsets, deposit the nourishment they 
contain to augment the bulk of the latter. 

The substance of the bulb continues to be absorbed and cir- 
culated ; passing to the leaves from the germ, probably by the 
filaments (e in fg. 73.) which issue from each of its tubercles; 
and, as we have already seen, the substance being no longer 
reproduced, the parent bulb necessarily decreases in bulk, till, 
by little and little, it disappears. What merits particular atten- 
tion here is, that the leaves become yellow as the substance 
of the old bulb diminishes, and, like it, perish. 

It has been observed, that plants having solid bulbs contain 
in all their parts a great deal of mucilage, into which it is well 
known that starchy substances are easily converted; and this 
observation, combined with the delicate texture of the plants (a 
texture analogous to that of young plants or leaves, which 
have had no other nourishment than the starchy substance con- 
tained in the cotyledons or alburnum from which they spring), 
serves still further to corroborate my opinion. Solid bulbs are, 
then, according to my hypothesis, masses of starchy matter, 
provided by nature to serve as a support to the young plant, in the 
same manner as the albumen of the egg serves to nourish the 
chicken. : 

Whether scaly bulbs and tubers are destined by nature to 
perform the same office, I have not yet had sufficient experience 
to determine: but, as they contain a mucilaginous, or starchy, 
substance ; and as the parts that proceed from them abound in a 
similar kind of mucilaginous matter, and have all the delicacy 
of texture mentioned; and as I have observed that the onion, 
while kept out of the ground, germinates, and continues to grow 
till it has reduced the bulb to a congeries of withered coats; that 
the Scilla, in a similar situation, will even flower; and that the 


458  Bromhead’s Arrangement of the Botanical Families 


tubers of the potato put out shoots, and nourish them for some 
time; I think it may be admitted, that not only solid bulbs, but 
also those that are scaly and tuberous, are intended to nourish 
the plant with their substance. 

Fig. 73. is a fac-simile of the engraving given by Dr. Trin- 
chinetti, to illustrate his pamphlet; and represents a bulb of 
saffron with two offsets, and a central flower, cut through lon- 
gitudinally. In this figure, a a are the sheaths of the bundles of 
leaves produced by the two offsets; and 6 the main bundle pro- 
ceeding from the old bulb, and containing, also, the flower; cce 
are the vital specks, or germs; d, the starchy milk-white matter 
which forms the solid part of the bulb, and which is deposited 
by the leaves of the offsets on their germs, and taken up in the 
old bulb for the support of the leaves and flowers; e isa kind of 
thread, which serves for the conveyance of the starchy matter 
between the germ and the leaves; / is the central point in the 
old bulb, connected by fibres with the germs of the principal stem 
and offsets, whence the circumferential roots (¢ g) have their 
origin; and # / are the fusiform roots sent down by the offsets. 


Art. 1V. Notice of a Sketch of an Arrangement of the Botanical 
Families in Natural Groups, Alliances, and Races ; with Remarks 
by Sir Edward Ffrench Bromhead, Bart., F.R.S.; London and 
Edinburgh ; published in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 
for April, 1836. By J. D. 


Sir E. F. Bromurap views botany as now in a state of 
interregnum ; and his treatise may be considered as a new form 
of government, which he has proposed for the regulation of it. 
Dr. Lindley has already published one, which is noticed in 
p. 37—49.; and Dr. Von Martius has published another. 

Sir E. F. Bromhead’s description of the nature of his arrange- 
ment is brief, and not explicit; he, perhaps, purposing it for the 
attention of proficients rather than students, to the former of 
whom much description and explication might be deemed need- 
less. To oneself, in the capacity of student, the following seem 
to be, at least some of, the characteristic points of it. First, as 
to definitions of principles: of these he has twelve, of which it 
may be sufficient, to give some notion of the author’s scheme of 
arrangement, to supply explanation of the following :—“ Families 
having any similarity of structure are, in that respect, said to 
have arelation.” ‘This seems to be, perhaps, something more than 
the relation of analogy. (See Lindley’s Key, § 560.) ‘The term 
families seems used as an equivalent for the terms orders and 
suborders, the latter taken either separately or together. ‘“ Re- 
lated families lying in the same neighbourhood are said to have 


into Natural Groups, Alliances, and Races. 459 


an affinity.” It appears from his remarks, that neighbourhood 
Is constituted by the condition of a continuous connexion of 
relation of one species of plant, or group of species of plants, 
with others. ‘ A group is a collection of families having an 
affinity.” Sir E. F. Bromhead’s group seems identical in rank 
with Dr. Lindley’s alliance. (See Gard. Mag., p. 37.) ‘“ An 
alliance consists of a circulating series of groups.” ‘The alliance 
of Sir E. F. Bromhead seems to be identical in rank with the 
group of Dr. Lindley. “ The two great botanical divisions are 
named the chenopodeous and thymelzous races.” It may here 
be a fit place to state, that, in the scheme of arrangement pre- 
sented, the natural families (orders and suborders, but mainly 
the former) are assorted upon two opposite pages, each family 
under the race, the alliance, and the group to which it is deemed 
to belong; and, if one has understood right, each family, group, 
and alliance in such a position in its own race as to indicate its 
deemed affinity, and each so opposite to a family, group, or 
alliance, in the opposite, as to indicate its deemed relation, not 
affinity, to that family, group, or alliance. ‘There are two other 
definitions which one would regard as meant in further expla- 
nation of this part of the scheme; if one could but understand 
them; namely, these : — “ The groups and alliances of the two 
races, in the same numerical order from the initial group, are 
said to be parallel.” ‘ Successions of groups related to other 
successions, direct or reversed, in the same or separate races, 
are said to correspond.” 

The following matter, quoted, with a slight degree of adapta- 
tion, from the work in question, may contribute something to 
elucidate the foregoing ; and, if it do not, may serve, with the 
foregoing, to have the not useless effect of showing the reader 
something of the nature of ideally grouping species of plants 
according to the measure of similarity in their structure, which 
is what is attempted to be done in what is called natural classi- 
fication ; or, at least, the difficulty of doing this. In the series of 
families, groups, and alliances that are related by affinity (that 
is, under each race taken separately, as one understands it), all 
the adjoining families, or groups, or alliances, whichever one be 
taken, are related to each other: the parallel series is in a great 
measure limited to the families, or groups, or alliances, parallel, 
without strikingly extending to the contiguous families, groups, 
or alliances. A great source of error has been the endeavour to 
force together all the families which show relation: our course, 
on the contrary, should be to form groups of families continuously 
connected, throwing aside those which do not easily come in 
succession, for future enquiry, as being probably parallel, or of 
accidental resemblance. The families so thrown aside will often 
most unexpectedly form themselves into natural groups, after 


460 Facts tllustrative of the Cause of Canker, ~ 


cumbering many other series. There is a general tendency in 
the groups to form themselves into a reentering, or fusiform, 
series: the same tendency is shown in sets of groups. This 
causes the greatest difficulty in arrangement; as families which 
at first appear adjoining, may form the terminating points of the 
group: when two corresponding groups lie near, the combined 
effect of relation and affinity is most embarrassing. 

There is, indeed, much difficulty in the formation of natural 
groups ; and a still greater difficulty in the arrangement of these 
groups with reference to each other. We cannot call a scheme 
satisfactory, until the maximum of allied families is brought 
together, nor until each family is placed between two others to 
which it is more nearly related than to any other. The true 
natural scheme remains to be collected by induction, from a 
comparison of the arrangement of species in genera, genera in 
families, and families in groups, alliances, and races. ‘The ma- 
terials for judging of these affinities are more numerous than we 
could have expected; Sir E. F. Bromhead has enumerated these, 
or some of them. 

Sir E. F. Bromhead has stated that the object which he has 
had in view, in forming his sketch of an arrangement, has not 
been to follow his own judgment, or that of any writer whatso- 
ever; but to bring together the greatest possible number of 
admitted affinities, and, if possible, in continuous succession. 
He considers his sketch as one for future correction, in which 
certain families and groups may have their places changed; but 
that the whole may present something like a fixed basis to work 
upon, and definite tangible limits of enquiry. He has not cha- 
racterised any of the races, alliances, or groups that he has 
formed; and deems it premature to do so, until some outline of 
arrangement has been recognised by botanists. His sentiment 
is, that ‘* Analysis should precede synthesis, and definition follow 
knowledge.” 


Art. V. A few Facts illustrative of the Cause of Canker, and other 
Diseases, in Fruit Trees. By Mr. T. Rivers, jun. 


A rew facts in the culture of fruit trees have caught my 
notice, which may perhaps serve in some way to elucidate the 
cause of canker and disease in those useful occupants of our 
gardens. ‘The green chisel pear tree, in our soils, is particularly 
subject to canker, every shoot dying half-way down the season 
after being produced; this taking place alike in wet and dry, 
warm and cold, seasons, and, consequently, the trees, in the course 
of a few years, getting to be a confused mass of cankered and dead 
branches, full of moss and disease. Latterly, I have observed 


and other Diseases, in Fruit Trees. 461 


all these diseased trees attacked by a grub, which has perforated 
the stem in every direction, making channels large enough to 
admit the finger (as you will see by the part of a branch sent 
for inspection); from which, in the summer, extravasated sap 
exudes, on which wasps and hornets delight to feed. In two 
or three years after being attacked, the trees, if left to the de- 
vastations of the grub, will assuredly die. I have for several 
years observed the wonderful effects produced by grafting some 
of the new Belgic pears on unhealthy trees, of tender sorts, in 
transforming them at once into health and productiveness ; and 
this induced me to try the experiment on those trees which were 
being devoured alive. I calculated that, if, by some analogous 
change, the sap could be made healthy, it would also make it 
unpalatable to these worms of corruption. 

It is now perhaps three or four years since I commenced 
operations, by grafting on diseased and half-devoured green 
chisel pear trees, the glout morceau; the autumn, or Williams’s, 
bon chrétien ; Marie Louise, passe Colmar, and other good hardy 
sorts, and the effect is beyond measure surprising. ‘Trees 
that must have died in two or three years are now full of health 
and vigour, and are covered with bloom buds; not a speck of 
canker or disease is to be seen, and in two years from grafting 
the grubs left the trees; the sap having become either too 
abundant, or too healthy, for their appetites. 

The difficulty is to ascertain, before grafting, what sort of 
Flemish pear will suit the soil; for often, after two or three years 
of deceitful vigour, the graft, if the sort is not hardy enough, 
will become diseased, and disappoint all expectations. ‘There- 
fore, before decapitating the old pear trees, advice should be 
asked on this score; and I believe that any practical man of 
observation can at once say what sort will flourish, if you tell 
him the substratum; though it really seems that many of the 
Belgian pears will grow and bear in any soil and situation, at 
least in this southern part of England. 

I am aware that I am advancing no novelty in what follows ; 
but this sudden change from disease and death to health and 
vigour is quite worth a moment’s consideration, either from the 
physiologist, or the commercially interested fruit-grower. By 
giving a tree shoots hardy enough to stand against our cold and 
moist climate, you give it the only proper and effectual organs of 
respiration and elaboration; and the consequences are, continued 
health and productiveness. It is interesting to observe the total 
reverse of this, if some of the old and tender sorts of apples 
and pears are allowed to grow, and “ have their way,” along- 
side trees grafted with hardy varieties. The shoots of the 
tender sorts, even the winter after being produced, generally 
begin to canker and decay: the sap, in spring, losing its proper — 

Vout. XII. — No. 78. MM 


462 Diseases in Fruit Trees. 


and healthy channels, forces out at the bases of these cankered 
shoots others that, in summer, are strong and luxuriant, but 
which again, in like manner, in the following winter, canker and 
die. The juices of the plants, from not being properly elaborated, 
become diseased, and food fit only to nourish those animals that 
seem created to feast on decay; while the whole tree becomes a 
confused mass of dead and dying branches. From close obser- 
vation of the effect of these last two or three favourable warm 
summers, I cannot think this altogether produced by the climate, 
but that it arises from some inexplicable effect proceeding from 
the variation of soils; for, in situations which, as far as regards 
climate, are more moist and cold than any in this part of 
England, I have seen sorts that canker here flourish without 
spot or blemish. I am, however, almost equally at a loss when 
I impute it to unfavourable soils, as we have here a most re- 
markable variation in soils, from a dark strong clay, to a rich 
friable stratum of loam, 10 ft. in thickness, resting on a sub- 
stratum of dry sand ; apparently the most favourable combination 
possible for fruit trees: and yet, even here, some of the old 
varieties of pears, such as crassane, brown beurré, Colmar, &c., 
in five years from the graft, canker, and seldom show a fruit- 
spur; but graft these cankered trees with new and hardy sorts, 
and fruitfulness and health will immediately take the places of 
disease and death. 

The grand point in fruit culture is, to have sorts producing 
shoots that do not die at the extremities ; they will then furnish 
leaves enough for all the offices of nature. This is no new 
doctrine, as we have been often told the eféct of fruit trees in 
producing tender shoots; but the cause is still worth enquiring 
into: for I well know that it has often, and with apparent justice, 
been attributed to cold seasons and wet soils; though I know 
equally well that it occurs in seasons and soils quite the reverse. 
How, then, shall we account for the circulating fluids being so 
inimical to health in some varieties of fruit, and not in others? I 
can also assert, from experience, that sorts of fruit recently ob- 
tained from seeds are not by any means all exempt from canker ; 
for several seedling apples and pears (perhaps the average may 
be one in a hundred) I have found equally or even more tender 
than our old varieties: I have grafted these tender striplings 
with robust sorts, and have at once changed their nature. ‘This 
is interesting, and, to a reflective mind (it must not be over- 
burthened with the cares of a nursery), offers a vast field of 
enquiry. I must conclude with one recommendation: let the 
fruit amateur or orchardist, the instant he finds a fruit tree making 
shoots it cannot support, either root it up, and plant it afresh; or 
graft it with some robust and productive variety. 

Sawbridgeworth Nursery, Herts, April 20. 1836. 


Insects which feed upon the Wood of Trees. 4.68 


Art. VI. Some Account, and partly in Sequel to the foregoing Com- 
munication, of Four Species of Insect that feed, while in the Larva 
State, upon the Wood of Trees. By Joun DENSON, junior. 


Tue log of pear tree wood which Mr. Rivers has supplied is perforated 
with many channels, various in direction, most of them in figure com- 
parable, but perhaps not aptly, to a compressed cylinder, and of size about from 
4in. to 1 in. wide one way, and about in. wide another. The wood is dead, 
dry, and hard, and the channels seem as if they had been formed a good while. 
Their great size led me to think that they must have been formed by the goat 
moth (Céssus Lignipérda Fabricius) in the larva state, when, I believe, it 
is larger than any of those species of insects, when in the same state, which 
occur in Britain, that are known to feed, in this state, upon the wood of trees. 
The subsequent acquisition, from Mr. Rivers, of two living insects in the larva 
state of the species that has perforated the wood of the pear trees has in- 
duced me to be of opinion that the species is not the goat moth, but, perhaps, 
the smaller stag beetle (Dércus parallelopipedus Stephens), of which an ac- 
count will be found below. 

Most of the following matter was prepared previously to the acquisition of 
the living insects from Mr. Rivers; and I wish to advertise the reader of a 
sentiment that pervaded me while engaged in the preparation of it, that it 
may account to him for any seeming pedantry or formality that I suppose may 
be found in the manner of the matter. The sentiment was, the desire to show 
my younger brother-gardeners something of a specimen of the manner in which 
the history of insects should be investigated and stated, and this as a con- 
tribution to the end, which I hold to be greatly desirable, namely, that brother- 
gardeners should cease to present their ideas, whether facts or conceptions, on 
insects, in the vague manner in which they have been too wont to do, 

Some preliminary remarks on insects in genera!.— The following con- 
siderations, trite though they may be to many, may be useful to those to whom 
they are not trite. 

The successive generations of every species of insect proceed from eggs 
borne by female parents, of that species; and the eggs are brought forth, in 
most species, in an unhatched state: in some species they are hatched into 
larvas (arve) or pupas (pupe) before they are brought forth. Means for an 
abundant multiplication of the individuals of insects obtain in the great num- 
ber of eggs which insects bear, and in their instinctive habit of depositing them, 
or the larvas and pupas brought forth from them, in places suitable for the 
sustenance and welfare of their young. 

Insects*are remarkable for the amount of their numerical increase; and the 
following statements, taken from Kirby and Spence’s Introduction to Ento- 
mology, ed. 1826, may serve to give definiteness to thought on this point. 
“ The fertility of insects far exceeds that of birds, and is surpassed only by 
that of fishes (the sturgeon is said to lay 1,500,000 eggs, and the cod-fish 
9,000,000). But the number of eggs laid by different species, sometimes even 
of the same natural family, is extremely various. Thus, the species whose 
egg is hatched to a pupa before it is brought forth may be regarded as pro- 
ducing only a simple egg: Musca meridiana L., a common fly, lays 2; other 
flies, 6 or 8; the flea, 12; the burying beetle (Necréphorus vespillo), 30; 
May flies (Trichdéptera X.), under 100; the silkworm moth, about 500; the 
great goat moth (Cossus Lignipérda), 1000; the tiger moth (Callimérpha 
Caja), 1600; some Cécci, 2000, others 4000; the wasp, at least 30,000 ; 
the queen bee varies considerably in the number of eggs that she produces in 
one season : in some cases it may amount to 40,000 or 50,000, or more,” &c. 

lii. 89.) 
‘ The states through which insects pass are four: the egg; the larva (cater- 
pillar, grub, and maggot, are names for particular kinds of larva); the pupa 
MM 2 


464 Four Species of Insects which feed, 


(a chrysalis is a pupa of a golden colour) ; and the imago, or fully developed 
state. 

Insects produce some interference with the pecuniary interests of man in 
the amount of food that they consume: it is in the larva state that they eat 
most. It is in the imago state only that they are capable of reproducing their 
kind. It seems, from the Magazine of Natural History, vol. vii. 246, 247., 
that extreme cold does not destroy the life in insects’ eggs or pupas, but that 
it may destroy the immature larvas. 

A description and history of a species of insect, to be complete, should in- 
clude an account of its person, and of the circumstances attending it, in each - 
of its four states. This must be, in many cases, an almost unattainable ob- 
ject; but it is not the less desirable or necessary for the end of completeness ; 
and the greatest approximation to it that can be made should be made. 


Cossus Lienipe’rpa Fabricius: fig. 74.; a, larva; b, cocoon; c, pupa; d, 
imago. The Goat Moth, the Great Goat Moth. 


y oF 
( hy \e 
Dh 
| ie 
f 


a 


\ saul 
i (ll 
a i | 


ml 
ml 
a 
= 


| ) ; We 


I) 
“al 


l ors 
io Ath itn 


inal 


sacl lft 
weitere 


ty 
ly 


ih J 
ly We 
TT] H] 


WY 


f 


mel 
hy) aaa Wy yj. 
fh bain al A) us 


N))) i 
"Wy 


UAT ay ) ja 


i 
/ 
y 
Hi Uf 
t 


( Po 


ul = 
5 Hi) i 


o 
le 


ASS 
ul Sa 
“\ Rc) ; > 
ny s\\ 


Vi 


b 
SS 


eS, 
menecsera 
cS 

SAU 


a: 


Classification. Linnzan order, Lepidéptera; section, Noctirna Lafreille. 
Natural order in Newman’s system, Cossites: in Ent. Mag., vol. ii. p. 383. 

Etymology. Céssus: possibly from the same source as cosswm, a viru- 
lent ulcer of the nose: in relation to the insect’s offensive odour. Lig- 
mipérda, from lignum, wood, and perdo, to destroy; in expression of its 


in the Larva State, upon the Wood of Trees. 465 


‘consumption of wood, or, perhaps, of its unfitting of wood for timber by its 
erosions. Goat Moth is in expression of a strong odour, like that of a goat, 
which is very obvious in the larva and imago, and, perhaps, is founded in the 
juices of the animal; and, if so, it is likely that it obtains in the pupa, and even 
in the ege 

Facts on the person and habits of the species under its four states : — 

Egg. It has been quoted above, that the species lays 1000 eggs: it is meant 
that an individual female, at a single course of laying, lays this number. 
It is stated, that the imago appears in the end of June and beginning of July ; 
it is usual with the female of this species to deposit eggs soon after coming 
forth as an imago ; so that a clew is hence supplied as to about the time at 
which the eggs are laid. The eggs are small for the size of the imago. 

Larva. (fig. 74. a.) Dull yellow, with a brown-red back; yellowish under- 
neath; head black, with eight breathing-holes on each side. (Ren. Conspect.) 
The body of the larva is sprinkled with slender hairs. The larva “ which feed 
on the wood of the oak are paler in colour than those which feed upon the 
willow.” (Standish, in Sam. Ent. Comp.) When is the larva hatched? The 
larva sometimes exceeds in size fig. 74. a; the species is stated to continue 
three years in the state of larva; the smallness of the egg, as compared with 
the largeness of the larva; would strengthen this idea, and prepare us to per- 
ceive that it would be likely to effect an extensive consumption of wood in 
the progress of its growth. The larva diffuses a strong scent, like that of a 
goat, by which its place of residence may be discovered to persons passing trees 
that are much infested by the larvae. (Samouelle.) The green woodpecker 
preys on the larva; and its stomach, on dissection, is sometimes almost intoler- 
able from the stench of it: see Mr. Robertson’s statement farther on. The 
kinds of tree upon whose wood the larva has been known to feed in Britain 
are, willows of the species Salix alba and caprea, alder, oak, ash, walnut, as- 
pen, and poplar. Mr. P. J. Brown has communicated, in the Mag. of Nat. Hist., 
vol. viii. p. 559., from Meisner, that it, in Switzerland, is “ every where suffi- 
ciently common,” and that “ the larva is found in willow, oak, beech, lime, ash, 
apple, and plum trees; not only in decayed, but in healthy ones also.” Mr. 
E. Murphy has found (Paxton and Harrison’s Horticultural Register, and this 
Magazine, vol. vii. p. 604.) that, of common alder (A’Inus glutinosa) and round- 
leafed willow (Salix caprea), ten trees growing in low moist situations were 
infested, for one in a situation of an opposite nature; and has conjectured that, 
possibly, the great quantity of water absorbed by the trees in the former situ- 
ation may render its wood more palatable: and he has submitted, as more 
probable, that the soft wood of such trees being more porous than those grow- 
ing on high and dry ground, it offers less opposition to the larva’s progress. 

Facts on the species, as learned from a larva artificially secured: commu-: 
nicated by Mr. J. Robertson, nurseryman, Kilkenny : — 

Early in March, 1831, a caterpillar of the goat moth (Céssus Lignipérda) was 
brought to me, about 3 in. long, by 14 in. in circumference. It had been found 
embedded in the plank of an oak recently cut down, and excited much surprise, 
as no aperture was discovered by which it could have made its entrance. It 
being enclosed in a phial about 23 in. in diameter, I procured as much sawdust 
from the tree it was found in as covered it between 2in. and 3in., in expect- 
ation that it might feed on it, and then laid it aside. The caterpillar appeared 
restless for some days, but then immerged itself completely in the sawdust, and 
lay apparently coiled up and quiescent atthe bottom of the phial. After some time, 
reflecting that, should it effect its change, in that situation, from the chrysalis to 
the imago state, it might be encumbered by the loose sawdust under which it lay 
buried, I examined it with the intention of removing a portion of the dust 
from above it, and was surprised to find the whole interwoven firmly together 
by fine silken threads, having an aperture over the chrysalis, which state it 
had entered into, forming a tube about the diameter of a pencil-case, leading 
from the chrysalis to the surface. The interwoven mass was unconnected 
with the sides of the phial, but the chrysalis appeared attached to it. 

MM 3 


466 Four Species of Insects which feed, 


It lay dormant in this condition until the beginning of June, when I found 
that it had burst its cerements, and was changed into a large moth of about 
lin. in length, of an ash colour, with clouded wings. It was seated on the top 
of the sawdust, and occupied in laying a number of small scaly eggs connected 
in strings, or bunches. The tube was filled with the shell of the chry- 
salis, which it left behind in its passage. The moth continued alive for about 
three weeks longer, apparently motionless and inanimate unless disturbed, 
when it showed signs of life; and, though I opened the mouth of the phial to set 
it at liberty, it did not avail itself of the opportunity; whether through weak- 
ness or choice I know not. On opening the phial, such a putrid stench, re- 
sembling the ordure of mice, filled the apartment, that, though I immediately 
removed it, it was for some days an annoyance. 

T think a moment’s consideration may show us that Divine Wisdom has 
endowed this animal not only with instinct, but with a degree of rationality 
which enabled it to foresee, under the novel circumstances amongst which it was 
placed, the imminent dangers which awaited it on its transition to a future 
state, and to take such precautions as would most effectually secure it against 
them. Instinct alone is ever blind and undeviating, and reason only can ac- 
commodate itself to emergencies as they arise. — J. Robertson. Kilkenny, 
October 2. 1831. 

It is an instinctive habit of the species to do, under ordinary circumstances, 
as this individual did under extraordinary ones. 

Pupa ( fig.74. c) brown; the hinder edge of its abdominal segments bearing 
prickles directed backwards. Before the larva becomes a pupa it spins a strong 
web, intermixed with particles of wood, which constitutes its cocoon ( jig.74.6), 
within which it becomes a pupa: it is stated to become one in May. In spe- 
cies of insect whose pupe “ are enclosed in trees, and spin a cocoon,” the 
pupe are furnished with points on the head, with which they make an opening 
in the cocoon, provisionally to their progressing to light and air, wherein they 
are to exist under the changed form of imago. The spines upon the abdo- 
minal segments of the pupa have been interpreted to subserve to the same end, 
as their direction admits progression, and hinders retrogression. (Kirby and 
Spence, Jnt.; and G. H. in Magazine of Natural History, vol. ii. p. 210.) 

Fig. 74. e, f, g, h, i, are representations, magnified, of the spines upon cer- 
tain of the abdominal segments: e represents the 4th abdominal segment, seen 
laterally; f, three of the basal row of teeth; g, three of the hinder row of 
teeth: h, three of the basal row of teeth of the 8th abdominal segment ; 2, 
three of the basal row of teeth of the 9th abdominal segment. The figures are. 
copied from the posthumous work of Lyonnet. 

It is proper to state that the larva, in some instances, changes to a pupa 
deep in the ground. I state this, first, on the authority of Mr, T. Rivers, jun , 
who has known one to be found in such a situation, enveloped in a cocoon, or 
covering, formed, I have either understood him or have fancied, partly of soil. 
Mr. Rivers remarked its powerful and peculiar odour; and this identifies the 
insect as the Céssus Lignipérda. Secondly, on the fact of my having seen a 
very large (perhaps more than one) larva, that, from its size, must have been 
full grown, or nearly so, walking on the surface of the ground in hot sunny 
weather. It is not probable that it was roaming in quest of a fresh tree as an 
object of food ; and, if a tree to undergo its change to a pupa in was the object 
sought, it seems needless that it should have left the tree in which it had gone 
through its course of feeding. 

Imago. (fig. 74. d.) Wings of the male 2.3,in. to 31 in.; of the female, 
34 in. to 33: clouded with grey and brown, and having numerous slanting 
black streaks; corselet whitish, with a posterior black band. (Rennie’s 
Conspectus.) Mr. Robertson has briefly described it above. It appears in the 
end of June and beginning of July. It flies by night, as is implied by the see- 
tional name Nocturna (Insécta is the word understood). 


in the Larva State, upon the Wood of Trees. A467 


ZEUZE RA &’scULI Latreille: fig. 75.; a, the larva; 6, the imago, male. 
The Wood Leopard Moth. 


Classification. Linnean order, Lepidoptera; section, Nocttrna Latreille. 
Natural order in Newman’s system, Cossites: in Ent. Mag., ii. p. 383. 

Etymology. Zeuzéra: Ihave not been able to discover the meaning of 
this. .Ai’sculi is in expression of the fact that the species feeds upon the 
wood of the 44’sculus Hippocastanum, or horsechestnut tree, although this is 
but one of several sorts of trees upon which it feeds: see below. Wood 
Leopard Moth, a kind of moth that is spotted like a leopard, and passes its 
larva and pupa state in wood. 

The following information on the person and habits of this species is com- 
piled chiefly from contributions to the Magazine of Natural History, by Andrew 
Mathews (vol. ii. p. 66, 67.); G. H. (vol. ii. p. 210.); and D. G. Kerridge, 
Ipswich (vol. ii. p. 291, 292.); and from Rennie’s Conspectus of Moths and 
Butterflies. 

Egg. The female moth lays her eggs upon the body of the tree, during July 
or August. 

Larva. J%g.75.a represents a larva of the natural size ; but whether or not 
the size was that of completed growth is not stated: c, three of the spiracles, 
or breathing-holes. e in fig. 76. is rather for a diagram to exhibit the posi- 
tion of the larva, under circumstances to be soon explained, than the larva in 
its personal characteristics. The larva is of a deep yellow, dotted with black, 
and has a black head and tail: it is furnished with powerful jaws. The larva, 
on being hatched, feeds upon the bark of the tree, but shortly after penetrates 
the solid wood. The following particulars on one are published in the Ma- 
gazine of Natural History, vol. 1. p. 66, 67., contributed by Mr. A. Mathews, 
now a travelling collector of natural objects in South America : — 

“ On May 10. 1828, I observed, whilst examining the trunk of a pear tree 
in my garden, at between 4 ft. and 5ft. from the ground, a substance resem- 
bling decayed sawdust, apparently protruding from beneath the bark, of about 
the size of a small pea. Upon removal, I found that the bark had been per- 
forated by some insect ; and, on removing some of the bark, I was enabled to 
trace the course taken by the insect, which may be better explained by the 
assistance of the annexed sketch. (jig. 76.) The insect, upon entering the 
bark at a, appeared to have taken a downward direction, as the cavity was 
not more than an eighth of an inch sunk into the wood till reaching 4, where 
it was rather more than three eighths, and partly filled with the excrement of 
the larva: at c, the cavity began gradually to approach towards the centre 
of the tree, and take a regular shape, and continued at about half an inch in 
diameter to d; the distance from 6 to d being 113 in.: from d to the circum- 
ference of the tree was 14in. When the whole cavity was exposed, the larva 
appeared as at e, with its head upwards.” 

On the iength of time in which Zeuzéra z’sculi continues in the larva state, 
I find the following information, which is not conclusive :—G. H. (Mag. Nat. 
Hist., vol. ii. p. 210.) had, on March 5. 1829, four larvas from a quince tree, 
two apparently fully grown, and two half-grown; and has concluded, hence, 

MM 4 


4.68 Four Species of Insects which feed, 


In, 1 0 J 2 3 4 5 6 7 In. 
PreO nT oO 


that the species is two years in the larva state: he has added, “ In this and 
other respects, size and colour excepted, the larvee of the wood leopard moth 
resemble the larvee of the willow goat” moth (Céssus Lignipérda). The 
opinions of another contributor to the Mag. of Nat. Hist., D. G. Kerridge, 
Ipswich, are (vol. ii. p. 290.), that the larva is not hatched before August, 
and becomes torpid by November ; and that in this short time it cannot have 
become fully grown; and that it resumes feeding the following spring, and 
attains its full growth during the summer. 

There are questions on the instincts of the larva, which are so connected 
with the subject of pupa, that it will be fitter to notice them under this subject. 

It is known that the larva has fed in trees of the following kinds: garden 
pear, garden service, quince, elm, ash (Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. ii. p. 66. 210. 
291.); and apple, walnut, lime, horsechestnut, beech, birch, oak. (Rennie’s 
Conspectus of Moths and Butterflies.) 

Pupa. The larva changes to the pupa in the tree, just beneath the bark, 
within a thin web which it had spun. The pupa is of a pale brown colour: 
it has a row of sharp short spines, directed backwards, upon each of its ab- 
dominal segments. When the insect is about to change out of the pupa state 
into the imago one, the pupa forces its way out, by a channel, to the circum- 
ference, or nearly to it, that it had produced previously to its undergoing the 
change from larva to pupa, by alternately contracting and lengthening itself, 
and by the spines on its abdominal segments catching against the sides of the 
channel; and it is able to push hard enough to break away the bark to a suf- 
ficient extent to admit the exit of itself in the imago state. From what is 
stated in the Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. ii. p. 290., it is possible that amonth and a 
few days is the term of time that the insect continues in the pupa state. Mr. 
Mathews has communicated in his account, that he accidentally let the chisel 
slip against the side of the larva that is the theme of that account; and that 
“ the wound, though but slight at first, was sufficient to cause its death after 
it had changed to a pupa.” 

There are two questions on the instincts of the larva, which a consider- 
ation of the conditions of the pupa may so much tend to make clear, that it 
will be better to propose them under this head. The pupa is not capable of 
gnawing wood; and, in the instance of the species under consideration, and 
some other species, is not capable of retrograding along the channel that the 
larva has gnawed, in consequence of the abdominal segments each bearing a 
row of sharp short spines, that, on contact with the wall of the channel, would 
prevent regression. The imago is not capable of gnawing wood, its mouth being 
of the sucker-like kind, and called in entomology an antlia. It is opposed 
to likeliness, that a larva should turn round in a channel that it has but gnawed 
of dimensions sufficient to admit its own progress; and it is opposed to en- 
tomological rule, that an imago should come forth from the posterior end of a 


in the Larva State, upon the Wood of Trees. 4.69 


pupa: it follows from all these conditions, that a larva must either gnaw to 
_ the surface, or very nearly to it; or that no imago can come forth to the light 
and air from the larva. It is found that larve do this; and the questions on 
their instincts with which one may, consequently, instruct oneself, are: How 
does the larva, when in a tree of considerable diameter, discover the direc- 
tion of the circumference? and how can it lengthen, as would seem to be 
necessary on some occasions, the natural period of its course of eating ? 

Mr. Mathews, in the communication cited above, has enquired whether the 
larva undergoes its changes in the tree, and in what manner the imago extri- 
cates itself: he has added, “ It appeared to me that the cavity at and near 
the entrance (a) (in fig. 76.) was much too small for the exit of the insect 
in either the larva or imago state.” On this matter the following remarks 
were subsequently contributed, and have not been previously published. 

“ Lepidopterous insects [which are also antliate ones] whose larvee feed 
on timber, had they no means of extrication after their metamorphosis except 
through the original small aperture, must remain captive till they died. When 
the larva has approached maturity, it will weaken the bark; and sometimes 
perforate it, fillmg up the outlet with dung, or some temporary door. Even 
mandibulate insects [those that, in the imago state, have mandibles to prehend 
and divide their food with] are, in their pupa state, generally found near the 
surface of the bodies which have supported them ; though, under particular 
circumstances, they have been known to eat their way to liberty through a 
sheet of lead.” — [Lansdown G'uilding. St. Vincent, May 1. 1830.] 

The author of the preceding paragraph, except the parts of it that are en- 
closed in crotchets, was a distinguished naturalist. It is pleasing to learn, on 
such valid authority, that some insects in the larva state have the wonderful 
instinct to make provision for their convenience in the imago one. The idea 
of the larva filling the outlet with dung, appears to me objectionable; and, as 
one may assume, that it could only obtain this material from behind itself, 
either this idea, or my previously expressed one, that a larva cannot turn 
round in the channel it has gnawed, must be given up. 

Imago. (jig. 75.6.) Wings of the male, 2, in.; of the female, 22 in. to 

&in.; somewhat naked, and translucent; snow white, with the veins and 
upper edge yellowish ; thickly scattered over with numerous bluish black spots. 
Spots upon the second pair of wings fainter ; fewer, except on the margins; 
none at the inner angle. Thorax white, except 12 black spots. It appears 
in July, and lays its eggs during July or August. It is rather rare. (Chiefly 
Rennie’s Conspectus.) 


Do’Rcus PARALLELOPI’PEDUS Sfephens : SINODE’NDRON CYLI’NDRI= 
jig. 77.; a, male; b, female; c, larva. The cum Fabricius : fig.'78.; a, 

female; 6,male. The sud- 

cylindrical Sinodendrum. 


470 Insects which feed upon the Wood of Trees. 


Classification. Linnean order, Coleédptera. Groups of other systematists : 
Mandibulata, Pentamera, Melolénthidz Leach. Natural order in Newman’s 
system; Lucanites in the Entomological Magazine, vol. ii. p. 4:16. 

Etymology. Dorcus is derived from dorkos, a stag: the mandibles of the 
male have a similarity to the antlers of a stag: the name Stag Beetle includes 
the same idea. Parallelopipedus, one may suppose, implies that the imago’s 
form is that of a parallelopiped. 

Sinodéndron is from sino, to injure, and dendron, a tree; in expression of 
the supposed case that this 8S. cylindricum preys upon healthy trees, to the 
injury of them. Cylindricum, in expression of the form of the imago. 

Facts on the Habits of the Larva and Imago of Dorcus parallelopipedus, and of 
those of Sinodéndron cylindricum. The Rev. W. T. Bree, M. A., Allesley Rectory, 
near Coventry, Warwickshire, has, in a contribution of his to the Magazine 
of Natural History, published in vol. vi. p. 327—335. of that work, commu- 
nicated information to the following amount on this subject: — A living aged 
ash tree, standing on his premises, was blown down on Dec. 3. 1832. Its trunk, 
for about 18 ft. up from the part that had been level with the ground, was 
hollow and decayed at the centre, and afforded some twenty or thirty good 
barrow-loads of rotten wood. Throughout this carious portion of the tree 
there occurred numerous individuals, both larvas and imagoes, of the Dércus 
parallelopipedus, and of its usual associate, Sinodéndron cylindricum; but 
not a single pupa was discovered: they had perforated it in all directions. 
Many were found pursuing their occupations in the decayed timber at the 
distance of 18 ft. from the ground; “ to which height they must have worked 
their way from the bottom.” Dorcus parallelopipedus and Sinodéndron 
cylindricum are usual inhabitants of the interior of decayed ash trees, dwelling 
together promiscuously, and, as it seems, in perfect harmony, Mr. Bree was 
satisfied that they do not commit any “ injury on the living or sound wood ; 
attacking such only as they find far gone in a state of decay.” 

Dércus parallelopipedus. 

Egg. Not any fact is in possession, or within reach, for adducing in relation 
to the egg. 

Larva. (fig. 77. c.) Information on the larva is given above, under “ Facts,” 
&c. Mr. Bree has communicated farther, that “ The larva of the Déorcus, it 
strikes me, is very large in proportion to the beetle which is produced from 
it; being nearly equal in size to the cockchafer grub, which it very much 
resembles, except that, instead of being, like that, of a cream colour, it is 
rather of a bluer white.” I suppose that the two insects in the larva state, 
which Mr. Rivers has supplied, may be of this species, but I doubt about it. 
I conclude that they were not of the Céssus Lignipérda, because not any of 
the kind of odour so notable in this species escaped from them. To the 
species of which they are, whatever this is, and to the history of the larva 
state of it, belong facts to be found stated in Mr. Rivers’s communication, 
and those which [have stated in p. 463., on the condition of the log of pear tree 
wood. The only conclusive means of discovering the species is, by ascer- 
taining the characteristics of the imago that is developed from the larva: both 
the living larvas that Mr. Rivers had supplied have escaped. Each of them 


was a little longer and stouter than the figure c; but that figure was delineated 


from a dead individual, sent to the draughtsman in spirits of wine; and, as it 
is probable that it was put into the spirits when alive, it might contract in the 
dying; and there is not means of ascertaining that it and the two larvas had 
been of equal age and growth. If the larvas supplied by Mr. Rivers were of 
this species, it is right to state that the wood of the log of pear tree wood did 
not seem “ far gone in a state of decay,” but dead, dry, and hard. 

Pupa. It seems inferable from the “ Facts,” &c., above, that December 
is not an eligible time in which to seek the pupa. 

Imago. (fig. 77.; a, male; 6, female.) Inthe “ Facts,’ &c., above, is in- 
formation on this. It “ may be obtained in June and July, in the neighbour- 
hood of willows.” (Samouelle’s Entomologist?s Useful Compendium.) Itis not 


Designs for Suburban Gardens and Grounds. 471 


improbable that Mr. Samouelle means that it is then to be found externally to 
the tree. It was in December that Mr. Bree found imagoes along with larvas, 
in the decayed wood of the interior of an ash tree. On the authority of 
Marsham, the species inhabits the wood of ash, willow, and elm. It is stated 
in Kirby and Spence’s Introduction to Entomology, of this species in the 
imago state, that it ‘ will bear almost any weight that passes over it upon the 
ground; tke head and trunk forming a slight angle with the abdomen.” 

Smodéndrum cylindricum. 

Egg. Information remains to be acquired. 

Larva. There is some information in the “ Facts,” &c., above. 

Pupa. It {seems from the “ Facts,’ &c., above, that the pupa is not oc- 
current in December. 

Imago. (fig. 78.; a, female; 6, male.) Information is in the “ Facts,” &c., 
above: the following is additional : — Some description of the imago’s person. 
— Cylindric, black, shining, impressed-punctate, cicatriculose; the punc- 
tures umbilicated; the umbilici perforated. The male with a conic-compressed 
horn on the head; the female with a short one. Antennz with a lamellated 
club, that is not capable of being folded; the lamella very short, resembling 
the teeth of a saw. Maxille coriaceous, bilobate. (Samouelle’s Entomolo- 
gist’s Useful Compendium.) 

The haunts and topography of it. It “ inhabits old trees, especially the 
ash. It is very abundant near Cheltenham and Plymouth.” (Jd.) 


Mr. Livers has noticed (p. 461.) that the Wasp and the Hornet 

delight to feed upon the Sap of Pear Trees. It 1s a kindred Fact 
that the extravasated Sap of dying Elm Trees 1s, when to be 
found, appropriated by Insects as Food: thus supplying One of 
countless Instances of the Truth of the Sentiment that, in Nature, 
not Anything is wasted. In the Magazine of Natural History, 
vol. vii. p. 525—530., is an account of flies, hornets, and wasps, 
as observed feeding upon the extravasated sap of some elm trees. 
Before the instances given there, of the appropriation, by in- 
sects, of the extravasating sap of elms, were published, I re- 
ceived, on Sept. 20. 1834, a notice of another instance of it; 
this : — The elm tree which has had the branch of another elm 
tree naturally inarched upon it, has been, this year, a very in- 
teresting object to us, by butterflies, hornets, wasps, and green 
flies feeding on the sap by day; and different moths by night. 
—J.D., sen. See, also, M. N. H. vil. 265. 475. 


Art. VII. A Series of Designs for laying out Suburban Gardens 
and Grounds, from One Perch to several Acres in Extent. By Mr. 
T. Rurcer. Design 11. For laying out a Place of Half an Acre 
in. Extent. Design 12. For laying out a Place containing Three 
Quarters of an Acre. 


Tus design (fig. 79.), No. 11. of the series, encloses half an 
acre. The stable is placed on the right, with a way to it from 
the main road. The shaded part at the south of the house is 
intended for a veranda. A small pond for gold and silver fishes 


Designs for laying out 


| 
Fi 


II 


——— | 


= = 
Sa. 


————S5. 


BG 

+ Whi ‘ 

ally 7 
: col ales 


Hl 


i 
= ami 
Poe nui iti isfuddrdedd tana! 

5 10 20 40 80 

[PA (Ia a) (A LA hrean ere ten eo Te Se ITS 
is introduced in the centre of the flower-garden; and at the 
back of this garden is a wall, to separate it from the kitchen- 
garden, and also for the purpose of giving the latter a portion 


Suburban Gardens and Grounds. 473 


of wall for fruit trees, while the face next the flower-garden (if 
the wall run from north to south) may serve as a conservative 
wall. At the extremity of the straight walk is an alcove, or tea- 
room. The two small squares in front are for articles of em- 
bellishment; and the circle on the left of the house may be made 
use of in the same way. 


80 


Bs) p 
MH 2 al 
TTA tes i e# 2 


fas a ee =e 


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a 


fits 
BU 


Design No. 12. (jig. 80.) About three quarters of an acre 
is the extent of this enclosure. The stable and its yard stand 


47 As Plan of a small Garden 


on the right, to which an entrance is effected within the pre- 
mises. A wall is supposed to stand at the back of the kitchen- 
garden for fruit trees, and an alcove, or reading-room, is placed 
at the extremity of the lawn in front of the house. 

Portland Place, 1835. 


Art. VIII. Plan of a small Garden in the Town of Godalming, 
Surrey, laid out for H. Marshal, Esq., Solicitor, by Richard Var- 
den, Esq., Architect, in 1833. Communicated by Mr. VaRDEN. 


Tue front of the house (/ig. 81.) is close to the street (a), and 
the back is towards the garden, which gradually ascends from 
it to a paddock, whence the ground rises rather sharply, till it 
terminates in a steep wooded hill, from the summit of which 
there is a pleasing view of the town, and of a grassy valley en- 
closed by steep copse-covered hills, with the river Wey winding 
through it; the whole terminating with the chalk hills and cliffs 
of Guildford. 

The garden was overrun and shaded by straggling trees of 
very little beauty, that gave it a damp and cheerless appearance. 
I had these removed, and the surface of the ground lowered, for 
the walk to cross the lawn without being seen from the drawing- 
room windows; the earth was shifted lower down the hill, and 
formed in such a manner as to give an appearance, when seen 
from the garden, of the house being on slightly rising ground. 
This alteration gave the whole surface of the lawn an undulation, 
that greatly enlarged its apparent extent. 

In fig. 81. a is the street; 5, the front garden; c, the steps to 
the front door; e, the carriage entrance. The house is at f, 
having against it, on the lawn, or south side, a gay-looking red- 
striped veranda, the stone floor of which is supported on piers 
so as to admit light to the rooms in the basement, by an area 
paved with white glazed tiles, and surrounded by sloping rough 
flint walls, planted with sun roses (helianthemums), and other 
dwarf rock plants. 

The garden, on the east side, as far as g, is enclosed by different 
erections, the outline of which has been formed so as, when 
covered with creepers, to resemble a part of an extensive old 
English building. ‘To this point the view is quite confined ; 
but over the wall beyond, which is finished with buttresses and 
pinnacles, so as to display advantageously the climbing plants 
covering it, may be seen a part of the steep wooded hills before 
mentioned. 

Between the points dare visible the paddock, and a garden 
sloping up the hill. z is the coach gate into the yard 4; and 7 
is a door for the horse to pass to and from the paddock, without 


in the Town of Godalming. 475 


5 HAH aia H ay I 
SRE! | 
ee 


il 
i 


ae 


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deta e®) later le 
10 aa) 2 i® 20 30 40 50 60 70 
i eee ee LOE anes De S| 


476 Systems of cropping Kitchen- Gardens. 


going along the garden; the path used being enclosed by a 
thick yew hedge, clipped on the inner, but left rough on the 
outer, side. 

The stable is at 4; and the end of the building may be covered 
with passion flowers and trumpet flowers (Passiflora caerulea 
and Zécoma radicans), to which may be added Caprifolium japo- 
nicum, &c. ‘The wall between this and the street is covered with 
ivy, and there is a row of good-sized horsechestnut trees to hide 
the neighbouring buildings. ‘The walls and fences are covered 
with nearly every kind of creeping plant to be obtained, that 
will stand the winter without protection. The shrubs are nearly 
all evergreens, mostly of small growth, and consist of a great 
many different species. ‘Those of the same colour of foliage 
are grouped together, in order that each mass may, by its depth 
or brightness of tone, form a satisfactory contrast with its neigh- 
bours. In some places they nearly approximate, but in others 
the difference of tint is very great: the points o o are the lightest, 
and p p the darkest; so that, when viewed from the house, the 
former will appear to stand strongly out from the latter, and 
will give (at least, I hope so) the effect of considerable space 
between. 

Wherever it was possible, the walks were hidden, so that 
the breadth of the lawn, and the repose of the whole scene, 
might not be disturbed by the sight of much glaring gravel. 
Thus, the left-hand walk is concealed by the planting, while 
that across the lawn is sunk out of sight from the drawing- 
room, and the path to the paddock is marked by a clump of 
American plants (g). ‘The beds marked rrr are exclusively 
devoted to herbaceous flowers and roses. Unfortunately, I have 
not preserved a list of the shrubs, but they are all evergreen ; 
the common and Portugal laurels being, however, almost ex- 
cluded: not from their being deficient in beauty, but because 
their preponderance in gardens is now so great, as to produce a 
monotonous effect wherever we go; and this I wished to avoid. 

Worcester, Sept., 1835. 


Art. IX. On the Systems of cropping Kitchen-Gardens adopted by 
the best private and commercial Gardeners; with an Attempt to 
reduce them to fixed Principles. By W. D.S. 


THE subject of cropping the ground in kitchen-gardens em- 
braces the preparation of the soil, the insertion of the seeds or 
plants, their after-culture, the gathering of the crop, and the sys- 
tem according to which one crop is made to succeed another. As 
the discussion of all these points, however, would involve the 
repetition of what is already well known to every gardener, the 


Lod 


Systems of cropping Kitchen-Gardens. _ 477 


article now submitted to the reader, and for which his indulgence 
is entreated, is limited to what is properly called cropping, or 
the succession of crops. Crops, in kitchen-gardens, are put in 
the ground according to three distinct plans, or systems, which 
may be termed successional cropping, simultaneous cropping, 
and permanent cropping. 

Suecessional Cropping is that in which the ground is wholly 
occupied with one crop at one time, to be succeeded by 
another crop, also wholly of one kind: for example, onions to 
be followed by winter turnips, or potatoes to be followed by 
borecole. 

Simultancous Cropping is that in which several crops are all 
coming forward in the ground at the same time: for example, 
onions, lettuce, and radishes, sown broadcast; or peas, potatoes, 
broccoli, and spinach, sown in rows. 

Permanent Cropping is where a crop remains on the ground 
several years; such as sea-kale, rhubarb, asparagus, straw- 
berries, &c. 

To these modes might be added, mixed ligneous and herbaceous 
cropping; such as growing herbaceous crops among gooseberries, 
currants, raspberries, and other fruit shrubs, and among fruit 
trees. The practice-of growing culinary crops among fruit 
shrubs is, however, nearly exploded in the best gardens; on 
account of the injury done to the shrubs, when they are young 
and small, by the roots and shade of the culinary crops; and of 
the injury done to the culinary crops, when the shrubs are grown 
up, by the shade and confinement which they produce. For 
the same reasons, cropping between trees is by no means de- 
sirable in small gardens, where the trees must necessarily be at 
no great distance from each other; but, in the case of very large 
gardens, such as those of commercial gardeners, where trees are 
planted in close rows at 20, 30, or 40 yards apart, so as to 
shelter the ground, the cropping may be carried on in the spaces 
between the rows of trees, on the principles which regulate suc- 
cessional, simultaneous, or permanent cropping, in ground where 
there are neither trees nor shrubs. 

The object to be attained by a system of cropping is that of 
procuring the greatest quantity, and the best quality, of the de- 
sired kind of produce, at the least possible expense of labour, 
time, and manure; and, in order that this object may be effectu- 
ally obtained, there are certain principles which ought to be 
adopted as guides. ‘The chief of these is to be derived from a 
knowledge of what specific benefit or injury every culinary plant 
does to the soil, with reference to any other culinary plant. It 
ought to be known whether particular plants injure the soil by 
exhausting it of particular principles; or whether, as has been 
lately conjectured by De Candolle, and as some think proved, 

Vor. XII. — No. 78. NN 


478 Systems of cropping Kitchen-Gardens. 


the soil is rendered unfit for the growth of the same or any allied 
species, by excretions from the roots of plants; while the same 
excretions, acting in the way of manure, add to the fitness of 
the soil for the production of other species. ‘The prevailing 
opinion, as every one knows, has long been, that plants exhaust 
the soil, generally, of vegetable food; particularly of that kind of 
food which is peculiar to the species growing on it for the time 
being. For example, both potatoes and onions exhaust the soil 
generally; while the potato deprives it of something which is 
necessary to insure the reproduction of good crops of potatoes ; 
and the onion of something which is necessary for the reproduc- 
tion of large crops of onions. According to the theory of De 
Candolle, both crops exhaust the soil generally, and both render 
it unfit for the repetition of the particular kind of crop: but this 
injury, according to his hypothesis, is not effected by depriving 
the soil of the particular kind of nutriment requisite for the 
particular kind of species; but by excreting into it substances 
peculiar to the species with which it has been cropped, which 
substances render it unfit for having these crops repeated. Both 
these theories, or rather perhaps hypotheses, are attended with 
some difficulty in the case of plants which remain a great many 
years on the same soil; as, for example, perennial-rooted herba- 
ceous plants and trees. The difficulty, however, is got over in 
both systems: by the first, or old, theory, the annual dropping 
and decay of the foliage is said to supply at .once general nou- 
rishment and particular nourishment; and by the second, ornew, 
theory, the same dropping of the leaves, by the general nourish- 
ment which it supplies, is said to neutralise the particular ex- 
cretions. It must be confessed, that it is not very obvious how 
general nourishment, dropped on the surface of the soil, can 
neutralise the excrementitious matter deposited many feet beneath 
the surface; as in the case of long-rooted herbaceous plants, 
like the saintfoin, lucern, &c.; and deep-rooting trees, such as 
the oak, &c. Nevertheless, we find that these plants will remain 
a longer. period on the same soil than others, the roots of which 
never go to any great depth beneath the surface; such as the 
fibrous-rooted grasses, the strawberry, &c., and the pine and fir 
tribe. We mention these things to show, that though it is not 
yet determined which is the true theory, yet that the fact of plants 
injuring, or diminishing, the fertility of the soil, both generally 
and particularly, does not admit of a doubt. 

In the absence of principles founded on whichever of these 
hypotheses may be true, recourse is obliged to be had to rules 
drawn from the experience and observation of those who believe 
in the old theory. These rules, as adopted by the best gar- 
deners, are as follows :— 

Crops of plants belonging to the same natural order or tribe, 


Systems of cropping Kitchen-Gardens. 479 


or to the natural order and tribe most nearly allied to them, 
should not follow each other. ‘Thus, turnips should not follow 
any of the cabbage tribe, sea-kale, or horseradish; nor peas, 
beans. 

Plants which draw their nourishment chiefly from the surface 
of the soil should not follow each other, but should alternate 
with those which draw their nourishment in great part from the 
subsoil. Hence, carrots and beets should not follow each other; 
nor onions and potatoes. 

Plants which draw a greal deal of nourishment from the soi 
should succeed, or be succeeded by, plants which draw less 
nourishment. Hence, a crop grown for its fruit, such as the 

ea; or for its roots or bulbs, such as the potato or the onion; 
should be followed by such as are grown solely for their leaves, 
such as the common borecole, the celery, the lettuce, &c. 

Plants which remain for several years on the soil, such as 
strawberries, rhubarb, asparagus, &c., should not be succeeded 
by other plants which remain a long time on the soil, but by 
crops of short duration ; and the soil should be continued under 
such crops for as long a period as it remained under a permanent 
crop. Hence, in judiciously cropped gardens, the strawberry 
compartment is changed every three or four years, till it has 
gone the circuit of all the compartments; and asparagus beds, 
sea-kale, &c., are renewed on the same principles. 

Plants, the produce of which is collected during summer, 
should be succeeded by those of which the produce is chiefly 
gathered in winter or spring. The object of this rule is, to 
prevent too active and exhausting crops from following each 
other in succession. 

Plants in gardens are sometimes allowed to ripen their seeds ; 
in which case two seed-bearing crops should not follow each 
other in succession. 

These rules, and others of a like kind, apply generally to the 
three different systems for the succession of crops ; and they are 
independent altogether of other rules or principles which may 
be drawn from the nature of the plants themselves ; such as some 
requiring an extraordinary proportion of air, light, shade, mois- 
ture, &c.: or from the nature of the changes intended to be 
made on them by cultivation, such as blanching, succulency, 
magnitude, &c. We shall now notice the different systems 
separately. 

Successional Cropping. —The plants best calculated for this 
mode of cropping are such as require, during almost every 
period of their growth, the fullest exposure to the light and air; 
and as remain, also, a considerable time in the soil: these are, 
the turnip, the onion, the potato, the beet, the carrot, &c. If 


any of these crops are raised and brought forward under the 
NN 2 


480 Systems of cropping Kitchen-Gardens. 


Shade of others, they will be materially injured both in quality 
‘and quantity; though, at the same time, while they are merely 
germinating, shade will not injure them. Hence, successional 
cropping may be carried on in breadths of 20ft. or 30 ft., between 
rows of tall-growing articles, without injury; which approximates 
this manner of cropping to the simultaneous mode, which, where- 
ever the soil is rich, is by far the most profitable. 

The simultaneous Mode of Cropping is founded on the princi- 
ples, that most plants, when germinating, and for some time 
afterwards, thrive best in the shade; and that tall-growing plants, 
which require to receive the light on each side, should be sown, 
or planted, at some distance from each other. Hence, tall- 
growing peas are sown in rows 10 ft. or 12 ft. apart; and between 
them are planted rows of the cabbage tribe; and, again, between 
these are sown rows of spinach, lettuce, or radishes, &c. Hence, 
also, beans are planted in the same rows with potatoes or with 
cabbages (an old practice in the cottage-gardens of Scotland); 
and so on. The great object, in this kind of cropping, is, to have 
crops on the ground, in different stages of growth; so that, the 
moment the soil and the surface are released from one crop, 
another may be in an advanced state, and ready, as it were, to 
supply its place. For this purpose, whenever one crop is re- 
moved, its place ought to be instantly supplied by plants adapted 
for producing another crop of the proper nature to succeed it. 
For example, where rows of tall marrowfat peas have rows of 
broccoli between them, then, the moment the peas are removed, 
a trench for celery may be formed where each row of peas stood; 
and between the rows of broccoli, in. the places where lettuces 
were produced early in the season, may be sown drills of winter 
spinach. 

Permanent Cropping is the simplest of all modes, and requires 
no farther explanation than what has been given in treating of 
the subject of cropping generally. 

Of these three modes of cropping, the first is the one best 
calculated for poor soils, or for gardens where the supply of 
manure is limited; the second cannot be prosecuted with suc- 
cess, except in soils which are light and extremely rich; and 
the third cannot be considered as influenced by the soil. It may 
be proper to observe here, that a system of cropping can be 
carried to a much higher degree of perfection in a commercial 
garden, on a large scale, than in a private one; because in the 
former, whenever one crop is in perfection, it is removed, and 
sent to market at once; whereas, in a private garden, it is re- 
moved by driblets. Hence, in small gardens, where labour and 
manure are of less consequence than economising the extent of 
surface, it will often be found desirable to have a small reserve 
garden, with several frames, pots, and other requisites. As soon 


Floricultural and Botanical Notices. 481 


as one plant, or a few plants, of any crop, in a condition for ga- 
thering, are removed, the soil should be stirred, and a plant or 
plants (which should have been some days before potted in pre- 
paration) should be turned out of the pot, its fibres being care- 
fully spread out, and water supplied, so as to make it commence 
growing immediately. The use of potting is to prevent the plant 
from experiencing the slightest check in its removal; and, in 
autumn, as is well known, the loss of a single day, by the flag- 
ging of a plant, is of the utmost consequence. 

A valuable addition to this article would be, aseries of the 
schemes of cropping pursued both by private and commercial 
gardeners, in all parts of the country: these many of the readers 
of this Magazine are well able to supply; and they may 
rest certain that they could hardly render a greater service to 
their younger professional brethren, than by sending articles on 
this subject to you for publication. I would particularly beg 
the attention of your correspondent Mr. Fish to this sub- 
ject; and also that of Mr. Forsyth, Mr. Errington, Mr. Glen- 
dinning, Mr. Cuthill, and other writers, who have already, on 
various occasions, instructed and delighted the readers of this 
Magazine. 

Hampstead, July, 1836. 


ArT. X. Floricultural and Botanical Notices on Kinds of Plants 
newly introduced into our Gardens, and that have originated in them, 
and on Kinds of Interest previously extant in them ; supplementary 
to the latest Editions of the “ Encyclopedia of Plants,” and of 
the ** Hortus Britannicus.” 


Curtis's Botanical Magazine ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 3s. 6d. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Sir William 
Jackson Hooker, LL.D., &c. 

Edwards’s Botanical Register ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 4s. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Dr. Lindley, 
Professor of Botany in the London University. 

Sweet’s British Flower-Garden ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
four plates; 3s. coloured, 2s. 3d. plain. Edited by David Don, 
Esq., Professor of Botany in King’s College, and Librarian to the 
Linnean Society. ~ 


Leguminose, or Fabaceae. 


2066. TRIFO‘LIUM 4 Heads of flowers involucred. Leaflets of the involucre connate at the base. [1833 
*fucatum Lind/: tinted © or?1 ju PaY and Bsh California 1834 S black p. Bot. reg. 


A pretty annual clover, introduced from California, by Mr. 
Douglas, which flowered for the first time in July, 1835; but 

. ripened no seeds, and was afterwards lost. ‘* This new species 
belongs to the curious set of clovers, whose bracts collect into an 


involucre, like those of an umbelliferous plant: among them, it 
NN 3 


482 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


is by far the most showy, with its cream-ecoloured flowers, just 
blushing where the sun strikes them.” (Bot. Reg., Aug.) 

Rosacea. 

5106. CRAT AGUS 12927 tanacetifdlia, Bot. reg. t. 1884.; Arb. brit. p. 828. 

Spec. Char., &c. Leaves pinnatifid, pubescent, cuneate at the 
base ; segments linear, serrate with glanded teeth. Bracteas leafy, 
pectinate, glanded, remaining under the fruit. Frait solitary, 
sessile, depressedly spherical, pubescent. Nut with a very thick 
shell. Leaves pubescent, never smooth, greenish, somewhat 
eanescent, apex with sharp glandular teeth. Stipules semi- 
sagittate, serrate. Flowers corymbose, subsessile. Fruit soli- 
tary, sessile, yellow, depressed, subpentagynous, supported by 
foliaceous, glandulously pectinate, persistent bracteas. Nuts or 
stones 5, bony, with a very thick shell. 

‘Obviously known from C. odoratissima and orientalis, both 
by its yellow, solitary, sessile fruit, to which a small number of 
leafy bracts adhere irregularly; but also by its regularly pinna- 
tifid leaves, the fine toothings of which are all tipped with a 
gland.” This species is a native of all the higher mountains of 
Greece; and, according to Sir J. E. Smith, is the méspilén of 
Dioscorides ; ‘a spinous tree, with leaves like hawthorn, fruit like 
a little apple, sweet, with three hard seeds.” (Bot. Reg., Aug.) 

42928 odoratissima, Bot. reg. t. 1885 


Spec. Char., 5c. Leaves trifid and pinnatifid, incisely serrate, 
cuneate at the base, greyly tomentose. Fruit spherical, pubeseent, 
containing 5 stones, whose shells are thin. 

Leaves greyly tomentose, afterwards greener, never smooth. 
Stipules falcate, entire. Peduncles tomentose. Fruit brick- 
coloured, pubescent, subpentagynous, with 5 bony stones, the 
shell not very thick. 

« A common bush on the hills adjoining the Black Sea, and 
elsewhere in the Crimea. It is described, by Bieberstein, as 
growing to the size of the common hawthorn. It differs from 
C. orientalis [our C. 0. sanguinea Arb. Brit., p. 828.], not alone 
in the colour of its fruit, but in its leaves never becoming 
smooth, in its stipules being small and undivided, and in the 
stones that enclose the seeds not being particularly thick-sided.” 
(Bot. Reg., Aug.) 

The figures of this species and the preceding one are most 
beautifully executed and coloured; and the specific character and 
description appear to us drawn up with more than ordinary care 
and accuracy. Weare most happy to see this, because we trust 
it will tend to spread wide a taste for a genus of ligneous plants 
which never yet have had justice done to them. 

Compésite, § Cichoracee, §§ Hieracice. 

*LASLTOPUS D. Don (Lasios, hairy; and pous, a foot ; in allusion to the woolly feaisiaiks 


. 


its heads of flowers.) 2. 
*sonchdides D. Don Sowthistlelike A or au.o Y Armenia ?1834 D co Sw. fi.-gard. 


Introduced by Mr. Anderson of the Chelsea Garden, from 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 483 
Dr. Fischer, of the Petersburg Garden. ‘ The plant has little 


beauty to recommend it; and, were it not that it constitutes a very 
interesting addition to a small group of the Cichoradcez, we 
should hardly have been justified in inserting a figure of it in 
this work.” (Brit. Fl.-Gard., Aug.) 
Scrophularidcee. 
$1803a. APTO’/SIMUM Burch. (a, privative, and ptdsimos, deciduous; capsules remaining long after 
the seeds have fallen out. — Burchell. ) [Bot. reg. 1882 
fdepréssum Burch. depressed-postured %.\_] or prostrate od B C.G.H .. .. on 
A green-house undershrub, raised by Dr. Lehmann of Ham- 
burg; and, though not yet introduced into Britain, it will doubt- 
less be so in the course of the present or the next year. (Bot. 
Reg., Aug.) 
Verbenacee. 
1749. VERBE'NA erindéides 
15654 2 Sabinz D. Don Sabine’s %, Ajor jn.o Chile 1834 Cand co Sw.fi.-gard. 2, s. 347 
This is identical with V. multifida var. contracta Lindl., noticed in our Vol. XI. p. 377. 
reversed hairs.” It is known in gardens under the name of 
Verbena Sabinz; and “differs from the normal variety of 
erinoides only by its dwarfer, denser,. and more glabrous habit, 
and rich purple flowers.” It is a very general plant throughout 
Chile, in dry exposed situations, from 7000 fi. to 8000 ft. above 
the level of the sea, where it is esteemed for its diuretic properties. 
(Brit. H1.-Gard., Aug.) 
Acanthacee. 


1734. THUNBE’RGIJA 15538 alata ® 
*2 albiflora Hook. white-flowered $ [] or 4 mys W .. ... C pl Bot. mag. 3512 


This variety having a white limb to the corolla, the flower 
forms a more striking object than that of the species, from the 
greater contrast of the dark stain in the centre with the lobes of 
the corolla. It appears to have been raised accidentally from 
seed, but in what garden we have not heard. (Bot. Mag., 
Aug.) Though more striking, this variety is not nearly so hand- 
some as the species. Both may be raised on heat, and planted 
out in the open border during summer. 

Primuldcee. 


*450a. DOUGLA'SIA Lindl. 
‘nivalis Lindl. snow A or} ap FP _ Rocky Mountains 1827 S sp _ Bot. reg. 1886 


This plant was named by Dr. Lindley, ‘some years ago 
[Brande’s Journal, Jan. 1828, p. 383.], in compliment to Mr. 
Douglas, whose zeal in the collection of seeds and dried speci- 
mens of plants, and whose untimely end, have richly earned for 
him a niche in the long gallery of departed science. .... Upon his 
journey across the Rocky Mountains, in April, 1827, in lat. 52° n., 
lon. 118° w., at an estimated elevation of 12,000 ft. above the 
level of the sea, the attention of Mr. Douglas was attracted by 
a brilliant purple patch amidst the surrounding snow. On ap- 
proaching it, he was surprised to find that the colour which had 
arrested his eye was caused by the blossoms of a little plant, 


from which the superincumbent, snow had not yet melted away. 
NN 4 


484 Floricultural and Botanical Notices. - 


The well-known Saxifraga oppositifolia immediately occurred to 
his recollection ; and he at first imagined that he had either dis- 
covered that species, or one nearly allied to it; but, upon closer 
inspection, he perceived that it was no Saxifraga, but a genus 
apparently new.” Specimens having been examined by Dr. 
Lindley, he found it closely akin both to Primula and An- 
drésace; but differing from both these genera in its ‘ ovarium, 
which exhibits the greatest instance of reduction of ovules yet 
known in the order; and its dispermous capsule, with oblong 
concave seeds, readily and essentially distinguish it.” ‘The plant 
was raised in the Horticultural Society’s Garden, and flowered 
in 1835, and subsequently in April 1836, from seeds sent home 
by Mr. Douglas. It grows pretty freely in peat and sand, ripen- 
ing its seeds sparingly. Inthe Horticultural Society's Garden, it 
is kept in the green-house, only two plants of it having been 
raised ; but it is probable that it will thrive better treated like 
an alpine plant, in a cold-frame. There is a second species, 
Douglasia arctica Hook., which was collected by Dr. Richardson 
on the shores of the Arctic Sea. (Bot. Ieg., Aug.) 
Orchidacee. 
2540. ONC DIUM [Bot. reg. 1887 
*Lanceanum Lindl. Lance’s € (QJ orandfra 13 jnjl V.Y.C Surinam 1834 D p.r.w. 
A splendid plant, “than which a more acceptable addition to 
the hot-houses of this country has seldom been made.” It was 
brought over by John Henry Lance, Esq., in 1834, upon his re- 
turn to England from Surinam. Dr. Lindley mentions a plant 
of this species which he saw in the rich collection of epiphytes, 
belonging to the Messrs. Rollisson of Tooting, June 29. 1836, 
which he considered as the most perfect instance of successful 
cultivation which he had yet witnessed among epiphytes. ‘The 
plant had leaves 18 in. long, and upwards of thirty flowers 24 in. 
in expansion, with all the markings of the sepals and petals of 
the richest chocolate brown, and of the lip of the deepest violet. 
In fragrance, there was a resemblance to the spicy odour of 
that sweetest of all flowers, Aérides cornitum.” This plant was 
exhibited at the Horticultural Society’s Garden on July 9.; and, 
as appears by our report, p. 443., the gold Knightian medal was 
awarded for it. In the Horticultural Society’s Garden, On- 
cidium Lancednwm is cultivated along with other epiphytes, in “a 
damp hot-house facing the north. It is planted in a mixture of 
sandy peat, potsherds, and decayed wood; and under these cir- 
cumstances it thrives very well.” In Surinam, it is found generally 
attached to the stems or branches of the tamarind, the sapodilla, 
or the calabash trees, appearing to prefer those to any other: 
however, on being tied to the branches of the orange, the sour- 
sop, the mammee, and even the Brugmansza arborea, it grew 


well upon them all. (Bot. Reg., Aug.) 


General Notices. 485. 


9541, CYRTOPO‘DIUM _Tp.x.w_ Bot. mag. 2507 
punctatum Lind. spotted ¢[Ajor3 ap.my Gsh Y and Rspotted with R Brazil 1823 D 
Synonyme: Epidéndrum punctatum, Lin. Sp. p. 1348., and Hort. Brit. No. 22732. ; 


A superb plant, sent, many years'ago, from Brazil, by William 
Swainson, Esq., and which never flowered in this country till 
the spring of 1835, when the plant in the Glasgow Botanic 
Garden produced the fine specimen now figured. The 
pseudo-bulbs of this species are 13 ft. to 2 ft. long. The flowers 
are large and handsome, with the petals and sepals oblong, wavy, 
yellow, the latter chiefly spotted with red purple. (Bot. Reg. 
Aug.) 


MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. 


Art. I. General Notices. 


A NEWLY RECOMMENDED Remedy for destroying the Red Spider on plants is 
said to consist of syringing the plants with water in which common salt has 
been dissolved. A teaspoonful of salt to a gallon of water is as much as can 
be used with safety; and it will be well to wash the tree with pure water a day 
or two after the application of the salt. (Scotsman, April 20. 1836.) 

Three Crops a Year of Wheat, as hinted at by ene of your correspondents in 
Vols. X. and XI., or of any other annual plant, in the climate of Britain, I 
conceive to be impossible. According to my experience, the same sorts of 
wheat, sown at different periods, from Feb. 24. to May 5., have ripened in 
158 days, 140, 122, 106, and the last-sown quantity, on May 5., in 86 days. 
Does it follow from this, that, because a crop has ripened in 86 days, and 
there are above four times 86 days in the year, that four crops a year can be 
obtained, or even two? By no means. Adanson started a hypothesis re- 
specting the duration of annual plants, which appears to me to be founded on 
truth, though it may not, perhaps, be correct to the letter. It is, that every 
species requires a certain number of degrees of heat to arrive at maturity ; 
and that, according to the climate, and the time of sowing, a certain period, 
more or less long, was required to bring it to maturity ; and, accordingly, that 
the plant would have its life proportionally shortened or prolonged. This 
proposition, which, if carried too far, would lead to error, when combined 
with other circumstances necessary for the accomplishment of the different 
periods of vegetation, may give rise to very interesting and very true ideas on 
the subject. — Vilmorin. Paris, May, 1836. 


Art. II. Domestic Notices. 


ENGLAND. 


HORTICULTURAL Fetes are now becoming fashionable, both among public 
bodies and private individuals. One was given in the Surrey Zoological Gardens 
on July 26., which was numerously attended by persons of all ranks; one 
was given at Vauxhall on the 2d of August ; and several have been given by the 
different noblemen and others who have villas near town. We could mention 
a number of particular instances; but this general notice will suffice for our 
present purpose, which is, to suggest to proprietors of parks and villas, in 
different parts of the country, the idea of occasionally adopting the Russian 
practice of giving a féte to all the neighbouring public, high and low, without 


486 Domestic Notices : — England. 


exception of rank. Fétes of this kind used to be common in the neighbours ~ 
hood of St. Petersburg, during the time of the Empress Catherine; and we 
have been present at two or three given in May, 1814, in the neighbourhood 
of Moscow. Of course, the idea of admitting the great mass of society in- 
discriminately into an English pleasure-ground will startle a number of our 
readers. They would destroy every thing: and, after all, what is to be gained 
by it? To these objections we reply, that the English public is not quite so 
bad as it is represented to be: but, granting that it is at present rather rude, 
admitting it to scenes of beauty and refinement will prove the most effectual 
manner of educating its feelings. As to the question of what is to be gained 
by the proprietors, we answer, the noblest and the greatest of all gains, either 
earthly or heavenly — that is the consciousness of making a great number of 
people happy. No doubt, there are some who are not accustomed to take 
this view of the subject; and to others, the horror of coming in contact with 
sO many common people will absorb every other idea. The exclusiveness 
produced by wealth and rank is not favourable to the cultivation of general 
sympathy ; and it shall not be our business here to say much on the subject. 
We merely throw out the hint, as we would drop a seed of a favourite plant 
by the road side, or on a piece of waste ground, for a chance of its taking 
root. We will not let slip the occasion, however, of stating that by far the 
greater number of landed proprietors in this country are most liberal in 
showing, not only their grounds, but houses, to all the public, without excep- 
tion, certain days in the week throughout the year. Exhibitions of this kind 
must have a decided tendency to humanise the feelings and raise the taste. 
This desirable result will also be promoted in the highest degree by Mr. Buck- 
ingham’s admirable proposal, which, though it may be defeated in the present 
parliament, must ultimately be successful: we mean that of having public 
gardens, literary institutions, and museums, to every town and village, or 
parish, supported by all, and for the benefit of all. 

Perhaps we shall be one day gratified by seeing such noblemen as the Duke 
of Devonshire, the Earl of Mansfield, and others who have villas in the im- 
mediate vicinity of London, throw open their grounds for the admission of 
all persons on a Sunday afternoon. The former nobleman has already fre- 
quently shown the most praiseworthy liberality in permitting his princely 
grounds at Chatsworth to be open, on grand occasions, to the public of Shet- 
field, without, we believe, ever having had his plants injured by the persons 
thus admitted; and we have no doubt the London public would be equally 
careful not to abuse the kindness shown to them. We say this with more 
confidence, from seeing the manner in which the flowers, &c., are spared both 
in the Regent’s Park and Surrey Zoological Gardens, even on the days of 
the horticultural fétes, when any person can obtain admittance to the latter, 
who can command a shilling. Were our suggestion acted on, we should 
advise every proprietor whose grounds are thrown open to place placards at 
the gate, &c., recommending his plants to the care of the public, as is done 
in the public gardens at Frankfort, and other places in Germany. 

A public Pleasure-Garden at Lichfield is now beginning to occupy the con- 
versation of the citizens, the influential party of whom are not without hopes 
of procuring the establishment of one worthy of the extent and the celebrity 
of that ancient city.— J. G. Lichfield, July 13. 1836. An interesting letter 
on the subject of establishing an arboretum in the neighbourhood of Lichfield, 
by J. G., was published in the Staffordshire Examiner of July 6., which we shall 
probably copy into a future Number. — Cond. 

Cereus speciosissimus.—There is at present growing against the back wall of 
a vinery belonging to Mr. Peter Pequin of this island (Jersey) two plants 
of Céreus speciosissimus, one of which extends 22 ft., and the other 24 ft., in 
length, by about 63 ft. high; both plants being trained horizontally. They 
have been planted out in the border about ten years, and have borne a con- 
stant profusion of flowers every years They have at present upwards of 200 
flowers and flower buds on them; from 30 to 40 of which are expanded, and 


Domestic Notices :— England. 487 


many of which measure from 7 in. to 8 in. in diameter, having a most imposing 
effect. I would beg to observe that the roof of the vinery is completely 
covered with vines, and that no artificial heat has been applied. — Bernard 
Saunders. Island of Jersey, June '7. 1836. 

Heracléum dasperum, the Siberian Cow Parsnep.— This magnificent um- 
belliferous plant, when grown in good soil, will attain the height of upwards 
of 12 ft. Even in our crowded garden at Bayswater, it last year (1835) was 
12 ft. high when it came into flower; and the largest of its radical leaves mea- 
sured nearly 5ft., from the junction of the footstalk with the stem, to 
the extremity of its central lobe. This year, a plant reached the height 
of 10ft., though crowded among trees and bushes. Its seeds are now 
(July 29.) ripe; and we intend to distribute them among our friends: not 
because the plant is useful, for we do not know any use to which it can be 
applied; but because it is extremely interesting from the rapidity of its growth, 
and the great size which it attains in five months. The plant is a biennial, and, 
of course, does not flower the first year; but, if sown in July, it will attain 
considerable strength before winter, die down to the ground in December, 
and spring up again in the beginning of February with extraordinary vigour. 
By watering the soil round our plant, in April and May, with hot water, so 
as to raise its temperature, we have caused it to grow sometimes at the rate of 
above an inch a day; and afterwards, by watering with liquid manure, we have 
had the foliage of extraordinary size and beauty. The plant is to us a great 
source of enjoyment during the spring of every year. We do not know a more 
suitable herbaceous plant for the retired corner of a churchyard, or for a glade 
in a wood ; and we have, accordingly, given one friend, who is making a tour 
in the north of England and Ireland, and another, who is gone to Norway, 
seeds for depositing in proper places. We do not know any herbaceous plant 
that attains so large a size in so short a period, unless we except the gourd 
tribe; and, as it is as hardy as a dock or a thistle, we think it an excellent 
plant to give a beginner a taste for the study of vegetable phenomena. The 
plant is quite common in the neighbourhood of London; but, if any distant 
reader should wish to have a few seeds, by franking a letter to us at 39. Pater- 
noster Row, we shall be happy to send him a supply.—Cond. 

The Grapery at Kinmel Park. — A writer in the Caernarvon and Denbigh 
Herald of July 16., who “had the gratification of visiting Kinmel, the princely 
mansion of Lord Dinorben (a nobleman whose name,” the writer truly ob- 
serves, “derives a far more splendid lustre from his patriotism and generosity 
than from his coronet”), was much delighted with every thing; but, when he 
entered the hot-houses, his “surprise and admiration were raised to the highest 
pitch.” He adds, “I believe I may with safety assert that the abundance of 
grapes in their different stages is not, under an equal space of glass, to be ex- 
ceeded in any part of the kingdom; and I shall give the dimensions of a bunch 
which I selected for examination, at random, without searching for the 
largest. It was of the second succession crop, and had not yet reached 
its maturity. It measured across the shoulders 2 ft. 5in.; it was in length 
2ft. 6in.; the diameter of the leaf was 18 in.; and, when the bunch is fuil 
grown, it will probably measure each way about 4in. more.” We shall be 
greatly obliged to our correspondent Mr. Forrest, the very skilful gardener 
at Kinmel Park, if, after the bunch is ripe and gathered, he will let us know 
the weight and the number of berries it contains.— Cond. 

Forming Meadows, by Inoculation, in One Year—The following particulars 
are curious: they will amuse the scientific farmer, and be hailed as an “ im- 
portant agricultural discovery”’ by the enthusiastic and wealthy empirical 
practitioner. Wedlake’s newly invented turf-separating machine, for the laving 
down of land by inoculation. The machine, in magnitude and general appear- 
ance, resembles a straw-cutter ; and the mode of using it is as follows : — The 
land intended to be laid down should be perfectly clean; and it should be 
levelled and rolled; then, with the paring-plough, pare the turf from a com- 
mon, waste, or elsewhere ; and place the turf in heaps, that the wind may dry 


488 Ploughing by Steam. 


it, which will make it separate easier. Put the turf in the machine, which 
will separate it into small fibres. Harrow the field with a light harrow before 
you sow it. Take the fibres, which have been through the machine, in baskets, 
and sow it, broad cast, over the land; after it is sown, run a light roll over 
the field, which will compress it, and mat it together. It will, by the above 
process, become a good meadow the following year. Turf prepared in this 
manner is sometimes sown on wheat, intended for a meadow. It nourishes 
the corn while it is growing; and, as the stubble decays, it becomes a fine 
pasture. If there is a difficulty in getting turf, select one of the most mossy 
meadows, and apply a small grooving plough, which has been manufactured 
for that purpose, which can be drawn by a pony, and which will take off the 
turf about 3in. wide, and 14in. deep. You will very much improve your 
meadows by these means; and you will destroy the moss, and encourage a 
new vegetation. Experience has proved that the grooves, 14in. apart, have 
had the desired effect. 


ArT. III. Ploughing by Steam. 


From the commencement of this Magazine, we have advocated the idea of 
applying steam to the plough, as well as to the thrashing-machine; and we 
have lately had the pleasure of hearing of this idea being realised. In Vol. 
VI. for 1830, p. 106., a notice is given of a reward offered by Henry Handley, 
Esq., of Culverthorpe, near Sleaford, in Lincolnshire (one of the M.P.’s for 
the county), of 100 guineas for the mvention of a steam-plough. Such a 
plough, combining an apparatus for draining and cultivating bogs, has been 
invented by John Heathcoat, Esq., M.P. for Tiverton, and tried, in June last, 
on the Red Moss, near Bolton, in Lancashire. According to the local news- 
papers, “about six acres of raw moss were turned up in a few hours, and 
turned up in the most extraordinary style; sods 18 in. in breadth, and 9 in. in 
thickness, being cut from the furrow, and completely reversed in position ; the 
upper surface of the sod being placed exactly where the lower surface had. 
been before.” 

It would occupy too much room in a periodical in which agriculture is kept 
subordinate to gardening, either to describe the machine (of which we were 
shown a model by the inventor, in 1835), or to give an account of what took 
place at the trial; but we shall refer those who are interested in the subject 
to the Morning Chronicle of June 22., in which they will find a copious account 
of the experiment at Bolton-le-Moors, by Mr. Handley ; and to the same 
journal of June 25., in which they will find a column of valuable remarks on 
the important benefit likely to result from Mr. Heathcoat’s invention; and 
we shall conclude with some extracts from a paper, which has been privately 
circulated, but not published, entitled “A brief Description of Mr. Heathcoat’s 
Patents for his Invention of new or improved Methods of Draining and Cul- 
tivating Land; and new or improved Machinery and Apparatus applicable 
thereto; which Machinery and Apparatus may be applied to divers other useful 
Purposes.” : 

_ After a brief description of the machine, and various remarks on its applica- 
tion, occur the following paragraphs : — 

“That the steam-engine would, at no very distant day, supply the place of 
animal labour in agriculture, and become as mighty an instrument in augment- 
ing the productiveness of the soil, as it has proved in creating and economising 
manufactures, in navigating the ocean, and in travelling on land, was many 
years since predicted by Franklin —a prediction reiterated by Davy, and, 
latterly, acknowledged and enforced, as a great desideratum in science, by 
many distinguished agriculturists. The successful application of Mr. Heath- 
coat’s invention to the culture of bogs —the most repellent and obstinate of 
waste lands — leaves no room to doubt of its applicability to soils already in 


Ploughing by Steam. 489 


cultivation. Coals are now procurable, throughout Great Britain, at prices 
which have caused the steam-engine to be extensively introduced as a substi- 
tute for animal labour in many of the processes connected with agriculture. 
Thrashing, cleaning, and grinding corn, hay-chopping, turnip-slicing, &c., are 
now performed by small engines fixed on farm premises : even the churn has 
its steam-engine, managed by the dairy-maid; and so great is the advantage 
arising to the dairy-farmer from the regularity of motion, and economy pro- 
duced by it, that hundreds of small engines, for this simple purpose alone, 
are used in the north of England and in Scotland. But these are humble 
savings compared with the benefits to be derived from the vast steam power 
which may be brought to bear on the soil itself. Those agriculturists who 
are acquainted with the effects produced by the valuable subsoil plough, 
recently invented by Mr. Smith of Deanston, will readily appreciate the 
importance ofan invention which will enable them to employ that kind of plough 
at a much diminished cost per acre. Mr. Smith’s plough, with steam power, 
will effect a revolution in agriculture. Implements of husbandry have hitherto 
been restricted, in form, weight, and dimensions, to the powers and manage- 
ableness of a team of horses. A new class of instruments will take their 
place: the stiffest soils may be broken up and pulverised to any desired 
depth; strong clays, the natural wheat lands, may be profitably cultivated, 
rendered more fertile, and fitted to bear a better and more systematic rotation 
of crops. 

“Such are a few of the benefits which land-owners and agriculturists will 
derive from the substitution of steam for animal power in husbandry. It is 
also no slight advantage, in a national point of view, that this important 
change will be effected, unaccompanied by any of those temporary evils which 
too frequently attend the application of mechanical discoveries to existing 
arts. This invention will not displace a single human being from his accus- 
tomed healthy occupations: it will, on the contrary, occasion new and in- 
creased employment for agricultural labourers; it will restore to the support 
of man a considerable portion of that large amount of produce now sacrificed 
to the maintenance of agricultural horses; it will furnish local employment 
to the rapidly increasing rural population of the empire, by rescuing millions 
of acres of bog and waste land from obnoxious sterility * ; it will fix on their 
native soil multitudes of those poor Irish labourers, who annually migrate to 
Great Britain in search of work and food, or who are forced, with numbers of 
our own countrymen, to suffer the hardships and dangers inseparable from 
emigration to wild and distant regions.” 

Since the above was sent to press, the Mechanics Magazine for July 30. 


* Extract from the “ Fourth Report of the Parliamentary Commissioners ap- 
pointed to inquire into the nature and extent of the several Bogs in Ireland ; and 
the practicability of draining and cultivating them: 1814.”—“The extent of peat 
soil in Ireland exceeds 2,830,000 English acres.” The instructions to the 
engineers limited their surveys to bogs containing 500 acres and upwards; 
but it appears from the same Report that the extent of the smaller bogs in 
Treland amounts to no less than 170,600 acres. “A soil covered with peat, 
is a soil covered not only with fuel, but likewise with manure. It is the ex~ 
cess of manure only which is detrimental ; and it is much more easy to destroy 
it than to create it. To cultivate a bog is a much less difficult task than to 
improve a sand. Ifthere is a proper level to admit of draining, the larger the 
scale of operations, the less must the comparative expense be; because ma- 
chinery may, for many purposes, take the place of manual labour ; and the trials 
that have been already made by private individuals, and which are stated in 
the different Reports, prove not only the feasibility of the general project, 
but afford strong grounds to believe that any capital expended upon it, after 
mature and well-digested plans, would, ina very few years, afford a great and 
increasing interest, and would contribute to the wealth, prosperity, and popu- 
lation of the island.”’— Sir H, Davy to the Commissioners, Feb. 1. 1811. 


490 Retrospective Criticism. 


has been published, in which is a notice of a steam-plough, projected by Mr. 
Dickson, Engineer, 9. Charlotte Street, Blackfriars’ Road, London. Mr. 
Dickson says, “ About the time that the Leeds railway was done, when high- 
pressure engines were much improved, the idea of thrashing by steam led me 
to think of making a portable plough, applicable to all kinds of land. Now 
that public companies are forming that will require the use of such things, 
ee my old plan may be useful to some of them.” (Mech. Mag., vol. xxv. 
. 290. 

E Mr. Dickson adds that, perhaps ere long, steam-ploughs will be “ going 
about, and undertaking to plough fields for whoever may desire their assist- 
ance, and with very little more preparation than is now required to place a 
portable thrashing-mill :” which reminds us of similar ideas expressed by us in 
this Magazine for 1828, vol. ili. p. 242—244. To this article we beg the at- 
tention of such of our readers as are interested in the application of steam 
power to the cultivation of the soil. 

The Edinburgh Chronicle states that Mr. Alexander Craig of Carlton 
Street, Edinburgh, has taken out a patent for an American steam-plough, 
which costs much less than Mr. Heathcoat’s, but, probably, is not sufficiently 
powerful for bogs. “ The steam, generated in a boiler, passes out through a 
tube leading into a tubular horizontal shaft: on opposite sides and near the 
extremities of which are two apertures through which the steam escapes. The 
revolving shaft is contained within a cylindrical casing, and turns, when in a 
proper state of action, about 3000 times in a minute, on exactly the same 
principle as Barker's mill. It is so simple, that it can be put up and kept in 
operation by any man of ordinary ingenuity. The running part consists of 
but one piece of cast steel, dispensing with cylinder, piston, valves, crank, 
and fly-wheel: and hence its great cheapness.” (Morn. Chron., Aug. 8.) 


Art. IV. Retrospective Criticism. 


ANALYSIS of Vegetables and Manures.— Having read, in p. 319., some remarks 
on the value of bones as a manure, and some account of their component 
parts, specifying that they contain a considerable portion of carbonate and 
phosphate of lime, I consider this paper to be only a seed sown which may 
produce abundance of useful information, both to the horticulturist and agri- 
culturist. If some of your correspondents, who have the opportunities and 
time to devote to, and who would feel pleasure in, the experiment, were to 
analyse all the different sorts of vegetables in general use, stating the different 
matters they contain, and the component parts of the different manures, &c. ; 
and, also, if it is to be understood that those manures should be used which 
contain the greatest portion of the same matter as the vegetable to be grown, 
&c.; it would be of the greatest use. Besides this, it should be stated what 
influence the different ingredients have on the vegetables; such as how saline 
matters, phosphate of lime, carbonate of lime, magnesia, chalk, oil, &c., 
operate. 

If this were well managed, so as to appear in a small pamphlet, and at a 
little money, it would be very useful: not to spin the thread to a great length, 
for the advantage of the book-maker, and the puzzling of illiterate men’s 
brains. A man who is not in the habit of reading is frightened at the first 
sight of a large book. — J. D. Parks. Dartford Nursery, Kent, July 24. 1836. 

Variegated-leaved Plants. — 1 quite agree with you, that too much attention 
is paid by cultivators to diseased varieties. I hate all variegations: they look 
unwholesome, and always give me the idea of having been eaten and brought 
up again. Even the variegated holly, I do not admire. —W. 7. B. Allesley, 
Dec. 5. 1835. 

The Formation of Arboretums.—The perusal of the remarks contained in 
this Magazine, on the formation of arboretums, has suggested to me the idea 
that they might be rendered of immense practical utility as regards the intro- 


Retrospective Criticism. 491 


duction of such new kinds of timber trees as might be grown to advantage in 
our country. It is far from improbable, that estates, containing large tracts of 
forest, might be doubled in value, by being planted with either quicker-grow- 
ing, or higher-priced, timber than they at present produce. Several of the 
German species of Pinus would be of inestimable advantage to us, both from 
their enormous size, and the superior quality of their timber. I have seen a 
French species in the garden of Sir Oswald Mosley, at Rollaston Hall, Staf- 
fordshire, which far surpasses either the spruce or silver fir, or even larch, 
in the celerity of its growth. 

What splendid results might we not expect, could we grow, ourselves, in- 
stead of importing, the costly trees which produce the timber used by cabinet- 
makers and turners; and which we at present purchase under the double 
disadvantage of a high duty and an uncertain supply. My knowledge of 
botany is but slender; you may therefore deem the very idea of introducing 
some of the trees contained in the following list preposterous: but I may 
plead two excuses; first, the scanty degree of information possessed either 
by botanists or by commercial men on this subject; and, secondly, the 
number of species now naturalised which were formerly thought tender. It 
may be an interesting subject of enquiry to some of your almost innumerable 
correspondents, whether any of the following woods might become articles of 
British production : — Mahogany, rosewood, zebra-wood, camwood, logwood, 
ebony, tulip-wood, satin-wood, Botany Bay wood, cork tree. It is possible 
that I may be over sanguine; but I anticipate not only the general use of 
these woods for furniture, but that the floors of our mansions may, like those 
of the palace of the Prince of Orange, at Brussels, consist of alternate layers 
of rosewood and satin-wood. — Y.D. Doncaster, July 15. 1836. 

The woods mentioned by our correspondent are nearly all stove plants in 
this country ; and some of them have not yet been introduced. The idea of 
their ripening their timber here is, therefore, quite chimerical; but, as some of 
our readers may like to know a few particulars respecting them, we have given 
the short enumeration below : — 

Mahogany (Swieténia Mahdgoni L.) is a native of the West Indies and 
South America, where it grows to the height of 80ft. It belongs to the 
natural order Cedreleacew, and is nearly allied to Cedréla odorata, the Bar- 
badoes, or bastard, cedar. The tree has pinnate leaves, and yellowish in- 
conspicuous flowers. It has been cultivated in our stoves since 1734. 

The iosewood (Physocalymna floribinda) is a native of Brazil. It belongs 
to the natural order Lythracez, and is nearly allied to Lagerstroe‘mia indica, 
which it greatly resembles in flowers, and general appearance. It is a hand- 
some tree, about 30 ft. high, and is not yet introduced. 

Zebra-wood appears to be the name for a coarser kind of rosewood; the 
variation probably arising from soil and situation. 

Camwood (Baphia nitida) is used in dyeing. It is a native of Sierra Leone, 
where it grows about 50 ft. high; having impari-pinnate leaves, and white or 
yellow flowers. It has been in our stoves since 1793. 

Logwood (Hzmatéxylon campechianum) is a native of Jamaica, where it 
is much used for hedges. When suffered to grow alone, it makes a tree about 
20 ft. high, with yellow leguminous flowers. The trunk is generally crooked, 
and seldom thicker than a man’s thigh. It grows best in sandy or peaty soil, 
and has been in our stoves since 1732. 

Ebony. The best black ebony is the wood of the Diospyros E’benum, a 
native of Madagascar, the Mauritius, and Ceylon, which would require a 
stove in this country. It belongs to the natural order Hbenacez, and re- 
sembles in appearance the D. Lotus, and D. virginiana of our gardens. 

The American, or yellow, Ebony, which is the kind usually employed for 
walkingsticks, and sometimes for inlaying, is the wood of Brya E’benus, a 
West Indian shrub, or low tree, with bright yellow flowers, belonging to the 
natural order Leguminacee. The trunk is seldom above 3 in. or 4 in. in di- 
ameter, but the wood is yery tough and flexible. 


492 Retrospective Criticism. 


Tulip wood. If by this is meant the wood of the tulip tree (Liriodéndron 
Tulip{fera), it is common in North America, under the name of poplar; but 
the kind here mentioned is probably only another variation of rosewood, some 
what different in the veining. 

Satin-wood is generally supposed to be the Ferolia guianénsis of Aublet ; 
which is said to be a large tree, with alternate oval leaves, and flowers dis- 
posed in bunches at the extremity of the branches. It is allied to the order 
Rosacee ; but has never been seen in a living state in Europe. 

Botany Bay Wood. This is probably the gigantic species, or kind, of ma- 
hogany found in great abundance at the Swan River, and in other parts of 
Australia, mentioned in Vol. XI. p. 104. From the specimens of the wood 
sent to England, it appears to be of a coarser grain than the common ma- 
hogany, and not so beautifully veined. 

The Cork Tree (Quércus Suber) is welt known in our shrubberies and plea- 
sure-grounds ; but, though it stands in the open air without the slightest pro- 
tection in this country, its bark does not become in a sufficiently mature state 
to be used as cork. — Cond. 

The Kincairney Ash, noticed by Mr. Gorrie in Vol. X. p. 384., is certainly 
a very remarkable tree; and I am glad to learn that it is likely to be propagated 
in the Perth Nursery, as it must be an object worthy both of the nurseryman 
and the landscape-gardener ; especially if it is found, after propagation, to 
retain its present singular appearance. In my own opinion, there is a species 
of beauty apparent in the ash, to which few trees in our woods can lay any 
claim, and to which even the lord of the forest, the oak, is an utter stranger : 
this beauty does not confine itself merely to its mutability in form, or to its 
exterior appearance when viewed at a distance, but it extends itself to the 
leaves, flowers, and seeds; the former of which will, indeed, bear the minutest 
inspection without endangering an opinion as to the merits which I have en- 
deavoured to show as exclusively belonging to the tree. —- George M*Liesh. 
Ville parmi les Collines, Sept. 10. 1835. 

The Pendency of the Spray of the Ash is not unexceptionably the result of 
old age; to prove which, I may refer to a number of ash trees growing out of 
the rocks immediately below the Rumbling Bridge, on the Duke of Athol’s 
estate, a few miles from Dunkeld, which are not yet, apparently, 40 years of 
age, and, probably, not above 30. I visited this place in the year 1826, for the 
purpose of seeing the beautiful and romantic waterfall immediately above 
the bridge; and I was struck with this emblem of humility in the trees above 
alluded to, which seemed to vie with one another in the lowness of their obei- 
sance. I may further remark that I have frequently observed the same phe- 
nomenon in similar situations, and under similar circumstances. Whether the 
air is more ponderous at such places, from a draught being generated by the 
current; or whether the branches are instinctively attracted downwards from 
the evolution of some sort of gas from the waters, which, in opposite cir- 
cumstances, abounds at a greater altitude; are questions which I shall leave 
for the research of those who are fitter for the task. I can, most probably, 
appeal to none with more propriety than to Mr. Gorrie himself, for a solution 
of these matters. It is not by any means uncommon to see one side of an 
ash tree with drooping branches, while the other evinces no propensity to 
such a position, but the indecisive and wavering character of the one described 
by Mr. Gorrie is certainly, to me at least, a perfect novelty. — Id. 

Culture of Epiphytal Orchidee. — In looking over some of the numbers of 
the Gardener’s Magazine, which were published during my absence in Mexico, 
I observe that a Lancashire correspondent, signing himself H.P. (Vol. XI. 
p- 252.), has favoured your readers with a few cautionary remarks upon a 
paper published by me on the culture of tropical Orchideze, which my absence 
has prevented me from answering sooner. 

In answer to the first part of H. P.’s communication, I shall only remark 
that, in writing my paper, I had no intention of slighting or depreciating any 
practical knowledge which might haye been acquired; but merely of -laying 


Retrospective Criticism. 493 


before your readers such knowledge as I had myself acquired of the nature 
and habits of Orchidez, deducing therefrom, and from what I had seen of 
‘them in this country, general hints for their culture. 

In his second paragraph, H. P. tells us, that many of the parts of nature’s 
harmonious plan are inimitable ; a fact which I believe no one has disputed : 
but he also tells us that we must not pursue natural methods in the culture 
of Orchidez. It is needless: for me to make any comment upon this asser- 
tion, and I leave it entirely to the penetration of the readers of your Maga- 
zine. H. P. also boasts of his common sense, though I candidly avow that I 
do not think he called in practice a very large portion of it when writing 
this paragraph. 

H. P. continues with, “ Those Orchidez that grow naturally on trees in 
the East or West Indies are proof against injury from excess of moisture.” 
Undoubtedly they are so in their natural position on these said trees; but 
H. P.’s assertion, as applied to Orchidez in mould, will scarcely hold good 
in opposition to the painful experience of the most extensive and successful 
cultivators, who yearly see species dropping out of their collections, which their 
utmost attention cannot prevent from rotting off; and, though many of the 
stronger growing species become established, and flower well in mould, yet 
there are many which are lost in the trial. These facts, which are well known 
to all cultivators of Orchideze, seem to have escaped H. P.’s notice. 

In my remarks on the culture of Orchidez, 1 did not intend te intimate a 
wish or opinion that the mode of growth recommended by me should be 
applied to those species which were found to grow and flower well under 
the ordinary treatment to which they are subjected in this country; but to 
the smaller and more delicate species, which seldom flower, and which seem 
merely to exist in our collections, Nevertheless, I think my plan would apply 
even to the stronger growing species; for at Messrs. Loddiges may be seen 
several species, especially Oncidium papilio, suspended on pieces of wood, 
flowering most abundantly, and throwing out its long white fibres on every 
side. And, again, at Mr. Kuight’s, several stanhopeas, and other genera, may 
be seen flowering in a smaller state than they usually do in mould, attached 
to a moist wall; which treatment, by exposing the roots to the atmosphere, 
embodies the same principle as suspending them on pieces of wood. 

I could cite other instances, but these are sufficient to prove that the 
method is neither impracticable, nor so devoid of common sense as H. P. 
opines; and it must be pretty evident that we shall not go far out of our 
road in following, as nearly as circumstances will permit, the methods of 
nature, inimitable as they are to their full extent, but which are not to be 
left entirely out of view. From the tenor of H. P.’s remarks, he appears to 
be of opinion that the practical knowledge and experience of the present 
day, in the culture of Orchidez, are verging on perfection; but I am still of 
opinion that, as regards the cultivation of Orchidee, the science of horticulture 
is in its infancy; nor do I stand alone in this opinion, but am supported in it 
by many who have probably had as wide a range and as long experience as H. P. 
himself. 

In conclusion, let me ask, why does H. P., when writing upon a subject of 
this kind, and commenting upon the writings of another, withhold his name ? 
Is it that H. P. is ashamed of what he has written, or that his modesty will 
not allow him to take the merit of it? In a work like the Gardener's 
Magazine, devoted to the extension and interchange of knowledge, I can see 
no good reason why men should write under initials or a false name. — John 
Henchman. Clapton, Jan. 25. 1836. 

Grafting the Vine, Sc. (p. 171.) — Having seen in p. 171. an account of 
grafting the vine by Mr. M‘Leish, it helps to confirm my former opinion, that 
the grafting of the vine has not, in general, been well understood. Mr, M‘Leish 
states he has not succeeded previously: I myself have grafted many, and 
rarely missed. The principal cause of non-success is, from not grafting at the 
time when there is the best chance of a union taking place, which is when the 

Vou. XII. — No. 78. 00 


4:94 Retrospective Criticism. 


stock is as far advanced in growth as the setting of the fruit. The stock 
should then be cut down for grafting, the scion having been kept in a dor- 
mant state. The stock having been excited, its sap is more inspissated or thick, 
and unites with more facility. I believe it has been proved that the vine will 
take grafts better when the whole of the head of the plant is cut off, than when 
an arm, or a part of one, is taken off and the part left grafted. —J. D. Parks. 
Dartford Nursery, Dartford, Kent, April 13. 1836. 

Cutting large Limbs off the Vine. — The improper mode gardeners often use 
in cutting large limbs off the vine (I mean in the winter season, when the 
plant is in a dormant state) deserves reprobation. A large branch should 
never, at that season, be cut so lowas it is finally to remain, till the sap is up; 
at which time it will resist the air penetrating the pores, and heal over when 
cut. This injudicious mode of pruning is the cause of vines often having one 
side dead and hard for some distance down. Probably Mr. C. Hoare, the 
author of A Treatise on the Vine, can throw some additional light on this. He 
is an old friend of mine. — Id. 

The Construction of Vineries, and the Shriveling of Grapes. (p. 244.) — Mr. 
Jasper Wallace (p. 244.) advises the keeping the roots entirely out of the 
house, considering the roots to become too much heated when inside ; and 
that this causes a shrinking of the berries, which I conjecture is the same as 
I have termed shriveling. If so, I cannot be persuaded of this being the 
cause; for my experience proves to me that the disease is not in the root at 
all. I have seen both early and late grapes planted inside, in some seasons 
do well, and be free from anything of the kmd. I should think no one can be 
persuaded that the heat of avinery at 70° or 80° acting on the floor of a house 
could heat the earth so as to be injurious to the roots, if they once consider 
what a tropical climate is, and where the vine will do well. I think vine 
doctors are in a labyrinth, like the human body doctors, and it will take a 
good while for them to extricate themselves. There is too much writing from 
theory and conjecture, and taking up old beaten tracks (and some of them 
very crooked), without sifting the matter in a proper manner. I am often 
surprised to find how easy some persons obtain prizes and medals ; and others, 
on a far more important subject, sink into oblivion in an instant. — Id. 

Culture of the Potato, (p.373.) —I have read with great pleasure the remarks 
of W. M. of East Ham (p. 374.) upon my communication respecting the 
culture of potatoes. It was my object to excite men of experience like him 
to publish such facts as they had collected, and by which they had probably 
governed their own practice; for I thought the culture of the potato demanded 
more attention than it had received. W.M., however, is in error when he 
supposes I ground my opinion on one solitary experiment: I have made 
many, and. with various results; for the seasons have, and always will have, 
influence upon the crop. I made an experiment last year, but it was chiefly 
on the kinds of potatoes, and not on the relative merit of planting sets, or 
whole potatoes. 

T repeat, with truth, that I have never known “ the dry rot,” and, perhaps, 
I have been very fortunate; but, whether that evil proceeds from the cause 
assigned by W. M., or from the one which I supposed, I am still of cpinion 
that in cutting potatoes for sets much skill is necessary (attainable, no doubt, 
by some old women) ; and I am further of opinion, that a failure in the crop 
may proceed from planting the sets too soon after they are made, and before 
the wound is seared. 

I will now give W. M. all the information in my power relating to the 
potato called The Agricultural. Many years ago, potatoes were discovered 
i a field, where it was certain the farmer had not planted them. He hap- 
pened to be an intelligent man, and took care of them. After having satisfied 
himself of their good quality, he sent some to the Agricultural Board (Lord 
Carrington, as I remember, being then the president). They were cultivated 
by the Board, and, when a sufficient stock was provided, they were distributed 
over the kingdom. By means of a friend of Lord Carrington’s, I got a sack. 
They came to me by the name of Agricultural, and so I have always 


Queries and Answers. 495 


called them. They are large, white, mealy potatoes, of excellent flavour, and 
for roasting superior to any I ever tasted. I remember, in one year (a most 
favourable season, when the land was also in an excellent state), that these 
potatoes averaged | lb. each. Some weighed 22 0z., and few less than 12 oz. 
I shall have great pleasure in sending W. M. a few from my growing crop, if 
he will favour me with his address, 

The present season seems to be unfavourable: there are far too many gaps 
in my field. I have dug in several places, but have found no trace of the 
potato or set.— FR. L. July, 1836. 

Erratum. — In p. 483. line 18. of a few copies, delete the words “ reversed 
hairs.” 


_ArtT. V. Queries and Answers. 


DESTRUCTION of Crickets. (p.376.)—It is, perhaps, not generally known, that 
birds will destroy crickets. Major mentions an instance, where a sparrow 
had become sufficiently familiar to enter a kitchen, of its carrying off a large 
cricket (Major on Insects, p. 231.); and there is no doubt but that other 
birds would do the same. — J. C. Wimbledon, July 5. 1836. 

Destroying Crickets in Hot-houses. (p.376.)—The effectiveness of the method 
mentioned by you of destroying them by drowning in a basin of water baited 
with crumbs of bread, I have frequently witnessed. Crickets with me are 
favourites, and my old chimney is a favourite residence of theirs. By the side 
of my fireplace I have a copper fixed, which is seldom used but on washing 
days: into this copper a number of them, owing to the lid not fitting very 
tight, find their way, and cannot get out without help. From this circum- 
stance it is evident that any glazed vessel sufficiently deep would answer the 
purpose; and, no doubt, if baited with food, such as crumbs of bread, it would 
be more effective. They could be instantly killed by boiling water from a 
tea-kettle. By boiling water from a tea-kettle, poured on ants’ nests, the 
ants are instantly destroyed. I have found it to have the same effect in de- 
stroying the wood bugs [woodlouse, or pill millepede, Armadillo vulgaris Latr., 
and, perhaps, Porcéllio scabra Latr.,occurs too] when poured from the spout 
into the breeding-places (behind those blocks in the corners of garden frames 
which support the boards), and to any crevices to which it can be applied. 
By having the water boiling, the insects are dead in a moment, without one con- 
vulsive struggle. — J. Denson, sen. Waterbeach, Cambidgeshire, July 20. 1836. 

Thrips destroyed in Cucumber and Melon Frames, without Injury to the Cu-~ 
cumber or Melon Plants. — Take 4: 0z. of tobacco, 302. of the flower of sulphur; 
mix the sulphur with the tobacco, and smoke the frames with it, with bellows 
and tube, in the usual way. The sulphur must be well broken, and well mixed 
with the tobacco. Any leaves which happen to lie on the soil should either be 
propped up with sticks, or taken off. — Agronome’s Nephew. June 21. 1836. 

A gardener, who has been much troubled with the thrips, assures us that 
he once filled his frames with the smoke of sulphur a/one, to such an extent, 
as to kill the plants; and that on the following day he observed many of the 
insects still alive on the dead leaves: perhaps the tobacco may add to its 
efficacy. — Cond. 

Destroying the Scale on the Pine-Apple. (p.375.)—Allow me to request your 
correspondent L. O. L. to favour me with a correct answer to the following 
simple questions : — 

1. Is L. O. L. sure that the pines of his “ friend,” in Bedfordshire, to which 
he alludes, were entirely clear of the white scale at the time he reported 
them to be so? 

2. Is L. O. L. sure that they are clear “ even now ?” 

3. What may be L. O. L.’s reasons for not publicly giving the name and 
address of his friend? His friend surely can have no objections that his name 
be publicly known, if he has been so successful in clearing his pine plants ! 
But Mr.L. O. L. informs us that he is sorry, very sorry indeed, that his Bed- 

; 00 2 


496 Queries and Answers. 


fordshire friend will not allow his name to be given publicly. Query: Did 
L. O. L. ever ask his friend’s permission to publish his name ? 

4, Will L. O. L. allow me to guess at the name of his “ much respected ” 
friend, if he does not choose to save me the trouble, by giving the name of 
his friend at once? If L. O. L.’s statements are correct, neither L. O. L. 
nor his friend have any thing to fear. ‘“ Vincit omnia veritas.” [Fair dealing 
carries every thing before it.] 

L. O. L. must recollect that the public have a legitimate title to question 
the dubious statements of any author; and particularly in a case like that of 
the would-be clever L. O. L., who evidently has made a premature exit from 
the domination of the ferula. 

L. O. L., I trust, will excuse the liberty I have assumed in proposing these 
problems to him for solution. 

If L. O. L. should find any difficulty in answering these simple questions, 
will he accept of the assistance of a friend ? — Pro Bono Publico. 

Singular Varieties of Indigenous Oaks. — If ever any singular varieties of our 
native oaks come in your way (as Mr. Fennessey’s, for example), I should 
be very glad of a specimen, as I have thoughts of making a book of oak 
specimens, all I can meet with, together with their balls and galls, and spangles 
and pezizas, &.— W. T. Bree. Allesley Rectory, near Coventry, Dec. 19. 
1835. 

Any of our readers, who may be kind enough to attend to Mr. Bree’s request, 
may either send direct to that gentleman, by Packwood’s coach, from the 
George and Blue Boar, Holborn; or to our care, at 39. Paternoster Row, in 
which case we will forward them to Mr. Bree. — Cond. 

Mr. Fennessey’s oak, referred to by Mr. Bree, is noticed in Vol. XI. p. 683. ; 
figs. 82. and 83. are engravings of leaves of it of the natural size, which were 
intended to have been published along with the notice, but the engraver did 
not finish them in time. 

The reddish insular Scales on the under side of oak leaves, mentioned by 
Mr. Lowndes ( Vol. XI.:p. 691.), I greatly doubt, are not parasitic plants, as he 
supposes. I suspect what Mr. Lowndes describes as scales, are what I, for 
want of a better name, call oak spangles. Surely these are imsect works: I 
send a specimen of something of the same kind, which he, perhaps, would call 
a peziza; and, in truth, it greatly resembles one, though I take it to be also the 
work of an insect. I should like to see these oak excrescences weil explained 
and illustrated: the subject would make a good article, or little volume; and, 
though the things themselves are so common, we are still much in the dark 
about them. — W. 7. Bree. Allesley Rectory, Dec. 5. 1835. 

The following very interesting observations, by Dr. Johnston of Berwick, 
bear upon the point in question : —“ While I receive unconditionally the doc- 
trine of Harvey, omnia ex ovo, I am not disposed to maintain that every 
thing described in our systems as fungi, are disseminated in accordance with 
it. Many fungi appear to be merely morbid alterations in the structure of 
vegetable textures, or diseased growths, analogous, in some respects, to 
the tumours and ulcerations of the animal system; and we may, perhaps, 
form some idea of the manner in which they may originate, by studying 
the various galls and excrescences produced on plants by insects. We 
observe that the irritation caused by the deposition and evolution of the 
egg will produce growths of the most curious kind; and differences in the 
irritation, too slight to be traced, will occasion very remarkable differences in 
the appearance of the growths. Thus, in the oak-leaf, one insect irritation 
produces a globular smooth ball; another a depressed circular tumour, covered 
with a hairy scarlet coat. The first is seated in the substance of the leaf, and 
cannot be removed without destroying the texture of the part; the other 
seems almost placed on the leaf, and can be detached with facility. Examples 
equally remarkable will occur to every one who has paid any attention to this 
curious subject ; and the growths appear to be not less uniform and not less 
organised than many parasitical fungi. ‘To suppose, therefore, that the latter 


497 


Queries and Answers. — 


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may be the result of irritations and obstructions in the cellular parenchyma, 
or in the circulating juices, seems not unreasonable, although the sources of 
the obstruction or irritation may be undiscoverable. (Flora of Berwick upon 
Tweed, vol. ii. p. 108. and 109.) 

Oak Galls, §&c. — This spring, several oaks in this parish have produced 
long strings of berries, similar in a great degree, particularly in colour, to 
I had never 
observed these berries before; but Iam told that they have been seen, though 
they are not of frequent occurrence. 
cences was insipid and clammy.— R. L. Surrey, July, 1836. 


those of the pale red currant, called the Champagne currant. 


Pinus Pindster as Timber.— Do you know any thing 


The taste of these berry-like excres- 


of the pinaster as 


timber? I have till lately been taught to believe that it was one of the most 
worthless of woods; but a friend tells me that it produces very hard good 
timber. — W. T. B. Allesley, Dec. 19. 1835. 


Art. VI. 


!The Cabbage Tribe. 


Cabbage, per dozen : 
White = 5 
Red - - 
Plants, or Coleworts 

Cauliflowers, per dozen 


Legumes. 

perhalfsieve - - 
Peas per sieve -< “3 
per sack - gag 
Beans: half si 
r per half sieve 
Windsor f per sack - 

: er 2 sieve 
Kidneybeans, ae sieve 


Tubers and Roots. 
per ton - 
Potatoes - § per cwt.  - 
per bushel - 
Turnips, White, per bunch - 
Carrots, per bunch - O 
Horn, per bunch O20 
Horseradish, per bundle - 
Radishes, Red, per dozen 
hands (24 to 30 each) = 
White Turnip, per bunch 


The Spinach Tribe. 
Sorrel, per halfsieve - - 


The Onion Tribe. 


Onions for pickling, per 3sieve 
Garlic, per pound 6 ay 
Shallots, per pound a8 


Asparaginous Plants, 
Salads, &€c. 


Artichokes, per dozen < 
Lettuce, per score : 
Cos - - 5 
Cabbage - - S 
Endive - - - 
Celery, per bundle (12 to 15) 


Pot and Sweet Herbs. 


Parsley, per half sieve oO 
Tarragon, per dozen bunches 
Fennel, per dozen bunches 
Thyme, per dozen bunches 
Sage, per dozen bunches 
Mint, per dozen bunches 
Peppermint, p. dozen bunches 
Marjoram, per dozen bunches 
Savory, per dozen bunches 
Basil, per dozen bunches 
Rosemary, per dozen bunches 


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Covent Garden Market. 


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ecocoooooocoo 


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osooooooooon 


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woo SCAnLROoOS 


ASAD oS 


Lavender, per dozen bunches 


Tansy, per dozen bunches 


Stalks and Fruits for Tarts, 
Pickling, &c. 
Sea Samphire, per small pun- 
net - c S : 
Vegetable Marrow, per doz. 
Green Capsicums, per hund. 


Edible Fungi and Fuct. 
Mushrooms, per pottle - 
:Morels, per pound - = 
Truffles, English, per pound : 


Fruits. 

Apples, Dessert, per 3 sieve: 
Kerry Pippins S 5 
Astracan - S : 

Baking, perbushel - - 
|\Pears, Dessert, per half sieve 
Jargonelles 5 = 
Windsor = 
Harvest - 

Peaches, per dozen 

Nectarines, per dozen 

Apricots, per dozen Suns 


‘ per 2 sieve 
Plums, Dessert § per punn a 
\Green Gages = S 3 
|\Cherries, Morello, per pound 
Mulberries }P& gallon (two 


pottles) - 
Gooseberries, per sieve - 
Currants, per half sieve : 
Black - - = 
White - - g 
Red, for wine S 5 
dessert - = z 
Raspberries, Red, per gallon 
(2 pottles) = =r 
|Filberts, English, per 100Ibs. 
|Pine-apples, per pound . 
Grapes, per pound: 
Hot-house - 4 S 
Spanish = = = 


Melons, each oS = 
Cucumbers, Frame, per brace 
eS, per hundred 
Pickling j per thousand 
per dozen 
per hundred 
per dozen 
Lemons Ee hundred 
Sweet Almonds, per pound 
Brazil Nuts, per bushel 


Oranges 


Barcelona Nuts, per peck 
Spanish Cobs, per peck 


ooo 
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ooo 


= 
RAS 
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London Horticultural Society and Garden. 4.99 


Observations.—Since the commencement of the present month, the weather 
has been more favourable to the growth of vegetables; and we have had a 
better supply than was anticipated from the long-continued drought which 
prevailed in the early part of the summer. Turnips are now supplied abundantly 
and of good quality, at a moderate price. French beans abundant, and cheap 
compared to the prices heretofore obtained for them. Peas are again plentiful, 
and more reasonable. Carrots are also in good supply at reasonable prices. 
Within the last ten days, potatoes have become more general in supply, at 
considerably reduced prices: quality excellent. All other articles as usual at 
this season. We have had a considerable importation of currants from Holland, 
and green gages from France (by steam), by which the supply of those articles 
has been kept up, and prices, consequently, moderate. Our own crop of cur- 
rants and gooseberries has been good; but of plums and pears we have but 
few to come, compared to the crop of last season. The crop of filberts is 
also deficient as compared to that of last year. The early varieties of apples 
are plentiful : the later sorts, in the neighbourhood of London, are reported as 
being deficient; so that we may expect the prices to be maintained throughout 
the winter. Of the crop of this important fruit in the distant counties but little 
is at present known; but the weather is favourable for bringing them to ma- 
turity; so that we may expect them to be of good size and excellent quality, 
which will in some measure compensate for shortness of crop should it prevail. 
—C.G. M, August 22. 1836. 


Art. VII. The London Horticultural Society and Garden. 


JULY 19. 1836.— Evhibited. Plants. Alstroeméria atrea, A. flava, A. 
Neill; Phl6x Drumménd, seedling Fichsia, six pelargoniums, J/yrtus to- 
mentosa, collection of roses, Melaleuca sp. ; from Mr. James Young. Gompho- 
carpus fruticodsus, from J. F. Manbert, Esq. 24 specimens of roses, from 
Mrs. Marryat. Manéttia cordifolia, Gloxinia alba, from Mr. James Lane. 
Carnations and picotees, from Mr. T. Hogg. Double Macartney rose, Rosa 
microphylla, yellow Noisette, Jaune Desprez, scarlet scented China, from 
Edmund Johnston, Esq. Acropéra Loddigés#, Eulophia macrostachya, Cym- 
bidium ensifolium, Cattléya Forbész, from John Rogers, Esq., jun. 

From the Garden of the Society. — Quisqualis indica, Fuchsia discolor, 
Escallénza ribra, Spire‘a arizfolia, Psoralea macrostachya, Lilium longi- 
florum, Babiana villosa, Anomathéca cruénta, Veltheimia viridifolia, Scabidsa 
atropurpurea var. grandiflora, Lupinus Cruickshanks#z, Delphinium chei- 
lanthum, Catananche bicolor ; Gilia achilleefolia, G. tricolor ; Collinsia bicolor, 
Callidpsis Atkinsoniana ; Godétia rubicinda; G. vinosa, Malope grandiflora, 
Claddnthus arabicus, Madia élegans, Bartonia atrea, Campanula neglécta; 
‘Enothéra macrocarpa, G’. missouriénsis; Phléx acuminata and varieties, 
Stenactis speciosa, Horkélia sp. (Dougl.), Lavatera triloba, roses. 

Fruits, — Cherries. Royal duke, bigarreau gros monstrueuse, bigarreau 
(the common), red heart, Winter’s black heart. The fruit of these sorts 
are from standard trees. The royal duke has all the good qualities of the 
May duke, but ripens in succession to the latter. It was received from France, 
under the names of Anglaise tardive, and cerise royale tardive. These names 
having been also applied to other sorts, the above English name was given to 
prevent confusion. The French name implies an English origin; but it has 
not been found among the Engiish collections in the garden. The digarreau 
gros monstrueuse is also called bigarreau Napoléon; and, as such, was highly 
extolled, as a new sort, in some recent French publications (the Revue Horti- 
cole, &c.). It, however, appears to have existed before the name of that per- 
sonage had acquired notoriety ; for it was called /e gros bigarreau de Laner- 
mann in the garden of the Luxembourg in 1806; and the Baron Truchsess 
mentions its being in the possession of Baars of Herrenhausen, in the year 
1791, under the appellation of Lanermann’s grosse kirsche. It is generally 


500 London Horticultural Society and Garden. 


larger than the common bigarreau, and a most abundant bearer. Wintet’s 
black heart (Winter's schwarze knorpelkirsche) would be much finer in some 
soils, and even larger and sweeter than the black heart. It is remarkable for 
being a most abundant bearer. (Notes by Mr. Thompson.) 

At a Special General Meeting held immediately after the exhibition, July 9., 
pursuant to notice, the following article proposed to be added to the By- 
Laws, and which had been previously suspended in the Meeting-Room, was 
read for the third time, balloted for, and unanimously agreed to : — 

“Every Fellow of the Society who shall be three years in arrear of his 
annual contributions shall be considered to have resigned, and the council 
shall have power to erase his name from the list of the Society.” 

August 2. 1836.—Presented. Transactiones Academia Nature Curiosorum 
of Bonn, Part ii. Vol. 17., from the Society. 

Exhibited. Plants, Erica Bowieana, E. éxigens [? exstrgens] coccinea, E. 
ampullacea, HZ. Irbydva, and a dahlia (Fairbairn’s Duchess of Northumberland), 
from Mr. J. Fairbairn. Campanula fragilis, C. média, C. garganica, Spartium 
zthnénse, Pyrus prunifolia, from Mrs, Marryat. Four boxes of roses, from 
Mr. S. Hooker. Fruits. The original round green-fleshed melon, and a brace 
of cucumbers, from Mr. Cuthill. Three bunches of Muscadine grape, grown 
on a hot-wall, without protection, from Lord Arran’s garden at Bognor. 

From the Garden of the Society. Fuchsia discolor, Escallonia rubra var. 
Alstreeméria Hookérz; Lupinus Cruickshanksz, L. ornatus ; Verbena sp. from 
Valdivia, Scabiosa atropurptrea grandiflora, Tournefértia heliotropidides, 
Psoralea glandulosa, P. macrostachya; Madia élegans, Cladanthus arabicus, 
Gilia achilleefolia, Godétia rubicunda, Potentilla Tormentilla, Brodiz‘a 
grandiflora, Bartonea atrea, Nolana suffruticosa, JMalope trifida alba, Pent- 
stémon roseus, Pyréthrum inodorum flore pléno, Wistaria sinénsis, Spartium 
acutifolium, Ceanothus azureus, roses, dahlias. 

Prizes awarded. — A Silver Knightian Medal to Mrs. Fairbairn, for heaths. 

Banksian Medals. — One to Mr. S. Hooker, for. the roses; and one to 
Mrs. Marryat, for the Campanula fragilis and garganica. 

Gold Medals.— At this Meeting it was announced that the greatest value 
in medals, on the three days of exhibition at the garden this season, having 
been obtained by the following exhibitors, they had become entitled to the 
Society’s Large Gold Medal, in conformity with the regulations: Messrs. 
Rollisson, May 14.; Mr. J. Green, June 11.; Messrs. Rollisson, July 9. The 
regulations to be observed in the exhibition of articles, and the objects for 
which prizes are offered at the exhibitions in the Society’s Garden for the 
year 1837, were distributed. 

August 16. — Presented. Proceedings of the Royal Asiatic Society, and the 
13th Annual Report of the Council at the Anniversary Meeting on May 7. 

Exhibited. — Flowers. Sinningia guttata, 8. Héllerz; Fachsta globosa, F. 
grandiflora; Mydéporum parvifolium, Ardisia crenulata, Oncidium _papilio ; 
Erica Irbydaua, three plants; Erica Parmentier? rosea, Hrica cerinthdides 
var., Erica retérta, Erica vestita rosea, Hrica Hartnéll:; from Mrs. Law- 
rence. Dahlias, four boxes, ditto seedlings ; one plant of a seedling Lantana ; 
from Mr.Salter. Dahlias,a collection by Mr.S.Gilling. Erica Aitonidna, and 
E. Hartnéll, from Mr. J. Fairbairn. Epidéndrum fragrans, from G. Barker, 
Esq. Dahtlias, six stands, by Messrs. Chandler. Megaclintum maximum, 
Peristéria elata, from Messrs. Loddiges. Fruits. A hybrid melon, raised from 
the Ispahan and white-fleshed-striped Hoosainee, from T. A. Knight, Esq. 
Grapes grown in a pot, weight 14 lb., from P. H. Fleetwood, Esq., M.P. 

Prizes awarded. — Knightian Medals were awarded to Mrs. Lawrence, for 
the above collection; and one to Mr. Loddiges, for the plants above men- 
tioned. 

’ Banksian Medals. — One to Mr. Salter, for his dahlias, &c.; and one to 
Messrs. Chandler. 


THE 


GARDENER’S MAGAZINE, 
OCTOBER, 1836. 


ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. 


Art.I. Notes on Gardens and Country Seats, visited from July 27. 
to September 16. 1833, during a Tour through Part of Middlesea, 
Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire, Dorsetshire, 
Hampshire, Sussex, and Kent. By the Conpucror. 


(Continued from vol. xi. p. 449.) 


Avr the interval of nearly a year we resume the notes on our 
tour, and print them as they were written at the time, on the 
evenings of every day. It may, perhaps, be necessary, for the 
sake of some of our readers, to premise that the time when these 
notes were made has very little to do with their value, whatever 
that value may be. That value depends entirely on the prin- 
ciples developed and illustrated by the criticisms made on dif- 
ferent places and scenes; and hence, as far as the reader is 
concerned, it matters little whether these places and scenes were 
seen a few months, or a few years, before the time of publishing 
the remarks on them. 

It would be far easier for us to fill this Magazine with papers 
by our correspondents, on the cultivation of particular plants or 
crops, than to write long articles in it ourselves; but we are 
guided in selecting, preparing, or writing articles for publication, 
solely by what we consider to be the wants of our readers, 
whether practical gardeners, or their employers. It will be al- 
lowed, we think, that, both in the culture of flowers and of culi- 
nary crops and fruits, the present race of gardeners have arrived 
at a very high degree of perfection; and their employers, who 
consume or enjoy these articles, we may conclude, must be very 
good judges of them. The articles exhibited at the horticultural 
shows in the neighbourhood of London, and throughout the 
country, afford such a proof of the practical skill of gardeners 
as cannot possibly be denied; and the same shows afford also a 
presumptive proof of the cultivated taste of the proprietors in 
whose gardens these productions have been raised. What we 
think both the employers of gardeners, and gardeners them- 

Vou. XII.— No. 79. PP 


502 Notes of a Gardening Tour in 1833. 


selves, most deficient in, at the present day, is in what relates to 
taste in gardening as an elegant art; that is, in the art of laying 
out and planting pleasure grounds and parks, and keeping them 
in order afterwards. Even in laying out flower gardens, which 
may be considered the easiest and simplest part of landscape- 
gardening, the gardeners of the present day, and their employers, 
are strikingly deficient. Will any artist, — a painter or an archi- 
tect for example, —at all acquainted with the general principles of 
composition in lines and forms, say that there is one flower- 
garden in a hundred laid out in accordance with these prin- 
ciples ? 

With respect to trees and shrubs, we would ask any one who 
has studied, however slightly, the collections in the arboretum of 
the Horticultural Society’s Garden, of Messrs. Loddiges, and 
Messrs. Buchanan, about London; and of Mr. Donald, at Gold- 
worth; Mr. Miller, at Bristol, and those in the Birmingham, Man- 
chester, and other botanic and horticultural gardens in the 
country, how it happens that so very few of these trees and 
shrubs are to be found in gentlemen’s pleasure grounds? ‘To 
take one genus, for example, Cratzegus; how does it happen 
that in very few pleasure grounds more than three or four sorts 
are to be seen, while in the arboretums mentioned there are from 
thirty to fifty sorts, besides varieties? It cannot be on account 
of the price, because that ofall the sorts is the same; viz. 1s 6d. 
for dwarfs, and 2s 6d. for standards. It cannot be owing to the 
tenderness of the sorts; because they are all grafted on the com- 
mon hawthorn, and all, practically speaking, as hardy as that 
species. 

To what, then, can the absence in our pleasure grounds of so 
many species of trees and shrubs, which might easily be planted 
there, be owing? Simply to the want of knowledge of those 
trees and shrubs, among gardeners and their employers. It 
cannot be expected that either should recommend plants that 
they have never seen, and of the culture of which they cannot 
know anything, and the names of which they would not know, 
even if the plants were brought before them. ‘The truth is, 
that a knowledge of this branch of gardening among gardeners, 
and a taste for it among their employers, are both as yet in their 
infancy. 

_ It appears, then, that the two grand points in which the gar- 
deners and their employers of the present day are most deficient 
are, landscape gardening and arboriculture; and it is to these two 
points, as we have stated in the preface to our tenth volume, 
that we intend mainly to direct the attention of our readers, for 
some time to come. We have done this in our two last volumes; 
not, however, as our readers will be aware by referring to their 
contents, to the neglect of whatever is new and valuable in points 


Fonthill Pavilion. 503 


ef culture; but merely to the point of avoiding the repetition of 
practices which have alr eady been given in sufficient detail in our 
Encyclopedia of Gardening, and in other general works on hor- 
ticulture and floriculture. — 

It has always been, and continues to be, our ambition to render 
the Gardener’s Magazine, not a mere repetition of what has already 
been published many times before, but a miscellany of some- 
thing additional to what has been previously laid before the 
gardening world in books. A reference to the general index to 
the first ten volumes of our work (which will soon be published,) 
will, we think, show such an accumulation of valuable and original 
matter, on points of culture, as is not to be found in any other 
gardening publication whatever ; and if we live to complete a 
second decade of the magazine, we trust the general index 
to it will exhibit an equally original and valuable collection of 
papers on landscape gardening, on taste as applied to gardening 
generally, and of articles on trees and shrubs, and on useful and 
ornamental planting. Amongst these will be interspersed a 
series of designs for laying out garden grounds and garden 
buildings of every description, public and private. Having thus 
endeavoured to show the use of publishing criticisms on gardens 
and grounds, we proceed with our tour, having in our last article 
completed our remarks on Fonthill Abbey. 

Fonthill Pavilion ; James Morrison, Esq., M.P.— The late 
Mr. Farquhar, having taken a dislike to Fonthill, determined on 
dividing the estate, and selling it in portions, and on one of these 
he placed a nephew, and built for him a cloth manufactory. At 
the death of this individual, who according to all accounts was 
not blest with much taste, his portion was purchased by Mr. 
Morrison, and the kitchen wing of the mansion built by Mr. 
Beckford’s father was turned into a residence for that gentle- 
man. ‘This house is badly placed, and it does not appear to us 
to be much improved by some immense clumps which Mr. 
Farquhar’s nephew had planted near it. The same individual 
had the beautiful mosaic flooring of the cave taken up, and, in 
relaying it, placed a large mariner’s compass of black and white 

marble in the centre. ‘The orifice in the roof of this cave, by 
which it is lighted, is unprotected by any fence or grating, and 
may be considered as a trap for the destruction of men or other 
animals. We very nearly fell into it, and in consequence wrote 
to Mr. Morrison, who has since informed us that he immedi- 
ately afterwards surrounded the opening by a fence. Mr. 
Morrison’s grounds contain the larger lakes of water, some 
finely planted hills, and undulated valleys. The Fonthill kitchen- 
garden also belongs to this part of the property; but it is now 
let. Mr. Morrison, no doubt impressed with the state of utter 


ignorance into which the labourers of this part of the country are 
PP 2 


504 Notes of a Gardening Tour in 1833. 


sunk, has established a charity school in the building which Mr. 
Mortimer used as a manufactory, and in which all children are 
educated who choose to attend. 

Aug. 30.—Wardour Castle ; The Earl of Arundel.—This place 
takes its name from the very fine ruins of the original castle; 
but the modern mansion is a plain Grecian edifice with wings, 
without a portico to its main entrance, and not only objectionable 
as a piece of architecture, but as unconnected with the grounds 
either by mural appendages, or sufficient woody scenery. It 
contains a Grecian chapel, which is much admired; but, for 
our own taste, we have never seen a chapel either in Italy or 
England in that taste which can be compared with those in the 
Gothic manner. ‘The situation of the house, though not marked 
by nature, is yet good with reference to the whole place, and the 
surrounding scenery as seen from it. Looking from the garden 
front, there is a very nobly wooded ridge, nearly a mile in length, 
which forms the boundary to the landscape on the left, and to the 
right other woods, corresponding in extent, though on less ele- 
vated ground. At the bottom of the wooded ridge is seen the 
ruins of the ancient castle, and, in front, a lawn of great extent 
leads the eye to an artificial river. ‘The fine feature of the 
place is the terrace walk or drive, a mile in length, on the side of 
the wooded ridge. It is as fine a thing of the kind as is to be 
met with any where; and being open to the south and ‘south- 
west, and completely sheltered from the north and north-east, it 
forms an admirable winter walk, or drive. It has been ori- 
ginally planted with oaks, silver firs, elms, beeches, hollies, 
and some other trees, with a general under-growth of laurel ; so 
that in the winter season it must be particularly cheerful. The 
views from it, down the steep grassy slopes between the trees to 
the ruins, the modern house, the extensive lawns, and the water, 
(here seen to the greatest advantage), or over the trees to the 
distant country, with the hills in the horizon, are grand, varied, 
and interesting. In these views, Fonthill, and the tower at 
Stourhead, are striking objects. The soil is perfectly dry, con- 
sisting of a mixture of sand and peat, in which every thing, es- 
pecially laurels, seem to grow with astonishing luxuriance. The 
laurels are, indeed, too conspicuous objects, and in many places 
they form a line much too formal along the upper edge of the 
walk. An attempt has been made to remove this formality by 
introducing rhododendrons here and there in the margin, which 
is so far good; but the only effective method is to open glades 
of turf, and to exhibit these glades stretching far up the steep 
sides of the hill. The great beauty of a regular, broad, and 
avowedly highly artificial, walk of this sort, consists in the con- 
trast produced by the irregularity of the scenery on each side of 
it. The descent from this terrace to a grotto, and thence to the 


Wardour Castle. 505 


ruins of the ancient castle, is fine and highly interesting. The 
ruins exhibit a mixture of Gothic and Grecian, the latter pro- 
bably being added in the time of Elizabeth. Many of the old 
yews and hollies, which were formerly, it is said, cut into the 
forms of soldiers on guard, still remain. Near the castle is a 
banqueting room, most nobly kept up for the use of the public, 
who have free admission to the grounds at all times, and who 
here find a large well furnished room in which to take their re- 
freshments, and a person to wait upon them. There is a smaller 
room, with a dining table, for the accommodation of any party 
who may wish to dine by themselves, and in the large room are 
numerous small tables, chairs, and sofas, in the manner of the 
rural coffee houses of France and Germany. Both rooms are 
very appropriately ornamented with prints of all the principal 
old castles in England. ‘There are also panels of looking- 
glasses, and two fire places. ‘The attendant lives, and has her 
kitchen, in the floor below. Near the ruins is an extensive piece 
of grotto scenery, put up by the same individual who executed 
the grotto at Fonthill and that at Oatlands. His name was 
Josiah Lane, and he was a native of the adjoining parish of Tis- 
bury, in the workhouse of which he died last year, at a great age ! 
He was perfectly ignorant, but certainly had a genius for this 
kind of construction. He used to do all the work with his own 
hands, and be paid at the rate of about two guineas a week; but, 
like other money-getting men with ill regulated minds, he never 
thought of making provision for age. Another good feature in 
the grounds of Wardour Castle is the American garden, which 
contains some good old specimens, especially of arbor vitee, red 
cedar, tulip trees, and white spruce, and a hemlock spruce 40 ft. 
high, the trunk of which is 3 ft. across at the surface of the 
ground. ‘There are some very large rhododendrons and azaleas, 
and some of the newer varieties of them, and of other American 
trees and shrubs, are being added from time to time. The 
shrubbery walk, which leads to the American ground, contains 
some fine specimens of platanus, Turkey evergreens, and Luc- 
combe oaks, cedars, Portugal laurels, &c.; and here, and ina 
part of the American ground, a number of species of pines and 
firs are introduced. ‘They are numbered with cast-iron numbers, 
which we regret, because, by putting the names to them at length, 
they would be read by the hundreds of persons who come every 
year to see this place; and thus a knowledge and taste for such 
trees might be spread throughout the country. ‘There is nothing 
that we dislike more about a gentleman’s seat, than to see the 
same forms of hothouses, and the same modes of numbering 
plants adopted, which are common in nurseries, excepting always 
the kitchen-garden, in which they are appropriate. The kitchen- 
garden here is divided into compartments by beautiful grass 
pe 3 


506 Notes of a Gardening Tour in 1833. 


walks, as gravel is scarce and dear. The approaches to this 
place, both from the London and Bath road, and the road from 
Hindon, are remarkably good, and their commencement is indi- 
cated by very picturesque and substantial Gothic cottages, said 
to be built from designs by the present lord, who, with his lady, are 
much attached to gardening improvements. ‘The family being 
at present in Rome, the place is not kept up as it is when they 
are at home. 

On our way to Salisbury we were repeatedly reminded not only 
of the necessity of guide posts, but that they should be formed of 
solid letters, with open intervals. So violent was the storm, and so 
dark the night, that we could hardly see the road; and, taking the 
wrong turn at Wilton, we went round by Old Sarum; thus ta- 
king a very dangerous road, and one which was more than five 
miles round. ‘The tree at Old Sarum, under which the elections 
used to be made, was blown down the same night. 

Aug. 31. and Sept. 1.— The Mount, near Wilton; J. H. 
Flooks, Esq.— This is a pretty little villa, recently built, and 
laid out by the proprietor, a gentleman who is very ex- 
tensively employed as a land agent, surveyor, architect, 
landscape gardener, builder, and, in short, as an adviser in 
most descriptions of rural business. He has also extensive 
brick fields, and, till lately, farmed on a large scale; one 
of his concerns being a renter of the grounds on which sheep 
fairs are held. Mr. Flooks holds two fairs, one at Wilton, 
and the other at Britford. The former is one of the largest in 
England, and is held im a field of thirteen acres, near Mr. 
Flooks’s house. ‘This field is laid out into ninety-six compart- 
ments, parallelograms, like the beds of a garden, separated by 
main and subordinate grass walks. In the centre of the field, 
where the two main walks cross each other, is a small portable 
wooden house, in which Mr. Flooks sits three or four days, 
both before and while the market is being held, with a plan of it 
before him, in order to let out, either entire compartments, or 
any part of them, to farmers or dealers who have sheep to ex- 
pose for sale. For this purpose he has a number of clerks and 
assistants, who, like aid-de-camps on a field of battle, are con- 
tinually running to and fro. ‘The compartments are either let to 
farmers for their lives, or singly at so much per day, per market, 
or per year. ‘This mode of letting has brought Mr. Flooks into 
personal contact with all the principal sheep dealers in the West 
of England, and with almost every farmer within a circuit of 
nearly fifty miles in diameter. We have seen the list of bad 
debts made amongst these men, in sums from one shilling to two 
or three pounds, the names arranged alphabetically; and it is 
really frightful from its magnitude. There is a sufficiency of 
wicker hurdles (from 800 to 1000 dozen, and four times that 


The Mount near Wilton. 507 


number of shores and shackles, that is, stakes and ties) on the 
field, to divide the ninety compartments into ten subdivisions each: 
so that 900 persons may have 900 separate flocks exposed for 
sale at the same time. There are usually from 90,000 to 100,000 
sheep penned at one time. 

Mr. Flooks’s house is a model of comfort, convenience, and 
arrangement within, and the external elevation is plain, but in 
perfectly good taste. In the grounds his object has been to dis- 
play specimens of different descriptions of garden ornaments, 
and more especially of the Italian open parapets formed by tiles. 
The first hint for these Mr. Flooks took from Lord King’s, at 
Oakham Hall, near Cobham, noticed in a former volume ; but 
he has greatly varied them in consequence of having his own 
brick and tile works, in which he can have a variety of forms 
moulded at pleasure. Some of these parapets are 9 in. in thick- 
ness, and others only 4in. The appearance of the latter is very 
handsome, and the cost in this neighbourhood does not exceed 
6d. the superficial foot. ‘The cost of the others varies from 9d. to 
1s.; the coping, in these cases, being brick and tile; but when 
the coping is of stone or composition the expense is greater. 
Mr. Flooks having introduced this description of parapets, and 
also grass steps to terraces, they are at present quite the fashion 
in this part of the country; and, as generally happens in similar 
cases, they will no doubt be often applied in situations where 
they are by no means appropriate. ‘This, however, only shows 
the natural love which exists of variety and beauty, and it ought 
to afford hints, both to architects and their employers, to dis- 
criminate between what is suitable and what is unsuitable, and 
for this purpose to store their minds with ideas on the subject. 
For example, a gentleman may have a Gothic house, like the 
beautiful villa erected at Wilton for Lord Pembroke’s steward, and 
may wish, after seeing those of Mr. Flooks, to have some garden 
fences of an architectural character. His first impression would 
doubtless be to imitate them; but, on second thoughts, it would 
occur to him, that their appearance would not be in harmony 
with the ornaments of his house; in other words, though con- 
nected locally, they would be disconnected architecturally and 
artistically, and would not indicate that unity of system, or of 
working of the same mind, which is necessary in the productions 
of every art to constitute a whole. What is he to do then? 
Hither invent forms corresponding with those displayed in the 
ornamental part of his house, or have recourse to the established 
forms of that particular variety of Gothic architecture in which it 
is built. Mr. Flooks has covered his walks with a gravel almost as 
_ beautiful as that of Kensington, which he has been at the expense 
of bringing from a-considerable distance, with a spirit which we 

PP 4 


508 Notes of a Gardening Tour in 1833. 


wish we could see greater evidence of among his wealthy and 
titled neighbours. 

Sept. 2.—Stonehenge. — This ruin of what may be considered 
a primeval temple of philosophy, of religion, of devotion, or 
of instruction (for all these we consider to be essentially the 
same), affords some good hints for garden buildings on a large 
scale. A circle of pillars, whether square or round, on a large 
scale, joined by massive architraves, either with or without cor- 
nices, is a noble and imposing object, and would be so even if the 
pillars were built of brick, and covered with Roman cement. 
Such an ornament might form a fine termination to a wooded 
hill; and we do not believe there are any which would produce 
so grand an effect for so small a sum. The ruins of Stonehenge, 
though exceedingly interesting in an antiquarian point of view, 
are very deficient in architectural interest. The cause is their 
utter want of masonic forms and manipulations: if ever the chisel 
and the rule were employed on these stones, all evidence of it is 
now gone. To be convinced of the grand effect of masonic 
forms in giving architectural interest to ruins, we have only to 
recall to mind the smallest portion of any of the buildings of an- 
tiquity, which we have seen in Greece or Italy, and compare 
them with these gigantic fragments. On every square inch of 
the surface of the former, there is the impress of human labour, 
and the evidence of the employment of mind. Here we are 
obliged to search for this evidence, by convincing ourselves, that 
so many stones could not be placed on end by chance; and that, 
though not equidistant, yet still they are so placed as to form 
something like regular figures. On examining the stones we 
find they are of three different kinds; viz. the larger stones of 
sandstone, the smaller of granite, and two or three stones, in par- 
ticular situations, of two varieties of limestone. This shows that 
they have been brought from different places, but still there is 
wanting that mathematical regularity and uniformity which are 
the characteristics of masonry; and we conclude by wondering 
how savages, that did not know how to hew, could contrive to set 
such stones on end, and put other stones over them. We state 
this as first general impressions: after considering them farther, 
observing the tenons, and the corresponding mortises, and re- 
flecting on the subject, and on the countless number of years 
that they must have stood there, we yield to the probability of 
their having been originally more or less architectural. 

We met here with an artist, Mr. Browne of Amesbury, author 
of An Illustration of Stonehenge and Abury. Te was sitting in 
a kind of covered wheelbarrow, the bottom of which formed 
his seat; a box, which served as the feet of the wheelbarrow, 
protected his legs, and kept his feet from the ground, while from 
the sides and back were continued up glazed canvas, so as to 


Stonehenge, Wilton, Wilton House. 509 


form a complete box. In the sides are two very small circular 
panes of glass, serving as spy holes. The machine is worthy 
the attention of other rural artists. In Mr. Browne’s work, he 
considers Stonehenge to be erected before the flood, and Abury, 
a similar monument, to have been cohstructed under the direction 
of Adam, after he was driven out of Paradise, as a “ remembrance 
of his great and sore experience in the existence of evil.” 

Wilton. — There is a great taste for floriculture in this ancient 
little borough town, and the mayor, Mr. Blackmoor, is the Se- 
cretary to the Salisbury, Devizes, and several other Horticultural 
Societies. We were much gratified with the conversation of this 
gentleman, who is not onlyan enthusiastic horticulturist, but a man 
of general good taste. Mr. Flooks introduced us to several of the 
inhabitants of Wilton, who had neat gardens, and we found that 
pinks and carnations were their favourite articles of culture. The 
garden of Mr. Hetley deserves notice for a sunk flower-garden, 
surrounded by a turf terrace, the object of which is to prevent 
the interruption by the flowers of the views from the windows. 
The descent to the flower-beds is by steps of turf, such as Mr. 
Flooks has introduced in his own garden, and also in the new 
architectural flower-garden at Longford Castle. The other 
parts of the grounds here have some beauties, and many faults, 
the chief of which is formality. It would be an easy task to add 
variety and intricacy, and we shall, perhaps, show how this might 
be done on some future occasion. 

The garden of Mrs. is remarkable for a fine straight 
canal of running water which passes through it, the sides of 
which are formed of oak plank; the surface of the adjoining 
ground is varied by flower-beds. The walks through the other 
parts of the grounds are so contrived that, by walking over them 
certain numbers of times, the extent is a mile, half a mile, or 
a quarter of a mile; and against a wall, an iron strap is fixed, 
pierced with holes, beside which is a pin suspended by a small 
chain; so that the pedestrian, by moving the pin from one hole 
to another every time he passes by, knows exactly the extent 
of the walk he has been taking. Some years ago, when in very 
bad health, we used to do the same thing at Bayswater, but in a 
much smaller garden. Such exercise is by no means so beneficial 
as that in which the mind is engaged as well as the body; for ex- 
ample, in walking along a public road, or through a town, or, 
best of all, digging, hoeing, or watering in a garden. 

Wilton House ; Earl of Pembroke. — Part of this building has 
been changed to the Gothic style, under the direction of the 
late James Wyatt. There is an entrance porch for carriages to 
drive under; in all cases a source of great comfort. Through a 
lobby we proceed to an entrance hall open to the roof, like 
that at Fonthill, at the end of which there is a flight of five or six - 


510 Notes of a Gardening Tour in 1833. 


steps, which lead to a cloister, which surrounds a square open 
court. ‘This cloister contains an extensive collection of antique 
sculptures, including statues, busts, therms, and relievos. We 
believe there is scarcely a more extensive collection in England 
than that in this cloister, and in the other parts of the house, 
though there are more costly articles in the sculpture galleries 
at Woburn Abbey and Deepdene. ‘There are a number of good 
rooms, and in particular the saloon, which is a double cube of 
30 ft. on the side. ‘The ceiling of this room is coved, and the 
measurement of 30 ft. is not from the floor to the cornice, but 
to the highest part. The views from the windows to the grounds 
give no adequate idea of the extent of the park, because the 
latter is too much crowded with trees near the house, and be- 
cause there is an architectural seat, very improperly placed as a 
termination to a short broad walk, conveying the idea to a 
stranger that there is a public road, or some interruption, or 
object to be concealed, behind. ‘The view to the Palladian 
bridge, and that to the fine old cedars is good, and is heightened 
in effect by the rising grounds in the distance, well clothed with 
wood. ‘The view from the library to the architectural flower- 
garden is the best of its kind; in the centre walk there is a 
fountain, and it terminates at the distance of several hundred 
yards in a building from a design by Hans Holbein, which was 
once the entrance porch to the house. It is in the impure Gre- 
cian style of that artist’s time. In descending from the house 
to the grounds, the first cause of regret is the want of an archi- 
tectural basement, but ill atoned for by placing some pedestals 
and vases on the naked grass. The flower-garden alluded to 
has an excellent general effect ; the descent to it is by a broad 
flight of steps from the library, and it has on one side an open 
pillared building, elevated so as to command a view of the whole 
garden, and of the park scenery beyond. ‘This scenery consists 
chiefly of cedars in the foreground; and their effect, in connexion 
with the fountain, and with the vases and other objects in the 
flower-garden, has a grand and Oriental air. The walks in the 
garden are bordered with yew tree boards rounded on the edges, 
instead of stone: these have been found to last ten years with- 
out repair. ‘The beds are overgrown with shrubs or otherwise 
in an unsuitable state, the family not having resided here for 
several years. ‘To have the proper effect, such a garden ought 
to be planted with low growing flowers, each compartment a 
_ mass of one sort, and every sort removed as soon as it goes out 
of flower, and supplied by another. The garden would then 
be looked down upon like a carpet from the library, and from 
the terrace walk which borders it on two sides. Proceeding from 
this garden to Holbein’s porch, there is a strip of shrubbery on 
the right, the front of which is exceedingly well managed, in 


Wilton House. 511 


respect to the variety of outline by the formation of bays and 
recesses. The trees and shrubs are of common kinds, but the 
finest sorts might be introduced in the same style of disposition. 
What we greatly approve of is, that there is no dug space in 
front of this shrubbery, the turf losing itself under the branches. 
There is not, as we have shown at length, Vol. XI. p. 412., a 
greater deformity in modern gardening than that produced by 
digging the margins of shrubberies, and planting roses and 
flowers in them, which from the exhaustion of the soil by the 
roots of the shrubs, and the stagnation of the air and shade 
produced by the intermixed trees, can never be otherwise than 
sickly. It ought to be laid down as a rule, never to be departed 
from, that no rose bush or flower should ever be planted but in 
open airy situations where they would come to perfection. ‘This 
would greatly limit the labours of the gardener, and he would 
be able to do what he did in the way of cultivating flowers well. 
Surely there is no one who has attended to this subject who will 
not allow that it would be a great improvement in pleasure- 
ground scenery to get rid of those tawdry borders of sickly 
straggling flowers, leaving nothing in their place but turf and 
shrubs, or for a few years while the shrubs were young, shrubs 
on a dry surface! We have long tried to effect this innovation, 
and if we could only succeed in doing so, we are sure we should 
equally benefit gardeners and their employers, and add much to 
the beauty of every country seat. 

There are a great many fine cedars in the park here, seven of 
which are considered to be the first planted cedars in England, 
and are reckoned to be about 160 years old. The largest is a 
bush rather than a tree, with a trunk only 5 ft. or 6 ft. in length, 
and 18 ft. 6 in. in circumference at the ground. It divides into 
numerous upright growing branches of nearly equal size, and 
thus forms a large orbiculate bush about 70 ft. high. From 
this description it will appear to be a tree of no marked cha- 
racter. ‘There is another rather higher, with a straight trunk, 
and regularly placed branches, which, though a fine and stately 
tree, has also nothing remarkable in its character. Most of the 
other trees have assumed grander and more picturesque forms, 
some of their branches having taken the character of arms, and 
having stretched out to a considerable distance. All of these 
trees bear abundance of cones, which fall, or the seeds drop from 
them, and germinate in abundance among the grass below; a 
very good hint to nurserymen to sow the seeds of the pine and 
fir tribe, with hardly any covering of soil, and to shade them 
from the sun. 

Standing on the Palladian bridge, and looking towards another 
bridge on the same river, the channel of the water appears 
much too straight, formal, and unvaried. The other bridge 


512 Notes of a Gardening Tour in 1833. 


appears to terminate the water, and gives the idea of a cul de 
sac. Some trees hanging over the margin, and some stones and 
eravel deposited along the water line, would remove this evil to 
a certain extent. The bed of the river is shallow, and, notwith- 
standing the clearness and rapidity of the stream, is covered 
with weeds, which, forming a nidus for insects, supply abundance 
of food for fish. In general the grounds may be stated to 
be too much covered with trees; so that the idea conveyed, in 
which ever direction we look, is that of a place of limited ex- 
tent. There is a very good kitchen-garden; the walls and hot- 
houses of which are exceedingly well managed by Mr. Witt, 
who grows most excellent pine apples, peaches and grapes. _ It is 
impossible not to regret that such a man is not furnished with 
the means of keeping his place in the order in which it ought to 
be. In the pineries, he has introduced on the front flues, shallow 
troughs throughout their whole length; formed by edgings of 
Roman cement. These are kept filled with water in warm 
weather, and diffuse a genial moisture throughout the whole 
house. By using stable urine, ammoniacal and carbonic acid 
gas would be diffused along with the moisture, which would 
have a tendency to destroy insects, and yet promote vegetation. 
Mr. Witt has hitherto had the greatest difficulties to sur- 
mount in growing his pines; but he has lately erected two good 
liouses, which will diminish his labours, and no doubt increase 
his success. 

Formerly the inhabitants of Wilton had the right of walking 
along the banks of the river in the park, but they are now en- 
tirely excluded, and can only by a very especial favour procure 
a sight of the house or grounds. ‘The inhabitants are quite 
aware of the injustice which has been done them in excluding 
them from their ancient rights of walking by the side of the river 
in the park; but so powerful is a wealthy family in a small coun- 
try place, that neither the corporation of Wilton united, nor 
any individual among them, would incur the risk of reclaiming 
the public right. 

There is a steward’s house here, and near it a group of 
labourers’ cottages, which afford a fine example of what may be 
called the better, and best, in Gothic architecture. ‘The first is 
very good, but it is tame, without boldness and freedom, and 
without having the characteristics of the Tudor style: fully de- 
veloped. ‘The labourers’ cottages are singularly bold, pictur- 
esque, and free in their general effect, and all their details, such 
as chimney shafts, mouldings, mullions, doors, &c., developed 
to perfection. The gardens round these cottages are beautifully 
kept; those in front are full of flowers, and flowering shrubs, 
and those behind are large and well stocked with vegetables. 
The occupiers are men employed in the grounds at Wilton. 


— 


Single Trees in Park Scenery. 513 


The steward’s house is surrounded by a piece of pleasure ground, 
enclosed witha wire fence, in imitation of the fence of wood, or 
hazel rods, shown in fig. 622. Encyclopedia of Gardening, 2d 
edition. The adoption of such a form in wire we maintain to 
be in bad taste, for the following reasons. Either a fence ought 
to be architectural, and avowed as a component part of the 
landscape, or it ought to be incidental, and rendered as incon- 
spicuous as possible consistently with its use as a barrier. Now 
a wire fence can never be rendered architectural, because there 
can be no architecture without considerable bulk or dimensions. 
To be inconspicuous it ought to have consisted simply of hori- 
zontal lines, supported by a few perpendicular lines, or of per- 
pendicular lines, supported by a few horizontal ones. Here, 
however, as in the figure above referred to, the wires cross each 
other like network; and, as if these were not enough, they are 
bent round at top, so as to render them still more conspicuous 
to the eye than if they presented network without a border. 
The best description of wire fence, whether for parks or pleasure 
grounds, is that in which strong iron uprights, shaped like 
swords, are inserted in the ground in masonry, so firmly as not 
to require bases; the breadth of the blade of the sword, being 
across the direction of the line of fence, and its hilt in the ground. 
Connect these swords by horizontal wires, not all of one size, but 
with the slightest wire at top, and increasing in size towards the 
sround. If hares are to be excluded, smaller-sized wires near 
the ground must be introduced between the large ones. This 
we consider as forming the most inconspicuous, effective, and 
durable of iron fences. | 


Art. II. On the Introduction of Single Trees in Park Scenery. 
By Mr. R. GLENDINNING. 


My remarks in the present article will be confined to direct- 
ing the attention of your readers to the introduction into parks 
of single trees; as regards the individual species or variety, the 
formation of masses by their ultimate proximity when advanced 
in growth, and disposition at sufficient distances from one another 
to admit of their entire development. What has principally 
given birth to these remarks, are the objections which have 
arisen to enclosing large portions of ground for the formation of 
groups, and the expense attending their enclosure. Iron has 
been recommended to protect single trees, and has been exten- 
sively employed in enclosing large plantations ; but, though I am 
an advocate for iron fencing generally, when used in surrounding 
large masses of plantation, yet the propriety of adopting it to 
individual trees appears to me somewhat questionable. A group 

. will of itself give abundant density for the end in view; but, 


514 Szngle Trees in Park Scenery. 


whether single trees in‘a young state, thus imperceptibly, or what 
is technically styled invisibly, fenced with iron rods and wire, be 
sufficiently important as objects in extensive grounds, I very 
much doubt. In order to give single trees, newly planted, the 
necessary imposing character, I would prefer protecting them 
with oak boxes, which, properly made of seasoned timber, will 
endure for 25 or 30 years; after which, no fence will be requi- 
site, unless for the very tender species. The following figures 
(84. and 85.) will show two ways by which trees may be pro- 
tected from deer, &c., by oak boxes. Fig. 84. will be the most 
expensive, on account of the ex- 

gy. pense of joining the top and bottom 
rails to the upright posts by mor- 
tises. Whichever form is adopted, 
I would recommend the wood to 
be smoothly planed and properly 
{ painted, in order to increase its dura- 
Ji_ bility. [would also recommend every 
tree to have the botanical name, and 
85 the year when planted, engraved or 
stamped on a piece of sheet lead, as in jig. 86., and nailed to 
each box. This would prevent any future uncertainty as to the 
name and age of the tree. Cedars and other 86 
evergreen trees, which it is desirable should ; 
at all ages have their branches sweeping the 
ground, may be protected with iron hurdles, 
fastened together with bolts and nuts; so that 
at any future time, as the branches extend 
themselves, other hurdles may with facility be added, so as to 
increase the diameter of the circle on which the tree stands. 

Suppose, then, any particular part of an approach to a house 
was naked, and that the object was simply to clothe it, and to 
add to its botanical interest and importance; and that this was 
to be done with single trees only : — to carry this intention into 
effect, the principal object would be “to prevent variety from 
degenerating into confusion,” by a judicious connection of the 
species employed, without repetition of them at random. This 
object, I think, the dotting exhibited in fg. 87. will accomplish, 
if the trees planted are those enumerated in the annexed list. 
To commence and continue an unbroken botanical representation 
in a park would be absurd; but to explain why it would be so 
must be the subject of another communication. 

Bicton Gardens, April 14, 1836. 


Quércus Cérris. 


1836. 


WE hope our correspondent will pursue the subject of land- 
scape-gardening, and what may be called botanical planting, 
through all its various ramifications, as they occur in actual 


Single Trees in Park Scenery. 515 


practice. We wish also that others would take up the subject, 
so as to cooperate with our intentions as expressed in p. 501, 502. 


— Cond. 


53 


54 


Liriodéndron Tulipifera. 
T. integrifolia. 
T. flava. 
Tilia europe‘a pubéscens. 
e. parvifolia, 
e. aurea. 
e. alba. 
e. rubra. 
e. platyphylla. 
10, e. laciniata. 
11, Negindo fraxinifolium. 
12, Pavia flava. 


ve we we 


a a) 


OD IA OP wD 


~) 


13, carnea. 

14, macrostachya. 
15, discolor. 

16, rubra. 


17, A‘cer tataricum. 
18, O’pulus. 


19, striatum. 

20, platanoides. 

21, Pseudo-Platanus. 

22, macrophyllum. 

23, rubrum. 

24, eriocarpum. 

25, monspessulanum. 

26, spicatum. 

27; platanoides _ lacini- 
atum. 


28, Kolreutéra paniculata. 
29, Ailantus glandulosa. 

30, Gleditschza monospérma. 
3i, horrida. 

32, U’lmus rubra péndula. 
33, Fagus sylvatica incisa. 


34, s. ferruginea. 

35, americana purpurea. 
36, Quércus Suber. 

37, gramuntia. 

38, Tauzin. 

39, coccinea. 


40, i’ gilops. 

41, Prinus. 

42, Cérris. 

43, C. exoniénsis noya. 
44,  Ballota. 

45, Phéllos. 

46, Liquidambar Styraciflua. 
47, Castanea vésca. 

48, Platanus orientalis. 

49, or. cuneata. 

50, occidentalis. 

51, Salisbirza adiantifolia. 
52, 53, 54, three pines of sorts. 
55, Cédrus Libani. 


516 Design for a Tavern Garden. 


Art. III. Design for laying out the Garden of a Tavern, now build- 
ing, in the Neighbourhood of Gravesend, in Kent. By E. B. Lams, 
Esq., Architect. With a List of the Trees and Shrubs recommended 

Sor planting the Garden. By the Conpucror. 


I senp you a plan of the garden attached to the tavern I am 
now erecting in Kent, as it was proposed to be laid out. Some 
little prejudices on the part of the proprietors, on account of the 
expense, was the only reason for not adopting this plan in all 
its details ; but the general outline has been retained, and the 
gardeners are now proceeding with it. You will perceive from 
the plan (jig. 88.), that it occupies a very limited space; but I 
have endeavoured to make all I could of that space, the object 
being to create as much variety, and lay out as many walks as 
could be done consistently with the preservation of breadth and 
apparent extent. 

The letters w. £. N. s. show the cardinal points. The ground 
is bounded on the north by a road leading to a lofty hill, from 
the summit of which a most extensive view is obtained, and 
which is the great resort of the public during the summer. On 
the east it is bounded by the foot of this hill; on the south by 
eround intended for building on; and on the west by the road 
from Gravesend. ‘The tavern (a, in fg 88.) is approached from 
the road by.a gradual ascent, and at the back is a sunk area, in 
the centre of which is a circular bed for flowers, and beyond 
this is a sloping bed for flowers. It was found necessary to place 
the house considerably below the garden, as a great ascent to 
such a place of business from the public road is always objec- 
tionable. On each side of the sloping bed is a path; that on 
the north-east, leading from the house, and communicating with 
the ball and refreshment rooms, 6, and with the north-east en- 
trance. ‘The path on the south-west side of the area commu- 
nicates with the garden, &c. ‘The south-east angle of the ground 
is about 4 ft. above the sunk area. The paths ascend gradually 
to this part, and continue winding in various directions through 
the grounds, varying in width as occasion requires. At the 
pavilion, c, a greater width of path is necessary, as a greater 
number of persons are likely to congregate there. A sunk path 
and tunnel is shown at d, d, and the ground planted in such a 
manner as to conceal this path from most situations. The ground 
over the tunnel and the banks of the path being planted to give 
as much appearance of extent as could be obtained without 
totally shutting out the means of communication for servants ; 
and so as to give them a general view of the visitors to the 
erounds from the refreshment rooms, 6. At the south end of 
the ground there are two bowers for refreshments, &c.; and in 
various parts of the ground are distributed seats, benches, &c. 


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518 Design for a Tavern Garden. 


The sloping banks of the paths approaching the tunnel are 
planted in a wild manner; and the tunnel is built with flints, 
roots, chalk, and other rough materials, strongly joined together 
with concrete; and various creeping plants are suffered to grow 
over it in every direction, so as to givearather wild, but yet not 
neglected, appearance. You will perceive I have taken the idea 
of this tunnel from your plan for a public garden, p. 13. 

Henrietta Street, Brunswick Square, Jan. 19. 1836. 


Tue trees and shrubs selected for Mr. Lamb’s design for the 
Tivoli Gardens are chiefly evergreen shrubs and small flowering 
trees, as being more likely to be ornamental throughout the 
year than deciduous flowering shrubs and timber trees. It is 
acknowledged, however, that the latter would grow faster. The 
soil ought to be well prepared for the plants to the depth of 
3 ft. or 4 ft.; but no peat soil will be required, as only the com- 
monest azaleas and rhododendrons are recommended. The 
plants may be planted at the most irregular distances, as the in- 
tention is to produce a picturesque combination, rather than a 
gardenesque one; that is, rather than one in which all the plants 
stand singly. 


I. Principal List. 


Price | Price 
No. in No. of | per No. of | per 
Plan. Trees. | Tree. Trees. | Tree. 
5 ah 4 Saude 
1. Quércus ‘lex - - 3j1 0] . Pavia rubra = > 1i/2 6 
B. Cérris dentata aude ls Gis flava - - 2/26 
10. Juniperus virginiana - 8 |2 0} . Kolreuteéria paniculata 1 | 2 0 
13. Thuja occidentalis - 5|2 0] . Rhis typhina - - 1|20 
14. orientalis Se ie) . Sophora japonica - 1/30 
16. Cupréssus sempervirens- 7|2 0 | . Cytisus Labirnum - 3/1 6 
17. s. horizontalis - 3/3 0f alpinus” - - 9/16 
20. Pinus Pinaster - - 8/0 6} . Robinia Ps.-A. umbracul. 1 | 2 6 
25. Laurus nobilis oe et Oo) viscosa - - 1\26 
27. Ilex Aquifolium - - 3/2 64 hispida - ly) ae 
31. Rhamnus Alatérnus - 14] 1 6] . Coltitea arboréscens - 1/1 6 
32. U‘lex europee‘a florépléeno 11 | 2 0 | . Gleditschza sménsis - 1/2 0 
33. Spértium yanceum - - 3 (1 6] horrida = - 1/20 
34. virgatum - - 1/20} . Gymnocladus canadénsis 1 | 2 0 
35. Photinia serrulata - 1/50 . Cércis canadénsis - 11/20 
38. Atcuba japonica = 2) 1805) . Amygdalus comm. ma- 
39. A’'rbutus U‘nedo - 6/2 0§ crocarpa = 3 7320 
42. Rhododéndron sp. - 4/2 04 . Armeniaca vulgaris - 1] 2 0 
43. Phillyrea sp. — - - 5/16) . Cérasus Psetido-Cérasus 1 | 2 0 
44, Ligistrum vulgare semper- serrulata - 1/26 
virens - - 1/0 64 Mahaleb =) 1280 
45. lucidum - - 1/2 64 Padus - - ljple 
51. Yucca gloridsa = - 3/26) lusitanica - 3/10 
61. Liriodéndron Tulipifera 1) 1 6: Laurocérasus - 2|06 
64. Acér O’palus - - 1/20; . Méspilus Smithz - 1/26 
65. monspessulanum - 1/2 0] Crate‘eus coccinea - 1|1 6 
66. 4é’sculus rubicinda - 1/2 6] glandulosa te Gl WR) 


Design for a Tavern Garden. 519 
Price Price 
No. in No. of | per | No. in No. of |_per 
Plan, Trees, | Tree. | Plan. Trees, | Tree. 
So Ge s. d. 
120. Cratz‘gus subvillosa - 1/1 6] 153. Crat. Oxy. résea supérba 1 | 1 6 
121. pyrifolia - 1/1 6] 154. flore pleno - 1]1 6 
124. Cras-galli - 1/1 6) 155. Celsiana - 1/16 
125. arbutifolia - 1/1 6] 157. rigida = leh LG 
126. pyracanthifolia 1 | 1 6 | 163. Ameldnchier Botryapium 1 | 2 0 
1127. salicifolia - 1/1 64165. Pyrus salicifolia = Wha6 
128. ovalifolia - 1/1 6] 167. spectabilis - 11/26 
129. prunifolia - 1/1 6] 169. baccata - - 1/26 
130. nigra - - 1)1 6]170. coronaria - - 1/26 
131. purpurea - see lale le Guieledias vestita - - 1/26 
134, flava - - 1j|1 6] 176. aucuparia = - 1/26 
138. cordata - =e VG) Il Gide americana - - 1126 
139. mexicana - - J} 1 6] 181. VibGrnum O’pulus - 1/10 
140. Azardlus = - 1/{1 67185. Cornus alba - - 1/10 
141. Aronia - - 1/1 6) 186. sanguinea - - 1/16 
142. tanacetifolia - 1/1 6] 188. Halésia tetraptera - 11/20 
144. odoratissima - 1/1 6]195. Hippophae rhamnoides 12 {2 0 
146. heterophylla - 1/1 6] 209. Alnus cordata - - 1126 
152. Oxyacantha résea 1/|1 6 Total, £17 1s. 


II. Supplementary List. 


After the above trees are planted in the exact places indicated 
in the plan, the following species may be added to them wherever 


the gardener chooses : — 


Laurustinus - - 30)0 6] Azalea, common sorts of - 
Mezereon - - - 10|0 6] Rtbes sanguineum - - 
Box - - - 5|0 6 | Spire‘a bélla - - 
White Lilac - = sal hO arieefolia = - 
Persian Lilac - - 2/1 0] Rhais Cotinus - = 
Purple Lilac - - 2,10 

Hibiscus syriacus - Srp Ll © Total, 14s. 6d. 


= = © or & 
mG XD 
S2Oo08 0 


The following climbers should be planted against the walls, 


or have poles to support them : — 


Wistaria Consequana - 3]|2 6] Variegated Common Ivy - 
Caprifolium flexudsum - 61 6] Periploca gre‘ca - - 
Honeysuckles of sorts - 6|1 0} Ly¥cium chinénse - = 
Clematises of sorts - - 6/1 0] Bignonia capreolata - - 
Ampelépsis /ederacea - 2/1 0} Chimonanthus fragrans - 
Trish Ivy - - - 1106 Total, 15s. 


For the compartments in front of the house, 


Herbaceous Plants for the 
Circular bed = 
Total, £2 5s. 


Roses for the semilunar 


- bed - - 100 |40 0 


Grand Total, £20 15s. 6d. 


aS eS 
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20/5 0 


The above prices are for middling-sized plants, except in 
the genus Cratee gus, where the plants are supposed to be one 
year from the bud or graft. Large plants of this genus will 
cost 2s. 6d. each, which would add 25s. to the above sum. 


QQ 2 


520 Design for a Gothic Flower-Garden. 


The beds on the circle in front of the house may be planted 
solely with flowers. 

The two beds in the adjoining semilunar compartment may be 
planted entirely with China roses. 

No rose bushes or flowering plants of any kind ought to be 
planted among the trees and shrubs throughout the garden, and 
the ground will not require to be dug or hoed about the roots after 
the first year. They should stand entirely on the grass, and in- 
dicate no appearance of the hoe or the spade. 


Art.IV. Design for a Gothic Flower-Garden. By A. G. C. 


I wave taken the liberty of sending you a plan of a Gothic 
flower-garden, (fg. 90.), suitable to be joined to a mansion in that 
style of architecture. 

The polygon in the centre is intended for a fountain; and I 
think fig. 69. p. 216. in Vol. TX. would answer well. All the 
lines throughout the garden which are marked in the plan are 
to be planted with box; the narrow space (about 9 in. wide) be- 
tween the box in the flower-beds, and between the flower-beds 
and walks, is to be covered about 1 in. thick with very white 
sand or small pieces of white marble, or broken gypsum, broken 
sufficiently small to pass through a sieve about }in. in the 
mesh; the dust having been sifted from the Jumps, and not used. 
Gypsum is preferable to any of the other kinds of stone, as its 
whiteness has a very good effect, and shows the green box edging, 
and the various colours of the flowers, to great advantage. 

In jg. 90., a is the fountain; & 6 are statues of Flora and 
Diana; cc, vases, or in default of these, four upright cypresses, 
or any other upright-growing shrubs or trees; dd, flower-beds ; 
é, gypsum or sand; ff; gravel walks; gg, American ever- 
greens. Great attention should be paid to the arrangement of 
the flowers, so as to show them off to advantage: for this pur- 
pose, they should be planted in masses, the colours of which 
should be varied as much as possible throughout the whole. 
The largest beds may be planted with lobelias, salpiglossises, pe- 
tunias, gladioluses, calceolarias, &c.; and the smaller beds with 
the dwarf sorts of verbenas, cenotheras, anagallises, nierembergias, 
and a great many other kinds, which it is here unnecessary to 
mention; as those that are likely to make such a flower-garden 
will, no doubt, understand what is most proper to plant it with. 
The plain border (g g) round the flower-garden is to be planted 
with the best sorts of evergreen shrubs; or may be otherwise 
planted, or covered with turf, according to the position of the 
building to which it is attached. 

Ashbourne, March 21. 1835. - 


Design for a Gothic Flower-Garden. 521 
89 


524 Design for a Gothic Flower-Garden. 


THE greatest service which we can render the author, of this 


design, and our readers, will be to point out what we consider to 
be its defects. It wants amalgamation in the parts which com- 
pose it. There is a mixture of forms, but not a union of them. 
Where forms are united so as to compose one harmonious whole, 
no one or two of them can be removed, and replaced by others 
of a different shape, without deranging the whole figure; but so 
much cannot be said of this design, because the polygon in the 


91 


centre might be replaced by a circle, without making the design 
either better or worse. If it were replaced by a diamond-shaped 
figure, with curved sides, that shape would fit better to the 
Gotbic curves which surround it, and, indeed, be an improvement. 
The spaces, also, round the statues of Flora and Diana have a 
bad effect, and tend, by separating the beds there to a greater 
width than what generally prevails, to break up the composition 
into two parts. ‘The forms of some of the beds are so obviously 
plagiarisms of Gothic windows, and other commonplace Gothic 
forms as to be displeasing; and the division of the beds by 
harrow spaces to be covered by sand, or powdered gypsum, 


Design for a Gothic Flower-Garden. 525 


has so little of the idea of utility in it, as, on that account, to 
be unsatisfactory ; though we readily allow that this practice 
might be justified by what took place in former times, in those 
gardens, strewed with sand, shells, broken glass, &c., which 
Bacon ridicules, by saying, ‘‘ You might see as good sights in 
tarts.” 

We mention these things, not only with a view to the im- 
provement of the sender of the design, but for the instruction 
of our young readers generally in this department of gardening. 
If A. G. C. will try again, we have no doubt but he will be 
able to send us something better. We recommend him, in the 
mean time, to study the design which follows by Mr. Lamb, 
and that which precedes his own by Mr. Varden. 

A design for a Gothic flower-garden, it appears to us, always 
looks best, when the margins, “agiaed of being of box, turf, or 
other plants, are of brick or stone. This is beautifully shown 
in the designs for the ancient flower-garden of Heidelberg, jigs. 
91. and 92.; and also in jie. 89., which is a portion ‘of the 
design of our correspondent, arranged with stone borders, and 
thrown into isometrical perspective. A glance at the plans for 
the gardens at Heidelberg (figs. 91. and 92.), which were laid 


92 


a Dn =a - =! 
Tt.20 "0 10 CO. 100 Ft. 


out in 1619, by the celebrated architect and engineer, Solomon 
Caus, will show how perfect they are as designs; it being im- 
possible to remove any one bed, and substitute another for it, 
without totally deranging the symmetry of the figure. If we 
imagine the trees represented in fig. 92. to be standard roses, 
this design would form an excellent rosarium. — Cond. 


| 


hy 


y 


IDL, 


Design for a Flower-Garden. 


ANNA 


YIM DIDLAAT, 


Cy 


526 


48 


40 


24 


16 


Annual Increase of Trunks of Timber Trees. 527 


Art. V. Design for a Flower-Garden. By E. B. Lams, Esq., 

and the ConpucTor. 

THE accompanying design ( fg. 93.) was made for a particular 
situation on the side of a steep hill, forming part of one of the 
finest villas in Kent, in the autumn of 1835. It has been, we un- 
derstand, since carried into execution ; but whether with accuracy 
or not, we have not yet had an opportunity of judging. The 
situation is a level shelf of turf, about 162 ft long, and about 
40 ft. wide: it occurs about midway up a very steep hill, which 
faces the south-east; it is on a level with the lawn on which the 
house stands; and is altogether a very desirable situation for a 
flower-garden. ‘To give an idea of the steepness of the ground, 
- it may be stated, that the walk marked ‘* Lower Terrace Walk ” is 
upwards of 6 ft. above the level of the platform of turf on which 
the beds are placed; so-that the entire figure is seen at once from 
this walk. ‘The upper terrace walk is above 10 ft. higher than 
the lower one ; and from this, also, the flower-garden is seen as a 
symmetrical whole. 

The dotted line which includes the flower-beds indicates a 
wire fence about 18 in. high, for excluding hares and rabbits. 

We regret we did not take a sketch of the flower-beds which 
were on this platform at the time when we were consulted as to 
remodelling them ; as they would have shown, in a striking 
manner, the difference, not between accident and design, be- 
cause accident has no pretension and is sometimes fortunate in 
the production of the picturesque; but between a design exhi- 
biting mind, and one exhibiting no mind. 


Art. VI. Facts relating to the annual Increase of the Trunks of 
Timber Trees. Communicated by Joun F. M. Dovaston, Esq,., 
A.M., Oxon., of Westfelton, near Shrewsbury. 


In the year 1831, at the suggestion of my congenial, and now lamented, 
friend, the late learned naturalist, John Clavering Wood, Esq., of Marsh Hall, 
the circumference of several trees here were taken on the 21st of December, 
and registered, with an intention of girting them on that day each successive 
year, and noting the annual increase. This was continued for the three fol- 
lowing years; and then, through mere inattentive indolence, discontinued. 
Before, however, I exhibit, as you request, my schedule of those four years, 
and the present (August, 1836), it will be quite necessary that Ibe allowed a 
few observations explanatory, as also after such exhibition. Why these par- 
ticular trees were chosen, I have no recollection, as they are neither the 
largest, healthiest, nor most beautiful: perhaps they were favourites, and the 
choice was capricious. I much lament we did not fix upon specimens of the 
great multiplicity of young and vigorous trees; especially the very numerous 
lusty oaks of some sixty years, whose joyous arms and thriving bark are de- 
lightsome to the eye and heart: but so it is, and so to my task, which is of 
some difficulty ; for, by labouring at brevity, I may tumble into obscurity. 
They were all girted with a fine waxed thread, at 5 ft. from the ground 
(except where otherwise noted), and a horizontal notch cut on the east side 
(generally), where so girted, Now, it may seem very easy to take the circum- 


528 Facts relating to the annual Increase 


ference of a tree at a given height, and note it in ruled columns: but let a 
tree be girted several times, and it each time will vary, some much, and some 
little. Hither the string does not pass ina plane at right angles with the tree, 
as it should, but makes the imaginary section more or less elliptical ; or else 
it passes over different corrugations of the bark ; or meets with different tufts 
of lichen or moss, which should be scraped off. The heaving of the roots, too, 
raises the earth, and may cause the height of measuring apparently to vary. I 
have felt some difficulty, too, in describing the situation of the trees, where 
there are so many; and, mayhap, I may be indulged in now and then using the 
tree’s fancy-name: for, be it known, it has long been the custom here to name 
trees after friends, living or dead, or to departed worth or genius: a soothing 
reminiscence to the spirits, peopling the memory with pleasing hamadryads. 
The necessity of some notes after the schedule arises from each tree demand- 
ing an explanation as to its circumstances, especially with regard to situation ; 
for, however essential are all the skyey influences of air, which cannot be kept 
from a tree, light is the grand and indispensable agent of vegetation. A tree 
deprived of this will soon sicken, and so die. I have very repeatedly seen, 
when a tree has been cut down near the edge of a thick wood, having the 
boughs all on the light side, the annual rings, instead of being concentric, have 
gone off round the place of the pith in vast parabolic curves, like the orbit of 
a comet on a planetary diagram; the layers being exactly equally numerous 
on both sides, but vastly wider on the side of the light. Two trees of equal 
organisation, were it possible, and in equal soils, the one incommoded, and 
the other not, would, in a very few years, tell utterly distant on the scale of 
growth; though a tree may be too much exposed, and I have occasionally 
seen even a sycamore show a weather side to the storm. The age of these 
trees I can tell with tolerable accuracy ; as my poor father (poor indeed, but 
laborious, intellectual, and benevolent) kept a register of the trees he raised 
and planted on his little estate, scarcely 100 acres, and now adorned with 
hedgerow timber worth many thousand pounds. He loved them as children, 
and to me for life they shall be as brothers. 


ee eee eee ee ee — 


Dec.21.|Dec.21./Dec.21.| Dec.21.| Aug.21 
1811. | 1812. | 1813. | 1814. | 1836. 
ft. in. | ft. in. | ft. in. | ft. in, | ft. in. 
1. | Cédrus Libani, Largest cedar of Lebanon, near southentrance | 6 6 610 | 611 4e al 8 6 
2. | Larix europe‘a, Wood’s larch, near south entrance 5 7 15 9 |5102}6 2 |7 43 
8. | Quércus pedunculata, Broad oak, middle of great orchard - |4 9 |5 415 6 15 9 |7 8 
4. | Pépulus alba, Abele, Hermitage Walk = - - |40 ]4 2/4 4 1/4 62/6 1 
5. | Populus alba, Abele, near pool, Mount Orchard - - |3 9 |310 |311 |4 Q * 
6. | Populus alba, corner abele, over Holyhead road - - |4 5/4 8 |410 |5 1/6 8 
7. | Quércus pedunculata, Maiden oak, near old house, Felton 
Village - 3 - - - - |4 6 |4 8 1410 |5 22)6 52 
8. | Juglans nigra, Great hickory, near old house, Felton Village |6 5 |6 51|6 5216 6 j6 112 
9, | Ulmus montana, Wych elm, near ditto - - =) 1655S 10k Gee nom ou |pomos 
10. | JXglans nigra, Hickory, near ditto 2 = SN8 SO C12 Cee 7 + 
11. | Fraxinus excélsior, Ash, east of old house, Felton Village - |4 5 |4 8 |4 923)411 |8 1 
12. | Taxus baccata, Weeping yew tree, near pump - - |3 8/310 |311 |4 12)5 1 
13. | Umus montana, Wych elm, near Old Font - - |411 5 42/5 6 | 5 8 17 Iz 
14. | Fraxinus excélsior, Great ash, Twyford Orchard = - - |6 7/6 9 {611 |7 219 3 
15. | Fraxinus excélsior, Small tall ash, lower down ditto = - |4 6 |4 72/4 8 |4 91/169 
16. | Juglans régia, Great walnut, ditto = - - 16 0/6 6)|6 8 |]6 9 |610 
17. | Quércus pedunculata, Great oak, west side ditto ° - |6 51/6 7 |6 93/7 0 |8 62 
18. | Quércus pedunculata, Young fairy oak, Fairyland - =a Ol ei Sie 2 sh 02a eam lin aan) 
19,.| Fagus sylvatica L., Fagus Tityre‘a, Virgil’s Beech - ie Ci Oy One 2 iy ie 
20..| Populus monilifera, Canada poplar, Mount Orchard Se ope O)ea eo lle eels ee oe Ges 
21. | Quércus pedunculata, Oak, near and north of Bewick’s Oak Oni SO ley 1B By || Go GS 
~ 22.) Quércus pedunculata, next to ditto, westward - Sy Sy Qe SO Bl ah oe 
23. | Quércus pedunculata, next to ditto, west - - - |2 8 |2 923)2102|3 123)4 4 
24. | Pinus sylvéstris, Scotch pine, front of cider mill - - |4 1 )4 2 |)4 3214 4 | 4 102 
25. | Larix europe a, Larch, west of Pan’s Mount - - |4 1/4 2 |4 4 |4 5215 o2 
96. | A‘bies Picea, Silver fir, near Shenstone’s Urn 5 - |3 9 |3102|311 |4 02] 4 112 
27. | Fagus sylvatica purpurea, Purple beech, between the Aphor- 
nousli pines - - - - - 1/26/27 )28 8 |2 92/5 1 
28. | Quércus Ilex, Ilex, front of the house = = Se el ee) RE Ge Bey Os 
29. | Salix babylénica, Weeping willow, north of sun-dial - |6 4/6 44/6 42/6 42 t c 
30. | Quércus pedunculata, Roscoe’s oak . - = - 22 )/2 4 |4 72 
31. | U‘imus campéstris, Wood’s elm - = -159/60/62/64/8 0 


Pe a ee eee ee eee eee 
* Blown down. + Split, and Gut down. + Blown down. 


= 


of the Trunks of Timber Trees. 529 


1. Largest Cedar of Lebanon, near south entrance. Very noble, lofty, and 
towering ; in full vigour, though somewhat incommoded by surrounding fa- 
vourite trees; especially a majestic larch, an elegant American walnut, and a 
tulip tree: to the latter, however, it has resolved on speedy destruction. This 
cedar was sown in 1765. 

2. Wood’s Larch. A tree of majestic gracefulness, the curving arms hung 
with tresses to the very ground. Planted in 1770. 

3. Broad Oak, middle of great orchard. Thick, short, and spreading all 
around to the diameter of about 60 ft. Planted 1750. 

4, Abele, Hermitage Walk. In a word: 363 ft. to the divarication of the 
first branches. Entire height upwards of 70 ft. Planted 1770. 

5. Abele near pool, Mount Orchard. Blown down 6th Dec. 1822. Sold 
for 6/., beside branches, offal, slabs, &c. 

6. Corner Abele, over Holyhead Road. Overpeering and oppressing all 
other trees near it. Planted 1785. 

7. Maiden Oak, near oid house, Felton Village. This came up in the 
box edging of an old garden, which has been sacrificed to it. At about 12 ft. 
it forks into two noble arms; is most clear-barked, and thriving; quite open 
on south; but on north impeded by a heavy row of beech. Supposed to be 
about 50 years old. 

8. Great Walnut, near old house, Felton Village. Stagnant. Supposed 
to be checked by constant heaps of muck, thrown from the cattle stalls near 
it. Planted 1767. 

9. Wych Elm, near old house. In most luxuriant vigour; the fine clear 
stem running to a great height. Age unknown, but supposed about 60 years. 

10. Hickory, near old house. Split by wind, and cut down; cleft into 
handles for tools, of surprising toughness. 

11. Ash, nothing remarkable. 

12. Weeping Yew, near pump. A description of this tree is given with the 
engraving. 

13. Wych Elm, near Old Font. Much such a tree as No.9. Planted 
1770. 

14, Great Ash, Twyford Orchard. An enormous tree, quite sound; di- 
varicating, at about 15 ft., into several prodigious boles. Planted 1750. 

15. Small tall Ash, Twyford Orchard, lower down. Self-sown close to an 
apple tree, which it killed. Very lofty and elegant. About 1782. 

16. Great Walnut, Twyford Orchard. Very branchy, and in full health. 
Planted 1773. 

17. Great Oak, west side of same orchard. There is a family of these 
trees dispersed about in various places. They were bought at a groat each 
from the plantation now standing at Woolston, in the year 1750. 

18. Young Fairy Oak, Fairyland. An acorn in 1766, and planted in 1775, 
to appease the fanciful but amiable superstitions of “ the youths and maidens 
of the villagery,” on the site of the remnant of an old oak murdered by a 
coarse and wilful tenant. Nine single oaks were then planted on the open 
slope of this strangely shaped, but beautiful, ground; this, however, surpassed 
its brethren in height and stature, fostered, no doubt, by the fairies; which 
gaysome and airy people seem to have taken under their special protection 
another of these nine oaks, for it spreads and droops pensile and pendulous 
as the tresses of Titania. 

19. Fagus Tityre‘a, Virgil’s Beech. Short in stem, but very copious in 
head, most pastorally patulous and shady; its horizontal arms extending 91 ft. : 
it is clear all round; but, on the north, will soon reach the oak plantation by 
which it is backed. Age unknown, but supposed to have been planted 1766. 

20. Canada Poplar, Mount Orchard. The tallest of my trees, and seen 
from a distance as a landmark, overtopping them all: it had a twin-brother, 
broken down bythe tempest, 6th Sept. 1813; a fate, I fear, sooner or later 
like to betide this. Planted 1785. 

21, 22, and 23, Oaks in a thick plantation, or, rather, the remnants of a great 
seed-bed, sown 1766. 


4 


530 Facts relating to the annual Increase 


24, Scotch Fir, front of cider-mill, planted with all that grove, 1767. As, 
also, No. 25. 

26. Silver Fir, near Shenstone’s Urn. Very far from being the largest of 
many planted 1773. 

27. Purple Beech, between the three Aphornousli pines. A most elegant 
tree; grafted very low, the stock out-growing the scion. It produces seeds 
freely, from which plants are raised of every grade of colour, from the brightest 
green, to red, scarlet, and the deepest purple. Planted 1792. 

28. I‘lex, or evergreen Oak, front of the house. Inscribed to one of the 
earliest friends of my infancy, Thomas Spring, a Scotchman, and many years 
a gardener in England; a man of powerful intellect, facetious humour, and 
inflexible integrity. Perhaps this bright and amiable man first enkindled my 
cordial esteem and admiration of the Scotch; feelings that every year and 
interview with them, or their matchless country, has confirmed. This tree is 
girted at 4 ft. from the ground, as at 5 ft. it divaricates into seven arms ; is full 
of vigour and beauty, enjoying light and room all around; though fast dimi- 
nishing the light in my front rooms. Planted in 1780; but after removed to 
its present situation, at a great size, on a sledge, having its large ball of earth 
frozen about its roots (being cut round the previous year) by application of 
water, by the ingenuity of my father, who had never heard of Lord Hardinge. 

29. Weeping Willow, north of sun-dial. Blown down 6th Dec. 1822. This 
was a very large and beautiful tree ; and proved, among numberless instances I 
have noted, that the weeping willow does best in dry ground. The fancy of 
planting them to overhang water is highly pleasing: but they seldom do well 
there, and rarely ripen their young twigs. 

30. Roscoe’s Oak. A tall, noble, and stately tree, in the same oaken grove 
with 21, 22, and 23. Sown in 1766. 

31. Wood’s Elm. Of the Worcester kind. Driven as a stake into the 
ground, in 1770, to mark one corner of an intended building; but, growing, 
was suffered to stand; and a prodigious tree it became: but, losing a great arm 
by a hurricane, it showed signs of decay, which formed a pretext to cut it down, 
in 1829, for the sake of the weeping yew, which it terribly overtowered. It 
was sold for something more than 8/.; but played cruel havock with the tools 
of the vociferous sawyers, being full of nails, from having constantly hada large 
vine trained over its trunk and branches. - 

Having now disposed of my schedule, I proceed to your next request ; hover- 
ing, however, between the desire of dilatation, and the resolution to compress. 
In 1776, a quillet of land, behind my present house and buildings, 143 yards 
long, and 9 yards wide, was thickly sown with acorns, most of which, the 
second year, were transplanted into the nursery, and many thousands subse- 
quently sold. A moderate quantity were left in the seed-bed, 68 still growing 
there, of which Nos. 21, 22, 23, and 30. in the schedule are the finest. These 
have been twice thinned by the axe, and each thinning brought nearly 25/. 
In 1775 those transplanted were planted out in various fields, in rows, hedge- 
rows, and single trees, many hundreds of which are now growing in a most 
vigorous and thriving state. Of a few of the largest I will give the circum- 
ference at 5ft. from the ground. In Meadow, near Felton Old Village, Ist 
open row south, beginning at the west: tree 111. 6 ft.: viii. 6 ft. 4in.: XII. 
5 ft. 2in. Second open row, beginning west: tree 1. 6 ft. lin.: x. 5 ft. (broad 
leaf): xu. 7ft. 54in. (bifurcate). Third open row: tree 11. 5 ft. 11 in. 

this was an acorn from the great oak at Maesbrook, remarkable for always 
leafing three weeks earlier than usual with oaks: this, its offspring, does not 
inherit that property). Fourth row, in hedge, beginning at east end: tree 
xxxill. 3ft.'7$in.: xtv. 4 ft. 4in. East side of Twyford Orchard, not in, 
but near, the hedge, being my neighbour’s fence. On these the notch is on 
the west side, on account of the ditch. Beginning at north end: tree 111. 
5ft.54in.: vi. 5 ft. 3in.: vir. 5 ft. 7Zin.: xin. 6 ft. 7in.: xrx. 5 ft. 10 in.: 
xx1. 5ft.9in. Round hawthorns, beginning west, at the great Holyhead 
road: oak 1x. 5ft. 6Lin.: x1. 5ft. 9in.: xIx. 5 ft, lOLin,: xxx. 4 ft, 1lin.: 


of the Trunks of Timber Trees. 531 


xxxiv. 5ft.6in.: xxxvi. 5 ft. 7Lin.: xu. 5 ft. 9in.; xiv. 5 ft. 2in. Though 
we have plenty of sessile oaks in the neighbourhood, particularly near and on 
the sides of hills, these are all of the pedunculate species; and vary very 
extremely in all grades of growth, as planters well know all trees will, though, 
to all possible appearance, under precisely the same circumstances. Though 
there are but two (perhaps three) real species of British oak, each of these, 
especially the Q. pedunculata, or Q. Robur, have as infinite varieties as apples, 
nuts, or any other tree whose varieties are more noted; and those with narrow 
and deeply-jagged leaves always make finer trees than the broad and loby- 
leaved: indeed, the physiognomical character of each may be discerned at a 
glance. 

In the last-named ground (round hawthorns), indulge me to mention, that 
not far from Virgil’s Beech is a grove of 6 oaks, one elm, one Spanish chestnut, 
and one lime, planted by me in 1804, representing at the angles the celebrated 
47th proposition of Euclid, discovered by Pythagoras. And also a crab tree, 
brought and grafted by me in 1814, from the famous tree (now blown down, 
and turned into boxes and fancy toys) at “ Drunken Bidford,’ near Stratford 
on Avon. And a mossy-cup oak, Q. Cérris, an acorn in 1808, girt 1 ft. 9in. 

I now pass to other trees promiscuously, hardly knowing which to select, 
or omit; and, as I have their age to accurate certainty, it may not be uninte- 
resting. Great Cedar of Lebanon, middle of lawn, 8 ft. 311n.; diameter of 
shade 54 ft.: planted 1773. This is free all round, and shall be so. Hemlock 
Spruce: south, 4 ft. 104 in.; north, 6 ft. 44in.: planted 1789. Cedar of Goa, 
2 ft. 104in. 1781. Red Virginian Cedar, pendulous over stone table, garden, 
at 4 ft., 4 ft. 4in.: removed there 1790. Cypress, largest, at 4ft., 2ft. 8in.: 
1782. Aphornousli Pine (P. Cémbra) east, seedling, planted 1781, 4 ft. 24 in. 
Another, north, inarched from the former on Scotch fir, 4 ft. 114in.: the 
scion has much overgrown the stock. Another, inarched on Weymouth, 
which has not so much overgrown the stock, 4ft.8in. All these bear cones 
occasionally; but they are mostly eaten by the squirrels before quite ripe. 
What I have sown germinated freely ; but I never could preserve them beyond 
the third year. And cones I gave to the intelligent gardener at Powis Castle, 
perished in like manner, with all his care. I have found the same disappoint- 
ment with seeds of the stone pine, of which I had, about 20 years ago, three 
large trees died without any apparent cause: they bore cones of enormous 
magnitude. Spanish Chestnut, in south of front wood, middle of the three 
overhanging the wall, 7 ft. 4in.: planted 1757. Silver Fir, near south entrance 
gate, 6ft. 6in.; planted 1773: a twin with 26 of the schedule, and growing 
only 20 yards from it, and under apparently exactly the same circumstances, 
yet exceeding it greatly. 

Largest of the “hedgerow elms,” Broad Meadow Fields, fourth from gate 
running north, 8 ft. 31 in.: planted 1750. Largest of the“ hedgerow elms,” run- 
ning east, third from gate, 7 ft. 5 in.: planted 1765. Second wild cherry from 
North Twyford Orchard, 5 ft. 11 in.: planted 1767. Lucombe Oak, Q. Cérris 
var., 2ft. 1]in.: planted 1808. There are two pinasters of very great height 
and magnitude; butit isnot possible to girt either, on account of the enormous 
stems and masses of ivy (called the Irish) massing them to the very top; one 
of the ivies itself, as nearly as can be ascertained, girts 1 ft.8 im. The ivies 
here are very remarkable for beauty and size: the walk leading to the west 
gate has the side trees matted with their shaggy stalks and grotesque beards 
very curiously, and the green wreaths dependent in long festoons and garlands: 
it has been fancifully compared to the “ sculptured pillars foliage bound,” and 
the highly decorated roof of Roslin’s “ proud chapelle.” There are also fine 
specimens of beautiful shrubs, arbutus, bay, &c., of tree-like size. In the 
middle of the lawn is a weeping birch of fascinating elegance, whose tapering 
stem has shot to a graceful length ; and, from the ring-doves sitting on its top, 
has been induced to turn downwards, dangling in long tresses, like what were 
formerly called, “love locks;” through which it shows, as it recreates in the 
summer air, its bark of white satin smooth and silvery. At bottom it is ex- 


532 Annual Increase of Trunks of Timber Trees. 


cessively corrugated. It measures 2 ft. 31 in. and was planted a slender twig 
in 1816, by a young lady of rare goodness and beauty — now no more. 

I must not omit a prodigious wilding apple tree, never grafted ; planted 1777; 
girting 6 ft. 8 in.; which, at 7 ft., divaricates into 12 great arms, and 
shoots bold and upright, like a forest tree. The produce of this tree, a coarse 
culinary middle-sized fruit, was one year sold to some Welsh fishermen for eight 
sovereigns; and a few strikes were gathered afterwards, which they left. It 
has long gone by the name of the Gamut, from a humourous friend having 
likened it to the cluster of notes on musical staves. These orchards, about 
15 acres, but interspersed with forest and ornamental trees, produced, by a 
register kept for 25 years, about 800/. in that time; one year making 120/., 
and some years scarcely 10/. 

I now proceed to some trees of my own planting. From the earliest years, 
I had a propensity for gardening, encouraged by my father allotting me a por- 
tion of ground for raising trees, which I sold to him for pocket-money. In 
1787, I sowed seeds of what we here call the black larch (LZ. microcarpa). 
Four of those in the row from the Holyhead road toward the now cider-mill 
girt, tree x1. 5 ft. 32in.: xv. 4 ft. 11 im.: xvi. 5 ft. 12 in.: xxvuit. 5 ft. 
31 in. There are few common larch mixed with these; but those girted are 
of the black. The largest of Scotch pines sown the same time, and growing 
70 yards south from the middle of Lime Avenue, 6 ft. 3 in. 

It is a very common saying, that no man who plants a walnut lives to see 
it bear: this I, not a very old man (53), am yearly confuting; having long ago 
gathered strikes of fruit from one tree, planted by me a nut in 1792, and 
growing at the upper end of Mount Orchard, near the Mount: it now girths 
3 ft. 3 in. and is a very vigorous and noble tree. Another, to the N. E., planted 
same time, | ft. 11 in. Another, about middle of Great Orchard, 1 ft. 93 in. 
There were eight of these; but the other five are much less. These are the 
large-fruited sort, here called bannets (probably ball-nuts). I think they make 
finer trees; but the kernel is very inferior in flavour, even when it does ripen 
well, to that of the small-fruited sort. Many may smile at my whimsies ; but 
I wish to, and will, record, that in the last enumerated tree are embedded, 
a tooth of my father, of myself, and of my old friend the celebrated Bewick, 
who also has one in his own oak at the corner of my barn. Indeed, there are 
here many reliques, coins, plates, and glass-bottles with inscriptions, embedded 
in, and buried under, trees; so that if poets may be said, with as great truth 
as fancy, to “find tongues in trees;” future philosophers may be amused also 
to find teeth in trees. 

Allow me also to record that, in 1825, I gathered acorns from -Glendwr’s 
Oak at Shelton, 36 of which were, in 1834, planted in a hedge between two 
fields (that on the north called the Daisies, and south the Dinmont), running 
west, toward an avenueof walnuts, planted the same year. On the 23d of April, 
1808, a walnut was planted near my western entrance gate, by myself and con- 
vivial friends, being Shakspeare’s birthday, which has here been since regularly 
celebrated. It was then one year old, and had an inscribed bottle, coins, and 
other reliques placed beneath. It now girts 10}in. I would fain record a 
venerable and favourite mulberry, whose spreading arms began to break with 
their own weight. These I'tried to support with iron cramps; but nothing 
would do. I then decapitated the whole: one side shot out vigorously; but 
the other looks at me (if I may be allowed a Latin pun) with a memento 
mori. 

I feel, and fear, these records may savour soinewhat of vanity; but they do 
not arise from any supposition that my trees are better, bigger, or more beau- 
tiful than others. Planting has, on this little property, been one of the fond 
and favourite toys, or hobby-horses, for two generations: one of rational and 
cordial pleasure, and of no inconsiderable profit ; and the object of this state- 
ment is to show how much may be done, on so small a scale, and where so 
very little of the land is lost to pasture and tillage, and in so short a time: 
for the mother of my worthy housekeeper, Anne Doyaston, now living (85) 


Remarks on Oak Foliage. 533 


calls them all fine young trees, and says, that when a young woman in service, 
she well remembers this my place of residence, (to use her own expression,) 
without stick, or brick. It has also been the example very extensively taken 
up in the neighbourhood, and tended very widely to the improvement and 
ornature of the country. Such is cordially the private and patriotic reward 
of the man who delighteth in trees. 

August 21. 1836. 


Art. VII. Remarks on Oak Foliage. By the Rev. W. T. Bree. 


Tue beauty of oak foliage (and who can be insensible to its 
charms ?) depends, as it appears to me, much less on the fine 
size and figure of the individual leaves of which it is composed, 
than at first sight might be imagined ; 
and this is a circumstance not un- 
worthy the attention of those who 
plant for ornament. When I speak 
of the “beauty of oak foliage,” I 
would be understood to mean the su- 
perior beauty of the foliage of one in- 
dividual tree as compared with that of 
another; for the oak is a tree which 
presents endless variations in its foli- 
age, all of which are more or less 
beautiful, though some are, of course, 
much more so than others. Fig. 94. 
(reduced to a scale of 2 in. to 1 ft.) 
represents leaves of our common oak 
(Quércus Robur), which are by no 
means conspicuous of their kind, 
either in point of size or conform- 
ation: on the contrary, they may be 
considered as rather small and shabby 
specimens. ig. 95. (reduced to a 
scale of 2 in. to 1 ft.) represents leaves 
from a fine variety of Quércus ses- 
siliflora: they are beautifully and 
regularly laciniated, somewhat resembling those of the Spanish 
chestnut, and of a very large size, many of them too large 
to admit of being depicted of their full dimensions in an 8vo 
page. One specimen measures, with its footstalk, rather more 
than 10 in. in length, by 5in. in breadth. Now, looking only 
at these two sets of individual or specimen leaves, any one might 
naturally expect that the tree which bore the latter of the two 
would afford the handsomest foliage. But the very reverse is 
the case; as may, perhaps, in part, at least, be exemplified by 
the sketches of a small sprig of each kind which accompanies 
the leaves in figs. 94, 95. The tree from which the sprig fig. 94. 

Vou. XII.— No. 79. ROR 


534 Remarks on Oak Foliage. 


and the leaves below it were gathered has long ago attracted my 
attention, as presenting, on the whole, by far the handsomest 
foliage of any oak in : 
its immediate neighbour- 
hood. ‘The leaves are of 
a dark deep green; and, 
though rather small (and 
small leaves combine bet- 
ter than large ones *), 
they are numerous, and 
grow close to the spray, 
clustered together in 
dense masses, forming 
those lovely tufts, or ro- 
settes, which constitute 
one of the characteristic 
beauties of oak foliage. 
When the wind blows 
gently, it partially turns 
up and displays their 
glaucous under surfaces 
in harmonious contrast 
with the deeper tints of ° 
those above, and presents 
a study worthy of the pen- 
cil of Gainsborough. The 
leaves of fie. 95. being of 
a large size, are fewer in 
number, and less thickly 
set; consequently they do 
not mass so well. One 
of the specific distinctions 
of Quércus sessiliflora is, ~ 

that it bears its leaves on footstalks: these, in the present in- 
stance, are, perhaps, longer than ordinary; and this circumstance 
gives to the foliage a loose and straggling appearance, and a want 
of depth and solidity, which greatly detracts from its general effect. 
For the same reason it is that many of the fine American species 
of oak, beautiful as they are, must yield the palm, in point of 
foliage, to the monarch of our British forests. 

These remarks may appear trifling, and not worth the space 
they occupy ; but, I repeat, the subject is nct beneath the notice 
of those who study ornamental planting, or who look at oaks with 
a painter’s eye. . 

_ Allesley Rectory, Dec. 2. 1835. 


yp 


* Hence it is that the foliage of an old sycamore is so superior to that of 
a young one; and the rule holds good with most other deciduous trees. The 


Flowering Plants for Public Lawns. 535 


ArT, VIII. On the most suitable Description of Flowering Plants 
Sor planting in Beds and Groups on the Lawns of Public Gardens. 
By S.S. 


I opsERvE, with great pleasure, that our public squares in this 
country, and more particularly in England, are beginning to be 
ornamented with flower-beds, in the same manner as they are on 
the Continent. I have lately returned from Vienna, by Munich, 
Frankfort, Strasburg, Paris, Brussels, Ghent, London, York, and 
Newcastle; and at most of these cities I found gardens on the ram- 
parts, or other public promenades, more or less gay with the 
flowers of pelargoniums of different kinds, fuchsias, calceolarias, 
petunias, and similar plants. On my arrival here in my native 
city, I was rather disappointed to find the flowers in the beds to 
be chiefly of the commoner sorts of annuals; such as lupines, 
marigolds, prince’s-feather, convolvuluses, and such plants; and 
these, too, not in masses by themselves, as they almost always 
are on the Continent and in England, but mixed together, in 
such a way as to give a general sameness to all the beds, not only 
of any one garden, but of all the gardens in a neighbourhood. 
I refer in a particular manner to the flowers in the Queen Street 
gardens; but I might also refer to the gardens at Dalkeith, and 
to a number of others within ten miles of this city. 

On mentioning this circumstance to some intelligent gardeners, 
they informed me that they were not ignorant of the superior 
effects produced by masses of green-house plants, such as pelar- 
goniums, fuchsias, &c., but that their employers were, in general, 
unwilling to go to the expense of green-houses, or flued pits, to 
protect the plants through the winter; preferring, if they were 
at any expense of this kind, to force fruits. Ifsuch be the case 
generally in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, it surely argues 
a great want of taste in the inhabitants, or otherwise much igno- 
rance of what constitutes the chief beauty of the scenery of public 
squares, and the lawns of suburban villas, in other places, more 
particularly in England. That the climate of Edinburgh is per- 
fectly suitable to growing the plants mentioned in the open air, 
during summer, is placed beyond a doubt by the success which 
attends the culture of Cape heaths, and other Cape plants, in the 
open air in the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, in which I have just 
seen the fan palm growing like a whin [furze] bush in the open 
ground. 


young sycamore, with its broad and vigorous leaves, is, to my eye at least, not 
a handsome or interesting object ; but when it has arrived at maturity, and 
the spray has begun to curl and crinkle, then the size of the leaves is much 
diminished, and it exhibits such magnificent masses of foliage, such light and 
shade, as are not to be rivalled, perhaps, by any of our native trees, except 
the oak. 

; RR 2 


536 Flowering Plants for public Lawns. 


My object, therefore, in sending this letter to your Maga- 
zine, is to point out to its readers the deficiencies of Scotch 
gardens generally in point of floricultural taste, and to show 
your readers that, though Scotch gardeners are in such high 
esteem, and make so conspicuous a figure in England, yet, 
owing to the want of taste, or probably owing to the want of 
means, or to some other cause; they are not permitted to display 
their skill to the best advantage in Scotland. As the first step 
towards the remedy of any evil is to make it known, if you 
publish these few lines they may be the means of improving the 
flower-gardening of Scotland, and more especially in the neigh- 
bourhood of Edinburgh. 

Edinburgh, Aug. 29. 1836. 


Tue following extract from our Arb. et Frut. Brit., respect- 
ing flower-gardens of hardy heaths, may perhaps aid the purpose 
which our esteemed correspondent has in view: 

“We always recommend gardeners, when they are forming a 
scheme for planting a flower garden, to try the effect which it 
will have, during the principal summer months, by drawing a 
plan for each of these months, and colouring the beds in each 
plan with the colours of the flowers of those plants which are 
intended to be simultaneously in flower in them. Such coloured 
plans being shown to the employer, (and more especially to the 
female part of the family, who have generally considerable taste 
in the arrangement of colours,) useful hints may be received, 
and the beds altered until perfect harmony is produced. Another 
mode, and one which would afford an excellent exercise for 
young gardeners, would be for the gardener to lay before his 
employers, once in every year, 12 copies of the plan of his 
flower garden, (for which purpose it might be lithographed,) 
and these 12 copies being coloured by the lady of the family 
agreeably to her taste or ideas of what constitutes harmony, the 
problem for the gardener to solve would be—‘ Required the 
kinds of plants, and the modes of treating them, necessary to 
produce the given colours in the given months.’ Of course, 
the plans and this problem for every year would require to be 
given to the gardener a year before the time when it was in- 
tended to be carried into execution, in order that he might have 
time to propagate and prepare the proper kinds and requisite 
numbers of plants. These remarks, though apparently not im- 
mediately applicable to ericetums, or flower-gardens composed 
solely of hardy heaths, are yet decidedly so when Cape heaths 
are included; and they are also applicable to gardens of low 
American shrubs, including azaleas, rhododendrons, &c., such 
as will afterwards be treated on and described.” (Ard. Brit., 
art. Ericee normales.) 


é 


Two Crops of Grapes in One Year. 537 


Art. IX. A Mode of producing Two Crops of Grapes, in One 
House, in One Year. By Y. 


I Hawnp you the mode that I have adopted for producing two 
distinct crops of grapes, in one house, in one year; and in no 
instance have I lost a crop for the last five years. I can only 
regret that I have a limited quantity of glass for that purpose, 
and that, too, of the worst sort, being over pine pits. To detail 
what has occurred since the middle of May, 1835, to the middle 
of May this year, will show at once both the simplicity and the 
expediency of this mode, without going into further particulars. 
I have one house 30 ft. long, 16 ft. rafters, 30 in. front glass, 
with eleven vines planted outside; five of which are excited for 
the spring crop, and six for the autumn crop. The five vines 
were turned out of the house in the middle of May, 1835. 
When the six vines for the late crop were introduced, those 
turning out were laid upon a flat trellis in front of the house, 
the wood being ripe by the end of July, at which time 
they were pruned upon the spur system, as I consider that it 
shades the pines much less, and the buds break more evenly. 
Each vine is divided at the entrance into the house, and formed 
into two principals, which are the full length of each rafter. Ina 
week or so after pruning, the vines are covered, to keep them 
both cool and dark, until Oct. 26., when they are introduced into 
the house, and the six others placed in their situation. These 
six had been introduced in the middle of May, 1835, and had ma- 
tured their crops and ripened their wood. The other five had 
sprung their buds above an inch when put into the house, and 
were pruned upon Mr. Speechly’s system, with two stems; one 
vine being divided at its entrance into the house, and made into 
two principals, so that the rafters were completely furnished. I 
consider this mode superior to any, when the buds can burst in 
a cool atmosphere. ‘The crop was 180 lbs., and I sold them 
for 2s. 6d. per lb., independently of what I cut for my own 
table; and this year, at the present time, they have the ap- 
pearance of a still larger crop. The five vines taken in on 
Oct. 26. were immediately wrapt with coarse sacking, and well 
moistened with cold spring water. The house was kept as low 
as the pines would admit, until every bud had sprung or swelled, 
when the sacking was released, and in a few days taken off. 
The buds all pushed vigorously, and were in full bloom by the 
‘Christmas morning, a thing that 1 am very particular in, as I 
‘always find every thing set better in the gloomy months by this 
caution than any other. The usual rules were followed after- 
wards; only keeping the house cool in the evenings. Instead 
of a high moist heat for this forcing, a cool dry atmosphere 
is necessary. In March the heat was cooling fast, and on 

RR 3 , 


538 Fioricultural and Botanical Notices, 


April 1. this year, I sold the fruit as it then was, to be cut as 
ordered, to go to London, for thirty-five guineas, along with 
ten pines, ripe and ripening. ‘The grapes were gathered, and 
the vines turned out on the trellis about the middle of May 
1836; and they are now in as fine and healthful a state as I could 
ever wish them to be. ‘The principle of growing these two 
crops first occurred to me when I grew pines in the same pits. 
The vines were old; and, as one vine was placed under each 
rafter, the two principals from each vine covered the entire 
roof; so that for the sake of the pines I should have had either 
to destroy half the vines, or to have cut half the principals away. 
I therefore determined to make a fair trial, and the second year 
I succeeded to my satisfaction. In the new houses that I am 
about erecting for vines, I intend to have two distinct borders, 
that I may have more principals under the glass. This house 
has been heated by flues from one fire-place, and I am not 
certain whether I shall not use flues for my new ones. I have 
seen many on the new principles, but have not yet met with 
any that work with less fuel or attendance than my own, inde- 
pendently of the expense of erecting ; and not being yet philoso- 
pher enough to make out how more heat is gained by a certain 
quantity of fuel heating hot water, than by heating flues, on the 
principle of my own, I shall not adopt it until Ido. The fuel 
that I use is small coal made into bricks with clay. The ashes 
make a beautiful and lasting covering for walks, with the least 
sprinkling of cement, or they may be used for manure. 
Lancashire, July, 1836. 


Art. X. Filoricultural and Botanical Notices on Kinds of Plants 
newly introduced into our Gardens, and that have originated in them, 
and on Kinds of Interest previously extant in them ; supplementary 
to the latest Editions of the “ Encyclopedia of Plants,” and of 
the ** Hortus Britannicus.” 


Curtis's Botanical Magazine ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 3s. 6d. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Sir William 
Jackson Hooker, LL.D., &c. 

Edwards’s Botanical Register ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 4s. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Dr. Lindley, 
Professor of Botany in the London University. 

Sweet's British Flower-Garden ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
four plates; 3s. coloured, 2s. 3d. plain. Edited by David Don, 
Esq., Professor of Botany in King’s College, and Librarian to the 
Linnean Society. 

The Birmingham Botanic Garden, or Midland Floral Magazine ; 
containing accurate Delineations, with Botanical and Popular De- 
scriptions, of Plants cultivated in the Stove, the Green-house, or the 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 539 


open Garden, and remarkable either for their Beauty, their Rarity, 
or the singularity of their Structure. Conducted by G. B. Knowles, 
Esq-, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., &c., (Corresponding Member of the Medico- 
Botanical Society, and Professor of Botany in the Birmingham 
Royal School of Medicine), and Frederic Westcott, Esq., Hono- 
rary Secretaries of the Birmingham Botanical and Horticultural 
Society. In monthly numbers, 4to, 2s. 6d. each. London, Long- 
man and Co.; Birmingham, John M. Knott. No. I. for Septem- 
ber contains 4 plates, and 8 pages of letterpress. 

This new botanical periodical is brought out in a superior style ; 
the figures are very beautifully lithographed, and coloured with 
great care; and the letterpress is highly respectable. We are 
most happy to learn that its success has far exceeded the expect- 
ation of its projectors. Having given this notice of the work, with 
the title at length, we shall in future confine ourselves to abridg- 
ing the title, in the same manner as we do those of the other peri- 
odicals, omitting to mention it at all when, in consequence of no 
new plants being figured in it, we do not make any use of the 
work. ‘This has always been our practice in respect to the other 
periodicals; notwithstanding a complaint made by one of our cor- 
respondents, that we acted partially in this respect. 

The Florists’ Magazine ; a Register of the newest and most beautiful 
Varieties of Florist’s Flowers.. Drawn from Nature; engraved 
and coloured in the most finished style. By Frederick W. Smith. 
With popular Descriptions, and practical Directions for their Cul- 
tivation. In monthly numbers, 4to, 2s. 6d. each. London, Orr and 
Smith. 

No. XV. for September, completes the second volume of this 
work, in which, as expressed on the title page, the drawings are 
coloured in the most finished style We have recommended the 
work as a very suitable prize in the case of florists’ flower ex- 
hibitions. 


Crucifere or Brassicacee. 


1827a. STREPTA’/NTHUS (G. M., vol. x. p. 237.) 1} [5516. 
*hyacinthdides Hook. Hyacinth-like-fowered © or 3 au Bsh.p Texas 1834 S. s. Bot. mag. 


A remarkable cruciferous plant, having the appearance, when 
in flower, of some kind of hyacinth. It is a hardy annual, a na-~ 
tive of Texas, which was sent home by the late Mr. Dummond. 
It flowered in the Glasgow Botanic Garden, for the first time, in 
August, 1835. (Bot. Mag., vol. x., new series; Sept.) 

Another species, S. obtusifolius Hook., is described in the Bot, 
Mag., t. 3317., and is noticed in Vol. X. p. 237. 

Leguminacee § Papilionacee. 


1985. LUPI‘NUS 
*Jatifolius Lindl, broad-leaved % A or 13 jy B California ?1834 S. Ip Bot. reg. t. 1891. 


Apparently distinct from both Z. rivularis and Z. littoralis, to 
which, however, it approaches more nearly than to Z. polyphyllus. 
In Dr. Agardh’s Synopsis Generis Lupini, 76 certain species of 
the genus Lupinus are described, and 7 others mentioned as 
little known. Of the former, no fewer than 34 are in Mr. Douglas’s 
collections. (Bot. Reg., vol. xxii. ; Sept.) 

RR 4 


540 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


Rosdcee § Pomee. 


1506. CRATA’ GUS 12908, spathulata Michaux, Pursh; Bot. reg. t. 1890. 
Synonymes : C. virginica Lodd., Loud. Arb. Brit. ; C. viridis Hort. 


Spec. Char. Branchlets sparingly spiny. Leaves obovate, 
narrowed to the base, lobed with about 3 lobes; serrate with 
glanded teeth, as are their leafy stipules, each of which is half 
halberd-shaped ; the leaves of a branchlet or spur, forming in 
some instances a group. Corymbs of few flowers. Flowers 
nearly sessile. Sepals cut. (Landley, and the figure.) Branch- 
lets sparingly spiny, having the leaves in fascicles, small, subspa- 
tulate and 3-cleft, with the portion that is narrowed to the base 
long. _Corymbs few-flowered. Pedicels short. Calyxes to- 
mentose. (Michx.) ‘There can be no doubt that this is the real C. 
spathulata of Michaux, about which so little is known that it 
is altogether omitted from the Floras of Torrey, Hooker, and 
Beck. It is introduced by name into Elliot’s work on South Ca- 
rolina, without that author’s being acquainted with the plant; was 
missed by Willdenow, and was unknown to De Candolle. Pursh 
merely repeats Michaux’s character; but he adds that it occurs 
in dry woods near rivers in Virginia and Carolina, flowering in 
May and June, and having very large crooked thorns, with small 
leaves. 

This species has very much the appearance of C. parvifolia, 
from which it is essentially distinguished by its leaves being 
edged with strong dark glands, and by its large leafy stipules. | 
The fruit is always green, even when ripe; is a little downy, and 
contains 5—6 stones. (Bot. Reg., vol. xxii. ; Sept.) 


41513. COTONEA/STER 
+28773 laxiflora Jacq. Bot. mag. t. 3519., Arb. brit. p. 870. 


‘* A species nearly allied to this has been discovered by Le- 
debour in the Altai Mountains, and figured and described by 
that author under the name of C. multiflora Bunge : but our spe- 
cimens of this plant have much thicker, broader, and rounder 
leaves, with, generally, a deep notch at the extremity. The in- 
florescence is extremely similar in the two. (Bot. Mag., vol. x., 
new series ; Sept.) 

From observing this sort of Cotoneaster in the Horticultural 
Society’s Garden, and in the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges, we 
are convinced it is only a variety of C. vulgaris Lindl. 

Onagracee. 


1188. FU’CHSIA 
10071 coccinea *var, Groomidna F. W. Smith, Mr. Groom’s fuchsia,¢ 


This is a variety with numerous large flowers, and a very 
vigorous habit of growth, which has been raised by Mr. Groom 
of Walworth. 

‘‘ Tt appears to be a free grower, and much longer in all its 
parts than any we have seen; but it is a strict green-house 
variety.” (Smzth’s Hor. Mag., vol. ii. ; Sept.) 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 541 


Rubiacee Dec., or Cinchonaceze Lindh. 
*388a. OLDENLA’NDIA L, (H. B. Oldenland, a Dane, who collected plants at the Cape of Good Hope in 
1695.) % % sp 54. (bot. gard, 1. 


*Deppedna Cham. et Schlecht. Deppe’s * [2] cu 1 allsea. W Mexico 1835 C Lp Birm. 
Synonyme : Gerontdgea Deppedna Link et Otto. 


A plant growing about 1 ft. high, with small, opposite, ovate, 
and ovate-acuminate leaves ; and small flowers, like those of a 
species of Aspérula. ‘Though it may have but “little beauty in 
the florist’s eye, its blossoms being small,” yet ‘to the botanist, 
and to the general admirer of nature, it offers charms from its 
delicate structure, and its graceful panicles of numerous milk- 
white flowers,” which are produced “in uninterrupted succession 
throughout the year.” Received from M. Otto of Berlin, in 
1835, and kept in the stove ; though, in all probability, it may only 
require a green-house. (Birmingham Bot. Gard , vol i.; Sept.) 

Myrsinacee. 

871. ARDI'SIA [reg. 1892. 
*odontophylla Wall. tooth-leaved # [1] or ?6 jy PaSalm,andR. Bengal 1834 C s.p Bot. 
A handsome evergreen shrub, remarkable for the delicious 
fragrance of its flowers, which are of a pale salmon colour, 
slightly streaked with red. It was first introduced by T. C. 
Palmer, Esq., of Bromley; and it flowered in the stove of the 
Exotic Nursery in the year 1834. (Bot. Keg., vol. xxii. ; 

Sept.) 
Polemoniacee. 


499. GVLIA [reg. 1888. Gard. mag. vol. ix. p. 705. 
tenuiflora Benth. slender-tubed-corollaed © or 2 au RoandV California 1833 S co Bot. 


A hardy annual, not worth cultivating for the sake of the flower- 
garden; but very pretty in nosegays as an ornament to rooms. 
Its flowers change, in drying, from rese colour to blue. The co- 
rolla is of a ide, clear, SAE m violet in the inside, and on the 
outside of a pale rose; but this colour is much affected by the 
presence of innumerable short, deep-red lines, which are as de- 
licate as if they were drawn with the point of a needle. (Bot. Reg., 
vol. xxii.; Sept.) 

Scrophulariacea. 


1774. ANTIRRHI'NUM 


eg. 1893, 
*planduldsum Lindi. glandular-haiyed © or2 aus. RoPaY California 1834? ae 


Sco Bot, 

“‘ This, if not a very pretty plant, is something of a geogra- 
phical curiosity; it being the first species of the genus Antir- 
rhinum which has yet been found certainly wild in the New World. 
The specimens of 4. Orontium that have been met with in the 
United States are believed to have been introduced from Europe. 
Quite a hardy annual, which will grow in any soil. It was sent 
from California by Mr. Douglas ; and flowered for the first time 
in ?1835.” (Bot. Reg., vol. xxii.; Sept.) 

Acanthacee. 


*1727a. STROBILA’NTHES Nees ab EH. (strobilos, interpreted in botany the cone of a pine; anthos, a 
flower ; ? inflorescence in the bud state resembling the cone of apine.) Sp.1 14. 2. 
*Sabinzdna Nees ab Esen., Sabine’s # [_] or4 w BP Nepal 1826 C pl Bot. mag. 3517. 
Synonyme. Ruélléa Sabintana Wall., Hort. Brit. No. 28414. a 


542 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


‘‘ A very beautiful stove plant, a native of Nepal; whence it 
was introduced into our gardens by Dr. Wailich, who named it 
Ruéllia Sabinzadna, in compliment to Joseph Sabine, Esq., to 
whom horticulture, no less than natural history in general, is 
most deeply indebted.” A very showy plant, in the winter sea- 
son, from its purple flowers, and interesting from the deep purple 
colour of the under sides of the leaves. It appears to be a very 
suitable winter plant for rooms. (Bot. Mag., vol. x., new series ; 
Sept.) 

Orchidacee. 

2541. CYRTOPO‘DIUM RB. Br. [1834 D pl Birm. bot. gard. 4, 
%* Willmorez Knowl. et West. Willmore’s @& (Aj el 43 ?jn.jl G Y spotted with red Venezuela 

‘‘ A very handsome plant, with a lofty, much-branched, flower- 
ing stem. Sepals and petals yellowish green, spotted with dull 
red, undulated; lateral petals less undulated, brighter in colour, 
and more sparingly marked than the sepals. Lateral lobes of 
the lip pale red; the disc, or space between them, beset with small 
tubercles, the intermediate pale yellow, the granulated margin of 
which is minutely spotted with red. At the base of each flower 
stalk is placed a bractea, in shape and markings exactly resem- 
bling the sepals. The gland is rather triangular than ovate.” 
Named in honour of John Willmore, Esq., of Oldford, near Bir- 
mingham, to whom the plant was sent, in the autumn of 1834, 
by Mr. John Henchman, who found it in the valley of Cuma- 
nacoa, in the republic of Venezuela. It is a terrestrial species, 
growing among decayed vegetables ; and some of its leaves were 
observed by Mr. Henchman to be more than 6 ft. long. It has 
now been in flower nearly six weeks, and has a flowering stem 
4% ft. high. It requires a strong moist heat when in a growing 
state; but, during its period of rest, should be placed in a more 
cool and dry atmosphere. (Birmingham Bot. Gard., vol. i.; Sept.) 


2558. BLE‘TIA 
*patula Hook. spreading-flowered *% ZX) el 2 ... P Hayti 1830 O pr.w Bot. mag. 3518. 


A very handsome species, sent to the Edinburgh Botanic Gar- 
den by Dr. Fischer of St. Petersburg, where it flowers freely in 
the stove. It has produced a scape about 3 ft. high, which has 
borne more than 20 flowers at once. (Bot. Mag., vol. x., new 
series; Sept.) 


9524. CIRRH HA [Bot. reg. 1889. 
*tristis Lindl. dull-coloured-flowered €& ZX) cu = ju DPandGandR Mexico 1834 O p.r.w 


A deliciously scented species, obtained from Mexico by Messrs. 
Loddiges, in whose stove it flowered in June, 1835. (Bot. Reg., 
vol. xxii.; Sept.) 


MYA/NTHUS barbatus (Bot. Reg. t. 1778.3; Gard. Mag. vol. xi. p. 477, 478.) [p.r.w Bot. mag. 3514. 
*2 labéllo 4lbo Hook. white-lipped _& ZX) cu 12 my D Gspotted with P Demerara 1835 D 


Closely allied to Catasétum cristatum Zind/. Imported from 
Demerara by Mr. Allcard, Stratford Green, Essex, in whose 
garden it flowered in May, 1836. ‘The flowers, when the box 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 543 


was opened which contained the plant, yielded an odour very 
similar to that of juniper berries. It is very curious in the seg- 
ments of its perianth, which is yellowish green, spotted with bar- 
like spots of a dark purple; and in the fringed lip, which is white, 
and in contrast with the segments of the perianth. (Bot. Mag., 
vol. x., new series; Sept.) 

Asphodelacee. 


1046. A’,LLIUM 
*sf{culum Ucria, Sicilian ?% A or3i ju G.P.W. Sicily 1832 O co Br. fl. gard. 2. 8, 349. 


The scape of this remarkable species of A’llium is 3 ft. 9 in. 
high. The flowers are pendulous, and the sepals green and 
shining, variegated with purple and white. The scent is more 
powerful and disagreeable than that of any other species of 
Allium. It, and A. inoddrum, have many seeds in each cell of 
the capsule; but 4. siculum agrees with the genus Allium, in its 
flowers being in an umbel, in the perianth being persistent, in ge- 
neral appearance, and in odour. Raised from seed in the Chel- 
sea Botanic Garden. (Brit. Fl. Gard., second series; Sept.) 

YU'CCA dracdnis Haw. Suppl. p. 33. ; Elliot, Fl. S. Car, 1., 401. Bot. Reg. t. 1894. 


. ¢ What may be species and what varieties in this noble genus, it 
is in the present state of botanical information impossible to say ; 
there is, however, but little doubt that Yucca dracdnis and Yédcca 
flaccida are really distinct.” Y.draconis, ‘one of the most stately 
species of the genus, grows along the sea shore of Carolina, fire- 
quently intermixed with Y. gloriosa, and flowers from May to Au- 
gust ; it sometimes grows as much as 9 ft. or 10ft. high. The great 
peculiarity by which it appears to be distinguished is, the spreading 
flowers, the segments of which, instead of remaining closed in a 
globose manner, as in most others, expand till they diverge from 
the flower-stalk at nearly a right angle. The main stem, clear 

_of the leaves, was 2 ft. long, and terminated in three clusters of 
leaves, from the centre of each of which rose a flower stem 3 ft. 
high. The foliage, notwithstanding its stiffness, does not offend 
the eye, as the leaves gradually turn back as they grow old,” till 
at last they form a very graceful arrangement. Nothing can be 
better adapted than these plants for ornamenting either artificial 
or natural masses of rockwork, precipitous banks, or other si- 
tuations, where their singular stems can be so much above the eye 
as to form a bold and prominent object standing out in strong 
relief against the sky. They are hardy, perennial, and easily 
procured in the nurseries. ‘The Messrs. Backhouse find this, 
Y. rufocincta, Y. recurvifolia, Y. glaucéscens, Y. filamentosa, 
and others, quite capable of bearing the winter, even so far north 
as York, In the garden of the London Horticultural Society, 
no weather seems to harm them. (Bot. Reg., vol. xxil.; Sept.) 

Yucca flaccida Haw. Supp., p. 35, Native country unknown, 


‘* A pretty, and apparently distinct species, well marked by its 


544 Mackay’s Flora Hibernica. 


thread-edged, scabrous leaves, pallid flowers, and stemless habit.’” 
Its flowers are over by the middle of August. ‘‘ These yuccas 
would surely be excellent plants for gardens on the sea cost ; and 
yet one never sees them there.” (Bot. Reg., vol. xxii.; Sept.) 


REVIEWS. 


Art.I. Flora Hibernica: comprising the Flowering Plants, Ferns, 
Characee, Musci, Hepatice, Lichens, and Alze of Ireland; ar- 
ranged according to the Natural System; with a Synopsis of the 
Genera according to the Linnean System. By James Townsend 
Mackay, M.R.I.A., Associate of the Linnean Society, &c. &c. 
8vo, pp. 279. 16s. Dublin, 1836. 


Turis work, which has been long expected, has at length ap- 
peared ; and, from the long attention paid to the botany of Ire- 
land by the author, we are sure it will be received with a hearty 
welcome by the public. It is a gratifying proof of the progress 
of botanical science in Britain, that Mr. Mackay has considered 
it advisable to arrange the species he describes according to the 
Natural System; and of Mr. Mackay’s own acquirements in this 
system, that he has acquitted himself so well in doing so. His 
work may be considered the only good Irish flora that exists, 
as will appear by the Introduction, which we conclude by 
quoting :— 

“It has been matter of complaint, that the history of the natural produc- 
tions of Ireland has hitherto been neglected ; but, when all circumstances are 
considered, it will appear that the censure is one of too great severity. We 
have no means of ascertaining to what extent a knowledge of plants was pos- 
sessed in ancient times by the Celtic inhabitants of the country ; but, when we 
are told that the Irish language is rich m names of plants, and also that the 
names of the letters of the Irish alphabet are taken from vegetable productions, 
it will be admitted, that, even in periods of remote antiquity, the study of 

lants was not altogether neglected: nor is this at all surprising, since it is 
well known that the surface of Ireland formerly presented a very different as- 
pect with regard to vegetation than its present features would lead us to sus- 
pect. Formerly Ireland might have been considered as one vast forest; a 
circumstance to which it was, perhaps, indebted for what, we are informed, was 
‘one ofits most ancient names (Innis Fiodh, or Woody Island). The former 
existence of extensive forests is not a matter of vague tradition ; it is attested 
by the remains of pines, oaks, yews, &c., which are found in all our bogs in 
prodigious quantity, and by the undoubted fact that many of these forests ex- 
isted until a comparatively recent period; and some of them are described by 
Dr. Boates, who wrote in 1652, as then existing. These forests were de- 
stroyed, partly to facilitate military operations; and subsequently, in more 
tranquil times, a vast quantity of timber was consumed for the smelting of iron. 
The remembrance of the wooded state of Ireland will be indelibly preserved 
in the names of many towns and districts throughout the country, proving that 
an abundance of trees formed a very characteristic feature of its scenery; nor 
is a knowledge of this circumstance calculated merely to gratify the curiosity 
of the antiquarian, but it is: interesting to the zoologist and botanist, masmuch 
‘as itrenders probable the disappearance of several species of indigenous plants 


Mackay’s Flora Hibernica. 545 


and animals which must have followed the destruction of the forests. Such 
birds as fed on the seeds of trees, and found protection amid their branches, 
must have disappeared, or have been greatly diminished in number, from a de- 
ficiency of food and shelter ; and many species of insects may have been ex- 
tirpated, or, at least, had their geographical range much circumscribed ; and, 
doubtless, the same occurrences had a similar effect in limiting the range and 
number of such plants as flourish in the shade. It is well known that some 
seeds retain their vitality for many years when buried in the earth, and vege- 
tate when called forth by favourable circumstances; we may therefore hope 
that, as plantations increase, not only will the country reassume its former 
beauty, but rare plants may become more frequent, or some that have been 
apparently lost may again appear. 

** It is only in the incidental notices of historians that we obtain any know- 
ledge of the extent of the Irish forests, or the trees they contained; and it 
was not till a recent period that any attempt was made to investigate the ve- 
getable productions of the country. The first attempt towards a natural his- 
tory of Ireland was by Dr. Boates, who published, in 1652, a work entitled 
‘Treland’s Natural History,’ which contains interesting matter respecting the 
forests of Ireland, but no systematic catalogue of its indigenous plants. Dr. 
Boates is the only writer of any note until Threlkeld’s work made its appear- 
ance, in 1727; but in the intermediate period the botany of Ireland was not 
altogether neglected. The Rev. Mr. Heaton, who resided in Dublin, com- 
municated several rare plants to How and Merret. About this time, also, two 
eminent English botanists, Llhwyd and Sherrard, visited the country, and be- 
stowed some attention on its natural history. To Dr. Sherrard we are in- 
debted for the first notice of Subularia aquatica in Ireland, which he found 
growing in Lough Neagh. Threlkeid’s work, entitled ‘ Synopsis Stirpium Hi- 
bernicarum,’ is extremely imperfect, as the characters of the plants are seldom 
given, and the arrangement is alphabetical; it is, however, a work written, as 
Dr. Pulteney observes, in a quaint and amusing style, containing man 
sound observations, and evincing a pretty extensive learning. Jn 1735 Dr. 
K’Eogh published a similar treatise, which is now rare, and of inferior value to 
that of Threlkeld. 

“ By far the most eminent Irish naturalist of this period was Dr. Molyneaux, 
the earliest describer of the fossil elk, and who first made known the occur- 
rence of the remains of the fossil elephant in Ireland. He also contributed a 
catalogue of rare plants, which is published in an appendix to Threlkeld’s 
work: and it is to be regretted that so excellent an observer has not enriched 
our literature with more extensive publications. These observers were suc- 
ceeded by the writers of the statistical surveys of the different counties ; works 
chiefly undertaken under the auspices of the Royal Dublin Society, and which 
contain valuable information on statistics and agriculture, and some of them 
useful botanical details. I may more particularly mention the histories of 
Cork and Kerry by Dr. Smith, which possess very considerable merit and ac- 
curacy with regard to the localities of plants, as I found during my botanical 
excursions through that part of the country. In 1772, Dr. Rutty published 
his natural history of the county of Dublin ; a work conceived on a good plan, 
and containing much useful information. The next botanical works were those 
of Dr. Wade, who published his Flora Dubliniensis in 1794, and in 1804 his 
Plantz Rariores, or habitats of the rarer plants found by him in Ireland. 
These publications are not without merit, and were considered by him as only 
preparatory to a more extensive work (a Flora Hibernica), which he stated 
his intention of publishing. This work, he says, was deferred until “as soon 
as genuine and valuable materials could be collected for the purpose, conceiv- 
ing that no work of a similar nature ought to make its appearance, or be con- 
sidered genuine and valuable, unless the author has it in his power to answer 
for the habitats, or places of growth, of the different objects noticed.” In 1804, 
the Muscologiz Hibernicz Spicilegium of Dawson Turner, Esq., appeared, 
which has the merit of being the earliest publication devoted to the mosses of 


546 Mackays Flora Hibernica. 


Ireland : an elegantly written and accurate work, containing, figures of the rarer 
species. About this time I was appointed assistant botanist in Trinity College; 
and to the liberality of that learned body I am indebted for many facilities 
afforded me of investigating the botanical productions of Ireland. In 1806, I 
published a catalogue of the rarer plants of the country, which were principally 
observed by me during two very extensive excursions made through the south- 
ern and western counties. This catalogue appeared in the 5th volume of the 
Transactions of the Dublin Society. 

“In 1810, Mr. James Drummond, then Curator of the Cork Botanic Gar- 
den, published a catalogue of the plants of the county of Cork; a catalogue 
highly creditable to that acute and zealous naturalist, who now fills the situa- 
tion of Colonial Botanist at Swan River, and whose labours will, no doubt, 
illustrate the botany of that interesting region. 

“Tn 1824, I gave to the Royal Irish Academy, for publication, a catalogue 
of all the phenogamous plants and ferns which J] had then ascertained to be 
natives of Ireland. This catalogue was the resuit of twenty years’ observation 
during numerous excursions made to almost every part of the country that was 
likely to afford interesting matter to the botanist. A few inaccuracies occur 
in this and the former catalogue, which subsequent experience has enabled me 
to rectify. Whilst thus employed, I always looked forward to the public- 
ation of an Irish Flora, as the final result of my investigations; an intention 
which [I had announced in the preface of my catalogue, which appeared in 
1825. 

“1, however, then contented myself with recording accurately the habitats of 
such plants as I had observed, or which had been communicated to me by able 
botanists, being induced to postpone the publication of the work till a later 
period, with the view of making it as complete as possible: nor is this delay to 
be regretted, as I have since had an opportunity, by excursions made to Cun- 
namara and other parts of the country, of adding several interesting plants to 
our flora; and valuable contributions have continued to be made by my friends, 
down to the latest hour of going to press. 

“Tn 1833, a small volume appeared, entitled the Ivish Flora, containing short 
descriptions of most of the phanogamous plants and ferns of Ireland that were 
were known up to that time. 

“‘ The limits of a preface do not permit my entering into detail; but almost 
- every page of the work bears evidence of the zealous assistance of my botani- 
cal friends, and the extent of my obligations. I cannot, however, omit men- 
tioning the late Mr. Templeton of Malone, near Belfast, who greatly contributed 
to our knowledge of the plants and animals of the north of Ireland. To Dr. 
Drummond of Belfast Iam indebted for several interesting species of Algz, 
thus rendering that part of the work more complete than it otherwise would 
have been. | 

“Mr. David Moore, my late pupil, has supplied some of the more recent and 
interesting additions to our flora, among which I may mention Pyrola se- 
canda, Rosa Sabini, and Carex Buxbaimi, as the most interesting. He has 
distinguished himself, during the last two years, by his researches in the county 
of Derry, where he has been employed as botanist to the Ordnance Survey ; 
which, under the able superintendence of Colonel Colby and Captain Port- 
lock, is likely to throw much light on every branch of natural history connected 
with Ireland. 

“ The first part of the work contains the phenogamous, or flowering, plants, 
ferns, and characez, arranged according to the natural method, on the plan 
adopted by Professor De Candolle in his Théorie E’lémentaire, 2d ed.; and 
Professor Lindley, in his Synopsis of the British Flora. I have been induced 
to adopt the natural system, not only because it is the method followed by 
Dr. Allman, the learned Professor of Botany in Trinity College, and which, 
although more difficult to beginners, is best calculated to give the student an 
accurate knowledge of the science ; but, as the Linnzean method enables us to 
ascertain the genus of a plant with greater facility, a Synopsis of the Genera 


Foreign Notices : — Belgium. 547 


according to that system has, therefore, been prefixed ; thus, it is hoped, com- 
bining to a considerable extent the advantages of both methods. 

“In describing the genera and species in the body of the work, I have 
adopted pretty much the characters of Sir W. J. Hooker, as given by him in 
his excellent British Flora, it being the book I principally consulted in the 
examination of my specimens, from which I have also taken the etymologies 
of the generic names. 

“ The second, and not least valuable, part of the work contains the Orders 
Musci, Hepaticz, and Lichenes, by Dr. Taylor (the well-known coadjutor 
of Sir W. J. Hooker in the Muscologia Britannica), who, of all the botanists 
of Ireland, was best qualified for the task. It will be seen that he has added 
a new genus (Hydrdéphila) in the order Hepatice, and in the order Li- 
chénes a good many hitherto undescribed species, six of which appear in the 
Addenda. 

“W. H. Harvey, Esq., the well-known algologist (before his departure to 
the Cape of Good Hope), kindly undertook to describe the A’/lgz. This he 
accomplished from the examination of a full collection in my possession, chiefly 
formed by the late amiable and accomplished Miss Hutchins ; a lady who, for 
many years, was unremitting in her investigation of the botany of the south of 
Treland. To these he has added his own numerous discoveries, and those of 
other botanists, whose names are mentioned ; and since his departure I have 
been fortunate enough to add nine species new to Ireland, communicated by 
several botanical friends, as will appear in that portion of the work. 

“ Dublin, May 10. 1836.” 


MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. 


Art. I. Foreign Notices. 


BELGIUM. 


BRUSSELS, Sept. 1835. — In the park at Lacken are many fine trees of Ca- 
talpa, which flower and seed abundantly. There is only one specimen of 
Cédrus Libani in the whole park ; and I did not observe another in the neigh- 
bourhood : it is, indeed, a scarce tree in Belgium. This tree is about 30 ft. 
in height, and about 18in. in diameter 1 ft. from the ground; but it is evi- 
dently in the last stage of decay. I am informed that it was almost killed by 
the frost in 1814, which extended into the ground to the depth of 44 ft. At 
that period Lacken may almost be said to have been without a master, the 
French having had something else to think about; and the usual precaution 
of mulching the ground over its roots had been that year neglected. It 
recovered partly ; but, for want (so says my informer) of the same precaution 
being taken in some cold winters since, it has again become sickly. 

The finest trees in the park are Poépulus alba, P. nigra, P. dilatata, and P. 
monilifera. The specimens of the two latter are the largest I ever saw. I am 
afraid of giving you wrong dimensions, as I write only from memory ; but will 
endeavour to give you the correct sizes as soon as possible. 

Salix vitellina and the weeping willow attain a large size here. I may here 
remark incidentally that in Scotland I never saw the latter prosper in any 
situation, although we are not accustomed to such cold winters there as they 
are in Belgium; but the summers are too cold to ripen the wood properly. 

There are some pretty good specimens of larch in the park of the Duc 
d Aremberg, at Enghien. The father of the present duke planted them first 
in Flanders, when he was advanced in years; and, from my observation, it 
would appear that it was long after before any one followed so good an 
example; for I remarked none anywhere nearly so large. Upon the whole, 
the larch is still scarce in Belgium ; neither can the Belgians be persuaded to 
plant it, although they plant the Scotch pine pretty extensively, and with a 


548 Foreign Notices : — Norway, Italy. 


view to profit. I had 20,000 larches from Edinburgh two years ago, which 
were planted in grounds belonging to the government; and it may safely be 
said that that number is equal to all that had been planted formerly. The 
poor soils round Bruges and Ghent would produce excellent larch, which 
would afford an excellent material for securing the banks of their canals; as 
would also much. of the barren hills of Limburg and Luxemburg. In the 
garden at Enghien is a fine specimen of purple beech, which produces seeds 
freely; and I am informed by the Duc d’ Aremberg, one of the most spirited 
and best of noblemen, that the proportion of purple plants obtained from these 
seeds is about one in three. The duke is building very extensive additions to 
his palace in Brussels. The timber was all grown on his own estates, and is 
chiefly oak. He cuts in winter, and gives his reasons for so doing. 

There are the remains of an excellent arboretum planted by a gentleman of 
the name of Price, but not an Englishman. The collection at present forms 
part of the park of Lacken. It is very rich in species; but unfortunately the 
trees are planted too closely together. The grounds are also laid out in the 
English style, and are beautiful. The collection of American shrubs is also 
rich, but the plants are not thriving. Less attention is paid to botanical 
species than to curious varieties and monstrosities. The very best collection 
in Belgium belongs to an old lady whose name I cannot think of, and who 
has a very pretty place between Louvain and Waver. I shall send you the 
catalogue and descriptive account of her place: it is really, upon the whole, 
as a park, a garden, and a residence, the finest in Belgium. — C. MZ. I. 


NORWAY. 


Kaa Fiord, Alten, 70° N. lat., July 25. 1836.— I only arrived here last night, 
and find a ship sailing for England this morning, so I embrace the oppor- 
tunity to send you a line. I sowed your Heracléwm asperum in an old church- 
yard at Fugleness, opposite Hammerfest, also Malcomia maritima, Lupinus 
nootkaténsis, Eschscholtzia crocea, and E. califérnica. I will also sow some 
in different places about here. —W. C. 


ITALY. 


Genoa, June 11. 1836.—I have been in Italy many years, but I never 
recollect so ungenial a season as we now have. Since November last we have 
scarcely had two fine days together; nothing but a series of frost, snow, hail, 
rain, wind, &c.; indeed, up to this moment, we have had no spring, and fur 
clothing is still the order of the day. The orange trees are sadly injured ; 
nevertheless they are not so completely killed to the ground as they were the 
winter after you were here (1819). The olive trees have been also a good 
deal injured; but still the imjuries are more of a temporary, than of a fatal 
nature. Though the weather has been so bad, it has not been very cold, and 
it is expected that the worst of the injury will be the failure of the crops of 
the ensuing summer. The Chevalier De Nigro is in excellent health, and his 
garden is kept in as high order as ever. You will in a very short time receive 
some drawings, and a description of it, for your Suburban Gardener. The 
villa of Count Barbi has been sold, and the beautifully trimmed men and 
horses of myrtle and box to which you allude, have either been cut down or 
left to reassume their natural shapes. Forced flowers here are now extremely 
dear ; a hyacinth and a moss rose are not to be got under a franc. — H. M, 

Naples, June 20. 1835.— It is exactly fifteen years since I first settled in 
this country, and the changes that have taken place in it are very considerable. 
The greatest of these is a system of cross roads which has been carried into 
execution in every direction, and which has already stopped the progress of 
the banditti by employing them, and by giving access to all their haunts. This 
must ultimately lead to a degree of agricultural improvement, of which the 
present generation of Italians have no idea. — G. S. 

Monza, Feb. 27. 1836. — An excellent agriculturist of Monza, Signor Paulo 
Mantagazza, Signor George Compton, and I, regularly peruse your works ; 


Foreign Noteces : — Turkey in Europe. 549 


and J am very anxious that you should become acquainted with Signor Mon- 
tagazza. You already correspond with Signor Compton. But my principal 
object in writing to you at present is to inform you, that I have at last (1 
believe) found in what province of Lombardy the Pépulus fastigiata (P. 
dilatata) is indigenous. On receiving your letter containing the queries re- 
lating to this tree, I immediately wrote to all the botanical friends I have in 
italy ; and an engineer at Brescia answered me, that in the province of Bre- 
sciana, the Populus fastigidata grows spontaneously; and that to prove what 
he asserts, when the season is further advanced, he will send me the female 
flowers, and in due time the seed also. He mentions in the same letter a 
singular practice of the Brescian peasants with respect to this tree. When 
they want plants of it in any given place, they do not transplant seedlings 
from the nursery or seed-bed; but cut them off at the collar, and use them 
for cuttings or grafts. Iam not aware of any theory of vegetable physiology 
which will show the utility of such a practice. 

I have also been informed that in the garden of Count Origo at Milan there 
are female plants of P. dilatata; and that great quantities of seedling self- 
sown plants are produced every year. Wishing to verify what I was told, I 
went to the spot to-day, and was convinced ef the fact. { only wait for the 
season to be farther advanced, to make observations upon it, and I will send 
them to you as soon as they are ready. 

Salisburia adiantifolia. — I have at last heard that there is a female plant of 
Salisburia adiantifolia in a garden at Milan, which flowers every year, but I 
could not learn whether it bears fruit; 1 will make a point of seeing it at the 
time of flowering. 

In your new edition of the Encyclopedia of Gardening, Y am sorry you 
have put so little information of the present state of gardening in Lombardy. 
I do not deny, certainly (for reasons which I stated in a former letter), that 
Italy is, in this art, far behind the northern nations; but Lombardy is the 
most advanced of all the Italian states. You take no notice of the gardens 
of the Villa Traversi al Desio, and of several others which deserve a notice 
in your work; such as Villa Litta al Lainata, and the gardens of Villa 
Melleri al Brianga, &c. They are remarkable on account of the beauty of 
their situations, the neatness and cleanness in which they are kept, and for 
the richness of the vegetable productions which are cultivated in them. 

In p. 6. of the present volume, there is a communication by a M. Klause, 
a Prussian. Fortunately he concludes his paper by saying that he has written 
it in a hurry; and probably his hurry was the cause of his making the mistakes 
he has done respecting the gardens of Monza. I, who am on the spot, never 
knew that the gardener’s name was Casemetti, at the Villa Reale; and, as 
the area of these royal gardens measures about 65 acres English, they 
therefore could not with propriety be called only “ tolerably large.” Besides 
this, they certainly never seemed to me to have the appearance of a “ nursery,” 
but most certainly of a garden. This statement, I think, affords a strong 
proof that M. Klause really was in a hurry, and he probably never saw the 
royal gardens, but only that part of them in which we cultivate young trees, 
and which we call the nursery. 

In the course of next summer I propose making a botanical and horticul- 
tural journey ; and if you wish it, [ will send you the result of my obsery- 
ations. — G. Manetti. [We shall be most happy to receive it.] 


TURKEY IN EUROPE. 

The great Tree of Buykdere. —“ From the middle of this valley rises this 
great tree, which has been, in latter times, an object of much curiosity to tra- 
vellers, and represented greater than the Castagna di Cento Cavalh, This 
isa platanus of tremendous size: it measures 47 yards in circumference 
at its base, and the branches afford shade to a circular area of 130! I 
assure you there is no exaggeration in this, for I measured it myself. This 
vast stem, however, divides into fourteen branches, some of which issue 

Vou. XII.— No. 79. s § 


550 Domestic Notices : — Engiand. 


from below the present surface of the soil, and some do not divide till 
they rise 7 ft. or 8 ft. above it. One of the largest is hollowed out by fire, 
and affords a cabin to shelter a husbandman. The tree, if it can be con- 
sidered a single plant, is certainly the largest in the world. Among other 
travellers who notice it, is a Frenchman, who describes it, with some truth, as 
“ un temple de verdure surmonté d’un dome prét a toucher les nues.” When 
the Turks encamp in this valley, the hollow of this great tree affords a mag- 
nificent tent to the seraskier who commands them, with all his officers. but 
what renders the tree an object of more than usual interest is, that M. Ie 
Candolle conjectures that it must be more than 2000 years old! Though it 
has become such an object of admiration to recent travellers, Gillies takes no 
notice of it, nor even Tournefort, whose botanical pursuits would naturally 
lead him to do so.” (Dr. Walsh’s Residence at Constaninople.) ; 


Art. II. Domestic Notices. 


ENGLAND. 

Eneuisu Gardens visited by Foreigners. — Every year, we are happy to ob~ 
serve, increases the intercourse between British gardeners and those of the 
Continent ; and, we believe, the same remark might apply to the followers of 
most other arts and trades on both sides of the water. There never was a 
time when German was so universally studied in England, and English in 
Germany; and this is always paving the way for what will arrive, sooner 
perhaps than most people imagine, the prevalence of one language (? the 
English) in all civilised countries. There are now two young gardeners from 
Vienna resident in the neighbourhood of London, for the purpose of studying 
their art; one of them is the son of a court gardener, and the other of a 
nurseryman. The gardener of Prince Metternich, M. Riegler, who has 
studied his business for several years both in France and Holland, has just 
left the country, after having been here upwards of two months, and having 
made a tour to Oxford, Blenheim, Nuneham Courtenay, Stowe, Birmingham, 
Chatsworth, Manchester, Liverpool, and Woburn, accompanied by an inter- 
preter ; and the whole solely at his master’s expense. M. Riegler was much 
struck with Blenheim, Nuneham Courtnay, Chatsworth, and Woburn Abbey ; 
but, of all the places in the neighbourhood of London which he saw, he was 
most gratified with a view of Syon, procured for him through his ambassador. 
The establishment of Messrs. Loddiges also excited his admiration; “ the 
palm-house giving him an idea of the tropics, and the arboretum of an 
American forest.” The culture of the different nurseries he also speaks of 
as excellent; and he purchased about 150/. worth of plants, a list of which 
we have seen. All of them are of the rarest and most expensive kinds, and 
one of them at a price of 30 guineas. M. Riegler kindly favoured us with a copy 
of the notes which he made on his tour, with a view to his German friends ; 
from which we may probably, at a future time, give some extracts. — Cond. 

Kensington Gardens. — We have often felt pain at the idea of any particular 
class of society being shut out from places of public recreation or amusement ; 
and, from the locality of our habitation at Bayswater, the exclusion of livery 
servants from Kensington Gardens has often forced itself upon our attention. 
These servants, we know very well, are, as a body, lower in the moral scale 
than most others. They are idle, and pampered with food; and are conse- 
quently-insolent to all but their employers, to whom they are abject slaves : 
or, if they are hard worked, it is in attending their masters or mistresses, by 
waiting for them during the night; a kind of service which has a tendency to 
demoralisation, by obliging the parties to have recourse to stimulants, both to 
pass the time, and to keep themselves awake. Nevertheless, the way to lessen 
the demoralisation of livery servants is not to stigmatise them as a class, by 
excluding them from any thing enjoyed by the rest of society, but rather by 
making no difference respecting them. The time, we think, is now arrived 


Domestic Notices : — England. Gow 


in this country, when humane and kind treatment should be substituted for 
lordly tyranny ; and men should be treated as fellow-creatures, and not as- 
slaves, or as animals of another species. This treatment will soon become a 
matter of policy, as well as of justice and humanity; for, if livery servants 
are not admitted to places open to any one else, the time will very shortly 
arrive when no servant will wear livery; and, when once the art of coope- 
rating and petitioning is as well understood by this class as it is by some 
others, liveries will soon disappear altogether. However, our object, at pre- 
sent, has reference to the case of another class that are excluded from Ken- 
sington Gardens, and that is “ persons in homely attire.’* A motion on 
this subject was brought before parliament on June 5., by Major Beauclerk, 
on which the Morning Chronicle of June 17. has the following remarks : — “ In 
what other country but England, would the circumstance brought before the 
House the other night by Major Beauclerk have taken place? We mean the 
excluding from Kensington Gardens of people in homely attire. We venture to 
say that there is not a capital in Europe but London, in which it would ever 
occur to any one, that a poor man should not be as much at liberty as a rich 
man to walk in any place accessible to the public. + Fie on the invidious 
distinction! Major Beauclerk is entitled to the thanks of the country for 
drawing attention to that exclusive worship of wealth which is so excessive 
in this country. There are already sufficient advantages in being rich, and 
sufficient disadvantages in being poor; and, if we wish that existing rights 
should be respected, we ought not to add to the evils of the latter by invi- 
dious and unnecessary insult.” (Jorn. Chron., June 17.) — Cond. 

New and rare Plants lately introduced into the Liverpool Botanic Garden. 
— Cereus senilis, C. tunicatus, C. cinerascens, Optintia pulvinata, O. tomen- 
tosa, Mammillaria cirrifera, M. élegans, M. fulvispina, M. magnimamma, M. 
radicans, M. longimamma, Echinocactus crispata, E. cornigera or latispina ; 
Poinséttia pulchérrima, and a variety with yellow bracteas; the true Lopho- 
spérmum scandens, Meatzélia stipitata. A great many other plants have been 
received belonging to the genera Plumieria, Solandra, Yucca, Euphorbia, Pit- 
cairnia, Pancratium, &c. &c. —H. S. Liverpool, Sept. 5. 1836. 

Jersey, Sept. 4, 1836.— The vegetation of Jersey scarcely exhibits that lux- 
uriance and distinctness of character which Dr. M‘Culloch’s observations on 
it would lead one to expect ; and, compared with that of the coast of Devon- 
shire, the only difference striking the eye is the greater number of fig trees, 
(which are not generally larger than some seen in that county), and of pe- 
largoniums and fuchsias in the open ground. From what Dr. M‘Culloch says 
of Aloysia citriodora, I expected to see it generally cultivated, but I looked 
for it in vain in the numerous small gardens in front of the houses in the 
suburbs; and the first and last I saw was in the garden of a nurseryman, and 
not of an extraordinary size, though he said there are trees of it in this island, 
with stems as thick as his wrist, and proportionably high. That Jersey, how- 
ever, must enjoy a decided advantage from its insular character and situation, 
80 miles further to the south than any part of England, is evident, and is proved, 
amongst other facts, by the superiority of its chaumontelle pears, which are said 
never to have been equalled there, and sell even in the island for five guineas 
the hundred, for those of the larger size, weighing from sixteen to eighteen 
ounces each. But this high price, it must be remarked, is confined to the very 
finest pears. Those of smaller size may be bought for twopence each, or less, 


* One of the most original writers, and decidedly the first German scholar 
of the age, was once refused admittance into Kensington Gardens on account 
of his dress. ; 

+ This may be the case now; but, some years ago, no poorly dressed or 
labouring man was aliowed to enter the garden of the Tuilleries at Paris ; 
and we know an instance, which occurred about ten years ago, of a lady and 
little boy being prevented from passing through the garden, because the boy 
had a large cake, wrapped up in paper, : his hand, 

ss 


552 Domestic Notices : — England. 


and form by far the largest proportion of the crop; though it would not 
seem difficult, by thinning the quantity considerably, to increase the number 
of the larger-sized and more profitable pears. Some of the baking pears 
attain a vast size. Two which were exhibited at the Jersey Horticultural 
Meeting last year, and sent as a present to the king, weighed 96 oz. or 6 lb. 
each. Though the winter temperature is generally mild, it is occasionally 
severe. Last winter, Fahrenheit’s thermometer fell one night to 13° below 
freezing, and many tender plants were killed. The Jersey gardeners say 
that they cannot raise the Guernsey lily to such perfection here as in Guern- 
sey, but admit that this may possibly arise from their not giving such atten- 
tion to its cultivation. The spring having been unfavourable, fruit is dearer 
than usual. Pine-apples (which, as well as the finer fruits, are from gentle- 
men’s gardens), 13lb., 10s. each; melons, 1s. to 2s. 6d.; grapes, 8d. to 2s. a lb.; 
peaches 3s. to 4s. a dozen ; pears of good size, 2s. a dozen; figs, very fine, 6d. the 
dozen. One of the peculiar, and finest features of this lovely island, (surely, 
with Guernsey, two of the most favoured on the earth, having all that need 
be wished for, as to soil, climate, and position, forming part of Britain, and 
enjoying all her advantages, and her effective protection in war, while they 
pay no taxes, have no custom-house, import cheap foreign corn and cattle 
for their own consumption, and send their produce to sell dear in Eng- 
land, make all their own laws, and are, in fact, independent little republics, ) 
is the frequent proximity of fine trees close to the sea, so as to give a varied 
and luxuriant foreground of wood to the sea views from many points, just 
as in Italy. Some elms, which I observed on the south coast, overhanging 
the rocks, and not many feet above high water mark, presented their fully de- 
veloped and smiling faces to the sea, instead of turning their stunted backs 
to it, as we mostly see on the English coast ; proving how much more they 
suffer from the violence of the wind (from which, in this instance, they were 
protected by a background of hills and rocks), than from the sea spray so 
often accused, to which they were quite exposed, without having received 
any injury from it.— W.S. . 

Petits Pois Anglais.— At Caen they give this name, by which they call them 
in the streets, to the pods of a small white squarish kidney bean; but why 
does not appear, as it is unlikely that they should have originally received 
them from England.— W. S. 

Machira aurantiaca. — One of the seeds mentioned in Vol. XI. p. 313, 314., 
which were sent to the Manchester Botanic Garden, germinated, and is now 
a fine healthy plant. — A. C. Manchester, Aug. 31. 1836. 

Seeds out of the same head of fruits that were sowed in Mr. Dennis’s 
nursery, and in the London Horticultural Society’s Garden, have germinated 
and produced plants: the point on which information of the result was asked 
in Vol. XI. p. 314. has since been finally elucidated by information which oc- 
curs in Vol. XII. p. 210. 

Shrubby Calceolarias. — Between two and three dozen specimens of almost 
as many beautiful new varieties of shrubby calecolarias have been sent us by 
Mr. Atkins of the Northampton Nursery. The whole of them were raised 
by Mr. Atkins, who informs us that they are of a decidedly shrubby habit. 
The blossoms are of very great beauty, and include white, and every shade of 
yellow and brown, from the palest straw-colour to brown-black. Some of 
the sorts were raised, from Calceolaria thyrsiflora, impregnated with other va- 
rieties, and some from a new Chilian species of which Mr. Atkins has not 
the name. Those who collect this very beautiful family of what may now be 
considered florists’ flowers, may greatly extend the number of their varieties 
from the Northampton Nursery; and these varieties, being shrubby, and of 
vigorous and compact habits of growth, are much more beautiful and valuable 
than the herbaceous kinds, whether for growing in pots or borders. — Cond. 

A Yicca glorivsa, above 8 ft. high, and containing above 1000 blossoms, is 
in flower in the garden of Mr. William Muskett of Attleborough. (The 
Bury and Norwich Post, Aug. 3, 1836.) 


Domestic Notices : — Scotland. 553 


A fine Thistle. — There is now growing a gigantic thistle in Mr. Benjamin 
Sykes’s garden, Bradley Mills, near Huddersfield, which measures 8 ft. in 
height, 26 ft. in circumference, and has 27 branches, and 578 heads. (Leeds 
Mercury, Aug. 13. 1836.) 

A Tree of the White Currant, supposed to be the largest in England, is now 
growing in the garden of Mr. John Aplin of Thorncombe. It is 134 ft. high, 
a 4, a wide, and 15 years old; it is now in full bearing. (Morn. Chron., 

ug. 10. 

A new Species of Aphis has attacked the cabbage and broccoli plants in the 
neighbourhood of London; the best mode of destroying which is by watering 
the plants with equal parts of tobacco-water and lime-water. As every part 
of the leaves must be repeatedly moistened with this liquor, of course the 
cabbage and the broccoli can no longer be of any use as food, and the only 
use of the remedy is to prevent the insects spreading to healthy plants. 
(Report of Ent. Soc., in Morn. Chron., Sept. 7.) 


SCOTLAND. 


The old Vinery and Peach Houses at the Whim, the seat of Sir James Mont- 
gomery, near Edinburgh, are still standing, and are said to be the oldest in 
the county; they are estimated to have stood between 80 and 90 years, and 
they still continue to produce good crops of fruit yearly. —W. H. Oxenford 
Castle, August, 1836. 

Spruce Firs at the Whim. — Nearly all the fine old specimens were cut down 
about 25 years ago. I was shown only two upright trees, one of which girts 
at 14 ft. from the ground 9 ft. 7 in., and is between 65 ft. and 70 ft. high, with 
a straight, erect trunk. I was also shown one specimen, in which the points 
of the branches had taken root, and become young trees; but this was but a 
low tree. The centre stem is about 35 ft. high; and three of the principal 
branches from it have struck root at their extremities, and produced trees 
from 15 ft. to 25 ft. in height ; the whole mass of trees forming a thicket of 
84 ft. in circumference. In this mass is a Pinus sylvéstris, fruitlessly strug- 
gling to obtain a glimpse of sunshine. So congenial is the soil to the spruce 
fir, that it is not uncommon to see trees which have been blown down, having 
only a few of their roots attached to the soil, strike root from the base of | 
their principal branches ; which branches take an upright direction, and ulti- 
mately form fine pyramidal heads. Mr. Robert Young, my very intelligent 
guide, described one prostrate trunk in the distant woods, from which four 
handsome trees had arisen; the largest about 30ft. high, and the smallest 
about 20 ft. There is here a very fine spruce fir tree hedge, which, at a little 
distance, resembles one of yew tree. It seems to bear the shears quite as 
well as one of yew. — W. H. Whim Castle, Aug., 1836. 

Nettles. — In Scotland I have eaten nettles, I have slept in nettle sheets, 
and I have dined off a nettle tablecloth. The young and tender nettle is an 
excellent potherb, and the stalks of the old nettle are as good as flax for 
making cloth. I have heard my mother say that she thought nettle cloth 
more durable than any other species of linen. (Z\ Campbell, in New Month. 
Mag.) 

Peat Tiles. — We have seen a specimen of draining tiles in the shop of 
Messrs. Samson and Co., seedsmen, Kilmarnock, made of peat; they were 
sent there for the inspection of those interested in such matters, by Mr. Hugh 
Calderwood, Blackbyers, Fenwick, who has invented a spade which cuts them, 
one out of the other, in an expeditious manner. They are shaped something 
like a tile made of clay, and on moorlands will answer the purpose equally 
well. In such districts clay is not to be had, and the expense of carting clay 
tiles would be heavy. With Mr. Calderwood’s spade, a farmer may cast 2000 
or 3000 tiles a day, expose them to dry in the sun, and lay them in his drains, 
within a few yards of the place where they were cut, When properly dried, 
they are very porous, and will not be softened with wetness. Peats are often 
met with on moors which have been buried by accident, and they are found 


554 Retrospective Criticism. 


not to be softened or decomposed ; and an instance has lately happened (we 
believe, at Catrine), where a peat remained in the boiler of a steam engine for 
months, and came out as hard as when put in. We earnestly recommend a 
trial of this mode of draining to farmers who dwell in the moorland districts 
of our country. The adoption of such an improvement would soon make 
their moors assume a very different aspect, and contribute most materially to 
the healthiness of our climate. (Atlmarnock Journal, ex Scotsman, June 
29, 1836.) 
IRELAND. 


Yiicca gloridsa, in the nursery of Mr. Robertson, at Kilkenny, is now in 
flower. The flower spike is 5 ft. high; the main stem girts 3ft. 10im., and 
the space covered by the leaves of the plant is 12 ft. in circumference. The 
number of flowers on the spike is 700. Total height of the plant from the 
ground, 8 ft.—J. R. Kilkenny, July 30. 1836. 

O'lea excélsa, in the same nursery, is 30ft. high, having stood out, without 
any protection, for many years. — Id. 

Cléthra arborea is 7 ft. high, against a wall, having stood out for several 
years without any protection. — Jd. 

Upright, or Irish, Yews (Taxus baccata fastigiata). — Two upright yews, 
growing in the shrubbery of James Andrews, Esq., Comber, county of Down, 
Ireland, are about 50 years old: one, 20 ft. high, 40 ft. in circumference at 
the swell of the ground, and the stem 4 ft. 2in. in circumference near the 
ground; the other, 19 ft. 6in. high, circumference of the head 46 ft., and 
that of the trunk 4 ft. lin. near the ground. — M,. Andrews. Ardoyne, Belfast, 
May 9. 1836. 


ArT. III. Retrospective Criticism. 


Errara. (Vol. XI. p. 639.) — Besides correcting the mistakes already men- 
tioned in a former letter respecting my qualifications, I beg of you to put Dais 
cotinifolia, instead of Dais urticifolia ; Marquis Cusani for Marquis Casoni. In- 
stead of at Deris, put at Desio; instead of Villaresi, put Villoresi; instead of 
Villa Eravesi at Derio, it is Villa Traversi al Desio. It is not the Bumelia 
lycidides that is grafted on the Fraxinus excélsior, but the Chionanthus vir- 

nica. You say, in the sequel of the article, that the public garden was planted 
in 1820, by the late Villoresi, with Z%lia americana and 7. argéntea; on the 
contrary, it was planted in 1808, by Villoresi, but with the Zilia microphylla 
und 7’. platyph¥lla. — G. Manetti. Monza, near Milan, May 3. 1836. 

Arrangement and Management of Fruit Trees in Kitchen-Gardens. — Your 
able and intelligent correspondent, Mr. Robert Errington, will be glad to hear 
that. we of the “ profession,” in the north, are not only fully disposed to 
peruse his “ observations and suggestions (p. 126.) with candour and cau- 
tion,’ but that we have also the pleasure of informing him that the utility of 
those “ suggestions”’ has been proved in practice. We could name several 
places in this county where the table or Dutch trellis has been in use for 
some years, producing fine figs, pears, and the more choice sorts of table 
apples, especially at North Berwick House, formerly under the superintendence 
of a very scientific horticulturist, Mr. Archibald Wilson. The death of Mr. 
Wilson’s employer, however, was the cause of breaking up the whole esta- 
blishment; and, consequently, of putting a stop to the farther prosecution of 
all his truly interesting plans, which we in this country have cause to regret, 
as his example and success might have led to many useful results. He had 
commenced a plan of securing to us all the benefits of attaining early crops 
without interfering with the fruit tree borders (a practice now universally 
condemned), by having dwarf walls, with small movable lights glazed with 
the mere refuse of the glazier’s cutting-room. Mr. Wilson now holds a situ- 
ation as forester, at Worksop Manor, to His Grace the Duke of Noriolk, and 
he has a brother who is head gardener there. I mention this in the hope that 


Queries and Answers. 555 


you will be able to induce him to send you an account of his management of 
fruit trees. He recommends tiles for the surface of the border, instead of the 
stones alluded to by Mr. Errington. I had ocular demonstration the other 
day of the good effects of preventing fruit trees from getting their roots into 
a bad subsoil. At Riccarton, the seat of Sir James Gibson Craig, Bart., all the 
wall borders, except (1 think) the east and west aspects, are paved with rough- 
dressed stones, raised very near the surface at the wall, and sloping to the 
depth of 2 ft. at the walk. The trees on the borders thus treated are vigorous, 
and without a decayed leaf; while those planted in the common way are more 
or less mildewed. This struck me the more forcibly, as all our trees in this 
neighbourhood on cold and retentive subsoils are, this season, through want 
of sun and excess of moisture, covered with mildew, insects, and disease ; 
while the trees at Riccarton are in high health and beauty. Every thing con- 
nected with the garden bespeaks a spirited proprietor, and a skilful gardener 
in Mr. John Young. — William Henderson. Oxenford Castle, near Edinburgh, 
Aug. 1836. 

Soot and Ashes as Manures to Lawns. (Vol. Il. p. 470.) — Ihave never been 
able to apply soot so as to give quite satisfactory results; but have applied 
coal ashes very successfully ; if on rather stiff soils, without any admixture ; 
but if on more sterile or gravelly soils, with the addition of one half of fine 
garden or vegetable mould. The coal ashes must not be those from hot-house 
furnaces, but house ashes finely sifted. The first mowing will be a little 
troublesome ; but the grass roots seem to delight in the small porous particles 
of half-burnt cinders of which this mixture is composed; nor will worms 
work much where this is applied. I need hardly add that thorough raking or 
bush-harrowing is necessary, and I always add a little of the fol!owing seeds: 
Festica durifiscula and ovina, Agréstis stolonifera, and Trifolium minus, — 
William Henderson. Oxenford Castle, near Edinburgh, Aug. 1836. 

Objections to Pruning. — Mr. Ward (p. 407.) objects to pruning, and yet 
says, “ by cutting out in the process of thinning all those branches which are 
of acontrary description, you may obtain a due selection of the wood-producing 
stems.’ This surely is to recommend pruning. The fact is, by taking out 
every year not less than three, or more than five, of the largest and strongest 
branches of every tree, beginning always at the top, and cutting them quite 
close to the stem, you greatly enhance the growth of the leader. In short, 
any fool can plant a tree; but it requires a man of some science to raise 
timber. Suppose only four branches are removed annually, im 20 years 80 large 
branches are taken away, which would add to the bole both in length and 
girt; letting in sun and air to the plantations; and preventing the extending 
branches of hedgerow timber from injuring the corn and grass, and excluding 
the light and wind from the roads. -— Anon. Cambridge, Aug. 1836. 


Art. IV. Queries and Answers. 


Av’cuBA japonica refuses to grow, or to live, when planted near the stone 
sinks of a drain in the garden of a friend of mine: what is the probable cause 
of this circumstance ?-— R. B.S. 94. Great Russell Street, Sept. 1. 1836. 

Frogs wiil eat Wasps. — Is this generally known ? — Id. 

Two Crops of Grapes in one Year.— Perhaps your correspondent, Mr. J. 
Waldron (p. 356.), will oblige us with a more particular deta‘l of his mode of 
producing two crops of grapes in one year; and also, if there are any parti- 
cular sorts which he can recommend, his method of cutting, and the like ? — 
J. Watt. Colchester, August, 1836. 

Coal Siftings are used for laying on garden walks in many parts of England, 
near collieries. Is there any thing that will make them bind? Rolling has. 
no effect. At present it is impossible for a lady wearing light-coloured shoes 
to walk upon them, without getting her shoes soiled. —J. P, Dudley. 


556 London Horticultural Society and Garden. 


Art. V. The London Horticultural Society and Garden. 


SEPT. 6. 1836.— Presented. Distribution Géographique des Plantes Ali- 
mentaires; by the author, M. Alphonse De Candolle. Rapport sur les Tra- 
vaux de la Société Royale et Centrale d’Agriculture, depuis la Séance 
publique de 1835; from M. Soulange-Bodin. : 

Exhibited. Plants. Prenanthes Serpentaria, from Messrs. Chandler nd*s 
Son. 3 vars. of Lobelia, Echinocactus Eyriésii, Tropze‘olum Shilling, dahlia 
Trichécladus crinitus, Clématis Sieboldt:, &c., from Mr. James Young. Mu- 
cuna pruriens, from F. Perkins, Esq. Tritonia média, Hibiscus Rosa-sinénsis 
(single),*Zécoma grandiflora, and Passiflora insignis, from Mrs, Marryatt. 
Miscellaneous, from the Hon. W. F. H. Strangways. — Fruits. Russet non- 
pareil apple of 1835, from the Rey. William Corbold of Selborne, Hants. 
Muscat of Alexandria grapes, and a queen pine-apple, from Mr. J. Davis, 
gardener to Lady Clarke. Brown figs [a remarkably large and prolific variety], 
from Messrs. Colley and Hill. A Paris rock melon, from F. Hodgson, Esq. 
— Articles. Specimens of wire for garden purposes, from Mr. W. A. Row- 
land, of Prince’s Street, Chester. . 

From the Garden of the Society. Plants. Catasétum tridentatum, Técoma 
capénsis, Gladiolus blandus, G. psittacinus, Lobelia Tupa, Lupinus Cruik- 
shankswv, Scabidsa atropurpurea grandiflora, Escallonza montevidénsis, Ceanothus 
azureus, Phléx acuminata and seedling vars., China asters, dahlias, &c, — 
Fruits. Pears: Summer bergamot, franc-réal d’ été, deux-tétes, Heppel, Eng- 
lish Caillot rosat. Beechwood melon, grown by way of experiment upon the 
influence of water upon the quality of that fruit. 

Medals awarded. A silver Knightian medal to Mr. Davis, for the grapes 
and pine-apple; and to Messrs. Colley and Hill, for the brown figs: and a 
silver Banksian medal to the Rev. William Corbold, for the russet nonpareil. 

Sept. 20. 1836.— Evhibited. Plants. Guzmannia tricolor, Ixora coccimea, 
Euphérbia punicea, from Mrs. Marryatt. A collection of cut flowers and Con- 
volvulus italicus, from the Hon. W. F. H. Strangways. Magnolia grandiflora, 
from Mr. Kirke. Four stands of dahlias, from Mr. Chandler. One stand of 
dahlias ; ditto, seedlings ; from Mr. Hogg of Paddington. A new epiphyte, from 
Messrs. Low and Co. — Fruits. Apples: Beauty of Kent, yellow Ingestrie, 
Grange, Princess Victoria (a new seedling), Hawthornden, Monk’s codling, 
Keswick ditto, nonesuch, and Kerry pippin. Peaches: Rosanna (from an 
an old tree), French violet hative. Nectarines: Smooth-leaved Royal George, 
brugnon, Vermash, from J. Kirke. Plums: 24 Dove Bank plums, from Sir 
Oswald Mosley. 

From the Garden of the Society. Plants. Zygopétalum Mackaianum, Ca- 
tasétum liridum, Cycnoches Loddigés#, Stanhopea grandiflora, I’xia macu- 
lata, Técoma capénsis, Escallonia montevidensis, Scabidsa atropurpurea gran- 
diflora, Phacélia tripinnatifida, Linaria dalmatica, China and other roses, 
China asters, dahlias. — Fruits. Peaches: Bellegarde and Barrington (these 
are excellent for forcing, and are not apt to mildew), belle de Vitry, Royal 
Charlotte (Madeleine rouge tardive of the French), and the Royal George 
(Madeleine a petites fleurs), which are nearly allied, and are both subject to 
the mildew, like all other deeply serrated-leaved peaches. Nectarines: E]- 
ruge, violette hative, Pitmaston orange. Pears: Fingal’s, a handsome large 
fruit, with tender sugary flesh, and will doubtless be esteemed far preferable 
to Williams’s bon Chrétien: it was received from Mr. Dickson of Inverness, 
and is quite hardy. Waterloo, éclat. 


THE 


GARDENER’S MAGAZINE, 
NOVEMBER, 1836. 


ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. 


Art, I. Notices of Gardens in Yorkshire. By J. B. W. 


Srupter Royar. — Studley Royal, near Ripon (in the 
West Riding), is the residence of Miss Lawrence. The pleasure- 
grounds are celebrated for their beauty and extent, and by many 
are considered the finest in the north of England. ‘They are 
said to have been formed about the beginning of the last century, 
by a Mr. Aislaby, the proprietor of the estate at that period. 
A particular account of all that is worthy of remark in these 
grounds would fill a magazine; I shall, therefore, only cursorily 
notice the principal features. 

The situation must have been highly picturesque before art was 
called in to assist in its adornment: it is a narrow valley, or, 
rather, dell, with high, irregular, wood-covered sides, and tra- 
versed by a stream. Art has certainly done much towards the. 
improvement of particular scenes; yet the impression left upon 
the mind by the whole is, I think, considerably lowered by 
that art being made too apparent. ‘The road leading through 
the park to the pleasure-ground passes by the side of a large 
pond, into which the water from the grounds empties itself by 
a fall of some five or six feet; and on each side of this waterfall 
is an ornamental refreshment-room for the accommodation of 
visitors, to whom the grounds are open every day except Sunday. 
Several guides are also appointed by Miss Lawrence, to point 
out and explain to strangers the principal objects of interest in 
the grounds: this liberality, however, is only a small trait in the 
excellent character of this most estimable lady, who is said to 
distribute in acts of benevolence the greater part of an immense 
income. ‘The entrance from the park is by an iron gate, with 
some low mean-looking lodges on each side of it. As we pro- 
ceed along the principal walk, there is, cn the left, a tall screen 
of yew and other trees, intended to hide the view of the other 


side of the grounds and the water in the bottom of the valley. 
Vou. XII.— No. 80. TT 


558 Notices of Gardens in Yorkshire : — 


These trees are clipped like a hedge on the side next the walk; 
and, at intervals, there are openings cut through the mass, to show 
some striking feature; such as a statue on an island of the lake, 
or a temple on the opposite hill. An obvious improvement might 
be made by removing this formal vegetable wall, with its em- 
brasure-like openings, and substituting a more natural screen of 
laurels, and other free-growing evergreens. A singular and 
pleasing effect is produced by a steep bank, thickly planted with 
common laurels, the branches of which are pegged down so as 
to hide the whole of the ground; and which are not permitted 
to grow higher than about 2 ft.; the young shoots being cut off 
once or twice during summer: the bank is thus made to present 
a regular unbroken surface of glossy green. ‘The stream which 
passes along the valley is here expanded into a lake; and in one 
part, where there is a greater breadth of level ground, are several 
ponds, of different shapes, with statues of Neptune, Hercules, 
and other fabulous creations of ancient superstition, placed on 
the banks, or on small grassy islands. A handsome building, 
called the Temple of Piety, stands near these ponds ; and several 
other ornamental structures, such as a banqueting-house, bath- 
ing-house, &c., are judiciously situated in different parts of the 
grounds: one, an octagon tower on the summit of a hill, com- 
mands varied and pleasing views of the surrounding scenery. 
The walk from the temple leads through the wood along the 
brow of the hill; and here and there a glimpse of the lake, far 
below, is caught in passing. But the crowning object of all is 
the magnificent ruin of Fountains Abbey, which is first seen from 
this walk. A bend in the walk brings the spectator directly in 
front of the ruin: it, however, is not visible, until a door is 
opened in the back of a seat-house, which is built quite across 
the opening cut through the wood that borders the path. The 
prospect which then suddenly, and without previous warning, 
bursts upon the beholder, is strikingly lovely ; surpassing, beyond 
comparison, any thing I ever looked upon of a similar character. 
The abbey, beautiful even in its desolation, stands before you, at 
the distance of about a quarter of a mile. A green meadow, 
bounded on one side by a wood-covered hill and limestone 
rocks, and on the other by a loftier wooded hill and a brook, 
slopes gently from the ruin to a lake which seems to wash the 
base of the promontory upon which the spectator stands. But 
no description can convey an adequate idea of the beauty of this 
landscape: it must be seen tobe appreciated. Perhaps the best 
time to view the ruin would be at sunset, on a clear, calm, 
autumnal evening, when the trees had put on their “ livery of 
sober brown;” when the declining day and fading vegetation 
would be most in harmony with its fallen grandeur. 

The History of Knaresborough informs us that ‘* The fabric 


Studley Royal. 559 


was begun about the year 1204;” and that, when complete, it 
“ took up 12 acres of ground.” ‘There is a tradition that the 
monks resided, while the monastery was building, beneath the 
shelter of seven yew trees which grew on a neighbouring hill. 
According to the above-mentioned “bane, six of these trees were 
standing in 1809; when the circumference of the trunk of one of 
them was 26 ft. Gin., about 3ft. from the ground. Several of 
them are still standing. 

The park at Studley is just what, in my opinion, a park ought 
to be: extensive, varied in surface, and ornamented with noble 
trees; most of which, however, are planted either singly, or in 
straight lines. Some of the oaks are magnificent, girting nearly 
30 ft. From the arched entrance-gate the approach-road passes, 
for a considerable distance, along a fine, but now somewhat 
broken, avenue, nearly a mile in length, at the upper end of which 
a lofty obelisk has a very good effect. The view from this obe- 
lisk strongly reminds one “of that from the equestrian statue at 
the end of the avenue in Windsor Park. In both an ancient 
building (at Windsor, the Castle; at Studley, Ripon Minster) 
appears to terminate the avenue; for, although the minster is 
about two miles from the entrance to the park, in effect it is 
brought quite close to the end of the avenue. ‘There is this dif- 
ference, however: at Studley a fine view of the open country is 
obtained over the towers of the church, which stands on low 
ground ; while at Windsor the Castle is ona hill, and terminates 
the prospect. A toy-like building, called the “ Belvidere,” 
much like a child’s doll-house in effect, is conspicuously placed 
upon an eminence in the park. It is nearly all windows, and 
seems to be intended for a resting-place from which to enjoy the 
beauties of the surrounding landscape: in one direction, the view 
from this place extends over a space of fully 30 miles. 

The mansion is situated almost at the outskirts of the park, 
only a few yards froma public road. In style and character, it is 
entirely at variance with the surrounding scenery, resembling an 
overgrown whitewashed tradesman’s villa, rather than the re- 
sidence of the proprietor of a princely domain. Another man- 
sion was begun, some years since, by a gentleman to whom the 
estate then belonged; but, in consequence of his death, the 
building was not completed; and it has since been transformed 
into a chapel, sleeping-rooms, and (I believe) stables. 

A neat little flower-garden, containing some remarkably large 
laurels, beds of roses, &c.; an oldfashioned green-house, with 
upright front sashes, and an opaque roof ; and an elegant tea- 
room, with flower-beds of various shapes in front of it, adjoin the 
south front of the house. 

The kitchen-garden is at some distance from the mansion, but 


partly visible from it, and separated from the park by a low wall, 
TT 2 


560 Notices of Gardens in Yorkshire : — 


Like many old gardens, it has been made at different periods, 
by successive additions of portions of ground, as the more varied 
requirements or greater consumption of the family needed: for 
our homely ancestors seem to have been satisfied with a very 
limited variety of garden productions. ‘The principal garden is 
a parallelogram, divided into quarters by walks, which are mostly 
bordered by fruit trees of different kinds. I observed here (what 
I never saw elsewhere in the north) a standard Kentish cherry 
tree, loaded with fruit. The peach-wall, on the north side of this 
garden, is covered by fine young trees ; which, however, as is the 
ease in most places this year, have very little fruit upon them. 
A large green-house was built, a few years since, about the middle 
of this wall ; the front of the house is on a line with the wall; and 
the ends, being behind it, are not of glass; and this, in conjunction 
with vines trained to the rafters, causes the house to be ill adapted 
to the growth of plants. An original, but expensive, method of 
forming espalier rails has been adopted: iron rods, of perhaps 
half an inch in circumference, are stretched horizontally one 
above another, about a foot apart, and supported at intervals by 
iron uprights: to keep the rods straight, a framework of iron, 
sunk into a large stone, is fixed at each end. At one end of this 
garden there is a double row of pine-pits, heated by hot water 
and by dung linings: the latter are sunk into the ground, and 
covered with a framing of boards. A somewhat similar pit, but 
without linings, and heated by smoke-flues, is used for the growth 
of grapes. ‘The vines are planted outside, and introduced through 
the front wall. The entrance is at the back, descending by stone 
steps to the paved floor of the house, which is several feet below 
the level of the ground. ‘The vines cover the whole of the roof, 
and are pruned according to the system deseribed by Mr. 
Mearns (Hort. Trans., vol. iv. p. 246.), only Mr. Cuthbertson (the 
gardener) allows them three years to reach the top of the house, 
instead of two: the principle, however, is the same; and in 
practice it suceeds admirably, for the house contained an immense 
crop of very large fruit: in fact, the vines were overloaded, and, 
in consequence, the Hamburghs were not colouring well. The 
Tottenham Park muscat (generally considered identical with the 
white muscat of Alexandria) was in fruit in this house, as was. 
also the Cannon Hall and the white muscat. From a comparison 
of the fruit (full grown, and beginning to change colour,) of the 
three vines in question, I am inclined to think that the Tottenham 
Park muscat is a distinet variety, but less strongly marked than 
the Cannon Hall; and Mr. Cuthbertson, who has had the op- 
portunity of comparing the plants and fruit in every stage of 
their growth for several years, has no doubt whatever of its dis- 
tinctness. There is a sort of stiffness in the appearance of the 
bunches, resembling in that particular the Cannon Hall rather 


Studley Royal. 561 


than the white muscat, and the berries are longer and more 
pointed: it is possible, however, that these differences may not 
be permanent. 

Sea-kale is planted in raised beds, the sides of which are kept 
up by flag-stones set on edge: the plants did not grow well before 
this plan was adopted, probably owing to the shallowness of the 
soil; but now they are very vigorous. A large and commodious 
gardener’s house stands very conveniently at the west end of 
this garden; and a broad and straight gravel-walk, with flower- 
borders on each side, leads from the house to a door which is 
the principal entrance to the garden fromthe park. This slip of 
flower-ground separates the garden above described from twe 
other walled compartments, one of which contains a fig-house 
and two pine-stoves, all having vines on the rafters. The fig- 
trees are planted in a border in the house, and trained as dwarf 
bushes; and there are likewise trees growing in narrow stone 
cases, about a foot wide, and two feet deep, which are fixed 
against the back wall. All the trees are young, but they seem to 
bear well. Nearly all the area of the south division is occupied 
by a pond, stocked with various kinds of waterfowl, and having 
a small island in the middle, inhabited by tame rabbits and guinea- 
pigs. This division contains a very narrow vinery, used for 
early forcing, which, with the pit before mentioned, was formerly 
heated by hot water; but Mr. Cuthbertson found that, when bad 
weather made it necessary to keep the house closed for several 
days, its atmosphere became so heavily charged with moisture, 
that water constantly stood in drops upon the leaves of the vines : 
he therefore substituted smoke-flues. This defect, however, must 
have arisen from some other cause ; for water cannot, under any 
circumstances, penetrate through iron; neither can there be any 
difference in the nature or desiccative properties of the heat given 
out by hot water and by smoke, if the channels through which 
they are conveyed be properly constructed. 

Besides the houses I have enumerated, there are two fruiting 
pine-stoves: in these the bark bed fills the whole of the house, 
and a door in the back wall serves for admission, when watering, 
or any other operation, is necessary. An experiment is now 
in the course of trial by Mr. Cuthbertson, to ascertain whether 
bottom heat might not be advantageously supplied to pine-plants 
by means of hot-water pipes. 

An orchard, containing a great variety of the most approved 
hardy fruits, was planted, a few years since, by the present 
gardener, whose judicious improvements in most of the depart- 
ments of the garden under his charge are highly creditable to 
his judgment. The kitchen-garden, at the time I saw it, was 


in excellent order, and exceedingly well cropped: the pine-apples; 
ny US 


562 Gardens, remarkable Trees, &c. 


likewise, were very good ; and some of the grapes, especially the 
Black Prince and black Fr ontignan, were very superior. 
August 18. 1836. 


ETAT RST REG TREAT NTI 


Art. Il. Notices of Gardens, remarkable Trees, &c., in the Environs 
of Lichfield, Staffordshire. By Mr. J. Gricor, Lichfield. 


ELFORD Park, the Seat of Colonel Howard.— This garden is 
situated close to the village of Elford; and its good effects in 
stimulating the villagers to adorn their cottages with various 
beautiful creepers is very striking, and illustrative of the im- 
provement that might be effected ‘by having free gardens esta- 
lished throughout “the country. he proprietor and his lady 
both delight | in gardening; and to this circumstance may be 
attributed the high state of cultivation and refinement which 
the pleasure-gr ounds and garden exhibit. ‘The range of green- 
houses, Inowinemses &C., 4c very extensive, and BOnieime | many 
novelties.. Mr. Buck, the gardener, has discovered-a plan of 
fruiting the vine which he thinks will be approved of, and which 
he has promised to make known. Among the remarkable trees 
in this place is an oak, the trunk of which is 8 ft. 9in. in 
diameter; and a common hawthorn, diameter of the trunk, 3 ft. 
Qin., and that of the space covered by the branches 45 ft. In 
the shrubbery there is a Pavza flava of considerable size, being 
the only specimen of this tree I have seen in this quarter. In 
the garden of the Rev. Mr. Paget, adjoining this place, there is 
a remarkable hazel, apparently very old, the trunk of which is 
3 ft. 10 in. in diameter. 

About a mile from Elford Park are the remains of Fisherwick, 
the seat of the late Marquess of Donegal, now the property of 
Colonel Howard. By all that is now told of this place, it would 
appear that, in former times, it was kept up on a scale of extra- 
ordinary magnificence, resembling rather the pomp and pro- 
fusion of an ancient eastern princedom, than any display of 
grandeur that is to be witnessed in the present day. “The lodge 
still remains; but His Lordship’s mansion, with some other 
buildings, containing stalls for a hundred horses, were removed 
by the present proprietor of the estate about twenty years ago; 
and this place, which was once the scene of so much gaiety and 
splendour, is now occupied by a farmer. The garden has “long 
run wild,” and the shrubbery has become almost impenetrable. 
It contains two very large and handsome plants of the Rhodo- 
déndron ponticum: one is 13 ft. high, and the space covered by 
its branches is 27 yards in circumference ; the other is 14 ft. 
high, and covers a space of 33 yards in circumference. ‘There 
is a fine specimen of the Pinus sylvéstris here, with a smooth 


in the Environs of Lichfield. 563 


trunk, 40 ft. in length, and varying from 32 ft. to 3 ft. in 
diameter. 

Packington, the Seat of the Rev. Thomas Levett.— This estate 
is Permankcable for its avenues of old trees and extensive lawn 
It abounds with fine specimens, especially of oaks and elms. 
In the flower-garden there is a thriving plant of the Magnolza 
conspicua, which flowers abundantly every year, and requires 
very little protection during winter. In front of the house 
there are two very hermdlscnnae trees of the Acer Psetdo- 
Piatanus variegata, about 50 ft. high, and both of the trunks 
measuring about 3 ft. in diameter. mipnene is likewise an extra= 
ordinary spreading tree of the 7Axus baccata, covering a space 
of 68 yards in circumference. But, of all the fine ee that are 
here, the most magnificent is a Larix europee ‘a, which stands 
almost close to the ] proprietor’s house: it is about 70 ft. high, 
and the trunk measures 15 ft. 8 in. in circumference. ‘To “all 
the lovers of trees in this quarter, a sight of this larch will 
afford.no ordinary delight. 

Elmhurst Hall, the Seat of J. Smith, Esq.—The spirit of 
gardening, and especially in the department of floriculture, is in 
vigorous exercise here. A cast-iron conservatory is now being 
built, by Jones of Birmingham; and it is proposed to add a 
range of forcing-houses. A new flower-garden, with rockwork, 
&c., is to be formed adjacent to the mansion; and, from the 
many excellent improvements that are suggested, this place will 
very likely become one of the finest in the neighbourhood of 
Lichfield. It already contains a choice collection of prize tulips, 
pinks, pansies, &c., and some good American plants; various 
species of Magnolza are also about to be tried in the open air. 
It is pleasing to think that most of these improvements have 
been originated, and are superintended by a member of the 
family, who is particularly devoted to botanical pursuits; and 
who will, no doubt, use his influence, along with others, in 
the establishment of a public pleasure-garden in this city. 
he unremitting exertions of Mr. Towers, the gardener, under 
such favourable circumstances, cannot fail ae rendering this 
place conspicuous both for herbaceous flowers and shrubs. 

The Garden of W. Mott, Esq., Close. —'This is one of the 
most pleasant residences in the city, situated on the side of the 
Minster Pool, and close to the Lichfield Cathedral. The 
pleasure-ground is particularly well kept, and contains some 
handsome specimens of shrubs. At the edge of the Pool there 
is a Carolina poplar (Populus angulata), 70ft. high ; diameter 
of the trunk, at 1 ft. from the ground, 4 ft. 2in. It is a noble- 
looking tree; and, being in such a favourable situation, it will, no 
doubt, attain a still greater size. There is likewise a very old 


mulberry tree here, the trunk of which is 34 ft. in diameter ; 
TT 4 


564 Desig ns for laying out 


the branches covering a space of 45 ft. in diameter. This is a 
favourite tree, and it is carefully clasped with iron hoops to 
keep it together. Various little improvements are about to be 
effected in this garden; and it is in contemplation to build an 
additional range of forcing-houses, which will render the place 
complete. 

In the garden belonging to the Bishop’s Palace, now oceupied 
by Lady Oakley, there is a remarkable specimen of the Cérasus 
Padus; the trunk of which is 3 ft. 2 in. in diameter, and that of 
the space covered by the branches 60 ft. It is a handsome 
regular-spreading tree, flowering profusely every year, and is 
considered to be the largest of the kind in this quarter. 

I have visited the spot where the celebrated poet and botanist, 
Dr. Darwin, had his botanic garden: it lies about a mile 
westward of this city, and contains some good specimens of 
trees. ‘There was a cork tree of considerable size here; but it 
has disappeared: whether through carelessness or decay, I 
have not been able to ascertain. 

Lichfield, July, 1836. 


Arr. Il. A Series of Designs for laying out Suburban Gardens 
and Grounds, from One Perch to several Acres in Extent. By Mr. T. 
Ruteer. Designs 13. and 14. For laying out Two Places, each 
about One Acre in Extent. 


Tue design fig. 97., No.13. of the series, contains about an acre. 
The left wing of the building is intended for a conservatory, and 
the right wing for a part of the offices. The stable and stable- 
yard are on the right; contiguous to which is the melon-ground, 
which contains also a forcing-house, with a place at the end for 
the stock-hole, and small seed-room, or gardener’s reom. The 
carriage-road to the stables enters from the outside. In the 
flower-garden is a pond, and opposite to it a small rotunda, or 
reading-room: at each extreme corner of the flower-garden is 
analcove. ‘The kitchen-garden may either be enclosed by a wall 
all round, or, to save expense, a paling may be fixed next to the 
shrubbery. 

The design jg. 96., No.14. of the series, comprises also about an 
acre; and I have given this as deviating (partially at least) from 
what may be considered as in a strictly geometrical style (as is 

he case with No. 13.), and which, perhaps, by some, may be 
preferred. The stable and yard are on the left of the house, and 
are entered by a road inside the premises: contiguous to the 
stables, are a forcing-house and melon-ground, and a place for 
the stock-hole and gardener’s room. The open yard, on the right 
of the melon-ground, may be appropriated for a laundry drying- 


Suburban Gardens and Grounds. 565 


96 


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566 Designs for Suburban Gardens and Grounds. 


97 


ig 


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M= n= 


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ground, or for any other necessary purpose. At the farther ex- 
tremity, against the kitchen-garden, is a small reading-room ; and 
near the centre, on the south, is another erection for a similar 
purpose, if wanted. The open space at the right of the house, 
and in front of another room, is intended for a small bowling- 
green; or it may be appropriated for a children’s garden or play- 
ground. 
Portland Place, 1835. 


Season for transplanting Evergreens. 567 


Art. IV. On the proper Season for transplanting Evergreens. 
By Mr. T. Rutcer. 


I am induced to send you a few remarks upon the transplant- 
ing of evergreens, principally to elicit from others what may be 
advanced more decidedly upon philosophical principles than any 
thing which has yet come under my notice, as to the season of the 
year at which the operation may be attended with the greatest 
degree of success. Mr. Pratt (Vol. II. p.135.) recommends July 
and August; and Mr. M‘Nab, in his Hints on the Planting and 
general Treatment of hardy Evergreens in the Climate of Scotland, 
says, ‘‘ experience has taught him that evergreens of all kinds may 
be planted at all seasons of the year with nearly equal success, 
except from the middle of June to the middle of August.” (Gard. 
Mag., vol. vii. p. 78.) Now, although there is a total disagree- 
ment between the latter clause of Mr. M‘Nab’s statement, and 
the experience of Mr. Pratt, yet I have no doubt but that both 
of them may be justified in what they have written upon the 
subject ; and which is, no doubt, in accordance with their ex- 
perience, grounded upon the success, or otherwise, which each 
of them has had in the matter now at issue. Giving each his 
meed of credit, it follows that evergreens may be transplanted 
at any season of the year, whenever it may be convenient: and 
this I believe to be the real fact; that is, under peculiar treatment, 
according to the season when the operation is to be performed, 
and particularly where the plants are to be removed only to 
a short distance, and are taken up with balls of earth, and re- 
deposited carefully. I think, however, that it still remains to be 
proved whether there is, or is not, some particular season of the 
year in which they may be removed with greater safety than at 
any other period; and more especially when brought from the 
nurseries to perhaps a considerable distance, without balls, and 
where less care has been bestowed in taking them up than would 
be given by a gardener, were they only to be transferred from 
one part of the shrubbery to another. 

Proceeding in this enquiry, it may be necessary to consider 
the great difference there is between a deciduous tree or shrub 
and an evergreen. rom the former, I conceive that compara- 
tively little evaporation takes place during the time it is disrobed 
of its foliage; whereas the latter, by retaining its foliage during 
the winter, and consequently its Superficies, has evaporation going 
on during the whole year to a considerable extent; which must, 
I think, according to the generally received theory, be supplied 
by moisture from the spongioles of the roots. Now, when any 
tree or shrub is transplanted without a ball, it will, I imagine, be 
universally allowed, that the roots are always more or less para- 
lysed; and that it is not until they begin to throw out fresh 


568 Season for transplanting Evergreens. 


spongioles, that the plant can derive much nutriment from the 
soil. I think it will also be generally allowed, that the roots of 
a tree or shrub, transplanted in December, will remain compara- 
tively dormant much longer than if it were removed in March 
or April; and, if this be true, it will appear evident, that a longer 
time must elapse before the roots of the evergreens planted in 
December can give the necessary supplies to ‘counteract the in- 
jury sustained by evaporation, than in the case of the evergreens 
planted in March or April: hence, the evaporation is going 
on longer in the former case than in the latter, without obtaining 
fresh supplies to counteract its baneful effects. As far as my 
experience goes, I have found that evergreens planted without 
balls, in Decetaben: have, in numerous instances, lost their leaves 
by the month of March or April; and in very many instances 
the plants have died: whereas, by planting in the month of April, 
I have seldom had to regret the loss of any; which, I conceive, 
is in a great measure to be attributed to the short time that 
evaporation is going on, without a fresh supply of moisture being 
obtained by the roots. 

I am aware that what_I have now advanced militates some- 
what against the system which I partially recommended in regard 
to the pinaster (Vol. X. p. 497.): however, those observations 
were intended to be confined to planting near the coast, where 
there is much more humidity in the atmosphere during the winter 
than in situations far distant from the sea; and [am also inclined 
to believe that, owing to the texture of the leaves of the pine and 
fir tribe, a less degree of evaporation takes place with them than 
in the broad, and in some instances tender, leaved evergreens. 

It may not be amiss just to hint at the difference that exists in 
evergreens, as regards the degrees of succulency possessed by 
the fess of each; and | finrlle it will be conceded, that the 
more succulent they are, so in proportion are they the more 
tenacious of life; and, consequently, may be transplanted with a 
greater certainty of success. ‘Take, for instance, the Adcuba japo- 
nica, and some other evergreens, the wood of which is of a hard 
texture, and it will be found that the aucuba, under a less careful 
treatment, will suffer the least. I conceive it is upon the same 
principle that a willow pole of 12 ft. high, when stuck in the 
ground, will strike root and send out leaves, while the oak or 
beech pole, were the experiment to be made, would die. But 
to return to evergreens : when removed with good balls, I have 
never found any difficulty to insure success at any season of the 
year, when accompanied with a little care as regards watering 
during the hot summer months ; and, in one instance, I was very 
successful in the month of May, when the evergreens transplanted 
were in the act of making their shoots, and befere the length of 
these was perfected. These evergreens were drawn from the 


Lombardy Poplar in Italy. 569 


nursery in the usual way, with scarcely any balls; but a great 
deal of care was taken in watering them, and in shading them by 
day: I also took care to sprinkle them over their leaves with 
water, five or siz times every day successively, during the first fort- 
night after planting; and eventually I withdrew the shading by 
degrees, according to the weather. 

I have now only to repeat what I stated at first; viz. that the 
object of this paper is to elicit from others, upon philosophical 
principles, their opinions as to which is the best season of the 
year for transplanting evergreens with success, particularly when 
drawn from the nursery, either with or without balls, as it may 
happen. 

63. Portland Place, 1835. 


Art. V. Notice respecting the Lombardy Poplar (Pépulus fastigiata 
Desf.) in Italy. By Signor Gruseppr Manerrt, Botanical Gar- 
dener and Comptroller of the Administration of the Vice-regal 
Gardens at Monza. 


Tue Lombardy, or, as we call it, the cypress poplar, is not 
now so frequently seen in the Milanese territory as formerly; and 
the few that still remain there appear to have been planted on 
the banks of rivers and brooks, or near houses, for ornament. I 
have not been able to convince myself that it grows any where 
spontaneously, except in the garden of Conte Orrigo, as I men-: 
tioned in a former letter ; and when I wrote to my brother Luigi, 
to ascertain if it grew spontaneously in the province of Venice, 
he informed me that, although very fine trees of it are to be seen 
about villas between Venice and Verona, and also near the river 
Brenta, he never saw it grow spontaneously ; and that it is there 
always propagated by cuttings. 

I think that this poplar is a native of the banks of the Po; 
because, though it is cultivated to a considerable extent in Mo- 
dena, Bologna, and Ferrara, it is found in the greatest abundance 
on the banks of that river, particularly on the Bolognese side. 
A friend of mine, who has property on the low ground near 
Mantua, bas also observed, that, when the soil is dug up there, 
or when the river overflows its banks, and carries off part of the 
soil, so as to expose the virgin earth, a great quantity of black 
poplars always spring up, and among them many of the cypress 
or Lombardy poplars. ‘These seeds were no doubt produced 
by the forests which once covered the banks of the Po, the re- 
mains of which are still to be found in some places. In my letter 
of the 24th of last January, I told you that I agreed with Pro- 
fessor Moretti in thinking that the cypress poplar was a hybrid ; 
but,.since I have studied it more closely, I must say that I con- 


570 — Lombardy Poplar in Italy. 


sider it a distinct species ; because all the plants raised from seed 
preserve the characteristics of the parent. 

I do not know why those who make plantations of poplars 
prefer raising them from cuttings rather than from seeds; and, 
as I told you in my last letter, the agriculturists in Brescia cut 
down the plants grown from seed to the collar, in order to make 
the whole into cuttings. I cannot think this desirable; and, on 
the contrary, maintain that, if you wish a plant to have a strong 
root, you should give the preference to one that has been raised 
from seed rather than from cuttings. 

I wrote also to my valuable friend at Florence, Signor Palli 
Falbroni, secretary to the Academy of Geography, to ascertain 
ifthe Lombardy poplar was indigenous there. He informed me 
that they had only the male plant in Tuscany; and added, to my 
great surprise, that it was not introduced till 1805, by the Marquis 
Strozzi. 

The most beautiful of these poplars which I have ever seen 
are at Signor Milgi’s, at Belgioso, about four miles from Pavia, 
the oldest of which are about 80 years of age ; the largest, at 2 ft. 
from the ground, are 8 ft. in circumference, and the height from 
65 ft. to 70 ft. ‘This poplar was formerly much cultivated in 
Lombardy; and it grew so rapidly, that it was generally cut 
down at the age of 20 years; but our agriculturists, finding its 
wood of very little use for fuel or vine-props, from the fewness 
and slightness of its branches, have now nearly abandoned its 
culture, in favour of that of P. nigra, which produces large 
branches abundantly. I grant that its wood is not so good as 
that of the black poplar, but it will do very well for packing- 
cases, &c., and might thus save more important timber, of which 
a deficiency now begins to be felt. Its utility as an ornamental 
tree ought, however, to be sufficient to induce its cultivation ; 
and, as some of your correspondents have already observed (see 
Vol. I. p.17. and p. 117.), no tree is more useful in breaking the 
monotony produced by thick clumps of round-headed trees. It 
has always the advantage of not requiring very rich soil; and, 
where it has access to water, of growing with great rapidity. I 
can easily believe (as you say in your last letter) that this tree is 
found on the Himalayan Mountains. Bose (Nouv. Cours. @ Agri.) 
says that it is a native of Georgia and the Crimea, whence it 
was brought to Italy; from which country it has spread over 
Europe. We know that Zrigeron canadénsis is a native of Ca- 
nada; but it is now become so common here, that it may truly be 
called ‘ the pest of our fields.” 


Monza, near Milan, March, 1836. 


Further Notices respecting British Oaks. 7) 


Art. VI. Further Notices respecting British Oaks, and some Re- 
marks on the Turkey Oak and Scarlet Oak ; extracted from various 
Communications received from the Rev. W. T. BREE; with a Note 
on the Study of Oaks, and of Trees generally, by the ConDucTorR. 


I now send you a formidable phalanx of the long-promised 
specimens of Quércus sessiliflora; almost all of them from my 
own wood here, and all from this parish, or the adjoining one of 
Corley. When you examine them, I am apprehensive you will 
feel inclined to come to the conclusion, that our two so called 
species of oak are mere varieties; but I pray you not to be too 
hasty in coming to this opinion ; for, though there are sessile oaks 
bearing fruit on peduncles, and roburs bearing almost sessile 
fruit, there is yet a certain undescribable something about them, 
by means of which I can always distinguish each, without mi- 
nutely examining either the acorns or leafstalks. This you may, 
perhaps, think a very silly remark for a botanist ; but that I can- 
not help. Your theory (as stated in a note of Oct. 21.), that 
Q. sessiliflora always assumes a conical shape, and Robur a glo- 
bose one, will not hold at all, at least not with our Warwickshire 
trees. I can see no difference in this respect; one is as globose 
as the other: indeed, the general ontline of the two trees ap- 
pears to me precisely the same. One circumstance I have ob- 
served this season (and it is very stupid in me not to have 
observed it before); viz. that the young seedlings of Q. sessiliflora 
bear their leaves close to the stem, not on footstalks; so that in 
this stage they are hardly to be distinguished from Q. Robur. 
At what period they begin to assume footstalks to the leaves, I 
cannot say; but I perceive that trees of 2 ft. cr 3 ft. high, of my 
own sowing, have assumed that character. Q. sessiliflora ge- 
nerally bears small acorns (as you have remarked); but you will 
find, by the specimens now sent, that it sometimes produces very 
fine large ones. ‘There is a peculiarity, too, in the colour of the 
acorns when ripe: they have very generally a red or pinkish 
tinge; so that, in nine cases out of ten, I think I could distinguish 
one sort from the other by looking at the fallen acorns only. 

Dec. 5. 1835. 


A neighbour of mine, a professional gentleman, who is, or, at 
least, used to be, much employed in purchasing timber for the 
Grand Junction Company, informs me that oak timber from 
this neighbourhood weighs three pounds in the cubic foot 
heavier than oak from Buckinghamshire. This is a curious 
fact,if fact itis. It just occurs to me, that you will find some 
remarks of mine on Q. sessiliflora in the Magazine of Natural 
Fiistory, iii. 165. ['These remarks are as follows; and we recom- 
mend the reader to contrast them with those of Mr. Atkinson, 
given in this Magazine, in vol. xi. p. 83.] 


572. Further Notices respecting British Oaks. 


“ This species has no claim to be considered rare in this, or perhaps in any 
other, part of the country; but, except by the eye of a botanist, it is seldom 
distinguished from the Quéreus Robur. A writer in the Quarterly Review 
(No. Ixxvii. p. 22.) states that Quércus sessiliflora “is supposed to have 
been introduced, some two or three ages ago, from the Continent;” an 
opinion which, I cannot help thinking, is ill-founded. That the acorns may 
have been imported from the Continent, as the reviewer states, and the plants 
raised from them extensively cultivated, is extremely probable. The species 
itself, however, I cannot but believe to be an original native of our island, 
for the following reasons: — In some districts (e.g. in some parts of North 
Wales, and in the neighbourhood of the lakes in the north of England) it 
is the most prevailing kind, constituting, as it were, the staple growth of the 
country, almost to the exclusion of the other species, Q. Robur. In-these 
situations we should hardly suspect that the trees had been planted by the 
hand of man, nor have they that appearance; but, on the contrary, seem to 
be the spontaneous produce of the soil in which they grow. I have also 
observed, in various places, trees of the sessile-flowered oak, which, I should 
conclude, must be of some hundred years’ growth. In this county, which 
formed a part of the woody and extensive district anciently called the 
Forest of Arden, the oak in question is chiefly to be met with in woods, 
some of which almost entirely consist of this species, and exhibit evident 
marks of great antiquity, as well in other respects, as in the large hollow 
stools of oak which frequently occur in them. It is by no means an im- 
probable supposition, that our Warwickshire woods may, at least in some 
instances, be portions of the original unreclaimed land, existing now in 
nearly the same state as befcre the country was cleared to its present extent 
for agricultural purposes. The reviewer above referred to very justly repro-_ 
bates the practice of cultivating Quércus sessiliflora as a tree, on account 
of the comparative worthlessness of its timber. Where woods, however, 
are periodically cut, and chiefly employed as copse, and the oak poles (with 
the exception of such samplers as are left for timber) felled at about twenty 
years’ growth for the use of the coal-pits, the sessile-flowered oak, as being 
of quicker and cleaner growth, answers the purpose well, and is perhaps pre- 
ferable to the other. So at least our woodmen would argue, who have a 
common saying among them, that ‘a quick ninepence is better than a slow 
shilling.’ I will only add, that this spurious species will attain to a very 
large size, and is extremely handsome in its foliage. As a timber tree, how- 
ever, its culture cannot be recommended; and more especially ought the 
‘impostor’ to be extirpated from the royal forests and other woods which 
are to supply our navy.” 


The specimens which accompanied Mr. Bree’s communication 
of December 5. are as follows. Our own remarks are in 
editorial parentheses. 

Quércus sessiliflora, Allesley, September, 1834. Acorns fine, 
and growing in large clusters. [A magnificent specimen, 
nearly 18 in. in length; the leaves from 5 in. to 53 in. in length, 
with footstalks from 3in. to 1in. in length, and the acorns in 
clusters of threes, fours, and fives, quite sessile, and ovate in 
form. ] 

Q. sessiliflora, Allesley, September, 1834. Acorns fine. 
[The leaves not quite so long as in the preceding specimen, but 
closer together on the branches; the acorns in ones, twos, and 
threes, quite sessile. ] 


Further Notices respecting British Oaks. 573 


Q. sessiliflora, Allesley, October, 1835. [Very large leaves, 
and very small long acorns; one of the latter sessile, and the 
other with a footstalk of about 2 in. in length.] 

Q. sessiliflora, Allesley, October, 1835. Acorns large and 
fine. [The acorns of three times the diameter of those of the last 
specimen, and about twice their length.] 

Q. sessiliflora, Allesley, Oct., 1835. Acorns with a short pe- 
duncle. [Two specimens from the same tree. In one specimen the 
peduncles are 1 in. in length; in the other scarcely 3in. The 
form of the leaves, their yellowish-green and long footstalks, 
and the large buds in the axils of the leaves, leave no doubt 
whatever of the specimens being those of Q. sessiliflora.] 

Q. sessiliflora, Allesley, October, 1835. Acorns on a short 
peduncle. [The acorns in ones, twos, threes, fours, and fives, 
on peduncles varying from 3 in. to 1in. in length. One of the 
peduncles has an abortive sessile acorn at its base; two acorns, 
about 4 in. from each other, on the peduncle; and the extremity 
of the peduncle terminates in a large well-formed leaf bud. 
The acorns are long, and very much resemble those of Q. 
pedunculata. ] 

Q. sessiliflora, Allesley, October, 1835. Acorns small and 
round. {The acorns small in some cases, but with short foot- 
stalks in others ; the leaves of a darker green, approaching nearer 
to those of Q. &. pedunculata than in the case of any of the pre- 
ceding specimens; but, from their 
appearance, long footstalks, and 
large buds, a doubt does not for 
a moment exist of their belonging 
to Q. sessiliflora.] 

Q. sessiliflora, Allesley, October, 
1835. Leaves but little laciniated, 
and resembling those of Q. Robur. 
[Leaves broad, with long foot- 
stalks, pale green. Some of them 
with those round, flat, spangle-like 
excrescences on the under sur- >) , 
face, which are understood to be [//7 | 
made by the punctures of insects, ““* . 
probably some species of the LARS \ 

Linnzean genus Cynips, the gall Ele mh) 
fly ( fg. 98.).] = 

Q. sessiliflora, Allesley, September, 1834. Acorns ona very 
short peduncle; leaves with an unusually long petiole. [Leaves of a 
darker green, much narrower in proportion to their length than 
in any of the preceding varieties. (See fig. 99.) ] 

Q. sessiliflora, Allesley, September, 1834. Leaves regularly 
and deeply laciniated. [Acorns sessile; leaves deeply and regularly 

Vou, XII.— No. 80. UU 


AG 


WWW Yr 
ey Ni 


574 Further Notices respecting British Oaks, 


notched, almost serrated. 
A totally different speci- 
men from any of the pre- 
ceding ones. (See fg.100.) 

Q. sessiliflora, Alles- 
ley, September, 1834. 
[The peduncles 1 in. in 
length, in some cases 
clothed with acorns on 
the sides, and with a ~* 
terminal one ; some, also, 
solitary and quite sessile. 
A very handsome and re- 
markable specimen. The 
acorns long, like those of 
Q. R. pedunculata. ] 

Q. sessiliflora, Alles- 
ley, Oct., 1835. Acorns 
on a short peduncle. [The peduncle is 3 in. in length: the 
acorn long; and the foliage and buds decidedly those of Q. 
sessiliflora. ] 

Q. sessiliflora, Allesley, September, 
1834. Acorns very long and pointed. 
Sessile. [Leaves numerous, of a darker 
green than usual. A very remarkable 
variety. (See fig. 101.)] 

Q. sessiliflora, Allesley, September, 
1834. Acorns round, and on a short 
peduncle. [Leaves broad, and yel- 
lowish green. ] 

Quércus Robur, Allesley, October, 
1834. With acorns on a very short 
peduncle, and petioles longer than 
usual; thus approaching to Q. sessili- 
flora, yet a true Q. Robur. [There is 
something in the leaves, and their rather 
long petioles and large buds in the axils, 
which reminds us of Q. sessiliflora ; but 
still, taking the slenderness of the wood, the colour of the leaves, 
their form, their number, the small buds, and the great length of 
the acorn, the specimen appears to belong to Q. Robur pedun- 
culata. We have little doubt it is a hybrid between them. (See 
Jig. 102.) Mr. Bree, to whom we have sent a proof of this 
article, says, “ This specimen is from a genuine Q. Aobur, 
although in some of its characters it apparently approaches Q. 


33979 


sessiliflora.” } 


hee 7 
LNay 


| WD nv, 


160 


Further Notices respecting British Oaks. 575 


My Turkey oaks (Quércus 
Cérris) grow prodigiously : their 
bark cracks and turns back al- 
most like a broiled gizzard. 

Did you ever observe one 
character in the Turkey oak? I 
mean the large swelling, or pro- 
tuberance, at the base of thearms, 
where they strike off from the 
trunk (fg. 103.). The branches 
of all trees, of course, have a 
swelling in this part, more or 
less; but the Turkey oak in a far 
greater degree than any other I 
know. [Mr. Bree adds the fol- 
lowing remark: —“ This figure, 
having been taken from a very 
hasty and rude sketch, does not 
represent the swelling, or pro- 
tuberance, alluded to by any means so large and prominent as it 
should have done.” ] 

What I have called the scarlet oak Aries ye 
is the kind so called in the nurseries, Wve Ney Se 
and to be had in almost any; whether NN ee 
it is @. coccinea, I cannot say. I Ay Weep 

. A NS 

send you a few dead leaves of it. Va 
( fig.105.) It comes out in the spring, NUD 
of a lovely sulphur colour, and turns 
of a fine deep red in autumn, before 
the leaves fall. ‘The bark is very 
smooth, even in large trees. [We 
think the leaves are those of Quércus 
rubra; those of Q. coccinea being 
larger, and not nearly so deeply cut. 
The latter die off of a scarlet, and 
the former of a deep red. Fig.104. a 
is a leaf from a large tree of Q. rdbra, in the Fulham Nursery ; 
and 0, a leaf from Q. coccinea, at Purser’s Cross. ] 

December 19. 1835. 


KN hy 
; 


Tue foregoing observations on British ——— 


oaks show what a fund of rational entertain- ia: 
ment may be afforded by a single species of LS 
tree. An ordinary observer is apt to think i 
that one oak tree is, in foliage and acorns, ) ih 
just th her ; b ful and bt 
just the same as another ; but a careful an 


minute observer will never find two trees exactly alike in these 
UU 2 


576 Further Notices respecting British Oaks. 


respects. Let any 
person riding or 
walking along a 
road bordered by 
oak trees, or one 
where there are 
oak trees in the 
hedges, only ob- 
serve one tree af- 
ter another, as he 
moves along, and 
note the remark- 
able differences in 
the foliage, not to 
speak of the more 
evident differences in the form and general magnitude of 
the trees; and he will be convinced of the truth of what we 
assert. If he is a Londoner, let him walk from Hampstead to 
Mill Hill. He will see on the road side a great many varieties of 
Q. Robur pedunculata, and one or two specimens of Q. Aobur 
sessiliflora; and, at the commencement of Mill Hill, he will find a 
tree with nearly the same kind of leaves as Fennessey’s oak, 


figured p.497. If he afterwards should have access to the 
gardens of the villas at Mill Hill, be will find in them several 
specimens of oaks, remarkable both for their magnitude, their 
foliage, and their acorns. 

The stately and magnificent edifice used for a Protestant dis- 
senters’ school, built in the grounds of what was formerly the 
villa of Peter Collinson, and the garden belonging to which still 
contains many fine specimens of the rare trees planted by that 
good and truly patriotic man, are well worth seeing, and the 
stranger visiting them can hardly fail of being well received by 
the excellent and intelligent master of the school, the Rev. W. 
Clayton. Near a pond in these grounds will be found two 
specimens of Q. R. sessiliflora; and there are several American 
oaks in different parts of the lawn and paddock. 

The greatest treat, however, in the neighbourhood of London, 


—?-- 


Further Notices respecting British Oaks. 577 


with respect to British oaks, is, to procure admission to the Earl 
of Mansfield’s grounds at Kenwood. ‘There, there are a grea 
number of trees of the Q. &. sessiliflora, differing most remark- 
ably in their foliage and in their acorns; as we expect to show in 
some future number. There are a still greater number of Q. 
Aobur pedunculata, and various trees obviously intermediate be- 
tween this sort and Q. &. sessiliflora. We mention these things 
to show the inexhaustible source of gratification which a little 
knowledge of any subject is calculated to afford to those who 
will take the trouble of obtaining it; and the above remarks, 
though applied to the oak, are not less applicable to the com- 
mon hawthorn, and to many other trees. Knowledge, in 
short, is an inexhaustible source, not only of power, but of 
pleasure. In these notes we use the terms Q. #. pedunculata, 
and Q. &. sessiliflora, merely to show that we think them va- 
rieties of the same form; but, in practice, we think it quite 
enough to use the names Q. pedunculata and Q. sessiliflora. 
The study of trees has advantages over several other out of door 
studies (such as those of herbaceous plants, and insects), inasmuch 
as it may be carried on while we are walking, on horseback, or 
in an open carriage, along the public roads. What a fund of 
enjoyment, for example, is to be found in walking or riding in the 
suburbs of London, and noting the trees and shrubs which are 
planted in front of the suburban houses! It is curious to observe 
the rare species that are sometimes to be found in these gardens, 
and to reflect on the causes which placed them there. Most of the 
houses in the neighbourhood of London are built several at a 
time, and their gardens planted in like manner, by speculative 
builders. In order to plant the gardens at the cheapest rate, 
advantage is taken of nursery sales, of which there have been a 
great many every autumn, during the last twenty years, partly 
from nursery grounds being wanted to build on, and partly from 
nurserymen becoming bankrupts. At these sales, the rare and 
valuable articles are mixed with the common ones, in order that 
the former may sell the latter; and in this way, many choice 
plants have found their way into suburban gardens. Hence 
there is, perhaps, no part of the world, with the exception of North 
America (and we doubt even if America ought to be excepted), 
where so many sorts of trees and shrubs may be seen on the 
borders of the public streets and roads as in the neighbourhood 
of London. ‘The ligneous flora of the street in which we live 
exhibits a greater number of rare trees, than all the suburban 
gardens in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh put together (with 
the exception of the nurseries and the Botanic Garden) did in 
the year 1806. ‘This ought to be a great encouragement to a 
Londoner, whether he have a town or a suburban residence, to 


study trees. We scarcely know any other study, unless it be 
Vi y . M Ay; 
UU 


578 Further Notices respecting British Oaks. 


that of street or suburban architecture (which ought to go hand 
in hand with it), which may be entered on so easily by persons 
in the decline of life, and which even an invalid may partake of 
while reclining in his open carriage. For our own part, so great is 
the enjoyment that we derive from this study, that we think we 
can never sufficiently recommend it. Though we have been 
looking at trees all our life, and have known the names of all the 
kinds in general cultivation as long as we can remember; hav- 
ing also taken a deep interest in viewing them, and sketching 
them, not only in plantations in Britain, but in the native forests 
and gardens of the Continent, from Stockholm to Naples; yet, 
since we began to study them more minutely for the purposes of 
the Arboretum Britannicum, we can truly say, that our enjoy- 
ment has been doubled. We only wish we could get others to 
participate in it with us. — Cond. 

The above article was put in type at the same time as that of 
Mr. Bree’s (p. 533.), but was kept back for want of room. We 
have since (on Sept. 25. and 26.) had an opportunity of examin- 
ing the British oaks in the park at Woburn Abbey, of which 
there are a great many, both of Q. #. pedunculata, and Q. R. 
sessiliflora. ‘These trees are of considerable age, of dimensions 
varying from 60 ft. to 90 ft. in height, and with heads from 60 ft. 
to 90 ft. in diameter. The highest specimen of each sort will 
be found noticed in the succeeding article. Most of these trees 
stand detached in the park or pleasure-ground, and are remark- 
able for their fine developement on every side; the magnificence 
of their general forms, and the characteristic variety of their 
general outlines, masses, and tufting. Some of them, from age 
and accident, are only fragments of trees; but even in these the 
young shoots are of vigorous growth, and the foliage healthy. 
These trees confirm in a striking manner the truth of Mr. Bree’s 
doctrine as to the superiority of Q. A. pedunculata in point of 
picturesque beauty; more particularly where the trees stand quite 
detached, and where the entire outline can be viewed against the 
sky. On the other hand, there is something very rich and noble 
in the large individual leaves of Q. AR. sessiliflora, which are in- 
variably flatter, and of a paler green than those of Q. R. pe- 
dunculata; and the beauty of the former kind is doubtless greatly 
enhanced in the eyes of the botanist by its comparative rarity. 
In order to show the full force of the truth of Mr, Bree’s doc- 
trine, we have, with the Duke of Bedford’s permission, engaged 
an eminent artist to go to Woburn, and take portraits of a tree of 
each sort, which we shall have engraved, and published in the 
A rboretum Britannicum. We found at Woburn, as among the 
specimens described above, and sent to us by Mr. Bree, a great 
variety in the length of the footstalks, both of the acorns, and of 
the leaves; but we scarcely met with a case in which we could 


British Oaks and Cedar of Lebanon. 579 


not tell to which of the kinds, be they species or varieties, the 
tree belonged. This may be much more readily and certainly 
known by the colour, form, and footstalks of the leaves, than 
by the fruit, which is far from being always sessile, or of the 
same form. It is singular that no one had ever noticed the 
circumstance of there being two kinds of oak in the park at 
Woburn Abbey, till last spring. A great number of the trees 
of both sorts are now marked, in order to observe what difference 
there may be in the timber when any tree is cut down. It is 
generally considered that the wood of Q. R. sessiliflora, is of a 
paler colour, and more straight, or even-grained, than that of the 
other sort. (See Vol. VII. p. 83.) — Cond. 


Art. VII. Dimensions of Trees of the British Oaks (Quércus Robur 
pedunculata and Q. R. sessiliflora), and of the Cedar of Lebanon 
(Cédrus Libanz), now growing in different Parts of Britain and 
Ireland ; selected from the Return Papers filled up for the Arbore- 
tum et Fruticetum Britannicum. Published with a View to pro- 
cure further Dimensions, particularly from the Counties from 
which none have yet been received. 


Turse selections show the largest trees in every county of 
which notices have been sent to us; and they are here published 
in the hope of eliciting farther notices and dimensions. There 
are several of the counties which we know to contain much larger 
oaks and cedars than those mentioned below; but, as no specific 
dimensions or localities have been sent to us, we could not record 
them. Our object in publishing this list is to direct the attention 
of our readers to the dimensions given of what is supposed to be 
the largest oaks and cedars in the county in which they reside, 
or in that with which they are best acquainted ; and if they know 
of any larger, we beg of them to send us an account of their 
heights, the diameter of their trunks, and the diameter of their 
heads, or of the space covered by their branches. In giving the 
dimensions of oaks, it will be very desirable to have it stated 
whether the species is Q. &. sessiliflora, or Q. &. pedunculata. 
This can be as readily done from the leaves as from the flowers 
or fruit; the leaves of Q. R. sessiliflora having invariably long 
footstalks, and being flatter, and of a paler green, than those of 
Q. &. pedunculata. (See the engravings of the leaves of both 
species, in p. 534.) It is a singular fact, that it is not at this 
moment known whether the largest oak trees of Europe belong 
to Q. &. pedunculata, or to Q. R&R. sessiliflora. ‘To make quite 
certain as to the species, a leaf or two may be sent us in 
the letters containing the dimensions, provided these letters are 
franked. 


uu 4 


580 Dimensions of Oaks and Cedars 

To be in time, such accounts as may be kindly forwarded to 
us by the well-wishers of the Arboretum Britannicum should be 
received by us in the course of the month of November. The let- 
ters may be sent open, in an envelope to the member of the county 
in which the party writing resides, stating that we had suggested 
this mode of proceeding, and expressing a hope that, the 
object of the letter being of national interest, the national re- 
presentative, or M.P., would be so obliging as to frank it to its 
destination. ; 

In taking the circumference or diameter of the trunks, every 
forester knows that it would give a much fairer estimate of the 
timber each tree is likely to contain, to measure it at 3 ft. or 4 ft. 
from the ground, instead of at 1 ft.; but, the latter mode of 
measuring being adapted for young trees under 10 or 12 years 
growth, and our printed return papers having been made out 
chiefly with a view to them, we have considered it best to avoid 
any distinction in the mode of taking dimensions, lest it should 


create confusion. 


ENGLAND. 


Bedfordshire. — Quércus Robur pedunculata, at 
Woburn Abbey: height 75 ft.; diam. of head 
62ft., of trunk, at 1 ft. from the ground, 5 ft. 

Q. R. sessilifldra, at Woburn Abbey : height 

* 90 ft.; diam. of head 63 ft., of trunk, at 1 ft. 
from the ground, 7 ft. 

Cedar, at Ampthill: 55 ft. high; diam. of the 
trunk 43 ft., and of the head 80ft.; age 85years. 

Berks. — Quércus ? 

Cedar, at Ditton Park : 80 ft. high ; diam. of 
trunk 5ft.; age 90 years. 

Bucks. — Quércus ? 

Cedar, at Temple House: 45 ft. high; diam. 
of the trunk 23 ft., and of the head 33 ft.; age 
40 years. 

Cambridgeshire.—Oak, at Wimpole : height 60 ft.; 
diam. of trunk 4 ft. 

Cedar, at Maddingley: 60ft. high; diam. of 
trunk 3 ft. 9in.; age 112 years. 

Cheshire.—Oak, at Kinmel Park: height 30 ft. ; 
diam. of trunk 1 ft., and of head 20 ft. 

Cedar, at Kinmel Park: height 30 ft.; age 


30 years. 
Cornwall. — Quercus ? 
Cédrus ? 
Cumberland. — Quércus ? 
Cédrus ? 


Derbyshire. —Oak, at Foston Hall: height 60 ft.; 
diam. of head 66 ft., of trunk, at 1 ft. from the 
ground, 11 ft.; age 1000 years. 

Cedar, at Hassop: 24 ft. high; diam. of trunk 
13 ft., and of the head 50 ft. 

Devonshire. — Oak, at Bystock Park: height 
35 ft. 

Cedar, at Luscombe: 47 ft. high; diam. of 
trunk 23 ft., and of head 40 ft.; age 30 years. 
Dorsetshire. — Oak, at Melbury- Park: height 
60 ft.; diam. of trunk 11 ft., and of head 68 ft. ; 

age 300 years. 
Cedar, at Melbury Park: 28 ft. high. 

Durham. — Quércus? 

Cedar, at Southend: 30ft. high; diam. of 
trunk 1 ft. 4in., and of the head 22 ft. ‘ 

Essex. — Oak, at Audley End: height 57 ft. ; 
diam. of trunk 73 ft., and of head 56 ft.; age 68 
years. : i 

Cedar, at Faulkbourne Hall: 80 ft. high ; 
diam. of trunk 63 ft. and of head 100 ft. 

Gloucestershire. — Oak, at Doddington: height 
80 ft. ; diam. of trunk 6 ft., and of head 252 ft. 

Cedar, at Doddington : 30 ft. high; diam. of 
trunk 13 ft., and of head 60 ft. 


Hampshire.—Oak, at Strathfieldsaye: 90 ft. high; 
diam. of trunk 6ft., and of head 69 ft. 

Cedar, at Strathfieldsaye, 108 ft. high ; diam. 
of trunk 3 ft., and of head 74 ft. 

Herefordshire. — The Nun-Upton Oak, at Brim- 
field: diam. of trunk 11 ft. Oak, at Croft Castie : 
TORRE 72 ft.; diam. of trunk 10 ft., and of head 

4: ft. 
Cedar, at Eastnor Castle: 30 ft. high. 

Hertfordshire. —Oak, at Panshanger : containing 
upwards of 18 loads of timber. 

Cedar: 45 ft. high; diam. of trunk 2 ft., ang 
of head 42 ft. 

Huntingdonshire. — Quércus ? 

Cédrus 2 

Kent. — Quércus ? 

Cedar, at Charlton : 55ft. high; diam. of trunk 
4 ft., and of head 34 ft. 

Lancashire. — Quércus ? 

Cedar, at Latham House: 23 ft. high ; diam. 
of trunk 11 in., and of head 29 ft. 

Leicestershire. — Oak, at Donnington Park : 68 ft. 
high ; diam. of trunk 4 ft., and of head 81 ft. 

Cedar, at Elvaston Castle: 73 ft. high; diam. 
of trunk 4 ft. 8in., and of head 76 ft. 

Lincolnshire. — Quercus ? 

Cédrus ? 

Middlesex. — Oak, at Whitton Place: 75 ft. high ; 

diam. of trunk 5 ft. 
Quércus sessilifldra, at Kenwood : 60 ft. high ; 
diam. of trunk 23 ft., and of head 60 ft. 
Cedar, at Syon: 72 ft. high; diam, of trunk 
8 ft , and of head 117 ft. 
Monmouthshire. — Quércus ? 
Cédrus ? 
Norfolk. — Quércus ? 
Cédrus ? 

Northamptonshire. —Oak, at Shipley House : 
diam. of trunk 3ft., and of head 171 ft. The 
Gog and Magog Oaks, at the Marquess of 
Northampton’s, contain, one 1668 cubic feet, 
the other 900 cubic feet. 

Cedar, at Castle Ashley: 80 years old; has 
a trunk 4ft. in diam. 

Northumberland. — Oak, at Hartburn: 74 ft. 

high; diam. of trunk 33 ft., and of head 60 ft. 
Cédrus ? 

Nottinghamshire. — Oak, at Clumber Park: 90 ft. 
high; diam. of trunk 43ft., and of head 
72 ft. 

Cedar, at Clumber Park: 80 ft. high; diam. 
of trunk 3 ft. 1lin., and of head 44 ft. 

Oxfordshire. — Oak, at Blenheim: trunk 10 ft. 
in diam. 


in different Parts of Britain and Ireland. 


Cedar, at Oxford, in the Botanic Garden: it 
is 30 ft. high ; diam, of the trunk 1 ft. 3 in., and 
of head 97 ft. 

Rutlandshire. — Quércus ? 

Cedar, at Belvoir Castle: 30 ft. high; age 28 
years, 

Salop. — Oak, at .Kinlet: 101 ft. high; diam. of 
trunk 7 ft., and of head 113 ft. 

Cedar, at Kinlet: 27 ft. high; diam. of trunk 
2 ft., and of head 96 ft. 

Somersetshire. —Oak, at Brockley Hall: 80 ft. 
high ; diam. of trunk 12ft. At Nettlecombe: 
apie high ; diam. of trunk 63 ft., and of head 


Cedars, at Crowcombe Court: 50 ft. to 70 ft. 
high; diam. of trunk 6 ft., and of head 80 ft. 
Staffordshire. — The Cliff Oak: 75 ft. high; 
diam. of trunk 6 ft.; trunk clear to the 

height of.40 ft., and containing 482 cubic feet. 

Cedar, at Trentham: 60 ft. high; diam. of 
trunk 4ft., and of head 50 ft. 

Suffolk. — Oak, at Finborough Hall: 75 ft. high; 
diam. of trunk 6 ft., and of head 62 ft. 

Cedar, at Hardwicke: 50ft. high ; diam. of 
trunk 5 ft., and of head 43 ft. 

Surrey. — Oak, at Claremont: 76ft. high; diam. 
of trunk 42 ft., and of head 80 ft. 

Cedars, at Claremont: 100 ft. high; diam. of 
trunk 16 ft. Another, with a stem clear to the 
height of 100 ft. 

Sussex. — Oak, at Cowdrey: 60 ft. high; diam. 
of trunk 52 ft., and of head 103 ft. 

Cedar, at West Dean: 64ft. high; diam. of 
trunk 4 ft., and of head 80 ft. 

Warwickshire. — Oak, at Combe Abbey: 70 ft. 
high; diam. of trunk 7 ft., and of head 101 ft. ; 
age 600 years. 

Quércus sessilifldra, at Allesley: 60 ft. high; 
diam. of trunk 2 ft., and of head 50 ft. 

Cedar, at Combe Abbey: 47ft. high; diam. 
of trunk 4 ft., and of head 80 ft. 

Westmoreland. — Quercus ? 

Cédrus ? 

Wilts. — Oak, at Wardour Castle: 50 ft. high; 
diam. of trunk 8 ft., and of head 45 ft. 

Cedar, at Bowood: 60ft. high; diam. of 
trunk 3} ft., and of head 62 ft. 

Worcestershire. — Oak, at Hagley: diam. 
trunk 72 ft., and of head 36 ft. 

Cedar, at Croome: 100ft. high; diam. of 
trunk 5 ft., and of head 85 ft. 

Yorkshire. — Oak, at Castle Howard ;: 90ft. high ; 
diam. of trunk 6 ft., and of head 90 ft. 

Cedar, at Grimston : 12 ft. high. 


NORTH WALES. 
Isle of Anglesey. — Quércus ? 
Cédrus ? 
Caernarvonshire. — Quércus? 
Cédrus ? 
PILE ISIETE. — Cedar, at Llanbede Hall: 18 ft. 
i 


of 


Flintshire. — Quércus ? 


Cédrus ? 
Mertonethshire. — Quércus ? 
Cédrus ? 
Monisomergsiine — Quércus ? 
drus ? 


SOUTH WALES. 


Brecknockshire. — Quércus? 
Cédrus ? 
Cardiganshire. — Quércus ? 
Cedrus ? 
Caermarthenshire, — Quércus? 
Cédrus ? 
Glamorganshire. — Quércus ? 
Cédrus ? 
Pembrokeshire. — Quércus ? : t 
Cedar, at Stackpole Court: 38 ft. high ; diam. 
of trunk 13 ft., and of head 33 ft. 
Radnorshire. —Oak, at Maeslough Castle: 56 ft. 
high; diam. of trunk 7 ft. 
Cedar, at Maeslough Castle: 51 ft. high; 
diam. of trunk 2 ft. 8in., and of head 50 ft. 


SCOTLAND. 
Aberdeenshire. — Oak, at Gordon Castle; 66 ft. 


581 


high; diam. of trunk 3ft., and of head 66 ft. 
Cedar, at Thainston : 9 ft. high. 
Argylishire. — Quércus ? 
edar, at Roseneath Castle: 45 ft. high; 
diam. of trunk 2: ft. 

Ayrshire. —Oak, at ~ Kilkerran: 50 ft. high; 
diam. of trunk 4 ft., and of head 4 ft. 

Cedar, at Loudon Castle: 30ft. high; diam. 
of trunk 4 ft. 

Banffshire. — Quércus ? 

Cedar, at Gordon Castle: 33ft. high; diam. 
of trunk 1 ft. 

Berwickshire. — Quércus ? 

Cedar, at the Hirsil: 23 ft. high. 

Isle of Bute. — Quércus ? 

Cedar, at Mount Stewart, 13 ft. high. 
Caithness. — Quércus ? 
Cédrus ? 

Clackmannanshire. — Quércus ? 
Cédrus ? 

Dumbartonshire. — Quércus ? 
Cédrus ? 

Dumfriesshire. — Quércus ? 
Cedrus ? 

Edinburghshire. — Oak, at Hopetoun House : 
75 i high; diam. of trunk 3} ft., and of head 
60 ft. 

Cedar, at Hopetoun House: 68 ft. high ; 
diam. of trunk 42 ft., and of head 81 ft. 

Elginshire. — Quércus ? 

Cédrus ? 

Fifeshire. — Quércus ? 

Cedar, at Danibristle Park: 12 ft. high. 

Forfarshire.— Oak, at Monboddo: 55 ft. high ; 
diam. of trunk 15in. At Kinnaird Castle: 50 ft. 
high; diam. of trunk 4 ft., and of head 50 ft. 

Cedar, at Gray House: 60 ft. high; diam. of 
trunk 53 ft. and of head 65ft. 

Haddingtonshire. — Oak, at Yester: 89ft. high ; 
diam. of trunk 4 ft., and of head 70 ft. 

Cedar, at Tynningham : 97 ft. high ; diam. of 
trunk 1 ft., and of head 27 ft. 
Inverness-shire. — Quércus ? 
Cédrus ? 

Kincardineshire. — Quércus ? 
Cédrus ? 

Kinross-shire. — Quércus ? 
Cédrus ? 

Stewartry of Kirkcudbright. — Oak, at St. Mary’s 
Isle: 62 ft. high; diam. of trunk 34ft., and of 
head 59 ft. 

Cedar, at Cassincarrie: 50 ft. high; diam. of 
trunk 3 ft. 

Lanarkshire. — Quércus? 


Cédrus ? 
Linlithgowshire. — Quércus ? 
Cédrus ? 
Nairnshire. — Quercus? 
Cédrus ? 


Orkney and Shetland Isles — Quércus 
Cédrus ? 
Peeblesshire. — Quércus ? 
Cédrus ? 
Perthshire. — Quércus, at Castle Menzies; 89 ft. 
high; diam. of trunk 5 ft. 
Cedar, at Taymouth: 36 ft. high; diam. of 
trunk 123 ft., and of head 20 ft. 
Renfrewshire. — Oak, at Bothwell Castle: 59 ft. 
high ; diam. of trunk 5 ft., and of head 58 ft. 
Cédrus ? 
Ross and Cromarty. — Quércus ? 
Cedar, at Brahan Castle: 50 ft. high ; diam. 
of trunk 2 ft., and of head 36 ft. 
Roxburghshire. — Oak, at Minto: 70 ft. high 
diam, of trunk 4 ft., and of head 73 ft. 
Cédrus ? 
Selkirkshire. — Quércus ? 
Cédrus ? 
Stirlingshire. —Oak, at Sauchie: 107 ft. high; 
diam. of trunk 33 ft., and of head 63 ft. 
Cedar, at Blair Drummond: 46 ft, high ; 
diam. of trunk 12 ft., and of head 25 ft. 
Sutherlandshire. — Oak, at Dunrobin Castle: 
55ft. high; diam. of trunk 3ft. 1lin., and of 
head 63 ft. 
Cédrus ? 
Wigtownshire, — Quercus? 
Cédrus ? 


582 Most celebrated Oaks, Cedars, Larches, 


IRELAND. — LEIstTeER. Fermanagh. — Oak, at Florence Court: 80 ft. 


ini : 50ft. high; high ; diam. of trunk 3ft. y 
ary eas ok 1 fooana eres 58 on eas Cedar, at Florence Court : 36 ft. high; diam. 


Cedar, at Castletown: 28 ft. high; diam. of oa) trunk 2ft., and of head 30 ft. 


trunk 22 ft., and of head 50 ft. aQvan. — Quércus 2 
Louth. — Oak, at Dundalk: 90 ft. high ; diam. of Cedrus? 
trunk 32 ft. Monaghan, — Quércus? 
Cedar, at Oriel Temple: 33 ft. high; diam. Cedrus ? o 
of trunk 12 ft., and of head 28 ft. Armagh. — Quércus ? 
Meath. — Quércus 2? Cédrus ? : ; 
Cédrus ? Tyrone. — Oak, at Baron’s Court: 50 ft. high; 
Wicklow. — Quércus ? diam. of trunk 23 ft., and of head 60 ft. 
Cédrus? Cédrus ? 
aor. canes 2 Monsen 
édrus a 
Longford. — Quéxcus? Cai Guereus ? 
Cédrus ? S oy 
Westmeath. — Quércus? Ker Ye Queue 
Cédzus? : <4 A 
=; Cork.— Oak, at Castle Freke: 42 ft. high ; diam. 
) P) 
Sree OUn Ey. See of trunk Sft., and of head 36 ft. : 
‘ é Cédrus ? 
eee sCounty: — Quércus ? Wakcn (aria Quercus? 
5 é Cédrus ? 
lee Quercus Tipperary. — Quércus? 
Kilkenny. — Quércus ? w Gedrus ? ane , 
Cédrus ? eed . aa uercus 
Carlow. — Quércus ? eaxus 
Cédrus ? ConNAUGHT. 
Wis F 4 Leitrim. — Quércus? 
Down. — Oak, at Moira: 70 ft. high; diam. of Cédrus ? 
trunk 2 ft., and of head 68 ft. Sligo. — Quércus ? 
Cedrus ? Cédrus ? 
Antrim. — Quércus? , Mayo. — Quércus ? 
Cedar, at Antrim Castle: 17 ft. high. Cédrus ? 
Londonderry. — Quércus? Galway. — Quércus ? 
Cédrus ? Cédrus ? 
Donegal. — Quércus? Roscommon. — Quércus ? 
Cedrus ? Cédrus ? 


Art. VIII. List of the most celebrated old Oaks, Cedars, Larches, 
Chestnuts, Beeches, Elms, Ashes, Sycamores, &c., in Great Britain. 
Published with a View of acquiring Information respecting their 
present State. 


Tue chief object for which we present the following list is, to enable us to 
determine with accuracy whether the oldest oak trees of Britain belong to the 
species or variety Quércus Robur pedunculata, or Q. R. sessiliflora. 

Those who have studied Art. VI. p. 571., and the article on oak foliage, 
by Mr. Bree, in p. 533., will readily be able, on inspecting any of the old trees 
enumerated below, to determine to which sort they belong; and, if any one 
should feel the slightest difficulty, he has only to send us a couple of leaves, 
attached to about an inch of the shoot, in a frank. 

We wrote, some time ago, to the proprietors of most of these oaks respect- 
ing their present state, kind, &c.; and from most, or all of them, we have 
received answers of a general nature; but the object of this communication is 
to direct the attention of gardeners and botanists to the subject, so as to 
acquire some information of a definite and specific nature; and, above all, to 
enable us to determine the species to which the old oak trees belong. 

With respect to the old cedars, chestnuts, beeches, &c., our wish is chiefly 
to ascertain their present state, and, as is the object of the preceding article, 
to get notices of any older or larger specimens, 


ENGLAND, 


Bedfordshire. —The Oak at Ampthill is 40 ft. in circumference at the base ; 
and supposed to be more than 1000 years old. (Zime’s Telescope, 1822, p. 158.) 
Queries. Its present dimensions, particularly its height and the diameter of 
the trunk at 4 ft. from the ground; its present state in regard to health and 
vigour of growth; and whether it is Quércus Robur pedunculata, or Q. 2. sessili- 


Chestnuts, Beeches, &c., in Great Britain. 583 


flora. To enable us fo determine this for ourselves, specimens of the leaves 
may be sent us, in a franked letter. The Abbot’s Oak at Woburn Abbey, 
seen by us September 26. 1836; when we found it to be Quércus Robur 
pedunculata, in a vigorous state, and ripening acorns. Height 30 ft. or 40 ft. ; 
diameter of the trunk 6ft. or 7ft.; and supposed age upwards of 500 
years. The Great Ash at Woburn Abbey, Duke of Bedford, is 90 ft. high, 
the girt of the trunk 23 ft. 6 in., and the diameter of the head 113 ft. Cubic 
contents 872 ft. 

Buckinghamshire. — The Burnham Beeches, Lord Grenville. This beau- 
tiful tract of woodland is four miles from Stoke Pogis, and is celebrated as the 
scene of Gray’s poetic musings. (Zime’s Telescope, p. 76.) Queries as above, 
as to one or more of the principal trees. 

Denbighshire. — A yew tree in Gresford churchyard, near Wrexham, is 
29 ft. ingirt, at 5 ft. from the ground; height 52 ft. ; diameter of the head 36 ft. 
—J.E. Bowman. July 1. 1836. 

Essex. — The large Oak at Hemstead, is 99 ft. high; the circumference of 
the trunk, at 4 ft. from the ground, 51] ft. ; and the diameter of the head 100 ft. 
(Gent. Mag., March, 1802, p. 213.) Queries as above. 

Gloucestershire. — The Tortworth Chestnut, Lord Ducie, is supposed to be 
above 1000 years old; and it measures 52 ft. in circumference at 5 ft. from 
the ground, The solid contents are 1965 feet. (Strutt, p.85.) Queries 
as above. 

The Boddington Oak grows in a piece of rich grass land, called the Old 
Orchard Ground, belonging to Boddington Manor Farm, lying near the turn- 
pike-road between Cheltenham and Tewkesbury. “ The stem is remarkably 
collected and close at the root, the sides of its trunk being more upright 
than those of large trees in general; nevertheless, its circumference at the 
ground, as near to it as one can walk, is 20 paces: measuring with a 2-foot 
rule, it is somewhat more than 18 yards. At 3-ft. high, it measures 42 ft. ; 
and at its smallest dimensions, namely, from 5 ft. to 6 ft. high, it is 36 ft. At 
about 6 ft. it begins to swell out larger, forming an enormous head, which 
heretofore has been furnished with huge, and in all probability extensive, arms. 
But age and ruffian winds have robbed it of a principal part of its grandeur ; 
and the greatest extent of arm at present (1783) is 8 yards from the stem. 
From the ground to the top of the crown of the trunk is about 12 ft.; and the 
greatest height of the branches, by estimation, 45 ft. The stem is quite hol- 
low; being, near the ground, a perfect shell; forming a capacious, well-sized 
room; which at the floor measures, one way, more than 16 ft. in diameter. 
The hollowness, however, contracts upwards, and forms itself into a natural 
dome, so that no light is admitted except at the door, and at an aperture or 
window in the side. It is still perfectly alive and fruitful, having this year a 
fine crop of acorns on it. It is observable in this (as we believe it is in most 
old trees), that its leaves are remarkably small; not larger, in general, than 
the leaves of the hawthorn.” (Planting and Rural Ornament, vol. ii. p. 299.) 
Queries as above. 

An oak at Standish, near Stroud, comes into leaf every year in February, 
and may be worth your enquiring about. (W. T. B. Allesley Rectory, Sept. 
21. 1836.) Queries as above. 

Piffe’s Elm, according to Marshal, is the largest fine-leaved elm in the 
Vale of Gloucester. It stands in the road between Cheltenham and Tewkes- 
bury, within a few hundred yards of the Boddington Oak. The turnpike- 
gate, the fence belonging to which is “ fastened at one end to this tree, takes 
its name from it, being called ‘ Piffe’s Elm Pike.’ The smallest girt of this 
tree, which is at about 5ft. high, is, at present (1783), exactly 16ft. At 
10 ft. high, it throws out large arms, which have formerly been lopped, but 
which now are furnished with tree-like shoots, rising, by estimation, to 70 ft. 
or 80ft. high, with an extent proportionable; exhibiting altogether the 
grandest tree we have seen; not so much from its present size, as from that 
fullness of vigour which it now wears.” We mention Piffe’s Elm “ the 


584 Most celebrated Oaks, Cedars, Larches, 


rather, as it may be a tree in ages to come; and, standing as it does in a well- 
soiled country, may swell out to twice its present size.”’ (Planting and Rural 
Ornament, vol. ii. p. 430.) Queries as above. 

Hampshire. — Burley Lodge, Lord Bolton; a group of 12 oaks, here, is 
known by the name of the “Twelve Apostles.” The largest of them is 74 
yards in circumference. (Strutt, p. 54.) Queries as above. 

The Maple in Boldre churchyard is 45 ft. high, and 12 ft. in circumference 
at the ground. This is considered the largest maple in England. (Zd., p. 126.) 
Queries as before. 

A yew tree in Warblington churchyard, near Portsmouth, is 26 ft. in cir- 
cumference; another, at Loose, 29ft.in circumference. (Mirror, vol. xxv. 
p- 120.) Queries as above. 

Herefordshire. — The Moccas Park Oak, on the banks of the Wye, Sir 
George Amyand Cornewall, Bart., is 36 ft. in girt, at 3ft. from the ground. 
(Strutt, p. 26.) Queries as above. ‘ 

Hertfordshire. — The great Oak at Panshanger, Earl Cowper, is 19 ft. in 
circumference at 3ft. from the ground; and contained, in 1830, 1000 ft. of 
timber, and was still in a thriving state. (Id. p. 7.) Queries as above. 

The lime tree in Moor Park, the Marquess of Westminster, has 19 large 
branches striking out horizontally, at 9 ft. from the ground, to the length of 
from 67 ft. to 71 ft.; its circumference on the ground is 23ft., and the diameter 
ofthe head 122ft.; height 100 ft.; contents 875 cubic feet. (Zd., p. 94.) This 
tree, the Marquess of Westminster informs us, is still ina most vigorous state. 

A spruce fir of remarkable form has been kindly pointed out to us by the 
marquess, and we have sent an artist to make a sketch of it. 

Kent. — The oaks in Fredville Park, J. Plumtree, Esq. “ Majesty,” the 
largest, is 28 ft. in circumference at 8 ft. from the ground, and contains above 
1400 ft. of timber. “ Stately,’ the next in point of size, is a noble specimen 
of the tall oak, the stem going up straight and clean to the height of 70 ft.; 
girt, 18 ft.; contents above 500 feet. “ Beauty,” 16 ft. in circumference ; 
solid contents nearly the same. (Jd., p. 52.) Queries as above. 

Sir Phillip Sidney’s Oak, at Penshurst, was “planted at the birth of Sir 
Philip Sidney; a name dear alike to valour and the Muses, consecrated by 
every virtue that could adorn private life, and graced with talents that rendered 
their possessor the admiration of Europe.” (Id., p. 49.) Queries as above. 

An ash, on a wall which forms part of the rums of Saltwood Castle, near 
Hythe, presents the singular appearance of the root running horizontally along 
the wall to the extent of about 4 ft.; it then strikes down perpendicularly, 
outside the wall, for about 9 ft., which is the height of the wall, and it 
enters the ground at its base. Another large root proceeds from the base of 
the trunk, and enters the wall there, where it divides into numerous ramifi- 
cations, which, penetrating into the crevices of the stonework, would probably 
have demolished it, but for the ivy which holds it together. (Gent. Mag., 
vol. Ixxxv. part i., for 1815, p. 577.) | We should be glad to have the dimen- 
sions, and an account of the present state of this tree, if it still exists; and 
also a sketch of it drawn to a scale. 

The Chipstead Elm, Chipstead Place, George Polhill, Esq., is 60 ft. high; 
20 ft. in circumference at the base; and contains 268 cubic feet of timber. 
(Strutt, p. 60.) Mr. Polhill informs us that this tree, which is now the property 
of Frederick Parkins, Esq., died in the spring of 1836, and in September was 
standing “a monument of what it was, but leafless.” 

At Cobham Hall, is an ancient chestnut, calied the “ Four Sisters,” from its 
four branching stems closely combined in one massive trunk. It is 35 ft. in 
circumference at the ground, and 40 ft. at the point where the trunk divides. 
(id., p. 88.) Not far from the Four Sisters, is the Fallen Chestnut. (Jd., p. 90.) 
Queries as above. 

The yew tree in Leeds churchyard is 31 ft. 2in. in girt; height 32 ft.; and 
the diameter of the head 50 ft. In 1833, some gipsies were residing in it. 
( Maror, vol. xxv. p. 120.) Queries as above. 


Chestnuts, Beeches, &c., in Great Britain. 585 


The plane tree (Platanus) at Lee Court, near Blackheath, is 65 ft. high; 
the circumference of the trunk, at 6 ft. from the ground, 14 ft.; and the cubic 
contents 300 ft. (Strutt, p. 112.) Queries as above. 

Evelyn, speaking of a visit to his “good neighbour” Mr. Bohun, at his 
elegant villa and garden at Lee, Sept. 16. 1683, says, “ He showed me the 
zinnar tree, or platanus; and told me that, since they had planted this kind 
of tree about the city of Ispahan, in Persia, the plague, which formerly 
much infested the place, had exceedingly abated of its mortal effects, and 
rendered it very healthy.” (Evelyn’s Memoirs, vol. i. p. 525.) “ Lee Court 
remains at present much in the state in which it was during Evelyn’s time; 
and the idea of this plane tree having been examined by him with curiosity 
and interest, as one of the first introduced into this country, is sufficient to 
give it value in the eyes of all who are acquainted with his admirable genius 
and virtues, independent of the attraction which it may boast in its own 
beauty.” (Strutt’s Syl. Brit., p. 113.) 

Lincolnshire. — The horsechestnut, at Burleigh, the Marquess of Exeter, 
is in height 60 ft.; the circumference of the trunk, at 4 ft. from the ground, 
is 10 ft., and the diameter of head 61 ft. (Id., p. 88.) Queries as above. 

Middlesexr.— The Chandos Oak, at Michendon House, at Southgate, the 
Duke of Buckingham, is 18 ft. in circumference at 1 ft. from the ground ; and 
at 3ft., 15 ft. 9in.: the height of the stem to the branches is 8 ft. It is 
60 ft. high, and the diameter of the head is 118 ft. (Id., p. 12.) Queries as 
above. 

The Harlington Yew.—In the Gentleman’s Magazine for May, 1808, 
p- 385., there is a print of Harlington Church, Middlesex; on the left hand 
side of which is represented a part of the old yew tree, somewhat altered in 
shape since the print of 1729, of which we gave a fig. in p. 246. The tops 
of some other trees, probably yews also, are seen to rise above the roof of 
the church. These, if we may judge from one which is seen at the north-west 
corner of the building, were kept cut somewhat after the same fashion as the 
large one, their tops only being left to take their natural growth.—W. Baxter. 
Oxford Botanic Garden, Oct. 3. 1836. 

The Great Cedar, at Hammersmith, is 59 ft. high; the diameter of the 
trunk 54 ft., and of the head 80 ft. (Strut, p.187.) We saw this cedar on 
Aug. 11., soon after the house to which it belonged was pulled down, and the 
eround sold in lots for building on. The tree either is, or doubtless will be, 
felled ; but we have preserved a figure of it in the Arboretum Britannicum. 

The two cedars in the Chelsea Botanic Garden are from 50 ft. to 60 ft. 
high, with trunks 12 ft. in circumference, and the diameter of the head 40 ft. 

The Enfield Cedar, Manor House, Enfield, Dr. May, is said to have been 
raised from a seed brought from Mount Libanus, by a pupil of Dr. Uvedale, 
who was the founder of the school, and who died at Enfield in 1722. In 
1821, it was 64 ft. high; the circumference of the trunk, at 1 ft. from the 
ground, was 17 ft.; and it contained 548 cubic feet of timber, exclusive of 
the branches. (Strutt, p. 105.) We sent, in Nov., 1835, to get the dimensions 
of this tree, which at that time was 64 ft. high, and the trunk measured 16 ft. 
in circumference at 3 ft. from the ground. The tree was beginning to decay, 
and had lost a large branch. (See Ard. Brit., p. 48.) 

The yew tree at Ankerwyke, J. Blagrove, Esq., is 27 ft. in girt at 3 ft. 
from the ground. At 8 ft. high, five large branches shoot out horizontally, 
which average 54 ft. in girt. (Strutt, p.118:) Queries as above. 

The Great Beech in Windsor Forest, in the neighbourhood of Sunninghill, 
presents the remains of surpassing grandeur, and is evidently of great an- 
tiquity. (Id., p. 74.) Queries as above. 

Norfolk. The Winfarthing Old Oak.—In 1820, this tree measured, at 
the extremity of the roots, 70 ft. in circumference; in the middle of the 
trunk, about 6 ft. from the ground, 40 ft. in circumference. Mr. Samuel 
Taylor, who sent us a beautiful portrait of this oak, from which jig. 106., to 
the scale of lin. to 12 ft., has been engraved, accompanied the drawing by the 


586 Most celebrated Oaks, Cedars, Larches, 


following observations : — “ Of the age of this remarkable tree I regret to be 
unable to give any correct data. I remember, when a boy, hearing that it was 
called the Old Oak at the time of the Conquest ; but on what authority I 
never could learn. Nevertheless, the thing is not impossible, if the specula- 
tions of certain writers on the ages of trees be at all correct. Thomas South, 
Esq., in a letter to the Bath Society (published in their Papers, vol. x.) 
says, that ‘a tree which, at 300 years old, was sound, and 5 ft. in diameter, 
would, if left to perish gradually, in its thousandth year, become a shell of 
10 ft. in diameter.’ ‘ Upon this calculation, 47 ft. in circumference cannot be 
less than 1500 years old.’ ‘It is equally probable,’ says Mr. Strutt, in his 
Sylva Britannica (p. 20.), ‘that it should be more. Mr. Marsham calculated 
the Bentley Oak to be 1500 years old when it was 34 ft. in circumference.’ 
An inscription on a brass plate affixed to the Winfarthing Oak gives us the 
following as its dimensions : —‘ This oak is in circumference, at the extremity 
of the roots, '70 ft.; in the middle 40 ft. 1820.2 Now, I see no reason, if 
the size of the rind is to be any criterion of age, why the Winfarthing Oak 
should not at least equal the Bentley Oak; and, if so, it would be upwards 
of 700 years old at the time of the Conquest; an age which might very well 
justify its then title of the ‘Old Oak.’ It is now a mere shell—a mighty 
ruin, ‘ bleached to a snowy white;’ but it is magnificent in its decay; and I 
do wonder much that Mr. Strutt should have omitted it in his otherwise 
satisfactory list of Tree-worthies. The only mark of vitality it exhibits is 
on the south side, where a narrow strip of bark sends forth the few branches 
shown in the drawing, which even now occasionally produce acorns. It is 
said to be very much altered of late; but I own I did not think so when I 
saw it about a month ago (May, 1836), and my acquaintance with the 
veteran is of more than 40 years’ standing ; an important portion of my life, 
but a mere span of its own!??—S. Taylor. Whittington, near Stokeferry, 
Norfolk, June 24. 1836. This is the Q. R. pedunculata. 

Northamptonshire. — The Gog and Magog Oaks, in Yardley Forest, Mar- 
quess of Northampton. The largest of them, Gog, measures 38 ft. at the 


Chestnuts, Beeches, &c., in Great Britain. 587 


roots, is 58 ft. high, and contains 1668 ft. of solid timber. Magog is more 
imposing in dimensions, measuring 54 ft, 4in. in girt at the ground, and 
31ft. 3in. at 3ft. from the ground; height 49ft.: its solid contents are 
912 ft. 10 in. (Struét, p.50.) Our correspondent Mr. Monro, late of the Brechin 
Nursery, but now the Marquess’s forester, informs us that the trees are in 
good health, and that they are of the kind Quércus Robur pedunculata. 

The Salcey Forest Oak, Earl of Euston. Circumference at the bottom 
46 ft. 10in.; at one yard, 39 ft. 10in. Circumference within the trunk, near 
the ground, 29 ft., and at one yard, 24 ft. 7in.; height within the hollow 
14 ft. 8in.; height of the tree itself 39 ft. Calculated to be 1500 years old. 
(Id., p. 18.) Queries as above. 

Nottinghamshire. — The Greendale Oak, in the Park of Welbeck, His 
Grace the Duke of Portland, is 35 ft. in circumference; height to the top 
branch 54 ft. (Id., p. 39.) Queries as above. 

Oxfordshire. — The Wootton Oak, at Wootton under Bern Wood, the Duke 
of Buckingham. Height 90 ft.; diameter of the head 150 ft.; of the trunk, at 
1 ft. from the ground, 83 ft., and at 12 ft., 5 ft. (Id., p. 10.) Queries as above. 

Elms, at Mongewell, Bishop of Durham. ~The principal tree among them 
is 79 ft. in height; 14 ft. in girt, at 3 ft. from the ground; and the diameter 
of the trunk is 65 ft. (Jd., p. 65.) Queries as above. We saw these trees 
in 1833, and they were then in good health; but we have known elms about 
London, apparently as vigorous as those about Mongewell, which have died 
during the last winter, 

Joe Pullen’s Elm, or, as it is commonly called, Joe Pullen’s Tree, stands 
on the top of Headington Hill, about half a mile from Oxford. It was 
the favourite tree of Josiah Pullen, Vice-President of Magdalen Hall, who 
died in 1814. (Memorials of Oxford, No. xxxiii. p. 13.) Mr. Baxter, the 
curator of the Oxford Botanic Garden, has kindly informed us that this tree, 
in Sept. 1836, is about 80 ft. high; the diameter of the trunk 6ft., and of 
the head 55 ft.; and that it is in a state of vigorous growth. 

The yew in Iffley Churchyard is 22 ft. high; the girt of the trunk, at 
2 ft. from the ground, 20 ft.; and the diameter of the head 25 ft. The trunk 
is now little more than a shell, with an opening 4: ft. square on the east side. 
— W. Baxter. Oxford, Oct. 3. 1836. 

Shropshire. — The Shelton Oak, known by the appellation of “ Owen 
Glendower’s Observatory,” stands on the road side, about one mile and a half 
from Shrewsbury. The cavity of the trunk is capable of holding at least 
half a score of persons. (Strutt, p. 42.) Queries as above. Mr. Dovaston has 
promised us a drawing and description of this tree. 

Staffordshire. — The Squitch Bank Oak, in Bagot’s Park, Lord Bagot, is 
43 ft. in circumference at the roots; and at 5 ft. from the ground, 21 ft. 9 in. 
The butt contains 660 cubic feet of timber. Height 61 ft. (Jd, p. 14.) 
Queries as above. 

The Beggar’s Oak, in Bagot’s Park, is 20 ft. in circumference at 5 ft. from 
the ground: the diameter of the head is 148 ft. It contains 877 cubic feet 
of timber, which, together with the bark, would, in 1812, have produced 
202/. 14s. 9d. (Id., p. 16.) Queries as above. 

The Swilcar Lawn Oak, in Needwood Forest, the property of Govern- 
ment, is above 600 years old, and 21 ft. in girt, at 6ft. from the ground. 
(Id., p. 24.) Queries as above. We have a sketch of this tree, which we 
took in Aug. 1806; which, as compared with Mr. Strutt’s engraving, shows 
considerable decay in the branches which compose the head. We were not, at 
the time that we saw it, aware of the difference between Q. R. pedunculata 
and Q. R. sessiliflora. 

The Tutbury Wych Elm is 50 ft. high; the circumference of the trunk, at 
5ft., is 16 ft. 9in., and the diameter of the head is 90 ft. (Id., p. 67.) Queries 
as above. 

The wych elm, at Bagot’s Mill, Lord Bagot, is more distinguished by its 
beauty than its size. (Jd., p. 68.) Queries as above. 


588 Most celebrated Oaks, Cedars, $:c., in Britain. 


Suffolk. — Queen Elizabeth’s Oak, at Huntingfield, Lord Huntingfield, is 
33 ft. in circumference at 7ft. from the ground. It is supposed to be 500 or 
600 years old. (Zd., p. 45.) Queries as above. 

The Abbot’s Willow, near Bury St. Edmund’s, in the grounds of J. 
Benjafield, Esq., is 75 ft. high; the diameter of the trunk is 6 ft., and of the 
head 70 ft. (Id., p. 101.) Queries as above. In 1834, Mr. Turner, of the 
Bury St. Edmund’s Botanic Garden, sent us some account of this tree ; 
which was then in a thriving state. If any change has since taken place, 
we shall be much obliged to Mr. Turner to let us know. 

The black poplar at Bury St. Edmund’s is 90ft. high; the circumference 
of the trunk, at 3ft. from the ground, is 15ft., and clear to the height of 
45 ft. Its solid contents are 551 ft. (Jd., p. 97.) Queries as above. 

Surrey.— In Hone’s Year Book is an engraving of a Yew tree, in Win- 
dlesham Churchyard, near Bagshot, said to have been planted in the time of 
William the Conqueror, and 12 ft. in girt. (Hone’s Year Book, as quoted in 
the Mirror, vol. xxv. p. 147.) Queries as above. 

In Crowhurst churchyard was a yew tree, mentioned by Evelyn, 30ft. in 
circumference. (Mirror, vol. xxv. p. 120.) 

Sussex. — The Crawley Elm, on the high road from London to Brighton, 
is 70 ft. high; the trunk, which is perforated to the very top, is 61 ft. in cir- 
cumference at the ground, and 35ft. round the inside at 2ft. from the base. 
(Strutt, p. 62.) Queries as above. 

Warwickshire. — The Bull Oak, in Wedgenock Park, Earl of Warwick, at 
l yd. from the ground, is 34 ft. in girt. It is supposed to be nearly 1000 
years old. The body is nothing but a shell, covered with bulky protuberances. 
Twenty people, old and young, have crowded into it at a time. (Zd., p. 22.) 
Queries as above. 

The Gospel Oak, near Stoneleigh, stands in a little retired coppice, the 
solitude of which is equally favourable to thought and to devotion. (Zd., 
p. 32.) Queries as above. 

Wiltshire. — The King Oak, in Savernake Forest, Marquess of Aylesbury, 
24 ft. in circumference, and the diameter of the head 180ft. (Zd., p. 28.) 
Queries as above. 

The Creeping Oak, in Savernake Forest, Marquess of Aylesbury, “is so 
called from the circumstance of one of its main limbs having crept so closely 
to the earth in its youth, that in its old age it actually reclines the weight of 
its increasing years upon the ground.” (Jd., p.30.) Queries as before. 

The oak known by the name of the Duke’s Vaunt stood near the road 
from Marlborough to Bedwin. The circumference of the trunk 30ft., and 
20 ft. round the hollow. Calculated to be above 100 years old. (Gent. Mag., 
1802, p. 497.) Queries as above. 

“orkshire. — The Cowthorpe Oak, near Wetherby, Lord Stourton : height 
85 ft.; circumference of the trunk, at 3 ft. from the ground, 48 ft.; and close 
to the ground, 78 ft. ‘ It is, undoubtedly, the largest tree at present known 
in the kingdom.” (Strutt, p. 37.) Queries as above. 

The yew tree at Fountains Abbey, near Ripon, is 263 ft. in circumference 
at 3 ft. from the ground. (/d., p. 120.) Queries as before. 


SCOTLAND. 


Argyllshire. — The silver fir at Roseneath Castle, Duke of Argyll, is 90 
ft. high, and 22ft. in girt; and contains 620 cubic feet of timber. (Zd., 
p. 144.) We are informed by His Grace, that this tree still exists in as vigor- 
ous a state as when the drawing was made by Mr. Strutt. 

Dumbartonshire.— The yew tree at Rosedoe is upwards of 12 ft. in cir- 
cumference; and that in the parish of Arroquhar is 28 ft. in circumference. 
In the Island of Inchlonaig are said to be several thousands of yews, all of 
considerable size. ( Report of the County of Dumbarton.) Queries as above. 

Perthshire. — The Fortingal Yew was, in 1770, 52 ft. in circumference ; it 


Culture of Brugmansia suaveolens in the open Air. 589 


is now, however, decayed to the ground, and completely divided into two 
distinct stems. (Strutt, p. 149.) Queries as above. 

The larches at Dunkeld, on the Duke of Athol’s. estate. The largegt is 
97 ft. high, and 13 ft. in circumference. (Id., p. 146.) Queries as before. 

Renfrewshire. — The Wallace Oak, at Elderslie, Archibald Spiers, Esq., 
M.P., is 21 ft. in circumference at the ground; the diameter of the head, 
80 ft.; height 67 ft. (Id., p. 135.) Mr. Spiers informs us that this tree is 
still in a vigorous state. 

The wych elms at Pollock, Sir J. Maxwell, Bart., stand on the banks of 
the river Cart. The largest of the group is 88 ft. high, and 18 ft. in circum- 
ference at the surface of the ground. (Zd., p. 140.) Sir J. Maxwell informs 
us that these trees are still in a vigorous state. 

Queen Mary’s Yew, at Cruichstone Castle. The yew was.a favourite tree 
of Mary Queen of Scots; and tradition says, that the tree still exists at 
Cruichstone Castle, whither Darnley repaired with his fair queen, and where 
their mutual vows reached the heavens. To perpetuate this event, Mary had 
the figure of the yew tree enstamped on her coins.” (Reid’s Histor. and Lit. 
Botany, p.'70.) Does this tree still exist; and, if so, what are its dimensions 
and its present state? There is a tree propagated from it in the Glasgow 
Botanic Garden. What are its age, dimensions, and present state ? 

The sycamore at Bishopton, Sir J. Maxwell, Bart., is 60 ft. high, and 
20 ft. in girt; containing 720 ft. of timber. (Strutt, p. 138.) This tree, the 
proprietor informs us, is still in a vigorous state. 

Stirlingshire. — The ash at Carnock, Sir M. S. Stewart, is 90 ft. high, and 
31 ft. in circumference at the ground. The solid contents of the tree are 
679 cubic feet. (Id., p. 150.) Sir M. S. Stewart informs us that this tree is 
still in a vigorous state. 

The fir in Dunmore Wood, the Earl of Dunmore, is perhaps the largest 
in the Lowlands of Scotland, being 67 ft. high, 11 ft. in girt at the ground, 
and containing 261 enbic feet of timber. (Jd., p. 142.) Lady Dunmore in- 
forms us (August, 1836) that the tree is still in full vigour, and apparently 
exactly in the same state as when drawn by Mr, Strutt. It now girts 10 ft. 
7im. about 10 ft. from the ground. 


Art.I1X. On a particular Method of managing the Brugméansia 
suaveolens in the open Air. By Mr. J. SPENCE. 


Tue Brugmaénsca suaveolens which I exhibited at Chiswick last 
May, with 101 flowers upon it, was so much damaged with the 
carriage, that it lost every flower and every leaf that was then 
upon it. About the 1st of June, I turned it out of the pot, and 
planted it in the open border, with its ball entire; giving plenty 
of water at the time, and occasionally repeating it at the root, 
and likewise over the top. ‘This, I think, it is best to do in the 
morning, as the plant is then not so liable to flag throughout 
the day. About a month after this, the roots having extended 
a considerable distance from the stem, I allowed the plant to 
flag a little, by withholding water; and then with a spade I cut 
all round it close to the old ball; but first had a quantity of 
rotten dung ready to be worked down with the spade to the 
bottom of the roots. After working in the dung, I gave the 
ground a good watering, in order to moisten the ground down 

Vou. XII. — No. 80. eX 


590 Culture of Brugmansia suaveolens in the open Air. 


to where the moisture was most wanted, instead of letting it 
remain to be dried up on the surface. In a week after this, the 
plant had made thousands of young roots, which found plenty 
of food close at home. ‘This treatment I repeated twice in the 
season, the last time cutting the roots 1 in. farther from the 
ball than the first time. This does not injure the plant; on the 
contrary, it is surprising to see how it will grow immediately 
after the operation: and another advantage of cutting off the 
roots is, that the plant is easily repotted in the autumn; pro- 
vided the diameter of the space included within the last cutting 
be a little less than the pot for which it is intended. By the 
above treatment, this plant (without including the flowers that 
were on it in May) has, from the middle of August to the end 
of September, expanded 1050 flowers, each of which measures 
50 square inches ; so that it has produced, in six weeks, 52,500 
square inches of flowers. The height of this plant is 6 ft., its 
diameter 103ft., and its age four years. We have two more, 
nearly as good ; and two others, one year old, which have opened 
100 flowers each. In the morning and evening, the fragrance 
of these flowers scented the air to the distance of 60 yards. 
Putney Hill, Oct. 8. 1836. 


THE above we consider to bea very interesting communication, 
and one that by generalising might be turned to excellent ac- 
count by the cultivator. In Lancashire, the gooseberry bush 
is treated in the same manner, when the fruit is wanted of an 
extraordinary size, as Mr. Saul has explained to us in a prece- 
ding volume. The pricking out, and frequent transplantation 
into very rich soil, of celery, cabbage, lettuce, &c., is intended 
to operate on the same principle; viz. that of increasing the 
number of mouths, and placing the food in close contact with 
them. The effect of this mode of treating plants is somewhat 
analogous to that produced on animals, by giving them rich 
food when young ; and, as short legs, small bones, and abundant 
muscle are produced in the one case, so short and weak branches, 
and few and short ramose roots, and numerous leaves and 
fibrils, are produced in the other. It is easy to conceive to 
what important consequences this mode of treating many kinds 
of plants would lead; while at the same time it is hardly ap- 
plicable at all to other kinds; such, for example, as the Zri- 
cacez. We should like much to see it tried on the grape and 
the melon, and even the pine-apple. By way of experiment, 
the grape might be planted in a tub, pierced with innumerable 
holes on the sides and bottom, and suspended in a larger tub, 
among semi-liquid manure of the richest kind. ‘The pruning 
ought to be performed on Clement Hoare’s principle; and the 
fibres might be cut off close by the inner tub periodically ; sayone 


Cultivation of Viola tricolor. 591 


fourth part of the whole at atime. If the melon or the pine- 
apple were so treated, the liquid manure for the melon need not 
be rich; and concentrated manure, reduced to mould, would 
probably answer best for the pine-apple. — Cond. 


Art. X. On the Cultivation of Viola tricolor. In a Letter to Mr. 
Gorrie by Dr. Miter of Perth. 
My dear Sir, 

I ENCLOSE a letter to you from an old acquaintance of yours, 
to which I hope you will specially attend. In my opinion, peor 
Viola has much to complain of, even at your hands; for, after 
having fairly launched her into the giddy tide of popularity, you 
eught to have remembered that, unless she was furnished with 
certain rules for her guidance, she would naturally suffer at the 
hands of the ignorant or designing characters with whom she 
would come in contact. 

I consider the outline of the pansy 'Tenebrosa very near to that 
of a perfect flower. You will observe that it is as broad as it is 
long. If you divide the surface of the flower into thirteen parts, 
the upper petals will exhibit six, the two side petals four, and 
the under petal three, of these parts. The great fault of the 
most of our pansies is, that the lower petal is out of proportion 
to the others. The two upper petals, in a good flower, should 
occupy about the half, and the lower petal should always be less 
than the visible portion of the two side ones conjoined. Add to 
this, that the colours should be clear, distinct, and not blending ; 
and if there is a regular lacing round the three lower, or the 
whole five, petals, so much the better. The upper petals should 
fall, or rather join gracefully with the side ones, and they again 
with the under one: none of them should occupy a prominent 
place, but the one must support and combine with the other, so 
as to form a harmonious whole. No flower, in my opinion, 
should be classed with good ones, where the colour is muddy, 
confused, or changing to a dull hue after it is fully expanded. 

I have made figures of several other good flowers; but, on 
analysing them, I find they are pleasing or not, exactly as they 
approach to, or differ from, the above proportions. I am there- 
fore inclined to adopt them as the standard. I remain, 

My dear Sir, yours truly, 
King Street, Perth, Aug. 2. 1836. JAMES MILLER. 


Mr. Gorrie’s ANSWER. 
My dear Sir, Annat Garden, Sept. 15. 1836. 
Sucu is my opinion of the justness of your remarks regarding 


the criterion of a fine violet heartsease, that, in place of publish- 
xx 2 


592 Cultivation of Viola tricolor. 


ing them in the ephemeral columns of a newspaper, I shall 
transmit them to Mr. Loudon for insertion in his valuable Gar- 
dener’s Magazine, along with the serious complaint and petition 
from Viola, and the outlines of "Tenebrosa, in the hope that he . 
will judge them worthy of a place. Should florists adopt your 
criteria as a standard, first-rate flowers will be like “ angels’ 
visits,” &c. Iam, my dear Sir, yours truly, 

Dr. Miller, King Street, Perth. ARCHIBALD GoRrRIE. 


Complaint and Petition from Viola tricolor to Mr. A. Gorrie. 
Honoured Sir, 

As an early patron of myself and family, I beg leave to lay 
before you my complaint. Ever since you honoured us with 
your notice, some fifteen years ago (see Vol. VIII. p. 573.), we 
have risen daily in public estimation ; but I am sorry to say our 
numerous admirers do not always evince that nice discrimination, 
and good taste in estimating our merits, which ere while we ex- 
perienced under your fostering care. In a family so numerous 
and sportive as ours, it necessarily follows that we are not of 
equal merit; and I am often not a little irritated, when I see one 
of my favourite offspring, whose symmetry and complexion I 
consider faultless, passed over for another, whose ungainly form 
makes me ashamed of our connexion. ‘The public, however, are 
often pleased with bulk, not quality; and my unfortunate progeny 
are in a fair way of having their merits judged by the square inch, 
without regard to their graceful forms or blooming countenances, 
I have the honour to send 
you an outline of the coun- 
tenance of one of my fa- 
voured daughters, Tene- 
bros a( fig.107.), of the size 
of life. I consider her, for 
form and size {though not 
for colour), worthy of be- 
ing the model or standard 
by which to estimate her 
kindred. The colours 
which distinguish my chil- 
dren ought to be distinct 
and true; for, as the use of 
false colours has been the 
ruin of many, I disown as mine any who deck themselves in 
colours which will not endure the light without running into one 
another, or changing to another hue. My offspring are a merry 
and rotund generation; and those who exhibit a dong face are not 


Cul‘ure of the Pine-apple. 593 


my progeny, but are only cousins-german, with whom I have no 
wish to be associated. ‘Trusting, honoured Sir, that you will 
relax a little from your other numerous and more important 
pursuits, and again take me and mine under the wing of your 
patronage; and that you will duly instruct the public how to 
estimate our good qualities, so that we may not again suffer 
wrong by having our long-faced cousins classed with us, or, what 
is worse, preferred to us for their length of visage; I remain 
your very much obliged servant, Viola. 
Perth, Aug. 2. 1836. 


Art. XI. On the Culture of the Pine-apple. By Mr. ALEXANDER 
ForsyTH. 


For Soi, I recommend turf of loam, cut as if it were to be 
used for turfing a plot ina lawn or flower-garden. This turf 
should be stacked in narrow tiers for a year or two, without 
any process whatever, neither cutting nor turning, both being 
injurious. When wanted for use, it may be chopped, or torn 
to pieces by the hand (but by no means bruised, pounded, or 
reduced to a powder, as is too often done); and enriched, by 
adding a portion, say one fourth, of the following ingredients, 
mixed; or any of them that can most conveniently be got: — 
blood, ground bones, animal remains from a slaughter-house, 
sediment collected in tanks of drainings from dunghills, night- 
soil, or droppings of animals collected from the pasture, park, 
or paddock, without litter or urine. This mixture should be 
properly fermented, aerated, and pulverised, so as to be reduced 
to a friable state: a small portion of lime may be mixed with it, 
which will greatly accelerate its decomposition. This is the 
most simple, and at the same time the most safe and powerful, 
compost for pines that I am acquainted with. 

Several commercial suburban growers use maiden loam from 
Norwood, in Surrey, without any manure or mixture whatever, 
and fruit the common broad-leaved queen pine in sixteen, and 
even twenty four, sized pots, in from sixteen to twenty months. 
Worms are ruinous in pine-pots ; but Norwood loam, in a pure 
state, they will not meddle with ; therefore it is used, both for 
growing and fruiting in, by many, but especially commercial 
growers, who, in consequence of their frequently using fermented 
dung only, without fire, for their fruiting and growing depart- 
ments, find their plants apt to get saturated at the roots, by the 
condensed vapour from the dung; and in such pits worms are 
extremely troublesome. Dung being cheap in the metropolis, it 
is the practice of the London commercial gardeners to load their 


vegetable waggons with it, as a back-carriage from market; and, 
se 


594: Culture of the Pine-apple. 


after it has gone through the first stage of decay in the forcing- 
ground, as lining, &c., it is then in excellent condition to ma- 
nure their vegetable ground. This is one reason why commereial 
growers surpass many private growers in cropping. But, though 
Norwood loam, in a pure state, suits the purpose of commercial 
growers, who have plenty of dung, and aim at growing the 
greatest number of middle-sized fruit (such being most profit- 
able), in the shortest time, and at the least expense, the amateur 
and family grower, whose means and aims are different, would 
be disappointed by following this practice. ‘To the gardener 
and amateur, dung is the costliest, the worst-looking, and the 
most laborious agent that can be employed : their aims, likewise, 
are different. Gentlemen’s gardeners and amateurs prefer a 
few pines at all seasons, rather than a great many at one season ; 
and they generally wish to have those few of the finest flavour, 
the richest colour, and the largest size. It is the circumstance 
of commercial growers attending so little to the flavour of their 
fruits, provided they look well, that has mduced connoisseurs 
in this fruit to rear their supply themselves; and the methods 
adopted by the most successful of their growers I shall here 
detail, for the sake of those who are not professed pine-growers, 
as minutely as my limits will allow: — First, then, it is an error 
to say that ‘ the pine produces fruit, and dies.” In the bosom 
of every leaf is an eye, and, under proper treatment after fruiting, 
every eye may be forwarded, and made to form a fruiting plant ; 
and this is the secret of propagating all sorts of pines. By 
keeping the stools in a strong moist heat, plunged in a good 
bottom heat, I have seen hundreds of suckers got from stools, 
a year or two after the fruit had been cut from them; while, 
from not being aware of this simple fact, I have known persons 
throw away stools of the New Providence, and other shy breed- 
ing black sorts, and have to purchase suckers, of the same 
kinds, at half a guinea each. 

As soon as the suckers are taken from the stools (and that 
should not be done till they are well nursed), let their root 
ends be smoothened, by cutting about 7 in. or 4% in. off, 
and pick off about five or six of the abortive scales, like 
leaves at the bottom, to permit the roots to issue from their 
bosoms into the soil. ‘They may then be potted outright, with- 
out drying, as I have never known that process do them either 
good or harm: drying to excess certainly injures a free-growing 
sucker. The pots should be proportioned to the sucker; and, 
as a guide to the uninitiated, I may observe that, from 1 in. 
to 13 in. should be left between the brim of the pot and the 
stem of the sucker. The pots should be of the same depth 
as diameter, and the bottom of the sucker be put about half 
way into the pot. 


Culture of the Pine-apple. 595 


Pure light turf of loam is superior to any compost that I 
am acquainted with for a young pine plant to root into. One 
set of suckers, of the common broad-leaved queen, potted in 
March, another in May, and a third in September, will produce 
a succession of queen pines, which will ripen all the year round : 
but, for winter fruit, there is none, that I am acquainted with, 
equal to the black Jamaica: it is a slow-growing variety, and 
requires two years or more to bring it to perfection. 

In cultivating the black Jamaica, the following points are to 
be observed. ‘This sort will not bear to be disrooted like the 
queen, nor even so much as the Providence: its ball must not 
be broken a great deal, nor its roots disturbed in shifting; and, 
above all things, let it not be over-potted. After disturbing the 
roots in any way, the plants must be shaded from the intense 
heat of the sun for a week or two, as no variety of the pine, 
that Iam acquainted with, suffers sooner, or more severely, from. 
the powerful rays of the sun, than the Jamaica. It would be akin 
to madness, in my opinion, to set young pines a-growing in the 
depth of winter; for, if they are excited in cloudy cold weather, 
when the supplies of light and heat, so essential to their vigorous 
developement, are necessarily limited, they will become yellow 
in the centre at the base of the leaves, and be drawn up, long and 
flaccid. But grown plants must be fruited in winter: and here 
is the difficulty. In the first place, then, it is useless for any one 
to attempt to grow finely flavoured fruits, in winter, without a 
conimand of dry heat; and, at the same time, I consider it im- 
possible to swell a pine fruit to its natural size in dry heat ; 
therefore, both vapour and dry heat, by some means or other, 
must be under the control of the grower. 

The plants, having been kept shifted, from one sized pot to 
another, as they required it, at last show fruit at a season when 
gardeners, a few years ago, considered them as “ tantamount 
to being lost” (Mackintosh’s Practical Gardener); that is, just 
peeping from their sockets in October. If, ina dung-lined pit, let 
a fresh lining be now applied, in order to draw the flower-stems 
up to a state of vigorous growth (there is no fear of drawing 
the leaves of the plants any more now). In this pit let the plants 
remain till they are ready to open their flowers; then remove 
them to a dry heat, or apply it to them in this pit without re- 
moving them; and pay as much attention to the flowers (that 
every one may perform its functions, and be symmetrical in all 
its parts,) as if flowers were all you wanted; and, as soon as 
ever the plants are out of flower, let them be taken back again 
to the dung-lined pit; or have dung vapour supplied to them 
where they are, till they have swelled to their proper size, and 
show symptoms of colouring: then discontinue vapour and water- 
ing at the roots; and let there bea free current of fresh air, with a 

Kexae A 


596 Culture of Asparagus. 


temperature of 75°. During the time that the fruits are swelling 
(that is, between flowering and just beginning to change colour 
for ripening), about 80°, with plenty of vapour, is not too much 
artificial heat; allowing it to be ten degrees higher during sun- 
shine. It must be observed, in the ordinary routine culture of 
the pine, that the soil in the pots must not be kept anywise 
wet during the time that the plants are in a dormant state, and 
by no means allowed to get dry whilst they are excited. The 
bottom heat, too, shouid bear a due proportion to the active 
growing, or dormant, state of the plants: about 75°, in the 
lowest ebb of winter, at the bottoms of the pots, plunged half 
their depth into the bed, with an atmospheric temperature of 
55° to 60°: this I give as an example of dormant culture in the 
depth of winter, or what is commonly termed “ keeping, or 
standing them over.” 

As the season advances, let the hot-house be gradually in- 
creased in temperature; and, as an example of culture, when the 
plants are in active developement (say swelling off their fruits, 
in June or July), 110° or 120° of bottom heat, with the pots only 
just let into the tan 1 in. or 2in. and a humid atmosphere, from 
90° to 100° in sunshine; which may be accomplished by giving 
very little air, and using cheese-cloth shading. Such culture 
as this sets the ravages of worms, and saturation with moisture 
(two of the greatest evils that pines are subject to,) at defiance, 
and brings fruits to the highest degree of perfection, notwith- 
standing the writings of Sweet, and other authors, to the con- 
trary. I speak from the opinions of experienced, aged growers, 
and from my own observation. The sorts I should cultivate 
are, the Providence, ‘Trinidad, Enville, Jamaica, Montserrat, 
common broad-leaved queen, lemon queen, globe, and brown 
sugarloaf. 

Isleworth, September, 1836. 


Art. XII. On the Culture of Asparagus ; with a Note on the Globe 
Artichoke. By Mr. JAMEes CutuiLL, Gardener to Capt. Trotter, 
Dyrham Park. 


Tue following plan I have tried with six beds of asparagus 
this year; and, from the extraordinarily fine growth, and_ the 
numerous heads produced, I am confident it will answer. I am 
a great advocate for plenty of manure; but, to those gardeners 
who are bound to be very sparing in this respect, I consider that 
my plan is a very great improvement, and forms a channel for 
the roots and the crowns to run in with the greatest ease. I 
believe it has been proved that asparagus likes as much moisture 
as can well be given it; and, of course, the more dung, the more 


Floricultural and Botanical Nolices. 597 


moisture. ‘Uhe best asparagus I have ever seen was at Mr. 
Bird’s, a market-gardener at Ipswich, where the beds were under 
water nearly all the winter; and he always cut asparagus sooner 
than his neighbours. Mr. Fitch of Fulham grows very fine 
asparagus: he made 12 acres of beds about five years ago; 
and, if my memory serves me, he put on 300/. worth of manure, 
and trenched it all over the ground; which is more in proportion 
than we, walled-in gardeners, can give. 

My plan is simply this :— The ground intended for the beds I 
had well sanded over, and dug several times in winter: as for 
trenching, here, it is out of the question. The beds were formed 
in the spring, 3 ft. wide, and the alleys the same. I put six solid 
inches of dung, measured on purpose, all over the bed: then 
4in. of prepared mould to plant in. The one-year-old plants 
were put in about three weeks after. As for the time of planting, 
there can be no stated period; but as soon as the buds are dis- 
covered growing, that is the proper time to plant them, two rows 
in each bed, and 1 ft. apart in the rows. I took up a root this 
season to examine it, and found twenty heads, thrown up to the 
height of from 33 ft. to 4 ft., with forty fine heads for next year 
visible. ‘The roots had run in the channel of dung upwards of 
2ft. By the above plan, I have, no doubt, saved one year, and 
shall be able to cut asparagus when the beds are only three 
years old. ; 

Globe Artichokes ave great favourites in most families; and we 
generally find the gardens empty of them by the Ist of Sept. 
The plan which I have taken gives plenty up to the time that 
the frost sets in. I make annually one long row; dig out the 
mould to the depth of 1 ft., and 2 ft. wide; fill it with dung, and 
then put mould upon the dung. I now put in the plants, @ ft. 
apart; and, though the distance seems very little, yet their time 
will come round to be destroyed before they get very old. 

Dyrham Park Garden, Sept. 17. 1836. 


Art. XIII. Floricultural and Botanical Notices on Kinds of Plants 
newly introduced into our Gardens, and that have originated in them, 
and on Kinds of Interest previously extant in them ; supplementary 
to the latest Editions of the ‘* Encyclopedia of Plants,” and of 
the ** Hortus Britannicus.” 


Curtis's Botanical Magazine ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 3s. 6d. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Sir William 
Jackson Hooker, LL.D., &c. 

Edwards’s Botanical Register ; in monthly numbers, each containing 
eight plates; 4s. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Dr. Lindley, 
Professor of Botany in the London University. 

Sweet’s British Flower-Garden ; inmonthly numbers; each containing 


598 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


four plates; 3s. coloured, 2s. 3d. plain. Edited by David Don, 
Esq., Professor of Botany in King’s College, and Librarian to the 
Linnean Society. 

Birmingham Botanic Garden; in monthly numbers, 4to, 2s. 6d. each. 
Conducted by G. B. Knowles, Esq., and Frederick Westcott, Esq., 
Honorary Secretaries of the Birmingham Botanical and Horticul- 
tural Society. 

The Botanist ; containing accurately coloured Figures of tender and 
hardy ornamental Plants ; with Descriptions, scientific and popu= 
lar; intended to convey both moral and intellectual gratification. 
Conducted by B. Maund, F.L.S., assisted by the Rev. J. S. Hens- 
low, M.A., F.L.S., &c., Professor of Botany in the University of 
Cambridge. Tobe continued monthly. 8vo; large paper, 2s. 6d. ; 
small paper, ls. 6d. Four plates, with two pages of letterpress to 
each. London. 

It would appear, from the Introduction, that a main object of 
this work is to teach the natural system in an attractive manner, by 
conveying fragments of information on the subject, along with the 
characters and description of each particular plant figured. This 
is one point of view in which the work may be considered; an- 
other is that of a general botanical periodical, resembling Mr. 
Maund’s Botanic Garden in many points; but differing from it 
in including both hardy and house plants; and, in short, plants 
of every description. At the end are given four pages of a glos- 
sary of botanicai terms, which, we think, would be much improved 
by references to particular species, illustrating the term explained. 
The plates are remarkably well executed, and the whole work has 
the neat appearance of the Botanic Garden. 


Pittosporacee. 

SO’LLYA heterophYlla Lind?. Hort. Brit., No. 2925. 

Some difference of opinion exists in regard to the continuance 
of Sdéllya as a genus; Prof. Don remarking that the fruit is the 
same as that of Billardiera; while Dr. Lindley observes that the 
seeds are embedded in a fleshy or pulpy substance; which cir- 
cumstance, added to the inflorescence being opposite to the 
leaves, to the ‘short, somewhat campanulate corollas, short 
stamens with the anthers adhering in a cone round the style, and 
opening by two pores at the points,” would seem to constitute a 
distinct genus. (Bot. Mag., Oct.) 

Fabdcee, or Leguminose § Papilionacee. 


1964. CY’TISUS L. f 
*17523a wélicus Guss. Molian 3 or # my Y Stromboli 1836 S$ s.1 Bot. reg. 1902. 


Spec. Char.— Branches round, and, as well as the leaves, 
hoary. Leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets oval, tomentose on the margin. 
Flowers ternate, almost bractless, racemose; calyx membra- 
naceous, campanulate, pubescent. Legume glabrous. (Bot. Reg.) 

Description.—A tall shrub. Branches covered with soft spread- 
ing hairs. Leaves trifoliolate, hoary; leaflets narrow, oval, 
almost sessile, longer than the petiole, downy on the margin. 
Racemes terminal, short, flexuose, tomentose on the axis. 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 599 


Flowers yellow, twin or ternate; pedicels longer than the calyx, 
pubescent. Calyx campanulate, membranaceous, pubescent, 2- 
lipped; upper lip 2-toothed; lower ovate, quite entire. Stand- 
ard oblong, blunt, longer than the wings, which are reflexed at 
the margin. Keel pubescent at the base, with very narrow 
linear claws. Stamens monadelphous, alternate; anthers smaller. 
Young legumes glabrous. (Bot. Reg.) A native of Stromboli, 
and introduced into England in 1835, or before. It was raised 
by the Hon. W. F. Straneways, in his curious garden at Abbots- 
bury, and flowered there for the first time in May, 1836. In 
the climate of London, it is supposed to require the protection of 
a wall: there is a fine plant against that of the Horticultural 
Society’s Garden. “In foliage it bears a striking resemblance to 
C. proliferus; but its flowers are altogether different. Its real 
affinity seems to be with C. triflorus, from which it differs in being 
a much larger and more woody plant, with terminal racemes of 
flowers; in its larger, deeper, and more distinctly campanulate 
calyx; and smooth, not hairy pods. It seems as if it were an 
intermediate species between C. Zabarnum and C. triflorus.” 
(Bot. Reg., Oct.) 


1985. LUPI“NUS Tourn. [fl.-gar. 2s. 356. 
*\771la macrophyllus Benth. large-leaved [? long-leafleted] Y A spl 4 jnjl. B .. ... S sl Sw. 


A tall, robust, perennial herb, the whole clothed with copious 
pubescence. ‘The stems are from 3 ft. to 4 ft. high; the racemes 
1 ft. long, and the flowers from ten to fifteen in each whorl, 
and those of one whorl nearly or quite touching those of the 
next. ‘ Nearly related to L. polyphyllus, from which it is prin- 
cipally distinguished by its more robust habit, and larger leaves, 
which, together with the rest of the plant, are clothed with copious 
pubescence. The whorls of flowers are also more crowded, the 
pedicels shorter, the lower lip of the calyx longer than the upper 
one, and the corolla is of a purple colour. In other respects 
both plants are much alike, and it is not improbable that they 
may be only forms of the same species. We have, however, 
preferred following Mr. Bentham, who regards them as distinct 
species, not having had ourselves sufficient opportunities of study- 
ing their characters when growing together.” A highly orna- 
mental plant, well deserving a place in every flower-garden. 
Plants are in the nursery of Mr. Gorrie, Stratford, Essex. (Brit. 
£.-Gard., Oct.) 

Rosacee § Pomee. 


1506. CRATZE*GUS 12925 Aronia Bosc., Dec., Loud. Arb. brit., Bot. reg. t. 1897. 
Synonymes ;: Méspilus Aronia Welld.; Méspilus orientalis apii folio subtus hirsdto Pocock. 


Spec. Char. — Nearly spineless. Branchlets tomentose. Leaves 
cuneate, pinnatifid, and trifid; lobes broad, linear, somewhat cut 
at the tip ; shining above, rather glabrous and glaucous beneath ; 
corymbs almost sessile; fruit of an apricot colour, somewhat 
angled, having two stones, which have a very thick shell. (Zzndi.) 


600 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, 


Description. — A tree of the middle size, with a conical, some- 
what spreading head ; branches rigid, never flexuose. The leaves 
vary in form, as they do in almost every species of Cratze'gus, 
the outline, however, is always wedge-shaped; they are 3-cleft, 
or pinnatifid, 3-toothed; the lobes quite entire, emarginate, or 
cut; the upper surface often glabrous, the under downy. Flowers 
elegant, white. (Bot. Reg., t.1897.) ‘ Said to be a native of the 
Levant, I presume, upon the authority of Pococke’s Zavels 
[vol. 2. part ii. p. 189. pl. 85.], which I have not at hand to con- 
sult. Specimens from Grammont, near Montpelier, are before 
me, and they are considered wild by Professor Delile, who ga- 
thered them. ‘This, I suspect, is the species which yields the 
fruit called at Montpelier pommettes d deux closes, and not C. 
Azarolus. It is very near C. Azarolus, of which indeed it might 
be considered a mere variety, if it were not so much more hardy, 
nearly destitute of pubescence, and constantly furnished with two 
stones in its fruit; in the true azarole there are five, according 
to Scopoli. 

The tree of C. Aronia is, next to C. maroccana, and C. hetero- 
phylla, the largest, and most like timber, of all the thorns. It 
grows very fast, and makes a handsome head, and, on account of 
the great quantity of apricot-coloured fruit with which it is loaded, 
is a suitable ornament for lawns and grass in pleasure-grounds.” 
(Bot. Reg., Oct.) 

Onagracee. 


FU’CHS/A macrostémon Ruiz e¢ Pav. Hort Brit. | Ears, 35 C 1lt.l Bot. mag. 3521. 
var. *recurvata Hook. recurved-sepaled % _J] spl. 2? w ¥ 7 .. RV ? Irish hybrid 


Sir W. J. Hooker considers this as the most handsome of 
all the fuchsias, ‘“* whether we consider the graceful mode of 
crowth, the delicate green of the large foliage, the deeply coloured 
branches, or the size and form of the flowers, and their exceed- 
ingly rich hues.” It was raised from seeds in the Glasnevin 
Betanic Garden, and sent to the Glasgow Botanic Garden under 
the name of F. recurvata. Sir W. J. Hooker agrees with Pro- 
fessor Don in considering many of the alleged species of Fachsza 
as only varieties of F. macrostemon. These varieties, with their 
synonymes, are thus given in the Botanical Magazine :— 
F.m_ 1 discolor Lindl., B. R., t. 1805.; Hock., B. M., t. 3498. 
2 conica D. Don; F. conica Lindl., B. R., t. 1062. 
3 globdsa D. Don; F. globosa Lindl., B. R., t. 1062. ; 
Hook., B. M., 3364. 


4 gracilis D. Don; F. gracilis Lindl., B. R., t. 847. et 


pe) 
t. 1052.; F. decussata Grah., Sims in B. M., t. 
2507. 
5 recurvata Hook.; F. recurvata Niven, B. M., t. 3521. 
LEscalloniaceze. 


687. ESCALLO'NZ4 L. : 
*illinita Pres’ varnished 8 A or Saus W. Chili 71830 C pl Bot. reg. 1900. 


supplementary to Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 601 


Spec. Char.— Leaves oblong, lanceolate, serrulate, clammy, 
varnished; corymbs about 3-flowered, racemose ; epigynous disk 
hemispherical. (Lindl.) 

Description. — An evergreen bushy shrub, covered on all parts 
with a clammy varnish, and emitting an odour resembling that 
of melilot or fenugreek. Branches pimpled with resinous dots. 
Leaves pale green, sometimes shining, sometimes clammy from 
pumerous olands that produce a shining resin. Racemes ter- 
minal, consisting of several alternate 3- flowered corymbs, having 
small leafy bracteas. Flowers greenish white. Calyx with a 
truncate campanulate limb, and five awl-shaped teeth. Stamens 
five, alternate with, and shorter than, the petals. Epigynous 
disk yellow, hemispherical, having ten nectar-bearing slight de- 
pressions at the tip. Ovary 2-celled, many-seeded. (Bot. Reg.) 
A native of the mountains of Chili at El Arroyo de los Lunes ; 
and a supposed variety of it has been met with at La Sienta 
Vieja, at Cuesta, de Chacabuco, and La Laguna near Valparaiso. 

** The whole plant emits a powerful odour, which to some 
persons is highly disagreeable, appearing to them to resemble 
the smell of swine: to me it seems less unpleasant, and much 
more the odour of melilot or fenugreek.” ‘The most hardy of 
all the species of Escallonza at present in British gardens; and 
not unlikely, Dr. Lindley considers, ‘ to become a common ever- 
green. If this should prove so, the pale green of the leaves, 
their varnished appearance, and the peculiar habit of the plant, 
will render it a valuable ornamental species, notwithstanding the 
want of beauty in its greenish-white flowers.” (Bot. Ieg., Oct.) 

Ericacee. 

Vaccinium virgatum At, We are glad to see Sir W. J. 
Hooker occupied with this difficult, and, as the species or kinds 
now stand, most unsatisfactory, genus. If Professors Lindley 
and Hooker were occasionally to take a particular genus, as 
Crate gus is lately done by the former, and Vaccinium, it would 
appear by the latter, they would render most valuable service to 
practical men, independently altogether of the advantages it 
would afford to science. ‘ The excellent collection of American 
whortle berries, possessed by the Glasgow Botanic Garden,” Sir 
W. J. Hooker observes, “has given me an opportunity of 
studying their peculiarities, which few persons have enjoyed to 
such an extent: yet, I confess myself much at a loss to find 
characters to distinguish some of the species, which, even to a 
common observer, appear sufficiently marked; and such is the 
case with the present individual, which goes by the name of J. 
virgatum in our gardens, and which I have reason to believe is 
the plant so designated by Aiton. Mr. Aiton’s plant, however, 
is now almost universally referred to the V. corymbosum; an 
opinion which I once entertained myself; yet a more accurate 
examination has led me to a different conclusion.” 


602 


Biographical Notice of the late Mr. David Douglas, 


MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. 


Art.I. Biographicai Notice of the late Mr. David Douglas, F.L.S., the 
Traveller and Botanist ; with a Proposal to erect a Monument to 
his Memory ; anda List of the Plants which he introduced. Drawn 
up from various Communications by the Conpuctor of the Gar- 


dener’s Magazine. 


IN submitting to the botanical 
and horticultural world a pro- 
posal for erecting a monument 
to the memory of the late Mr. 
David Douglas, it seems proper 
to commence by giving a brief 
notice of his public services, in 
order to show his claims to pub- 
lic gratitude. This we have 
chiefly extracted from authentic 
accounts, published in the Gav- 
dener’s Magazine (vols. xi. and 
xii.), and have since submitted 
for approval to Mr. Douglas’s 
patrons and personal friends. 


En proposant au public des 
botanistes et des horticulteurs 
@ériger un monument a la mé- 
moire de feu M. David Douglas, 
il parait convénient de commen- 
cer par donner un bref appercu 
des services rendus par lui au 
public pour prouver ses droits 
sur la reconnaissance publique. 
Nous avons extrait cela pour la 
plupart des notes authentiques 
communiqées dans les volumes 
xi. et xii. du “‘ Gardener’s Maga- 
zine ;”’ et depuis nous avons sou- 
mis cette notice a V’approbation 


Indem wir dem Publicum der 
Botaniker und Horticulturisten 
vorschlagen, ein Monument zum 
Andenken des _verstorbenen 
Hrn. David Douglas zu errich- 
ten, scheint es zweckmassig da- 
mit zu beginnen, einen kurzen 
Bericht tiber seine Verdienste 
um das Publikum zu geben, um 
seine Anspriche auf offentiiche 
Dankbarkeit darzuthun. Diesen 
haben wir meist aus den authen- 
tischen Nachrichten ausgezogen, 
welche im Bande XI und XII 
des ,,Gardener’s Magazine” mit- 


with a Proposal for a Monument to 


Mr, David Douglas was born 
at the ancient village of Scone, 
in Perthshire, in 1798. His fa- 
ther, John Douglas, was a work- 
ing mason there, possessed of 
good abiiities, and a store of 
general information rarely sur- 
passed by persons in his sphere 
of life; and, being avery inge- 
nious man, was generally em- 
ployed as the village statuary 
and sculptor, in supplying grave- 
stones. His family consisted of 
three daughters and three sons, 
of whom David was the second. 
Mr. Douglas’s elder brother was 
brought up to the same occupa- 
tion as his father, and has, for 
some years, been in the employ 
of an eminent London architect, 
Wm. Atkinson, Esq., as clerk of 
the works. Mr. David Douglas, 
the subject of this memoir, re- 
ceived the greater part of his 
education at the parish school 
of Kinnoul, where he acquired 
what is usually taught there, 
viz., reading, writing, and arith- 
metic. His boyish days were 
not remarkable for any particu- 
lar incidents. Like others at his 
time of life, he was gay and ac- 
tive, and never failed in playing 
his part in the usual sports of 
the village. At an early period 
he was put apprentice asa gar- 
dener, in the garden of the Earl 
of Mansfield, at Scone Palace, 
adjoining his native village. Dur- 
ing the time he remained there, 
he was remarkable for his atten- 
tion, his whole heart and mind 
being deveted to the attainment 
of a thorough knowledge of his 
business. He was always fond 
of books; and when the labour 
of the day was over, the even- 
ings, ¢ winter, invariably found 
him engaged in the perusal of 
such works as he had obtained 
from his friends and acquaint- 
ances; or in making extracts 
from them of such portions as 
took his fancy, which he would 
afterwards commit to memory. 
The summer evenings, again, 
were devoted to short botanical 
excursions, in company with 
such of the young gardeners at 
Scone as were of a similar turn 
of mind to himself. We have 
now no means of ascertaining 
when he formed the idea of be- 
coming a botanical traveller; but 
we are inclined to think it may 
be ascribed to his intercourse 
with Messrs. Robert and James 
Brown of the Perth Nursery, 
both of whom were good British 
botanists, and so fond of the 
study as annually to devote a part 
of their time to botanising in the 
Highlands. Hence their excur- 
sions were often the subject of 
conversation ; and, from hearing 
them recount their adventures, 
and describe the romantic scen- 
ery of the places they had visited 
in search of plants, he probably 
formed the resolution of imitat- 
ing their example. 

His active habits and obliging 
disposition gained him the 
friendship of Mr. Beattie, by 
whom he was recommended to 
the late Mr. Alexander Stewart ; 
and, about the year 1817, or the 
spring of 1818, he removed to 


des protecteurs et des amis per- 
sonnels de feu Mr. Douglas. 

Mr. David Douglas fut né en 
1798, dans l’ancien village de 
Scone en Perthshire. John Dou- 
glas, son pére, y était ouvrier- 
macon: il possédait des talens et 
une instruction générale, sur- 
passée rarement par de per- 
sonnes de son état ; et comme il 
était trés-habile, il fut employé 
par tout le monde en sculpteur 
du village et en fournisseur des 
pierres monumentales. Sa fa- 
mille était composée de trois fils, 
dont David était le second, et de 
trois filles. Le frére ainé de Mr. 
Douglas fut élevé pour 1’état de 
son pére; et il fut employé pen- 
dant quelques années comme 
aide par un excellent architecte, 
M. Wm. Atkinson a Londres. 
M. David Douglas, le sujet 
de cette notice, recut la plus 
grande partie deson education a 
Pécole de la paroisse de Kinnoul, 
ou il apprit ce qui y est enseigne 
ordinairement, c’est a dire, la 
lecture, l’écriture, et ’arithmé- 
tique. Son enfance n’était pas re- 
marquable par des accidens par- 
ticuliers. Comme d’autres gar- 
cons de son age, il était gai et 
actif et il ne manquait jamais de 
prendre sa part dans les jeux 
usuels de son village. Il fut 
placé de bonne heure en jar- 
dinier. apprenti dans le jardin du 
Comte de Mansfield 4 Scone Pa- 
lace, tout prés de son village. 
Pendant le temps qu’il y restait, 
il se distinguait par son atten- 
tion, s’étant dévoué corps etame 
a Vacquisition d’une comnais. 
sance parfaite de son état. II 
aimait toujours les livres; et aprés 
les travaux de la journée, les 
soirées d’hiver le trouvaient in- 
variablement engagé a la lecture 
des livres qu’il s’était procuré de 
ses amis et de ses connaissances, 
ou a faire des extraits de ces par- 
ties qui lui-plaisaient pour les 
confier. plus tard 4 sa mémoire. 
Les soirées d’été étaient égale- 
ment consacrées par lui 4 de 
courtes excursions botaniques,en 
compagnie avec ceux des jeunes 
jardiniers & Scone qui avaient le 
méme penchant que lui. Il nous 
est impossible a présent de fixer 
Vépoque ov il forma le projet 
de se faire botaniste-voyageur ; 
Mais nous croyons qu’il puisse 
étre dérivé de ses relations avec 
MM. Robert et James Brown, 
pépiniéristes a Perth, qui étaient 
tous les deux de bons botanistes, 
et qui aimaient tant ces études 
qu’iis employaient chaque année 
quelques temps a4 des herborisa- 
tions dans la Haute Ecosse. Par 
cela leurs excursions furent sou- 
vent le sujet de leurs conversa- 
tions; et c’était probablement en 
les entendant raconter leurs 
aventures et donner la déscrip- 
tion des sites romantiques des 
places qu’ils avaient visitées en 
herborisant, qu’il forma la réso- 
lution d’imiter leur exemple. 

Son activité, et ses disposi- 
tions obligeantes, lui gagnérent 
l’amitié de M. Beattie, qui le re- 
commanda a feu M Alexander 
Stewart; et c’était environ en 
1817 ou au printemps de 1818, 
qu’il se rendit a Valleyfield, la 


his Memory. 603 


getheilt worden sind und seit- 
dem haben wir diesen Bericht 
den persOnlichen Gonnern und 
Freunden des verstorbenen Hrn. 
Douglas zur Billigung vorgelegt. 

Hr. David Douglas ward 1798 
in dem alten Dorfe Scone in 
Perthshire geboren. Sein Vater, 
John Douglas war daselbst Mau- 
rer, er besass Talente und Kennt- 
nisse, selten tibertroffen von 
Leuten seines Standes, und wur- 
de, weil er ein sehr geshickter 
Mann war, allgemein als Bild- 
hauer und Grabsteinsetzer sei- 
nes Dorfes gebraucht. Seine 
Familie bestand aus 3 Sohnen, 
wovon David der zweite war, 
und aus 3 Tochtern. Der altere 
Bruder des Hrn. Douglas ward 
zu seines Vaters Geschaft erzo- 
gen und war einige Jahre lang 
Gehiilfe eines ausgezeichne- 
ten Baumeisters Hrn. Wm. At- 
kinson in London. Hr. David 
Douglas, der Gegenstand dieses 
Berichts, erhielt seine Erziehung 
grosstentheils in der Schule des 
Kirchspiels von Kinnoul, wo er 
lernte, was dort gewohnlich ge- 
lehrt wird, d. h. Lesen, Schrei- 
ben und Rechnen. Seine Kind- 
heit zeichnete sich durch keine 
besondern Vorfalle aus. Gleich 
andern Knaben seines Alters 
war er frohlich und thatig und 
ermangelte nie an den gewohn- 
ten landlichen Spielen Theil zu 
nehmen. Friihzeitig wurde er als 
Gartnerlehrling ‘in dem Garten 
des Grafen von Mansfield inScone 
Palace ganz nahe bei seinem 
Dorfe untergebracht. Wahrend 
seines dortigen Aufenthalts 
zeichnete er sich durch seine 
Aufmerksamkeit aus, indem er 
sich mit Leib und Seele auf Erlan. 
gung einer vollstandigen Kennt- 
niss seines Berufs legte. Er lieb- 
te stets die Biicher und, nach 
gethaner Tagesarbeit, fanden ihn 
die Winterabende unwandelbar 
beschaftigt mit Lesen der Bi- 
cher, welche er sich von seinen 
Freunden und Bekannten ver- 
schafft hatte oder mit Verferti- 
gung von Ausziigen solcher 
Stiicke, die ihm gefielen, um sie 
nachher seinem Gediachtnisse 
einzupragen. Die Sommeraben- 
de widmete er gleichfalls kurzen 
botanischen Spaziergangen in 
Gesellshaft derjenigen jungen 
Gartner in Scone, welche glei- 
che Neigung mit ihm hatten. 
Wir vermogen jetzt nicht mehr 
den Zeitpunkt festzusetzen, woer 
den Gedanken fasste, ein reisen- 
der Botaniker zu werden; wir 
glauben aber dass man diess sei- 
ner Bekanntschaft mit den Hrn. 
Robert und James Brown, Han- 
delsgartnern in Perth, zuschrei- 
ben konne, welche beide gute 
Botaniker waren und dieses Stu- 
dium so sehr liebten,dass sie jahr- 
lich einige Zeit auf botanische 
Ausfltige nach Hoch-Schottland 
verwendeten. Dadurch wurden 
ihre Wanderungen oft der Ge- 
genstand ihrer Gesprache, und 
indem er ihre Abentheuer er- 
zahlen und die romantische La- 
ge der Stellen beschreiben horte, 
welche sie beim Pflanzensam- 
meln besucht hatten, fasste er 
wahrscheinlich den Entschluss 
ihr Beispiel nachzuahmen, 


604 


Valleyfield, theseat of Sir Robert 
Preston, Bart., then celebrated 
for achoice collection of exotics. 
Mr. Stewart, finding him careful 
of the plants committed to his 
charge, encouraged him by every 
means in his power. He treated 
him with kindness, and allowed 
him to participate in the advant- 
ages which he derived himself 
from having access to Sir Robert 
Preston’s botanical library; a 
privilege of the greatest value to 
one circumstanced like Douglas, 
and endued with the excellent 
faculties of mind and memory 
which he possessed. After 
being at Valleyfield for about 
eighteen months, he removed 
to the Botanic Garden at 
Glasgow. Here his fondness 
for plants attracted the notice of 
Dr. (now Sir W. J.) Hooker, the 
professor of botany, whom he 
accompanied in his excursions 
through the Western Highlands, 
and assisted in collecting mate- 
rials for the Flora Scotica, with 
which Dr. Hooker was then en- 
gaged. This gentleman recom- 
mended him to the late secretary 
of the Horticultural Society, Jo- 
seph Sabine, Esq., as a botanical 
collector ; and, in 1823, he was 
despatched to the United States, 
where he procured many fine 
plants, and greatly increased the 
Society’s collection of fruit trees. 
He returned in the autumn of 
the same year; and, in 1824, 
an opportunity having offered, 
through the Hudson’s Bay Com- 
pany, of sending him to explore 
the botanical riches of the coun- 
try adjoining the Columbia river, 
and southwards, towards Cali- 
fornia, he sailed in July, for the 
purpose of prosecuting this mis- 
sion. 

While the vessel touched at 
Rio de Janeiro he collected many 
rare orchideous plants and bulbs: 
among the latter was a new 
species of Gesnéria, which Mr. 
Sabine named, in honour of its 
discoverer, G. Douglasiz. He 
was enraptured with the rich 
vegetation of a tropical country, 
and stopped at Rio longer than 
he anticipated, leaving it with 
regret. In the course of his voy- 
age round Cape Horn, he shot 
many curious birds peculiar to 
the southern hemisphere, and 
prepared them for sending home. 
On Christmas-day he reached 
the celebrated island of Juan 
Fernandez, which he describes 
as “an enchanting spot, very fer- 
tile, and delightfully wooded ;” 
adding, “ I sowed a large collec- 
tion of garden seeds, and ex.. 
pressed a wish that they might 
prosper, and add to the collec- 
tion of a second Robinson Cru- 
soe, should one appear.” He 
arrived at Fort Vancouver, on 
the Columbia, on the 7th of 
April, 1825. Here an extensive 
field presented itself to him ; and 
the excellent manner in which 
he performed his duty to the 
Horticultural Society cannot be 
better exemplified than by re- 
ferring to the vast collections of 
seeds which, from time to t me, 
he transmitted home, along 
with dried specimens, beauti- 


résidence de Sir Robert Preston ; 
célébre alors par une collection 
choisie de plantes exotiques. 

M. Stewart le voyant trés 
soigneux pour les plantes con- 
fiées a lui, l’encourageait par tous 
les moyens. I] le traitait avec 
bonté et lui permettait de parti- 
ciper aux avantages dont il jouis- 
sait luitméme d’etre admis a 
la bibliothéque de Sir Robert 
Preston ; privilége de la valeur 
la plus grande pour un jeune 
homme comme Douglas, qui pos- 
sédait les excellentes qualités de 
son esprit et de sa mémoire. 
Aprés avoir été 18 mois a peu 
prés a Valleytield, il entra au 
jardin de botanique a Glas- 


gow. 

C’était 14 que sa passion pour 
les plantes attirait ’attention du 
professeur de botanique, le Doc- 
teur (a présent Sir W. J.) Hoo- 
ker, qu’il accompagnait dans ses 
excursions a l’ouest de la Haute 
Ecosse, et qu’il assistait dans la 
collection des matériaux pour la 
‘© Flora Scotica’’ dont le Docteur 
s’occupait alors. Ce monsieur le 
recommanda a M. Joseph Sabine, 
ci-devant sécrétaire de la So- 
cieté d’Horticulture a Londres, 
en qualité de botaniste-collec- 
teur; et en 1823il fut envoyé aux 
Etats-Unis, ov il ramassait beau- 
coup de belles plantes, et ou il 
augmentait considérablement la 
collection de la Société en arbres 
fruitiers. Il retourna en automne 
de la meme année; et en 1824 la 
Société de la Baie de Hudson 
offrant l'occasion pour V’envoyer 
a Vexploration des richesses bo- 
taniques dans les environs de la 
riviére du Columbia et du sud 
vers la Californie, il partit au 
mois de Juillet avec l’intention 
de remplir cette mission. 

Pendant le séjour du vaisseau 
a Rio-Janeiro il cueillit mainte 
Orchidée et mainte plante tuber- 
culeuse : il y avait parmiles der- 
niéres une nouvelle espéce de 
Gesneria que M. Sabine, en hon- 
neur de celui qui l’avait décou- 
vert, nomma Gesneria Dougla- 
sii. Il fut enchanté par la vegé- 
tation si riche d’un pays tropical: 
il s’y arreétait plus long-temps 
qu’il avait espére, et il le quitta 
a regrets. 

En continuant son voyage au- 
tour du Cap Horn, il tua beau- 
coup d’oiseaux curieux propres 
a V’hémisphére méridional, et il 
les prépara pour les envoyer 
dans son pays. Il arriva le jour 
de Noél dans cette ile célébre de 
Juan Fernandez, qu’il peint 
comme ‘un séjour charmant, 
bien fertile et trés-boissé,” en 
ajoutant : “‘ J’y ai semé une 
grande collection de graines cul- 
tivées dans les jardins en expri- 
mant le desir qu’elles réussissent 
et qu’elles augmentassent la col- 
lection d’un second Robinson 
Crusoé s’il en pardt un tel.” 
Il aborda le 7. Avril, 1825, au 
Fort Vancouver sur le Colombia. 
C’était 1a qu’il se présentait a lui 
un champ bien grand, et l’excel- 
lente maniére avec laquelle il 
remplit ses devoirs envers la So- 
ciéte d’Horticulture ne pourrait 
étre prouvée mieux qu’en ren- 
voyant aux vastes collections de 


Biographical Notice of the late Mr. David Douglas, 


Seine gewohnte Thatigkeit 
und Dienstfertigkeit gewannen 
ihm die Freundschaft des Hrn. 
Beattie, der ihm dem verstor- 
benen Hrn. Alex. Stewart em- 
pfahl, und um 1817 etwa oder 
im Friihlinge 1818 zog er nach 
Valleyfield, dem Landsitze ces 
Baronet Sir Robert Preston, 
damals bertihmt durch eine aus- 
erlesene Sammlung fremder Ge- 
wiichse. 

Da Hr. Stewart sah dass er die 
ihm anvertrauten Pflanzen sehr 
sorgfaltig pflegte, ermunterte er 
ihn auf alle mogliche Weise. Er 
behandelte ihn mit Gute und er- 
laubte ihm die Vortheile mit zu 
benutzen, die er selbst daraus 
zog, dass er zu Sir Rob. Preston’s 
Bibliothek den Zugang hatte, 
ein Vorrecht von dem gréssten 
Werthe fiir einen jungen Mann 
wie Douglas, der die trefflichen 
Anlagen seines Geistes und Ge- 
dachtnisses besass. Nach eitiem 
Aufenthalte von etwa 18 Mona- 
ten in Valleyfield kam erin den 
botanischen Garten zu Glas- 
gow. 

Dort erregte seine Vorliebe ftir 
die Pflanzen die Aufmerksam- 
keit des Professors der Botanik, 
Doctor (nun Sir W. J.) Hooker, 
welchen er auf seinen Ausfll- 
gen durch die westlichen Hoch- 
lande begleitete und welchem er 
beiSammlung der Materialien fur 
die ,,Flora Scotica”’ half, womit 
sich damals Dr. Hooker beschaf- 
tigte. Dieser Herr empfahl 
ihn dem vorigen Secretar der 
Londner Gartenbaugesellschaft, 
Joseph Sabine, Esq., als bo- 
tanischen Sammler, und 1823 
ward er in die Vereinigten Staa- 
ten gesandt, wo er viele schéne 
Pflanzen sammelte und die 
Sammlung der Gesellschaft stark 
an Obstbaumen vermehrte. Er 
kehrte im Herbste desselben 
Jahres zurtick, und da sich 1824 
durch die Hudson’s-Bay-Com- 
pagnie eine Gelegenheit darbot, 
um ihn zur Erforschung der bo- 
tanischen Schatze in der Nach- 
barschaft des Columbia-Flusses 
und im Stiden gegen Californien 
hin auszusenden, so segelte er 
im Julius in der Absicht ab, die- 
sen Auftrag zu erfullen. 

Wahrend das Schiff in Rio- 
Janeiro landete, sammelte er 
manche seltene Orchideen und 
Knollengewachse; unter den 
letztern war eine neue Art Ges- 
neria, welche Hr. Sabine zu Eh- 
ren ihres Entdeckers G. Dou- 
glasii nannte. Er ward von der 
so reichen Vegetation eines Tro- 
penlandes bezaubert, hielt sich 
in Rio langer auf, als er erwartet 
hatte und verliess es mit Be- 
dauern. 

Im Verlaufe seiner Reise um 
das Cap Horn schoss er viele 
merkwurdige, der sudlichenErd- 
halfte eigenthtimliche Végel und 
bereitete sie zur Heimsendung 
vor. Am Weihnachtstage er- 
reichte er die bertihmte Juan 
Fernandez Insel, welche er, als 
5, einen reizenden Aufenthalt, 
sehr fruchtbar und herrlich be- 
waldet, beschreibt, indem er hin- 
zusetzt : ,,Ich sdete eine ansehn- 
liche Sammlung von Gartensa- 
mereien dort aus und ausserte 


with a Proposal for a Monument to his Memory. 


fully preserved, and now form- 
ing part of the herbarium in the 
garden of the Society at Chis- 
wick. Of the genus Pinus he 
discovered several species, some 
of which attain to an enormous 
size. The Pinus Lambertzana, 
which he named in compliment 
toAylmer Bourke Lambert, Esq., 
Vice-President of the Linnzan 
Society, is, perhaps, the largest 
tree of the genus. One of these, 
which had been blown down, 
measured 215 ft. in length, and 
57 ft. Qin. in circumference at 
3ft. from the ground! The 
‘cones of it, which Mr. Douglas 
‘sent home, were 16 in. long, and 
lin. in circumference. The 
kernel of the seed is sweet and 
pictant to the taste, and is eaten 
y the Indians, either roasted or 
pounded into coarse cakes for 
winter store. The resin which 
exudes from the trees, when 
they are partly burned, loses its 
usual flavour, and acquires a 
sweet taste; in which state it is 
used by the natives as sugar. 
Another species, named, by Mr. 
Sabine, Pinus Douglasz, attains 
nearly the size of the above. 

In the spring of 1827, Mr. 
Douglas traversed the country 
from Fort Vancouver, across the 
Rocky Mountains to Hudson’s 
Bay, where he met Capt. (now 
Sir John) Franklin, Dr. Richard- 
son, and Capt. Back, returning 
from their second overland arctic 
expedition. With these gentle- 
men he came to England in the 
autumn, bringing with him a 
variety of seeds, as well as speci- 
mens of plants, and other ob- 
jects of natural history. Through 
the kindness of his friend and 
patron, Mr. Sabine, he was in- 
troduced to the notice of many 
of the leading literary and scien- 
tific characters in London ; and, 
shortly afterwards, he was ho- 
noured by being elected, free of 
expense, a Fellow of the Lin. 
nzan, Geological, and Zoological 
Societies; to each of which he 
contributed several papers, since 
published in their 77 ansactions, 
evincing much research and 
acuteness as a naturalist. 

After being in London two 
years, Mr. Douglas sailed again 
tor Columbia, in the autumn of 
1829; where he continued en- 
joying his favourite pursuit, and 
adding largely to his former dis- 
coveries. Afterwards he went 
to the Sandwich Islands, in which 
he remained some months, and 
his return was expected by the 
very ship which brought the 
tidings of his horrible death ; an 
event the more to be regretted 
from having been occasioned by 
circumstances which we shudder 
to contemplate: that of falling 
into a pit made by the natives of 
the Sandwich Islands for catch- 
ing wild bulls, one of the latter 
being in it at the time. This 
lamentable event occurred on 
July 12, 1834, in the 36th year of 
his age. The details, which are 
too horrible to repeat, will be 
found given at length in the 
Gardener’s Magazine, vol. xii. 

Q 


“The intelligence of the death 


Vox. XII.— No. 80. 


graines qu’il envoyait de temps 
en tems simultanément avec des 
plantes sechées et supérieure- 
ment conservées, qui font partie 
a présent de l’herbier de la So- 
ciété & Chiswick. 

Il découvrit plusieurs espéces 
du ‘genre Pinus, dont quelques 
unes atteignent un volume pro- 
digieux. Pinus Lambertiana, 
qu’il nomma en honneur de M. 
Aylmer Bourke Lambert, le 
vice-président de la Société Lin- 
néenne, est peut-étre le plus 
grand arbre de cette espéce. Un 
de ces arbres abattu par le vent 
mesurait 215 pieds de longueur 
et 57 pieds 9 pouces de périphé- 
rie a 3 pieds de hauteur au des- 
sus du sol! Les cones envoyés 
par Mr. Douglas avaient 16 
pouces de longueur et 11 pouces 
de périphérie. L’amande en est 
douce et agréable 4 manger, et 
elle est mangée par les Indiens 
ou rétie ou réduite en gateaux 
grossiers pour les provisions 
@hiver. 

La résine provenant de ces ar- 
bres quand ils sont br(ilés en par- 
tie, perd son odeur ordinaire et 
prend un gout doux, dans quel 
état elle sert aux indigénes en 
guise desucre. Une autre espéce 
de pin, nommée par M. Sabine 
Pinus Douglasii, s’approche trés- 
prés de la premiére en hauteur. 

Au printemps de 1827 Mr, 
Douglas parcourait les pays de- 
puis le Fort Vancouver, en tra- 
versant les montagnes rocail- 
leuses (Rocky Mountains), jus- 
qu’a la Baie de Hudson, ov il 
rencontra le Capitaine Sir John 
Franklin, Dr. Richardson, et Ca- 
pitaine Back revenant de leur 
second voyage par terre aux pays 
arctiques. Ilarrivaen Angleterre 
a ’automne avec ces messieurs. 
en rapportant un grand nombre 
de graines et de plantes séchées 
et d’autres objets de Vhistoire 
naturelle. Par la bonté de son 
ami et protecteur M. Sabine il 
fut introduit chez plusieurs des 
premiers littérateurs et savans de 
Londres, et il fut honoré bientét 
aprés par son élection sans frais 
comme membre de la Société 
Linnéenne, Géologique, et Zoo- 
logique ; il présenta a chacune 
de ces sociétés plusieurs articles 
publiés depuis dans leurs ‘‘Trans- 
actions,” qui prouvent qu’il avait 
beaucoup d’esprit scrutateur et 
de genie comme naturaliste. 

Aprés avoir passé 2 ans a Lon- 
dres, M. Douglas partit encore 
pour la Colombie en automne de 
1829, ot il continuait de jouir de 
son occupation favorite et a aug- 
menter de beaucoup ses décou- 
vertes précedentes. Ensuite il 
allait aux iles de Sandwich, on il 
passait quelques mois et o0 il 
embarquait un nombre de pa- 
quets remplis de graines et de 
divers objets de Vhistoire natu- 
relle, qui se sont perdus malheu- 
reusement. 

Son retour avec une autre col- 
lection était expecté par le meme 
vaisseau gui rapportait les nou- 
velles de sa mort horrible. Cet 
évenement est d’autant plus la- 
mentable @tant occasionné par 
des circonstances dont la contem- 
plation fait frémir; c’est a dire 


yoo 


605 


den Wunsch, sie michten gedei- 
hen und die Sammlung eines 
zweiten Robinson Crusoe ver- 
mehren, sollte einer erscheinen.”” 
Er kam im Fort Vancouver am 
Columbia den 7. April 1825 an. 
Hier bot sich ihm ein weites 
Fe'd dar, und die herrliche Art, 
in welche er seine Verbindlich- 
keiten gegen die Gartenbauge- 
sellschaft erftillte, kann nicht 
besser erlautert werden, als durch 
Verweisung auf die grossen 
Sammlungen von Samen, welche 
er von Zeit zu Zeit heimschick- 
te zugleich mit getrockneten, 
prachtig erhaltenen Pflanzen, 
welche nun einen Theil des Her- 
bariums im Garten der Gesell- 
schaft zu_Chiswick ausmachen. 
Von der Gattung Pinus entdeck- 
te er verschiedene Arten, von 
denen einige eine ungeheure 
Hohe erreichen. Pinus Lam- 
bertiana, welche er zu Ehren 
des Vice-Priisidenten der Lin- 
naischen Gesellschaft Aylmer 
BurkeLambert, Esq., namnte, ist 
vielleicht der grésste Baum die- 
ser Gattung. Hiner derselben, 
welchen der Wind umgeworfen 
hatte, mass 215 Fuss in der Lan- 
ge und 57 Fuss 9 Zoll im Um- 
fange 3 Fuss hoch tiber der Erde! 
Die Zapfen, welche Hr. Douglas 
davon heimschickte, waren 16 
Zoll lang und 11 Z. im Umfange. 
Die Samenmandel ist stiss und 
wohlschmeckend und wird von 
den Indianern entweder gerdstet 
gegessen oder in grobe Kuchen 
fiir den Wintervorrath zer- 
stampft. Das Harz, welches aus 
diesen Baumen schwitzt, wenn 
sie theilweise verbrannt werden, 
verliert seinen gewohnlichen Ge- 
ruch und bekommt einen stissen 
Geschmack, in welchem Zustan- 
de es von den Eingebornen als 
Zucker gebraucht wird. Eine 
Art, von Hrn. Sabine Pinus 
Douglasii genannt, kommt der 
vorigen an Grosse nahe. 

Im Frthlinge 1827 durchwan- 
derte Hr. Douglas das Land vom 
Fort Vancouver aus liber die 
Felsengebirge (Rocky Moun- 
tains) bis zur Hudson’s Bay, wo 
er zusammentraf mit Capt. (nun 
Sir John) Franklin, Dr. Richard- 
son und Cap. Back, welche von 
ihrer zweiten Landreise zum 
Nordpole zurtickkehrten. Mit 
diesen Herren kam er im Herb- 
ste nach England und brachte 
eine Menge Samereien sowohl 
als getrockneter Pflanzen und 
andrer naturwissenschaftlichen 
Gegenstande mit. Durch die 
Gite seines Freundes und Gon- 
ners Hrn. Sabine wurde er mit 
vielen der ersten Literatoren und 
Gelehrten in London bekannt 
und bald darauf durch die ko- 
stenfreie Wahl zum Mitgliede 
der Linnadischen, Geologischen 
und Zoologischen Gesellschaft 
beehrt ; zu jeder derselben trug 
er verschiedene Aitikel bei, wel- 
che seitdem in ihren Verhand- 
lungen gedruckt worden sind 
und vielen Forschungsgeist und 
Scharfblick als Naturforscher an 
ihm beweisen, 

Nachdem er in London 2 Jah- 
re geblieben war, segelte Herr 
Douglas im Herbste 1829 wieder 
nach Columbia, wo er fortfuhr 


606 Biographical Notice of the late Mr. David Douglas, 


of this enterprising traveller and 
botanist was received by the 
botanical and horticultural world 
of Britain with feelings of the 
deepest regret, not only on ac- 
count of the eminent services he 
had rendered to botany, but also 
to other branches of natural his- 
tory. During the twelve years 
in which he was indefatigably 
employed in the cause of natural 
science, the name of Douglas is 
associated with all the rare and 
beautiful plants lately intro- 
duced from North-west America; 
and which, by means of the 
Horticultural Society of London, 
have been extensively distri- 
buted, not only in Britain, but 
over Europe, and those parts of 
North America where they are 
not indigenous. To him we are 
indebted, not only for many va- 
luable timber trees, some beauti- 
ful ribeses, and other ornamental 
shrubs, but for the elegant 
clarkia, the different species of 
pentstemons, lupines, cenothe- 
ras, and a host of other orna- 
mental plants, enumerated be- 
low, which now adorn our gar- 
dens; and which have formed, 
and still continue to form, the 
great attraction of the several 
botanical publications wherein 
they have been figured and de- 
scribed. In short, if we only 
imagine the British gardens de- 
prived of the plants introduced by 
Douglas, we shall find them but 
very little farther advanced, in 
point of ornamental productions, 
than they werea century ago.One 
great advantage of the introduc- 
tions of Douglas, independently 
of their beauty, is, that they are, 
with only one or two excep- 
tions, not. only able to stand 
without protection, but very 
hardy; and, consequently, from 
ripening seeds in abundance, 
they are calculated for orna- 
menting the garden of the cot- 
tager equally with that of the 
prince, in Britain, and the cen- 
tral districts of Europe, 

The Perthshire Royal Horti- 
cultural Society, which includes 
most of the botanists and gar- 
deners of the district in which 
Douglas was born, desirous to 
express their sense of the sere 
vices which he has rendered to 
the botany and gardening of his 
country, and deeply sympathis- 
ing with the manner of his 
death, have resolved to erect a 
monument to his memory, in his 
native village of Scone, in Perth- 
shire; and have appointed a 
committee of their number to 
carry the same into effect, by 
soliciting the aid of the garden- 
ing world, and more especially 
of the gardeners of Britain, who 
may approve of the undertaking. 
The committee has limited the 
sum to be subscribed by practical 
gardeners to 5s.; and they ex- 
pect no more than 1s. from 
journeymen, and 6d. from ap- 
prentices. Any sum from ama- 
teurs, however small, or how- 
ever large, will be thankfully 
acknowledged. The object is, 
not so much to procure a large 
sum, as to afford the means to 
gardeners, in every part of the 


qu’il tomba dans une fosse creu- 
sée par les indigénes pour pren- 
dre des taureaux sauvages, juste 
au moment ov il y en avait un 
pris. Cet accident déplorable eut 
lieu le 12 Juillet, 1834, 4 Page de 
36 ans qu’il avait alors. Le dé- 
tail de toutes les circonstances, 
trop terrible pour etre repété ici, 
se trouve dans toute sa longeur 
au douziéme volume du “Gar- 
dener’s Magazine,” page 274. 
La nouvelle de la mort de cet 
entreprenant botaniste-voyageur 
fut recue par le public des bota- 
nistes et des horticulteurs avec 
les sentimens des plus profonds 
regrets a cause des services dis- 
tingués rendus par lui, non seule- 
ment a la botanique mais aussi 
aux autres branches de l’histoire 
naturelle. Pendant les 12 ans ou 
ils s’occupait infatigablement des 
Sciences naturelles, le nom de 
Douglas fut joint a toutes les 
plantes rares et belles introduites 
derniérement du nord-ouest de 
Amérique, qui ont été repan- 
dues au loin par laSociete a’ Hor- 
ticulture 4 Londres, non seule- 
ment dans toute la Grande- 
Bretagne, mais aussi dans toute 
l’Europe et dans ces parties de 
l’Amerique septentrionale ot 
elles ne sont pas indigénes. Nous 
lui devons non seulement plu- 
sieurs valuables arbres de haute 
futaie, quelques belles espéces de 
Ribes et d’autres arbustes d’orne- 
ment, mais aussi la jolie Clarkia 
(Clarkia pulchella), les diffé- 
rentes espéces de Pentstemon, 
Lupinus, CEnothera et une 1é- 
gion d’autres plantes d’ornement 
énumérées la-bas qui décorent a 
présent nos jardins et qui ont 
donné et qui donnent toujours 
encore tant de charmes aux écrits 
périodiques des botanistes ot 
elles sont figurées et décrites. 
Enfin, imaginons nous seulement 
les jardins Britanniques privés 
des plantes introduites par Dou- 
glas, et nous ne les trouverons 
pas, sous le rapport des plantes 
d’ornement, beaucoup plus a- 
vancés qu’un siécle avant nous. 
Un grand avantage que les 
végétaux introduits par Douglas 
possédent, indépendamment de 
Jeur beauté, c’est qu’a une ou 
deux exceptions prés ils ne de- 
mandent pas seulement point de 


~protection, mais ils sont par- 


faitement rustiques, et par con- 
séquent, portant des graines 
mires en abondance, ils for- 
ment aussi bien l’ornement du 
jardin du cottager que du prince 
dans la Grande-Bretagne et dans 
le centre del’ Europe. 

La Société Royale d’Horticul- 
ture pour Perthshire qui com- 
prend la plupart des botanistes 
et jardiniers du pays de feu Mr. 
Douglas, désirant exprimer leur 
reconnaissance des services qu’il 
a rendus ala botanique et a ’hor- 
ticulture de son payset regrettant 
profondément la maniére de sa 
mort, a résolu d’ériger en son 
honneur un monument dans son 
lieu de naissance 4 Scone en 
Perthshire, et elle a nommé 
un comité de son nombre pour 
exécuter cette résolution en ap- 
pelant ou secours tous les jar- 
diniers et plus particulierement 


sich mit seiner Lieblingsbeschaf- 
tigung zu vergnitigen und seine 
friihern Entdeckungen reichlich 
zu vermehren. Hierauf ging er 
nach den Sandwich-Inseln, wo er 
einige Monate blieb und eine 
Anzahl Packete mit Samereien 
und verschiedenen naturhistori- 
schen Gegenstanden einschiffte, 
welche aber ungliicklicherweise 
verloren gegangen sind. Seine 
Ruckkehr mit einer andern 
Sammlung wurde auf demselben 
Schiffe erwartet, welches die 
Nachricht von seinem schreck- 
lichen Tode brachte ; dieses Er- 
eigniss ist um so bedauernswur- 
diger, da es durch Umstande ver- 
anlasst wurde, deren Betrach- 
tung uns schaudern macht: er 
fiel namlich in eine Grube, wel- 
che die Eingebornen gemacht 
hatten, um wilde Stiere zu fan. 
gen, gerade zu der Zeit, da ein 
solcher darin war. Diese klag- 
liche Begebenheit trug sich am 
12. Julius 1834 im 36sten Jahre 
seines Alters mit ihm zu. Die 
besondern Umstande davon, wel- 
che zu schrecklich sind, um hier 
wiederholt zu werden, sind der 
Lange nach zu finden im 12ten 
Bande des ,,Gardener’s Maga- 
zine” Seite 274. 

Die Nachricht von dem Tode 
dieses unternehmenden reisen- 
den Botanikers wurden von dem 
Publikum der = Botaniker und 
Hortikulturisten mit idem Ge- 
fiihle des tiefsten Bedauerns auf 
genommen, wegen der ausge- 
zeichneten Dienste, welche er 
nicht bloss der Botanik erwiesen 
hat, sondern auch den tbrigen 
Zweigen der Naturgeschichte. 
Die 12 Jahre hindurch, wo er 
unermiidet sich mit Naturwis- 
senschaft beschaftigte, war der 
Name Douglas mit allen seltnen 
und schonen Pflanzen vereinigt, 
welche neuerlich aus Nord- West- 
Amerika eingeftihrt wurden und 
welche vermittelst der Garten- 
baugesellschaft in London weit 
verbreitet worden sind, nicht 
bloss tiber ganz Gross-Britan- 
nien, sondern tiber ganz Europa 
und diejenigen Theile von Nord- 
Amerika, wo sie nicht einhei- 
misch sind. Ihm verdanken wir 
nicht nur viele kostbare Bauhol- 
zer, einige schOne Ribes-Arten 
und andre Zierstraucher, son- 
dern auch die niedliche Clarkie 
(Clarkia pulchella), die verschie- 
denen Arten von Pentstemon, 
Lupinus, Oenothera und ein 
Heer anderer Zierpflanzen, wel- 
che unten aufgezahlt sind, wel- 
che nun unsere Garten schmt- 
cken und welche die verschie- 
denen botanischen Schriften so 
anziehend gemacht haben und 
noch immer zu machen fortfah- 
ren, wo dieselben abgebildet und 
beschrieben worden sind. Kurz, 
stellen wir uns nur die briti- 
schen Garten als der von Dou- 
glas eingeftihrten Pflanzen be- 
raubt vor, so werden wir sie in 
Betracht von Zierpflanzen nicht 
viel weiter vorgertickt finden, 
als sie vor einem Jahrhunderte 
waren. 

Ein grosser Vorzug der von 
Douglas eingefiihrtenGewachse, 
unabhingig von ihrer Schénheit, 
ist, dass sie, nur mit einer oder 


with a Proposal for a.Monument to his Memory. 


world, of evincing their sympa- 
thy with the celebrity and mis- 
fortune of one of their brethren ; 
and thus, at the same time, ho- 
nouring themselves, by doing 
honour to the memory ef Dou- 
glas. Every contributor to the 
amount of 1s. shall be entitled to 
a printed list of subscribers’ 
names, to which a lithographic 
design of the monument and in- 
scription shall be attached. 

Itis hoped that gardeners, and 
all the friends to gardening and 
science, will come forward in 
such a manner as to enable the 
committee to realise the idea 
they have formed of what will 
be a suitable monument to the 
memory of Douglas; suitable 
not only to the kind of services 
rendered by the individual, but 
to the spirit of the age, which 
recognises utility to the living as 
the great principle of guidance 
in commemorating the services 
of the dead. 

The committee, viewing the 
subject in this light, propose, if 
the amount of the subscription 
will admit, to purchase a piece 
of ground sufficient to hold full- 
grown specimens of all the trees, 
shrubs, and plants introduced 
by Douglas; to enclose it; to 
plant it with these trees and 
shrubs; to erect a monument, 
such as may be agreed on, in 
some part of the ground, and to 
build a house; which, together 
with the whole demesne, shall 
be settled on his heirs at law for 
ever. They also propose to pur- 
chase as much additional ground 
(say two or three acres) as will 
suffice for keeping the represent- 
ative of the family for the time 
being, as a market-gardener, a 
small farmer, or a nurseryman. 

The portrait of Douglas, placed 
at the head of this article, is 
copied, by the kind permission 
of Samuel Curtis, Esq., from an 
engraving which appeared, along 
with a very copious life of 
Douglas, in the Companion to 
the Botanical Magazine; which 
engraving, Mr. Curtis informs 
us, is after a chalk drawing of 
the size of nature, in the posses- 
sion of Dawson Turner, Esq. 

Subscriptions will be received 
by Archibald Turner, Esq., trea- 
surer of the Perthshire Horti- 
cultural Society ; at the office of 
the London Horticultural So- 
ciety, 21. Regent Street, London; 
by Messrs. Longman, Rees, and 
Co., 39. Paternoster Row, Lon- 
don; by Messrs. Peter Lawson 
and Son, seedsmen, Edinburgh ; 
by Messrs. Vilmorin and Co., 
seedsmen, Quai de la Mégisserie, 
No. 30. Paris ; by Messrs. Booth, 
Floetbeck Nursery, Hamburg ; 
by M., Otto, director of the Bo- 
tanic Garden, Berlin; by M. 
Charles Rauch, curator of the 
Imperial Gardens at Rennweg, 
Vienna; by M. Sckell, inspector- 
general of the Royal Gardens, 
Munich ; by Messrs. Thorburn, 
seedsmen, New York ; by Robert 
Cleghorn, Esq., mnurseryman, 
Montreal; and, in general, by al 
the directors of botanic gardens, 
and nurserymen and seedsmen, 
in Europe and North Amcrica. 


_chands grainiers, 


tous les jardiniers de la Grande- 
Bretagne qui approuvent cette 
entreprise. 

Le comité a fixé le montant 
de la souscription pour les jar- 
diniers praticiens a 5 ch. (6 fr.), 
et ils n’attendent pas plus qu’un 
ch. d’un journalier et 6 pence 
d’un apprenti. Toutes les contri- 
butions, soit modestes, soit consi- 
dérables, seront recues avec de 
la reconnaissance. L/’intention 
n’est pas avant tout de ramasser 
une grande somme, mais plutdét 
de donner occasion a tous les jar- 
diniers dans tousles pays de mon- 
trer leurs intéréts a la célébrité 
et au malheur d’un de leurs con- 
fréres, et de s’honorer ainsi par 
eux-memes en meme temps 

wils honorent la mémoire de 

ouglas. Chaque contribution 
d’un chelin donnera le droit 
de recevoir une liste imprimée 
des noms des souscripteurs, a la- 
quelle sera joint une lithographie 
du monument avec sa descrip- 
tion. 

On espére que les jardiniers et 
tous les amateurs du jardinage 
et des sciences naturelles se mon- 
treront d’une maniére telle que 
le comité soit mis en état d’ex- 
écuter Vidée qu’il s’est formée 
d’un monument digne de la mé- 
moire de Douglas; digne non pas 
seulement de cette espéce des 
mérites que cet individu a 
conquises, mais digne aussi de 
Vesprit du siécle qui reconnait 
dans V’utilité pour les vivans le 
grand principe directeur pour 
la commémoration des services 
des morts. 

Le comité, qui regarde V’objet 
sous ce point de vue, propose 
donc si le montant des souscrip- 
tions le permet, d’acheter une 
terre suffisamment grande pour 
contenir tous les arbres, ar- 
brisseaux, et plantes introduits 
par Douglas dans toute la, vigueur 
de leur végétation, d’en faire un 
enclos, d’ériger dans une partie 
de cette piéce de terre un mo- 
nument convenable, d’y batir 
une maison qui sera cédée avec 
la piéce de terre aux héritiers 
légitimes sous le titre de pro- 
priété perpétuelle. Le comité 
propose aussi d’y ajouter par 
achat assez de terre (a peu prés 
2 ou 3 arpens anglais) pour 
suffire a faire vivre le représen- 
tant actuel de la famille comme 
maraicher, petit fermier, ou pé- 
piniériste. 

Des souscriptions seront re- 
gues: par M. Archibald Turn- 
bull, trésorier de la Société 
d@’Horticulture en Perthshire ; 
au bureau de la Société d’ Horti- 
culture 4 Londres, 21. Regent 
Street, Londres; par MM. Long- 
man, Rees et Comp., 39. Pater- 
noster Row, Londres; par MM. 
Peter Lawson et fils, narchands 
grainiers a Edinbourg; par 
M. Vilmerin et Comp., mar- 
Quai de la 
Mégisserie, 30. a Paris; par M. 
Booth, pépiniéristes a Fleetbeek 
prés de Hambourg sur l'Elbe; 
par M. Otto, directeur du jar- 
din de plantes 4 Berlin; par M. 
Charles Rauch, curateur des 
jardins impériaux sur le Renn- 
weg a Vienne en Autriche; par 


VeVi ac 


607 


zwei Ausnahmen, nicht bloss 
fahig des Schutzes zuentbehren, 
sondern auch sehr hart sind; 
und folglich, da sie Samen im 
Ueberflusse zur Reife bringen, 
sind sie geeignet zur Verzierun. 

des Gartens des Hauslers sowoh 

als des Fiirsten in Britannien 
und Mittel- Europa. 

Die konigliche Gartenbauge- 
sellschaft von Perthshire, welche 
die meisten Botaniker und Gart- 
ner der Gegend in sich be- 
greift, wo Douglas geboren war, 
wunscht ihre Erkenntlichkeit 
fiir die Dienste auszudrticken, 
welche er der Botanik und Gart- 
nerei seines Vaterlandes erwie- 
sen hat und bedauert tief die Art 
seines Todes; sie hat beschlos- 
sen zu seinem Gedachtnisse in 
seinem Geburtsorte Scone in 
Perthshire ein Monument zu er- 
richten, und einen Ausschuss aus 
ihrer Mitte ernannt, um diesen 
Entschluss auszufiihren durch 
Anrufung des Beistandes der 
Grtanerwelt und insbesondere 
der britischen Gartner, welche 
das Unternehmen billigen. - 

Der Ausschuss hat die Sub- 
scriptionssumme fiir praktische 
Garter auf 5 Schillinge festge- 
setzt; und es erwartet nicht 
mehr als 1 Schilling von Tagl6h- 
nern und 6 Pence von Gartner- 
lehrlingen. Jeder Beitrag von 
Gartenliebhabern, so gering oder 
bedeutend er auch seyn mag, 
wird dankvoll anerkannt wer- 
den. Die Absicht ist nicht so 
wohl eine grosse Summe zusam- 
men zu bringen, als Gartnern in 
allen Weltgegenden Gelegenheit 
zu geben, ihre Theilnahme an 
der Beriihmtheit und dem Un- 
gliicke eines ihrer Briider zu 
beweisen und so zugleich sich 
selbst zu ehren, indem sie dem 
Andenken Douglas’s Ehre er- 
weisen. Jeder Beitrag von 1 Sch. 
soll zu einem gedruckten Ver- 
zeichnisse der Namen der Sub- 
scribenten berechtigen, welchem 
eine Steinzeichnung des Monu- 
ments nebst Beschreibung bei- 
gefiigt werden soll. 

Man hofft, dass Gartner und 
alle Freunde der Gartnerei und 
Naturwissenschaft sich auf eine 
solche Art zeigen werden, dass 
der Ausschuss in den Stand ge- 
setzt wird, die Idee auszuftihren, 
welche derselbe sich von einem 
des Andenkens an Douglas wur- 
digen Denkmale gemacht hat; 
wurdig nicht bloss der Art von 
Verdiensten, welche dieser ein- 
zelne Mann sich erworben hat, 
sondern auch des Zeitgeistes, 
weleher Ntitzlichkeit fiir die 
Lebenden als den grossen leiten- 
den Grundsatz fiir die Gedicht- 
nissstiftung der Dienste der Tod- 
ten anerkennt. 

Der Ausschuss, welcher den 
Gegenstand in diesem Lichte 
betrachtet, schlagt vor, wenn 
der Subscriptionsbetrag es zu- 
lasst, ein Grundstiick anzukau- 
fen, welches hinreichend gross 
ist, um alle von Douglas einge- 
fiihrten Baume, Straucher und 
Pflanzen in ihrem vollen Wachs- 
thume zu enthalten, dasselbe 
einzuhagen, auf einem Theile 
des Grundsttickes ein beliebiges 
Denkmal zu errichten und ein 


608 Biographical Notice of the late Mr. David Douglas, 


Weare indebted for the trans- 
lation of this biographical notice 
of Douglas to Dr. Lippold,author 
of the Taschenbuch der Verstan- 
digenGartners ; and of an article 
On the Belgian mode of cultivat- 
ing the Chicory, §c., in this Ma- 

azine, p.250. Dr. Lippold is 
fimself a candidate for filling a 
situation as Botanical Traveller 
and Collector, in foreign coun- 
tries. 


M. Sckell, inspecteur général 
des jardins royaux 4 Munic; 
par MM. Thorburn, marchands 
grainiers 4 New-York; par M. 
Robert Cleghorn, pépiniériste 
a Montréal; et en général par 
tous les directeurs des jardins 
de plantes, par tous les pé- 
pinieristes, et par tous les mar- 
chands grainiers en Europe et 
en Amérique. 


Haus zu bauen, welches nebst 
dem ganzen Grundstticke seinen 
gesetzlichen Erben auf immer 
zum Eigenthume eingeraumt 
werden soll. Der Ausschuss 
schlagt weiter vor, soviel Land 
(etwa 2 bis 3 Acker) dazu anzu- 
kaufen, als hinreichen mag den 
derzeitigen Reprasentanten der 
Familie als Gemiisegartner, 
Kleinpachter oder Handelsgart- 
ner zu erhalten. 


Subscriptionen werden angenommen: —von Archibald Turnbull, Esq., Schatzmeister der Perth- 
shirer Gartenbaugesellschaft ; im Sitzungshause der Londner Gartenbaugesellschaft, 21. Regent Street, 
London; von den Hrn. Longman, Rees, und Comp., 39. Paternoster Row, London; von den Hrn. 
Peter Lawson und Sohn, Samenhandlern in Edinburg; von den Hrn. Vilmorin und Comp., Samen- 
handlern, Quai de la Megisserie 30. Paris; von den Herrn Booth, Floetbecker Baumschule in 
Hamburg; von Hrn. Otto, Direktor des botanischen Gartens in Berlin; von Hrn. Carl Rauch, Cu- 
rator der kaiserlichen Garten am Rennwege zu Wien; von Hrn. Sckell, General-Inspector der 
k6niglichen Garten zu Miinchen ; von den Hrn. Thorburn, Samenhandlern in New-York ; von Robert 
Cleghorn, Esq., Handelsgirtner in Montreal; und tiberhaupt von allen Directoren botanischer 
Garten, Handelsgartnern und Samenhandlern in Europa und Amerika.- 


List of Plants introduced by the late Mr. David Douglas, F.L.S., $c., all of 
which, with one or two Excepticns, are now in British Gardens in a living State. 
Arranged from a List furnished by the London Horticultural Society. 


DICOTYLEDO NEE. 


Ranunculicee. Clematis virginiana 
Anemone Hudsonzana A 
Delphinium Menziészz ?y 2? A 
Pzonia Browni & 
Berberacer. Berberis glumacea 2 
Aquif dlium & , 
Rhamnacee. Ceandthus collinus 
Papaverdcee. Platystémon californicus O 
Eschschéltza californica yY A 
crocea Y A 
Crucifere, or Brassicacee.  Crucifera péndula 
(Turritis retrofracta ?Lindl.) °¢ ? A 
Violaceez. Viola premorsa Y A 


Limnanthacee. Limnanthes Douglasiz O 
Rosacea. Prunus depréssa 23 
Tigdrea tridentata (Pirsnia triden- 
tata) % 
Spire’a ariefolia % 
Artincus (americana L.) ¥ A 
Abus spectabilis % 
leucdstachys ~K 
nutkanus 32 
leucodérmis 
longipétalus 
Potentilla ont6poda Y¥ A 
arachnoidea Y A 
glandulosa yY A 


Silendcee. Siléne inamce‘na ? O pectinata ‘y A 
Alsindcea. Spérgula ramosissima argutay A 
Linacee. Linum sibiricum ¥ A effasa & A 
Malvacee. Malva coccinea (Malva Munrodna obscdra Y A 


Bot. Reg.) w __] 
Sida malvefiora ¢ A 
A‘cer macrophyllum *¢ Ameldnchier florida *¢ 

circinatum 4¢ Pyrus rivularis 
Geraniacee. Geranium carolinianum ?y ? A Onagracee. Epildbium minimum 
Leguminicee. Thermopsis fabacea Y A G@nothéra albicatilis (pallida ef 
Trifolium tridentatum Lindl.) ¥ A. 3 
macrocéphalum viminea © 
aster) Y?A (Godétza) rubicinda 
Trifolium fucatum © decumbens © 
Hosickia (Lotus) bicolor 2. A (Godétza) vindsa O 
Psoralea macrostachya Y A Lindleyéna O 
Astragalus succuléntus Y¥ A (Godétia) lépida O 
Lathyrus californicus R A quadrivilnera O 
Lupinus leucophyllus ¢ A dentata © 


Horkélza congeésta 
Cratz*‘gus Douglasz? 
Acericee. 


(Lupin- 


tristis densifldra Lindl. O 
plumosus Y A muricata ©) 
lucidus Clarkéa pulchélla © 
ornatus y A élegans O 
grandifolius gauroides 


flexudsus 
Albifrons %# __| 
arbistus 
rivularis 

lépidus y¥ A 
polyphYllus yY A 


Loasacez. Bartdnia aGrea ?© 

Portulacacee. Calandrinia specidsa © 

Grossulacee. Aides divaricatum 
glutindsum 5 
céreum 3 
malvaceum S& 


‘albus ¥ A irriguum 
nanus O specidsum S& 
littoralis yY A echinatum 
succuléntus sanguineum 8 
bicolor O niveum 
densiflorus © petiolare 2 
micranthus O setdsum SE 


Sabinianus »¥ A 
aridus yY A- 
laxiflorus y A 
sulphureus 
leptophyllus © 
hirsutissimus © 


viscosissimum Sé 
lactistre 3 
tenuifldrum S& 
Saxifragacee. Téllima grandiflora ¢ A 
Heuchera micrantha ¢ A 


Umbellacee. Cictita occidentalis ?y ? A 


with a List of the Plants introduced by him. 609 


Corndcee. Cornus alba Scrophulariacee. Pentstémon attenuatus ¢ A 
Caprifoliacee. Symphoria racemdsa deistus ¢ A 
: Caprifolium Douglaszi ?_2 gracilis ¢ A 
cilidsum ?_2 staticifolius ¥ A 
hispidulum $_ digitalifdrus ¢ A 
Valerianacez. Valerzanélia (Plectritis) con- Scotleri ¢ A 
gésta ?O Cheléne centranthifolia ¢ A 
Composite. Erigeron sp. (Stenactis specidsa nemordsa ¥ A 
Lindl.) y¥ A Mimulus moschatus ¢ A 
Diplopappus incanus Lindl. ¢ _A} cardinalis ¥ A 
Madia élegans O guttatus f A 
Eriophyllum cespitdsum 2. A 7oseus Y¥ A 
Helianthus lenticularis O floribindus 
Gaillardza aristata y A Castilléia coccinea © 
Calliépsis Atkinsonzana ¢ A Collinsza grandifldra © 
Tanacétum boreale parviflora © 
Donia villdsa 7¢ 2A bicolor © 
Lasthénia californica © Labiicee. Hyssdpus (Lophanthus Benth.) urtici- 
glabrata O folius Y¥ A 
Lobeliacex. Clinton7a élegans O Salvia sp. (Audibértza incana 
pulchélla Benth.) 2. 
Evricdcee. A’rbutus procéra ? Primulacez. Douglasia nivalis Lindl. 7¢ A 
tomentdsa Verbendcea. Verbéna bractedsa yy» A 
Gaulthérza Shdllon %# Nyctagindcee. Abronia (Tricratus Hévit.) mel- 
Vaccinium ovatum If{fera K A 
Polemoniicee. Phibx speciosa “ w ” Polygonacee. Eridgonum compésitum L. Y A 
Leptosiphon densifldrus © nidum y A 
androsaceus © Garryacee. GArrya elliptica 
Gilia capitata andc. alba O Contfere, or Pindcee. Pinus Lambertiana @ 
tricolor O Douglaséz @ 
achilleefolia O ponderosa ? 
pungens © - nobilis ? 
spléndens © amabilis ? 
pharnacedides O grandis © 
Ipom6psis élegans ©) Menziési 9 
Colldmia grandifldra O monticola and insig- 
linearis O nis ? 
pinnatifida O with red cones ? 
bellidifolia < 
gracilis MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
Hydrophyllicee, Benthamia lycopsdides Doug. Uyiddcee. Tris tenax Y A 
MS. (Phacélia rddis Sisyrinchium grandifldrum ?7¢ A 
Lindl.) Hemerocaillidacee. Brodiz‘a congésta 
Phacélia hastata grandiflora § 
tanacetifolia O Asphodclacee. Scilla (Camdssia esculénta 
Edttoca multiflira Q) Lindl) $ 
viscida Hesperoscérdum l4cteum ¥% 
- _- divaricata © Tritelefa laxa $ 
Nemophila insignis O Calliprora flava % 
aurita © Lilidcee. Calochértus Barnard: ¥ 
Solandcee. Nicotzana multivalvis O élegans % 
Scrophulariacee. Pentstémon acuminatus ¥ A Albus @ 
specidsus ~ A spléndens ¢ 
venustus ¢ A ventstus § 
glanduldsus ¢ A luteus § 
Richardsoniz £a pulchéllus % 
triphyllus y A é pusillus ¥ 
ovatus ¥ A macrocarpus % 
diffisus ~ Zy Lilium pudicum § 
pruinosus ¢ A Erythronium grandifldrum § 
confértus ¢ A Melanthacee. Heldnias ténax ¢ A 


Several additions will require to be made to the above list; because a 
number of plants which have been raised from seeds sent home by Douglas, 
have not yet flowered. Sir W. J. Hooker, who is publishing an interesting 
Memoir of Douglas, with extracts from his Journals, in the Comp. to the Bot. 
Mag., to the proprietor of which we are indebted for permission to copy the 
portrait at the head of this article, states to us that the dried collections of 
plants sent home by Douglas probably contain 800 Californian species alone, 
of which most likely many are new, but of which Douglas could neither send 
home roots nor seeds. The total number of species enumerated above are, — 
ligneous plants, 53; herbaceous plants, 145; in all, 198: a greater number of 
hardy species than were ever before introduced into Britain by one collector. 
When, as we have already stated, it is considered that all these plants, with 
only one or two exceptions, are quite hardy, and that they actually, at the 
present moment, form the principal ornaments to British gardens, from the 
cottage to the palace, the name of Douglas ought to be continually present to 
our minds; and we ought never to forget how much we are indebted to him, 
and to those who were his patrons and employers. 


a 


610 Scientific Examination of Gardeners. 


Art. II. The scientific Examination of Gardeners. 


A GRAND step has been taken by the London Horticultural Society for the 
promotion of gardening, and one from which may be dated a new era in the 
art. Itis proposed by the Garden Committee of the Society to receive no 
gardeners for permanent employment in the gardens who cannot produce 
satisfactory evidence that they have received a certain degree of preliminary 
education ; and, after any one has been admitted, he cannot be recommended 
to any place as a gardener, until he shall have undergone an examination on 
what may be called horticultural science, and received a certificate, a copy of 
which will be recorded in a book kept for the purpose. We cannot suffi- 
ciently express the high opinion which we entertain of the good that will result 
from this determination of the Society. Hitherto, a young gardener, who has 
studied, and understands, the science of his art, has not had a fair chance; 
because another, with not half his knowledge, but more favoured by fortune 
and accident, may have been apprenticed, and worked as journeyman, at places 
of greater celebrity; and the head gardeners at such places generally taking 
apprentice or journeyman fees, they consequently feel bound to recommend 
their pupils, whether they particularly:deserve it or not; and they, of course, 
are much more likely to succeed in getting places, than those who have been 
apprentices or journeymen in places less celebrated, and who depend solely, 
or chiefly, on their own merits. Another good effect of this examination 
system, will be, that young men of industry in acquiring knowledge will be duly 
appreciated by their employers; while those who have no natural talent for 
acquiring a knowledge of the science of their profession will be induced to re- 
linquish it, and adopt some other for which they are better adapted by nature. 
Or, if they do not adopt another, they will be considered as belonging to a 
secondary grade in the profession, and fit only for secondary places. In this 
way, the profession will be weeded out, as it were, and those which remain will 
constitute a body of men who will attain.that rank in the scale of intellect 
which, though long deserved by many individuals among them, has not hitherto 
been obtained by the profession generally. 

We have said above that this determination of the Horticultural Society 
will form the commencement of a new era in gardening; but still more 
effectually will it create a new era among gardeners, by distinguishing and. 
elevating all those that are really worthy of the name: and this will lead 
to their being more suitably paid, and more respectfully treated by their 
employers, than many of them are at present. 

The circumstance of a certain preliminary education being necessary before 
the parents of any young man can even hope that he will ever attain to the 
situation of head gardener, will do an immense deal of good, by showing the 
advantages of school education to young persons generally ; and, with other 
causes now in operation, it will contribute towards that most desirable result, 
the establishment of a national system of education, at the expense of all, and 
for the benefit of all. 

We hope all other Horticultural Societies, who have gardens and scientific 
secretaries, or curators, will institute preliminary regulations of a similar kind ; 
for, though a certificate from a provincial institution can never rank with one 
from the Metropolitan Society, yet it will be of some value, and tend to en- 
hance the worth of that obtained from the Metropolitan Society. We hope, 
also, that young men, in every part of the country, who are in their apprentice- 
ship, or who are working as journeymen, will prepare themselves for examina- 
tion by the London Horticultural Society ; and will be sufficiently ambitious, 
not to desire to fill a place till they have proved that, as far as respects the 
science of their art, they are properly qualified for it. 

The books that we would recommend for perusal to a young man desirous 
of preparing himself are, all Dr. Lindley’s works; more especially.his Outlines 
of Botany, Outlines of Horticulture, and his Introductions to Botany, to the 
Natural System, and his Ladies’ Botany (which, we are happy to say, has 


——-” 


Scientific Examination of Gardeners. 611 


already reached-a third edition) Davy’s Agricultural Chemistry ought also to 
be studied, and Main’s Vegetable Physiology, and Hayward’s Principles of 
Horticulture. 

While we offer these remarks for the encouragement of young men entering 
into the profession of a gardener, we think it may not be amiss to caution all 
such against supposing that the possession of scientific knowledge a/one will 
fit them for filling situations, either first or second-rate, as head gardeners ; 
much less will it put them on a par with many gardeners, both young and | 
old, who, in connexion with the practice of their art, have been studying the 
science of it, from books and from nature, all their lives. Whatever may be 
the science of any art possessed by a young man, nothing can enable him to 
practice that art with a certainty of success, but time and experience. Ex- 
perience cannot be gained without time; and, therefore, in this respect no 
young gardener can be on a par with an old one. Besides, in gardening, as 
in every other pursuit, it is not always those who have most knowledge who 
are most capable of carrying what they know into practice. The operations 
of grafting, and even planting with the dibble, however simple they may ap- 
pear, may be perfectly understood from description, and yet not performed in 
such a way as to insure success. It is well known that some of the most 
successful cultivators, both of fruits and flowers, in the neighbourhood of 
London, and in Holland, are men who never read. We submit these 
remarks, not to discourage young men who may wish to study their art 
scientifically from doing so; but simply to prevent the chance of the young 
men who have obtained, or who may obtain, certificates, from being puffed 
up by their newly acquired honours, and perhaps despising their elder 
brethren. 

After these preliminary remarks, we shall submit the documents which 
have given rise to them. 


[Form of a Letter which will henceforward be sent to all Candidates for Admis- 
sion into the Horticultural Society's Garden.] 


Horticultural Society’s Garden, 
Chiswick, 183 
Sir, 

I am directed to transmit to you, as a candidate for admission 
into this garden, the accompanying resolutions, to which I beg particularly to 
call your attention. I am also to request that you will immediately inform me, 
by post, whether you will be prepared to comply with these resolutions, in 
order that your application may in that case be confirmed. If I do not receive 
an answer to this letter in the course of a month, you will be considered to 
object to the regulations, and your name will be removed from the list of 
applicants. 

Iam, your obedient servant, 
Gardener. 


To Mr. 


Regulations respecting the future Admission of young Men into the London 
& sa aE Bf fe aco gam 
Horticultural Society’s Garden, and their Examination afterwards.] 


Extract from the Minutes of the Garden Committee, Feb. 22. 1836. 


The Garden Committee, having had their attention called to the defective 
state of the education of some of the young men who are recommended to 
them for employment in the Society’s Garden, and feeling it to be most de- 
sirable that all persons intended for gardeners should possess the means of 
becoming acquainted with the principles of the art which they intend to prac- 
tise, have directed that the following regulations be in future observed :— 

No person is to be received into the Garden for permanent employment who 
cannot produce satisfactory evidence upon the following points : — 

1. That he has been employed for at least three years in some good garden. 

2. That he can write and spell respectably. 


612 12 Obituary. 


3. That he is sufficiently acquainted with arithmetic to be able to keep 
accounts. 

4. That he is able to measure land, and make simple ground plans. 

No person, after having been received into the Garden, can be recommended to 
a place as gardener until he shall have submitted to examination, not only in 
the three last subjects, but also in geography, and the elements of botany 
and vegetable physiology. 

When any person employed in the Garden is ready to undergo such an ex- 
amination, he is to give notice in writing to the assistant secretary, who will 
appoint the time and manner in which the examination is to take place. The 
result of the examination will be recorded in a book kept for the purpose: if 
it be satisfactory, a certificate to that effect will be granted, and the person ex- 
amined will be then entitled to be recommended to a place, provided his 
general conduct is approved of. : 

The standard of qualification is placed very low by the Committee, in order 
to render the system of examination applicable to all capacities; but the ex- 
aminer will have directions to raise it in those cases in which men may desire 
it; and the certificates will be varied accordingly. Of course, those persons 
will be considered to be qualified for the highest places whose examinations 
are the most successful. 

The examinations wiil be verbal, and private. [This appears to us the 
only doubtful part of the plan. We certainly think that, at least, two or 
more members of the Garden Committee, and the head gardener, and perhaps, 
also, the foremen of the different departments, ought to be present at the 
examination. ] 

A copy of these resolutions is to be given to every person employed in the 
Garden, and is to be transmitted to every candidate for admission. 


Publication of the Names of Gardeners who have been examined. 


It is our intention to apply to the Council of the Horticultural Society for 
permission to publish the names of all candidates who have passed their ex- 
amination, immediately after they have obtained their certificate ; in the mean 
while we have been favoured by Dr. Lindley with the following list of names. 


Certificates granted in the Garden of the Horticultural Society of London, from 
June 1st to October 1st, 1836. 


June 24. — George Henry Brown of Stockport, Cheshire. A certificate of 
the second class. 

August 1.— John Lumsden of Inchture, Perthshire. A certificate of the 
first class. 

September 26. — Robert Fortune of Kelloe, Berwickshire. An extra cer- 
tificate of the first class. 

Horticultural Society, October 10. 1836. 


Art. III. Obituary. 


Mr. James Young, F.H.S., of the Epsom Nursery, who was much re- 
spected, by both professional and commercial gardeners, and by a numerous 
circle of friends, died in the last week of September. 

Mr. Robert Adams died in the month of January last, at the School-house 
of Banchoy, Devinich, schoolmaster of that parish, at the age of 45 years. 
He was a most enthusiastic, persevering, and intelligent florist, and possessed a 
collection equalled by few, and surpassed by none, to the truth of which the 
books of the Aberdeenshire Horticultural Society bear ample testimony. The 
premature demise of Mr. Adams is universally regretted by a numerous circle 
of practical men, who enjoyed the pleasure of his acquaintance. 


THE 


GARDENER’S MAGAZINE, 
DECEMBER, 1836. 


ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. 


Art. I. A summary View of the Progress of Gardening, and of 
Rural Improvement generally, in Britain, during the Year 1836; 
with some Notices relative to the State of both in Foreign Countries. 

_ By the Conpucror. 


Tue progress of a science, or of an art, is not so readily measured 
by the advances made in it, during the comparatively short space 
of a year, as by a comparison of its present state with its state 
at some former and more distant period. Accordingly, if we 
were to look back six years, and to compare the state of garden- 
ing in Britain in 1836, with its state in 1830, we should find a 
wonderful difference between the two periods; more especially 
with reference to public institutions. In 1830, there were only 
two zoological gardens in Britain, and these were both in the 
metropolis. Now we have zoological gardens established at 
Dublin, Liverpool, and Bristol; and others are projected, or 
commenced, at Cheltenham, Birmingham, Manchester, and vari- 
ous other places. The number of “provincial horticultural so- 
cieties has, also, been nearly doubled during the same period. 

But, though surveys of the state of an art made at different 
intervals may afford the most striking views of its progress, sur- 
veys at short and regular periods appear better calculated to 
stimulate to improvement, by speedily making known to all 
what is done by a few; and hence the utility of an annual sum- 
mary view like that which we are now about to submit to the 
reader, Our notices under each separate head will be very slight, 
but the reader who wishes to enter into the details of any parti- 
cular subject or improvement, has only to look for it in the table 
of Contents. 

GARDENING AS A SCIENCE. 


The Education of Gardeners. —'The most remarkable circum- 


stance which has occurred during the past year is, the determi- 
Vou, XII. — No. 81. ZZ 


614 Summary View of the Progress of Gardening, 


nation of the Horticultural Society of London to admit no young 
men into their garden, as journeymen, who have not received a 
certain degree of school education; and to recommend no jour- 
neymen from the gardens, to fill-situations as head gardeners, 
who have not been regularly examined as to their physiological 
and other scientific knowledge, and received a certificate stating 
the degree of proficiency they have attained. The details of 
this measure, with our remarks on it, will be found at p. 610. 
We consider this as by far the most important-step for the im- 
provement of gardening that has been taken by the Society since 
its commencement ; and this step, by its immediate influence on 
the young men who may be candidates. for admission into the 
garden, and by its indirect influence in other places, in conse- 
quence of the plan being imitated by other societies, will speedily 
be felt, not only in Britain, but on the Continent, in North Ame- 
rica, and, in short, throughout the world. 

It has appeared to us that the rules and regulations of the. 
London Horticultural Society adopted in 1826, with reference 
- to gardeners employed in their gardens, had a tendency to de- 
press, and even degrade, young men desirous of becoming pro- 
ficients in gardening, rather than to encourage them; and. to 
lower the art of gardening, and the profession of a gardener, in 
the eyes of the country gentlemen, their employers, rather than 
to elevate both. In fact, it appears to have been thought by the 
influential party connected with the Horticultural Society, about 
the time the garden at Chiswick was commenced, that it was 
possible to improve the art of gardening without at all improy- | 
ing either the minds or the Condicen of gardeners; and that, 
while the latter were to be kept stationary as far as respected 
themselves, the productions of the gardens they cultivated were 
to be greatly increased in excellence, or enhanced in value, by 
being produced at unusual seasons. We refer, for the grounds’ 
of our opinion, to the Report of the Garden Committee, &e. pub- 
lished in March, 1826, an abstract of which will be found in~ 
Vol. I. p. 312—316. In that Leport two conditions only are 
stated with reference to young men desiring admission into the 
garden; viz. first, that the party should be recommended by a 
subscriber ; and, secondly, that he must be between the ages of 
eighteen and twenty-six, educated as a gardener, unmarried, and 
“capable of reading and writing moderately well.” ‘These young 
men are designated in the regulations as ‘ labourers,” and the 
terms “ gardener” and “ under gardener” are only applied to 
the head gardener and the foremen of the different departments. 

It is curious and interesting to look back to the time of the 
commencement of this Magazine (1826), and to mark the dif 
ferent opinions which now prevail amongst the higher ranks 
respecting the working classes of society, from what were prevalent 


and of Rural Improvement generally, during 1836. 615 


even at that short distance of time. The working classes, and 
more especially servants of all sorts, were then considered as the 
natural enemies of the wealthy and independent classes; and the 
great object of government, and of individuals, was to keep them 
ignorant of every thing beyond the kind of work in which they 
were employed. The contrast between these times, near though 
they be, and the times at present, is indeed most remarkable ; 
and not less remarkable than it is gratifying. We find, in 1836, 
a committee of the House of Commons recommending the esta-= 
blishment of a general system of education, in which all useful 
knowledge is to be taught to all persons; and another com- 
mittee (that on the fine arts) recommending the establishment 
of schools of design, museums, and libraries, for the benefit of 
the working mechanics and manufacturers; and also the establish- 
ment of botanic gardens, &c., for the same purpose. We find, - 
too, a benevolent individual in the House of Commons, and a 
highly respectable committee under the presidency of the Earl 
of Euston (see Architectural Magazine, vol. iii. p. 360.), recom- 
mending the establishment of public gardens and public baths, 
and promenades for the health and recreation of the inhabitants 
of towns. It is evident, from these appearances, that the working 
classes are now looked upon in a very different point of view 
from what they were formerly; and that, instead of attempting 
to keep them under as slaves, or useful living machines, they 
are now considered worthy of enjoying life, as well as the rich, 
and of being raised to the moral and intellectual level of their 
employers. Such is the wonderful change of opinion that has 
come over the face of society in this country during the last ten 
years ! 

It is highly satisfactory to us to find the London Horticultural 
Society keeping pace with the spirit of the times ; and cooperat- 
ing with the general desire for improvement. The idea of ex- 
amining gardeners in the manner before stated, we have no doubt 
originated with Dr. Lindley, who has thus rendered a most 
important service to the gardening world. It affords us some 
satisfaction to reflect that, from the period of the publication of 
the first edition of the Encyclopedia of Gardening, in 1822, to 
the present moment, we have always been an advocate for a 
general system of education applicable to all; and especially for 
highly educating gardeners. We have persisted in recommend- 
ing this, both in the Gardener’s Magazine, and in the Magazine 
of Natural History. Mr. Denson, in the year 1834 (see vol. x. 
p- 59.), also strongly recommended that candidates for the 
curatorships of public gardens should be examined by a professor 
of established reputation, either belonging to the institute, or 
hired for the occasion; an excellent idea, which may afford a 


valuable hint to provincial societies of various descriptions, both 
ZZ 2 


616 Summary View of the Progress of Gardening, 


with reference to their curators, and to the recommendation of 
young men from their gardens. 

The London Horticultural Society having advanced in their 
conditions of qualifications for the admission ‘of young gardeners, 
from “ reading and writing moderately well ” (see Vol. I. p. 315. )s 
to “writing arithmetic, land- -surveying, mapping, and geography” 
(see p. 610.), the circumstance will not only tend to raise the 
character of gardeners, but to show the real practical value of 
school education to working men generally. This will conse- 
quently aid in accelerating the progress of measures for establish- 
ing a national system of Sion: ; a part of which system will 
consist in the examination of pupils, and the granting of certi- 
ficates from the masters and managers of ine sveviorull schools 
to all persons whatever that have been educated in those schools, 
after they have been publicly examined. These certificates, by 
showing the natural taste and acquired knowledge of the pupils, 
will regulate the kind of profession, or employment, to which 
they are most likely to apply with success. This is the case at 
present in Wirtemberg and other parts of Germany. (See Vol. 
V. p. 692.) 

Vegetable Physiology and 8: systematic Boron — We have not 
much to say under these heads. The facts that plants may be — 
kept alive in the smoke of cities, and in close rooms, by covering 
them with glass cases, the lower rims of which are placed in 
water, so as to exclude the free entrance of air; and-also that 
they may in this manner be transported in a living state from 
any one part of the world to any other part, have been proved by 
the indefatigable zeal of Mr. Ward, whose experiments we have 
noticed in Te mer volumes. A curious fact, which bears on the 
subject of the duration of the vitality of seeds, will be found 
noticed in a paragraph in a future page, respecting some rasp- 
berry seeds which -vegetated after having been buried many 
centuries. A hybrid plant between C§tisus purpureus and C. 
Labirnum has reverted to its original parentage ; by one part 
of the plant becoming Cytisus purpureus, and the other Cytisus 
ZLabirnum ; which seems to show that permanent hybrids cannot 
be produced between genuine species; and to confirm that part 
of the definition of a species which designates it as a form 
which cannot be obliterated either by nature or art. A botanical 
society has been established in Edinburgh, and another in Lon- 
don. (See Domestic Notices.) 

New Agents of Culture: —Of these the most valuable which 
has been | “produced during the year is Reid’s new hydraulic 
machine, which aomnbines | all the advantages of a syringe, and 
most of those of a garden watering-engine. In this machine, a 
great acquisition of power is obtained by having two cylinders, 
in one of which the air is compressed as in Montgolfier’s engines. 


and of Rural Improvement generally, during 1836. 617 


We regret to observe that, owing to the imperfection of the 
present laws relating to patents, Mr. Reid’s invention (the most 
important, we think, that he has yet made for gardening) has been 
pirated by two individuals. A double action garden pump, in- 
vented by Mr. Greene of Sheffield, has been exhibited at some 
of the provincial shows; but we have not had an opportunity of 
seeing it. A pruning-knife for. vines, and a botanist’s spud, with 
some other articles belonging to this department of gardening, 
will be found figured or described under their appropriate heads. 

Landscape-Gardening. — We are not aware of any remarkable 
improvement that has been made in this branch of the art, as 
such; but we think we may refer. to several papers in the present 
Volume, to show that a knowledge of it is making considerable 
progress among practical gardeners. Nothing contributes more 
to the improvement of any young man in landscape-gardening, 
than visiting country seats and gardens, endeavouring to ascer- 
tain the causes of their beauties and defects, and committing 
his criticisms and remarks on what he has seen to paper. One 
advantage of writing down our opinions, accompanied by our 
reasons for having formed them, in this as in every other case, 
is, that the doing so obliges us to examine our opinions with 
more care; and thus to test their justness and propriety. By 
this means a habit is attained of thinking correctly, as well as 
of writing correctly ; and these will ultimately lead to habits of 
order in every thing. 

In Garden Architecture, some very useful designs appear in the 
present Volume, accompanied by highly instructive remarks. A 
plan for laying out a public cemetery well merits attention; and 
there are various designs for different descriptions of forcing- 
houses. ‘The practice of heating by hot water continues to in- 
crease; and the two modes most generally in use about London 
are, that with common horizontal pipes and an open boiler ; 
and that practised by Weeks, by which the water is first raised 
to a level varying in height according to circumstances, and 
afterwards circulated in small tubes on the same or.on different 
levels; every inequality being overcome which is below the 
level of the elevation to which the water is raised. Cast-iron 
tubes are in most general use; but zinc is employed in some 
places, and earthenware in others; and at Vienna, glass, as will 
appear by the design of a house so erected, which will be given 
in our succeeding Volume. ‘The use of iron sash-bars, and of 
curvilinear surfaces, in theconstruction of hot-houses, appears to 
be on the increase. 

Arboriculture. —'The advantage of girdling trees has been 
pointed out by Mr. Ward; and Mr. Gorrie has illustrated Mr. 
Lawrence’s plan for forming plantations with a view to facilitate 


their after-management. ‘The difference between the stalked« 
ZZ3 


618 Summary View of the Progress of Gardening, 


fruited oak, and the sessile-fruited oak, as painters’ trees, has 
been shown, for the first time, we believe, by the Rev. W. T. 
Bree. The establishment of the pine and fir tribe, in situations 
where they are liable to be blown down by high winds, may be 
effected by increasing the number and strength of their roots ; 
and this, it is said, is to be done by pinching off the leading shoot 
of the tree for several years in succession. A paper illustrating 
this theory was read by Mr. Nuttall at the British Association ; 
and we expect to be able to give the essence of it, together with 
some other interesting particulars respecting the pine and fir 
tribe, in our succeeding Volume. A number of papers on the 
study of trees, on their culture, on the dimensions which they 
have obtained in different parts of the country, and on the com- 
parative progress which they have made in different soils and 
situations, are distributed throughout this Volume; and some of 
them, we think, are extremely interesting. No new trees have 
been introduced from foreign countries during the past year ; 
but some old trees, and some new shrubs, will be mentioned in 
our Arboricultural Notices for January, 1837. 

Floriculture, as a branch of cultivation, may be considered as 
advancing, both in the ordinary and in the higher departments. 
Great progress is yearly making in raising new sorts of roses, 
dahlias, pansies, &c., from the seeds produced by flowers which 
have been cross-fecundated ; and great progress, also, is making 
in the difficult culture of the tropical Orchideze. New orchideous 
plants are being continually introduced, chiefly from South 
America; and hardy herbaceous plants, which have been raised 
from seeds sent home by Douglas, Drummond, and other col- 
lectors, or brought to England by travellers, are coming into 
flower from time to time, and are thus added to our collections, 
and recorded in our catalogues. All of these which have been 
figured in the botanical periodicals in the course of the year 
will be found enumerated in our Floricultural and Botanical 
Notices. The most beautiful hardy annual of the year is Phl6x 
Drummondz; and the most beautiful new dahlia Dod’s Mary. 
The most interesting modes of cultivating flowering plants given 
in the present Volume are, those applied to the brugmansia by 
Mr. Spence, and to the solandra by Mr. Symonds. 

Horticulture. — A notice by Mr. "Thompson, the fruit-gardener 
in the London Horticultural Society’s Gardens, of the new fruits 
which have been lately proved, and deserve culture, will be found 
in a succeeding article, followed by one on the new culinary 
vegetables of the past year. By far the most remarkable tropical 
fruit which has been brought into notice for many years is the 
Musa Cavendishz7, which produces abundance of highly flavoured 
fruit, at an early age, with less care and attention than either 
the pine-apple or the melon. From the difficulty of procuring 


and of Rural Improvement generally, during 1836. 619 


plants, this Misa has not yet been much cultivated; but the 
reader will find in p. 316. the high anticipations that have been 
formed of it by Mr. Paxton, who, in a letter to us dated Nov. 8., 
informs us that after nine months’ trial he has no reason to sup~ 
pose that his most sanguine expectations will not be realised. 
We are not aware of any remarkable culinary vegetable having 
lately attracted attention, though some new modes of managing 
those in general cultivation will be found treated of by different 
correspondents. The articles on cropping kitchen-gardens, on 
the management of fruit trees, and on fruit tree borders, by Mr. 
Errington; those on the cultivation of the pine and vine, by Mr. 
Forsyth; that on the cultivation of chicory, by Dr. Lippold ; 
and various others, will be found highly instructive to the prac- 
tical gardener. ‘The quinoa can scarcely be considered as having 
answered as a spinach plant; but it ripens abundance of seeds, 
which may, perhaps, form a useful substitute for rice or millet. 
In our notices of the provincial societies, it will be seen that Sir 
Charles Lemon is cultivating the quinoa on a large scale. Few 
experiments have been made during the past year with the O’xalis 
crenata. ie 
_ STATISTICS OF GARDENING. 

Botanical Collectors. — We are happy to find that the Horti- 
cultural Society, after a pause of several years, has revived a 
practice which has been attended with so much success; viz. 
that of sending out botanical collectors. In October last, M. 
Theodore Hartweg, the son of the late M. Hartweg, director of 
the Botanic Garden at Carlsruhe, sailed from Liverpool for 
Vera Cruz; whence he will proceed to Mexico, and remain there 
three or four years, collecting specimens, and other objects of 
natural history, all of which will be sent home to the Horticul- 
tural Society. From the Kew Gardens, a collector was sent out 
to South America during last year. Mr. Knight of the Exotic 
Nursery, King’s Road, has also a collector in that part of the 
world, chiefly in search of Orchidez ; and Mr. Low of the Clapton 
Nursery lately had our correspondent Mr. Henchman as a col- 
lector in Demerara, and stil! has Mr. Anderson as a resident 
collector in Australia. ‘The Earl of Mount Norris, we have 
elsewhere stated, has sent out a gardener to collect in New Zea- 
land; and Mr. Bateman, who obtained so many new Orchideze 
through Mr. Colley, has, we believe, sent out another collector 
in pursuit of the same objects. We are surprised that no col- 
lectors are sent out to California, and to other parts visited by 
Douglas; where, as stated in our biographical notice of that 
indefatigable botanist, it is known that there exist many plants, not 
yet introduced, of which he sent home specimens, but could not 


procure seeds ; or, having procured them, was unfortunate enough 
Za 4 


620 Summary View of the Progress of Gardening, 


to lose them, or even, as he himself has told us, to be obliged to 
eat them, for want of other food. 
Provincial Botanical and Horticultural Societies and Exhibi- 
ions continue to prosper, and even to increase, since the summary 
view of their exhibitions given in our last Volume. We refer 
to an article headed London Horticultural Society and Garden, 
to show the increase of visitors to the exhibitions of the Society, 
and the excellence of the articles exhibited. The most interesting 
provincial show of the season appears to have been that at Shef- 
field, which attracted commercial and private gardeners from 
almost every part of England, and from several parts of Scotland ; 
above 150 master-gardeners, and more than that number of 
journeymen, having been present. The substitution of books 
and articles of plate, as prizes, instead of medals, is an improve- 
ment which is taking place generally both in the London and 
provincial societies. ; 
Public Gardens. — We have noticed, in various places, the 
progress making in the establishment or projection of zoological 
gardens; and the circumstance of the Bristol Zoological Garden 
being finished, and a plan published. The provincial botanic 
gardens, and the gardens of provincial horticultural societies, 
are, in general, in a prosperous state. In the garden of the 
London Horticultural Society some new pits are constructing, 
and the tent for the exhibitions has been extended. In the Royal 
Gardens at Kew a new palm-house is nearly completed; and 
in the Botanic Garden at Oxford various improvements are 
making, under the direction of the active and profoundly scien- 
tific professor of botany, Dr. Daubeny, and the superintendence 
of the excellent curator, Mr. Baxter. The new Liverpool 
Botanic Garden is completed; and considerable progress is 
making towards the removal of the Cambridge Botanic Gar- 
den to a more eligible site. The public garden at Gravesend 
is completed. At Exeter some public walks have been com- 
menced ; and we have just seen a plan, by Mr. Forrest, which 
has been approved of, for the Cheltenham Zoological Garden. 
In the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, the erection of additional 
hot-houses, so as to complete the splendid range which forms 
such a fine object in that establishment, is nearly finished; and 
we hope, in our next Volume, to give a plan and elevation 
of it; with, possibly, an isometrical view of the whole garden, 
like that given of the garden of Canonmills Cottage. ‘The 
Glasnevin Garden is undergoing most important improvements, 
under the curatorship of Mr. Niven, one of the most active and 
intelligent gardeners in Ireland. Mr. Niven expects shortly to 
be able to carry into execution the plan for a natural arrange- 
ment, which he obligingly furnished us with some months since, 
and which will be found in the present Volume. ‘The report of 


and of Rural Improvement generally, during 1836. 621 


Mr. Niven on this garden, made in November last, is of very 
great interest; and we regret we are obliged to defer its 
publication for want of room. A great many cemeteries are 
projected in different parts of the country: that at Kensall 
Green, near London, is in a highly prosperous state; and, 
independently of its use as a burying-ground, it is rapidly 
becoming a school of improvement in architectural taste, and of 
instruction in trees and shrubs. 

Private Gardens. — Those private gardens, the improvement 
of which is most likely to be noticed in this summary, are, such 
as are so extensive, and so well known, as almost to entitle them 
to be considered public. ‘The greatest encourager of gardening 
in England, at the present time, is, without doubt, the Duke of 
Devonshire: he has already planted.the extensive arboretum 
described in our former Volume, and is now erecting a house 
for palms and other tropical plants, which, it is said, is to cover 
nearly an acre of ground. The plan and elevation of this house 
may be compared to those of a cathedral, the central ailes being 
wider and higher than the two side ailes. The roof is of the 
ridge and furrow kind, first described in our remarks on hot- 
houses (4to, 1816, p. vi.), and which is admirably calculated for 
uniting strength with lightness. ‘The Duke of Devonshire’s 
large house is expected to be completed in the course of the 
year 1838. 

The next greatest improvements making in private gardens 
are those at Woburn Abbey; where the Duke of Bedford has 
recently completed a large rustic structure for the protection 
of araucarias during winter, and where an extensive range of 
glass, including a palm-house, has been commenced. The 
beauty, and high order and keeping, of all the gardens of the 
different persons belonging to the Woburn Abbey establish- 
ment, including the cottage and village gardens, are beyond 
all praise; ard we are not aware of any landed estate, of similar 
extent, on which it is equalled. Extensive improvements are 
making at Bagshot Park, by the Duchess of Gloucester ; at The 
Deepdene, by H. T. Hope, Esq.; and at Gunnersbury, by Mrs. 
Rothschild. In the grounds of different noblemen’s and gen- 
tlemen’s residences throughout the country, many alterations are 
going forward under the direction of Mr. Nesfield, a landscape- 
gardener who only requires to cultivate a botanical and horti- 
cultural knowledge of trees and shrubs to place him at the head 
of his profession. Mr. Nesfield perfectly understands the dif- 
ference between the picturesque and the gardenesque; between 
fac-simile imitation of nature, and imitation on artistical prin- 
ciples; and between lowering and caricaturing real scenery, 
and elevating and ennobling it. The pervading error of one 
class of landscape-gardeners (those, viz., who have arisen 


622 = Summary View of the Progress of Gardening, 


from being painters) is, that of arguing, or seeming to argue, 
that there is only one kind of beauty applicable to natural 
‘scenery, viz. the picturesque ; and the pervading defect of those 
landscape-gardeners who have arisen from being cultivators 
is, that they do not know correctly what constitutes either the 
picturesque or the gardenesque. ‘The error of supposing that 
the only kind of beauty adapted for garden scenery is the pic- 
turesque, was a very natural one to fall into in the early days of 
Price and Knight, after the long prevalence of the very opposite 
kind of beauty in garden scenery, viz. the geometresque, or the 
architecturesque, if we may be allowed these terms. . At present, 
however, the picturesque is found to be only a beauty among other 
beauties; and, though appropriate for some kinds of artificial 
scenery, such as extensive parks, dells, dingles, &c., it is much 
less adapted for scenes of cultivation, such as shrubberies, lawns, 
and flower-gardens, than the gardenesque ; and by no means so 
suitable for the immediate vicinity of a mansion as the archi- 
tecturesque. It is a happy circumstance when the architect and 
the landscape-gardener operate harmoniously together; and 
this has been, and is long likely to continue to be, the case with 
Mr. Nesfield, and his brother-in-law, Anthony Salvin, Esq., ar- 
chitect. The latter is an artist of real genius; and, though not 
regularly initiated in the profession of architect, and still a 
young man, he is, perhaps, next to Mr. Barry, more exten- 
sively employed by country gentlemen than any architect in 
England. Another landscape-gardener who has been, and con- 
tinues to be, extensively employed, is Mr. Forrest, than who 
no artist in England is more thoroughly acquainted with the 
executive part of his profession; and particularly with the 
various kinds of trees and shrubs adapted for different soils and 
situations, without attending to which, the execution of the most 
elegant design would lose half its interest. As a garden 
architect, we know no man to be compared with Mr. Forrest. 
Among many examples, in different parts of the country, we 
may refer, as a standing proof of his abilities in this department 
of his profession, to the admirable range of forcing-houses and 
pineries erected in the kitchen-garden at Syon (see the plan, 
&c., Vol. V. p. 509.), and to the walks and general arrangement 
of that garden. Mr. Forrest has, also, had more experience in 
laying out zoological gardens and arboretums than any other 
artist. 

Commercial Gardening, taking the country generally, is in a 
more prosperous state than it has been for some years; though, 
as we have elsewhere observed, a large portion of the business 
of the metropolitan nurserymen is transferred to the provinces ; 
a change which cannot fail to be highly beneficial to the public 
as a whole, and ultimately so even to the metropolitan nursery- 


and of Rural Improvement gencrally, during 1836. 623 


men, by increasing their wholesale business with the trade in the 
country. 

The nursery business in the neighbourhood of London, to be 
carried on with success, must now be established on a different 
principle from what it was formerly; and, instead of the main ob- 
ject being to get business by keeping an extensive stock, and by 
travelling through the country to solicit orders, it must be 
sought by having the articles composing that stock true to their 
names, and by exhibiting specimens not only of fruits and 
flowers, but of all the more remarkable trees and shrubs, to 
gentlemen and country nurserymen who propose becoming 
purchasers. Facilities must also be given to young gardeners 
to acquire a greater knowledge of the articles grown and sold 
by nurserymen, than they have hitherto enjoyed; otherwise, 
how is it possible that they can order them after they have 
entered on situations as head gardeners? ‘The London nursery- 
men, in short, would do well to take a hint from the horticul- 
tural and agricultural exhibitions made by some of their brethren 
in Scotland. Mr. Forrest, who (as observed in a future page) 
has lately commenced nurseryman at Kensington, appears to 
us to have set out in a manner likely to be attended with suc- 
cess. In the first place, he undertakes, with the name of every 
plant, seed, or root, which he sends out, to add the authority for 
that name, in the manner done by Messrs. Audibert of Taras- 
con. Secondly, he intends having specimen plants of all the 
hardy trees and shrubs, and, as far as practicable, of all the 
fruit trees and fruit shrubs, which he sells. Thirdly, he intends, 
in every month of the year, to exhibit in his shop gathered speci- 
mens, correctly named, of the best fruits, flowers, flowering 
plants, and culinary vegetables, which are in perfection at that 
particular season; so that, by visiting Mr. Forrest’s shop, any 
person, though totally ignorant of the art of gardening, may be- 
come acquainted with every useful gardening production which 
the open air of this country will afford; and will know the sea- 
son, or the different seasons, at which each production will arrive 
at perfection. Fourthly, he intends to have a collection of garden 
implements, machines, utensils, and articles used in gardening, 
foreign and domestic, both for show and for sale. This was the 
practice about a century ago, as may be seen by the gardeners’ 
calendars and nurserymen’s catalogues published about that time; 
but the practice has gradually been left off, and, in consequence, 
the sale of garden implements has fallen into the hands of iron- 
mongers and agricultural implement makers, to the injury of 
the young gardener, who has thus no opportunity of seeing any 
tools, but those used in the garden where he is at work.  Fifthly, 
he proposes to have a library of reference of the best gardening 
and botanical works ; and he intends to keep a small stock of all 


624 Summary View of the Progress of Gardening, 


such works, and to sell them to working gardeners at very little 
more than the trade price. Sixthly, in the library of reference 
_he will place his own very complete hortus siccus, and collect 
specimens of seeds, fruits, cones, &c., of useful and ornamental 
trees and shrubs; and also specimens of woods, commencing 
with a copy of the Holz Bibliothek from Germany. And, lastly, 
he intends to devote a room to the use of young gardeners, 
either working in his nursery, or elsewhere, for them to meet in 
to read, discuss, or otherwise to improve themselves; the young 
men being at the expense of their own fire and candles, and 
paying a small sum per volume for the loan of books. 

Mr. Forrest will not be able to accomplish all these things at 
once; but such is his activity of mind, his ambition, poe his 
perseverance, that, if health permits, we have no doubt he 
will carry the whole into effect, and that sooner than any other 
man we know. 

In no article sold by seedsmen has there been a greater 
increase of consumption, during the past year, than in that 
of bulbous roots, which are now imported from Holland to more 
than.double the extent to which they were seven years ago. Of 
all the flowering plants in existence, bulbs are the best adapted 
for small gardens, for street gardens, and for all gardens that 
are not under the care of a professed gardener. ‘They are de- 
sirable for street and suburban gardens, because they flower 
‘early in the season; and gratify the citizen at a time when the 
distant country is less inviting than during summer and autumn, 
when he may leave his town or suburban residence for a water- 
ing-place or a villa at some distance; and they are desirable 
to all gardens whatever, because they are certain, with little or 
no care, of flowering well for the first year at least; and, with very 
little care, for several years in succession. .The transactions be- 
tween the London and American nurserymen and seedsmen con- 
tinue greatly to increase ; and we only regret that country gentle- 
men in Britain are not aware of the very low prices at “which 
American tree seeds may be purchased in London, and by which 
they might add some hundreds of new species to their collections, 
at a far “cheaper rate than they could do by purchasing plants. 
The only difference between seeds and plants is that of time. 
The connexion between British nurserymen and those in France 
and Germany is steadily on the increase; and what will con- 
tribute to this perhaps more than any thing else is, the now 
greatly extended cultivation of the English language i in Germany, 
and of the German in England. Continental cardeners, and the 
sons of French, German, | and Dutch nurserymen, are now very 
frequently to be met with in this country, either on a visit, or on 
immediate business, or residing here for improvement. In the 
course of the past year, the gardener of Prince Metternich made 


and of Rural Improvement generally, during 1836. 625 


a tour of upwards of two months through the different counties 
of England at his master’s expense (see p. 550.); and Mr. 
Rosenthal, the son of a Vienna nurseryman, now resident in 
this country for his instruction, has visited a number of gardens 
and nurseries, not only in England, but in Scotland and Ireland. 
A New York nurseryman has had his son for some years in 
Paris with M. Vilmorin; and the son of a London seedsman 
is now working in a garden in the neighbourhood of Paris. 
Mr. Booth of Hamburgh makes a commercial Jomeaey through 
Great Britain and Ireland every year. 

The Condition of Gardeners may, we think, Be considered as 
improving rather than otherwise; partly from the great general 
prosperity of the country, and partly from the increasing - know- 
ledge in gardening of the employers of gardeners: since ‘nothing 
can be more certain than this, that the more a proprietor knows 
of gardening, the more anxious will he be to employ a first-rate 
gardener ; nd this, too, whether his garden be large or small. 
However paradoxical it may appear, it is, nevertheless, strictly 
true, that to manage a place of great extent does not require one 
whit more gardening skill than to manage a very small place, 
even one of a single rood; supposing the ‘object to be toe bring 
the gardening of both places to the highest degree of perfection. 
But t to manage the large place other “qualities in the gardener 
are required, in Saaition to those of a knowledge of te art; 
such as forethought; unity of design in contriving work; and 
system and vigilance. in the management of men, and in omee 
wise carrying work into execution. ‘These are qualities totally 
distinct from a knowledge of gardening, and may, and often do, 
exist in an individual who is below mediocrity in his profession ; 
while, on the other hand, a man may be a first-rate cultivator, 
and yet below mediocrity in comprehensive views, and in a system 
of management. When the beauties and enjoyments of garden- 

‘ing come to be duly appreciated by the employers of gardeners, 
those who have small places, of a quarter of an acre or less, 
will be just as anxious to have first-rate gardeners to manage 
these places, as those who have a walled-in garden, and pleasure- 
grounds of 100 acres. For example, to make the most of our. 
garden here at Bayswater, which, exclusively of a few square 
yards for culinary crops, is only 50 ft. by 160 ft., would re- 
quire a man with just as much scientific and practical know- 
ledge of gardening as Mr. Paxton, head gardener to the Duke 
of Devonshire, who has, perhaps, 2000 acres under his care; or 
as Mr. Marnock, curator of the Botanic Garden at Sheffield, 
who has the management of one of the most extensive botanical 
and horticultural establishments in the country: though, in 
these two last situations, higher qualities of mind would require 
to be added, than could ever be brought into use in taking care 


626 Summary View of the Progress of Gardening, 


of our garden, in order to insure proper general management. 
Hence a follows, that, as a small garden requires as en gar- 
dening knowledge as a large one, Ail gardeners whatever ought 
to be ‘highly educated and scientific men; and that all ought. to 
have certificates as to their physiological and physical know- 
ledge, Tis will raise the gardener in the scale of society ; and, 
as the love of gardening and agriculture takes the place of the 
love of dogs and horses in country gentlemen, and the cultiva- 
tion and improvement of a man’s own estate or farm, affords 
him a deeper interest than hunting or shooting, driving or 
gambling, the enjoyments of gardening and farming will be 
more highly prized, and the professions of gardener and of 
farmer will be more respected. Whoever will give himself the 
trouble of comparing what passes at the meetings and exhibi- 
tions of the provincial horticultural societies with what was 
transacted at similar meetings ten years ago, will be convinced 
that such a change is gr adually taking place. 

Obituary. — Among the eminent men connected with botany 
and gardening who have died in course of the year are, the 
celebrated Jussieu, the founder of the natural system of 
botany; Deleuze, the historian of the introduction of orna- 
mental plants into European gardens; Richard Cunningham, 
the colonial botanist at Sydney; and Dr. Hosack of New York, 
the founder of the Elgin Botanic Garden, in the neighbourhood 
of that city. Besides these, we have lost Sir John Sinclair, one 
of the greatest agricultural and economical writers that has ever 
appeared, and an active-minded and benevolent man; and the 
Rev. Henry Berry, proprietor and editor of the British Farmer’s 
Magazine, and an excellent jude of live stock. Among the 
practical gardeners who have died during the last year may 
be mentioned, Mr. Malcolm, Mr. Young of Epsom, and Mr. ~ 
Falla of Gateshead, all eminent nurserymen. Some further 
particulars respecting the death of the lamented Douglas, pro- 
posals for erecting a monument to his memory, and a biogra- 
phical notice of him in three languages, will be found in the 
present Volume. We are happy to find that the intention of 
erecting a monument to the memory of this eminent botanical 
collector, to whom gardening and botany are so much indebted, 
has excited the sympathy of gardeners both at home and abroad. 
No very large sum will be raised;~because the subscriptions, 
though numerous, are limited to very small sums; and it is not 
to be supposed that the same exertions will be made to erect a 
monument, as would have been done if Douglas had left a wife 
and family to be provided for, or, indeed, any one dependent on 
him. Enough, however, will be collected to show the respect 
in which his memory is held; and to do this has been our great 
object in furthering the subscription, both at home and abroad, 


and of Rural Improvement generally, during 1836. 627 


to the utmost of our power. It is highly gratifying to us to ob- 
serve the spirit with which this subscription has been entered 
into at Paris, Vienna, Berlin, and Gottingen. (See Annales de 
Fromont, and Otto’s Garten Zeitung, vol. ill. p. 294.) 

Garden Literature: — A-work on landscape-gardening, by 
Prince Piickler Muskau, from which we have given copious 
extracts, contains some remarks which may be useful in Ger- 
many; but the work is strikingly deficient in every thing that 
relates to fundamental principles which would be of universal 
application. Dennis’s Landscape-Gardener is written with great 
carelessness, considering that its author is a clergyman, and is 
of little value in either a scientific or a practical point of view. 
The best agricultural work which has appeared in the course 
of the year is Lawson’s Agriculturist’s Manual, which every 
gardener who acts as a farmer or land steward ought to_pro- 
cure. Two new botanical periodicals have been commenced, viz. 
the Birmingham Botanic Garden and the Botanist; and the 
Floricultural Magazine, by Mr. Marnock of Sheffield, adds 
another to the number of provincial magazines already in. 
existence. ‘The excellent work of Mr. Royle, on the Botany of 
the Himalayan Mountains, &c., of which nine parts have 
already appeared, will be completed with the tenth part, at the 
end of the year. Of the foreign garden literature, it may be 
sufficient to observe, that, with the exception of a work on fruit 
trees by Van Mons, and Otto’s Garten Zeitung, there have been 
very few books published, either in France or Germany, that 
are not mainly made up of translations; or, as in the case of the 
American Gardener's Magazine, of verbatim copies of articles 
from English books. 


RURAL IMPROVEMENT GENERALLY. 


Agriculture is certainly in a prosperous state in Scotland ; 
and, from the increasing intercourse between the influential en- 
couragers of agriculture in England and the first agriculturists 
of the north, great improvements may be anticipated throughout 
both countries.* 


+ * Mr. Handley, well known for his exertions with a view to promote the 
employment of steam in cultivating the soil, in a speech made at the public 
dinner of the Highland Society of Scotland, in October last, adverting to the 
present state of agriculture im England, expressed a wish that a “public 
body like the Highland Society of Scotland existed there, to stimulate the 
activity of the farmers, and take the lead in improvement.” He hinted, and 
the Scotsman, from which we quote, adds, he “might have stated in the 
broadest terms, that such an institution would do more good to the landed 
interest than fifty parliamentary committees. The value of the Highland 
Society is not to be measured by the premiums it bestows, or the immediate 
effects of its patronage; but by the spirit of improvement which it spreads 
abroad, and the activity it gives to the circulation of useful ideas among a 
class of men whose situation renders them, in most countries, the slaves of 
prejudice and routine. So rapid and easy have the means of communication 
now become in Scotland, and so numerous are the intelligent active minds 


628 Summary View of the Progress of Gardening, | 


The observations on the subject of agricultural improvements, 
by Mr. Shaw Le Fevre, quoted in a future page, under General 
Notices, are remarkable for taking a new and masterly view of 
what is called agricultural distress, and showing that the only 
permanent remedy for that distress must be found among the 
farmers themselves. The employment of steam in agriculture 
seems to be no longer a chimera, as it was thought to be at the 
time when we first mentioned the subject in our Third Volume. 
We refer to the article “ Ploughing by Steam,” p. 488.; and to 
various subsequent paragraphs on the subject in this Volume. 
The editor of the Scotsman truly observes that, “ if even half 
the advantages of the steam plough are realised, some millions 
of acres of bog in Scotland will be reclaimed, and the arable sur- 
face of that country doubled ;” and we have seen in p. 489. that 
about 3,000,000 of acres would be added to the arable surface 
of Ireland.” 

The important uses of the Deanston subsoil plough (see 
p- 1308. fig. 1187. of the First Additional Supplement to our En- 
cyclopedia of Agriculture, cannot be too strongly impressed on 
the minds of gardeners as well as farmers; because loosening 
the subsoil, without bringing it to the surface, is fully as important 
to gardeners, especially in arboriculture, as it is to farmers in 
agriculture.* ee 


stationed in every quarter of the country, that any useful discovery, in hus- 
bandry or the kindred arts, will find its way from Maidenkirk to John 
o’ Groat’s, in half as many months as it would have required years at the end 
of the American war. It is a striking fact, in illustration of the want of a great 
institution of this kind in the south, that every year new inventions applicable 
to agriculture are sent from various parts of England to the Highland So- 
ciety, as the best means of bringing their merits into notice. If Mr. Handley’s 
sentiments are shared by his countrymen generally, the want may, perhaps, 
soon be supplied; and, if the attempt is made, there is one piece of counsel 
we would tender to the parties concerned in it: it is, to follow the example of 
the Highland Society, in carefully excluding, not only all political topics, but 
all theoretical questions upon which a division of opinion exists. Had the 
Highland Society engaged in discussions about the wisdom of the corn laws, 
or the propriety of abolishing the malt tax, it would soon have made one 
half of the people its enemies, and its utility would have been at an end. 
The improvement of agriculture, as an art, presents an ample field for the 
employment of its funds, and to this it wisely devotes itself.” (Scotsman, 
Oct. 12. 1836.) 

* To show how well the use of the Deanston plough is understood by 
Mr. Shaw Le Fevre, we quote his own words : — “ Smith’s subsoil plough is 
a necessary accompaniment to draining; and, when that is done effectively, it 
seems calculated to render the most sterile and unproductive soil fertile and 
profitable. There is no difficulty more fatal to the practical farmer than that 
of cultivating a thin shallow soil with a stiff retentive subsoil. Whatever pains 

. may be taken with the tillage of the former, however expensive the dressing 
which may be used in its cultivation, the nature of the subsoil will always 
counteract its beneficial effects. Many persons have endeavoured, by trench- 
ing, to obviate this difficulty ; but, where the subsoil is of that sterile nature 
which requires exposure to the atmosphere for a long period to make it 
productive, few farmers haye been found bold enough to repeat the expert- 


and of Rural Improvement generally, during 1836. 629 


Another agricultural improvement, perhaps of equal im- 
portance to the use of the subsoil plough, is the system of 
thorough under-draining adopted in Scotland. This system 
will be found described in the Quarterly Journal of Agriculture, 
vol. vi. p. 325. and 515.; and also, in a concise and masterly 
manner, in Mr. Le Fevre’s Report. To Mr. Smith of Deanston 
is also due the invention of this improved mode of effectually 
draining land ; and his plan will be found noticed in our Ninth 
Volume, p. 448., and given at length in the Pirst Additional Sup- 
plement to our Encyclopedia of Agriculture, p. 1347. 

The greatest agricultural novelty of the past year is the culti- 
vation of beet for the purpose of manufacturing sugar. We 
refer to a paragraph on this subject in a future page; and, also, 
to an article in the British Larmer’s Magazine for Oct. 1836 
(vol. x. p. 369.). We cannot conceive it possible that this 
manufacture should answer in any country where there is a 
trade in the sugar of tropical climates, subject to only a mode- 
rate duty; but more especially in this country, where, we should 
think, there is not a sufficiency of solar light and heat to pro- 
duce a maximum of sugar in any plant whatever. It is possible, 
however, that we may be mistaken in this supposition, since it 
is alleged that more sugar is produced from a given quantity of 
beet-root grown in the temperate parts of France, than in that 
grown in the warmer provinces of that country; and since we 
know that the cultivation of the beet, as a sugar plant, has been 
tried in the Isle of France, and turned out far from satisfactory. 
While this is passing through the press, we find that the French 
have succeeded in procuring potash from beet, in the proportion 
of one sixth part to that of the sugar which the root yields. 

The exhibitions of agricultural and horticultural produce, by 
the seedsmen of Edinburgh, Stirling, and Perth, are continued, 


ment. Mr. Smith’s most ingenious invention, by breaking the subsoil without 
bringing it to the surface, renders it pervious both to air and water. The 
same chemical changes which take place in a fallow, owing to its exposure to 
the action of the wind and rain, are thus brought into operation in the 
subsoil, whilst the surface soil is in the ordinary course of cropping; and 
when, after a few years, by a greater depth of ploughing, the subsoil is 
mixed with the upper soil, it is found to be so completely changed in its 
nature as to be capable of producing every kind of corn. 

“The advantages of this system of husbandry are so apparent, that no 
farmer will be at a loss to appreciate the merit of the invention. I believe it 
to be quite as important an improvement in the management of clay lands as 
the introduction of the turnip system has been with reference to light soils ; 
and, as the experiment has been tried for twelve years, and with uniform 
success, I cannot but anticipate its ultimate adoption in those districts of 
England where, from the cold retentive state of the soil, the greatest extent 
of agricultural distress has hitherto prevailed, and where draining is essential 
to preserve the soil in a state of cultivation.” (Le Fevre’s Remarks on the 
present State of Agriculture, &c.) 

Vou. XII. — No. 81. 3A 


630 Summary View of the Progress of Gardening, 


as usual, with the same successful results; and the Highland 
Society, who hold their exhibitions in different parts of Scot- 
land, had, this year, the one before mentioned in the month of 
October, at Perth, which was remarkably well attended by the 
practical farmers of that district, and by many proprietors from 
different parts of Scotland, and also from England. The partial 
failure of the potato crop, for three successive years, in many 
parts of Scotland, and also in several districts both of England 
and Ireland, has called forth various remedies; the most 
rational of which appears to us to be, that of burying the tubers 
intended for sets in thin layers, mixed with soil, in a cool cellar, 
or in thoroughly drained soil, in the open air, where they will 
be kept plump, till wanted to be cut into sets. Taking up the 
tubers before they are quite ripe, and exposing them, thinly 
strewed on the ground, to the action of the atmosphere, will be 
found a useful adjunct to this practice. After the tubers are 
cut into sets, care should be taken never to let them lie together 
in such quantities as to endanger their heating. The supposi- 
tion of insects being a cause of failure of the sets, and, also, that 
the kinds and varieties in cultivation are worn out, appear to 
us alike unsupported by facts. Insects seldom attack either 
plants or animals till they are in a state of disease or decay ; 
and there is no reason to suppose that healthy sets from a 
healthy potato, of any given variety, or healthy cuttings of any 
healthy variety of willow, poplar, or vine, will not produce 
healthy plants to the end of time. 

The most curious piece of agricultural quackery which has 
occurred during the past year is, the success which has attended 
the sale of the seed of the variety of borecole called the cow 
cabbage, which has been brought forward under the highly 
sounding name of the Waterloo Cesarean evergreen cow 
cabbage. (See p. 441.) 

In agricultural science, the only point that we can recollect 
worthy of notice, that has occurred during the past year, is the 
advancement of the principle, by the American agricultural 
writer, Mr. Ruffin, that no soil whatever will continue fertile, 
for any length of time, that does not contain calcareous matter. 
This, we believe, was never distinctly stated as a principle by 
Kirwan, Chaptal, Davy, or any other European chemist or 
agriculturist. We refer to the review of Mr. Ruffin’s book, 
in p. 156.; and those who wish to peruse his work entire will 
find it copied in vols. viii, and ix. of the British Farmer’s 
Magazine, where it is given as a series of original communica- 
tions to that periodical! New agvicultural machines are every 
year coming into notice, and others every year falling into 
disuse. Such, we may readily anticipate, will be the fate of the 
mill for chopping turf, noticed in a future page, which affords a 


and of Rural Improvement generally, during 1836. 631 


fine example of the application of main force, instead of skill, in 
the improvement of agriculture. A siphon to facilitate the 
milking of cows has been patronised by the Society of Arts, 
and may, probably, lead to some useful purpose. At the 
meeting of the Highland Society of Scotland, at their great 
agricultural show, held at Perth, on October 7., a trial was 
made of two reaping machines; the one the invention of 
Mr. Smith of Deanston, and the other of our correspondent 
Mr. Bell. Mr. Bell’s machine clips, by means of fourteen pairs 
of scissors (see the engravings and description of this machine 
in Vol. VI. p. 296.); and Mr. Smith’s cuts, or mows, by means 
of a circular plate with a sharp edge. (See the description and 
engraving of this machine in our Encyclopedia of Agriculture, 
2d edit. p. 422.) Both these machines seem to answer ; but which 
is the most likely to come into general use, does not appear 
from the report of their trial. A gentleman who was present, 
however, M. Rosenthal of Vienna, now in London, informs us 
that Mr. Bell’s machine did decidedly the most, and the best, 
work. (See the Constitutional, and Perthshire Agricultural and 
General Advertiser, for Oct. 8.) An economical mode of forming 
furrow-drains, and of making draining tiles of peat, will be 
found in the Quarterly Journal of Agriculture for September 
last (vol. vil. p. 244. and 256.). 

Rural Architecture is making considerable progress in every 
part of the country; and the Highland Society of Scotland have 
lately adopted an admirable mode of improving both cottage ar- 
chitecture and cottage gardening ; viz. that of offering premiums 
for the neatest cottages and the best kept gardens ; and limiting 
the competition to particular districts, and even, in some instances, 
to particular parishes. ‘This mode of making the competition 
for premiums local, deserves the particular attention of all so- 
cieties the object of which is rural improvement; and it shows 
the much greater advantages to be derived from provincial 
societies of every kind, than from central societies alone, how- 
ever wealthy and powerful the latter may be. This is admirably 
illustrated both in the case of the provincial horticultural societies, 
and in that of the Highland Society. What effort of the London 
Horticultural Society, for example, could have produced the 
results which we see in Cornwall, Jersey, Yorkshire, and a 
hundred other places more or less remote from the metropolis ? 
The Highland Society, for several years, had offered premiums 
for improvements in cottages; but, as the competition extended 
to the whole of Scotland, it produced no result; for a competitor 
in those places where cottage-building was in a backward state, 
though he might produce a far better cottage than any of those 
in his vicinity, might yet find his cottage as far behind those in 
another district, as it was in advance of those around it. A great 

3A 2 


632 Summary View of the Progress of Gardening, 


improvement in agriculture, and in rural matters generally, has 
taken place in Scotland since the Highland Society have adopted 
the plan of holding their shows in different parts of the country ; 
and this has taken place precisely on the principle above men- 
tioned ; viz. that of stimulating locally one part at a time, as well 
as in endeavouring to stimulate the whole country at once. 

The Improvement of Furniture, Domestic Utensils, and Clothing 
is still kept in view by the government; and a Report of the Com- 
mittee of Arts and Manufactures, forming a thick folio volume, 
with illustrative plates, has just been published. A summary 
of this Report will be found in the Architectural Magazine for 
December 1836. A gardener would not expect to find much 
in this Feport that would be of any direct use to him; but in 
this he will be mistaken. In Vol. III. p. 250. of this Magazine 
will be found an article compiled by us from a lecture given by 
Mr. Reinagle at the Royal Institution, “ On the Original Beauty 
of Lines and Forms,” which will, we think, be allowed to be ex- 
tremely interesting and valuable to any gardener who professes 
to lay out grounds. Now, in the Report referred to (p. 51—53.) 
Mr. Reinagle has given the essence of his system, illustrated 
with figures. 

Railroads. — The number of railroads and common roads, in 
progress or projected, cannot fail to have a wonderful influence 
on the general improvement and prosperity of the country for 
many years to come. ‘The grand and characteristic effect of 
railroads is that of equalisation. Not only will the value of 
landed property be rendered comparatively the same every where, 
but the comforts and enjoyments of each particular class of 
society will be comparatively raised to the same level. An im- 
mediate effect of the completion of every line of railroad will 
be, the erection along its margin of numerous villas; and thus 
rural architecture and landscape-gardening will be called into 
exercise, and displayed to advantage. The prosperity of the 
country, it is now generally acknowledged, has been promoted 
by the working of the New Poor Law; and we look forward to 
the establishment of a rural police as a beneficial public measure. 

An improvement which, we think, would be second only to 
that of the railroads, and before them, as far as gardeners are 
concerned, would be the equalisation of the slopes of public 
roads; a subject on which we have already said much in different 
volumes of this Magazine. (See Vol. VII. p. 450., and Vol. XI. 
p. 627.) Were all hilly roads reduced, so that no part of their 
surface were steeper than the steepest parts of the Holyhead 
road, viz. one in thirty-six, it would beas easy for three persons 
to travel from one point to another in a gig, or any two-wheeled 
carriage with one horse, as it is now with a four-wheeled carriage 
and a couple of horses. This would greatly facilitate gardeners 


and of Rural Improvement generally, during 1836. 633 


in visiting one another ; and would enable many, who now seldom 
leave their own neighbourhood, or see only those gardens which 
they can approach by stage-coaches, to inspect the principal 
gardens throughout the country. This they cannot do by 
travelling by stage-coaches alone, because many of the first-rate 
gardens are situated at a distance (too far for walking) from 
the main roads. We have often had occasion to regret the loss 
which foreign gardeners, who have come over to this country 
solely for the purpose of visiting our gardens, have sustained 
from this circumstance; it being a well-known fact that a person 
may be conveyed fifty miles on a stage-coach along a main road, 
for less than he can go five miles in a post-chaise, or in a gig, on 
across road. Another improvement, which would greatly faci- 
litate the travelling of the working classes, including both arti- 
sans and artists, would be the removal of all turnpike-gates, and 
the taking off the present heavy tax on stage-coaches and gigs, 
and on horses drawing in them. Stage-coaches and gigs are 
the carriages of the middle and working classes; and by means 
of them nearly all the important business of the country is 
transacted. Let the taxes, therefore, be removed from them, 
and placed on the post-chaises, and other carriages of the wealthy. 
Another improvement which we should like to see take place, is 
the increased stability of every description of public carriages by 
widening them, and allowing no lugeage whatever to be placed 
on the roof, or even above the level of the axletree. ‘There 
ought, also, to be a law to regulate the number of outside pas- 
sengers, the rate of driving, and the length of stages, so as to 
lessen the great number of coach accidents which annually occur. 
(See an excellent article on this subject in the Scotsman, Oct. 12. 
1836.) 


GARDENING AND RURAL IMPROVEMENT IN FOREIGN 
COUNTRIES. 


In France, in the Jardin des Plantes, a new palm-house 
has been completed, and the hot-houses in that establish- 
ment generally have been altered and improved. The new 
variety of mulberry, Morus multicatilis (see Arboretum et Fru- 
ticetum Britannicum, art. Morus), has been lately extensively 
propagated by the nurserymen, both for planting in France, and 
for exportation to America and other countries. The Maclira 
has ripened fruit at Lyons and Marseilles; and the leaves have 
been employed to feed the silkworm in the latter place. Young 
plants of the Salisburza have been raised from fruit produced 
in the neighbourhood of Montpelier. All these facts will be 
found in detail, at more length, in their appropriate departments 
in this Magazine. (See Foreign Notices, in the table of Contents.) 

Holland, in consequence of the increased commerce in bulbous 

3A 3 


634 Summary View of the Progress of Gardening, 


roots, and the quantity of melons, grapes, and other fruit grown 
in that country, and sent annually to the London and Brighten 
markets, may, we conclude, be considered as prospering in a 
gardening point of view. ‘The celebrated Botanic Garden at 
Leyden is still carefully kept up, as appears by Professor Rein- 
wardt’s letter, in a future page. 

In Belgium, we understand, few horticultural improvements 
are going forward; and we regret much to learn that the Botani- 
cal and Horticultural Garden at Brussels is still suffering from 
want of funds. Gardening seems rather in a more prosperous 
state in the neighbourhood of Ghent, where, our correspondent 
Mr. Maddison informs us, a hall for horticultural exhibitions 
has been erected. A valuable communication from Mr. Mad- 
dison, on this subject, will appear in our succeeding Volume. 

Germany. — A number of plants, new to the gardens of Vi- 
enna, have been sent thither from the Swan River, and from the 
south coast of New Holland, by Baron Hugel, just returned 
from a scientific voyage to the East Indies and New Holland; 
and Prince Metternich’s gardener has, also, introduced several 
new species, which he carried with him from England. (See 
Otto’s Garten-Zeitung, vol. iv. p. 199.) ‘The grand centre of 
Jandscape-gardening and architectural improvements, in Ger- 
many, continues to be Munich, where the English garden has 
recently undergone various changes, and an Ionic temple has 
been raised on the summit of an artificial mount, and finished 
interiorly with polychromic, or many-coloured, paintings. This 
new and singular mode of interior finishing is at present en- 
gaging the attention of architects throughout Europe. It seems 
a revival of an art practised by the ancient Greeks on and within 
their temples, and continued through the dark ages, by painting 
the ceilings of cathedrals and churches with blue, and varying 
the surface with golden stars, the sun, moon, and other figures, 
and also by the stained glass of church windows, and the illu- 
minated missals of the church. A detailed account of the pro- 
cess will be found in the Forezgn Quarterly Review for October, 
1836; in the Transactions of the Institution of British Architects, 
vol. i.; and in the Architectural Magazine, vol. iv. A splendid 
new country house has been built by W. Von Marenholtz, at 
Wilhelmsburg, near Brunswick (see Architectural Magazine, 
vol. iii.) ; but we have heard nothing respecting its gardens. 

The botanical garden at Berlin is acknowledged to be the 
first in Germany. A correspondent (apparently G. Bentham, 
Esq., secretary to the London Horticultural Society) of the 
Companion to the Botanical Magazine, writing, in August last, 
says of this garden, that it is, he believes, “still the most im- 
portant in Germany in the number of species, trees excepted, 
in which respect the Vienna garden excels.” ‘ Californian plants,” 


and of Rural Improvement generally, during 1836. 635 


he adds, “ thrive remarkably well in it.” Speaking of the Ham- 
burgh Botanic Garden, the same writer observes, that, “in point 
of situation, it is, next to Edinburgh, the most beautiful one I 
know. It occupies about sixty English acres, of which the 
greater part is on the old outer ramparts of the town, planted 
with a good deal of taste. The old town ditch is here broad, 
and the water clear. ‘The walks and plantations come down to 
the water’s edge; and on the opposite side the bank is laid out 
as a promenade, with flower-beds, shrubs, and plantations that 
conceal all the town, except the end of a very handsome new 
street, which, from several parts of the garden, looks like a 
fine chateau in an extensive park. ‘The whole circuit of the 
ancient rampart of Hamburgh is, in the same manner, converted 
into promenades, full of fiower-beds and of flowering shrubs, 
neatly kept, and perfectly open to the high road ; which has a 
beautiful effect, especially near the large lake called the Alster. 

In a purely botanical point of view, the garden is chiefly rich in 
Cape plants, introduced by M. Ecklon, with a fair proportion 
of the Chilian and other new things, which have been much 
raised, of late, in German gardens ; several very interesting Cali- 
fornian plants from the Petersburgh garden, and the ordinary 
quantum of ill-named, ill-defined garden species, which infest 
Continental, and especially German, botanic gardens. Amongst 
the Cape aleinis. the most curious are the palms, introduced by 
Keklon, and published by Professor Lehmann, under the name 
of Rakathia. 'There are six or seven species, chiefly in small 
specimens; but, amongst those received last December, there are 
two or three, above § ft. high, that are now shooting leaves 
from the top. ‘There is also a very extensive collection, lately 
introduced, of medicinal plants. The whole is kept up at the 
expense of the state or town of Hamburgh, and is open to the 
public, nominally, on certain days, at certain hours; but, really, 
all day, and every day, without fee or payment. It is under 
the immediate arrangement of an active and intelligent curator, 
M. Ohlendorff, and under the general superintendence of the 
professor of botany, Dr. Lehmann.” (Companion to the Botani- 
cal Magazine, vol. ii. p. 74.) 

Booth’s Nursery, at Floetbeck, near Hamburgh, the same 
writer observes, continues to be the first in Germany, and has 
received extensive additions since I last saw it, especially in the 
houses. It contains, altogether, 105 English acres at Floetbeck, 
and 10 more at some distance. I was surprised to hear from 
Mr. Booth, that a great part of his commerce is now with 
America. This nursery is, however, also the great entrepdt 
of the nursery commerce between Germany and England. 
(Companion to the Botanical Magazine, vol. ii. p. 75.) 

Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. — A very interesting work 

3A 4+ 


636 Summary View of the Progress of Gardening, 


has lately been published on Norway, entitled the Journal of a 
Residence there, by Mr. Laing; but, as the subject of it belongs 
more to agriculture and to general improvement, than to gar- 
dening, we shall pass it over, strongly recommending its perusal, 
as a work full of practical information, and of liberal and bene- 
volent views. Some curious extracts from it, on the subject of 
the uses of the pine and fir tribe, will be found in our Arbo- 
retum et Fruticetum Britannicum. 

Russia. —It is in contemplation to erect a splendid palm- 
house in the Imperial Botanic Garden at St. Petersburgh ; and 
Dr. Fischer, the director of that garden, has been some months 
in England, for the purpose of inspecting the different modes of 
construction, and of heating. We understand that Mr. Kewley 
is likely to be employed for the latter purpose. A railroad is 
forming from the very centre of St. Petersburgh to the village 
Tzarskojeselo, and continued to the great park of Pawlowzk, 
of which details will be found in the Architectural Magazine. 
An agricultural school has been founded by the government in 
the province of Mohiloff; which will be found noticed in our 
succeeding Volume. 

In Poland, we have been agreeably surprised, during the past 
year, with the account of Count Wodzitzcki’s arboretum, at 
Cracow, which has been established upwards of twenty years, 
and of which details will be found in our succeeding Volume. 

From Switzerland we have received some notices of remark- 
able trees by Mr. Strutt, the eminent artist, who lately resided 
there; and we learn from other sources, that the Botanic 
Garden of Geneva is in its usual state. The paper by M. 
Adolphe De Candolle, on the ligneous flora of Switzerland, 
given in this Volume, will be read with interest. 

From Italy we have received some most interesting communi- 
cations, from our highly scientific and intelligent correspondent, 
Signor G. Manetti, which will be found under their appropriate 
heads. ‘There can be no question that gardening is in a pros- 
perous state in Lombardy. In the kingdom of Naples, we are 
informed by an English gentleman, who has resided there many 
years, that very great general improvement has taken place, in 
consequence of excellent Macadamised roads having been formed 
all through the interior of the country. It is now practicable, 
in the kingdom of Naples, to live in a country house apart from 
a village or a town; which was not the case till these roads were 
formed, and the banditti either employed on them, or deterred 
from pursuing their avocations, by the facility these roads afford 
of detection. It is difficult for a native of Britain, in the present 
day, to form an idea of the great additional comfort which such a 
state of things must be to the owners of property in the south 
of Italy. From Signor Manetti we have received, this autumn, 


and of Rural Improvement generally, during 1836. 637 


a quantity of seeds of the Lombardy poplar, which we have 
distributed ; and, if they should vegetate, and plants should be 
raised from them, there will doubtless be found among them 
the female, which has not hitherto been introduced; the Earl 
of Rochford, in 1758, having only brought over cuttings of the 
male plant. 

On the State of Gardening in Spain, Portugal, Sardinia, 
Greece, the Ionian Isles, Malta, Gibraltar, and other Parts of 
Europe, we have nothing to state. It is gratifying to find at 
Gibraltar a descendant from the family of Andrew Heron of 
Bargally, as noticed in a future page, imbued with the same 
taste as that eminent botanist and horticulturist, and cultivating 
there “ florists’ flowers,” pelargoniums, and other Cape shrubs, 
with the plantain of the tropics, and the raspberry of the North 
of Europe, all in the same garden. 

From Africa and Asia we are without gardening news ; unless 
it may be considered as belonging to this head, that plants, in 
boxes covered with glass, and hermetically closed, have arrived 
safely, with all the plants alive, at Calcutta, from London; and 
at Messrs. Loddiges’s, London, from Dr. Wallich, at Calcutta. 
(See p. 263.) The discovery of the tea plant in Assam, in great 
abundance, was announced in our preceding Volume; and, as 
we. have since learned that this immense tract of country 
abounds in botanical riches, we hope it may be found to con- 
tain many plants which are likely to prove hardy, or half-hardy, 
in the temperate climates of Europe and North America. 

In North America, gardening, in common with every other 
description of rural improvement, is making rapid progress. 
Two magazines, exclusively devoted to gardening, are published, 
one in Philadelphia, the other at Boston; and, as we believe 
they have both reached a second volume, we may consider them 
as established. In these magazines, accounts are given of the 
improvements made in the country seats of several men of 
wealth, and of various extensive ranges of glass, heated by hot 
water; and including all the modern European improvements. 
We refer to the other articles headed North America, under 
our Foreign Notices. 

Irom the British West India Islands anew orchideous plant is 
occasionally received ; but we have had no accounts lately of the 
progress of garden cultivation in that quarter ; though, happily, 
the new law respecting the emancipation of the slaves is said 
to work well. 

From South America Mr. Matthews continues to send home 
splendid specimens; and the Horticultural Society of London 
have lately sent to Mexico a zealous young naturalist, M. Hart- 
weg, who will probably penetrate into Columbia. Engravings 
of some new species of pines and firs, brought from Brazil 


638 Gardening and Rural Improvement during 1836. 


and Mexico by Dr. Coulter, are about to be published by Mr. 
Lambert. 

Australia has lost the curator of the Sydney Botanic Garden, 
Mr. Richard Cunningham; and a notice of the distressing man- 
ner in which he met his death will be found in a preceding 
page. Mr. Allan Cunningham, the brother of the deceased, 
has been appointed his successor, and sailed from London in Octo- 
ber last. From the new colony established in Southern Australia 
much is expected, in consequence of the adoption of the new prin- 
ciple of concentration; by which means, in a very short period, 
a distant colony may be made to unite all the essential advan- 
tages of an old country with those of a new one. ‘This prin- 
ciple consists in government assuming the proprietorship of the 
land, and allowing no person to settle who does not become a 
purchaser, or an occupier at a fixed rent, and show that he 
has sufficient capital to bring what he purchases or hires into 
proper cultivation. It is easy to conceive that the application 
of this principle will have a tendency to produce a great num- 
ber of small estates, all lying near together, and within an easy 
distance of a town occupied by tradesmen and labourers, who 
will supply the wants of the agriculturists, in return for a por- 
tion of the produce of their farms. In such a colony, it will be 
long before there can he any overgrown estates; and it may 
probably grow up a second Norway, where every head of a 
family, among the rural population, is an owner of land, which 
he cultivates himself. A number of portable houses, such as 
those figured and described in our Encyclopedia of Cottage, 
Farm, and Villa Architecture, p.251.; a portable school and 
church ; and a portable banking-house, of two stories; have been 
constructed in London, and sent out to this colony, for the 
convenience of the first settlers. Mr. Allen, an early corre- 
spondent of this Magazine, has gone out as a nurseryman and 
garden architect; and we have already seen, in a South Aus- 
tralian newspaper, one of his advertisements, offering his ser- 
vices in laying out and planting small gardens. From the lati- 
tude of Southern Australia, we should expect the climate to be 
more analogous to that of Van Diemen’s Land than to that of 
Sydney ; and, consequently, that it will be found better adapted 
for the health of British emigrants, and for the growth of Bri- 
tish productions. ‘The great article of export from Australia 
to Europe continues to be wool; but it is highly probable that, 
at no great distance of time, cotton and silk will be added. 
Wine and oil may, doubtless, be produced there in sufficient 
abundance for home consumption, if not for exportation. 


Pomological Notices. 639 


Art. II. Pomological Notices; or, Notices of new Fruits, which have 
been proved, during the past Year, to deserve general Cultivation in 
British Gardens. By Mr. Rospert Tuompson, Fruit-Gardener in 
the Horticultural Society’s Garden. 


Tuar the selections of fruits which have been already pub- 
lished include too great a number of varieties, is a fact to which 
most cultivators will, I believe, readily assent; still I consider, that 
although they were divested of every objectionable superfluity, yet 
they would not be in that perfect state to which they will doubtless 
be ultimately brought by the progressive advancement of horti- 
culture. If such reduction were now made, there would either 
be blanks in the supply for some periods of the season, or culti- 
vators would be limited occasionally to a variety which, in many 
situations, would not be suitable. No new varieties should, 
however, be brought into notice, unless they possess fair claims 
to superiority in regard to the following particulars: first, in- 
trinsic value, or richness of flavour; secondly, productiveness ; 
thirdly, hardiness; fourthly, seasor of ripening. Flavour is the 
first and greatest consideration; and, accordingly, no varieties 
are intended to be brought forward in the following notices, 
unless they possess a good share of merit in this respect, what- 
ever their other properties may be. 

The season has been unfavourable for fruits in general. The 
spring was very cold, and even frosty, about the time of blos- 
soming, although this was considerably later than usual; and 
many of the strongest blossoms, from being the most forward, 
were cut off. Such of the rudiments as escaped were brought 
on tolerably well during the short period that could be termed 
summer weather. There was, however, a great want of sunshine 
from the beginning of the month of September, and the nights 
were frequently unusually cold; so that the ripening was imperfect. 

Of the hitherto unknown sorts that have this year fruited, for 
the first time, in the Society’s Garden, many have proved of infe- 
rior quality ; others so little above mediocrity, as to render them 
unworthy of recommendation, whilst there are already so many 
superior ones known; and a considerable number have proved 
synonymous. ‘The merits of part of the production, of course, 
remain to be decided. 

The pears form the only class in which anything of sufficient 
interest for noticing has been discovered. 

Fingal’s Pear, or Ellanrioch, is a hardy variety, obtained 
from Inverness, and is said to succeed better than any other in 
the Isle of Skye; in which, or in some of the adjoining isles, 
the original tree was found. The fruit, from a standard, is large; 
ripening about the same time as Williams’s bon Chrétien, to 
which it is considered preferable. It is the only pear from 
Scotland that I would recommend. 


640 Pomological Notices. 


The Marie-Louise Neuvé is a middle-sized pear, of a totally 
different shape from the Marie-Louise, being roundish, or ber- 
gamot-shaped. In flavour, it much resembles that of the Marie- 
Louise; and is equal, if not superior, to it. It ripens about the 
same time, or rather later. 

King Edward’s Pear, from a standard, is very large, and ex- 
ceedingly handsome; of a pyriform shape, and of a bright red 
next the sun. ‘The flesh is melting, and very good, but has the 
fault of soon turning mealy. Ripens in the beginning of Oc- 
tober. 

The Eyewood Pear is one of Mr. Knight’s new varieties. It 
resembles the crassane, both in appearance and flavour; but it 
has an important constitutional difference, for it bears well as 
a standard; whereas the crassane will not, to any perfection. 
Mr. Knight’s pears are still hardier than the Belgian varieties, 
with which, as they are now becoming in a fruiting state, there 
is an opportunity of comparing them in the Society’s Garden. 
The result, so far, inclines me strongly to recommend them 
for general cultivation; and more especially in the northern 
parts of the kingdom. ‘The following sorts may, perhaps, be 
mentioned, not unacceptably, as a selection to proceed with in 
the mean time, until another season shall have afforded addi- 
tional proofs of the relative excellence of numerous others, 
which have been raised by the skill and perseverance of the 
above-mentioned patron of horticulture : — 

Althorp crassane, Oct., Nov.; Belmont, beginning Nov. ; 
Brougham, Nov.; Croft Castle, Oct.; Dunmore, Sept., Oct. ; 
Broom Park, Jan.; Rouse Lench, Jan.; Pengethley, Feb., 
Mar.; monarch, Dec., Jan.; March bergamot, March or later. ' 

Among those which have proved synonymous, there is one 
which has been the subject of many enquiries —the beurré 
Spence. ‘This name has not yet been ascertained to belong to 
any distinct sort in this garden. The beurré de Capiaumont, 
and beurré Diel, have been so called; and, last summer, the 
sort with the above name, received from your garden at Bays- 
water, was found to be the same as the beurré de Mons. ‘This 
pear hardly deserves the name of a beurré, being rather a crisp 
juicy pear, and not so high-flavoured as to lead us to infer that 
it is the kind so highly prized by Van Mons. Perhaps your 
correspondent M. De Wael of Antwerp could give some inte- 
resting information in regard to this and others of the Belgian 
varieties. 

[A large eating pear has, this autumn, been brought into notice 
by Mr. Willmott of Isleworth, as Willmott’s new pear; and 
a lithograph of it is about to be put into circulation. Having seen 
a specimen of the fruit in Mr. Forrest’s shop-window at Ken- 
sington, we made enquiries respecting its origin; and Mr. For- 


Olitorial Notices. 641 


rest informs us, that “the only account Mr. Willmott can give 
of his new pear is, that, about ten years ago, his foreman, 
Campbell, brought a cutting, but he does not know whence; 
and it was grafted on the Napoleon pear; and this new pear is 
the produce of the graft.” —R. F. Oct. 2. 1836. 

_ Having, previously to receiving this information, directed the 
attention of Mr. Thompson to the specimen of this pear in 
Mr. Forrest’s window, he sent us the following remarks : —] 

‘* I have not sufficient information respecting Willmott’s 
new pear, exhibiting in Mr. Forrest’s window at Kensington. I 
believe that it is the same as the Monsieur le Curé of the 
French. ‘That sort will probably be soon obtained from Paris, 
and the identity will then be better determined.” 

[In the mean time, we hope that this pear, of the real merits 
of which very little is known, will not be introduced into col- 
lections under any fixed name, till its real one is ascertained. 
We have no doubt that Mr. Forrest will take particular care not 
to be instrumental in doing this; because one of the points that he 
professes particularly to attend to is, to use no names, in sending 
out plants, without giving their legitimate authorities. Whoever 
originates a new fruit from seed, imports a foreign one, or (as 
in the case before us) revives an old one, ought, in our opinion, 
previously to bringing it before the public, to submit it to Mr. 
Thompson of the Horticultural Society’s Garden, in order that 
its merits may be determined by him; and, also, whether it is 
really new or not. ‘This is not only due to the Horticultural 
Society, to the horticulture of this country, and to the public 
generally, on the principle of maintaining order in nomencla- 
ture; but to Mr. Thompson, as having a far greater knowledge 
of fruits, than any other man in Britain, indeed, we might say 
in Europe, has had an opportunity of acquiring. — Cond.] 


Art. III. Olitorial Notices ; or, Notices of new Culinary Vegetables 
deserving of general Cultivation in British Gardens. 

THE sources of information to which we have had recourse, 
in order to enable us to draw up this article, are various; but 
our main reliance has been on Mr. Charlwood. As clerk of 
Covent Garden Market (an office which he has filled for several 
years), Mr. Charlwood is personally acquainted with all the 
principal market-gardeners and fruit-growers in the neigh- 
bourhood of London ; and three times every week throughout 
the year it becomes his duty to inspect their productions. Mr. 
Chariwood informs us, that no perfectly new culinary vegetable 
or fruit has been introduced into Covent Garden Market during 
the past year; or, as far as he knows, into private gardens. We 
may here observe, that it has always been our opinion that more 


642 Oiztorial Notices. 


- injury may be done, both to the growers of fruits and vegetables 
for the market, and to the private gardener and his employer, 
by recommending new articles that have little merit but their 
novelty, than by “saying nothing on the subject. We are aware 
of the ardent thirst for novelties of every kind, more especially 
among those who are only novices in any particular taste; never- 
theless, we have always acted on the principle of recommending 
nothing that we did not feel perfectly confident was decidedly of 
superior merit to any thing of the kind previously in cultivation. 
If this determination on our part should render our olitorial 
notices rather meagre, the fault is not in us, but in the state of 
the art. The truth is, the nurseryman’s catalogues, like the 
botanical catalogues, are already much too long; the same thing 
being introduced under many different names, without its being 
indicated which of these are mere synonymes. ‘The London 
Horticultural Society has made some progress towards the cor- 
rection of this evil, as far as respects culinary vegetables and 
fruits; and we have attempted it, as far as respects trees and 
shrubs, in our Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum. Neverthe- 
less, as new culinary vegetables are every now and then coming 
into notice, either originated in this country, or introduced from 
abroad, the labours of the Horticultural Society, in examining 
them, and laying their results before the public, would require 
to be perpetual. It gives us much pleasure to learn that the 
kitchen-garden department of the Horticultural Society, which 
had been neglected for several years, is about to be revived. 
We are certain that this news will be hailed with satisfaction by 
a number of the best friends of the Society. 

Mr. Charlwood has marked a few articles in his Seed Catalogue 
for 1837, which he thinks deserve to be better known, or brought 
more into notice ; and we shall proceed to place the names of 
these articles, and of some others, before our readers, following 
the same arrangement as that given in the catalogue of culinary 
vegetables in our Encyclopedia of Gardening, and in the article 
Covent Garden Market, in this Magazine. 

Cabbage Tribe.— Knight’s early dwarf cabbage is a very 
early variety, which has been brought to market since 1835, and 
seems to deserve to take the place of the early York. The 
Braganza cabbage is entirely a cabbage of luxury, requiring 
fully as much care as the summer cauliflower; but it is a most 
delicious vegetable when well grown. 

Legumes. — The tall green Knight’s marrow pea is one of the 
_ best where there is abundance of room. If sown in rows 12 ft. 
apart, in the direction of north and south, different crops, such 
as turnips, cauliflower, &c., may be grown between the rows of 
peas ; and, if sown in rows at the same distance, in the direction 
of east and west, those crops may be sown or planted between 


Provincial Horticultural Societies. 643 


the rows which, in summer, require the shade; as spinach, lettuce, 
small salading, &c. The nonsuch, or Woodford marrow, and 
the new grotto marrow, are good varieties; and the dwarf green 
Knight’s marrow is held in much estimation. 

Tubcrs and Roots. — Mr. Charlwood remarks that salsify, 
scorzonera, and skirret are not nearly so much cultivated as 
they used to be; a circumstance to be regretted, because they 
make excellent side dishes and stews in the winter season, when 
the stalks and leaves of vegetables are in many places scarce, 
on account of the inclemency of the season. With respect to 
potatoes, the quality of that tuber seems to depend much more 
on the climate and soil in which it is grown, than on the variety 
cultivated. We have never yet tasted any potatoes, either of 
Scotch, Irish, or English growth, equal to those that are grown 
in the immediate neighbourhood of Prescot, in Lancashire; but, 
unfortunately, they are never to be found in the London market. 
A dry soil and a moist climate seem essential in bringing the 
potato to perfection, either in point of size or flavour ; for which 
reason, in the south of France, and in Spain and Italy, little is 
to be expected from them, except when grown on the moun- 
tains. 

(To be continued.) 


Art. 1V. Provincial Horticultural Societies. 


Tue most remarkable feature in the horticultural societies of 
the present year is, the increasing attention which has been 
paid throughout the country to the exhibitions of the poor. 
The produce of the cottagers’ gardens has been generally ad- 
mired ; and the influence which these exhibitions are likely to 
have on the condition of the cottager is most important, and 
demands the serious attention of every person who wishes to 
promote the welfare of his poorer compatriots. It is gratifying 
to see the rich sympathising with the poor, as in nature and 
reason they ought to do; and this must, in the end, lead to the 
moral and intellectual elevation of the former. We are happy 
to see several gentlemen giving up the prizes they have obtained 
to the general funds of the society; and others giving them to 
the fund for cottagers’ prizes. 

Mr. Niven of the Glasgow Botanic Garden has thrown out 
the following very judicious suggestions : — ‘* That all plants, 
fruits, or flowers exhibited should be correctly named, or, if not 
so, disqualified for competition ; that a prize, or prizes, might 
be awarded for the encouragement of botanical science, a most 
important branch of the education of every practical man.” In 
a preceding page, we have suggested the idea of offering prizes 
for the culture of trees and shrubs, with a view to the more 


. 


644: Provincial Horticultural Societies : — 


general distribution of those valuable and beautiful old and neg- 
lected, or new and comparatively unknown, species and varieties, 
which, at present, are scarcely to be met with, except in the 
gardens in the neighbourhood of London. 

Several new societies, which have been originated during 
the past year, in the following notices are distinguished by a *. 


BERKSHIRE. — Royal Berkshire Horticultural Society. — June 15. This 
Society held its first féte and second show at Wallingford, in the castle 
grounds of W. S. Blackstone, Esq.; and, notwithstanding the untoward cir- 
cumstance of the Oxford commemoration happening upon the same day, the 
company was exceedingly numerous. Six of the Society’s marquees and 
tents were pitched in various parts of the grounds; and the one in which the 
show was held was beautifully decorated with the choicest exotics from the 
conservatories of W. S. Blackstone, Edward Wells, J. K. Hedges (one of the 
honorary secretaries), W. J. Clarke, Esqrs.; Mr. Brown of Slough, and 
Mr. Sutton of Reading; and the prize flowers. In the minor tents, ices and 
other refreshments were provided for the company. The scene, altogether, 
was exceedingly interesting; and the proceedings of the day gave universal 
satisfaction. No comparison can be instituted between this method of 
holding horticultural shows, and that which is confined to a narrow crowded 
room. Mr. Blackstone is entitled to the gratitude of the Society, and the 
town at large, for the accommodation he has so liberally afforded. A magni- 
ficent bouquet, formed of the choicest of the prize flowers, was taken by 
Mr. Blackstone for presentation to the Queen, at the drawingroom on the 
following day ; and another, collected from the cottagers’ prizes, to be pre- 
sented to Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Kent. (Macclesfield Courier, 
July 9. 

Ff Fincenpod Dahlia Society. — Oct. 9. There was a fine display of flowers ; 
and the room was very tastefully decorated with evergreens, intermixed with 
dahlias of different colours, including several pretty devices of the crown, 
stars, &c. In addition to these devices, was the figure of a Mexican chief, 
formed of dahlia blooms of every different shade, made by Mr. Sparry of 
Hungerford, and which was greatly admired. Mr. Hillier of Marlborough 
exhibited a pretty collection of pansies; and Mr. J. Kington of Corsham, two 
beautiful stands of seedling and other dahlias, not for competition. (Salisbury 
Herald, Oct. 15.) 

CaMBRIDGESHIRE. — The Cambridgeshire Horticultural Society. — March 23. 
This show was distinguished by the adoption, for the first time, of a guard 
fence placed round the plants, and extending to the extremity of the gallery. 
Mr. Newman exhibited some apples (scarlet nonpareil, royal pearmain, and 
Norrington wonder) preserved from last year ; and Mr. Widnall and Mr. 
Searle, some beautiful hyacinths. (Huntingdon Gazette, April 2.) 

* CnHEsHIRE. — Aldersley Floral Society.— July 2. The most successful 
competitor for pinks and roses was Mr. Hammond ; and for ranunculuses, 
Mr. Massey. (Macclesfield Courier, July 9.) 

Cornwatu. — Royal Horticultural Society of Cornwall. — June 3. Of fruit, 
the quantity exhibited was very small: the pmes and grapes, however, which 
obtained the prizes, were of very superior quality; and it afforded much 
pleasure to the members of the Society to find that the first medals offered 
by them should have been awarded to its founder, J. Vivian, Esq., of Pen- 
calenick. There was a dish of very fine strawberries from the garden of 
Mr. Stephens of Penryn, who has for the third year carried off this prize. 
The pelargoniums were unusually fine, and a great many new varieties were 
exhibited ; and the calceolarias, from the collection of B. Sampson, Esq., of 
Tullimaar, attracted universal admiration. The new seedlings were finely 
formed, and of excellent colours. 

After the prizes had been decided, Mr. Vivian addressed the meeting at 


Berkshire, Cambridgeshire, Cheshire, Cornwall. 645 


some length; and, among other topics, remarked that Dr. Wallich, who had 
taken a great interest in the Society, and had forwarded to it, during the past 
year, a great variety of seeds from India, was desirous of receiving some roots 
and seeds of the Dahlia, the Maranta, or Calathea zebrina, and the Canna 
viridiflora. He also wished to get some seeds of South American plants ; 
but for these, he believed, they must be indebted to the gentlemen of the 
packets. He (Dr. Wallich) would be glad as well to have some seeds of 
grapes, oranges, limes, and lemons; and the Society would be able, he hoped, 
to show Dr. Wallich that they were not unmindful of his request. With 
regard to the indigenous botany of Cornwall, the first collection was sent by 
Mrs. Grylls of Cardingham ; the most interesting plant in which was Botry- 
chium Lunaria, which, if not an addition to the Cornish flora, is, at least, 
extremely rare in this part of the kingdom, although we know it is common 
in the northern counties both of England and Scotland. The second 
collection, sent by Mr. William Lobb, comprised dried specimens of those 
plants wanted for the hortus siccus of the Society. Besides the above, 
there was a splendid collection of specimens of mosses, also from Mr. Lobb, 
which appeared to have been collected and arranged with great care. 

Mr. Vivian concluded by saying a few words with respect to the cottagers. 
The improvement of their condition had been one of the chief objects of the 
Society; and, therefore, it gave him great pleasure to state that, by the 
encouragement afforded by the Society, many local cottagers’ societies had 
been formed in different parts of the county ; and he had reason to hope that 
others would soon be established. The specimens exhibited by cottagers had 
gone on increasing and improving every year. 

The only nurseryman who exhibited was Mr. Pontey of Plymouth, who 
displayed about 20 varieties of Petinia, 100 of heartsease, and numerous 
pelargoniums, roses, and ericas. (West Briton, June 10.) 

._ July 22. From the great backwardness of the season, and the heavy rains 
of the preceding week, the show of flowers was very small, and there was 
only one dish of peaches ; but the pines and grapes, and the small fruits, were 
very fine, particularly the Naples black currant, which, for size and flavour, 
is far superior to the common, and well deserves the attention of gardeners. 
The vegetables were very much admired; amongst them was a sample of 
the Chenopodium Quinoa, from the garden of Sir C. Lemon, Bart., an account 
of which will be found in Vol. X. p. 588. After dinner, the secretary begged 
leave to call the attention of the company to a letter which he had received 
from Mr. Booth, gardener, of Carclew, respecting the subscription for erection 
a monument to poor Douglas; when the sum of 2/. 12s. 6d. was subscribed. 
At the dinner, some of the leaves of the quinoa were served up, dressed as __ 
spinach, and were very much admired. (Cornwall Royal Gazette, July 29.) 

Sept. 27. The grand stand for flowers and plants occupied the centre of 
the room, and was well filled with beautiful specimens. One side was set 
apart for the different varieties of fruit and vegetables; the other was appro- 
priated to nurserymen’s flowers, of which there was a brilliant display from 
Mr. Veitch of Exeter, Mr. Pontey and Mr. Rendle of Plymouth, and Mr. Fox 
of Penzance; while the end opposite the chair was crowded with excellent 
samples of showy flowers, and the more important, because the most useful, 
fruit and vegetable productions of the cottager. 

The following extract from the speech of Sir C. Lemon will give an idea of 
the great variety of the plants exhibited :— Sir Charles “ begged particularly 
to notice the purple-fruited guava, from the garden of Mr. R. W. Fox, as new 
and interesting; and two beautiful pines, contributed to the dessert, though 
not exhibited for a prize, from Mr. M. Williams. The grapes, also, were of a 
very superior character. Among the vegetables he wished particularly to 
direct attention to the quinoa, which is stated by Humboldt to be as valuable 
to the inhabitants of tropical America as the rice is to the inhabitants of 
India. He was cultivating it; and, though unable to state the eee 
produce per acre, the specimen he held in his hand proved how freely its 

Vox. XII. — No. 81. 3B 


646 Provincial Horticultural Societies : — 


seed was produced ; and, even its unripe state, it contamed a large proportion 
of farinaceous matter. He also noticed the Pomeranian cabbage, and the 
turnip-rooted cabbage, from the Cape of Good Hope, the value of which, for 
general cultivation, would doubtless soon be ascertained, as it appeared that 
they were cultivated by more than one exhibiter. Among the flowers the 
most interesting was the Cattleya Loddigésw, from the collection of Mr. G. C. 
Fox; a beautiful plant, in a particularly healthy state. By the same gentle- 
man a very interesting group of plants was exhibited, raised from exotic seed, 
some of it sent by Dr. Wallich to the Society. Among them was the Indian 
tamarind, a beautiful plant, of graceful foliage ; and two species of Anona, one 
of them the celebrated Cherimolia. A plant of that rare and beautiful passion 
flower, the Passiflora kermesina, was exhibited by the Rev. Thomas Phillpotts. 
Of the cottagers’ productions, and the improvement which had taken place 
amongst them, it was difficult to speak in too high terms: many of those 
exhibited might vie with those of their more wealthy neighbours, in respect 
of cultivation and of goodness of quality, proving that the importance of 
getting the best seed was appreciated by them. He had also to notice that 
Mr. Richard Davey had presented the Society with a collection of 300 plants, 
for their general herbarium, from Switzerland. Miss Fox had presented a 
group of lichens, indigenous to Cornwall, peculiar for their dying properties ; 
in connexion with which, he must mention the interesting fact, first noticed 
by that lady, that the colour of the dye was affected by the nature of the rock 
on which the lichen grew. With regard to the indigenous plants, Mrs. Grylls, 
Miss Rodd, Miss Warren, and Mr. W. Lobb, had made some valuable dis- 
coveries.”” 

After the business of the meeting was finished, a splendid déjetimer was 
served, which was partaken of, for the first time, by the ladies as well as 
gentlemen [an example which we think well worthy of imitation by other 
societies]. (West Briton and Cornwall Advertiser, Sept. 30.) 

* Gwennap Cottage Gardening Society.—July 26. This was the first meeting 
of the Society ; and a more satisfactory exhibition has seldom been witnessed. 
The room was decorated in the most tasteful manner. Many beautiful speci- 
mens of stove and other choice plants were supplied by the gentry of the 
neighbourhood; and the display of fruits, flowers, and vegetables, from the 
cottagers’ gardens, gave ample promise of the future success of the Society. 
At two o’clock, on the motion of Michael Williams, Esq., seconded by John 
Paul, Esq., the Rev. T. Phillpotts took the chair. The Rev. gentleman, after 
congratulating the meeting on the complete success of the experiment that 
had been made in the formation of this Society, alluded, in feeling terms, to 
the advantages which must ever accrue to the cottager himself, as well as to 
his family and neighbours, from the encouragement of industrious and sober 
habits. At four o’clock, the numerous company adjourned to a field adjoin- 
ing the vicarage, where another equally gratifying scene awaited them. The 
children of the church Sunday-schools, upwards of 500 im number, with their 
teachers (having previously been admitted to view the exhibition), were plen- 
tifully regaled with tea and cake; and their orderly and becoming demeanour 
was extremely creditable to themselves and their instructors. An excellent 
band attended, and enlivened the scene by their performances. The day was 
concluded by the “ Evening Hymn” being sung by the assembled children, 
assisted by the church choir: the effect of their united voices in the open air was 
ealculated to excite devotional feelings in every breast. The whole passed 
off with the utmost harmony; and it was pleasing to hear from some of the 
oldest parishioners, that a day so marked by unanimity and good feeling had 
never been witnessed within their recollection. (Cornwall Royal Gazette, 
July 29.) : : 

* The Western Cottagers’ Gardening Society. — Sept. 22. The first meeting 
of this Society was held at Penzance. The show of fruit, vegetables, &c., 
was remarkably fine, especially on the cottagers’ tables, and it was most gratify- 
ing to observe such a display of the fruits of the cottagers’ labour and industry ; 


Cumberland. 647 


as, from the hasty manner in which the meeting was necessarily determined 
on, and the short time afforded for circulating the objects of the Society, 
its views and intentions could have been little known in the neighbouring and 
more distant parishes. The show of flowers was equally attractive, and was 
greatly enhanced by the support which the private gardens of the neighbour- 
hood afforded, aided by the kind assistance of some ladies, who took a deep 
juterest in the arrangements of the day. It is due to the market-gardeners 
generally, to notice the readiness with which they have forwarded the objects 
of the Society; and Mr. Fox, more especially, claims our mention; in the 
first place, for his liberality in a pecuniary point of view; and, secondly, for 
the individual exertions he has made in promoting its views from its first 
formation. The chair was taken at half-past two, by John Scobell, Esq., of 
Nancealverne, who briefly adverted to the nature and objects of the Society, 
and the great good which had been produced by the formation of similar asso- 
ciations in different parts of the county. (West Briton, Sept. 30.) 

Tywardreath Rural Gardening Society.— The show of fruit, &c., was par- 
ticularly fine, more especially on the cottagers’ table, which far exceeded any 
former year, and proves that a spirit of innocent ambition and harmless 
rivalry is spreading among the labouring classes who are within the reach of 
this Society. Among the list of prizes we find one for the cottager whose 
rental does not exceed 6/. 10s. per annum, for the neatest and best-stocked 
garden ; another for the labourer, miner, or fisherman, in each of the above 
parishes, who has brought up the largest family without parochial assistance ; 
and another, given by Capt. Collins, R.N., to the cottager, labourer, miner, or 
fisherman, who has bound to trades the greatest number of children within 
the last twenty-one years, or one year in permanent service, a prize of 12. 1s.; 
gained by William Woolcock, of Lanlivery (11 children bound). A prize of 
5s. to each of the parishes, given by the Society; and a second prize of 
2s. 6d., given by W. Carlyon, Esq., to the cottager, labourer, miner, or fisher- 
man, who has now in his garden the greatest number of hives of bees. (Léid., 
July 29.) 

CumBERLAND. — Whitehaven Horticultural Society. — Auricula Show. May 
8. The flowers were fewer than usual, but very fine. The most successful 
competitors for prizes for auriculas were T. Falcon, Esq., and Mr. R. Elliot ; 
and for polyanthuses, Mr. J. Clarke and Mr. J. Gaitskell. (Whitehaven Herald, 
May 10.) 

Tulip Show. May 24. The display was very good, and the most success- 
ful competitors for prizes for tulips were, Miss Mossop, the Rev. J. Fox, and 
Mr. W. Thornton. The roses, pelargoniums, and cactuses, were very fine. 
Among the apples exhibited were some French pippins, remarkably well kept, 
by Mr. Pennyfeather. (Cumberland Pacquet, May 31.) 

Carnation Show. Aug. 18. The carnations were not so good as last year ; 
but ample amends was made for this falling off by the splendid show of 
dahlias, which was by far the finest ever seen here. The show of fruit and 
vegetables was uncommonly good, not merely as regards quality, but quantity ; 
the tables being literally covered with every species of fruit of which the 
North can boast. Mr. Robert Elliot of Rose Hill displayed no less than fifty 
different kinds of roses. They were arranged in front of one of the stages, 
and a finer array of floral beauty was perhaps never witnessed. Mr. Clark’s 
green grapes were the largest ever seen in Whitehaven ; and a brace of cu- 
cumbers, on one stem, from Gilgarron, attracted their full share of attention. 
The most successful competitors were, Mr. W. Gird and Mr. W. Thornton, 
of Keswick, for carnations and picotees; Mr. Thornton and Mr. J. Clark, 
for dahlias; and Mr. J. Clark and Mr. R. Elliot, for peaches, nectarines, 
melons, and grapes. Currants were judged by the fewest bunches being Te- 
quired to the half pound. Of these, fifty bunches of red, and 39 of white, 
were the heaviest: Mr. J. Pennyfeather won both prizes. The heaviest 
gooseberry was a red one (huntsman), which weighed 17 dwt. 5gr. (Zid, 
Aug. 23.) 

t 3B 2 


648 Provincial Horticultural Societies : — 


DersysuHire. — Alfreton Horticultural and Floricultural Society.— July 2. 
The display of ranunculuses was rather small, owing to the unfavourable sea- 
son; but of plants there was an abundant supply, of first-rate quality. Some 
very superior strawberries, and good specimens of vegetables, were exhibited 
by Mr. Sheel, gardener to D‘Ewes Coke, Esq. Mr. Fowell, of Okerthorpe, 
brought some beautiful pelargoniums, and a splendid specimen of the Delphi- 
nium grandiflorum. Mrs. Radford of Carnfield Hall exhibited a very neat 
basket of choice flowers, which attracted particular notice; and Mr. Rickards, 
some beautiful roses and pansies, as well as some vegetables of a superior 
quality. Mr. Smith, of Tansley, contributed a very large and choice collection 
of roses. -An assortment of dahlias was shown in great perfection, at this 
early period of the season. (Derbyshire Courier, July 9.) 

Brampton Pink Show.— July 5. The flowers shown by Messrs. Beard and 
Cotterill were of very superior quality: their seedlings were greatly admired, 
as was also one grown by Mr. Coulson, and another by Messrs. Marsden 
and Bower. The present is the first year of Mr. T. Cotterill cultivating 
flowers ; and yet he carried off the first prizes, not only in this, but in other 
shows ; an encouraging precedent for young florists. (did.) 

Chesterfield Floral and Horticultural Society. — May 2. The hyacinths were 
very indifferent, and scarcely deserving any prizes at all; but the auriculas 
and polyanthuses were very good. The best seedling auricula was shown by 
Messrs. Heath and Stevenson, of Newbold: it was a self, with a very dark 
purple border, almost black. The best seedling polyanthus was shown by 
Messrs. Tomlinson and Simpson of Barlow. J. B. Bowden, Esq., of South- 
gate House, was one of the principal contributors of stove and green-house 
plants. This gentleman returned the prizes he gained to the Society, to be 
added to the general fund. Among the vegetables, the most remarkable was 
a dish of very fine early potatoes, grown in the open ground, by John Chorge, 
Esq.; and we regret to say that these were stolen in the course of the day. 
(1hid., May 7.) 

May 31. The room was tastefully decorated, the visiters numerous ; and 
we are happy to say that, in consequence of the excellent arrangements made 
by the committee to prevent confusion, we have heard of no injury done to 
the plants exhibited; the officers of the Society promptly prohibiting any per- 
son from touching any of the specimens. The principal contributors of tender 
exotics were G. H. Barrow, Esq., the Rev, F. Foxlowe, and Mr. Hurst. The 
specimens sent from Mr. Foxlowe’s extensive collection were numerous and 
highly interesting, amongst which were a great variety of pelargoniums; seve- 
ral of them entirely new, and never before exhibited in this part of the country. 
The plant called Jane, which gained the first prize, we understand was a 
seeding, raised by Mrs. Foxlowe, and was universally admired. Several 
choice calceolarias were, also, sent by Mr. Foxlowe; one of which, with deep 
crimson flowers, was a very beautiful specimen. Of vegetables the supply 
rather limited, but much improved in quality as compared with those shown 
at the last meeting. Of cut flowers there were three baskets; one of tender 
exotics, by Mr. Foxlowe; and two of hardy specimens, by Mr. Coulson, 
The most interesting feature of the meeting was the display of tulips, which 
far exceeded the highest expectations of the most ardent amateur. The one 
selected as the best flower of any colour, named Walworth, was of unexcep- 
tionable merit, and well deserved the distinction conferred upon it; being of 
excellent shape, well bleached, and the colour on the edge remarkably clear 
and well defined. The tulips forming the pan which won the premier prize, 
and of which the above-named flower was one, were grown by Messrs. Tomlin- 
son and Simpson of Barlow. Mr. C. Cotterill obtained the prize for the second 
pan. Mr. Foxlowe liberally returned half the amount of prizes allotted to him, 
which was considerable, to be added to the general fund. (Jdid., June 4.) 

August 2. The principal contributors of green-house and stove plants were, 
the Rev. F. Foxlowe of Stovely, G. H. Barrow, Esq. (who, among other 
plants, sent some beautiful spotted French balsams), Mr. Cloughton, and Mr. 


Derbyshire, Devonshire. 649 


Hurst. The specimens of fruit were very fine, and the supply of vegetables 
was extensive, and of first-rate quality. The principal flowers were carnations, 
of which there was a great number and variety. They were not, perhaps, so 
large as are frequently seen ; but, for clearness and perfection in colour, they 
could not well be excelled. There was a very good display of dahlias, which 
were much admired ; as were the baskets of hardy flowers exhibited by Mr. 
Coulson, one of which had his name worked in flowers on the side imme- 
diately fronting the entrance into the room. The Rey. F. Foxlowe liberally 
returned the whole of the prizes awarded to him at this and at former meet- 
ings, which, in connection with the variety of specimens he has supplied to 
this, as well as to the previous exhibitions, sufficiently evinces his desire for 
the welfare of the institution. (Derbyshire Courier, Aug. 6.) 

DevonsHirE. — Devon and Cornwall Botanical and Horticultural Society. — 
May 19. The display of flowers, exotics, and vegetables was excellent, 
A citron sent by Mrs. Carew of Antony drew particular attention. The 
flowers, plants, and shrubs from Endsleigh, the seat of His Grace the Duke 
of Bedford, were very fine, and reflected much credit on Mr. Bray, for the 
care evinced in bringing them such a distance. Mr. Cornelius of Kelly also 
deserves great praise for the manner in which his articles were exhibited. 
The plants furnished by the Rey. Henry Hare of Curtisknowle were very 
beautiful. The conservatories of Kitley, as usual, furnished ample supplies 
to the grand stand. Major Gammell of Stoke Villa, and J. Norman, Esq., of 
Belmont, sent some very splendid plants. We cannot omit noticing, if not 
among the most conspicuous objects, at least one of the most attractive, a pair 
of fairy roses sent by Mr. Noah Barry of Port Eliot. The largest with the 
rose-bud on it was not above 14 in. in height. The nurserymen’s room had, 
also, a very imposing appearance; Mr. Rendle and Mr. Pontey having con- 
tributed some beautiful specimens. It gives us much pleasure to find that 
this excellent Society is in a highly prosperous state. Its funds are increasing, 
and each succeeding year brings further support to it. (Plymouth Herald, 
May 21.; and West Briton, May 27.) 

Devon and Exeter Botanical and Horticultural Society.— June 3. Mr. 
Veitch’s exhibition was of the most splendid description: it occupied two 
thirds of one side of the room, and the whole of one of the centre stands; and 
could not have been brought to, and removed from, the room without great 
labour and expense. His collection of pelargoniums was very superior. 
The most remarkable were P. spéculum mindi, and Dennis’s perfection. 
He had also a beautiful collection of calceolarias; viz. mountain of snow, 
ferruginea, and Veitch’s picturatum, beautifully spotted. His display of 
ericas was universally admired: they consisted of 50 different varieties, one 
of which was quite new. Among his green-house and hardy plants were, 
Phl6x Drumménd:, Clianthus puniceus, and the new yellow Scotch roses. 
Mr. Charles Sclater of Summerlands exhibited some splendid calceolarias, 
and some very fine pelargoniums ; among which a beautiful seedling, called 
Sclater’s Adelaide, excited particular attention. Hewett, Nott, and Co., dis- 
played a superb collection of pelargoniums; also, a collection (consisting of 
100 varieties) of new double Dutch anemonies, which were exceedingly fine ; 
and a choice variety of Cape heaths. Mr. J. Manly, of Heavitree, produced 
many beautiful specimens of plants and flowers. Among the vegetables 
the most remarkable was a dish of 100 heads of asparagus (none of which 
exceeded 7in. in length), which weighed “7lb., and was exhibited by Sir J. 
Kennaway. (Woolmer’s Exeter and Plymouth Gazette, June 4.) 

West Devon Annual Pink Show. — July 2. The room was elegantly deco- 
rated with numerous choice plants sent by the gentlemen in the vicinity, and 
by Mr. Rendle, nurseryman. Mr. F, Wood appears to have been the most 
successful competitor for the prizes. (Plymouth Herald, July 9.) 

Royal Devon and Cornwall Horticultural Society—Sept. 10. J. Collier, Esq., 
M.P., in his address from the chair, after having stated that the Society was 
in a most prosperous state, added that it was contemplated to erect a public 

3B 3 


650 Provincial Horticultural Societies : — 


building for the purpose of accommodating more visiters. The intended ex- 
hibition-room will be upwards of 100 ft. in length, and of a proportional 
breadth; and so constructed, with regard to light and ventilation, as to obviate 
the inconvenience generally felt in a crowded room. The shares are put up 
up at 10/. each, in order that they may be generally diffused; and, when a 
certain number of names are attached to the list, a general meeting will be 
held, and a committee appointed to carry the plan into execution. Amon 
the plants exhibited, the dahlias and annuals of Mr. Rendle, and the dahlias, 
annuals, and green-house plants of Mr. Pontey, were particularly admired. 
The latter gentleman obtained two gold medals; which, giving him a majority 
over all the candidates of the season, entitled him to receive, also, a handsome 
silver cup. (Devonport Telegraph, Sept. 17.) 

DorsETsHIRE. — * Sherborne and Yeovil Horticultural Society.— July 27. 
The first show of this Society was, in every department, brilliant and attrac- 
tive; the plants being rare, and in the fullest perfection of beauty. The orna- 
mental baskets of flowers for competition, from the gardens of R. Gordon, 
Esq., M.P., and J. Gooden, Esq., were splendid collections ; and the nosegay 
of the choicest plants, from the Upway Gardens, was greatly admired for the 
variety of rich and choice plants which it contained. It was arranged in the 
form of a Chinese temple, and had a pretty effect. The fruit was not inferior 
to any other part of the exhibition: it comprised the most valuable produc- 
tions from the hot-house and open garden ; consisting of pines, melons, grapes, 
peaches, apricots, raspberries, strawberries, plums, cherries, &c. &c. The 
second table was appropriated to vegetables; consisting of peas, beans, celery, 
carrots, onions, turnips, cabbages, &c., in profusion, and of the finest descrip- 
tion. The lower part of the room presented a beautiful display of plants, &c., 
not for competition, from the different gardens in the neighbourhood. (Wes- 
tern Flying Post, August 4.) 

Essex. —* The South Kssex Horticultural and Floricultural Society. — We 
extract the following passage from the prospectus : —“ The first leading feature 
of this Society is, to excite a spirit of emulation amongst a class of men who, 
from their situation in life, have not an opportunity of displaying the talent 
many of them possess, and give a higher tone to their mental powers, which, 
but for a stimulating cause, must to a certain extent have remained in ob- 
scurity. This the Society propose doing, by distributing, from time to time 
such rewards as the committee shall deem advisable, for the superior pro- 
duction of flowers, fruits, and vegetables. The next feature of this Socity is, 
the rewarding the industrious cottager for the productions of his own garden ; 
thereby raising his mind above the grovelling pursuits now too prevalent, and 
implanting in his bosom a desire to rank among those persons who, by perse- 
vering industry, have obtained a station in society which, while it adds to 
their comforts in a pecuniary point of view, entitles them to the regard and 
esteem of those around them.” This Society, we believe, has held several 
exhibitions; but we have not received the particulars. 

GLOUCESTERSHIRE. — Cirencester Horticultural Association.— Sept. 9. The 
tables and stands were profusely covered ; as a proof of which, we may state 
that there were exhibited, either for competition or ornament, — 


Dahlias - - - - - - - - 724 
Dishes of fruit, including many by cottagers, upwards of - 200 
Baskets and parcels of vegetables, chiefly by cottagers - 46 
Plants of varieties in pots - - - - - 280 

Total number of specimens, about ~ - - 1250 


Of the dahlias 240, of various splendid colours, were formed into a large 
star, placed over the central junction of two elliptical arches springing from 
each side of the room, fully enwreathed with laurel, and elegantly entwined by 
garlands of the scented clematis, and other flowers. It is due to Messrs. Gre- 
gory and Son, nurserymen, to say, that those beautiful decorations were 
imtroduced by them at their own expense ; and that they also furnished the 


Dorsetshire, Essex, Gloucestershire, Hampshtre. 651 


principlal stage with groups of evergreens, interspersed with flowers, amongst 
which the cerulean blue of the agapanthus was conspicuous. There were 
other pleasing manifestations of a desire to enrich the exhibition, and contri- 
butions to that effect were liberally made. Amongst these, we may mention 
that Miss Smith, the daughter of Mr. Alxeander Smith, nurseryman, prepared 
and presented several ornamental baskets of beautiful flowers, which were 
placed upon the Society’s tables during the show, and much admired. The 
collection of dahlias certainly was magnificent, and many individual specimens 
perfect in every requisite. Fruit of the more useful sorts was plentiful and 
fine; nor were the luxuries of the dessert deficient either in quantity or quality. 
Great interest was taken in the cottagers’ exhibitions of excellent fruit and 
vegetables: the quality of the latter is obviously improved since the establish- 
ment of this Society; a gratifying proof of the benefits to be derived from 
industrious and sober habits. (Gloucestershire Chronicle, Sept. 17.) 

Hamesuire. — The Hampshire Horticultural Society. — March 19. The 
show was most splendid in forced flowers, vegetables, and green-house plants. 
Fruits were confined to pears and apples: the latter were numerous, and ex- 
hibited good management in the gardeners’ method of preserving them. The 
Rev. F. Beadon, the president, exhibited a large collection of well-kept table 
and kitchen apples, stove plants, Elford rhubarb, and two varieties of pears. 
A very fine box of forced lilies of the valley, a large basket of finely flowered 
Neapolitan violets, a tray of handsome hyacinths, and a collection of other 
flowering plants, were sent by Sir T. Baring; a good collection of hyacinths, 
by the Rev. Mr. Cheere; a fine Daphne odoratissima, and other green-house 
plants, with forced vegetables, by Col. Wall; a remarkably fine specimen of 
Tropzolum tricolorum, with other green-house and hot-house plants, by John 
Fleming, Esq. ; acollection of green-house plants, by the Rev. Mr. Rashleigh ; 
very fine asparagus, and other forced vegetables, by Lord Ashburton ; a beau- 
tiful specimen of a new stapelia, by the Rey. Mr. Garnier; and numerous 
other flowering plants and vegetables, by the nobility-and gentry of the neigh= 
bourhood. There was a distribution of grafts and seeds amongst the mem- 
bers, which were sent by the London Horticultural Society, together with a 
liberal supply from Messrs. Ronalds of Brentford, and Mr. Page and Mr, 
Rogers of Southampton ; in the whole, between 3000 and 4000 packets. A 
cottager’s prize was gained by Mr. Charles Young, for some rhubarb stalks 
grown without forcing. (Salisbury Herald, March 19.) 

June 27. This meeting was held at Winchester, where a most splendid 
show of flowers was exhibited. The vegetables were plentiful, excellent, 
and in great variety: the fruits were fine and excellent, but sparing in quan- 
tity. A fine collection of pelargoniums, most of them seedlings, were sent by 
J. King, Esq., of Corhampton; several stove, green-house, and herbaceous 
plants, as well as melons and strawberries from the Rev. Mr. Beadon; a large 
and fine collection of plants from Mr. Page of Southampton, and another 
from Mr. Ingram; and numerous specimens of flowers and fruit from the sur- 
rounding nobility and gentry. The competition for cottagers’ prizes was very 
limited. (1did., July 2.) 

August 4. This meeting was held at the Royal Victoria Archery Rooms, 
Southampton, where an excellent collection of flowers, fruits, and vegetables 
was exhibited. The flowers in pots were but few, except the fine collections 
sent by Mr. Page and Mr. Ingram. The cut flowers, in general, were good ; 
and a handsome collection of pelargoniums were sent by Miss Hale; fine 
grapes, peaches, and nectarines, by Lord Ashburton; cherries and goose- 
bearies, by Mr. Shenton; melons, apricots, gooseberries, currants, cut 
flowers, and carnations, by Sir Thomas Baring, Bart.; fine and weil-kept old 
apples, oranges, shaddocks, melons, seeding celsias, and cut flowers, by Col. 
Wall; vegetables, flowers, and fruits, by Mr. Wickham; hot-house and 
green-house plants, dahlias, roses, cut flowers, peaches, raspberries, gooseber- 
ries, apples, melons, and vegetables, by the Rev. F. Beadon ; melons, carnations 
and picotees, by J. Pultney, Esq. 5 apricots, gooseberries, and flowers, by 

“ 3B 4 


652 Provincial Horticultural Societies : — 


Wm. Fitzhugh, Esq.; queen pines, peaches, nectarines, melons, and cherries, 
by the Duke of Buckingham; apricots, plums, gooseberries, cherries, flowers, 
and vegetables, by Mrs. Haines ; lettuce, carnations, and cherries, by Mr. 
Oakley ; coxcombs and carnations, by the Rev. the Warden; peaches, cox- 
combs, cucumbers, celery, and other vegetables, by R. Missing, Esq.; cox- 
combs, dahlias, hollyhocks, melons, gooseberries, and other fruits and vege- 
tables, by J. Guitton, Esq.; melons, gooseberries, currants, raspberries, and 
vegetables, by the Rev. Archdeacon Bayley; melons, plums, hollyhocks, dah- 
lias, and vegetables, by Mrs. Wright; hollyhocks, heartsease, roses, carna- 
tions, annuals, and herbaceous plants, by Miss Garnier; apricots, cherries, 
dahlias, roses, and coxcombs, by the Rev. T. Garnier ; hollyhocks and pota- 
toes, by Lord Ashtown; figs, carnations, and cauliflowers, by Sir G. Hewitt; 
green-house plants, by the Rev. G. C. Rashleigh ; dahlias, by Col. Worsley ; 
melons, carrots (particularly large and fine white), and French beans, by G. 
J. Purvis, Esq.; carrots, &c., by Lady Dickson. (Salsbury Herald, Aug. 13.) 

Sept. 15. The display of dahlias by Mr. Taylor, Mr. Ingram, and Mr. 
Squibb was superior to any former exhibition. The cut flowers, in general, 
were good; one stand in particular, for which an extra prize was given, con- 
sisted of 150 varieties: also, the green-house plants, from the Rey. G. C. 
Rashleigh, excited the admiration of the company. Nearly all the nobility 
and gentry of the neighbourhood sent flowering plants, and fruit, among which 
were 150 varieties of apples, from Sir T. Baring. There were also numerous 
specimens of fruit, flowers, and vegetables grown by cottagers. A dinner 
followed, to which the Society had the pleasure of contributing 36 dishes of 
fruit for the dessert, and a great part of the fine vegetables exhibited at their 
meeting. A great number of horticultural implements were exhibited by Mr. 
Carter, and Messrs. Lankester. (Hampshire Chronicle, Sept. 19.) 

Winchester Pink Feast.—June. The flowers shown were unusually fine, and 
reflected great. credit on the cultivators. The first prize was adjudged to Mr. 
Peter Young of Twyford; the second, to Mr. Kingston of Stockbridge ; and 
the third, to Mr. Weaver, gardener to the Warden of Winchester College. 
The maiden prize was.awarded to Mr. Watson, jun., of Winchester. (Jdid.) 

HunTINGDONSHIRE. — Huntingdonshire Horticultural Society. — April 26. 
The flowers were more splendid than we have seen for several years. The first 
prizes, for the best auricula, polyanthus, and polyanthus narcissus, were won 
by Mr. Franklin. Mr. Raye showed the best hyacinths. After dinner, R. 
Fox, Esgq., called the attention of the subscribers to an act of injustice prac- 
tised towards this society, by the editors of the Gooseberry-grower’s Re- 
gister for last year, in neglecting to insert their last show; as, on reference 
to that book and the Huntingdon list, they would find that they produced 
the heaviest gooseberries of all Iingland, and also the heaviest in three of the 
colours. It is there stated, that Mr. Fardon’s wonderful, 24dwt. was the 
heaviest gooseberry grown in the year; at the Huntingdonshire Horticul- 
tural show, held on July 21. 1835, Mr. Giddings of Hemingford produced a 
yellow gooseberry (leader) weighing 24dwt. 17 gr. In the green, that Mr. 
Ormond’s thumper, 20dwt. Sgr. was the heaviest; at the Huntingdon- 
shire show; Mr. Gidding’s peacock weighed 20dwt. 15gr. In the white, 
Mr. Dewhurt’s Eagle, of Richester, at 21 dwt. is stated as the heaviest ; 
the Huntingdonshire first prize was won by Mr. Giddings’s ostrich, 23 dwt. 
16 gr. the second by Mr. Adams’s ostrich, 23dwt. and the third, by Mr. 
Fordham’s ostrich, 22dwt. Sgr. It was unanimously agreed that the 
secretary should write to the committee of Gooseberry growers at Manchester, 
‘and offer to grow the four colours for weight, next year, for 20/.— Hunting- 
donshire against Lancashire. To be shown either at Huntingdon or Man- 
chester, as may be agreed upon. (Huntingdon Gazette, April 30.) 

Carnation Show. July 26. Mr. Headley was the most successful candi- 
date; but Mr. Wood exhibited the best seedling. Mr. Wood had also the 
dest picotee, and the best dahlia. Among the cottagers, Mr. W. Clarke of 
Bourne obtained the prize for the best carnation, and for the best pound of 


Huntingdonshire, Kent, Lancashire. 653 


gooseberries, 32 in number. Among the fruit shown, the heaviest goase- 
berry was leader, by Mr. Giddings, weighing 21 dwt. llgr. The heaviest 
red gooseberry was the roaring lion, shown by Mr. Fordlam, and weighing 
20dwt. 6gr. The heaviest red currants were 16 bunches to the pound ; 
and the heaviest white, 27. Both were shown by Mr. Giddings. 

Kent. —* Dover Horticultural Society. — May 27. This was the first meet- 
ing of the Society. The backwardness of the season precluded the display of 
hardy plants; but this was amply compensated by the beautiful pelargoniums 
from Mr. Rice, and some rare exotics from the collection of Mr. George Jen- 
nings, who obtained the first prizes for Howers. In fruits and vegetables, the 
Earl Guilford and Mr. Fector were the successful competitors. It was asub- 
ject of regret that no cottagers’ prizes could be given, as only one nosegay 
was placed for competition. In the absence of Countess Guilford (from in- 
disposition), Mrs. E. Rice gracefully distributed the prizes. A vote of thanks 
to her was proposed by Mr. Knocker ; after which Mr. Rice rose to acknow- 
ledge the compliment, and, in an able and appropriate manner, congratulated 
the Society on the beauty and excellence of the display before them; conclud- 
ing his speech with a vote of thanks to the judges. Mr. Masters briefly re- 
turned thanks for himself and brother judges, and warmly congratulated the 
present meeting on the success of this their first exhibition; and gave his 
opinion that proximity to the sea, or insalubrity of climate, was rather an ad- 
vantage than otherwise to the pursuit of horticulture, since greater stimulus 
was afforded. He adduced Scotland as an instance, which has always pro- 
duced the most clever and experienced practical gardeners, from the skill and 
perseverance necessary to be exerted to overcome the natural obstacles of 
temperature and situation. (Mentish Chronicle, May 31.) 

*Wingham Horticutural and Floral Society.— May 20. A very good display 
was made of flowers, fruit, and vegetables. Among the last, Mr. Charles 
Harrison exhibited 50 heads of asparagus, which weighed 41b. Mr. Masters 
sent a beautiful collection of plants, in addition to those which entered into 
competition for the prizes. (Ibid., May 24.) 

LAncasuire. — Bolton Floral and Horticultural Society. —July 6. This 
meeting was for the show of pinks, roses ; stove, green-house, and herbaceous 
plants; fruits, &c. Every thing was beautifully arranged, and the room 
was very respectably attended. The band of the 48th regiment, as usual, was 
present, and played a number of delightful airs. Mr. Wm. Lodge, E. Ash- 
worth, Esq., and Mr. Thomas Walsh were the most successful competitors. 
(Manchester Courier, July 9.) 

Lancaster Floral and Horticultural Society. — Sept 27. The. dahlias were 
remarkably fine, and very numerous. A very great variety of apples and 
pears were exhibited; many of the very first-rate sorts. We noticed, 
in the collections of the Rev. T. Mackreth and Mr. Saul, the beurré 
d’Aremberg. The specimens were rather smal], but we found upon enquiry, 
that they were from very young standard trees. We also noticed, amongst 
Mr. Mackreth’s collection, very fine specimens of the beurré Diel, Duchesse 
d’Angouléme, and that decidedly the best of all the late keeping-pears, the 
Easter beurré. There was a very fine plate of the Marie-Louise pear, from 
John Swainson, Esq., Halton Hall. They were grown, we understood, upon 
the wall: but it may be useful to some of our readers to be informed (and we 
have the best authority for the information), that this most valuable of our 
autumr pears bears equally well as a standard, and appears capable of afford- 
ing a certain crop, under whatever circumstances it may be placed. The 
Duchess of Hamilton honoured the Society by sending from the gardens at 
Ashton some very fine pine-apples, and also a small, though very choice, 
collection of apples and pears. Our respected member Mr. Greene sent 
from his gardens at Whittington Hall a very fine plant of the Gladiolus 
psittacina, and some remarkably fine China asters, and French and American 
marygolds. We noticed in the room two iron garden chairs, invented by 
our ingenious townsman, Mr. M. Saul of Sulyard Street. The seat repre- 


654 Provincial Horticultural Societies : — 


sents an open flower-basket, with cut flowers strewed round the edge. It 
is perfectly easy, and is supported by leaves and flowers, springing from two 
vases (flower-pots). The back represents a flower-pot with leaves and 
flowers; and the centre of the back is crowned with a bunch of straw- 
berries. The whole is painted to imitate nature, and has a very bold, novel, 
and beautiful effect. This chair, we believe, may be procured at Messrs. 
Whewell and Co., ironfounders in this town. (Lancaster Gazette, Oct. 1.) 

Norroik. — Dereham Horticultural Society.—June 28. There were many 
choice specimens in all parts of the room ; but we were particularly struck by 
the magnificent display of vegetables and fruit on the cottagers’ table: they 
far surpassed anything exhibited on the subscribers’ table; and there were 
some which would have done credit to any professed gardener whatever : 
we allude more particularly to those belonging to Jeremiah Martin of Dere- 
ham; though there were many others equally deserving of praise. This 
man, it appears, is a brickmaker in the employment of Mr. Wigg; and the 
land he cultivates does not exceed a quarter of an acre. He obtained ten 
prizes; four for the best vegetables, and six extra prizes for vegetables and 
flowers, amounting in all to 1/. 6s.; and we cannot but say to him, and to the 
Society, “ Go on and prosper.” The entire amount distributed amongst six- 
teen cottagers was 3/. 2s. 6d. (Bury and Norwich Post, July 13.) 

Holt Horticultural Society April 29. _The show was rather thinly attended, 
the weather being very unpropitious, with the thermometer at noon only 42° ; 
but persons were absent whom the ungenial atmosphere out of doors would 
not have prevented from attending. (Jé:d., May 4.) 

June 3. The show was very small, partly in consequence of the weather, 
partly, as a correspondent hints, in consequence of dissatisfaction with the 
management of the concern. (Jdid., June 8.) 

July 8. At this show there was a good display of flowers. A paid judge 
has been substituted instead of a selection from the committee, which may 
tend with other arrangements, to restore the Society to its former prosperity. 
(Ibid., July 13.) 

Norfolk and Norwich Horticultural Show.—June 23. Nearly 1300 persons 
were present. The show was for fruits and vegetables. The successful com- 
petitors were very numerous. Mrs. Burroughes and John Longe, Esq., re- 
turned the prizes which they won. (Norwich Mercury, July 2.) 

Yarmouth Horticultural Society.—June 30. Besides the specimens for which 
prizes were awarded, there was a beautiful collection of plants exhibited by 
Messrs. Fenn and Laws of Beccles, not for competition ; among which was an 
excellent collection of calceolarias, some of the best pots of which, we regret 
to say, were destroyed in bringing to the meeting. The principal competitors 
were the Rev. J. Burroughes, the Rev. W. Lucas, the Rev. C. Lucas, the 
Rey. E. Ensor, and Mr. George Thurtell. The latter gentleman gave his 
prizes to the cottagers. (Jdid.) 

NorTHUMBERLAND.— Newcastle upon Tyne Botanical and Horticultural 
Society.—June 3. The show of tulips, notwithstanding the late severe weether, 
was the most splendid ever witnessed on the tables of the Society, and the 
whole exhibition reflected great credit on the attention and management of the 
gardeners of the district. A very fine dish of Ribstone pippins, in the highest 
state of preservation (which had been kept in sand highly dried), was exhibited 
from the garden of Mrs. Bewicke, Close House. The exhibition was very nu- 
merously attended. (Newcastle Courant, June 11.) 

July 1. The principal prizes given at this meeting were for fruit, but there 
were some for flowers. Mr. John Wilson and Mr. Isaac Scott, both of New- 
castle, obtained, respectively, the prizes for the best pinks, and the best ranun- 
culases. The sum of Three Guineas to the gardener who could produce the 
best testimonials of his abilities, and of the greatest length of servitude in 
one family, was awarded to Mr. John Moderill, gardener to J. C. Anderson, 
eae ey he having been gardener in that family for 13 years. (Zéid., 

uly 9. 


Norfolk, Northumberland, Nottinghamshire. 655 


August 26. The exhibition of fruits, flowers, and vegetables was considered 
to excel all former ones of this Society, both as to the number and excellence 
of the specimens. A magnificent bouquet from the gardens of John Hodgson 
Hinde, Esq., M. P. of Elswick House, attracted much attention. Among the 
prizes was one given to Mr. James Scott, for a seedling pine-apple (Lambértia). 
(Newcastle Courant, Sept. 3.) 

October 7. This meeting was principally for fruit and vegetables. The 
heaviest pine-apple (a Providence) weighed 6b. 4.0z., and was shown by 
Mr. George Dale. The best apples, the best pears, and the best plums were 
shown by Mr. James Scott, gardener to E. Charlton, Esy., Sandoe. (Z'yne 
Mercury, Oct. 11.) 

The Florists of Felton held their annual show of tulips, June 4., when Mr. 
John Earsdon, and Mr. William Scott, were the most successful competitors. 
The collection of flowers was truly splendid, both as regards variety and 
quantity; and the care and judgment evinced by the judge in awarding the 
different prizes gave universal satisfaction. (Newcastle Courant, June 11. 

June 27. This show was for ranunculuses and Brompton stocks; where 
Mr. John Earsdon and Mr. Thomas Dawson won most of the prizes. (Ldid., 
July 9.) 

eh Florist Society. —- Tulip Show. May 30. The prizes were gained 
by Mr. Robert Eltringham, Mr. John Morris, and Mr. Isaac Scott. (Ldid., 
June 4.) 

Ranunculus Show. July 4. The prizes were all gained by Mr. Robert 
Eltringham, Mr. John Morris, and Mr. Isaac Scott. (Jbid., July 9.) 

Whitehill Point Florists.x— Ranunculus Show. June 25. Mr. Noble Young 
gained the first prize with the ranunculus named supreme. (Jéid.) 

The Florists of Cowpen and its Vicinity.— Tulip Show. May 28. In defiance 
of the late unpropitious state of the weather, a greater display of flowers 
than could have been anticipated was brought forward by the indefatigable 
zeal of the members. The tulips fer exhibition were placed on a range of 
tables which extended down the centre of the room, backed bya flower-stand, 
containing a variety of pelargoniums, and other exotic plants, in full bloom ; 
also a magnificent bouquet of flowers from the garden of M. Sidney, Esq., of 
Cowpen. There was also a large stalk of rhubarb, from the garden of Mr. 
Robert Oliver of Cowpen colliery, which attracted much notice, and reflected 
great credit on the grower. The day was remarkably fine, and afforded 
strangers a specimen of the delightful climate, for which Cowpen is so justly 
celebrated. (did., June 11.) 

NorrinGHAmMsHire. — Chilwell and Beeston Auricula and Polyanthus Show. 
April 27. The first prize (silver spoons) was awarded to Mr. J. Oldham; and 
the second prize (silver sugar-tongs) to Mr. Spray. “ Though the spring 
months have been somewhat unfavourable for the perfect blooming of these 
favourite flowers, still it was surprising to see the many fine specimens brought 
together on this occasion: we counted nearly 100 pots of auriculas and poly- 
anthuses, besides numerous fine trusses in bottles, which would not ‘have dis- 
graced the stage of a first-rate show. We particularly noticed some seedling 
polyanthuses of great merit ; especially one exhibited in the winning pan, be- 
longing to Mr. Oldham, which attracted the attention of all who saw it, and 
called forth unqualified approbation. In fact it was allowed to be the best 
seedling raised in Nottinghamshire for these few years past ; and we doubt not 
the fortunate raiser will realise a considerable sum by its sale. The room was 
decorated with some well-grown plants from the conservatory of Thomas 
Charlton, Esq. Amongst the various decorations which excited admiration, 
was a laurel branch, in which a titmouse had firmly built its nest. Some very 
fine specimens of pansies were exhibited; and a close contest was the result.” 
(Nottingham Review, May 6.) 

Radford Floral Society. — Auricula Show. Messrs. W. and J. Wild were 
the most successful competitors. (Id.) 

Retford and Bawtry Horticultural Society.— April 28, The room was crowded 


656 Provincial Horticultural Societies :— 


with ladies and gentlemen of the town and neighbourhood ; and the show of 
plants, flowers, and vegetables, drew forth the admiration of every visiter. 
The Rhododéndron Russelliaxa, in full bloom, from the garden of R. P. 
Milnes, Esq. presented a remarkably splendid appearance, decorating one end 
of the large centre table, and forming a striking contrast to the other end, 
where appeared a large Acacia armata, from the same place. The display of 
auriculas, pansies, ericas, tulips, and hyacinths was exceeding rich and choice. 
A seedling mimulus excited particular admiration. Nor did the vegetables of 
every description fail to excite the highest applause, particularly with respect 
to asparagus, which was remarkably fine, and evinced that no small portion of 
care had been bestowed in its cultivation, in order to produce so perfect a 
specimen. We must also mention two dishes of the finest strawberries from 
the gardens of G. S. Foljambe, Esq., which were perfectly ripe, and attracted 
the admiration of all the visiters. (Doncaster Gazette, May 6.) 

Nottingham Floral and Horticultural Society.— Hyacinth Show. April 26. 
The first premium was awarded to Mr. William Juger, and the second to 
Mr. John Spencer. (Nottingham Review, May 6.) 

Gooseberry Shows in Nottinghamshire. — At Nottingham, July 25., the 
largest gooseberry was companion, a red variety, which weighed 22dwt. 8 ers. 
Mr. Blundell exhibited two gooseberries of this kind on one stem, which 
weighed 41 dwt. 7gr. 

July 27. Companion, 23 dwt. 12 gr. 

New Radford. — July 23. Companion, 22 dwt. 20 gr. 

July 25. Wonderful, 24 dwt. 6 er. 

Wollaton.— July 26. Wonderful, 23dwt. 18¢gr. Twins on one stem, 
thumpers, 33 dwt. 3 gr. 

Southwell. — July 28. HH. Stenton, Esq., exhibited the largest red goose- 
berry, companion, 25 dwt. 2gr.; and the largest yellow, 20dwt. 13er. 
Also, a dish of gooseberries, gathered from one tree, 15 to the pound. 
(Nottingham and Newark Mercury, Aug. 6.) 

SomersEeTsHiRE. — Bath Royal Horticultural and Floral Society. — Dahlia 
Show.— Sept. 15. The dahlias were very splendid and numerous ; but, per- 
haps, the most strikingly curious and beautiful plant was a most stately 
specimen, 12 ft. high, of the Gloriosa supérba. It arrived too late for com- 
petition, owing to the difficulty of transmitting it uninjured. It belonged to 
S.J. Phelps, Esq., of Warminster, who brought it in his own carriage, and 
who had, also, a variety of other curious and rare plants in the collection. 
Some rare and beautiful orchideous and other stove plants were sent by 
J. Jarrett, Esq., of Camerton; among the latter of which was a specimen 
of Clerodéndron speciosissimum, said to be the first time the plant had 
flowered in Britain. There were, also, numerous other choice plants, sent 
by the nobility and gentry in the neighbourhood, and several baskets of cut 
flowers, most tastefully arranged. The upper tent was appropriated to the 
fruits; and here the show was allowed, by the judges and visiters, to be 
splendid beyond any former collection. They consisted of the choicest 
productions of the hot-house and open garden, in pines, melons, oranges, 
grapes (growing in pots and cut), figs, peaches, nectarines, numberless sorts 
of plums, mulberries, pears, and apples (in immense variety, and some of 
stupendous size); Spanish nuts and filberts, cherries (various), &c. In 
this tent there was a basket of the common fruits arranged in a conical form, 
and consisting of alternate circles of apples, pears, plums, Siberian crabs, 
nuts, &c., the effect of which was curious and pleasing. The booths to the 
right contained the cottage productions of the same description, with the 
addition of nosegays, &c., which were all allowed to possess striking merit. 
The extent of the dahlia show rendered it necessary to allot several of these 
booths to the stands of those flowers sent for competition and show; so 
that there was scarcely a corner of this part of the gardens in which the eye 
did not encounter a collection of floral beauty. On the lawn were some 
botanical specimens; and among these a collection sent by Mr. Empson, 


Somersetshire, Staffordshire, Suffolk. 657 


which attracted the notice of the scientific; particularly a blue fungus, called 
the Gymnopus purus, or purple (pure) naked foot. The two upper-booths to 
the left contained the drawings of flowers, some of which were very beautiful. 
They were the productions of artists and amateurs. Among the former, 
Miss Rosenberg was the most eminent. Her subject was a group of dahlias, 
and it was certainly a chef-d’e@uvre. Among the amateurs, Mrs. St. John 
Maule was deservedly successful, for her beautiful chrysanthemum ; a single 
flower, but drawn and finished with great delicacy. A wreath of wild flowers, 
by Miss Mintorn, would have occupied hours to examine. (Bath Gazette, 
Sept. 20.) 

STAFFORDSHIRE. — * Uttoxeter Horticultural and Floral Society.— May 27. 
This was the first exhibition of the Society. The prizes were mostly for 
tulips; and upwards of 2000 of them were staged for competition. It is the 
intention of the Society to extend their objects to prizes for fruits, flowers, 
and vegetables, as well as to encourage cottagers in the management of their 
gardens. The number and beauty of the plants and flowers exceeded 
expectation; and the attendance of company (who expressed a high degree 
of satisfaction, and promised their support) was so large as to render the 
room in which the exhibition took place altogether inadequate for the 
purpose. A great number of rare plants were sent from the gardens of the 
Earl of Shrewsbury (Alton Towers), Lord Waterpark, and T.S. Kynnessley, 
Esq. (Staffordshire Examiner, June 11.) 

* Walsall Horticultural and Botanical Society.— June 28. The meeting was 
held at the public gardens; and the arrangements made by the committee of 
management were excellent. The company was much more numerous than 
heretofore, and highly respectable. A military band was in attendance ; and, 
by its appearance and performances, added considerably to the spirit and 
gaiety of the scene. Some choice specimens of plants, &c., were exhibited ; 
indeed, the whole exhibition was much more than equal to any of the pre- 
vious ones. The various prizes seemed to have been awarded with much 
taste and discrimination. Messrs. Pope and Sons, and Mr. Wilmore, were 
the most successful competitors. Altogether, we think a great impression 
must have been made on the public mind in favour of the objects of the 
Society. The public gardens at Walsall were laid out by Mr. Dickenson, 
surgeon, and have recently undergone many improvements by Dr. Kent. 
They have only been in the possession of the present spirited pro- 
prietor a few weeks, by whom they have been opened to the public. The 
inhabitants of Walsall and their friends will find them a promenade such 
as few towns of the same size can boast of. We can assure them, 
from experience, that, in inspecting the Chinese temples and grottoes, mean- 
dering through the walks, gazing at the fountains with their varied jets d’eaua, 
and examining the numerous and curious plants and shrubs in the extensive 
green-houses, they may pass an afternoon very agreeably. (Id., July 2.) 

SurroLk. — Bury Horticultural Society.— April 28. The exhibition was 
considered good for the season. The report was accompanied by an adver- 
tisement, requesting all persons whose names stand in arrear to pay their 
subscriptions, agreeably to the rules, which will enable the Society to pay 
those prizes which stand as unclaimed in the years 1833 and 1834: it is 
expected that all such claims will be made at the next meeting. The prizes 
for 1835 have been paid, with a balance remaining. (Bury and Norwich Post, 
May 4.) 

Oct. 4. The show of dahlias, considering the season, was very excellent ; 
but the supply of other flowers was small. Of the fruit, Mr. Trevethan’s 
grapes and pine, Mr. Knight’s currants and morello cherries, and Mr. Wright’s 
pears, were especially admired; and Mrs. Miller, and Messrs. Kneeshaw, 
Lord, Girling, and Felgate contributed some excellent specimens of horticul- 
tural produce. The cottagers’ vegetables (especially the potatoes) were 
exceedingly good. Among the prizes was one for the best six dahlias, to 
Mr. Girling of Stowmarket; one for the second best, to Mr. Barrett, sen. ; 


658 Provincial Horticultural Societies : — 


third ditto, to Mr. Felgate, Stowmarket; and one for the best seedling, to 
Mr. Girling, (Suffolk Chronicle, Oct. 15.) 

Diss Horticultural Society.— Oct. 6. The show of flowers, though small, 
was fine; particularly the dahlias of Mr. Girling and of Mr. Felgate of Stow- 
market. The fruits and vegetables equalled, if not excelled, any former 
exhibition. The exhibition of the cottagers attracted general admiration by 
its profusion and perfection, the vegetables especially: the potatoes were 
particularly good. The great utility of this Society is evident from the great 
exertions, and consequent improvement, of the cottagers in horticulture, 
which is truly surprising ; and it is allowed, by competent judges, that the 
exhibition on the cottagers’ table of this Society surpasses that of most other 
societies, though more wealthy, and of more extended district. The neat- 
ness of the gardens which obtained prizes is well worthy remark; whilst the 
happy countenances, with the looks of honest pride and conscious superiority, 
which were visible in those who obtained their small but well-earned prizes, 
combined to form a scene which will not readily be forgotten by those who 
witnessed it. (1did.) 

Hadleigh Horticultural and Floral Society. — June 28. On no former occa- 
sion has been witnessed a more numerous and respectable assemblage. The 
flowers exhibited were of the most splendid description, and the fruit and 
vegetables excellent for the season. About sixty members sat down to 
an excellent dinner; the Rey. Archdeacon Lyall, president of the Society, in 
the chair. Immediately after dinner the cottagers to whom prizes had been 
awarded were severally introduced to receive them, and each was presented 
with a glass of wine. (Bury and Norwich Post, July 6.) 

Stowmarket Horticultural Society.— July 8. There was a very fine exhi- 
bition of fruits and vegetables in season, and a numerous attendance of the 
gentry and inhabitants of the town and neighbourhood, by whom this Society 
is most liberally supported. In addition to the prizes obtained by the nobility 
and gentry, ten prizes were awarded to cottagers, whose exhibition of vege- 
tables were many of them very fine; and it is in contemplation, if the funds 
of the Society will allow it, to increase the number of prizes to this meri- 
torious class of exhibitors. (Ldid., July 13.) 

Sussex. — Lewes and East Sussex Horticultural Society. — Sept. 15. The 
competitors for flowers were numerous, and the dahlias of the most beautiful 
descriptions. The bouquets for the Society’s premiums were superb, especially 
the one which obtained the first prize, belonging to Mr. John French of Malling, 
the tasteful construction of which, and the variety and beauty of the flowers 
of which it was composed, commanded the admiration of the subscribers and 
visiters. The presentations of fruits, flowers, &c., by the members, were 
at once numerous, and of the choicest description. It is impossible to 
describe accurately the great improvement which has taken place in the 
growth of vegetables since the commencement of the Institution. The dis- 
play was really astonishing; and consisted of peas, French beans, potatoes, 
turnips, parsneps, carrots, onions, cabbages (red and white), cellery, broccoli, 
&c. (Sussex Advertiser, Sept. 19.) 

Newick Horticultural Society. Sept. 9. This show was principally for 
flowers and fruit. There were, however, some fine vegetables exhibited; and 
thé fruit, flowers, and vegetables for the cottagers’ prizes attracted considerable 
attention from the excellence of the productions. The unsuccessful received 
one shilling each, and a ticket of admission to the show. (Jé:d.) 

WarwicksHire.— Birmingham Botanical and Warwickshire Floral Societies. 
July 28, 29. The plants were not so plentiful as on previous exhibitions ; 
but some well-grown and rare orchideous specimens were sent from the col- 
lections of the Earl of Stamford, John Willmore, Esq., and George Barker, 
Esq.; and an excellent selection of calceolarias was exhibited from John 
Willmore, Esq. The Earl of Stamford and Messrs. John Pope and Sons 
exhibited a singularly attractive and fine plant of Nepénthes, with very “per- 
fect pitchers.” The carnations and picotees formed an interesting feature of 


Sussex, Warwickshire. 659: 


the exhibition, and were displayed to the best advantage. Good fruits, both 
forced and hardy, were in abundance. There was also a large and excellent 
show of vegetables. The cucumbers entered for the sweepstakes surpassed, 
in quality, any that have previously been exhibited. The, cottagers’ and arti- 
sans’ stand, it was gratifying to observe, was profusely covered with fruits 
and vegetables, attracting its full share of notice; and a liberal distribution 
of prizes being judiciously awarded to them, there is little doubt but that it 
will stimulate them to increased exertion. The gooseberries were very fine ; 
the largest (companion) was shown by Mr. Fairfield, and weighed 22 dwt. 
12 er. (Aris’s Birmingham Gazette, Aug. 1.) 

Aug. 25, 26. On the first day, above 3000 persons attended the gardens. 
The plants sent for exhibition, as was expected, were not in great abundance; 
but those which obtained prizes were fine specimens of their kind, particu- 
larly the Orchidex, 24 beautiful varieties of which were sent from the col- 
lections of the Earl of Stamford, John Willmore, Esq., George Barker, Esq., 
and from the nursery of Messrs. John Pope and Sons. Messrs. Pope like- 
wise exhibited a rare and valuable seedling hybrid alstrcemeria, which pro- 
mises to be a great acquisition to hardy ornamental plants. The dahlias were 
excellent, and admirably displayed; and forced fruits, of good quality, were 
exhibited in profusion. Four fine Enville pines, sent by William Robins, 
Esq., did not compete for prizes. Vegetables were rather scarce, but of good 
quality. The cottagers’ and artisans’ stand was well covered with fruits, 
vegetables, and a few flowers, tastefully arranged. (Jd., Aug. 29.) 

Sept. 29, 30. The exhibition was more attractive and splendid for the 
season than any preceding show, and included a rich variety of fruits; a bril- 
liant display of dahlias, unprecedented in this town for beauty; a fine, although 
not numerous, collection of plants; and an abundant supply of vegetables, of 
remarkably good quality. Three groups of flowers, tastefully and elegantly 
arranged, very greatly added to the general attraction of the show. The 
cottagers’ and artisans’ stand was filled with excellent specimens of dahlias, 
fruits, and vegetables, and commanded its full share of notice. The exhibi- 
tion took place in the Town Hall, and a very fine selection of plants, fruits, 
&e., was sent to it from the gardens of the Horticultural and Botanical So- 
ciety. (Jd., Oct. 3.) 

* Nuneaton Floral and Horticultural Society.— July. 'The prizes for the 
first and second pair of pinks were won by Mr. John Glover of Hiockley, 
and Mr. W. M‘Ewan of Nuneaton; while, in the classes, the former gentle- 
man and Mr. Joseph Ward of Attleborough, were extremely successful. Mr. 
Ogden of Coventry very handsomely sent over a large quantity of green- 
house plants, which contributed much to the beauty and interest of the ex- 
hibition. (Coventry Herald, July 15.) 

Chippenham Horticultural and Floral Society.— Dahlia Show. Sept. 9. The 
dahlias were not, as many expected, the only attraction to the admiring 
visiters; but all the varieties of the season did credit to the science and 
taste of the contributors, among which were many novelties. The exotics 
and hardy annuals were entitled to especial approval. The grapes were 
abundant, and remarkable for their large clusters and their freshness of bloom. 
The peaches and pine-apples were remarkably fine; but the exotic fruit were 
eclipsed in attraction by the number and variety of such fruits as we are now 
accustomed to consider indigenous : upwards of 40 dishes of apples, all of 
choice varieties, ornamented the plateau, which, for its extent and rich display 
of every variety of fruit, has never been exceeded. The noble room above 
the market-place, for which the inhabitants have to thank Mr. Neeld, was 
ornamented most tastefully. At one end of this apartment a beautiful device 
was inscribed to Flora, in letters formed by dahlias, the colours admirably 
chosen, and relieved by a dense background of laurel, from which sprang a 
Grecian arch, gracefully festooned, &c. A stone vase, ornamented with 
moss, was filled with that most brilliant of creepers, the scarlet verbena 
(V. chameedrifolia). On each side of this central display was placed a 


660 Provincial Horticultural Societies : — 


pedestal, wreathed with festoons of hops and the purple clematis, and support- 
ing an immense globe, entirely covered with dahlias : one of these globes was 
divided into twelve compartments, each of a distinct colour; and the other 
divided into six segments of circles, consisting of flowers. The cottagers’ 
contributions excited the deepest interest: their rewards were as well de- 
served, as they were gratefully received. (Bath Journal, Sept. 12.) 

Marlborough Dahlia Show. — Oct. 3. This show was, for the first time, open 
to all England ; and, from the circumstance of its being fixed the day before the 
show at Salt Hill, it was expected to be numerously attended by large growers 
from the lower part of the country, on their way thither. But, owing to the 
early frosts, and the lateness of the season, the attendance of large growers was 
not so numerous as was anticipated; notwithstanding, the flowers exhibited 
were of a superior quality to those produced at several of the previous 
shows in this part of the country. The attendance of visiters very far ex- 
ceeded the attendance of former years, and the company were honoured with 
the presence of the Marchioness of Aylesbury and the Countess Daniskold; 
both of whom were much pleased with the splendid display of flowers. Tho- 
mas Halcomb, Esq., the Mayor, to whom the flowers were presented after 
the show, made a distribution of them amongst the subscribers, having first 
selected a box, which was presented to the Marchioness of Aylesbury, who 
had it conveyed to her mansion at Tottenham Park the same afternoon. 
The funds of the Society will enable the committee, next season, to present 
the competitors with prizes very nearly double in amount to those of the pre- 
sent season. The seedlings to which prizes were awarded were all flowers 
of merit. The fire king is a fine scarlet, perfect and well formed. Whale’s 
Marchioness of Aylesbury, a fine rose, is a perfect and well-formed flower, 
although no prize was given to it. (Salisbury Herald, Oct. 15.) 

Salisbury Royal Dahha Society. — Oct. 5. The most successful candidates 
were Mr. Squibb of Fisherton, Mr. Taylor of Milbrook, and Mr. J. Kymes 
of Salisbury. Several fine seedlings were exhibited. (Jdid., Oct. 8.) 

Wilts and General Horticultural Society. — May 17. We feel difficulty in 
enumerating the many choice specimens so plentifully distributed over the 
whole room ; for, whilst the eyes of one party were intently rivetted on 
the rare stove plants, the splendid Cacti, or the miscellaneous collection of 
Colonel Baker, those of the other were equally fixed on the ever-varying 
heaths, or gaudy pelargoniums, from the collections of C. B. Wall, Esq., M.P., 
and Mrs. Batt; nor must we pass unnoticed the numerous and beautiful hybrid 
calceolarias, from the gardens of the Earl of Shaftesbury and the Hon, Mrs. 
Harris; the stately-flowering Banksia speciosa, from Dr. Finch; Tropzolum 
tricolorum, from the Earl of Radnor; Calochértus albus, from the Hon. Sid- 
ney Herbert, M.P. Amongst the contributions for the day, we recognised 
heaths and choice exotics, from Thomas King, Esq.; a few good specimens, 
from Dr. Greenap ; calceolarias from Sir Edmund Antrobus, Bart.; and some 
plants, in high cultivation, from the nursery of Mr.Squibb, not for competition. 
Among the most successful competitors were, Mr. Dodd, gardener to Colonel 
Baker; Mr. Evans, gardener to Mrs. Batt; Mr. Christie, gardener to the Earl 
of Radnor; Mr. Hughes, gardener te C. B. Wall, Esq., M.P.; and Mr. 
Brown, gardener to the Hon. Sidney Herbert, M.P. (Jézd., May 21.) 

July 23. The flowers, fruit, and vegetables were all excellent in their 
way. The most successful competitors were those mentioned above. Also, 
the Hon. Mrs. Harris; Mr. Bryant, gardener to Dr. Finch; Mr. Trollop, 
gardener to 8. James, Esq.; and Mr. Alford. (Jéid., July 23.) 

WorceEsTERSHIRE. — Worcestershire Horticultural Society. — May 24. In 
tulips some very good flowers appeared; and the lofty black baguette, stand- 
ing pre-eminent above the array on the great stand, had a good effect. The 
prize Cacti, from Mr. Cooke, Mr. Smith, and Miss Shapland, were exceed- 
ingly beautiful. Mr. Smith excelled in the various fine specimens of lilies, 
pelargoniums, and tulips he displayed ; and we were much pleased with the 


Worcestershire, Yorkshire. 661 


tasteful array of pansies in square mossy frames, one from W. Wall, Esq., 
and the other, adorned with shells, from Mr. Thomas Burlingham, jun. The 
nosegays from Mr. Cooke and Mr. Biggs also merited notice. J.C. Kent, 
Esq., of Levant Lodge, exhibited a specimen of the purple laburnum. Fruits 
and vegetables were rather scarce. (Worcester Herald, May 28.) 

Vale of Evesham Horticultural and Floricultural Society. — May 26. Tulip 
Show. The principal prizes were gained by Mr. R. Whitford, Mr. W. Murrell, 
and Mr. Holmes. (Jdid.) 

YorksHiRE. — East Riding Horticultural and Floral Society. — June 8. 

Upon the centre stage in the marquee was a splendid specimen of the Me- 
trosidéros; and around the pillars which supported the pavilion were placed 
three gigantic fuchsias, sent by H. Ellison, Esq. Some beautiful polygalas, 
azaleas, and pelargoniums, were much admired. The colours were extremely 
good, and the flowers very bold: the perfection to which they had been 
brought evinced the care bestowed upon their culture by the gardener of the 
Rey. L. Thoroton, to whom most of them belonged. Opposite these were a 
rich display of calceolarias, some of the varieties of which were quite new. 
Among the plants in pots, was a pretty new hybrid petunia, called P. carnea, 
from the Hull Botanic Garden, presented to that garden by Booth and Son, 
of Hamburgh ; and a crimson thorn of most delicately beautiful colour. The 
Rey. F. Best, as usual, exhibited some extremely large and fine-flowered 
pansies, principally seedlings of his own raising. Of tulips there were some 
good trays, one in particular from Mr. Beecroft, of Hull; as well as of ra- 
nunculuses. The Brompton stocks were gigantic in size, the colours of the 
richest tinge, and the flowers exceedingly well developed. Around the mar- 
quees wreaths of cut flowers were entwined, reaching to the roof; we also 
observed several novel cast-iron flower-stands, and an elegant garden seat, 
manufactured by Mr. Crosskill. Above the place appropriated to the presi- 
dent was the magnificent crown and feathers, made of cut flowers, from the 
conservatory and garden of R. Bethell, Esq. The crown was composed of 
pelargoniums, hoyas, and many rare exotics; whilst the feathers, and letters 
“W.R.,” tended much to heighten the effect. Among the fruits were several 
varieties of pies, strawberries, figs, grapes, and apples. Of vegetables, &c., 
we may notice some enormous cucumbers, excellent new potatoes, green peas, 
_ kidneybeans, asparagus, cabbages, lettuce, and rhubarb. (Hull Advertiser, 
June 10.) 
k Sept.'7. The marquee presented a splendid variety of plants and flowers, 
although not so many stove and green-house plants as we have witnessed at 
former exhibitions: those there were, however, were exceedingly choice and 
beautiful ; and the dahiias abounded in almost endless variety. In the place 
of the large bouquet of cut flowers, from Rise, which was usually suspended 
over the place occupied by the president, there was only one of exotics, 
&c., forming a crown, so arranged as to give effect to the word “ Floriculture,” 
which was placed at the further extremity of the tent, each letter formed of a 
class of flowers of the same colour, and including dahlias, roses, china-asters, 
hollyhocks, &c.; underneath this were the letters “ W. R.,” formed of French 
marigolds; in the centre a star, composed of beautiful and choice flowers. 
At the upper end of the assembly-room was the word “ Horticulture,” the 
letters similarly formed of flowers. [This word ought to have been formed of 
culinary vegetables or fruits.] Among the plants was a petunia with striped 
flowers. There were also some splendid pines; a bunch of white grapes, 
weighing nearly 5 lbs.; and peaches, nectarines, plums, &c., in most luxu- 
riant beauty. A dish of Mayduke cherries excited considerable attention; 
These, from being so far out of season, no less than for their size, were de- 
clared entitled to, and obtained, the judge’s prize. In the vegetable depart- 
ment, the potatoes, cabbages, turnips, carrots, lettuce, &c., all exhibited the 
great care bestowed upon their culture. (Hull Observer, Sept. 13.) 

West Riding Horticultural Society. — May 11. Over the chair was an arch 
wreathed with flowers, from the gardens of Mr. Barratt; and hanging above 

Vou. XII, — No. 81. aie 


662 Provincial Horticultural Societies : — 


that, affixed to the wall behind the chair, was a plan of a conservatory, upon 
a magnificent scale, all the architectural proportions and compartments of 
which were indicated by flowers, varying in their kind and hue according to 
the varieties of the architectural parts of the design. This ingenious plan, 
and certainly tasteful ornament, was designed by the gardener of G. Went- 
worth, Esq., of Woolley Hall. [We should be happy to reckon this gardener 
among the number of our correspondents.] Of hot-house fruits there was a 
remarkably fine show. The specimens of peaches, nectarines, lemons, oranges, 
grapes, cherries, gooseberries, &c., at this early season of the year, were as 
large and as well ripened as they could be in autumn. At the lower end of 
the room was a cross-table, on which were deposited specimens of culinary 
vegetables. The broccoli, cauliflower, and rhubarb, could not be excelled; and 
the new potatoes were uncommonly fine for the season. The whole arrange- 
ments of the exhibition reflected much credit on those who made them, and 
were acknowledged by the visiters to be the very best to show all the speci- 
mens to advantage, and with the greatest convenience to the company. In 
the speech which the Rev. L. Sharp addressed to the meeting, he mentioned 
that, “from the insufficiency of the funds, the Society had been compelled 
this year to adopt some honorary prizes.’ Among the plants exhibited by 
Mr. Barratt were 13 new mimuluses, and 20 new varieties of shrubby and 
herbaceous calceolarias. (West Riding Herald, May 13.) 

July 28. This show was generally deficient in quantity; and the stove 
plants were miserably poor. ‘The fruit and vegetables were, however, good ; 
and there were some fine specimens of Cape heaths and fuchsias from Mr. 
Barratt’s conservatory. The calceolarias and dahlias were also much admired. 
Some new pyramidal flower-stands, made by Mr. Rothery of Wakefield, were 
exhibited to the company by the chairman, as were also some ornamental 
flower-pots, introduced into this part of the country by Mr. Barratt, which 
were much praised for their neatness. Several drawings of pansies, fuchsias, 
and other flowers, drawn by Mr. Terry, gilder, of Wakefield, were exhibited 
in the saloon, at the request of some gentlemen on the platform; and, for 
their perfect colouring, elicited unqualified praise. It was intimated the artist 
would be happy to paint specimens for the company, at a very reasonable 
price. The falling off in the show was a subject of general remark. It was 
also noticed that, in the immediate of Wakefield, there are nearly 800 acres 
of what is termed market-garden ground ; and not a single competitor from 
these appeared at the West Riding Horticultural Show. (York Courant, 
Aug. 4.) 

Huddersfield Horticultural Society. — July 29. The display of vegetables 
was particularly fine, and was very creditable to the neighbourhood; indeed, 
the good effects of the Society are already apparent, by the improvement 
both in the quantity and quality of vegetables and fruits which find their 
way into the market of this town. Amongst the fruits were particularly ad- 
mired two or three of the dishes of strawberries. The raspberries and goose- 
berries were particularly fine. There were also currants — red, white, pale 
red, and black ; the last, especially, were remarkably fine. Several dishes of 
excellent cherries ought also to be noticed ; as well as that delightful fruit, 
the gooseberry, the display of which formed an important feature in the 
assemblage. The grapes were decidedly finer than any which have been 
exhibited on previous occasions. The melons, oranges, and lemons, were 
also numerous, and remarkably excellent. (éid.) 

Leeds Florist Society. — July 3. Upwards of 500 pinks, of the choicest 
selection ever exhibited upon a stage, were produced. The company was 
very numerous, and highly respectable; and all expressed themselves not 
only satisfied with the splendid show of flowers shown as competitors for 
the prizes, but also highly gratified by the splendid style in which the room 
was decorated. Mr. John Kearsley, of Woodhouse Hill, Hunslet, had fur- 
nished a large number of the choicest green-house plants, in full bloom, 
which greatly added to the variety, and enlivened the scene. Several ponder- 


Yorkshire. 663 


ous bouquets graced the room, comprising upwards of 100 different sorts of 
roses, and containing a specimen of nearly every hardy or annual flower of 
the season. (Leeds Intelligencer, July 9.) 

Malton and District Floral and Horticultural Society. — Sept. 27. The chief 
attraction of this season being the dahlia, the twenty classes of that flower 
were placed on a continuous line of tables down the centre of the room, with 
all the winning specimens elevated above the rest. Of fruit, upwards of four 
hundred dishes were exhibited, occupying tables the whole length of the 
room. Another not less useful, and more substantial, class of garden produce 
attracted universal interest and admiration; viz. the vegetables, which were in 
great abundance, and extremely fine. The specimens of agricultural vege- 
tables were also numerous, and of extraordinary growth at such an early 
period; and excited particular attention from all the admirers of that valu- 
able produce of this peculiarly agricultural district. A more than ordinary 
interest was created by an extra prize of half a guinea, by the committee, for 
the best dahlia of any colour, to be selected from all the winning flowers, 
after the first selection was made by the judges. The principal competitors 
were Messrs. Morrell, Revis, Slater, and Mrs. Kimberley. The flowers of 
the two latter being withdrawn, the umpires were called in to assist in the 
decision, when Mr. Morrell’s flower (Criterion) was declared the premier. 
The room was embellished by three beautiful and tastefully arranged bou- 
quets, sent from the gardens of Capt. Newbery, and Messrs. Dunlop and 
Hopkins. (Yorkshire Gazette, Oct. 1. 1836.) 

Pontefract Horticultural Society.— Aug. 4. The show of fruits and vegeta- 
bles was good; but comparatively few fine flowers were exhibited. Mr. 
Tinker and Mr. Jones were most successful with the dahlias, and Mr. Ely 
with the picotees and carnations; in which, in fact, he won every prize. 
(Leeds Mercury, Aug. 13.) ‘ 

Sheffield Horticultural Society. — May 4. The show of specimens of or- 
chideous and stove plants from Wentworth House, which was extremely 
numerous, choice, and rare, attracted universal attention; and, at some 
periods, there was a complete crowd to witness their beauty. From Wel- 
beck, also, there were several choice hardy shrubs, as well as some choice 
plants, from the gardens of George Younge, Esq., of Sheaf House; S. Shore, 
Esq., of Meersbrook; and other gentlemen in the neighbourhood of Sheffield. 
A choice display of ripe grapes was shown from the Duke of Portland: a 
coiled one in a pot, loaded with fruit, attracted general attention. A truly 
grand specimen of the palm-tree, from the Sheffield Botanic Gardens, was 
much noticed. The green-house plants from the town and neighbourhood 
were numerous. The show of auriculas, polyanthuses, and hyacinths, was 
not only numerous, but, in point of quality, very superior. The show of the 
tribe of Cactus was, likewise, extensive, rare, and beautiful. The bouquets 
were numerous and attractive, and drew forth the admiration of the numerous 
visiters. In every description of vegetables, the display was far more nu- 
merous and excellent than could have been anticipated. The apples and 
pears excited wonder as to the means of their preservation. Mr. Milan took 
the first prize for asparagus; and Mr. A. Hall the prize for British plants, as 
well as several others. Messrs. Crowder had awarded to them the following 
prizes :— The best and second best Camellia japonica; the best hardy her- 
baceous plant; the second best display of cut flowers; the best exotic fruit ; 
and the best collection of roses. On the whole, the present exhibition 
exceeded whatever might have been anticipated, whether as regards the 
quality and extent of the numerous specimens, or the attendance of visiters, 
which, in point of numbers and respectability, was unexampled in the annals 
of the Sheffield Society. (Doncaster, §c., Gazette, May 6.) 

June 22. This’ exhibition was of first-rate character; the plants, fruits, 
and vegetables being of the finest quality, and the display of ranunculuses 
exceeding that of any former year. The most successful exhibiters were 
G. Younge, Esq.; Earl Fitzwilliam, the Earl of Surrey, Mr. Mearns, and 

3c 2 


664 Provincial Horticultural Societies : — 


Mr. Machin. Mr. Driver, Mr. Hawkesworth, Mr. Archer, and Mr. Green 
won most of the prizes for ranunculuses. (Sheffield Mercury, June 29.) 

Sept. 14. and 15. This show took place in the Sheffield Botanic Garden, 
and was decidedly the grandest provincial horticultural show that has ever 
taken place in England. A marquee, 111 ft. in length, and 16 ft. in width, was 
erected for the dahlias; and one, 96 ft. long, for the fruit and vegetables; 
while a portion of the green-house, 90 ft. long by 24 wide, was set apart for 
the plants. Above 150 master-gardeners were present, and a still greater 
number of journeymen and apprentices; while the number of amateurs 
was not less than 5000 or 6000. The prizes consisted principally of va- 
luable articles of plate; to give an idea of which, we need only state that 
there was one cup of 15/. value, five of 10/. each, two of 7/. each, and eight 
of 5/. each; besides a great number of silver snuff-boxes, and other similar 
articles. Mr. Widnall was the winner of the largest cup; and his dahlias, 
particularly one called Dodd’s Mary, were universally admired. Mr. Levich’s 
ranked next; and both his flowers and those of Mr. Widnall, though they 
had travelled so far, were as perfect (not a petal being injured) as though 
just gathered. Very few seedlings were exhibited. In the fruit department 
Mr. Paxton obtained a prize “for a black St. Peter’s grape, growing in a tub 
18 in. square. The shoot might be about 15 ft. in length, with the extremity 
bent back, and tied to the stem a little above the pot. The number of 
bunches we counted was twenty-four, and so regularly distributed over the 
vine as to present an appearance almost mechanical.” (Floricultural Maga- 
zine, May 1. p. 118.) Four fruits of Averrhoa Carambola were sent by Mr. 
P.N. Don, gardener to J. Bateman, Esq., Knypersley Hall. The size of the 
fruit was considerably larger than a hen’s egg, with five deep angles, and of 
a whitish colour. Among the vegetables were some onions, exhibited by 
Mr. Bolton, near Manchester, measuring between 7 in. and 8 in. across. The 
best collection of stove plants was from Chatsworth; the best green-house 
and hardy plants were shown by Mr. Menzies of Halifax; and the best 
orchideous plants were exhibited by Mr. Cooper of Wentworth. 

York Horticultural Society. — April 13. The show of stove and green-house 
plants was very rich and beautiful; but the florists’ flowers were deficient, 
owing to the lateness of the season. The Rev. W. Hincks, one of the vice- 
presidents, took the chair at three o’clock. He said he had little to remark 
respecting the show. With respect to the florists’ fowers, it would be observed 
by every one that, at the present season, they had not been successful in 
finding out the exact time of the flowers being in perfection. The peculiar 
character of the weather had been such as to retard their progress; and the 
hyacinths, which ought to have been at this time in full flower in the open air, 
were not yet ready; consequently they were dependent for those exhibited 
upon those brought forward in green-houses. The auriculas were, also, a full 
fortnight behind. From this cause they could not have the gratification they 
had expected ; but still there were some specimens deserving of notice. In 
the other parts of the exhibition he was glad to say that the Society had been 
more successful. There were many very fine specimens; and the fruits and vege- 
tables were as fine as the flowers were varied and gay. On the cottagers’ table 
was a very fine cauliflower, produced by F. Eshelby of Holgate. He regretted 
that there was not more abundant competition in this class; but still such a 
specimen was highly satisfactory. Having gone through the prizes, he might 
notice several things in the room which were remarkable for their beauty and 
curiosity, besides those to which prizes had been awarded. There was a 
very good show of green-house plants, camellias, and forced shrubs. One 
plant, in particular, attracted his attention as a botanist, being of a most 
curious, uncommon, and valuable kind. It stood on the centre of the middle 
stage, and was from Mr. Oldfield: the Glycine nigricans. The show of 
apples was also worthy of notice: from Lord Howden’s there were nineteen 
different sorts, and about sixteen from Mr. Hatfield’s, all in exceedingly good 
preservation. (York Chronicle, April 13.) 


Wales. 665 


May 19. This was an excellent show. The green-house plants were 
remarkably fine, as were the tulips. The broccoli and rhubarb were of a 
superior description. The prize flowers and fruits were placed on a table 
fronting the chair; and two immense bouquets of hardy flowers were erected 
in front of the orchestra. The prize trays of pansies attracted extraordinary 
admiration ; and it was with difficulty they could be approached, so great was 
the press around them. Thomas Price, Esq., took the chair, and, ameng other 
things, observed, that the judges regretted that a beautiful new species of the 
Passiflora, from John Smith, Esq., of Grimstone, was too much blown to 
prevent them awarding to it a prize. They, however, requested him to call 
the attention of the company to it, and also to several other specimens of the 
same flower from that gentleman. [We should be glad to know the name of 
this new passion-flower.] The judges also directed the attention of the 
meeting to a tray, from Mr. Fox of Bramham, consisting of twenty-four 
seedling mimuluses, a flower which had recently been much cultivated : the 
centre flower was one of the most perfect of its kind. There was a new 
seedling petunia, a box of seedling pansies, and two seedling calceolarias, 
from the same gentleman. He was requested to call attention to a dish of 
black Frontignac grapes, from Mrs. Hornor. He could himself bear testi- 
mony to the excellent management of the grapery at the Grange, having 
recently gone over it; also to a specimen of Wistaria sinénsis, from the 
green-house of Alderman Hearon. (Yorkshire Gazette, May 21.) 

Oct. 6. This was the closing exhibition for the season, and, perhaps, the 
most successful one. The cut flowers were much admired, and in the greatest 
profusion. Messrs. Backhouse, the eminent nurserymen of York, received a 
silver medal for the bouquets furnished by them. Among the numerous 
articles worthy of attention were two plates of grapes, raised without fire ; 
also an elegant basket of roses, from Lady Howden; and some fine specimens 
of the Passiflora from J. Smith, Esq., of Grimston. On the raised centre table 
were placed the stove, green-house, and hardy plants ; and, considering the 
season of the year, these were very showy, many of them being in flower. On 
the left were placed the dahlias, which looked tolerably well. On the right 
were fruits and vegetables ; these were truly excellent, and afforded one of the 
best possible proots of the value of these societies, by improving those useful 
and every-day products of nature. Two splendid bouquets, in pyramidal 
form, garnished the orchestra; near which were some stately stove-plants 
from the hot-houses of Mr. Smith. In front of the gallery were placed the 
words “ YorK HorTicuLTURAL SociETyY,” formed of flowers; the first word 
in dahlias, the second in French marygolds, and the last in China asters: the 
effect was very beautiful, and reflected credit on the ingenuity and good taste 
of Mr. Foster, gardener to Lord Downe, by whom it was executed. We 
also noticed a tray of pansies, which looked very beautiful at this period of 
the year, (York Herald, Oct. 8.) 


WALES. 


Anglesey Horticultural Society. — July 13. The show-room was most taste- 
fully set out with garlands and festoons of flowers, and which gave to the 
whole a most beautiful appearance : for this thie Society was mainly indebted 
to Mr. Shaw, gardener to Lady Williams, of the Friars. The fruits, flowers, 
plants, shrubs, vegetables, &c., were arranged in admirable order: the con- 
fusion attendant on many of these exhibitions was totally avoided. The 
cucumbers, melons, grapes, peaches, stove plants, specimens of heath, green- 
house plants, pansies, arid vegetables, were peculiarly fine. There were some 
splendid grapes and melons from Kinmel Park, the seat of Lord Dinorben ; 
not brought for competition, but merely for exhibition, which attracted uni- 
versal attention: the growth of them was highly creditable to Mr. Forrest, 
The numerous fashionable parties which crowded round the table evincéd the 
interest taken in this Society; and we trust it will go on increasing in pro- 

3¢3 


666 Provincial Horticultural Societies : — 


sperity and utility. The most successful competitors were, Mr. Vair, gardener 
to Mr. Meyrick; Mr. Scott, to Sir R. Bulkeley ; Mr. Shaw, to Lady Wil- 
liams ; Mr. Ross, to Mr. Pennant; and Mr. Bostyne, to the Bishop of Ban- 
gor. We must not omit to mention that Mrs. Fuller, to whom this Society 
mainly owes its existence, with her usual liberality, gave orders that fifty 
poor cottagers should be regaled with a good dinner and curw da (old ale) at 
her expense. (Caernarvon and Denbigh Herald, July 16.) 


CHANNEL ISLANDS. 


Guernsey Horticultural Society.— May. The show of plants and flowers 
was very splendid. The vegetables, considering the unpropitious winter, 
together with the bleak and cold spring, were in excellent condition, and 
aftorded the most satisfactory proof of the care and diligence of our cottagers, 
among whom the sum of 7/. 12s. 6d. was distributed as prizes. Among the 
vegetables we noticed some very fine cucumbers, asparagus, kidney potatoes, 
and carrots, exhibited by Mr. Samuel Harris, of the Royal Yacht Club Hotel. 
Among members’ prizes were three beautiful silver medals, of the size of the 
Banksian, being the first the Society have given. The intention to do so was 
announced some months back; and the increased size of the same varieties 
of flowers, and the superior varieties brought forward for competition to any 
we have before seen, clearly shows how much the medals have stimulated the 
exhibitors. One was awarded to William Brock, Esq., of Belmont, for an 
exhibition of calceolarias, in splendid flower, nearly all seedings. Among 
the most remarkable plants exhibited were, from Mrs. Bourne, 20 pots of 
schizanthus, in high perfection, the plants being from 2 ft. to 3 ft. high, and 
covered with blossom; a stand of 150 blossoms of heartsease, of remarkable 
size and beauty. From Harry Dobrée, jun. Esq., a collection of 30 speci- 
mens of bulbous plants in pots, in flower; some very good lettuces ; a very 
beautiful display of cut camellias, principally the double white, all grown in 
the open air; some fine plates of dessert and kitchen apples, in excellent 
order; and a few specimens of the Travers apple, two years old, perfectly 
sound. Mr. Dobrée’s seedling ranunculus also obtained a prize. Mr. Cock- 
burn’s heaths were as fine as usual; and to the six selected for competition, 
a prize was very deservedly awarded, This gentleman’s Calceolaria péndula, 
which obtained the first prize for named varieties, was conspicuous for its 
beauty, even amongst the vast and splendid collection of these elegant plants 
which were exhibited by various members of the Society. (Zhe Courant, 
May 12.) 

Botanic Garden in Guernsey. — Propesals have been made for establishing 
a botanic garden in Guernsey ; for which purpose the island appears admirably 
adapted, from the mildness of its climate. (See Guernsey Star, May 4.) 

Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society. — July 20.  Pine-apples, 
melons, grapes, figs, strawberries, cherries, &c. &c., were mingled with 
dahlias, roses, Jessamine, carnations, and numerous other flowers of great 
fragrance and loveliness. [They would have had more effect if exhibited 
separately.] The dahlias of Mr. B. Saunders were, for early flowers, de- 
cidedly of good promise; and three dahhas exhibited by Mr. Dupré, to which 
the first prize was awarded, were of extraordinary merit for July blooms. 
The fruits exhibited deserve particular notice. Nor were the more solid, 
though less striking, productions of the kitchen-garden forgotten: potatoes, 
cabbages, artichokes, and many other esculents, were exhibited, of enormous 
dimensions. It is with real pleasure we notice the products exhibited by the 
cottagers. The vegetables sent by these competitors rivalled those of the 
best cultivated gardens ; and their fruits were also of a very fine order. After 
the exhibition, the company, to the number of 200, partook of a handsome 
déjetiner, and the fete ended with a ball. (Jersey Times, July 22.) 

Oct. 5. The room was tastefully and appropriately decorated with a great 
profusion of wreaths and festoons of mingled flowers and foliage; and the 
entrance was embellished with a lofty arch of sylvan architecture. The stands 


' 


Channel Islands, Scotland. 667 


were ranged all round the room, and displayed an astonishing variety of fruits, 
flowers, and vegetables ; while one immense table, or series of tables, occupied 
the centre of the room in its whole length, and contained the contributions 
of the cottagers, the richness and variety of which excited universal admir- 
ation. Among the flowers, we cannot help particularising the splendid show 
of dahlias, by Messrs. Langelier and Saunders; those of the former being 
spread out to the greatest advantage, and displaying upwards of 100 varieties ; 
and those of the latter beg wrought into the letters “ W. R.,” and the crown, 
which occupied the upper end of the room; and in the centre of the immense 
apartment, a conspicuous object of admiration, a large anchor, the appropriate 
symbol of the prosperity of Jersey. Among the fruits we noticed 50 Chau- 
montelle pears, weighing 341b.; 12 bergamottes de Pentecdte, 12 beurrés 
d’Aremberg, and 12 crassanes, averaging in weight 6lb. each set; and 12 
Duchesse d’Angouléme pears, weighing 10lb. 120z. (Jersey Times, Oct. 7.) 
If the excellence of every sort of pear grown in the climate of Jersey and 
Guernsey were generally known, we are sure there would be an extraordinary 
demand for them in the metropolis, and in other large towns. 


SCOTLAND. 


Caledonian Horticultural Society’s Exhibition —June 2. This was an exhibi- 
tion and grand promenade at the Horticultural Society’s Garden at Inverleith. 
The fine weather, and the attractions of this floral display, drew together a 
numerous assemblage of fashionables, little short of a thousand. The ex- 
hibition tents were tastefully fitted up, and thronged with eager admirers of 
the fine exotic plants, azaleas, tulips, pansies, ranunculuses, &c., sent in by 
the several competitors. Several extra prizes were awarded on this occa- 
sion; particularly for a very rich collection of 100 seedling calceolarias, 
raised from seed saved last autumn, to Messrs. Dickson and Co., Leith Walk ; 
also for a fine collection of stage and seedling calceolarias, raised by Mr. J. 
Kellie, foreman at the nursery of Mr. James Dickson, Inverleith; for a most 
beautiful collection of peonies, including several rare varieties, to Mr. Alex 
ander Forrester, Carlowrie; and many others. Apples and pears, in a state 
of high preservation, were received from Mr. Brewster, at Balcarras; Mr. 
Denneston of Oakmount; Col. Hardie, at Castle Semple ; and Mr. Sharp, 
at Pitfour. The greatest novelty in the culinary department was a basket of 
tubers of O’xalis crenata, presented by Mr. Macnaughton, gardener to Col. 
Wauchope, of Edmonstone. They were of the usual size, yet produced 
during the present year, by keeping the plants in sand, under the stage of a 
warm green-house. — P. NV. 

Clackmannanshire Horticultural Society.— Apri 30. The room was tastefully 
adorned with wreaths of evergreens and flowers from Shawpark, and from 
the botanic garden at Dollar. The articles for exhibition sent from all quar« 
ters were much more numerous than those for competition. There were 
exhibited by Dr. Walker, Woodcot, near Dollar, a number of very beautiful 
hyacinths, kept in the open borders these several (some of them for ten) 
years, without any protection. [We should be glad to have a short journal 
of the treatment of these hyacinths during the whole time, including their 
names, and the depth at which they were planted, &c.] A. J. Bonar, Esq., 
of Aloa Glass-works, exhibited six double hyacinths, six auriculas (two white, 
two grey, and two green-edged), three polyanthuses, two primroses, and one 
polyanthus narcissus ; all of which, particularly the hyacinths, were of great 
beauty, and might have obtained first prizes, had they been for competition. 
Mr. Mitchell, Alloa, had an extensive collection of the various sorts of 
Xeranthemum and Gnaphalium (now Flichrysum), lately from the Cape, 
which were much admired for the splendour of their colours. William Clark, 
Esq., Greenfield, exhibited a very fine tree carnation in flower, polyanthuses, 
primroses, and auriculas; one of the last from the open border, with 25 pips. 
By Mr. Finlayson, Kincardine, some very fine specimens of double wallflower 
were shown. A beautiful antique terra cotta vase, filled with flowers and 

30 4 


668 Provincial Horticultural Societies : — 


evergreens, was presented to the Society by Alexander Bald, Esq., of the 
Alloa brick and tile-works, and was universally admired for its elegance of 
design and beauty of workmanship. We understand this vase was modelled 
under the eye of Mr. Bald, by Thomas Hill, a very ingenious young man now 
in his employment. (Stirling Journal, May 20.) 

June 30. The meeting on this occasion was held in two rooms. The upper 
room contained exclusively articles for exhibition, and the lower one those 
for competition. Both rooms were very tastefully adorned with evergreens 
and festoons of flowers; a plentiful supply of materials for that purpose hay- 
ing been kindly sent from Dunmore Garden, Dollar Botanic Garden, Carse- 
bridge Garden, from Mr, Williamson’s garden, and many others. There was 
an unusually numerous assemblage of the members and their families, as 
well as of visiters from the surrounding country; all of whom appeared highly 
gratified by the exhibition. The number of hot-house and green-house plants 
brought forward, both for competition and exhibition, was much greater than 
on any former occasion. Mr. Lightbody, the celebrated florist in Falkirk, was 
so obliging as to send for exhibition a collection of his very superb ranun- 
culuses, which were universally admired, being the finest ever seen here. 
From Kennet Garden were sent for exhibition four very large and well-pre- 
served pound pears, numerous splendid flowers, both tender and hardy; five 
varieties of moss roses, and an elegant new variety of Antirrhinum [? name], 
raised at Kennet in 1834. A magnificent bouquet filled the beautiful terra 
cotta vase presented to the Society by Mr. Bald at the last meeting; and Mr. 
Gardiner of the Alloa Pottery exhibited a number of beautiful ornamental 
flower-pots, with saucers, of various patterns and different sizes, which were 
very much admired, being specimens of such as he now has on sale. (Jéid., 
July 8.) 

DuMFRIEssHIRE. — Dumfrics and Galloway Horticultural Society. — July 2. 
Among the articles exhibited were 32 seedling ranunculuses, raised by Mr. 
Kelloch, gardener to W. Younger, Esq., of Craigielands; who also sent Mr. 
Younger’s crest in flowers. (Dumfries Courier, July 6. 

Sept. 22. There was a very fine display of fruits, vegetables, and autumnal 
flowers, which were all so excellent, that the judges were three times unable 
to decide between them. Respecting the present state of the Society, the 
editor of the Dumfries Courier observes, — “Our own conviction decidedly is, 
that the Society is improving more and more under the joint, spirited, and 
judicious management of our townsmen, Major Adair, and Mr. Johnstone. 
Not to speak of the merits of such men as Webster of Munshes, M‘Gillivray 
of Closeburn Hall, Hannay of Drumlanrig, honest John Learmont, and other 
‘good men and true,’ who have long carried the Society upon their backs. 
Mr. Kellock seems to be a host within himself; although he is, no doubt, 
much indebted to a most liberal master, who not only gives him time to cul- 
tivate the finest floral treasures and fruits, but encourages his ingenuity in the 
various devices that tell so wonderfully on the Dumfries exhibitions. The 
Indian pagoda, or Temple of Juggernaut (what the framer called it we do not 
know), was admired by hundreds as a surpassing specimen of floral archi- 
tecture ; and nearly equal praise should be awarded to the mimetic fancy cot- 
taze which gained the first prize. But there were two others which excited 
very general delight; and either, we must say, on a somewhat larger scale, 
would content us for life.’ Mr. Grierson of Baitford exhibited some fine 
-German asters, and also 21 stalks of Annat barley, from one seed, got from 
M:. Lawson, nursery and seedsman, Hunter Square, Edinburgh: each head 
bore about 35 grains. Some very large Portugal onions were shown by Mr. 
Norris, fruiterer, Dumfries. Among the articles which gained prizes were — 
models of moss-houses : first prize by Mr. Kellock; second prize by Mr. J. 
Johnston, Conheath. Ground plan of garden and shrubbery, &c., by Mr. W. 
Dargavel, gardener at Dumcrief. (Zéid., Sept. 28.) 

* Galloway Union Horticultural Society. — Sept. 14. This exhibition was 
held in the Town Hall, Newton Stewart, and was most respectably and 


Dumfriesshire, Edinburghshire, Fifeshire. 669 


numerously attended. A most splendid collection of green-house plants, con- 
sisting of ericas, fuchsias, and many other varieties, was presented from the 
garden of Mr. Stewart of Cairnsmore, which added, in a high degree, to the 
ornament of the room, and the pleasure and admiration of the spectators. 
A beautiful specimen of the Yzucca gloriosa, in full flower, a magnificent 
coxcomb, and several other rare plants, were presented from the garden of 
Sir David Maxwell, Bart., of Cardoness. Mr. Kellock, gardener to William 
Younger, Esq., of Craigielands, forwarded to the secretary a fine collection 
of dahlias, pansies, &c., which attracted great admiration; but not being 
named, and only intended by Mr. Kellock as a complimentary ornament to 
the show, they could not enter into competition. The garden of Kenmure 
Castle likewise poured forth its wonders in the shape of four huge stalks of 
celery, of this year’s growth, any one of which could have satisfied a dozen 
lovers of that delicious edible. About forty new members enrolled them- 
selves at this meeting, which seemed to give to all present the greatest satis- 
faction. (Dumfries Courier, Sept. 21.) 

EDINBURGHSHIRE. — The Mid-Lothian Horticultural Society. — Sept. 13. 
The exhibition was an excellent one, and extremely well attended. Among 
the prizes was one for retarded gooseberries, and another for retarded cur- 
rants, both gained by Mr. James Goodall, gardener to the Marquess of 
Lothian, Newbattle Abbey. Messrs. Ballantyne and Son, nursery and seeds- 
men, Dalkeith, having kindly placed at the disposal of this Society two hand- 
some silver medals, as a first and second prize, to be awarded to the two ap- 
prentices or journeymen gardeners, employed under any member or members 
of this Society, who will produce the largest and best collection of named 
specimens of British and exotic plants, gathered and dried in flower, since 
Jan. 18. 1836, the first medal was gained by James Keddie, journeyman gar- 
dener, Melville Castle. The herbarium contained 1476 different specimens, 
beautifully dried, and accurately named. The second medal was gained by 
John Murray, journeyman gardener, Moredun: the number of specimens 
were 1529, and well preserved. A third collection was sent by Alex. D. 
Pentland, journeyman gardener, Penicuick House, arranged according to the 
natural arrangement of plants. They were excellently dried, but were short 
in numbers, there being only 931 specimens. The committee voted an extra 
premium for the trouble taken in their arrangement. [Independently of the 
circumstance of these young men coming from the place where we were 
brought up, we should be glad, on account of their merits, to reckon them 
among the number of our correspondents.] (Edinburgh Evening Courant, 
Sept. 26.) 

Firesnire.—St. Andrew’s Horticultural and Floricultural Society— July 13. 
At no former meeting has a more numerous assemblage of ladies and gentle- 
men of the city and neighbourhood appeared. The principal object of at- 
traction was the show of grapes, which were excellent ; and we will venture 
to assert that the muscat of Alexandria, from Sir David Erskine’s, cannot be 
equalled in Fifeshire. The other varieties were also very fine; and to those 
interested in the cultivation of grapes, we say, “ Spare neither fire, air, water, 
knife, nor scissors.” The show of cucumbers was also very fine, some of 
them measuring 2ft. long, quite young and green. Strawberries were par- 
ticularly fine and large; so was the show of florists’ pinks, mimuluses, pansies, 
&c.; and the culinary vegetables at once showed the excellence of their 
culture. Mr. Smith, gardener at the Priory, presented to the Society a bunch 
of grizzly Frontignac grapes, being one of four produced from a scion of two 
buds engrafted on the black Hamburgh, in the month of March last year, 
along with a communication stating the manner in which this operation was 
performed, which, we understand, is quite a novelty in vine culture. [This 
communication, which we have received from our esteemed correspondent, 
will appear in an eariy Number.] The judges awarded an extra prize to Mr. 
Smith for this communication and production. (I’ife Herald, July 21.) 

Sept. 28. The lateness of the season, and the almost continual wet and 


670 Provincial Horticultural Societies : — 


cold weather, had tended materially to mar the appearance of the flowers ; 
but there were, notwithstanding, a good show of dahlias, presenting a rich 
variety of colour of almost every hue and shade. The grapes were the most 
extensive and most inviting feature of the competition, and attracted great 
attention. Melons, peaches, nectarines, apricots, and plums, were also dis- 
played in great profusion. The very handsome and ingenious manner in which 
the bouquets and designs in flowers were got up, excited general admiration. 
The design from Strathtyrum, representing the eastern gable of the ruin of 
the Cathedral of St. Andrew’s, was ingeniously executed, and attracted a 
good deal of notice. There were presented from the green-house of John 
Small, Esq., of the Priory, four splendid bunches of black Hamburgh grapes, 
grown without fire-heat, partly on the spur, and partly on the new system of 
training: the judges awarded an extra prize to Mr. Smith for this pro- 
duction. From George Paterson, Esq. of Cunnoquhie, some beautiful 
Antwerp apples, Washington plums, and apples of 1835. From Andrew 
Bousie, Esq., some very large nonsuch apples. From Gibliston, some beau- 
tiful seedling dahlias. From Strathtyrum, a fine camellia, and other green- 
house plants. A bough of red currants, from St. Leonard’s, and some huge 
parsnips, for which an extra prize was awarded to Mr. Young. From Dr. 
Cook, an immense white stone turnip. From Mr. Robertson, gardener, St. 
Andrew’s, a fine specimen of Antwerp raspberries. From Mr. Erskine, gar- 
dener, St. Andrew’s, some extra large horn carrots, measurmg 531in. in 
diameter. (Léid., Oct. 6.) 

Collinsburgh Horticultural Society. — Sept. 27. From the extensive and 

varied show of fruits and flowers produced, it may be said this Society 
offers fair to rival any of the sister associations recently formed in the 
county. There was an unusual number of prizes distributed. After those 
commonly given, the practical gardeners connected with the Society, in pur- 
suance of that feeling of emulation which animates their own exertions, 
offered premiums to the amateurs, all of which were awarded. The following 
were sent only for exhibition: — From Balcarres Gardens, two beautiful and 
rare specimens of Fachsia; seed cucumber, 2} ft. long; and a tastefully ar- 
ranged bouquet. From Gibliston, one dozen of very fine seedling dahlias, 
amongst which was “ Flora Macdonald,” very much admired. From Crau- 
_furd Priory, a large and fine collection of seedling calceolarias. From Mr. 
Ronald, Kirkaldy, savoy, measuring 4 ft. 9in. in diameter, and three samples 
of potatoes; one the original Tartar potato, the seed of which was im- 
ported from Ireland by the late Major Lumsdaine, of Lathallan; the others 
the American early and red; the first planted March 1. last, and dug in 
June; and the latter planted in the same ground July 11., and lifted Sept. 
26., being two crops within six months. The Tartar, on trial, was found 
to be an excellent eating potato. (Jdid.) 

Cupar Horticultural Society. — June. Among the articles sent we observed, 
from Mr. Watson Tarvit, a dish of pears, in a good state of preservation ; 
specimens of Paonia Mottan Banksia, Crate\gus Oxyacantha coccinea su- 
pérba; and a collection of border flowers. From Mr. Ewing’s nursery, 
Cupar, a very fine collection of about 60 named tulips, and a spike of Cheir- 
Anthus mutabile (changeable flowering wallflower). From Mr. Thomson, 
tailor, Cupar, a collection of 70 varieties of ranunculuses. From Mr. Temple, 
Falkland, some very rare and beautiful green-house plants. (Jéid., June 9.) 

Dunfermline Horticultural Society July 12. There was an excellent show 
of grapes, peaches, cherries, and other fruits; and the exhibition was rendered 

_ still more attractive by the addition of many rarities in the floral kingdom. 
Among these were an antirrhinum from Pitliver Garden; helianthemums from 
Mr. Macara, druggist ; seedling mimuluses from Fordel Gardens; a collection of 
beautiful pinks from Mr. Robert Kilgour, Kirkaldy; a specimen of Brugmansia 
suaveolens, and a number of large and beautiful oranges, from Torry garden. 
Mr. Sang of Kirkaldy also exhibited a collection of rare and beautiful 
flowers. (Idid., July 21.) 


Forfarshire. : 671 


Forrarsuire. — * Arbroath Horticultural Society. — Sept. 28. The fruits 
and flowers were very superior, and there were a great number of visiters. 
The dahlias, from Messrs. Henderson’s nursery, Brechin, attracted particular 
attention. (Montrose Review, Oct. 1.) 

Dundee Florist Society.— Oct. 5. It consisted chiefly of dahlias, which were 
very fine and numerous. Considering the lateness of the season, and the un- 
favourable state of the weather for some time past, it was surprising to see 
the number and beauty of the flowers produced; which showed the great 
attention now paid to the pleasing study of floriculture. The articles not for 
competition were, dahlias, from the Rev. Mr. Horsley, and Mr. Rowan, 
Perth Road; Mr. Clark, Westfield Cottage; and Mr. Angus, Hawkhill; a 
fine variety of French marygolds, from Mr. Tait, Thain’s Park; and some 
beautiful annuals, dahlias, violets, and calceolarias, from the Blackness 
Crescent Nursery. (Dundee Advertiser, Oct. 14.) 

* Forfar Horticultural Society.—Sept. 21. Although the Society is yet in its 
infancy, the show of flowers, fruits, and vegetables, was of a kind which those 
who have been in the habit of attending similar meetings stated they had 
never seen surpassed. From the numerous attendance from all quarters, we 
are glad to think that there is no doubt of this Society being permanently 
established, as the proceedings of Wednesday seemed to excite the best 
wishes, not only of the ladies of Forfar and the amateurs, but to raise the 
emulation of the practical horticulturists, many of whom attended from all 
quarters of the district. The judges had considerable difficulty in awarding 
_ the prizes, from the excellence of many of the articles sent for competition. 
(Montrose Review, Oct. 1.) 

Montrose Horticultural Society.— May 4, The show of flowers was uncom- 
monly fine. The auriculas were such as to command the admiration of the 
most strict connoisseurs. In hyacinths and polyanthuses, the display was 
also rich. The bouquets from the green-house were very tastefully arranged, 
and presented a combination of beautiful plants. In the fruit and vegetable 
department, the table presented a very imposing appearance. One dish, in 
particular, marked from Dun, contained a variety of, we believe, sixteen or 
eighteen apples, as finely kept as we remember to have seen. Some potatoes, 
grown in moss [we suppose live moss], were a novelty in their way, and 
showed what might be done in this manner: these last were from George . 
Ramsay, Esq., Craig, and James Wright, Usan. (Ibid., May 6.) 

July 20. There was a very rich display of flowers; and the fruit, both in 
quantity and quality, was superior to the exhibition at any of the Society’s 
former shows. One bunch of very ripe black grapes, from Dun, was much 
admired : it weighed upwards of 2lb. To particularise the flowers would be 
tedious. Some fuchsias, from Mr. William Beattie’s collection, were much 
admired. We were also highly pleased with a display of dahlias and pinks 
from Messrs. Henderson, Brechin, amongst which one pink, in particular, was 
much noticed, as being very uncommon. A very excellent bouquet from a 
cottage-garden was shown, in which we observed a more varied display of 
plants than we were prepared for: some very superior vegetables were als 
entered in competition for the cottage prizes. (Ibid., July 22.) 

Sept. 7. The carnations brought forward were excellent; the dahlias, as 
was anticipated from the late stormy weather, were not equal to last year’s 
show, except those from Den Nursery, Brechin, which, though not so large 
as in former seasons, were truly beautiful; and the table was adorned by a 
profusion of fuchsias, &c., and a fine plant of Campanula pyramidalis, from 
the Rey. John Dodgson’s collection. Among the prizes was one for the best 
wine made from the indigenous fruits of Scotland, gained by Mr. Beattie. 
Premiums were offered by the president, Patrick Chalmers, Esq., M.P., to 
operatives or cottagers in the district, for the cleanest, neatest, and best-kept 
garden and walks; and the first was gained by James Robb, Tayock Bridge. 
The extra prize to operatives or cottagers, for the greatest variety of apples, 
pears, &c., given by Messrs. Dickson and Turnbull, Perth, was also gained by 
James Robb. (did., Sept. 9.) 


672 Provincial Horticultural Societies : — 


Sept. 28. This was the extra, or dahlia, show of the Society. Notwith- 
standing the cold and ungenial weather this season, there was a much finer 
display of this flower than what we could have expected: in fact, the va- 
rieties were far more numerous than at the corresponding show of last year; 
evincing that the spirit of emulation has not slumbered in this quarter. As 
usual, the rich collection of this flower, from Henderson’s Nursery, Brechin, 
added greatly to the display. We noticed a very beautiful dark seedling 
dahlia, raised by R. Trail, which gained an extra prize: it was afterwards 
named the “ Duke of Montrose.” The most successful competitors in this 
Society, for the season, were George Ramsay, Esq., Craig, and Mr. James 
Reid, Old Montrose. (Montrose Review, Oct. 1.) 

LANARKSHIRE. — Glasgow Horticultural Society. — June 15. The immense 
variety, but minute beauties, of the pansies brought forward on this occasion 
by fourteen competitors, attracted the attention of all; and, when the room 
was thrown open to the public, much anxiety was manifested to get a peep at 
the prize pan; but, we regret to say, as usual on such occasions, the most 
favourable situations for viewing their beauties were occupied, during most of 
the time the exhibition remained open, by the practical members and their 
friends, to the almost total exclusion of the fair visiters. Now, we do not in 
the least wish to quarrel with this praiseworthy curiosity on the part of 
either amateur or practical horticulturists; but we must enter our protest 
against this practice in the public exhibition room. We would therefore 
seriously advise all competitors, in future, to bring duplicates of the articles 
competed for; and, after the judges have given their decision, let them retire 
to the Society’s committee-room, or to any of the other apartments attached 
to the place of meeting, and then and there discuss, to their heart’s content, 
the respective merit or demerit of the particular articles under review. This 
disinterested advice they should henceforth act up to, if they do not wish 
to see the gradual falling away of the number of visiters, and, consequently, 
a gradual diminution in the value of the prizes given, the fund for which 
purpose arising, in a great measure, from them as the price of admission. We 
cannot conclude our remarks without adverting to the very splendid display 
of upwards of sixty fully expanded blossoms of that beautiful flower, the 
Céreus speciosissimus, from Woodhall, which occupied a great portion of the 
fruit table; nor of expressing our unqualified regret at the accident which 
occurred in the transfer of several very rare and showy exotics and green- 
house plants from the Botanic Garden; thus counteracting the generous zeal 
of its curator, Mr. Murray, in adorning the room, and making the exhibition 
more complete. In consequence of a very general dissatisfaction having been 
expressed with the decision on the shrubby calceolarias, it was considered 
expedient, in order to maintain the harmony of the Society, to refer the 
matter to the united judgments of the whole number of flower judges pre- 
sent, to decide, first, as to whether a revision of the judgment should take 
place; and, secondly, to declare to whom the first prize ought to have been 
adjudged. This arrangement having been concurred in by the original section 
of judges, it was, first, unanimously agreed that a revision should take place; 
and, secondly, it was decided, by a majority of four to two, that Mr. Turn- 
bull, of Bothwell Castle, was entitled to receive the first prize. Among the 
fruit, the first prize was adjudged to Mr. James Hardie, for some finely pre- 
served apples (Ribston pippin). Second, to Mr. George Shiells; cherries, 
from an open flued wall: 76 lb. have been gathered, from one tree, since May 
10., and about 301b. remain. Among the flowers there was a cream-coloured 
broom, found in Bute, from Killencourt; 28 named sorts of ranunculuses, 
and numerous other flowers, from Hamilton Palace; 270 varieties of hearts- 
ease, from Keir; 12 varieties of seedling pelargoniums, from Gilmore Hill; 
and a grafted pelargonium, and other flowering plants, from Woodlands. Mr. 
Green, of Sheffield, produced to the meeting one of his double-action garden- 
pumps, for which he has taken out a patent. (The Constitutional, June 18.) 

STIRLINGSHIRE. — Auchenbowie and Plean Horticultural Society —Sept. 17. 


Lanarkshire, Stirlingshire. 673 


Among the prizes we observed two or three were for articles not generally 
included in prize lists. One was for gardens most tastefully laid out, and 
neatly kept: first prize gained by W.Stevenson. Another was for ornamental 
bouquets of wild flowers, gained by W. Taylor. Another for the best-arranged 
flower clump : first, Wm. Stevenson. Another for the best general crop of 
vegetables, as seen in the gardens, during the season: first, Wm. Gillespie, sen. 
An extra premium had been offered to the member that gained the greatest 
number of first prizes during the year. Four members, namely, William 
Pollock, David Ker, John Miller, and Alexander Cowan, were found to have 
gained an equal number —five each. The value of the premium offered was di- 
vided among them. The Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland having 
offered two of their cottage medals, to be awarded for the two best-kept cot- 
tages and gardens, 1t was announced that John Miller, carter, and Archibald 
Neilson, wright, both in Auchenbowie, would be reported by the committee as 
the most meritorious of the competitors. Besides the articles entered for 
competition, a good many others were exhibited, chiefly in the floral depart- 
ment. Mr. Ritchie, Denny, presented some choice specimens of dahlias, 
asters, chrysanthemums, &c. The room was also graced by two large and 
splendid bouquets ; one from Auchenbowie Garden, the other from West Plean 
Garden. The latter was in the form of a dome, resting on four columns, in 
the centre of which a jeé d’eau, fed from a concealed reservoir, continued to 
play during the whole time of the exhibition. It formed the great object of 
attraction. It had the charm of mystery for many, and the recommendation 
of novelty for all. (Stirling Journal, Sept. 2.) 

Stirlingshire Horticultural Society. — July 5. Owing to the unfavourable 
state of the weather, the exhibition was rather meagre ; but numerous prizes 
were distributed. Among the articles not sent for competition were, from 
Deanston House, 12 seedling mimuluses, and new annuals; from Blairdrum- 
mond, a collection of herbaceous flowers, roses, seedling violas, and a brace 
of Niven’s long green cucumber, each 22in. long; from Craigforth, apples 
preserved in peat moss, roses, and other flowering plants; from Ochtertyre, a 
potted flower plant of striped antirrhinum ; ‘from Mr. Lightbody, Falkirk, 
25 varieties of seedling ranunculuses, considered by florists of great merit ; 
from Drummonds’ nursery and museum, an assortment of flowered specimens, 
and garden urns and vases. (Id., July 8.) 

Sept. 20.—The flower department comprised much that is rare and splendid ; 
the dahlias and German asters, especially, were uncommonly fine, and much 
admired. The fruits and vegetables, although in variety and quantity not de- 
ficient, were, as might have been expected from the absence of genial weather, 
considerably behind as to quality. The ornamental bouquets of flowers were 
got up with great taste; and that produced from Wester Plean, with its 
water fount in operation, seemed to attract special notice. The rustic chairs, 
produced by the tasteful veteran from Sauchie, were masterly done speci- 
mens. Among the journeymen or apprentices’ prizes was one for the model 
of a cottage, which was gained by Thomas Macfarlane, journeyman at Blair- 
drummond Garden. It is matter of regret that there was no competition in 
this interesting department. The directors, we have no doubt, will next year 
offer encouragement for similar structures. The specimen produced by Mac- 
farlane is highly creditable. Among the plants exhibited, not for prizes, were, 
from Ardoch House, 12 named phloxes, and a collection of new and superior 
herbaceous plants ; from Cardross, 20 varieties seedling carnations, and 20 va- 
rieties seedling picotee ditto; from Deanston, dahlias, &c., and a convenient 
flower-stand, with tubes to contain water; from Blairdrummond, 48 varieties 
of named apples and pears; also, Alsike clover, and Vicia villosa, with minute 
explanatory remarks ; from Coldoch, dahlias, &c., and apples, crop 1835 and 
1836; from Major Baird, of Park, seedling carnations, and other flowers; 
apples and pears, and fruited branches of Siberian crab: from Mr. John 
Christie, Causewayhead, specimens of Aloysia citriodora, from a plant 10 ft. 
high, and which has stood in the open air five years, the three last of which 


674 Provincial Horticultural Societies : — 


it had no protection during winter; from John Cowan, workman, Sauchie, 
two rustic garden chairs, of very superior design and workmanship ; from 
Messrs. Eagle and Henderson, nursery and seedsmen, Edinburgh, an exten- 
sive and first-rate collection of dahlias and French marygolds; from Mr. Thos. 
Handayside, seedsman and florist, Musselburgh, an extensive and first-rate 
collection of dahlias, and German, French, and Chinese asters; from Drum- 
monds’ nursery and museum, a collection of flowers and shrubs, Alsike clover, 
garden vases and ornamental pots, &c. (Stirling Journal, Sept. 23.) 


IRELAND. 


Belfast Horticultural Society. — In consequence of some political differences, 
a division has taken place among the members of this Society ; part of whom 
have withdrawn from it, and united themselves under the name of the Ulster 
Horticultural Society. The original Society, however, still remains in a very 
flourishing condition, as will be seen from the following extract from a letter 
of Mr. Niven, curator of the Glasnevin Botanic Garden, near Dublin: — 
“ Never was I more gratified than at the last show of the Belfast Horticul- 
tural Society. Rapid indeed must have been its progress, when I consider 
that only seven short years have gone by since it first origmated: now it 
stands proudly forward; and, if not the jist, is at least the second, in point 
of excellence, in the land. With nothing was I more pleased, than with the 
admirable arrangement for adjudication. Every thing was complete. Nota 
person but the judges was permitted to enter the rooms whilst the adjudication 
was going on. ‘The classification of the various groups of plants, flowers, and 
vegetables, was highly creditable to the worthy gentleman, the treasurer of 
the Society, who bestowed so much attention to this, as well as to the 
tasteful decoration of the rooms.” Mr. Niven adds, “It is pleasant to look 
around us, and consider how many of these useful societies are starting up. 
A few years ago, and the Horticultural Society of Ireland stood single, alone, 
without a competitor, without a rival. Stimulated by all that is passing 
around, it will go forward with increased vigour and energy; and I sincerely 
hope we shall live to see the day when, not only every provincial town, but 
when every county town, in Ireland, will have its horticultural society and its 
agricultural museum.” (Northern Whig, Oct.) 

July 1.— The number of visiters exceeded 1000. The tender heaths, from 
Mr. Andrews’s, were remarkably beautiful. The calceolarias and fuchsias, 
from the same gardens, were most splendid. Mr. Andrews also contributed 
some very fine green-house plants, and a number of other valuable flowers. 
Mr. Langtry, as usual, carried off the first prizes in pelargoniums. A very 
fine seedling deservedly attracted much attention; and his gardener, Wiliam 
M‘Kay, received great praise fer producing so beautiful a plant, and one 
perfectly original in form and colour. Mr. Andrews’s pelargoniums were, 
also, remarkably fine ; and, only that some of his best received an accidental 
injury, he would have stood well for the first prize. The finest tulips were 
those of Mr. Henry Davis, who also received a prize for:a specimen of his 
new variegated entire-leaved ash, figured in a former page. The most remark- 
able fruits were, a pine, from Lord Bangor; and a dish of ripe cherries, from 
Mr. John Thomson’s of Low Wood. Mr. Campbell, curator to the Botanic 
Garden, sent in a number of very uncommon and valuable plants; but they 
were not for competition. (Jbid., June 6.) 

Sept. 16. As a farther testimony in behalf of the Belfast Horticultural 
Society, we may quote the following remarks from the editor of the Northern 
Whig : —“ The gentlemen who have the direction of this most excellent insti- 
tution wisely regulate the principle of their rules so as to embrace the actual 
produce of the cottager, the farmer, and the gentleman ; prudently arranging 
the articles to be competed for in such judicious classification as that the rich 
cannot, by adventitious circumstances, beat down the poor; but that each 
meets his fellow in fair competition; and he who is best entitled to the 
reward bears off the premium.” Among the plants which obtained premiums, 
we would particularly notice an exceedingly fine specimen of Fuchsia recurvi- 


Treland. 675 


flora, exhibited by Mr. M. Andrews, the flower of which, including the foot- 
stalk, was about 6in. long. This fine species was raised from seed by 
Mr. Niven of the Royal Dublin Society’s Gardens, Glasnevin, and given out 
by him about two years ago. There was also exhibited by Mr. Andrews 
a Fichsia ovata, in good flower, of a beautiful blue colour, and differing very 
much from any other of the same family that we are acquainted with: it is 
uncommonly difficult to flower. We were much struck by the Italian rye- 
grass, sent in by Mr. Higginson; and a species of turnip, called the Hun- 
garian, and which is said to be well adapted for keeping. We also noticed, 
from Hugh M‘Calmont, Esq., Abbeylands, some very large citrons and 
shaddocks ; and from Mrs. Turnly, Rockport, a splendid carnation, about 
9in. in circumference. Besides these, a rich assortment of cut flowers, and 
various stove and green-house plants, were sent in by Mr. Campbell from the 
Botanic Garden. A very splendid seedling dahlia was sent in by Mr. Finlay, 
called “The Northern Whig,” which attracted particular attention. It was 
grown from seed, this year, by Mr. George M‘Cullogh of Nurseryville, Com- 
ber, a scientific gentleman, who greatly excels in this and the other branches 
of his profession. This dahlia is so perfectly beautiful, that twenty guineas 
were offered for the root, by a person present at the show. (Northern Whig, 
Sept. 20.) 

Ulster Horticultural Society.— Spring Show.— May 11. Among the flowers, 
we observed six double hyacinths, Robert Langry, Esq., Fortwilliam ; and 
six hyacinths, two years in Ireland, shown by Mr. Middlemas, forest gar- 
dener to Earl O‘Neill. (Zdid., May 5.) 

Sept. 9. Among the prizes, was one given for the Portuguese cabbage 
(Cove tronchuda), and another for the best specimens of agricultural pro- 
duce, consisting of four varieties of potato, turnips (Dale’s hybrid), field 
bean, to Mr. Black, land steward to Sir Robert Bateson, Belvoir Park. 
The Botanic Garden (Mr. J. Campbell, curator) furnished a great variety of 
beautiful specimens; among others, several magnificent fuchsias, a sago 
palm, and a bouquet composed of the rarest and finest flowers. Among the 
objects of greatest attraction at the show, were two vines, growing in pots, 
covered with fruit; one of them having fourteen bunches of purple grapes, 
the production of Mr. Scott, gardener to the Marquess of Donegal, at 
Ormeau. (Belfast Commercial Chronicle, Sept. 12.) 

Kilkenny Horticultural Society. Sept. 1. Some very fine fruit and beautiful 
flowers were exhibited; among which we noticed a collection of 100 native 
plants, by Mr. Emslie, gardener to F. Kavanagh, Esq. Two prizes were 
given for paintings of flowers. The prize-tickets were distributed to the 
different candidates by the Countess of Desart, who was highly gratified with 
the excellent specimens of vegetables exhibited by the market-gardeners. 
(Kilkenny Moderator, Sept. 7.) 

Cork Horticultural Society. — Sept. 14. and 15. Among the prizes was one 
to Denis Sullivan, gardener to Paul Maylor, Esq., for best six apples named ; 
collection of peas, berries, and ornamental seed-vessels; climbing plants, 
arboricultural specimens, cabbage, Jerusalem artichokes, sea-kale, and extra 
for collection of potatoes named; and, in botany, for best hortus siccus of 
native phenogamous plants, and best hortus siccus of ferns. One to 
M‘Dermott, gardener to Lord Carbery, for best figs and pine-apple, and 
extra for apples of 1835, white grapes, and coffee. One to Denis Murry, 
gardener to W. H. Greene, Esq., for second-best carrots; and, in botany, for 
best collection of native plants, and hortus siccus of mosses. Notice was 
given that gardeners, applying for their prizes, will be required to produce 
their employers’ certificates, that the specimens grew on their grounds, or 
were in their possession two months previous to the exhibition. (Constitu- 
tional, Oct. 1.; and Southern Reporter, Oct. 1.) 

Waterford Horticultural Society. — Aug. 10. This show was rendered un- 
usually brilliant by the presence of the Lord Lieutenant and his suite. The 
fruit and flowers were remarkably fine, and gave great satisfaction. (Water- 
ford Mirror, Aug. 13.) 


676 General Notices. 


* First Exhibition of the Newry, Armagh, and Dundalk Horticultural Society. 
— Oct.4. The collection of fruits, flowers, and vegetables was large and 
diversified ; and evinces a great progress in horticultural science among the 
people of the surrounding districts. Cherries, black and ripe; gooseberries, 
fresh and red; currants, grapes, and oranges; were there in abundance and 
perfection. The show of flowers was strikingly beautiful. It is utterly 
impossible for us to enter into a more detailed description ; but we sincerely 
congratulate the founders of this useful Society, and the public in general, on 
the admirable exhibition which we have just witnessed. It promises well for 
the future character and operations of the body. (Newry Examiner, Oct. 5.) 


MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. 
Art. I. General Notices. 


WE have long had a mass of most valuable matter, collected from various 
journals, which belongs to this head, and which we take the opportunity af- 
forded by a double number to introduce; strongly recommending the different 
paragraphs to the study of the young gardener. 


MORAL IMPROVEMENT OF GARDENERS. 


School Education.— Though we wish to occupy our pages with this subject 
as little as possible, yet we are desirous of keeping its importance continually 
before the young gardener... We cannot therefore pass over an admirable 
paper on the subject, which has been published by the celebrated astronomer, 
Herschel, at the Cape of Good Hope, and which will be found in the Philo- 
sophical Magazine for May, p. 432—438. Some of our readers will recol- 
lect an extract which we gave, in 1832, from a pamphlet by the same philoso- 
pher, published at Windsor in that year. Sir John Herschel is one of the 
few profoundly learned and scientific men in this country, who have had the 
courage to come forward in favour of the high education of the great mass of 
the people, from the very lowest upwards. For a thousand persons that 
would approve of bestowing a certain quantity of education on the people, 
so as to render them better servants and subjects, there is not, perhaps, ten 
that would approve of giving them as much more as they had a capacity of 
receiving, so as to admit of their reaching the highest rank in science. Till 
this is done, however, it is evident that there must be in science an artificial 
aristocracy, which is inconsistent with perfect liberty and political equality. 

Sir John Herschel’s observations, though they have reference to a scheme 
of instruction at the Cape of Good Hope, are, in many particulars, equally 
applicable to parochial schools in Britain, if these were once established on a 
proper footing. 

“A good practical system of public education,” Sir John says, “ ought to 
convey much positive knowledge, with as little attention to mere systems and 
forms as is consistent with avoiding solecisms. This principle, carried into 
detail, would allow much less weight to the study of languages, especially of 
dead languages, than is usually considered its due. . . . . While, on 
the other hand, it would attach great importance to all those branches of 
practical and theoretical knowledge, the possession of which goes far to con- 
stitute an idea of a well-informed gentleman; as, for example, a knowledge of 
the nature and constitution of the world we inhabit; its animal, vegetable, 
and mineral productions, and the system of the universe, and its natural and 
political subdivisions ; and last, and most important of all, the nature and 
propensities of man himself, as developed in the history of nations, and the 
biography of individuals; the constitutions of human society, including our 
responsibilities to individuals, and to the social body of which we are mem- 
bers ; in a word, as extensive knowledge as can be grasped, and conveyed in 
an elementary course, of the actual system and laws of nature, both physical 
and moral. 


Moral Improvement of Gardeners. 677: 


“ Again, in a country where free institutions prevail, and where public 
opinion is of consequence (especially when the government of the country 
lends its aid and sanction to it), every man ought at least so far to prepare 
himself as to place him on his guard against those obvious and popular falla- 
cies which lie across the threshold of this, as well as of every other subject, 
with which human reason has any thing to do. Every man is called upon to 
obey the laws; and therefore it cannot be superfluous that some portion of 
every man’s education should consist in informing him what they are. On these 
grounds, it would seem to me that some knowledge of the principles of political 
economy, of jurisprudence, of trade and manufactures, is essentially involved in 
the notion of a sound education. A moderate acquaintance, also, with cer- 
tain of the useful arts, such as practical mechanics or engineering, agriculture, 
draughtsmanship, is of obvious utility in every station of life; while, in a com- 
mercial country, the only remedy for that proverbial short-sightedness to their 
best ultimate interest, which is the misfortune, rather than the fault, of every 
mercantile community upon earth, seems to be, to inculcate, as a part of edu- 
cation, those broad principles of free interchange and reciprocal profit, and 
public justice, on which the whole edifice of permanently successful enterprise 
must be based. 

“The exercise and developement of our reasoning faculties is another 
grand object of education; and this is usually considered, and in a certain 
sense justly, as most likely to be attained by a judicious course of mathemati- 
cal instruction; while it stands, if not opposed to, at least in no natural 
connexion with, the formal and conventional departments of knowledge (such. 
as grammar, the so-called Aristotelian logic). It must be recollected, how- 
ever, that there are minds which, though not devoid of reasoning powers, yet 
manifest a decided inaptitude for mathematical studies; which are estimative, 
not calculating ; and which are more impressed by analogies, and by apparent 
preponderance of general evidence in argument, than by mathematical de- 
monstration, where all the argument is on one side, and no show of reason can 
be exhibited on the other. The mathematician listens only to one side of a 
question, for this plain reason, that no strictly mathematical question has 
more than one side capable of being maintained otherwise than by simple 
assertion; while all the great questions which arise in busy life, and agitate 
the world, are stoutly disputed, and often with a show of reason on both sides, 
which leaves the shrewdest at a loss for a decision.” (p. 433.) 

Effects of Education on Society. — Society, such as it is at present, will 
not long continue to exist. As instruction descends to the lower classes, 
these will discover the secret cancer which has been corroding social order 
ever since the beginning of the world ; a complaint which is the cause of all 
popular discontents and commotions. The too great inequality of conditions 
and fortunes has been able’to uphold itself so long as it was hidden, on the 
one hand by ignorance, on the other by the factitious organisation of the 
city ; but no sooner is this inequality generally perceived, than a mortal blow 
is given to it. Enforce again, if you can, the aristocratic fictions. Strive to 
persuade the poor man, when he has learned to read — the poor man, who is 
daily prompted by the press, from time to time, from village to village, — 
strive to persuade this poor man, possessing the same knowledge and under- 
standing as yourself, that he ought to submit to all privations, whilst such a 
one, his neighbour, possesses, without labour, a thousand times as much as 
he needs: your efforts will be useless. Expect not of the multitude virtues 
that are beyond nature. The material developement of society will advance 
the developement of mind. When steam communication shall be brought to 
perfection; when, jointly with the telegraph and railroads, it shall have anni- 
hilated distance; not merchandise alone, but ideas also, will travel from one 
extremity of the globe to the other with the rapidity of lightning. When 
the fiscal and commercial barriers between different states shall be abolished, 
as they already are between the provinces of one and the same state; when 
wages, which is but a prolonged slavery, shall have emancipated themselves 

Vou. XII.— No. 8). 3D 


678 ; General Notices. 


with the assistance of the equality established between the producer and the 
consumer ; when the different countries, adoptimg each other’s manners, for- 
saking national prejudices, the old ideas of supremacy or conquest, shall tend 
to a unity of nations; by what means will you make society turn back to 
worn-out principles ? Any power overthrown, not by accident, but by time, 
by a change gradually effected in convictions or ideas, is neyer reestablished : 
in vain you would strive to raise it under another name, to regenerate it 
under a new form; it cannot adjust its dislocated limbs in the dust in which 
it lies, an object of insult or of derision. (Sketches of English Literature, 
&c., as quoted in the Literary Gazette, July 23.) 

The Present has no Enemy like the Past.—'The picturesque is the sole relic 
of the feudal age worth preserving. There never was a period whose influ- 
ence has been more injurious to human interests generally. The feudal was 
based on the principle of force; and oppression and weakness formed a mis- 
taken compact under the high-sounding names of loyalty and fidelity. These 
two words have done more to retard the course of improvement, than 200 
years have done to forward it. (Berkeley Castle, as quoted in the Literary 
Gazette, July 23.) 

Cruelty to Animals. — Wherever the intellectual and moral faculties of the 
‘species have fair play, the abstract pleasure in giving pain is subdued and 
counteracted ; and we destroy no further than is necessary to our own exist- 
ence and safety. It is, therefore, a the culture of these higher faculties only 
that the true remedy can be found. The fashion of the day” is to make men 
gentle and humane, as some well-disposed but weak-minded people would 
make them religious, by enforced observances and the penalties of an act of 
parliament. But there is no legislating man out of his disposition; and if 
those who have the power of making laws will not fulfil their primary duty 
as legislators, and take care that the people have a moral education and a 
moral existence, all legislation on the subject of humanity is worse than use- 
less; it is mischievous; There is no possible means of humanising the lower 
classes, but by first improving their condition. To make them compassionate, 
we must first permit them to enjoy, and not condemn them to a life of un- 
mitigated labour and privation: they must have time and motives for exer- 
cising their nobler qualities ; and these they would have, even the humblest 
among them, if early taught, by precept and example, how to economise their 
time, and husband their poor resources. But, till this is done, legislative 
humanity is a jest, and a bitter one; and the readings and the teachings of 
the humanitarians, mere voices crying in the wilderness. (Notice of Egerton 
Smith’s H/ysium of Animals, in the Atheneum for July aS 


SCIENCE OF GARDENING. 


British Association for the Improvement of Science. — We recommend such 
of our readers as have an opportunity of perusing the Mechanic's Magazine, 
the Literary Gazette, or the Atheneum, to read with attention the accounts 
there given of the wonderful discoveries that have been made or anticipated 
in the different departments of science. Some of them are foreign, certainly, 
to gardening; but still we would recommend the young gardener to become 
acquainted with them, for the sake of expanding his “mind. We shall just 
shortly hint at a few of these: — The idea of certain astronomers, and, among 
others, ef Herschel, that the nebulee in the milky way are supposed to be a 
sort of spawn (as a gardener would say) of future planets; that the metals 
in metallic veins are created by electricity and magnetism; that any temper- 
ature may be produced on the surface of the earth by drawing heat from the 
interior, which is supposed to be a mass of liquid fire; that precious stones 
of every description may be created by chemica! and magnetical influence, &c.; 
that the cow-fish (JMantéa fluviatilis), which lives partly in water and partly on 
land, “might become the universal food of mankind,” and be found a good 
substitute for turtle, &c. 

On the Action of Light upon Plants, and of Plants upon the Almosphere. 


Science of Gardening. 679 


(From a Paper by Dr. Daubeny.) — “The objects of the experimental en- 
quiries, of which the author gives an account in this paper, were, in the first 
place, to ascertain the extent of the influence of solar light in causing the ~ 
leaves of plants to emit oxygen gas, and to decompose carbonic acid, when 
the plants were either immersed in water, or surrounded by atmospheric air. 
The plants subjected to the former mode of trial were Brassica oleracea, 
Salicornia herbacea, Fucus digitatus, Tussilago hybrida, Cochlearia Armoracea, 
Méntha viridis, Rhtum Rhaponticum, A’llium ursinum, and several species of 
Graminez. Geraniums were the only plants subjected to experiment while 
surrounded with atmospheric air. Comparative trials were made of the action 
on these plants of various kinds of coloured light, transmitted through tinted 
glass, of which the relative calorific, illuminating, and chemical powers had 
been previously ascertained ; and the results of all the experiments are re- 
corded in tables; but no general conclusion is deduced from them by the 
author. He next describes a few experiments which he made on beans, with 
a view to ascertain the influence of light on the secretion of the green matter 
of the leaves, or rather to determine whether the change of colour im the 
chromule is to be ascribed to this agent. The third object of his enquiries 
was the source of the irritability of the Mimosa pudica, from which it ap- 
peared that light of a certain intensity is necessary for the maintenance of 
the healthy functions of this plant; and that, when subjected to the action of 
the less luminous rays, notwithstanding their chemical influence, the plant 
lost its irritability quite as soon as when the light was altogether excluded. 
He then examines the action of light in causing exhalation of moisture from 
the leaves ; selecting dahlias, Helianthus Annuus, Sagittaria sagittifolia, and 
the vine. From the general tenor of the results of these and the preceding 
experiments, he is inclined to infer that both the exhalation and the absorp- 
tion of moisture in plants, as far as they depend on the influence of light, 
are affected in the greatest degree by the most luminous rays; that all the 
functions of vegetable economy, which are owing to the presence of this 
agent, follow, in this respect, the same law ; and that in the vegetable, as well 
as in the animal kingdom, light acts in the character of a specific stimulus. 
The author found that the most intense artificial light that he could obtain 
from incandescent lime produced no sensible effect on plants. 

“The latter part of the paper is occupied by details of the experiments 
which the author made with a view to ascertain the action of plants upon the 
atmosphere, and more especially to determine the proportion that exists be- 
tween the effects attributable to their action during the night and during the day; 
and also the proportion between the carbonic acid absorbed, and the oxygen 
evolved. His experiments appear to show that at least 18 per cent of oxygen 
may be added to the air confined in a jar by the influence of a plant contained 
within it. He also infers that the stage of vegetable life at which the func- 
tion of purifying the air ceases, is that in which leaves cease to exist. The 
author shows that this function is performed both in dicotyledonous and in 
monocotyledonous plants ; in evergreens as well as in those that are deciduous; 
in terrestrial and in aquatic plants; in the green parts of esculents as well as 
in ordinary leaves; in algze and in ferns as well as in phanerogamous fami- 
lies. Professor Marcet has shown that it does not take place in Fingi.” (Lon- 
don and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine, May, 1836, p. 415, 4:16.) 

On the Colours of Flowers.— A curious essay on this subject, entitled 
Die Farben der Blithen, was published last year at Bonn, by Dr. Macquart, 
from which we insert the following abstract of the results obtained: —1. All 
flower-leaves are originally green in the bud. 2. Chlorophyll {the green leaf) 
contains no nitrogen. 3. All the tints of flowers are produced by two 
colouring matters. 4. These colouring matters are produced by the action 
of the living principle upon Chlorophyll. 5. When water, or its elements, 
are removed from Chloryphyll, Anthokyan (dark blue flower) is formed. 6. 
Anthokyan is the colouring matter in blue, violet, and red flowers. 7. By the 

3D 2 


680 General Notices. 


addition of water, Anthovanthin (yellow flower) is formed from Chlorophyll. 
8. Anthoxanthin is the colouring matter of yellow flowers. 9. Besides these 
two colouring matters, we find in white, blue, red, and violet flowers a flower- 
resin, which may be regarded as the transition between Chlorophyll and An- 
thokyan. 10. There is also a slightly coloured extractive matter in white and 
yellow flowers, which is to be considered as the colourless sap of the cells. 
It is remarkable for its extreme sensibility in regard to alkalies, which colour 
it yellow. 11. The form of the cells has no influence on the production of 
a certain colour. 12. Orange-yellow flowers contain both colouring matters, 
Anthoxanthin and Anthokyan, which is reddened by acids, 13. Brown flowers 
contain Chlorophyll and Anthokyan, that is reddened by acids. 14. Flowers 
which contain both colouring matters produce Anthokyan in_ the epidermis 
and the upper,layers of the cells, but Anthovanthin in the interior of the cells. 
15. Anthokyan is also the colouring matter of the other red leaf-like organs ; 
but is, in such cases, covered by a colourless epidermis. 16. A black colouring 
matter does not exist in leaf-like organs; plants concentrate so much blue, 
violet, or green tint, that it seems to us a black. 17. The alteration of the 
colour of flowers must be observed with reference to the different periods 
of the life of the plants. 18. Yellow proceeds directly from green. 19. After 
the period of fructification, yellow passes frequently to the opposite range of 
colours. 20. All buds of red and blue flowers pass from green through 
white to red. 21. White is the transition-step to blue. 22. Blue flowers 
are red in bud, because they have not begun to respire. 23. Some blue flowers 
become red, and others white, after the period of flowering. 24. The blue 
colour subsequently acquired by many red flowers may be explained in two 
modes. (Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, p. 430. April, 1836.) 

On the selecting Power of the Roots of Plants. — A great many experiments, 
which appear to ‘have been conducted with an extraordinary degree of nicety 
and accuracy, have been made, in order to determine the extent ‘of this power, 
by Dr. Daubeny, the Professor of Botany and Chemistry in the University of 
Oxford. 

The subject was taken up by Dr. Daubeny, in consequence of its being 
recommended for consideration by the British Association for the Advance- 
ment of Science, during their meeting at York in 1831; and also because 
this eminent chemist had been previously engaged in enquiries of the same 
nature. The result serves to confirm the conclusions deduced by the younger 
Saussure from his experiments on vegetation; viz. that plants have a power of 
selecting the liquids absorbed by their spongioles, with, however, a certain 
modification to be noticed. 

“In the experiments that were made by Braconnot, Schrader, and others, 
with a similar intent to my own, the plants operated upon, in or rder that all 
external sources for the supply of earthy matter might be cut off, were made 
to vegetate either in washed sand, in sulphur, in pounded glass, in small shot, 
or in certain metallic oxides. It occurred to me, however, that, without 
placing them under circumstances so unnatural, and consequently so un- 
favourable to growth, the same end would be fulfilled if the seeds were sown 
in some earth, which, though foreign to their constitution, agreed, neverthe- 
less, more nearly in mechanical properties with those contained in the soil 
in which they were wont to grow. It was with this intent that I was 
originally led to select, as a soil for my plants, the sulphate of: strontian 
(which is obtained in abundance near Bristol) reduced to fine powder ; and 
having found that the ashes of plants which had been reared in this matrix 
seemed to contain no trace of the earth, I was led, in the next place, to try 
whether this might be owing merely to the insolubility of the substance in 
question ; for which reason I varied the experiment, by watering my plants 
with a weak solution of nitrate of strontian. It will appear, from the subse- 
quent detai's, that, in either form of the experiment, lime, and not strontites, 
was the earth that presented itself; but as, in proportion to the care that had 
been taken to exclude any external source of supply of earthy matter, the 


Science of Gardening. 681 


quantity obtained from the ashes grew less and less, it would be rash to infer, 
from the small excess of lime which was detected, any power belonging to 
the plant of forming it, when not supplied from without, Should it, however, 
appear that a vegetable, which, though not perhaps in full vigour, was at least 
in a growing and healthy condition, remained in contact with strontian, both 
in the state of sulphate, and likewise in that of nitrate dissolved in water, 
for months together, without absorbing any portion; and that, although in 
want of earthy matter, as its laxity of fibre evidently betrayed ; the conclusion 
would seem to follew, that plants have, to a certain extent, the power, as 
living agents, of rejecting such substances as, without being poisonous, are 
unusual to them, and probably unfitted for their economy and structure. 
Omitting some previous experiments, of which I have preserved no correct 
notes, | will, in the first instance, refer to one made in 1827, in which grasses 
and trefoils of various kinds, which had been watered from time to time with 
a solution of nitrate of strontian, were found, on examination, to possess no 
trace of this earth. In the above instance, however, as the plants had grown 
in common garden mould, all that could be inferred was, that, when lime and 
strontian are both presented in a state of solution to their roots, they select 
the former, and reject the latter. In 1829, the seeds of various plants, such 
as the garden radish (Raphanus sativus), the cabbage (Brassica oleracea), 
the garden bean (Vicia Faba), hemp (Cannabis sativa), &c., were sown in 
soils containing various proportions of sulphate of strontian, with or without 
manure, and, amongst the rest, one in which no other ingredient except this 
earth was present in any quantity. The plants grew up; and when they had 
arrived at maturity were collected, burnt, and their ashes examined. No 
strontian, however, could be detected in any one of them; not even in that 
where the matrix consisted almost wholly of the earth in question. In 1831, 
the experiments were conducted with rather more attention to accuracy. 
1124 grains of scarlet kidneybeans (Phaséolus multiflorus) were sown in a box 
containing about 290 lb. of powdered sulphate of strontian, which has been 
ascertained to be free from alkaline matter, but to contain 2 per cent of car- 
bonate of lime, and about 4 per cent of alumina. The box was placed in an 
open situation, exposed to sun and rain; and when the plants reared from 
these seeds had come to maturity, they were cut down and burnt. An ac- 
count was then taken of the weight of the ashes remaining after the com- 
bustion had been completed, and of the fixed principles obtained from them ; 
first, by lixiviation in water; secondly, by digestion in nitric acid ; and, thirdly, 
by treating the remainder with an alkaline carbonate, and then again with the 
same acid as before. A similar process was gone through with the same 
quantity of the kidneybeans as that of which the plants examined had been 
the produce.” (Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, p. 164.) 

After relating a number of experiments, and giving tabular views of their 
results, Dr. Daubeny continues : — 

“JT fear the conclusions that may be legitimately deduced from the above 
experiments will hardly be deemed of sufficient novelty and importance to 
repay the labour and time they have cost me; since, in so far as the main 
point is concerned, they serve only to confirm, in an indirect manner, the 
conclusion which both analogy and experiment concur in establishing ; 
namely, that if plants do, in some cases, obtain fixed principles, which 
cannot be traced to any external source, yet the quantity of such sub- 
stances which enters into their system is always less in proportion to the 
pains taken to cut off a supply. Hence the inference would seem to be, that 
the indications of a contrary description, that sometimes present themselves, 
are fallacious, resulting from the many imperceptible channels by which 
earthy and alkaline matters may obtain admission to the juices of a plant, 
Had I not, very early in the course of these experiments, been led to despair 
of excluding the minute but continual supplies which are probably brought 
by the very air and water which come into contact with the absorbing sur~ 
faces of every vegetable, especially in the centre of a large town, I should not 

3D 3 


682 General Notices. 


have remained satisfied without purifying the sulphate of strontian in which 
the seeds were sown, from the other earths with which I found it to be mixed. 
But the labour of getting rid of these ingredients seemed to be uncalled for 
with reference to the objects to which I found it necessary to confine my 
enquiries ; since, even had I employed the earth in a state of perfect purity, 
and detected an excess of lime in the plants reared in it beyond that con- 
tained in their seeds, still I should not have been justified in inferring the 
actual generation of earthy matter, any more than I have felt myself to be 
from the similar result I obtained when flowers of sulphur were the matrix 
in which the plants had vegetated. The faculty, however, possessed by them 
of rejecting strontian, even when presented to the absorbing surfaces of their 
roots in a state of solution, would seem sufficiently substantiated; and an 
analogous circumstance may be cited in the animal kingdom, if I can rely 
upon an experiment which I made several years ago, — that of confining some 
hens of the guineafowl, during the breeding season, in a place where they 
could obtain no other earth except some powdered sulphate of strontian, 
which they appeared to devour greedily. Yet only a minute trace of this 
earth was discoverable in the shells of their eggs, of which those laid during 
the first part of their confinement retained their natural hardness; but those 
of later production were as soft as if the birds had been entirely debarred 
from every kind of earthy matter. It may be asked, whether the strontian is 
taken first into the system, and afterwards excreted from it, or whether the 
spongioles of the roots refuse it admission? The latter supposition seems the 
more probable one; since, if we adopt the former, we ought to be able always 
to find traces of the earth diffused throughout the vegetable tissue; and I 
may relate an experiment of my own, which seems to confirm it, undertaken 
after the plan of those by means of which the ingenious M. Macaire of Geneva 
established his important doctrine with respect to the excretory function dis- 
charged by the roots of plants. A small pelargonium was taken out of its 
pot, and its roots divided into two nearly equal bundles ; one of which had its 
extremities immersed in a glass containing a weak solution of nitrate of 
strontian, the other in one containing pure distilled water. After a week 
had elapsed, the water contained in the second glass was tested; but no 
strontian could be discovered in it, though a single grain in one pint of water 
would have been readily detected by my method. Hence it would seem that 
the strontian is not excreted by the roots. Yet this power of rejecting the 
earth in question, if possessed by the plant, must be held compatible with 
that of absorbing the water containing it, with which its roots are in contact. 
I took out of the ground a small lilac (Syringa vulgaris), and introduced its 
roots into a glass globe containing seven pints of a weak solution of nitrate 
of strontian. In about a fortnight the quantity was reduced to three pints — 
the remainder having, for the most part, been absorbed by the roots; for 
evaporation was prevented by covering the surface of the water with a 
stratum of olive oil, and the mouth of the vessel with a cork. Unluckily, 
the original quantity of salt had not been estimated; but it was found that 
what remained in the water, at the close of the experiment, yielded 69:4 grains 
of sulphate of strontian, equivalent to 39:2 grains of the earth. The four 
pints of water, therefore, consumed, if they had passed through the organs of 
the vegetable charged with their original quantity of nitrate of strontian, 
would have carried into its circulation 22°4 grains of this earth; and, as the 
water was absorbed at the average rate of about 43 ounces per diem, it 
follows that more than 14 grain would have been carried daily through 
the substance of the plant, supposing the salt to have been taken up in 
the same ratio as the water. Now, on burning the plant, and examining 
its ashes, a trace of strontian certainly was detected; but its whole amount 
did not reach the one fifth of a grain, that is, 2 per cent of the whole 
quantity of earthy matter present; my analysis indicating, of lime, 7-30 grains; 
Strontian, 0°18 ; total quantity of earth, 7-48. ec 

“The conclusion to which I have been led by the foregoing experiments may 


Sczence of Gardening. 683 


appear, at first sight, inconsistent with those deduced by M. De Saussure, in 
his elaborate work on vegetation before referred to ; in which he has shown 
that some poisonous substances, such, for example, as salts of copper, are 
freely absorbed by the roots of vegetables, and retained, in considerable 
quantities im their tissue. But it will be recollected that this philosopher 
himself accounts for the circumstance by the disorganisation which such 
bodies, by their presence, occasion in the fibres of the roots. I have myself 
found that, when a pelargonium had a portion of its roots immersed in 3 
solution of bichromate of potass,a trace of this salt was conveyed into a 
second glass containing distilled water, which had no connexion with the 
former except through the medium of a parcel of the roots which dipped into 
it. Nor was this owing to capillary attraction; for the same effect did not 
take place in another experiment, in which the roots were detached from the 
body of the plant, and therefore acted as dead matter; and, moreover, the 
salt was detected by appropriate tests applied to the stems and leaves. In 
this instance, then, the substance was seen to circulate through the whole 
texture of the vegetable, and ultimately to be excreted by its roots: and a 
similar result was obtained in the case of another plant, im which a solution 
of protosulphate of iron had been dissolved in the water in contact with its 
extremities. That is to say, the salt was detected, by ferro-cyanate of potass, 
in many parts of the stem and branches ; but it did not reach above a certain 
point, nor was it excreted by the roots; this difference arising from the 
absorption of oxygen by the salt, which, being thereby converted into a 
persulphate, became insoluble in the juices of the plant, and consequently 
clogged up the canals by which the sap is conveyed. 

“ But, in all these instances, the poisonous quality of the substance was 
evinced by the more or less rapid decay of the plant that had imbibed it; 
whereas, where nitrate of strontian was employed, the functions of life ap- 
peared to go on, for a considerable time, without material obstruction. 

“Upon the whole, then, I see nothing, so fas as experiments have yet gone, 
to invalidate the conclusion, to which the preceding facts appear to lead, that 
the roots of plants do, to a certain extent at least, possess a power of se- 
lection; and that the earthy constituents, which form the basis of their solid 
parts, are determined, as to quality, by some primary law of nature, although 
their amount may depend upon the more or less abundant supply of the 
principles presented to them trom without.” (p. 176.) 

The Effects of Arsenic on Vegetation. — Dr. Daubeny communicated to the 
British Association at Bristol, “the partial results which he had obtained from 
a series of experiments he was carrying on at Oxford, respecting the effects 
which arsenic produces on vegetation. He was led to undertake these 
experiments, from having received a communication from Mr.Davies Gilbert, 
in which he stated, that there was a district in Cornwall, where the soil 
contained a large portion of arsenic; and that no plants could grow in it, 
except some of the Leguminose. By analysis, this soil yielded him about 
50 per cent of arsenic, in the form of a sulphuret; the rest being composed 
principally of sulphuret of iron, and a little silica... He had already ascer- 
tained that a little of the sulphuret, mixed in soils, produced no injurious 
effect on Sinapis alba, barley, or beans; and that they flowered and seeded 
freely when grown in it. Although the want of solubility in the sulphuret 
might be assigned as a reason for its inactivity, yet it was certainly taken 
up by water in small quantities, and imbibed by the roots of plants. Upon 
watering them with a solution of arsenious acid, he found that they would 
bear it in larger proportions than was presupposed. The injurious effect of 
arsenious acid on vegetation, in the neighbourhood of the copper works of 
Bristol and Swansea, was noticed by Mr. Rootsey; and Mr. Stevens men- 
tioned the circumstance of the trout, in some streams of Cornwall, having been 
destroyed by the opening of some new mines in their neighbourhood, from 
which arsenical compounds were discharged, though the vegetation did not 
appear to be injured by them; and it was further stated, that horses were 

3D 4 ; Pay 


684 General Notices. 


considerably injured, and rendered subject to a remarkable disease, by the 
effects of arsenical compounds in the same district. (Hdinb. New Phil. 
Journ., vol. xxi. Oct. 1836, p. 333. and 334.) 

Electric Property of Plants. — The electric property of some plants, such as 
the calendula, nasturtium, and other yellow-petaled flowers, has been long 
noticed ; and Darwin has particularly illustrated it in his Loves of the Plants, 


« Round her fair form the electric lustre plays, 
And cold she moves amid the lambent blaze.”’ 


But an additional fact of a curious kind has been added to it by Dr. Walsh, 
during his residence at Constantinople. Every month in the year is distin- 
tinguished by some natural phenomenon, which he describes; but that of May 
is most curious and interesting. “ About the 20th of the month, a sudden 
illumination bursts out from the bottom of the gardens as soon as it begins to 
grow dark, and the whole of the walks between the trees are glittering with 
many lights. This arises from the fire-flies, which fill the air in vast numbers. 
The light which issues from these flies is exceedingly beautiful: it is very 
bright, but of a character so mild and bland, that it is grateful to look upon. 
The female is without wings, and is often detected under a leaf by the glitter- 
ing beaux that are hovering round her. They seem also to be invited by the 
blossoms of the nasturtium and the cenothera. The yellow petals of those 
flowers emit faint flashes of light in the evening, as has been elsewhere re- 
marked, and those insects are apparently attracted by the congenial blaze of 
this ‘ electric lustre.” They continue to illuminate the twilight air in this 
way with their beautiful scintillations till the end of June, when they all dis- 
appear.” (Narrative of a Residence at Constantinople.) 

Accelerating the Growth of Seeds by Scalding. — Cobbett, in treating of the 
locust, says, that he was recommended by an American gentleman (Judge 
Mitchell of Long Island) to boil the seeds previously to sowing them. (See 
Art. Brit., p.624.) And the idea is not so ridiculous as might at first 
sight be imagined. The subject was noticed by Professor Henslow, at the 
meeting of the British Association at Bristol ; and the following is an extract 
from a communication by the professor to the Magazine of Natural History, 
vol. ix. p. 477.: — 

“ Sir John Herschel lately sent some seeds of an acacia from the Cape of 
Good Hope, to Captain Smith of Bedford, with directions that they should 
be scalded, in order to secure their germination. Captain Smith having 
presented me with a dozen of these, I subjected them to the following expe-~ 
riments :— Two were placed in boiling water, and left to soak for an hour, 
until the water had become cool; two were kept at the boiling temperature 
for J4 minute; two for 3 minutes; two for 6 minutes; and one for 15 
minutes. Some of these were sown immediately, under a hand-glass, in the 
open border; and the rest were kept for 3 or 4 days, and then sown ina 
hot-bed. The following are the results abtained :— 

Under the hand-glass, — 


1, boiled for 14 minute, failed. 
1 - 3 minutes, came up in 14 days. 
1 - 6 - - - 13 days. 
1, not steeped at all, did not germinate. 

‘In the hot-bed, — 
1, boiled for 14 minute, came up in 8 days. 
1 - 3 minutes - = 7 days. 
1 - G = -  - - 1 days. 
1 - 15 - - -  - 13 days, 
2, in boiling water, left to cool - 9 days. 
2, not steeped - - - 21 days. 


We cannot draw any decided inference from the single seed, which was boiled 


Science of Gardening. 685 


for 15 minutes, having been more retarded than the rest, as it might have 
been a bad specimen; but it seems very clear, that the heat to which these 
seeds were exposed must have acted as a decided stimulus to their germina- 
tion; whilst it is a very singular fact, that they should not have been com- 
pletely destroyed by it. Had I supposed it probable that a seed, which was 
boiled for 15 minutes, would have germinated, I should have boiled some cf 
the others still longer, in order to ascertain the extreme limit to which such 
severe treatment might be carried without destroying the vital principle.’ — 
Cambridge, July 8, 1836. 

In pursuance of this subject, at the Bristol meeting, “ Mr. Hope mentioned 
a practice, common in some parts of Spain, of baking corn toa certain extent, 
by exposing it to a temperature of 150°, or upwards, for the purpose of 
destroying an insect by which it was liable to be attacked. Dr. Richardson 
mentioned, that the seeds sold in China for the European market were pre- 
viousiy boiled, for the purpose of destroying their vitality, as the jealousy of 
that people made them anxious to prevent their exportation in a state fitted 
for germmation. Upon sowing these seeds, he had, nevertheless, observed 
some few of them were still capable of vegetating.” (Edin. New Phil. Journ., 
vol. xxi. Oct. 1836, p. 333.) 

Artesian Wells. — M. Mulot, who has the management of the process now 
in operation at the Barriére de Grenelle, near Paris, for forming artesian 
wells, has already penetrated 1088 ft. without finding water. His contract 
is to bore as low as 1200 ft.; and if no water is found at this depth, the en- 
gineer is ready to make a new contract with the city of Paris, to go to the 
enormous depth of 2000ft.; such a depth has never yet been sounded on 
the surface of the globe. ( Atheneum, 1836, p.'740.) If the depth of 2000 ft. 
can be attained, at any thing like a moderate expense, it is probable that a 
still greater depth is practicable; and if so, water may probably be found in 
every spot on the face of the earth. The fertility of the most arid deserts 
would thus be secured, and the whole world rendered one fertile garden. 
The next step would be to call down fire from the clouds, in the form of 
electricity, so as to facilitate the operations of cooking, and the driving of 
machinery. 

Heating by Hot Water drawn up from the Bowels of the Earth.— It seems 
to be now proved beyond dispute, that the temperature of the earth increases 
from the surface downwards; and consequently, at a certain depth, the heat of 
water must be at the boiling point ; and at a still greater depth, all materials 
whatever must be in a fluid state. At the meeting of the Bristol Associ- 
ation in August, 1836, Professor Stevelly suggested the idea of bringing up 
hot water from the bowels of the earth to its surface ; and heating houses, ma- 
nufactories, &c., with it, so as to keep them at a given temperature, in the same 
manner as is done with the apparatus by water artificially heated. (Lit. Gaz., 
Sept. 3. 1836, p. 551.) As, at a certain depth, the water must be at sucha 
degree of temperature, as when allowed to expand, it will instantly become high- 
pressure steam, it seems not altogether impossible that our stationary steam 
engines may be supplied with that material without the use of fuel ; and hence 
those who look forward with fear to the period when the coal mines will be 
exhausted, may derive some small degree of consolation. At all events, 
it seems not unreasonable to suppose that, if a bore or artesian well is car- 
ried so deep as to penetrate into a stratum of water at a sufficient temper- 
ature to expand itself into steam, there will be no difficulty in the water 
ascending to the surface. If ever so complete a command of water should 
be obtained by man, in every part of the world, except, of course, the frozen 
zone, the climate and culture of the whole would be altered : and who can 
tell what may be the ultimate result of the operations of man, in one way or 
another, chemically, electrically, and mechanically, upon the globe ? ‘ 

The Structure of Pit Coal.— The following extracts, taken from a notice, 
in the Philosophical Magazine, of an Essay entitled “ Observations on Coal,” 
by W. Hutton, Esq., F. G. S., may not be uninteresting to the readers of this 


686 General Notices. 


Magazine; especially as it relates to an article so indispensable to the garden 
and of the nature of which so little is generally known. 

“* On examining with the microscope one of the slices of coal in which Mr. 
Witham lately discovered a distinct vegetable texture, the attention of the 
author was excited by the remarkable appearance of several cells in that part 
of the coal where the texture of the original plant could not be distinguished. 
Tempted to extend the enquiry, he procured an extensive series of slices, 
taken from the several varieties of coal found at Newcastle, and the conti- 
guous district. The coal of the Newcastle district is considered by the au- 
thor to be of three kinds. The first, which is the greatest in quantity, and 
the best in quality, is the rich caking coal so generally esteemed; the second 
is the cannel, or Parrot coal (splent coal of the miners); and the third, 
the slate coal of Jameson, consists of the two former arranged in thin 
alternate layers, and has, consequently, a slaty structure. In the varieties of 
coal, even in samples taken indiscriminately, more or less of the vegetable 
texture may always be discovered; thus affording the fullest evidence, if any 
such proof were wanting, of the vegetable origin of coal. Each of these 
three kinds of coal, besides the fine distinct reticulations of the original 
vegetable texture, exhibits other cells, which are filled with a light wine- 
yeliow-coloured matter, apparently of a bituminous nature, and which is so 
volatile as to be entirely expelled by heat before any change is effected in 
the other constituents of the coal. The number and appearance of cells 
vary with each variety of coal. In caking coal, the cells are comparatively 
few, and those which do exist are highly elongated. Their original form the 
author believes to have been circular; and he attributes their present form 
to the distention of gas confined in a somewhat yielding material, subject 
to perpendicular pressure. In the finest portions of this coal, where the 
crystalline structure, as indicated by the rhomboidal form of its fragments, 
is most developed, the cells are completely obliterated. In such -parts the 
texture is uniform and compact: the crystalline arrangement indicates 
a more perfect union of the constituents, and a more entire destruction of 
the original texture of the plant. The slate coal, or the third variety above 
mentioned, contains two kinds of cells, both of which are filled with yellow 
bituminous matter. One kind is that already noticed in caking coal; while 
the other kind of cells constitutes groups of smaller cells of an elongated 
circular figure. In those varieties which go under the name of cannel, Par- 
rot, or splent coal, the crystalline structure, so conspicuous im fine caking 
coal, is wholly wanting; the first kind of cells are rarely seen; and the whole 
surface displays an almost uniform series of the second class of cel!s, filled 
with bituminous matter, and separated from each other by their fibrous 
divisions.” 

In speculating on the origin of cells in cannel coal, the author “ considers 
it highly probable that they are derived from the reticular texture of the 
parent plant, rounded and confused by the enormous pressure to which the 
vegetable matter has been subjected.” The author next states that, “ though 
the crystalline and uncrystalline, or, in other terms, perfectly and imper- 
fectly developed, varieties of coal generally occur in distinct strata, yet it 1s 
easy to find specimens which, in the compass of a single square inch, contain 
both varieties. From this fact, as also from the exact similarity of position 
which they occupy in the mine, the differences in different varieties of coal 
are ascribed to original difference in the plants from which they were 
derived.” 

Might not the volatile bituminous matter contained in the cells, which is 
said to be “entirely expelled by heat before any change is effected in the 
constituents of the coal,” and which, consequently, carries off heat, instead 
supplying it, be ignited, and thereby made to produce heat, by means of 
of Witty’s patent furnace. If this could be accomplished, it is probable 
that the cannel and slate coal, which appear to contain as much of this bitu- 
minous matter as the best, or caking, coal, might be equally available for gar- 


Floriculture. 687 


dening purposes, although their cost is, I believe, only about half that of 
the latter. — J. B. W. : 

Earwigs.— The part of the plant these insects attack is the nectary; and 
if they can get at it by no other means, they at once proceed to eat their way 
through the calyx. A piece of sponge, dipped in oil, and tied round the 
bottom of the stick and flower-stem, is said to be a preventive. (Smith’s 
Florist’s Magazine, p. 85., art. Picotees.) 

The Wireworm, which is said to be the larva of a species of click-beetles 
(the Hemirhipus lineatus or obscurus, or both), is another formidable insect. 
“Entomologists say that they remain in the larva state for five years, during 
which time they feed upon the roots of vegetables. They work below the 
surface of the soil, which makes it the more difficult to destroy them. They 
invariably attack the pink and the carnation at the bottom of the stem, near 
the root, and make holes through it in every direction; while the only indi- 
cation of their presence is the entire destruction of the plant. The larva is, 
in general, found in the loam; therefore great care should be taken, in 
sweetening that soil, not to allow one to escape when it is turned over; and 
their colour being a light brown, makes the finding of them more difficult. 
They are about 11 in. long, with a dark-coloured head, with jointed feet 
placed near the head. The best way to get rid of them is to bury slices of 
potatoes, turnips, carrots, beet, cabbage-stumps, or young lettuce plants, 
about 1 in. below the surface, and mark the place with a stick: these baits 
must be examined every day, and all that are found on them destroyed. This 
was the plan adopted by Sir Joseph Banks; and no better is now known. 
The grub is also a great enemy of the carnation. It is almost always 
found in pasture loam, and it lies concealed just below the surface of the 
earth; but it will ascend the stem of the plants, says Mr. Hoge, during 
the night, and consume part of 
the petals, eating holes in the 
pod; and then it will descend 
and bury itself for the day near 
the foot of the stem. When the 
blossom is in a dying state, it will 
often secrete itself in the seed- 
vessel, and devour the whole in- 
terior.’ (Smith’s Floris?’s Mag., 
p- 86., art. Picotees.) 


FLORICULTURE. 


A Botanist’s Spud. — Botanists 
are often in want of an imple- 
ment to get up the root of a 
plant, when it may be very incon- 
venient to encumber themselves 
with any ordinary gardening tool 
for that purpose. In this case a 
pocket spud ( fig.109.) may afford 
auseful substitute. The leathern 
case, it need hardly be said, is for 
the better security of the tool in 
conveyance. The strap is affixed 
to the under part of the case by 
two sets of stitches, so as to ad- 
mit of a string or riband being 
“reeved”’ through, in order that 
the spud may be tied to the but- 
ton-hole, or worn round the 
waist, &c., if such method be 


688 General Notices. \ 


preferred to carrying it in the pocket. Of course, this little tool may be 
made of any dimensions, to suit the fancy of the botanist. — W. 7. B. 
Allesley, August 5. 1836. 

In fig. 109. a represents the spud without the case; 4, the spud in its case ; 
and c, the case open, to show the make and manner of it. 

To preserve Botanical Specimens, Insects, §c., it is only necessary to wash 
them over with the essential oil of cloves; or, indeed, with any essential 
oil whatever. (Dr. Macartney, at the Bristol Association, August, 1836, as 
given in Literary Gazette, Sept.3.) Succulent plants may be preserved by 
enveloping them in a coat of plaster of Paris. (Jd., as given in Atheneum, 
Sept. 3. p. 625.) 

Tigridia Pavonia. — In looking in Gerard’s Herbal, I accidentally turned to 
p. 122. fig. 2., Tigridis flos, which he supposes was a feigned figure sent him 
of a plant unknown; and I never knew any with a root as there figured; but 
I am disposed to think it was intended for Tigridia Pavonia. I have never 
seen, or heard before, of De Bry’s Florilegium ; but, as Gerard says it is there 
figured “ much better and more elegant,” if any among your numerous readers 
should have that work, they may find it correspond with the plant-much 
better than his figure does; and it may be a pleasing satisfaction to some of 
them to know that such a plant was in cultivation above 200 years ago, a 
native of Mexico, perhaps then a newly discovered world. If you think this 
observation worth the public attention, your inserting it in your Magazine 
will gratify the wish of — Thomas Hawkins. Turley, Gloucestershire, Oct. 17. 
1836. 


ARBORICULTURE. 


Age of Yew Trees.— At the Bristol Association, in August, 1836, Mr. Bow- 
man read a paper on the mode of ascertaining the age of yew trees, by 
counting the rings and lines of the trunk; and instanced several experiments 
which he had made. The mean average of the number of lines that a yew 
tree increased in a year was 2, or 44 to the inch; and the result of his ex- 
periments went to prove that De Candolle was wrong in his experiments in 
this respect ; that he made the old trees too young, and the young ones too 
old. With respect to the growth of yews in churchyards, many reasons had 
been assigned for it; but it occurred to him that the longevity, the indigenous 
nature of the tree, and its being an emblem of immortality, led our forefathers 
to deck the place of the dead with it, in lieu of the cypress. This was one 
of the many customs which were engrafted on Christianity at its introduction. 
—Mr. Rootsey, in allusion to what had been said with regard to the growth 
of yews in churchyards, remarked that the Scotch, Welch, and Latin signifi- 
cation for a church, was a large circular structure, or what we now call a 
churchyard; and therefore it was highly probable there were many yew 
trees in existence of higher antiquity than the buildings they surrounded. 
— Professor Henslow said he had come to the conclusion, that one third of 
the age of De Candolle’s oldest trees ought to be struck off; but in the other 
particular he did not agree with Mr. Bowman.— None of the speakers 
alluded to the supposition that the cultivation of yew trees was encouraged 
by our feudal rulers, to whom the wood was so essential in forming bows for 
their vassals and retainers. (Literary Gazette, Sept. 3.) An elaborate paper 
on the yew, by Mr. Bowman, accompanied by engravings, will appear in the 
Magazine of Natural History for January next. 

Grafting the Céltis on the common Thorn. — However unnatural this union 
may appear, there is a Céltis australis at Purser’s Cross, which is doubtless so 
grafted. It was poimted out by Lord Ravensworth’s gardener to Mr. Scott 
(formerly gardener to Dr. Neill), in 1834, who saw a thorn sucker growing on 
the stock. We have not seen these suckers ourselves; but we perceive 
nothing in the bark of the stock, which is not above 6 in. high, which would 
justify us in saying that it is not a thorn. We should be glad if any of our 
readers would try some scions of any species of Céltis on any species of 


Agriculture. 689 


Crate‘eus next spring, and let us know the result. The Ceéltis at Purser’s 
Cross is upwards of 50 years old, and nearly 30 ft. high. — Cond. 

Xanthorrhea arborea, the Grass Tree. —In Vol. XI. p. 338—342., some 
account of the esculents and fruits of Van Diemen’s Land is given by Mr. 
James Backhouse, of the York Nursery, in which this singular tree is men- 
tioned. Mr. Backhouse’s article has appeared in the Van Diemen’s Land 
Almanack, from which it has been quoted at length into the Companion to 
the Botanical Magazine, No. xiv. p. 383—41.; and the following very interest- 
ing note added to the part relating to the Xanthorrhce‘a: —“ A portion of the 
noble stem of this plant, which forms so striking a feature in one of the plates 
in Flinders’s Voyage to Australia, was sent from Australia to the Mauritius, and 
thence, after some delay, to us (Sir W. J. Hooker) in Scotland. It was 
placed in our private collection ; and, after a lapse of nearly, if not quite, three 
years from the time of its being severed from the parent tree, it shot out a 
beautiful tuft of leaves from the extremity; but, though every means was 
taken to encourage the continued vegetation of the plant, the leaves soon 
perished. It was after this period, that, being placed in the same museum, an 
entomologist was gratified by this stem giving birth (at different times, and 
during a space of two years) to several living specimens of a rare beetle, ap- 
parently a new Cerambyx, of a beautiful chestnut colour, about 2in. in 
length, exclusive of the antennz, with which several cabinets have been sup- 
plied. The same insect has also been taken in New Holland by Dr. Logan. 
(Companion to Botanical Magazine, vol. ii. p. 40.) 


AGRICULTURE. 


Lhe most extraordinary Agricultural Improvement of modern Times, is the 
system of thorough draining and subsoil ploughing of Mr. Smith, of Deanston 
in Stirlingshire, noticed at length in Vol. IX. p. 448. In Mr. Shaw Lefevre’s 
Report to the Agricultural Committee, this system is mentioned as capable of 
reclaiming every acre of cold, wet land in the country, and raising it, in a 
short time, to a par with the very best soils. According to Mr. Lefevre’s 
idea, if this system were applied, whether with or without a corn law, the 
produce of Britain would become so abundant that there would be no danger 
of prices rising for half a century to come. Mr, Lefevre counsels the British 
agriculturist to accede to a total repeal of the corn laws, and to stand on the 
field of free competition with all the world; trusting to his improved skill 
and improved modes, to his capital, and to the aptitude of the soils of his 
country for improvement, to enable him to do so. 

Acceleration of the Growth of Wheat. — At the meeting of the British As- 
sociation held at Bristol in August, 1836, Mr. G. Webb Hall read a paper, 
the object of which was to show that “the occupation of the ground for 
-wheat might be very materially abridged. At an average, this might be 
averaged at 10 months, though 12, and even 13, were not unusual; and 
8 might be considered as the shortest period for the ordinary winter 
wheat. By a selection of particular seed, and a choice of peculiar situations, 
wheat sown early in March has been, on different occasions, ripened before 
the middle of August; a period scarcely exceeding five months. Mr. Hall 
considers it an unquestionable law of vegetation, that the offspring of a plant 
of early maturity, itself seeks to become so likewise, even when placed in un- 
propitious circumstances ; and that it recedes with reluctance from the con- 
dition of its parent. Hence the seed of a crop which has been ripened in five 
months has a better prospect of producing another crop equally accelerated, 
than that from a crop which has been longer in ripening. He also asserted, 
that the acceleration of a crop was farther promoted by thick sowing, which 
likewise might be considered advantageous in checking and stopping the mil- 
dew. — Dr. Richardson referred to the remarks of Humboldt, that in South 
America the wheat crop was ripened in 90 days from the period of sowing; 
_and stated that about Hudson’s Bay this period was only’70 days. He sug- 
gested the probable advantage that might arise from importing seed from the 


690 Foreign Notices : — France. 


latter country, for the purpose of furthering Mr. Hall’s views; but this gen- 
tleman stated that he found that seed imported from a distance (and he had 
tried some from Italy) was liable to become diseased.” (Edinburgh New 
Philosophical Journal, Oct. 1836.) 


Art. II. Foreign Notices. 


FRANCE. 


_ Paris, Rue des Vignes, No.5. d Chaillot, May 8. 1836.—I received your 
letter of the 9th April; and, in reply, forward you some account of the salis- 
buria which I sent to M. Gaussin, at Bourdigny. It was raised from a 
cutting taken from a plant in the garden of the Chevalier Jansen, an English 
gentleman. This garden is now the Jardin Marbceuf. The tree was known, 
when I came to Paris in 1777, under the name of Arbre de quarante E’cus, as 
I was told; Mr. Jansen, who was very curious in plants, and who planted 
those gardens, having bought the plant at that price. As I was acquainted 
with that gentleman, I procured cuttings from the plant from him, which I 
reared. The Abbé Nolin was at that time the director of the nurseries of 
the King of France. He received many plants and seeds from the missionaries 
in China, several of which I remember to have seen, which are now lost. The 
Abbé would not give any of the plants which he received, either to the Jardin 
des Plantes, or to that of Trianon, which was a botanic garden under Louis 
XV., and conducted by Richard ; but, as I was in good friendship with all the 
three, I frequently saw what they had. The Abbé Nolin, being a native of 
the south of France, had an establishment near Marseilles, or Toulon, where 
he sent many plants that he supposed would not bear the winter in Paris, and 
amongst others the gingko, of which I knew that he had some plants at that 
time. The plant which I sent to Bourdigny was raised, as I mentioned 
above, from a cutting of that of Mr. Jansen. The original tree in the Jardin 
Marbeeuf was destroyed, some years ago, to give place to some buildings ; and 
those who cut down the tree for fire-wood neither knew nor cared whether it 
had borne fruit or not. Most of the trees that I planted at Monceau and 
Bagatelle were destroyed, when I left Paris, during the revolution of 1792; 
and, as I was absent from Paris many years, I can get no information whether 
the salisburia, that was among those destroyed, had borne fruit or not; but I 
imagine that the salisburias still existing near Marseilles and Toulon were 
those sent from Paris by the Abbé Nolin. I saw lately, at the Jardin des 
Plantes, young plants raised from seeds of the salisburia, which came from near 
Toulon. — Thomas Blaikie. . 
Blakea Garcinia— As you wish to know some part of my life, I shall mention 
a curious circumstance that occurred to mein 1775. When I was rambling 
upon Mount Jura, I met one day a gentleman, who, like myself, was looking 
after plants. We soon got acquainted, and showed each other what we had 
discovered. We afterwards walked together to his little chateau, situated at 
the foot of the mountain; and he told me that his father, who was dead, had 
been a great botanist, a member of the Royal Society of London, and a cor- 
respondent of Linnezus. To convince me of this, and to show me that Lin- 
nzus had named a plant in his name (Garcinia), he opened the Species 
Plantarum, to show me Blakea Garcinia, in Dodecandria Monogynia; which 
made me laugh at the singularity in finding my name united with his. I told 
him, in a joke, I did not know we were such near relations ; and when I showed 
my name joined to his for the same plant, he began exclaiming “ Diable !” and 
asked me from what country I came. I told him from Scotland. He added 
another “ Diable !”’ and said he had served in Russia with two of my country- 
men, officers in the same service as himself. That one day, on an excursion, 
they were surrounded by a company of Tartars, and taken prisoners, and carried 
off into the interior of Tartary, he imagined towards China; when the two 


. Foreign Notices : — France. 691 


Scotchmen, by speaking the Erse, or Celtic, to the Tartars, made themselves 
perfectly understood, this people speaking nearly the same language as them- 
selves. They were treated with the greatest kindness, and conducted back to 
the army in the most friendly manner: and from this circumstance the Tartars 
became friends to the Russians. From this he concluded that the Celtic 
language must have been the original language of all the northern part of the 
globe; and that these unconquered people had retired, and preserved their 
original language in Tartary, as the others had on the mountains of Scotland, 
Treland, and Wales, and in some parts of the Basque Mountains, and in 
Breton. — Thomas Blaikie. 

Sorbus. — A friend of mine, was publishing a Botanical Glossary, or Ety- 
mological Dictionary of the Botanical Names in Linneus ; and he frequently 
showed me the manuscript. He was at the word Sorbus; and I observed to 
him that the people of Scotland had a superstitious idea that this tree was a 
charm or preservative against witchcraft; and they hada proverb that says, — 


“ Roan tree and red threed 
Puts the witches to their speed ;” 


when he replied, that a gentleman of his acquaintance, who had been long in 
the East Indies, and frequently associated with the natives, told him that the 
women in Hindostan had nearly the same superstitious opinions relative to 
red thread ; and that they tied some red thread round their children’s arms as 
a preservation against witchcraft, enchantment, or evil spirits; and that in 
Switzerland, the country people strew the berries of the sorbus over the 
graves from nearly the same idea. Now, how the same superstition could have 
spread from the East Indies to Switzerland and Scotland, I shall leave your 
learned doctors to decide: I only send you this for your amusement, and for 
the Arboretum Britannicum, if you think it worth inserting when you are treating 
on the mountain ash. — Jd. 

Paris, Aug. 10. 1836. — On visiting the Jardin des Plantes, I was sur- 
prised to find the extensive improvements that have taken place in the 
stoves and green-houses ; but rather disappointed with the arrangement in the 
different compartments of the open garden, which seem in a state of compara- 
tive neglect to what they were when I last saw them, in 1827. To the hot- 
houses have been added two palm-houses; the framework of iron, and the roofs 
glazed as well as the sides: they are about 40 ft. square in the ground plan, 
and finished with a domical roof. The effect is excellent. The palms are in 
boxes, which are placed in a sunk pit, the bottom of which pit can be lowered 
as the plants grow; so that their trunks may be 100 ft. in height, and yet their 
heads be at a sufficient distance from the glass, and quite near the eye of the 
spectator walking round the house. The stems, or trunks, being sunk in the 
pit, will suffer nothing from the want of light; and a circulation of air can 
readily be contrived by a shaft, which may also serve as a staircase to go 
down for the purposes of culture ; also for the curiosity of walking in a palm 
grove. All that is necessary to be kept in view, in the case of such a plan as 
this, is to place palms which grow at the same rate, and attain the same 
height, together; so that the dwarf kinds and slow-growing sorts might not 
suffer by their proximity to the larger and more rapidly growing species. It 
must be obvious, that if, instead of sinking the pits as the palms grew, the side 
walls of the house were raised, exactly the same effect would be produced as 
far as respects the plants. The spectator, on entering the house, would find 
himself in a dark palm grove; and by ascending a staircase and walking round 
a gallery at the top of the wall (which gallery would have to be raised as the 
plants were raised), the foliage of the plants would be seen from above. If 
palms were classed and cultivated in this way, a palm-house, both in the first 
cost and after-management, would cost less than any other description of 
plant-house, with the single exception of the article of fuel. The side walls 
of the house might be of brick or stone, built hollow, to increase its non- 
conducting power; and the roof of iron, glazed, and fixed; the openings for 


692 Foreign Notices : — Holland. 


air being made at the tops of the side walls. The palms might be planted, each 
in a square of soil, separated by thin brick walls; so that the roots of one sort 
might not interfere in the slightest degree with those of another. The side 
walls might require to be raised 1 ft. every three years; and as, by the time 
these got to be as high as 30 ft. or 40 ft. they might be considered unsightly, 
they could, when first built, be planted with ivy, or Magnolia grandiflora, or the 
common holly, outside, the growth of which would keep pace with the rising 
of the walls; or the palm-house might be placed in a grove of slow-growing 
evergreens, such as hollies, which would completely conceal the blank walls on 
every side. In short, there is much yet to be done in Britain in the way of 
palm culture: and when it is borne in mind that these plants, in common with 
all the Monocotyledonez, only require perpendicular light; that they require 
no shifting or pruning; no nicety in regard to either air or water; that they are 
little subject to the attacks of insects of any kind; that they only require an 
abundant supply of heat; that this heat can hardly escape any where but from 
the roof, and that even this might be covered, during nights in winter, with 
canvass, matting, or boards; — I say, when we consider all these things, a 
palm-house will appear to be one of the most simple and easily managed de- 
scription of tropical gardens. But you shall hear more from me on this sub- 
ject by and by. In the mean time, I have sent you the new catalogue of the 
garden, and a lithographic view of the hot-houses, &c. — J. C. D. 

IM. Soulange-Bodin was some time ago appointed Vice-Secretary to La 
Société Royale et Centrale d’ Agriculture ; and, on the 10th of April last, I had 
the pleasure of hearing him read a yery elegant discourse, which was highly 
applauded by the members present, and has since been published in a cheap 
monthly agricultural journal, called L’ Agronome. In taking a general review 
of the present state of agriculture in France, M. Soulange-Bodin notices the 
great increase of the culture of the potato; and he considers the beet as a 
source of incalculable riches, not only for France, but for Europe in general. 
Of course, the value of the beet depends mainly on the sugar which can be pro- 
cured from it, but not altogether; for the beet is much better adapted as a 
green crop for feeding cattle ina warm climate, than either the turnip or the 
potato. The culture of the silkworm, and that of the Saxon mermos, occupy a 
good deal, also, of public attention; and, lastly, the culture of the forests. 
MM. Vilmorin, Michaux, Jaume St. Hilaire, Mirbel and Loiseleur Deslong- 
champs, are represented as continuaily urging the great importance of in- 
troducing all kinds of foreign trees among the indigenous ones in the native 
forests. Great attention, it appears, is being paid to the study of the insects 
which attack trees; and Michaux is stated to have made some valuable dis- 
coveries on the subject: but I refer you to L’ Agronome. — Id. 


HOLLAND. 


Leyden, October 12. 1836.— In answer to your letter of September 29., 
I have the pleasure to give you the requested information concerning the 
ornus; to which I add the portraits of that and three other trees in the gar- 
den of our university, in the hope that they will be acceptable to you. 

The Fraxinus O‘rnus (O’mus europea), called “the tree of Boerhaave,” 
because it was grafted, in the time of that celebrated professor, on F. excélsior, 
still exists, but is in a state of great decay. The trunk is almost hollow, and 
rotten on one side, where it is nearly covered with fungous productions. 
Being afraid that the stem might be blown down and broken by a strong 
wind, we have been obliged to cut off many large branches of the head, and 
support the trunk by props. Perhaps the decayed state of the tree is 
partly caused by its having been transplanted about twenty years ago, when 
a new arrangement of the garden took place. About the mid-height of the 
stem, and on its healthy side, there is a large spherical wen, or solid ex- 
crescence, the circumference of which is 1:37 métres=43 ft. The following 
dimensions are taken in French metrical measures, which can easily be reduced 
into English :— . 


Foreign Notices : — Germany, Spain, N. America. 693 


I. Frézvinus O’rnus L. Total height 9 mét.=29 ft.; height of the trunk 3-9 met. 
=12ft.; circumference of the trunk 1:37 mét.=43 ft. The lower branches 
near the ground are young plants of the same O’rnus, grafted on branches 
which issued from the stock of F. excélsior. They were grafted last year. 

II. A’cer monspessulanum. Total height 9°43 mét.=31 ft.; height of the 
trunk 2 mét.=63 ft.; circumference of the trunk 3°21] meét.=10 ft.; diameter. 
of the head 7:60 mét.=25 ft. 

III. Salisburia adiantifolia (Gingko biloba). Height 12°62 met.=41 ft. ; 
circumference of the trunk 1:31 mét.=44 ft. 

IV. Lonicera alpigena Linn. Total height 4°22 meét.=133 ft.; height of 
the trunk 1:30 mét.=44 ft.; circumference of the trunk 0:99 mét.=3 ft.; di- 
ameter of the head 3°82 mét.=11 ft. 

V. Robinia glutindsa L. Total height 12 mét.=39 ft.; height of the trunk 
2°14 mét.=7 ft.; circumference of the trunk 1°35 mét.=44 ft.; diameter of 
the head 9°34: mét.=30 ft. : 

The A'cer monspessulanum and the Lonicera were planted on the spot 
where they stand, at the time that Linnzus was here, when the garden was 
arranged by him and Professor A. Van Royen, according to his sexual system. 
— C. G. C. Reinwardt, Professor of Chemistry and Botany at Leyden. 

N.B. The Lonicera has lost its leaves at the present time. A young plant, 
however, has issued froma large fissure in the trunk, which sprang from seed 
that had fallen into that cavity. The branches of this very old tree are 
fastened together by iron hoops. 


GERMANY. 


The English Garden at Munich.—1 send you a copy of the plans of the 
English garden at Munich, as recently altered, embellished with six litho- 
graphic prints. I hope you will be pleased with the views of that part of the 
garden where the round temple is; which, when you were here, was not 
begun. The temple, and the monument within it, are now finished. The 
design is by the senator Count Klenze, our first architect ; and it is built of 
white sandstone, in the style of the ancient Greek buildings. It is ornamented 
with encaustic paintings ; a style of ornamenting buildings which is here called 
lithochromic. Although these paintings are flat, and without that light and 
- shade which architectural ornaments usually possess, they have a splendid 
effect in the sunshine. If the colours could but always remain as lively and 
striking as they are at present, they would be invaluable! Count Klenze, 
who intends to go soon to London, has, by this first example of lithochromic, 
not only obtained himself a celebrity here for the renewal of this art, but I 
may say, perhaps, throughout all Europe.— Sckell, Court Garden Director. 
Munich, June 24. 1836. 

SPAIN. 


Gibraltar, May 20. 1836. — I have taken in the Arboretum Britannicum, 
and have also persuaded our Library to take it too; for I have a good deal 
of love for botany and trees, and have the same feeling respecting them as 
my ancestors had. I have a large garden here ; and I am trying to acclimatise 
the tropical fruits, as well as our own gooseberries, currants, and raspberries ; 
which are now fruiting abundantly with me, though it is the first year of the 
trial. I havea banana with a raspberry bush under it, both in fruit! So much 
for the climate of Gibraltar. — Basil R. Heron. 


NORTH AMERICA. 


Quércus dlba.— A white oak tree, on the land of Mr. Grove, near Rox- 
bury, Lettenkenny township, Franklin county, Pennsylvania, being felled and 
cut up, produced the following quantity of wood; viz. 1400 shingles, 200 fel- 
loes; two saw logs, one 14 ft., the other of 16 ft. long; one house log, 22 ft. 
long ; four rail cuts, making 60 rails (each 8 ft. long) ; and two cords of wood. 
J. M. Philadelphia, Sept. 17. 1836. 

Platanus occidentalis. — Near Howel’s Ferry, S. C., on Broad River, on the 

Vou. XII. — No. 81. 3E ; 


694 Foreign Notices: — North America. 


York side, stands a buttonwood tree (Platanus occidentalis), which, for its 
ereat size and capacity, surpasses, perhaps, any one in the United States. It 
is 72 ft. in circumference, with a hollow 16 ft. in diameter, and has held within 
that space seven men on horseback. Tradition reports it gave shelter and 
afforded protection to many families during the lowering days of the American 
revolution. (Yorkville Pioneer.) —J. M. Philadelphia, Sept. 17. 1836. 

Endicot Pear Tree. — The Salem (Massachusetts) Gazette mentions that 
the famous pear tree, planted by Governor Endicot in 1628, on his farm in 
Danvers, has borne this season (1831) three bushels of pears. The species is 
the Bon Chrétien. — Jd. 

Large Pears.— At the time I was taking in my pears, I weighed six, and 
their weight was 9lb. The largest weighed 2510z.; measuring 1331in. in 
circumference, and 162 in. lengthwise. Two of the pears are deposited in the 
office of the Free Press (Philadelphia) for inspection.—Job Roberts. Whitpain 
Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, Oct. 1831. 

[Mr. Roberts is an excellent farmer, and a highly respectable member of 
the Society of Friends. I saw the two pears in the Free Press office. — J. M. 
Philadelphia, Sept. 17. 1836.] 

Large Virginian Apple Tree. — Romney, Virginia, Oct. 24, 1835. We are 
indebted to a highly respectable gentleman of Hardy county for the following 
facts relative to a mammoth apple tree on the farm of Captain Daniel 
M‘Neill of that county. Our informant says that he took the dimensions of 
this tree carefully, and accurately ; and found it to be 45 ft. in height, and 
55 ft. in breadth; circumference of the trunk 9ft.4im. About 7 ft. from the 
root, there are eleven branches, the average size of which are 3 ft. 10 in. in 
circumference. But the most remarkable fact about this tree is the quantity 
of fruit it bore the present year; 180 bushels of apples having been taken 
from it thus autumn. Four or five bushels of such as were bruised, and 
partially and entirely rotten, were left under the tree; and a good deal of its 
fruit must have been taken away by different persons through the summer and 
autumn: so that the real quantity it bore must have been very near, if not 
quite, 200 bushels. The apples are very large. It stands near the south 
branch, on very rich soil. I have been informed that it did not bear any fruit 
until after it was twenty years old. It grew spontaneously where it now 
stands, and, although forty years old, still continues to grow. —J.M. Phila- 
delphia, Jan. 6. 1836. 

The Maclura thrives in Mrs. M‘Mahon’s garden wonderfully, and last year 
her trees produced nearly three bushels of fruit. She gave me one apple to send 
to vou; and she has many trees to sell at 2 dollars each. The last winter, 
which has been the coldest since the British artillery and troops crossed trom 
New York to Jersey, in the winter of 1779-80, was a hard one for the poor 
deer, the hunters making great destruction among them in the interior, by 
pursuing them on the frozen snow. — J. MZ. Philadelphia, April 27. 1836. 

The Tea Plant is said to have been successfully cultivated in the Ohio 
state. A Mr. John Platt announces that he has succeeded in growing, drying, 
and preparing tea equal in quality to the imported “ young hyson.” He offers 
to give seed and instructions to those who wish to become growers; and he 
states that he is led to do this solely from a wish to benefit the country in which 
he has passed the greater part of his life. He is now fourscore years of age. 
(Morn. Chron., July 21.) In Legarre’s Southern Agriculturist for the United 
States, published in 1828, are the following observations : — “ On enquiry, I 
find that the tea tree grows perfectly well in the open air near Charleston, 
where it has been raised for the last 15 years at M. Noisette’s nursery. Tea, 
as exported from China, would cost too much in the preparation; for each 
leaf goes through a particular process there. But, as this is probably done 
with a view of economising room, and preserving its freshness in the long 
sea voyage to which it is exposed, we might, in raising it as a crop, use it and 
export it, at least northwardly, dried in the same manner as senna or hops. 
(South. Agri., &c., vol.i. p. 18.) 


Domestic Notices : — England. 695 


Art. III. Domestie Notices. 


ENGLAND. 


An Insect on the Leaves of Pear Trees at Kinmel Park. —1 have had the 
opinions of Mr. Westwood and Mr. Children on this insect; the former of 
whom thinks that little or no injury will be caused by it, because a portion 
of the green leaf is left to perform the functions of nature, viz. the elabor- 
ation of the sap. I am sorry to differ from Mr. Westwood on the subject, 
though I readily admit his profound acquaintance with entomology; and I 
mean to pay particular attention to the progress of the insect next spring. 
Under the brown blotches on the leaves have existed caterpillars; but of the 
parents of these I know little, except that some of our pear trees have 
been almost destroyed by them. The best remedy I have found to be paint- 
ing the wood over with coal-tar, which can be had very cheap from any of 
the gas-works. No insect will approach tar of any kind; and I am convinced 
that the insect spoken of deposits its eggs on the leaves early in spring; and 
that the larva is matured, in the course of summer, in the pulp of the leaf 
under the epidermis. — Thos. Forrest. Kinmel Park, Oct. 17. 1836. : 

Vitality of Seeds. — It will be in the recollection of our readers, that, in 
October, 1834, we published some interesting details of the opening of a 
British tumulus, near Maiden Castle, by Mr. Maclean, who found therein a 
human skeleton, and a portion of the contents of the stomach, containing a 
mass of small seeds, which neither the operation of the gastric juices, nor the 
lapse of probably twenty centuries, had sufficed to destroy. Many of these 
seeds have been subjected to various careful experiments, to ascertain whether 
the vital principle was extinct; and we have the satisfaction of announcing 
that Professor Lindley has happily succeeded in producing plants from several 
of these seeds. These plants have confirmed the opinion expressed by the 
learned Professor, on a first inspection of the seeds, that they were those of 
the Ribus idz‘us, the common raspberry. The plants are now very vigorous, 
have produced much fine fruit this season, and form an object of the greatest 
curiosity and attraction to horticulturists. This highly interesting circumstance 
proves the raspberry to be an indigenous plant in this country, growing at a 
very early period, and then constituting an article of food. (Dorset Chronicle, 
as quoted in the Bath Journal of Sept. 12. 1836.) We have seen the rasp- 
berry plant alluded to in the Horticultural Society’s Garden. The facts are 
extremely interesting; and we hope Dr. Lindley will compare this case with 
others of the kind upon record, and favour the world with a memoir on the 
subject. — Cond. 

Lhe London Botanical Society.— On September 12., a meeting of gentlemen 
attached to the science of botany, and belonging chiefly to King’s College, and 
to St. Bartholomew’s, Guy’s, St. Thomas’s, and other of the metropolitan 
hospitals, took place at the Crown and Anchor Tavern, Strand, for the pur- 
pose of establishing a society for advancing the interests of botanical science, 
by the formation of an herbarium for reference, and for exchanging specimens 
with other societies, or with individual collectors; also by the formation of a 
library and museum, by the reading of original and other papers, and by all 
other means which may promote the advancement of systematic botany. 
Dr. M‘Intyre was unanimously called to the chair. Several preparatory 
meetings, it appeared, had already taken place, and the countenance and sup- 
port of Dr. Lindley, and several other eminent botanists, had been promised to 
the infant society. The chairman, in stating its object (as narrated above), 
pointed out several other scientific institutions for the promotion of natural 
history; such as the Linnean, &c., from which various others had emanated, 
viz. the Zoological, and the Entomological Societies, &c. As yet, however, 
no society existed in the metropolis of a strictly botanical character. Being 
much attached to the study of practical botany, he could, of his own know- 
ledge, speak of the ample field in this country, and even surrounding the 
metropolis, which presented itself ; poe the treasures of which were still un- 

dE 


696 Domestic Notices : — England. 


explored. Much confusion, it was well known, also existed as regarded the 
nomenclature of plants, which it would be one of the objects of the Botanical 
Society of London to simplify. The chairman then adduced a recent instance, 
which came under his observation, where common plants were designated by 
different names in different counties; so that farmers and gardeners were 
unable to identify them by the names given in the botanical dictionaries. A 
list of donations to the library and the herbarium were then announced. 
The secretary read a draught of the rules for the government of the Institution, 
which appeared to be modelled after those of similar bodies, and which 
were generally agreed to; after which the meeting adjourned. (The Times, 
Oct. 14. 1836.) 

Proposed Botanic Gardens in Leeds.—A writer, addressing the editors of 
the Leeds Mercury, thus proceeds : — “ Allow me, through the medium of 
your paper, to entreat Mr. Eddison and his colleagues not to slacken their 
zeal respecting the establishment of botanical and zoological gardens in this 
town, because the chairman of the Leeds Horticultural Society was pleased 
to express a fear that, ‘while Leeds clung to its smoke, instead of burning it, 
the attempt to establish a botanical garden (except at too great a distance) 
would necessarily fail ;”” for I can assure them that there is more than one 
very eligible site, which is equal, if not superior, to that at Sheffield, and at 
no greater distance from the town; and which (J dare say you are aware) is 
generally allowed to be without fault. Leeds, I believe, established the first 
Horticultural Society, which flourished for some time; but, I am sorry to say, — 
nay, being so closely connected with the people of Leeds, I am ashamed to say, 
— that all taste for public horticultural recreation has, of late years, become 
almost extinct. A little spark, however, again presents itself, which, I trust, 
Leeds, with its energy and its wealth, will speedily fan into a flame. Let us 
be jealous of Sheffield, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, and many other 
towns, not less smoky than our own; and, seeing the zeal and interest which 
they have displayed in promoting recreations so rational, so healthy, and so 
delightful, let us be determined that a stone shall not remain undisturbed, in 
order that Leeds may again stand unrivalled in a cause of all others the most 
interesting. —G. A. Leeds, Oct. 10. 1836.” (Leeds Mercury, Oct. 15.) 

The Colchester Botanic Garden. — This garden is bounded on two sides by the 
ancient city wall, and contains eight acres of good light rich earth. The views 
are extensive and very picturesque. The principal entrance is from the street 
called East Hill, leading to Walton, Harwich, and Ipswich. The entrance is 
by a narrow walk, seemingly not more than 8 ft. wide, until you reach the inner 
gate, when you enter upon a very fine broad walk 12 ft. or 14 ft. wide, straight, 
and nearly a quarter ot a mile long, having an old laurel hedge on each side, 
with a flower border, generally gay, in front of it; and next the walk, on the 
right hand, by the entrance, stands Mr. Preston’s (the curator) lodge, something 
like a Scotch bothy, covered with ivy. (I am sorry there is not a better house). 
There are two small houses, one a stove, the other a green-house. The col- 
lection of plants in both houses is only kept for sale ; at any rate, they are sold 
without any reserve: and, indeed, this should not be called a botanic garden, 
there being no collection nor arrangement worth looking at; and they cultivate 
vegetables which are regularly hawked about. Fruit trees and other shrubs 
and plants are also sold. ‘The garden is an excellent promenade for the 
citizens, who must subscribe a yearly sum, or they cannot be admitted. 
Strangers may be admitted by paying one shilling. — J. Watts. Colchester, 
Aug. 1836. 

Zoological Gardens. — One is about to be laid out at Cheltenham, by Mr. 
Forrest, the author of the design for the Bristol Zoological Gardens. Another 
is in contemplation at Manchester, respecting which Mr. Forrest has also 
keen consulted. One is talked of for Leamington, one for Bath, and one at 
Birmingham. The Cheltenham Zoological Garden is to contain 16 acres; and 
these are situated adjoining a public garden, containing upwards of 100 acres. 
The Bristol Zoological Garden contains 12 acres, and is situated adjoining 
Durnham Downs, on which several plantations have been made, Those 


= 


Domestic Notices : — England. 697 


who have observed the great interest which we have taken in the subject of 
public gardens since the commencement of the Gardener's Magazine, will be 
able to form some idea of the very high gratification which it is to us to see 
that they are becoming, in so short a time, so general. — Cond. 

The Sheffield Floricultural and Horticultural Exhibition, which was held on 
the 14th and 15th of September, in the Sheffield Botanic Gardens, was at- 
tended by upwards of 11,000 persons, including many commercial and pro- 
fessional gardeners from almost every part of the island. A great many 
prizes were awarded, the highest of which appears to have been a 15/. cup, to 
Mr. Widnall, for the best stand of 50 blooms of dahlias. In this stand was in- 
cluded a new flower, called Dodd’s Mary, which seems to have been allowed by 
all the florists present to be the finest dahliaknown. We shall enter more into 
detail respecting this show in our annual summary of the provincial societies, and 
the reader will find a copious account in the Moricultural Magazine for October. 
We may observe respecting this Magazine generally, that it is by far the best 
of the provincial magazines which has yet appeared. There is no attempt in 
it to palm off quotations from us, or from the Horticultural Transactions, as 
original communications; such, for example, as we find in the last number of 
Harrison’s Floricultural Cabinet, where one correspondent, who signs himself 
W. Hurst, takes the greater part of a page verbatim from the Gardener's Maga- 
zine, and gives it as his own, with the sole addition of “I will continue the 
subject at some future time. W. Hurst.” To which the editor adds, as a 
postscript, ‘“ We shall be glad of any observations on the subject from Mr. 
Hurst.” ! — Id. : 

The Pomological Rivals of Lancaster.— At the Lancaster autumnal show of 
flowers and fruits, which took place Sept. 27., “ the two great ‘ pomological’ 
rivals, the Rev. T. Macketh and Mr. M. Saul, exhibited, as usual, a great 
number of the varieties of the apple; the former having at the present show 
seventy-eight, and the latter upwards of sixty, different sorts. Two cast-iron 
garden-chairs, from the foundry of Messrs. Whewell, after a novel and taste- 
ful design by Mr. Saul, were also exhibited, and excited much attention.— 
(Kendal Mercury, Oct. 1. 1836.) 

The Kensington Nursery, lately occupied by Wm. Malcolm and Co., has 
been taken by Mr. Forrest, the landscape-gardener, who is about to erect a 
splendid new range of glass, and plant single specimens of all the more in- 
teresting and valuable hardy trees and shrubs; in short, a select arboretum and 
fruticetum. We have long recommended this step to the principal London 
nurserymen, and more especially to the late, and present, Mr. Lee; being 
persuaded that, while it would greatly improve the public taste with regard to 
trees and shrubs, it would contribute to their own benefit in a commercial 
point of view. — Cond. 

A half-hardy Arboretum is now forming by Mr. Curtis of the Glazenwood Nur- 
sery, in a smal! wood, in which the young oak timber is about 30ft. or 40ft. high. 
The kinds planted are chiefly of the more hardy Australian genera, such as 
Eucalyptus, Acacia, Leptospérmum, Metrosidéros, &c.; and the object is to 
ascertain how far these trees and shrubs will endure our climate under favour- 
able circumstances. — S. C. Glazenwood, Esser, Oct. 7. 1836. 

Miller’s Nursery, Bristol. — A gentleraan, a member of the British Asso- 
ciation for the Advancement of Science, a botanist, with a considerable degree 
of horticultural knowledge, and who has seen many of the nurseries on the 
Continent, assures us that, in point of display, of general arrangement, and of 
high order and keeping, Miller’s Nursery exceeds all others which he has seen. 
As anursery for a stranger to walk in, he considers it the first in Britain, and, 
perhaps, in Europe. The members of the British Association held a walking 
conversazione in it, and were very highly gratified. — Cond. 

Wheeler’s Nursery, Warminster, now occupied by the grandson, we be- 
lieve, of the author of Wheeler’s Gardener’s Dictionary (published about the 
middle of the last century), has been recently enlarged, by the purchase of 
some additional acres; and glass to a very considerable extent has been 

: 3E 3 gt 


698 Domestic Notices: — England. 


erected. Here, as in other parts of Britain, country gentlemen are beginning. 
to discover that it is always for their interest to purchase from local nursery- 
men, when the articles procured are trne to their names. Hence the retail 
business of the London trade is now comparatively local, and their trade price 
business is, chiefly, to supply novelties to the country nurserymen, and to 
foreigners. — Cond. 

Wasps in Warwickshire. — We have had no wasps this summer till after 
September had commenced, and then they were not numerous. I believe a 
scarcity of these insects has been remarked this year by others, in many dif- 
ferent parts of the country. I expected it would have been a great year for 
them, for there was no lack of what we suppose to be breeders in the spring; 
and, early in the summer, we found no less than three embryo nests in moving 
one heap of litter in my fold-yard.—W. 7. Bree. Allesley Rectory, near 
Coventry, Oct. 1. 1836. 

Rooks and Walnuts. — The rooks have begun to be very busy among my wal- 
nuts. Strolling to-day up my shady walk, where the elm trees grow in which 
the rooks build, I observed many walnuts strewed on the path. Therooks were 
making a strange clamour, and cawing over my head; and I was witness to 
their letting fall several walnuts in my path way. I take it they lose, in this 
way, a good many of the walnuts they take, and they do not seem to be in the 
habit of retrieving them. — Jd. 

The comparative Protection afforded to Arboriculture and Horticulture by the 
English Law. —\n England, the cutting of a tree, a sapling or a shrub in a 
rich man’s park, to the extent of twenty shillings, subjects an Englishman to 
the punishment of a felon — to transportation; but an injury to any root or 
plant in a garden, though to the same amount, is imprisonment, or payment 
for the injury, and a fine of 20/. only. The park and the tree belong to the 
rich man — the garden and the root to the poor man. A rich oppressor may 
now, in England, by law, destroy a poor man’s garden, and every root, and 
pay the amount, and 20/.; and, if a poor man were in return to injure the 
oppressor’s tree, sapling, or shrub in a park (we quote the words of the 
act), he is banished his country for seven years, nominally, but (as every 
poor man knows), in effect, for life. At the very same moment, were the two 
men, the rich man and the poor man, to be tried on the same day, at the 
same assizes, for the same offence, in the presence of their respective neigh- 
bours and friends, this, by law, would be the different results to those two 
Englishmen: the rich man, paying 20/. and the damage done to the garden, 
would sit down on the same bench with his brother squires; whilst, by those 
same squires, the poor man would be transported as a felon. We refer to the 
7&8 Geo. IV. c. 30. s. 19., and to the 2Ist section of the same act. 
(Morn. Chron., June 20. 1836.) 

Grafting the Oak. — | have scions of the cork oak, doing quite well on the 
common oak ; and also, standard high, on the Turkey oak. They were put 
on in April last, in the whip or splice manner, and are now making vigorous 
shoots: they appear likely to form fine heads. — John Cato. Heanton Satch- 
ville Gardens, Okehampton, Devon, Sept. 26, 1836. 

Grafting the Cydonia japonica and the Crataegus Pyracantha on the common 
Hawthorn. — This I have also done, last spring, the grafts being made at the 
height of 6 ft., 7 ft., and 8 ft. from the ground. They promise to make curious 
little trees. — Id. 

Grafting the Zelkoua, or Planera Richardii, on the common Elm.—This is done 
in the French nurseries; and the first year’s shoots are said to be from 6 ft. 
to 9ft. long. The zelkoua is a most valuable tree, and there are large speci- 
mens of it at Syon and Kew; but it is rare generally. This is much to be 
lamented, as the value of this tree for timber is very great. It is a native of 
Mount Caucasus, where, and in France, it grows to the height of 60 ft. or 
70 ft., or more, in about fifty years; and a tree of that size is generally 30 ft. 
in the bole, before it ramifies ; the branches, though numerous, being very slen- 
der in proportion to the size of the tree. The trunk is nearly of the same cir- 
cumference throughout its whole length; and the sap-wood is very elastic, and 


Domestic Notices : — England. 699° 


resembles that of the ash; but the heart-wood is so extremely hard, that it is 
difficult to drive a nail into it; and it never becomes worm-eaten. Its foliage, 
at a little distance, strongly resembles that of the elm; but the leaves are 
only singly dentated, while those of every kind of elm have always their deep 
indentations accompanied by smaller ones. The tree, in a living state, is 
never attacked by insects, either in its leaves or wood. It is much to be 
wished that nurserymen would propagate this tree by grafting, so that gentle- 
men might have an opportunity, at a reasonable expense, of introducing it 
into useful plantations. The only plants for sale in the neighbourhood of 
London, that we know of, are at Messrs. Loddiges’. Abundance of scions for 
grafting may be had from the young tree in the Horticultural Society’s Gar- 
den. The description, history, uses, &c. of the tree, with a botanical speci- 
men, a portrait of the young tree in the Horticultural Society’s Garden, of 
the old tree at Syon, and of a celebrated tree at Podenas, in France, are 
given in our Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum. — Cond. 

Fraxinus americana juglandifolia is here a lofty tree, ripening its seeds 
yearly, from which a great many young plants have been raised, and distri- 
buted in the woods. — Thomas Davidson. Stackpole Court Gardens, near 
Pembroke, Oct. 4. 1836. The walnut-leayed ash is one of the finest varieties 
of the American kinds of this genus. Its leaves are as smooth as those of the 
walnut, though much larger, and of an intensely deep green; and, in the 
neighbourhood of London, they remain longer on the tree than those of any 
other ash, American or European. There is a noble tree of this sort in the 
grounds of Pope’s Villa, at Twickenham, of which we have had a beautiful 
portrait drawn for our Arboretum. — Id. 

Edwardsia microphilla thrives in the open garden, as a standard, flowering 
beautifully, and ripening seeds. — Thomas Davidson. Stackpole Court Gardens, 
Oct. 4. 1836. 

The Lemon, against a wall on an east aspect, without any protection what- 
ever, bears an abundant crop of good and useful fruit every year. — Id. 

Lhe whorl-leaved Him. — { have seen in Mr. Masters’s nursery, Canter- 
bury, a very remarkable specimen of this tree, as well as of another kind of 
elm raised from seed. I would recommend you to apply to Mr. Masters for 
some particulars respecting it, as that gentleman was out on a journey when I 
called on the 28th instant.—J. B. H. London, Sept. 30. 1836. We return 
our best thanks to our correspondent. We have written to Mr. Masters, who 
has given us some particulars, and kindly promised to send us some drawings 
of this and other trees. — Cond. 

Abies Douglasii at Scoresby, near York, the seat of John Wood, Esq., 
measured, in October last, 19 ft. 4m. high, after having been planted only 
seven years. The trunk, at 2ft. from the ground, girts 15in.— G. G. 
London, Oct. 13. 1836. 

Drawings of Trees for the Arboretum Britannicum.— We have been highly 
gratified of late by some drawings which have been voluntarily sent us 
from different parts of the country, and from the Continent, for the Ar- 
boretum et Fruticetum Lritannicum. As we have limited ourselves to 
giving portraits of trees, whether of ten years’ growth or full grown, 
standing within ten miles of London, we cannot, consistently with our 
plan, and with the limit which we have assigned to the work (that of 
six volumes 8vo), introduce these trees at present; but we contempiate 
giving them in an appendix, which, however, will form no part of the work, 
and need not be purchased by those persons who possess it, unless they 
choose. Among the drawings sent us are the following : — From Kopenzel, 
near Vienna, a tulip tree, which crowns the summit of a little hill, and is a 
very remarkable specimen. From the Botanic Garden at Leyden, Salisbiria 
adiantifolia, 41 ft. high; A‘cer monspessulanum, 31 ft. high ; Lonicera alpigena, 
13 ft. high ; and O’rnus enropz‘a, 29 ft. high. These drawings are most beau- 
tiful and characteristic ; and, though they are not drawn to a scale, yet, as the 
dimensions aregiven in detail, we can readily have them reduced. The de- 

3E 4 


700 Domestic Notices : — England. 


tails respecting these trees will be found in Professor Remwardt’s letter, 
inserted under Holland (p. 692.). From different parts of England we have 
received drawings: of an elm at Mongewell, by Mr. Jukes; one at Rotherwas, 
near Hereford, by Mr. Hay Brown, gardener, Stoke Edith Park; a cedar, at 
Foxley, planted by the late Sir Uvedale Price; the weeping oak at Moccas 
Court, mentioned p. 368., drawn, at our request, by Mr. G. R. Lewis, now 
residing for a few weeks at Hereford; the American lime, at White Knights, 
which we sent down an artist to draw; beeches and ashes from Elgin, drawn 
by Mr. Stevens there, and forwarded by J. M‘Leod, Esq.; a cedar and a 
Scotch elm, from the estate of Gray, drawn by Mr. J. Robertson; elms, 
beeches, Platanus, J‘lex, and a sweet chestnut, from Salterbridge, Cappoquin, 
Treland, sent by J. H. Alcock, Esq. To these trees, others might be added, 
which are now being drawn for us in different parts of the country, some of 
them at our own expense, and others at the expense of contributors. We take 
this mode of returning our best thanks to all the parties who have been so 
kind as to render us so important a service as to send us these drawings; and 
to solicit drawings of remarkable specimens from every part of the country 
at home, and from climates analogous to that of Britain in every part of the 
world. There are many remarkable trees in France, Germany, and Italy, 
that we should like much to get drawings of. The Céltis australis, at Monza, 
and a very old tree of the same species near Aix, just occur to us. We have 
sent instructions to a friend to procure us a drawing of the lime tree at 
Neustadt, in Wirtemberg, and written to Dr. Mease respecting a very beauti- 
ful Maclura, in M‘Mahon’s Nursery, at Philadelphia. — Cond. 

Napoleon's Willow. — Being anxious to procure some information as to 
this tree for our Arboretum Britannicum, we sent a letter to the Morning 
Chronicle, which appeared in that Journal on Sept. 5. 1836. We received a 
great many letters on the subject ; some dried specimens; a number of draw- 
ings and engravings, either lent or given; and one living plant. The result 
of the whole, as far as it is worth making public, is as follows :— No species 
of willow is indigenous in St. Helena; but about 1810, or before, when 
General Beatson was governor there, he, being fond of planting, had a great 
many forest trees and shrubs introduced from Britain; and though, as 
appears by the St. Helena Gazette, for 1811-12, he had the greatest difficulty 
in preserving his plantations from the numerous goats which abounded in the 
island, yet several of the trees survived, and attained a timber-like size. 
Among these was the tree of Salix babylénica, which has since been called 
Napoleon’s Willow. This tree grew among other trees, on the side of a 
walley near a spring; and, having attracted the notice of Napoleon, he had a 
seat placed under it, and used to go and sit there very frequently, and have 
water brought to him from an adjoining spring. 

About the time of Napoleon’s death, in 1821, a storm, it is said, shattered 
the willow in pieces; and, after the interment of the emperor, Madame 
Bertrand planted several cuttings of this tree on the outside of the railing 
which surrounds the grave; and placed within it, on the stone, several flower- 
pots with “heartsease”’ and “ forget-me-not.” In 1828, we are informed, 
these trees were found in a dying state; and twenty-eight young ones were, in 
consequence, placed near the tomb, which was at that time surrounded with 
a profusion of scarlet-blossomed pelargoniums. A correspondent, who was 
in St. Helena in 1834, says one of the willows was in a flourishing condition ; 
but another, who was there in 1835, describes it as going fast to decay, owing 
to the number of pieces carried away by visitors. In what year a cutting 
from this willow was brought to England for the first time we have not been 
able to ascertain; but it appears to us that it may probably have been in the 
year 1823, and that one of the oldest plants is that in the garden of the 
Roebuck tavern on Richmond Hill. This tree bears a white marble tablet, 
with the following inscription : — 

“This Willow, which was taken from the Tomb of Buonaparte in St. 
~Helena, in the year 1823, was presented by General Walker, Governor of 


Domestic Notices : — England. 701 


the island, and successor to Sir Hudson Lowe, to John Townsend Farquar, 
Esq., Governor of the Mauritius, who brought it to England.” 

The landlord of the inn, Mr. Hare, informs us that the plant was sent over, 
in a tub, to a friend of his at Twickenham, and presented to that friend for 
the purpose of being planted in his garden; but that he, being a professional 
man, was afraid his doing so might be considered as indicative of his political 
opinions; and this, in Twickenham, would have been ruinous, as that village 
is noted for its attachment to the Bourbons; the present king of France 
having resided there for many years when he was Duke of Orleans, and 
been highly popular. 

There is a handsome small tree of Napoleon’s willow in the Horticultural 
Society’s Garden; one at Kew; several at Messrs. Loddiges’; some in the 
Twickenham Botanic Garden; one in the garden of Captain Stevens, 
Beaumont Square, Mile End; one in the garden of Mr. Knight, at Canon- 
bury Place, Islington, brought over in 1824; one in the garden of No. 2, 
Lee Place, Lewisham, Kent; one in the garden of No. 1. Porchester Terrace; 
one in the garden of Elm Gr@ve, Kensington Gravel Pits; one, a very 
flourishing and large tree, in the garden of Mrs. Lawrence, Drayton Green; 
one at Clayton Priory, near Brighton; several at Chatsworth; and there are 
various others in the neighbourhood of London, and in different parts of the 
country. 

To show the uncertain result which often attends enquiries of this kind, 
one gentleman refers us to a garden where we may see two plants, seed- 
lings from the St. Helena tree, which, he says, show it to be a “silk-cotton 
tree,” and not a willow at all; and another sent us a drawing of a leaf of 
a plant said to be the St. Helena willow, which resembles Barringtonia 
speciosa. 

Mr. Castles, the curator of the Botanic Garden, Twickenham, is of 
opinion that there are two kinds of weeping willow in this country; one of 
which, he thinks, may possibly be the male, and the other the female. One 
sort is of more vigorous growth than the other, and has the young shoots 
slightly tinged with red; and this, he says, is the same kind as that which 
was sent home from St. Helena. There are a number of plants of this kind 
in a brickfield close to the Lunatic Asylum at Hanwell; one at the Marsh 
Gate, Richmond, near the Poorhouse; and one at the Ferry, near Ham 
House. Mr. Castles’s son, Mr. George Castles, says there are also some by 
the canal side, near Brentford. The difference between the two sorts has 
been pointed out to us by Mr. Castles: the one variety is evidently a more 
slender and paler-coloured plant than the other, with an angular twist in the 
shoots immediately above the axil of each leaf. Hence this, which is the 
most common sort, is probably the Salix babylonica foe’mina ; and the Napo- 
leon willow is either a variety of this, or the male plant. In the mean time, 
till this is determined, which Mr. Castles hopes to do next spring, Napoleon’s 
willow may be designated Salix babylonica var. Napoledna. 

Several views of Napoleon’s tomb and the surrounding scenery have been 
published ; some at St. Helena, and others in London. One of the most 
recent, and apparently the best, is after a drawing by Mrs. Hill Dickson, 
taken in 1833, and is published by D. Wollenholme, engraver, 22. Chad’s 
Row, Gray’s Inn Road. Mr. James Samuel Graham, late of the St. Helena 
artillery, who has been six years in the surveyor’s department there, says 
that, while in the island, he has drawn the tree and the surrounding scenery 
many times for French visitors; and that he regrets to state, that out of all 
the sketches he has seen published, not one is correct. 

After all this dry detail, the reader will, perhaps, not be sorry to peruse the 
following extracts, relating to the subject of Napoleon’s willow, which have 
been sent us by our correspondent, Mr. J. H. Fennell, a zealous young 
naturalist, who is preparing for publication a work on historical and literary 
botany : — 

« Lieutenant Langdon, who touched at St, Helena on Noy. 22. 1825, says 


~ 


oe 


702 Domestic Notices: — Engiand. 


that seven weeping willows hang over Napoleon’s grave, which is covered 
with a plain stone slab, surrounded by iron railings 5 ft. high, and inside of 
which some small flowers (the forget-me-not) were planted by Madame 
Bertrand; but they never grew. An old soldier, he adds, resides near, and 
has orders to prevent people from going mside, in consequence of some 
French officers, who had lately been ashore, having taken off several branches 
of the willows as mementos of their former sovereign. 

“ Captain Mundy, in his Pen and Pencil Sketches of India (1832), says 
Napoleon’s ‘tomb consists of a square stone, about 10 ft. by 7 ft., surrounded 
with a plain iron railing. Four or five weeping willows, their stems leaning 
towards the grave, hang their pensile branches over it. . . . The willows 
are decaying fast; and one of them rests upon the sharp spears of the railing, 
which are buried in its trunk, as though it were committing suicide for very 
grief. The foliage of the rest is thinned and disfigured by the frequent and 
almost excusable depredations of visitors. Fresh cuttings have, however, 
been planted by the governor; who intends, moreover, to set cypresses round 
the outer fence. Madame Bertrand’s immortelles have proved, alas! mortal.’ 

“ Webster, in his Narrative of the Voyage of the Chanticleer (1835), says, 
‘The immediate spot where lie Napoleon’s remains is at once conspicuous 
from a number of weeping willows. . . . . His grave is in the centre 
of a grass-plot, 70 yards in circumference, enclosed by a neat circular 
fence. The common slabs from the kitchen hearth at Longwood form his 
grave-stone, and an iron palisade surrounds it. The weeping willows, 
reclining on the palisades, droop gracefully over the little enclosure; but the 
forget-me-not planted by Madame Bertrand has completely withered and 
disappeared — faithful emblem of all earthly things. . . . The willows 
are objects of peculiar regard. Whether it may proceed from the character of 
them, or the facility with which they can be obtained, I cannot say; but they 
are taken away piecemeal by every visitor, and are treasured like the relics of 
some holy shrine: and this eagerness to possess a slip of willow from the 
grave of Napoleon would long ago have annihilated them, had not great pains 
been taken to preserve them; for few formerly left it without a sprig or 
cutting.’ The writer continues: ‘ Near the base of the hill forming the side 
of the valley, is a little fount of water: it is moss-grown, and beset with brake 
and fern. The valley is adorned with wild flowers, among which the roses 
and geraniums bloom throughout the year, and mingle their delicious perfume. 
This was Napoleon’s favourite resort ; it was here he used to delight in con- 
versing with Madame Bertrand, or in listening to the gay prattle of her 
children, seated beneath the shade of these willows. The water of the brook 
was his favourite beverage: he used it daily; and, when unwell, was particu- 
larly solicitous to have it.’”” — James H. Fennell. London, Oct. 1836. 

Scarlet Cockscombs. —I have grown some, this season, of very large size. 
One comb measures 3321 in. in length from tip to tip, and 20in. across. The 
plant is 2ft. 2in. high, — James Alexander. Maeslaugh Castle Gardens, Oct. 
1836. ; 

Ipomee\a rubro-cerilea has been in flower for two months past in the con- 
servatory here; and I can assure you that it is a most beautiful plant. When 
it first opens, there is very little red; but it dies off nearly all of that colour. 
The flowers, which are of a most beautiful blue, come out nearly a dozen at 
a time, and are from 3in. to 4in. over. The seed was sown in the stove, in 
February, and the plants were removed into the conservatory in May. It still 
continues to flower, and has done so since the end of June; but I am afraid 
the seed will not ripen. I have no doubt that it will root freely from cut- 
tings. — J. Watis. East Hill, Colchester, Aug. 20. 1836. A plant, in the 
open air, ripened seeds with us at Bayswater in 1835, (See p. 214.) 

The Secd-growers are now busy gathering in their harvest; and I believe 
they call this a good year. The quantity of seeds sown around here is sur- 


, last month, was a fine sight. I haye seen several, which I never saw 


~yatising; some of the growers having four or five acres of nothing but annuals, 
whi 


\ 


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f 
\ 


{ 
i 


Domestic Notices : — England. 703 


before, that I consider new. They are Nemdphila aurita, which ripens seeds 
in the open ground; Eutoca viscida, J/Z4lope trifida alba, Leptosiphon densi- 
florus, and several others. I have seen roods of Salpigléssis and of Schizénthus 
pinnatus, S. humilis, and a still more dwarf one, not above 6 in. high ; but they 
have got no name for it yet. Collinsia bicolor, and Coredpsis atrosanguinea 
(Callidpsis bicolor var.), have been beautiful in several places. — J. Watts, 
Gardener to G. Rowand, Esq., East Hill, Colchester, Essex, Aug. 1836. 

Lupinus nanus. — I saw a bed of this interesting dwarf annual, more than 
a rood, last week, in full bloom, at Mr. Wm. Cant’s, nurseryman and seed- 
grower, Colchester ; who also had in a frame, from which he has saved seeds, 
a fine plant of Ipomce‘a bona-n6ox, which I believe to be rather scarce. — Id. 

Blue Dahlias.— A very extensive and successful cultivator was asked the 
other day whether or not the dahlia fancy was nearly over. He replied, it 
was only beginning; for, said he, notwithstanding the vast numbers of magni- 
ficent varieties now in cultivation, they will soon give way to other variously 
tinted kinds, which will be every year raised from seed. All dahlia-growers 
are now endeavouring to raise a blue variety; an object which, according 
to Professor De Candolle, is never likely to be attained. Nothing can be 
more vague than our associations respecting colour, especially when we are 
speaking of flowers, whose tints are more generally intermediate or com- 
pound than primitive. Of deep navy blue, and various shades of a deeper 
tint, passing into violet, there certainly were many dahlias at the Sydney 
Gardens ; but to the turquoise, or the blue of /apis lazuli (the colour to which 
we presume De Candolle alludes), there certainly was no approximation. 
(Bath Journal, Sept. 20. 1836.) 

The Cape Shallot.— With this you will receive a few bulbs of a very 
distinct variety of shallot, which seems not to be known in the south. It 
grows much larger than the common sort; but I am not aware that its 
quality is superior ; some call it the “ Cape shallot.” — J. B. W. Kiplin, Cat- 
terick, Sept. 15. 1836. 

Scale on the Pine may be totally destroyed by a moist heat of 125° Fahr.; 
which, provided the plants are in a growing state, may be applied without the 
slightest injury to them. By these means, Mr. Spence (gardener to R. Durant, 
Esq., Putney Hill), who never plunges them in the bed, obtains very fine 
fruit; and the plants now under his care are all of them looking remarkably 
clean and healthy.— W. H. B. Sept. 27. 1836. 

Budding the Vine 1 think of great importance, on account of its simplicity 
and certainty of success. It takes but a few minutes to insert the buds; and 
the operation can be performed alike upon vines in a hot-house that are to be 
forced early, and on plants growing against a wall in the open air. All that 
is requisite is to save the prunings of those vines which you intend to in- 
crease, and to keep them in a dormant state till the vines you intend to bud 
upon have made shoots 6in. or 8in. long. The buds will then grow freely, 
and will take on wood ten or twenty years old, equally well as they will on 
that which is only one or two years old. — J. Spence, Gardener to R. Durant, 
Esq., Putney Hill, Oct. 8. 1836. 

Italian Melons. — Seeds of a number of sorts were sent us last spring, by 
our much-valued correspondent, Signor Manetti, of Monza. (See p. 159.) We 
distributed the seeds among such gardeners as undertook to send us a 
specimen of the fruit, and we have received two or three dozen of specimens ; 
but, with the exception of one or two kinds, corresponding with our Canta- 
loups, their flavour was not remarkable. Some of them, indeed, of the smooth, 
green, white-fleshed varieties, are considered sweet or sugary melons on the 
Continent, and are not expected to have much flavour. Considerable allow - 
ance must also be made for the present very unfavourable season. The most 
successful grower of Sr. Manetti’s melons was Mr. Mills, gardener to Mrs. 
Rothschild, Gunnersbury Park. 

Persian Melons. — Some seeds of a Persian melon having been sent to us 
by C. M. Willich, Esq., we gave the seeds to Mr, Glendinning, on condition 


704 Domestic Notices : — Scotland. 


of his sending us one of the fruit, which he did, and which proved of excel- 
lent flavour. — Cond. 

The new Turkish Onion has attained, with me, a very large size. I exhibited 
three bulbs at the Hereford Horticultural Society’s show, on September 22., 
which, when cleaned and deprived of their tops, weighed together 5b. 10 oz. 
The largest one, when newly gathered, weighed 24]b. They were spring sown ; 
otherwise, if they had been sown in the autumn, I have no doubt but they 
would have been considerably larger, as they were not ripe when gathered. 
At the Hereford autumnal show in 1835, I received a prize for three onions of 
the Tripoli kind, the largest of which weighed 2 lb. 4.0z.— James Alewander. 
Maeslaugh Castle Gardens, Oct. 1836. 

The Mercer Potato.— Some tubers of this potato have been sent us by the 
Earl of Mount Norris, of which His Lordship’s gardener gives us the following 
account: — The end of the month of May last, 20 tubers of this excellent 
potato arrived in a box of plants from the Bartram Botanic Garden, Phila- 
delphia. The tubers were planted whole, on a piece of ground 28 ft. by 33 ft. 
wide. When taken up on October the 8th, the net produce in weight was 
lcwt. 20lb. Taking into consideration the unfavourable weather of the 
past summer, the produce of this excellent new potato has a preference of 
from nine to ten in its superiority over all other sorts of potato in culture with 
us. Robert Carr, Esq., the proprietor of the Botanic Garden above men- 
tioned, declares “ this is the best potato known.” —Arley Garden, Oct. 12. 1836. 

We had some of the potatoes sent, cooked; they had a decidedly earthy 
flavour; and, though they might perhaps be as good as potatoes grown in 
kitchen-gardens generally are, and perhaps as prolific as any variety, yet, as an 
eating potato, this sort is, to our taste, far inferior to various kinds: for 
exaniple, to those of a roundish shape and variegated with red or purple, which 
are sold in Covent Garden Market under the name of Scotch potatoes; or to 
the roundish pink-skinned potato called the Irish apple. — Cond. 

The Steam-plough and the Scotch System of Husbandry.— At the fifth anni- 
versary of the East Suffolk Agricultural Association, held at Wickham Market, 
Sept. 8., the most interesting remarks of the evening were the opinions ad- 
vanced by the president, by Lord Henniker, and by Mr. Shawe, in favour of 
the new poor law, the steam-plough, and the Scotch system of husbandry. 
Lord Stradbroke enforced the necessity of improving the implements of agricul- 
ture; and pointed to the manufacturing districts for proof that the improve- 
ment of machinery brought an increase of wealth to the capitalist, and of 
comfort to the workman. The agriculturists must keep pace with the spirit of 
the age in doing their utmost to lessen the cost of cultivation. The steam- 
plough, of which his former mention had been received with incredulity, had 
actually been completed, and, with a little alteration, was likely to be brought 
into general use. He was convinced that means like these were the best that 
could be devised for the relief of the agriculturists, and by which they might 
hope to become once more an exporting, instead of an importing, nation. Lord 
Henniker said he hoped that a day of greater prosperity than they had yet seen 
was dawning on the farmer, and that his difficulties were nearly at an end. In 
corroboration of the president’s statement as to the steam-plough, he had 
received a letter from a friend in Lincolnshire, who informed him that in his 
neighbourhood they had got one already, and that it would plough eight acres 
and harrow thirty in a day. Mr. Shawe thought that some time must elapse be- 
fore the steam-plough would be brought into general use; and in the mean time, 
as it appeared by the evidence before the Agricultural Committee that the 
Scotch system of husbandry was much less costly than ours, he suggested that 
a deputation should be sent into Scotland to enquire whether any more 
economical method could be introduced here. (Bury and Norwich Post, Sept.14.) 
We hope such a committee will be appointed: the farmers of England, not 
even the most intelligent of them, including what are called the gentlemen 
farmers, have not the least idea of what farming is in the best cultivated dis- 
tricts of Scotland, —for example, in East Lothian. The effects of the subsoil 


Domestic Notices : — Scotland: 705 


plough, of Mr.Smith of Deanston, and of the reaping machine of this gentleman, 
and of the Rev. Mr. Bell, whose machine has been introduced into the United 
States of America, will astonish them. (See the Constitutional and Perthshire 
Agricultural and General Advertiser, Oct. 8.) This number of the Consti- 
tutional is almost entirely filled with agricultural matter, and is well worth 
purchasing by all agriculturists, for the information it contains on reaping- 
machines. — Cond. 

Samples of Wheat, from the Spanish Main, in the Straw, were sent us, in 
August Jast, by the Earl of Mount Norris, from which it appears to be identical 
with the Victoria wheat, of which so much has been said in preceding volumes 
of this Magazine. Lord Mount Norris is of opinion that it will not answer 
for this country. M. Vilmorin, who sowed this variety last year, from seeds 
which, through the kindness of Lord Mount Norris, we were enabled to send 
him, is of opinion that the variety differs in nothing from the Victoria wheat. 
The ears of the samples sent us were small, and the straw both slender and 
short. — Id, 

A Refinery of Sugar from the Beet-rost is being erected at Thames Bank, 
Chelsea, which it is expected will be in operation in about six weeks. In the 
vicinity of the metropolis, during the past summer, a great many acres of land 
have been put into cultivation with the root, at Wandsworth and other 
places. The machinery will be principally on the plan of the vacuum pans; 
and a pure refined sugar will be produced from the juice by the first process of 
evaporation, after it has simply undergone the process of discolorisation. 
Another part of the premises is appropriated to the manufactory of coarse 
brown paper from the refuse, in which it is extensively used in France. In 
case the government do not interfere, and, by rendering the product exciseable, 
retard or prohibit its manufacture, several] individuals have it in contemplation 
to establish refineries in different parts of the kingdom for purifying sugar, 
which may be preduced, in agricultural districts, for domestic or individual use. 
A refinery has lately been established at Belfast, in the vicinity of which town 
upwards of 200 acres of land have been put in cultivation with the beet-root for 
the manufacture of sugar. (Salisbury Herald, Oct. 8.) 


SCOTLAND. 


The Botanical Society of Edinburgh was instituted on March 17. 1836; and 
we are happy to learn that it is in a highly prosperous state. Local branches 
of this Society have been established, or are about to be established, in dif- 
ferent parts of the kingdom; and each local society will have a local 
secretary, who will correspond with the central secretary at Edinburgh. In 
this way a complete botanical police will be established all over the country, 
and the extinction of a plant in any particular habitat, or the appearance of 
a new habitat for any species, will be instantly recorded. The central secre- 
tary is W. H. Campbell, Esq., Brown Square, Edinburgh; the president for 
1836 is. Professor Graham; and the vice-presidents, Dr. Greville and Dr. 
Balfour ; the foreign secretary, E. Forbes, Esq.; and the curator, E. 
M‘Nab, Esq. Catalogues of the British Flora, printed under the direction of 
the Society, for the purpose of facilitating botanical correspondence, and dis- 
tinguishing the plants found in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, may be had 
of Maclachlan and Stewart, Edinburgh; Baldwin and Cradock, London ; 
Hodges and Smith, Dublin; and James Brash and Co., Glasgow. — W. C, 
Clapham Road, May 26. 1836. 

Subscriptions for a Monument to Douglas.—“ At the last anniversary 
meeting of the Dumfries and Galloway Horticultural Society, a subscription 
was proposed, and cheerfully entered into, in aid of the fund for erecting a 
monument to the memory of the late Mr. David Douglas, botanist, in his 
native parish of Scone, in the county of Perth; a gentleman to whom the 
flora of his country is deeply indebted, and who actually became a martyr to 
his zeal for enlarging the boundaries of whatever is rural, lovely, and inviting, 
The sum collected and deposited in the hands of Major Adair was very 
handsome; but still, as many fast friends to such objects were unayoidably 


706 Retrospective Criticism. 


absent, we feel a melancholy pleasure in stating that subscription papers lie 
with the secretary and treasurer of the Society, and that we trust many will 
embrace the oppertunity of throwing a stone to the cairn of the introducer 
of the red-flowering currant, and many other welcome contributions to the 
gem [flower] borders and kitchen-gardens of Britain.” (Dumfries and Galloway 
Courier, Oct. 4. 1836.) 

Hints for the Improvement of Cottage Gardening in Scotland, in four printed 
pages, have just been distributed gratuitously by James Stewart Menteath, 
Esq., jun., of Closeburn Hall, dated April 27. 1836. 

The Curatorship of the Caledonian Horticultural Society's Garden, Inverleith, 
which had been resigned by Mr. Barnett, is now, we understand, filled by 
Mr. J. M‘Nab, son of the curator of the Edinburgh Botanic Garden; a young 
man who is a good botanist, and possesses a scientific knowledge of his art. 
Mr. James M‘Nab has not only repeatedly visited the principal gardens in 
England, but has made an extensive tour in North America, whence he brought 
home several new plants, and numerous seeds. We are indebted to Mr. 
M‘Nab, for several accurate drawings of trees for our Arboretum Britannicum. 
Our esteemed friend, Mr. Barnett has, we understand, taken Pocock’s Nursery, 
Leith Walk, Edinburgh, in which new situation we most sincerely wish him 
success ; and, in this wish, we are sure we shall be joined by every gardener 
who has had the advantage of his acquaintance. — Cond. 

Leptospérmum. — Some species of this Australian genus appear to be as 
hardy as the common holly or box; not only having stood out in the London 
nurseries, but even in the open compartments of the nursery of Mr. Roy of 
Aberdeen. This genus will therefore probably afford some most valuable 
additions to our hardy evergreens. — Id. 

A new seedling Strawberry, said to be of a very superior description, has 
been raised by Mr. James Wright, of Westfield, near Aberdeen.— J. W. 
Aberdeen, Sept. 27. 1836. 


Art. 1V. Restrospective Criticism. 


ErrATA.— In p. 35. line 5. from bottom, for “ Murth,” read “ Murtle.” 
In p. 533. line 2. from bottom, for ‘‘ accompanies,” read “ accompany.” 
Quércus J‘lex, Vol. XI. p. 359. last line of the page, for “ Golden Grove,” 
read “ Stackpole Court.” In p.553., for “ Whim Castle,’ read “ Oxenford 
Castle.” 

Kensington Gardens. (p.551.) — Your observations as to the exclusion of 
persons from Kensington Gardens I approve of most highly; so much the 
more so, indeed, because I myself, many years ago, had nearly got into 
trouble by my angry remonstrances with one of the door-keepers, because he 
insisted upon turning out of the Gardens, one Sunday, when they were much 
crowded, a very handsomely dressed man in the full Highland costume, who 
was quietly walking about. The fellow persisted in excluding him, not 
because he had behaved ill (for, by his own confession, his conduct was 
unexceptionable), but because he wore the Highland dress, and it was not 
that usually worn. I must own that I was very indignant at this conduct. — 
J.T. B. Bedfordshire. 

Taking the Girt of Trees for the Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum.— Ihave 
complied with your directions in taking the circumference of the tree at 1 ft. 
from the ground; but I would beg leave to observe, that this gives no correct 
idea of the general size of the tree: I mean of old trees (oaks especially), on 
account of the large spurs generally to be found so near the ground. I think 
3 ft. or 4 ft. high preferable. — R. I. Woburn Park, Sept. 1836. 

We entirely agree with our correspondent, and with several others, who 
have written to us to the same effect; but, as our object, when we printed our 
Return Papers, was more to get the dimensions of young trees than of old 
ones, we considered 1 ft. preferable for them; and we were afraid of creating 
confusion, by directing the girt of full-grown trees to be taken at one place, 
-and that of young trees at another. — Cond. 


Retrospective Criticism. 707 


Destroying the Scale on the Pine-apple. (p. 495.) — About six weeks back, I 
sent a reply to Mr. Whiting’s rejoinder to my paper on destroying the white 
scale; but, as that paper has never appeared, and as there is a second 
antagonist (Pro Bono Publico) in the field, I beg to offer a few remarks 
on his letter, which, with your permission, I should like to appear as 
a postscript to my former lucubration. [The letter, and the remarks, we 
considered alike u.suitable for this Magazine, and have thrown them aside 
accordingly.} . . . . I feel no hesitation in asserting that the scale can 
be destroyed by water in its most limpid state, though, I will admit, not without 
running some risk of injuring young fresh growing plants. It now only 
remains for me to add that I am the responsible author of all the letters that 
have appeared in this Magazine under the signature of L. O. L., and that any 
further remarks by Pro Bono Publico, or any other anonymous scribbler, will 
be considered by me as beneath contempt.—W. P. Ayres, Sub-Gardener at His 
Grace the Duke of Devonshire’s, Chiswick. ‘ 

Quércus Robur sessiliflora at Woburn Abbey. (p. 578.) — Mr. Forbes states 
that we have been misinformed as to this kind of oak not having been recog- 
nised in Woburn Park till last spring. He says, “ I assure you the Duke of 
Bedford has been well aware that both species were in the park for many 
years. His Grace gave me instructions to mark the species several years ago, 
and had even several of the trees cut down to ascertain the qualities of the 
wood. I can also assure you that both kinds were closely examined by 
Mr. Atkinson and myself in 1825.” — Woburn Abbey Gardens, Nov. 2. 1836. 
When we visited Woburn Abbey, in September last, Mr. Forbes was in 
Scotland; and the trees were pointed out to us by Mr. Ireland, the Duke of 
Bedford’s forester. We certainly think that Mr. Ireland stated to us that 
Quércus FR. sessiliflora was only discovered last spring, and marked, at that 
time, in consequence of the discovery; but in this we may be mistaken; and, 
at all events we embrace the earliest opportunity of laying the facts of the 
case before our readers. —,Cond. 

Oak Galls. (p. 498.) — Your correspondent R. L. of Surrey alludes to 
“long strings of berries, similar in a great degree, particularly in colour, to 
those of the pale red currant called the Champagne,” being found on the oak. 
I beg to notice that this appearance often occurs, though more plentifully in 
some seasons than im others. It is one of the oak-gall insects which chooses 
the slender stalk of the catkin to lay its eggs in, rather than any other 
part of the tree. The gall insects are hymenopterous; that is, they have four 
membranous wings, and the tail of the female is armed with a sting. These 
flies compose the old genus Cynips, of which five or six species are well known 
in Britain. The first is C. glechome, usually found in the tubercles on the 
leaves of the ground ivy; 2. C. quércus gémme, bred in the large imbricated 
galls on the extreme buds of oak trees; 3. C. baccarum, in the small tubercles 
on the under side of oak leaves: these are about the size of currants when 
full grown ; 4. C. quércus folii, in the large tubercles (or apples, as they are 
called) on oak leaves; 5. C. quércus petioli, bred in the tubercles on the 
petioles of oak leaves. 

I am uncertain whether this last be, or be not, the same species which 
chooses the catkin for its nestling place; but Iam inclined to think not, as I 
have often observed them distinct. on the same branch. If the one noticed 
by R. L. be not already described and named, C. guéreus aménti may serve 
as a distinction. J have bred all the flies from the different galls under close 
glasses; but, as it is many years since, I cannot speak with certainty whether 
the C. quércus aménti be a distinct species or not. 

There is a remarkable fact accompanying the deposition of the eggs on the 
dangling stalk of the catkins. These male flowers are destined to wither and 
drop off as soon as their office of shedding the pollen is terminated; but if, 
before they have done so, they are seized, and appropriated by the fly, they 
become permanent, and remain so until the maggot within the gall ceases to 
feed. From this circumstance, it is evident that the flow of the sap is in pro- 


708 Retrospective Criticism. 


portion to its consumption: that “ bursting buds, lengthening shoots, expand- 
ing leaves, swelling fruit,’ or swelling galls, equally attract currents of sap, 
and in the last instance, even into a foreign channel; proving what Du Petit 
Thouars, and other botanists, have long ago advanced as their opinion; viz. 
that the growth of a tree is not caused by the motion of the sap, but the 
movement of the latter is caused by the distension of the various members. — 
J. Main. Chelsea, Sept. 26. 

The Excrescences wpon the Oaks mentioned by your Correspondent in p. 498. 
were very numerous here (North Riding of Yorkshire) this summer. Those 
which I observed, however, could not aptly be compared to strings of the 
Champagne currant ; one, two, or three globular processes, considerably larger 
than the berry of a currant, being attached, at wide intervals, to a slender 
stalk lin. or 2in. long. The globules were soft and spongy in texture, 
something like the cellular substance of an aloe leaf, but probably destitute of 
~ organisation; and every one which I examined had a little round hole in its 
side, communicating with a larger chamber in its interior, evidently once the 
habitation of an insect, which, after changing from the egg to the larva state, 
had eaten its way into the hght. The strings appeared to me to be the stalks 
of the male flowers of the oak (which had remained attached to the branches 
after the flowers themselves had fallen off); and the “ berry-like excrescences ” 
were, no doubt, caused by the punctures of some insect for the purpose of 
depositing its eggs, in the same way as the excrescence called the “ oak-apple”’ 
is produced. I observed many similar galls upon the midribs of the leaves ; 
and some that I lately examined contained, in their interior cavities, ‘each a 
diminutive, roundish, brown-coloured shell, the remains of an insect egg ; and 
in one, which had not the usual little hole in its side, I founda small dead grub. 
Wasps feed upon the extravasated sap of the oak, as well as upon that of the 
elm: hornets are unknown here. —J. B. W. Sept. 15. 1836. 

Céssus Lignipérda Fabricius, Zeuzéra a’sculi Latreille, Dorcus parallelopi- 
pedus Macleay, and other Species of Insect treated of in p. 463——471.: cor- 
rective and additional Information on. — A printer’s proof of the treatise referred 
to was submitted to J. O. Westwood, Esq., secretary to the London Ento- 
mological Society, in the hope of obtaining of him the kind service of his 
correcting any errors that he might find included in it. The proof was not 
received back from him in time to infuse into the treatise the corrections and 
additions that he had made, and the chief of them are now presented : — 

In p. 463. line 16., for “ Stephens,” read “ Macleay;” in line 33., for “in 
some species,” read “in a very few species;” in line 45., for “the species 
whose,” read “the species Elippobdsca equina, whose.” 

P. 464., 465. Céssus Lignipérda. In relation to the etymology of the word 
Céssus, Mr. Westwood has stated that Linnzus called the insect Phale‘na 
(Bombyx) Céssus, considering that its larva was the animal eaten by the 
Romans, under the name of cossus; but which others have supposed to be 
the larva of the stag beetle. —“ Classification.” Céssus is of the family 
Hepidlide of Stephens. — “ Egg.” Each female has but one course of laying 
in its life. 

P. 465, Mr. Westwood has been so kind as to supply, at my request, a 
drawing to represent (jig. 110.) the jaws, or mandibles, of the larva, with 
which it cuts its way through the wood: ais a man- 110 
dible; 4 is marked as the labrum, or upper lip; cas the 
clypeus. The mandibles, in a living larva that I have 
seen since the matter in p. 465. was prepared, were @ 
formidable-looking instruments, and seemed as if each 
were a sort of chisel with a toothed edge: in the part 
receding from the edge it was obviously stout, and, so, 
looking strong. ¢ 3 

P. 466. in lines 23. and 24., for “the hinder edge of its abdominal segments 
bearing prickles directed backwards,” read “ the abdominal segments each 
hearing two rows of prickles directed backwards.” 

The following note is by Mr. Westwood, and relates to p. 465. and 466. : — 


Fictrospective Criticism. 709 


** Note on Mr. Robertson's Account of the Goat Moth.— TI do not recollect 
to have seen it stated before, respecting this insect, that it forms an aperture 
and tube opening into the cocoon, although it, and many other wood-eating 
larvae, secure their exit, when arrived at the imago state, by eating a passage 
to the outside of the tree (or nearly so in beetles, which are easily able to gnaw 
through the remainder). Some cocoons, as, for instance, that of the emperor 
moth, are internally provided with an apparatus of an elastic nature, which 
enables the imago to effect its escape without difficulty. Mr. Jesse has given 
a description and figure of this in his Gleanings of Natural History. 

“Tt is the habit of many moths to deposit eggs although unimpregnated : 
these are unproductive, except in a few instances, where a single impregnation 
serves for several generations. Some curious facts on this subject, showing 
that this remarkable physiological peculiarity exists in other insects than the 
plant lice, where it has long been known, and where it extends to more than 
a dozen generations, are to be found in the most recent introductions to 
entomology.* 

“Mr. Robertson contends for rationality in the proceedings of the larva; 
but he only shows that the larva adopted the ordinary habits of the species. 
All the phenomena of animal life must be attributed to instinct alone. 

* The goat moth is found, also, in the larva state, at the roots of trees and 
plants, which it devours. 

“ The following passage from Haworth’s rare Lepidoptera Britannica may 
also be cited : — ‘ Céssus is one of the few lepidopterous insects which possess 
properties injurious to mankind during the larva state. They do considerable 
damage to young willow trees, by boring into their trunks in various 
directions, and feeding upon the wood and pith ; often weakening the tree so 
much as to cause its easy overthrow from the first storm that attacks it after- 
wards. (See W. Curtis in Linn. Trans., vol.i. p. 86.) Probably the best 
mode of preventing this mischief would be to search for and destroy the 
sluggish females at the end of June; which, from their large size, would be 
readily found sticking upon the tree near the infected parts. The larve of 
Pyrinus (or Zeuzéra z’sculi), and those of several small sphinges (Aigérie), 
bore into the pith of various trees in a similar manner; but their inferior sizes, 
and rare occurrence, render them objects of little consequence in an economical 
point of view. But the larvee of several internal feeding cerambyces make 
great havoe. See Kirby on Cerambyx (Callidium) violaceus in Linn. Trans., 
vol. v. p. 246., &c. 

“It may also be added, and the fact will be serviceable in helping to 
discover the imago, for the purpose recommended by Mr. Haworth, that, 
previously to assuming the imago state, the chrysalis pushes itself nearly half 
out of the tree, through the passage it had previously formed; so that its 
exuvize may be seen projecting in such situation, about half an inch of the 
abdominal portion alone remaining in the tree.” 

P. 467. lme 1., for “ male”, read “ female.” -—“ Classification.” The species 
is of the family Hepialide of Stephens. — “ Egg.” After the word “ August,” 
add “introducing them into the crevices of the bark with the ovipositor; 
which instrument is represented in the figure above, and which is capable of 
being lengthened much more than there shown.” 

P.468. ‘“ Pupa.” In relation to the representing of the larva’s spinning a 
thin web, Mr. Westwood has noted that Stephens has stated that it forms a 
cocoon of chips, as Céssus Lignipérda does. In line 17., for “a row,” read 
“two rows.” Mr. Westwood greatly questions the capability of an insect, in 
the pupa state, “to push hard enough to break away the bark to a sufficient 
extent to admit the exit of itself in the imago state;” and he has noted on 


* See some instances noticed in the Magazine of Natural History, vol. viii, 
p- 557. — J. D. 
Vou, XII.— No, 81. 3 F 


710 Retrospective Criticism. 


this, and other matter connected with the same subject, in the same page and 
the next, as follows: — “I have no doubt that in these insects, as well as in 
Cossus, the larva extends its burrow to the surface. The pupa has not 
power to force a passage through the bark, nor any apparatus for performing 
this. A little circumstance, told me by Mr. Stephens, may be here men- 
tioned, which bears upon the question. He was endeavouring to rear (and, 
subsequently, reared) the larva of a Sapérda Carcharias (one of the ceramby- 
cideous wood-feeders) in a tin bottle, with the mouth stopped with a cork. 
The larva, before assuming the pupa state, left the wood upon which it was 
feeding, ascended the side of the bottle, and gnawed a passage nearly through 
the cork; and then returned, and underwent its changes: so that, when it 
arrived at the beetle state, it had no difficulty in gnawing with its jaws 
through the slight barrier which remained, and escaping. But, in the two 
moths above described, the mouth is absolutely obsolete. Mr. Guilding’s 
observation may be considered correct, by supposing the aperture of the 
burrow to be closed with a slight web of silk, or with fine sawdust, as the 
‘temporary door; but, as the larva forms a strong cocoon, no door is 
needed, unless, as Mr. Robertson asserts, the cocoon opens into the passage, 
which I much doubt.” 

P. 468. In lines 36, 37., for “a row,” read ‘‘ two rows.” j 

P.469. In line 34., for “upper,” read “front.” In line 39., for “ Stephens,” 
read “ Macleay.” 

P.470. In line 2., for Mandibulata, Pentamera, (MJelolénthidee Leach,” 
read “ subclass, Mandibulata Clairville; section, Pentamera Latreille ; family, 
Inecanidee Leach.” — J. D. 

The Portraiture and Biography of the Species of Insect most commonly 
observed by Persons engaged in Gardening of any kind, or in Farming.— I once 
felt a strong wish that an object about correspondent to the above title 
should be undertaken and prosecuted; and communicated a notice of it to 
the Rev. W. T. Bree, perhaps in the hope, and for the purpose, of inducing 
him to enter on it. His letter, received from him soon after, shows so well 
the case that I had thought, and still think, desirable to have altered, that 
I take the liberty to give it here : — 

“ Your plan of ‘showing up,’ in a separate treatise, or in a series of articles 
for the Magazine of Natural History, the several insects most injurious to 
our gardens, I highly approve of; but who is to ‘bell the cat ?’ or, in plain 
words, who is to do the task as it should be done? Unfortunately, our 
great scientific entomologists know (and many of them care) but little about 
the habits and manners of the insects to which they give hard names, and 
which, with minute and laborious descriptions, they marshal into their 
systems; while, on the other hand, they who are most practically con- 
versant with the out-of-doors operations of these little creatures are com- 
monly too deficient in the science of entomology, to name and accurately 
describe the insects with which they may be acquainted. As for myself, 
though I may have some little acquaintance with each of these distinct 
branches of knowledge, I yet feel myself quite incompetent to perform such 
a task as you suggest. I really am ignorant of the different states of many of 
the rascals that commit depredations in my garden. I have lent my copy of 
the Encyclopedia of Gardening to a friend, and, therefore, have it not by me 
to refer to; but I know that it is not full, nor very accurate, on this subject. 
Rusticus of Godalming [see the Entomological Magazine] would be the 
man for your purpose; or, rather, he (or such a one), in conjunction with a 
more scientific entomologist. In forking over a flower-border this spring, I 
turned up a number of larvee, of what I take to be Hepialus lupulinus. [See 
Wood’s Index.] These larve are enclosed in a long sack, or tube, composed 
of a very slight web and earth, by means of which they ascend and descend. 
I cannot bring home to. them any specific charge, but have no doubt they 
lived on the roots of my flowers (pzeonies grow chiefly on the spot [see in- 


Queries and Answers. 711 


Vol. IX. p.723.]); and whether they ever come above ground, by night, to 
feed, 1 know not: their empty chrysalises may be seen in numbers, just 
emerged above the surface. One of my greatest enemies is a tough dirt- 
coloured grub, as thick as a goese-quill, which destroys roots, especially the 
fleshy roots of the irises. I have no doubt it turns to some species of J/isca 
Lin.; but I know not to which. Herewith I send you specimens of a minute 
coleopterous insect, which I do not recollect to have noticed before: it 
occurs copiously on stones under water in our brook here, adhering closely 
to the bottoms and sides of the stones. No doubt, the insect is common 
elsewhere: but what is its name?* Behold how ignorant I am of entomo- 
logy! Ireally sometimes feel quite ashamed to think how eagerly we seek 
after rarities, while we pass by common every-day objects, of which we are 
yet very ignorant: dovdor ovreg Tov ast atarwr, Ureporra Oe TwY ewlaTwY. 
(Slaves to strange things, contemners of things usual.) [Jn a Letter from 
the Rev. W. T'. Bree, dated Allesley Rectory, August 10. 1834.]—J. D. 

The Poverty of the Jersey Gardens. — I quite agree with your correspondent 
W.S. (Voi. XIL. p. 551.), in his feelings of disappointment at the poverty of 
the Jersey Gardens. Probably his opportunities of observation have much ex- 
ceeded mine; but, certainly, what little I have seen fully bears out his asser- 
tions. The dearth of good flowers and shrubs which are tender in England, 
though hardy here, is very great. Myrtles, fuchsias, and pelargoniums are 
almost the only tender plants we see in the open ground, with the addition of 
Amarfllis Belladénna. 1 am really provoked to see how little the people here 
avail themselves of their advantages in point of climate. Most of the plants 
and shrubs of New Holland, the Cape, and the south of Europe would 
grow here, with little or no protection, during winter. I do not think gardening 
is properly attended to. There is a Horticultural Society ; and it is to be 
regretted that it does not pay more attention to the introduction of plants 
which would grow in the open air. Many might be procured from the nursery 
of Mr. Saunders, who possesses a tolerably good collection, though not so 
rich as J had expected. This, however, I imagine, to arise from the little 
demand he finds for plants at all out of the common way. I should greatly 
like to reside here for some years, merely to try what could be grown in the 
open air. — W.C. Jersey, Oct. 20. 1836. 

Errata.— In p. 587. line 27., it is stated that Josiah Pullen died in 1814: 
it Should have been 1714. In the same page, the reference to the Memorials 
of Oxford should have been No. xxvii., instead of No. xxxiii. 


Art. V. Queries and Answers. 


Tue Black Grub on Turnips.— Are you, or any of your numerous cor- 
respondents, acquainted with the natural history of the small black grub which 
lately made such havock amongst the turnips? — J. B. W. Sept. 15. 1836. 

Rabbits preferable to Pigs for making Manure.— 1 have these four years 
ypast kept several rabbits, in order to ascertain if they would not be more 
beneficial for a cottager to keep than pigs; but I always lose a great many of 
the young ones when they are about two months old; and I find it is a general 
complaint amongst all persons that keep them. If the young could be reared, 
I am satisfied that rabbits would be far more profitable than pigs, besides 


* The name of this insect was procured for Mr. Bree at the time; though 
we cannot now say with certainty what it was. We may state, however, that 
we shall be happy to procure the names of insects for gardeners or others, 
who will send them, accompanied by such information respecting them as 


they may possess. — Cond. 
3F 2 


712 Queries and Answers. 


making a great quantity of valuable manure, and that out of the refuse of the 
garden, a great part of which pigs will not eat. J use no other manure than 
rabbits’ dung, and the water which I collect in a cesspool from the drain of 
the house; and my garden produces good crops of all sorts of vegetables. I 
should be glad to know if any of your readers have tried rabbits in the same 
manner as I have done, and what has been the result.—J. F. Drury. 
Churchlands, Cheshunt, Nov. 19. 1836. 

Do Sheep eat aromatic Plants? —1n the Gentleman’s Magazine for 1764 
(vol. xxxiv. p. 270.), it is stated that the merinos of Spain “ greedily devour 
henbane, hemlock, glaucium, and other nauseous weeds,” and, at the same 
time, “reject the aromatic plants, such as Lavandula Stce‘chas, rosemary, 
thyme, &c., which cover the ground in abundance.” How is this to be recon- 
ciled with the practice of sowing thyme in sheep pastures ? — John Wilson. 
Salisbury, Feb. 1835. 

Apse Court, near Walton on Thames. — Here there are 145 acres, 1 rood, 
17 perches, enclosed by a brick wall covered with fruit trees, which, with a 
border round it, are let to a gardener; the land in the middle being occupied 
as fields. (Manning and Bray's Surrey, vol.ii. p.755.) Does this garden 
still exist p— 7. W. Hampstead, Feb. 1835. 

A Garden in a Burial-Ground.— A garden is said to have been laid out in 
a burial-ground in Clerkenwell, in 1704, and filled with flowering shrubs, with 
the exception of a part, planted with garden-stuff, for the use of the occupier. 
(Gentleman’s Magazine, vol. xxxiv. p. 245.) Can any of your readers inform 
me where this garden was situated, and whether it still exists ? — Henry W. 
Thompson, Jun. Aldersgate Street, Dec. 1834. 

Miller, Gardener to the Earl of Orford, at Chelsea.— In the Gentleman’s 
Magazine, vol. xix., there is the confession of one John Vicars, a gardener; 
who, after serving his apprenticeship at Holklan, and afterwards working 
under Mr. Bridgman at Kensington Palace, “ was employed in the Earl of 
Orford’s gardens at Chelsea, under Mr. Miller, where he stayed one year; and 
afterwards worked at Robert Mann’s, Esq., of Linton, near Maidstone,” &c. 
Can any of your readers inform me if this Miller, gardener to the Earl of 
Orford some years previously to 1749, was the celebrated Philip Miller; and 
also where the Earl of Orford’s gardens were situated? — 7. S. Feb. 1834: 

Walter Clarke, an ancient Florist, much favoured by the Earl and Countess 
of Harcourt, and who has a monument in the flower-garden of Newnham 
Courtney, is said to have been honoured with a poetical tribute by Horace 
Walpole. (Beauties of England, &c. Ovfordshire, p.281.) Are there any 
of the descendants of this worthy man still alive? and, if there are, where and 
what are they ? — John Clarke. Godmanchester, Jan. 2. 1835. 

The Grapes at Kinmel Parl: (p. 487.) — The statement of the correspond- 
ent of the Caernarvon and Denbigh Herald is correct about the length and 
breadth of the bunches of grapes that he saw growing at Kinmel Park. It 
may be necessary, however, for the information of J. H. R., to say that the 
grapes were of the kind called the white Nice; a variety which sometimes 
grows to an enormous size; and, when the shoulders are tied up, they will 
measure 2ft., and often 3ft. each way. The weight of those spoken of by 
the correspondent of the newspaper does not exceed 7ilb. The black 
Hamburgh grapes with us this year have been particularly fine. We have cut 
several bunches weighing 4:lb. each, the berries of which measured from 34 in. 
to 42 in. in circumference, and all well coloured. — 7. Forrest. Kinmel Park, 
Oct. 17. 1836, 

Large Black Hamburgh Grapes.— Mr. Wild, fruiterer, of Bury St. Ed- 
munds, has had some extraordinary specimens of the black Hamburgh grape, 
produced, from a peculiar method of training, by Mr. John Fletcher, miller, 
of Eyke. The berries measured 4:in. in circumference, and some were even 
larger; and their flavour was remarkably fine. They were grown in a green- 
house, without artificial heat. (Suffolk Chronicle, Oct. 15. 1836.) We should 


Queries and Answers. . 713 


be glad if our correspondent, Mr. Turner, curator of the Bury St. Edmunds 
Botanic Garden, would send us some particulars of this mode of training, 
and the results. — Cond. 

A new Seedling Vine. — The Journal of Science and Art, vol. xxvii. p. 229., 
contains the following notice : — “* A seedling vine, raised by M. Van Mons, at 
Brussels, produces fruit as large as a green-gage plum, which, at the latest, 
ripens in the first fortnight of August, and never fails.” I should be glad to 
know if this grape can be procured in England. —J. B. W. Sept. 15. 1836. 

Destroying the Scale on the Pine-apple Plant. (p. 429.) —I have been much 
surprised at the treatment that your correspondent L. O. L. has received from 
his opponents on account of his easy and simple recipe for the cure of the 
white scale on the pine plant. Having myself witnessed the complete success 
of the remedy in this immediate neighbourhood, I have taken some pains to 
endeavour to set the public right as to the merit of the plan proposed. In 
the course of my enquiry, I have learned that L. O. L. is decidedly correct in 
his statements ; and I have pleasure in answering the queries proposed in your 
last Number, in case L. O. L. should not think it worth his while to answer 
them. To the first, I reply that the pines of his friend in Bedfordshire were 
entirely clear of the white scale at the time he reported them to be so. To 
the second, they are clean now. To the third, L.O. L.’s friend requested 
him not to drag his name before the public, and he promised he would not ; 
but I trust L. O. L. will not only give up his own name, but will persuade his 
friend in Bedfordshire to permit his name to appear also; as it can only reflect 
credit on both the parties. 

Why a recipe so simple in its application, and so certain in its effect, should 
meet with such opposition, Iam at a loss to conjecture. Whether its simplicity 
(being but a “ dose of soap-suds”’), which, in my estimation, is one of its 
merits, is the cause; or whether the opposition is made to the man, and not 
the measure, I must leave the public to decide. — A Bedfordshire Subscriber. 
Sept. 24. 1836. , 

Budding or Grafting the Walnut. — Can any of your readers inform me in 
what nurseries in England the walnut tree is budded or grafted? I am aware 
that imported trees, which haye been worked, may be procured in several 
nurseries; but I wish to know whether working has been practised, and to 
what extent, in England. Iam acquainted with Mr. Knight’s paper on budding 
the walnut. — 7. B. London, Sept. 1836. 

The Olive Tree immersed in Water. — During how long would an olive tree, 
completely immersed in water, be able to retain its foliage? and would it 
do so for the space of 200 days? An answer, in an early Number, will greatly 
oblige your constant reader, — Antiquitas. Camberwell, Oct. 25. 1836. 

Pinus Pindster as Timber, — In answer to W. T. B. of Allesley (p. 498.) 
I beg to state that the wood of Pinus Pinaster, while in a growing state, may, 
I think, be estimated as almost valueless: but when it has arrived at maturity 
the case is very different; it being then hard and compact, and perhaps equally 
durable with the greater part of that class of pines, when grown in this country. 
This may, in some measure, account for the conflicting opinions which your 
correspondent has received on the subject. It may not be amiss to add that 
none of the pine tribe, if intended for use, should be suffered to die standing, 
which is frequently the case on some soils, where proper thinning has not been 
attended to. It is astonishing to observe, in this case, how soon the wood 
becomes deteriorated ; and, on this account, it has always been my practice 
immediately to apply the axe to such trees as indicated a failure. — T. Rutger. 
Park House, Teddington, Sept. 5. 1836. 

The Salisbiria in the Botanic Garden at Utrecht, mentioned in certain French 
works as being, about the beginning of the present century, the highest tree 
of the kind in Europe, has long been in a stationary state in that garden. The 
age of the tree is supposed to be between 70 and 80 years. Its height is 33 ft., 
the diameter of the trunk 21 in., and that of the head 20 ft. — R. 

38 3 


714 Queries and Answers. 


Cerlain Trees in the Park at Blair Drummond, near Stirling. — Some of the 
trees at Blair Drummond are of large dimensions ; their branches sweeping 
the ground; and, what is remarkable, they are never eaten by horses, sheep, 
or cattle. Can you inform me what species these trees are likely to be? The 
guide who showed me through the grounds said they were some kind of beech 
from America. —J. Wilson. Greenhithe, Kent, Oct. 2. 1836. 

The beech is certainly not so readily eaten by horses or cattle as some other 
trees, and the hornbeam still less than the beech. However, we have written 
to Blair Drummond on the subject, and also to other places where we know 
the beech and the hornbeam abound. In the mean time we shall be glad if 
any of our readers, who are in possession of any facts as to trees suitable for 
park scenery, the leaves and branches of which are not liable to be eaten by 
eattle, will favour us with their experience on the subject. — Cond. 

Malformations of Pears.—Having two jargonelle pear trees in my garden at 
Hoxton, which this year have borne several curious pears, I should feel obliged 
by being informed whether or not the case is uncommon, and how it is 
accounted for. — Frederick Lush. Hoxton, Sept. 1836. 

The circumstance of malformations of pears occurring in very wet seasons 
is by no means uncommon ; and several examples have been noticed in the 
previous volumes of this Magazine. 
Fig.111. is a specimen of one which 
we gathered in 1828, inagardennear , 
Woking. (See Vol. 1V.p. 263.) To | 
enable our correspondent to account 
for this lusus nature, or yegetable 
metamorphosis, we recommend him 
to consult Dr. Lindley’s Introduc- 
tion to Botany, 2d edit. 1 vol. 8vo, 
1835; or it will be a good exercise 
for any of our young correspondents, 
who may be studying vegetable phy- 
siology, to write a short article on 
the subject. The materials they 
will find in the various elementary 
works of Dr. Lindley. 

Johnson's Willow. (p.31@.) — Mr. Grigor, in his Notices of Gardens, 
remarkable Trees, §c.,in the Environs of Lichfield, Staffordshire, alludes to 2 
large and celebrated willow tree, which formerly stood near that city, and 
which was called “Johnson’s Willow,” “famous on account of its having 
been planted by Dr. Samuel Johnson.” Now, that this tree was really 
planted by the doctor seems a matter of some doubt; for, in the Gentleman’s 
Magazine for July, 1785 (seven months after the death of Dr. Johnson), 
there is a particular account of this willow tree, wherein it is stated that it 
had been generally supposed to have been planted by Dr. Samuel Johnson’s 
father, but that the doctor never would admit the fact. It appears, however, 
to have been a favourite tree of the doetor’s, and to have attracted his 
attention for many years: indeed, to use his own expression, it was the 
delight of his early and waning life ; and it is said that he never failed to visit 
it whenever he went to Lichfield; and, during his visit to that city, in the 
year 1781, he desired Dr. Trevor Jones, a physician of that place, to give him 
an account of it, saying it was by much the largest tree of the kind he had 
ever seen or heard of, and therefore wished to give an account of it in the 
Philosophical Transactions, that its size might be recorded. Dr. Jones, in 
compliance with his request, furnished him with the particular dimensions of 
it, which were as follows : — 

The trunk rose to the height of 12 ft. 8.4, in., and then divided into 15 large 
ascending branches, which, in very numerous and crowded subdivisions, spread 
at the top in a circular form, not unlike the appearance of a shady oak, in lining 


Queries and Answers. 715 


a little towards the east. The circumference of the trunk at the bottom was 
15 ft. 93,in.; in the middle, 11 ft. 10in.; and at the top, immediately below 
the branches, 13 ft. The entire height of the tree was 49 ft.; and the circum- 
ference of the branches, at their extremities, upwards of 200 ft., overshadowing 
a plane not far short of 4000 ft. The surface of the trunk was very uneven, 
and the bark much furrowed. The tree had then ( Nov. 29. 1781) a vigorous 
and increasing appearance. The most moderate reputation of its age was, at 
that time, near fourscore years; and some respectable authorities were 
strongly inclined to think that a century had passed over its head. 

Dr. Jones informs us, in the same letter, that it stood nearly midway 
between the Minster and Stow Pools, in the boggy vale through which the 
Pipe Brook runs; and at the bottom of a gentle descent, which terminates, 
at a short distance, in a deep moor. A public footpath crossed the roots of 
the tree on the south-west side; and that, with the consolidation of the light 
spongy moor, might have been the reason that the inclination of the tree, 
from the force of the northerly and westerly winds, was less than usual in 
aquatic trees, especially those which have diffuse heads. It must have 
increased in size very considerably after the year 1781, when the dimensions 
of it, given above, were taken by Dr. Jones; as Dr. Withering informs us that 
he paid a visit to this far-famed willow (probably a short time prior to 1810); 
and that the magnitude of it was then truly surprising. He found the trunk, 
at 6 ft. above the ground, to measure 21 ft. in girt, and to extend 20 ft. in 
height, of that vast size, before dividing into enormous ramifications. The 
whole trunk, comprising about 130 solid feet of timber, was then perfectly 
sound, and the very extensive head showed unimpaired vigour. It was 
doomed, however, to continue in this flourishing state but a very short time 
longer ; for we are informed that many of its branches, on that side of it 
fronting the city of Lichfield, were swept away in the violent storms of 
Saturday, Noy. 10. 1810; and that nearly half of what remained of it fell to 
the ground in August, 1815, “leaving little more than its stupendous trunk, 
its green coronal, and a few side boughs;” and these relics of the once 
famous and celebrated willow, which is said to have been “ the ornament and 
glory of Stow Valley, the subject of every writer, the gratification of every 
naturalist, and the admiration of every traveller,’ were, Mr. Grigor tells us, 
blown down in 1829. It is gratifying to hear that an offset from the old 
tree has been planted on the same site, and that it is in a vigorous state of 
growth. 

It seems to be not finally determined, at present, to what species of willow 
this tree really belonged. Some authors have stated it to have been the 
Salix babylénica L., or weeping willow. Dr. Jones thought it to be the 
Salix viminalis Z. Sir J. E. Smith says it was Salix Russelliana, “as he was 
assured by the Rev. Mr. Dickenson, who has mentioned it in his edition of 
Shaw’s History of Staffordshire (p. 113.) by the name of S. fragilis:” and 
Mr. Grigor informs us that it appears to have been Salix alba. 

There are two engravings of this tree in the Gentleman’s Magazine for 
1785; one at p. 412., the other at p. 640. The first is not only a view 
of the tree, but also of the scenery which surrounds it, including a view of 
the Pipe Brook; the venerable church of St. Chadd, generally called Stow 
Church; and the house where Dr, Johnson spent much of his time when he 
visited Lichfield. The second is a south-west view of the tree only, taken by 
Mr. Stringer, July 20. 1785. Dr. Johnson died Dec. 13. 1784, aged seventy- 
five years. I send you a drawing, copied by Mr. Russell, from the latter 
engraving. — William Baxter. Botanic Garden, Oxford, June 29. 1836. 

We are greatly obliged to Mr. Baxter for the above information, and for 
the copy of the portrait, which we shall, probably, have engraved for the 
Arboretum Britannicum. In the Salictum Woburnense, Johnson’s Willow is 
said, on the authority of Sir J. E. Smith, the Duke of Bedford, and others, 
to be the Salix Russellédna, which we have no doubt it is. There is a 

3F 4& 


716 Queries and Answers. 


splendid portrait of the tree, drawn and engraved by Mr. Burgess, whicli 
forms a frontispiece to the Salictum; and the appearance of this portrait, 
which has much more of the character of the beech than of a willow, induced 
us to request a friend, who was going down to Lichfield in September last, 
to make some enquiries respecting the tree; and to bring us, if possible, a 
sketch of the present appearance of the young plant. In consequence, we 
have received a sketch of the young tree in its present state; a lithograph of 
the old tree as it appeared before it was blown down ; and, subsequently, the 
loan of an oil painting, referred to in the following letter, of the tree and the 
surrounding scenery as it appeared in 1816. 

After the tree was blown down, in April, 1829, Mr. Holmes, a coachmaker 
residing in Lichfield, and the proprietor of the ground on which Johnson’s 
Willow stood, regretting that there was no young tree to plant in its stead, 
recollected that, the year before, a large branch had been blown down, part of 
which had been used as pea-sticks i in his garden; and examined these, to see 
if any of them had taken root. Finding “that one had, he had it removed to 
the site of the old tree, and planted there in fresh soil ; a band of music and a 
number of persons attending its removal, and a dinner being given afterwards 
by Mr. Holmes to his friends and the admirers of Johnson. The young tree 
is, at present, in a flourishing state, and, as Mr. Grigor states above, 20 ft. 
high. Our friend making but a very short stay at Lichfield, another, a 
resident near that city, made further enquiries, and sent us a letter, from 
which the following is an extract: — 

“Saturday morning I walked to Lichfield, to get further information 
respecting the willow; and Mr. Profitt introduced me to Mr. Stringer, who 
made the drawings for the Gentleman’s Magazine, and who is very fond of 
the arts. I find, also, that he made the drawings of the willow which were 
sent to the Duke of Bedford, through the medium of Lady Chetwynd, for His 
Grace’s book. Mr. Stringer has drawings of the willow taken at various periods ; 
and, from those collected and sent to the duke, the duke’s artist compiled a tree ; 
and, though the real tree was, at one period, very handsome, still it never was 
symmetrical: it always leaned to the east, and was much fuller on one side 
than the other. Mr. Stringer painted a small picture of it in 1816, which he will, 
as well as his sister, vouch for the correctness of. In 1825, some boys made 
a fire in the hollow of the tree; and Mr. Stringer, whose garden reaches near 
there, saw the fire, and sent some of his men to extinguish it ; one of whom 
had his shirt quite burned off before the engine arrived. The fire so injured 
the tree, that it decayed rapidly afterwards; and, in a violent storm, on 
April 20. 1829, at three o’clock in the afternoon, it was blown down. From 
what I now learn, and judge from all the drawings I have seen, the published 
lithograph of the tree, which you have, was drawn when the tree lay on the 
ground ; as Mr. Stringer has a sketch of it in its fallen state. I shall send you the 
little oil painting of the tree to-night. It can come back when you have done 
withit. Mr. Stringer will be happy to give any information in his power. 
Mr. Profitt enquired of the nurseryman here as to whether the plant is 
male or female. He is of opinion that it is the former, but he has never 
observed any blossoms on the tree; nor had Mr. Stringer. You will perceive, 
at once, that the duke’s tree (of which Mr. Stringer showed me a copy, sent 
him by the duke) could not have resembled, in the least, the tree as it stood 
in 1828, it having been so much injured in 1825.— A.D. H. Shenstone, near 
Lichfield, Sept. 12. 1836.” 

Hybrids of the True Service. — Has any hybrid been yet produced between 
the true service and the mountain ash, or any other of the services?—T. O. M. 

The Papaw Tree has flowered in the Chelsea Garden, in the open air, for 
some years; but our summers are too cold for it to produce fruit. (Philip 
Miller, in Gentleman’s Magazine, vol. xxv., for 1755, p. 513.) Has any gar- 
dener proved this? I have always been in the habit of considering the 
papaw tree as a hot-house plant. — A constant Reader. Feb. 1835. 


Queries and Answers. iste) 


The Hydrangea, with blue and red Flowers on the same Plant. — In the 
Encyclopedia of Gardening (3d ed., p. 864.), it is mentioned that the ashes 
of spruce fir, alum-water, and other things, applied to the roots of Hydrangea 
Horténsia, produce blue flowers ; and, also, that the earth, in particular situa- 
tions, has the same effect. In favour of this, I may remark, that almost every 
hydrangea in Cornwall, on the moory earth so common there, has blue 
flowers. But I have noticed this year, in South Wales, and also in Jersey, 
that blue and red flowers frequently occur on the same plant, while, within a 
few yards, were bushes with flowers either entirely red, or entirely blue. In 
this case, it could not be the earth which produced the effect; and I know 
that no artificial means had been resorted to. Can any of your readers throw 
any light on the subject? — W.C. Nov. 8. 1836. 

Acacias which throw up Suckers.— All the plants which I have of Acacia 
dealbata, and which I thought were killed down to the ground, have made 
fresh shoots from the stool, and are now very ornamental and bushy plants, 
averaging 5 ft. in height. I conceive, therefore, that this species of the Acacia 
is highly deserving of cultivation, although occasionally subject to be cut down 
by the most severe of our winters. I have young plants from seed, ripened 
in the open air, which may perhaps prove, in some degree, more hardy than 
the original plant which came from Van Diemen’s Land. A peat soil seems 
to suit them best. J am informed that many of the species of this genus 
throw up suckers from the root, and these must be very desirable kinds for 
planting in situations where they are liable (as they are with me) to be killed 
down to the ground in winter. I should therefore be very greatly obliged to 
you, or to any of your readers, and more especially to any such who may reside 
in Australia, if they would favour me, through your pages, with a list of the 
sucker-producing species. — T. W. B. Surrey, Oct. 1836. 

Rosa Hardii is a hybrid raised at the Luxemburg, and is said to produce a 
profusion of small golden flowers with a purple eye. I have brought over a 
plant, and I should be glad to know if it is already in the country. — J. W. D. 
Nov. 13. 1836. 

Fingus meliténsis. — It is well known that this fungus (which, by the by, 
is not a fungus, but a phenogamous plant) has long excited the attention of 
botanists. It grows upon an insulated rock off the Island of Gozo, near 
Malta, and its virtues were once so celebrated that the knights, after reserving 
a sufficient quantity for the use of their island, distributed the rest among the 
crowned heads of Europe, as the most valuable gift they could bestow. From 
the inaccessible place in which only it is found, very few have been tempted 
to visit its habitat. Dr. Walsh has done so, seen the plant in situ, and adds 
some curious particulars of its history, not noticed before. He crossed over 
to the stupendous rock on which it grows, by means of cables fastened to the 
opposite cliff (the only means of approach), and thus describes the place and 

lant : — 
me: The summit is an irregular plain, with an area of about half an acre in 
circumference, covered with a slight surface of mould, in which several marine 
plants were growing, particularly the Cheiranthus incanus, in great luxuriance 
and beauty. My guide, after some search, pointed out to me several plants 
of the fungus protruding themselves just above the soil. They were of a dark 
ferruginous red, and exactly resembled knobs of rusty iron driven into the 
ground. Beside them grew a large plant of the A’triplex genus ; and on pulling 
it up we found the fungus growing as a parasite on the fibres of its roots, and 
the rudiments of several young ones forming. Having permission to take up 
a few specimens, I prepared to do so, to the great horror of the man, who 
seemed to think it a kind of sacrilege committed by unhallowed hands.” 
After stating the exaggerated accounts published of this vegetable, and the 
estimate in which its medical properties ought really to be held, he thus adds: 
—“ But the circumstance which must always render it a great botanical 
curiosity, is its singular habitat, and the circumscribed limits of its vegetation. 


718 Queries and Answers. 


I have been informed, and have reason to think, that the genuine plant exists 
no where but on the summit of the Hageria, and is limited to a sphere of a 
few yards in circumference. The stone of which the rock is composed is of 
a calcareous and peculiar quality. It is so porous, that it greedily imbibes 
moisture, particularly the acid of sea-water; so that a single drop falling on a 
block of ‘the stone is diffused through it like water through a lump of sugar ; 
and, in a given time, it breaks down and disolves in the same manner. The 
same process insulated the rock, and, as it is every day going on, will finally 
destroy it. Already the summit overhangs the base, which the acid of the 
sea-water is continually dissolving and undermining. At no distant period the 
whole will probably be precipitated, and bury in the deep its mysterious 
fungus, which will then become an extinct plant, there being no where else to 
be found a specimen of that curious vegetable, which, for orca centuries, 
had excited the interest and admiration of all Europe.” (Narrative of a 
Residence at Constantinople.) 

Can any of your readers inform me in what work the best coloured figures 
of this singular fungus may be found; or where, or in what manner, I could 
procure a model of it coloured after nature? — 7. G. London, Sept. 16. 
1836. 

Ornamental Hedges. — What plants are the most suitable for forming orna- 
mental hedges, which shall, at the same time, be sufficient fences against sheep 
and cattle? I have tried sweet briar and hawthorn together; but, from the 
temporary duration of the former shrub, I find it soon dies off, and leaves a 
gap in the hedge. I have tried holly and hawthorn, and also the hawthorn 
and the privet; but, though both mixtures make most excellent hedges, they 
are neither odoriferous nor flowery. I have lately planted a mixture of 
Cydonia japonica, and double furze, but I am afraid that the latter wil choke 
the former. Has any one tried the Cydonia j japonica alone, or with the common 
hawthorn, or with holly? It seems to me highly desirable, that the holly 
should be generally used instead of the hawthorn; because it does neither 
harbour birds nor insects, nor produce so much moisture by evaporation as 
deciduous-leaved shrubs. — S. 7’ 

Cactus [Cereus] heptagona. — Can any of your readers inform me a the 
great Cactus heptagona ever flowered in this country? I have a very fine 
specimen, 8 ft. high, now showing flower in the green-house, here. — John 
Clarke. Compton Gardens, near Sherborne, Dorset, May 2. 1836. 

Roses in Northamptonshire. — In Smith’s Floris?’s Magazine, vol.1. p. 10., 
it is said, that it “is reported that most sorts of roses will not grow in the 
county of Northampton, and probably not in any of the oolitic districts, 
though they grow freely in the extreme north of the island.” I should be 
glad to know from you, or any of your readers who are well acquainted with 
Northamptonshire, if they will state how far the above report is true; and I 
shall also be glad to know how far the probability of roses not growing in any 
of the oolitic districts of England is borne out by facts.—J. D. Butler. Dublin, 
Aug. 1836. 

Tree Dahlias.— In Vol. XI. p. 680. mention is made of a tree dahlia in the 
Liverpool Botanic Garden. Can you, or any of your readers, inform me how 
the plant has succeeded there ? I have heard, also, that there is a plant in the 
Edinburgh Botanic Garden; and _ that Wiceere. Loddiges had it direct from 
Mexico, some years ago, but lost it. J understand the wood of the trunk of 
this plant (for a tree it cannot properly be called, being suffruticose in struc- 
ture) is used for making packing-boxes, in the countries where it is indi- 
genous. — Id. 

The Potatoes in Norway, all over the country, carry a white flower. In 
whole fields, not one with red or purple flowers will be seen. Is this the 
effect of climate, which seems to have a tendency to produce every thing in 
the albino style; houses, cattle, even children, appearing white varieties of 
their species ? (Laing’s Journ. of a Residence in Norway during 1834, 1835, and 


Queries and Answers. 719 


1836.) Can any of your readers throw light on this subject ?— Thomas 
White. Leith, Aug. 1836. 

The Fruit of the Ribes sanguineum bemg more nearly allied to that of the 
black currant, than to that of the red currant or the gooseberry, would it not 
be worth while to try the effect of hybridising, with a view to the production 
of anew fruit ?— W. R. 

Queries_ respecting the most profitable Kinds of Fruit for a Market-Gardener. 
— What are the best sorts of pines, for late and winter fruits? What vines 
are the most productive and marketable for early and late crops? What 
strawberries will do best for forcing; also for early and late outdoor crops ? 
What peaches should be grown on a south wall; also nectarines ? 

The above are to be forced, except the outdoor strawberries ; those below 
are for east and west walls and espaliers. Apricots, for east and west walls. 
Cherries, for east and west walls; the earliest and the latest for espaliers. 
Plums, for east and west walls, and espaliers ; the smooth-branched sorts only, 
for the sake of avoiding the aphis. Pears and apples, for espaliers, only the 
latest sorts and best keepers. Raspberries, for espaliers, the best bearers, and 
a late sort. Currants and gooseberries, for espaliers ; of the gooseberries, the 
most erect growers will be preferred, as they are to be trained erect. 

It will be seen by the above, that every thing that can be brought into es- 
palier training with me is adopted, in consequence of the superiority of the 
fruit, the advantage of pruning, thinning, cleansing from filth, protection from 
frost, independently of beauty of appearance. —Y. Lancashire, July, 1836. 

Lhe Girton Pippin Apple. — At Kirkton, a village near Barton, in Suffolk, 
there is (which Camden also takes notice of ) a very fair church, built ca- 
thedral-wise. This town gives original and name to that sort of apples which 
are called at Cambridge, corruptly, Girton pippins, of a very pleasant taste.— 
(Select Remains of the learned John Ray, p. 135. 8vo, 1661.) 

I have no doubt some of your readers can inform me whether any of the 
trees which may have been supposed to be growing at Barton in the time of 
Camden are still in existence there ; and if so, in what state they are with 
regard to health, bearing, &c. I should also be glad to know if what is 
called the Girton pippin, in England, be the same as the Kirkton, Kirton, or 
cracked, pippin of the Edinburgh Gardens, which is a small round flat apple, 
nearly resembling the Thorle pippin.— Pomona. Oct. 1836. 

Potash from Beei-root. — The beet-root, says a French paper, is about to 
acquire an additional title to the attention of agriculturists, by the new pro- 
duce which, besides molasses and sugar, it is now found can be extracted from 
it. One of these productions (potash) will be, like sugar, the rival of an exotic 
commodity. M.Dubrunfant has been the first to discover the means of 
advantageously extracting this substance from the residuum left after the distil- 
lation of molasses, and which has hitherto been thrown away after the separa- 
tion of its alcohol. To give some idea of the importance of this new source 
of national wealth, it will be sufficient to say that the quantity of potash 
yielded by M. Dubrunfont’s process is equal to ene sixth of the quantity 
of sugar extracted from the beet-root; thus admitting the fact that, where 
80,000,000 lb. of indigenous sugar are annually produced, we may expect to ob- 
tain from the primary materials 14,000,000 lb. of a saline substance, equal in all 
respects to the best potash imported ; besides alcohol and other productions. 
At the present rate of prices, the value of this quantity will be about eight or 
nine millions of francs ; and these facts furnish an additional argument for the 
protection of our indigenous sugar against foreign competition. (Jorning Chro- 
nicle, Nov. 1. 1836.) I have since learned that a kind of coffee is made by the 
French from some part of the beet-root, after the sugar has been extracted, 
which is said to be equal, if not superior, to coffee from chicory. Now, as 
there is an establishment at Limehouse for extracting sugar from the beet, I 
should be greatly obliged to any of your readers who would inform me, Ist, 
Whether this manufactory answers as far as sugar is concerned ? 2dly, Whe- 


720 Queries and Answers. 


ther potash is extracted from the refuse? 3dly, Whether coffee is made of it ? 
and, 4thly, To what other purpose is the refuse applied ? The reason I ask 
is, that I intend trying to extract sugar from the root on a small scale, for the 
use of my own family, and for teaching my pupils. I give you my address 
below for your own use ; but wish, if you publish this article, that it should be 
signed — A. D. G. Near Stockport, Nov. 2. 1836. 

Salubrity and Insalubrity of Situations ; in answer to Samuel Wright.—We 
strongly recommend our correspondent to read Dr. M‘Culloch’s Essay on 
Malaria. We are persuaded that very few persons are aware of the superior 
degree of healthfulness of an elevated open situation, exposed to the south 
rather than the north, and on a dry and, if possible, calcareous soil. Few 
of us are aware, also, of the superior dryness produced in the floor and 
the walls of ordinary houses, by raising the lowest living-floor 3 ft. or 4 ft. 
above the surrounding surface. In labourers’ cottages this is of the very last 
importance, as we shall show on a future occasion. We shall, in the mean 
time, extract some notices on the subject from Dr. M‘Culloch, and from what 
we consider the most useful review of his book that has yet appeared, in the 
American Quarterly Review, No. viii., for December, 1828. “ Malaria (bad air), 
miasma (miaino, to infect), or marsh exhalation, is something which originates 
in swampy, marshy, moist ground, wherein vegetables having grown, die, and 
putrefy. Vegetables that die and become disorganised in cold weather do not 
appear to produce this infectious malaria; nor do vegetables that die, and are 
dried up by heat, in a dry place. Nor do we find it in places bare of vege- 
tation, unless vegetable matter, liable to putrefy, be found there accidentally, 
or brought there purposely. Nor do we find this miasmatous air prevalent in 
the winter season: the months of July, August, and September, including, in 
warm climates, one half of October, are the seasons when this pestilence chiefly 
prevails. But it has been observed, that places producing remittent fevers in 
the fall are liable to produce intermittents in springs. Places completely co- 
vered with water do not produce malaria, although the margins of such places 
do. This poison is now usually supposed to be a gas, acting by its chemical pro- 
perties ; by others, it is presumed to be an exhalation, effuvium, or odour ; 
the ancient opinion, at present not considered as worth investigation, is, that 
the deleterious quality of the air impregnated with it is owing to animalcula. 
Malaria, according to Dr. M‘Culloch, is the source of more than half the dis- 
eases to which the human race is subject, and of more than half the mortality 
which depopulates mankind. It seems to be the angel of destruction, or- 
dained to maintain the necessary proportion between population and the means 
of subsistence. It detracts one half from the value of life in Holland; and at 
least as much, and probably more, in Italy. The chances of life in England are 
variously calculated from forty to fifty yeers. In many parts of Holland they 
are not more than about twenty-five. In many places of France they are 
reduced by malaria to twenty and eighteen years. Sicily and Sardinia, and 
much of Greece, are similarly affected. Lincolnshire, Essex, Cambridgeshire, 
and the North Riding of Yorkshire are known seats of this pestilence in Eng- 
land. Oliver Cromwell died of it; and, although we are become much better 
acquainted with its effects and its habits than formerly, great ignorance still 
prevails, even in England, on this interesting subject. People are not yet 
aware of the many situations pregnant with latent disease, where danger is not 
suspected ; nor are they aware of the anomalous forms of indistinct, but pain- 
ful, suffering, attributable to this cause where the absence of intermittent or 
remittent diseases induces a dangerous confidence and security. Dr. M‘Cul- 
loch is inclined to ascribe to this cause the following list of disorders : — 
Yellow, remittent, intermittent, and nervous fever; dysentery, diarrheea, 
cholera, visceral obstructions; dropsy, cedema, obstructions of the liver and 
spleen, neuralgia, and, in particular, that form of it, the tic douloureux ; to which 
we would be strongly inclined to add the dengue of the Havanna and Charleston, 
scrofula, and goitre; hebetude of intellect, and general lassitude; a Bceotian 


London Horticultural Society and Garden. 721 


diathesis; rickets, hernia, rheumatism, sciatica, toothach, asthma, peripneu- 
mony, dyspepsia, palsy, phthisis, chlorosis, are doubtful; not that these dis- 
orders, or any of them, do not, in many cases, originate in other causes; 
but that they are, in many cases, fairly ascribable to the effects of malaria or 
miasma. 


Art. VI. The London Horticultural Society and Garden. 


MEETING, October 4. 1836.— Exhibited. Plants. Lantana Selldii, Com- 
brétum purptreum, Chironia /inifolia, C. decussata, Amarfllis, a hybrid 
between A. ailica and A. Jéhnsoni; Erica verticillata, Manéttia cordifolia, 
Rondeletia speciosa, and Zygopétalum Mackai; from Mrs. Lawrence. Myan- 
thus cristatus, and M. barbatus, from J. Bateman, Esq. Seedling lobelias 
and petunias, a hybrid Passiflora between P, alata and P. racemosa, and 
dahlias, from Mr. R. Miller, gardener to the Earl of Shrewsbury. Clématis 
cerulea grandiflora, and two orchideous plants, from Mr. H. Low. A col- 
lection of flowers, from the Hon. W. H. F. Strangways. — Fruits. A 
branch of the Wormsley pippin, with sixteen fruit upon it, from J. Webster, 
Esq. Black Hamburgh grapes, from F. Hodgson, Esq. Cannon Hall muscat 
grapes, from the Earl of Tyrconnel. Seedling grapes, between the black 
Hamburegh and the Frontignan, from W. Whitlock, of Pepper Hall. Dove 
Bank plums, brown beurré pears, and chancellor peaches, from Sir Oswald 
Mosley, Bart., M.P. Providence pine-apple, weighing 93 lb. ; queen ditto, 
weighing 51 |b.; ditto, weighing, 43 1b.; from Mrs. Edwards Vaughan. Nerii 
figs, from T. A. Knight, Esq. 

From the Garden of the Society. Plants. TZygopétalum Mackai, So- 
lanum aspero-lanatum, S. sp. with eatable fruit; Zithospérmum rosmarini- 
folium, Lobelia Tupa, Vallota purpurea, Escallonia montevidénsis, Anemone 
vitifolia, Tecoma capensis, dahlias, and China asters. — Fruits. Pears: 
Flemish beauty, fondante d’automne, beurré Bosc, Buffam, Henri Quatre, 
Louise bonne (of Jersey}, poire figue, bergamotte Dertrycker, autumn berga- 
mots, moorfowl egg. Grapes: white Nice. 

Medals awarded. A large silver medal was awarded at this meeting to 
Mrs. Edwards Vaughan, for the above-mentioned pine-apples; a Knightian 
medal to Mr. Whiting, gardener to Lord Tyrconnel, for the Cannon Hall 
muscat grapes; and one to Sir Oswald Mosley, for the Dove Bank plums. 
Banksian medals: one to Mr. H. Low, for the Clématis czrilea grandiflora 
(see fig. 57. p. 358.) ; and one, also, to Mrs. Lawrence, for the Zygopétalum 
Mackaz. 

Meeting, Oct. 18. 1836.— Presented. Mémoires de l Académie Royale 
des Sciences de l'Institut de France, tom. xiii.; et Mémoires présentés par 
divers Savans a4 ’ Académie Royale, &c., tom. vi.; by the Royal Academy 
of Sciences, &c., of Paris. Transactions of the Agricultural and Horticul- 
tural Society of India; by the Society. 

Exhibited. Plants. “pidéndrum ciliatum, Oncidium ciliitum, Cattleya 
Loddigési?, Zygopétalum Mackai var., Maxillaria Déppe?, Pol¥spora axillaris, 
from Messrs. Rollisson. Strelitzia humilis, from T. Harris, Esq. Miscel- 
laneous flowers, from the Hon. W. H. F. Strangways. Ditto, from Mrs. 
Marryatt. Specimens of a new variety of oak, from Messrs. Fennessy of the 
Quay, Waterford. (See fig.82. p.407.) A collection of dahlias, seedling 
ditto, roses, and Cypripedium insigne, from Mr. G. Glenny. A collection of 
dahlias, and a seedling chrysanthemum, from Mr. R. Chandler. CAssia 
sp., from Mrs. Lawrence. — Fruits. A melon from Valencia, from the 
Rev. F. J. Staniforth. Three varieties of apples, from the Rev. W. Cobbold 
of Selborne. Louise bonne (of Jersey) pears, from the Earl of Tyrconnel. 
Black Prince grapes, black Hamburgh grapes, and varieties of pears, from 


722 London Horticultural Society and Garden. 


Mr. C. Spory. Black Hamburgh grapes (grown in a green-house, without 
fire-heat), from R. Gibson, Esq-, of Hackney. 

From the Garden of the Society. Plants. Baddlea madagascariénsis, Mo- 
nachanthus discolor, Alstroeméria acutifolia, Escallonia montevidénsis, Rhodo- 
chiton volubilis, Scabidsa atropurpurea grandiflora, Técoma capénsis. — 
Fruits. Pears: Comte de Lamy, “a very sugary variety ;” Duchesse d’An- 
gouléme, from a wall; beurré de Capiaumont, a most abundant bearer ; 
Marie-Louise, from a wall; brown beurré, from a standard; doyenné gris; 
doyenné blanc, from a wall; Seckle, from a wall; bon Chrétien fondant ; 
Gansel’s bergamot, from a standard; beurré d’ Angleterre [so called by the 
Parisians, by whom it is largely exposed for sale in the streets ; being a great 
bearer, and succeeding as a standard. It is not equal in quality to the brown 
beurré; nor is it common in England.”— &. 7.]; Duc de Berri, Welbeck, 
moorfowl egg. Apples: Bedfordshire foundling, Hollandbury, late carse of 
Gowrie, no core: all good kitchen apples. 

«“ The above are all from standards, except those marked otherwise. 
The Duchesse d’Angouléme is equal in size to the specimens received from 
Jersey. Still, although smaller, the Marie-Louise is the more valuable of the 
two. The brown beurré and Gansel’s bergamot are seldom grown on 
standards; but, when they do succeed, the flavour is -very good. Some of 
the kinds, as the Comte de Lamy and bon Chrétien fondant, are better in 
some seasons than the present.” — R. T. 

Medals awarded. A Knightian medal was this day awarded to Messrs. 
Rollisson, for their orchideous plants; also to Mr. Glenny, for his dahlias ; 
and a Banksian medal to Messrs. Chandler, for their seedling chrysanthemum. 

Meeting, Nov. 1. 1836. Presented. — Books. Stent on the Failure of the 
Potato Crop; from the author. Constitution, By-Laws, and Address 
delivered at the first annual Exhibition, and Report of the Committee of 
Arrangements of the second annual Exhibition, of the Horticultural Society 
in the District of Columbia; from the Society. Verhandlungen der K. K. 
Landwirth-Schafts-Geschellschaft in Wien, parti. vol. iv, n.s.; from the 
Society. 

Evhibited. Plants. Cactus truncata, Blétia hyacinthozdes, Gesneria ob- 
longata, Gloxinia maculata, Justicia speciosa, Colamnea scandens, Vinca 
rosea Alba, Amarfllis, Hrica magnifica, E. viridéscens, and FE. cerinthdides, 
from Mr. J. Green, gardener to Sir E. Antrobus, Bart. Two seedling chry- 
santhemums, raised from seed of the expanded crimson chrysanthemum ; and 
two seedling capsicums, from the long red-fruited var., from Mr. J. Wheeler, 
Oxford. Rochea falcata (two years old), from Mr. Cuthill. Oncidium cris- 
pum, and Catasétum cristatum, from Messrs. Rollisson. Twenty-four varieties 
of seedling chrysanthemums, from Messrs. Chandler. Bignona ventsta, and 
camellia flowers, from Mr. G. Phillips. — Fruits. Beurré diel pears (from 
four standards), from Mr Jarvis, Turnham Green. Currants, from Mr. G. 
Phillips. A queen pine-apple, weighing 431b.; ditto, 4lb. 50z.; and an 
Enville pine-apple, weighing 61b. 5 oz., grown from suckers, without fire- 
heat ; from Mr. Spence (see Mr. Spence’s excellent communication on Brug- 
mansia, p. 589.), gardener to R. Durant, Esq., F.H.S. Apples, from 
J. Reeves, Esq., F.H.S.— Articles. Model of an apparatus for preserving 
currants on the trees, from Mr. G. Phillips. 

From the Garden of the Society. Pears: Dumortier, Tillington, fondante 
Van Mons, Marie-Louise, calebasse, figue de Naples [“a hardy vigorous- 
growing tree. The fruit has something of the flavour of bishop’s thumb and 
poire figue.” — R. T.], Whitfield, bergamot cadet, Forelle, alpha, Eyewood 
[mentioned as a new and superior variety under our Pomological Notices, in 
a preceding page], Duchesse d’Angouléme, Bezi de la Motte, beurré d’Arem- 
berg, Napoléon, Styrian, sucré vert, Madame. Apples: Golden reinette, 
king of the pippins, Margil, Barcelona pearmain, Hollandbury, beauty of Kent, 
Bedfordshire foundling, Devonshire buckland, Hormead pearmain drap d’or. 


Obituary. 723 


“The last six sorts are good kitchen apples, particularly the Bedfordshire 
foundling.’” — Rk. T. Chrysanthemums: Queen (Nos. 70. and 79.), and Stan- 
hopea ebarnea. 

Medals awarded. A silver Knightian medal to Mr. Green, for Colamnea 
scandens ; to Messrs. Rollisson, for Oncidium crispum ; and to R. Durant, 
Esq., for pine-apples. 


Art. VII. Obituary. 


Tue following notice, understood to be written by Dr. Lindley, is taken from 
the Atheneum. A biography, somewhat more in detail, will be found in the 
French journal Hermes, for Sept. 24. 1836. 

“ Jussieu. — The French newspapers have announced the death, at the age 
of eighty-nine, of the celebrated botanist, M. Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. 
We cannot suffer this melancholy event to pass by without offering our hum- 
ble tribute to the memory of so excellent a man, and profound a philosopher, 
— the great and successful antagonist of Linnzeus in his favourite field of 
natural history, and the founder of the present school of systematic botany. 
Called, at the early age of twenty-two, to assume the duties of botanical 
demonstrator in the Jardin du Roi, in room of Lemonnier, the physician of 
Louis X VI., Jussieu was led, from the very beginning of his career, to oc- 
cupy himself with the affinities and analogies of plants; and he speedily 
acquired a knowledge of such subjects far beyond that of his day. He saw 
clearly that the artificial system of Linnzeus was more specious than solid, 
and that it had the intolerable fault of leading those who adopted it to a 
superficial and unphilosophical mode of studying. At the same time, he was 
not less alive to the defects of the systems of his countrymen, Tournefort 
and Adanson, which were the only natural methods of arrangement at that 
time known ; for the works of Ray, upon which they were founded, had be- 
come obsolete. This led Jussieu to investigate for himself the principles 
upon which the mutual relations of plants are to be determined; and, after 
nineteen years of study, he found himself able to lay before the world his 
ideas, in his celebrated Genera Plantarum, which at once elevated its author 
to the highest rank among botanists, and created a new era in science; for 
it reduced to a definite form all those important circumstances upon which 
natural affinity depends, and proved that the points which Linnzeus had found 
inappreciable and intangible were susceptible of being clearly stated and 
methodically disposed. The possibility of doing this had been generally dis- 
believed; and that was one of the greatest causes of the slow progress of 
systematic botany previously to 1789, the year in which the Genera appeared. 
From that time forward it advanced with rapid strides, in those countries 
where men were to be found capable of appreciating the profound views of 
its learned author. In England it met with little notice till the year 1810, 
when Brown’s Prodromus of the New Holland Flora was ushered into the 
world. Up to that time, botany, under the evil influence of a self-created 
leader, was with us in a state of torpor. As soon as the principles of Jussieu 
and his follower, Brown, began to become known, they spread rapidly in this 
country, and the science from that period began to revive. The Genera 
Plantarum was the only special work that its author ever published. All 
that he subsequently produced consisted of separate memoirs upon parts of 
his great work, in which he altered, or added to, what he had therein stated, 
or proposed improvements, as his sources of knowledge became more ex- 
tended. For many years he has been dead to science, in consequence of the 
failure of his eyesight; and has been exclusively occupied in an exemplary 
attention to his duties in private life; while his chair of botany has been 
worthily filled by his son Adrien, who inherits the talent and reputation of his 


724 Obituary. 


father. The last illness of Jussieu was sudden and short: his body was 
already bowed down with the weight of years; his hearing, as well as his 
sight, had failed him, although his faculties are said to have otherwise re- 
mained but little impaired; and, at last, to use the words of a correspondent, 
“sa mort fut moins un malheur qwune apothéose.” After the manner of the 
French, a funeral oration was pronounced over his grave; and M. Mirbel, 
to whom this sacred duty was entrusted, is said to have performed his melan- 
choly task with an eloquence, good taste, and feeling, most worthy of his own 
high reputation.” (J. LZ. in Atheneum, Oct. 22. 1836.) 

Mr. John Shepherd, A.L.8., Curator of the Liverpool Botanic Gardens, 
died Sept. 27. 1836. His name has been associated with that Institution 
from its first establishment, now nearly 35 years since. He was recommended 
to Mr. Roscoe, the then president of the garden, by the late J. L. Philips, 
Esq., of Manchester, and fully justified the high character given him by that 
gentleman, as a person eminently gifted by nature for such a situation. En- 
dowed with a native love of gardening, and indefatigable in his exertions, he 
succeeded in raising the establishment over which he was placed to a state of 
competition with the first gardens in Europe; and it is believed that in the 
department of hardy herbaceous plants it stood for many years unrivalled: the 
scitamineous tribe were also cultivated with great success, and afforded an oppor- 
tunity to Mr. Roscoe of illustrating that interesting class of plants. During 
his long curatorship, the records of the garden exhibit an array of names of 
high celebrity, as well in rank as science, and more particularly of enlightened 
foreigners. Of social habits, and great cheerfulness of mind, his society was 
much courted by the cultivators of plants in his own immediate vicinity and 
the neighbouring counties, many gentlemen being anxious to avail themselves 
of his correct taste in the disposition of their grounds and gardens. A pleasing 
specimen of his talents in this line will be found in the new Liverpool Zoolo- 
gical Gardens. From the extension of the town, and the proximity of dwelling- 
houses, it was found requisite, about three years ago, to change the site of the 
Liverpool Botanic Garden, and since that period Mr. Shepherd has been un- 
intermittingly employed in preparing and completing the fine piece of ground 
purchased for that purpose, in Lodge Lane, His health had sensibly declined 
for the last two years, but he had the good fortune to survive to witness the 
opening of the new gardens, when the approbation of his labours by the 
gentlemen of the committee, and the subscribers at large, was conveyed to 
him in a manner highly gratifying to the feelings of their aged curator. He 
was arrested on his way to London by the hand of sickness, about the middle 
of August, and returning home, after a confinement and severe illness of six 
weeks, died on the 27th of September. Mr. Shepherd was born at Gosford, 
a small village in Cumberland, and was in his 73d year. 

The interment of Mr. Shepherd took place at St. Mary’s Church, Edge- 
hill, when the committee of the Botanic Garden and a number of the pro- 
prietors attended, as a mark of respect to the memory of their late curator, 
(Liverpool Mercury, Sept. 30.) 


END OF THE TWELFTH VOLUME. 


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