THE

GARDENER'S MAGAZINE,

CONDUCTED

By J. C. LOUDON, F.L.S. H.S. &c.

M THOR OF THE ENCYCLOPAEDIAS OF GARDENING AND OF AGKICULTlIltF,, AND
EDITOR OF THE ENCVCLOP.EDIA OF PLANTS.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR

LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, AND GREEN,

PATERNOSTER-ROW.

1831.

rer

■,<»

b-8

V.7

London :

Printed by A. & R. Spottiswoode,

New-Slreet-Square.

PREFACE.

The principal improvement introduced in this Seventh Volume
of the Gardener's Magazine is, the collection into one list, in
each Number (p. Si^i;. 503. and 615.), of all the plants men-
tioned in that Number as introduced to our gardens, but which are
not included, or are mentioned under a different name, or imper-
fectly described, in the H6rius Britu?iniciis. This list is prepared
and printed with a degree of care and accuracy, and at an
expense, which, it is but justice to ourselves to state, has not
hitherto been equalled in any botanical publication in this or in
any other country. At the end of every year these lists will be
rearranged, and published separately on the 1st of the succeed-
ing February, as a Supplement to the Horlus Britdnnicus. The
Supplement for 1831 will appear on February 1. 1832.

In the course of the publication of this Volume, the Conductor
has had an opportunity of personally ascertaining, during an exten-
sive tour, the state of gardening, and the wants and wishes of a
number of his readers, in the central and northern counties of
England, and in the west of Scotland. He has been confirmed in
his intention of continuing the reports of the Provincial Horticul-
tural Societies, subject to the modifications laid down in p. 626.
He has ascertained, beyond all doubt, that gardening has made
much more progress during the last quarter of a century as an
art of culture than as an art of design and taste ; and that, in
consequence, the wants of his readers, whether gardeners, their
employers, or amateurs, are chiefly in the department of taste ;
in other words, in landscape-gardening and garden architecture.

While the newest varieties of fruits, culinary vegetables, and
flowers have found their way almost every where, the same com-
monplace manner of laying out shrubberies and flower-gardens
(see p. 400, 401, and 402.) which existed at the end of the last
century is still prevalent. Trees in parks are planted in the same
formal belts and clumps, or scattered singly over the surface in
what is familiarly called dotting. The same indiscriminate mode
of mixing trees in plantations still prevails ; and, in regard to
thinning and pruning (which, however, have more to do with
profit than with picturesque effect), there is not one proprietor in
twenty that has the courage to set about either operation. Tiie
order and keeping of gardens and pleasure-grounds seem, on the
whole, to have retrograded rather than advanced ; partly because,
while the extent of most places has been increased, the number
of hands allowed for keeping them has been diminished ; l)ut
partly, also, from misapplied exertion and labour on the part of
the gardener, and from his, in almost every case, confounding tiie
means of high order and keeping with the end. This we have

A 2

IV PREFACE.

explained in p, 54-4, 51-5, and 5W. On the part of the employers
of gardeners, the desire for extent, quantity, and temporary dis-
play has eclipsed the love of excellence, select beauty, and per-
manent value. Thus, while a sort of diseased feeling in favour of
possessing thousands of house plants in pots, and of displaying
great quantities of showy articles, such as georginas, salvias (excel-
lent in moderation), &c., on lawns, has taken place, the perma-
nently valuable novelties, such as new species of American or
other timber, and ornamental trees and beautiful shrubs, which
would remain distinguishing features in the general woods and
plantations of an estate for generations, are neglected. Petty,
temporary, and minute improvements, in short, supersede such as
are grand, comprehensive, and permanent. "With respect to order
and keeping, we can truly say that we have been disgusted, in
even the best places, at seeing so much labour thrown away on
what can have no effect but that of creating a demand for more
labour. We allude in particular to operations on walks and their
edgings, and on dug borders in shrubberies, as explained in
p. ^O-t, 405. and 543. ; but we might also include different fan-
ciful modes of training fruit trees, of forcing fruits and flowers,
and of cultivating exotics, which serve little purpose but that of
consuming labour in procuring imperfect productions, or in coun-
teracting nature. There are some gardeners who are as fully
aware of these things as ourselves ; but they have declared to
us, that, if they were not to hoe and rake walks, pare their edges,
and dig shrubberies as their neighbours do, they would be con-
sidered neglectful of their duty to what was under their charge,
and would soon be dismissed from their situations. This has
obliged us to be more particular (see p. 548.) than we otherwise
should have supposed it necessary to be.

Convinced as we are that want of taste is the defective point
both in gardeners and their employers, what is our duty as Con-
ductor of the Gardener's Magazine ? Obviously, to direct our
attention in an especial manner to gardening as an art of design
and taste ; in other words, to Landscape-Gardening and Garden
Architecture. We have also determined to continue the pub-
lication of our Illustrations of these subjects, with the variations
mentioned in p. 720. For the same reason, we shall in future, in
the departments of culture and management, take more pains to
show the difference between a profitable application of labour,
and the waste of labour.

In our endeavours to diff'use the knowledge wanted for these
purposes, we shall be less anxious to present formal and system-
atic treatises, than gradually and incidentally to develope and
illustrate particular points. We have hitherto done this in the
notices of our tours, and we are convinced, for the reasons
assigned in p. GtS., that this is by far the best plan for all who
have not had their minds previously prepared for deriving in-
formation from condensed systematic treatises, which must neces-
sarily be, to a certain extent, metaphysical.

J. C Lf

£aj/s water, Xov. It. 1S31.

CONTENTS.

Part I. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

THE GENERAL SUBJECT.
Notes and Reflections made during a Tour
through Part of France and Germany, in the
Autumn of the Year 1828. By the Conductor
Pages 1. 129. 257. 531
On Gardening as a Pursuit, and on the Lan-
guage of Controversy in the Gardener's Maga-
zine. By Charles Laurence, Esq. - 20
Observations on several Gardens in England
and Wales. By Mr. William Saunders - 135
General Remarks on the Progress of Intellect
among Gardeners; with some Account of the
Improvements recently made in the Hot-house
of George Cooke, Esq., of Doncaster. By Q.

139
On an improved Boiler for heating Hot-houses
by hot Water, and on some other Modifica-
tions of Hot-water Apparatus. By Mr. John
Mearns, F.H.S. - - - HI

Description of the New Market of Covent Gar.
den, London. By the Conductor - 265

Extracts from a Tour, partly Horticultural, in
the Netherlands and Part of France, in June
and July, 1830. By T. Rivers, jun. - 277

A Mode of destroying the Red Spider on Plants.
By G. J. P. - - - - 279

On destroying Woodlice on Trees or in Frames ;
with a Notice of a Mixture for protecting the
Stems of Trees from the Erosions of Hares
and Rabbits. By Mr. James Waldron, late
Gardener to Sir William Call, Bart., Whit-
ford, near Callington, Cornwall - - 280
Description of some new Tallies employed in
the Gardens at Brasted Park. By Mr. James
Pringle - - - -281
Description of a Garden Hand-Drill. By A. H.

283
Iron Stakes, adapted for supporting Rose Plants,
&c. By Mr. J. Hislop - - - 284

On Heath-Mould and Peat. By J. T). . 285
An Account of the Application of hot Water to
heating the centre Bed in a Hot-house, in
lieu of Tan. By J. T. Alcock, Esq., of Mount
Hill, Caermarthenshire - - 28C

Description of Meridian Pits for the Purposes
of Horticulture or Floriculture. By Mr. D.
D. Neeve - - - - 289

Plan of a Double Cottage, uniting the Pictur-
esque with internal Comfort. With introduc-
tory Remarks on the present State of Labour-
ers' Cottages in Wiltshire. By Selim - 292
General Results of a Gardening Tour, during
the present Year, by a circuitous Route from
I>ondon to Manchester. By the Conductor

385. 513. (ill
Remarks on some Gardens and Country Resi-
dences in Leicestershire. By Mr. Alexander
Gordon - . - . 421

A short Account of Nonsuch Park, near Epsom,
the Seat of the late Rev. Joseph W'hately, as
it existed about the Year 1786. Communi-
cated by the Rev. W. T. Bree, A.M. - 430
Outlines of a Plan for the Formation of a Clas-
sical Garden. By Mr. J. Main, A.L.S. - 4;i2
On the Food of Plants and on training Fruit
Trees. By Joseph Haywanl, E.<q., Author of
T/it' Science of Horticulture, The Science of
Agriculture, and other Works - - 437

Remarks on the State in which various Plants
from European Nurseries were received in
America, liy Jesse Buel, Esq., C.M.H.S. 441
On the Application of the Ammoniacal Liquor
of Coal Gas to the Destruction of Insects and
Vermin. By Robert Mallet, jun., Esq. ..557

LANDSCAPE-GARDENING AND GAR-
DEN ARCHITECTURE.

Remarks on the Country Seats in the Neigh-
bourhood of St. Andrew's, Fifeshire. By Mr.
William Smith, Gardener to John SmaU, Esq.

21

Description of Garbally Park and Mansion, the
Residence of the Earl of Clancarty. By Mr.
Andrew Johnston, Gardener there - 23

Observations on Windsor Castle. By the late
Thomas Whately, Esq. Written previously
to the Year 1772. With a Prefatory Letter
by the Rev. W. T. Bree, by whom the Article
was communicated - - - J44

An Essay on Rockwork in Garden Scenery. By
S. T. P. - - * - - 443

On planting and laying out Grounds. By M.
Hermann Knoop Klynton, Landscape-Ciar-
dener, Ghent . - . 559

ARBORICULTURE.

Description of a Ladder for the Purposes of
gathering Fruit, pruning or training Trees,
S:c. By Mr. Matthias Saul - - 26

Remarks on pruning Forest Trees, in reply to
Mr. EUes and others. By Mr. John Howden

27

Description and Use of a Machine for trans,
planting large Trees and Shrubs. Invented
and communicated by Wra. Thom, Esq., Sur-
geon, Annan ; and used in his Garden there

29

Observations made during an Arboricultural
Tour in Scotland and England, during the
Autumn of the year 1830. By Mr. E. Murphy,
Agent to the Arboricultural and Horticul-
tural Societies of Ireland - - 295

On the Supporting of recently removed Trees.
By William Thom, Esq., Surgeon, Aiman 445

FLORICULTURE.

Plan for a Flower-Garden calculated for a full
Display from March to November, with a List
of Plants for one of the Beds, in order to show
the Mode of preparing the Lists for the others.
By C. D. - - - .33

On the Treatment of BrugmansM suav^olens.
By E. S. With a Note on the same by J. D.

36

On the Propagation and Culture of the Geor-
gina. By Mr. James Nash, Flower- Gardener
to Lord Farnborough, at Bromley Hill - 38

Plan and select List of Plants for a Flower-Gar-
den, in the ancient Style. The Plan by C. D.,
and the List of Plants by Mr. W. Baillie,
of Dropmore Gardens - - 298

On the Culture of the Cockscomb, with a De-
scription of the Compost made use of. By
lilr. John Harrison, Gardener at Syston Park

302

A Mode of growing Balsams to great Perfec-
tion. By Mr. James Reed - - 3:4

Observations on the Culture of American or
Bog Plants and the Orchfdea', with some
Hints on acclimatising Exotics. By Mr. Tho-
mas Appleby - - .- 305

Account of the Flowering of the Agive ameri-
cana in the United States. By J. M. of Phil-
adel))hia . . - . 454

On the ('ulture and Propagation of the Ery-
thrina Crista galli, Erythrina /aurifblia, and
Chrysjnthemuiii sinensc. By Mi\ J. EUes 45G

On a new Method of propagating Pinks by Lay-
cr#. By Mr. Tfeomas Fleetwood, Gardener at

CONTENTS.

Doddington. Read at the Meeting of the Vale

of Evesham Horticultural Society, April 17.

1828 .... - 458

On the Cultivation of the Cyclamen cbum, Bou.

vardm triphylla, and Eranthis hyem^lis. By

Mr. James Housman - - 561

On raising Seedling Ranunculuses. By the Rev.

Joseph Tyso ... 565

On the Cultivation of the Ranunculus. By Mr.

James Reid . . « . 567

On the Culture of the Gesn^retc. By Mr.Tho.

mas Appleby - - - 568

HORTICULTURE AND FIELD
CULTURE.

On the Normandy Cress. By Mr. Charles M'ln-
tosh, C.M.H.S., Author o^ the Practical
Hoi-ticulturist, Flora and Pomona, Sfc. - 38

A new Mode of cultivating Potatoes. By A
Gloucestershire Horticulturist . .40

A Selection of Plants, for forming, inSthe small-
est Space, a Representative System of the
whole Vegetable Kingdom ; with a View to
facilitate the Acquisition of the most com-
prehensive Knowledge of Systematic, Physio-
logical, and Practical Botany, with the lea.st
Degree of Study, and in the shortest Period of
Time. By the Conductor - • 150

On the Bitter and Sweet Orange Trees cultivated
in Italy. By William Spence, Esq. F.L.S. 3U8

Notice of the Culture of Thirteen Kinds of supe-
rior Horticultural Productions in the Neigh-
bourhood of New York. By Mr. Thomas
Hogg, F.H.S., Nurseryman there - 311

On the injurious Effects of Ants on early. forced
Peach Trees, with the Means adopted by
which they were extirpated, and the Crop of
Peaches saved. By Mr. Jos. Thompson, jun ,
"Welbeck Gardens, Nottinghamshire - 314

On the Amelioration of Fruit Trees. By J. L.,
of York, Pennsylvania - . 316

On the Diseases of Fruit Trees in America. By
Jesse Buel, Esq. ™ . - 319

On protecting the Blossoms of Fruit Trees, on
VValls, from Frost. By Mr. David Cameron,
A.L.S., late of Bury Hill - - 322

On planting Fruit Trees on poor Soils, and in
exposed Situations. By Mr. Robert Hiver 323

On the Cultivation of the Fig. By Mr. W.
Pearson . - - - 325

On the Culture of the Pear, with Remarks on
Mr. Hiver's Practice. By Mr. B. Saunders,
Nurseryman, Jersey ... 327

On providing a Succession of the best-flavoured
Gooseberries. By B., Coventry . - 329

On the Hop, its Blight and Remedy. By John
Murray, Esq. F.S.A. F.L.S., &c. - 332

Thoughts on Mr. Drewery's " New System of
Farming." In a Letter to a Gentleman. By
J. H. 334

Description of an improved Frame for forcing
Cucumbers or Melons. By T. A. Parker, Esq.,
A.M. . - . - - 459

On the Method of growing the Melon. By Mr.
John Lovell - . - - 461

On pruning and training Cticumber Plants. By
Mr. W. P. A'aughan - - 462

On raising an early Crop of Peas, as practised in
a Garden at Chichester. By C. V. R. . 463

Description of a new Fruit Tree, the Shepht5rd/a
argeiitea. By J. B. Russell, Esq. - 570

Description of the Peach Houses and Mode of
forcing practised at Buscot Park. By Mr. John
Merrick, Gardener to Pryse Pryse, Esq., M.P.,
]5uscot Park, near Farringdon, Berkshire 573

A Method of training Vines in Pots for Fore,
ing. By Viticola ... 574

On the Cultivation of the Melon. By Mr. J.
Holland, Gardener to Mrs. Tunno, Taplow
Lodge, near Maidenhead - - 575

On cultivating and preserving Ginger. By Zin-
giber - . . - 577

Part II. REVIEWS.

Transactions of the Horticultural, Society of
London. Vol. VII. Part IV. - 41.177.465

Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural So.
ciety. Vol. IV. Part II. 55. 188. 336. 467. 5-JO

The Domestic Gardener's Manual, being an In
troduction to Gardening; to which is added, a
concise Naturalist's Calendar and English Bo-
tanist's Companion, or Catalogue of British
Plants, in the Monthly Order of tiieir Flower-
ing. By a Practical Horticulturist - 57

A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen-Garden ;
or, an Account of the most valuable Fruits
and Vegetables cultivated in Great Britain :
with Calendars of the Work required in the

Orchard and Kitchen Garden during every
Month in the Year. By George Lindley,
C.M.H.S. Edited by John Lindley, F.R.S.

579

Pyrus jl/Mus Brentfordiensis ; or, a concise De-
scription of selected Apples. By Hugh Ro.
nalds, F. H..S., Nurseryman, Brentford ; with
a Figure of each Sort drawn from Nature, on
Stone, by his Daughter - - 587

Catalogue of Works on Gardening, Agriculture,
Botany, Rural Architecture, &c., lately pub-
lished with some Account of those considered
the most interesting 60. 199. 337. 469. 593

Literary Notices - . 217

Part III. MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

General Notices - . 82. 2ia 482. 611. 650

Foreign Notices . . 88. 487. 656

Domestic Notices - - 94. 220. 497. 672

Notes en some London Nurseries and Suburban
Gardens ... - 346. 684

Domestic Economy ... 368. 698
Hints for Improvements - - 108. 500

Vegetable Representative System - 375

Arborfetum Britannicum - - 2)2. 371

Plan for a Meteorological Journal, to be kept at
different Places, with a view to the Anticipa-
tion of Coming Weather. By Mr. Gorrie,
F.H.S.,&c. ... - 2.31

Coming Weather - - - SOl

Lists of the finest Varieties of Hardy Fruit
Trees and Shrubs recommended for Cultiva-
tion in a select Garden in the Midland or

Southern Counties of England. Copied from
the third and concluding Volume of the Po.
mological INIagaxine - - 111

List of Plants included in the Botanical Periodi-
cals reviewed, or elsewhere mentioned, in the
Gardener's Magazine, as in British Gardens,
but which are not included in the Udrtus Bri-
tdnnicus . . . 503. 615

Retrospective Criticism . lia 235. 376. 505. 6IP.

699

Queries and Answers - 121. 242. 378. 508. 720

Covent Garden Market 125. 254, 382. Sll. 62+.

724

Horticultural Society and Garden 126. 250. 380.
509. 622. 725

Provincial Horticultural Societies 126. 626. 736

Obituary . 255. 3S4. 512. 639

Index to Books reviewed and noticed
General Index ...

746

747

Vll

LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.

No. IMPLEMENTS. Page

13. Tlie underfoot spade - - 8(>

97. A haiid-ongiiie for watering trees 612
4. I^adder for gathering fruit - - 26

98. A narrow-bladed spade for thinning

out trees
102. Orchardist's crook

363

87
219
669
717
614
614
654

INSTRUMENTS.

30. Indian polesaw - - 194

31. Indian handsaw ... 195

32. Knife used in grafting by approach 218

TALLIES.
120. A tally for plants, in use at Tooting 685
42. to 47. Specimens of tallies - 281, 282

66, 67. White porcelain tally and iron
shank - - -

UTENSILS.
14. Money's inverted rose watering-pot

33. The aquarian or waterer
118. The Charlieshope beehive
127. Packing box for florists' flowers
105. Pot carrier
103. Large pot for liliaceous plants

113. Saul's watering despatcher -

MACHINES.
5, 6. Machine for transplanting large

trees - - - 29, .30

48. Garden hand-drill - - 283

114. Saul's machine for transplanting large

trees or shrubs - - 655

APPARATUS FOR HEATING BY HOT
WATER.

9. Weekes's apparatus - -82

17. to 20. Oslar's improved hot water boiler

141. to 143
21. to 29. Tredgold's apparatus for heating

by hot water - - 179. to 185

51,52. Alcock's apparatus for heating the

centre bed of a hot-house - 287, 288

95. Cottam and Hallen's cast-iron vertical

tubes for circulating hot water

96. Fowler's thermosiphon
121. Mr. Westland's models for compar.

ing the siphon and the level modes

of circulation
109. Anderson's apparatus for using the

waste heat of domestic fires
STRUCTURES.
11. Projecting boards to protect the bios.

soras of wall trees
15. Pine-pits for linings of dung
53. to 55. Neeve's meridian pits, ground

plan of - -

59, 60. Span-roofed green-house, ca-
pacious and of cheap construction,

at Chandler's nursery
61. Span-roofed green-house at Russell's

nursery
82. to 85. Improved frame for cucumbers

or melons - - 459, 460

88. Witty's furnace for burning waste

coal

90. Structures and their arrangement for

the shows of provincial horticul-
tural societies

91, 92. Tombstones of Messrs. Hood,

sen. and jun., nurserymen, Dum-
fries - - 529

101. Iron gate at Britton Hall - 613

74, 75. and 93 Front glass of pineries,
arranged so as to admit of wintering
the vines on the rafters - 412. 539

39. Stage in the Bedford conservatories 270

40. Fountain on the terrace in the Bed-

ford conservatories - - 270

104. Stage for early forcing - - 614

129. A fountain of artificial stone - 724

107. Front elevation of a conservatory . 651

No. Page

37. Elevation of the quadruple colonnade

in Covent Garden Market - 267

38. a and b. Ground plan of the new mar-

ket, Covent Garden - 268, 269

41. Perspective view of the east front of

Covent Garden Market
56, 57. Elevation and ground-plan of a

double cottage
122, 123. Grand curvilinear menagerie in

the Surrey Zoological Garden
106. Section of an ice-house
110. Plan of a forcing-house to be heated

by the breath of cows

- 273

294

693
650

- 653

FRUIT.
131. A pear from an orchard near Glances-

ter - - 730

PLANS OF GARDENS AND PARKS.

612
612

652

290

348

350

. 482

138
299

360
361

401

- 679

- 723
726, 727

66,

66

2

353
354
472
694
695
696

- 378

EDIFICES.
36, Perspective view of the new market,
Covent Garden

1. Garden of Sceaux - - 2

7. A flower-garden - - 33

8. A bed for the above garden . 34
16. New flower-garden at Tottenham

Park
58. A flower-garden in the ancient style

64. The arboretum in the Goldworth
nursery

65. Order of the trees in the arboretum
72, 73. Sketches illustrative of errors in

laying out flower-gardens and plea-
sure-grounds

119. The priory near St. Andrew's

128. Pliny's Tuscan villa

130. Plan of a pleasure-ground

LANDSCAPES.

116. Petrowskoy, near Moscow

117. Scenery in the park at Jjegersborg
3. Garbally House and Park

PLANTS.

2. Yew trees cut architecturally

62. Cypripfedium venustum

63. Cistus Cupanidn;/*
87. Gaulthtrj'a Shu/Ion

124. Aspidium Baroimx

125. Euterpe globijsa

126. Chimonanthus fragrans
INSECT.

71. Larva of an insect which ravages the
leaves of pear trees

DIAGRAMS.
80, 81. Angles at which props should

be applied to a newly planted large

tree - - - 447.452

OPERATIONS.
76. to 79. Modes of training and pruning

fruit trees - - 440, 441

89. Mode of training Kennfedi'n rubicunda

and other slender climbing plants -
94. Training vines in pots

103. Mode of growing large liliaceous plants
in the front of a green-house

104. Mode of growing early potatoes, ra-
dishes, &c. on stages like green-house
stages

MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.

34. Watchmaker's skewer of Guelder rose
wood

35. Skewer for cooks from hawthorn
spines

49, 50. Iron stakes for supporting plants

68. to 70. Improved clothes pegs

86. Peg for training brandies of cucum-
ber plants

99. Leathern bearing straps
100. Leathern wallet used in nailing wall
trees

10. Siebe's newly-invented self-pressure
cock

12. Straw protectors for wall trees in
blossom

108. A seed-cloth for light seeds
266 115. Seeds of the royal dwarf kidneybean

483
574

614

614

- 231

235
284
370

463
613

613

84

86
651
656

vm

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

A Constant Reader and Sub-
scriber - - 87
A Constant Reader - I'-'S
A Constant Reader, Jersey 256
A Constant Subscriber 243. 249
A Countryman - 219
A. G. - - 116
A Gardener in a Hundred 702
A Gloucestershire Horticul-
turist - - 40
Agronome - .88
A. H. - - 283
Alcock, J. T. - - 287
Alpha the Second - 486
A Member of the Bury 'Lrn-
cashire) Botanical Soc. 118
An Amateur - - 501
Anderson, W., F.L.S.H.S. 652
An Observer of Irish Jobbing
108
A Nurseryman - 239
Appleby, Thomas 305. 568
A!k - - 120
A. S. sen. - - 121
A Subscriber - - 677
A Subscriber to the Botanical
Register - - 117
Author of Naval Timber 620
A would-be Suburban Gar.
dener - - 720
A. W. - 102. 123. 369

A. X. . - 247
A Young Gardener - 226. 730
Baillie, W. - - 298

B. B. - - 698
B., Coventry - 124. 241. 329
B.. Dublin - - 368
Bell, Rev. Patrick - 104
Bevan, B. . 243.253.378
Blair, T. - - 237
Bree, Rev. \V. T., A.M. 123.

144. 235. 248. 371. 380. 430. 498
Brown, H. J., jun. - 663

Buel, Jesse, CM. H.S. 239.
319. 441
Byers, W. R. - 507

Camell, Robert, M.D. - 722
Cameron, David, A.L.S. 322
Causidicus .- 374.722.728
CD.- - 33. 298

Clarke, Thomas, jun. - 6-10
C M. - - 110

C. P., Suirey, - - 370
C. P., York - 86
Cruickshanks, James . 682
C V. R. - - 463
Dalgleish, Henry - 676, 677
Dickehut, H. T. - 668
Dobbs, A. - - 92
E. - - 246. 710. 717
Edgeworth, Thomas - 620
EUes, J. - 108. 456. 714
E P. . - 369
E. R. - - - 651
Errington, R. - 123
E. S. - - 3). 248. 715

E. T. - - 368

F. . - - 384
Fleetwood, Thomas - 458

F. N. B. - - 243
Fowler, Thomas »■ 37S
Francis, Thomas - 673

G. B. - - 614
G C 125. 255. 384. 512. 625. 733
G. G. - - 485
G. J. P- - 243. 246. 279. 718
Godsall, William - 218
Gordon, Alexander, - 421
Gorrie, Archibald, F.H.S. 232.

374. 502. 622
G . Perthshire - 374

G. R. - - 92.728

Grieve, James - - 508

H. - - 245

Hamilton, W.,M.D. 101. 226.716
Harrison, John - 100. 302

Haworth, A. H., F.L.S. F.H.S.
247
Hawkins, W. . 499

Haycroft, John . 683. 711

Haythorn.J., C.M.H.S. - 614
Hayward, Joseph - 437

Hertz, W. . - 660

Heseltine, J. - 663

Higson, Thomas - 93

HisIop.J. - - 284

Hiver, Robert - 323

Hogg, Thomas - . 311

Holland, Mr. J. . 575

Housman, James - 561

Howden, John - - 27

Hulls, John, sen. - 245

Hurst, Wm. - 249. 378

Ingram, James - 376, 497

J. B. - - 496

J. C - 250

J. CD. - - 123

J. C K. - - 720

J. G. C. - . 497. 509

J. G., Sudbury - 674

J. H. - - 334

J. L., York, Pennsylvania 316.

490. 671
J. M., Caermarthen - 111
J. M., Chelsea - 125. 234

J. M., Philadelphia 220. 454.

508. 670
J. M. Sussex - 117

Johnston, Andrew - 23

J. R. - - 379. 683

J. S. . - 249. 650

J. S. Brighton L - - 731

Juvenis - - 219

J. W. H. - . 116

J. W. L. - 74. 75. 99

J. Y. - - 110

K. - - 617,618

Klynton, Hermann Knoop 559
L. - . 660

Langelier Rene - 85

Latham, John - 707

Lauder, P. - 622. 731

Laurence, Charles - 20. 709
Lincolniensis . 124

Lloyd, T. . - 678

Lovcll, John - - 461

Lowndes, Henry . 225. 255
Machray, John - 109. 503

Mackay, James, T, A.L.S. 108.

ogy 230
Main, J., A.L.S. - 60.' 432
Mallet, Robert, jun. 84. 87. 557
Malone, Edmund, C.M.H.S. 712
Manetti, Luigi - 664

Masey, P., jun. - 498

Mason, Wm., jun. - 651

Mathers, W. - . 87

Mattheus Sylvaticus . 483
Meams, John, F.H.S. - 141
Mease, James, M. D. - 6G5
Merrick, Mr. .John - 573

M'Intosh,Charlcs, CM. C.H.S.
38. 88
M. N. - - 247

MoggridgeJohn H. 90.489.659
Morrison, J. - - 102

Mowl.ray, William, F.H.S. 616
MusaB\is . . 246

Murphy, E. - ^'J5. 375

Murphy, Michael - 506

Murray, John, F.S.A., F.L.S.
H..S. G..S. &c. 111.219.332
N. . - 639

Nash, James . - 38

Neevc, D.D. - 239. 289

Oatmeal - - 501

O. P. Q. - - 725

P. - - 220

Pamplin, William, jun. - 98
Parker, T. A., A.M. - 459
Parks, J. D., F.H.S. - 716
Pearson, John - 242.378.718
Pearson, W. - 325

P. C H. - - 109

Petersen, J. Peter, CM. C.H.S.
238.490
Philoflora - - 244

Piddingtou, Henry . 664

Pope, Alexander - 238

Pringle, James - - 281
Q. E. D. - - 120

R. - - 101

Rainier, J. - - 664

R. C - - 668

R. C H. - - 483

Reed, James - - 304

Reid, H. B. - - 248

Reid, James - 121. 567

Rivers, T., jun. - 277

R. J. L. . - 225

R. M. S. . - 663

R S. .77. 80. 96. 223

Robertson, John, F.H.S. 622
Rogers, William - 221

Rose, W. B. . - 369

R6tboll, J. . . 662

R. T. . . 677. 701

Russell, J. B. - - 570

S. . - 101

Saul, Matthias 26. 227. 485.
500. 654, 655. 678. 717
Saunders, Bernard - 121. 327
Saunders, Herman . 225

Saunders, Richard - 102

Saunders, William . 135

Selira . . 292

Seymour, William - 249

Smith, James . 240

Smith, William . 21. 680

S. P. Moscow . . 661

Speedham, Thomas - 720

Spence, William, F.L.S. 308
S. R. - . 730

S. T. . . 245

Stowe, Wm. - . 110

S. T. P. - - 443

Suburbanus Oxfordiensis 723
Superficial . - 698

S. W. - - 728

T. B. . . 85

T. E. . . 659

Thom, William, Surgeon, 29.

445
Thompson, Joseph - 314

Thompson, J., sen., F.H.S. 236.
242. 656
T.,York - . 670

T S - . 227

Turner, Henry 101. 484. 498
Tyso, Rev. Joseph - 565

Vaughan, W. P. - 462

Veritas - . 716

Viticola . - 574

Vilmorin, M., C.M.H.S. 660.

699
W. - - 223

Waldron, James - 280

Walker, George Henry 706
Wamba, the Son of Witless 508
Waterfordiensis - 683

W. D. . . 721

W. H. L. - - 219

Wilkie, James - 104

W. P., Kensington . 678

Williams, John - - 656

W. T. - .725

Wynne, Wm. . - 246

X. . . 731

X. Y. . 722. 725. 728. 731

X. Y. Z. - 220

Young, John - - 103

Zingiber . - 577

THE

GARDENER S MAGAZINE,

FEBRUARY, 1831.

PART I.

ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE.

Art. I. Notes and Reflections made during a Tour through Part
of France and Germany, in the Autitmn of the Year 1828. By
the Conductor.

(^Continued from Vol. VI. p. 649.)

Sept. 11. 1828. — T/ie Garden of Sceaux, or, as it is there
called, the Public Park at Sceaux, is the last garden of festi-
vity which we shall notice. It is situated about six miles south
from Paris, and is formed from a part of the remains of the
grounds belonffine: to the maijnificent chateau of the Duke de
Penthievre, which was destroyed at the first Revolution.
The rest of this extensive domain is broken down into a
number of handsome villa residences, occupied by bankers
and other citizens of Paris, and by strangers. Some of these
villas, more especially those of Admiral TchitchagofF and
the Comtesse de Bruce, we shall have occasion hereafter to
notice. The immediate site of the chateau, or rather palace,
exhibits a melancholy picture of fallen greatness. Among
the principal appendages we could not help being struck with
the bridge over the moat, with its accompanying guard-house,
and a small battery for cannon, in magnificent Grecian archi-
tecture, and remaining almost entire. What is now the
garden of Sceaux was modified so as to adapt it to its present
use by a citizen of Sceaux, and it now, as we were informed,
belongs to that town. It is principally resorted to as a place
for dancing, on Sundays and other holidays, and is well
Vol. Yl I. — No. SO. " b

Notes and Reflections during a Tour

calculated for that purpose from the openness of its areas

of turf in some places, and
of smooth sand in others.
There is besides an open
pavilion, or salle de danse,
for use during inclement
weather, or hot sunshine.
We had a plan of this
garden (j%. 1.) taken by
a Parisian land-surveyor ;
and we shall be more par-
ticular in our details than
we should otherwise have
been, for the purpose of
recording its character at
a particular point, or aera,
in the progress of civilis-
ation in France. As know-
ledge and property be-
come more universally and
equally diffused, it appears
to us, that not only every
town and village will have
its public garden for the
purpose of festive enjoy-
ment, hut every inn and
public-house.

:"r::r:::"ir-r:A

Garden of Sceaux. 3

a. Porter's lodge. b. Kitchen-garden of tlie porter, bordered by

flowers and slu'ubs. c. Range of baths.

d. Circular phitform of turf, raised about 18 in. above the general surface,
with a circle of coknnns supporting an ornamental entablature, and with a
handsome antique vase in the centre, all of marble.

e, Piece of water. f. Circular platform of turf, with a marble column
in the centre, surmounted by an antique vase.

g. Platform of turf, corresponding with that at d.

h. Elevated platform, ascended to by seven steps, with a circular colon-
nade of clipped lime trees, and a handsome statue in the centre.

i. Circle of turf, surrounded by a border of flowers.

j j. Parterres of flowers, with a lawn in the centre, the different compart-
ments of flowers separated by walks 2 ft. in width ; the beds of flowers
about 3 ft. wide. The beds are planted chiefly with roses, pinks, mari-
golds, and China asters, with some georginas and sunflowers.

k. Circle of smooth sand. In this circle any party bringing theu* own
music may get up a dance, which they may conduct in their own way, so as
they do not disturb the public peace. Under a pavilion (»?), to be here-
after described, the dance must go on according to certain rules, agreed
on, printed, and published with the approbation of the Mayor of Sceaux.

/, Oval of turf, for the swings and roundabouts {clicvaiw de bols, t^c.).

VI, Pavilion for dancing, or grandc saUe de danse couverte, 100 ft. in dia-
meter, with a column in the centre, on which rest the rafters of the roof
converging from the circumference. Around this pillar, at some height
from the ground, are fixed the seats for the orchestra.

n. Coffee-house for refreshments of different sorts.

o. Place for umbrellas and walking-sticks. p. Circle of turf.

(], Circulai' area of sand, sunk below the general surface, and surrounded
by a sloping bank of turf, witli a border of flowers along the upper, edge.

?', Terminal arch, with a handsome statue under it.

s s s. Grass-plots, surrounded by lime trees, cut so as to resemble arcades ;
the trunks of the trees representing the columns, and their branches at the
height of 10 ft. the imposts and superincumbent arches terminating in a
projecting cornice.

t. Water-closet {cabinet d'aisrtncc').

11, Lawn ; the boundary wall is here covered with fruit trees and roses,
and close under it there is a border of flowers. v, Ilestaurateur.

II', Bows of lime tJ'ees, clipped so as to form arcades in the direction of
their length, the thickness of the arch or wall being about 2 ft. ; the open-
ing or span of the arch G ft., and sometimes more. It is to be observed
that these lime trees do not over-arch the walk like avenues, but merely
produce a species of architectural shade.

X, House containing the chairs and tables which are set out under the
trees during the fine season. y. Entrance from the street of Sceaux.

The plan of this garden may be considered a very good
representative of all others of the festive kind in France; for
the forms and dispositions of architectural art are but few, and
they necessarily produce great sameness, when compared with
the unlimited forms of nature, or even with the imitations of
those forms. Bii-t for a festive garden, the variety and intri-
cacy of natural scenery is by no means so well adapted as the
simple and determinate forms, and the ample space, of the
geometric or architectui-al style. Hence it is, that by a
species of instinct, the result of necessity, this style 1-as
been adopted, at least as far as we know, in all the gardens

B 2

4 Notes and Reflections during a Tour : —

of this description in Europe. It is essential to a festive gar-
den that the company should assemble together in masses ;
and, for containing these masses, it is not only requisite to form
appropriate spaces, but to connect these with subordinate and
not far distant arrangements, in the same way as the living-
rooms of a house are connected with its different servants'
apartments and offices. For such requisites the architectural
style is peculiarly fitted ; both from its determinate forms, and
its direct, compressing, and systematic disposition of those
forms. The natural style, on the other hand, depends for its
effect on qualities the very opposite : on circuitousness, " the
path that still begins and never ends ; " indefiniteness, —

" He gains all points, who pleasingly confounds.
Surprises, varies, and conceals the bounds j"

the concealment of art, and its employment, not for its own
display, but for the imitation of nature. Trying the garden
of Sceaux by these principles, it will be found judiciously
adapted for the purposes for which it is intended, and there-
fore it may be considered as perfect of its kind.

This garden is used by all ranks in and about Paris. Who-
ever is decently dressed is admitted to the grounds ;. and who-
ever can pay a few sous for the music may dance in the
pavilion. We have been informed by residents in the neigh-
bourhood, of whom there are several whose gardens we shall
have occasion to describe, that it is no uncommon thing to
see an equipage of the first class arrive with a mother and her
family, who descend and walk to the pavilion, and, after
dancing there a few quadrilles with whatever citizens they
may meet, go back to their carriage again, and drive off. In
this case, the exercise of dancing is obviously taken as a re-
creation or refreshment ; just as the ladies of an English
family of rank wx)uld drive to the door of Kensington Gar-
dens, alight, walk round the gardens, return to their carriage,,
and drive home again» In fact, dancing in France is as much
a necessary of life as walking in England ; and, among the
highest classes, it is substituted for that exercise. Indeed the
French, though fond of flowers and fruits, are not fond of
gardening ; and a lady of fashion, whether in Paris or at her
country seat, is never seen walking in what, in England, would
be called the pleasure-ground. Both men and women, as we
have already observed (Vol. V. p. 612.), when they wish to
take exercise in their own grounds, resort to the balancoirey
or the cheval de hois ; in short, to swings, see-saws, and round-
abouts. Much as we admire the French, we cannot approve
of this want of taste for rural recreations, and, especially, for

Bois dc Boulogne. 5

the beauties of nature and of gardening. We have no doubt,
however, that when the men become less miUtary, and have
directed their attention more intensely to agriculture ; and when
natural history shall have been more attended to in the edu-
cation of women, the society of ease and leisure in France w^ill
have similar habits and tastes with similar society in England :
for it ought never to be forgotten that man is essentially the
same animal, under whatever climate, government, or degree
of civilisation he may be found.

The Garden of Sceaux is so numerously frequented, that
the mayor of the town thinks it necessary to publish annually
two sets of regulations ; one for the exterior, and the other
(before alluded to) for the interior, police of the ball. These
regulations are printed on large sheets of paper, and affixed
to different places, both within and without the gardens. In
a mixed society of persons of different ranks, and of different
degrees of education, and especially among a people naturally
so gay and fiery as the French, it is necessary that the re-
straints of civilisation should be clearly defined; in order
that the rules of etiquette for every occasion may be under-
stood by all, and promptly enforced by opinion, as well as
by authority.

Sept. 28. — The Bois de Boulogne is a flat sandy surface,
intersected in all directions by straight roads, bordered with
trees. Even where the boundary of tlie wood had formed by
nature, or by accident, an irregular line, the surrounding
road has been reduced, by engineers, to lines recognised by
their profession. The greater part of the trees composing
this wood are of kinds indigenous to France, and are chiefly
oak, birch, and hazel, though art has added some species of
exotic trees in different places ; and among these are cedars,
different species of pines, and American oaks. The indige-
nous wood is chiefly undergrowth ; and there is a number
of open glades in it, which form the chief source of variety
to the spectator looking from the straight avenues^ To those
accustomed to compare, in their mind's eye, the effects of
winding roads and straight roads, the sameness of the Bois
de Boulogne is intolerably tiresome. In proceeding along a
winding road, the scenery meets the eye as you advance, and
is agreeably presented to you in succession, without the
trouble of turning the head to either the right or left to
look at it. In proceeding along a straight road, that road is
continually before you, and the scenery can be only observed,
not enjoyed, by turning the head to one side or the other.
It is by no means asserted that straight roads are entirely
destitute of beauty, independently of their furnishing, on an

6 Notes and Reflections dtirhig a Totir : —

even surface, the shortest line from one point to another.
When such roads are wide and long, and bordered by trees,
the view along them is always grand ; and, when the scenery
on each side is naked and unsightly, it is rendered tolerable
by the framework of the stems of the row of trees through
which it is seen. This, however, is all that can be said in
recommendation of straight roads or avenues as objects of
original beauty. As objects of the beauty of artificial asso-
ciations, open avenues, from leading to Gothic castles or
chateaux of the feudal times, and high over-arched avenues

from excitino; in the mind the idea of cathedral ailes, are

- • -I

of acknowledged effect : but beauties of this sort have no

reference to the avenues of the Bois de Boulogne, which, placed
as they are, can only be considered as a proof of the poverty
of mind, in matters of rural taste, of the age in which they
were produced. It is remarkable, that neither in the Bois de
Boulogne, nor in any of the woods, natural or artificial, in
the environs of Paris, as shown by the map now before us, is
there a single circular road. Two or three circles in the
Bois de Boulogne, of as large a diameter as the width of the
wood would admit, would have been a wonderful relief to it.
To be convinced of this, it is only requisite for a Londoner
to recollect the effect of the circle in the centre of the Re-
gent's Park. To make the most of the Bois de Bmdogne
with respect to roads, a winding road should surround it a
few yards within the margin : there should be as large a
circle within it as could be obtained, shaded by trees, and
another large circle not shaded by trees ; the former for
summer use, and the latter for use during winter and the
rainy weather : and there should be one or two straight
avenues, open and shaded, for the purpose of passing from
one extreme point to another by the shortest line, and for
giving simple and grand perspectives, as well as beautiful and
perpetually varying views.

But the beauty and variety of such a piece of ground as
the Bois de Boulogne will depend very much upon the man-
ner in which it is planted. Relatively to surface, we would
leave numerous irregular glades, some very large, others
small ; relatively to the roads, many of these glades should
meet the eye from them in such a way as to produce a suc-
cession of varied landscape, and convey an idea of great
depth of scenery ; relatively to trees and shrubs, we would
employ all the most hardy of those species which can endure
the open air in France ; and relatively to the connection of
these trees among themselves, we would employ, as far as
practicable, the natural system. We would, at all events,

Gardens of Versailles. *F

keep the trees belonging to the same natural order or tribe
together, or not far asunder. In each separate straight ave-
inie we would employ only one sort of tree, but in curved
avenues several sorts ; because the beauty there depends less
upon succession and uniformity than in the straight avenue.

The trees in the Bois de Boidogne, which had attained a
timber size, were nearly all cut down in 1815, when the wood
was occupied by the Cossacks and other foreign troops ; and
those trees which now line the roads, having been planted
since that period, are consequently without much shade or
general effect. It is with great pleasure that we add, that,
when we saw them, these roads and trees were in the very
highest order and keeping.

Of the Royal Gardens, which come next in order, we shall
have very little to say. In short, when we think of the Royal
Gardens of Germany and Russia, we have seen very few gar-
dens of this class, in either England or France, which we
think worth lookino- at, or at least talkinij about.

Dec. 24. — The Gardens of Versailles are dreary beyond
what can be imagined, when they are not filled with company ;
and there is not a spot or a corner in, them to exercise the
imagination, unless it be the orangery, which contains trees
of upwards of three centuries old. The water- works in these
gardens are too intricate and curious to be grand, and very
different indeed from the two magnificent columns of water,
which rise to the height of nearly 100 ft., in front of the
palace of Nymphenburg, near Munich. The pleasure of
walking in these gardens is materially lessened by their
sloping surface, and in many parts of them by the want of
shade. There is a baldness in the immediate front of the
palace, which nothing can remove but an immense crowd of
people ; for all the arenas and courtyards at Versailles are
too large for the length of the buildings, at least according to
modern taste. Compared with plantations of the present
day, there is a great want of variety in the sorts of trees
employed ; though this defect will be amply made up to those
who have paid but little attention to botany, by the number
and diversity of the marble statues. Notwithstanding all these,
and many other observations which we could make on the
causes of the little pleasure afforded by these gardens when
not full of company, and of their inaptitude for being made
the most of when filled, we should be sorry to see them
neglected. Since they have been created at an enormous
expense, let them be kept in repair for their merite historiqne ■
for the moral lesson which that conveys ; and for the enjoy-
ment of the public, as a sort of superior Sceaux. The palace,

B 4<

B 2^otes and Reflections during a Tow : —

since it is no longer used as a residence, might be occupied,
at moderate rents, by the widows and orphans of pubUc ser-
vants.

Some attention is still paid to the repairs of these gardens ;
but we observed, in several instances, hedges and trees clipped
in a manner never intended by their original designer. For
instance, the cones of yew on the slope to the west of the south
front are made to rise from the ground at once, without the
intervention of a plinth having the upper surface horizontal.
The latter would be in proper architectural order ( flg. 2. a);
the former {b) is the reverse. This defect may not strike

those who have not
an architectural eye;
but as the principles
of architectural de-
sign pervade the
whole of this style
of gardening, and,
in fact, constitute its
leading principle,
'^*'-"" o "'"'"" any obvious neglect

or defiance of these principles is a deformity. Every thing
ought to be what it pretends.

It is curious to observe, that the want of a roof parapet to
the palace had begun to be felt in the time of Louis XVI. : a
small part had the addition made during that king's reign ; a
part also during the reign of Napoleon ; and a part in Louis
XVIII.'s time. Charles X. also had commenced it.

The kitchen-garden helonging to the palace contains in the
borders a number of tall pear trees, trained like pyramids,
which M. Lempriere, the head kitchen-gardener, told us
produced abundance of young wood, but very little fruit ; a
circumstance easily accounted for by the perpetual use of the
knife. Repose is essential to fructification in all organised
beings. The pear trees against the wall are trained in the fan
manner ; which M. Lempriere agreed with us in considering
the only method of training worthy of being generally adopted
by a rational gardener. M. Lempriere and two of his men
were pruning these trees with a large hooked knife, and tving
them to nails driven into the wall with Avillow twigs. They
wore sabots, or wooden shoes, with straw buskins reaching to
their knees, the ground being covered with snow; and re-
minded us of the figures of gardeners given in the engravings
of the days of La Quintinie, and London and Wise. They
were in high spirits ; asked if we were " nn ctdtivateur" and,
on being told that we were only " un auteur" their distrust

Gardens of Versailles. 9

of book-making gardeners was honestly and freely expressed.
On our asking for an explanation, we were told of a writer,
who affirmed that pine-apples in Cayenne attained the weight
of 30 lbs. each ! ! It is almost needless to add, that M. Lem-
priere had no garden library.

The forcing department of the Versailles kitchen-garden
is not without interest. It is coeval with the palace, and
occupies nearly two English acres, originally chiefly covered
with substantially built Dutch pits, with stone copings, &c.
During the time of the Revolution, of Bonaparte, and of
Louis XVIII., till 1819, it was entirely neglected ; and the
light downy seeds of the black poplars and willows of the
neighbouring woods had sprung up from the ground, and
from the crevices of the Avails of the pits, and attained even a
timber size. We saw the remains of some of these trees, and
they reminded us of Moscow, where, in 1814, we saw spring-
ing up every where, from the ashes of those ruined houses
and churches which had not been rebuilt, plants of the native
black poplar. Had Moscow been left to itself, that immense
city would by this time have become (what the forcing-ground
at Versailles actually was till the year 1819) a natural forest.
About the year 1819, the trees in this forcing-ground were
felled ; and preparations made for forcing culinary vegetables
and fruits, and growing pine-apples. The charge of this depart-
ment is committed to M. jNIassey ; who happening to be from
home, we were conducted through it by his foreman [premier
garcon), M. Grisson, a young man brought up in the neigh-
bourhood, and who, as he informed us, never saw a pine-
apple in any other garden. The descriptions of forcing- houses
here used are three : first, the old massive-walled pits, imme-
diately within the walls of which, and above the bark bed, is an
earthen tube, about 4 in. in diameter, serving as a smoke flue ;
second, pits with walks behind, in imitation of Baldwin's {E?ic.
ofGard., 2d edit. § 2649.), and which were built from a MS.
translation of Baldwin's pamphlet ; and third, common pine-
ries, not unlike those of Kensington Gardens. The sorts of
pines cultivated are chiefly the Queen obtained from Hol-
land, and the Enville from England ; but there is a number
of other sorts; and M. Massey was in London, in 1829, in
search of new ones, and also in order to learn the mode of
heating by hot water. This French invention was actually
applied to the hot-houses in the Jardin dcs Plantes before the
Revolution ; and is now, we understand, after being so many
years forgotten, on trial both at Versailles and Paris. There
are now under M. Massey's care about 1000 fruiting plants,
with a due proportion of succession stocks. In one house we

10 Notes and Reflections durhig a Tour : —

saw 65 plants in fruit ; most of the fruit coloured, or begin-
ning to colour. We were informed that, during the last three
years, ripe pines had been supplied to Charles X.'s table
every day in the year. All the pots were plunged in unmixed
tan, except those in Baldwin's pits, where the tan was mixed
with dung and leaves. In the tan-pit of the larger houses
were tubers of the sweet potato (Convolvulus Baltdtas), to
preserve them during the winter, for the purpose of producing
shoots to be slipped off, and used as sets for planting in com-
mon hot-beds, or pits in the spring. A sort of sweet potato
is grown here, obtained from St. Domingo, and there called
the Qiiarantin ; which, as the name imports, produces tubers
fit to eat in 40 days. In Europe, as well as in North Ame-
rica, it is found extremely difficult to preserve the tubers of
the sweet potato throughout the winter. M. Massey finds it
easiest to do this by keejiing them in a growing state m the
bark bed. Admiral TchitchagofF's gardener at Sceaux keeps
them in dry sand in a room, from which the slightest degree
of frost is excluded. Kidneybeans were in a growing state,
and a stock of young tomato plants ready to transplant into
their pits to fruit during the winter, the fresh fruit being
wanted throughout the year for soups, stews, and sauces. In
a low Dutch vinery, grapes, said to be the Dutch Chasselas,
Were (Dec. 24'.) showing blossom, which, we were told,
would be expanded in a fortnight, and the fruit ripened by
the end of March. Peas were growing on the floor of another
house ; and these, we were told, would be ready to gather about
the same time. Some pits contained excellent lettuces ; and we
Were told that, between the pits and the open garden, kidney-
beans, lettuces, and tomatoes were supplied every day in the
year. Strawberries are not much asked for ; and, therefore,
they are merely forced so as to come in by the end of March.
On noticing the circumstance of so many things being calcu-
lated to come in about the end of March, we were reminded
that there is such a thino- as Lent : and that as Catholic devo-
tees, like Charles X., rarely suffer meat to be seen on then*
tables during that season, it is an object to supply its place by
rarity and variety. M. Massey received 40 sorts of straw-
berries from England ; but, like most Continental gardeners,
he greatly prefers, both in point of flavour and general use-
fulness, the Frasicr dcs Alpcs. He says that nothing can be
easier than, by having quantities of these in frames to be
heated at pleasure by linings, to gather ripe fruit every day in
the year ; and he has heard that this actually was done in
Louis XIV.'s time, as we know that it now is, or lately was,
done in some of the royal gardens of Germany. No mush-

Grand Triano7i, Petit Trianon. .11

rooms are grown in any of the royal gardens near Paris ; be-
cause these are so abundantly produced in the stone quarries
about that capital, tliat a private gardener would no more think
of growing them in houses, or above ground, than a London
gardener would think of raising his own stock of winter pota-
toes. There are some fig trees against the walls ; and it sur-
prised us a little to learn that the branches are bent down to
the ground when the Jeaves drop off, and covered with earth,
as at Argenteuil. Their stems are about li in. thick; and
the reason M. Massey's foreman gave for their not breaking,
when so bent, was their being accustomed to it from their
infancy ! Notwithstanding the great number of fires at work
in this forcing-ground, there is little or no appearance of soot
or smoke ; and the reason is, that wood is used for fuel. For
this reason, also, -l-inch earthen pipes are found sufficient as
flues ; the smoke of coal, in so small a quantity as would pass
along them, would not give out sufficient heat, and would,
besides, soon clog them up with soot. With the clear atmo-
sphere of a Parisian winter, wonders might be effected by
these pits if they were heated by hot water.

Dec. 28. — The Groimds of the Grand Trianon are dull and
flat : the best thing is a parterre ; and, for France, even that
is not good.

The Petit Trianon adjoins the other ; and it is better worth
looking at, having some features which recall to mind the
scenery of nature, and the green turf of those happy climates
which, though they have fogs, have mild winters, and no burn-
ing summers. There is an imitation of a natural rill, which,
all things considered, is not amiss ; though any one disposed
to be severe might very well compare it to a string of sausages.
The grounds, taken altogether, however, are far before any
royal English garden of the same date; and, as far as Avater
and ground are conceri^^l, are greatly superior to the ponds
and mounds like ditch-banks recently formed in the grounds of
Buckingham Palace. The latter is, perhaps, richer in exotic
shrubs ; but the effect of tliese is so overbalanced by the pre-
valence of tall elm trees, that, even in this respect, we greatly
prefer the Petit Trianon.

As the Gardens of Louis Philip of Orleans, as well as those
of Bagatelle, were private gardens when we saw them, we
shall not include them under this department of our tour ;
and therefore v.-e proceed, as proposed (Vol. VI. p. 1.), to

Commercial Gardens. The principal nurseries in France,
for timber trees, hedge plants, and fruit trees, are at Orleans
about 90 miles, and Vitry about 5 miles, from Paris. The
growers are not, like the English nurserymen, a few individuals

12 Notes and Refiectiom during a Tour : —

who have acquired large capitals ; but a numerous class of
small proprietors, who cultivate their own soil, and bring their
trees to market in the same manner as is done with other
garden produce. The more rare articles of the trade are
grown almost entirely by Paris nurserymen, and a few others
in tlie very largest towns ; and when the former have an order
for fruit or forest trees, they procure them from the coun-
try, or attend the next weekly tree market at Paris or Orleans.
It must be confessed that this is a very bad method of selling
trees ; for, after the roots have been two or three days exposed
to the air in severe weather, the trees, if they grow at all, have
little chance of thriving. We attended at the tree market in
Paris on three successive market days in December, and pur-
chased, at a remarkably low rate (Phothiia serrulata, grafted,
1 franc each ; and common laurels grafted on cherry stocks,
6 ft. high, 2 francs), as many trees and shrubs as were re-
quired to plant a small residence, the laying out of which
was committed to our care. We had them carefully planted,
staked, and watered : but, nevertheless, we have since been
informed by the proprietor. Sir John Byerley, that they
almost all died. The exposure of goods of any description
at fairs and markets is a characteristic of a particular stage
in the progress of the population of a country, and of its civi-
lisation. When capital becomes abundant, this practice is
abandoned ; and though by private purchase the consumer
may sometimes pay higher, yet he obtains a more valuable
article, and is, in the end, a gainer. In no branch of trade
is this more true than in the nursery business.

Vitry may be described as a village of nurserymen ; a cir-
cumstance sufficiently indicated by the following signs to the
public-houses there : Ait rendezvous des pepinieristes ; Au bon
pejnnieriste ; Cafe des inpinieristes^ &c. It is estimated that
there are about 400 growers here and at Choisy, the adjoin-
ing village ; each of whom cidtivates his own property, and
grows trees, alternately with corn, forage crops, and culinary
vegetables, in the open or enclosed fields. The quantity of
ground covered at one time by trees is supposed to be nearly
4000 acres. The principal demand for forest trees in France is
for lining the public roads ; and they are, therefore, allowed to
grow till they attain considerable size, without much trouble
being taken in transplanting them, as in Plolland. By far
the greater number of the fridt trees grown here are exposed
for sale in the streets of Paris ; and tlie same may be said of
the shrubs and roses, of which only the more common sorts
are dealt in by the nurserymen of Vitry. M. Lacroix, of the
firm of Vilmorin and Co., who accompanied us to Vitry, in-

Commei'cial Garde?is. 1-3

troduced us to M. Chatenay-Magnifique,^//^ ame. This worthy
man first showed us his wife and family, apparently as hard-
working people as himself; and then his kitchen fireplace,
the back iron plate of which exhibited the royal arms, and
bore the date of 1659. M. Chatenay's grandfather, having
been a gardener to one of the kings of France, became pos-
sessed of this plate ; and during the Revolution of 1789, when
every thing royal at Vitry and Choisy was destroyed, it was
saved by being turned outside in.

AI. Chatenay's Nurseri/ Grounds are at least a mile from his
house, in the village of Vitry. His stock is about as well
grown as that of the English nurseries, but the order and
keeping less neat. The ver hlanc (grub of the cockchafer)
has destroyed many of his stocks. Almond stones are planted
in rows like beans in January, budded with peaches and nec-
tarines in the following September, and are ready for sale by
the end of October in the year after. Roses budded in June
are ready for sale in October. Lilacs are raised from cuttings
planted in November by thousands. Many of the forest trees
20 to 25 ft. high ; and we were informed (what, indeed, we
saw in many parts of the country by the road-sides) that, Avhen
removed to their final situations, they were headed down to 10
or 12 ft., and deprived of all their side shoots. However con-
trary this may be to the doctrine of Sir Henry Steuart, we
believe, from observation and experience, that where the roots
have not been previously prepared the French mode is the
best, at least with most deciduous trees. If, in such a case,
a tree could be planted with all its branches for one year,
and pruned in the second year, that would, doubtless, be still
better ; but the objection lies in the expense of staking. The
first year, the whole energies of a tree planted with all its
branches would be directed to the formation of roots for the
support of the head ; these branches being removed in the
beginning of the second year, the concentrated energies of the
roots, in which the power of the tree chiefly resides, would be
directed to the production of one main shoot and some subor-
dinate ones. In the autumn of 1824, we planted, in our grass-
plot at Bayswater, two plants of deciduous cypress, purchased
from Lee's nursery : they were without balls, and each about
5 ft. high. One of them, in the course of the winter, was acci-
dentally broken over within a foot of the surface ; but the other
remained uninjured, and was not divested of any of its shoots.
The headed-down tree, next spring, made a vigorous shoot,
which threw out side shoots ; the other made only very short
shoots. Both trees went on jrrowino; at the same relative rate
for about four years ; and they have been since, and are now,

14 Notes and Reflections during a Tour : —

as near as possible, of the same size in every respect, and of
the same vigour in their annual growths.

Choisy le Roi is also a village of nurserymen, but smaller
than Vitry, and of much less note ; indeed, as already ob-
served, the number of growers, and quantity of acres men-
tioned as connected with the latter village, may be considered
to include those of the former. At the back of the inn here
is the forcing-ground of a kitchen-garden which belonged to
a royal chateau destroyed in 1789. The walls are very mas-
sive, and covered by a broad stone coping. An old man at
work told us that he remembered the time when the walls
were covered with glass [serres c/iaudes), and the interior of
the ground with pits. On some parts of the walls were the
remains of old peach trees and vines. At the inn we got
excellent mealy potatoes, of a purplish red variety, cooked au
iiaturel. Mealy potatoes are not very common in France;
but the reason is to be traced more to their want of good
varieties than to the climate. We have sent specimens of
some of the best British late sorts to the Abbe Gossier, for
the Agricultural Society of Rouen.

Xoisette's Xursert/ is one of the oldest about Paris. It
appears to occupy between 6 and 8 acres ; contains a tolerable
collection of green-house and some hot-house plants under
glass : a moderate collection of hardy trees and shrubs : and
an extensive collection of roses, standards, and dwarfs. There
are few herbaceous plants, with the exception of georginas.
There are a stock of pine-apples, and a collection of about 20
sorts of table grapes, which ]M. Noisette informed us, in 1819,
that he had obtained from England ; besides about a dozen
sorts of French and Dutch eating grapes. The hardy trees
and shrubs in this nursery were formerly cultivated in masses
according to the natural system ; so, at least, Victoire Varan-
got, M. Noisette's foreman, informed us : but in 1815, and in
1819, when we were shown round the nursery by M. Noi-
sette, the circumstance did not attract our attention. A spe-
cimen of each of the more rare of the hardy trees and shrubs
is named by a tin label soldered to the top of an iron rod
about 2 ft. long. The green-house and hot-house plants
have their names printed on small plates of earthenware ;
each of which has a hole behind, in which may be inserted a
stick to support it from the ground, or a wire to tie it to the
plant. We regret that we had not leisure to examine this
nursery in such a manner as to give a more accurate and
ample account of it. Victoire Varangot we found a reading
gardener, who understood the natural system ; and we pre-

Commercial Gardens. 15

sented him with the Fifteenth Number of the Gardener's Ma-
gazine, and our best verbal advice for his future progress.

In Cels's Ntirsery peat earth plants are chiefly cultivated ;
and of these it contains, perhaps, the best collection in or
around Paris. They are chiefly grov/n in pits, without flues,
covered in winter with boards, mats, or reeds. In one of the
peat borders we found Anbna parviflora in fruit. There are
a good collection of green-house plants, some hot-house
plants, and a good many orange trees. We were sorry to
see this nursery in very indifferent order.

Godefroy' s Nursery at Ville d' Avraj/^ near Sevres, appeared
to us one of the most prosperous and English-looking nurse-
ries we ever saw on the Continent. The extent may be three
or foin* acres ; the surface is a uniform slope, laid out in pa-
rallelogram compartments with narrow alleys between ; and
the soil is a saponaceous yellow loam, not unlike that of some
parts of the Hammersmith nursery. Most nursery articles
are grown, hardy as well as hot-house; though the collection
of the latter is, of course, the most limited. Magnolias are
grown in abundance, and to great perfection. Magnolm ma-
crophj'lla ripens its seeds, and M. Godefroy has raised plants
from them ; as he has also from seeds ripened in his own
garden of Magnolm tripetala, glauca, and auriculata ; i^agus
pumila and americana have also rijjened seeds. We saw
Anbna triloba in fruit, and were told that Calycanthus aceri-
folius (?), Cratae^gus (Mcspilus) 5orbifolius (?) and Chamaemes-
pilus, also ripened fruit or seeds. The bramble-leaved moss
rose, the oak-leaved laburnum, the shell-leaved paper mul-
berry, the willow-leaved chestnut, and a number of other lusns
natures^ were pointed out to us ; for the English, whether in
trees, furniture, books, or other objects, are generally under-
stood by the French to value only what is rare, curious, or
difficult of attainment. This is too true; though, as we as-
sured M. Godefroy, it did not happen to apply to us. It
may, indeed, be considered as an attendant upon excessive
riches, want of science, or the result of these and the aris-
tocratic spirit of exclusiveness. The ties used for training
plants in this nursery are the withered leaves of the Esparto
rush (Lygeum .Spartum), which are sent from Spain in the
packages of soda, and bought by M. Godefroy and other
gardeners from the soapmakers. ^mygdalus georgica, a
species of Ceanothus, and two species of /^itex (we regret
our inability to be more particular) were pointed out to us
as remarkably showy plants.

Sept. 16. — The Garden ofFromont is siuated 17 miles soutli
of Paris, and combines an exotic nursery and an elegant villa

1 6 Kofes and Bcfledions durhig a Toiir : —

residence. Its proprietor and cultivator, M. Soulange Bodin,
like M. Vilmorin, is at once a niarchand grenicr and an ac-
complished gentleman and scholar. We are proud to reckon
both among the number of our friends, and most happy to
have an opportunity of acknowledging the hospitality and
kindness which we experienced from their families. In pits
and peat beds at Fromont are propagated more rare trees
and shrubs than, probably, in all the nurseries of Paris put
together: and they are sold at prices so low, that even the
trade in England and Germany is supplied from this garden
with various articles of importance. Our admiration of the
place and of the man, however, will bear an article by itself,
which we will give in a future Number, as a connectmg link
between the Commercial and the Villa Gardens.

TJie y^urserij of M. Audehai, in the Boulevard St. Jaques,
is an old establishment on the point of being given up to
be built upon ; but it deserves to be mentioned as being the
first nursery in France in which the camellia was propagated.

The Auteuil Kinsety consists of about an acre, and contains
a good collection of roses, and a few common shrubs and
fruit trees.

Oct. 5. — J ibcrfs Xiuseri/, at St. Denis, was commenced in
1828; ^I. Vibert having been driven from his former situation
at Paris by the ravages of the ver Mane. The only article
which he cultivates is the rose, of which he has several hun-
dred varieties, a great many of which were raised by himself
from seed. When he has procured a new and valuable sort,
especially if it belongs to the Indian species (i?6sa indica and
semperflorens), he buds it on the current year's shoots of a
stool of the i?osa reversa (the original plant of this species, we
were informed, was found bv chance in M. Vilmorin's ground
for proving seeds in Paris) ; lays these shoots down after the
buds have begun to push ; and the shoot proceeding from the
bud, deriving nourishment from the roots emitted into the
soil as well as from the stock, beins thus greatlv strength-
ened, pushes vigorously, so as to admit of layers being
rooted and taken off the same season. This is quicker
work than could be practised in England. ^Ve were
rather surprised to be informed that dwarf roses on their
own bottoms are considered to retain the character of the
variety longer than such as are grafted. To jirevent, as
much as possible, the ravages of the ver blanc, the ground is
covered with wheat straw, which hinders the insect from getting
at the soil, and there burrowing and depositing its eggs. A
hard smooth surface has the same effect, the insect being
unable to buri'ow in it. The mole cricket is here rather
troublesome ; and M. Beck, M. Vibert's foreman, a German

Commercial Gardens. 1 7

gardener, who has been in England, informed us that he had
a plan for enticing the mole cricket, by an odoriferous com-
position, under a glass or pot, so that it might be taken and
destroyed ; and that his employer intended to put his plan to
the test of experiment, and publish the result. M. Beck is
an intelligent man ; and we gave him No. III. of what is to us
one of the best books hi the world, viz. our Magazine of
Natural History.

Sept. 29. — Qiientm^s Nursery, in the Rue des Bourgui-
gnons, is chiefly devoted to the culture and forcing of roses,
flowers, and the more common green-house plants, for the
Marche anx Fleurs, where Madame Quentin's stand is No. 32.
The nursery occupies about an acre : when we saw it, it was
admirably stocked, and as well cultivated, and as clean, as any
piece of ground of the same extent we ever saw in any country.
Jasminum grand iflorum, common myrtle, the orange, and the
mignonette are extensively cultivated here ; and the great
object is to have plants in flower at all times in the year.
Between 400 and 500 large orange trees are kept, chiefly on
account of their blossoms, which are gathered for the per-
fumers.

M. Vilmorin and Co. have two nurseries or seed-gardens, one
in Paris, and the other at M. Vilmorin's country residence,
at a few miles' distance. Both are chiefly used for proving
seeds. M. Vilmorin and Co., though unquestionably the first
seedsmen in the world, are not nurserymen; that is, they do not
grow for sale either plants or trees. We walked over the country
garden with M. Lacroix, a young man scientifically educated,
and skilled in several languages, who belonged to M. Vilmorin's
establishment, and who accompanied us to most of the nur-
series and market-gardens round Paris ; and for whose most
assiduous services in this, and in various other ways, we are
much indebted both to himself and M. Vilmorin. Our atten-
tion was directed incidentally to the following articles : — great
quantities of auriculas, grown entirely for their seeds ; the Lima
bean (Z)61ichos *lanatus), with short broad pods, and very
prolific ; the violet-coloured carrots ; young plants of varieties
of the Puuis sylvestris, those called Pin de Riga, and the Pin de
Hagenau, of which last, being reckoned the best, we sent
home seeds, and the plants raised from some of them are now
growing at Loudon's Howe, and Loudon's Brae, in Perth-
shire ; dwarf Lidian corn, ma'is de qunrante jours, ma'is a
poidet, and ma'is suo'e, perfectly ripe; bunches of grapes
bagged in hair-cloth, and also in black wire-cloth (toile metal-
lique) ; single specimens of most of the varieties of fruit trees
known in the nurseries about Paris ; a grass ground, in which

Vol. VIL — No. 30. c

18 Notes and Reflections during a Tour : —

ZroHum perenne var. italicum, here considered the most valu-
able variety of the species, was conspicuous ; many species
and varieties of Festiica ,- of mangold wurzel ; and of turnip,
lettuce, &c.

This place, the name of which we unfortunately neglected
to write down, consists of an old, but commodious and well
preserved, chateau and park, laid out by Le Notre for Made-
moiselle La Valliere, a mistress of Louis XIV. Near the
house is a formidable sunk fence, which the French call sant
de loup. In the shrubbery of the English part of the grounds,
arranged and planted by M. Vilmorin, is a considerable num-
ber of rare trees and shrubs. In the kitchen-garden is a pit
of pine-apple plants, which M. Vilmorin kindly and generously
allows his gardener to grow for his own amusement. The
gardener's house is close by the garden : M. Lacroix took us
in to see it ; and as all the doors were open, and the gardener
and his wife from home, we took a note of the furniture, for
the sake of comparing it with that of an English gardener
under similar circumstances. The house consisted of two
rooms on the ground floor, and garrets over, with some out-
buildings for fuel, 8cc. We did not enter the garrets. In
the living-room were the family bed, of the couch kind, and
sufficiently wide for two persons ; a child's bed, of the cradle
kind ; a large clothes press ; two chests of drawers ; a corner
cupboard; a chest about 4 ft. long, 18 in. wide, and 18 in.
deep, for kneading dough, and keeping bread after it was
baked ; a large fire-place, with an oven on one side and a
furnace with two places for saucepans on the other ; eight
shining copper saucepans, three of them with lids ; two brass
saucepans ; three frying-pans ; one soup ladle ; one ladle for
lifting vegetables ; one gridiron; one warming-pan ; two salad
bowls, and a number of minor articles. What struck us was,
that the crockery was remarkably coarse, die spoons of silver,
and the knives few and bad. * In the inner room was a larger
child's bed, of the couch kind ; a large closet, or store-room ;
one table, five chairs, a stove for warming the apaitment, and
some other articles, including a print of Bonaparte, and an-
other of Marie Louise. There was a religious book or two,
but no gardening books ; neither master nor mistress being
readers.

We have before designated M. Vilmorin and Co. as the
first seedsmen in the world ; and it is proper that we should

* In farm-houses and cottages in the south of France, it is not uncom-
mon to find a handsome silver fork laid for each person, while there is
only one clumsy clasp knife, to be handed round for each in turn to make
what use of it he may require. — J. W. L.

Commncial Gardens.: «19

state, for the benefit of our readers, the grounds on which we
have formed this opinion. Iliese are, first and chiefly, their
extensive assortment of seeds, inchiding all those calculated,
not only for the colder, but the warmer and warmest climates
of Europe ; which cannot be said to the same extent of the
assortment of any other European seedsman : secondly, the
known probity, correctness, and intelligence of the firm, in
consequence of the ample property of M. Vilmorin, and his
education and acquirements as a scientific man and a classical
scholar. M. Vilmorin has for some time been a candidate for
a seat in the Institute, which is something even higher than
being proposed as a Fellow of our Royal Society ; because
any man, if he has rank, may become a member of that
Society, and yet be ignorant both of science and classical
learning.

As a proof of the extensive assortment of M. Vilmorin and
Co., and for the benefit of our readers in other climates, we
give the following abstract of their printed catalogue as handed
to us by M. Lacroix, with some MS. additions, in January
1829.

Culinary seeds (des graines potag&res)^ 436 sorts.

Cereal grasses (plantes cereales), 65 sorts.

Forage grass plants, or hay plants from the true grasses (plantes four-
rageuses tirees de la famille des graniinees), 50 sorts.

Forage plants not true grasses (plantes fourrageuses nou graminees, et
racines-fourrages), 120 sorts.

Oil-bearing plants (plantes oleiferes), 18 sorts.

Textile or thread-bearing plants (plantes textiles ou filamenteuses), 10
sorts.

Dyeing plants (plantes tinctoriales), 1 1 sorts.

Economical plants for different purposes (plantes economiques diverses),
7 sorts.

Seeds of hardy trees and shrubs (des graines d'arbres, et d'arbrisseaux
de pleine terre), 300 sorts.

Seeds of shrubs and plants grown in the green-house or hot-house (des
graines d'arbrisseaux et des plantes d'orangerie et de serre), 190 sorts.

Seeds of flowers and ornamental plants (des graines de fleurs et de
plantes d'agrement), 294 sorts.

Seeds of ornamental fruits (des graines des fruits d'agrement), 23 sorts.

Seeds of flowers and plants of ornament, chiefly perennial (des graines
de fleurs de plantes d'ornament, pour la plus grande parte vivaces), 202
sorts.

Seeds of hardy bulbous plants (des graines de plantes bulbeuses, &c.),
25 sorts.

The above are all seeds. M. Vilmorin and Co. have also a
catalogue of bulbous roots, w Inch, exclusively of named hya-
cinths, tulips, and other florists' flowers, exceeds 390 sorts.
They have no catalogue of trees; b\it they procure these

-c' 2

20 Gardening as a Pursuit.

articles from other nurserymen, when ordered by their cus-
tomers.

We have now slightly glanced at the principal Paris nur-
series : the view we took of them was rather too hurried, and
too late in the season ; but our object, that of seeing something
of every thing in the short space of six weeks, rendered this
haste unavoidable. We have doubtless fallen into some mis-
takes : but if M. Vilmorin, M. Lacroix, or M. Soulange-
Bodin will take tiie trouble to send us corrections or additions,
they shall be inserted in our next Number, as a sequel to this
article, and before we commence with the flower, forcing, and
market gardens.

(7\> be continued.^

Art. II. On Gardening as a Pursuit, and an the Language of
Controversy in the Gardeners Magazine. By Charles Lau-

llENCE, Esq.

Sir,
The Gardener's Magazine has been a source of much in-
struction and delight to me ; it has abundantly increased my
interest in my garden, and contributed materially to its embel-
lishment. It has, by almost imperceptible degrees, allured
me on, from one day to another, each unfolding new sources
of gratification to the senses, until I have begun to flatter
myself I shall one day be a gardener. I have ever deemed it
wise in the young to cultivate those tastes wliich are capable of
affording amusement and enjoyment in the decline of life, when
the resources beyond the study become necessarily contracted ;
and, so far as my limited experience in gardening extends,
that science and its fruits of various kinds appear to me espe-
cially calculated to afford delightful and varied recreation to
the aged. I might add, that this healthful pursuit is a very
probable means of attaining the age it is destined to amuse ;
and I am quite sure, that, considered merely as an amusement
to the young, none can be more rational, more innocent, or
produce a more salutary effect on the mind. But I am ram-
bling from the immediate object of my letter, which is to
tell you, that the instruction and pleasure I have derived from
your Magazine have made me vei*y solicitous about its cha-
racter ; and to tell some of your contributors, what I trust
they will take in good part, that 1 hope they will cultivate
their manners as well as their gardens. Several of your
readers have been justly offended with the very coarse style

Country Seats near St. Andrew's, Fi/'es/iire. 21

of controversy too often indulged in. I liave been on the
point of noticing this before, but I was fearful you might deem
me impertuient, until I noticed in your last Number (Vol. VI.
p. 720.) your very candid introduction of the strictures of
your correspondent on the " Principles and Conduct of the
Conductor " (in the justice of some of which I must confess
I concur), and the real good feeling of your note attached to
them. In the last Number I am sorry to see, in one article,
the following terms applied to an individual of whom I know
nothing; but surely they are not ealcidated to throw any
light upon the interesting subject of pruning : they are —
*' modern babblers," " impudence," " this immaculate author,"
*^' mark the matchless modesty of the man," " Oh, shame !
where is tliv blush?" " his drivellinjr ideas," &c. &c. All
this, to say the least of it, is in bad taste, and out of place.
Let us leave this personal vituperation to the mere politician
and polemic ; but pray let it be banished from the fair fields
of science, and especially from our speculations on the manage-
ment of the peaceful garden. I am. Sir, &c.

Charles Laurence.
Cirencester. Dec. 18.30.

Art. III. Remarks on the Country Seats in the Neighbourhood of
St.Andreios, Fifeshire. By Mr. William Smith, Gardener to
Jolm Small, Esq.

Sir,

I AM surprised that none of the writings of the gardeners
of the county of Fife appear in your Magazine, considering
how many excellent gardens and gardeners Fifeshire contains.
Remarks on gardens are solicited by you from your corre-
spondent Mr. Gale (Vol. V. p. II.); and I am convinced
that visiting gardens, public or private, is one great means of
instruction. Since I last addressed you (Vol. IV. p. 91.), I
have had an opportunity of seeing a great number, and consider
myself much benefited by the inspection of them. As 1 am
now settled in this quarter, and have seen a few of the neigh-
bouring gardens lately, perhaps some account of them will
not be unmteresting to you.

Latliallan, the seat of Major Lumsden, is situated in a val-
ley extending east and west a considerable distance. Here is
an admirable garden, of a quadrangular form, lately renewed,
and in every respect what your correspondent Mr. Wilson
(Vol. IV. p. 353.) would wish. The principal walks are 8 ft.

c 3

22 Country Seats mar St. A?idre-tis's, Fifeshirc.

broad, with uncommonly neat box-edgings, and covered with
sea gravel mixed with shells ; on each side are proportionate
flower borders, with alleys of 2 ft. between them and the vege-
tables. The vvall trees are remarkably healthy, and are beau-
tifully trained in the horizontal and fan manners. Here is a
Calcutta pine-pit, the pines in which are very small, owing,
in my opinion, to their being kept in too small pots (12 in.
by 12 in.) to fi'i'i*" in; and a melon-pit, forced by the steam
of dung, confined underneath the bed. The back and front
walls are arched, and the soil is supported b}'^ pieces of wood
and wicker-v>-ork. The dung is well prepared and put under
at the arches, and closely shut up to keep in the steam. The
whole has a very clean, neat appearance. There are also two
vine-houses, one on the old system of training all over the
glass, the other on the pendent trellis system with peach trees
on the back wall ; the old plan is preferred. The Black Da-
mascus gi'ape, in general, is a bad setter of its fruit ; here it
is fecundated with the pollen of the Black Hamburgh, and
sets freely. I have seen this warden three times durincr the
season, and have not seen a single weed in it. As a whole, it
is in the first-rate style of keeping and high order, and reflects
great credit on the endeavours of JNIr. Young, the gardener.

Largo House, the seat of General Dirom, beautifully situated
on the banks of the Forth, commanding a fine view of that river.
This garden is extensive, and well stocked with fruit trees of
all descriptions. What attracted my attention most was the
system of training apple trees on the walk borders downwards
on conical trellises, Avhich has a very neat appearance, and is
preferable [?J to the straight espalier method, or to dwarf stand-
ards, especially when let out of bounds. Those making new
gardens would do well to adopt this plan of training. [?J There
are a small pine stove at present filled with stove plants, a
circular vine-house, a peach-house, an orangery just forming,
and a fine green- house attached to the mansion house, with
very extensive pleasure-grounds, all kept in first-rate order
by Mr. Steuart.

Cunnoquhic, the seat of Col. Paterson, is pleasantly situated
on an eminence rising gently from the plain beneath, and has an
extensive view of the surrounding country. The garden and
pleasure-grounds are greatly improved of late. Here is one
of the far-famed steam chamber pine-pits. Pine-apples and
melons have been grown in it to great perfection ; and, as a
pi'oof of its superiority, the gardener has gained many prizes
for both fruits at different horticultural societies. There is a
portion of this pit planted with "pines in a bed of prepared
soil merelv to fruit in, which are clean and healthvj have a

Gdrhally Park an^ Mansion. 23

strong gigantic appearance, and are superior to any I have
ever seen in Scotland ; melons succeed best in it in dry sea-
sons. There are also two new vine-houses on the pendent
trellis system, with peach trees on sloping trellises below.
The same fault is here attributed to this system of exposing
vines to the sun [as it is only half exposing them), as at other
places, namely, that the fruit on the lower vines is much in-
ferior. This gentleman takes great delight in his garden,
and has spared no expense to render these new inventions as
complete as possible. Every thing else in this garden bears
the stamp of superior management, and reflects great credit
on Mr. Smith, the gardener.

Fernie Castle, the seat of Francis Balfour, Esq., is situated
on a plain, and has a fine view of the country before it. There
is nothing very remarkable in this garden. The wall is the
chief thing that attracts attention, being built of prepared
stones of a reddish colour, in courses, as with brick, and is
the best garden wall I ever saw. There are four forcing-
houses begun but not yet finished, a flued wall with plenty
of training, a good collection of shrubs, and some fine speci-
mens of the Scotch pine ; the whole kept below the economic
point by Mr. Keir.

I am preparing a plan of my present situation, and, if agree-
able, will send it. [We shall be most happy to receive it,
and as many accounts of other gardens as possible. — Cond.']
I remain. Sir, &c. William Smith.

Priory, St. Andrew's, Fifeshire, Oct. 27. 1830.

Art. IV. Description of Garbally Park and Mansion, the Resi-
dence of the Earl of Clancarty. By Mr. Andrew Johnston,
Gardener there.

Sir,

In some of your late publications you expressed a wish to
be furnished with general information relative to the principal
•residences of the nobility and gentry, or, at least, of such as
have not been noticed in any of your former Numbers. From
what I have seen of Ireland, I am satisfied there are many
places well worthy of notice in your works and in others
devoted to rural affairs, which have been either wholly over-
looked or misrepresented.

It is to be regretted that your valuable and interesting cor-
respondent Mr. Eraser, whose opportunities of collecting
•such information are so extensive, has not lately favoured

c 4- ^

24? Garbally Park and Mansion,

your readers with any communication regarding the many
places that come almost daily under his observation. In
common, we on this side the Channel have been much too
tardy in coming forward, to endeavour, at least, to add some-
thing to the many valuable communications in your miscel-
lany, though there are few noblemen's or gentlemen's seats
in either of the sister kingdoms that are not equalled in this,
both in extent and in beauty of landscape.

Garhally Park, the residence of the Earl of Clancarty, the
garden and woods of which I have the honour to superintend,
is perhaps more generally known than any other demesne in
Ireland; the great annual fair of Ballinasloe being held in it.
The demesne is extensive, containing 658 Irish acres ; the
soil is in general shallow, the subsoil in most places a loose
limestone gravel. It is situated on the eastern boundary of
the county of Galway, wuthin a short distance of the neat and
thriving town of Ballinasloe, and is one of the very few hilly
tracts the traveller passes over from the Bay of Dublin to
that of Galway. It is interesting, as possessing within itself
in a high degree all the constituents of landscape. It is par-
ticularly well planted, and presents a beautifully undulated
surface ; and though there are no very remarkable trees, in-
dividually considered, yet they and the woods, taken in the
aggregate, are well worth the attention of the arboriculturist,
particularly an extensive oak wood, which in beauty of out-
line is scarcely surpassed. There are some fine specimens of
wych elm here, which in my opinion is decidedly superior to
the narrow-leaved variety ( C/lmus parvifolia of the Dublin
botanic gardens) too generally planted in this country. Its
outline is much more picturesque, its timber is more valuable,
and it is besides much better calculated to withstand the harsh
winds which assail us from the Western Ocean. There are
likewise some masses of ^^bies alba, sold by the nurserymen
in parts of this country as the A. nigra. It is planted on
very elevated situations, and appears to withstand the severe
winds much better than any other of the spruce family, as
it has been remarked by your correspondent Mr. Fraser
(Vol. IV. p. 216.), who saw it on a neighbouring hill, Bally-
dugan, the seat of W. M. Burke, Esq.

It may not be uninteresting to the planter to know the
kind of trees that thrive best on our reclaimed bogs. We
find the Scotch fir to be one of the best, together with the
birch, the alder, and some few poplars, the Canadian for one.
It is almost unnecessary to say the timber grown in such
situations is much inferior to that upon the upland. I have
found laurel to do extremely well as underwood : two years

the Residence of the Earl of Clancariy.

25

ago I laid some large branches in the bog, spreading out their
various side shoots, and covering them about 6 in. deep : they
are now growing freely ; and in all moist places the laurel
treated in this way will thrive well. It is, therefore, quite un-
necessary to introduce rooted plants.

The garden and nursery here contain about seven acres ;
the latter has been lately formed for the purpose of supplying
His Lordship's tenantry with forest trees.

Garbally Mansion {^Jig. 3.) is nearly a square ; the exterior

quadrangle is 141 ft. by 131 ft., the interior 55 ft. 6 in. by
by 48 ft. 5 in. It is situated on a gentle eminence, command-
ing an extensive view of the park and adjoining country. The
grounds have been formally, though agreeably, sloped to cor-
respond with the style of the house. It is surrounded by a
terrace walk, whence you descend, by a slight declivity, to a
spacious walk, one quarter of an English mile in length, on
each side of which is a line of venerable yew trees. This and
its accompaniments are, perhaps, equal to any thing of the
kind in Britain. To any one desirous of having an effectual,
and at the same time an unobtrusive, barrier for deer, or other
purposes, I may be permitted to suggest the adoption of our
sunk fence, as figured in Vol. IV. p. 334. by Mr. Fraser,
who in that paper remarks that a colour for the walls would
in some instances be an improvement. I have adopted a very
simple plan, that will in a few years effect this desirable ob-
ject, namely, planting ivy along the walls.

':26 IJmmmtJm'^immmwiiigJrmmffrmumg, o»- imituMg,

If yau coiK«ive these remarks worthy a place in your
M;»puine, 1 sh*li be baj^py to give you ixvAsionally. as my
ti«>e permits, jui accouui of any thiiuj remarkable in severs!
extejisive dejiiesnes in this ueiirhbi-kurhixxi.
1 am. Sir, ^c.

Andrew Johnston.

Akt. V. i>r!$rry«iMM ^f'o LmdAr ^^ tic Purposes t^' paAerijt<f
jFrnk,j^rwm^ «r f^wwi'm TVves. 'A«v By Mr. Matthias Saul.

1 SEND yon an accoimt and a sketch of a machine ^,;S^. -k),
which \»-ill be serviceable to ganleners for a variety of pur-

}x»ses, such as gathering fruit
from trees, and also tor pruning
and training. It stands free
of the tree, in which quality it
has a great advantaije over the
common ladder ; and it is easily
b;;— — movevl to reach any pan of

%^ ihe tree.

'^^ The length erf" the diree tip-

iTghts may be as circumstances

, _ ^=1 require, so as to suit the walls

/T - -— ? -^..^^ s=, and fiaiit trees of any particular

" ^^t= ffarden. There are two mova-

^^ ble boards about 1:2 in. broad,

_ V^ supported either by iron or

/ by oak pins, so that they can

.--■" be moved to any height. If

" "'*" the pins are of oak, diey are

made like brackets (<^) ; if of iron, they are made of f-round

rod ircm. One of the uprights is tiimisbed with pins, both

along its fivmt and edge, as seen in the sketch: so that a

l^erson may ascend with as much ease as up a ladder.

By this plan, two or three persons may be at «ork at the
same time.

The iqxright r must be loi^^ess, for it thai will sex a and b
more ereci. which wUl be an adrantage in training wall trees.
A pulley may be fixed in the upright c, so that the finiit
basket, ^c may be let down by a itspe, when employed in
taking fruit from laipe standards. The three uprights art
secared by an irao bolt, which passes dirou^ them at their

On pruning Forest Trees. 27

top end ; and the uprights moving on tliis bolt can at pleasure
be oj)eiied into a triangle, which makes the macliine perfectly
steady, and easily to be moved : by closing the iij)rights it
is conveniently stowed in the shed, and occupies but little
room. I am, ISir, &c.

Matthias Saul.
Pomohgical Garden, near Tjancasler, Sept. 18. 1830.

We have not the George the Fourth polyanthus, and
shall feel obliged to Mr. Saul lor the plant of" it which he
offers. — Cond.

A FIT. VI. RemarJis on pruninff Forest Trees, in reply to Mr, Files
and others. By Mr. JonN Howden.

Sir,

I HAVE this moment read the letter of Mr. Elles ; I trust
he has not extinguislied my farthing rush-light, but only
snuffed it, to n)ake it burn tlie brighter. It is certainly the
duty of Mr. Elles, of myself, and of every practical man in
the line, to assist in making the Gardener's Magazine " a
burning and a shining light." I perfectly agree with Mr.
Elles respecting the physiology of plants ; but the propaga-
tion of strawberries, or the striking of pink pipings, has
nothing to do with timber trees. All depends on what
is ultimately wanted : if I wanted leaves from off the tea
tree, I should be sorry to cut off the branches ; or if I
wanted fruit from the currant bush, I should be sorry to
to permit its twigs to remain ; and if I wanted fine clean
timber, I should be sorry to see the trunk of the tree all over
branches or knots. A certain quantity of branches, twigs,
or leaves, is necessary for the growth of timber; but too
many are as bad as a man having a larger family than he
can maintain. It is true that some kinds of trees will not
bear pruning so well as others, just as there are some mothers
who would fret themselves to death for the loss of their off-
spring; whilst there are others who would do better without
them, for instance, the cow without her calf.

But I am wandering from my subject, and, as Mr. Elles
will say, or Sir John Falstaff would say, I make such " un-
savoury similes." Oh ! by the by, Agronome is very proud
to think his name had a charm in it for Mr, Elles; while
John Howden is no less sorry to think his name is so dis-
gusting to him. Another gentleman has told me the same
thing ; but I tell them both that, however humble my name
may be, as Shakspeare says, " I'll make it greater ere I part

28 On priming Tor est Trees.

with it." I have given it to the public in proof that I am no
impostor, but a man in full practice. I should like to ask
those who disapprove of pruning trees, particularly the pine
and fir tribes, what can be their reasons ? Should they say the
extra trouble and expense, I answer that all trees must be
pruned before they are brought to the sawyers : and which
is easier, to prune off small twigs, or large limbs ? When a
fir tree is once pruned, it never wants pruning afterward at
the same place : and which does the carpenter prefer finding ;
a small twig, not so thick as a straw, in the heart of his balk ;
or a large knot, as thick as his arm, at or near the out-
side of it? When a bough is cut off from a tree in its green
State, though as thick as my thumb, by the time the tree
begins to heart the knot will be squeezed to a less substance
than the grey goose- quill with which I am writing this letter ;
whereas, if allowed to remain growincp, it would not only
grow thicker, but even form a heart of hard wood which no
squeezing could diminish. WTien trees are pruned young,
they may stand thicker on the ground before injuring each
other, or injuring themselves. Trees planted 4 ft. apart may,
if properly pruned, stand till they are 9 ft. rails : every other
row should then be taken out, and the year following every
second row, crosswise. Li a few years more they may be
further thinned in the same way, leaving the trees 16 ft. apart
Strong oaks, and other hard- wooded trees, 6 or 8 ft. high,
should now be brought from the nursery, and planted in the
centre of each square space : these should be treated as
carefully as if they were fruit trees ; and if the soil is not good,
a barrow-load of good soil should be brought to each of
them. Every person who has forest-planting to do should
have a nursery of his own, on as good land and as near the
intended plantation as possible. The oaks, &c., should be
twice transplanted : at two years old they should be removed
from the seed bed, and planted in rows 1 ft. apart, and 4 in.
in the row ; and at the end of four years they should be again
I'emoved and planted in rows 4 ft. apart, and i ft. in the row.
Here they should stand four years longer, when they will
each remove with a ball of earth to them : for, observe, an
oak is but a young tree or plant at ten years old, and though
the larch fir and Scotch pine overshadow them, they will grow,
not the worse, but the better, for it for a few years ; when the
Scotch may be all cleared out, and the larches pruned a little
higher. I would recommend chiefly for hard wood, in rows,
an oak, an ash, a Spanish chestnut, an elm, an oak, &c., fol-
lowing one another ; as the ash and elm are excellent under-
wood, or will become good timber trees where the oak or
Spanish chestnut may not succeed. As old Philip Miller says.

Machine for transplanting lar^^e Trees. 29

I leave the world to judge what a fine property the owner of
such a plantation will leave to his son and to the nation.

I have nothing more to say on forest-planting, so conclude
with the old saying, " Let works bear witness."

Yours, 671 verite.
Heath House, Oct. 10. 1830. John Howden.

Art. VII. Description and Use of a Machine for transplanting
large Trees and Shrubs. Invented and communicated by Wil-
liam Thom, Esq. Surgeon, Annan ; and used in his Garden there.

Sir,

The method adopted by Mr. Hay to remove the citron
tree at Castle Semple (Vol. VI. p. 702.), recalls to my recol-
lection an intention that I entertained some time ago, of mak-
ing public an account of an apparatus that I have now had
some years in use. Its object is effectually to accomplish the
great desideratum of forming and securing a ball of earth
round the roots of a m'owinfj tree or shrub intended for
transplantation, in order that the operation may be performed
with invariable success, and without causing any material
check to the health, growth, or fertility of the subject.

This apparatus, though simple in construction, and easy of
application, when seen and understood, is not readily described
without a model, therefore circumlocution and repetition will
be unavoidable ; so that while I convey useful instructions to
the practical gardener, I expect also to afford amusement to
the verbal critic. Let it be kept in view, that it is. simply my
intention to describe a method of " weaving a basket or
hamper of iron round the roots of a growing tree, without
disturbiufj or deranffing the earth or mould in which the roots
are pasturing."

The first part of the apparatus (a cover for the basket)

consists of two flat

5 « . . ,

— =^ — semicnxular pieces

of sheet ii'on {Jig. 5.
a, b), but exceeding
the limits of a semi-
circle so far as to
admit of about 3 in.
of overlap to form
the union, when the
circle is completed
by their junction.
Near its outer margin

30

Machine for transplanting

this circle of plate iron is pierced round the circumference,
with a circle of holes, at the distance of about 2 in. from hole
to hole, each hole being about three quarters of an inch in
diameter, to receive iron rods hereafter to be mentioned. Tiie
area included in this circle of holes determines the size of the
ball of earth to be preserved, while a circular opening in the
common centre of each of the semicircles forms a hole for
the reception of the stem of the shrub or tree. The surface
being pared level till the fibres of the root begin to appear,
let the two semicircular pieces of iron plate be so placed
horizontally as to embrace the tree (c).

Let the holes in the circumference of the circle, beginning
with the overlaps, be now penetrated with iron rods plerpen-
dicularly downwards to the depth of about 2 ft., or a little
deeper than the roots are expected to extend. It is evident
that you have now a ball of earth of the width of your circle,
and depth of your rods nearly insulated : in other words, that
the cover and sides of your hamper are formed ; a bottom
only being wanted, and something to give stability and firm-
ness to the work. To give stability, dig and clear away freely,
so as to gain ample room to work the earth from the exterior
of your circle of rods, till you are below the general mass of
the roots ; but do not yet go quite so deep as to free the lower
ends of your rods. Let these rods, near their lower ends, be
now included in an iron hoop {^fg- 6.) of nearly the same

diameter as the circle
6 ^-rV^ fL- -^ . of holes in the hori-

zontal plates ; which
hoop, for convenience
of application, opens
in one or more places
by hinges (r/, e), and,
for strength and firm-
ness, closes by a
strong screw spindle
working in jaws (/) : the said spindle or male screw being
of considerable length, to admit of giving the requisite pres-
sure and support on the lower ends of the circumferential rods
which form the sides of your basket.

The bottom, which completes the insulation, is formed by
passing horizontally from side to side, below the general
mass of the roots, iron rods {g)^ at about 2 in. distant ; and for
security and regularity these rods are passed through holes
previously made in one side of the hoop, and their points
brought out just above the hoop at the opposite side.

The problem is now solved ; the basket is woven ; the ball

large Trees and Shrubs. SI

formed, and capable of sustaining much rough usage ; but
the tree remains to be removed from the hole.

Pass under the hoop two strong iron rods or levers, paral-
lel to each other, and of length sufficient to allow of their pro-
jecting at each end 12 or 14<in. beyond the ball, so that two
or more men may have ample room to lay hold of them, and
bear the tree and ball as on a barrow to its destined habita-
tion, or to a cart or other conveyance.

The roots that penetrate deeper than the b tom of the
ball must necessarily be cut, but such as project laterally may
easily be preserved.

When planting the tree, do not remove any part of the
apparatus prematurely. The screw of the hoop can still be
loosened, and the bottom rods withdrawn, after some earth
has been put into the pit ; and on no account disturb any of
the perpendicular rods till the planting is entirely finished. I
have sustained injury from officious assistants showing their
activity at this period of the opei'ation.

To preserve continuity and simplicity of description, some
essential items have hitherto been omitted.

1. It is nearly impossible for even an expert workman
to thrust the iron rods perpendicularly down without some
guide ; and, miless they are accurately placed, the hoop can-
not be applied at the bottom so as to preserve the ball
entire. A guide therefore becomes necessary, and the best
is to have each semicircle composed of two parallel plates,
5 or 6 in. distant, one above the other, firmly joined by inter-
mediate pillars or supports ; the holes accurately correspond-
ing, so that any pin or rod passing through both plates, must
necessarily be at right angles to their plane. {Jig. 5.) The
support thus afforded to the upper ends of the rods by the
double plates enables them to bear the pressure of the screwed
hoop without injuriously bearing upon the included ball of
earth. From this reasoning will also appear the necessity of
having the iron plates of sufficient strength or thickness, so
as not readily to bend or yield to slight pressure.

2. It has already been mentioned that the hoop, which re-
tains the lower ends of the perpendicular rods, is pierced with
holes to receive the horizontal rods, which form the bottom of
the basket. It remains now to be added that the part of the
hoop in which such holes are situated should be double, like
the horizontal plate used on the surface, having corresponding
holes in such parallel appendage, so as to guide the rods in
the proper direction, in order that their points may come out
just above the opposite side of the hoop. (See^^-. 6.)

Any embarrassment which may occur in using the machine

32 Machine for tt-afisplanting large Trees.

will be in passing the bottom or horizontal rods ; workmen
can scarcely be induced, till experience has taught them, to
make sufficient room with the spade to admit of depressing
sufficiently the head end of the rods, so as to bring the points
out above the hoop ; and yet an error in this respect may
cause a total failure.

3. Nothing has been said of the size of the machine, as in
this respect every one may consuk his fancy. It should, how-
ever bear some proportion to the extent of the roots of the
subject. I have never used or made more than one such ap-
pai'atus ; it includes a ball of 22 in. in diameter ; with it I have
during the last three years removed about a hundred trees
and shrubs, and in no instance has any material check been
given to vegetation. Shrubs usually reckoned shy have con-
tinued to thrive and blossom ; and apples, pears, and plums,
to bear and perfect their fruit the first season. In several
instances these were transported on carts and buggies, over
paved streets and uneven roads, and always without injury,
when the apparatus was tolerably worked.

There is one objection to the general application of this
apparatus, which is the space it requires to be worked in ;
namely, an opening on one side, at least equal to the diameter
of the ball to be preserved, and the breadth of a spade round
the remainder : but as the machine is only intended for valu-
able shrubs and trees, it will be generally applicable, even in
close plantations, by sacrificing plants of less note.

In extenuation of the redundancy of directions given, I may
remark, that I once lent the apparatus to a gardener, with the
most explicit instructions as to its use ; but such was the force
of habit in this worthy brother, that he persisted in forming
the ball with a spade before he applied any part of the appa-
ratus, and ultimately made the discovery that the machine
would not suit his previously formed ball, and that it was
consequently useless !

Lest the profession should still commit another such blun-
der, let me again repeat, that, except paring the surface level
till the roots begin to appear, the soil must on no account be
disturbed till all the perpendicular rods are inserted to their
full extent ; nor must their points be deprived of their hold
in the earth till secured in the hoop, and that made fast by
the screw. Inattention to these circumstances will inevitably
cause a failure, and the apparatus will be condemned to bear
the obloquy legitimately pertaining to the operator.

I am, Sir, &c.

William Thom.
Annan, Christmas, 1830.

Plan for a Tlonxier-Garden.

33

The two models of the very ingenious machine received
with the above communication have been sent to Weir's
Agricultural and Horticultural Implement Manufactory, Ox-
ford Street, who will execute working implements from them
of any size. — Cond,

Art. VIII. Plan for a Flower- Garden calculated for a full Dis-
play from March to November, loith a List of Plants for one of
the Beds, in order to show the Mode of preparing the Lists for the
others. By C. D.

The garden is placed in a recess of the shrubbery or lawn,
and the exterior bed is surrounded by turf, no part of which
is narrower than 5 ft. ; beyond which is a border of low
American shrubs.

The central mass, 10 ft. in diameter {^fig- 7. a), contains a

collection of China roses, including semperflorens, sanguinea,
and all the varieties of Noisettrnw^ ; the interstices to be
Vol. VII. — No. .so. n

34- Flower -Gar den for a full Display

})lanted Vvith a mixed collection of bulbs. There may be a
standard purple Noisette rose in the centre ; and the marginal
line should be of mixed hyacinths.

The other beds are proposed to be planted with herbaceous
plants, bulbs, and showy green-house plants, in the following
manner : —

6, Red-flowering herbaceous plants and red-flowering
bulbs ; the border of Aimable Rosette hyacinths.

c, White-flowering herbaceous plants and white-flowering
bulbs ; the border of white crocuses.

d. Blue-flowering herbaceous plants and blue-flowering
bulbs, bordered by blue or purple ciocuses.

d', Yellow-flowering herbaceous plants and yellow-flowering
bulbs, bordered with yellow crocuses.

f Variegated horse-shoe geraniums, alternating with mixed
hyacinths, and bordered with mixed crocuses.

g, Variegated ivy-leaved geraniums, alternating with mixed
tulips, and bordered with mixed crocuses.

//, Fuchsm coccinea, or any favourite tender annual or
green-house plant, alternating with mixed iVarcissi, and bor-
dered with mixed dog-tooth violets.

/, Heliotropes, or other favourite tender annual or green-
house plants, alternating with mixed /Vis Xiphium, and
bordered with mixed <Scilla verna and bifolia ; the latter in its
blue, v»^hite, and red varieties.

The beds are raised a little in the centre, as is shown by
the section k I.

The details of one bed {Jig. 8.) are given, as a specimen

8 _-c^---

^--^.,y =0 eO rO sO yQ loC »0 '^^ ^'^T. -^.^s^***"

:/'•

of the manner in which the beds are proposed to be planted
with hei'baceous plants, alternating with bulbs, and bordered
with bulbs.

Herbaceous plants with red flowers ; equal numbers flower-
ing in April, May, June, July, August, and September, till
destroyed by frost.

Outside Row ; height of the plants from 6 in. to 18 in.

1. Phlox subultita; April. 5. Pentstemon angustifolius ; Au-

2. jLychnis Viscaria and flore gust.

pleno; May. 6. A'ster ialicifolius ; September

3. ylntirrhinum medium ; June. and October.

4-. Phlox glaberrima ; July. 7. Primula AUioni/; April.

fi'om March to November.

35

8.

9.
!0.
11.

12.

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

19.
20.
21.

Aquilegia canadensis ; May.
^etonioa grandiflora ; June.
Chelone barbiita ; Jnly.
Epilobium angustissimum ; Aii-

giist.
Lobch'« ftilgens ; September and

October.
Cortus« Matthioli; April.
Pentstemon Richardson/; May.
Dianthus caucasicus ; June.
Physostegia speciosa ; July.
ilialva moschata ; August,
^'ster vimfneus ; September and

October.
Phlox setacea ; April.
Phlox pilosa; May.
Geranium 'W-dWichidinim ; June.

22. Phlox amoe' na ; July.
2.3. i^tatice oleifolia ; August.

24. Epilobium latifolium ; Septem-

ber and October.

25. Hepatica triloba (red, single,

and double) ; February and
March.

26. iychnis coronata ; May.

27. Phlox subulata ; June.

28. Veronica carnea Donn's Hort.

Cant., July.

29. Gentiana incarnata ; September

and October.

30. Viola Ka'ockeri ; February and

March.

31. Pulmonaria ofBcinalis ; May.

Middle Row; heidit from 18 in. to 2 ft. 6 in.

Asperula taurina ; April.
Geranium onemonefolium ; May.
Calamintha grandiflora ; June,
iydthyrus grandiflorus ; Jul}'.
Phlox undulata ; August.
Stevk purpurea ; October.
Dodecatheon Meadi«; April.

8. Valeriana rubra ; May.

9. Z)ictamnus ruber ; June.

10. Chelone barbata ; July.

1 1. i/ibiscus ?-6seus ; August.

12. Lobeh« Tilpa; September and

October.

1 3. Papaver bracteatum ; June.

Bulbs for the intermediate Rows.

1. Trichonema Bulbocodium ;

March.

2. Clayt6n/« caroliniana; April.

3. Trillium erythrocarpum ; May.

4. Zrflium chalcedonicum ; June.

5. J'llium rubellum ; July.

6. Colchicum autumnale; August

and September.

7. Cyclamen coum ; March.

8. yl'llium amce'num; April.

9. Liliuni concolor ; May.

10. Gladiolus byzantmus ; June.

1 1 . Tidipa montana ; July.

12. .(4'llium globosum ; August and

September.

13. ^illa bifolia var. riibra ; March.

14. Allium incarnatum; April.

15. Arethusa bulbosa; May.

16. lAXmxw Pompbninm ; June.

17. Gladiolus cardinalis; Jul}'.

18. J'llium serotinum ; August and

September.

19. ^'ciUa non scripta fl. rubro;

March.

20. Fritillaria latifolia ; April.

21. iilium aurantiacum ; May.

22. yi'ilium Pallasra; June.

23. Zephjranthes ?-6sea ; July.

24. Colchicum arenarium ; August

and September.

25. Zilium andinum ; July.

26. Fritillaria meleagris ; June.

27. yi'llium pulchellum ; July.

Row round the Margin.
/Tyacinthus orientalis var. Aimable Rosette.

Shcppcrtoji, on the Thames, March, 1830.

C. D.

D 2

'36 Treatme7it of Brugmansxvi suaveolens.

Art. IX. On the Treatment of Brugmdns'ia. suaveolens. By E. S.
With a Note on the same by J. D.

Sir,
Having succeeded in bringing the Brugmans/a suaveolens
{Datura arborea of Donn's Hort. Cant.) to a very large size,
and in blooming it, I take the liberty of sending you an
account of my n-^ethod of treating it, as I have seen others
planted without producing a single flower. I was first
induced to turn them out from reading your Magazine ; but
finding it difficult to keep the plants afterwards so as to attain
a lai-ge size, on which its beauty very much depends, I was
anxious to adopt some method to surmount the difficulty.
Being in possession of a plant about three years old when I
read of planting out, I, according to the directions given,
placed it in the open ground to flower, and found it to fully
answer my expectation ; but, in taking it up again, I was
sorry to see many of the shoots (which had become very
succulent) die away in the winter. I therefore planted it the
next time in a pot about 15 in. in diameter; having first
knocked out the bottom, and laid a few sticks across to keep
the mould in the pot. I then placed it in a border of a house
then at work (inside), with about 3 in. of the pot under-
ground, giving at all times plenty of water, and frequently
smoking to destroy the fly ; by this means it flowered well in
the house : and when the open air was sufficiently warm I took
it up and planted it in the open ground, quite burying the
pot, and shading it till it began to grow. It then began to
show flowers, and continued in flower all the summer, with-
out producing such rampant shoots as when planted out of
the pot. I then took it up, and placed it in a large pan, giving
at all times plenty of water, till the time of planting it again
in the border of the house. The greatest number of flowers
in full bloom at one time was eighteen. If you think these
remarks worth your notice, perhaps some of your readers
who may have had more experience with the Brugmansm
will be kind enough to give further information, while others
may profit by this. Hoping you will excuse this humble
attempt, I remain, with wishing prosperity to your valuable
work,

September 21. 1821. E. S.

P. S. — I have been tiying the same means with other
species of plants, and may perhaps, at some other time, send
you accounts of mv success, should you feel a wisli to see
them. — E. S.

Treatmetit of Brugmansia. maveolens. 37

We shall be most happy to receive these accounts, and
congratulate our correspondent on having succeeded in grati-
fying his sight and scent with the odour and splendour of the
exquisite blossoms of the Brugmans/^. We once saw a fine
large spreading-headed specimen of this shrub, exhibiting
even a greater number of flowers than our correspondent's
plant produced. It was night, and the fragrance of the blos-
soms pervaded the conservatory ; while the deUcate whiteness
of its large pendulous bells, contrasted with its ample green
foliage, and as viewed in the imperfect illumination of candle-
light, made it a grand and exhilarating spectacle, one that to
lis seemed Orientally luxurious. This was at Bury St. Ed-
mund's, in the conservatory of John F. Leathes, Esq. ; and
the enthusiastic Mr. Dean Walker, who was then delivering
lectures on astronomy in the town, was one of our party, and
so afi^ected was he with the sight, that throwing himself into a
spacious arm-chair, which, with judicious taste, had been
placed beneath the branches of the plant, he exclaimed, in
the words of Virgil, —

" Tityre ! tii patiilae recubans sub tegmine" plantse.

This splendid specimen was under the care of the gar-
dener Mr. Goodchild, who loved plants for their own beauty
and interestingness ; and as the Brugmansm had doubt-
less been for many years part of the furniture of the
conservatory, it probably owed this prodigious effort of
blossoming to its having been long confined in the very pot
in which we saw it, and to its having had its demands for
water most constantly, yet moderately and judiciously, sup-
plied.

We have recently heard that the Brugmansm has been
made to blossom during the past summer, most successfull}',
by the lady of T. Bridgman, Esq., of Weston, Suffolk ; a lady
who is, moreover, sedulously attentive to the cultivation of
the splendid species of the nat. ord. Amaryllif/^f^, and who
blooms them in greater vigour, splendour, and profusion than
any one besides in that county. W^e should feel much
obliged would this lady communicate the mode adopted by
her to bloom the Brugmans/a so successfully ; and we have
no doubt that this lady could furnish, besides, many a useful
and original hint on the culture of the Amaryllif/^<^, the
result of her own numerous experiments and great experience.
We most respectfully solicit the favour of her remarks.

J. D.

T) 3

96 Propagation ojod Ctdbtre of tJu Gcarpna.

Aax. X^ Om. tke Pnpa^atiom and Cultxre of tie Georjffuta. -By
Mr. James Xash, Flow«--Gardener to Lord Famborough, at
Bromlej HilL

Sir,

Georgisas may be very successfully ai5cl expeditiously
increased by cuttings, by placing the roots about the middle
<rf February, without potting, in a hot-bed fi-ame, or in any
feffcing department containing a moist atmosphere : and, as
soaai as the sheets have produced a pair of perfect leaves,
taking them off just below a joint, observing to leave an eye
OD the stump if you wish the old root to push again. Pot them
angly in li^t rich loam in small sixties, place them in a hot-
bed iranae. giving very httle if any water, and protect them
from the sun rill they are perfecdy established, which will be
in about a fortnight. They may now be removed to the
green-house, and they will become fine strong single-stemmed
plants by the time for planting out- which will be when the
nights are free from frosL Plant them at a distance of 3 or
4 ft. each way ; and if they be inclined to branch out at the
boStcMD, take all off except one, and keep it free from shoots
for the first foot, which will cause the plants to grow more
stocky, and to produce much finer flowers than those on
which a profiision of shoots are suffered to grow.

Georginas may also be propagated by root-grafting, in the
same manner as directed for the Pseoma Moutan (VoL IlL
p. 293.), which will be found very advantaoreoas for ven,"
cboice sorts, or weak cutting?, as those raised by grafts will
be fit for planting in half the time required for cuttings. For
practising grafting the georgina, dry roots of inferior sorts
^lould be reserved in a dormant state for stocks; and, when
cottings of the desired sorts are in readiness, take single
tubers from them, which slit from the top 2 in. downwards
on one side about halfwav throusrh : give the scion a wedjre
diape, and insert it into the incision of the tuber, binding it
well up with gocd bast. Pot them in as smaU-sized pots as
convenient, and proceed as for cuttings.

I am. Sir, See.
BnmUy HUL, Kent, Jug. 26. 1829. Jas. Nash.

Akt. XL On tke SwrncMdy Cre$s. Bv Mr- Chaeles M'Ixtosh,
C.M.H.S~ Author of the Praedeal EhtrticmitMxitty Flora and
PojTiona. kc.

♦^^' ,
The Xormandy curkd cress which you admired when

here, and ^hich you were pleased to notice (Vol. VL p. 3S2.),

The ^unnivndtj CresS, 3$

I now send yon a few seeds of, both for your own use, and
also, if you think proper, to distribute to any of your friends.
It is now rather late in the season to sow it for winter use,
which is its greatest merit. A little of it may, however, be
now sown very thin, which, if the winter prove mild, will
come into use in February, oSIarch, and April. My season of
sowing it is in September and October for winter and spring
supply ; and in March, April, and May for summer use.
Indeed I sow no other sort of cress, and have from four sow-
ings had a constant supply, besides seeds, for nearly two years ;
and our demand for salads is not small. To procure mustiird
to mix with it, I sow once or twice a week during the year ;
and such is the usual practice when the common cress only is
grown. No season since I began to cultivate it (which is now
fifteen years) has ever been so severe as to destroy it, or even
to p^revent its being gathered for a day. ^\llen it is frozen
in winter v.e put it into a tub of cold water, which in a few
minutes thavvs it sufficiently. In cold situations it may be
sown at the bottom of the wall ; but this precaution is seldcm
necessary. It is not only a valuable salad herb, considered
merely as such, but makes a much neater garnish, particu-
larly for small dishes, than tlie finest curled parsley, and
may be eaten by those to whom the taste of parsley is dis-
agreeable. Specimens of both I send for jonr opinion. In
gathering it we only pick off the outer leaves, and those are
preserved as entire as possible. Bruising the leaves destroys
the beauty ; and by cutting the crop over with a knife the
central or heart-leaves are liable to be injured. I beg also to
inform }ou that I have given a supply of the seed to my old
friend Mr. M'Arthur, who informs me he has commenced nur-
seryman at the Polygon, Edgeware Road, and whose success
as a commercial gardener I hoipe may be equal to what it was
while he was a servinsc one. I have suijsested to him to grow
this cress extensively, as I conceive it only recjuires to be
once known to supersede the use of water-cresses, which are
much more difficult to cultivate, and, unless great care be taken
in washing them, are supposed to be often accompanied by
the larvae of insects. Wherem the medical properties of the
one differs from the other I know not : but this I know, that
I prefer the curled cress for a vegetable ingredient to break-
fast before the other, as more palatable, setting aside the
chance of being poisoned with water parsnep, or any other of
the poisonous Umbelliferas ; or having my stomach made a
sepulchre or a breeding-place for frogs, insects, toads, lizards,
and water leeches. I am. Sir, yours, &c.

CUiremont Gardens, Nov. 17. 18.30. Chajiles M'Intosh.

D 4r

10 Xe-ii- Mode q/ cult hating Potatoes.

Art. XII. A neio Mode of cultivating Potatoes. By A Glou-
cestershire Horticulturist.

Sir,

I HAVE cultivated potatoes, for three years past, in a novel
and successful method.

The soil is a light sandy loam, from 1 8 in. to 2 ft. deep,
with a dry bottom. If well manured, and the potatoes planted
in the usual method, the tops generally run up long and weak,
fall early, and the crop is injured. If the land is in indiflTerent
condition, the soil being rather weak, the crops are small.

The gi'ound is set out in rows of 2 ft. in width. The first
2 ft. are dug a full spade deep, and as much soil wheeled out
to the other side of the piece as will allow the potatoes to be
set 4 in. or 5 in. deep. These two rows of potato sets are
planted at a foot*s distance from each other, in the middle of
the trench, and 10 in. or 12 in. in the rows, and covered with
fresh dung. The next 2 ft. are not stirred, but the third 2 ft.
are dug as the first, and as much soil thrown on to the first row
as brings the ground to the level. I proceed thus, and plant
onlj' every alternate 2 ft., until the whole breadth is planted.
Only one half of the land is planted, the other half remaining
unstirred and lying at rest. I have planted in this manner
just one chain of land ; and the same land, in the year 1827,
with beans; and in the year 1828 ynX\\ potatoes, some the
large white kidney, and some the blue moels. In the year
1828 I took up 10 sacks, which quantity w^as the average crop
of the season. Mine were larger and a better sample than
those of my neighbours.

Last year (1829) the same chain of ground produced
11^ sacks. The season being wet, the tops run up, and soon
fell ; but, as they lay on the unstirred ground, the crop was
not injured.

Having taken a crop of beans and two crops of potatoes
successivelv, I shall now chanore the ground and take the
other half, which has rested and been unstirred for the last
three years.

Thus less labour, less manure, with only one half of the
land cropped, has produced full as large a crop of potatoes as
the ordinary methods.

As I set the potatoes deeper in the soil than usual, I find
but little earthing up is required.

I am. Sir, yours, &c.
A Gloucestershire Horticulturist.
March 31. 1830.

4.1

PART 11.

REVIEWS.

Art. I. Transactions of the Horticultural Society of Loruioiu
Vol. VII. Part IV.

(^Continued from Vol. V. p. 518.)

50. Afi Account and Description of the Species and most remarkable
Varieties of Spring Crocuses cidtivated in tJie Garden of the Hor-
ticultural Society. By Joseph Sabine, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary.

We have already (Vol. V. p. 516.) noticed Mr. Sabine's
devotion to this genus, and the liberal donation of his collec-
tion, the labour of nearly thirty years, to the garden of the
Horticultural Society in 1818. " Many of these," says Mr.
Sabine, " were received from Holland, several from seed,
others from the public nurseries and private gardens in the
neighbourhood of London ; and for some of the most inte-
resting I was indebted to my late valued and lamented friend
Mr. George Anderson, whose rich collection in his garden at
East Ham, in Essex, was a never-failing source of liberal
supply to every curious collector. From Mr. Richard Wil-
liams of Turnham Green I received also several of much ex-
cellence : he has long been a diligent cultivator of crocuses,
and has been fortunate in obtainiue; from seed some of the
most beautiful of the varieties of C- vernus which exist."

The different species of Crocus did not attract the attention
of botanists till a late period. Linnaeus, in 1737, separated the
autumn from the spring crocuses, making the autumn or saifron
crocus Csativus officinalis, and the spring crocus Csativus ver-
nus. Linnaeus believed only in one species. Willdenow, in
1797, formed of Linnaeus's varieties two species : the autumnal
crocus he made C. sativus, and the spring crocus C. vernus.
Botanical travellers have discovered many species in the
south of Euro})e and the temperate regions of Asia, the habi-
tats of the genus being confined to these two parts of the
globe. A monogra})h of the genus was published by Dr.
Goldbach in 1817. in the Me?noirs of the Imperial Natural

4-2 Transactions of the Horticultural Society.

History Society of Moscoxv, vol. v.; but subsequent discoveries
render it incomplete. The same may be said of an attempt
by M. Bouche, in the Linnaa, vol. v., in 1826. M. Gay of
Paris has long been engaged in preparing a monograph of
this genus, having cultivated most of the species under his
own eye in the garden of the Luxembourg. In 1826, Ber-
toloni and Tenore published papers on the Italian crocuses.

" What I now propose to communicate will not at all, I believe, inter-
fere with or destroy the interest in M. Gay's projected monograph. It is
not my design to take any notice here of the autumnal crocuses which v.'C
have in our gardens ; these are all originally wild, and, consequently, natu-
ral species ; whilst those spring plants, of which I do propose to give an
account, may all, with the exception of Crocus pusillus, and of the native
British C. vernus, be considered as garden productions ; or, if not origin-
ally so, they have been so long in cultivation as to have very much deviated
from their native types ; and the characters of the species I shall have to
observe on having all, except those of C. pusillus and C. vernus, been
deduced from garden plants, they will probably be found to difler. much
from those which belong to any one of the truly wild species. Those I
propose to describe, and under which the varieties in the garden of the
Horticultural Society have been arranged, are C. susianus, C. sulphureus,
C. stellaris, C. lageneeflorus, C. liiteus, C. biHorus, C. argenteus, C. pusil-
lus, C. versicolor, and C, vernus ,• all, without doubt, with the exception
above stated, ancient occupiers of the flower-border, but only recently
distinguished and separated from each other."

Parkinson, in 1629, describes 27 kinds of spring crocuses,
some of which appear to be lost ; and some of his sorts, as
well as of those of Miller, in his Dictionary of 1731, cannot be
distinctly made out. Weston, in 1771, compiled a list of the
genus Crocus, ^0 of which were spring-flowering ones ; but it
is doubtful if the plants were actually in existence at the time.

" Of the species I propose to notice, C. argenteus and C. lacteus are
new, and C. [)usillus and C. vernus are the only natural species. The latter,
though only noted by Linnaeus as a variet}', must be considered as founded
by him. C. pusillus was established by Tenore, C. biflorus by Miller, and
C. luteus by Lamarck. The remaining species of this paper, C. susianus,
C. sulphureus, C. Iagena,'fl6rus, and C. versicolor, have all been formed, and
first distinguished, in the different periodical botanical works which have in
later times been published in this country.

" The varieties of Crocus in the lists of the modern Dutch gardeners
vary from 20 to perhaps double that number ; but they have only florists'
names, they are without description, and are not arranged in any sys-
tematic manner ; so that those belonging to different classes or species
are not distinguishable from each other. The names given to crocuses,
also, by the Dutch florists do not seem to be affixed by general consent ;
since their different catalogues frequently give different names to the same
kinds. It is, however, from the Dutch collections that several of our best
varieties, especially of those belonging to C. vernus, have been procured.

" New kinds from seeds are frequently raised both in England and in
Hollantl ; possibly, by more attention than has hitherto been paid to this
part of their cultivation, much improvement in the beauty of these flowers
may result. It will be seen that some very excellent varieties of the col-

Iransactions of the Horticultural Society. 43

lection which is now to be described have been so obtained. Crocus vemua
sports more extensively, and produces more varieties than any other ; but
hitherto, as far as my observation has extended, a very large pro])ortion of
its seedlings are destitute of peculiar merit, and those which can be con-
sidered worthy of selection and description are of rare occurrence.

" In the year 1809, Mr. Haworth pubhshed in the Transactions (vol, i.
p. 122.) of this Society a paper on the cultivation of crocuses, with a brief
notice of some species and varieties, all garden plants, altogether amount-
ing to thirteen kinds. It is much to be lamented that his description was
not extended to all with which he was acquainted, and that he never com-
municated subsequently an account of the diiferent kinds he knew. No one
was at that time so well qualified as he was to give a complete account of
the whole genus. His paper, in addition to the scientific descriptions, con-
tains very useful instructions for the raising of seedling crocuses in boxes,
a practice in which he had acquired much experience. Mr. Haworth de-
scribes 9 species ; to all of these I have referred, considering 8 as distinct,
and have placed the other species {C. obovatus) among the varieties of C.
vernus, to which it appears to me strictly to belong.

" The cultivation and management of crocuses is not a matter of diffi-
culty ; they succeed best in a light dry soil, but do not like frequent
removals. JSIany of the kinds increase rapidly by reproduction of their
bulbs ; but these blossom well, notv.-ithstanding their being left very thick
together. The new bulbs are formed above and on the old one, which is
only annual, perishing after the reproduction of its progeny. Each old
bulb produces one or more fasciculi or bunches of leaves, and a nev/ bulb
is formed at the base of each fasciculus ; so that when only one fasciculus is
produced, one new bulb only is formed, and the increase of the number of
bulbs in each season depends on the number of the fasciculi of leaves. When
they have been taken up, the bulbs should be kept out of the ground as
little time as possible ; the longer the planting of them is delayed, the more
defective will be their appearance in the succeeding season. They may be
planted either in circular patches in the borders, or in rows across narrow
beds, and arranged according to their colours, their classifications, or
periods of their flowering, as the fancy of the cultivator may direct. When
planted in rows, the roots should be placed in double lines, the two lines
being contiguous to each other ; the effect to the eye by this is far superior
to that produced by single lines. A collection looks best when planted in
considerable quantity, and is particularly splendid when several beds are
near to each other. A very good appearance is produced by planting a
compartment thickly with various kinds, so as to cover the whole bed in
any pattern that may be devised. The disposition of the kinds should be
in broad, not narrow stripes ; and the colours of the kinds placed next to
each other should be well contrasted. When the plants are all in flower,
the whole resembles a richly coloured carpet.

" The earliest kinds show their colours in the end of January or begin-
ning of February, sooner or later according to the season ; the blossoms of
the general mass of the collection are in perfection through March, and the
later-flowering varieties of C, vernus continue in beauty during the best
pai't of April.

" Crocuses require no protection in winter excq)t from mice, which
attack them very voraciously, frequently destroying the whole of the roots,
if they are suffered to continue their depredations unmolested. Rabbits
also will eat both the leaves and the flowers of several of the kinds;, they
are particularly fond of the varieties of C. biflorus. The common house-
sparrows, as has been noticed by Curtis {Botanical Magazine, folio 45.), are
so fond of picking the blossoms, especially of the large yellow crocus, that
they will soon destroy the beauty of a collection if they are not kept away;
and, on this account, a plantation of the roots is best when situated at a

'44 Transactions of the Horticultural Society.

distance from hedges, bushes, or buildings, which may afford shelter to these
birds.

" The leaves of all the crocuses are at first short ; when the bulbs are in
blossom they usually appear shorter than the flowers, but they subsequently
elongate much, and many grow to a considerable length before they decay.
The practice of cutting away the leaves after the roots have done flower-
ing is improper : this should never be done ; they will readily separate from
the bulbs at the proper season, and the removing of them earlier will mate-
rially injure the growth of the bulbs in the present, and the blossoms in
the next, season. The seed-vessels rise above the ground, and the seeds
ripen, much about the same time that the leaves are in a proper state for
removal. At that period the seeds may be gathered ; and they should be
sown immediately. If the raising of the seedlings in boxes, as directed by
IVIi". Haworth, and the subsequent taking up and planting of the roots, be
thought too troublesome, they may be at once sown in a dry and warm
border, in which the young plants may remain till they blossom ; and the
selection of the sorts to be kept can thus be made from the original seed-
bed. Such has been my own practice."

Class 1. Spring Crocuses with Yellow Floweis. Here are
included all the species which have yellow or cream-coloured
flowers, with their varieties. They are all early, being nearly
all in full blossom before the principal varieties of C. vernus.
They are : —

C. susianus. Cloth of gold Crocus.
*1. vulgaris.

2, minor.

C. sulphureus. Pale Yellow CVocus.

*3.

striatus.

4.

striatellus.

5.

isabellinus.

6.

concolor.

7.

albidus.

*8.

C.

stellaris. Starry Crocus.

*9.

c.

lagenaeflorus. Flask-shaped Crocus.

*10.

c.

luteus. Common Yellow Crocus.

c.

lacteus. Cream-coloured Crocus.

*11.

concolor.

12.

penicillatus.

Class 2. Spring Crocuses with various-coloured Flowers {not

Yellow), having the Mouths of the Flower-tubes without Hairs.

C. biflorus, Scotch f Crocus. Purple flowers, in pairs, and

the first to appear in spring. The blossoms precede those

of C. susianus. The earliest have some flowers open in

the end of January if the season is mild, and all are in

full flower in February; they have an agreeable but not

powerful scent.

*13. communis, Scotch Crocus, with brown leaf-sheaths.

14. Parkinsoni/', Scotch Crocus, with white leaf-sheaths.

15. stigmatosus, Scotch Crocus, with elongated stigmas.

-|- Ml". Sabine says ; " I have not been able to discover the reason why
this has been called the Scotch crocus. The apparent authority for the
appellation is Miller, who, iu the first edition of his Didionarj/ in 1731,
savs it is conmionly called ' The Scots crocus.' "

Trayisactioiis oft he Horticultural Society. 45

C. argenteus, Silvery Crocus.
*16. batavicus.

17. praeY'ox.

*18. C. pusilliis, Small Crocus (from Italy).
C. versicolor. Party-coloured Crocus.

This species (versicolor) was first brought into notice as such
by Mr. Bellenclen Ker, then Mr. Gawler, in the Bot. Mag.,
t. 1110., in 1808. Seedlings of this species are much disposed
to vary ; and it is probable that superior varieties may in
future be obtained from it. The general external characters
are as follows : — " The leaves spread widely, and are not very
strong; some are, however, more upright than others. The
blossoms are small, and appear early ; they are more or less
sweet-scented, with a tinge of yellow at the mouth of the tube ;
the petals varying in colour, but the external ones are more
or less striped and feathered. The germen is striped with six
purple lines ; the ajithers are yellow, strong, large, and stand
high ; the stigmas are bright-coloured and conspicuous.
Most of the varieties produce seeds tolerably freely. The
roots are rather large, ovate, and covered with a coarse
ragged pale brown skin. The kinds described must be consi-
dered to possess the above characters unless their differences
are particularly noted."

Mr. Sabine arranges the varieties, which, he says, have
much resemblance to each other, under four sections : —

Sec. 1.* 19.

C. versicolor Gawlen'.

20.

similis.

21.

neglectus.

Sec. 2. *22.

C. versicolor purpiireus.

23.

plumosus.

24.

venustus.

25.

elegans.

Sec. 3. *26.

C. versicolor I'iolaceus,

27.

Haw6rth«.

28.

lineatus.

Sec. 4. *29.

C. versicolor floribundus.

30.
31.

pectinatus.
Morleon [?].

32.
33.

inconspicuus.
stelliitus.

34.
35.

proplnquus.
afFinis.

36.

urbanus. This last variety is the nearest to wiiite of

the whole collection.

Class 3. Spring Crocuses, tioith various-coloured Floiioers {not
Yellow), having the Mouths of the Floiver-tubes hairy.

This class, though it contains only one species, yet possesses
more varieties than any other.

C, vernus, Common Spring Crocus.

46

Transactions of the Horticultural Sociefi/.

Various European habitats have been assigned to this
species ; the only certain one in England is a meadow on the
Trent, south of Nottingham. The blossoms of the plants
found there are produced before those of most of the garden
varieties of the species.

" The varieties have been divided into six sections, founded on the pre-
vailing colour, or peculiar markings, of each division. To those a seventh
section has been added, consisting of those which flower so late, that they
do not produce their blossoms till the exhibition of all the others has ter-
minated. The bulbs of the different varieties vary in size ; they are, how-
ever, generally small. They ail produce more or less seed."

Sec. 1 . Purple Vernal Crocuses ; Sec. 3
viz.
*37. C. vernus puniceus.

38. purpureus.

39. marginatus.

40. Sabin/.

41. grandis.

42. obovatus.

43. concinnus.

44. Phaeto«.

45. maculosus.

46. turbinatus.

47. clavatus.

48. I'iolaceus.

49. dubius.

50. pruinosus.

51. fusiformis.
62. stylosus.

53. plumbeus.

54. inflatus.

55. tidipdceus.

56. pallens.

57. minutus.

58. pallidus.

59. neapolitanus praeVox

60. Uldcinus prae'^cox.
Sec. 2. Variegated Vernal Crocuses;

Spotted Vernal Crocuses ; viz.
*63. C. vernus dorsalis.

64. unguis.

65. unguis major.

66. leucorhyncus.
Sec. 4. Striped Vernal Crocuses ; viz.

*67. C. vernus pulchellus.

68. lineatus.

69. striatus.
Sec. 5. Grey Vernal Crocuses; viz.

*70. C. vernus Glorianello'.

7 1 . Gloriauff .

72. variegatus.

73. propinquus.

74. dentosus.

75. bicolor.

76. reticulatus.

77. griseus.

78. pectinatus.

79. incurvus.

80. lineellus.

81. obesus.
Sec. 6. White Vernal Crocuses; viz,

*82. C. vernus crassus.

*61.
62.

C. vernus pictus.
fucatus.

83.
84.

85.
86.
87.
88.

Andersonii.
parvulus.
trilineatus.
obsoletus.
albus major,
albus minor.

Sec. 7. Late Vernal Crocuses. This section deserves particular attention,

because all the varieties belonging to it flower late, and thus prolong the

crocus season till the middle of April. The colours of all of them are

dark purple,

*89, C. vernus delectus. Opens its blossoms in the end of March, and is
in perfection in the beginning of April. " This is a crocus of much excel-
lence : its time of flowering, its fine colour, and beautiful markings, combine
to render it of great value."

*90. C. vernus neapolitanus. " Remains perfectly in blossom into
April."

*9I. C. vernus alpinus. Opens its blossoms in the end of March, and
continues perfect far into April.

*92. C. vernus Aprilis. " Not in full flower till the beginning of April,
and produces its blossoms very abundantly till the middle of the month.

Tt'ansactio7is of the Horticultural Society. 47

Too much cannot be said in commendation of this variety : during the
whole of the first part of April it renders the garden gay with its riclily
coloured and numerous blossoms."

*93. C. vernus tardiflorus. " The last to appear; coming out in April,
and is in perfection in the middle of the month."

We have numbered these sorts in series, which, it appears,
amount to 93. We believe all these sorts may be obtained
from the Epsom nursery ; and they may be ordered from that
nursery, or from any other, by giving the above numbers,
v/ithout the trouble of writing the names. It is clear from
the above list, that no garden whatever, whether in town or
country, need be without abundance of crocuses in flower
from the first week in February till the last week in April.
As no bulb is cheaper to purchase, more easy of culture, or
increases faster in any soil or situation, it will be the fault of
the possessors of gardens if they have not abundance of them
in their borders. Whoever cannot afford to purchase all the
above varieties may purchase their types, which we have
marked with a star (*), and which amount to 24 sorts, save
the seed, and raise varieties for themselves. Nothing, as
Mr. Sabine has shown (p. 43.), can be easier; and, for a
lady, few garden employments could be more agreeable.
Mr. Sabine deserves the warmest thanks of all lovers of
flowers, for the service which he has rendered to floriculture,
by his attention to this very interesting family. This service,
and those which he has rendered in introducing and describ-
ing chrysanthemums, paeonies, and roses, will remain and be
remembered when his errors of management of the Horti-
cultural Society have been corrected and forgotten.

51. On tJie Cultivation of Air Plants in Stoves. By Mr. Thomas
Fairbairn, F.H.S. Read Sept. 2. 1828.

Mr. Fairbairn, when gardener to Sir Joseph Banks, at
Spring Grove, in 1813, flowered the Aerides odoratum very
finely by the following treatment : — "I put the plant, when
first received, into a basket with old tan and moss, and hung
it up in the pine-house, where it was exposed to the summer
sun, and to the fire-heat in winter ; a tub of water was placed
near it, so that I could take down and plunge the basket six
or seven times a day, or as often as I passed it." Twelve years
afterwards, when gardener to the Prince Leopold at Clare-
mont, Mr. Fairbairn flowered Renanthera coccinea, " with
some variation, however, which cultivators may find an im-
provement : — First, some old rotten roots of fern and moss
were collected, and put into the bottom of a china jar, in
which the plant was placed ; it was then covered nearly over

48 Transactions of the Horticultural Society.

with the same materials, and as roots were made they were
covered with more moss ; it was then suspended over tlie flue
where the fire comes into the house, and a large water-pot,
with a syringe, was always ready to give the plant a plentifi.d
supply of water at every opportunity, by which means that
part of the house was kept moist. I should add, that the
young roots in winter time ought to be well covered from a
strong fire-heat, as they may dry up too quickly. The east
end of the house is to be preferred for suspending the baskets,
boxes, or pots, in which the plants are grown : the water can
be applied to them there both in the morning and in the
afternoon ; and they can be kept more moist there than if
they were on the west side. The plants may be also placed
on the flues, but in all cases it is necessary to keep them
damp ; and care must be taken to surround them with suffi-
cient moss to retain the moisture."

52. Upon the Cultivation of the Souvdrdia triph^lla. By Mr. John
Mearns, F.H.S. Read April 21. 1829.

" About the middle of April I collect all my bouvardias
together, from the places where they have been kept through
the dormant season ; some among my orange tubs, others in
cold frames, and others under the stage of the green-house.
I turn them all out of their pots, shaking the soil completely
from their roots ; 1 thin off" most of the large roots, yet retain
as many of the fine fibrous ones as possible. I likewise, at
the same time, cut down all the former year's shoots, retain-
ing only two, three, or four eyes on each, according to the
strength and age of the plants. I then plant them in pots
suitable to the size of the plants, taking care neither to over-
pot them, nor to cramp the roots by confinement. When I
have got all potted, and watered to settle the earth about
their roots, I place them in a cold frame, which I cover with
hay and mats at night; I keep the lights close during the
night, and even in the day, unless the sun is very strong upon
them, till they begin to grow, when I give them portions of
air, according to the day, and their advance in growth. Sub-
sequently I leave the lights off" during the day ; and, lastly,
put them on at night. In about a week after they have been
exposed I plant them finally out for the season, either in
clumps by themselves, or distributed among other plants,
when they are soon in fine bloom, and continue to flower till
Christmas. By the autumn, some of the year's shoots will
have attained nearly a yard in length, and will be crowned
with fine luxuriant clusters of their splendid trumpet-like
flowers.

Transacliuns of the Horticultural Society. 49

*' As soon as I apprehend frost, I take up the plants with
balls of earth attached to the roots, distiu'bing the young
growing fibres as little as I can help, and place them carefully
in pots that will admit of a little good mellow soil under the
ball and around it. When they are thus replaced in pots,
and watered, so as to settle the mould, those which are in
luxuriant bloom I mix among my green-house plants, where
they make a splendid appearance till January. When the
plants begin to shed their leaves, and the flowers are nearly
gone, I put them out of sight, as mentioned above, until
April.

" I propagate the Bouvard/a by cuttings of the roots, which
1 manage as follows : — I fill some large fruiting jiine-pots
with good fresh mellow loam, well blended with either tho-
roughly rotten dung or vegetable mould ; I plant my roots all
over the pot, beginning in a circle round the outside, opening
the soil, and planting them with my middle finger, and con-
tinue filling up one circle with another till I finish in the
centre of the pot or pots, leaving no more of the roots visible
above the surface than just the top. I then water and place
them in a hot-house, where the temperature is between 60°
and 70°. As soon as the shoots get to between 4 and 5 in.
high, I transfer the plants singly into pots of a small size, and
by degrees harden them after they have been established.
When they have made some progress after this transplanting,
I plant them out into a bed 4 ft. wide, 8 in. between the rows,
and 4 in. in the row ; when, if the soil is good, many will soon
be in flower. I pot them again before frost, and treat them
as I described for my older plants."

53. Oil the jirobahle Cause of the Russet Colour in Apples [^vitJi a
Hemark on the supposed Influence of artificial Impregnation of
Apple Blossoms icith the Pollen of others^ By John Williams,
Esq. C.M.H.S., of Pitmaston, near Worcester. Read Oct. 7.

. 1828.

" The alternating temperature, light, shade, dryness, and
moisture, which occur many times in the course of a day,
when July and August are showery, are, I am inclined to
think, from long-continued observations on the effects of
different seasons, the causes of apples becoming bronzed with
russet. Continued rain, preceded and followed by a cloudy
sky, does not seem to produce the same effect ; but the sudden
intense light which commonly succeeds a shower, at the time
the fruit is wet, injures the skin, and occasions small cracks,
which, when viewed through a magnifying glass, resemble the
cracked surface called the network of a melon. Cider and

Vol. VII.— No. 30. e

50 Tratisactions of the Horticultural Society,

perry made from small cracked and spotted fruit, if a fine
autumn succeeds a cold showery summer, is always of better
quality than after a hot summer when the fruit is larger, and,
as it regards appearance, better ripened. I have in no instance,
after artificial impregnation of apple blossoms with the pollen
of others, ever obtained any resemblance in form or colour
to the apple I took the pollen from ; and 1 have, on the average
of the last 16 years, artificially impregnated 20 to 30 blossoms
each. I have given the pollen of the Alexander apple to
Golden Pippin flowers and Siberian, and vice versa ; but in
no instance did the Golden Pippin or Siberian fruit become
enlarged, or the Alexander apple, from the reversed process,
become diminished in size."

54'. An Account of some new and little known Species of the Genus
Ribes. By Mr. David Douglas, F.L.S. Read April 21. 1829.

Many species of Rlbes are indigenous both to North and
South America, and in their native state produce excellent
fruit, but scarcely any w^hen removed to another climate.

Few shrubs are more ornamental than Rihes sanguineum ;
but its fruit in a natural state is of so very musky and unplea-
sant a flavour, that even the birds do not use it. The plant
forms an erect branching bush, 6 ft. in height, with red smooth
branches, leaves very like those of the black currant, but
rather smaller, and showy pink or crimson flowers, succeeded
by black berries. Its native habitat is in rocky situations, or on
the shingly shores of streams in partially shaded places, never
extending beyond the influence of the sea-breeze, and from
38° to 40°, and as high as 52° N. lat. on the coast of North-
west America, It was discovered by Archibald Menzies,
Esq., so long ago as 1787, during his first voyage round the
world, but only introduced by Mr. Douglas to the Horticul-
tural Society in 1826; and the plants raised from seed blos-
somed for the first time in April, 1828. This is a truly
beautiful shrub, of the easiest possible culture and propaga-
tion. Blossoming early, and its flowers being so very showy,
it ought to be in every shrubbery.

H. viscosissimum Pursh. A large branching bush, 6 to
8 ft. high, with perfectly smooth dark-red bark. Faint yel-
low or whitish flowers, and dark brown or black berries.

" It is an inhabitant only of the subalpine range of the
highest mountains, abounding in dry fissures of limestone
rocks, flowering in May, and ripening its fruit in August. On
the hills around the Kettle Falls on the Columbia River, in
48° 37' 40" N. latitude, 118° W. longitude, at an elevation of
8000 ft. above the level of the sea, it forms a principal part
of the brushwood, and is equally plentiful on the western de-

Transactions of the Horticultiiral Society. 51

clivities of the Rocky Mountains, between the parallel of 4-6°
and 52° N. latitude. This magnificent species ought to have
a place in the gardens of the curious, were it only on account
of it dissimilarity to any of the genus."

Seeds brought to England by Mr. Douglas in October,
1827 ; and the plants raised and flowered in the garden of the
Horticultural Society in 1828.

R. cereum. A more humble bush than either of the two
former, and of a slender habit, but still attaining the height of
5 or 6 ft., with white smooth bark on the old branches, and
the young shoots covered with a brown viscid scentless glu-
tinous substance. Flowers white, and berries red. Hardy,
and of easy culture, but not very beautiful. Seeds received
in October, 1826; the plants raised from which flowered in
April, 1828.

" On dry exposed decayed granite rocks or schist, through-
out the chain of the river Columbia, from the Great Falls
45° 46' 17" N. lat. to the source of that stream in the Rocky
Mountains, 52° T 9". This is a common shrub, flowering in
March and April, and ripening its fruit in June."

R. petiolare. Resembles U. nigrum, particularly in its
fruit. Seeds brought to the Horticultural Society in October,
1827; but they had not flowered when Mr. Douglas com-
posed his paper, in April, 1829. We understand they have
since flowered, and that the colour is not conspicuous.

" In deposits of decayed vegetable soil, washed down by
the torrents from higher altitudes of the mountains, among
coppice wood on the western base of the Rocky Mountains,
from the 48° to the 52° N. lat. this species is frequently met
with ; and it is equally common on similar altitudes ancl situ-
ations in the high mountains of North-west America."

R. divaricatum. A robust bush of erect habit, 6 or 8 ft.
high, with whitish flowers and black berries ; pleasant to the
taste. Flowered in the garden of the Horticultural Society
in April, 1828. " A common bush on the banks of streams
near Indian villages, on the North-west coast of America,
from the 45° to the 52° N. lat."

R. irriguum. A tall strong species, sometimes 10 ft. high,
with white bark, cordate leaves, bell-shaped flowers [colour?],
and spherical berries half an inch in diameter [colour?];
smootli, juicy, with a very pleasant flavour : " A constant
inhabitant of moist mountain rocks, near springs and streams,
flowering in May and ripening its fruit in July. On the Blue
Mountains in 46'^ 33' it is very common ; also on hills on the
banks of Spokan River. Of all the species which came under
my observation during my journeys in America, this is the

i: 2

52 Transactions of the Horticultural Society.

finest in tlie flavour of its berries, as well as in their size. It
has not yet flowered in the Society's garden."

a. echinatum. A slender reclining prickly bush, with
brownish yellow flowers, and black hairy berries, small, but
of a pleasant taste. " A common trailing shrub, on dry
shelving rocky places on the mountains, at the Grand Rapids
on the Columbia, and on the mountains of Northern Cali-
fornia ; never frequenting edges of rills or swampy ground in
shady woods among Carices, as R. laciistre does. This species
flowered for the first time, last April, in the Society's garden.

" Several undescribed species, from the same country as
those above noticed, are in a growing state in the Society's
garden ; but, as no native dried specimens of these exist in this
country, they cannot for the present be here noticed. Many
other important additions of the genus Rihes yet remain to
be introduced to our gardens from America, among which
two species of unrivalled beauty adorn the untrodden wilds of
Northern California, which we hope, ere many years, to see
as common in the gardens of Eno-land as R. sanguineum now

O _ O _ ft)

is ; and although as fruits they are precisely alike, being
peculiarly disagreeable, the splendour of their blossoms and
varied foliage may procure for them a distinguished place in
any garden."

55. History and Description of the Sjiecies of Camellia and Thea,
and of the Varieties of the Camellia japonica, that have heen im-
ported from China. By Mr. William Beattie Booth, A.L.S.
Garden Clerk. Read Aug. 18. and Sept. 1. 1829.

This article may be considered a miniature of the work
now publishing by Chandler and Booth under the title of
Camelliese ; and therefore, as we duly notice that work dur-
ing its progress, we shall merely give a list of the species and
varieties here described.

1. C. Sasdnqua, Sasanqua, or Ladi/ Banks'' s Camellia.

2. C. oleifera, Oil-bearing, or Oil Seed-tree Camellia.

3. C. Kissi, Kissi, or Nepal Camellia.

4. C. w;alifl6ra, Apple-blossomed Camellia.

5. C. reticulata, Reticiilated, or Captain Baives^s Camellia.

6. C. japonica, Japan, o?- <S7«^/c' 7i*«/ Camellia.

1 . alba plena. Double White Camellia.

2. fimbriata. Fringed White Camellia.

3. variegata, Variegated, or Donblc-stripcd Camellia.

4. rubra plena, Double Red Camellia.

5. incarnata. Incarnate, or Lady Huvic^s Blush.

6. onemoneflora. Anemone-flowered, or Waratah Camellia.

7. crassinervis, Thick-nerved, or Mr. Keufs Camellia.

8. ??zyrtif61ia. Myrtle-leaved Camellia.

9. involuta, Ivwohxte-petaled, or Lady Long's Camellia.

10. variabilis. Various-flowered Camellia.

11. PomjJonia, Pompone, or Kew Blush Camellia.

Transactions of the Horticultural Socicti/. 53

12. pseonice^ora ?'6sea, Red Paeony-flowered Camellia.

1 3. j)3domcef{6i-a pallida, Pale Red, or Btush Paeony-flowered Camellia.

14. 2}?sonuefrbra alba, White Psony-flowered Camellia.

15. semiduplex, Semidouble Red Camellia.

16. carnea, Flesh-coloured, or ATiddlemisfs Red Camellia.

17. atroriibens. Black Red, or Loddiges'' Red Camellia.

18. WelbankH, Welbank's White Camellia.

19. rosea, Rosy, or Le Blanc's Red Camellia.

20. speciosa, Showy, or Raioes^s variegated Waratah Camellia.

21. imbrictita, ImhYicate-pctaled, or Crimson Shell Camellia.

22. Parks«, Parks's Striped Rose Camellia.

23. Sabin?'rt««, Sabine's IVhife Camellia.

1. Tkea (from the Chinese tsha or tchaw, changed into Thea') viridis.
Green Tea. Introduced about 1768, by the late John Ellis, Esq., of the
India House, who obtained it from seed. The flowers are delightfrdly
fragrant like those of the orange, and the plant half-hardy.

2. Thca Bohea, Bohea, or Black, Tea. A more lax and upright shrub than
the green tea, producing its flowers in greater abundance; and these do
not open till a month after those of Thea viridis. By no means so hai'dy
as the green tea, and requires to be kept in a warm or airy situation in
the green-house or conservatory during winter.

3. Thea euryoides. First imported by the Horticultural Society, in 1822,
by chance, as a stock for a variety of Camelh"« japdnica. The grafted
portion of the camellia having died during the voyage, the stock sur-
vived, and was found to be this species of Thca. It is figured in Lod-
lYiges^s Botanical Cabinet, t. 1493., uniler the name of Camell/« euryoides,

" Le Comte says (Joitrnej/ in China, p. 228.) it gtows from 2 to
200 ft. in height, and sometimes so thick that two men can scarcely
grasp the trunk in their arms ; but he afterwards observes that / he tea
trees in the province of Tokian did not exceed 5 or 6 ft. in height,
which appears to be much nearer the truth, and agrees with the account
given by Kaempfer in his Amccnitutes Exotica;, p. 005., and by Osbeck in
his Voyage to China, vol.i. p. 247. It is cultivated principally in valleys,
or on the declivities of hills, having a southern exposure to the sun,
and is said to bear considerable variations of temperature, flourishing in
the northern climate of Pekin as well as about Canton. ,

50). Upon the s^ipposed Changes of the Climate of England. By
Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., President, F.R.S. Read May 5.
1829.

Mr. Knight is of opinion " that our winters are generally
a good deal less severe than formerly ; our springs more cold
and ungenial ; our summers, and particularly the latter parts
of them, as warm at least as they formerly were ; and our
autumns considerably warmer : " and he thinks that he can
" point out some physical causes, and adduce some rather
strong facts, in support of these opinions."

" Within the last fifty years very extensive tracts of ground, which were
previously covered with trees, have been cleared, and much waste land has
l)een enclosed and cultivated ; and by means of trenches and ditches, and
other improvements in agriculture, and covered drains, the water which
falls from the clouds, and that which arises in excess out of the grounds,
has been more rapidly and more efhciently carried off than at previous
peiiods. The quantity of water which our rivers contain and carry to the
sea in summer and autumn is, in consequence, as I have witnessed in many

E 3 .

5^ IVansactions of the Horticultural Society.

instances, greatly diminished ; and upon the estate where I was born, and
which I now possess, my title-deeds, and the form of the ground, prove a
mill to have stood in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and probably at a good
deal later period, in a situation to which sufficient water to turn a mill-
wheel one day in a month cannot now be obtained in the latter part of the
summer and autumn. Under these circumstances the ground must neces-
sarily become much more dry in the end of May than it could have been
previously to its having been enclosed, and drained, and cultivated ; and it
must consequently absorb and retain much more of the warm summer rain
(for but little usually flows off) than it did in an uncultivated state; and
as water in cooling is known to give out much heat to surrounding bodies,
much warmth nuist be communicated to the ground, and this cannot fail
to affect the temperature of the follov.'ing autumn. The warm autumnal
rains, in conjunction with those of the summer, must necessarily operate
powerfully upon the temperature of the succeeding winter ; and, consist-
ently with this hypothesis, I have observed that during the last forty
years, when the weather of the summer and autumn has been very wet,
the succeeding winter has been cold and cloudy, but without severe frost
[This is in direct contradiction to facts stated in the Magazine of Natural
Histort/, vol. iii. p. 538.], probably in part owing to the ground upon the
opposite shores of the Continent being in a state similar to that on this
side the Channel."

Common laurels, in a high and cold situation, which usually
lost a very large portion of the annual wood many years ago,
were observed by Mr. Knight to escape all injiuy after such
wet seasons.

" Supposing the ground to contain less water in the commencement of
winter on account of the operation of the drains above mentioned (as it
almost always will, and generally must do), more of the water afforded by
dissolving snows, and the cold rains of winter, will be necessarily absorbed
by it ; and in the end of February, however dry the ground may have been
at the winter solstice, it will almost always be found saturated with water
derived from those unfavourable sources ; and as the influence of the sun
is as powerful on the last day of February as on the 15th da}' of October,
and as it is almost wholly the high temperature of the ground in the latter
period which occasions the different temjierature of the air in those oppo-
site seasons, I think it can scarcely be doubted that, if the soil has been
rendered more cold by having absorbed a large portion of water at very
near the freezing temperature, the weather of the spring must be, to some
extent, injuriously affected. But, whether it be owing to the preceding
or to other causes, I feel most perfectly confident that the weather in the
spring has been considerably less favourable to the blossoms of fruit trees,
and to vegetation generally, during the last thirty years, than it was in the
preceding period of the same duration ; and I shall in conclusion adduce
one fact, the evidence of which I think cannot easily be controverted.
The Herefordshire farmers formerly calculated upon having a full crop of
acorns upon the oaks, which grew dispersed over their farms, once in three
years ; but a good crop of acorns is now a thing of rare occurrence, upon
the value of which the farmer has almost wholly ceased to calculate, even
upon those farms which contain extensive groves of oaks. The trees,
nevertheless, blossom annually very freely, but no fruit is produced.
Many causes may be assigned for the diminished produce of orchards, and
of fruit trees generally; but the blossoms of the oak must be now as
capable of bearing cold as they were half a century ago, and their failing to
produce acorns can only be attributed to the agency of some external
cause; and I am wholly unable to conjecture any such cause except the
above mentioned."

Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society. 55

Art. II. Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticidtural Society.
Vol. IV. Part II.

{Continued from Vol. VI. p. 69.)

23. Account of a new Mode of planting and cidlivating Fruit Trees,
with a View to prevent Canker, and to procure well-ripened Fruit.
By Mr. Archibald Reid, Gardener to the Hon. Robert Lindsay,
at Balcarras, by Colingsburgh. Read Dec. 2. 1824<, and Nov. 2.
1827.

This paper is of considerable importance, as clearly proving
one cause of canker in fruit trees, and pointing out an effectual
remedy. An orchard at Balcarras, in Fifeshire, containing
above two acres, was stocked with fruit trees much infested
with canker : their roots were examined, and found clean,
healthy though but few in number, and without fibres. They
had generally run to the depth of 3 ft., the depth to which
the ground was trenched ; and they would probably have
run still deeper, but that a space under each tree was paved.
Mr. Reid, in making experiments, found, " during the summer
months, the average heat at 6 in. to be 61° ; at 9 in., 57° ; at
18 in., 50° ; and at 3 ft. deep, 44° Fahr. : he therefore concluded,
from these experiments, that if the roots could be retained
near the surface, they would be in a more favourable situation
than when allowed to run 2 ft. or more down in the soil. In
autumn 1813, a few of the diseased trees, of about ten years'
standing, were dug up and planted as near the surface as their
roots would admit. These have continued ever since to im-
prove, and are now (1827) bearing annually good crops, and
are perfectly free from canker."

Preparation, in the mean time, was made for replanting
with young trees within a few inches of the surface. A riclx
loamy soil was got together, and laid down in heaps of about
a cubic yard to a tree.

" The ground having been previously trenched to about 2 ft. deep, and
the distances of the trees marked out, a stake of from 3 to 4 ft. long was
driven in the ground, about G in. north from the site intended for the stem
of the tree, where a circle of 6 ft. diameter was drawn, and the soil within
it was removed to the depth of 2 in. The place was then beat with a
wooden rammer, and made as firm and smooth as possible, and of an equal
depth all over. Before planting the tree the roots were carefully examined,
and all bruised or broken parts cut off, leaving the slope upwards. The
tree being placed at 6 in. south of the stake, one person held the stem fast,
while 1 spread out the roots on the beaten surface of the circle, placing, if
possible, the greater part of their extremities to the south ; the tree was
then pressed gently down, in order to make the roots rest close on the sur-
face. As soon as the roots were adjusted, a third person laid on the fine
mould, which I carefully distributed among the roots, pressing it with the
hand till the roots were all covered. The remainder of the mould was

E 4

56 Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticullural Socieiiji

then placed in a conical form, from the extremity of the circle to the stem
of the tree. The place was then covered over with a little half-rotten dung,
and this last covered with the earth first thrown out of the circle. About
2 ft. on each side of the stem the earth was flattened, and left in this state.
The stem of the tree was then made fast to the stake with a hayband. If
any of the large roots happen to be broken near the stem, before or during
the operation of planting, as the new fibres of such roots are apt to force
theii* way downwards, I always mark such trees, for the purpose of lifting
and replacing after about four years' standing, in order to give the fibres of
the broken root a horizontal direction, if found necessary."

The liability of the trees to have their roots broken during
planting induced Mr. Held to train the roots of a number of
young trees, by spreading them out in the manner above de-
scribed in a plot prepared for the purpose, and at the end of
three years transplanting them as directed. The trees so
trained " were removed to their new situations on a hand-
barrow, the fibres retaining a great quantity of the soil when
lifted." Twelve feet square formed the space allowed to each
tree ; the Soil was kept clear of weeds by the Dutch hoe, but
no vegetables were at any time cultivated on it. A top-
dressing of rich compost was given once every three or four
years. If the ground is ever dug for cropping, Mr. Reid is
clearly of opinion that the plan will not succeed ; though he
thinks gooseberry bushes might be planted among the trees,
and that they would bear and do well, at least for a time,
without the ground being dug. He is " of opinion that break-
ing the surface, by hoeing and raking in dry -weather, pro-
motes the health of the tree, as well as the flavour and timely
ripening of the fruit." For raking he uses a wooden rake, as
not being apt to tear up the young roots. The trees so planted
in 1815 and 1818, were found in 1824- to be "much more
fruitful."

Trees so planted will, of course, not last so long as those
which are allowed full liberty to penetrate deeper into a suit-
able soil ; but Mr. Reid justly observes, that this disadvan-
tage must be submitted to. His conclusion from the experi-
ment is, that, " although canker is produced from various
causes, the principal cause is deep planting in any soil, as that
method is generally attended with the production of unripe
wood.

" In a dry subsoil, the tree being deprived of nourishment,
both from poverty of soil and want of moisture during the
summer, vegetation often becomes stationary, and, towards
autumn, sometimes is succeeded by a new growth of wood,
liable to the same disease as the former."

In order to prove the beneficial influence of surface plant-
ing, Mr. Reid grafted a great number of the branches of the
young trees with scions taken from the branches of the most

Domestic Gardener'' s Manual. 57

diseased of the old trees; and he invariably found that the shoots
produced by these scions, during a period of six years, were
without canker, and carried good crops. The success of this
experiment is attested in a letter to the Caledonian Horticul-
tural Society by Mr. Reid's master, and by another gentleman,
Colonel Spens of Craigsanquhar, a distinguished amateur
horticulturist; and the London medal of 1827 was awarded
to Mr. Reid.

The above paper, duly considered, ought to teach gardeners,
what has been often inculcated in this Magazine, that it is
improper to plant standard fruit trees in the compartments of
a kitchen-garden, and that on very few soils can an orchard
be dug with propriety. We have said all we can, on different
occasions, to dissuade from growing any thing on fruit-tree
borders, except the very lightest annual crops to shade the
surfiice ; but even for that purpose we prefer mulching. On
many soils and situations an orchard will succeed very well,
when the surface is covered with turf composed of the proper
grasses, without the admixture of tap-rooted plants ; but this
will not hold in orchards with the trees planted on the
surface. Mr. Reid says, " I tried grass, but it does not an-
swer." The fruit of the trees becomes small, and is late in
ripening ; and the trees become subject to moss.

(To be continued.^

Art. III. The Domestic Gardener's 3Iamial, being an Introduction
to Gardening ; to ivhich is added a concise JVaturalist's Calendar
and English Botanists Companion, or Catalogue of British Plants,
in the Monthly Order of their Floivering. By A Practical Horti-
culturist. Whittaker, Treacher, and Co. London. Large 8vo,
pp. 5Q'^.

No one, judging from the modest title of this book, can
have any conception of what it really contains. The title is
decidedly imperfect. It should have been called Chemical
Horticulture, or rather the Philosophy of Horticulture. It
is, indeed, quite evident that the talented author, though assum-
ing only the humble cognomen of a " practical horticulturist,"
has chosen gardening merely as a medium for the purpose of
promulgating his extensive knowledge and peculiar opinions
as a chemist, not only on the phenomena of vegetation, but
on that of nature in general.

Ever since vegetation has been studied by the philosopher,
he has been invariably led to the conclusion, that the phe-

58 Domestic Gardener'' s Manual.

nomena are chiefly attributable to chemical agency ; and
therefore inferred that, by attending to the constituents of the
combinations manifested by analysation, a knowledge might
be obtained that would materially assist both the gardener
and farmer, by making known to them the elements necessary
to be applied as the food of plants.

Many lectures have been delivered, and essays written,
w'-ith a view to this application of chemical science, but hitherto
with no decided advantage. The component qualities of
vegetables, it is true, have been ascertained, and their com-
binations have been })retty well accounted for ; but such know-
ledge yields no practical assistance. It appears from much
that has been written on the subject, that an error has pre-
vailed, in conceiving that whatever qualities or substances
were detected in the plant were first contained in, and ex-
tracted from, the soil in which it grew ; forgetting, it would
seem, that it is the plant itself that elaborates and combines
the various qualities of which it is composed, by simply assi-
milating extraneous bodies to its essential constituents. It
has been stated by an eminent chemist (Grissenthwaite),
" that a considerable quantity of superoxalate of lime has
been discovered in the pea, and that it is necessary for this
plant. As, however, the oxalic acid is seldom found in
nature, it is probable that the pea plant has the poiioer of form-
ing itr

To apply chemical knowledge still more intimately to the
cultivation of useful plants, and to account for many of the
processes of gardening and practices of gardeners, not clearly
understood by themselves, are the leading objects of the Manual
before us ; and this the author has accomplished with very
great credit to himself.

The directions for kitchen-gardening are well selected from
the first authorities ; and the particulars are carefully arranged
in calendarial order, under the heads of sowing, planting, &c. ;
and,' to enrich the work, there are given, at the end of every
month, miscellaneous remarks, a naturalist's calendar, and an
English botanist's companion, with explanations of all terms
used in botany and vegetable physiology.

He gives distincts essays on " the nature and offices of
earths and soils," in Januai'y ; " on electricity," in February ;
" on water," in March ; " on the atmosj)here," in April ; " on
light, heat, and dew," in May ; " vegetable physiology," fii'st
part, in June ; ditto, second part, in July ; ditto, third part,
in August ; " construction of a garden," in September ; the
same continued, in October ; " scientific operations of garden-
ing," in November ; and the same concluded, in December.

Domestic Gardefier's Manual. 59

These different essays are chiefly composed of extracts from
the best writers, to which very pertinent ilhistrations are
added. When he differs from those who have preceded him,
lie appears to have always sufficient reason on his side, and is
very happy in some of his criticisms. The author has bestowed
much attention on vegetable physiology, as being particularly
interesting to gardeners and botanists. He quotes the mar-
row of every thing heretofore written on the subject. His
remarks on the opinions of Knight, Dutrochet, &c., though
generally favourable, are nevertheless sifted with genuine
penetration : for, after lauding the last-named author, he
does not hesitate to 'express his doubts as to the fitness
of M. Dutrochet's instruments, and the soundness of his
doctrines. This speaks volumes in favour of our author,
who probably was not aware, at the moment he penned these
doubts, that Dutrochet had himself abandoned his theory of
the cause of motion of the sap as untenable.

We cannot afford space to notice all that we consider ori-
ginal in this division of the work. I'here is one thing, how-
ever, which should not pass unnoticed ; namely, the excellent
distinction he makes between what he calls " the principle of
growth " and " the principle of fructification. He is driven
to make this distinction to account for the barrenness of a free-
growing tree, and the fruitfulness of a stinted one. He en-
deavours to give what he calls " the philosophy" of this;
but here he is rather obscure. He accounts for the change of a
leaf-bud into a flower-butl, by supposing that " electric cur-
rents setting in to and through the pointed terminations of
those buds, and of their leafy appendages, stimulate and bring
them into a fruit-bearing condition ;" thus ascribing to elec-
tricity the pov/er of Jorming the members, instead of consider-
ing it as he genei-ally does, as an exciter only of vegetable
life : and this we are the more surprised at, after seeing him
quoting from Keith, that all vegetable organisation exists in
embryo before its developement ; and from Knight, that the
flowers of bulbs and tubers are completely formed long before
their appearance in the air, — a concession, by the by, we
litde expected to see from the worthy President. On his
obscurity in this instance we wish to remark, in justice to the
author, that it is only his complaisant deference to celebrated
authorities that ever leads him astray from the right path of
science.

Upon the whole, however, we are bound to say that the
book is a very able performance. The numerous extracts
are chosen with great ability and knowledge of the respective
subjects ; and, though those may be of secondary value, as

60 Curtis's Botanical Magazine.

having been already before the public, yet the accompanying
remarks and observations, whether original or only illustra^
tive, whether confirmatory or questionable, are all excellent.
His criticism is ftiir and candid ; and his profound knowledge
of chemistry enables him to pierce into the mists of immate-
rial bodies, and launch into regions as yet but imperfectly
explored, thereby giving new views of the constitution of
nature, and of the pristine elements of things.

J. Main.

Art. IV. Catalogue of Works on Gardening, Agriculture, Botany,
Bural Architecture, S^^c, published since October, 1830, ivith some
Account of those considered the most interesting.

In enumerating the contents of the Botanical Periodicals, those genera or species marked by a
star (*) are not included in the first edition of the Hiirtus Britunnicus.

Britain.

Curtis's Botanical Magazine, or Flower-Garden displai/ed ; New Series.
Edited by Dr. Hooker. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 3.?. Gd. col.; 3s. plain.

Ko. XLVI. for October, 18.30, contains
3018 to 3024. — Jonesw (Sir W. Jones, a zealous cultivator and patron
of botany, as well as of other branches of science and of general literature)
Asoca. A tree with fragrant, rich, orange-coloured blossoms ; in common
cultivation about Calcutta, and a native of the interior of the country and
of the Mauritius. — Hydrastis canadensis. " Because a representation of
this plant does not exist in any generally accessible work with which I am
acquainted, I have been glad of this opportunity of giving it a place in the
Botanical Magazine, although the fruit is still a desideratum ; and although
it is not a plant that recommends itself as eminently deserving a place in
our flower-gardens, save in those of the curious." — Primula pusilla. Pale
flowers, delightfully fragrant; an inhabitant of many parts of Canada,
where it is not unfrequently mistaken for the real P. farinosa. — yi'rabis
collina. Purplish rose-coloured flowers ; and will, in all probability, prove
hardy. — /iJanunculus montanus. Handsome, and well worthy of cultiva-
tion. — (Scilla pumila. — 6'ypripedium parviflorum. " C. parviflorum of
Old Series of Bot. JMag., t.911., should assuredly be referred to C. pu-
bescens."

Ko. XLVII.for November, contains
3025 to 3031. — i/ibiscus *splendens. A stove shrub from Mr. Fraser,
who designates it " the king of all the known Australian plants." He has
" seen it 22^ ft. high, and the flowers measuring 9 in. across, of the most
delicate pink and crimson colour, and literally covering the entire plant."
It has been in the country since 1828, but flowered for the first time in the
Edinburgh botanic garden in May, 1830. — iS'axifraga petraj^a. — Scorzoni:ra
mollis. — (S'elago *(jilUi. An elegant undcrshrub from the Cape of Good
Hope, by Mr. Beck to the Glasgow botanic garden. Discovered by Dr.
Gill, after whom it is named. — iJuscus androgynus var. — Pleurothallis
*saurocephalus ; OrchideiE. Stove. — Dielytra (dis, twice, elijiron, a cover ;
the two petals terminating in a bag or pouch : generally spelled Dielytra,
and so in our Ilortus Britdnnicus) canadensis.

Edwctrds's Botanical Register'. 61

Ko. XL VIII. for December, contains
3032 to 3038. — Gladiolus *psittiicinus. A splendid species ; the spikes
1 ft. long; the tube of the corolla greenish with purple streaks, expanding
into a canipanulate spreading limb, the upper lacinia; of which are of a rich
scarlet. Altogether, this is a very fine flower, for which " we are indebted
in part to Richard Harrison, Esq., of Liverpool, in whose garden at Aig-
burgh it flowered during the latter part of the summer and autumn of the
present year (1830); and in part to Mr. Hitchin of Norwich, the eminent
cultivator of succulent plants. On taking up the root, at the end of the
flowering season, Mr. Harrison was surprised to find that the solitary original
bulb had been replaced by several fine large ones ; and between them lay
hundreds of gemmae, each of which is, doubtless, capable of forming a new
plant. These, we will venture to say, will be distributed with a liberality
very different from the line of coniluct pursued by a gardener at Leyden in
Holland, where Mr. Harrison first saw the plant ; and who, upon this
gentleman's expressing a wish to possess a bulb, offered to send him one,
' when he should have received a collection of orchideous plants from Mr,
Harrison.' Such a want of confidence towards a well known horticultu-
rist could not impress our friend with a very favourable impression of the
possessor of this charming Gladiolus ; and, of course, he declined all fur-
ther connnunication with him. On his return, no sooner were Mr. Harri-
son's wishes made known to Mr. Hitchin, than he wrote to his friend and
fellow-cultivator of succulents, the Prince de Salm Dick, for a bulb of
Gladiolus psittacinus, and it was forwarded to Mr. Harrison forthwith."
We give the above extract in order to contrast the conduct of different
botanists. On the general principles of human nature, he must be an un-
happy man who wishes to keep every thing he has to himself, and not less
unwise, in a worldly view, than unhappy. A botanist or gardener, to be
happy, must bring into action the feelings of liberality, benevolence, and
kindness, in short, of sympathy with all botanists and gardeners ; as well
as exercise the sense of justice towards all men. — Alstroemeri« *psitta-
cina. Deserving a place in every green-house, from the singular colour of
its flowers. In the garden of the late excellent Robert Barclay, Esq., of
Bur}' Hill, it has blossomed in the open border. — Crotalaria verrucosa.
A stove annual from the East and West Indies, with flowers resembling
those of the lupine. — Papiiver *cr6ceum. A native of the Altai Moun-
tains, sent to the Glasgow garden by Prof Ledebour of Dorpat, in 1830.
It resembles P. nudicaule, but surpasses it in beauty. — Calceolaria *bi-
color. Corolla sulphur-coloured and white. — *Lophospermum scandens,
more correctly, as Mr. Sweet has shown (infra, p. Q>5.), L. erubescens.

Edwards's Botanical Register. Continued by John Lindley, F.R.S. L.S. &c.

Professor of Botany in the London University. InSvo Numbers, monthly.

4^. coloured.

No. VIII. for October, contains

13.56 to 1362. — .S'alvia fulgens. A splendid perennial, from Mexico to
the Horticultural Society, in 1829 ; but cultivated in the gardens of Madrid
forty years before. Such are the disadvantages of kingly governments, and
a rude or priest-ridden state of society. — Tillandsm ;-6sea. — C'anna *Achi-
ras. From Mendoza to Mr. Lambert, who considers it the hardiest Canna
he has ever cultivated. — Ribes *divaricatum. A robust prickly shrub,
bearing a gooseberry, from the north-west coast of North America. —
Sparaxis *pendula; Wdeae. A handsome conservatory plant, well worth
cultivation. " In Mi\ Herbert's conservatory, where it blossomed in June
last for the first time in England, the flowering stems were 4 ft. high, and
the length of the full-grown leaves 3 ft." The pendulous flowers are of a
dark purple. — Zephyranthes *mes6chloa. A green-house bulb from Buenos
Ayres to Mr. Mackay of the Clapton nursery, by his collector, Mr. Ander-

62 Edwards's Botanical Register.

son. — Mk\v2L *purpurJita. A handsome cut-leaved perennial from the
Chilian Andes to the Horticultural Society, by Mr. M'Rae, in 1825.

Ko. IX. for Kovember, contains

1363 to 1369. — JBanksi« *littoralis. Not uncommon in our conserva-
tories, but rarely in flower. The drawing for the magnificent fii^ure in the
Bot. Reg. was made from a plant in the Syon conservator}', in March last.
— (Sisyrinchium *grandifl6rum. A beautiful little herbaceous plant from
the Columbia River, by Mr. Douglas to the Horticultural Society, in
1826. It has deep purple striated flowers in May and June ; but is at pre-
sent exceedingly rare, only two or three seeds havinggrown, and the plants
from these increasing very slowly. — ^pirae^a *«riaefolia. A handsome
hardy shrub from the north-west of North America, to the Horticultural
Society as before. White flowers in June and July ; quite hardy, 9 or
10 ft. high, and easily increased by cuttings. — Azalea calendulacea var.
*subcuprea. A. nudiflora var. thyrsiflora. The flowers of the former are
few but very large, and of a somewhat copper-coloured orange ; of the lat-
ter, numerous, smaller, and of a deep scarlet. These, and upwards of 30
other hybrid varieties, the names of which we have selected for the Sup-
plement to our Hortus Britdnmciis, are " the results of some extensive
experiments instituted at Highclere, the seat of the Earl of Caernarvon,
for the purpose of improving the colours of the American azaleas by
cross impregnation. Mr. Gowen, under whose direction the intermixture
was made, has favoured us with the following particulars of these experi-
ments, which may also throw light upon some physiological questions in
which the world is much interested, but which cannot be satisfactorily
settled without nudtiplied observations conducted with the utmost precision.

" I have much pleasure in giving you the history of the beautiful seed-
ling azaleas which flowered last season in the garden at Highclere. Lord
Caernarvon had long been desirous of raising seedlings from crosses between
the light-coloured and late-flowering varieties. To effect this object, I
selected for mother plants the Azalea coccinea var. minor, A. coccinea var.
major, and a late-flowering variety, called by some of the nurserymen A.
rubescens, by others A. autumnalis rubra. The two first-mentioned varie-
ties are, in the climate of Highclere, and perhaps throughout England,
very unproductive of pollen, rarely seeding when unassisted by art. A.
rubescens is somewhat more prolific, but, unaided, may be reckoned a shy
seeder also.

" The two A. coccineae were dusted with the pollen of a late-flowering
A. pontica for several successive mornings : no care was taken to deprive
the plants experimented upon of their anthers, their deficiency of pollen
having been ascertained. Many pods swelled, which were found to contain
heavy seed ; these were gathered at the approach of winter, kept in a drawer
some weeks, and sowed in the first week in January. Of numbers which
vegetated, about four hundred seedlings were raised. The A. rubescens
was impregnated with the pollen of A. calendulacea var. triumphans, and
from this cross about a hundretl were raised. Of the first-mentioned four
hundred seedlings, perhaps three fourths are, in foliage, inflorescence, and
habit, so like theu- father A. pontica, that, though varying much in the tints
of the corolla, any person not aware of their origin would reckon them
mere seminal varieties of that species, so greatly does its type predominate.
Some are very lovely, especially one possessing extraordinary merit, which
we have named A. pontica versicolor. Generally speaking, they run through
many intermediate shades, from orange to the lightest cream colours,
suflused with pink in A. pontica versicolor, and are very fragrant. The
remaining fourth part of these seedlings take after their mothers in habit,
but their foliage is on a larger scale. The inflorescence preserves little
trace of A. pontica, yet varies considerably from that of either of the varie-

Edwards^s Botanical Register. 63

ties of A. cocdnea. The colours are more lively, and of various tints of
crimson and vivid pink or scarlet ; and there is in several, particularly in
the specimen (A. thyrsifolia) sent to you, a tendency more or less deve-
loped to produce flowers laterally. In some, the vivid pink and light crim-
son tints are very beautiful ; and there is hardly an individual among them
which, a few j^ears ago, would not have been thought an acquisition to the
garden. The seedlings from A. rubescens, by A. triamphans, were never
with me the objects of so much solicitude as those just described. They
surpass them greatly in magnificence, following generally the type of A.
calendulacea, and are very late-flowering plants, of many gradations of
colours, from pale yellow to orange, salmon colour, pink, and beautiful
mixed tints; they produce large umbels, with expanded corollas, are elegant
in habit, and hardly to be surpassed in loveliness. Of those which flowered
here last summer for the first time, we were able to discriminate sufficiently
to give names to about 30 varieties, each of distinguished beauty or fra-
grance."

/?ubus *nutkanus, Nootka Raspberry. From North-west and North
America, by Mr. Douglas to the Horticultural Society ; resembling the
T^iibus odonitus, but with white flowers. — Anomatheca *cruenta. A de-
sirable Cape bulb (/rideae), flowering from May till late in the autumn.
Introduced by Mr. Tate of the Sloane Street nursery.

No. X. for December, contains
1370 to 1376. — 5'alvia Graham/. Found by J. G. Graham, Esq., near
the mines of Tlalauxahua in Mexico, after whom it is named by Mi". Ben-
tham, the reformer of this order of plants. A suffruticose plant, about
3 ft. high, with bright purple flov/ers, very handsome, about 1 in. long, in-
eluding the calyx. " The plant begins to flower in July, and continues in
beauty till October : its flowers are iwt so showy as those of the S. fulgens
and spiendens ; but the richness of their purple, and their constant succes-
sion, amply compensate for inferiority of size. It siiould be planted out in
the open bonier in May, and transferred to the green-house at the approach
of frost ; or if cuttings, by which it increases freely, are struck in the au-
tumn, as a provision for another year, the okl plant may be abandoned to
its fate." — *Hayl6ckifl (so named by Mr. Herbert, in compliment to Mr.
Matthew Haylock, who has the care of the collection of plants at Spof-
forth ; and both there, and previously at Mitcham, in the course of the last
22 years, has brought no small number of plants, especially of this natural
order, to blossom for the first time in this country) pusilla. A curious
little green-house bulb, which " brings the western AmnrylWdca; near
indeed to ilfelanthacea;. With bulb, foliage, capsule, and seed that are
scarcely distinguishable from Zephyninthes, it has a flower which is nearly
that of a Colchicum." — /^osa multiflora var. platyphylla. The most beau-
tiful of all the climbing roses of our gardens. A native of China, where it
is called the Seven Sisters' Rose ; because about seven flowers open at the
same time, and each varying from the otlier, from a pale rose colour to a
deep crimson. It was introduced between 1815 and 1817. It comes nearest
to R. m. var. Grevillw", but is more splendid, and requires greater care dur-
ing winter to preserve its young shoots from being destroyed by frost. Its
blossom buds are always formed on the twigs of strong two-jear-old shoots ;
and an east or west wall, or open trelliswork, suits it better than a south
■wall. — *Prat/« (in honour of M. Prat-Bernon, a young naval officer, who
died on board the French discovery ship Urania) hegomcefolia. Nearly
allied to Lobel;«, but distinguished by its baccate fruit. " A pretty little
plant, found by Dr. Wallich in shady moist places in Nipal, and ex-
tremely well adapted for forming neat patches upon rock. It was thus cul-
tivated when we saw it growing at Syon, in the collection of His Grace the
Duke of Northumberland. Mr. Forrest informs us that it bore the rigour

64- Botanical Cabinet. — British Fl&voer-Garden,

of last winter in a cold frame ; that it was planted out upon the rockwork
early in spring ; and has been in blossom from April up to the period of the
publication of this plate. It grows freely in a mixture of peat and loam,
and roots at every joint, perfecting seeds abundantly. Some of the runners
were 18 in. long."

. Calceolaria diffusa. Resembles C. bicolor. " A half-hardy plant, grow-
ing and flowering beautifully in the open border during the months of July,
August, and September ; but requiring to be taken up at the approach of
the cold season, and kept in a frame during winter. Propagated both by
seeds and cuttings." — Palavi« *rhombif6Iia; il/alvticea;. An annual from
Peru, which blossoms in the open border in August. — Coreopsis *Atkin-
sonia7ia. A perennial from Columbia; at first sight scarcely different from
C. tinctoria, but in perfection later in the season, and then very interesting.
Roots or seeds. " Named by Mr. Douglas in compliment to Wm, Atkinson,
Esq., of Grove End, his tried and steady friend, to whom horticultural archi-
tecture is under obligations that posterity will not be slow to appreciate.''

Botanical Cabinet. By Messrs. Loddiges. In 4to and 8vo Parts, monthly.
Large paper, 5s. ; small paper, and partially colom'ed, 2*. 6d.

Part CLXII. for October, contains

1611 to 1620. — Pimelea glauca. — *Maxillaria Deppii; Orchideae. —
A'rnica montiina. A native of the Alps, of easy propagation, and not
without beauty. — * Erica Smithi«««. — *Davies2fl! linearis. A slender
Australian shrub, with pea flowers and linear leaves. — Pentstemon pro-
cerus. A hardy perennial from North-west America; growing tall, and
expanding its blue and purple flowers the greater part of the summer. —
yinemone alphia. — Tussilago alpina. — Chorizema rhombea. — .Ranunculus
illyricus.

Part CLXIII.for November, contains

1621 to 16.30. — Houst6m« purpurea. — JS'rica stellifera. — Habenaria
orbiculata. — Diosma tenuissima. — t'actus grandiflora. — Pentstemon
ovatus. — Prunus *sibirica. Pallas in the Flora Rossica, informs us that
in the month of May the south sides of the transalpine Daurian moun-
tains are covered with this shrub-like flower, while the north sides are
equally adorned with the i^hododendron dauricum. — iyilium *Busch-
idniim. Received from Mr. Joseph Busch of St. Petersburgh in 1829, and
named after him. — Sinning/« villosa, — i^umaria nobilis, now Corydalis
nobilis.

Part CLXIV.for December, contains

1631 to 1640. — J^rigeron glabellus. — Azalea verticillata. A large
vigorous-growing species, flowering in the end of June, after the A. nudi-
florae have done, and very hard}'. — Enca. fulgida. — E'pacris *diosmaef61ia.
— Eschsch61tz/« californica. — i^ryngium virgatum. — Habenaria triden-
tata. — SUene compacta. — Gompholobium pedunculare. — Primula fari-
nosa.

The British Floiver-Garden. By Robert Sweet, F.L S. &c. In 8vo Numbers,

monthly. 3^',

No. XVII. for October, contains
65 to 68. — Primula farinosa, vars. 1, 2, 3.; first var. violet, second
lilac, third snow-coloured. The snow-coloured variety is a very local
plant, and rare in its native habitats, which are chiefly damp situations on
limestone ; the violet-coloured variety is found in peat earth on a similar
substratum. These varieties were sent to Mr. Sweet from E. Leeds, Esq.,
of Manchester. — *Symphiandra (^symj^hi/o, to connect, «««-, anther; anthers
connected) pendula ; Campanulaceae. This singular and curious herbaceous
plant from Caucasus to the Chelsea garden, in 1824. — *jLupinus pulchellus.

British Flo'wer- Garden. 65

A handsome, upright, frutescent species, from Mexico to the elegant flower-
garden of Mrs. Marr3'att of Wimbledon House, Surrey, in 1828. Flowers
dark blue, red, and purple; culture easy in common soil, and propaga-
tion by young cuttings under a hand-glass in spring or by seeds. —
*Lophospermum (/op//os, a crest, spcrma, seed) erubescens. — Scrophulii-
rinai Jntirrhincae. A strong free-flowering green-house frutescent climber,
and " a grand plant to turn out against a wall or trellis in spring." It
is of rapid growth, and flowers freely ; in the open air the flowers are of a
deep purple, in the green-house of a purple lilac. It is certainly a great
acquisition, and will rank in beauty with Mau'^andya Barclay«?w. The
country is indebted for it to A. B. Lambert, Esq., who procured seeds out
of his dried specimens that were collected in Mexico by the botanists
Sesse and Mocino, and with his accustomed liberality, distributed them
freely to the collections arounil the metropolis. Mr. Sweet's drawing was
nmtle from the rich garden of Bury Hill.

N'o. XVIII. for November, contains
69 to 72. — ^thionema *membranaceum ; Cruciferae. A pretty little
sufFrutescent rock plant from Persia, which thrives well in the open border,
but will probably require the protection of a frame during winter; for
which purpose some plants should be kept in pots. — Habranthus *Ander-
s6n/i; AnvdryWUlece. A beautiful bulb, with yellow flowers, tingeil with
brown and purple, produced the whole of the summer. It is a native
of Buenos Ayres, whence it was sent to the Clapton nursery by Mr.
Anderson, the collector sent out by Mr. Mackay, the predecessor of Mr.
Low, now the ver3'judicious manager of the concern. — Erythronium Dens
canis. It seems that there are two species of Erythronium in common
cultivation; but, as Mr. Sweet observes, it appears strange that, though
their striking specific differences were well known to the old botanists, they
had escaped the attention of moderns, till the distinction of the species
was pointed out to Mr. Sweet by Mr. Milne of the Fulham nursery. The
other species is E. longifolium, and is distinguished by its long narrow
leaves, as the Dens Canis is bj' its ovate leaves. — Dentaria digitata ;
Crucifera;. A beautiful and rare plant, with bright light purple flowers in
May and June. It is a native of various parts of the south of Europe,
varies with white and purple flowers, and is of the easiest culture.

No. XIX. for December, contains
7.3 to 76. — Habenaria lacera ; Orchidese. A native of low meadows,
from Pennsylvania to Virginia, with greenish flowers in July. Plants are
at Bury Hill, and specimens in the herbarium of Mr. Lambert. From
appearances Mr. Sweet supposes this plant " partial to peat soil, or some
deep light earth, in a moist and somewhat shady situation ; but, as it is at
present very scarce, it will probably be some time before it can be pro-
cured, except by roots fresh imported from America. We have no doubt
but the orchideous plants migiit all be readily raised from seeds, by
planting turfs of grass on the plants, for the young plants to have to attach
their roots to, when the seeds first vegetate, as they appear to be all more
or less parasitic when in a } oung state, and die off" as soon as they vegetate,
if they have not some plant to attach their young roots to." — Phlomis
herba-venti. Raised in the Chelsea garden by Mr. Anderson, from seed
received from Dr. Fischer. " It is a very hantlsome herbaceous perennial,
continuing to produce an abundance of flowers the greater part of the
summer, succeeding well in the common garden soil, and may be increased,
though sparingly, by dividing the roots, or by seeds which sometimes
ripen ; it is well deserving cultivation in all collections of hardy flowering
plants." — Helianthus petiolaris. A handsome and very distinct species
of annual sunflower, which continues in bloom from August to November.
— Erythronium longifolium. A native of Italy and the south of Europe;
Vol. VII. — No. 30. f

66 Floi^isfs Guide.

and for a long time confused with E. Dens csmis, though so well distin-
guished by the early authors.

The Florisfs Guide and Cidtivator's Directory, &c. By Robert Sweet,
F.L.S. &c. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 35. coloured; 2^:. plain.

Ko. XL. for October, contains
157 to 160. — Roi dcs Capucins Carnation. A bizan-e ; a very fine flower,
plants of which are sold by Mr. Hogg at 10^. a pair. — Othello Ranun-
culus. This very dark crimson flower was raised this year by the Rev. Joseph
Tyso (Vol. VI. p. i)48. 626.) of Wallingford, from seed saved from dark
flowers, such as Variat, Naxara, and Viola le vrai Noir ; and purchased by
Ml". Brown of Slough for five guineas. " There are a number of flowers
in the same lot of seedlings which sold from one to three guineas, and
several of the best are yet unsold." — Sherwood's Lady Crewe Tulip.
White edged with rose colour, raised ten or eleven years ago by Mr. Sher-
wood, near Derby, and considered among the prettiest feathered rose
tulips ever raised in England. Mr. Hogg is in possession of this and four
or five other very fine roses, all raised by Mr. Sherwood, who, if he had
lived, would have made 500/. by them. — *Brown's Superb Rose. A
hybrid between R. indica and R. centifolia, raised in the nursery of Mr.
Brown, at Slough, and one of the most desirable roses that can be culti-
vated, as it is an abundant flowerer, and flowers at various seasons of the
year.

No. XLI. for November, contains
161 to 16+. — Holmes's King Tulip. Pretty, and very distinct; taken
from a plant in the collection of J. P. Burnard, Esq., of Formosa Cottage,
Holloway. — Hogg's Queen Adelaide Carnation. From the collection at
Paddington Green. — AVarris's Blucher Auricula. — Hogg's Prince George
Tulip. A fine bybloemen, and suitable for the third row of the tulip bed.

No. XLII. for December, contains
165 to 168. — Lee's Globe White Slip Rose. Curious on account of
its globular form. Raised by Mr. Lee, at Hammersmith, from the seed of
7?6sa villosa. — Violet a Belle Forme Tulip. From the collection of
Messrs. Brown, at Slough, where it is grown in the third row, and con-
sidered a good flower. " At Messrs. Brown's nursery tulips are grown in
great perfection. — Maculata Suprema Ranunculus. Handsome ; from a
specimen that had been raised from seed by Mr. Waterstone of Paisley,
who has raised numerous fine varieties of this flower, many of which are
in the possession of Mr. Alexander of White Cottage, Alfred Street. —
Bray's Invincible Pink. Handsome; from the select collection of Mr.
Hogg, Paddington Green. Plants 2s. a pair.

Medical Botany, &c. By John Stephenson, M.D., and James Morss
Churchill, Esq., Surgeon. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 3^. Qd.

No. XL VI. for October, contains
179 to 182. — Z)61ichos prnriens ; Leguminosae. Not uncommon in our
stoves. The pods are brought from the West Indies, and beingdensely covered
externally with short hairs, which penetrate the skin when touched, and
cause a very troublesome itching, advantage has been taken of this irrita-
tive quality to expel worms from the human intestines. It has been sup-
posed that the hair of the caterpillars of the procession moth (Lasiocampa
processionea), so connnon in gardens, might answer the same purpose.
The slaves in Guiana are so much afflicted with the round worm (Z>um-
bricus teres L.), that they and their children are regularly physicked with
the cow-itch, i>6lichos, and rhubarb every three or four months without
distinction; and they are said to discharge so many worms that theii- stools

Medical Butany. 67

consist of little else. — ^ristolochia serpentaria ; ylristolochite. This plant
produces what is called the snake-root of North America, which is sup-
posed to have a power of arresting the effects of the venomous bites
of serpents. In this country it is used as a tonic and diaphoretic. —
Garcin?« Gamlxigia, Gamboge Mangostan ; Guttiferae. " Although the
gamboge of the materia medica is principally obtained from the Stalag-
mitis cnmbog'mdes, hereafter described, yet there is some reason to believe
that the Garcin/w Cambogia of Linnteus, and several other plants of the
natural order of the Guttifevse, yield a substanceVery nearly, if not entirely,
similar to that of the shops. This tree is a native of Malabar, growing
in the forests of Travancore, where it is known to the natives by the
name G//orfcap>ili ; flowering in March, and ripening its fruits in June
and July." It is to be found in our stoves, though the *Stalagmitis cam-
bogioides, a tree of Siam and Ceylon, belonging to the same order, and which
furnishes the true gamboge, is not. This gum is obtained by incisions
made in the trunk, and in those roots exposed to the sun. It is a violent
purgative, and prescribed in dropsical affections. — Co0a arabica. The
mode of drying and preparing the berries of this tree is given in our
Euci/clopcedia of Plants. " From experiments made chiefly by Cadet
(Ann. de Chim., Iviii. 226.), it appears that coffee contains an aromatic prin-
ciple, a little oil, gallic acid, nuicilage, extractive, and bitter principle. The
result of Cadet's experiments on sixty-four parts of coffee was as fol-
lows : —

Gum - - - 8-0 Albumen - - - 0*14.

Resin - - 1*0 Fibrous and insoluble

Extract and bitter principle I'O matter - - 45'05

Gallic acid - - 3-05 Loss _ . . 6-86

" As a general palliative, strong coffee is often serviceable in yarious kinds
of headache; and where its own sedative power is unavailing, it forms one
of the best vehicles for the administration of laudanum. It dhninishes in
some degree the hj'pnotic power of the latter, but counteracts its distress-
ing secondary effects. When lauchmum is intermi>^ed with strong coffee for
the cure of many modifications o^ headache, tranquillity and ease are pro-
duced, though there may be no sleep ; when laudanum, on the contrary, is
taken alone, sleep will, perhaps, follow, but is mostly succeeded by nausea,
and a return of pain. Hence, the Turks and Arabians make strong coffee
theii- common vehicle for opium, from its tendency to counteract the
narcotic principle of the latter ; and, on the same account, it is plentifully
administered after the stomach has been evacuated of its contents, in cases
of poisoning by opium.'

Nos. XLVII. and XLVIII. for November and December, which conclude
Vol. III. and last, contain
183 to 185. — Cinchona Condaminert ; i?ubiaceas. A lofty tree of New
Granada and other parts of South America, exuding, when woimded, a
yellow astringent juice. The leaves are ovate lanceolate ; the flowers are
small, tubular, and white. — C. oblongifolia is a spreading much branched
tree from Peru and Chile, in general appearance resembling the above. —
C. cordifulia is distinguished by its heart leaves. All the species of
the genus Cinchona vary much in their leaves, according to the altitude
at which they grow. The bark appears to be taken from several species
and varieties : the origin of the use of this bark as a febrifuge is unknown.
The truth of the story so often quoted respecting the Countess Chinchon,
vice-queen of Peru, who is supposed to have been cured by the plant, and
after whom it is named by Linna?ns, is very doubtful. " In Loxa there is
no document to be fountl that can elucidate the history of the discovery of
the Cinchona : an old tradition, however, is current there, that the Jesuits,

F 2

68 Medical Botamj.

at the fulliiif;; of the wood, had distinguished, accordiuii to the custom o^
the country, the different kinds of" trees by chewing their barks; and that,
on such occasions, they had taken notice of" the considerable bitterness of
the Cinchourt. The medical practitioners among the missionaries, it is said,
tried an infusion of the Cinchona in the tertian ague. This tradition is
thought to be less improbable than that which ascribes the discovery of its
medicinal powers to the Indians; but why we cannot tell, unless it be that
the civilised Euro|)eans, and especially the English, are unwilling to admit
the sagacity of any people whom they happen to consider in a savage state.
Cinchona bark is stripped from the trunk and branches in the dry season ;
dried in the sun, and sent to Europe in chests, in ])ieces 3 or 6 in. long,
singly or doubly convoluted. There are eight kinds, distinguished in com-
merce chiefly by their colours and textures. By analysis, this bark contains
u basis of " woody fibre, combined with which are various principles capa-
ble of being extracted by different solvents. The taste of all is more or less
bitter and astringent. Boiling water extracts all their active principles,
affording a solution of a pale brown colour ; this infusion is transparent
when hot, but on cooling becomes turbid, and a precipitate is deposited
which is soluble in alcohol. The decoction has a very astringent taste, and
a deep brown colour. By long boiling, the virtues of the bark are nearly
destroyed, owing to the chemical change and precipitation of its active
matter. Alcohol, in all its modifications, is a powerful solvent of the active
principles of Cinchona. A saturated solution of ammonia is also a solvent
of them ; but acetic acid acts less imperfectly than even water."

" From the experiments of Vauquelin, Fabroni, and others, it appears
that the active principles of cinchonas consist chiefly of cinchonian resin,
extractive, gluten, a very small portion of volatile oil, and tannin. Vau-
quelin has determined the presence of a peculiar acid, to which he gives the
name of kitiic acid in some varieties of the bark. The pale bark contains
cinchonine, but a very small portion of quinine ; the alkali, again, which
predominates in the yellow bark is quinine; while in the red bark, and
some spurious kinds, there is a combination of both these substances. The
presence of cinchonine, as a distinct vegetable principle, was first discovered
in Peruvian bark, by Dr. Du.ncan of Edinburgh. The separation of cin-
chonine from the pale bark, and of the quinine from the yellow, is a very
simple operation. It consists in digesting the bark, coarsely powdered, in
weak sulphuric acid ; and then to repeat this digestion with about half the
quantity of liquid, till all the soluble matter is extracted. To this decoc-
tion a small quantit}' of powdered slacked lime is adiled, somewhat greater
than is necessary to saturate the acid : the precipitate that ensues (a mix-
ture of cinchonine and the sulphate of lime) is collected, dried, and boiled
a few minutes in alcoliol, which takes up the cinchonine, but will not dis-
solve the sulphate of lime ; the solution is decanted off while still hot, and
fresh portions successively added for the repetition of the same operation,
until it ceases to act on the residuum, which is then merely sulphate of
lime. Quinine may be obtained from the yellow bark in the same manner
that cinchonine is prepared from the pale bark, or by adding an alkali to a
solution of the sulphate of quinine. Quinine is not crystallisable like cin-
chonine; but, on the application of heat, it melts into a kind of paste. It
has a much more bitter taste than the other, and is very sparingly soluble
in water. Pure quinine is very seldom used in medicine; but the sulphate
possesses, in a very eminent degree, the medicinal properties of Peruvian
bark, one grain or one grain and a half being equivalent to a drachm of the
bark in substance. In Paris it has superseded, in a great measure, the
Peruvian bark ; and is now extensively used in this country, in all cases
where that valuable medicine is indicated, in doses of from 2 to 5 grains,
Peruvian bark has been long known as one of the most powerful and valu-
able tonics we possess, and may be administered with great freedom in all

Pomological Magazine. 69

cases where that class of remedies is indicated. The only effects of an
overdose are headache and nausea. It also possesses antiseptic and astrin-
gent powers in a very eminent degree, and is universally employed as a
febrifuge in the cure of intermittent and remittent fever. Intermittent fever
is the disease for the cure of which the bark was introduced into practice,
and there is still no remedy which equals it in power ; a superiority of
which, from its known operation, it is difficult to give any explanation.
Little diversity of opinion now exists with regard to the rules regulating its
administration. It is given freely in the earliest stage of the disease, and
without any previous preparation, farther than the exhibition of an emetic
to evacuate the stomach."

Messrs. Stephenson and Churchill observe, that it is very agreeable to
them to close " their jSIedical Botani/ with an intimation, the subject of
which, they trust, may prove a valuable acquisition to the materia medica.
We have had information that Sir Robert Ker Porter, the British resi-
dent at Caraccas in South America, and who first introduced the know-
ledge of the Guaco plant (a nondescript species of Mikan/«), with some of
its seeds and extract, into this country, has liberally shipped off a large
quantity of the plant from that country (enthely at his own expense) for
England, so prepared as to enable our medical men to give lull experiment
to its alleged virtue, as an antidote to the poison of venomous reptiles, and
as a preventive or cure of that terrific malady the hydrophobia."

A very useful tabular index of the names, botanical characteristics, parts
used, operations, and uses, is given j besides an index of English names, a
glossary of terms, an explanation of abbreviated words, titles of books,
and a list of plates. On the whole, the work is rendered very complete ;
it is ver}' cheap, considering the excellent manner in which it is got up ; and
we suppose it may be considered the best Medical Botany extant. Of this,
however, it is but candid to state that we ourselves are not competent to
judge ; and that we have heard doubts upon the subject from those who
ought to know, but who are probably not sufficiently impartial.

The Fomo/ogical Magazine. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 5^. coloured ;

'3s. Gd. plain.

N^o. XXXVI. for October, contains

l-il. The Rihston Pijijnn, Travers's Apple, Formosa Pippin, Glory of
York. Said to have been raised from seeds brought from Rouen in Nor-
mandy, about 1G90, and sown at Ribston in Yorkshire. It having been
doubted whether the old Ribston Pippin tree was a seedling or grafted,
cuttings of the roots were sent to the garden of the Horticultural Society ;
and the shoots from these having fruited, and produced fruit in no respect
different from other grafted trees of the Ribston Pippin, the fact of the
original being a seedling is fully established. Such is the origin of an apple
" of the highest excellence, and perhaps not to be surpassed."

It has been said that the Formosa Pippin was a Ribston, improved by
the stock on which it was worked. On this subject Mr. Thompson has
the following excellent observations : — " Still this made it nothing but a
Ribston Pi{)pin. It is well known that the stock will have an effect upon
the variety worked upon it ; so will the soil upon which it may be planted.
The stock, the soil, the climate, and pruning, all have an effect ; and a com-
bination of these must have a powerful effect, but never that of producing
a jwrmanentli/ different thing. If the Mignonne Petite Peach could be
grown to equal in size the Grosse Mignonne, I would not even then alter
my opinion ; but when the reuiform glands of the former can be changed
by cultivation into g/obose, like those of the latter, it might then be admit-
ted that one sort may be made into another, independently of being raised
fiom seed.

F 3

70 Pomological Magazine,

" Those who read the account of the age of the parent tree of this ex* ^
cellent sort, and who express themselves in regard to it as being the best
fruit of apple kinds, need not be alarmed at the statement of the old tree
being in a state of deca}', and producing latterly but sparingl}', and the fruit
becoming smaller than some had recollected to have seen it. Young trees
may be found, free from canker, growing vigorously, and producing fruit
perhaps superior to that ever procured on the oi'iginal.

" Are all sorts of trees equally subject to canker? Some are more than
others. Do young trees, or seedlings lately raised, never canker ? Some
of them will. The canker, therefore, does not depend entirely on the age
of the variety. The nature, or the original constitution of the tree, or the
quality of its sap or juices, is, perhaps, more the cause than its age. Soil
and situation, if unfavourable, will stamp the symptoms of decay in a few
years.

" There are no records to state the fact of any variety worth cultivating
having ceased to he.

" An annual plant, raised from seed this season, might henceforth be
continued by cuttings, so long as the earth and the elements continue
nearly in the same state. Whethei" a tree may be also so continued may
be inferred."

In perfection in November, and may be kept through the season. Stand-
ards, or dwarfs on the paradise stock in England, and on walls in the colder
parts of the north,

142. Tlie Large Early Apricot, A. gros precoce, A. de St. Jean, A. de
St. Jean rouge, A. gros d' Alexandre, die grosse Friih Apricose. " The
earliest apricot in England is a sort called the Masculine, little grown, and
scarcely deserving a place in a fruit garden, except for its precocity. This
kind, long known in France by the name above cited, is destined to supply
its place every where, and to advance the period of maturity of good
apricots to the middle of July in this country. In France it ripens on Mid-
summer day, whence its name of A. de St. Jean ; but it will not do so here.
Resembles the Roman Apricot, though its quality is better, and it precedes
it by ten days or a fortnight.

143. T/ie Bezi de la Afotte Pear, Bein Arnuuli, Beurre blanc de
Jersey. " One would have thought that a pear, which was pronounced by
De la Quintinye, in 1G85, likely to supersede the Doyenne blanc, would
scarcely have been a century and a half without becovning common in the
gardens of the wealthy English. Yet it is now, in 1830, scarcely known,
although it possesses all the good qualities of the Doyenne, and many others
besides. It is as good in flavour ; it keeps better, not being out before the
end of November ; and is much more hardy, not being liable to crack, or
become hard and skin-bound, in wet and cold seasons. It would seen) to
have originated in the East, as the Bein Armudi, a Turkish variety, has
proved to be the same." Ripens in the beginning of October. Bears well
as a standard, but better as an espalier.

144. Tlie Newtown Spitzenberg Apj^le, Matchless. " A great reputa-
tion attaches to a class of American apples called the Spitzenberijs, of
which this is the best ; but they are not to be compared with such fruit as
the Ribston Pippin, the Cornish July-flower, the Golden Harvey, and others
of our fine English varieties. This is, however, an aj)ple of merit. It
bears well, is a pretty good bearer on a standard, and will keep till the end
of Januar3'."

Ko. XXXVII. for November, contains

145. The Saint Julian Apple. Received by the Horticultural Society
from the Luxembourg garden at Paris. A large fruit, with firm yellowish
white flesh, rich, sweet, and excellent; a good bearer, and in per'fec '. ion in
December, January, and Februar\'.

Pomological Magazine. 71'

l-iG. Breda Apricot. A small fruit, of excellent flavour, and the tree
in ordinary seasons bears remarkably well as a standard. Ripens from the
beginning to the middle of August on walls, and its perfection is consider-
ably prolonged on standards.

1-1'7. T/ie Barrhigton Peach. A large, handsome, roundish fruit, of the
first excellence, allied to the Grosse Mignonne, but perfectly distinct from
that vtu'iety ; coming in later, and in succession to the Royal George.

148. The Kectarine Plum. A large fruit, like a nectarine in shape and
size, and decidedly the best large plum known. A good bearer, either on
a wall or as a standard, ripening upon the former at the end of July.

In a postscript to this number we are informed that all the articles signed
R. T. have been exclusively prepared by Mr. Thompson. They do him
much credit; it is liberal and proper in the editors thus to do him justice,
and we are sure the work will gain by it, because Mr. Thompson must
necessarily be more deeply imbued with the subject of fruits than any other
man in England.

We have not thought it worth whiJe to give the synonymes to the
names ; because we think this may be more usefully done in the descriptive
catalogue, v/hich, with Mr. Thompson's assistance, we mean to give in our
Supplement to the Enci/c. of Gard., and because they could be of very
little use to nurserymen. There is only one course for these gentlemen to
pursue, and that is, as soon as Mr. Thompson's catalogue appears, to pro-
cure scions and cuttings from the Horticultural Society, and propagate no
longer from their old stock. Those who neglect this will neither do jus-
tice to themselves nor to the public. It is true, such nurserymen as Messrs.
Ronalds, Gibbs, Pearson of Chilwell, and a few others, who have fruit-
bearing specimens of all the apples, and perhaps of some of the other sorts
of fruits which they propagate, may have it in their power to say that they
send out nothing to their customers that they have not proved to be excel*
lent ; but that circumstance will not prevent the continuation of the present
confusion in nursery nomenclature. We see no plan of preventing this,
but beginning de novo with cuttings from the Society. We would also
recommend all persons whatever who raise, or think they have discovered,
new varieties of fruits, to send them first to the Horticultural Society, and
leave their merits, their names, and their distribution among the trade
entirely to that body. We should not have recommended this two years
ago, when the Horticultural Society was proceeding on a monopolising
system, and when its members consisted of two distinct classes : one, who
had subscribed to the Garden, privileged to obtain things from it according
to the amount of their subscri{)tions, their rank and influence ; and an-
other, who had not subscribed to the garden, who were not entitled to ask
for any thing. Thanks to Mr. Ker, these days are gone ; and something
exists like equality of privileges on the part of the members, and liberality
of treatment on the part of the officers of the Society.

JVo, XXXVIII. for December, contains

149. The Horsfurth Seedling Grape, Rhodes's Grape {Gard. Mag.,
Vol. II. p. 399.). Supposed " between the Black Hamburgh and the Mus-
cat," but " there is no trace of the Muscat flavour in it. The skin of
the berries is rather thicker than in the Black Hamburgh ; the flesh is of
about the same quality ; " and the berries are as large as those of the Black
Morocco. Rather a shy bearer, and a bad setter.

150. 77ie Isabella Plum. Said by Mr. Miller of Bristol to be a variety
of great excellence, and to stand next in the scale to the Green Gage, Coe's
Golden Drop, and the Washington. " It is said to bear three crops a year ;"
shoots like those of the Orleans ; leaves and flowers middle-sized ; fruit
2i in. long, If in. broad, of a deep dull brownish red colour.

1j1. Padlei/s Pippin. " Obtained by the late Mr. Padley, of the Royal

F 4<

72 Camell'ihss.

Gardens, at Hampton Court. One of the very best of our new apples
in point of flavour. The trees are good bearers, and the fruit is in
perfection during the months of December and January. It is, however,
one of those sorts which are apt to shrivel, and therefore requires to be
kept closely stored from the air."

132. The Grey French Eeinette, Reinette grise. There are several
varieties known under this name on the Continent, and the present seems
one of the best. It succeeds well as a dwarf or half standard, grafted on
a Paradise stock. " It requires a rich soil, but not too moist ; and the tree
must be pruned, so as to admit the rays of the sun and a free circulation
of air among the branches. A good bearer ; in perfection during the win-
ter and spi'ing, and is a dessert apple of the first excellence."

An Appendix to the above numbers, price 2s. 6d., contains a title-page and
preface to vol. iii., lists of the most important varieties of fruits recommended
for cultivation, and an index. The lists we have given in a separate article,
(p. 111.) In the preface we are informed that the Pomological Magazine
" was originally commenced by two officers of the Horticultural Society
[Mr. Sabine and Mr. Lindlcy], in the hope of protecting the public, by
means of accurate figures and descriptions, from the evil of making injudi-
cious selections of fruit trees." It was also anticipated that some progress
might be made towards settling the confused nomenclature of the more
valuable fruits in cultivation. " Various causes have, however, induced
one of the editors, upon whom at all times the greatest part, and latterly
the whole, of the labour of conducting the work has fallen, to suspend it
for the present, with the third volume ; with the intention, however, of
resuming it whenever cii'cimistances shall justify his doing so. While
the editor, in taking leave of his readers for the present, thanks them
sincerely for the interest they have shown in the undertaking, he begs them
not to ascribe any merits the work may possess, either to himself or to the
gentleman formerly associated with him in the publication ; but that they
will understand that all claims it may possess upon the public favour belong
to Mr. Robert Thompson, the superintendent of the fruit department in
the garden of the Horticultural Society, to whom all that is most valuable
in it is wholly due."

Chandler and Booth'' s Illustrations and Descriptions of the Camellmai, &c.
In Imperial 4to Parts, every two months. Is. plain ; 10*-. coloured j and
185. extra-size.

Part V. for October, contains

17. Camelli« japonica flore albo. Single white-flowered Japanese Ca-
mellai. Raised from seed of the Double-striped, by Messrs. RoUison of
the Tooting nursery, about seventeen years ago. More robust than almost
any of the other sorts ; flowers abundant, and generall}' opening earlier in
the season than those of other flowers. Flowers nearly 3 in. across, and
not unfrequently striped or spotted with red. Seeds freel}', and some fine
double varieties with diflerent-colom'ed flowers have been raised from it.

18. CamelhVz japonica rubra plena, Double red Japanese Camellia. Im-
ported in 1794, by Sir Robert Preston of Valleyfield and Woodfield. Cul-
tivated in many collections under the name of the Old Red and Greville's Red.
Of a free and robust habit, and grows very erect ; flowers but sparingly pro-
duced before the plant gets old, and hence this is not so much cultivated
as some other varieties. " Tlie flowers are about 3 or 3 J- in. in diameter,
and open at the same time as those of the ]Varatdh and A^tro-rubens.
They are of a crimson red colour, and resemble the flowers of a large
double //ibiscus."

19. CamelhV/ japonica pxowiccjrvra rosea, Rosy Pagony-flowered Ja-
panese Camellia. Imported by Captain Welbank, for Charles Hampden

Illustrations of Lajidscape-Gardeiiing. 73

Turner, Esq., of Rooksnest, Surrey, about 1810. The three varieties of
the Pgeony-flowered Camellia, viz. the Ponipone, the Red, and the Bkish,
are so much alike in habit, growth, and foliage, that, unless when in
flower, they cannot be distinguished. (See Vol. VI. p. 471.)

20. Camell/« japonica rtlthaeaeflora, Hollyhock-flowered Japanese Ca-
mellia. Raised by Mr. Chandler of the Vauxhall nursery, in 1819, from
seeds of the Waratdh, which it in some respects resembles. Well deserv-
ing a place in every collection.

Floral Illusf rations of the Season. No. VI. 4to. 9s.

The plants figured are, Salpiglossis picta; /'ris variegata,; jDelphinium
grandiflorum ; Z/ilium concolor ; Pentstemon ovatus ; Geum Quelli/on; Ter-
bena chama;drif61ia ; JLinum narbonense. These plants are all niost beau-
tifully drawn and coloured.

Loudon^s Illustrations of Landscapc-Gardcning, Sfc. In Atlas folio Parts,

half-}early.

Part II. for Januari/, 1831, contains

V. Design for a Public Garden near Bristol. By P. Masey, Jun.

VI. Diagram of Cii'cles, representing all the different Natural Orders and
Tribes of Herbaceous Plants, according to the Jussieuean System, of
Sizes proportionate to the Quantity of Species and Varieties in each
Order and Tribe ; arranged for the Purpose of enabling Gardeners,
Architects, and Surveyors to compose Botanic Flower-Gardens. By
J. C. Loudon.

VII. Diagram of Circles representing all the different Natural Orders of
Trees and Shrubs, according to the Jussieuean System, of Sizes pro-
portionate to the Quantity of Species and Varieties in each Order and
Tribe ; arranged for the purpose of enabling Gardeners, Architects, and
Surveyors to com[)ose Jussieuean Arboretums, Jussieuean Shrubberies
round Kitchen- Gardens, and to lay out or arrange all the Planting of a
Country Residence, according to this System, combined with pictorial
Effect. By J. C. Loudon.

VIII. A Country Residence surrounded by Ten Acres of flat Surface, laid
out and planted according to the Natural System ; in which an attempt
is made to combine a Maximum of botanical Interest, pictorial Effect,
useful Accommodation, and elegant Convenience, in a Minimum of
Space of natural Advantages. By J. C. Loudon.

The two Parts of this work just completed may be considered as
elementary, and containing, in a great measure, the essence of all that is to
follow. Plate VIII., and its description, show what a world of botanical
enjoyment and varied picturesque effect may be obtained in a spot of only
10 acres, laid out as a country residence. I3ut the enjoyment in this case,
as in every other, will depend on the mind of the enjoyer : if he is without
a knowledge or taste for plants, and can see no beauty in the grouping and
massing of trees, such a spot, so laid out, will be in a great measure lost on
him. The poetry of all nature and art lies in the mind.

When we commenced this work, knowing that it would have a very
limited sale, and that gardeners could not purchase it unless it were very low
priced, we undertook its publication on our own account ; and not foresee-
ing all the expenses which we should have to incur, we fixed the price much
too low. We cannot adhere to that price for Part II., which may be pur-
chased by gardeners for IQs.dd. till the 1st of April next; but, after that
period, the price to gardeners and all others will be 15.9. each for Part II.,
and that price {\os^) will commence for Part I. on February. 1. Future

74 Irish Cottagers. — Lessons o)i Arithmetic.

Parts will be published at IO5. 6f/. each Part to gardeners; and, after the
first three months, 15.?. to gardeners and all others. Instead ot" publishing
every three months, we shall in future publish only every six months.

If any purchaser thinks our rise of price unreasonable, if he will call on
us, we will prove to him something very different,- and if any one should
think that, by changing the day of publication from three months to six
months, we mean to discontinue the work, let him also call, and wc will
show him impressions of the eight plates which are to constitute the next
two Numbers.

Doyle, Mr. Martin^ author of Hi)ds to Small Farmers : Irish Cottagers.
Dublin. 1830. Small 8vo. 2s. 6d.

The great and deserved popularity of the Hints to Small Farmers induced
us to see with complacency another work by the same author, particularly
as, from the title, we had hopes of finding it an Irish adaptation of Mrs.
Hamilton's excellent Cottagers of Glenbuniie. We are sorry to say, how-
ever, that the author does not appear to us to have fully developed the idea
with which he set out. The two first chapters led us to expect that the
progress of a young Irish couple would be traced through all the various
trials of their married life ; and, after having been introduced to such inte-
resting personages as Mick Kinshella and his wife, we were quite disap-
pointed to hear afterwards so very little about them. Notwithstanding this
blemish, there is much both to amuse and instruct in this little volume ;
and we have no doubt of its doing very essential service to those for whose
benefit it was written. The characters of the Irish peasantry are sketched
with great spii'it; and the scene at the Sessions, and that of the unfor-
tunate result of the expedition undertaken to redeem the remains of Peter
Dempsey from the " body-snatchers," are not only true to life, but highly
amusing. — J. W. L.

Smit/t, Tlios., Liverpool : Lessons on Arithmetic, in Principle and in Prac-
tice, for the Instruction of the Youth of both Sexes, and more espe-
cially' for that of young Merchants, Tradesmen, Seamen, Mechanics, aud
Farmers. London, 1830. Small 8vo. 3i-. 6cl.

We have peculiar satisfaction in recommending this work to gardeners,
which, for its clearness and comprehensiveness, is well calculated to assist
those who in a great measure educate themselves, in acquiring one of the
most useful kinds of knowledge. The necessity of a competent skill in
in arithmetic to persons of all classes is a fact too universallv acknow-
ledged to need discussion ; and it must also be alloweil, that any one who
publishes a cheap work, tending to facilitate the acquisition of useful
knowledge, confers an important benefit upon his fellow-creatures. To
write an elementary work well, an author should not only perfectly' under-
stand the subject of which he treats himself, but he shoukl also be able to
make others understand it ; and experience proves that this latter quality
is nmch the rarer of the two. It is very difficult lor a writer who is com-
pletely master of a subject to level his ideas to the comprehension of a
tyro ; and he is apt to forget that what is become easy to him, is still a
mystery to the greater portion of his readers. Mr. Smith has carefully
avoided this fault. He begins at the beginning, and, assuming that his
readers know nothing of the science in question, he proceeds, step by step,
preferring to explain even what was self-evident, rather than to run the
risk of leaving any thing obscure. As Mr. Smith's work is intendetl prin-
cipally for " untaught artisans," &c., arrived at the age of adolescence, it is
more calculated to exercise the reason than the memory, and may indeed
be called the rationale of the science it professes to teach : it accordingly
asserts nothing without explaining why such a rule has been deemed neces-

Introduction to the Natural System. 75

sary ; and it is not possible for any one to peruse it without feeling his mind
enlarged, and his thinking powers called into action. After speaking thus
highly, and we trust justly, of the merits of the work, we have only to regret
timt we find anything which appears deserving blame. There is one paragraph
in the preface which we could wish expunged. It is that in which Mr. Smith,
after having explained his own views, censures the labours of others who
have trodden in the same path. This, to say the least of it, is in bad taste,
and is unnecessary : if, as we conscientiously believe, Mr. Smith's work
really is superior to most works of the same kind, he may rely upon its
meeting with proper attention and encouragement; and if it is not, nothing
that he can say in disparagement of its rivals will be of any avail. Man-
kind are now, generally speaking, too enlightened to be dictated to on
such subjects, and works, whether good or bad, very soon find their true
level.

Mr. Smith's language is plain, and his plan simple. He first gives some
very clear ideas of the value of figures in notation, and then proceeds to
explain the four great rules of Arithmetic; viz. Addition, Subtraction, Divi-
sion, and Multiplication ; which, he says, may be characterised simply as
modes of joining and separating : the two latter being only amplifications
of the two former. After fully explaining and exemplifying the usual
signs or marks employed in arithmetic, Mr. Smith enters upon the more
difficult branches of the science, and renders all the mysteries of Compound
Ai'ithmetic, Fractions, Decimals, and Duodecimals perfectly clear and easy
of comprehension. The whole of this part of the work must be studied to
be fully appreciated ; but we may add that we were particularly pleased
with that portion which treats of Progression and Proportion, and of the
Ratios of Numbers. The paragraphs are numbered instead of the pages,
for the purpose of more easy reference ; and though the examples given are
few, they are so clearly applied to the rules as to answer every purpose
which could be desired. We dislike the conclusion ; and think the work
would be much improved by the omission of all that follows the paragraph
containing the Roman Numerals. — ./. W. L.

Lindley, John, Esq. F.R.S., L.S., G.S., &c., Professor of Botany in the
University of London: An Introduction to* the Natural System of
Botany ; or, a Systematic View of the Organisation, Natural Affinities,
and Geographical Distribution of the whole Vegetable Kingdom ; toge-
ther with the Uses of the most important Species in Medicine, the Arts,
and Rural or Domestic Economy. London, 1830. 8vo, pp. 400.

This volume exhibits a comprehensive mass of most valuable information.
England, as it is well known to the masters in botany, is far behind the Con-
tinent, and particularly behind France, in the reception and practical
adoption of the natural system of classification. From this cause the
Continent teems with numerous writings, by a great variety of most able
authors, each illustrative of some particular department of the natural
system ; while England, though tar from unproductive in Linnean pub-
lications, has yet produced but few in the way of natural arrangement.
But the Continental works above alluded to, in which the most important
scientific information may be found, in which the most excellent and
valuable views are exhibited, have hitherto been perfectly inaccessible to a
vast majority of English lovers of plants, either from the number and ex-
pensiveness of the works themselves, or from the circumstance of their
being published in Latin, or in some of the languages of the Continent. It
is, then, with the highest satisfaction that we behold the present work by-
Professor Lindley, whose most meritorious labours have dispensed with tlie
necessity of procuring these numerous Continental works, and of translating
them when procurecl, by supplying us with the essence of them all in one

76 Litroduction to the Natural System.

single volume, and this volume in English I Let us not, however, be un-
derstood to adduce these considerations as the only recommendations this
work possesses : on the contrary, Professor Lindley has enriched it through-
out with original views and remarks of the very first moment to the universal
interests of botany.

The natural system is the classification of plants according to the like-
ness they bear to each other. This system originated with the first attempt
of man to reduce natural history to a science, and was persevered in by a
succession of s^'stematists from the earliest periods to those of Lobel, Cte-
salpinus, Ray, and the celebratetl Tournefort ; the last of whom wrote in
the end of the seventeenth centur}'. " At this time," says Professor
Lindley, " the materials of botany had increased so nuich, that the intro-
duction of more precision into arrangement became daily an object of
greater importance; and this led to the contrivance of apian which should
be to botany what the alphabet is to a language, a key by which what is
really known of the science might be readily ascertained. With this in
view, Rivinus invented, in 1090, a system depending upon the conformation
of the corolla; Kamel, in 1693, upon the fruit alone; Magnol, in 1720, on
the calyx and corolla; and finall}', Linnaeus, in 1731, on variations in the
sexual organs. The method of the last author has enjoyed a degree of
celebrity which has rarely fallen to the lot of human contrivances, chiefly
on account of its clearness and simplicity ; and in its day it undoubtedly
effected its full proportion of good. Its author, however, probably * in-
tended it as a mere substitute for the natural sj'stem,for which he found the
world in his day unprepared, to be relinquished as soon as the latter could
be settled ; as seems obvious from his writings, in which he calls the natural
system primum et idthnum in hotanicis desideratum [the first and last object
of botany]. He could scarcely have expected that his artificial metliod
should exist when the science had made sufficient progress to enable
botanists to revert to the principles of natural arrangement; the temporary
abandonment of which had been solely caused by the difficulty of defining
its groups. This difficulty no longer exists : means of defining natural as-
semblages, as certain as those employed for limiting artificial divisions, have
been discovered by modern botanists ; and the time has arrived when the
ingenious expedients of Linnaeus, which could only be justified by the state
of botany when he first entered upon his career, must be finally relin-
quished. We now know something of the phenomena of vegetable life ;
by modern improvements in optics, our microscopes are capable of revealing
to us the structure of the minutest organs, and the nature of their com-
bination ; repeated observations have explained the laws under which the
external forms of plants are modified ; and it is upon these considerations
that the natural system depends. What, then, should now hinder us from
using the powers we possess, and bringing the science to that state in
which only it can really be useful and interesting to mankind ? "

" The principle upon which I understand tlie natural system of botany
to be founded is, that the affinities of plants may be determined by a con-
sitleration of all tlie points of resemblance between their various parts,
properties, and qualities ; and that thence an arrangement may be deduced
in which those species will be placed next each other which liave the
greatest degree of relationship; and that consecinently the quality orstruc-
tiu-e of an imperfectly known [ihuit may be determined by those of an-
other which is well known. Hence arises its superiority over arbitrary or
artificial systems, such as that of Linnajus, in which there is no cora-

* Wc say ccrlainly, as the Fragments of a Kalural Metliod which Lin-
naeus left behind him sufficiently show. See Smith's Grammar of lioian>i.

Joiies's Views of Seats, Mansions, ^c. 77

bination of ideas, but which are mere collections of isolated facts, not
havin<x an}- distinct relation to each other.

" This is the only intellioible meaning that can be attached to the term
Natural System, of which Nature herself, who creates species onl}', knows
nothing. It is absurd to suppose that our genera, orders, classes, and the
like, are more than mere contrivances to facilitate the arrangement of oiu-
ideas with regard to species. A genus, order, or class is therefore called
natural, not because it exists in nature, but because it comprehends species
naturally resembling each other more than they resemble any thing else.

" The advantages of such a system, in applying botany to useful pur-
poses, are immense, especially to medical men, with whose profession the
science has always been identified. A knowledge of the properties of one
plant is a guide to the practitioner, which enables him to substitute some
otiicr with confidence which is naturally allied to it ; and physicians on
foreign stations may direct their enquiries, not empirically, but upon fixed
principles, into the quahties of the medicinal plants which Nature has
provided in every region for the alleviation of the maladies peculiar to it.
To horticulturists it is not less important : the propagation or cultivation of
one plant is usually applicable to all its kindred ; the habits of one species
in an order will often be those of the rest ; many a gardener might have
escaped the pain of a poisoned limb, had he been acquainted with tiie laws
of affinity; and finally, the phenomena of grafting, &c., those curious
o[)erations, which form one of the grand features of distinction between
the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and the success of which is wholly
controlled by the ties of blood, can only be understood by the students of
the natural system."

These quotations sufficiently evince the intelligible manner in which the
author discusses his subject. We shall only say, in conclusion, that we
confidently trust that this lutrochtction to the Katitral System will speedily
find its way into the hands of all who are anxious to attain such a know-
ledge of plants as will be permanently and extensively useful. Should
difficulties be found in the technical parts of the book, the tyro may rest
assured that they will speedily vanish before the march of his research.
From the commencement of the Gardener's Magazine we have alwaj's
warmly recommended the adoption of the natural system; and it is our
intention, now Professor Lindley has produced this Introduction, to pro-
mote its circulation by every means in our power, and to second his efforts,
by explaining and illustrating the contents of the work, whenever oppor-
tunities shall come in our way. — R. S.

Ilardcastlc, Lucy : An Introduction to the Elements of the Linnean Sys-
tem of Botany, for Young Persons. London, 1830. Post 4to, pp. 154-.
120 wood-cuts. 8.?.

Ahmni, , M.D., Professor of Botany to Trinity College, Dublin : An

Analytical Arrangement of Plants, &:c. Dublin, 1829. 8vo.

Joneses Views of the Seats, Mansions, Castles, Sfc., of Noblemen and Gentlemen
in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland; with other Picturesque Scenery,
&c., engraved in the first possible Style of the Art, from original Draw-
ings, taken expressly from the Objects tiiemselves, for this Work, and
forming Part of the General Series of Jones's " Great Britain Illustrated ;
or. Picturesque and Architectiu'al Beauties of England, Wales, Scotland,
and Ireland, displayed in a Series of superior Engravings on Steel, by
the most celebrated Artists, from original Drawings. Including all the
modern grand National Improvements in the United Kingdom, accom-

78 M^Nah on Hardy Evergreens.

panied by historical, topographical, and critical Illustrations." Part I.
. 4to, with 17 splendid Engravings on Steel. To be completed in 12 Parts,
price is. each.

This is a highly finished work as far as the engravings are concerned, and
certainl}' no publication of the kind was ever produced at so low a price.
There are two views given in a quarto page, each 5 in. by about 3^ in. ; and
there is, on an average, about a page and a half of description to each plate.
The defect of the work is, that these descriptions are much too short, antl
that they are historical and hiudator}-, without being at the same time de-
scriptive and critical. Such descriptions, indeed, as we should wish to see
accompany these elegant plates, could only be made on the spot by an
artist of taste. But if they included the gardens and grounds, and were
made by an acute observer and honest man, they would have a powerful
effect in improving the taste of country residents. Without them, the work
is still of the greatest value as a collection of engravings of the finest country-
seats in the world ; and being so remarkably cheap, we reconnnend it to all
who can afford to indulge in this description of luxury.

Planfafion Journals ; containing Tables for every Department connected
with the Business of Planters, and forming a complete Diary for the
Year. London, 1830. Letts and Son. 21. 2s., each Table to be half-
bound.

Mattheiv, Patrick: A Treatise on Naval Timber, Marine, and Arboricul-
turine ; to which are added. Critical Notes on Authors who have recently
treated the Subject of Planting. Edinburgh. 8vo.

We have just received this goodly volume, and shall look into it in time
to prepare a critique for onr next Number.

M'-Kcib, William, A.L.S. C M.H.S., &c., Associate of the Medico-Botanical
Society of London, Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Garden of
Edinburgh, &c. : Hints on the Planting and General Treatment of Hardy
Evergreens in the Climate of Scotland, etc.

Evergreens, Mr. M'Nab observes, are much more sparingly cultivated in
Scotland than good taste would dictate. One of the reasons is, certain
erroneous opinions respecting their treatment, which it is his object to cor-
rect. He is " quite persuaded, that the chief cause of failure in the culti-
vation of these most ornamental plants proceeds from the uncontradicted
promulgation of certain instructions regarding the season and manner of
planting." The seasons recommended by most authors are, " early in au-
tumn or late in spring, that is, in August or September ; or in the end of
March, in April, or early in May." Five out of six nurserymen will tell
you, " spring or autumn ; or, perhaps, early in autunm, or late in spring."
"Practical gardeners will give the same answer. Examine a nurseryman's
books, and you will find that the greatest number of orders have been
recorded in April and May, and the next greatest number in August and
September ; " very few are sent out at any other time ; all showing that the
general feeling is, that spring and autumn are the best seasons for planting
evergreens." Mr. M'Nab's experience has taught him, that evergreens of all
kinds may be planted at all seasons of the year, with nearly equal success,
except from the middle of Jiuie to the middle of August. He prefers,however,
" late in autunm, winter, or very early in spring ; that is, any time from the
middle of October till the middle of December, always provided that the wea-
ther and the ground are favourable : that is, supposing there is no frost, no
drying wind, nor nuich sunshine, and that the ground is not too much satu-
rated with wet, either from continued rain, or from the natui'e of the soil.

M^Nab 071 Hardy Evergreens. 79

One of the principal things to be attended to in planting evergreens is, to fix
on a dull day for winter planting, and a moist day for spring and autnmn
planting. There can be no secret in the proper treatment of" evergreens ; if
there were, I should say that it is in preventing their roots from becoming
ch'y when out of the earth ; to choose moist and cloudy weather for
planting : and still better, if we had the power, by foresight or otherwise,
to secure a continuance of such weather some tune after they have been
planted."

Mr. M'Nab disclaims any " title to originality " in planting evergreens in
winter ; and cites some cases, in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, where it
had been done by different persons, and with complete success. A consi-
derable number of the evergreens in the new botanic garden were planted
by Mr. M'Nab in the winter, " both in the dry part of the garden and in
the wet part, and all have done equally well."

This is the essence of Mr. INI'Nab's pamphlet ; but there is a variety of
relative matter, of considerable interest both to gardeners and nursery-
men ; something that is historically worth notice, and something that is
amusing. Gardeners, in a district where peat earth is scarce, are directed
to take as a substitute equal j)arfs of ^jeat earthy pit sand, and vegetable
vwuld, or oldhot-t)ed dung; or, if these cannot be got, two 2^arfs of peat
earth undone j^art of pit sand. In either of these compositions, thoroughly
incorporated, most kinds of American plants will grow and thrive per-
fectly. The same composition may either be used as a top-dressing for
peat-earth borders ; or, if too dear, the following composition maybe sub-
stituted : — Take one j)art vegetable mould, old hot-bed dung, or old tan, or a
mixture of all three ; one part piit sand, one part good garden earth, and in-
corporate them thoroughly.

Nurserymen are presented with a list of hardy evergreens, a quantity of
which they should always keep in pots, for sending to gardeners at a dis-
tance. Upwards of sixty species are enumerated, all of which, and a num-
ber of others, arc constantly kept in pots by the London nurserymen.

As matter of history, we give the following extract : — " Much has been
said of late about the ignorance of Scotch gardeners, particularly in a work
written by Sir Henry Steuart, entitled The Planter'' s Guide, to which some
one has written an answer, in a pamphlet under the title of Strictures on Sir
Henry Steuart'' s Planter^s Gidde, by a Planter of some Experience. I think
this defence of the profession, by the author of the Strictures, was unneces-
sary. Su- Henry is very unmeasured in his censure, but a libel is innocent
when it is notoriously overcharged.

" I am somewhat interested in this controversy, in so far as Sir Henry
has taken from me all the credit of our success in transplanting the trees
from the old botanic garden, and transferred it to Dr. Graham. But this
excites in me no degree of anger, because Sir Henry, at the same time,
attributes this success chiefly to the circumstance of Dr. Graham's having,
at his (Sir Henry's) suggestion, adopted the ^j^-eivozM/// ;(«//(?«/Y/-o/>.t;/^ef//f;2^
of cutting the roots round the plants some time before transplanting :
though, before The Planter\s Guide was written, I most distinctly recollect
hearing Dr. Graham say, that he told Sir Henry that neither he (Dr. Gra-
ham) nor I claimed any merit for inventing what every schoolboy knew ;
and that, in point of fact, I had prepared the roots of a number of the
transplanted trees in the spring of 1819, before Dr. Rutherford's death,
and, consequently, before the present professor of botany had any thing to
say in the matter. These statements Dr. Graham has made so often, both
in his lectures and in private conversation, that I am sure they are gene-
rally known; and, therefore, an assertion that I was ignorant of this fact
till I got my information, at second-hand, from Sir Henry, gives me no sort
of uneasiness."

80 Densoti's Peasants Voice.

What is to us the amusing part of the publication is the following quota-
tion from the calendarial index for April of the Encydojxxdia of Gardening,
and the comments upon it : — " Plant evergreen trees, as pine, fir, cedar of
Lebanon, holly, and yew during the month, but finish planting deci-
duous sorts as early as possible. Wherever the plants are to be, or have
been, long out of the ground, take good care to dry up their roots, by ex-
posing them as much as you can to the sun and air ; do not be nice in
planting."

" I cannot but think," says our ingenuous-minded and excellent-hearted
friend, " that these recommendations have, through inadvertency, been
printed ; because they are quite at variance with judicious instructions
given elsewhere by the same author, and, as far as I am able to judge by
my own experience, or from the dictates of obvious analogy, are opposed to
every thing like successful practice."

Mr. M'Nab is not the only Scotch gardener who has considered the
latter sentence taken from our work as meant to be literally understood ;
but we must confess that we are surprised beyond measure at this being
the case, knowing, as' we do, that both Mr. M'Nab and the gardener to
whom we allude are well aware of our having been practically engaged in
this and other branches of gardening. Other similar passages will be
found in our calendarial index, especially in that of the first edition.

In conclusion, we can affirm this pamphlet to be well worth purchasing ;
and Mr. M'Nab deserves the best thanks of his profession, and of the arbo-
ricultural world, for having dispelled the prejudice which had arisen and
taken root, both in books and practice.

Denson, John, scnr. : A Peasant's Voice to Landowners, on the best
means of benefiting Agricultural Labourers, and of reducing Poor-
rates. 8vo, pamphlet, pp. 80. Cambridge and London, 1830. 2s. 6d.

We have incidentally mentioned this excellent pamphlet before, and
regret that we have not earlier given it a direct notice. It is dear, but it
contains a body of fixcts of great value, all deduced either from the actual
experience or immediate observation of the author ; and it is a work which
every landowner, every justice of the peace, and every clergyman, as well
as every one else who reflects on that momentous question, the disposal
of our agricultural labourers, should read, and read with attention before
he makes up his mind on this subject.

The reason why he should do this appears in the title itself, which,
from perusing the body of the work, we find most apposite, expres-
sive, and significant. It is the address of a peasant to landowners, on
behalf of those of his own class, his fellow-peasants ; showing how their
privations and miseries have arisen from the factitious intervention of
other men and other measures between the landowner and the land-tiller,
and also that with landowners alone resides the power of correcting
so unnatural, so distracting, and so alienating a course. Convinced of this,
the author, with a tone of manly vigour, yet at the same time in the most
respectfid manner, raises his voice, and makes at once, at the fountain
head, an appeal, as powerful as it is temperate, as impressive as it is
judicious.

Lord Braybrooke, however, in a pamphlet which we have just received,
and shall notice in a future number, is not quite of our opinion, but regrets
that Denson does not write in a milder and more conciliating tone.
" Nevertheless," says His Lordship, " t have met with no other publica-
tion in which the system of cottage allotments is so well treated, and
upon this ground I recommend the work." — li. S.

South African Qxiarterly Journal. 81

Africa.

The South African Quarterlt/ Journal. Nos. I. and II. 8vo. Oct. 1829 to
April 1830. Cape Town, 1830.

We have great pleasure in noticing this publication, as an evidence of
incipient improvement in a part of the world which, for some years past,
has been considered as retrograding rather than otherwise. Most of the
articles in the two Numbers which have been sent us belong to natural
history rather than to gardening or agriculture ; nevertheless there are
some well drawn up papers by our correspondent Mi*. Bowie, and a
variety of extracts from European works on the same subjects. There
is a sketch of the botany of South Africa, by Mr. Bowie, which we
consider particularly interesting. His object is to direct the study of
individuals to the study of indigenous botany ; and, in doing this, he men-
tions the difficulty " in the selection of species from the number of plants
with which we are surrounded." He prefaces a list of plants generally
floweruig in the months of December, January', February, and March, in
the Cape district, with the following remarks : — " The KmaryWidece of the
colony, connecting that tribe of the bulbous productions of South America,
Asia, and Europe with those of Africa, are striking features in the botany
of the Cape during the months specified. Of this tribe, however, the most
beautiful and interesting kinds are not found in the Cape district, nor
have many from the more distant parts of the colony as yet been intro-
duced to the flower-gardens of the Cape; and even those cultivated
flower but sparingly, owing to the treatment they receive. The prevailing
droughts during the months of December, January, February, and March
materially affect the vegetable productions, especially those on the lower
grounds : it is in such seasons that the productions of the mountains
shine forth in their most splendid array; and we frequently meet with
several plants in flower at great heights, which are equally flourishing in
other months on the lower grounds. The trees and shrubs of the Cape
are generally perfecting their seeds during the summer months ; still, how-
ever, there are several in blossom during that period, as their proper
season.

" Among the J5^riceae, some species produce a succession of flowers for
several months, rendering them great and desirable ornaments for the
flower-garden.

" Of the 'Pvoiedcecp, several species succeed each other in flower so
rapidly, that one or other of the tribe may be found in perfection at all
seasons.

" Specimens of the /ridege are more or less to be met with in every
month of the year ; though the general season is the months of August,
September, and October. Many fine species of this family, flowering at
an earlier season, are overlooked."

The list contains Polygaleae, 3 sp. ; Caryophyllege, 2 sp. ; ^ham-
nea2, 4sp. ; Telastrine, 4 sp. ; Leguminosae, 10 sp. ; i?osacea;, 4 sp. ;
Onagrarige, 1 sp. ; Cucurbitiiceae, 4 sp. ; i<'icoideas, 2 sp. ; Umbelliferse,
6 sp. ; Araliacege, 1 sp. ; Lorantheae, 3 sp. ; Dipsaceae, 4 sp. ; Composita;,
25 sp. ; \,6be\idcecB, 5 sp. ; Campanulacea;, 3 sp. ; ^ricete, 24 sp. ; Gen-
tmnea;, 2 sp. ; ^'esameae, 1 sp. ; Scrophularinae, 3 sp. ; Labiatae, 4 sp. ;
Terbenaceae, 5 sp. ; Orobancheae, 4 sp. ; Lentibulariae, 1 sp. ; Plumbag)nea3,
4 sp. ; Chenopodeae, 2 sp. ; SantaldcecB, 4 sp. ; Eu^hovhidcece, 4 sp. ;
CTticeae, 1 sp. ; ilfyriceas, 4 sp. ; Orchideae, 6 sp. ; /rideae, 8 sp. ; Amaryl-
lidece, 18 sp. ; i/emerocallideae, 5 sp. ; yisphodeleae, 28 sp.
- We sliall notice the gardening part of this journal more at length on
some futm-e occasion ; and its natural history will be examined in our
Magazine devoted to that branch of science.
Vol. VII. — No. 30. g

82

PART III.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

WeEKEs\ Mode of heating by hot Water. — Mi". Weekes has taken out a
patent for his improvements " in raising, lowering, or conveying heated
water;" and the following is an extract from the specification, as given in
Newtoii's Journal. Mr. Weekes founds his claim of invention on the four
following particulars : — " First, in applying a cistern to the boiler for the
purpose of supplying it with water, without making that cistern a part of
the boiler, but only connected thereto by a tube; secondly, in a method of
raising heated water to any required height, for the purpose of warming the
upper parts of the building, without employing pumps or siphons ; thirdly,
in the employment of a large ascending pipe, with a smaller retmuiing pipe
within it, which shall convey the water after it has parted with a portion of
its heat, at an elevated situation, back again to the cistern, and thence into
the boiler ; and, fourthly, in the adaptation of smaller pipes for conducting
the heated water to any particular part of the building, while main pipes or
tubes may be closed, and out of action. These several improvements are
set out in a drawing (Jig. 9.), which represents the apparatus partly in

section ; a is the fiu-nace ; b, the boiler ; c, the cistern for supplying the
boiler, from which the water passes through the tube d ; the heated water
rises from the boiler through an inclined tube e, into a chamber f, and
thence passes along the flat tube g g. This tube (g) is proposed to be 2
or 3 ft. broad, and only a few inches deep, in order that its upper surface
may send up as much heat as possible ; at the end of the tube g there is a
receptacle into which the water is discharged, and thence it passes by the
lower tube (A) back to the cistern (c), and descends again through the

Ge?ieral Notices. 83

tube d to the boiler ; thus producing a continued current of hot water
through the heating tube g. In order to raise the heated water to a higher
level, a close box (i) is affixed to a square chamber (/) above the boiler, from
which box the water ascends by the pipe / into a receiver (??/) at the
top, and thence flows by the pipe or tube n round the building to be
heated in the same way as through the tube g already described, and,
having performed its circuit, descends by the pipe o o into the cistern.
Such is the plan proposed by the patentee ; but the principle upon which
the water is said to rise in the pipe / rather than the pipe o does not
appear. The third feature of the invention is shown at p, where a large
pipe is intended to carry up the heated water from a close vessel similar to
i, inserted into the tube g ; and within this large pipe is a smaller one for
bringing down the water again. The fourth suggestion is, to adapt small
pipes, passing alongside of the tube g, and branching oft", if necessary, to
the sides, in order to convey the heated water into other parts of the build-
ing. These may be employed when there is but little fire in the furnace,
and, consequently, but a small quantity of heated water will be put in cir*
culation : to employ these small tubes in the way proposed, it will be neces-
sary to close the entrance tube g, and also the exit of the tube //, in
order to prevent the circulation going on in those tubes." (Ncivton's Jour-
nal, May, 1830.)

Heating and ventUating Hot-hoiises. — There is a paper on this subject by
George Knowles of Ripon, in Xeiutoii's Journal for June, in which a claim
is made for novelty in accomplishing the object without either " cistern>
return pipe or pipes, or water retained upon the top of them for producing
vapour ; and a general tone of pretension assumed, which, to say the least
of it, invites to criticism." The present plans, the writer goes on to say,
" are far, very far, from being the best that the system of heating hot-
houses by boiling water is capable of being reduced to." This may be the
case ; but, we confess, we cannot discover a single step in advance indi-
cated in the paper before us, either in heating or ventilating ; Mr. Cottam
having, in repeated instances, employed only one pipe, and Messrs. Bailey
having moved shutters by machinery in the wall of a stove opening into
the back shed, at Knowle, in Kent, in 1819. (See also Vol. III. p. 305.)
Ml". Knowles uses the expression boiling water; but, to heat with economy
of fuel, the water should not be raised high, but made to circulate with
rapidity. Kewley's plan (Vol. VI. p. 377.) is admirable in this respect.
At Mr. Colville's, the water in the boiler is never hotter than to admit of
holding the hand in it, though the hot-house is raised to 70" ; the difference
between the temperature of the air and the water is probably not more
than 20°. Such are the advantages of a rapid circulation. A very little
reflection will convince any one that, where water is made to boil, there
must be a much greater waste of heat by the chimney or flue than where
it is only raised to 90° or 100°. Mr. Knowles proposes to have openings
in his pipe to admit vapour at pleasure. This is neither new nor of much
consequence : every gardener knows that if he has once got heat he can
easily produce steam ; and it is much cheaper to raise steam by syringing
the house, and watering the floor, than to boil water in order to obtkin
steam. But lest Mr. Knowles, whom we had the pleasure of seeing here
about a year ago, should think that we are not doing him justice, we shall
let hmi speak for himself: —

" The boiler may be of the usual size and form, suitable to the extent of
space intended to be measured by the fire-flue and boiling'water ; but it
must have its top firmly covered, and in the cover a slight self-acting valve,
very easily worked, that a little steam may be retained upon the surface of
the water, which gives a quicker motion to the water flowing through the
pipe ; I say pipe, for I have only one pipe in the whole apparatus. The
upper aperture in the boiler to be placed 6 in. below the top ; and from this

G 2

84 General Notices.

point begins the pipe, of 6 in. bore, laid perfectly level, which will convey
the water in any direction whatever, and to every part of the house, if de-
sired; and the returning end of this pipe maybe thrown into any part of the
boiler near the bottom, say 12 in. below the upper aperture ; which 12 in. of
fall, it is scarcely necessary to observe, must be given by an elbow in the
pipe ; and this elbow may be placed in any part of its course, providing that
the architect carefully observes to increase the length of the vertical tubes,
hereafter described, should he place any between the elbow and the boiler,
in the returning end of the pipe ; that is to say, he must, in all cases, make
those tubes as high i': the top of the boiler.

" The pipe may be composed of castings, either flat, square, or round
(say in 4 ft. lengths), with an aperture in each, or every other casting, of
the same size as the bore of the pipe, or any less aperture, if preferred,
with a tube, standing as much above the top of the pipe as the top of the
pipe is below that of the boiler, to prevent the water from running over.
These apertures give air and motion to the water, and sei've, at the same
time, to admit any quantity of vapour into every part of the house.

" Should the gardener wish, at any time, to give the vines a good steam-
ing, by entirely filling the house v.'ith vapour, the above plan is well calcu-
lated for doing it ; and requires nothing more than stopping the supply of
water to the boiler, and reducing the surface of water to 2 or 3 in. below
the upper aperture in the boiler. He may steam in any way, or in any part
of the house he pleases, by keeping such vapoiu'-tubes open or shut as it
best suits his pm-pose." (^Newton^s Journal for June, p. 125.)

Oil as a Substitute for Putty between the Laps of Panes of Glass. — Sir, A
writer in the last Number of your Magazine, I observe, wants a remedy for the
cracking of glass in lap-glazed roofs. Puttying is the old and an ett'ectual
mode, but it looks very ill. In a large conservatory which I am at present
erecting for myself I am about to fill the laps with a transparent drying
oil, put in with a large camel's hair pencil ; which will be held by capillary
attraction, while it remains fluid in the same way as the v/ater is which,
being frozen, causes the fracture. But the oil will speedily become solid,
and will fill up the lap as well if not better than putty ; and it will never be
known, on mere inspection, whether they are filled at all or not. It is
obvious that this operation must be performed when the glass is perfectly
dry. I am. Sir, yours, &c. — Robert Mallet. Ryder Roiv, Dublin, Sept. 23.
1830,

Siebe's neiv-invented Self-'pressure Cock. ( fig. 10.) — This cock is of a
construction different from any hitherto offered to the public, and com-

10 /' "";

jy/vwvvvwkv.

V^^ijrtWVWWVWAWi,

General Not lees. 85

bines tlie following requisites, viz. security against leakage, simplicity of
construction, and great durabilit}'. It can be taken to pieces, to clean or
repair, without removing the shank from the boiler or cistern, which, with
the common cock, is at all times inconvenient, and frequently very ex-
pensive. The plug («) being a hoJlow cone, the sediment from the boiler
or cistern rests inside the cone instead of against the wearing part of the
plug (as with the common cock) ; and, immediately on opening the water-
way (6), it is washed through without injuring the barrel or plug. As the
water is constantly pressing on the inside of the cone or plug, consequently
the greater the pressure from the boiler or cistern, the tighter the cock
holds ; which is the reverse with all other cocks. This conical plug is
not liable to stick fast, as it gives way to the expansion of the metal occa-
sioned by heat. As the plug wears so it tightens ; and, having but one
opening, it has a greater lock than those in common use. The screw in
front {c) is for the piu"pose of adjustment when the plug turns too easily.
The water flows on litting up the handle (c/) to the position shown by the
dotted lines (c), which brings the two openings (6 and/) in contact.
Those inijn-oved cocks are made, by the inventor, of the best gun metal,
and not of the common pot metal (which contains a large proportion of
lead), and are sold at prices varying from ds. to 1/. 1*. We have adopted
one of these cocks in a boiler for heating our house by hot water ; and they
are also employed by Walker, Cottam, and some other engineers. We
strongly recommend them to all gardeners who have any thing to do with
hot-water or steam boilers, or, indeed, with large cisterns or vessels of any
kind which require to be occasionally emptied. Where these cocks are
sold (145. High Holborn) may also be seen the excellent self-acting water-
closet of Downes, already recommended (Vol. V. p. 345.) as by far the
best machine of its kind. — Cond. Nov. 25. 1830.

The Protection of the Blossom of Fndt Trees agriiuft Walk from rains and
frosts, by means of projecting boards, has been suggested
in a paper, which we regret not to have room for, by T. B.
After noticing the injuries to which bloom is liable from
sudden storms of rain, he says, " a couple of feather-
edged boards may be nailed together, so as to form a
surface of 2 ft. in width. These boards may be projected
from the top of the wall, at an angle of 45° (fig. 11. «),
supported by strutts abutting against the v.all (/j), and
held in their place, to keep them from being blown away
by wind, by two strings, one at each end of the board (c),
which may be tied to staples driven into the bottom of
. '^' the wall." — T. B. April 3. 1830.

N ^ Straiv Protectors for preserving Fruit Trees from tlic
Frost. — Sir, I take the liberty of sending you one of the
straw mats (fig. 12.) which I make for protecting my
fruit trees from the frost in spring. Should you think
proper to use it, or make it public, I should be very
— ■! happy to show you how I construct them. I have always
used them with the greatest success, and have thus insured a crop of
wall fruit every year, particularly of peaches and nectarines, without the
danger of breaking off the young shoots in their removal, as is the case
with nets. I let the mats remain as long as the frost continues, and then
remove them without injuring the trees. I am. Sir, j'ours, &c. — Rene
Langelier. Acton Lodge, Sept. 8. 1830.

It will easily be understood from the figure that this strav/ protector
consists of small handfuls, averaging not more than two or three dozen of
straws each, tied together at the root end, and suspended from the wall,
beginning at the bottom ; so that the ears of one range of protectors will
always overlap the root ends of the other range, in the manner of thatch.

G 3

SG

Gairral Ni)/i(rs.

r.i

This mode of protecting trees is a good deal in use both in France and
Germany, and has the reconmiendation of being cheap. M. Langelier
finds it remarkably so; and we liope he will have many imitators. — Co)i(l.

The Undcr-foot Spade. — Sir, Neither amongst the different tools noticed
by you in this Magazine (Vol. V. p. G52.), nor any where else, do I re-
collect to have seen described an instrument
which we call the under-foot spade; and I
cannot say that I have seen it used gene-
rally elsewhere, although common here;
and as many of your subscribers may not
be acquainted either with it or its uses, I
will, with the help of an outline, endeavour
to give such a description as may be fol-
lowed. This spade {fig. 13.) should be made
very strong, the shaft square, with the angles
rounded off, and strongly plated over the
handle; the blade about 14 in. across and
l'2in. deep, and perpendicular, with the
edges cutting sharp ; and a piece of iron
riveted on for the feet(«). For the stubbing
of hedges, taking the top sods off drains, and
various uses where strength is wanteil, this
spade will be found a most powerful instru-
ment. I remain. Sir, &c. — C. P. York,
June 19. 1830.
Aloney's inverted Rose JVafering~pot. — We have already noticed (Vol.V.
p. 740.) this watering-pot in its simpler state, and have now to describe it
as a finished and more perfect utensil. The improvement consists in hav-
ing the spout made in three distinct parts. The first (fig. 14. ri) is fixed
to the body of the pot, and in such a manner as not to go easily out of
repair, by filling up the angle with the hollow compartment (b), in the top
of which are two openings (cd) for containing — the larger (c), the middle
piece of the spout, or the larger rose ; and the smaller, the smaller i-ose.
The larger rose (e) is for using without the middle piece of the spout, and
it delivers the water u|)wards, as in the figure (Vol. V. p. 740. fig. 176.)
before described; the smaller rose (/"), which can only be used with the
njiddle tube of the spout, delivers the water direct downwards, exactly

General Notices.

87

ovei* the object or
space to be watered.
The advantage of this
rose, therefore, con-
sists in the definite-
ness of its action, as
the advantage of the
other consists in the
gentleness of its ac-
tion. An additional
value is given to this
part by the screw-
joints, which render
it perfectly watei'-
tight ; and, therefore,
among other uses,
peculiarly fit for lady gardeners. For the purposes of those who have
delicate seeds to raise, or small cuttings or plants to water, we consider
Money's inverted rose-pot a valuable addition to the more refined uten-
sils of gardening. It is manufactured by Thompson of Oxford Street ;
and may be ordered through Mr. Money, Mr. Charlwood, the Bedford
Conservatories, or any seedsman or seed-shop, — Cond.

Prevention of the Mildeiu on Peach and Nectarine Trees. — Sir, The fol-
lowing preventive of the mildew on peach and nectarine trees has simpli-
city, as well as the experience of many years, to recommend it : — Take of
sulphur and rain or river water, in proportions of 2 oz. of sulphur to every
4 gallons of water. Put the quantity which may be required into a copper
or boiler, and let it (after it commences boiling) boil for half an hour ; after
which it may be taken out, or suffered to remain until it becomes of a tepid
state, when it ought to be applied to the trees by means of the garden
engine or syringe, as in a common washing with water. The time for apply-
ing it is annually, as soon as the fruit is set and considered out of danger.
I am. Sir, yours, &c. — A Constant Reader and Subscriber. Dec. 28. 1830.
To destroy the Grub at the Root of Cauliflowers^ Sfc. — Sir, I venture to
give you my observations and proof of the benefit of soot being applied to
the stems of cauliflowers and cabbages, in case of the grub at the root, a
small handful to each, and earthing them immediately. In the month of May,
1829, my plants were all going off by the grub, which had totally destroyed
the lower pai't of the root ; but by this application they threw out fresh
fibres, which very much astonished me, and the plants grew more rapidly,
and made very fine heads. I also practised it in 1830 with equal success. —
W. Mathers, Gardener to Lady Palmer. Wan/ip Hal/, near Leicester, Nov. 2.
Will the Afeloti mule luith the Goiird? — The hybrid melon which I now
send you was grown from seed obtained from a melon we have here under
the name of the smooth green Spanish melon, impregnated artificially
with the Cucurbita verrucosa and 6\^cumis Me\o, var. Succdda. The result
has been that these plants, which were raised from this seed, have all produced
.strange and different hybrids, and have all fruited very shyly, only one fruit
having set on each, one of which I send you ; and as I have not a second,
I shall be obliged by your returning me a little of the seed, and letting me
know whether the fruit has any flavour or not. — Robert Mallet. Ryder
Row, Dublin, SejJt. 23. 1830.

The melon was received on the evening of October 2., and was so far
decayed as not to admit of being tasted ; but, as the succada melon was used
as well as the Cucurbita, it is much more likely that the former produced
the effect, and that the cross was between two melons. The seeds we
saved, and have sent a few to Mr. Mallet, and given the rest to Mr. Charl-
wood for distribution. — Cond.

c. 4.

88 Foreign Notices : — France.

'Luthynts suaveolem [?]. — I received the seeds of the species of Z<ath}^Tus
herewith sent from the south of Europe, under the name of L. suaveolens.
I am of opinion that it will be a valuable agricultural plant, either as feed
or hay. In rich soils I fear it would grow too luxuriant, and perhaps too
hard or woody to make a good sample of hay. It is in the poorest soils
that I fancy it would prosper most ; and in such soils it would be the more
desirable. It appears to contain a very great quantity of sugar ; and horses,
cows, and donkeys eat it while green with avidity. The little I dried the
latter seem very fond of. Perhaps the best mode of culture would be to
sow the seeds in a smr.ll patch ; and when they came up, and the plants were
sufficiently strong, they might be planted out in lines in the fields. The
first season, under ordinary circumstances, they would aflbrd a crop of hay,
if not hay, at least rich pasturage in autumn, the following season they
v/ould yield a heavy crop ; and, m addition to its saccharine properties, it
seeds so abundantly that it cannot fail of being rich provender for horses,
&c. I have given some of it to Mr. Atkinson, to plant on the poor soil at
Silvermere, where I shall have the opportunity of seeing its progress.
Perhaps you may think it wortli distributing to some of your agricultural
friends, whose observations will either confirm or refute my opinion of it.
The result I shall be glad to learn. — Charles Mackintcsh. Claremont Gar-
dens, Dec. 7. 1830. [Sent to Mr. Charlwood for distribution. — Cund.}

Field Tuniips as treated hy Agronome. — The first, second, or third week
in October pull up every turnip in the farm, whether they have done grow-
ing or not : if they have not, all the better. Lay them carefully across the
top of the ridges or drills ; let them remain in this state a week or a fort-
night before cutting off the tops and tails. The grand advantage of this
leaving on the tops is, that the roots become doubly nutritious, as well as
doubly durable. A gardener can understand all this from saving his bulbs,
from taking up his potatoes while the stems are yet growing, and from
gathering his keeping fruit before it is fully ripe. — Agronome. Near
Cheadle, Staffordshire, Oct. 28. 1830. (Countri/ Times, Nov. 1. 1830.)

Art. II. Foreign Notices.
FRANCE.

Tours, Jan. 1. 1831. — You will, perhaps, on seeing the date of this,
think I have chosen oddly in writing to you on the subject of the gardens
of this neighbourhood at this time ; but it is precisel}' because it is the sea-
son of mid-winter that I now employ my pen on that subject : were I to
wait till I may have more, and better worth, to send you, I fear I might
forget some particulars at a future time which are now constantly under
my eye ; and which, at any rate, I may now describe in more faithfid and
more vivid colours than when the present appearances are superseded by
others still more interesting in the spring. The situation of this city, be-
tween the rivers Loire and Cher, and the abruptness with which " the vine-
covered hills " on the right bank of the former river rise close on its faux-
bourg Symphoricn, nearly confine the gardens, cultivated mainly for the
supply of the population of Tours (or the market-gardens, as we should
call them), to the east, the south, and the west sidles of the city. The land
between the Loire and the Cher is alluvion of the first quality, except
in places where the erratic wanderings of the latter river, at a period when
not so effectually confined within its banks as at present, have made new
channels for itself, and deposited sand in those it had left, or spread it over
the adjacent levels. Every where close up to the ramparts of the city, in
laiinterrupted succession, there are either nurser3men's grounds or market-
gardens, and the latter extend outward in some places to a very consider-

Foreign No/ices : — France. 89

able distance ; most of these are small, and are, for the greated 2^(ii't,
culiivatcd by the projjrictors. It is of the present appearance of these that
I wish to give you a short description. Divided from each other by a
treillage of vines, or more commonly without any division at all, the vast
tracts of land covered at this moment with the unequivocal marks of the
most luxurious vegetation astonish and delight the eye familiarised only
to the productions of a northerly climate. I have viewed with pride and
pleasure the effects of the skill and industry of my countrymen in the
neighbourhood of London ; but never did I any where before see (at this
season of the year, be it always remembered) gardens so completely
covered with green crops, and those so uniformly of the richest and deepest
hue. Viewed across the rows, and at a little distance, the whole surface
of the country thus occupied presents to the eye one unvaried carpet of the
most beautiful verdure : and yet we have had some sharp frosts and heavy
iiills of snow within the last month. A considerable quantity of ice has
floated down the Loire in small masses ; and, within these few days past,
ice, fully an inch thick, has been brought from the country for the confec-
tioners' use, the thermometer being on two nights as low as 18° of Fah-
renheit.

The vegetables under cultivation at present are, with the exception
of a few seedling plants, for winter and spring use ; and the ground,
as fast as the j)resent crop is taken to market, is again and immediately
stocked with those which are to succeed them : so that the number of
crops produced from the same land in the course of the year is truly sur-
prising, at least to a person accustomed only to observe the course of
cropping even in well managed gentlemen's gardens. The variety of plants
cultivated for salads, for which there is so much demand in France, cer-
tainly cut a conspicuous figure amongst the present crops of vegetables ;
the endive, of which they eat great quantities, not being blanched, as is
customary in our gardens. The quantities of vegetables of large size and
excellent quality thus raised is very great; and the prices consequently so
low, that the consumers of all classes within the city (the present popu-
lation of which, according to a retiu'n published a few days ago, amounts
to 21,928 souls) purchase instead of rearing their own vegetables, though
there are many and considerable pleasure and even nursery gardens in dif-
ferent quarters of the town. The very striking difference between the
appearance of the common market-gai'dens here and those of any provin-
cial tov/n or city in England cannot for a moment, I conceive, be attri-
buted to the superior knowledge or greater skill of the French over our
own gardeners. The soil, a rich sandy loam of great depth, and the cli-
mate, notwithstanding the severe cold which, as above quoted, it will be
seen is sometimes felt here, have each, I suspect, much to do in this busi-
ness ; and the occupiers are for by far the greatest part placed under the
following circumstances differently to our market-gardeners in England, the
effects of which I shall leave your readers to judge of for themselves : —

And first, and before and above all, the French are proprietors of the land
they occupy : they and their families, all of whom according to the French
laws of succession are interested at present or in reversion in the pro-
perty, cultivate the land ; and with what industry and hearty good w ill, a
person need but to be a spectator in order to become a competent judge.
[Secondly, in comparison with ours, their taxes are light ; though injuriously
increased in consequence of the wars of Bonaparte, and the profligate and
corrupt expenditure of the public money since the restoration of the now
ex-Bourbons. Thirdly, they have no chm-ch, or highway, or poor rates to
pay ; and, above all, they are emancipated from the grievous burden and
oppression of tithes. Most if not all the land occupied as above described,
previously to the Revolution of 1789, belonged either to the archbishopric
of Tours, or formed part of the domain attached to the celebrated Chtlteau

90 Foreign Xof/ccs : — Germany.

de Plessis, the remembrance of some part of the history and horrors of
which Sir Walter Scott has revived in his well known novel of Qiientin
Durward. The former had been despotically wrested from the possession
of the no less celebrated Abbey of Marmoutier, in the year 1740, and
added to the already enormous possessions of the see of Tours. In con-
sequence of the Revolution of 1789 the government resumed both, as
belonging of right to the nation ; and the whole was sold out in small lots,
and for payment by easy instalments, to those who chose to purchase.

This measure originated the great numbers of small proprietors in France
(said to amount to two millions of persons), which the present laws of
descent have certainly no tendency to diminish. Many of these properties,
though situated, of course, at greater distances from Tours, contribute
materially, in some respects, to the subsistence of that city ; and particu-
larly in the sui)ply of several excellent varieties of beans or lentils, com-
monly called haricots, the cultivation of which is so much attended to in
this country, and so little in England ; and of the potato, which is grown
in very large quantities, and of excellent quality. For the general introduc-
tion of this root into this neighbourhood, at least, and for the capital sorts
which they now possess, the natives are indebted chiefly to our country-
men, many of whom have so long resided amongst them. Turnips also
begin to be cultivated j and, when dressed for the table, are not inferior in
quality to those grown in England. The lands on which these three sorts
of vegetables are grown are made to produce winter vetches in the inter-
vals ; and in the courses of their crops wheat is not forgotten, the produce
of which at harvest time, if at all in proportion to the present appearance
of the young plants, must be very great. Most of these crops are the pro-
duce of spade culture, which is adopted to a great extent in the rich lands
near the city. Fifty or a hundred persons are to be seen together at times,
in different portions of the flat lands, the proprietors and families of adjoin-
ing spots, all working vvith their spades, and not unfrequently shouting in
unison the Parisienne. Yesterday and the day before, in my morning rides,
I saw many of these persons thus employed, whilst others were carrying
earth in baskets on their backs, across land too tender to bear a wheel of
any description, to fill up holes, and to raise the ground into beds for cul-
tivation, which would have been otherwise too wet and low. This was in
the immediate neighbom'hood, and partly within the boundary of the park
wall of Plessy, a considei'able length of which still remains ; though of the
castle itself nothing is left but a single tower, to mark where once stood
that horrible fortress and favourite residence of Louis XI. of France, which
for so long a space of time spread terror and dismay throughout the sur-
rounding country. And, thank Heaven ! where " every yard of ground
around," except the " permitted path " itself, was formerly " rendered
dangerous, and well nigh unpracticable, by snares and traps, armed with
scythe-blades, which shred off the unwary passenger's limb as sheerly as a
hedge-bill lops a hawthorn sprig ; and where lutre calthropes that would
pierce your foot through, and pitfalls deep enough to bury you in for
ever," * — now, women and children walk to and fro in perfect safety; and
with a proud feeling of reconquered rights, and conscious property, the
men of Touraine cultivate theu* own land. — John H. Moggridge.

GERMANY.

Prmsian Horticultural Society. — At the Eighty-ninth Meeting of this
Society, held on the 12th of September, 1830, the following papers were
reported : —

* Quentin Durward.

Forfign Kuticcn: — Germany. 91

■ A letter iVom tlie Royal Swedish Academy ot" Agriculture at Stotkholui,
wliicli, in coniinunicating the Transactions ot" the academy j)ublished up to
that time, announced its readiness to form a closer connection with the
Society, in order to effect, in connnon, the object of" both.

A letter of the same purport from the Westphalian Society for cultiva-
tion, establish etl at Minden.

A treatise b}' Burgomaster Borggreve, of Bevergern, upon the ravages of
the larvae of the cabbage gnat (T'ipula oleracea), and more especially of a
fly (Anthomyia brassicae) which frequents plants of the cabbage genus,
particularly the cauliflower, and the means of prevention. For this piu*-
pose, the author, after careful experiments, recommends, among other
things, the sifting of a mixture consisting of two thii'ds soot and one thu'd
earth over the seed ; the sowing of the cauliflower on a bed which had been
thickly covered in the preceding autumn with dill ; the encircling, on trans-
planting, as soon as the plant begins to shoot up, the upper part of the root
with a coat of well kneaded loam ; the planting deeply, to the head, and
surrounding the plant with moss, heaping up the earth around it. Here
Borggreve also confirms, by experience, the good effect of sprinkling pul-
verised charcoal over beds destined for onion seed. The mixing of char-
coal powder with the supei-ficial mould, to protect bulbous roots against
the larvae of a fly (Anthomyia ceparum), has already been recommended in
the Transactions of the Society.

Further remarks by the gardener to the Institute, Bouche, upon the
destruction of tulip bulbs by a fungus (Sclerotium Tulipdrum Schedl.),
from which they may, in some measure, be preserved by filling up the beds
with fresh earth, and by transplanting the tulips to other beds.

Communications from Professor von Schlechtendal, consisting of ex-
tracts from the interesting work of Dr. Gdppert, which is now published at
Breslau, upon the developement of heat in plants, their freezing, and the
means of protecting them ; also, a highly interesting description of the
botanical gardens at Palermo, from a recent number of the Ratisbon Botani-
cal Journal.

Herr Otto, garden director, has given an account of the Arbor Vitae
(T'huja occidentalis) in Heidelberg, which is 212 years old. He has also
supplied historical communications upon the increase of the collections of
pahns on the continent of Europe within the last ten years. According to
his account, it appears that the royal botanic garden of Berlin, which,
twelve years ago, could not boast of more than .3 or 4 species of palms,
now contains 62 ; and, including the (^'ycadea;, about 80 species. To these
must be joined, as a valuable acquisition to science, the 48 examples of
rare kinds brought from the royal collection of Paris to Peacock Island, of
which 18 new species are destined for Berlin, Herr Otto, referring to what
he had repeatedly observed during his late visit to Paris, has made some
appropriate remarks upon the extraordinarily low price of plants exposed
for sale in the flower-market of Paris, which are still rather rare with us,
such as the Ixora coccinea, the different species of Lantana, Citrus ?«yrti-
folia, and the newest Pelargonia. He has likewise given further information
on the celebrated peach gardens at Montmirail, the espalier walls of which,
if in one row, would extend to the distance of several miles ; on the large
and not less celebrated cherry and strawberry grounds at Montmorency ;
on the great abundance of all kinds of trees and shrubs in the nursery gar-
dens of Paris ; and on M. Boursoult's curious collections of palms, arauca-
rias, and magnolias there. Herr Otto, besides, explained by manipulation
the method, usually as easy as successful, employed in the magnificent gar-
den of M. Soulange-Bodin at Fromont, for propagating camellias, azaleas,
and paeonies, &c., by herbaceous grafting.

Of the various plants and fruits introduced for inspection, or for orna-
menting the place in which this Meeting was held, the following, among

92 Foreign Notices : — Asia,

others, were worthy of remark : — Two large samples of Clethra arborga, a
new Bilbergk, l^'icotidna altita, a select collection of various kinds of fuch-
sias (some of them new), HeAychmm coccineum and Li-dvAncvimmm, Beau-
f6rt;« decussata, a skilfully arranged collection of flowers of rare varieties
of Georgiwff, three remarkable pine-apples, diamond grapes of uncommon
sweetness, various kinds of plums and melons.

Models were exhibited of a very efficient instrument for facilitating the
gathering of potatoes, invented by a watchmaker of Stoipe, named Gerdum,
accompanied by a comprehensive description and a print, published by the
inventor. A wish w^o expressed that trials of the instrument might be
made by farmers and agricultural societies, and the results of the experi-
ments communicated. — G. R. Nov. 11. 1830.

ASIA.

General Improvement. — The Governor-General invites the communica-
tion of all suggestions tending to promote any branch of national industry,
to improve the commercial intercourse by land and water, to amend any
defects in the existing establishments, to encourage the diffusion of educa-
tion and useful knowledge, and to advance the general prosperity and hap-
piness of the British empire m India. This invitation is addressed to all
native gentlemen, landholders, merchants, and others ; to all Europeans,
both in and out of the service, includhig that useful and respectable body
the indigo planters, who, from theii* uninterrupted residence in the Mofiis-
sil, have peculiar opportunities of forming an opinion upon some of these
subjects. Communications to be addressed to the private or military secre-
tary of the Governor-General. By command. A. Dobbs, Private Secretary.
Government House, Feb. 23. 1829. (Times, Aug. 1.)

We addressed a letter to Mr. Dobbs (dated Aug. 1. 1829), recommend*
ing a national establishment for the education of the children of all ranks,
from infancy to the age of puberty, accompanied by a copy of our pamphlet
Dcs Etablissemens pour P Education Publique, &c., and Nos. V. and VI.
of the Alagazine of Natural History, and No. XVIII. of the Gardetier's
Magazine. We subsequently sent to the India House, for Mr. Dobbs,
" Parochial Institutions ; or, an Outline of a Plan for a National Education
Establishment, suitable to the Children of all Ranks, from Infancy to the
Age of Puberty J as a Substitute for the National Churches of England,
Scotland, and Ireland." Of this pamphlet only one hundred were printed,
which were given away. — Cond.

English Language. — The introduction of the English language, and of
a national system of education, in British India, are among the important
public objects enlarged on by Mr. Buckingham in his popular lectures on
that country. Among the results which he proposes to obtain are, the
exercise of public opinion on public men, the augmented consumption of
English goods, the employment for our surplus eilucated classes, and an
improved race of colonial offspring to perpetuate the British name. — Cond.

The Botanic Garden at Singapore, established by the government, is
proceeding most satisfactorily, and the clove trees are in a thriving state.
\Singapore Newsp., Jan. II. 1829.)

The Tarfa or Tamarisk Trees (CTamarixZ/n.) delight particularly in sand;
and, in the driest season, when all vegetation around them is withered, never
lose their verdure. This tree is one of the most common productions of the
Ai'abian Desert, from the Euphrates to Mecca, and is also frequent in the
Nubian deserts ; its young leaves form an excellent food for camels.
(^Burckhardfs Travels.)

Cultivation in Arabia. — " Although the Arabs cultivate the ground, they
do not hold it in any fixed occupancy. Tiie whole region is one immense
common, over which the different tribes are in continual motion. When
they come, at the rainy season, to a favourable spot, they sow it, wait about

Africa, West Indies, Anstralia. 93

three months for its growth, reap the harvest, and proceed onward. The
Felhihs, or fixed cultivators, are the objects of their most profound contempt,
and an alliance with them is considered as involving the deepest ignominy."
{Ed. Rev., Sept. 1828.)

AFRICA.

Ancient Agriculture and Horticulture. — M. Champollion, now in Egypt,
has sent home a number of drawings, copied from the tombs. Among these
are the following : — Tilling the ground with oxen, or by hand ; sowing ;
treading the ground by rams, and not by hogs, as Herodotus says ; five sorts
of ploughs ; the use of the pickaxe ; the reaping of wheat ; the gathering of
flax ; the putting these two kinds of plants into sheaves ; the carrying to the
mill, the threshing, measuring, storing in the granaries ; two drawings of
large granaries on different plans ; the flax carried by asses ; a number of
other agricultural operations, among them the gathering of the lotus, the
culture of the vine ; the vintage, its carrying home ; tv/o presses, one worked
by the hand, and the other by mechanism ; the putting the wine into bottles
or jars, carrying it to the cellar, &c. &c. Horticulture : the gathering of
figs, &c. ; cidtivation of the onion, u'rigation, &c. The whole with explana-
tory hieroglyphic inscriptions : also, the intendant of the country-house, the
secretaries, &c. (Lc Globe.)

WEST INDIES.

Bath Gardens, Jamaica, St. Thomas in the East, Oct. 1. 1830. — The
curator, wishing anxiously to miprove the state of the botanic gardens of
the Bath of St. Thomas the Apostle, will be most grateful to all those pub-
lic-spirited persons and botanical amateurs who will favour him with new
or rare plants or seeds, &c. ; and he will always readily supply such other
plants in exchange as the gardens possess, which can be spared. Any thing
addressed to the care of the Jamaica Society, Kingston ; Messrs. E. Tay-
lor and Co., Morant Bay ; or Samuel Wyndowe, Esq., Port Morant, on
due advice, will meet every attention and punctual return. The object is
to make these gardens a kind of central depot between the old and new
worlds, for many of the articles of commerce, for which we now pay great
prices ; but which might not only be produced, but grown to such an extent
as to admit of their exportation. Possessing hills and valleys of different
temperatures, from 50° to 100°, plants coming from almost every country
in the world may be grown to perfection in this island. Trusting our
objects will meet with j'our approbation, I remain, Sii", &c. — Ihomas
Higson.

AUSTRALIA.

Neiv Zealand. — We lately (Vol. VI. p. 486.) made some observations
on the eligibility of this island as a fitter place for emigration than Sydney
or the Swan River ; and we are happy to find our observations more than
confirmed by a paper in the Morning Chronicle of October 23. 1830. New
Zealand is there stated to be more an agricultural than a pastoral country.
The climate is said to be temperate, the surface hilly, with numerous abrupt
ridges abounding in fine timber, and a series of the richest valleys, pro-
ducing Indian corn and wheat, without a risk of failure from either cold or
hot blighting winds. Potatoes, carrots, turnips, and every other species of
culinary vegetable, the missionaries found to grow as luxuriantly as in Bri-
tain. " The Church of England missionaries, all men of liberal education,
speak in raptures of the scenery, the climate, the productiveness of the
soil, and of the mental capabilities of its yet rude inhabitants ; " and they
declare that all that is wanting to render the island highly civilised and
flourishing is the establishment of a regular government by some civilised
power, and the ^iftii^ion of education. (See the excellent article in tlie

94- Domestic Notices : — England.

Chronicle above alluded to, and the work of Mr. Earl, now in course of
publication.) — Coiul.

Fruit Trees sent to Van Dicman's Land. — Among the goods brought out
by the Wave, for the Van Dieman's Land Company, we have much plea-
sure in observing a very excellent assortment of fruit trees of all kinds.
Capt. Lister must have taken unwearied pains in attending to them during
the voyage, as almost every one is alive, with the exception of the straw-
berry and raspberry bushes, which have entirely perished. We regret, how-
ever, to see that the whole of the apple trees are covered with American
blight, the insect being already matured and prepared to fly the moment the
box is opened. Though this proves that the insect must have been in the
ground or round the roots in the first instance, it evidently shows that the
close atmosphere which it enjoyed in the pent-up boxes is peculiarly fa-
vourable to its propagation : and thus we see that those gardens which are
in the lowest and most confined situations, and but little exposed to winds,
are most attacked by it. {Hobart Town Courier, July 17. 18.30.)

We find, from advertisements in the same paper, that the average price
of young healthy fruit trees, of the ordinary kinds, in Hobart Town, is 5s,
each ; and that hawthorn berries form an article of exportation. These,
deprived of their pulp, sell at 10 guineas a bushel. — Cond.

Art. III. Domestic Notices.
ENGLAND.

Peake's Vases, Flozver-jwts, Tallies, and other Gardening Articles, will be
found figured and enumerated in the advertising sheet which accompanies
this Number. To those who have not seen anj' of these vases, we think it
but justice to Mr. Peake to state that the beauty of the workmanship far ex-
ceeds any thing of the kind which has hitherto been attempted in England ;
and, as far as we know, they are equally in advance of the potter}' of the
Continent, and even of Italy. We have seen at Earl Mansfield's, at Caen
Wood, a number of vases of potter's ware, lately chosen by the family when
in Italy, and now arranged in the flower-garden. We were informed by a
London potter, that these vases were so much prized by Lady Mansfield,
that she declined allowing him to get copies of them, lest they should be
rendered common. We were therefore rather curious to see them ; and,
having applied at the season when they are set out of doors (for during
winter they are kept under cover), we must say we never were more disap-
pointed. In general form they are misshapen, and the details of the sculp-
tures, flutings, mouldings, and foliage are ver}' imperfect. Deprive them of
the associations connected with the country they came from, and they
would not find purchasers in an English earthenware shop. We cannot
say that we admire the forms of all Mr. Peake's vases ; that may be matter of
taste : but for the correctness of the shapes intended to be given, the sharp-
ness of the sculpture, and the foliage, we will say, that neither the Italian
vases at Caen Wood, nor any which we have seen in Boboli, or other gar-
dens at Florence, or in any gardens in Italy or France, are at all to be
compared with them. The column for a sun-dial, or for supporting a bust,
is an object perfectly beautiful in its kind.

The brick tallies for naming trees in arboretums will, we are of opinion,
be found far superior to any other for this purpose; they are formed of
semi-metallic earth, and must last for centuries : their cost, delivered in
London, is only from 3*. to is. per 100.

These brick tallies have panels in the end, like Murray's tally (Vol. III.
p. 28.), and the name may either be printed on a card or written on a slip of
wood, and covered by a piece of glass, and so made air and water tight by

Domestic Noticn : — England. 95

putty ; or, what woulii perhaps be better, a plate of dull white earthenware
might be made to fit the panel, with the name painted on it, glazed and
burnt in, or painted and varnished, antl then made secure I)}' putty.

Mr. Peake's (Grecian tiles for roofing cottages we have already figured
(Vol. VI. p. 154.); he has since greatly improved the joint-tile j and he
considers, that these tiles, being made from semi-metallic earth, will form
one of the most durable of roofs, both for small and large buildings.

In our next Number we shall probably give figures of all the objects al-
luded to, with some further details ; in the mean time we consider the above
notice as due to Mr, Peake, for his liberality and public spirit, in having, at
our request, gone to a very considerable expense in preparations for the
manufacturing of these ai'ticles. — C'oitd.

To be able to draw Flowers bofanicalli/, and Fruit liorticulturallij, that is,
with the characteristics by which varieties and subvarieties are cHstinguished,
is one of the most useful accomplishments of joung ladies of leisure, living
in the country. It is due to Mrs. Withers of Grove Terrace, Lisson
Grove, to state that her talents for teaching these objects ar^ of the highest
order, as many of the plates in the Transactions of Ihc Horticidtnral Socicti/
and the Ponwlvgical Magazine abundantly show. We have observed, with
no small pride and pleasure, that several of our principal nurserymen, not
only about London, but in the country', have brought, or are bringing, for-
ward their daughters, so as to be competent to make scientific portraits,
not only of fruits and flowers, but of trees and shrubs, in their diiFerent
stages of growth. When once a system of education is formed which shall
embrace all modern improvements, and when that system shall be univer-
sally applied, the drawing and making portraits of all, or of any objects
whatever, will be as general an accomplishment as penmanship is now. To
all themechanical trades, drawing is perhaps of more use than either writing
or arithmetic. It is of immense use to a gardener ; and we hope no young
reader will neglect its acquii'ement. He may do it by continually copying
the cuts in this Magazine, or Plate 1. of Iltiistrations. — Cond.

The Botany of various Parts of North America being very imperfectly
known, we learn with pleasure from Mr. William Christy, jun., that " Dr.
Hooker and others are going to subscribe and send out Mr. Drumniond
to New Orleans ; whence, on the approach of summer, he will ascend
the river, and get into the country bordering on Mexico or California,
which is expected to prove a most interesting field. Mr. Drunimond will
send home dried specimens, roots, and seeds, and also birds and insects, to
the various subscribers, according to their wishes, and the amount of the
sums they advance, and afterwards collect for sale on his own accoimt."
We hope the expedition will prove successful. — Cond. Dec.i. 1830.

An adventure similar to the above, although not so well advised, was
embarked in by a very enterprising young man, Mr. Thomas Bridges of
Wroxham, Norfolk, about two years ago. Fired by the successes of other
collectors, and strongly desiring to visit foreign countries, he solicited some
gentlemen, to whom he was known, to make the advances necessary to send
him out. This they did ; and, after a boisterous passage of nineteen weeks
and five days, he landed at Valparaiso. Since his arrival he has sent home
birds, insects, plants, and seeds. The late Robert Barclay, Esq., Bury
Hill, was one patron, to whom birds and plants, both of considerable inte-
rest, were sent. Another patron is the Rev. Geo. Reading Leathes, Shrop-
ham Hall, Norfolk, who has received seeds ; and a third patron is Robert
Bevan, Esq., Rougham, Suffolk, who has received seeds and insects, if not
also birds. This last gentleman has submitted the insects to the cogni-
zance of the distinguished Rev. William Kirby, who finds some perfect
novelties among them, which he has already described, if not published ;
and the seeds Mr. Bevan has intrusted to the skilful cultivation of Mr.
Knight, of the Exotic Nursery, Chelsea, where several are at this time

96 Domestic Notices: — England.

growing. Mr. Bridges has fixed his residence at Valparaiso, as a general
collector and vender of all the productions of nature, which he will pro-
cure by incursions into the adjacent country, and by purchasing of the
natives, making his residence the depot of his acquisitions. Mr. Bridges
had spent some years among the plants already in England before his
departure, and was by no means wholly uninformed in the other depart-
ments of nature. We consequently anticipate much benefit to natural
science from his labours, and hope from time to time to be enabled to de-
scribe the progress of them. — J. D. Jan. 8. 1831.

A Public Botanic Garden near London. — We have heard botanists regret
and express their astonishment at the non-existence of a public botanic
garden in the neighbourhood of London, in which the most perfect collec-
tion that the scientific connections and resources of the empii'e could fur-
nish should be preserved and cultivated. Such an institution, they repre-
sent, is much wanted, and would, did it exist, give a prodigious impulse to
the progress of botany. If, say they, a person is now desirous to acquaint
himself with any particular family of plants, he must traverse the whole
suburban circuit of London, to find in the various plant establishments the
species which compose it ; a course of study evidently so absorbent of
time and resources as to prevent many from adopting it : but which persons,
could they recur to one comprehensive skilfully managed collection, where
all the species of any family, or nearly all, could be found assembled,
would at once, and with joy, resort thither and obtain the knowledge they
desired. The present time is, for various reasons, and among others one
which we are not at liberty to mention, more than usually favourable for
carrying such a project into execution. Were any botanist at leisure to
draw up a scheme, and canvass in London and its neighbourhood for sub-
scribers at 5/. a share, or a guinea a year, we are certain he would succeed,
— R. S. Jan. 10. 183L

Change in the Site oftlie Botanic Garden at Bury St. Edmund's. — It has
for several weeks been understood that a negotiation was pending, which
had for its object one of the greatest acquisitions that it is possible for this
town to receive, we allude to the conversion of the beautiful Abbey
Grounds into a botanic garden ; for which purpose, we have now the plea-
sure of announcing that the Marquess of Bristol will grant a long lease to
Mr. Hodson, the able superintendent of the present garden. Every one
who is acquainted with the extent and picturesque character of these
grounds, the site of the great court of the abbey and the abbot's pa-
lace, must be aware how highly eligible they are for the contemplated
purpose ; so much so, that we question whether any thing more beautiful
of the kind, than they are capable of being rendered, is to be found in the
kingdom. The garden will be entered through the magnificent, we may
almost say unrivalled, gateway of the abbey, the vacant spaces on each side
of which will be enclosed with palisades, and planted, and the old walls will
be covered with ivy. During the day-time the unsightly boarded doors will
be thrown back, and inner gates of open work will exhibit an enchanting
vista from the Angel Hill, which has been the only thing needed to render
that fine area absolutely perfect. This great improvement will give to the
inhabitants, at a small cost, the enjoyment of a beautiful garden in the im-
mediate neighbourhood of theii" own houses, abundantly spacious for the
purposes of air and exercise, and exhibiting such charms of scenery as ai"e
rarely to be found in immediate contact with the seat of business. The
" lungs of the town " will, in fact, be close to its heart. It is an improve-
ment which has long been desired ; and the Noble Marquess, we know, has
participated in the wish to aftbrd the town such a source of pleasure and
accommodation. We trust, therefore, that the spirited enterprise of Mr.
Hodson will be very generally supported. {Bury and Norwicfi Post,
Nov. 17. 1830.)

i^omestic Notices : — JE/igland. 9 7

Hu/l Botanic Garden. — The Annual Meeting of the proprietors of this
Institution was held on May 5., Colonel Althorpe in the chair. The attend-
ance was imusually numerous. The report of the curator stated that,
since the last General Meeting, the following alterations and new work have
been done in the garden : — The flues of the green-house and west stove
have been taken down (being in a decayed state), and built upon a more
improved method, which has been found to answer remarkably well, and
both stoves have been painted. A pit .30 ft. long by 6 ft. wide has been
put up for raising seed, propagating plants, and for other useful purposes.
Eight hundred cast-iron labels have been got for naming the plants in the
herbaceous arrangements ; and on each quarter of the arrangements a quan-
tity of old tanner's bark and soil has been laid, which, with the draining of
the preceding j'ear, have been of the utmost importance to them. The
plants are arranged according to the Linnean system, and the blanks will
be filled up as opportunity and the state of the ground will permit. A
number of resolutions, founded on an alleged increase of debt to a large
amount during the past year, were moved by Mr. Snowden, and led to an
animated discussion ; but they were all rejected, it appearing that there
were no grounds for the allegation. Mr. Snowden also moved some
alterations in the laws, but they were not adopted, except one, which per-
mitted a proprietor or privileged person to have a female attendant with
children, such attendant not to remain after the departure of the principal.
{Hull Advertiser, May 7.)

Birmingliavi Botanical and Horticultural Society. — Birmingham, Oct. 26.
1830. " The general object of this Institution is to encourage horticul-
ture and botany, and, as the first step, to form a garden in which both these
departments may be practically pursued upon an enlarged scale. The
extent, however, to which it can be carried must necessarily depend upon
the support which can be obtained ; and increased funds are still necessary
to make it worthy of so large, populous, and wealthy a district. The
establishment of a garden, however, can ..only be regarded as a preliminary
measure ; and the committee look forward to the time when, by means of
public exhibitions of fruits and plants, and the distribution of prizes, they
may be able to benefit horticulture and botany in a still more efficient
manner. Nor will another important object be overlooked, viz. the edu-
cation of more able and scientific gardeners than are now common. At a
General Meeting of the shareholders, held on the 19th inst., it was, at the
recommendation of the committee, determined that the garden should be
formed at Holly Bank, in the parish of Edgbaston, on lantl at present in
the occupation of Mr. Apsley, as soon as the required number of shares
should be subscribed for. The site thus placed at the option of the Society
is peculiarly favourable to the formation of an establishment of the kind,
as it presents every variety of soil and aspect that can possibly be required j
and, through the liberality of Lord Calthorpe, it can be obtained on advan-
tageous terms. Of the value of an institution like the one proposed it
is unnecessary to say much. Few persons can hesitate to recognise hor-
ticulture and botany as important departments of science, when they
recollect that the greater part of the food of man is of vegetable produc-
tion ; that to the progress already made we are indebted for wheat and
potatoes as common articles of sustenance ; and that from the increased
investigation which botany has excited some. of the most valuable me-
dicines we possess have been discovered."

We are more than commonly gratified at witnessing the establishment of
a horticultural society and garden in the neighbourhood of such a popu-
lous and intelligent town as Birmingham. We understand that the ground
fixed on for the garden is situated at Edgbaston, and consists of 12 acres
of a beautifully Varied surface, with hill, dale, water, peat, loam, every
variety of aspect, and complete shelter from the north by rising ground
Vol. VII. — No. 30. h

98 Domestic Notices : — Englajid.

exterior to the site ; while on front of it, to the south and south-east, is
spread out one of the finest landscapes in the central counties. Lord
Calthorpe has granted a lease of the land for 99 years at 100/. per annum,
which may be considered a moderate rent for land so near a rapidly
increasing town. The curator of this garden was to have been chosen on
January 10.; its honorary secretaries are John Darwall, M.D., and Thomas
Knott, jun. — Cond.

Heating bif hot Water. — The Camellia houses at Messrs. Chandler's
nursery exhibit a beautiful specimen of Mr. Kewley's application of the
siphon principle; as do the indigo and other rooms at St. Katherine's
Docks, and the conservatories at the Colosseum, of the principle of Mr.
Weekes, as applied by Messrs. Walker. In the interior of the Colosseum
Mr. Cottam has exemplified his mode, and he has also just completed the
heating of a small hot-house in our garden ; while Mr. Walker has heated
our of&ce to our no small comfort, in regard to warmth and freedom from
dust, |aud to economj' in the saving of the time consumed in stirring an
open fire, and in the article of fuel. — Cond.

Lavejider Hill Ktirseiy, Wandsworth lioad, X^ov. 24. 1830. — It is my
wish to establish at this nursery a depot for supplying the wants of bota-
nists and collectors of old books in this department, at a moderate expense ;
which are not easily obtained, especially by persons situated at a remote
distance from the metropolis. With this object in view, I am now ready to
receive commissions for the purchase or sale of this description of litera-
ture. — William Pavq^Un, jun. Lavender Hill Kurseri/, Wandsworth Boad,
iVot'. 24. 1830.

Traps for catching Larks. — The fowlers in our neighbourhood have
commenced taking larks with nets and a device glass of simple construction.
The bii'ds are of the kind known as hill or flight larks. A small bridge,
covered with a piece of glass, is by means of a draw-string made to revolve
rapidly on a pivot, the rays of a rising sun falling on the glass. Such is the
strange infatuation of the birds, that, however distant, the}' immediately fly
towards it, and are either taken by clap-nets or shot. (Brighton Herald.)

Pimlico Palace and Gardens. — Sir, I had yesterday (Nov. 10. 1830) an
opportunity of walking through the grounds of the new palace at Pimlico ;
and I will trouble you with a few lines upon the subject, if you can find
room for their insertion. I saw these gardens in 1826, and was struck at the
time with the unhealthiness of the situation, and the tasteless distribution of
the earth excavated in order to form the piece of w ater. The garden-front
of the palace was then new, and brilliant white : what first struck me now
w^as its dark dingy appearance ; and yet, on expressing my regret at this to
my guide, he assured me that it had been cleaned, since its first erection,
twice, if not thrice. The same general appearance of scattered blocks of
stone, scafl'blding, and enclosure poles exists as in 1826 ; a proof that the
building is not nearly finished even exteriorly. The conservatories are open
on the sides and ends ; some richl}' sculptured vases have been placed on
the terrace parapet, but (which, to an architectural e\e, is ver}- oflensive)
they are without pHnths. The faults of the building may be summed up
under two heads : first, as a composition, it does not constitute a whole,
for want of a decidedly central form ; and secondly, that all the details, and
especially the doors and windows, are of vulgar forms and ordinary dimen-
sions. In short, the pile seems a heterogeneous assemblage of portions of
street houses, especially of those in Regent Street, and of the buildings
round the Regent's Park.

The grounds or gardens have a common-place air, from the prevalence
of elm trees all over them. This air, though lessened, is by no means re-
moved by the clumps of rhododendrons and other shrubs which are dis-
tributed in diflerent parts ; though, to do the gardener (Mr. Man) justice,
these clumps are well placed, and exceedingly well managed. The great

Domestic Notices : — England. 99

error of the designer of the garden, whoever he may have been, lies in his
not having directed the planting of trees of various species to gvovf up, and
take place of the elms ; the latter to be cut down as the former became fit
to succeed them. Such trees might have been procured 20 ft. high, of
upwards of 100 suitable sorts, from the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges, at
Hackney ; and I mention this nursery garden, because it is about as much
in the London smoke as the grounds at Pimlico are. But it would appear
that the common stuffing of shrubberies has been thought quite good
enough, both for the Pimlico gardens and the recently planted groups at
St. .James's Park.

In the upper part of the grounds, immediately within the ornamental
archway, is the notorious pond or reservoir, 100 ft. in diameter, and 30 ft.
deep, built of brick laid in cement. This is, perhaps, as useless a work as
ever was planned or executed, since it was intended only for receiving a
portion of the water of the Serpentine River on its way to the new piece
of water near the palace. Had it been necessary to raise the water to a
higher level, or had there been any scarcity of water, there might have been
some excuse for forming a reservoir : as things are, I defy its architect, let
him be who he will, to point out any useful object whatever gained by this
pond. As a proof that I am correct, the pond is now nearly empty ; the
supply to the lake at the palace merely running in by one pipe near the
top, and running out by another pipe near the bottom.

The Roman archway, intended as the royal entrance of a road to which
this reservoir forms an insuperable interruption, is, in my opinion, much
too gorgeous a pile for the taste of the present day. Let this, however, be
considered a matter of opinion. As the arch was erected after the reser-
voir was completed, there must have been some strange neglect somewhere
to have occasioned such an absurdity. On these two works upwards of
20,000/. must have been expended; and it is clear that neither of them is
of the slightest use. — ./. W. L. Nov. 11. 1830.

Jioiii^e Plant and Guaco Plant. — Dr. Hamilton has received a letter
from Mr. D. Fanning, the proprietor of the botanic garden at Caraccas,
including some rare seeds from that country, among which was one, a Con-
volvulus, which furnishes a striking example of the great power of vege-
tation within the tropics, as Mr. Fanning mentions his having trained it
5000 ft. in the space of six months. Some seeds of a most beautiful Cro-
talaria, and a few seetls of the Rivin« tinctoria, or rouge plant, which can-
not fail to come into high rejjute among the fair dames of fashion. It is
believed by the secretary to be a nondescript species ; and he has, there-
fore, given it the provisional name of tinctoria, from its peculiar properties,
as a means of distinguishing it till an opportunity offers of determining it
botanically. It is nuich used as rouge by the ladies of Caraccas, one berry
being sufficient for the service of the toilet at one time. It possesses two
qualities which will strongly reconmiend its use in preference to any of the
rouges commonly employed, that of not injuring the natural complexion,
and that of not being affected or obliterated by perspiration, while its
colour equals that of the finest carmine. From the account given by Mr.
Fanning, we should conceive this fine pigment capable of being usefully
employed in the arts. A few of the seeds have been given to Mr. Pontey.
Dr. Hamilton is promised a supply of twelve bottles of the juice of the
Guaco plant, so celebrated as an antidote to tiie poison of snakes, and an
infallible cure for gout, rheumatism, and a multitude of other distressing
maladies. The abundance of this supply will enable it to be tried upon a
large scale. It may be expected by the first vessel from La Guayra that
touches at Cowes. (^Pli/niouth Juurnal, Sept. IG.)

Seeds of the Palo de Vara, or Milk Tree, and of the Guaco (the Mikania
Guaco Hort. Brit. p. 333.) have recently been sent home by Sir R. K.
Porter to the Misses Porter, the distinguished authoresses, at Esher. These

H 2

1 00 Domestic Notices : — Etigland.

ladies having sent the seeds to us, in order that we miglit present them to
the Horticultural Society, we accordingly did so ; and the following extract
from the letter acknowledging their receipt will show that there is still room
for exertion on the part oF Sir R. K. Porter, Mr. D. Fanning, and others,
on this subject : — "I regret to say that the Palo de Vaca seed is quite
dead ; and that the Chica seeds have been so devoured by insects as not to
be likely to grow. With regard to the Guaco plant, we have it growing in
the garden of the Society, but it has not yet flowered. Would it not be as
well to hint to Sir R. K. Porter that some doubt is entertained in this coun-
try of his Guaco pla'i<-, which is well known to botanists, being really the
famous medicine of the Indians ; and that as it is, at all events, a hot-house
plant in this country, it can scarcely be cultivated extensively for medicinal
purposes ? " Plants of the Mikan/cr Guaco may be seen in the hot-house of
Mr. J. Knight, of the Exotic Nursery, Chelsea. — Cond.

A Cockscomb in this garden measures, from the surface of the earth to
the top of the flower, 8^ in. ; the crest of the flower 26 in. long, and the
breadth 1 1 in. ; very compact and full in ever}' part, and the colour a most
brilliant crimson. — John Harrison. Si/ston Park, Oct, 10. 1829.

Destruction of Auriculas and Tulips. — The admirers of flowers in Bever-
ley and its neighbourhood have been greatly disappointed this year by the
destruction of Mr. Marmaduke Camaby's fine and valuable collection of
auriculas and tulips, some malicious person or persons having impregnated
the earth with a pernicious ingredient, which has destroyed the whole of
his auriculas, consisting of nearly 300, and his tulips have suffered in like
manner. The earth has been analysed by a chemist, but the ingrecUent we
forbear to mention. We are glad to hear that the florists in Hull and its
vicinity have kindly offered him the choice out of their collections, in order
to console him for his loss, and to show their detestation of the act prac-
tised against him. The value of the plants cannot be estimated at less
than 70/. or 80/., and they had occupied him above twenty years in collect-
ing, (Hull Advertiser.)

We differ from the writer of this paragraph as to the propriety of con-
cealing from the public the article (in all probabilit}', common salt) with
which the soil was poisoned : because, in the first place, as a general prin-
ciple, the truth ought never to be concealed ; and, secondly, as a principle
applicable In this case, the actions of man ought to be regulated by a know-
ledge of the good and evil which flow from them (and good thus produced),
and not by the ignorance of that evil, or by the constraints of power. Are
the hearts of gardeners and cultivators naturally so bad, that if it were gene-
rally known that salting soils strongly would destroy all the plants which grow
in them, a great many persons would be found destroying the finest flowers of
their neighbours in this way ? No such thing ! Does not every male or female
servant know how easy it would be to set fire to their master's house, or
to blow it up with gunpowder ? and have they not opportunities of doing
so every day ? Human nature is not naturally bad, but full of human
sympathy, of affection for the species, and of kindness and goodness ; un-
less, indeed, when the natural good qualities are poisoned, like the soil of
Mr. Carnal)y's tulip beds, by bad laws and bad treatment. But admitting
that some minds are tainteil, and that they know not that soils could be
poisoned by common salt, would it not be better to conceal the fact from
these minds? In our opinion, by no means. If the evil-disposed should
poison soils, let them be punished : but do not incur a greater evil, and
hide from the upright man how weeds may be poisoned, and how dangerous
it is to apply an overdose of salt when it is used as a manure. We have
already given our opinion on this subject (Vol. III. p. 42.), and must request
our readers to reperuse what we have there written. — Cond.

Campdnnla Midium. — Walking round the garden to-day, I observed a
rabbit very eagerly devouring plants of the above. Examining further.

Domestic Notices : — Fingland. lOi

I found that the snow had been scratched away from seven clumps of this
plant, and that they all had been eaten down quite close to the ground. — ^
H. Turner. Botanic Garden, BuriJ St. Kdmuncrs, Dec.2o. 1830.

The above remark pleases us much, because it reminds us of the lines
by Pope, in his Esmi/ on Man : —

" Go, from the creatures thy instructions take :
Iiearn from the birds what food the thickets yield 5
Learn from the beasts the physic of the field," &c.

This act of the rabbit is precisely tantamount to the conclusion to which
man has arrived after years of scientific application. Lindley, in his In-
troduction to the Natural System, says of the natural order Campanulaceae,
" The milky juice of these plants is rather acrid ; but nevertheless the roots
and young siioots of some species, particularly of Campanula 72apimculus,
or Rampion, of Phyteuma spicata, of Canarina Campanula, &c., are occa-
sional articles of food."

" Say, where sure instinct is the unerring guide,
What pope or council can they need beside ? "

Pojje's Essay on Man. — J.D

T]ie Bamboo is to be found in different gardens in Jersey from 8 to 12 ft.
high; for example, in Saunders's nursery. — R. Sept. 22. 1830.

liemarlcable Pears. — Your correspondent, Mr. B. Saunders of the
Island of Jersey, informs me, in a letter dated Sept. 6. 1830, that he has.
been on a tour through some parts of France, and has met with a pear
weighing 4 lbs., and another without either core or seed. — S. Sept. 1830.
A Sweet Chestnut of a very superior sort, well deserving the attention of
nurser3men as a source of scions for grafting, stands in the garden of
Capt. Clemens in the parish of St. Peter's, Jersey. Mr. Donald of the
Goldworth nursery, and Mr. Roy of Aberdeen new nursery, expect to
have plants for sale in the autumn of 1831. — B. Sept. 22. 1830.

The Kassaba Melon. — Su", I enclose some seeds of the Kassaba melon,
which is deservedly esteemed as one of the finest among the fine ones cul-
tivated on the coasts of islands of the Levant. The seed was originally
introduced by our generous-hearted and public-spirited Commissioner Ross
of the dock-yard liere, who brought it with him from Malta, and gave me
a few grains last spring, some of which I gave to our late county member,
Mr. Bastard of Withy, the munificent founder of our Horticultural So-
ciety here, and a gentleman who does more substantial good without noise,
than those who suffer their benevolence to evaporate in fine speeches
which mean nothing. The Kassaba melon, a fruit of which Mr. Bastard
kindly sent me as a specimen and for the sake of the seed, is of a large
size, resembling the form of the Cucvu-bita lagenaria, of a bright yellow when
ripe, very succulent, almost indeed equalling the Cucurbita Citrullus, of a
fine flavour, and must be highly grateful in warm countries. I know not
whether it has ever been cultivated in this country before : it certainly
differs from the fruit of any of those described in the last edition of the
Hortus Kewcnsis. It appears either a hybrid or a connecting link between
Cucurbita and Cucumis, both from the appearance of its fruit, and a manifest
tendencv exhibited in some of its seeds to a margin round the edge. —
W. Hamilton. 15. Oxford Place, Phjinouth, August 28. 1830.

An excellent Variety of Cucumber is grown in the forcing-houses at Syon.
The fruit is long, perfectly smooth, and the leaves extremely large (18 in.
across) : they are grown in boxes placed over the back flue of the pine-
pits, and the shoots trained imder the glass over the path. Mr. Forrest
has gathered fruit dail}- since October last, and will continue to do so, if he
chooses, all the year round. — Cond. Jan. 5. 1831.

Large Pumpkin. — Sii', Since the commencement of your excellent
work, the Gardener's Magazine, you have favoured your readers with

H 3

102 Domestic Notices : — Scotland.

several accounts of large pumpkins, but you have recorded none equal in
size to one I grew in the garden here in the summer of 1826. Therefore I
beg to solicit the favour of your goodness, that you will be pleased to give
the particulars of mine a place in your pages. It measured in circum-
ference 9 ft. 3 in,, and weighed 245 lbs. This pumpkin was considered by
every person who saw it to be the largest ever grown in this country.
But if we are wrong in our opinions, I hope some of your numerous
readers will correct us. I remain, Sir, &c. — Richard Saunders, Gardener
to C. Hoare, Esq. Liiscombe, near Exeter, Nov. 9. 18.30.

I send you a large ^^ushroom, with a small one adhering to the summit
of its cap, from the mushroom-bed of Mr. Greenwood at Brompton. The
curiosity is not uncommon, and is easily accounted for by supposing the
mushrooms growing close together on an irregular surface, or pushed out
irregularly from irregular surfaces. — J.Morrison. Bromnton, Nov, 16.
1830.

SCOTLAND.

Neiv or rare Plants tvhich have flowered in the Neighbourhood of Edin-
burgh. — Calceolaria bicolor. An extremely pretty addition to our culti-
vated species (now fifteen in all, exclusive of the hybrids, and of the
narrow-leaved variety of C. integrifolia), resembling in colour the pleasing
subdued tint of C. scabiosEe folia. — Commelina formosa. Green-house. —
Gentidna ca;spit6sa. Open border. — i/ibiscus divaricatus. A handsome
species from New Holland. — Lodsa hispida. From the valley of Lima, by
Mr. Cruickshanks. Green-house. July. — Palav/a rhombifolia. A bor-
der annual ; pretty. — /Rhododendron lapponicum. The exertions of Mr.
Cunningham, of the Comely Bank nursery, have been rewarded by having
first in Britain brought into flower Andromeda //ypnoides and 7?hododen-
dron lapponicum. They are still under the same hand-glass in the nursery
at Comely Bank, near Edinburgh. This plant, as well as the other, was
brought from Canada by Mr. Blair in 182j. It flowered in July. (Prof.
Graham in Jamieson's Jour., Oct. 1830.)

Iberis iimbcUdta. — I had this season some beautiful specimens of /bcris
umbellata (dark variety) : one plant 3^ ft. high ; others, though not quite
so tall, full 6 ft. in circumference. The seed was sown the previous season (as
directed by one of youi* German correspondents), the plants taken up and
potted about the end of October, kept in a frame during winter, and turned
out into the border in the spring. They should be planted out in some
sheltered place, or some precaution should be taken for their support, as
their long branches are very liable to be broken away by the wind, at the
junction with the centre stem. The method I took to support them was
to take two long thin pieces of mat string and plait them, including the
outside branches at about half their height, at regular distances, between
the strings ; and when this was carried round the plant and attached to
three or four short sticks stuck in the ground, I found it answer verj' well,
and it was free from that stiffness generally observable in plants tied up.
I find that the larger the plants are when potted, the larger in proportion
they become the following year. — - A. W. Crosslec Cottage, near Glasgow,
Oct. 25. 1830.

Listera. corddta. — On searching for some plants of the Listerfls cordata
lately I entered a plantation on the estate of Lord Willoughby, parisli of
Cargill, Perthshire, composed of Scots pine, where I found it occupy several
acres, and the plants standing close. On passing into another plantation,
at some distance, where strips of Scots pine and larch stood alternately, I
found the plant abound amongst the Scots pine, but uniformly disappear
amongst the larch. I found it grow most luxuriantly amongst the half-
decomposed pine leaves and smaller branches, the roots running amongst
them a very short way under the surface, from which I conclude that, in
cultivating this plant, a soil from the surface of a Scots pine plantation

Domestic Notices : — Scotland. 103

should be adopted, a soil which nature seems to point out as most congenial
to its growth. — John Young. Kinnoul Nursery, July 1. 1830.

Huge Rose-bush. — Mr. Ramsa\", gardener, Chancelot, has a gigantic
rose-bush in his garden, which excites the admiration of all visitors. It is
nearly 10 ft. in height, and measures fully 30 ft. in circumference. Mr.
Ramsay has it very tastefully dressed and trained ; and it is considered by
horticulturists not only the largest, but among the handsomest rose-
bushes in the kingdom. (Scotsman, June r2-l.)

J\'ew Plcin of sticking Peas. — Procure a number of slim poles, about
5 ft. long (the tops of larch firs, if they can be found), and drive them into
the ground at the distance of three or four yards. Pass a small line along
the poles, taking a turn on each, within three inches of the ground ; raise
the next turn three inches, and so on in succession, till you have attained
the common height to which the peas rise. The tendrils of the peas seize
and twist round these lines, and they are supported in a more attractive
and a more profitable manner than they are by the coaunon stakes. When
spread regularly along the lines, they have a fine circulation of air, more
advantage from sunshine, and pods can be pulled at all times without toss-
ing and injuring the strav/ ; and as the sparrows have no twigs to alight on,
the portion of the crop which they destroy and devour is saved. This
mode is so cheap, simple, and possesses so many advantages, that it is
likely to be soon generally adopted. (Scotsman.^

Naming Roads, Lanes, and' Villages. — Robertson, in his Rural Recollec-
tions, mentions that such is the spirit of mischief inherent among idle bo3's
in Scotland, that they not only mar and deface guide-posts, but even mile-
stones. This was written in 1829 ! What a shame for a people who call
themselves a nation of gentlemen ! ! Gentlemen, indeed ! — The time is not
far distant when there will not be a lane, a foot-path, or a village, which
will not have its name placed and kept up by the public authorities, as the
names of streets now are in London. — Cond.

Bell's Reaping Machine. — Sir, We have some time ago finished our
third campaign with the reaping machine. This season, like the former,
the elements have been against us. Lodged and broken-down crops,
together with fields completely saturated with rain, are what we have had
this year to contend with ; and these are obstacles which, of all others,
are the most to be dreaded in the successful application of a reaping-
machine. Notwithstanding these difficulties, however, it gives me pleasure
to be able to give 3 ou a favourable account of our operations ; at least as
favourable a one as could have been expected, all things considered. As
far as I know, there were altogether twelve or thirteen machines constructed
this past season, all of which worked more or less ; though, as by far the
greater number were only newly constructed, their proprietors very wisely
did not entirely depend upon them, but had the usual number of hands
for their harvest work, only trying the machines by way of experiment, to
ascertain their powers, so as to enable them to form their plans for next year's
proceedings. Of course little good was obtained by their use under such
circumstances ; but, as far as I know, the farmers were satisfied that in a
future season they would be able to use them with advantage.

My attention was of course principally directed to what took place in
this immediate neighbourhood ; and, to give you an accurate idea of the
practical operation of the machines, I shall state particularly the manner
in which my father's and brother's machines wrought this season. 1 believe
I have mentioned to you in some of my former letters that my father's
farm is very small ; in fact, it is too small for a reaping-machine. This
year he had only twenty-five acres under crop ; twenty-four of which were
cut by the machine in forty-seven hours and a half This, you will observe,
was the actual time that the machine was working, though we never had
occasion to work longer in one day than five or six hours ; that is, as near

H 4

104f Domestic Notices : — Ireland.

as may be, half an acre in the hour. My brother had 60 acres under crop;

ten of which were cut before he got his machine, and ten were in a field

newly brought under the plough, and, of course, could not be cut jjy a

machine. The other forty he cut by the machine in It'i hours ; that is, a

little more than half an acre in the hour. The crops cut, both on my father's

and brother's farms, were wheat, oats, and barley ; and they were mostly

cut by the machine working in one direction. Both machines, however,

cut partly both ways, when the corn and wind would answer; when cutting

both ways, about an acre in the hour was always cut. When the machine

was working in one direction, seven or eight people were necessary to

collect, bind, and stook : when it was working both ways, of course nearly

double that number were required. We find, by experience, that the

machine will cut both ways when the corn is standing upright, or nearly

so ; and also when it is laid nearly parallel to the furrows, or when it is

completely broken down, so that one could not say which way it is laid.

The machine works to great advantage amongst the latter description of

corn ; as it is difficult to cut it well in the common way, and the machine

actually evens it during the process, so that it is evener laid down in the

bout than it stands in the field. I have not yet had an opportunity of

seeing the machine operate amongst beans ; and though it would not cut

peas at all, I am of opinion that amongst clean beans it would work to

great advantage. Besides the machines that I have mentioned, there are

a considerable number more on the stocks, since harvest, in various parts

of the country. Two are going to Van Diemen's Land, and will be finished

about the beginning of the new year. One of them is to work with two

horses, and one with only one horse. Wheat in this quarter is bad ; barley

indifferent ; oats good. Potatoes an average crop ; turnips indifferent ;

and great deal less wheat sown than usually ; no cure for the fly amongst

us. Yours, &c. — Patrick Bell. Mid Lioch by Dundee, Nov. 1 1. 1830.

IVilkie^s Banking Ploughs. — We send a great many ploughs every ship-
ping season to Jamaica ; some time ago twenty-seven for one house. These
ploughs are made much stronger than any used in Britain, because they
are to be drawn by twelve or fourteen cattle. They have generallj' one or
two wheels placed under the point of the beam. To give greater strength
to the beam, without adding to the weight, we sometmies weld it up with
steel. These ploughs are called in Jamaica banking ploughs. — James
Wilkie. Uddingston, near Glasgow, Se^it. 25. 1829.

IRELAND.

Practical Horticultural Societi/ for Ireland. — " The objects of thisSociety
are: — The formation of a library, to consist of the most approved works
on the subject of horticulture; the establishment of an experimental
garden in the vicinity of the metropolis, as a school for the education of
gardeners, and to afford employment to gardeners of good character out of
situation ; to collect, embody, and diffuse information tending to elucidate
horticultural science ; to award premiums, and other marks of distinction,
thereby to excite emulation amongst gardeners ; and to endeavour to
advance horticulture, in this country, to the rank to which it is entitled
amongst the sciences of an enlightened nation.

" Rules of this Societi/. 1. That noblemen, gentlemen, and ladies sub-
scribing 1/. annually shall be members, or subscribing 10/. within one year,
shall be members for life. 2. That nurserymen, seedsmen, and gardeners,
regularly admitted, subscribing 10s. annually, shall be members; and sub-
scribing 51., within one year, shall be members for life. 8. That a president,
vice-president, and secretary, together with a connnittee consisting of fif-
teen members, shall be chosen annually, by ballot, to conduct the business
of the Society; seven of the committee to constitute a quorum. 4. An
annual meeting of the Society shall be held in Dublin in the month of
April, when a report of the committee and statement of the accounts.

Domestic Notices : — Ireland. lOo

verified by three auditors, shall be presented. 5. That no operative be
admitted a member of this Society, except such as shall have been pro-
posed by one member of the committee and seconded by another 5 and
that no person whose character can be impeached with immorality or
intemperance can on any account be admitted a member; and if any
member should be found guilty of any such offence, he shall for the first
offence incur the censure of the Society, and upon repetition of the same
shall be expelled, forfeiting all subscriptions or donations which may have
been paid by him up to the period of expulsion. G. That gardeners, pre-
viously to becoming members of this Society, must have been occupied at
least five years at their profession. 7. That journeymen gardeners, pre-
viously to becoming members, must have been employed at least five years
in some noted garden or gardens. 8. Tradesmen of other denominations
may be admitted memliers of this Societ}', on paying the same amount of
subscription or donation as paid by ganleners, and shall be entitled to
exhibit plants, flowers, fruits, &c., for which they shall receive premiums in
every respect as if the same belonged to gardeners. 9. Length of service
is meritorious : and a premium shall be awarded to every gardener who
shall henceforth have served five years in one and the same situation.
10. That the committee be competent to make such rules and regulations
connected with the business of the Society as shall be deemed necessary,
the same to remain in force until rejected by a general meeting of the
Society. 11. Any member calling in question the judgment of those
appointed to award premiums, or attempting to evade any of the rules of
the Society, shall pay a fine to the amount of his annual subscription, or
be expelled the Society, as a majority of the committee shall decide.
12. All drafts for payment shall be signed by the chairman and three
members of the committee. 13. That the secretary shall not, at any
one time, retain more on hands than 10/. of the funds, for discharging the
current expenses of the Society, ll. That the funds be lodged in the
bank of Messrs. Latouche and Company.

" That the science of horticulture has, since the commencement of the
present century, been advancing with imprecedented strides towards per-
fection, as well in England and Scotland as on the Continents of Europe
and America, whilst that in Ireland, during the same period, it has been
merely stationary, if not retrograding, is a truth not less certain than
humiliating to gardeners and the amateurs of gardening in this country.
Much, doubtless, might be ofl^ered in extenuation of this apparent apathj'.
The absence from the country of those whose affluence might put the
higher departments of the profession in requisition, and, consequent on this,
the paucity of gardens where all the branches of gardening are practised,
and where alone gardeners could be properly educated ; the limited in-
fluence, followed by the total failure of the Horticultural Societj', esta-
blished in this city in the year 1816, from which the aristocracy of the
country ever stood aloof; in a word, the total want of encouragement,
and of an experimental garden, such as, with the assistance of those in-
terested in the advancement of horticultural science, we hope to establish,
with various other causes, have conspiretl to render a country, which for its
climate and soil has been evidently intended by nature to exhibit the per-
fection of horticulture, a blank in the history of the science. On tiie utility
of horticultural societies, judiciously conducted, there is not any diversity
of opinion; and with the proceedings of those that have long flourished to
guide us, and of those that have failed and are failing to warn us, we con-
fidently hope to be enabled to follow the one and to avoid the other. It
being of the first importance that the experimental garden should be esta-
blished with as little delay as possible, and the fumls at present in the
hands of the treasurers not being adequate to that purpose, all persons
wishing to become members will have the goodness inunediately to signify
such their intention to the secretary. All communications on the busmess

106 Domestic Notices ; — Ireland.

of the Society to be addressed by letter, free of postage, to John Lindsay
Richardson, Esq., Secretary, 27. Upper Rutland Street, by whom donations
of books for the library, and plants for the experimental garden, will be
thankfully received."

By a letter from the secretary dated Sept. 15. we are informed that the
Society dates its existence from the 17th of March last; and that its
members at the time of writing amounted to nearly two hunch'ed, including
" some of the most intelligent practical gardeners in Ireland," most of them
" reading men." We augur much good from a society so constituted, and
most sincerely wish it every success. We are not surprised to learn that
the aristocracy of Ireland " stood aloof" from the Horticultural Society
established in 1816. An aristocracy, to patronise a horticultural society,
must be resident ; but that of Ireland may for the greater part be described
as a foreign aristocracy, being of a tlifferent blood, a different religion, and
residing in a different country. But the times, we trust, are gone by for
trusting to the aristocracy of any country. The people is now the word ;
and we are glad to see tlie rules of this Society such as to admit of
enrolling among its members practical gardeners of every description, resi-
dent cultivators of their own soil, and every tradesman and mechanic who
has a garden. These m.en constitute the strength of a country ; and it is
gratifying to reflect on the increase that will be made to their enjoyments,
and especially to their love of home, by an improved knowledge of plants,
and of their culture and cookery. — Cond.

Belfast Horticultural Soc'u'ty, Sept. 2. — Some splendid georginas were
exhibited, and excited general admiration. Indeed, we never saw so many
good flowers brought together. Considering the season, we did not expect
good fruit ; in this we were very agreeably disappointed. Some good pines,
melons, grapes, &c., were exhibited and much admired. Among the pUmts
we particularly noticed a very fine Fiichs/rt gracilis, sent by Mrs. Batt,
Purdy's Burn, and a splendid Yi'tcca gloriosa, in flower, from Mr. Lindsay's
nursery. The judges of flowers were, the Marchioness of Donegall,
Mrs. May, and Mrs. Rowan, Merville. The judges of fruit, vegetables, &c.,
were, the Marquess of Donegall, John Agnew, Esq., William Sinclair,
Mr. Farrell, and Mr. Scott.

Pines: 1. Mr. Milliken, Belvoir; 2. Mr. Walker, Purdy's Burn. Me-
lons: 1. Mr. Dickson, Rosemount; 2. Mr. M'Donald, Hollywood House.
Purple Grapes : 1. Mr. Walker; 2. Mr. Stewart, Mountstewart. White
Grapes: 1. Mr. Walker: 2. Mr. Stewart. Peaches: 1. Mr. Cummins,
Hillsborough ; 2. Mr. Cummins. Nectarines : 1 . Mr. Stewart ; 2. Mr.
Cummins. Apricots, Mr. Anderson, Lurgan House. Plums, purple,
Mr. Downie, Fisherwick Lodge ; green, Mr. Walker. Pears, Mr. Cum-
mins. Apples, Mr. Cummins. Gooseberries, red. Mi*. Anderson ; green,
Mr. Scott, Ormeau. Currants, white, Mr. Cummins; red, Mr. Scott.
Celery, Mr. Anderson. Beet, Mr. Johnston, Springfield. Onions, Mr. Dick-
son. Cauliflower, Mr. Anderson. Best Georgina, Mr. Scott. Best 3
Georginas, John Montgomery, Esq. Best 6 Georginas, Mr. Anderson,
Lurgan. Best bouquet of Georginas, Mr. M'CuUough, Comber. Six single
Georginas, Mr. A. Dixon. Best bouquet of Roses, Mr. Walker.

Several gentlemen are on the list for admission : among these we noticed
the member for Arniagh, Charles Brownlow, Esq., who, the instant he
heard of such a society being established, requested to be admitted a
member. To the committee we beg to throw out a hint. One of the most
useful. objects sucii a society should have in view is tree-planting; and we
would particularly impress the necessity of giving a medal or premium to
the member who shall have planted the greatest number of trees within a
given time. To landed proprietors, numberless spots on estates, which it
is unpossible to crop or cultivate, would, if carefully planted, produce in a
few years valuable timber; add to this, the improved appearance the face
of the country would exhibit. (^Belfast Neius-Letter, Sept. 7.)

Domestic Notices : — Ireland. 107

Hort'icuUiiral Societies in Ireland. — Sir, Viewing with gratitude your
anxious endeavoiu's to improve the condition of gardeners, as well as to
advance or promote the science of horticulture, and as in no part of the
globe are both these objects so much neglected as in Ireland, a few ob-
servations to your Irish readers will not be uninteresting, particularly if
accompanied by your opinion on two societies here in existence, both of
which pretend to embrace the above objects in some measure.

One of these societies is termed the Horticultural Society of Ireland,
and the other the Practical Horticultural Society for Ireland. The former
had been established in the year 1816, on good principles, but, like most
societies in this coimtry soon became a job ; and never was jobbing, in
Ireland or any other country, carried on so shamefully, which can be well
understood from their never having published in a satisfactory manner their
proceedings. From 1820 to 1830 its members, ordinary (which consisted
of gardeners) as well as honorary (which consisted of amateurs), dropped
oft" by degrees, and at the commencement of the last-mentioned period
(1830) not more than from twenty-five to thirty members were found
firmly attached to it : nor woukl that number, if each did not consider he
had sufficient influence, independently of his merit, to obtain in turn a
portion of the petty prizes awarded at each exhibition ; which could in-
deed be but trifling, having scarcely any funds to support them, save what
they could collect on days of exhibition from visitors. It was up to April
last conducted by a committee of gardeners, who acted in that capacity
from the commencement, without a single change, except in case of a mor-
tality, or that one of them left his situation and had gone to a remote part
of the country; althougli it was intended at the formation of the Society,
and published in their prospectus, that the committee should be annually
elected.

In April last, from their poverty, together with the repeated attacks of
the new Society, then becoming formidable, the connnittee feeling unable
to bear up against both, and to guard as it were against the latter, gave the
full management of the Society into the hands of a few self-styled ama-
teurs that then belonged to the Society: who no sooner got such pre-
rogative than they ousted the gardeners totally, allowing them no part in
the proceetlings but to exhibit their productions for prizes as usual. They
elected a secretary, to be paid some trifling salary, who could not conduct
the business of the Society without the aid of gardeners, but when this was
understood by the then committee (whose objects were to keep the gar-
deners in the dark) they immediately discharged him, determined that they
would act as such themselves, one or other in turn. The further object
in view by these gentlemen of the committee was, that in a little time each
would act as his own gardener ; and, with the exception of one or two,
none of them paid a gardener more wages than eight or ten shillings a
week, with potatoes and buttermilk, and a trifle of coals, half a ton or so;
and, if an unfortunate Scotchman (as unfortunate, indeed, he would be)
happened to meet with one of them, he might get half-a-guinea a week, with
a little oatmeal.

Now, Sir, you will not be surprised to hear that most of these horti-
cultural planets are members of the Dublin Society, and some of them on
the committee of botany there. They have not attached to their com-
mittee a man of science or intelligence in point of horticultural knowledge.
They, indeed, use the name of James Townsend Mackay, Esq., who, as a
man of candour, of the first-rate and most enlightened abilities, and of
a judgment superior to most men of the present age, must abhor their
intended proceedings as much as any man, whether English, Scotch, or
Irish.

The other, or Practical Horticultural Society, as it is termed, I am not
so much acquainted with, being in existence only since March last. It is
composed of the gardeners who from time to time fell off from the other

10& Hints for Imprbvemmts,

Society, together with, I believe, the most intelligent young garclenel's,»1ot
only in the vicinity of the metropolis, but, generally speaking, throughout the
kingdom ; where it is intended that branch establishments shall be formed.
. The V say they have a library, containing all the useful works now published in
the United Kingdom on horticulture and agriculture. They propose having
exhibitions three or four times a year ; to create emulation among the
members ; and on the day succeeding each exhibition to have a flower fair
held in the same place, for the advantage of such nurserymen as belong to
the Society, and to allow therebj' a means of purchasing to amateurs. They
intend taking a piece of ground, to employ thereon respectable gardeners
whilst out of situation, together with superannuated gardeners that sup-
ported good characters. They intend cultivating the most profitable
A^egetables for market, and to collect the best kinds of fruit-trees, to enable
nurserymen and their members in general to have their stocks genuine ;
but how far they can be relied on we can only guess hereafter. However,
this much I say, I will have an eye on them as well as their neighbours ;
and as soon as the scent of a job appears, though stifled with all the flowers
of sophistr}', as well as decorated with all their garden productions, I
shall extract it, and send it all soldered in a tin case to you, promising that
it shall not lose in flavour, though under the influence of another atmo-
sphere. As nothing can be so great a check on public men as public
opinion, and as nowhere is that more candidly expressed than in jour
valuable Magazine (which is read, of course, by the members of those So-
cieties), by giving a place to the above you will much oblige most gardeners
in L'eland, as well as your humble servant. — An Observer of Irisli Jobbing.
Dublin, Aug. 1830.

Remarkable Additions to the Irish Flora, — I lately made a short tour to
the wild district of Cnnnamara, on the western coast, where, besides pro-
curing plants of Eriocaulon septanguliire, Rhynchospora fiisca, Cladium
gerraanicum, and some other rare plants, I discovered ^rica mediterranea
growing abundantly in a bog, which I consider an important addition to
our Irish flora. — J. T. Mackay. 5. Cottage Terrace, Dublin, Nov. 13. 1830.

A large Cucumber. — I observe that you have given some accounts of
large cucumbers; let me give you the dimensions of one I grew last summer.
Length of the fruit, 26 in. ; circumference, 12 in, ; size of the leaf across the
bottom, near the insertion of the leaf on its footstalk, 161 in.; across, far-
ther up the middle, 17^ in.:; from the tip of the leaf to the extreme verge
of either lower lobe, 18 in. — J. Files. Palace Gardens, Armagh, Jan. 5,
1831.

Art. IV. Hints for Improvements,

Domestic Economy of the Middling Classes. — Sir, You would materially
benefit an extensive class of the community, if you would suggest to
your correspondents to do for them what you have recently done for the
cottager. There are thousands of individuals living upon very limited in-
comes, who are driven to foreign countries to seek a cheaper subsistence
than that which their own seems to afifortl them. They would be greatly
assisted if a page of the Gardener's Magazine were devoted to an enquiry
into the comparative cheapness of some of the counties in England and
Wales. I do not know of any work wiiich furnishes this information; and
a small one, in a cheap form, is much to be desired,

I would suggest an enquiry, and a brief return, from different parts of the
country, of the comparative expenses of different departments of housekeep-
ing, such as rent, wages, coals, provisions of every kind, &c. ; thus furnishing
to a most respectable class of persons the means of ascertaining where

Hints for Improvements. X09-

they might find a refuge and a residence, without resorting to an unnatural
banishment from their native land. How many hundred families are sub-
sisting with difficulty upon incomes var3'ing from 150/. to 300/. or 400/. per
annum, who would be thankful for such information to guide them ! The
boasted cheapness of the West of England is exaggerated. Provisions are
there both dear and bad. Hoping that yon will not reject this request,
I remain, &c. — P. C. H. Seven Oaks, Sept. 9. 18.30.

If P. C. H. will send us his desiderata for a residence, we have little
doubt some of our readers will be able to point out the most suitable dis-
trict in England for supplying them. — Cond.

Telegrnphic Commuiiicafions as to comiim Weather. — Sir, It has often
occurred to me that a great proportion of the severe storms which visit
our island proceed from south to north. I do not mean that they travel
in that regular and gradual manner in which a cockney finds himself
conveyed from London to some of the moors by North Killicrankie, in
a stage-coach, to shoot grouse, about the 12th day of August; but rather
flitting across the island in regular starts, taking in about one degree of
latitude, or thereabout, at every reflux, and occupying about two days for
every wave or pulsation. Assuming this theory to be correct, from eight
to ten days will elapse before the horticulturists in Perthshire will be
visited with the storm which may have plajed its part at Bayswater : and
should this theory, b}' regular communications from some of your numerous
correspondents in different parts of the island, be found entitled to rank as
a well established fact, intelligence could be easily conveyed by mail or
telegraph from Paris to Bayonne, London, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, and In-
verness, &c., with sufficient celerity to enable every gardener and fiirmer to
provide against the effects of the coming storm. There is a beautiful re-
gularity in all nature's works ; nor do I think the progress of storms forms
an exception. I am aware that correct and regular observations requii'e to
be made and recorded for some time from different parts of the country :
few have the same influence, and perhaps fewer still the same inclination,
as yourself to promote investigations of this nature, and if you could
prevail upon some one or other of your correspondents in the South of
England to register and communicate regularly, for every Number of your
Gardener's Magazine, the commencement, intenseness, and duration of
storms of snow, hail, thunder, direction of the wind, fall of rain, tem-
perature, &c., I should, if you wish it, most cheerfully contribute remarks
of that nature from this quarter ; and my friend Mr. Gorrie will, I doubt
not, cooperate from Perthshire. This would be a beginning ; and, if the
coincidences recorded shall be such as I anticipate, I doubt not others will
contribute towards settling the question. Sir, yours. Sec. — John Machray.
Hawick Garden bi/ Alnwick, Northumberland, Aug. 25. 1830.

A Benefit Soeieti/ for Gardeners. — Some of your readers may say that
we have enough of benefit societies already : I agree with them ; but, in
my opinion, we have none suitable for the class of men I speak of, viz.
gardeners. Gardeners are seldom fixed in one situation for many years :
of what use, then, is it for a gardener to enter into a benefit society in
the country ? Perhaps in a few years he might be two hundred miles from
it ; he will then either relinquish the society, or get some friend to pay the
subscription for him ; either of these methods is attended with inconve-
nience : but if a society for gardeners were established in London, as the
centre, a gardener in the country would then have many opportunities of
remitting his subscription, either by the family going there, friends, or
nurserymen. I think it would also meet with support from many of the
gardeners in and near London ; I trust the nurserymen also, or at least
many of them, would become honorary members, and perhaps you. Sir,
would subscribe your mite. In yoiu' Encyclojjcedia of Gardeni?ig you have
given some very excellent advice to gardeners, which might be applied

110 Hints for Improvements.

with profit to persons in other branches ; but, alas ! how few of us will see
the necessity (till too late) of profiting by the advice held out to us,
till sickness and poverty, and a train of other evils, come on, to render any
designs we might then form of no use whatever ! But, to return to my
subject, the forming of such a society, I think, would be productive of
general good to gardeners; as to the articles, mode of subscription, the sum
to be subscribed, &c., I shall leave those to some of your correspondents
more capable of the task than myself; I am only sorry I cannot do justice
to the case of a very deserving class of men. I further add, that I am
quite disinterested, net being a gardener but an humble tradesman; and
as such I subscribe myself your obedient servant, — J. Y. Wallerton, near
Arundel, Sept. 17. 1830.

Cultivation of Alosses in Town Gardens. — If I understand you right,
you wish to give a living vegetable covering to the surface of your borders
and groups of shrubs ; if such be your object, will you allow me to send
you some few species of mosses, which I think will live well even in the
smoke of London, and form under the shade of trees and shrubs a rich
carpeting, which, in some cases, should probably not be removed even in
summer. Many species of mosses are certainly capable of cultivation :
and as they never grow into confusion, like the grasses, or like coverings
of dwarf annuals ; and as weeds do not appear to come up amongst
them, at least so as to require much trouble to eradicate ; I think very
pretty borders might be made of them, particularly in small gardens.
The choicer alpine plants, bulbs that do not stand our winters, and many
of the North American herbaceous plants, particularly those of Canada,
&c., might be preserved under such a covering, and have a good effect, as
they come up in succession. Some of the mosses which I have found to
succeed in cultivation are as under : —

Polytrichum undulatum. Dfcranum glaucum.

hercynicum, flexuosum.

^"uniperinum. scoparium.

counnune. ^ypnum, many species.

Grimmi« pulvinata. ^rjum, many species.
Weissia controversa.

Most of these I will send you for a trial. I have made three attempts at
forming a selection of these interesting but neglected plants in a cultivated
state ; but the changes to which gardeners are so liable has almost sickened
me from making a fourth. However, if I remain long in the same way of
thinking that I am in at this moment, I may have a few of them to show

you the next time you favour me with a visit at C . Ver}' truly yours, —

CM. Nov. 17. 1830.

Mr. li. L. Howes of Middleton never communicated his method of
managing cockscombs, as he offered to do. (Vol. IV. p. 352.) He would
confer a favour by so doing. — JVni. Stowe. Buckingham, JMay 31. 1830.

Fruit Trees on Walls and in Hedges. — If all the walls of a good aspect
were covered with fruit trees, the benefit would be great and the cost
small. (^Ed. Kcv., Sept. 1828.) A German writer suggests the iilea of having
all hedges of fruit shrubs, and all hedge-row trees fruit trees ; and a gar-
dener in the Caledonian Horticultural Societies Memoirs recommends
cultivating flax in flower-borders, and afterwards preparing it for spinning,
as another has recommended growing the sunflower for its seeds to be
crushed for oil. — Cond.

Experimental Farm. — Nothing surprises me more than the want of an
experimental farm in England. It seems to me passing strange that this
question, so important to the agricultural interest, and fraught with such
vast advantages to our native weal, should not have been discovered long

Lists of hardy Fruit Trees aiid Shrubs. 1 1 1

ago by some of our highly respectable agrarian societies, the Bath acln
West of England Agricultural Society, or the Highland Society of Scot-
land, for instance. We have our experimental gardens for the advance-
ment of horticultural science ; but what is this compared with agri-
culture in a national point of view ? Dust in the balance. The expe-
rimental farm at Padua is a most interesting spot, and many curious
and important facts have emanated thence. Not long ago I had much
pleasing conversation with that veteran agriculturist Sir Joiin Sinclair;
and this question I particularly urged: but he does not now take an
active part in the business of the Highland Society ; and my principal
object was the result of some experiments I had made with the Phormium
tenax, and the cultivation of the ZJipsacus fullonum, or fullers' teasel. — ■
J. jS'Iurray. Carmarthen, April 2. 1830.

If experimental farms were, in their nature, good for much, we suspect
it would not be a question of doubt at this time of day. We should
like to be made acquainted, by our much esteemed correspondent, with
some of the useful facts which have emanated from the experimental
farm at Padua, or intleed from any other farm in any other country. How-
ever, by all means let us have an experimental farm : the rich may spend
their means at least as well in that way as in any other. — Cond.

Exlnbit'ions of Foreign and Dovieatic Animals. — Sir, As the public much
approves of exhibitions of animals, would it be a useless plan for some
of our agricultural societies to adopt an established show of foreign do-
mestic animals suited to each county ? For example : Yorkshire to adopt
the horse; Cornwall the ass, as it sends mules to the West Indies; the
coal districts the same animal, as great numbers are employed by the retail
dealers ; Herefordshire, horned cattle ; Wiltshire, the sheep ; Wales, the
goat, an animal frequently taken to sea for the sake of its milk, and kept
in stable yards for the benefit horses receive from the smell of them;
Berkshire and Hampshire, swine. It was by the introduction of foreign
horses that we were enabled to boast of the superior excellence of ours ;
and, no doubt, inattention to the original stock will diminish their value. —
J. M. June, 1830.

Art. V. Lists of the finest Varieties of Ilardif Fruit Trees and
Shrubs recommended for Cidtivation in a select Garden, in the
Midland or Southern Counties of England. Copied from the
third and concluding Volume of the Pomological Magazine.

Of these Lists it is observed by the editor of the Pomological Magazhie
(Pref, p. v.), that, being " only formed for select gardens," "all doubtful or
second-hand varieties are excluded. It will be found that a great many
common varieties are also omitted : this has always been done advisedly,
and because newly raised kinds ought to displace them. For instance
among cherries, not a single " Heart " is quoted, because the Elton of Mr.
Knight is much superior to them all. It is possible that persons in trade
may say that varieties have been introduced which are inferior to others
n)ore commonly cultivated for sale, and even that many are not to be pro-
cured. To enter into separate arguments upon all such questions would
be equally useless and unsatisfactory. In making the selection, no other
object has been had in view than the public service ; it is founded upon the
experience, not only of the editor, but of the most competent judges of
fruit in this country ; and it will be for the public to decide in whom they
wilLjIace their confidence. It may only be observed, that a nurseryman's
iiot possessing a variety is no proof that it is undeserving the character
that may be given of it, although it may be an evidence of his own want of

112 'Finest hardy Fruit Trees and Sliruhs,

enterprise; and further, that no sort whatever is mentioned in the follow-
ing Lists which it is not in the power of any person to procure with
proper enquir}'.

The figures refer to the plates in the Pomological Magazine.

I. Apples.

Court of Wick. Dessert ; winter and spring. 32.

Cornish Gilliflower. Dessert ; winter and spring ; bad bearer, but very
rich and any thing but handsome. 140.

Ribston Pippin. Dessert and kitchen ; winter. 146.

Old Nonpareil. Dessert ; winter and spring. 86.

Scarlet Nonpareil. Dessert ; winter and spring. 87.

Travers Pippin. Dessert and kitchen ; autumn and winter. 67.

Norfolk Beaufin. Kitchen ; spring ; excellent for drying.

Canadian Reinette. Dessert and kitchen ; winter and spring j very fine. 77.

Golden Reinette. Dessert ; autumn. 69.

Dutch Mignonne. Dessert ; spring. 84.

Boston Russet. Dessert; spring.

Juneating. Dessert; July.

Early Red Margaret. Dessert ; July. 46.

Golden Harvey. Dessert ; winter and spring. 39.

Franklin's Golden Pippin. Dessert; autumn. 137.

Grey French Reinette. Dessert and kitchen; winter and spring. 152.

Hubbard's Pearmain. Dessert ; winter and spring. 27.

The specimen figured in the Pomological Magazine was taken off an
old tree in the botanic garden, Bury St. Edmund's : and however accurate
the name of Hubbard's Pearmain may be, it is right to remark that this
is the apple very generally known in Suffolk and Norfolk by the name cf
Hammond's Pearmain. In the above places it is an old, favourite, and
highly prized variety. — J. D.

Adam's Pearmain. Dessert; winter and spring. 133.

Newtown Pippin. Dessert and kitchen; spring; tender; requires a wooden
frame or an east wall.

Sweeny Noupareil. Dessert ; winter and spring.

Cockle Pippin. Dessert; spring. 136.

Kerry Pippin. Dessert; August and September. 107.

Oslin. Dessert ; September. 5.

Blenheim Pippin. Dessert and kitchen ; autumn. 28.

Duchess of Oldenburgh. Dessert; September, October.

Male Carle. Dessert ; spring ; very tender ; requires a south wall.

Sykehouse Russet. Dessert; winter and spring. 81.

Royal Russet. Kitchen; winter and spring. 125.

Brabant Bellefleur. Kitchen; winter and spring.

Beachamwell Seedling. Dessert ; winter and spring. 82.

Court-pendu. Dessert ; spring. 66.

Wormsley Pippin. Dessert ami kitchen ; autumn. 80.

Hawthornden. Kitchen ; autunm. 34.

Sugarloaf Pippin. Dessert ; July. .3.

Downton Pippin. Dessert ; winter. 113.

Gravenstein. Dessert and kitciien ; autumn. 98.

King of the Pippins. Dessert and kitchen ; autumn. 117.

Sam Young. Dessert; winter. 130.

Alfreston. Kitchen ; winter and spring ; very large.

London Pippin. Kitchen ; winter and spring.

Bedfordshire Foundling. Kitciien ; autunm and winter.

Northern Greening. Kitchen ; winter and spring. ••• ,

Minshull Crab. Kitchen ; winter.

Rhode Island Greening. Kitchen ; winter and spring.

for the Midland or Southern Counties.

11.)

Beauty of Kent. Kitchen; autumn and winter.

Luconibe's Seedling. Kitchen ; winter. 109.

Gloria Mundi. Kitchen ; autumn and winter.

French Crab. Kitchen ; spring and summer ; will keep two years.

Winter Codlin. Kitchen ; winter.

Manks Codlin. Kitchen ; September.

Golden Pippin. Dessert ; winter and spring.

Dumelow's Seedling. Kitchen ; winter and spring.

II. Apricots.

Hemskirke. Dessert; wall; end of July. 11.

Royal. Dessert ; wall ; end of August. 2.

Large Early. Dessert; wall ; middle of July; the best early apricot. 1+2.

Breda. Dessert and preserving ; standard ; August. 146.

Moorpark. Dessert and preserving ; wall ; August.

Brussels. Preserving ; standard ; beginning of August ; good bearer.

Orange. Preserving ; wall ; a clingstone ; August.

Turkey. Dessert ; wall ; late in August. 25.

III. Cherries.

Belle de Choisy. Standard ; beginning of July ; moderate bearer. 42.

Black Tartarian. Wall ; June, July. 44.

Late Duke. Standard ; August ; great bearer. 45.

Elton. Wall and standard ; beginning of July ; the finest pale cherry yet

known.
Knight's Early Black. Wall ; June. 93.
Black Eagle. Wall and standard; July; good bearer. 127.
Downton. Wall and standard ; Jul}'. 138.
Waterloo. Wall and standard; beginning of July. 115.
Morello. Standard and north wall ; late ; preserving.
May Duke. Wall and standard ; end of June.
Purple Griotte. Wall and standard ; beginning of June. The finest early

cherry.
Kentish or Flemish. Standard ; July ; preserving and kitchen use ; great

bearer.
Florence. Wall ; late.
Bigarreau. Standard; late.

Black Naples. 43.

Boardman's British Crown ; large.
Roaring Lion. Large ; late.
Red Warrington. Large; late.

IV. Currants.

White Dutch. Red Dutch.

v. Gooseberries.

Red.

Red Champagne. Small.

Small Dark Rough Red. Small.

Early Black. Small.

White.

White Crystal. Small,
White Champagne. Small.

Massey's Heart of Oak. Large.
Edwards's Jollj' Tar. Large.
Vol. VII. — No. 30.

Crompton's Sheba Queen. Large. 12.
Woodward's Whitesmith. Large.

Green.

Pitmaston Green Gage. Small.
Early Green Hairy. Small. 22.
I

11 4 Finest hardy Fruit Tiers caid Shrubs,

Yellow.
Prophet's Rockwood. Lai'ge. Yellow Champagne. Small.

Haywood's Invincible. Large. Rumbullion. Small.

VI. Nectarines.

White. Beginning of September ; freestone ; rather tender. 40.

Elruge. Beginning of September ; freestone ; good bearer and forcer.

Rich; altogether the finest known. 49.
Violet. Beginning of September; freestone; good bearer and forcer. 68.
Pitmaston Orange. IJeginning of September ; freestone ; good bearer.
Old Newington. Middle of September ; clingstone.

VII. Nuts.

Cosford. 55. Spanish Nut.

Frizzled Filbert. A good bearer. Pearson's Prolific. A great bearer.

Cob Nut. Knight's Large. Very fine.
Red Filbert. A bad bearer.

VIIL Peaches.

Royal George. Beginning of September ; freestone; forces well. 119.

Madeleine de Courson. Beginning of September; freestone. 30.

Noblesse. September ; freestone. 95.

Early Anne. Middle of August ; freestone.

Grosse Mignonne. End of August; freestone; forces well. 23.

Bellegarde. Middle of September ; freestone ; large and excellent ; forces

well. 26.
Barrington. Succeeds the Royal George; freestone; forces well. 147,
Chancellor. Middle of September ; freestone. 61.
Roj'al. End of September; freestone; the finest late sort. 73.

IX. Pears.

Beurre Diel. Dessert standard ; October and November ; a great bearer*
and excellent. 19. and 131.

Gansel's Bergamot. Dessert ; east and west wall ; October ; indifferent
bearer. 35.

Beurre Ranee. Dessert; standard; March and May; the best late melt-
ing pear yet known. 88.

Beurre d'Aremberg. Dessert; wall and standard; December. 83.

Capiaumont. Dessert; standard; October; great bearer. 59.

Duchesse d'Angouleme. Dessert; wall and standard; October and No-
vember. 76.

Easter Beurre. Dessert ; wall and standard ; January, February, and
March; great bearer, and excellent. 78.

Napoleon. Dessert ; wall and standard ; November. 75.

Passe Colmar. Dessert ; wall and standard ; December and January ;
great bearer. Trees not subject to canker, like the Old Colmar; ex-
cellent. 64.

White Doyenne. Dessert ; wall and standard ; October ; good bearer. 60.

Aston Town. Dessert; standard; October and November. 139.

Autumn Bergamot. Dessert ; October. 120.

Bezi de la Motte. Wall and standard ; October. 143.

Early Bergamot. Dessert ; standard ; August, September ; good bearer.
101.

Flemish Beauty. Dessert ; standard ; October, November ; must be ga-
thered early. 128.

Forelle. Dessert ; wall and standard ; November, December. 1 1 2.

Jargonelle. Dessert; wall or quenouille; August. 108.

for the Midland or SoiiiJicrn Counties. 115

Marie Louise. Dessert ; standard ; October. 122.

Summer Franc-Real. Dessert; standard; August, September ; good bearer.

106.
Winter Neilis. Dessert ; wall ; December ; excellent. 126.
C'haumontelle. Dessert ; wall, standard, or quenouille. Succeeds well on

quince, and trained in the latter mode ; winter.
Brown Beurre. Dessert ; wall ; October.

Colmar. Dessert ; wall ; December till March ; trees subject to canker.
Crassane. Dessert ; wall ; October, November ; shy bearer.
Hacon's Incomparable. Dessert ; standard ; November, December ; tree

hardy ; great bearer ; delicious.
Whitfield Dessert. Standard ; November ; good bearer.
Thompson's Dessert. Standard; November; one of the finest Flemish

pears ; good bearer.
Madeleine. Dessert; standard; end of July ; good bearer. 51.
Seckle. Dessert; wall and standard; October; abundant bearer.
Vallee Franche. Dessert ; standard ; August, September ; abundant

bearer.
Swan's Egg. Dessert ; standard ; November, December.
Passans de Portugal. Dessert ; standard ; August ; good bearer.
Easter Bergamot. Dessert and kitchen ; wall ; March, Api"il, and May.
Bezi d'Heri. Stewing; standard; winter; good bearer.
Chaptal. Stewing; standard; winter and spring.
Bequene Musque. Stewing; standard; winter; great bearer.
Franc-Real d'Hiver. Stewing; standard; winter.
Uvedale's St. Germain. Stewing ; wall ; very large.
Calebasse Bosc. Dessert ; standard ; November..
Nutmeg. Dessert; standard; winter; small, but handsome, and a good

bearer.
Rousselet de Rheims. For drying.
Ne Plus Meuris. Dessert; standard; January till March; good bearer.

X. Pines.

Queen. Enville. Providence. Black Jamaica. Antigua Queen.

XI. Plums.

Coe's Golden Drop. Standard and wall ; October. Dessert ; great
bearer ; th'ies ; delicious. 57.

Imperatrice, Blue. East or west wall ; October ; dessert. 33.

Minmis. Wall ; August, September ; dessert and kitchen. 6.

Washington. Wall and standard; September; dessert. 16.

White Imperatrice. Wall ; September ; dessert ; tender. 38.

Nectarine. Wall and standard ; beginning of September ; dessert. 148,

Kirke's. Wall; September; dessert. 111.

Isabella. Wall and standard; September; dessert. 150.

Purple Gage. Wall and standard ; September and October ; dessert ;
good bearer; the finest dessert plum of its colour. 129.

Green Gage. Wall and standard ; August, September ; dessert ; preserv-
ing ; excellence well known.

White Magnum Bonum. Wall and standard ; September ; kitchen.

Drap d'Or. Wall and standard. Earlier than the Green Gage, and pre-
cociously supplies its place for dessert ; a good bearer.

Catherine. Wall and standard ; end of September ; preserving and dessert.

Gisborne's. August ; kitchen ; standard ; forces well ; good bearer.

Orleans. Standard ; August ; kitchen ; good bearer.

Early Orleans. Standard ; beginning of August ; kitchen ; good bearer.

Little Mu-abelle. Wall and standard ; September ; small, but excellent for
preserving ; great bearer.

1 2

116

Retrospective Criticism.

White Damson. Standanl ; end of September ; preserving.
Shropshire Damson. Standard; September and October; preserving

great bearer.
Bullace. Standard ; October, November ; kitchen ; great bearer.
Wine.sour. Standard ; October ; preserving.

XII. Raspberries.

Barnet. 8.
Bromley Hill.

Red Antwerp. 24.
Donble bearing.

Yellow Antwerp.

XIII. Strawberries.

Downton. 52.
Keen's Seedling. 91.
Black Roseberry. 20.
Grove End Scarlet. 7.
Old Pine. 47.
Sweet Cone. 4.
Roseberry.
Elton Seedling. 135.

Black July.
Miller's Burgundy. 56.
White Sweetwater.
Grove End Sweetwater.
Common Muscadine. 18.
Pitmaston White Cluster.

Duke of Kent's Scarlet. Earliest of
all.

Old Scarlet. Valuable only for pre-
serving.

Alpine, Red and White.

Prolific Hautbois. 31.

Large flat Hautbois.

XIV. Vines.
For the npen Wall.

Cambridge Botanic Garden. 21. [This
kind will also not be out of place
in a vinery.]

Esperione. Sometimes ripens pretty
well.

Chasselas Musque.

Fur a Vinery.

Black Hamburgh.

White Frontignac.

Black Frontignac.

Muscat of Alexandria, White.

Verdelho, White.

West's St. Peter's, Black.

Horsforth Seedling, Black. 149.

Black, or Morocco.

Poonah, Black.

Royal Muscadine, White.

Black Damascus.

White Sweetwater.

(itrove End Sweetwater, White.

Art. VI. Retrospective Criticism.

Errata. — \\\ Vol. V. p. 680. for "Parfiiite" read " Birthwaite."—
A. G. Near Bnrmhij, Nov. 1830.

In Vol. VI. you announce the death of Mr. Rigg and family. Mr. Rigg
was not of the party. — ./. W. H. Waaler, Nav. 18. 1830.

A Lecture to the Conductor. — Sir, The singularly liberal and candid man-
ner in whicii you not only receive but promulgate reflections and criticisms on
your public caiiacity as Conductor of the (ilardener's Magazine, encourages
me to hojjc that you will pardon me if I suggest one or two improvements,
which I think might be made in that valuable work. Napoleon designated
us, 3'ou well remember, as a " nation of shopkeepers : " had he called us a
" nation of gardeners," he had probably characterised us with much greater
truth. The avidity with which we cultivate every yard of ground contiguous
to our cities and large towns appears to justify the assertion ; even the
flower-pots which decorate the upper windows in " our good city of Lon-

Retrospective Criticism. 117

don," much as they may endanger the heads of passing travellers, tend to
corroborate our character. But, Sir, if a nation of gardeners, we are by
no means a nation of scientific gardeners ; and the question is, to what
description of readers your work may be considered as most particularly
applicable ? If it be mejint for the use of the higher branches of the pro-
fession, as noblemen or gentlemen's gardeners, I submit that this class of
readers are few in themselves, and generally well informed on all their dif-
ferent departments ; indeed, the situations they hokl appear to presuppose
this, so that it is only on some nice points of criticism that your work can
be useful even to them. And if it be meant for the generalitj' of amateur
gardeners, who perhaps hardly ever heard of Linnieus, or any of his hard
names, why, Sir, to this, and (allow me to say this is, or ought to be, by far
the largest portion of your readers) yours is, in a great part of it, a " sealed
book." We sometimes read without satisfaction or improvement, and the
small space allotted to " queries and ansv, ers " is all that is intelligible to
us. 1 may be wrong, but I conceive the Gardener's Magazine should be
written for the instruction and anuisement of the mamj, not the scientific
few. If I am right, you will readily perceive how large a portion of your
late Numbers are perfectly incomprehensible to them. This is a letter of
reproof, so one word as to your communications relative to the Horticul-
tural Society in London. My good Sir, what possible interest can your
readers have in being told that Mr. A. sent a paper on raising apple trees
from pips ; Mr. B. presented fourteen sorts of cardoons antl nine sorts of
celery ; or Mr. C. one on the cultivation of mushrooms ? Unless you can
give us some practical information from the works of the Society, do fill
your pages with something more useful, instructive, or anuising. Perhaps
you will think I have lectm'ed enough for one letter. — J, M, Susscr^Ajjrif,
1830.

The Botanical Register. — Sir, In the number of the Botanical Register
for January I observe a note signed J. L., in which the writer defends the
editor of that work against the charge made against him of frequently
publishing the same plants which have before appeared in other works.
Having been myself one of those that joined in making this complaint
(Vol. VI. p. 721.), I think it but justice to say that the writer of the note
has, as it appears to me, made out such a case in defence of the practice,
that I for one (though a subscriber to the Botanical Jllagazine as well as
to the Register) am ready to absolve the editor of this charge. The evil,
if evil it is, appears to be in some degree absolutel}' unavoidalile ; and if
one portion of the public are losers, another (and that, it seems, the more
numerous of the two) are gainers by the practice. But the most serious
charge against the Register, viz. " the imposition of an additional shilling
for a single leaf of index at the end of every twelve numbers," still
remains unanswered, iind is passed over on this occasion in utter silence.
Not a syllable is said about this tvvelvepenny worth of index, miscalled
appendix^ although the publication of the note in the last number of the
Register, in answer to one charge; would seem to have afforded a fair
opportunity for replying to the other also, and that by far the more serious
charge of the two. I trus.t, however, that it is the mtention of the editor
at once to discontinue this mean underhand practice, or at least to offer
some explanation or apology to the public for not doing so. Yours, Sec. —
A Subscriber to the Botanical Register. Jan. 3. IS.31.

The lAternl Translation of Botanical Names, Sfc. — I wish to say that I
quite agree with you in reprobating the great want of attention, in the gene-
rality of botanical authors, to making the English name a more literal trans-
lation of the Linnean. I find even Dr. Hooker frequently connnitting him-
self in this way ; for instance, in the Botanical Magazine for September
liist, he gives us Anthericum bulbosum. Bulbous-rooted Lancashire As-
phodel. Would not any one sup[)ose li'om that name that it was a native of

I .'3

118 Retrospective Criticism.

Lancashii-e ? How Dr. Hooker can reconcile himself to call a plant from
New South Wales by such a name, being not even of the same genus
with the Lancashire asphodel, I am quite at a loss to know. I should
have thought Bulbous-rooted Anthericum would have been much more
correct. In the next place, in the preface to your Hortus Britunniciis you
say that, from the improvements you have introduced in your catalogue,
it almost answers the purpose of a Species Plantarum. I certainly have
no hesitation in saying that I think it the best catalogue yet published ; but
there is a growing evil amongst botanists, or rather those who take upon
themselves the work of naming plants, which your improvements do not
reach, and from the great increase of the practice, it, in my opinion,
threatens great confusion in the nomenclature of plants. I allude to the
practice of making use of persons' names for specific names of plants. I
like well the idea of noticing particular individuals who have shown them-
selves ardent in their pursuits, whether in botany, entomology, or any
other subject of natural history, but I think new genera would be much
more proper to take advantage of for the purpose ; and, no doubt, oppor-
tunities enough occur of new genera in any of the sciences, but more
particularly in botany. I make these remarks from (as I have before
stated) the increasing practice of complimenting eminent men in this
way; and from its tendencj^, according to my views, to introduce unneces-
sary difficulties in the study. I am of opinion that specific names ought to
be taken from some prominent feature in the plant. I think there are
few plants in which some distinct feature may not be found, and an appli-
cable specific name agreeing with it. Allow me to mention one individual
instance, and I have done. In the same number of the Botanical Magazine
I have alluded to before we have Lobeh"« Kraiissi/, which I think has
several legible characters about it, such as pedunculata, xylophylloides,
or even serrata. If this were more particularly attended to, a good
catalogue might then be said to supersede the more elaborate work of a
Species Plantarum. But I fear I shall exhaust your patience ; and, instead
of the old phrase, multum in j^arvo, being applicable to my epistle, you
may think (if I may be allowed the expression without being thought to
be an L-ish instead of a Lancashire weaver) that jicirvum in viullo would be
much more applicable. I am. Sir, &c. — A Member of the Bury Botanical
Society. Bury, Lancashire, N'oi\ 15. 1830.

Linnaeus, and the genus Valantia. — In glancing oyer your E)2cyclopcEc!ia
of Plants, I find an observation under the genus Valantia (p. 862.) which
must be considered a satire, and in my opinion an undeserved one, on
the memory of Linnaeus. I am willing, however, to believe that j'ou have
published it under the impression of its correctness, and that you would
be pleased, rather than offended, if it could be proved to your satisfaction
to be incorrect. It is under this impression that I send you the following
observations : —

The passage in the Encyclojjcedia to which I allude is this : — " The
author of the name would have employed his time better in considering
the botanical writings of Vaillant, than in identifying with the most worth-
less part of vegetation an author whose merits he was unable to imder-
stand. No man was more given to sneers of this kind than Linnaeus, and
yet his followers manifest a most extraordinary degree of sensitiveness
whenever he has been retorted upon in a similar way ; although few ever
deserved criticism in some things in a higher degree than himself." Here
are three charges against Linnaeus, the incorrectness of which it shall be
my business to prove: viz. 1st, That by giving the name of Vaillant to a
genus of " worthless weeds," he meant to cast disrespect on his memory ;
2dly, That Linnaeus was unable to understand the writings of Vaillant ; and
3dly, " That no man was more given to sneers of this kind than
Linnanis."

Retrospective Criticism. 119

To proceed to the first charge, I cannot admit that the species of
Valant?« are the most worthless part of vegetation, nor even that they are
" miserable weeds of no beauty." To be sure they cannot be compared
with Strelitz/ff, Magnol/ff, or Xymphae^a ; but then, are they not preferable to
several of the C'henopodeae ? Are they less "worthless" than Vaucher/a?
Yet that genus was named "in honour of M. Vaucher," to use your own
words.

Yet, granting (as beauty is all matter of taste) that the Valant/c? are
" miserable weeds," does it follow from that that the name was conferred
sneeringly, rather than in honour of Vaillant ? You tell us {Encyc. of Plants,
p. G29.) that the Smith/cp are " inconspicuous worthless weeds ;" was it then
in disrespect that Salisbury inscribed that genus ? Will posterity say that
he would have employed his time better in turning over the leaves of the
English Botany ; or in stud} ing the species of <Salix ? If then the con-
duct of Salisbury was pure, be just to the memory of Linnaeus, and
acknowledge that his intentions might have been equally so ; remember
that the Linnte^a is not a gorgeous lily, or a spreading palm, but an
humble, trailing, northern plant, conspicuous only by the name it bears;
remember that HookenV/ is a moss, and Borrera a lichen.

Having thus, I trust, made it clear that even an inconspicuous genus is
sometimes honourable, I shall proceed to the second charge, that Linnaeus
was unable to understand the writings of Vaillant j and on this head I am
delighted to say that I have his own incontrovertible testimony in my
favour. In the Linnean correspondence, published by Sir J. E. Smith in
1821, Linnaeus (vol. ii. p. 277.), in a letter to Haller, thus expresses him-
self. I shall give the passage in full, as it gives ample proof, not only of
Linnasus's powers of comprehending the writings of Vaillant, but also of
his impartiality : —

" Jussieu is my friend, and so is Dillenius. I had never any acquaint-
ance with Vaillant. He was a man full of himself, ambitious of raising
his own fame on the overthrow of his teacher, the excellent and honoui'-
able Tournefort. Vaillant was merely demonstrator in the Paris garden,
and rude in literature. He set himself up against Jussieu, and once
laughed Dillenius to scorn. He was poor, &c. All this is nothing to me :
I wish to be a just and reasonable man, as well as a botanist. I confess I
never yet read any writer who was more accurate than Vaillant, who made
more discoveries in botany, who laboured harder, or reaped a more sparing
reward. Is a man to be handed down to posterity as a scoundrel, a mad-
man, or the most stupid of all mortals, merely because he has pursued,
honoured, and laboured to improve botany ? Jussieu, as I am informed,
has solemnly sworn hostility to the memory of Vaillant during his own life ;
nor is Dillenius content with the numerous cavils vvith which he has
insulted his manes in the Hortus Elthamcnsis. Admit that Vaillant has his
faults in synonymes, and perhaps other respects : who has ever been free
from botanical error ? He is a wise man who can distinguish good from
evil ,• and that general may be esteemed happy who conquers and disperses
his enemies with the loss of half his own forces. Who is more meritorious
in exotic plants, though not systematic, than Plukenet ; but who was ever
more unprincipled, more of a heretic in botany, or a greater scandal to
our science, than either Plukenet or Vaillant ? If the authority of the
Hortus Elthamcnsis is to be followed, 1 should have nothing to do with
Vaillant, nor against him. But an honest man ought to do justice to every
one's deserts. If you give due praise to Vaillant, posterity will be just to
your memory. In this respect I care not for u Jussieu or a Dillenius."

Again, at page 284.

" With regard to Vaillant, I never jet met with any body more sagacious
as to genera than he was, and I am daily sensible of tliis."

These passages require no comment, they speak for tlienibelves .

I 4-

120 Retrospective Criticism.

As to the third charge, which says " that no man was more given to
sneers of this kind than Linn^us," I need not say much, as I do not know
that any instance can be proved, except it be Bufonia, in framing which
name he is said to have raaUciously omitted an f: and who will deny
that Bufibn was in many things " a toad-eater ?" For this single peccadillo,
shall it be said that no man was more given to such faults ? It is surely too
sweeping an expression. — Q. E. D. Limerick, Xovembcr, 1830.

The author does not seem to be aware that Mr. Salisbury declared,
after he had quarrelled with Sir James Smith, that he had recorded
in the Smithfa sensitiva the peculiar irritability of the President of the
Linnean Society. The passage as to Vaillant was introduced by Mr. Lind-
ley, to whom we shall be happy to afford space to vindicate himself, should
he think it necessary so to do. — ConcL

Mr. 'rhompson' s Physiological Experiments. — Sir, In your valuable Ma-
gazine (Vol. V. p. 253 — 237.) are some physiological botanical experiments
on vines. It is a laudable amusement ; yet I think Mr. Thompson sets out
under a mistaken notion of the motion of the sap (p. 253.). He says, the
top buds vegetated the thirteenth day, and, by wounding the bark, he dis-
covered the descent of the sap ; but the vines sickened, and the roots pro-
duced new shoots. Now, Sii', it is mv opinion the sap in the vine was
forced into motion, whilst the root was domiant inthe cold prison of a pot.
It is my opinion, also, that the cause of the failure was owing to the want
of heat at the root.

He found (p. 254.) the sap descend regularly, until it got to the front
wall, but it took four days more time to descend than it did over the same
length in the warmer climate ; and it bled freely at the surface of the soil.
Is not this proving a non-circulation of the sap in trees ? as it appears
by the watery effusion, or bleeding at the root, whilst the head was dry.
Allow me to ask, whether this bleeding was from the roots or branches : if
it did not come from the roots, how or whence came the second vegetation ?
(p. 255.) These remarks are valuable proofs that the sap in the tops of
trees can be excited independently of the roots or stem. At the same
time, the birch and vine (p. 256.) prove a non-circulation of sap, by the
former experiments, and the free quick vegetation of the latter when the
sap was excited in roots and branches at the same time.

In p. 257. he again adverts to his mistaken idea of the sap resting in the
young wood ; not reflecting that the sap in the delicate young shoots is not
only nearest to the sun, but the sap in them is put in motion by less
heat. He notices a mucilaginous matter (p. 256.), but without makmg any
comment. I am. Sir, &c. — A. S. il/oj/, 1830.

Further Remarks. This is the most interesting subject in nature. Mr.
Thompson quotes Miller's Dictionary on peach trees being planted too
deep; for, the sap in the branches being put into motion in spring, its
strength is exhausted before the sun can affect the roots to put the sap of
them into motion, which causes the bloom to fall and the shoots to languish.
This is precisely the case with his ^ines. (p. 25-1.) Does not this prove that
frequently digging fruit-tree borders destroys all the roots that are near the
surface, which paralyses deep planting ? He says Mitchell's Dendrologia
denies any circulation of sap. On your recommendation I purchased that
work, and by it I am his proselyte. I wish he had commented upon it; I
should like his opinion. In p. 258. he has drawn freel}' upon the Den-
drologia, p. 1-13. 147. 157. and 162. It goes deeper into vegetative motion
of sap than any other work I ever saw. In Vol. V. p. 421., the American
Arborator, like Mr. Evelyn, has fallen into a mistake about the succession
of trees to compose new natural woods of beech after oak. I find this phe-
nomenon accounted for by Mitchell, p. 73. I hojie this will be a stimu-
lus to such laudable exertions as those of Mr. Thompson, and to the

Queries and Answers. 121

powerful pen of Mr, Main, and arrest the attention of other able horticul-
turists, who would reflect and throw new light upon each other's ideas as
to the motion of sap. Yours, truly. — A. S. sen. May, 1830.

The Strawberry Wall. — In your Magazine (Vol. V. p. 438.) is an
excellent plan for growing strawberries clean and high flavoured. Plain
tiles, with the corners chopped off" to let the plants through, I consider less
costly than stone, at least in the south. In Vol. V. p. 581. you give us a
description of Westdean House and garden ; I regret you did not treat
us with an account of the parapets and garden wall copings of cement,
and how they have stood the weather. — Id.

Tysu's Method of raising Ranunculuses. — If the system there pointed
out were to be generally followed, a most splendid addition might confi-
dently be expected ere long to the present stock, there being no limits to
its varieties. Mr. T3'so does not, however, follow up the system to the
perfection of which it is capable. He states that it is necessary to have a
bed of seinidoubles, as double flowers produce no anthers. Now, double
ranunculuses (at least flowers as double as any that produce pericardiums,
perfect doubles [)roducing neither the one nor the other) do not unfre-
quently produce anthers, although in very limited numbers. In the sum-
mer of 1829 I succeeded in obtaining the finest well-filled seed frojn Thom-
son's Queen, impregnated by a flower as double as itself; and last sunnner
I had additional proof of the anthers of such flowers being quite efhcieut
for the purpose, the above being the first time I ever obtained seed in
this way. There has not been time of course to ascertain its worth, but
the experiments which Mr. Tyso has so skilfully and successfully conducted
leave little doubt of its value. The chance of success, however, is much
less in impregnating by doubles than by semidoubles : because the anthers in
the fonner are so few, that, if the operation be not perfoi'med very soon
after the pollen makes its appearance, the opportunity is lost ; whereas, in
the latter, there is not only a much greater number, but also a succession
on their coming to maturity. — James Reid. Bruvejield, near Dunfermline,
Nov. 8. 1830.

Coiu Cabbage. — Your correspondent M. H. is deceived in cojisidering
the cow cabbage or Cesarean kail to be the Anjou cabbage. A specimen
of the former would con\Tiice him of his error. — Bernard Saunders.
Nursery y Jersey, Nov. 1. 1830.

Art. VII. Queries and Answers.

Greenish hlack-marJicd Caterpillars on Cabbages. — In your last Number
(Vol. VI. p. 477.) Mr. Thomas Morgan puts a question concerning a
" number of minute eggs " enveloped in a silky substance, and apparently
produced by " the greenish and black-marked worms found on cabbages."
Presuming that by " the worms " described he means the caterpillars of
P6nti« brassicae (large garden white butterfly), which I have no doubt
are what he alludes to, I feel no hesitation in referring " the minute eggs "
to the pupae of a well-known small parasite called Microgaster glomeratus
(/chneumon glomeratus of Linna>us), of whose operations I extract the
following account I'com. Insect Transformations, p. 61, 62., where a figure
of the insect will be found in its tlift'erent states, together with that of the
caterpillar on which it preys. The insect has also already been figured in
"your Magazine of Natural History (vol. iii. p. 52.) under the erroneous
name of Platygastcr ovulorum. * " It must have occurred to the least

* Sec Vol. HI. p. 452.

122 Queries and Aiisxioers.

attentive observers of the very common cabbage caterpillar (Pontia
brassicas) that when it ceases to feed, and leaves its native cabbage to
creep up walls and palings, it is often transformed into a group of little
balls of silk, of a fine texture, and a beautiful canary yellow colour ; from
each of which there issues, in process of time, a small four-winged fly
(Microgaster glomeratus *S};i«o/«), of a black colour, except the legs, which
are yellow. By breeding these flies in a state of confinement, and intro-
ducing to them some cabbage caterpillars, their proceedings in depositing
theii" eggs may be observed. We have more than once seen one of these
little flies select a catt,i pillar, and perch upon its back, holding her oviposi-
tor ready brandished to plunge between the rings which she seems to
prefer. When she has thus begun laying her eggs, she does not readily
take alarm ; but, as Reaumur justly remarks, will permit an observer to
approach her with a magnifying glass of a very short focus. Having depo-
sited one egg, she withtlraws her ovipositor, and again plunges it with
another egg into a different part of the body of the caterpillar, till she has
laid in all about thirty eggs. It is not a little remarkable that the poor
caterjiillar, whose body is thus pierced with so many wounds, seems to
bear it very patiently, and does not turn upon the fly, as he would be cer-
tain to do upon another caterpillar should it venture to pinch him ,• a
circumstance by no means unusual. Sometimes, indeed, lie gives a slight
jerk; but the fly does not appear to be at all incommoded by the intimation
that her presence is disagreeable.

" The eggs, it may be remarked, are thrust sufficiently deep to prevent
their being thrown off when the caterpillar casts its skin ; and, being in due
time hatched, the grubs feed in concert on the living body of the caterpil-
lar. The most wonderful circumstance, indeed, of the whole phenome-
non, is the instinct with which the grubs are evidently guided to avoid
devouring any vital part, so that they may not kDl the caterpillar, as in
that case it would be useless to them for food. When full grown, they
even eat their way through the skin of the caterpillar without killing it ;
though it generally dies in a few days, without moving far from the place
where the grubs have spun their group of silken cocoons in which to pass
the winter."

The above insect has long ago been described and figured by Albin, in
his History of English Insects, plate 1.; which figure also has been in part
exactly copied by Wilkes in his English Moths and Butterflies (see his plate
of the large garden white butterfly). As the Microgaster is the destroyer
of that " pest of gardens " Pontia brassicae, it may be considered a bene-
ficial insect.

Very many other lepidopterous larvae are subject to be preyed upon by
parasites analogous to Microgaster glomeratus, and thus occasionall}' cause
no small disappointment to the breeders of insects, who instead of seeing a
brilliant butterfly proceed from a chrysalis, as they naturally expected, are
presented in its room with a number of small flies. I once fed in con-
finement a caterpillar of Lasiociimpa quercus Stephens, large eggar moth,
which, after having spun its cocoon, and changed to a pupa, in due time
produced a host of small ichneumons, with long ovipositors, somewhat
resembling /chneumon manifestator in miniature. The generation of these
parasites was a subject which seems to have greatly perplexed our earlier
entomologists : " mira imo vix credibilia aut ante audita *, " are the words
of Joannes (ioedm'tius, in reference to the above Microgaster ; and after
mentioning the case of a second and still different parasite, which he reared
from the same species of the cabbage butterfly, he thus expresses his astonish-

* " Wonderful things, nay scarce credible or before heard of."

Queries and Ansive)-s. ]23

nient : — " Htec ipse cxpertus sum, et non sine adiniratione observavi ;
quia praeter, iiiio contra consuetura naturae ordincm esse videtur, ex uno
eodenique animali, diversae speciei prolem generari ; atque unum idenique
brutuni, tribus diversis modis procreare ; quae tanien in his erucis, ex iis
quae breviter enarravi, manitesta sunt." * ( See Goedartii j\Ieta)uor2)hosis,
Expcr. xi.) Your correspondent, therefore, it appears, is not the first
person who has been amazed and puzzled by the production of parasites
from lepidopterous larvae, though the natural history of these insects is now
understood by all who have paid the least attention to the subject. See
also Insect Transformations, p. 59, 60., for information on the 0])inions of
the earlier naturalists. Yours, &c. — W. T. Bree. Allcsley Rectory,
Sept. 20. 1830.

Public Walks of Armagh. — 1 saw lately in an Irish newspaper some
allusion to certain very beautiful public walks near that city, said to be laid
out at the expense of a private individual residing in the neighbourhood.
As you seem to have the celebrated Mr. Ensor, Mr. Ellcs, and others, as
correspondents in that part of Ireland, perhaps you could through them
give some account of the walks in question. — J. C. D. Dec. 15. 1830.

Hoiu to manage Georgina Cuttings. — I should feel much obliged to any
of your correspondents who would favour me with the management of
georgina cuttings. They are a family of plants which, in my opinion, are
worth the particular attention of every one who has any taste whatever for
the richness of a flower-garden ; and, as your pages are open alike for the
improvement of the skilful and the unskilful, I hope I shall not be con-
sidered intruding with this request. I should like to kno-Cv which is the
best method of striking late cuttings, and kee[)ing them through the v.in-
ter. I have put in cuttings in the spring in the border, which have grown
and flowered in the autumn ; and I have also put cuttings in pots in the
middle of September, which are now (November) only beginning to form
their callosities : I am at a loss to know whether they would be best kept
through the winter in a cold frame, green-house, or stove.

T/iunbergia a/dta. I should also like to know the best time of year to
strike cuttings of the Thunberg/« alata, and how to ripen its seed ? I
I'emain, Sir, Sec. — A Constant Reader. Noi\ 8. 1830.

Q.hrysdnthemum sincnse. — I believe I may give up trying to flower
Chinese chrysanthemums here in pots. In 1828 they did middling; but
last year, after the flower-buds were formed, the leaves became mouldy,
and the flower-buds withered and died. This season the flower-buds are
very well formed, and at rather an earlier period than last year, but I am
sorry to observe the leaves growing mouldy again ; and I do not expect
they will do any good. Can you or any of your readers tell me the cause
of this, and how it is to be prevented ? You know I have no green-house,
but I have several windows facing the south, in which I place them ; and I
give them as much air as possible. I regret very much their going off" in
this way, as they are among my most favourite flowers. — A. W. Crosslee
Cottage, near Glasgow, Oct. 25. 1830.

Double Cowslip. — There was once enquiry for a double cowslip by (I
believe) Mr. Bree of AUesley Rectory : I l)eg to inform him that I have
obtained one from a cottage garden, as double as a rose, having bloomed
it last year. — R. Errington. Oulton Park, Sept. 1830.

* " These things I have myself found by experience, and observed not
without astonishment ; because it seems beside, nay contrarj' to, the usual
course of nature, that from one and the same animal an offspring of a
different species should be generated ; and that one and the same creature
should procreate in three different ways ; which yet is manifestly the case
with these caterpillars, from what I have briefly related."

124 Queries and Answers.

Amarj/llia lutea. — A. S. complains that this bulb, which used to flower
with us every autumn, has ceased to do so for the last two j ears, &c.
This is by no means an uncommon case, the bulb being one of those which
descend. The Zephyranthes Atainasco is subject to the same change of
habit from the same cause; and we cannot better answer the enquiry of
A. S., than by quoting that good and cheap little work, Maund's Botanic
Garden, No. Ixxii. : — "It is not unfrequently recommended that bulbs
which are somewhat tender be planted 8 or 9 in. deep, that they may the
more certainly escape the effects of cold. We think this practice only a
choice of two evils : that of losing the plant, or retaining it without flowers.
It is certain that most bulbs will not flower in perfection when planted
deeply in the earth ; and also that many bulbs, having a tendency, from
their mode of reproduction, annually to descend, require to be taken up
every second or third year and planted at less depth, or no flowers will be
produced."

Air. Hobson^s Work on Mosses. — I lament very much to see the death
of poor Hobson of Manchester (Vol. VI. p. 749.), who really was a won-
derful fellow. I have had, for myself and friends, many copies of his first
volume oi Specimens of British Mosses, and had hoped he would have con-
tinued the work. Do you know whether he ever published a second vo-
lume ?— B. Coventry, Jan. 10. 1831.

Heating a hollow Fruit Wall by hot Water. — Sii', Being about to erect a
hollow wall for fruit, I shall be glad to know how far the hot water system,
which answers so well for hot-houses and pits, may be adapted to the pur-
pose of heating walls. I have not met with any account of such an appli-
cation ; and beg, therefore, to trouble you with a few enquii-ies on the
subject, which you or some of your correspondents will, perhaps, oblige
me by noticing. I propose to make my wall 84- ft. long, IG ft. high, and
14 in. thick ; the back and front sides 4 in. each, or a brick in breadth, leav-
ing the interior 5 or 6 in. wide. The back and front sides will be tied
together by means of bricks, made expressly for the purpose, 14 in. long;
and the whole wall, having a batter of about 4 in., will be supported by
an old stone wall having soil on the north side of it within 3 ft. of
the top, and being unfit for training trees against, to which I propose to
fasten my hollow wall by iron ties. The hollow part of the wall I intend
to fill up with stones, brickbats, <S:c., leaving sufficient space for the hot air
to find its way from the bottom, where the pipes will be placed, to the upper
part of the wall without interruption. I am inclined to think that iron
pipes will be the cheapest and the best, and that a bore of 4 in. will be suf-
ficient. Zinc pipes have been recommended to me, but I do not consider
them so cheap in theu" first cost, or so durable as iron. I have not been
able to ascertain that the reservoir, provided in most cases at the extremity
of the pipes where hot water is used, is of any real utility. I observe a
reservoir is spoken of as necessary where the pipes are carried to any
length, to keep up the temperature at the extreme point from the boiler ;
but I think the circulation of the water not likely to be so brisk where a
reservoir is used as where there is none, and where the water is carried
from the uj)per pipe to the lower by means of a half bend of the same
dimensions as tiie other part of the piping ; and I feel ilisposed, therefore,
to get rid of the reservoir altogether. Should any difference in the heat of
the farther end of the wail, compared with that part of it which is near the
boiler, be experienceil, the only result will be that the trees nearest the
boiler will ripen their fruit earliest. Having detailed the plan I intend to
pursue, I would invite the criticism of such of 3'our correspondents as are
conversant with the subject. I am particularly anxious to know whether
it has ever been attempted to heat so great a length of wall (84 ft.) by one
fire before, and the result. The wall is required for peaches and nectarines.
I am, Sir, &c. — Lincolnicnsis. Xav. 1-2. 1830.

Coven f Garden Market.

125

Hard boUing Peas. — What is the cause of this ? Do calcareous or
alhivial soils produce the best boilers , or do sauds '? What influence has
peat ? It is said that a piece of iron put into the pot with hard indissoluble
peas will render them dissoluble. Has this been proved by any of your
readers ? — ./. M. Nov. 1830.

Art. VIII. Covent Garden Market.

The Cabbage Tribe.

Cabbages, per dozen :

Ked ....

Plants, or Coleworts -
Savoys, per dozen
Brussels Sprouts, per | sieve
German Greens or Kale,

per dozen ...
Broccoli, per bunch :

White

Purple ...

Tubers and Roots.

From

per ton
per cwt.
per bush.

Potatoes . ^ 1

tpc.

Kidney, per bushel

Scotch, per bushel
Turnips, White, per bunch
Carrots, old, per bunch -
Parsneps, per dozen
Red Beet, per dozen
Horseradish, per bundle -

The Spinach Tribe.

SP^-^^f^frLTsieve:

The Onion Tribe.
Onions, per bushel •
Leeks, per dozen bunches
Garlic, per pound . .
Shallots, per pound . .

Asparaginous Plants,
Salads, Ifjc.

Asparagus, per hundred 0

Sea-kale, per punnet - 0

Lettuce, Cabbage, per score 0

Endive, per score - - 1 0

Celery, per bundle (12 to 15) 0

Small Salads, per punnet ' o
Watercress, per dozen small

bunches . . . o

Pot and Sweet Herbs.

Parsley, per half sieve
Thyme, per dozen bunches
Sage, per dozen bunches
Mint, per dozen bunches :

Dried

Forced, per bunch

0 0
0 2

0 0 6

0 0

3 0

1 6

2 0
1 0

4 6

0 9

0 9

1 3

9 0

1 6

0 3

1 6
0 6
0 3

0
0
0

2 0
2 6
2 0

0
0

0 10
0 6

To
£ s.

d.

0 4
0 3
0 1
0 2

0
0
0
6

0 0

9

0 2
0 3

6
0

4 10
0 4
0 2
0 3
0 3
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 2
0 3

0
6

0
0
2
7
9
0
6

0 0
0 0

0
0

0 6
0 1
0 1
0 1

0
6
0
6

0 15
0 2
0 0
0 3
0 1
0 0

0
6
6
6
6
0

0 0

0

0 2
0 0
0 0

6
0
0

0 0
0 0

0
0

Peppermint, dried, per doz.

bunches
Marjoram, per doz. bunchei-
Savory, per dozen bunches
Basil, per dozen bunches -
Rosemary, I'resh, per dozen

bunches
Lavender, dried, p. doz. bun.

Stalks and Fruits for Tarts,

Pickling, Sjc.
Rhubarb Stalks, per bundle

Edible Fungi and Fuel.
Mushrooms, per pottle .
Morels, per pound
Truffles, per pound :

English, dried

English, green .

Foreign, dried

Fruits.
Apples, per bushel :

Dessert

Court of W'ick

Rosemary Pippins

Reinette grise

Nonpareils

Baking, per bushel

American

French

Bourdeaux Reinette -

Court-pendu
Pears, Dessert, per dozen :

Colmar

Chaumontel

Bon Chritien .

Baking, per half sieve

Cadillac

BelUsliaped
Filberts, English, per lb.
Cobnuts

Pine-apples, per )>ound .
Oranges [l>« Jo^en -
" \\>cv hundred

Lemons [Pt^i-fozen .

i per hundred
Almonds, Sweet, per pound
Brazil Nuts, per bushel
Spanish Nuts, per peck
Barcelona
Shell Almonds

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Observations. — Our supply of vegetables has been abundant, and of
excellent quality, but the prices, in many instances, extremely low, and the
demand very limited : from which I must conclude that the growers are not
at present obtaining even remunerating prices, and are, consequently, suf-
fering severe loss, which adds to the general depression that has affected
the horticultural interest for some time past. I have attempted to find out
the cause of the limited demand for vegetables at this season, as compared

with others, but must refer you to my observations in Vol. VI. n. 73.3

G.C. 7««. 14. 1831. '

] 2G Proinncial Hurt. Societies : — Cambridgeshire.

A RT. IX. Horticultural Society and Garden.

KoJ'EMBER 2. — Head. A Report upon the Effect of planting certain
tender Exotic Plants in the open Air at Bristol ; by William P. Taunton,
Esq. F.H.S. A Report from the Garden of the Society upon the Effect
of the Stock upon Fruit Trees ; by Mr. Robert Thompson. An Account
of a new Kind of protecting Frame, to be used in forcing Asparagus, Sea-
kale, &c., in the open ground ; by Mr. John Dick, C.M.H.S.

Exhibited. Four sorts of apples, from Mr. John George Fuller, F.H.S.
Dovvnton pippins, fioui William Cobb, Esq. of Margate. Flowers of
Matthiolrt tricuspidata, from Henry Shute, Esq. A species of Vernonk
from Brazil, from Mr. J. A. Henderson, F.H.S. Flowers of Camellias,
from John Allnutt, Esq. F.H.S.

November 16. — Exhibited. A pod of the Entdda Purs<s"tha^ from Lord
Auckland, F.H.S. Pear, No. 4., from T. A. Knight, Esq. Fruit of the
Longan, from C. M'^ebb, Esq. A pear unnamed, from Mr. Stephen
Hooker, F.H.S. From the garden of the Society, fourteen sorts of Chry-
santhemums, Poppy Anemones, twenty-five sorts of Apples, thirteen sorts
of Pears, thirty-five sorts of Capsicum, fourteen sorts of Chilies, and five
sorts of Endive. [The particular sorts not specified in the book from which,
by the permission of the Society, this was copied.]

December 7. — The following notices were issued from the chair : — " That
the Council have resolved that a fete and exhibition of fruits be held at
the garden in June next ; " and " That the Council have resolved that a
course of three lectures on botany, applied to horticulture, be delivered
next spring to the Fellows in their meeting-room in Regent Street."

Read. The Meteorological Register kept in the Society's Garden, for
August, September, October, and November. A Report upon the Varie-
ties of Pine-apple cultivated in the Society's Garden; by Mi\ Donald
Munro, F.L.S., head-gardener. (Part 1.)

Exhibited. A v.ilding pear, from J. W. Griffiths, Esq., F.H.S. Flowers
of the two-coloured incurved Chrysanthemum, from William Wells, Esq.
F.H.S. From the Society's garden, nine sorts of Pears, twenty-seven
sorts of Apples, eight kinds of Beet-root ; flowers of Chimonanthus fragrans,
and flowers of Chrysanthemum.

December 21. — Read. A Continuation of the Paper on the Varieties
of the Pine-apple; by Mi*. Donald Munro, F.L.S.

Exhibited. Allnutt's single-striped or carnation Camellia, from John All-
nutt, Esq. F.H.S. From the garden of the Society, twenty-seven sorts of
Apples, ten sorts of Pears ; specimens of Succory ; flowers of Chimonan-
thus fragrans, Chimonanthus fragrans var. grandiflorus, and of six sorts of
Chrysanthemum.

Art. X. Provincial Horticultural Societies.

Hitherto the counties in this article have been arranged geographically,
following the order of the Circuit Courts, as in the Statistics of the Ency-
ctoixxdius of Gardening cmd Agricidture ; with the present Volume we com-
mence an alphabetical arrangement, thinking it will admit of more con-
venient reference, during the publication of the successive Numbers which
form the Volume. When the Volume is completed, the counties can be
easily referred to from the General Index.

Name of Secretary not before given. — Hull Floral and Horticultural Society,
D. Brown, Esq.

CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Cambridgeshire Horticultural Society. — Oct. 13. The following award of the
judges was announced by Mr. Searle, tlie chairman : —

Durham and NortJiumhciland, Xuifd/r. 127

F/oivcrs. China Asters, Mr. Bailey. — Marigolds. Six be,«it : 1. French, Mr. Palmer; ;;. Afri.
can, Mr. Smith, gardener to Mr. Pym. — Stock, Tenweek, Mr. Henry Green. — Salvia, in a pot,
Mr. Searle.

Fruit. Grapes. Out-door, White : 1. Sweetwater, the Master of Downing ; 2. Muscadine,
Mr. Widnall. Black: 1. None; 2. Botanic Garden Grape, Mr. Biggs. — Peaches: 1. Galande,
Mr. Newman, gardener to Lord De la Warr ; 2. Admirable, Mr. Dall. — Nectarine, Brignon, Mr.
Challis. — Plums, Coe's Seedling, Mr. Challis. — Apples. Table: 1. Ribston Pipi)in, Mr. Dall ;
2. Carree Pippin, Mr. George Stittle. — Pears. Table: 1. Brown Beurre, the Ma.ster of Downing j
2. Crassane, Mr. Challis. — Currants, White, Mr. Challis. — Alpine Strawberries (best plate), Mr.
Newman, gardener to Lord De la Warr.

Culinary rent-tables. Cauliflowers : 1. Col. Pemberton ; 2. Mr. Lestourgeon.

Cottagers^ Prizes. Grapes. Out-door: Black and White, Josepli Beales, Cherryhinton. —
Table Apples, Table Pears, Celery, and Parsneps, James Tuck, Windmill Cottage, Harston.

Extra-Prizes. Cherries, Morcllo, Mr. Challis. — Strawberries, Roseberry, Mr. Newman, gai'-
dener to Lord De la Warr. — Raspberries, Red, Mr. Searle. — Celery, Mr. Hudson. — Endive,
Mr. George Stittle. — Onions, Mr. Newman, gardener to Lord De la Warr.

Cottagers' Extra- Prizes. Kitchen Apples, Cambridge Pippin, George Dickerson of Trumping-
ton. — Onions, Benjamin Knight of Waterbeach. {Cambridge C/iron., Oct. Ifi. 1830.)

Dec- 1. The Rev. Mr. Lascelles was in the Chair, and announced the fol-
lowing prizes : —

Flowers. Chrysanthemums, Double : 1. Superb Clustered Yellow, Superb White, Starry
Purple, Quilled Yellow, Lee's Large Purple, and Golden Yellow, Mr. Haylock ; 2. Superb Clustered
Y'ellow, Superb White, Lee's Royal Purple, Superb Quilled Purple, Changeable Buff, and Quilled
White, Mr. Searle. Of any sort. Superb Clustered Yellow, Mr. Biggs. In a pot, Superb White,
Mr. Arthur Biggs, Curator of the Botanic Garden.

Fruit. Grapes, Muscat of Lunel, Mr. Palmer. — Apples. Table: 1. Hawkins's Nonpareil and
Ribston Pippins, Rev. Geo. Jenyns ; 2. Transparent Pippin and Scarlet Nonpareil, Mr. George
Stittle. Kitchen, Caldwell Pippin, and Cambridge Pippin, Rev. Geo. Jenyns. — Pears. Table: J.
Crassane and Cohnar, Rev. Geo. Jenyns ; 2. Swan's Egg and St. Germain, Mr. Palmer.

Cttlinary Vegetables. Broccoli, Mr. Lestourgeon. — Celery, Col. Pemberton.

Extra-Prizes. Table Apples, Mr. Horobin. — Onions, White .Spanish, Mr. Palmer. — Baking
Pears, Cadillac, Col. Pemberton. — Bouquet, Mr. Catling. — Endive and Lettuces, Mr. Stittle.
{Cambridge C/iron., Dec. 3. 1830.)

DURHAM AND NORTHUMBERLAND.

The Botanical and Horlicnltural Society of Newcastle. — A Sleeting of the Com-
mittee of this Society was held on November 22d, when the London Society's large medal, which
they have placed at the disposal of this Committee, was unanimously awarded to Mr. James
Scott, gardener to Edward Charlton, Esq., of Sandoe, for the many beautiful exhibitions by him
of fruits, flowers, and vegetables, by which he has gained the greatest number of this Society's
medals during the season ; and, at the same Meeting, a reward of 2/. 24-., in addition to the silver
medal formerly awarded him, was voted to Mr. William Kelly, gardener to Armorer Donkin,
Esq., of Jesmond, for an Essay on the Culture and Management of the Hyacinth, as the best
written essay delivered to the Society for the year ; and by adopting the plan suggested by him,
it is hoped, in a few years, to supersede, in a great measure, the necessity and expense of import-
ing those beautiful bulbs from Holland. {Newcastle Cotir., Dec. i. 18.30.)

Nov. 5. At the last General Meeting for the year the following prizes were
awarded : —

The Society's silver medals to Mr. Robert Charlton, Wall, for the best dish of dessert apples,
and the best dish of currant-s. The silver medal to Mr. John M'Leish, gardener to A. J. Cresswell
Baker, Esq., Cresswell, for the best dessert pears, silver medals to Mr. Joseph Clarke, gardener
to Mrs. Bewicke, Close House, for the best dish of grapes, the best dish of plums, and also the
bronze medal for the best six heads of endive. The silver medal to Mr. William Grey, gardener
to Thomas James, Esq., Beaufront, for the best bouquet of C'hry.santhcmum indicum flowers.
The silver medal to Mr. Johnson Trotter, gardener to David Cram, Esq., Newcastle, for the best
six plants of tobacco, grown in the open air, and cured in the district. The bronze medal to Mr.
Hugh Robson, gardener to Capt. Bacon Grey, Styford Hall, for the twelve largest onions. The
bronze medal to H. Lamb, Esq., for the best six roots of rampion. The bronze medal to Mr.
John Moderill, gardener to J. C Anderson, Esq., Point Pleasant, for the best six roots of red
beet. The bronze medals to C J. Clavering, Esq., Axwell Park, for the best twelve roots of shal-
lot. The bronze medal to Mr. William Kelly, gardener to A. Donkin, Esq., Jesmond, for the best
dish of mushrooms. The silver medal to J. G.Clarke, Esq., Fenham Hall, for the best exotic plant in
flower (Musa coccinea). The silver medal to Mr. Adam Hogg, at Messrs. William Falla and Co.'s,
Gateshead, for the best bouquet of flowers. A very fine Queen Pine was exhibited from the
garden of J. C. Anderson, Esq. Some fine plants of /?feta clcla, from the garden of J. G. Clarke,
E-^q. ; and a very beautiful specimen of .S.ilvia splendens, from the green-house of William Losh,
Esq., of Benton. Six immensely large and fine onions were sent to the exhibition by Mr. Robert
Elliot, gardener to Sir John Trevclyan, Bart., of Wallington. {Neivcastle Cour., Nov. 13. 1830.)
Hexliam Botanical and Horticidtural Society. — Nov. 22. The prizes were
awarded as follows : —

To Mr. Thomas Watson, gardener to James Klrsop, Esq., Spittal, for the best twelve dessert
apples, best four roots of red beet, best four stalks of Brussels sprouts, and the third bouquet of
flowers ; to Mr. James Scott, gardener to Edward Charlton, Esq., Sandoe, for the best four cauli-
flowers, and the first bouquet uf flowers ; to Mr. Geo. Robson, gardener to N. Clayton, Esq.,
Chesters, for the best twelve dessert pears, and the best twelve baking apples ; and to Mr. Robert
Grey, Humshaugh, for the second bouquet of flowers. [Newcastle Cour., Dec. 4. 1830.)

NORFOLK.

Norfolk and Norwich Horticultural Society. — Nov. 17. It is just a year since
this Society held its first Meeting at the large room at the Swan : the rapid increase of its mem.
bars, however, soon precluded the possibility of any room affording accoramodation for the com-

1 28 Prov. Hort. Soc. : — Siifolk, Worcestershire.

pany, or receiving the numerous specimens with which its exhibitions are graced, of less
dimensions than the Corn Exchange, in which noble building all its Meetings have since been
held, and which, from its ample space, and the admirable manner in which the light is admitted,
is peculiarly adapted for the purpose. Many of the cut flowers were shown in phials, placed on
circular revolving stands, which are so constructed that any flower may be brought under notice
by merely touching a handle, which sets the whole in motion. This little machine is the inven-
tion of Mr. Ayton, the bailiff of the Corn Exchange, and has received the appellation of the Bou-
quetarium. A new seedling pear called Hacon's Incomparable, raised at Downham from the
seed of a small-sized pear called Reyner's Downham seedling, was shown by Mr. J. C. Hacon of
SwafFham. This is a fruit of great excellence, saccharine and melting, a good and early bearer,
and with the valuable property of decaying first externally and not at the core.

Prizes were awarded as under : —

Plants and Flowers. Cactus truncata in flower, silver medal, Mr. Hitchen. — Strelitz(Vi
reglnae, bronze medal. Rev. George Leathes. — Heliotrope and Tuberose, bronze medal. Miss
Hudson. — Chrysanthemuii. (12 pots) : 1. silver medal, Mr. Charles Middleton ; 2. bronze med- "
Mrs. Mackie. Double Yellow Chrysanthemum, bronze medal, Mr. J. Vince. — Primula sineiisif ,
bronze medal, Mrs. Mackie. — Basket of Dried Flowers, Mrs. Mackie.

Fruit. Grapes. Frankenthal, silver medal. Lady Preston. Black Hamburgh, bronze medal,
John Gordon, Esq. Black Prince, ripened on outward wall, bronze medal, T. S. Norgate, Esq. —
Thirty named varieties of Apples, silver medal, Peter Raven, Esq. — Bursdoff Apples and Cras-
sane Pears, silver medal, Charles Thompson, Esq. — Ribston Pippins and Crassane Pears, silver
medal, Mrs. Dashwood — Norfolk Pippins, bronze medal. Rev. T. S. Buckle. — Cat's Head Apples,
bronze medal, John Gordon, Esq. — Hacon's Incomparable Seedling Pear, silver medal, Mr. J. C.
Hacon. — White Currants, bronze medal. Lady Preston. — Oranges and Lemons from the Con-
servatory, bronze medal. Rev. C- Long. — Medlars, Mr. C. Crickmay, gardener to John Longe,
Esq.

Culinary Vegetables. Potato Onions, Mr. Charles Crickmay, gardener to John Longe, Esq.

Cottagers'' Prizes. Spanish Onions, John CJreen. — Imperial Broccoli, John Reynolds. — Savoy
Cabbages, R. Randall, and Mr. Wharton. — Union Pears, Charles Root. — Palestine Pears, Thos.
Brown. {The East Anglian.)

SUFFOLK.

Ipswich Horticidtural Society. — Nov. 9. The exhibition was viewed by a
numerous company, who appeared highly gratified at the display of fruit, which, notwithstanding
the unfavourableness of the season, surpassed any previously shown there at this time of the
year. After the show upwards of fifty gentlemen sat down to dinner, at which W. Rodwell, Esq.
presided. [Bury and Norwich Post, Nov. 17. 1830.)

WORCESTERSHIRE.

Vale of Evesham Horticultxiral Society. — Sept. 23. Prizes were awarded as
under : —

Plants. .Stove and Green-house: 1. Bouvardi/i triphi^ila, and 2. E pacris grandiflbra, Mr.
Smith ; 3. Gloxinjfl maculata, Edward Rudge, Esq. Hardy Annuals : 1. China Aster, Mr. Balls,
Toddington ; 2. African Marigold, and 3. Dianthus chin^nsis fibre pleno, Mr. Hunt. — Peren.
nials, Lobel/n fulgens, J. Taylor, Esq. — Cockscombs : 1. Edward Rudge, Esq. (measured 2ft. 9 in.
over the flower) ; 2. Mr. Liddell.

Flowers. Georginas. Crimson : I. R. Burlingham ; 2. Smith's Rival, Mr. Smith of Worcester.
Purple : 1. Princess Augusta, and 2. Purple Heath, Mr. Bates, Oxford. Scarlet : 1. Robusta,
Mr. Bates; 2. Romulus, Mr. Smith. Sulphur, Wells's Drop, Mr. Bates. Deep Orange, Coronet,
Edward Rudge, Esq. Light, Seedling, Sir Charles Throckmorton, Bart. White, Mountain Snow,
Mr. Bates.

FruU. Damsons : 1. Mr. Cheek ; 2. Mr. J. Hayward. — Apples. Dessert : 1. Yellow Inpestrie
Pippin, Mr. Bates; 2. The Orange Apple, and .S. Pompion, Mr. Hignell. Seedling: 1. and 2.
Mr. Hignell ; 3. Mr. J. Hayward. Culinary : 1. Mr. Hunt ; 2. Winter Pippin, Mr. Cooper, Peb-
worth ; 3. Alexander, Mr. Hignell. Cider, 151ack Taunton, Mr. Hunt. — Pears. Dessert: 1.
Brown Beurre, Mr. Balls ; 2. Mr. Hunt ; 3. Crassane, Mr. Liddell. Seedling, Mr. John Hay-
ward. Perry: 1. Seedling, Mr. Hunt; 2. The Oldfield Pear, Mr. John Smith of Comberton. —
Grapes, Out-door: Black, Black Cluster, Mr. Burlingham ; Red, Frontignac, Mr. Barnes;
White, Sweetwater, Mr. Mumford.

Culinary I'egetables. Peas, Sir Charles Throckmorton, Bart. — Carrots : 1. Mr. John Pain ; 2.
Sir Chas. Throckmorton, Bart. — Onions : 1. Portugal, Sir Chas. Throckmorton, Bart. ; 2. Tripoli,
and 3, Blood Red, Mrs. Charles.— Red Beet, Edward Rudge, Esq. — Celery. White: 1. Mr.
Bates ; 2. Edward Rudge, Esq. Red : 1. Mr. Bates ; 2. Mr. Caleb New.

Extra-Prizes. Golden Drop Plum, Mr. Mumford. Emperor Plum, John Taylor, Esq. — Citrus
3fedica, Mr. Smith. — Queen Pine, Mr. Fulton. — Red Roman Nectarine and White Muscat
Grape, John Taylor, Esq. — Black Hamburgh Grape, Mr. Smith.

One side of the Hall was filled with Georginas, crimson, purple, scarlet, sulphur, orange,
light, and white, from the gardens of Lord Northwick. Sir Charles Throckmorton, Bart , Edward
Rudge, Esq., John Taylor, Esq., Thomas Blayney, Esq., Mr. Smith, Mr. Bates, Mr. Butcher of
Stratford, Mr. Lowe of Binton, Mr. Balls of Toddington, and Messrs. Montford, Hunt, Burling-
ham, and Gregory. The stove and green-house jilants were from Mr. Smith of Worcester, the
stove-house of Edward Rudge, Esq., and the conservatories of Sir Charles Throckmorton, Bart.,
John Taylor, Esq , and N. C. Hartland, Esq., most of whom also furnished the abundant supply
of fruit, with which the tables were completely filled ; comprising pines, melons, hothouse and
out-door grapes, peaches, nectarines, plums, sixty-eight specimens of apples, and thirty-five of
pears, on the plates of the Society.

."it this Meeting a communication was read from Mr. Anthony New of Evesham, gardener, on
his method of cultivating asparagus, of which some extraordinarily large .specimens were exhibited
by him, and obtained prizes at the first and second Meetings of the Society, in April and May
last. ( Worcester Herald.)

THE

GARDENER'S MAGAZINE,

APRIL, 1831.

PART I.

ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE.

Art. I. Notes and Reflections made during a Tour through Part
of France and Germany, in the Autumn of the Year 1828. By
the Conductor.

(Continued from p. 20.)

1. HE Gardens of the Commercial Florists of Paris are nume-
rous, but none of them are large, nor is the capital embarked
in them any thing like that which is employed in the cor-
responding class of gardens of London ; such establishments,
for instance, as those of Colville, Allen, Moore, Dennis, &c.,
in the King's Road. The florists' gardens of Paris differ
also from those of London in not having show-houses ; their
productions being sent chiefly, or almost entirely, to the pub-
lic flower-market, and there exposed for sale by their wives
or daughters. In London, the wealthy and tlie amateurs
delight in passing from one nursery to another, examining
what is in perfection or coming forward, and purchasing
here and there what pleases them. In Paris, the admirers of
flowers go to the flower-market, where they find displayed
the bloom of all the commercial gardens. The essential
cause of this difference in the mode of purchasing flowers in
London and Paris, we apprehend to be the general preva-
lence of botanical knowledge among the wealthy females of
England ; whereas, in France, botanical knowledge among
wealthy females is rare. The love of flowers, as ornamental
to a house, is common to the two countries; but in England
the feeling is cultivated ; and the enjoyment is greater in pro-
V0L.VII No. 31. K

ISO Notes and Reflections during a Tour : —

portion to the degree of cultivation. In this single article of
seeing flowers with the eye of a general observer, and seeing
them with the eye of a botanist, how immense is the advantage
of possessing a little knowledge ! and if this be the case in so
small a matter, how important to the enjoyment of life must
be the education of all our faculties and feelings ! All human
enjoyment above that of the brutes around us is the result of
this cultivation. Whoever neglects self-cultivation, in every
particular matter with which he has to do, is neglecting his
own happiness, and trifling with the gift of life.

The Flower Market of Paris occupies an open' area of about
two acres, and the stands of the different florists are held
under three parallel rows of the common and three-thorned
acacia. These stands are almost always kept by the wives
or daughters of the growers, and not, as in London, by a dis-
tinct class intermediate between the grower and the consumer.
Every thing connected with the stands is portable ; the pots
and plants are, for the most part, set on the ground ; and
only such as sell seeds and cut flowers have small benches on
which they are placed. In summer the attendant lady sits in
a chair, close behind which is a pole or rod terminating in a
hole, for the insertion of an umbrella, which serves also as. a
parasol. In winter she has a mat round the chair, and straw
upon a board, on which to place her feet. Some have small
portable houses, with a brazier of charcoal embers. We
visited the market on September 1 3th and December 20th.

Sept. 13. — The number and variety of well-grown shrubs
and plants in pots very much surprised us, never having seen
any thing like such a show in Covent Garden Market. There
were not many cut flowers. Among the plants in pots and
in flower, we noted down at the time as follows : — The pome-
granate ; oranges in great variety of size, with and without
fruit; iSblanum Pseiido-capsicum Hort. Brit., with green and
ripe fruit and blossoms, a shrub by far too much neglected in
England ; jasmines, several species ; double oleander, white-
and red ; myrtles, double and single, and broad and narrow
leaved ; roses of various sorts ; vines in pots, with from six
to eight large bunches of grapes on each ; apple trees with
fruit; ^lth£e\i frutex ; Magnol/« grandiflora; Clerodendrum
fragrans ; Crassula obliqua ; tuberoses ; forget-me-not ; straw-
berries covered with fruit; and, as near as we could estimate,
about forty-five sorts of green-house and hot-house plants in
flower, the names of which we could not stop to take down.

Balsams, asters, phlox, georginas, and similar autumnal
flowers, were very numerous. There were plants taken up
with balls of cocksfoot grass, and pots of young barley, both,

Flower-Marlcet of Paris. 131

as we were told, for the use of clogs. Bulbs and flower
seeds, boxes of mould for shifting plants, flower-pots, water-
ing-pots, frames and rods for tying plants to, and willows and
dried rushes from Spain (see p. 15.) for tying them with. The
women appeared healthy and in good spirits, and were, as
usual in similar cases, eager to procure purchasers : a few of
the youngest of them, in the intervals between bargaining or
speaking to customers, occupied themselves in reading, we
wish we could say works on natural history ; they were, how-
ever, novels, which we consider the next best in similar cases.
Dec. 20. — Camellias, including the single white, and
orange trees, with Bengal roses and jasmines, made the prin-
cipal figure. Metrosideros lanceolata, Phylica CTictiides, a
species of Pitcauui/a, a great quantity of mignonette, several
species of heaths, hyacinths, violets, Tiissilago fragrans, and
other plants, in flower. A number of bulbs, in pots of earth,
grown an inch or two, and ready to be taken out on the spot
and put into water-glasses. Many pots of evergreens, and a
great quantity also in bundles, as in the tree market before
mentioned, (p. 12.) Among the adjuncts were basket willows
of six or eight different sizes, Russian mats, straw mats, moss,
pots, &c., as before, and abundance of paper for enveloping
the more delicate of the plants purchased. We made several
purchases here for the Surresnes garden, alluded to in our
last (p. 12.); and were amused at the clumsy attempts made
to impose one thing for another upon us by the fair dealers.
We were fully prepared for this ; and, indeed, should have
been surprised had these lively and agreeable women acted
otherwise. The first stage in the progress of civilisation is
spoliation, because that indicates a desire for the possession of
something that one has not got, and cannot procure without
labour. This labour, in the robber state of society, consists
chiefly of physical force ; and the food or clothing of one man
is taken from him by another by knocking him down, or
breaking into his house, as the case may require. The
second stage is that of barter, in which one article of use is
exchanged for another. The third stao-e is that of a circulating
medium, which forms a common article of exchange for all
others. In these three stages one common principle is at
work — that of deception, by which the one party endeavours
to intimidate or outwit the other party, so as to induce him
to give up his food or clothes, or to part with his goods or
money, for less than they are worth. The rules for playing
at this game of skill, however, vary with the state of society,
and the principle of deception gradually gives way to that of
equivalency. The ladies in the French flower -market employ

K 2

132 Notes and Reflectio7is duri?ig a Tour : —

deception, like those of our Covent Garden ; but the latter
are certainly much farther advanced towards the principle of
equivalency. The French flower-dealers are about on a par
with what the sellers of fish were in Edinburgh twenty years
ago. The spread of knowledge among the labouring classes
of France, which has only just commenced with the Projet de
JLoi pour V Instruction Primaire., of January, 1831, will raise
the next generatioi^^ of French gardeners' wives and daughters
into the highest principle of commerce ; and the Conductor
of the British Gardener' s Magazine in 1880 will find them in
advance of those of London, unless we also adopt a law for
the instruction of all. We shall now glance at a few of the
flower-gardens, premising that all of them are within the
exterior barrier of the city.

Fio7i's Garden. — Dec. 29. We glanced at this garden
in September, and examined it more in detail in Decem-
ber. It is decidedly more ingenious, both in a botanical
and ornamental point of view, than any which we met with
among the French commercial gardens. M. Fion has in-
vention, enthusiasm, and taste ; and the whole of these quali-
ties being directed to his profession, and employed upon a
spot not nnich larger, as it seemed to us, than an English
acre, he has formed a garden brimful of interest. Had he
the means, he told us, he would make a simple work of build-
ing hot-houses and cultivating tropical plants, by covering his
entire garden with a lofty roof of glass : but no man exercis-
ing the faculties a]:)ove-mentioned is very likely to accumulate
wealth. A man of genius who has to procure the means of
subsistence by a profession, will of necessity always be on the
verge of want or insolvency : and, if he begins as an inde-
pendent man, with a fortune at his command, he is equally
certain of spending it, and coming to want. This is a dis-
ease incident to a peculiar stage in the progress of educa-
tion ; and the only palliative is to increase the number of
tastes and pursuits of the patient, so as to neutralise or reduce
the ruling passion. The French, we cannot help thinking,
are much less apt to ruin tiiemselves by any single pursuit
than the English ; perhaps, because to every Frenchman the
enjoyment of female society forms an essential part of life.

W'e can only speak of M. Fion's garden from recollection.
It contains a number of houses and pits, in which is not only
an extensive stock of popular plants, such as camellias, ericas,
pelargoniums, oranges, &c., but also some of the most rare
hot-house and green-house plants to be found in Paris.
There are some ornamental buildings ; a small temple contain-
ing a bust of Thouin (and it is paying M. Fion no mean

Garden of M. Tamponef. 133

compliment to say, that he duly appreciates the character of
this most scientific of French gardeners); rockwork; fountains;
painted landscapes, as terminations to walks in the open air,
and also for completing the effect of certain compositions of
rockwork, water, and succulent plants, which he has formed
within the houses. There is a wall covered with orange trees,
which bear abundantly, and have a fine appearance.

In side-grafting camellias, oranges, and magnolias, instead
of inserting the lower end of the scion into a phial of water
(Vol. II. p. 33. fig. 12.), or into a potato as practised by Mr.
Murray (Vol. III. p. 29.), M. Fion inserts them in the earth
of the jiot ; and he showed us the scion of a Magnolm con-
spicua which had rooted in this way. Every part of his
grounds is as neat and orderly as it is tasteful ; and, in short,
there is no commercial flower-garden in Paris that will so well
repay the visitor.

Garden ofM. Tamponef, Fleuriste de la Chambre du Roi. —
Oct, 4. The space occupied is about two acres, and it dis
plays the best assemblage of large orange trees and camellias
which we have anywhere seen in France ; the whole in excel-
lent order. The young orange trees, and all such as by acci-
dent or design are in a growing state, are preserved through
the winter in ffreen-houses with glazed roofs like those of
England, and in flued pits. Those which are not in a grow-
ing state are packed close together in one of those barn-like
orangeries which are common to commercial gardens in
France. The largest tubs are placed on the ground ; the
next largest upon them in the interstices between the trees ;
and above these a third tier of still smaller boxes ; so that not
a foot of room, from the floor to the ceiling, is lost. An
English gardener would hardly believe it possible that plants
so closely packed together, in a house having no more light
than an ordinary room, and totally withovit flues or any
means of suppl^'ing artificial heat, would pass the winter
without losing their leaves. It is certain, however, that they
do so ; and the secret of this is, that the trees are thrown into
a dormant state about the middle of September by withhold-
ing water. During winter, the frost is effectually excluded
by wooden shutters ; and over these, when necessary, straw
mats. The windows are not opened after winter has fairly set
in, till its greatest severity is believed to be over; and, unless
in houses where there is a flue, no water is given during that
period, and sometimes not till the end of February. This
treatment would scarcely answer in the moist climate of Eng-
land : but yet it affords important hints for preserving oranges

K 3

1 3-i Notes and Reflections diirhig a To7ir.

in pits and against flued walls. In a dry stratum of chalk we
should have no fear of preserving orange trees of any size, in
a deep excavation covered with glass, though without the
means of applying artificial heat.

Garden ofM. Douhe, Fleuriste, Rue de CharoJine, No. 172. —
Oct. 4. The surface appeared to be not quite an acre. There
is an extensive barn-like orangery, containing a collection of
very large orange trees purchased at the sale of a nobleman's
effects during the first Revolution, and now kept for their
flowers. Some of the tubs bore inscriptions signifying by
what king of the last century the tree had been presented to
the former owner ; a proof that an orange tub will at least
last 40 years ; the material is oak. Neapolitan violets are
here cultivated in large quantities ; they are planted in beds
enclosed by boards, on which sashes are placed during the
winter : with this protection, and without any heat, they con-
tinue to produce flowers from November till May. The
variety of rose called Qiiatre saisons forms a main article of
culture ; the plants are cut down about the end of August, in
consequence of which they come into bloom from the middle
of October to Christmas. The latest are covered with glass,
in the same manner as the violets. There are here some very
large standard apricots, which bear well every year. Every
odd corner, the walls and roofs of the buildings, and the
shed of a gin-wheel for raising water, are covered with vines,
apparently the green Chasselas, from which was then hang-
ing an abundant crop of grapes. The leaves v/cre thinned to
a greater degree than we should approve of; but the pro-
prietor defended the practice, not so much because it ripened
the fruit, as because it coloured it by admitting the direct
influence of the sun, and so gave it a somewhat withered
and ripened appearance. The crop of grapes on these vines,
which were rooted into dry rich soil on limestone rock, ex-
ceeded any thing we have ever seen in the open air.

Ballard's Flower-garden, Rue Rasfroy. — Dec. 29. One
object of thi? gardener is to have carnations in flower every
day in the year. He had a great quantity of laurustinus and
common box in pots ; and in pits he was forcing roses, lilacs,
iberis semperflorens, common mezereon and other species of
i)aphne, &c. On dung-beds, covered with glass frames, he
was bringing forward pinks and other herbaceous plants, hya-
cinths, tulips, crocuses, and other bulbs. We have not a suf-
ficiently distinct recollection of the other commercial flower-
gardens to say much about them ; and we shall therefore, in
our next Number, proceed to market-gardens.
(To he continued.^

On several Gardens in Ens-land and Wales. 1 35

Art. II. Observations on several Gardens in England and Wales.
By Mr. William Saunders.

HiGHCLERE, Hants, the Seat of Earl Carnarvon. — June 22.
Here is an extensive park, the grounds beautifully varied, and
highly enriched with fine timber. Much has been done by
nature in creating romantic scenery ; but nature's rudeness
has received a polish from the taste of the noble proprietor,
and it now presents to view, in all directions, many interesting
features. Much care has been bestowed on the cultivation of
J?hodorace£e ; and this care has by no means been spent in
vain, as the gardener has succeeded in raising a numerous
progeny of hybrids. There is a large clump of a hj^brid
i?hododendron, between 11. arboreum and B. catawbiense.
It partakes much of the appearance of Ji. arboreum, and is
said to ]:)articipate, in a considerable degree, in the magnifi-
cence of its flowers. It is found to be tolerably hardy, having
stood last winter well with a slight protection.

The beds of hybrid azaleas were still very splendid, although
many of the best flowers were now going ofi^. They will of
themselves alone form a rich addition to the list of ornamental
shrubs. Several fine new varieties have this season flowered.
The soil here seems to be peculiarly adapted to the cultiva-
tion of this family, although doubtless much also depends on
the great degree of attention bestowed on them.

The flower-gardens and hot-house department have under-
gone much improvement within these last few years ; a fine
collection of Amarylli^/tvc occupy a large proportion of the
house, and from long-continued assiduity many superior
hybrid varieties have been raised. The kitchen-garden, from
the nature of the soil and the Ihnited attention which can be
given to it, is neither so productive nor in such high keeping
as might be expected from the general appearance of the
ffrounds. The mansion is now undergoino- a thorough re*
pair and enlargement; and, when completed, this place bids
fair to rank amono- the first in the kin2;dom.

Elect Place, near Neivbnrj/, the Hesidence of the late A. Baeon,
Esq. — Jnnc 23. A compact and well laid out kitchen-gai'-
den, walled in, and containing a considerable range of graperies
and peach-houses, which at the first glance appear rather con-
fined, being narrow ; but, from the crops, they seem to work
well. They are divided in such a manner as to secure the
forcing of any one department independent of another, while
they are heated by one boiler, on Mr. Whale's method, as
described in Vol. III. p. 186. Had the spirited proprietor
lived, this would soon have become a place where horticulture

K 4

136 Observations on several Gardens

would have been carried to a high pitch, as is evident from
the extensive conservatories and pleasure-grounds that were
on the eve of being produced. On the whole, every thing
seemed to have been conducted in a liberal and systematic
manner, combining elegance with use.

De/ifor d Place, ?tearHimge7yord, //le Residence of Cherry,

Esq. — June 23. A small, well kept place, the kitchen-garden
well enclosed. The wall trees here, particularly peaches, have
nearly been destroyed by blight within the last two years. The
soil a stiff loam, with a cold wet bottom, which has no doubt
contributed greatly to their destruction.

The park has been much improved by the planting of a
number of young oak trees from 20 to 30 ft. high, which
were removed during last autumn and spring from a planta-
tion about a mile distant, a method very similar to Sir Henry
Steuart's being adopted. The soil from which they were
taken is a good loam. One of the trees measured, at 1 ft.
from the ground, 3 ft. 10 in. in circumference, and yet they now
exhibit no signs of having received the least check. A Scotch
pine had also been removed, which, although the tree is about
20 ft. in height, looks not a whit the worse : the expense
amounted to nearly double Sir Henry Steuart's statement.

Chilton Lodge, near Chilton, the Residence of John Pearse,
Esq. — June 24. A good kitchen-garden, and neat pleasure-
grounds. The kitchen-gardens contain a fine range of
graperies, and a neat peach-house, in which were some of the
finest peaches I have seen this season, now ripe, and weighing
from 7^ to 9 ounces each. The trees are planted inside the
house, and trained on a wire trellis, about 14 in. from the
glass. It is heated by a common flue, which also heats a
mushroom-house behind.

Littlecot Park, the Seat of Gcnet'al Popham. — June 24.
This is a well wooded park of varied surface ; the gardens
neatly kept. The walls are well filled, and there are some
superior apricot trees. The peach and nectarine trees had
suffered greatly from mildew this season, consequently the
crop was below an average one. I observed a good collection
of pines, grown mostly in frames ; also an excellent crop of
grapes and peaches. The peach-houses have lately been
heated by hot water^ which Mr. Wall has found to answer
well.

Tottenham Parh, the Residence of the Marquess of Aylesbury.
— June 25. A widely extended demesne, including Marl-
borough Forest, thi'ough which eight avenues are cut, diverg-
ing from one common centre. Much has of late been done

in England and Wales.

137

in beautifying and enlarging the pleasure-grounds and gar-
dens.

The kitchen-gardens contain about four acres enclosed with
brick walls, one of which, a south-east exposure, is clothed
with the finest peach and nectarine trees imaginable, there
hardly being a spare foot of wall or a blemished leaf to be
seen, while they were loaded with fruit. The trees have mostly
been planted within the last eight or nine years. Mr. Burns,
before planting, had the border well prepared, and laid on a
slope of about 20 in. from the wall to the walk, the border
being 1 2 ft. wide, so that it effectually prevents any danger of
an over supply of water. The border lias been very sparingly
cropped, but manured plentifully. Mr. Burns has also ex-
celled in the cultivation of the pine-apple : the sorts he grows
are chiefly Black Jamaica, Antigua, Enville, and Providence.
They are grown in pits filled with leaves and heated with
dung linings, while he fruits them in a pit, as under, [fig. 15.)

The front and ends are surrounded by the dung linings,
which are 4 ft. wide, as high as the bed, and covered with
oak boarding [a) ; the bed {b) is filled with oak leaves, and is
38 ft. long, by 12 ft. in width ; behind it are the path and flues.
The house is entered by a door (c), after descending a few-
steps; the flue [d) goes and returns on itself between the path
and back wall. The rafters and sashes are of iron; the walls
are 9 in. brickwork, ends and front pigeon-holed. It appears
to be a pit well adapted for the fruiting of the pine, from the
facility with which the heat can be kept up, and the readiness
with which the plants can be got at, either from the inside or
out, the bottom sashes being movable. It perhaps might be
improved by substituting hot-water pipes for the flue.

In the house occupied by the Tottenham Park seedling
muscat of Alexandria there is an excellent crop ; the berries
promise to be very fine. On leaving a delightful flower-gar-
den, you are ushered upon a magnificent bank of i^hododen-
dron. Azalea, Kalm/a &c. in a very luxuriant state. This
bank is flanked on one side by a covered walk of roses and
clematis, on the other by a wall upwards of 400 ft. long of
Magnolm grand iflora. On the bank there is a fine specimen

138 On several Gardens in England and Wales.

of Belis lanceolata, nearly 10 ft. in height, which looks as
healthy as the rhododendrons ; it has stood the last two win-

lituti'iiiih

a. Library. b. Conservatory. c. Orangery. d. Portico. e. Terrace.

/, Groups of flowers and roses. fi-, Border sloping to the right, for American plants

h. Border sloping to the left, for common evergreens.

i. The park, the surface sloping to the left. k. Open terrace.

I, Space on which the flower-garden is intended to be continued.

Progress of Intellect among Gardeners. 13^

ters without any material injury. To form this bank, Mr.
Burns had the soil dug from a heathy common, and planted
it immediately; and he ascribes the very rapid progress the
plants have made, to the nutriment they have received from
the gradual decay of vegetable substances contained in the
soil.

The pleasure-grounds are very extensive, and in high
keeping; the conservatory and orangery form the south-west
wing of the splendid edifice, which is now being built as the
chief residence of the noble family. The orangery contains
a number of very fine orange trees, lately purchased in France;
the family having had the misfortune to lose by fire, a few
years ago, upwards of one hundred large trees. The accom-
panying plan {Jig. 16.) is that of a new flower-garden, laid out
on the south front of the house last spring.

William Saunders.

Art. III. General Remarks on the Progress of Intellect amoiig
Gardeners ; xvith some Account of the Improvements recently made
in the Hot-house of George Cooke, Esq., of Doncaster. By Q.

Sir,
It must be truly gratifying to the lovers of the science of
gardening, to witness the long list of practical gardeners who
have taken up the pen to contribute to your excellent Maga-
zine, and who had never written before in any publication.
The great utihty of your work, and the improvements it is
effecting among those for whom it is intended, is obvious to
the meanest capacity. It might, indeed, be expected that
every gardener would eagerly approach to it, as he would to
a feast after enduring a famine; yet many " make light" of
this precious feast. Held in chains by old customs, and fet-
tered even in opposition to their own best interests, they shut
their eyes against improvements. The language of such is,
" We want none of your new-fangled ways : why should we
pretend to be wiser than our fathers?" Such men "love
darkness rather than light," because of their obstinacy and
overweening conceit. But happily there are others better
disposed ; and to such the Gardener's Magazine is a treasure.
These are minds of a superior order ; they are now burstino-
their chains, and loosening themselves from the trammels of
authority. A spirit of improvement, a passion for experi-
ment, and a liberal curiosity, prompt them to quit the old
beaten paths, and to explore untried ways ; to disdain the

140 Improvemetits m the Hot-house at Carr House.

bondage of prescription, and to seek to acquire wisdom by
experience.

Such a vehicle as your Magazine was much wanted ; as the
most obvious and important occurrences, if not communicated
and recorded while yet recent, soon become either obliterated
by time or obscured by tradition, and leave only a few mu-
tilated facts or unconnected fragments for the information of
the public.

There are many improvements in this neighbourhood
which are worthy of record in your miscellany, but I shall
only call the attention of your readers to a hot-house recently
erected in the garden of George Cooke, Esq., Carr House,
near Doncaster, which exhibits the greatest improvement
hitherto made in hot-houses of this description. It is fitted
up for vines and pines, and is intended to answer the pur-
poses of two houses in one. It is furnished with hot-air
flues, and has ventilators in the back wall, which admit the
cold air without the sliding of the top sashes. It has a glass
partition the length of one side, which shuts up the house at
pleasure, in order to exclude the vines during their state of
dormancy from the action of the artificial heat. They are
thus left in a comfortable situation to take their natural repose,
until the time arrives for them to awake fully refreshed, and
to commence their labours in order to " bring forth fruit to
perfection." The partition is then removed, and the vines
are again admitted within the pale. As man cannot well
perform his work if deprived of his natural rest, no more
can " the generous vine." It is to be expected that vines
thus managed will be much more abundant in fruit.

I may just notice that over the furnace is placed a boiler,
with a steam-pipe which is conducted most eligibly through
the building, and three stop-cocks to admit steam into the
house at pleasure.

Tlie whole certainly embraces ingenuity of design, economy,
utility, and convenience, and reflects much credit on the
gardener at Carr House, Mr. James Stephenson, under whose
directions the whole has been completed.

Hoping that ere long some one more able will give you a
more particular descrijition of these improvements,

I am, Sir, &c.

Doncaster, Jan. 14. 1829. Q.

Imp'oved Boiler for Hot-Jiouses. 141

Art. IV. On an improved Boiler for heating Hot-houses by hot
Water, and on some other Modifications of Hot-water Apparatus.
By Mr. John Mearns, F.H.S.

Sir,
The object of this communication is to notice an excellent
and most simple hot-water boiler, invented by a very ingenious
man in Worcester of the name of Oslar, foreman of Mr.
Bradley, plumber and brazier there. He has fitted up one
of them for Mr. Smith, a nurseryman of this town, for a
new grapery erected by him this summer. It pleases him,
and all who have seen it ; and I consider it an excellent
modification for heating small pits or frames.

The boiler for small pits should be capable of containing
two gallons. Three-inch bore pipes should
be suspended to the front of the pit or frame
{fg' 17. a), and the feeder may contain about
seven gallons of water, and be constructed of lead.
The boiler and pipes of Mr. Smith's grapery are
large ; the boiler is of copper, and well riveted ;
it contains five gallons, and cost him only 4/.
Tlie upper pipes are 3^ in. in the bore, and also of copper ;
the return pipes are of lead, but formed with union joints^
to covmteract expansion. His feeder contains about thirty
gallons, and works excellently. Mr. Smith says that the
Staffordshire pipes, though apparently strong, Avill not an-
swer the piu'pose, on account of their breaking so frequently ;
and moreover a joint in them cannot be easily replaced when
they are what they call spigot and faucet joints, without
taking all the rest down to it ; and when metal pipes are so
cheap, he thinks them greatly preferable. My copper pipes
cost me \s. 6d. per foot, and in the long run they will be
found the cheapest and best.

My boiler, which cost \L 35. 9d., is constructed of strong
copper, is oval, measures 18 in. by J 2 in., and is in tiie form
and size of such a dish-cover as is put over a roast goose. Mr.
Smith's boiler is 28 in. by 18 in.; it rests ujion its two ends
over the fire, and the flames, mounting over the two sides,
enter the flue or chimney at the top. The sketch {fg. 18.)
will illustrate the kind of boiler which I mean.

In one of the pine-stoves here I have used steam-pipes,
jointly with the fire-flue, for the last twenty years, and by so
doing a great saving of fuel is effected. Unless ranges of
houses are to be heated entirely by steam, it occasions a
great waste of fuel if the flue and steam-pipes are not both
employed; but in such establishments as those of Messrs.

l4eS' Improved Boiler Jbr Hut-houses.

18

a. Side view of the boiler. b. The feeder. c. Front view of the boiler. d. The ash pit

Loddiges, Messrs. Guntar, the late Mr. Grange at Kings-
land, and the late Mr. Andrews of Vauxhall, the steam system
must undoubtedly be preferable.

The pine-stove, which I have for the last twenty years
heated jointly with the flue and steam (7%. 19.), I have now,
19 .^e^ ^^ your suggestion, fitted up for heating by

hot water; and as I still intend using only
one fire, I consider that I shall gain in.
fuel. When I first thought of the steam
method, I supposed that, while I heated
my fire-flue, if I placed a boiler of water
over the fire with a pipe attached for con-
veying the steam round the house, I .should be throwing in so
much additional heat to the house, while at the same time it
took nothing from the heat that was carried along the flue;
so that I should thus make a great .saving in fuel, which I
found to be the ca.se. But, on considering the different
action of steam and hot water, I have given the latter the
preference; as, jointly with the fire flue, where only one
house is to be heated, I find that I have an additional saving
in fuel. Befoie the steam can operate, the water must boil ;
and, as soon as the thermometer attains the degree required,
the fire must be damped ; consequently the vajjour ceases to
rise, that which is in the pipes becomes condensed, and they
soon get cold. When the mercury falls again, the water
must again be made to boil, and so on. Not .so the hot-
water pipes. When once the water is heated in them, it
rarely gets cold again. A little fire under the boiler will
maintain a slow circulation in the pipes, which may be in-
creased or diminished by the greater or less quantity of fuel.

Improved Boiler for Hot-houses. 143

The fireplace and boiler may be safely brought into the
house, from which arrangement an increase of heat is ob-
viously acquired. I do not by any means consider it judicious
to employ the hot-water pipes alone, and to throw the fire
heat into the nearest chimney : in this case no more savins is
effected than if the fire-fiue were used by itself, and from my
experience not so much.

My boiler {fg. 20. a) is placed in a recess at the end of the

flue at the back

-'^ r "^ P'^^^ ^^ ^^^^ house,

A \ I- \ {, I so that it occa-

*^ ■'^ 1 — I sions no inconve-

nience whatever.
My feeder (^) is situated very handily at the liot-house door,
and communicates with the boiler by pipes (f).

I shall here give you my opinion, as to where I think the
hot-water svstem mav be used with most advantage. In the
first place, it is excellent, jointly with a fire-flue, m all kinds
of forcing that require a temperature above or about 55°,
imless for very small pits and frames, where it may be used
singly, on account of the pipes takuig up little room and
being readily fitted in. In such places as the cjreen-house,
where nothing more than the frost is to be excluded, the
old flue system is the best ; and if it be properly managed,
no inconvenience will arise from disagreeable smells or
smoke. \\^ith regard to doing away with the fire-flue, on
account of the water-pipes being sweeter, and more conrjenial
to the health of the plants, I beg to remark that, if the fire-
place and flues are properly constructed and kept properly
clean, they are sufficiently sweet for any plant, provided
that a proper degree of humidity is maintained.

I am not a little surprised that the method of heating by
hot air has not been introduced into hot-houses, for which
I think it well calculated. In my opinion the plan of Messrs.
Sunnners of Bond JStreet might, with a little alteration for
the particular purpose, be made more suitable for this object,
to any number of houses, than any that I have yet seen.

Mr. Smith informs me that Mr. Oslar is now fitting up
a hot-air stove to heat a room. It will require compara-
tively a mere handful of fuel ; and is also considered suffi-
cient to heat a hot-house 20 ft. by 12 ft. to a temperature of
80°. Mr. Smith says he is going to try another plan, which,
he thinks, will answer the purpose of hot-houses much, better,
and jirove far cheaper than hot-water pipes. The room in
which he has tried his experiment loses but 3° of heat in
twelve hours. Yours, C>cc.

Shobden Court, Nov. 1. 1829. John Mearns.

144 Whateh/s Observations on Windsor Castle,

Art. V. Observations on Windsor Castle. By the late Thomas
Whately, Esq. Written previously to the Year 1772. With
a Prefatory Letter by the Rev. W. T. Bree, by whom the
Article was comraunicated.

Sir,
The posthumous works of men of taste and genius seldom fail of being
perused with a high degree of interest, even when they exhibit compa-
ratively but Httle of the spirit and originahty of the author's more finished
productions pubHshed during his lifetime. The following observations,
however, on Windsor Castle, appear to me to be intrinsically valuable in
themselves, and worthy of their author ; and I have no doubt they will
prove doubly acceptable to your readers, as coming from the pen of the
late Thomas Whately, Esq., the talented author of Observations on Modern
Gardenings and Remarks on the Characters of Shakspeare. They were dis-
covered among Mr. \\Tiately's unpublished papers, and very probably
might have been designed, had the author lived, to have been introduced
into some future edition of Observations on JModern Gardening. This,
however, is a mere conjecture of my own. For the copy which I now
send you I am indebted to my friend, the Rev. Thomas Whately of
Cookhara, nephew of the author; who, in conjunction with his brother,
Dr. Richard Whately, Principal of St. Alban's Hall, Oxford, has kindly
permitted me to forward it to you for insertion in your Magazine. It
should be remembered, that, as Mr. Whately died in 1772, his remarks
on Windsor Castle must be considered as applpng to the place previously
to that period. What alterations may have subsequently taken place, and
how far any of Mr. A\Tiately's suggestions for improvement may have been
adopted, are questions which I must leave to the decision of those who
are better acquainted than myself with this magnificent domain.

Yours, &c.
Atlestei/ Bectort/, March 4. 1831. W. T. Bree.

OBSERVATIONS ON WINDSOR CASTLE.

A MORE magnificent and delightful roval residence can
hardly be imagined than that of Windsor Castle. The emi-
nence on which the castle stands is detached from every other,
and advanced into the plain which it commands ; it falls in a
bold slope on one side, while it is easy of access on the other;
and as the palace occupies almost all the brow, the whole hill
seems but a base to the building. It rises in the midst of an
enchanting countr}-, and it is there the most distinguished
spot: but though the situation is singular, it is not extravagant ;
it is great, but not wild. It is in itself noble, and all around
it is beautiful.

The view from the terrace is not the most picturesque, but
it is the gayest, that can be conceived. The Thames diffuses
a cheerfulness through all the counties where it flows, and
this is in itself peculiarly cheerful. It is luxuriantly fertile ;
it is highly cultivated ; it is full of villas and villages ; and
they are scatteretl all over it, not crowded together; no hurry
of business appears ; and no dreary waste is in sight ; country

Whateli/s Observations 07i Windsor Castle, 115

churches and gentlemen's seats ax-e everywhere mtermixed
with the fields and the trees. Every spot seems improved, but
improved for the purposes of pleasure; all are rural; none
are solitary : and the amenity of the plain is at the same time
contrasted with the rich woods in the Great Park, their height,
their shade, and their verdure.

The prospect is the more interesting as all the environs of
Windsor are classic ground. The forest prompted the first
essays of Mr. Pope's muse ; and Sir John Denham owes all
his fame to his poem on Cooper's Hill. That beautiful
eminence overlooks Runnemede, a place illustrious in our
history. Behind it is Chertsey, the retreat of Cowley ;
before it Horton, the residence of Milton ; and directly in
front of the castle is Stoke churchyard, which Mr. Gray
chose for the scene of his Elegy ViwA the place of his burial.

The castle itself and its appendages abound with monu-
ments of antiquity and of genius. The remains of chivalry
everywhere occur in this seat of the Order of the Garter ; and
the rude achievements of Edward III., his family, and his
peers, are proper decorations for the hall of his knights. The
pride of Wolsey still appears in the chapel which he intended
for his obsequies, and which might be the mausoleum of a
race of kings with propriety. The terrace was built by
Elizabeth ; was the resort of her warriors and statesmen ; and
is a work worthy of her reign. Here Shakspeare laid the
scene of his comedy, when the queen dictated the subject;
and Datchet Mead still retains its name; and the sawpit,
where the fairies lurked, may be traced ; and the oak of
Heme tiie Hunter is standing. The poets of later days have
always haunted the spot, and have celebrated the delights of
Windsor as refinements on the pleasures of Charles II.'s
dissipated court, and the majesty of the seat as reflecting
lustre on the trophies of Queen Anne's triumphant reign.

The grandeur of this regal residence is further enhanced
by the establishments which depend upon it. The Order of
the Garter owes its preeminence less to its antiquity, than to
the purity observed in the dispensation of its honours ; and
the benevolent provision made for the poor knights is no dis-
grace to the institution. A sumptuous collegiate church, with
accommodations for all its dignitaries, is within the walls of
the caitle; and the noble seminary of education at Eton seems
not to be unconnected with the palace : it is a royal found-
ation, and it is, at the same time, the most beautiful and the
most interesting object of the prospect.

The vast dimensions, also, and the style of the building,
which, however deficient in some points of elegance and pro-

VoL.VII. — No.31. L

146 Wliatelifs Observations on Windsor Castle.

portion, always retains an air of magnificence ; the appro-
priation of distinct apartments to the several great officers of
state, and the extent of the domains appendant on the castle ;
the groves in the Great Park, of eighteen miles m circum-
ference, and the hills of the forest retiring to a distant
horizon ; are additional circumstances to distinguish this from
all other royal residences, and concur to attract particular
attention to it.

But the habitation is supposed not to be agreeable, because
every contiguous spot is open to public resort. The defect is,
however, not irremediable; for the terrace is certainly no
thoroughfare, and perhaps, upon enquiry, the path through
the Little Park to Datchet will appear to be held by suffer-
ance, not by right ; or, if otherwise, the return of the court
to the castle would be so advantageous to the inhabitants of
Windsor, that they would willingly consent to the necessary
condition of turning the way. The Little Park might then
be converted into a garden ; and, as a garden, the extent
would be considerable, the whole would be retired from the
public eye, and parts of it out of sight of the castle.

It is full of large trees ; and such of them as are ranged
in straight rows are so fortunately situated that much de-
vastation among them would not be necessary. They are
chiefly near the verge of the park, and of use to conceal the
boundary. Various plantations might be contrived within
them, to break their regularity from every point where it
could be offensive ; and a thicket might fill the space between
them and the wall. Along the avenues thus preserved entire,
a private road might be carried, which would lead to different
outlets towards the Great Park, Old Windsor, Datchet
Bridge, and Eton Bridge, without once touching on the town
of Windsor.

The space these avenues enclose divides itself into three
great parts, requiring so many different styles of disposition.
The declivities of the hill towards Frogmore and Datchet
are comprehended within one of these divisions. The level
from the foot of the hill towards Datchet constitutes the
second, and all the plain which borders on the Thames from
Datchet to Eton Bridge is included in the third.

The straight lines which cross either of them cannot re-
main ; but many of the trees now in the rows may be saved ;
and these combined with such as are already detached, would
prevent any poverty of wood while the younger plantations
are growing. In the first of these divisions, however, no
regularity interferes ; and a finer subject than that hill cannot
be desired for a garden.

It has height sufficient for the most abrupt falls, and extent

WJiateli/s Observations on Windsor Castle. 147

for the gentlest declivities. The ground has different inclin-
ations ; ancient oaks and lofty elms are scattered about it, to
crown the brows or to favour the descents ; between them
and above them appear the several towers of the castle, and
in some points two fronts of it may be seen at once iu per-
spective. The spot suggests such a variety of beautiful scenes,
that the difficulty would be in the choice, not in the invention.

The beauties of which the second division is capable are
of a tamer character. The castle is entirely hid^ and in-
equalities of the ground cannot be considerable. The parts
therefore must be small, and consist of openings separated by
thickets constantly varied and continually succeeding each
other. One, however, might perhaps be contrived, of greater
extent and importance than the rest, by means of a little
watercourse, which, I believe, at certain seasons runs along
the bottom. This might be converted into a rivulet, too in-
considerable, indeed, for an object, but sufficient to furnish
opportunities for making its banks delightful. Through the
whole of the division, however, nothing very picturesque or
striking can be expected, but a number of little spots may be
devised, and all of them retired, elegant, and agreeable. A
particular part of this flat may also be appropriated to a col-
lection of such plants as are not fit to mix with others in con-
tinued plantations. The avenues here quit the wall at a much
greater distance than is requisite for the thicket, and leave
room for an enclosure sufficient to contain not only specimens,
but numbers, of all those plants which are more apt to engage
attention as individuals, than to contribute to effect in a group.
The green-house and the stoves might be there, and every
curious shrub, every tender and every delicate flower.

The plain between the castle and the Thames requires
a bolder style of disposition, for it is a principal part of the
view from the terrace, and should be adapted to the improve-
ment of that view ; for which purpose it should be thrown
into one great lawn, to be broken by trees saved out of the
present regular rows, and formed into clumps, with the assist-
ance of younger plantations. The wall, which extends all
along the bank of the river, should also be taken away, and
a fosse substituted in its stead. The whole course of the
Thames from Windsor to Datchet Bridge would then be let
into the garden, and the grove in the play-fields at Eton
would seem to belong to the lawn. Perhaps it would not be
difficult to supply with water a winding channel cut across
the opening, and conducted just under the castle, in such a
form and of such a breadth as to seem a branch of the river.
The home scene would then be irriguous and picturesque ;

L. 2

148 Whately's Observations on Windsor Castle,

it would no longer be disgraced by the wall which now con-
fines and disfigures it; and the still greater blemish in the
prospect occasioned by the neighbourhood of the town might
by degrees be corrected, if every vacant space which could
at any time be purchased were planted with trees, to conceal
the buildings, and interrupt their contiguity.

It would be a further improvement of the scene, if the
steeps immediately below the terrace were covered with a
thicket extending the whole length of the hill, and continued
to different distances upon the plain. On the surface of a
wood in such a situation, great varieties might be produced
by massing the several tints of green ; and if the trees and
the shrubs were also arranged in forms of unequal growth,
an appearance of irregularity might be given to the ground.
The bare formal slopes would be converted into a rich fore-
ground to the picture, and the precipice be softened into a
broken and extended declivity.

But the greater effect of this plantation would be from
below. It would there be a hanging wood with all the towers
and all the spires of Windsor Castle rising above it. The
scenes exhibited betAveen the groves of a lawn, with such a
noble boundary on one side, and bordered by the Thames on
the other, would be the most magnificent in the garden.

A garden admitting so much variety of disposition would
be fully adequate to the mansion ; and yet this spot, both in
extent and in character, is the least of the immediate append-
ages to the castle ; for the Great Park, though not contiguous,
is so clearly connected by its avenue, so near in prospect from
the terrace, and so full in sight all the way which leads to it,
that it always appears to be within the domain ; and it is, in-
deed, the domain of a palace ; all the parts are on a great
scale; the eminences are considerable hills, the valleys are
broad ; the lawns are spacious ; the woods are full of the largest
trees ; and the composition of the several scenes is, in general,
equal to their dimensions. Few improvements are wanting,
and they must be in a style both grand and simple. The
most obvious is, to restore the head, and make some little
alterations in the form, of the Virginia Water, which would
then have the semblance of a beautiful river. In some other
vale, about which the rising grounds are steep, and where the
soil is always strong, the occasional currents from the hills
might be collected into a vast lake, which should fill all the
bottom. Some distinijuished situations should also be chosen
for buildings ; and the sublimest ideas of architecture would
not be misapplied on such objects as these scenes would re-
quire. The noblest temples of ancient Greece and Rome

Whateli/s Observations on Windsor Castle. 149

would, in general, be the most proper models, both in cha-
racter and dimensions.

From all this grandeur the transition might be immediate
into scenes of perfect rural simplicity, if the paddocks below
the Great Park towards Old Windsor and Frogmore were
converted into a farm. Many of the hedges and hedgerows
which divided the old fields still remain ; and the several
divisions might be applied to different species of husbandry.
Arable lands might be intermixed with pastures and meadows,
and the succession of these be interrupted by a hop-ground
or an orchard ; or they might be distinguished by a cottage,
a barn, or a dairy, a stack of corn, or a haymow. Copses
and little woods frequently intervene, which would afford
opportunities for further variety, and the whole is perfectly
retired ; no neighbour is in sight ; no great road within hear-
ing: '• and such a contrast to the magnificence which surrounds
it, such a peaceable retreat from the parade of royalty, would
occasionally be a most interesting part of the domain.

On the other side of the Great Park is the Forest, a vast
tract, where the ground is often beautiful and sometimes
romantic, but generally barren ; and the home view is com-
monly dreary, though the offskip is frequently agreeable, but
the soil will produce several kinds of trees. Large fir plant-
ations are reckoned among the beauties of some of the finest
countries in Europe ; they would create a new character of
country here, and be at the same time peculiar and orna-
mental. In many places our own forest trees would flourish,
and derive from the contrast a singular effect ; but it is not
necessary to cover all the wild with wood. The forms of the
ground, though bare, would in some spots be sufficiently
interesting, and in others the dreariness of the waste might
be broken by an object great and savage, and adapted to its
character, but the building may be of the most ordinary ma-
terials and coarsest execution ; for it is to be seen only from
a distance, and it should appear to be rude and desolate. A
representation of Stonehenge or Palmyra, under all these
circumstances, would not be an extravagant attempt.

But the whole forest is not a desert; many parts are culti-
vated, lodges antl seats are dispersed all about it, and roads
might be conducted with ceaseless change through the enclo-
sures, the wikls, and the woods, amidst scenes always interest-
ing or beautiful, and from one agreeable prospect to another.
This vast range of ridings extends every way over a space
beyond a day's journey in circuit, and is still within the
domain. The whole extensive royalty lies all together, and
presses close up to the palace ; it differs in every circum-

L 3

150 Selection of Plants for forming

stance of character and disposition from the plain on the
other side of the castle; and all this various country is within
a small distance of the capital, but free from any appearance
of neighbourhood to a city.

The different characters of elegance and grandeur which
distinguish it meet on the banks of the river, which animates
and reflects all their beauties. The- hills shelve into it on
one hand, it fertilises the plain on the other ; and, whilst it is
winding among shocks of corn, or watering a mead, the
towers of the castle, the groves in both the parks, and the
heights of the forest, are in view. Little islands frequently
divide the stream; and if one or two of these were purchased,
at some distance above and below Windsor, a few trees and
airy buildings would render them refreshing retreats on a
summer's day, and delightful objects of excursion on the
water. They would also extend the idea of domain far
beyond its present bounds, and the royalty would then
comprehend the means of eveiy enjoyment which the country
can afford, whether sought in the pursuits of activity or the
relaxation of indolence, the quiet of private life or the splen-
dour of majesty.

Art. VI. A Selection of Platits, for forming, in the smallest Space,
a Representative System of the ivhole Vegetable Kingdom ; tcitk
a View to facilitate the Acquisition of the most comprehensive
Knoxdedge of Systematic, Physiological, and Practical Botany,
ivith the least Degree of Study, and in the shortest Period of Time.
By the Conductor.

We have long had it in view to show how, in any garden,
a maximum of botanical instruction, interest, and enjoyment,
may be exhibited in a minimum of space. We have hinted
at the subject in several passages in preceding volumes (Vols. I.
p. 461. II. p. 300. and p. 309, &c.) which the reader is requested
to peruse ; and we are now enabled to carry our ideas into
effect, in consequence of the publication of Lindley's Intro-
duction to the Natural System of Botany, of our own Horttis
Britannicus, and of Parts I. and II. of our Illustrations of
Landscape- Gardening. *

* The first and second parts of this work contain the elements of all
that are to follow; and more especially as it relates to the subject before
us, viz. dias;rams for the formation of arborctums in lines along the margins
of walks, and in circles on lawn ; and for Jiissicuean herbaceous grounds
in circles. These parts also contain a plate showing the application of
both systems of diagrams to the laying out of a residence of ten acres. We

a Vegetable Representative System. 151

Ornamental plants may be distributed in gardens in various
ways, and for various purposes. These are all technically
included under Ornamental Gardening and Landscape-Gar-
dening. The arrangements of ornamental gardening are
chiefly calculated to gratify the lovers of flowers, and of trees
and shrubs as objects of beauty attractive to the general ob-
server ; those of landscape-gardening' require space as an
essential concomitant, and are calculated to gratify those
who have cultivated a taste for the beauties of landscape
scenery, such as grouping, light and shade, effect, expression,
and character. Ornamental gardening is for all, without
exception, who occupy a plot of ground ; landscape-garden-
ing for the man of cultivation and taste, who possesses acres
to adorn with turf, water, and trees. That description of
gardening which contains a maximum of interest and enjoy-
ment in a mininuim of space may be denominated scientific
ornamental gardening * ; and of this species is the variety
known to botanists as the Jussieuean or Natural System.

Most gardeners know, that, according to the Jussieuean or
natural system of botany, the species composing the vegetable
kingdom are distributed into groups ; all the species of a
group resembling each other in the greatest number of points,
not only of exterior appearance, but of anatomy, physiology,
chemical qualities, medical properties, and economical uses.

This being the case, it will readily be conceived that any
one plant of a group may be taken as a representative of
the essential appearances, qualities, properties, and uses of the
whole group ; and that, consequently, by taking one plant from
every group composing the vegetable kingdom, and bringing
them together in one plot or garden, that assemblage will form
a complete representative system of the whole of this king-
dom. In order to be convinced of this, and to see and
understand the great beauty and utility of this system
thoroughly, it is necessary to have recourse to Lindley's
Introduction ; but for the general reader it may be sufficient
here to refer to our Hortns Britchmicus, where he will find

regret that the smallness of an 8vo page will not admit of our giving these
diagrams so as to render them at all intelligible. The reader who is already
master of the natural system need not have recourse to them, unless for
the purpose of actually laying out a garden or residence,

* Assumin^^ the principal divisions of gardening to be, 1. Horticulture,
the cultiu-e of fruits and culinary vegetables : 2. Floriculture, the culture
of flowers for general ornament, as in ornamental gardening; and for
scientific purposes, as in botanic gardening : 3. Arbo'riculture : 4. Land-
scape-gardening. See Encyclopaedia of Gardening, and (Quarterly Rcviciu,
vol. xxiv. p. 400.

L 4.

152 Selection of Plants for forming

that the Natural Order Gramineae contams 1071 species; but
of these species, being all grasses, every one will allow, that
any single one would give a tolerably correct idea of all the
rest. The same may be said of all the other orders, with
more or less obvious truth. In some very large orders the
truth may not be so obvious to a general observer ; but such
orders being divided into tribes, an individual of each tribe
will give to ever}" one as clear an idea of that tribe, as a single
grass does of all the Gramineae.

As far as all the plants in the world have been described by
botanists, those which may be cultivated in gardens in the lati-
tude of Great I5ritain are included under 267 orders. [Lindl.)
All the plants known to botanists have not yet been introduced
into Britain ; but enough have been introduced to illustrate
215 orders, as enumerated in our Hortus Br it 6.71712 cus, from
p. 492. to 542, Hence, 215 plants would give a general idea
of about eight tenths of all the plants of the world, as far as
they are yet known and described. That division of plants
known to botanists as flowerless, or with concealed flowers,
with the exception of the ferns and one or two other orders,
are left out of view in this calculation, as unfit for cultivation.

The garden plants of Britain, as enumerated in our Hoi'tus
B)'ita7miciis, coming partly from warmer climates, are in part
cultivated in hot-houses, though chiefly in the open air. As
the latter is much the easier mode of cultivation, on account
of the first cost of the plants and their future management
being less expensive; the greater number of orders which
can be so illustrated the better. All plants are either ligne-
ous or herbaceous ; and some orders consist wholly of one
description, while other orders contain both. As hardy herb-
aceous plants occupy much less space than hardy ligneous
plants, the greater the number of orders that can be illustrated
by them, the less will be the space occupied.

By the table which follows it will be seen that 114 orders
may be represented by hardy herbaceous plants, oQ by hardy
trees and shrubs, 33 by green-house plants, and 36 by hot-house
plants. By allowing an average of one square toot to each
herbaceous plant, and one square yard to each hardy tree or
shrub, the space occupied by them will be 438 square feet, or
one ninetieth of an acre. By allowing one square foot for each
of the green-house plants, a pit 9 ft. by 4 ft. sunk in dry soil,
or in wet soil built with hollow walls, will preserve them
through the winter, as well as any green-house ; making the
same allowance for hot- house plants, another pit 9 ft. by 4 ft.
heated by a flue or pipe of hot water, by a bed of stones
heated by steam in Mr. Hay's manner, by a bed of tan

a Vegetable Representative System. 153

within, or by exterior linings of clung, will preserve them
equally well. The space requisite for the two pits, the arbo-
retum, and the herbaceous ground, amounts to not quite one
eightieth of an acre, or, with adequate space for walks, say
one fortieth of an acre.

If the trees and shrubs of the arboretum are planted along
the two sides of a double trellis, and trained against it, they
need not occupy more than half the number of yards above
mentioned, and tiie herbaceous plants may be planted in a
border on each side of the double trellis. This we shall
show, in a future Number, by an engraving of the double
trellis and border for an incipient Jussieuean arrangement
formed in our own little garden.

So much for the manner of representing all the orders of
the flowering plants of the vegetable kingdom, cultivated in
Britain, in the smallest possible space. We shall next show
how much space would be required to represent not only the
orders, but all the tribes.

By turning to the last page of the table, it will be seen that
the number of orders and tribes of hardy trees amounts to 58 ;
and the number of orders and tribes of herbaceous plants,
including twenty-one groups of rootless Cellulares, amounts
to 260. Allowing, therefore, the same space as before, viz.
one square yard for each tree, and one square foot for each
herbaceous plant, the space occupied by them would be 782
square feet, or not quite one fiftieth of an acre. By referring
to the table below, the number of groups of hot-house and
green-house plants to be illustrated will be found to be 146,
and consequently the number of square feet of pit requisite to
contain them will be 1 46, viz. a pit 25 ft. by 6 ft.

If the knowledge of an object increases the pleasure deriv-
able from it, and if those who cultivate ornamental plants wish
to enjoy as much entertainment and instruction from them as
possible, would it not be well worth their while, instead of
purchasing and cultivating plants at random, without reference
to any other qualities than their being fragrant, evergreen,
shady, or otherwise ornamental, to purchase and cultivate
such plants as would represent more or less of the whole vege-
table kingdom ? Would not this kind of cultivation prove
highly instructive, as well as entertaining ; and would it not
form an important source for the instruction of young persons
in botanical knowledge ? To save repetition, the reader is
requested to reperuse the articles at p. 300. and at p. 309. of
Vol. II.

Every one may not be able to afford to purchase repre-
sentatives of the whole 464 orders and tribes of the hardy

154f Selection of Plants for forming

plants cultivated in Britain ; but even fifty or a hundred of
such orders illustrated in a bed, a border, a small flower-gar-
den, or a small shrubbery, would surely form a scene of greater
interest than an assemblage collected without any definite
object. Forming such representative systems may be some-
what difficult and expensive at first, as compared with the
random mode of border and shrubbery planting, in which
whatever comes cixeapest is taken ; but as soon as there is a
demand in the nurseries for representative plants, their culti-
vation will be increased, till they become as cheap as any
others.

In the following table, the first plant put down under each
order and tribe, is always as far as we have been able to de-
termine, the most easy of culture, the cheapest or readiest to
be met with, and that which occupies the least space ; prefer-
ring, amongst herbaceous plants, perennials to annuals. The
second plant put down is generally one of the handsomest of
the order or tribe. Under the column of herbaceous plants
a few additional names are given from the Epsom nursery,
with the prices ; and any prices added to either the first or
second name, or both, are also from the same nursery. These
have been selected by that botanist of unparalleled ardour, Mr.
Penny, and are always handsome, select, and appropriate. All
the herbaceous plants (if there be exceptions, we are not aware
of them,) may be purchased in the Epsom nursery ; and all the
trees and shrubs, and most of the house plants, we believe, may
be had of Messrs. Loddiges. To these gentlemen we are in-
debted for the selection of a few of the house plants.

A few orders and tribes (13) can only be illustrated hy
plants that grow in v>'ater ; for Avliich purpose an earthen jar,
of 4 or 6 in. diameter, may be sunk in the ground. The
stronger-growing trees and shrubs, and even the sti'ong-
growing herbaceous plants, may in very small gardens be
kept dwarf, by being planted in old fruit-jars, or in garden-
pots without perforated bottoms. Hardy plants requiring
peat, or any other peculiar soil, should also be kept in pots
plunged to the brim.

Foreign readers, and especially our friends in America and
Australia, who may be desirous of forming small natural ar-
rangements, will, we believe, be able to })rocure from Vilmorin
and Co. of Paris, and G. Charlwood of London, seeds to
illustrate at least 1 00 orders of herbaceous plants, 20 orders
of trees, and probably a {e.\^ orders of green-house and hot-
house plants. Even a few orders illustrated will prove far
more interesting to the scientific possessor, than the acquisi-
tion of plants merely because they are new, rare, or what is

a Vegetable Representative System. 155

called beautiful. The true beauty of plants, as of every thing
else, lies in the mind ; and by the natural system this is culti-
vated to the utmost.

Those who have not a garden, or who cannot afford to
purchase living plants, may yet be enabled to procure from
their friends, or to purchase from botanical collectors, dried
specimens. Rather than accumulate a great number of these
at random, we would recommend selection with a view to the
illustration of the natural orders. Such specimens may either
be kept in drawers, or in volumes done up in Mr. Toward's
manner. (Vol. IV. p. 468.) Plates II. VI. and VII. of our
Illustrations of Landscape-Gardcning are calculated to show
what ought to be the comparative size of the drawers, or of
the divisions, or of a volume, for each order, so as to preserve
a due proportion between the orders, as to their relative ex-
tent, and of their extent relatively to the number of specimens
procurable in Britain. We may, probably, in a future Num-
ber, give a plan for a system of drawers and a volume, on the
smallest scale : in the meantime, Mr. Stephen Watts, joiner,
Kensington Gravel Pits, London, knows how to form a system
of drawers ; and Mr. Bayley, bookbinder and stationer there,
to prepare a volume or volumes for a Hortus Siccus. The
prices of both these tradesmen are moderate.

In future Numbers we shall give plans of miniature natural
systems for suburban gardens ; for flower-gardens to country
residences ; for shrubberies round kitchen-gardens ; and for
pleasure-grounds. In the meantime, we invite all ingenious
gardeners to lend us their assistance, and to show that they
understand what we mean, by furnishing plans themselves, and
thus abridfring our labour.

The names of the plants in the table are given from our
Hortus Britannicus^ and the original authorities for them will
be there found.

The first column in the following table contains the names
of hardy herbaceous plants, and of such hardy ligneous
plants as do not exceed 2 ft. in length ; and may, therefore,
be introduced into a herbaceous arrangement. The number
of orders so exemplified is 11 4; of orders and tribes, 260.

The second column contains the names of hardy trees and
shrubs above 2 ft. in height, exemplifying 2>Q orders not
exemplified in the first column ; and 58 orders and tribes
also not there exemplified.

The third column contains the names of green-house and
frame plants ; ligneous or herbaceous, exemplifying 33
orders, and 6 1 orders and tribes not exemplified in the two
preceding columns.

156

Selection of Plants for forming

The fourth column contains the names of hot-house plants,
exemplifying 36 orders, and 82 orders and tribes, not ex-
emplified in the preceding columns ; and thus completing
the exemplification of the 219 orders, or 464 orders and
tribes, composing the natural arrangement of the Hortus
Britannicus.

The names of the orders are preceded by Roman numerals,
and the names of both the orders and the tribes are followed
by Arabic figures : the former enumerating the orders in
series ; the latter, the orders and tribes in series, and their
total amount. The numbers in parentheses (1), (2), &c.,
before the plants exemplifying certain tribes or orders in
each column, show the number of orders most conveniently
exemplified by that column. The figures not in parentheses,
1., 2., 3., &c., in each column, show the number of orders and
tribes exemplified by that column, in a regular series, chiefly
for garden purposes.

In planting collections to exemplify the orders only, whe-
ther in the open air or in houses, the number of the order
should be placed over the name on the label ; and the num-
ber denoting its place in the herbaceous ground, arboretum,
frame, green-house, or stove, with the signs of the three latter
before the name, thus : —

VI.

(2.) Berberidece.

II.

(1.) 1— 1 Dilleniace-a? Dillenetr.

In planting collections to exemplify the tribes as well as
the orders, the number of the order should be placed over
the name ; the number denoting its place in the open garden
or house before it, and the number denoting its place in the
system after it, thus : —

VI.

IV.

6. Berberidece.

13.

or

2. □ Anondccce. 10.

30.

22.

It might also be desirable, whether in naming a system of
orders only, or a system of both orders and tribes, to place
below the name the page in Isindley's Iniroduct ion (30. and 22.
as above) in which the order or tribe is treated of, to facilitate
the study of each order on the spot in which the plant grows.

These numbers will also be useful in arranging herbariums,
in giving orders to nurserymen, and in making exchanges of
either dried or living plants, seeds, or drawings.

a Vegetable Representative System. 157

The abbreviations adopted in the following table are those
of the Hortus Britannicus, viz. : —

3f Deciduous tree. %r Evergreen creeper, ligneous or herbaceous.

J Evergreen tree. ^ Deciduous herbaceous plant.

S. Palm tree. )£ Evergreen herbaceous plant.

at Deciduous shrub. Jlllf Grass.

* Evergreen shrub. tf Bulbous plant.

J* Deciduous under-shrub. if, Fusiform-rooted plant.

tt. Evergreen under-shrub. jV Tuberous-rooted plant.

^ Deciduous twiner, ligneous or herbaceous. * Aquatic.

i_ Evergreen twiner, ligneous or herbaceous. £ Parasite.

_^ Deciduous climber, ligneous or herbaceous.

fl_ Evergreen climber, ligneous or herbaceous. A Perennial.

Jk Deciduous trailer, ligneous or herbaceous. Q) Biennial. O Annual.

IL. Evergreen trailer, ligneous or herbaceous. | Frame., ( | Green-house.

^ Deciduous creeper, ligneous or herbaceous. □ Bark, or moist, stove.

First Grand Division, VASCULA'RES.

Plants which, when anatomised, are found to contain both spiral vessels and cellular tissue.

Class I, DlCOTYLEDO^NE^E.
Plants with two or more opposite cotyledons ; always web or net leaved.

Subclass I. THALAMIFLO^R.*;. Stamens under the pistillum.

Order I. Jianunculaceie. Tribe 1. ClematideiS. 1.
( 1) 1. Clematis integrifblia, jg Is. ; crispa, ^

'Ranuiiculiiceie. Tribe 2. Anembnece. 2.

2. Hepatica trHoba, ^ Anemone Pulsatilla, ^ ; pavonina A !*• Adbnis vemalis, ^ Is. 6rf.

"Rarmnciilucece. Tribe 3. 'Ranunculete. 3.

3. Tfanunculus amplexicaulis, ^ ; parnassiaefblius,^ ; /umariaefblius, ^ 2s. 6d.

'Ramtnculacece. Tribe 4. Helleltbreis. 4.

4. flelleborus n~iger, 5^ ; lividus, £. Cuptis trifblia, £ 1*. 6d. Aquilfegia glandul6sa, ^ 2s. 6d. '

B.aniinculdc€ce. Tribe 5. F<rowikce». 5.

5. P»t)i>;a tenuifblia, ^ ; anoraala, ;fi ; edulis, Jt 2s. Gd. Macrbtys racemdsa, ;3i Is. 6rf.

Order II. Dilleniacese. Tribe 1. Delimacea. 6.
I I I 1. Delima sarmentbsa, fl_. Tetracera obovata, fl_

Dillenikcex. Tribe 2. DillUnese. 7.
I I (1) 1. Hibbert!fl grossularisfblia, * ; dentata, *

Order III. Magnolikcese. Tribe 1. Jlliciece. 8.
I I 2. lUicium fioridanum, it ; parviflbrum, it

Magnoliiicem. Tribe 2. Magnolihae. 9.
I (1) 1. Magnblia obovata, St ; conspicua, *

Order IV. Anonkceje. 10.
I (2.) 2. Asimiiia triloba, 34 ; pygmas'^a, M

Order V. Menispermdcea. Tribe 1. Menispermece. 11.
I (3) 3. Menisp^rmum canadense, _2 ; Wendlandja populifblia, J_
' MenhpcrmucecE. Tribe 2. Schixdndrees. 12.

I I 3. Schizandra coccinea, J„

Order VI. Berberideae. 13.

( 2) 6. £pimedium alp'inum, ;^ Is. ie6ntice ihalictrcildes, A 1^- 6rf. Diphyll^ia cym6sa, ^ Is. 5d.

Order VII. Podophyllucea;. 14.

(3) 7. Podophyllum peltatura, ^ Is. Jeffersbnw diphylla, ^ 2s. 6rf.

Order VIII. Hydropeltldece. 15.
I I (2) 4. Hydropeltis purpilrea, A =

158 Selection of Plants for forming

Order IX. "ifiyinphieacecs. Tribe 1. Nelumbuneae. 16.
I I I 2. Nelumbium specibsum, A = j lilteum, A S

"Hymphieacece. Tribe 2. 'Nymphcseie. 17.

(4) S. >^^phar Ititea, A * li Crf. A^ymphje^a alba, A S 2s. 6d.

Order X. Sari-acemkx. 18.

(5) 9. Sarracfeii/a purptirea, )£ 2*. 6rf. ; variolaris, £ 3^. 6rf.

Order XI. VapaverHcets 19.

(6) 10. Papaver nudicaule, ^ ; crbceum, ^ \s. 6d. ; alplnum, yH 2s. M.

Order XII. Vumarlacecs. 20.

(7) 11. Corydalis bulbbsa, tf ; tuberbsa, ?f ; nobilis, if; 1«. 6rf. Dielytra eximia, ^ \s.

Order XIII. Crudjerx. Suborder 1. Pleurorhizece. Tribe 1. Arabideie,ox PlcuroMxex
SUiqubsx. 21.

(8) 12. .^'rabis ilbida, £; colllna, £ Is. 6rf. Dentaria digitata, ^ 2j!. 6rf.

Cruciferce. Flcurorhlzew. Tribe 2. Alysslnea;, or Pleurorhlzece hatisiptce. 22.

13. AubrifeUa purpurea, £. Vesicaria utriculata, £ Is. 6rf. .^lyssum montknum, j£ Is. 6rf.

Cruclfera. Pleurorkhece. Tribe 3. TldaspidecE, or Pleurorhi%ecE Angustiseptx . 23.

14. /bferis sempervlrens, tL ; Tenoreiina, £ Is. 6rf. Hutchins/n alplna, )£ Is. %d.

CruclfercE. PlettrorkixecE. Tribe 4. Euclidieie, or Pleuror/ilzea; Nucamentaceee. 24. i

15. Euclidium syriacum, O • Octhbdium aegyptiacum, O

Cruclfem. Pleurorhizea;. Ti\he 5. AnastaticeiS, ox Pleurorhizex Scptulatte. 25.

16. Anastatica hierochuntlna, O

Cruciferee. Pleurorhlzeis. Tribe 6. Cakilineae, or Pleurorhizece Lomentacecp. 26.

17. CakUe maritima, O • Chorispora tenella, O

Cruciferce. Suborder 2. Notorhixece. Tribe 7. Sisymbrece, or Notorhizece SUiquhsiU. 27.

18. Hi5speris matronMis ^ ; tristis, ^ Is. 6</. ; exc^lsa, ^ Is. 6rf.

Cruciferce. Notorhizete. Tribe 8. Camelineie, or Notorhixece Laliseptie. 28.

19. Camelina sativa, O ; dentata, O

"7 Cruciferce. Notorhixece. Tribe 9. luepidliiete, or Notorhixece Angustise'ptce. 29.

20. Xepidium sativum, O j latifolium, ;^. .Sithionema raembranaceum, j£ 2s. 6rf.

Cruciferce. Notorhixece. Tribe 10. \satidece, or Notorhixece Nucamentdcece. 30. .

21. /sktis tinct6ria, Q); latisiliqua, Q)

Cruciferce. Notorhixece. Tribe 11. Anchoniece, or Notorhixece LomcntAcece. 31.

22. Goldbachia tetragbna, O . Sterigma tomentbsum, Q)

Cruciferce. Suborder 3. Orthopldcece. Tribe 12. Brassicece, or Orthoplucece Siliqubsce. 32.

23. Diplotaxis tenuifblia, j£ . Moricandia arv^nsis, £ Is. 6d.

Cruciferce. Orthoplbcece. Tribe 13. Ye/lece, or Orthoplocece Latisdptce. 33.

24. /'ella Pseudo-Cytisus, il. Carrkhtera rtllsE, O

Cruciferce. Orthoplbcece. Tribe 14. Psychinece, or Orthoplbcece Angustlsiptce. 34.

25. Psychine stylbsa, O

Cruciferce. Orthoplbcece. Tribe 15. Zilleae, or Orthoplbcece NucamentAcece. 35.

26. Caleplna Corvini, O • Muricaria prostr^ita, Jk O

CrudfercB. Orthoplbcece. Tribe 16. B.aphd.nece, or Orthoplbcece Loinent&cece. 36.

27. Crimbe maritima, ^ ; tatarica, j^j ; cordifolia, ^ Is. 6rf.

Cruciferce. Suborder 4. Spirolbbca. Tribe 17. Buniddece, or Spirolbbece Nucaytientdcece. 37.

28. ^ilnias orient^lis, ^ ; Erucago, O

Cruciferce. Spirolbbece. Tribe 18. Erucariice, or Spirolbbece Lomentacece. 38.

29. Eruciria alcppica, O ; tenifblia, O

Cruciferce. Suborder 5. Diplecolbbece. Tribe 19. Heliophllece, or Diplecolbbece Siliqubsce. 39.

30. HeU6phila pilbsa var. incisa, O ; crithmifblia, O

Cruciferce. Diplecolbbece. Tribe 20. Subulariice, or Diplecolbbece Latisdptce. 40.

31. Subularia aqu&tica, Q

a Vegetable Representative System. 159

Cruc'iferce. Suborder 6. Sckixopet&lccs. 41.
32. Schizopetalon Walker/, O

Order XIV. 'Resed&cece. 42.

(9) ^. ReslAsi odor^ta, O ; undita, ^ ; alba, © Is.

Order XV. Datisce^. 43.

(10) 34. Datlsca cannabina, ^ Is. 6d. ; hirta, ^

Order XVI. Capparldece. Tribe 1. Cleu7necc. 44.
(11)35. Clebme pubf^scens, O • Peritoma serrulata, O

CapparidetE. Tribe 2. Cappctrete. 45.
I ] 5. Capparis spinusa, • | ; aegyptiaca, ttk |

Order XVII. FlacotcrVikne?e. Tribe 1. Patrisiece. 46.
I I I 3. "Ryknea specibsa, il |

Flacourt'iknex. Tribe 2. Flacourt\h?e. 47.
I I I 4. Flacoiirtzfl! Ramdntchi, * ; inermis, J

Flaeourt'\kne!e. Tribe 3. Kiggelan'^^. 48.
1 I (3) 6. Kiggelkria afric^na, t ; integrifblia, }

Order XVIII. Bixineaa. 49.
I I (1) 5. Btxa Orellana, i Frickia crClciG, «

Order XIX. Cistinece. 50.

(12) oG. Helii'inthemum Tiiberaria, £ ; canadense, ^ os. 6rf.

Order XX. Violariea;. Tribe I. \iblea. 51.

(13) 3". Fiola tricolor, jg ; flabellifblia, ^ ; pedata, ^ 2j. 6rf. ; pubescens, ;^ Is. 6d.

Miolariete. Tribe 2. Alsodinecc. 52.
1 I » I 6. Alsodt^a latifblia, *. Ceranth^rasubiategrifblia, *

Ywlariets. Tribe 3. Sauvagese. 53.
I I (7. Sauvagtseo er^cta, O ; nutans, O

Order XXI. Droseracece. 54.

(14) 38. Parnassia palustris, ^ ; carolini&na, ^ \s. 6d. Drosera anglica, ]£ Is. 6d.

Order XXII. Volygalea;. 55.

(15) 39. Polygala vulgaris, £ Is. ; SiSnega, ^ 5s. ; ChamEebuxus, tt.

Order XXIII. Tremdndrew. 56.
J I (4) 7. Tetralh^caericffifblia, tt.; ihymifblia, tt.

Order XXIV. Pittosphrece. 57.
I I (5) 8. Pittosporum Toh\ra, IK ; undulatum, *.

Order XXV. FrankenAce^. 58.

(16) 40. Frankenia IebVis, %„ Is. 6(/. ; pulverul^nta, O

Order XXVI. Caryophyllece. Tribe 1. SilhiecE. 5^.

(17) 41. Silene alp^stris, j£. Dianthus giganttus, £ 2s. 6rf. SaponJlria ocymoides, !U Is. 6<t

Caryophylh'iE. Tribe 2. Alsinetg. GO.
42. Moehrlngifl! wuscosa, ^ Is. 6rf. Arenaria montana, £ Is. 6d. ; grandiflbra, jg
Order XXVII. Ljn<'<«-. 61.

(18) 43. Linum anglicum, £ ; alpinum, £ Is. 6rf. ; narboni^nse, j^ Is. 6rf.

Order XXVIII. ^lalvAcea:. Division I. Calyx double. 62.

(19) 44. 3/alva moschata, ^ ; ^Icfea, j^j. ; Monroana, ^ 2s. 6d.

Malv&ceis. Division 2. Calyx simple. 63.
■45. 5ida wzalva;flbra, ^. Cristaria coccinea, ^

Order XXIX. Bomb&cecB. 64.
\ I I (2) 8. Helicteres Isora, *. Carolines princeps, i

Order XXX. liyttneri'kw.ss. Tribe 1. SterculiSiC. 65.
1 I (6) 9. Sterculiaplatanifblia, 2; diversifblia, ^

160

Selection of Plants for foi-ming

ByttnerAceiE. Tribe 2. ByttntnhE. 66.
I 10. RulingM pann6sa, * ; hervaaixnuejolia.

Bytineri^cex. Tribe 3. Lasiopetalete. 67.
I II. Thomasio purpurea, il J ^uercifblia, C

Byltnerikcex. Tribe 4. Hermann\iix. 68.
I 12. Hermannio flammea, a. MabeniM grandiflbra, H
Byttner&ces. Tribe 5. Dombey\cese. 69.
I I 9. MelhaijiaErj-thr6xjlon,il. Astrapje'^aWallichiV, i

Bj/ftnerihcex. Tribe 6. Wallichikx. 70.

I I 10. Eriola^na WallicWi, «.

Order XXXI. Tiliice^. 71.

(4) 4. 71Ua europae^a, 2 ; americana, jf

Order XXXII. EUEocdrpeis. 72.
I (7) lo. Elasocarpus cyaneus, S ; serr^tus, ft

! i Order XXXIII. CAiCTi5cf<i?. 73.
I I (3) 11. Hugunia mystas, fli ; serrata, ii

Order XXXIV. Ternstra:m\a.ce3i. Tribe I. TemstrocnnhsB, 74.

I I 12. Temstrae^m/a peduncularis, 41 ; punctata, il

Ternstrcem\iLCe!£. Tribe 2, Trcnires. 75.
I 14. EOrya chinensis, tt ; multi libra, A

2Vrn-s/.'-<r»JiacejE. Tribe 3. Saurauj&s, 76.
I I 13. Saurauja exceUa, ii ; nepal^nsis, it

ri?r/is/ra?»akce3B. Tribe 4. Lapl^cex. 7~.
I I 14. Cochlosp^rmura Gossypium, I ; serratifblium, i,

Teriisircemiiicese. Tribe 5. ? Gorrfonifeje. 78.

(5) 5. Stuartia virglnica, 3f. Malacbodendron ovatum, jf

Order XXXV. Cameliies. 79.
I (8) 15. TSia £oAea, • | ; viridis, m. |

Order XXXVI. Olacinea. 80.
I (9) 16. Spermaxyron strictum, M

Order XXXVII. Aurantiice^s. 81.
I (10) 17. Citrus Aurantium, J ; vulgaris, •

Older XXXVIII. Hypericinea. Suborder 1. fim. Tribe 1. fismihse. 82.

I I 15. l/ariinga madagascaricnsis, ». Vismea guian.,11

Mypericinete. T'irte. Tribe 2. Hypericetr. 83
(SO) 46. Hypericum calyclnum, ^ ; montanum, ^; ascyroldes, ^'Is. 6d. ; humifusum, Jt Gd.

Hypericinex. Suborder 2, Andmalts. 84.
I 18. Carpoduntos liicida, i_

Order XXXIX. Gutfi/era. Tribe 1. CiusiKie. 85.
I I (5) 16. Clusifl n>sea, J j flava, }

GuttiferiE. Tribe 2. Garcimes. 86.
I I 17. Garcinw Mangostana, J ; Gambugia, ±

Gtati/ertp. Tribe a Calopli^UeiE. 87.
I I 18. Mammia americana,}. CalophfUura Cdlaba,i_

GutHfertE. Tril)e4. Symphoniiie. 88.
I I 19. Can^Ua alba, J ; /aurifi)lia, 1

Guttifera. Doubtful. 89.
I I 20. Grlascauliflbra, }. Rhe^ia javaoica, £

Order XL. Marcgraam\cesE. Suborder 1. Marcgraav'icsi. 90.

I I (5) 2L Marcgr. corikcea, A AnthoIi>ma montkna, •

a Vegetable Representative St/stem.

161

Marcgraavikceai. Suborder 2. Norantpse. 91.

I I 22. A'ordn/eo guian^nris, *. Ru^schm clusi<p/(V/rt,«

Order XLI. Hippocratekcex. 92.
I I (6) 23. A'nthodon paniculatum, •. Hippocratfea ob-

cordata, fl_

HippocraleiiCex sphrice. 93.

I 2-1. Trig^nia villbsa, ■

\ ; mollis, •

Order XLII. Erythrox^le<B. 94.

I (7) 25. Erjthruxylon Aypericifblium, {■
fndica, i_

Sithia

,^ Order XLII I. Malpigfitiicese. Tribe 1. Malpighii:x. 95.

I I (8) 26 Malpighia coccifera, « ; glJlbra. •

ilalpighiacex. Tribe 2. Hiptdgetr.' 96.

I I 27 Gaertnfera racembsa, fl_ ; obtusift)lia, J_

ilalpighi^ceiE. Tribe 3. Banis/ericx. 97.
I 1 28. Heter(ipteris purpurea,' fl_ ; Banistferia f ulgens, g_

Order XLIV. Acerineie. 98.

(6) 6. .(Tcer campi!stre, 5f ; oblongum, J

Order XLV. Hippocastancce. 99.

(7) 7. Piivia macrostachya, S; humilis, ^

Order XLVI. I{hnobt>lea;. 100.
I I (9) 29. Caryocar nuciferum, J ; tomect&sum, J

Order XLVII. SapindclcetE. Tribe 1. PauWncx. 101.

I I 30. Paulli/iia curassivica, fl_. Cardiospermum grandi*

florum, fl_

SapindHcecE. Tribe 2. SaptndecE. 102.
I I 31. Saplndus Saponkria, i.^Meliciiccabljuga,'!

SapindHcece. Tribe 3. Dodoniceas, 103.

(8) 8. Koelreuttrm panicuUita S*

. Order XLV II I. UeliucctB. Tribe 1. Mrf/&r. 10*.
I (11). 19. J/Uia Azedardch, Jf

Mc//acf<P. Tribe 2. TrichUiia. 105.
I 20. Ekebergia capensis, I

; Me^jacfiP. Tribe a Cedrilas. 106.

I I 3S. Cedt&la odor&ta, f. Swietcn/a Mahdgoni, f

Order XLIX. . Ampelideee. Tribe 1. J'in</t'»<i'. or Sarment^ceie. 107.
I (9) 9. ntis vinSfera, _t. Ampelopsis bipinn^ta, &

KntpclidCiC. Tribe i Leea«(p. 108.
I I 33. Lcea fambiicina, il ; birta, It

I Order L. Gcraniacece. Tribe 1. Gcramiu;. 109.
(21) 47. Geranium prostritura, ^; WalliL-hwnu/M, ^ Is. 6rf. Erudium Reich&rdr, ^ Is. 6d.

Ceram^ccte. Tribe 2. Pelargoniits. 110.
I I 20. CicJmium zouale, «.. Pelargonium ramigcrum, il.

Order LI. Trop^dlca:. 111.
(S2) 48. Tropae&lum mJljus, O ; tricolbrum, £

Order LI I. 'Balsaminae. 112.

(23) 49. Imp^tiens N&li me t&ngere, O ; biflbra, O

Order LIIL OxalidetE. 113.

(24) SO. (yxalis AcctoscUa, A ; telrapliylla, ;fe ; floribiinda, JV, 2s. 6<i B6wif", /;, 3s. 6<i

Order LIV. ZygophylU-ee. 114.

(25) 51. ZygophyUum Fabigo, ^ Is. 6d. ; macrupterum, :^

Vol. VII. — No. 31. m

162 Selection of Plants Jbr forming

Order LV. "RutucecB. Tribe 1. 'Riiteee. 115.
(26) 52. Peganum Hdrmala,^. Rhta gravfeolens, •. : Aplophyllum /inifblium, it

'Rutd.cece. Tribe 2. Diiismae. Section 1. Didsmeis Europccurue. 116.
£3. Dict&mnus Fraxinella, ^ 1*. ; dahiuricus, ^

"Rutacece. Didsmece. Section 2. Didsmece Capinses. 117.
I 1 22. Diosma ericOides, *. Adenindra specibsa, *

'Rutacece. Didsmece. Section 3. Didsmece Australdsicce. 118.
I I 23. Corree'^o 41ba, *. Borbnm serrulata, a.

Ruthcecc Didsmece. Section 4. Didsmece Americclnie. 119.
I I 2*. Melf cope ternita, *

Rut&cece. Tribe 3. Cuspariice. 120.
I I 1 34. Galipia trifolikta, *. Spiranthfera odoratfssima.i

Rutacece.^ ,Tribe 4. Xanthox^lece. 121.
1 10. Zanthoxylum/raxineum, ^. Aildntus glandulbsa, ^

Order LVI. f SimarubJicese. 122.
I I 1(10)35. Quassia ama.ra, J. 5mar&Ja officinalis,*!

Order LVII. OcknAcece. 123.
I I I (11) 36. G6inphia nitida,'*. O'chna obtusata, il

Order LVIII. Coriariice. 124.
I (10) 11. Corikria wiyrtif 61ia, SB

[ Subclass 11. CALYCIFLO''R.E. Stamens adhering to the calyx.

Order LIX. Celastrinece. Tribe 1. Staphylehcect. 125.
1 (11) 12. StaphylJia pinnata, 34 ; trif ulia, S

Celastrinece. Tribe 2. "Euonymece. 126.
1 13. J^u6nymus europae'^us, 36. Celastrus sc&ndens, 3fe

Celastrinece. Tribe 3. Aquifoliaceie. 127.
I 14. Plex .^quifblium, t j op^ca, *

Order LX. RMmnece. 128.
I (12) 15. iJh&mnus Fringula, 36 ; latifblius, 36

Order LXI. Bnmiiiicex. 129. —
I I (12) 25. Berzelia abrotanOides, il ; lanuginbsa, it

OrderXXlI. Sam,ydece. 130.
I I I (13) 37. Samjfda rbsea, 32. Casearia ramiflbra, it

Order LXIII. Homalinece. 131.
I (13) 16. Aristoteha Mdcgui, it ; Mdcqui van variegkta, it

Order LXIV. ChaillefAcex. 132.
I I I (14) 38. ChailRt/a Toxic^ria, it ; er^cU, it

Order LXV. AguUarinece. 133.
I I I (15) 39. AquilJiria malacc^nsis, it.

Order LXVI. lerebinthdcece. Tribe 1. Anacardiece, or Cassuvifea. 134.
1 (14) 17. Pistlicia Tereblnthus, 36 ; Lentiscus, it

Terebinihicece. Tribe 2. Sumachine^. 135.
I 18. Rh<iS radlcans, 36 ; vernix, 36

Terebinthdcece. Tribe 3. Spondiacece. 136.
I I I 40. Spundias liitea, Jj purpurea,!

Terebinthacece. Tribe 4. Burseracex. 137.
I I 1 41. Boswelliaserrata,!. 7'cica guian^nsis, I

;^.- Terebinthacece. Tribe 5. Amyridcce. 138.
I 1 I 42. .dmj^risbrasiliensis, li Plurai^n',!

a Vegetable RepreseJitative System. 163

TereUnthcLcece. Tribe 6. Spaihelihcece. 139.
I I 26. Cnebrum tric6ccuni, * , | ; pulverulentum, «l |

TereUntltiLcece. Tribe 7. Connar&cets. 140.

I I I 43. Omphalbbium Sndicum, •. fonnirus panicu-

latus, il

Order LXVII. Legutninbsce. Division 1. Curvimhrice. Suborder 1. Papilionlicete.
Tribe 1. Sophbrea. 141.
(27) 54. Therm6psis lanceolata, ;2i ; Baptlsia alba, ^^ 2^. 6rf. ; tinctbria, ^ 2«. 6rf.

LegutnindSiS. CurvembrUs. Papiliond.cece. Tribe 2. Loieie. Subtribe 1. Genistece. 142.

55. Genista sagittalis, it. ^ntli^Uis montana, ^ Is. 6rf.

Legujninbsce. Curuemhricc. Papilion&cete. Uitecc. Subtribe 2. trijoliece. 143.

56. i6tus corniculJltus, ^. TVifblium firabriitum, ^ \s. 6d. Trigon^Ua ruth^nica, ^ 1*. 6rf.

LegutninoSie. Curvdmbrice. PapUionacea. l,biea;. Subtribe 3. CUtoriete. 144.
1 I 27. Indig6fera austr^is, M ; sylv&tica, it

Leguminbsee. Curve'mbrits. Papilionacece. "Lbteie. Subtribe 4. Galigecs. 145.

57. Galfega orientaiis, ^ 1*. 6rf. ; pfersica, ^

Leguminbsx. Curvevibrice. Papilionacece. \J>teie. Subtribe 5. KstragcdecB. 146.

58. Astragalus hypogl6ttis, ^ ; alopecuroides, ^ ; monspessul^nus, ^ 1*. 6(/.

Z.eguminbscc. Curvembrits. PapilionhcecB. Tribe 3. 'HedysaretE. Subtribe 1. Coi-onillece. 147.

59. CoroniUa ibi^rica, -* Is. ; montana, ;^ 1*. 6rf.

Leguminbsee. CurvembticE. PapUionhcecs. Hedysdrets. Subtribe 2. Euhedysdreis. 148.

60. Hed^sarum obsciiruni, £^ ; alp'inum, ^ Is. 6d. ; Desmbdiura canadense, ^

Leguminbsa:. CurvembriiS. Papiliomcets. Hedi/s&rece. Subtribe 3. Alh^gese. 149.

61. Alh&gi camel orum, ^ I.

heguminbscB. Curvembrice. PapiUonaceec. Tribe 4. \icie<e. 150.

62. O'robus'vernus, ^ \s. 6d. iathyrus venosus, ^ 2s. 6d. O'robus varius, ^ 1*. 6d.

Leguminbsee. Curv^mbrite. Papilionacecp. Tribe 5. Fhaseblete. 151.

63. i^Vs tuberbsa, _| Is. 6d. iupinus polyphyllus albiflbrus, ^

Leguminosts. Curvembria. Papiliomtcetc. Tribe 6. Dalbergihie. 152.
I I I 44. Dalberg/a sc&ndens, fi_. Ecastaph^Uum

Br6wne/, fl_

Leguminbsee. Curve'mbrite. Suborder 2. Stvartzihse, or Tribe 7. 153.
I I I 45, Swartzia pinn&ta, jK ; simplicif61ia, it

Leguminbsee. Division 2. Rectimbriee. Suborder 3. Mimbseee, or Tribe 8. 154.
I 19. Ackcin Julibrissin, y

Leguminbsee. RecUmbriee. Suborder 4. Cessalpineis. Tribe 9. Gedffi-ex. 155.

I I 1 46. Br6wnea cocci'nea, it. A'rachis hypogee^a, O

Leguminbsee. RecUmbriee. Ceesalpinets. Tribe 10. Cassiiee. 156.

64. C&ssia marileindica, ^ Is. 6rf. ; procdmbens, O

Order LXVIII. ^osbceee. Tribe 1. Chrysobalaneee. 157.
I I 28. Chrysobalanus oblongif ulius, it

'Rosaceee. Tribe 2. Amygduleee. 158.
I 20. i<mygdalus nkna, S^ ; orient^lis, it

'Rosaceee. Tribe 3. Spireeaceee. 159.
(28) 65. Spirs'a Filipendula, ^ ; lobata, :^ Is. 6d. GiW^nia trifoli^ta, ;^ Is. 6d.

Rosaceee. Tribe 4. Dryadeee. 160.

66. Gfeum chilense, ^ Is. Potentilla formosa, ^ ; Clusionat, ^ 2s. 6d. Rtihui drcticus, ^

Rosaceee. Tribe 5. Sanguisbrbeee. 161.

67. Alchemilla alpina, ^ Is. Sanguis6rba canadensis, ^

Rosaceee. Tribe 6. Rbseee. 162.
I 21. .Rbsa Lawrenceuwa, it ; berberiRiVia. (Lbwea berberiiuWa.), S

M 2

164 Selection of Plants for forming

'^oshccce. Tribe 7. Vomacea. 163.
I 22. Cydbnia japunica, S^. Photinia serrul^ta, *

Order LXIX. Calycdntkcw.- 161.
1 (15) 23. Calyc&nthus fluridus, ^ ; Chimonanthus frJigrans, 36

Order LXX. Ch-anatece. 165.
I (16) 24. Phnica Granitum, Sfe ; n^na, 31

Order LXXI. Memecyleie. 166.
I I I (16) 47. MouHria myrtiUoldes, *. Memeclyon ca-

piteliatum, .^

Order LXXII. Combretacea: Tribe 1. Terminaliea. 167.
I I I (17) 48. Poi vrea coccinea, J_ ; comosa, %__

Combrei&ceiB. Tribe 2. Cojnbrete^. 168.
\ I I 49. QuisquMis indica, ^ ; pub^sceus, J,

Order LXXI II. Vochysifes. 169.
I I 1 (18) SO. roc/tfsm guian^nsis, ± ; tomeiitosa, ±

3 Order LXXIV. Rhhophbre<s. 170.

I I I (19) 51. Rhiz(5phora KdBfffe, I. Cardllia\\\c\&&, i.

Order LXXV. Lophirca;. 171.
I I I (20) 52. Lophira africana, ±

Order LXXVI. Onagr&ria:. Tribe 1. Montinikx. 172.

I I 29. Montin/a caryophyll^cea, «.

Onagrhriw. Tribe 2. J^'McAiifeae. 173.
I I 30. Fuchsia coccinea, jtk | ; microphylla, jut _J

Onagrarite. Tribe 3. On&grece. 174.

(29) 68. ffinothfera aca^lis, £ ; macroc&rpa,^-* ; missouriensis, «* Is. 6d. ]

Onagrurice. Tribe 4. JussieUx. 175.

69. Jussielio grandiflbra, * Is. 6rf. ; ovalifWia ^

Onagr&rice. Tribe 5. Circ«V. 176.

70. Circee'^a lutetiana, ^ ; alpina, ^ Is.

Onagrari<e. Tribe 6. Uydroccirycs. 177.
I I I 31. Trkpa nutans, * ; bicornis, *

Order LXXVII. Haloragecc. Tribe 1. Cercodianie. 178

(30) 71. il/yriophyllum spicatum, * ; verticil] Jltum, *

Halorageis. Tribe 2. Callitrichineie. 179.

72. Callitriche v^ma, * ; autumnalis, ^

\ Haloriigea. Tribe 3. 'Rippuridcw. 180.

73. Hippiiris vulgaris,"^

Order LXXVIII. Ceratoph^llea;. 181.

(31) 74. Ceratoph^llum dem^rsum, * ; submersum, *

Order LXXIX. 'Li/ihrariits, or Salicariie. Tribe 1. Salicariiw. 182.

(32) 75. iy thrum virgJltum, ;2t 5 diffiisum, ^ Is. 6rf.

TjythrariicE. Tribe 2. Lagcrstrcetmese. 183.
I 1 32. Lagerstroe^mm indica, S j var. dlba,|ffi

Order LXXX. Tamariscincis. 184.
I (17) 25. T^marix germ&nica, ^ ; gdllica, SK

Order LXXXI. Mdastonidcecp. Tribe 1. Lavoisieres:. 185.
I I 153. MeriJlnfl! coccinea, *; purpurea, •

Mclast07n&cca. Tribe 2. 'RhexiicB. 186.

(33) 76. iJhexia virginica, ^ Is. 6rf. ; marikna, 3t

MelastomcLcciV. Tribe 3. Osbdckise. 187.
I I I 54. Melistoma malabathricuni, * ; sangufneum, »

a Vegetable Representative System. 165

\Melastomd.ce(S. Tribe 4. MiconU:^. 188. !

j I I 55. Chitonia Fothergilla, J. Acibtis discolor, ik

Order LXXXII. Alangifese. 189.
II I (21) 56. Aldngium decap^talura, J ; h«xapiJtalum, J

Order LXXXIII. FhiladtSlphece. 190.
} (18) 26. Philadelphus coroii^rius var. f61iis variegktis, ^ ; grandiflbrus, Sb

Order LXXXIV. Myrtacex. Tribe 1. Chanuelanchiice. 191.
J I (13) 33. Calytrix glSibra, • ; scJlbra, *

Myrt&cece. Tribe 2. Leptospermete. Subtribe 1. Melaliucece. 192.
I I 31. Melaleuca decussata, * ; fulgens, *

. Mi/rtcicCiS. Leptosp^rmece. Subtribe 2. Euleptospirmete. 193L
\ I 35. Leptospermum flav^scens, «. Callist^mon lanceolktus. Hi

Myrt^cece. Tribe 3. Myrteis. 191.
I 1 36. il/yrtus commiXnis, * ; boe'tica, it

Myriacets. Tribe 4. Barringionihse. 195.

I 1 1 57. GustJivia augiista, ,J. SiravAdiutn acut4ngu-

lum, i_ ^

'Myrtdcex. Tribe 5. Lecythidece. 196.
\ \ I 58. L^cythis bractea.ta, ». Berthollet/a excdlsa, J

Order LXXXV. Cucurbit&cece. 197.
434) 77. Cficumis sativus. O • Mom6rdica Jlatferium, ^

.Order LXXXVI. Pass(fidre<e. Tribe 1. Paropsie^cc. 198.
I I I 59. Smeathmannia IsevigMa, H

Fassiftdrece. Tribe 2. Passijidm virte. 19a
iiS) 78. Passiflbra lutea, _t 1*. 6d

Order LXXXVII. Loasese. 200. ; L

(36) 79. LocLsa nStida, O . Blumenbachi« insignis, £ Is. 6d.

Order LXXXVIII. Turnerkcex. 201.

(37) 80.1Turn6ra cistoides, O . • .'. .

Order LXXXIX. Portul5.ce(B. 202.

(38) 81. Claytbnw alsinoides, j^ ; sibirica, £ ; virginica, ;%, Is. Gcf. ; caroliniana, ;i 2s. 6&

Order XC. Varonychiete. Tribe 1. Tt'fepAifese. 203.

(39) 82. relephj«?;2 IraperS-U', ^ Is. 6rf. Corrig'iola littorMis, O

Varonychiice. Tribe 2. \llccebrece. 204.

53. Herniaria gl&bra, £ ; hirslita, O • Paronychia hisp&nica, lU Is. 6d.

Varonychiats. Tribe 3. PoJycdrpex. 205.

54. Polycarpon tetraphyllum, O • Ortfegia hisp&nica, ^

VaronychiiiE. Tribe 4. Sclerdnthea:. 206,

85. Scleranthus annuus, O ; perennis, £ Is. 6rf.

Varonychiice. Tribe 5. Queridcc<F. 207.

86. Qnhria hispSiiica, O

Order XCI. Crassulaccce. Tribe 1. CrassuletE, or Crassul&cecB legitimiE. 208.

(40) 87. S^dum sptirium, £ ; cruci^tura, j£ Is. 6rf. Cotylt:don liitea, it,

CrassulacecE. Tribe 2. Andmala;, 209.
S8. P^ithorum sedSldes, ^ Is. 6rf.

Order XCII. Ficoldets. GenuitUB. 210.
£41) 89. Tetragbnia expansa, O • Mesembryanthemum cryst&Uinum, O

Ftcoldece. Spurite. 211.
I 27. Nitrkria Schobfer;", £ ; caspica, 36

Order XCIII. Cdctea, or Opunti&cae. Tribe 1. Opuntictcece. 212.

J _ 1(14) 37. C^reusphyllanthOldes, 11. ; Cactus speciosissima,tt.

M 3

166 Selection of Plants for forming

CdctetP, or Opuniiicece. Tribe 2. Rhipsdlidts. 213
I 1 1 60. Rhfpsalis Cassutha, tt. ; salicomOldes, a.

Order XCIV. ; GrossulariecB. 214.
1 (19) 28. Rlbes aureum, St ; sanguineum, S

Order XCV. Escalldms. 215.
I ] (15) S8. EscaU^niariibra,*; glandulbsa,* ,

Order XCVI. Saxifrages. 216.

(42) 90. Saxf fraga umbrbsa, £ j irrlgua, £ Is. fid. T^llima grandifl6ra, j£ Is. 60.

Order XCVI I. Cunon&cea^ 217.
I I (16) 39. Baufero rubiaf 6Ua, • ; htiinilis, •

Order XCVIII. Umbelliferce. Suborder 1. Orthosp^rnne. Tribe 1. Hydrocotyllnea.
Subtribe 1. Hydrocdtylce. 218.

(43) 91. Hydrocotyle vulgaris, ^ 6d. ; umbellata, ^

\Umbelliferie. Orlhosp^rmes. Hydrocotylinece. Subtribe 2. MWm<p. 219.

I I 40. Driisa oppositifolia ft, A

VinbeUiferce. Orthospirmce. Tribe 2. Sanictilex. 220.

92. Astr&ntla m&xima, ^. £r;y^ngiuin alpinum, ^. HacqufeUa jEpipactis, ^ 2s. 6rf.

VvibellifercB. Ortkospermte. Tribe 3. AmmlnecE. 221.

93. .&iiniuin flexu6sum, A ; Bulbocistanum, ii, Zizia afirea, ^ Is. 6d.

UmbelHfera. Ortkospirmcs. Tribe 4. Seselinece. 9S3.

94. ..^thamanta cretensis, ^. Mhim othamanticum, ^ Is. 5d. :

Umbelliferce. Orthospirmce. Tribe 5. Angelicece. 223.
^5. Sellnum sibfricum, ^ ; 61egans, ;^

Umbelliferie. Orthospernue. Tribe 6. FeucedcLnece. 224.

96. Imperatbria Ostruthium, ^. i^erula comtniinis, ^ 2s. 6d. Peuc^danum officinale, ^

UmbeWfetce. Orthospernue. Tribe 7. Tordylineee. 225,

97. Tordjlium maximum, O • Hasselquistia cordata, O

Umbelliferce. " OrthospirmcE. Tribe 8. Silerinece. 226.

98. Slier trllobum, ^. .4gas;^llis cauc4sica,^

Umbelliferce. Orthospdrrrus. Tribe 9. Cummete. 227.

99. Cumlnum Cymlnum, O

Umbelliferte. Orthosp4rmee. Tribe 10. Thapsiete. 228.

100. iaserpUium'g4Uicum, ^ ; angustifulium, ^

Umbelliferce. Ortkospdrmte. Tribe 11. Xiawcinecs. 229.

101. Orlayo platyc&rpos, O ; grandiflbra, O

Um.belHfercB. Suborder 2. CampylospirrruB. Tribe 12. Caucalinece. 230.

102. Torllis inf^sta, O • Turgfenia latifblia, O

Uinbelliferce. Campylospirmce. Tribe 13. Scandicinece. 231.

103. ChserophJUum sylv^stre, 3(. il/yrrhis odorkta, ^ :

1 Umbelllfera. Campylospermte. Tribe 14. SmgrTiece. 232.

104. Smf rnium Olusatrum, Q); perfoliSltum, Q)

Umbelliferce. Suborder 3. Coilospirmce. Tribe 15. Coridndrece. 233.

105. Coriindrum sativum, O • Blforis testiculita, O

Order XCIX. Aramcece. 234.

(44) 106. Aralia racembsa, ^'; nudicatilis, ^. P^nax^trifblia, ^ 2s. 6rf.

Order C. Caprifoliacece. 235.

(45) 107. C6mu8 canadensis, £ Is. ; herbacea, ]£. Triosteum perfoli&tum, ^ 2s. 6d.

Order CI. Lordntheie. 236.]
I (20) 29. A'fscuni ilbum, male and female, £. ?Aucuba japunica, *

Order CI I. Chlordnthea:. 237.
I I (17) 41. Chlor4nthus inconspfcuus *L ; erectus, tt.

a Vegetable 'Representative System. 167

[ Order ClII. 'Ruhiacete. Section 1. Gnettdrdex. 238.

I I 61. £rithaUs fruticbsa, i_. Vanguiera eilMis, it

"RubiaceiE. Section 2. Hamelihcess. 239.

I I 62. Haxaillia patens, it ; chrysantha it

'Rttbidcets. Section 3. Gardeniss. 240.
I 42. Gardfenza radicans, «.. Burch^llM cap^nsis, it

Rulndcece. Section 4. Cinchbnex. 241. ;

I 43. Pincknfeya ptibens, 3£ |

'Rubi^cecv. Section 5. Cephaldnthete. 242.
I 30, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Si

Rubiacece. Section 6. Hedyotidete. 243.

I 44. Bouv&rd;a triphylla, ja | ; Jacqulnj, J* |

Rubidcecs. Section 7. CofFe^cese. 244.
31. Mitchella ripens, «.. Ernodfea montkna, )U.

RubiacciB. Section 8. SpermacbcecB. 245.

(46) 108. Dibdia virgfnica, -*. Richards6nw scibra, O

Rubid.cecB. Section 9. Galets. 246.
109 Asp^rula odorita, ^ ; arcadiensis, j£ Is. 6d.

Order CIV. Operculariece. 247.
I I (18) 45. Opercularia aspera, H.. Cryptosp^rmum YolingiV, It

Order CV. Valeri^nes. 248.

(47) 110. Valeriana dioica, £ ; montana, ^. VaXrinia scabiosjefblia, ^ 2s. 6rf.

Order CVI." Hipsiicea. 249.

(48) 111. Asterocephalus WebbionMs, £ Is. 6cf. ; ^legans, ^ Is. 6rf. Scabibsa caucasica.

Order CVI I. Calycirete. 250.
I I I (22) 63. Acicarpha spatulata £

Order CVI 1 1. Composite. S\ihor Aer 1. Cic/ioracece. Tribe 1. Hieracece. 251.

(49) 112. i/iericium a6reum, ^ ; aurantiacum, )£. Prenanthes purpurea, ^ Is. 6rf.

CompOsitts. Cickord.cece. Tribe 2. Taraxctcea. 252.

113. Tr6ximon glaiicum, ^ Is. 5d. ; cuspid&tum, ^

Compdsitce. Cichoracece. Tribe 3. Hypochieridea;. 253.

114. Achyrophorus radicatus, ^ ; macul^tus, £. Seriola glatica, £ Is. 6rf.

Composites. CichorhcecB. Tribe 4. 'Lactucece. 254.

115. Agath Jrsus sibfricus, ^. iactiica per^nnis, ^. Borkhausza purpurea, ^ Is. 6d.

Composites. Cickoracecc. Tribe 5. Scorzonfereje. 255.

116. Picrfdium tingit&num, O- Scorxon^ro hispanica, ^. Arnopbgon Dalech4mpw, ^ Is. 6rf. ; j

Conipositce. Cichoracccs. Tribe 6. CichbreiB. 256.

117. Cichbrium 7'ntybus, white, ^; /'ntybus ^j, 6rf. Scolymus hispinicus, ^

Compdsita:. Cichorhce<p. Tribe 7. CatandnchecE. 257.

118. Catananche CKriilea, ^ ; liitea O

Coinp6sitce. Suborder 2. Labiatifiorce. 258.

119. Perdfcium Anandria, ^. ChaptJih'a tomentbsa, ^

Comp6sit<e. Suborder 3. Cardu&cece. Division 1. Carduacea virce. 259.

120. CarlJna acaiilis, ^. Centaurfea nervbsa, ^ ; aurea ^ Is. 6rf. Carduus al&tus, ^ Is. 6d.

Compisitce. Cardud.ceie. Hivision 2. Echinopsideee.Z 260.

121. £chlnops jRltro, ^ Is. 6d. ; ruth^nicus, ^

CompdsitiB. Cardu&ceee. Division 3. Vernon&ceys. 261.

122. 7'nula glandulfisa, ^ Is. 6d. VernuniVi noveboracensis, ;^. Lidtris scariosaj ik s

CompOsitce. Carduaceee. Division 4. GnaphaliitE. 262.

123. Antennaria dioica, JD. Dmiftn; tripUn^rvis, ^ Is. 6rf. Ammubium allium, jJt Is.

M 4

168 Selection of Plants for forming

Comp6sit(V. Suborder 4. AsterecB. 263.

124. vi'ster alplnus, ^ ; canus, 1*. Crf. EtlgQtoa Jellidif 6Uus, £ ; glab^llus, £ Is. 6^.

Compdsitce. Suborder 5. ^upatbreie. 264.

125. Eupatdiiutn maculatum, ^ ; agerataides, ^ 1*. 6rf. St^vw purpurea, it 1 1*.

:?£ Compdsita. Suborder 6. Jacobte'^se. 265.

126. Tussil^go &lba, ^ ; alplna j£ Is. Senfecio Dordnicum, ^. Taghtes flurida, ^ 2s. Gd.

Compdsitce. Suborder 7. HelianthecB. 266.
X27. Galirdm Wcolor,^; arista.ta,^2s. 6cf. HelianthusdiffCisus, ^. EchinJlceaspeciosa, ^Is. 6<f.

Comydsiice. Suborder 8. Ambrosid,ceiB. 267.

128. Parthfenium integrifolium, ^ Is. &d. Vva axillaris, ^

Compdsitce. Suborder 9. Anthemidecs. 268.

129. jichillfeo tomentosa, j£ j Claveiin<s, ^ Is. 6d. An4cyclus Pyrethrum, j£ 2s. 6d.

Order CIX. Z,o4^/ikce£e. 269.
(50) 130. LobfeU'a syphilitica, ^ Is. ; cardin^lis, ^ Is. 6d. ; fulgens, ^

Order CX. Stylidece. 270.
I I (19) 46. Stylldium graminifblium, j£ ; adnatum, £

Order CXI. Goodenbvix. 271.

I I (20) 47. ScK'vola microcirpa, j£. Goodfenia ovata.ll.; grandiflbra, il.

Order CXII. Ca?npanuldce<B. 272.
(52) 131. Camp&nula pulla, ^ Is. 6rf. ; carp&thica, ^ ; punctata, ^ Is.

Order CXIII. Gesneriix. 2^3.

II I (23) 64. Gloxfnw speci6sa, A- GesnferMi bulbdsa, ifc

Order CXIV. \acciniece. 274.
I 32. raccinium Vitis IdjeX *•- ; amoe^num, S£

Order CXV. 'Ericece. Section 1. 'Er'iccB virce. 275.
1 S3. Erica, c&rnea, tt. ; cili^ris, ».

'Ericece. Section 2. Monotrdpecs. 276.
(52) 132. Mon(5tropa Hypdpithys, ^ 2s. 6d. ; unifl6ra, ^

Ericece. Section 3. Pi/rdlece. 277.
133. Pf rola rotundifblia, j£ Is. 6d. ; secunda, £

Ericece. Section! H.hodor&cece. 278.
I 34. iihodttra canadensis, fit ; Kalmia glatica, n.

Order CXVI. Pencehccx. Ti9.
I I (21) 48. Penae^a mucronJita, • ; squambsa, At

Subclass III. COROLLIFLO^B^ Stamens placed on the corolla.

Order CXVII. Epacridete. Section 1. Epacridccc vires. 280.
I I (22) 49. E'pacris pulchella, • ; grandiflora, it

Epacridece. Section 2. StyphUice. 281.
I I 50. Stenanth?:rapinif61ia, *. Acritriclie cordata, *

Order CXVIII. Syniplocincce. 282.
I I (23) 51. Syraplocos tinctbria, *; sinica, «

; Order CXIX. Styracinece. 283.

I (21) 35. Halfesja tetr&ptera, ^ ; diptera, £

Order CXX. Myrsine«. 284.
I I (24) 52. >/^rsine africkna, * ; retiisa, *

Order CXXI. Sapbtece. 285.
I (22) 36. BumfeUa iyciG'ides, ^ ; tfcnax, ±

Order CXXII. Ebeiulcece. 286.
(23) 37. Diosptros virginikna, 5f ; Lotus, ^ ;

a Vegetable Representative System. 169

Order CXXIII. Brexilcc. 287.
I I I (24) 65. Br^xia spinusa, * ; madagascarieiisis, *

Order CXXIV. OlUnce. 288.
I (24) 38. Syringa p^rsica, 36 ; sibirica van rothomagensis, ^

Order CXXV. Jasmines. 289.
I (25) 39. Jasminum friiticans, afc ; revoliitum, tt

Order CXXVI. S/r^chnea;. 290.
I I I (25) 66. TheophrSsta Jussia'/, * ; longifolia, m

Order CXXV 1 1. Apocynece. 291.

(53) 134. rinca hcrMcea, ^. Amsonja salicifblia, ^ Is- &d.

Order CXXVI II. AscleinaAex. 292.

(54) 135. jisclfepias incarnata, ^ ; amoe'^na, ^ ; tuberosa, j^d. 2«. Gd.

Order CXXIV. Gentiknese. 293.
{,BS) 136. Gentid«ff acaiilis, £ ; asclepi^rfea, :^ Is. ; v^rna, £ ]«. 6rf. ; Houstbnj'a casriilea, £ Is.Grf.
Order CXXX. Bignonikcex. 294.
I (26) 40. Bignbni'a radicans, X. Calampelis sc^bra, _^ \s. 6i(.

Order CXXXI. Cofiseaceae. 295.

I I (25) 53. Cob^e^a sc&ndens, ft.

Order CXXXII. Pedallnece. 296.

J 1 I (26) 67. Pedalium mi\rex, O

Order CXXX 1 1 1. Sesd.nie<e. 297.

II I (27) 68. Mart^n!a diandra, O ; proboscidca, O

Order CXXXIV. FolemoniaceiS. 298.

(56) 137; iPolemonium reptaus, ^ ; villbsum, y^ Is. 6d. Phl6x ovita, ^; crassifulia, ?it 1*. 6rf.

Order CXXXV. Ht/droledceie. 299.
I 1 (26) 54. HydrWea spinbsa, * ; quadriv&,lvis, £

Order CXXXVI. Convolimlacece. 300.

(57) 138. Conv61vulus line^tus, ;^ Is. 6d. Y&lkia ripens, £_ 2s. 6d.

Order CXXXV 1 1. Boraginece. 301.

(58) 139. OmiAalbdes v£rna, £. Pulmonkria virglnica, A !*• 6rf. On6sma taurica, j^ Is. 6cf.

Order CXXXVIII. CordAcesi. 302.
I I I (28) 69. Cirdia JV/yxa, ± ; Scbesiena, J

Order CXXXIX. HydrojihyUece. 303.

(59) 140. Hydrophj'llum canadense, ^ \s. 6d. ; virginicum, ;^

Order CXL. Sol^netr. Section 1. Pericdrpium capsuldre. 304.

(60) 141. Ramund« pyrena.icfl, £ Is. 6d.', Scopblia carnioUca, ^ Is. 6d.

Solanece. Section 2. Pericdrpiimi baccatum. 305.
142. VhysaWs Alkekengi, ^. Jl/andragora vernklis, %. Anisodus IClridus, ^ Is. 6rf.

Order CXLI. Scrophuldrime. Section 1. Sldmina (4) antherifcra. 306.

(61) 143. £rinus alplnus, j£. Linaria triornith6phora, ^Is. 6rf. Pentsttmon angustifulius, £ Is. 6rf.

Scrophuldrince. Section 2. Stamina (2) antkerifera. 307.
144. Wulftnja carinth'iaca, jg. Ferdnica saxatilis, £ ; latifulia, ^ Is. 6d. ; prostrata, £ Is. 6d.

Order CXLII. Labiatts. Tribe 1. Menihoidex. 308.

(62) 145. iUntha Pulfegium, £_ j citrSlta, ^

Labiate. Tribe 2. Saturefnese. 309.

146. Origanum Eegyptiacum, ^. Pycninthemum lanceol^tum, ^ Is. 6d.

Labtalis. Tribe 3. Ajugoidecs. 310.

147. A'juga genevensis, ]£ Is. 6rf. Tehcxiuyn Chama;Mrys, ^. Tehcrium orientJlle, ^

LabiatcE. Tribe 4. Mondrdex. 311.

148. Monarda dldyma, ;^; Russell(<J«rt, ;^ Is. M. Cunilamariana, 2s. 6d.

170 Selection of Plants foi' forming

LabiciUe. Tribe 5. Sep^lea: 312. !

149 .Set«Smca grandiflbra, i- Dracocephalum altaiense, ^ ; argunense, ^ 2s. 6d.

Labiitte. Tribe a Trasiiie. 313.
I I 53. Prisixnn majus, H ; minus, K

Labiatts. Tribe 7. Ocymiiidecc. 314.
150. O'cymum basflicum, O ; pUbsum, O

Order CXLIIL Xerbenacece. 315.

(63) 151. FeAhaa, batt^ta ^ ; strf eta, ^ ; bonari^nsis, £ 1^. 6d. ; Lamb^rb', ]£ 1^. 6d.

Order CXXIV. MyopOrirue. 316.
I (27) 56. My6porum parvifblium, jtt. Stenochllus gibber, Jk
Order CXXV. Acanthacece. 317.

(64) 152. .ijcanthus 6pin6sus, ^ 1*. 6d. j spinosissimus, ^

Order CXLVI. Orobanchhs. 318.

(65) 153. Orobanche mSyor, ^ ; rambsa, ^. Lathrae^a squam^a, ^Zs. &d.

Order CXLVII. LentibtU^irits. 319.

(66) 154. Pingm'cula vulg^s, £t ; grandiflbra, ^ 2*. 6rf.

Order CXLVIII. Primuldcea^ 320.

(67) 155. Primula Aurfcula, £. DodecJltheon Meadia ;^. Prfmula farinbsa, 3t 1*. ^d.

Order CXLIX. Globtxlaria. S21.

(68) 156. Globularia nudica<ili£, £ ; cordifolia, £ 1«. 6<i. ; vulgiris, j£.

Order CL. Vlumbagineie. 322.

(69) 157. Armferia vulgaris, j£. Plumbago europae'^a £!t 1*. 6d. iStatice specibsa, ^ 3j. 6<t

■ Subclass IV. MOKOCHLAMY'DE.E. 3 Parts of fructification having but one covering.

Order CLI. Flantaginea:. 323.

(70) 158. iTantSigo mfedia var. rbsacea, £ ; asiatica, ^Is.Sd.; Glafix maritima, ^ Is. 60.

Order CLII. Kyciaginecc. 324.

(71) 159. MiribiliB Jdlapa, %. Oxybaphus CervantfesM % \s. 6d. Abrbnia mellffera, *-. ]

Order CLIII. Amarantkiicece. 325.

(72) 160. .imariinthus cauditus, O ; hypochondriacus, O • Iresine celosioides, £ U. 6d.

Order CLIV. Phytolhcen. 326.

(73) 161. Phytol&cca dec&ndra, ^ Is. 6rf. Microtia maypurensis, O

Order CLV. Chenopbdea:. 327.

(74) 162. Chenopbdium B6nus Henricus, ^ 6d. jBlltum capitatum, O

Order CLVI. Begon\kce2i. 328.
I I (28) 57. Begbnja EvansjaTia A 1*- 6d. ; argjTOStfgma.

Order CLVII. Volygonem. 329.

(75) 163. OxJ'ria renif6rmds, ^ 1». &d. Polygonum ocreJitum, ^. i?hfeura austrjile, ^ 2i. 6<i

Order CLVIII. Lailnn*. 330.
I (27) 41. iatrus nObilis, i. Sdssafras, t

Order CLIX. Myristicem. 331.
I I I (29) 70. Myrieticamoschita,!. Hernand/a sonbra }

Order CLX. ProfeacesE. 332.
I I (29) 58. GreviHea rosmarinifoUa, « ; ocanthifblia. It

Order CLXI. Thymela'ts. 333.
I (28) 42. D&phne CneOrum, « ; h^brida, «

Order CLXI I. Osyridece. 334.
I I (30) 59. OsJ^ris ilba, • |. Exocarpos cupressifdnnis, J

Order CLXI II. SanUlaceai. 335.
I (29) 43. N^sja viUbsa, J ; biflbra, S

a Vegetable Represe7itative System. If I

Order CLXIV. Elcedgnea. 33&
1 (30) 44. ShepherdiVi canadensis, S£ ; argiSntea, fi
Order CL.XV. Asdrince. 337.

(76) 164. .^'sarum europae^um, ^; canad^nse, ^ ; virgfnicum, £, ls.6d. .^ristolbchia Clematltis,^ Is.

Order CLXVI. Cytine<t. 338.
I I I (30) 71. iVep^nthes distillatbria, fl_ ; Phyllamphora,fl_

Order CLXVII. EwpAorfiikcese. Section 1. 'RHxeie. oSS.

(77) 165. Pachys&ndra procumbens, £ Is. 6cf.

E«p/ioriiJlce£e. Section 2. PhylldnthecB. 340.
|. I 60. Cluytia alaternOldes, it ; pulchella, *

E«pAoriiace£e. Section 3. Crotbneie. 341.
I 45. Borya /igustrina, Sfc ; acuminata, 36

"Eupkorbiiicex. Section 4. Acalyphea. 34i,

166. Mercuridto pertnnis, ^ 6rf. Tr^gw drens, O

EwjoAoriiiceae. Section 5. Hippom&netp. 343.

I 46. Stillingja /igustrina, ^

*i lEupkorbikcex. Section 6. Eupkorbiex. 344.

167. £uph6rbio virg^ta, ^ ; epithymoldes, ^ ; salicifolia, ;3t !*• 6rf.

Order CLXVllI. Stackhousex. 345.
I I (31) 61. Stackhousi'a linariifblia, il ; spathul^ta, it

Order CLXIX. Antidismeie. 346.
I I I (31) 72. Antidesraa alexitferia, *. StilJigo .Bfinias, J

Order CLXX. Vrtice^. 347.

(78) 168. Parietkria officinMis, ■£_ ; judiica.^ \s. 6rf. I/rtica nivea, ^.

Order CLXXI. JJlm&cea. 348.
I (31) 47. t/'lmus cn'spa, 5f- Celtis occidentilis, ^

Order CLXXII. Viper&cea. S49.

(79) 169. Saurfirus ICicidus, ^ ; c^rnuus, ^ 2*. 6rf.

Order CLXX 1 1 1. Sugldndece. 350.
I (32) 48. Juglans rfegia, ^ ; nigra, 5^.

' Order CLXXI V. Ament&cete. Suborder 1. Salicece. 351.
I (33) 49. saiix herba.cea, Ji ; reticulata, jUj

Amentdcece. Suborder 2. Betulinte. 352.
I SO. ^etula nana, Ji ; .4'Inus incana, ja

Amentciceie. Suborder 3. Cupuliferce. 353.
I 51. jFagus sylv&tica inclsa, 3^. Qu^rcus coccffera, 3f

Amentd.cecE. Suborder 4. Vlat&necB. 354.
I 52. Liquidambar styraclfluum, 3f ; imberbe, 3f

Amenticea. Suborder 5. Mt/riceis. 355.
1 53. il/yrlca Gafe SS ; Comptbnw asplenifi)lia »

OTdetCLXXy.'^lla7namelldeie. 356.
I (34) 54. Fothergfllo olnifblia, S. /famamfeUs virglnica, S6

Order CLXXVI. Conifera: Suborder 1. Tdxinm. 357.
I (35) 55. S'phedra monostichya, *t. J^xus hib^rnica, M.

ConifercE. Suborder 2. CuprissincE. 358.
1 56. Juni'perus Sabina, • ; prostrJita, •

Coniferce. Suborder 3. Kbiitirus. 359.
I 57. Plnus Str6bus, J ; Clanbrasil/'dwa, •

Order CLXXVIl. Empitrew. 360.
I (36) 58. ^''mpetrum ulgruiu, ti. Cor^ma alba, tt.

172 Selection of Plants for forming

Class 11. Moxocotyledo'ne.e, or Endo'gen.e.

Plants with a single cotyledon, or more if alternate ; veins of leaves parallel to the length of the
leaf and to each other, and but little branched.

Order CLXXVIII. Cyc&dea:. 361.
j I I (32) 74. Z^mia spiralis, £ C^cas revoliita, ±

Order CLXXIX. Hydrocharldece. 362.

(80) 170. Hydr6charis mdrsus ranse, *. Stratifies nlooldes, i Is. 6rf.

Order CLXXX. AlismS,ceie. S63.

(81) 171. Sagittkria sagitlirLilia, ^ Is. 6d. ^lisma ranunculo'ides, *

Order CLXXXI. Buibmece. 3&i.

(82) 172. JSutomus umbellatus, * Is. 6d. ; latifolius, ±

Order CLXXXII. 3uncaginea. 365.

(83) 173. Trlglbchin palAstre, ^ 1*. 6d. ; maritimum, ;3i

Order CLXXXIII. Orchldew. Tribe 1. Neottiice. 366.

(84) 174. List^ra ovata, ^ 1«. 6d. Goodyera pub^scens, ^g^ 2s. 6d.

Orchidece. Tribe 2. Jret/ittseae. 367.
175. £pipactis palustris, j^ ; latifulia, ^. Calopogon pulch^llus, ;fi 3s. 6d.
OrchidecE. Tribe 3. Gastrodiecs. 368.
I I I 74. Vanilla aromatica, fl.. Vteschiia plantaginea, jg

OrchideiB. Tribe 4. Ophrydece. 369.
17a O'rchis pyramidilis, A 1«- 6rf. ; O^phrys apifera, Jf; \s. 6d. Platanthfera bifblia, A Is. 6rf.

OrchldecB. Tribe 5. Vindes. 370.
I I |75. CyniWdiumsin^nse,£. 10ncidiumflexu6sum,£

Orchidece. Tribe 6. Epidendrece. 371.
I I 1 76. Blfetja verectinda, j!i ; Tankervllte, A-

Orchidece. Tribe 7. Malaxidece. 372.

177. Liparis Zilif blia, ^ 3s. 6rf. Calypso americ^a, ^

Orchidece. Tribe 8. CypripediicB. 373.

178. Cypripfedium Calcfeolus, :^ 3s. 6rf. ; spect&bile, ^ 3s. 6d.

Order CLXXXIV. Scltajninece. 374.
1 I I (33) 78. KEBmpfferja Galdnga, ^. ' Alpinia calca-

' r^ta, £

Order CLXXXV. Cdnnece. 375.
(85.) 179. Canna patens, ^ 2s. 6rf. ; specibsa, :3t

.Order CLXXXVI. Musacese. 376.
I I I (34) 79. Strelitzia reginse, £ ; ovkta, ]fe

Order CLXXXVII. Irldets. 377.

(86) 180. rris ptunila, ^ ; sptiria, ^ Is. 6rf. ; v^rna, ^ 3s. 6d. UeneSlmia grandinora, £ Is. Gd.

Order CLXXXVIII. Hcemodoracea. 378.

(87) 181. Lophiola aurea, £ 2s. 6d. *Gyrotheca tincturia Lindl. 2s. 6d.

Order CLXXXIX. Hypoxidece. 379.
(88)1182. Hyp6xisjuncea, £ ; erecta, £

Order CXC. AmaryllidtesB. 380.

(89) 183. Galanthus nivMis, ?. Sternb^rgw latea, tf Zephyrinthes ^tamMico, tf Is. firf.]

Order CXCI. Ylemerocallidece. 381.

(90) 184. Funkio ovjita, ^ Is. ; subcordJita, ^. Tritoma Uvkria, £ Is. 6rf. ; mfedia, £

Order CXCII. Dioscoriix. 382.

(91) 185. Dioscbr^a villbsa, ^ ; quatern^ta, Jt,

Order CXC I II. Tamece. 383.

(92) 186. ramus commiinis, J, ; erotica, ^ ',

Order CXCIV. Smil&ccce. 384.

(93) 187.,ConvaUJuia maj^s, ^. Smilacina bore Wis, ^ Is, 6rf. PJiris quadrifbUa.'A 1*. 6(f. .

a Vegetable Represeiitative System. 173

Order CXCV. Asphodilece. 385.

(94) 188. CzackM Liliastrum, ^ Is. Gd. Scilla sibfrica, tf.ls. Gd.

Order CXCVI. Tulipaces. 386.

(95) 189. Fritillaria mel^agris, ?. Erythrbnium americ&num, tf Is. 6d.

Order CXCVII. Uelanthacece. S87.

(96) 190. Bulbocbdium v^rnum, tf. CiJlchicum autumna.le, tf ; byzantinum, $ 1«. 6q.

Order CXCVIII. BromeVi^ces. 388.
I I I (35) 79 Pitcafrn?a staminea,]^. Bilbergwam(BNia,j£

Order CXCIX. Poniederex. 389,

(97) 191. PontedSr/a cordata, ^ 3s. 6d. ; angustif uUa, ±

Order CC. Commelinex. 390.

(98) 192. Tradescanfe virginica, ^ Is. Commelina ccelestis, |j{j Is.

Order CCI. Fdlmce. 391.
I J (32) 62. Charaoe'^rops hiimilis, J£ Phce'nix dactylifera, £

Order CCII. Pand^neae. 392.
I I 1(36) 80. Pandaraui odoratissimus, I ; humilis, }

Order CCIII. Typhince. 393.

(99) 193. Sparganium simplex, * Is. ; nutans, ±

Order CCIV. AroldecB. Section 1. OrontidcecB. 394.

(100) 194. Symplocarpus foe'tldus, ^ _J 2*. 6rf. .(^'corusgramineus/^. R6hdea japunica, j£ Is. 6(/.

Aroidete. Section 2. Aroidece virts. 395.
195. .<4^rum italicum, A j triphyllum var. zebrinum, j!i. Calla'paHistris, i Is. 6d.

Aroidc<e. Section 3. Tacca.ce£B 396.
1 I I 81. Tdcca pinnatifida, tf ; aspera, 5f

Order CCV. Fluvictles. 397.

(101) 190. i^mna polyrMza, ± ; gibba, *. Potamogfeton nutans, ± Gd.

Order CCVI. lunccce. 398.
(102)";197. Luzula (Luciola Smith) campestris, £. Narthecium osslfragum, ]£ Is. Gd.

Order CCVII. Gilliesihx. 399.
I I (33) 63. GiUifesm graminea, i | 2s. 6rf. .... ;

Order CCVIII. Restiacem. 400.

(103) 198. Ayris brevifMia, j^ A ; americana, £ A •

Order CCIX. Cyperacea. 401.

(104) 199. Carex prae^cox, ^ ; Fraseri'ana, ^\ls. Gd.

Order CCX. Graminets. Spicatce tertninales^ Section 1. Ophihrina:. 402.

(105) 200. Ophiiirus incurv^tus, M O ; fiUformis, Jill O

Graminetc. Spicatce terminates. Section 2. lioliacea:. 403.

201. iolium perenne, M ; speciusum, m

GramineiE. Spicatce terminales. Section 3. "Sdrdincc. 404.

202. iVardus stricta, m

Gramiiiea. Spicitce tenninMes. Section 4. Cenchrincc. 405.

203. Cenchrus rtibuloldes, Jli O ; spinifex, Mi

Graminecc. Spiccltcc termitiUles. Section 5. "Lappaginea:. 406.

204. Zappkgo racembsa, jlUi O

GramlnecE. Spicatce terminales. Section 6. Mgilipincc. 407.

205. yE'gilops squarrbsa, M ; hystrix, Mi

Graminecc. Spiccitcc termimles. Section 7. Hordecicecc. 408.

206. /fordeum pratense, Mi. £'lymus europje'^us. Mi Is. Gd.

Graminecc. Spicatce terminates. Section S. Triticcce. 409.

207. Brachyi)bdium pinnatum, Jllk. Agropyrum crista.tum, Mi

174 Selection of Plants for forming

Graminets. Spic&ta: subterminales. Section'l. Spartindceec 410.

208. Spartlna stricta, iUii; cynosuruldes, JUii

GramineiE. Spichtic. subtermin&les. Section 2. Vaspdlintt. 411.

209. PSspalum set^ceum, M Q ; virg^tura, m O

GramineiE. Spicata subtermin&les. Section 3. Cynodontac. 412.

210. Cynodon Dactylon, m ^ ; prEe'cox, M O .

Graminecc. Spicatte subterminhles. Section 4.' Chloridee. 413.

211. Chlbris inflita, iUi. Beckmkxmia erucaeformis. Mi Q

Graminea: Panicul&ta. uniflbra:. Division 1. Phalaridecc. 414.

212. D^graphis arundinacea var. variegata. Mi. ^lopecilrus alplnus, Mt

Graminea:. Paniculd.ta, unifldrce. Division 2. Agrostidea:. 415.

213. ylgristis vulgaris var. variegata. Mi. Polypbgon littor^Us, Jilt ;

Graminea:. Paniculata: uniflbra:. Division 3. Mili&cea:. 416.

214. JV/ilium eflftisum, Jllii. Piptathferum paradoxum. Jilt

Graminea. Panicul&ta: uniflbra:. Division. 4. Slip&cea:. 417.

215. St!pa pennlLta, m ; capiUSita, Mi

Graminea:. Panicul&ta: uniflbra. Division 5. ArundinAcea:. 418.

216. Calamagr6stis epig^ios, :llii ; speci5sa, M

Graminea. Paniculita uniflira. Division 6. Chatiirina. 419.

217. Chaetiirus fasciculitus, Jli O

Graminea. Paniculhta unifldra. Division 7. Asperillina. 420.

218. Leersja oryzOides, Mi ; virginica. Jilt

Graminea. Paniculata uniflbra:. Division 8. Hexdndne. 42L

219. Oryza sativa, Jilt |

Graminea. Panicul&ta muUiflbrcB. Suborder 1. Aven&cea. 422. '

220. Avhna, flavdscens, jUt. Tribdia dec{imbens. Jilt

Graminea. Paniculdia muliifldra. Suborder 2. Festucacea. 423.

221. Festuca ovlna. Jilt. C/niola latifblia. Jilt

Graminea. Panicidatamultifldra. SuhotAer 3. Gli/cMna. 424. ';

222. Pba. annua, JUt O . -Srlza mfedia, Jilt

Graminea. Panicul&ta multiflbra. Suborder 4. Echinari&cea. 425.

223. Echin^ria capitilta, Jilt O

Graminea. Paniculata multiflbra. Suborder 5. Cynosuroidea. 426.

224. Cynosiirus crista,tus. Jilt. Seslfen'a cserfilea. Jilt

Graminea. Subbiftbra. Suborder 1. Vanicea. 427.

225. Setaria it&lica, JUt O • Panicum clandestlnum. Jilt A

Graminea. Subbiflbra. Suborder 2. Tristigina. 428.

226. Tristegis glutinbsa, Jilt

• Graminea. Subbiflbra. Suborder 3. Anthoxdnthituc. 429. '

227. Anthox&nthum odoratum, M ; araJirum, Jilt

Graminea. Subbiflbra. Suborder 4. Ehrhdrtinse. 430. ',
I I 64. Ehrhirtzo panfcea. Jilt ; gigantfea, Jilt

Gramitiea. Stdibiflbra. Suborder 5. Aclinbdea. 431.
S28. Atheropogon apludOldes, JUt. Actinochloa procumbens, JUt O
Graminea. Villiflbra. 432.

229. Lagiirus ov^tus, JUt O . Ripfdium strictum, JUt

Graminea. Bracteifldra. 433.

230. Bambiisa arundinicea, JUt. (Vol. VI. p. 506.)

Graminea. Declina. 434. ;

231. Trfpsacum dactylSides, JUt. Zfea Mays, Mi O

Graminea. Andmalx. 435.
9S2. Lfgeum Spartum, tt 1». 6(f.

a Vegetable Representative System. 1 75

Second Grand Division, CELLULA'RES.

Plants which, when anatomised, are found to be devoid of spiral vessels, and to be composed
chiefly of cellular tissue.

Class I. FoLIA'CEiE.

Order 1. FUices. Tribe 1. VolypodidcecE. 436. ;

(106) 233. i'olypbdium vulg^re, ;^. Citerach officinkrum, £ \s. 6d. Onoclfea'sensibilis, ^2s. 6d.

FUices. Tribe 2. Osnmndaceie. 437.

234. Osmunda regalis, ^ Is. 6d. ; cinnamoraea, ^

Tiliccs. Tribe 3. Gleichenihx. 438.

235. Aneiraia hClmilis, ^. Schizae'^a pusilla, ^ |

FUices. Tribe 4. Ophiogldssea. 439.

236. Ophiogl6ssum vulgatum, ^ 1*. Botrychium virglnicum, ^ ; Lunkria, ^ \s. Gd.

FUices. TKbeS. Marratikcex. 440.
I I I 82 Mar&ttia aiata, £. Dana^a alata, jg

Order II. F4idsetacecc.'^. 441.

(107) 237. ^quisfetum filif6rme, jg ; hyerakle, >£_ ; variegatum, ]£ \s. 6d.

Order III. Lycopodinea. 442.

(108) 238. Lycopbdium Seiago,)U ; denticulktum, %^ Is.

Order IV. JV/aysi/eacese. 443.

(109) 239. PilulSlria globuUfera, !U. Isofetes lacustris, * Is. 6d.

Order V. Miisci. Tribe 1. A'stomi. 444. '

(110) 240. Phiscum subulatum, Bexley ; stolonfferum, Walthamstow.

'^hisci. Tribe 2. Gymndstmni. 445.

241. Gymn6stomum truncatulum ; pyrif6rme, Hampstead Heath. ;

'^lusci. Tribe 3. Aploperistojyii. 446.

242. T6rtula murklis. Pol^trichum commilne, Blackheatli. Dfcranum glaucum. Is. ; scopirium.

Musci. Tribe 4. Diploperisto^ni. 447.

243. Funaria hygrometrica, Wandsworth Common. Hypnum sen'ceum, about London.

Musci. Tribe 4. Schistocdrpi. 448.

(111) 244. Andreae^rt rup^stris ; nivalis.

Order VI. Hcpaticcc. 449.
245. Marchanti'a polym6rpha. Jungermannia pinguis, Hampstead Heath.

Class II. APHV'LLiE.

Order VII. K'lgcc. Tribe 1. DiatbmecB. 450.

(112) 246. Di&toma floccuWsum, Pool on Hampstead Heath. Desmldium cyh'ndricum.

A'lgic. Tribe 2. Nostochinse. 451.

247. Palmella cruenta. Nostoc commOne. ChEetophora endiviafulia var. crassa, Finchley.

A'lgtr. Tribe 3. Confervoidea:. 452.

248. Zygnfema nltidum, Battersea. Confi;rva fracta, about London. Cha.ra vulgaris, Battersea.

A'lga:. Tribe 4. Vtv&ceia. 453.

249. Z/'lva bullosa. Vauchfeno radickta, Camberwell, in ponds dried up in summer. :|

A'lg(C. Tribe 5. Floridea. 454.

250. Ptiluta plumbsa. Sphjerocficcus crfspus. Rhodomela subftisca.

A'lga. Tribe 6. FucbldecE. 455.

251. i^iicus yesiculbsus. Lamin&ria saccharina ; escul^nta.

Order VIII. 'Lichenes. Tribe 1. Idiothdlami. 455.

(113) 252. Lecidea gu^rnea, Epping Forest. CaUcium spharoc^phalum, Epping Forest.

Ucheiies. Tribe 2. Ccenothdlami. 457.
253. PelMdia canlna, Blacklieath, Cenimyce pyxidata, Hampstead Heath.

1 76 Plants for a Vegetable Representative System.

'Lichenes. Tribe 3. Homothdlami. 458.

254. U'snca barb5.ta. CoUfema granulitum.

liichhies. Tribe 4. Athdlami. 459.

255. Lepraria fltiva, near London ; vir^scens, near London.

JJchenes. Tribe 5. Pseudo-ljichenes. 460.

256. Opegrapha vulgata. Arthbnia impolUa.

Order IX. Fungi. Tribe 1. Hymenomi/cetcs. 461.
(125) 257. Agancws camp^stris ; prat^nsis. Morch^Ua esculenta, Carshalton.
'^ FAngi. Tribe 2. Pyrenomycetes. 462.

258. Sphae^ria digltata ; hypuxylon, Lambeth.

Fungi. Tribe 3. Gasteromycites. 463.

259. Ph&Uus foe'tidus, Hampstead Heath. Nidularia campanulata. Tiiber cibSirium,

Fungi. Tribe 4. Coniomy cites. 454.

260. Butrytis parasitica. .S^idium Berberidis. I/rfedo i^bse.

Totals : A C5) O (114) 260 ; ^ SI (36) 58 ; i_J _J (33) 64 ; a (36) 82 : = (219) 461.

The first observation of a gardener, on looking over the foregoing table,
will probably be, where am I to procure all these plants ? But let not
this difficulty deter any gardener under forty. If it does, he is unfit for
what he will have to meet with before he shall have passed through the
remainder of his life. There are three sources in Britain from which every
plant in the foregoing table may be procured ; the nurseries, the botanic
gardens, and the fields. All the plants in the first column, with the excep-
tion of the mosses, lichens, algse, and fungi, amounting only to twenty
species, may be procured from the Epsom nursery. The twenty species of
mosses, &c., may be gathered in the fields by any cryptogamist. We
recommend application to be made to the curators of botanic gardens,
who may direct some of their young men where to pick them up. These
habitats, and other particulars to guide the young men, are partly given in
the table, and will be found complete in the Encychjxxdia of Plants. Most,
or all, of the trees and shrubs in the second column may be procured fi'om
Messrs. Loddiges ; as may most of the green-house plants in the third
column, and the hot-house plants in the fourth column : but whatever is
deficient in any of the nurseries in the articles of green-house and hot-
house plants, we believe, may be made up from the Kew botanic garden.
After the nurseries have been exhausted, therefore, we recommend a direct
application to Mr. Alton at Kew. The botanic garden there being sup-
ported at the public expense, the public have a right to benefit from it, so
long as this can be done without any injury to the establishment ; and, as
taking cuttings from plants will in most cases rather benefit than injure
them, we are at a loss to know on what ground they can be refused to any
person who can show that he is competent to make a proper use of them.

Through the kindness of the London nurserjanen, and especially of
Messrs. Loddiges, Mr. Low of the Clapton nursery, Messrs. Young of Ep-
som, and Mr. Donald of Woking, we expect, in the course of the present
spring, to possess specimens illustrating all the orders and tribes of the
first and second columns ; and for the third and fourth columns we intend
to apply at Kew for cuttings, as soon as this Magazine is published. We
shall not limit our application to the particular plants enumerated in these
two columns, but ask for "cuttings of any species illustrative of the orders
and tribes there enumerated." Other gardeners may do the same; and as
the orders are numbered, the trouble taken or given will be very little.
The result of our application we shall lay before our readers in our next
Number.

177

PART 11.

REVIEWS.

Art. I. I'ransadions nf the Horticultural Society of London.
Vol. VII. Part IV

{Continued from p. 54.)

57- Upon the Application of Hot Water in heating Hot-houses.
By Mr. Thomas Tredgold. Read August 5. 1828.

This is by fax- the most valuable paper wliich has ever
been published on the subject of hot water, and we shall
therefore give it nearly entire, with most of its tables, and with
copies of its engravings. W^e shall only make one remark ;
and that is, on the expression which Mr. Tredgold uses, of
Mr. V^. Atkinson beina- " its discoverer." Mr. Tredijold
wrote a paper to the same effect, dated January, 1827,
which appeared in the Gardener^s Magazine. (Vol. III.
p. 427.) AH that v,^ have to state is, that, notwithstanding
Mr. Atkinson's discovery, which we do not in the slightest
degree doubt, since it is no uncommon thing for two persons
to discover the same thing, it is an undeniable fact that the
first discoverer was Bonnemain ; and that Chabannes heated
both dwelling-houses and hot-houses by hot water in London
and its neighbourhood in 1816, some years before Mr. At-
kinson's discovery, which was in 1822. The proofs will be
found in the third and fourth volumes of the Gardener's
Magazine. We are not surprised that Mr. Atkinson should
not have heard of what Chabannes had done ; for we have
learned, from what we consider undoubted authority, that
when, in January last, some of the Bank of England directors
proposed to heat a part of their establishment by hot water,
their architect, eminent though he is, had not heard of such
a mode of heating.

The fact is, that, in this progressive age, a man who has
the means of existence to procure by his labour or his talent
ought to be learning every day of his life. If he stands still
for a moment, the world will march on without him. Before

V0L.VII. — No. 31. N

Its Transactions of the Horticultural Society.

we proceed to Mr. Tredgold's valuable paper, we must be
allowed to express our great satisfaction at the removal of
the tax on coals. There will be now much less temptation to
employ stable-dung as a source of heat in gardening, a pro-
cess by which its qualities as a manure are deteriorated, never
less than 50, and we should think, on an average of gardens,
90 per cent. Every Number of this Magazine, for more
than a year past^ has proved that all descriptions of forcing,
from the cucimiber-bed to the pine-stove, including the hot
wall, and the hot border, may be as well performed by hot
water as by dung; and better, except in extraordinary cases,
than either by smoke-flues, hot air, or steam.

" Anew method of applj'ing heat to the purposes of forcing and preserv-
ing plants in houses having been discovered, which possesses some import-
ant advantages compared with the best method before in use ; and the first
instance of its successful application under the direction of Mr. W. Atkin-
son, its discoverer, having been published in the Transactions of the Horti-
cultural Society (vol. vii. p. 20.3.), it appeared to mc that the principles of
the method would form an interesting enquiry, which might not be altogether
unworthy of your attention.

" 1. The power of imitating other climes and other seasons than those
which natm'e affords us, is known and valued as it ought to be ; yet it
remains difficult even to imagine the extent to which this power may be
applied : in this age it produces luxuries of which few can enjoy more
than the commonest species ; but in the next — nay, even in our own,
there is a reasonable expectation of a considerable addition to the quantity
and quality of those artificial productions, as well as to the vast sources of
pleasure and information they afford to the admirers and tiie students of
nature.

" 2. The vehicle employed to convey and distribute heat in the new pro-
cess is water ; for it has been found that, in an arrangement of vessels con-
nected by [lipes, the v/hole of the water these vessels and pipes contain may
be heated by applying heat to one of the vessels ; and that in this manner
a great extent of heating surface, and a large body of hot water to supply
it, may be distributed so as to maintain an elevated and regular temperature
in a house for plants, or indeed in any other place requiring heat.

" 3. The obvious advantages of this method are, first, the mild and equal
temperature it produces ; for the hot surface cannot be hotter than boiling
water j secondly, the power of heating such a body of water as will pre-
serve the temperature of the house many hours without attention ; and,
thirdly, the freedom from smoke or other effluvia of smoke-flues. In houses
for plants these advantages are most important ; and my object is to inves-
tigate the principles called into action to produce them, to the end that we
may be able to regulate their operation in the various particular cases
arising in practice.

" 4. In order to develops the principles on which a hot-water apparatus
acts, we may select the simple case of two vessels placed on a horizontal
plane, with two pipes to connect them ; the vessels being open at the top,
and the one pipe connecting the lower parts of the vessels, and the other
their upper parts.

"If the vessels and pipes be filled with water (^^.21.), and heat be
applied to the vessel a, the effect of heat will expand the water in the ves-
sel A ; and its surface Mall, in consequence, rise to a higher level {a «), the
former general level surface being b b. The density of the fluid in the vessel

Transactions of the Horticultural Society. 179

A will also decrease in consequence of its expansion ; but as soon as the
column (c (V) of fluid above the centre of the upper pipe is of a greater
weight than the column/e above that centre, motion will commence along
the upper pipe from a to b, and the change this motion produces in the
equilibrium of the fluid will cause a corresponding motion in the lower pipe
from B to A ; and, in short pipes, the motion will obviously continue till
the temperature be nearly the same in both vessels ; or if the water be made
to boil in a, it may also be boiling hot in b, because ebullition in a will assist
the motion.

" 5. The causes which tend to retard the motion of water in the pipes
are, first, the contraction of the moving fluid at the orifice of the pipes ;
secondly, the friction of the fluid in the pipes, which sets the limit to the
distance to which the pipes can be extended to produce the proper quantity
of useful effect : but it is remarkable, that the higher the temperature of
the moving fluid the less its friction ; thirdly, the motion is retarded by the
cooling of the fluid in its progress along the pipes, such cooling having a
tendency to produce a double current ; and, fourthly, by bends and changes
of form.

" 6. It will be evident to any person of philosophical research, however,
that in considering water the only liquid capable of being employed, we
should be losing sight of one of the greatest advantages resulting from the
knowledge of natural phenomena; for all liquids expand by heat, and
hence in all of them its partial application would produce motion under
proper circumstances ; while the boiling points of different liquids are at
such different temperatures that we may vary the ultimate temperature of
the heating surface from 100° to 600", that of water being 212°. This mode
of considering the subject opens a new source for speculation and for im-
provement, which it will be desu-able to consider more in detail after ana-
lysing the laws of the motion of liquids by heat.

" 7. A general investigation, embracing all the circumstances concerned
in the motion, would be extremely intricate, and hence I shall not attempt
to include more than those which are of sufficient importance to have an
influence on the results requiring attention in practice ; and, for a like
reason, I adopt the most simple formula of hydraulics tliat applies to the
case : —

Put /=the sum of the lengths of the pipes in feet.

/i=the depth of the liquid in the boiler in feet below the centre of the
upper pipe.

e=the expansion due to the mean difference of temperature at the
extremes of the apparatus.

/=the friction of the liquid against the surface at the mean temper-
ature for 1 ft. in length and 1 in. in diameter,

</=the diameter of the pipe in inches; and

i'=the velocity in feet per second.

" The friction of a pipe is as its surface, and the square of the velocitjf

N 2

180

Transactions of the Horticultural SociefT/.

directly, and the equivalent head is inversely as the area of the section of
the pipe; consequently,

J- — = — ^l!L. = the head equivalent to the friction.

•7854 di d ^

But, in a pipe near the top, the head producing the velocity and overcom-
ing the friction is the quantity the fluid rises by expansion, ov he ; there-
fore.

A.{h ; J^ — \= v~' 'y whence \/ .

Khe d

d + ixlf

The effect of the cohesion of the fluid does not produce a sensible effect in
practical cases j but, if it had been considered, the result would have
shown that the pipe might be so small in proportion to its length as to
render the velocity nothing.

" 8. The coefficients to be obtained from experiment are denoted by
A, e, and/. That denoted by a depends only on the form of the tube or
pipe at its junction to the boiler, being the same for all fluids.

" For the common mode of joining (fig. 22.) it is a=42; but, for a
pipe with a conical entrance (fig- 23,), it is a =62. Now, the expense of

the conical fonn renders it probable that it will seldom be used ; hence,
42 may be inserted in any rule for general purposes.

" 9. The expansion of liquids not being perfectly equable by equal in-
crements of temperature, and not the same for all liquids, the easiest mode
for obtaining it for any particular case will be by means of a table.

Table of Exjninsion of Liquids.
Expansion by 1° of heat at the temperature in the first column.

Water satu-

Temperature.

Water.

rated with
common Salt.

Spirit of Wine.

Olive Oil.

o
G2

•00009

•00010

•00059

72

•00014

•00015

•00061

82

•00017

•00018

•00063

102

•00025

•00027

•00068

•0007

122

•00029

•00031

•00075

162

•00034.

•00037

•00081

182

•00036

•00039

212

.00038

•00041

If the difference of temperature, for example, be 8°, and the mean temper-
ature 172°, then, for water, 8 X '00035 = -0028 is the expansion of water by
8° of heat, and 8 X •00038=^00304 is the expansion for a saturated solution
of salt.

" 10. The friction of fluids, and particularly the effect of change of tem-
perature, has been investigated only in a very partial manner, [Here Mr.

Transactions of the Horticultural Societi/.

181

Tredgold has formed a table from Dubuat's Prindj^es d'Ht/drauUque, which
we do not think it necessary to copy.]

" 12. From the common principles of hydrostatics, and the equations we
have obtained, the following practical deductions may be derived : —

" 1st, The more expansible the liquid is, by a given change of temper-
ature, the greater will be the velocity.

" 2d, All other things being the same, the velocity will be increased in
proportion to the square root of the depth of the boiler; therefore, in a
boiler four times as deep, the velocity will be doubled.

" 3d, If there be sufficient service of pipe for the object required, a re-
servoir is not necessary to the motion of the water; a simple bent pipe
(^fig. 24'.) being all that is essential to motion ; the reservoir is only to
reserve a hot mass of water to maintain the heat after the fire has gone out,

" 4th, If a boiler have sufficient surface to receive the effect of the fire,
and the whole apparatus contains as much water as will convey the heat
from the fire to the heating surface in the time corresponding to its velo-
city, its capacity need not be further increased, except as a reservoir of
heat, to act when the fire ceases to burn. {fig. 25.)

" 5th, Where heat is required only during the action of the fire, a
large surface in proportion to its capacity may be used with advantage, to
give off heat over the descending pipe {figs. 26. and 27.): cooling in this
manner will increase the velocity.

" 6th, The aperture of the upper pipe should not be more than about
1 in. below the surface of the water, or as much as prevents its drawing
air, in an open boiler ; but the lower it is below that, the less effect will be

N 3

1S2 TVansactions of the HojiiadfjiraJ Society,

2T

5^»

^

obtained : the lower pipe should enter the boiler ■where it has least rend-
encv to cool and cherV -^^ ■*- " --^m; t -n. --i-^.^- ^iT-»e from the fire
surface.

7tii, In a dose boL:: .. ^ ^: : the bofler, lise

to anv heiirhi and descend a^am : nut it vaast neitner nse twice, nor d^
after leavini: the boiler ; where it is necessari- to raise it, there should be an
open pipe inserted at each extremirA , of the beaxrhi of the rise : advantage
has been taken of this drcumstance to avoid doorways. ( J%. 2S.)

'' ^tth. A certain cpiHiiiitv df motww wQidd be obtained pt .
nr-^r.ta: DiTii berweeu anr pakats t^cspt -Ae bottomF :?^ the vr-
■ t 5ur£acfc, the more naotion wiL J : and, witn oae

r>e B double current in it-

• t^TL, Int retardinr effect of fiiction is direri,;. Li tae lenirth, and in-
verseiT as the diameter, of the pipes ; it is also increased br ererr bend and
angle in th- ^" -"

*' IS. IL. '.iered the riminwrrgim'h. BBOcsarr to the sootiaa o£

the fiuid n ;.m. .^r ...-x next enquiry must be tie qnamitT <rf hemt a B«wi^
can convey in e xrrrei: time ; and the qoantitr of surfece tr^juin^ to oom-
municaxe it to the air ofi the house. It is a &ct net so gataaSfy iMumu as
ii ought to be, that if we communicaxe a certaan 'f"»"''«j' of ht^a*- to a
hguid. it will pre out exactly the same quaniirr ag^ao m eouiiBg to its tar~
mer temperature ; less nor more it i iiiiiiiK afiird. It is egoaDy Ime titxt^
witti the same temperatures, egual and fibe as&cee grre off eooal fjiiMiili
ties of iieot to air,&.c. : and. consegueiitlT,^ieqBaiti^ies t^i-^e-nt hmMj il
under given circumstances are measurabk goaanUieB, ami dsB iiidilDi:. eie^
ment is brought within the domaon ofacMiice.

** 14. I iiave shown how to fwliMWIf: tie fmiiiij^ <jf heat required for a
forcing-house, in mv bocA on wjmuMg and veodlatb^ (art. 70. and ~1.\
and iiave smce liad to assign the pmpcatiins fir bouses of the largest size,
and trie n' ■-• ■!■"-"■ em from the onEnaiy fiinns of an v in this couotr} ;

Transactions of the Horticultural Society.

183

which, having stood the test of experience, and being far beyond the bounds
of common practice, afford a proof of the benefit of studying first principles
in new and untried cases ; but, in general, for hot-houses, twice the num-
ber of feet contained in the area of the surface of glass will be equal to the
number of cubic feet of air which that surface should heat per minute when
in full action.

" 15. Now the heat given off by the surfaces of the apparatus depends
on the kind of materials they consist of, and their temperatures. The fol-
lowing table shows the boiling point and temperature of the heating sur-
face for different liquids when confined by iron or glass ; also their specific
heat, or that quantity of heat they can convey, when that conveyed by an
equal volume of water is unity.

Kind of Liquid.

Specific Heat.

Boiling Point.

Greatest
Temperature
of Surface.

Average
Temperature.

Water -

1

o

212

o
190

o

180

Sea Water

-

214

192

182

Brine - - -

-

226

205

192

Water 48, Alum 52

-

220

200

188

." " WiiI.-vUr.t-ri ^

- -

220

200

188

of lime 45 - - 3

Petroleum

•415

316

285

245

Linseed Oil - -

•496

600

540

510

Sulphuric Acid - -

•35

605

544

514

" 16. If the cubic feet of air to be heated per minute be multiplied by
the number of degrees it is to be warmed, and the result be divided by
twice the difference between the temperature of the house and that of the
surface of the pipes, the result will be the feet of surface of iron pipe, &c.,
required. Thus, if 1000 cubic feet per minute are to be warmed, and the
extreme case is supposed to be, that when the external air is 20° the
house should be 50*^ ; and, therefore, the air is to be warmed 30° ; and with
water the surface will be 190° when the water boils *, but only 180° in the
average state ; therefore.

1000 X 30

30000

2(180 — 50) ~ 260
If we employ brine for the same case ;
IOOOX.30

= 1 1 G feet of surface^

then.

= 106 feet.

2(192 — 50)
And, with oil,

1000X30 P ,,

^TTYQ^^rQX = 32i ft. would answer the purpose.

When bright tinned iron, earthenware, &c., are employed for pipes, much
more surface is necessary.

" The advantage of using a fluid which bears a high temperature without
boiling is therefore considerable in reducing the quantity of surface re-
quired to produce a given effect ; oil requiring only one third of the surface

* The mean and extreme temperatures for the neighbourhood of Lon-
don may be obtained from the oh-icrvatious of Mr. Daniell, in his Meteoro-
logical Essays,

N 4

184 Transactions of the Horticultural Society.

necessary for water ; but oil is very inflammable, and sulphuric acid cor-
rosive.

" 17. It is known from experience that the heat which raises the tem-
perature of 1 cubic foot of water 1°, will heat 2850 cubic feet of air 1° j
consequently, if a be the quantity of air to be heated per minute to / de-
grees, and x be the difference of the temperature of water in the apparatus,
then

2gKQ=^'^') or, gtirf) J = w = the quantity of water m cubic feet that must

flow along the pipe per minute to supply the heat ; and the quantity being
equal to the velocity per minute multiplied by the area of the pipe ; the
means of knowing whether the pipes be capable of allowing the proper
quantity to flow along, or not, becomes easy; as well as of fixing the
proper diameter. If any other liquor be used, the number 2850 should be
multiplied by the specific heat of that liquid; and then proceed as before.

" 18. The least quantity of liquid the apparatus could contain is double
the quantity cooled during the time of making one circuit in the pipes,
which is found by dividing the quantity w, as found above, by the number
of circuits or parts of a circuit made in a minute, and comparing the velo-
city with the length of the pipes. Whatever the quantity is in excess
above this, is to be considered a reserve of hot fluid to afford heat after the
fire is out ; and the fire must be so much earlier lighted as to heat this
excess of water, as it must be hot before the surface can afford its effective
supply of heat. Hence, there is a considerable objection among gardeners
to large boilers and large reservoirs.

" 1 9. But the most important of the properties of the hot-water method,
as first tried, consists in the power it has of keeping up the temperature
of the house, for a long period, without attention from the attendant ; and
it is entirely owing to the excess of fluid that it has this advantage over
steam heat ; and the exact knowledge which we now have of the heat
which water contains in proportion to its temperature, enables us to calcu-
late the time the cooling of the fluid will maintain the heat of a house ; for
iftibe the number of degrees the water is above the temperature of the

At

house, and tv its quantity in cubic feet ; then, since is the quantity to

supply the house one minute, = the minutes the temperature of

A f

the house will be sustained by the cooliug of the water longer than in a
house heated by steam alone. It will be obvious, the actual time of cooling
will be more than twice this time, and the heat afl'brded to the house will
decrease ; but this is in some measure compensated for by the solid parts
of the house receiving an excess while the apparatus is in full action, or
boiling, and which it affords again as the house cools; a compensation
taking place in this manner, which renders it easy enough to proportion
the quantity of reservoir with as much certainty as is necessary.

" 20. The ordinary method of making reservoirs and boilers so large as
to answer the purpose of maintaining the heat during the night, has the
objection already noticed of rendering it a considerable time before the
apparatus can be raised to a temperature capable of giving much heat ; and
it appears to me that it would be a material improveinent to heat the water
for a reserve of heat, by passing the pipes of the apparatus through the
water so that its temperature should be slowly raised, and the house
receive heat during the time. A small proportion of surface of pipe will
heat the water, because water abstracts heat from a heating surface with
about twenty times the rapidity that air does at the same temperatures ;

Transactions of the Horticultwal Society/.

185

hence, by putting a twentieth part, in addition to the surface required for
the house, through a proper reservoir of water, it will be slowly raised to
nearly the same temperature as the water in the pipes, and return its heat
to the house as soon as the fire ceases to keep up an excess of heat in the
pipes. Fig. 29. shows such an arrangement, where c is the cistern with part
of the pipe passing through it.

"21. There is very little strain on the boilers of hot-water apparatus,
except in cases where there is much difference of level; and as these rarely
occur, consequently they may be constructed in the best mode for applying
heat ; which is most effectively done by having as much bottom surface as
possible with a boiler of a given capacity. For burning a bushel of coals per
hour, the area of the fire-grate should not be less than 8 nor greater than
16 square feet ; and the bottom surface four times the area of the grate,
with 32 ft. of side flue ; and a considerable advantage results from adopting
the larger proportion for the grate and bottom surface, on account of the
fire requiring less attention.

" 22. The forms of boilers may be varied in a considerable degree, pro-
vided the above quantity of surface receives the effect of the fire. A
boiler in the form of half a hollow cylinder, affording a great quantity of
fire and flue surface, is made by Messrs. Bailey (^g. 25.), and a bottle-
shaped boiler (7%. 20.) is made by Messrs. Cottam and Hallen, which has
a considerable quantity of fire and flue surface, compared with its capacity ;
both these are, therefore, well adapted to cases where only a small reserve
of heat is required for night. The variation of the Scotch distiller's boiler '
(Jig. 27.) is also a good form for maintaining the supply of heat to the
house, while a separate reservoir is warmed by part of the pipes. Another
mode ( Jig. 28.) of obtaining a large portion of fire and flue surfiice to a
small capacity may be adopted ; but complicated forms have little to recom-
mend them, and are expensive, except when so small as to be cast in iron ;
because the fire should be partially surroumled by slow conductors of heat
to prevent the dissipation of heat being too rapid, and to render the com-
bustion of the fuel perfect, and, consequent!}', effective ; hence, a fire-place
surrounded on three sides by brick is better than one in the middle of the
boiler.

" 23. The best mode of regulating the fire is by means of a door to the
ash-pit, having a register, first suggested by Dr. Black, and afterwards put
in practice by Count Rumford.

" 2i. 1 have now considered the most important points in the construc-
tion of a hot-water apparatus, and have shown that other fluids maybe
applied as well as water, when a more intense heating surface is desirable;
and that a reservoir of heat may be obtained without having to wait till a
large mass of water be heated before the heat has any effect on the house ;
and these, I hope, will be of some use in the application of this method of
distributiuff heat."

186 Transactiom of the Hortiadtural Society.

58. On the Degeneracy of the larger and finer Varieties of Persian
Melons in the Climate of England. By Thomas Andrew Knight,
Esq. F.R.S. &c., President, Read Nov. 3. 1829.

Mr. Knight thinks " that it would be strange if every large
and excellent variety of melon did not degenerate under
our ordinary modes of culture. For every large and excel-
lent variety of melon must necessarily have been the produc-
tion of high culture and abundant food ; and a continuance
of the same measures which raised it to its highly improved
state must be necessary to prevent its receding in successive
generations from that state."

" Abundant food, it is true, is generally, perhaps always, given by the
British gardener to his melon plants; but sufficient light, under the most
favourable circumstances, can only be obtained during a part of the year ;
and a sufficient breadth of foliage to enable the melon plant properly to
nourish a fruit of large size and rich saccharine quality, so that it may
attain the highest state of growth and perfection which it is capable of
acquiring, has rarely, and probably never, been given, in any season of the
year, by any British gardener."

Mr. Knight has cultivated the Sweet Ispahan melon, and
found it a very superior variety. We shall give his mode
of culture in his own words : —

" The taste and flavour of the fruit, under the mode of culture which I
have adopted, and which 1 shall proceed to describe, appear to me to be
now quite as perfect as when the variety first came into my possession ;
and the weight of the largest fruit 1 obtained in the last season exceeded by
more than 2 lbs. the weight of the largest which I raised under the same
mode of culture from the seeds first put into my possession, it having
weighed 10 lb. 6 oz.

" I have cultivated this variety generally in a brick pit surrounded by
hollow walls, through which warm atmospheric air at all times enters abun-
dantly ; putting each plant in a separate large pot, and suffering it to bear
one melon only. But the fruits set and succeed sufficiently well in a com-
mon hot-bed ; and the important point to which I wish to draw the atten-
tion of the gardener is, the weight of fruit which any given extent of glass
roof is capable of producing in high perfection. I have found that 13 in.
square of glass roof will afford me 1 lb. of excellent fruit ; but 1 sometimes
obtain more : though, whenever I wish to save seeds, my wishes are to
have rather less. This quantity will probably appear small to many who
are in the habit of cultivating some other varieties ; but, if the roof of a
vinery were seen with a bunch of grapes of 1 lb. weight, at 13 in. distance
from each other over the whole extent of its roof, the crop would be
thought extremely great ; though the vine has alwa^^s the advantage of
having its roots and stems, and leaves and blossoms, prepared in the pre-
ceding year, whilst the melon plant has every thing to do within the space
of three or four months.

" The rind of the Ispahan, as of other Persian melons, being very soft and
thin, the fruit is apt to sustain injur}' upon its under side, if it be not pro-
perly supported ; and I, therefore, when I raise any of those varieties in a
hot-bed, always place the fruit, v^hilst very young, upon a little machine in
the form of a short broad ladder, of 1 ft. long and 4 in. wide. This, which
has four slender cross bars, is supported at its corners b}' four forked pegs,
which are stuck into the mould of the bed ; and the fruit is thus raised

Transactio7is of the Hortiailtural Society. 187

some inches above the surface of the mould of the bed, and exposed to
light, whilst the air is permitted to pass freely under it. I send a few seeds
of the large melon above mentioned, with the hope that some other mem-
bers of our Society will succeed as well in cultivating the variety as I have
done ; and that they will find it, as I have done, superior in merit to any of
those which have subsequently been imported from Persia.

" Whenever it is my wish to obtain seeds of the Ispahan melon, I do not
sow its seeds earlier than the middle of April, that my plants may grow and
blossom in June, during the brightest weather of our climate, and ripen
their fruit early in August.

" I have some reasons for believing that very valuable varieties of the
melon may be obtained, for one generation at least, by cross-breeding
between the smaller and more hardy varieties of green and white fleshed
melons and the large Persian varieties. I obtained from one of our mem-
bers. Captain Rainier, R, N. (to whom our gardens are indebted for some
other valuable articles), a melon of a very singular character, from the
seeds of which, and the pollen of the Ispahan melon, I obtained plants of
more hardy and productive habits than those of the Ispahan melon, and
which afforded fruit scarcely, if at all, inferior to that. The colour of the
above-mentioned, which I received from Captain Rainier, is pale green,
with longitudinal stripes of very deep green ; and being very long and slen-
der whilst young, it excited in the minds of several persons, when they first
saw it, the idea of a snake lying amongst the leaves of the plant. During
the growth of the fruit the pale green part of it acquires a very bright yel-
low colour, and this, as the fruit approaches maturity, slowly fades into the
colour of box-wood. Its flesh being green and of good quality, though
inferior in richness to that of the Ispahan, and the plants extremely pro-
ductive of fruit, I introduced the pollen of the Ispahan melon into its
blossoms with very beneficial effects upon the offspring. In the last season,
I again introduced the pollen of the Ispahan melon into the blossoms of
the cross-bred varieties; and from the seeds thus obtained, of which I send
a small number, I confidently expect fruit of very great excellence. It is,
I believe, very generally supposed that the offspring of cross-bred plants,
as well as of cross-bred animals, usually present great irregularity and
variety of character ; but if a male of permanent habits, and, of course,
not cross-bred, be selected, that will completely overrule the disposition to
sport irregularly in the cross-bred variety alilie in the animal and vegetable
world, the permanent habit always controlling and prevailing over the va-
riable. The finest varieties of melons are usually supposed by gardeners
to be, comparatively with the pine-apple, fruits of easy culture : but expe-
rience has led me to draw a contrary conclusion, and to believe that more
skill, and still more trouble and attention, are requisite, in almost all sea-
sons, to insure a crop of melons in the highest state of perfection which
that fruit is capable of acquiring. If the leaves of a melon plant be sud-
denly exposed to the influence of the sun in a bright day, which has suc-
ceeded a few cloudy days, for a short time only, they frequently become
irreparably injured. If the air of the bed be kept a little too damp, the stems
of the plants often canker, and the leaves and stalks sustain injury in the
common hot-bed ; and if the air be too dry, the plants, and consequently
the fruit, are injured by the depredations of the red spider. The pine-apple,
on the contrary', I have found (as I have stated in former communications)
to be a plant of very easy culture ; and I much doubt whether any pine-
stove in the kingdom at the present moment contains as fine plants at the
same age, and confined within the same limits, as my houses contain, and
I am quite certain that the time and trouble expended in the care of these
is not one fourth part as much as an equal extent of melon-beds would
have required during any given period of the growth of the pine-apple
plants."

(Tb be continued.^

188 Mcnwtrs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.

Art. II. Memoirs of the Caledonian Hortieultiiral Societi/.
Vol. IV. Part II.

(^Continued from p. 57.)

24'. Observations on the Culture of Onions. By Andrew Duncan,
sen. I\I.D. and Pres. Dated Sept. 1. 1818. Read Sept. 8. 1818.

The object of this paper Is to recommeiul tlie transplant-
in<T of onions as iicnorallv as leeks. Dr. Duncan savs he is
old enough to remember when transplanted leeks were rarely
to be met with in any garden, and he does not despair of
living long enough to see the transplanting of onions become
as general. The practice is constantly adopted by jNIr. ]Mac-
donald of Dalkeith, who puts soot about the roots, and by
that means effectually protects the plants from the grub. Dr.
Baird, from Bombay, states that transplanting onions has
been long the universal practice at some of our settlements
in the East Indies, as well as in many parts of the ISIa-
labar coast. In the latter country, yoimg onion plants for
ti'ansplanting are as currently sold as cabbage plants are in
the Edinburgh market. James Warre, Esq., says the prac-
tice is common in Portugal, and thus describes it : — " Sow
the seed about the end of November or December, on a
moderate hot-bed, covered with a few inches of rich good
mould, in a warm situation, merely sheltered from the slight
frosts by mats. When the plants are about the size of a
Ia?-ge swan's quill, or about April, they are transplanted on a
rich light mould, well mamn-ed tc/M old ro! ten dnug, the plants
at the distiince of about 9 in. each way, generally in beds, for
the convenience of access, laving the plants flat, covering
lightly the beard or root, and part only of the btdb^ with rich
mould, well mixed with two thirds of old rotten dung : water-
ing, if the weather is dry, until they have taken root ; sub-
seqnentlv occasionallv breakinix the earth bv liixhtlv hoeinu,
keeping them perfectly clean from weeds, watering frequently,
according to the state of the weather. There they have ^re-
(]uently means to water by irrigation, when, upon rich soils,
they can grow them to a great size, particularly when they
let the water run through small heaps of dung; though,
when that is jiractised, or much water given, the onions do
not keep so long as others. When ripe, they draw them
gently from the ground, give a twitch to the tops, and leave
them to season on the ground for a few days before housing,
when they directly bind them into ropes with dry straw, not
permitting them to sweat in a heap. Their preservation
much depends upon the weather being dry and good when
housed, and on their not being bruised."

Memohs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society. 189

25. Remarks, 1. 0)2 the Propagating of certain Plants hy Cut-
tings; 2. On the Inuring of certain Plants to our Climate; 3.
On the Grafting of Orange Trees. By Mr. John Machray,
Errol. Read February 2. 1826.

^'ster argophyllus, Pyrus japonica, Aucuha japonica, the
stripe-leaved bramble, and the broad and narrow leaved
myrtles, are rooted in an open soil, under hand-glasses, placed
at the bottom of the south side of a north wall. The cuttings
are put in from the middle of August to the middle of Sep-
tember, from 4 in. to 6 in. long, of last summer's shoots.
They are matted up during the winter months, opened in
March, and by the end of June they have struck roots. No
air is admitted to the cuttings from the time of planting to
the end of the July following, except what may be unavoid-
ably given during the time of watering.

Oranges are grafted on lemon stocks in March, by the slit
method, and a little moist moss tied round the pai'ts joined,
instead of clay. With bottom-heat, bell-glasses, and shading,
they begin to push in ten days, and in a fortnight have
made shoots 1 ft. long. The rest is routine.

26. Description of an improved Floiver-pot, ivith an interior mov-
able Bottom. By James Howison, Esq., of Crossburn House.
Read Sept. 2. 1824.

These pots are not tapered ; the false bottom is made of
the same materials as the pot, raised a little in the middle,
and full of holes for the exit of water, made wider in the
lower than in the upper side. In shifting plants in such pots,
the ball is forced out, by pressure against a peg fixed in a
small piece of board, which Mr. Howison calls a shifting
stand. We object to the plan altogether, because the extre-
mities of the fibres must be injured by continued friction
against the inside of the cylinder in pressing the ball upwards ;
in the common conical pot the fibres are not injured in the
slightest degree. Mr. Howison, however, has used these pots
with great satisfaction.

27. Remarks on some Species of Edible Gourds, and on the Modes
of dressing ihem for Table. By Mr. Daniel Crichton, Minto
Garden, Nov. 19. 1827. Read March 6. 1828.

Mr. Crichton prefers the cheese gourd, some of which have
weighed with hiin 1 cwt., and the vegetable marrow ; but he
very judiciously attaches nuich more importance to the kind
of cookery than to the variety cultivated. He, therefore,
subjoins the three following receipts, as used at " Minto by
M. Victor Desaurty, a cook eminent in his profession."

190 Memoirs of the Caledonimi Horticultural Society.

" To make Sou]} of the Cheese Gourd. — Take the fleshy
part of the gourd when ripe, and cut it into small pieces ;
put it into a pan with a small bit of butter, set it upon a slow
fire until it melt down to a pure ; then add milk in the pro-
portion of half a gallon to 4 lbs. of gourd ; let it boil a short
time with a little salt and sugar, enough to make it taste a
little sweet ; then cut some slices of bread very thin, toast it
very well, and cn<" them into small dice; put them in a dish,
and pour the pure over, and serve it up."

" Cheese Gourd dressed in the Spariish Way. — When ripe,
cut the fleshy part into slices about half an inch thick ; score
it across into small dice about half through one side of the
slices ; scrape a little of the fat of bacon, and put it into a
saucepan, with a little parsley, shallots, and mushrooms,
chopped very small, adding a little salt and pepper ; put
them on a slow fire to fry a little, and place this seasoning
upon the cut sides of the gourd slices. Put the whole into
a quick oven, with a little butter or olive oil; and, when
baked a little, serve up the dish."

" To dress Vegetable Marrow. — Take the fruit when about
half grown ; cut it lengthways through the middle (if large,
cut into three or four slices) ; take off" the outer skin; cut
into small dice, about half through one side of the slices ;
then scrape a little of the fat of bacon, and put it into a
saucepan, with a little parsley, sliallots, and mushrooms,
chopped very small, and let them fry a little ; then add about
a table-spoonful of flour, with a little salt and pepper, mixed
all together ; then put the slices of the vegetable marrow into
a stewpan with a cover, and put the fried seasoning over the
slices, and let them stew a little on a slow fire, with a little
fire on the cover. When enough done, serve up."

The Society's silver medal was given to Mr. Crichton for
this communication; it should have been given to the cook.

28. On the Keeping of Apples. By Mr. Wm. Oliver, Gardener to
the Right Hon. the Earl of Rosslyn. Dated Dysart House,
Oct. 31. 1827. Read March 6. 1827.

The fruit-room ought to be placed in a dry cold shady
situation, free from wet, and sunk 3 ft. or 4- ft. in the ground.
The shelves should be of beech or sycamore, about 2 ft. wide
and loin, asunder. Fir shelving tastes the fruit. There is
no need of fire in fruit-rooms, for a little frost does not injure
apples. There ought to be ventilators, as a good deal of air
is necessary after the fruit is first gathered and stored.

When the apples begin to drop, the ripest are gathered,

Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society. 191

and taken to the fruit-room in shallow baskets. These are
taken singly out of the baskets, and placed upon the shelves,

" After the apples have been ten or twelve days on the
shelves, the process of s-weating is considered as accomplished.
They are then wiped one by one with clean soft cloths ; by
this means a kind of coat or shell is formed, which proves a
safeguard to the fruit. The shelves are wiped at the same
time on both sides until quite dry. During the whole time
the apples are in sweat, plenty of air is admitted, if the wea-
ther is clear and dry ; but, if damp, the room is entirely shut
up. I think it is when the apples are sweating that they im-
bibe the flavour of whatever materials they are laid upon;
and, if due attention is given to them at that time, there is
little chance of their afterwards acquiring any bad taste."

The fruit is turned over about the end of January, and,
with the shelves, wiped, if any moisture appears. After this
time the room is closely shut up ; for the admission of much
air, after the end of January, is found to occasion shrivelling.
All the time the fruit is in the room it is carefully looked
over every four or five days ; and in the month of August it is
handled with gloves, the hands of gardeners being generally
moist at that season. When apples are frozen, no artificial
means must be used to thaw them. If, when in sweating,
they are affected by the frost or damp, they will be materially
injured.

" I have giithered apples, and laid them upon one another
in large baskets in a vinery, kept up to about 60° Fahr., for
ten days or a fortnight : they were then covered with sweat.
I had them wiped, conveyed to the fruit-room, and laid on the
shelves, as already described. 1 have never found the flavour
of apples treated in this way to be in the least impaired."

An extra-medal was awarded to Mr. Oliver for this paper.

29. On preparing a light Garden Soil Jor Carrots and for Onions.
By iNIr. Peter Campbell, Gardener to James Hamilton, Esq., of
Bangour, Coalston, near Haddington. Read March 6. 1828.

The carrots on this light soil had been pierced to the heart
by white maggots or worms, which no apjilication had been
found to destroy. Recourse was had to the plan of trench-
ing in a mixture of old turf and quicklime, at the rate of 80
loads per acre ; and on this the carrots " grew as good as
could be wished for, and free of any insect."

Mr. Campbell takes up his carrots in dry weather in Oc-
tober ; cuts off' about half an inch of the carrots along with
the tops, so as to prevent them from springing ; as, when they
spring, it takes away both the substance and the flavour of

192 Memoirs of the Caledonicm Horticullural Society.

the carrots. He then digs out a pit about 1 ft. below the sui--
face of the ground, of whatever size may be requisite to hold
his winter stock, and builds the carrots neatly upon it, with
the top ends out in the form of a cone, " without mixing any
sand amongst them, or even straw on the outside of them, but
covering the pit with earth to the depth of 12 or 14 in." To
prove that carrots may be kept a long time in this way, Mr.
Campbell has kept carrots of crop 1817 till March 1819. It
may be noticed as a curious fact, that, in the course of this
time, the carrots had grown about 2 in. longer at their smaller
ends.

Onions are preserved from the maggot and rot by watering
the beds with lime-water " to that degree that the lime lay
one eighth part of an inch upon the beds."

30. On the upright Training of Garden Rose Bushes, and of' the
Cydonia japonica. By Mr. John Dick, Gardener at Ballindean.
Read March 6. 1828.

Standard roses are formed without grafting or budding,
simply by training up one of the strongest shoots of a dwarf
plant. At Ballindean, on a sloping bank, 130 kinds are
trained in this manner ; and, rising above one another like an
amphitheatre, have a very fine effect.

The Cydonia japonica is trained to a stake, and, after a
time, forms a tolerable standard.

31. Account of Oiled Paper Frames for protecting the Blossom of
Wall Trees. By Mr. Alexander Smith, Gardener to Thomas
Bruce, Esq., at Grangemuir. Read Sept. 1816.

Various methods of protecting the blossom of wall trees in
the garden at Grangemuir, but the oiled paper fi'ames gave
the greatest satisfaction. Their construction and applica-
tion are very simple. The frames are made of any size,
to answer the height of the wall. Those used at Grange-
muir were 5 ft. by 3 ft. ; " the thickness of the wood an inch
and a half square, having five cross-bars mortised into the
sides. Further, to support the paper, each frame is wrought
with strong packthread, about 9 in. square ; and the pack-
thread is fixed with white tacks. The frame thus constructed
is covered with coarse writing-paper, pasted to the wood and
packthread with well-made paste. The paper should not be
drawn very tight when first put on, as it is apt to crack in
hot sunshine. When the paste is perfectly dry, a coating of
boiled linseed oil is laid on both sides of the paper with a
paint brush." One ounce of fine white lead, well mixed with

Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society. 193

every pint of oil before using, makes the paper more durable,
and gives it more transparency.

Different methods may be adopted of fixing the frames
against the wall. Mr. Smith placed temporary rafters, with
the lower ends 2 ft. from the wall, and 4 in. in the ground ;
the top of the rafter made fast to a projecting board, in the
manner of a coping, at the top of the wall. The frames are
made secure to the rafters by short slips of wood nailed across
each rafter, so as to serve as buttons or caps for keeping down
the frames. It is to be observed, that, between these caps and
the rafter, there must be a space of sufficient depth to admit
of the frames being slipped up and down, for the purpose of
inspection or giving air. To close the triangular ends of the
spaces thus covered, triangular rafters are formed. The cost
of the frames, 5 ft. by 3 ft., is 35. each ; their repair 35. yeai'ly
for oil and paper ; and the work is done in bad weather,
when the men cannot labour out of doors.

The frames are put on when the blossoms are " pretty
well out," and kept on till the fruit is set and beginning to
swell. Mr. Smith received the Society's silver medal for this
communication. We have no doubt of its perfect success ;
but we prefer protection by woollen netting, as not only
cheaper, when the repairs are taken into account, but in-
comparably more neat, and even elegant: we say elegant,
because the netting, and the manner in which it is fixed, have
nothing of that heavy, cumbrous, and at the same time make-
shift appearance, which wooden rafters stuck in the ground,
and soiled paper sashes, such as carpenters substitute for
glass windows when they are putting up new buildings, have
in a garden. The products of luxury and refinement are
not, in our opinion at least, worth obtaining, unless they can
be attained by refined means. We should prefer purchasing
our pine-apples, peaches, and grapes in the market, or going
without them altogether, to growing them in wretched struc-
tures, among all manner of litter, disorder, and niggardliness.-
We mean these observations to apply generally, and by no
means to Grangemuir more than to a thousand other places.

The silver medal was awarded to Mr. Smith, for the intro-
duction of these oiled-paper frames.

32. Notice of an improved Mode of glazing Hot-Jioiise Sashes. By
John Robison, Esq. Read June 7. 1827.

The method proposed is that of cutting the panes into long'
rhomboids, as invented by Mr. David Stuart, and adopte(J
by him in his patent hot-houses. (See Enci/c. of Gard.^
fig. 265. c.)

VoL.VII. — No. 31. o

194' Memoirs of the Caledoyiian Horticultural Society.

33. Account of Steam Pits for the Culture of Melons at Rociville,
in East Lothian. By Peter Dewar, Rockville, Sept. 4. 1827.
Read Sept. 6. 1827.

The steam-pipes are made of potter's clay, and are laid in
a bed of earth, 2 ft. below the surface, and there is also a pipe
of the same material above the surface.

34. Notice regarding the Ionian Melon and the Malta Melon. By
Mr. Daniel Crichton, Gardener to the Right Hon. the Earl of
Minto. Read August 2. J 827.

The Ionian green-fleshed melon is an excellent early or
summer fruit, and the Malta melon is an excellent fruit either
for summer use or for keeping. If grown late in the season,
and cut before it is too ripe on the plant, it will keep many
weeks. The silver medal.

35. Notice regarding the Cause of Canker, the Natural History/ of
the Red Spider, 8fc. By Mr. Wm. Blair, Mount Stuart. Read
March 1. 1827.

Mr. Blair is of opinion that the canker arises from an un-
fitness in both soil and climate ; and, as a bad soil makes a
bad climate, he concludes that the best way to prevent the
canker is to form gardens only on fertile soils. Many hardy
as well as in-door plants are liable to be infested with the
red spider, of which there appear to be several species.
Mr. Blair paints the bark of the stems and branches wholly
over with a mixture of tobacco liquor, sulphur, and a little
turpentine during winter ; and no insects of any kind appear
during the following summer.

36. Notice regarding Indian Satvs. By John Robison, Esq. Read

Nov. 11. 1825.

The Indian pole-saw (fg. 30.) has " a blade 4 in. broad,

and 18 in. long, fixed to a pole-handle of any required length ;
the line of the teeth should be mclined a few degrees from
the line of the pole, to allow of the saw cutting easily with-
out any pressure on the handle."

The Indian hand-saw {fg. 31.) has a blade of the same

) vv-n-ii-'^-''-"-'^^"

Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society. 195

size as that of the pole-saw, and a gripe or handle, which
should be such as to bring the forefinger and the thumb of
the right hand nearly in a line with the teeth of the blade.

The sole advantage of these saws consists in their operating
by pulling instead of by thrusting. As they have stiffness
enough to carry them through the wood when not cutting,
there can be no possibility of bending or breaking them
during the pulling and cutting.

37. On the Utility of gathering unripe Tomatoes, and maturing
them on Shelves in Hot-houses. By Mr. Wm. M'Murtrie, Gar-
dener to Lord Anson, Shugborough Gardens. Read April 5.

1827.

The tomato ripens with difficulty on the open walls in
Staffordshire. About the 20th of October, Mr. M'Murtrie
cuts all the fruit that may have ripened and the best-swelled
green fruit. The latter he places in a stove or hot-house, and
in three weeks or a month they ripen as well, acquire as fine
a colour, and are as good in every respect, as if they had come
to maturity out of doors. Another gathering, to be treated
in the same manner, was made about the end of October.
Those who have not a hot-house may hang them up in a
warm kitchen. The consumption at Shugborough is about
two bushels a year, which are produced by about 80 plants.

38. On budding the Peach upon the Apricot. By Mr. W. M'Mur-

trie. Read April 5. 1827.

In 1824, Mr. M'Murtrie inserted a quantity of peach-tree
buds in the branches of Moor Park apricots, which made
fine healthy wood, and in 1826 produced fruit far superior to
that on the peach trees. Mr. M'Murtrie is not prepared to
say from what cause, but merely speaks as to the fact. In a
postscript, dated April, 1828, he states that his expectations
were fully realised by crop 1827. " The fruit was larger
and finer than that on the peach trees; which confirms me
in the opinion that the practice will be of utility."

39. Hints and Notices connected xvith Horticulture. By John

Murray, Esq. F.L.S. &c. Read June 7. 1821.

Ufiiformiti/ of Insular Climate. " The ocean preserves
a uniform temperature unknown to inland countries ; and
the difference in its waters, between the summer and brumal
months, will not exceed 3° or 4° Fahrenheit. Small islands
will especially participate in this uniformity ; for the air in-
cumbent on the bosom of the great deep will receive the
impress of its temperature fi:'om that on which it constantly

o 2

196 Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.

reposes, and is in contact ; and this again, blending with that
over the islet, will maintain an equilibrium of temperature,
and protect it from sudden vicissitudes."

CameUia japonica. A plant of this shrub has withstood the
severity of the winters of 1819 and 1820, in the garden of
Mr. Welsh, in the neighbourhood of Inverness. The plant
has grown ever since on the face of a dry sandy bank, with a
south-west aspect and an inclination of 45°, nearly a mile
from the sea. Piiints intended to be acclimated, Mr. Murray
justly observes, should never be too small.

Preservation of Fruits. In the north of Italy, grapes
gathered in dry weather, and freed from such as are bruised
or spoiled, are placed gently, stratum upon stratum, in a box,
to the amount of three or four layers, with thin layers of
peach leaves between. The boxes are then placed on shelves
in a dry airy room, and the grapes keep well till the January
or February following.

Fruits in Domestic Wines. " In the south of Italy, the
Italians suspend the bunches of grapes to the ceiling of rooms
and in outsheds, and the taste acquired is sweeter than before,
in which, too, the flavour of the raisin predominates. If
ripe gooseberries or currants be permitted to remain pen 'ent
on the bush, additional saccharine matter seems to be elabo-
rated, and the fruit becomes much sweeter."

On Wall Trees. " It would be well, could we so adjust
our trees to the wall, as to make removal during winter and
early spring frosts practicable. We would thus be able to
triumph over the destructive ravages of frosts on the early
blossom, and also to clear away the chrysalids and ova of
insects, with decaying leaves and other causes and sources
of injury."

40. On the Gooseberry Caterpillars, and the Application of Heat for
their Destruction. By Robert Thorn, Esq., Rothesay. Read
Dec. 7. 1820.

Mr. Tliom observes, " that instead of one brood in the
season, as described by all former writers on the subject,
there are often four or five distinct generations ; and that two
flies, coming up in the spring, may in that season produce
above sixty millions of caterpillars. During the whole of last
spring and summer a regular succession of these pupse was
confined in pots, filled with earth, and placed in the garden,
so as to have the same exposure as those that went into the
earth beside the bushes. Various ingredients were put into
these pots with the view of killing the pui)£e, but to no pur-
pose : the flies still continued to come up at the usual periods,

Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticidtural Society. 197

till the 26th of June, when all at once they ceased ; nor did
any that were in the pupa state in these pots ever come up
afterwards.

" Suspecting that the great heat of the wxather at this time
either killed them or delayed their coming up, I placed a pot
containing pupae (that had just gone down in the shade), in a
cool cellar, and at the usual period the flies came up.

" I then took a number of pots (filled with earth), con-
taining pupae fully incrusted ; upon some of which I poured
boiling water; upon some unslacked lime, pounded to the
size of .inall peas, was put, and mixed with the earth 2 in.
deep ; others were allowed to remain as they were. Flies
from the last came up at the usual time ; but those that re-
ceived the lime or the hot water never produced flies. This
was repeated several times, and always with the same result.

" In winter, therefore, when all these insects are in the
pupa state, I would advise cultivators to lift about 2 in. deep
from the surface of the soil in the gooseberry plots, then to
spread on hot lime, pounded, as before noticed, about three
times as thick as ordinary liming, and return the lifted soil
over the lime, keeping still the old surface uppermost, and
clapping the soil gently down with the back of the spade.
Great care must be taken that the lime is unslacked and
regularly spread, as it is merely the lieat produced by slacJcing
that kills them. If the lime is too much for the soil, it may
be exchanged in the spring for soil from another plot.

" Wlien boiling hot water is used, it should be put on
when the soil is quite dry, and precisely in the same way as
the lime ; lifting the soil to the same depth, and retui'ning it
in die same manner, as soon as the water is poured on.

" In this way the pupae will be all above the hot water or
lime ; and thereby receive the full effect of the heat as it passes
upwards.

" Where there is great space between the bushes, some lime
or water may be spared, by burying the surface soil at least
1 f*^. deep, and tramping it firmly down in the bottom of the
trench : but near the bushes this cannot be done for the roots,
as the pupae frequently attach themselves to the under sides
of these ; and hence, though trenching down the surface soil
does destroy a part, it can never destroy the whole : and I
have even seen a fly come up when the pupa had been buried
8 in. deep, and the earth pressed down upon it. As to the
removal of the soil, it is quite useless, as the fly easily finds
its way back to the bushes.

" As heat appeared to be the only agent fatal to these insects
in the pupa state, I next tried its effects upon them in the

o 3

198 Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society,

caterpillar state ; and found that water, heated to 140" Fahr.,
and thrown forcibly upon them through the rose of a water-
ing-pot, kills them, and 'without injuring the tenderest leaves
on the bushes. But care must be taken to have the water
nearly at that temperature ; as, if five degrees lower, it will
scarcely kill the larvae ; and, if more than five higher, it will
injure the bushes ; so nearly does the vitality of the cater-
pillar coincide with that of the leaf on which it feeds.

" But water thrown upon them in this way even as low as
120° makes them drop instantly from the bush ; and I would
therefore recommend to beginners to use the water at this
temperature ; a cloth being spread under the bush, to collect
them for destruction, as afterwards mentioned.

"Of all the other things that I have seen recommended, and
many more that I have tried, none kills the caterpillar without
injuring the bushes. Here, as usual, the simplest of all agents
is the most powerful.

" From a great variety of experiments, I found that the
duration of life of the insect varied considerably, according to
circumstances, in all its stages, except in the fly state, which
appears to be uniformly from nine to eleven days. In this
state it seems to take no food. It generally lays most of its
ova on the second, third, and fourth days, but sometimes
continues to lay a few till the seventh or eighth day. Under
the most favourable circumstances the ova are hatched in
seven days ; the life of the caterpillar is fifteen days, of the
pupa eighteen days. In the most favourable weather for that
purpose, therefore, a new generation is produced every forty-
two days, namely, four days for the fly to lay its eggs, seven
days for these to hatch, fourteen days in the caterpillar, and
seventeen in the pupa state ; and, as the first flies for the
season generally come up about the beginning of April, and
continue to come up, if the weather is fine, as late as the end
of October, there may be five distinct generations in one sea-
son. They are, however, subject to many incidents, and
therefore seldom more than two generations, of any consider-
able extent, appear in one season.

"They are generally said to be extremely voracious, but this
is owing to their great nvimbers ; for, upon an average, each
caterpillar barely eats one leaf during its whole life, the female
eating more than double of what the male eats. For the first
five or six days they eat very little, each at that time having
made only a small hole in the leaf, of about one tenth of an
inch in diameter. It is in the last four or five days that they
make the havoc on the bushes ; and the damage is therefore
nearly all done before it is discovered. Those who look pro-

Curtis* s Bota7iical Magazine. 199

perly after them, however, have time enough to prevent it,
by destroying them while young. When just emerging from
the ova, they are extremely helpless, and easily destroyed.
A heavy shower, or blast of wind, will then throw them to
the ground, where they perish. This is the weak period in
their existence, and probably at this stage nine tenths of the
whole perish upon the average of years ; and hence it is only
in particular seasons that we hear much of them. Calm,
mild, but rather moist and cloudy, weather is most favourable
for them at this stage ; but after they are a few days old, no
weather will kill them, although favourable weather brings
them sooner to maturity.

" The insect is male and female, but the ova of the female
produce caterpillars, even when the male and female flies are
kept separate. How long this oft'spring would continue to
breed has not been ascertained ; but by following up the
experiments it might be very easily done. There is some
reason to suspect that there is a connection between the male
and female caterpillars ; for I have frequently observed them
twisted together for some time after they had ceased eating,
and a little before they cast their skins to go into the pupa
state. By a little more attention this may be fully ascer-^
tained."

{To be contimied.^

Art. III. Catalogue of Works on Gardening, Agriculture, Botany.,
Rural Architecture, S^c, published since January, 1831, tfjith some
Account of those considered the 7nost interesting.

In enumerating the contents of the Botanical Periodicals, those genera or species marked by a
star («) are not included in the first edition of the Hurlns Britdimicus.

Britain.

Curtis's Botanical Magazine, or Floivei'-Garden displai/cd. New Series,
Edited by Dr. Hooker. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 3^. Qd. coloured ;
3*. plain.

Ko. XLIX.for January, contains
3039 to 3045. — Hedychium fliivum lioxb. ; which differs from H.
flavum of Sims in Bot. Mag., t. 2378,, this latter being identical with H.
flavescens of Wallich. " The present subject is a splendid species, with
numerous very large, orange-coloured, highly fragrant blossoms. Flowers
in the stove in August." — Alstroemeria pallida. A species first authen-
ticated by Dr. Graham in Edin. Phil. Journ., vol. xiv. p, 435. ; it is very
beautiful, and approximates to A. Pelegrina, consequently will thrive at the
base of a warm wall in the open air. Flowers in July. — Gesnerm bulbosa.
A plant not rare at the present day, but still not so common in collections
as its large, showy, scarlet flowers entitle it to be. Blooms in spring,
inhabits the stove, and is a native of Brazil. — Sphenogyne crithmifolia

o 4

200 Edwards's Botajiical Register.

Brown. Native of the Cape of Good Hope; blooms in the green-house in
July. This plant, though duly distinct, is not, for purposes of ornament,
preferable to Othonna «brotanifolia. — Urcna lobata. A downy dwarf shrub,
flowering in the stove in July, with smallish rose-coloured blossoms. Na-
tive of China and Brazil, and in the latter place is used as an emollient.
• — Schizanthus *Grahami/, Schizanthus rctusus. Two most charming
additions to this gay, elegant, airy, much admired genus: a fifth kind,
S. Hooker;/, is promised to be figured in a future number. Dr. Hooker
deems S. retusus the most beautiful of all.

1^0. L. for Fehruary, conlains
3046 to 3052. — Adam/a cyanea, l&hie-berried Adamia ; Caprifoliaceae
and Hydrangeaceae LincUei/. An elegant shrub, introduced in 1829; 3 or 4
feet high, covered with large panicles of pale blue or pink flowers, which
are succeeded by an almost equally ornamental profusion of deep blue
berries. It is a native of barren, stony, and mountainous places near
Bechiaco, in Nepal. Rare ; the plant from which the drawing was taken
flowered at Kew. — Commelina *gracilis. Slender Commelina ; Comme-
Mnece. A new and pretty species, described by Dr. Graham in the
Edinbicrgh PJiilosopMcal Journal for December last as C. formosa; but
the Doctor has since discovered its identity with C. gracilis of Ruiz and
Pavon. From seeds received from Mr. Cruickshanks in the spring of 1830,
who had gathered them in the valley of Lima. Flowered freely in the
green-house in July. Perennial. Propagated by cuttings. — Lodsa *incana.
Hoary Loasa ; Ferbenacege. A new addition to the peculiar order Lodsece.
Suffruticose, low, and branching; flowers white and abundant, opening in
the end of summer, and through the autumn. Native of Peru; and, with
us, a south-border plant. — Cierodendrum nutans, Nodding Cleroden-
drum. A stove shrub of great beauty, from its long pendulous panicles
of white flowers. Native of Silhet, on the north-east side of Bengal. —
Alstroemen'« *acutif61ia. Acute-leaved Alstroemeria ; Amaryllif/f«. Stems
5 or 6 feet high, somewhat twining. Seeds of a bright scarlet colour.
Found in Mexico by Mr. Deppe. Bloomed in the stove at the botanic
gardens of Edinburgh and Liverpool. A great acquisition. For further
information, see p. 218. Sweet's British Flower-Garden. — Codies' uvi (from
codebo, the Malayan name for the Croton variegatum of Linnaeus) pictum,
Painted-leaved Codigeum ; JEiiphorhidcets. The flowers of this shrub, the
Croton picta of oilr Hori. Brit., are obscure, but this deficiency is amply
compensated by the singularity and beauty of its foliage, which renders it
a most desirable inmate of the stove, and which has recommended it to the
inhabitants of the Molucca Islands, of which it is a native, and where they
cultivate it around their houses, and for the purpose of fences, decorating
their triumphal arches with its leaves, and strewing them about on occa-
sions of festivity. — Banks/a speciosa. Handsome Banksia ; Vrotedcece.
Leaves 1^ ft. long, 1^ in. broad. Spikes or heads of flowers 4a in. long,
and 3i broad. Shrub above 5 ft. high, blooming in the green-house in
October. Flowers yellow.

Edwards's Bi,fnmcal Begistcr. Continued by John Lindley, F.R.S. L.S.

&c.. Professor of Botany in the London Universit}'. In 8vo Numbers,

monthly. 4*. coloured.

Ko. XI. of Vol. III. (^Ncw Series^ contains

1377 to 1.383. — Z-upinus polyphyllus *albifl6rus. The white-flowered
variety Of the large-leaved perennial lupine, a plant so very ornamental
that no hardy flower garden will long be without it. It is, however, rare
and difficult to procure at present. We saw it finely in blossom, last
autumn, in the nursery of Messrs. Whitley and Co. It is perfectly hardy.
— Plumieria * Lambert/flVja. A species raised from Mexican seeds, by
Mr, Lambert, who has paid much attention to this beautiful genus, and

Edwards* s Botanical Register. 20 1

thinks the present different from every species yet published. Professor
Lindley, in devising the specific name, has been pleased to swell the cata-
loijue of botanical compliments already paid to Mr. Lambert ; his un-
bounded liberality, however, certainly entitles him to every one of them.
P. Lambert/«Hrt is an ornamental stove plant. — Potentilla *arguta. An
upright-stemmed, hardy, perennial species, blooming in July, producing
fine large foliage and a dense panicle of yellowish white fair-sized flowers.
This, in foliage and inflorescence, is a fine plant, needing only the colour
of P. formosa or P. atrosanguinea to render it ver}' ornamental. It would
be an eligible stock for Mr. Dennis, or some other able cultivator, to at-
tempt the raising of hybrids from. — Justici« *venusta, Beautiful Justicia.
Brought, under this name, to England by Dr. Wallich. A lovely species,
with a large and spreading panicle of numerous smallish deep purple
flowers. Native of the Pundua Mountains in Bengal. A stove plant, bloom-
ing in September. — Lophospermum (i'rom /oj)/ios, a crest, and spernia, a
seed ; the seeds being crested or winged) erubescens (from erubesco, to grow
red, or to blush). Blushing Lophospermum. A most beautiful shrubby
Mexican climber, which will thrive perfectly and flower abundantl}' in
sunny sheltered aspects in the open air during summer. It may be rapidly
multiplied, as cuttings planted in sand and placed in a frame or warm green-
house strike root readily. The lophospermum, like the georgina, is from
Mexico, and like the georgina it will not endure frost; but, as soon as the
frosty nights of spring are all past, let it be instantly turned out, and its
vigorous and rapid growth will render it, by the middle of autumn, or
perhaps before, a bushy branchy vine, exhibiting along its branches, espe-
cially towards their extremity, festoons and garlands of large, rosy, trumpet-
shaped flowers. This style of blooming will be continued till the destruc-
tion of the plant by autumnal frost. The quantitj' of flowers produced
will be increased, and their colour improved, by inserting the plants into
calcareous or other poor soil in preference to that more indulgent, as highly
manured soil induces a redundance of shoots and foliage, and delays the
formation of flowers. — Sphacele*campanulata. A hardy gi'een-house plant,
or perhaps a frame plant, from ChDe, with pretty pale blue blossoms. —
Greville« concinna. A green-house species from the south-western coast of
New Holland, having rose-coloured blossoms (calyces). It is, notwith-
standing Prof. Lindley's identification, very distinct from G. concinna,
being the G. Cunningham?'/ of Broimi's SiqJiilement.

Xo. XII. for February, contains
138-i to 1391. — Browallk *grandifl6ra. Large-flowered Browallia ; ^o-
lanege A beautiful little plant, apparently annual, and perhaps to be pre-
served by cuttings ; at least this is to be hoped, as it has not yet yielded
seed in this country. Native of Yazo, in Peru, found there by Mr. Cruick-
shanks, who presented seed of it to the Horticultural Society, in whose
garden it flowered from July to November last. Plants in the open ground
suffered so much from the constant rain and gloom, that they scarcely
opened their flowers; but the individuals in the green-house were covered
with a constant succession of blossoms, producing a very pleasing effect
by their changeable hues, varpng from pale pure blue to white, with a deep
yellow eye. — Anemone *mtif61ia, Vine-leaved Anemone ; i?anunculacea;.
An ornamental whitish-flowered plant of Nipal, where it grows in all the
forests of the great valley and surrounding mountains, delighting in the
most shady, retired, and moist situations in the vicinity of rills and torrents.
Found also in Kamoon. Blossoms in August and September. A frame
plant. — Cuphea *Llaveff, La Llave's Mej:ican two-petaled Cuphea; Sali-
cariae. An interesting frame herbaceous plant, stems numerous, \\ ft. high; .
petals deep purple. Introduced by Mr. Ackermann, who presented its seeds
to Mr. Tate, in whose nursery it flowered in August last. — Potentilla

202 British Flo'ucer-Garden.

*Hopwoocltrt«fl', Hopwood's hybrid Cinquefoil, Professor Lindley intends
at intervals to figure the most splendid garden varieties, indicating them
only as " Garden Varieties," in the manner adopted by us in H6rt. Brit.,
without puzzling himself on the genealogy of their origin. — iathyrus tin-
gitanus, the Tangier Lathyrus o?- Pea ; Leguminosae. A very showy annual
truly, but, we believe, by no means so rare as Professor Lindley imagines.
It possibly owes its comparative unfrequency to idthyrus odoriitus, the
sweet pea, which to equal beauty adds an exquisite fragrance* — i?6sa *ruga,
the Wrinkle, or Ruga, Rose ; J?osacese. " A most beautiful garden variety,
said to have been raised between E. arvensis and the sweet-scented Chinese
rose, and sent from Italy to the Hort. Society by Mr. Clare. It is ex-
tremely free of growth, making shoots 10 or 12 ft. long in a year; and
therefore is particularly well adapted to climbing over old pales, or to
covering any other place in which a wildness of appearance is desirable.
The blossoms grow in bunches, are of the size of the sweet-scented Chinese
rose, and fully as fragrant ; in colour they are rather deeper, especially
before being fully expanded, when they approach the tint of the charming
variety known in the gardens under the name of the Double Hip. Very
readily increased by cuttings." — Locisa *flmbrosia:f61ia. Ambrosia-leaved
Loasa ; Locisece. A beautiful new annual species from Lima, with large
foliage and large yellow blossoms. It is the L. hispida of Graham. From
the garden of the Horticultural Society, where, planted on the south side
of a yew hedge, it grew vigorously, became 2i ft. high, produced flowers
and seeds freely from July to September, and, indeed, until destroyed
by frost. — /Sedura Cepte^a, Paniclcd Stonecrop; Crassulaceae. An annual
species with small white flowers; but as they are numerously produced, the
species is desirable for shingly borders, tops of old walls, and for rockwork.

21ie British Flower-Garden. New Series. By Robert Sweet, F. L. S. &c.
In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 3^.

No. XX. for .January, contains
77 to 80. — Alstroemen'« *acutif61ia. An extraordinary and most in-
teresting climbing species of this peculiar and highly beautiful genus. The
flowers are tubular rather than campanulate, of a crimson colour, and
produced nine or more together in umbels. It bloomed in a southern
border, at the foot of the foundation wall of the stove, in tha open air,
in the garden of Charles Barclay, Esq., of Bury Hill, from August to
November last. It had been received, along with many other rare and
interesting plants, from M. Otto, of the Berlin botanic garden, and is
a native of Jalapa, in Mexico. — Ncja gracilis. A neat diminutive Mexican
shrub, with yellow compound flowers ; produced abundantly in autumn.
Propagated by cuttings. In a favourable aspect, and with shelter, will
survive our winter. — Saponiiria *calabrica. A pretty spreading species
of soapwort, with rose-coloured blossoms, more bright than those of
S. ocymoides. A most desirable plant for the sunny side of rockwork.
Whether annual or perennial is not yet ascertained. Native of Calabria,
consequently quite hard}'. — Campanula pulla. A diminutive hardy per-
ennial, producing numerous dark blue flowers; indi&ijcnsable in every
collection of potted hardy plants.

No. XXI, for February, contains
81 to S-l. — Escalloma *glandul6sa. Gland-bearing Escallonia; Escal-
\bx\ecc. An evergreen, a native of Chile; and, in the garden of Mr. Lam-
bert, has attained the litight of 3 or G ft., forming a handsome, upright,
bushy shrub, and producing its racemes of white flowers in autumn, when
little else is in flower. " Succeeds well in a light rich soil if planted in the
border, but must, with a mat or some slight covering, be protected from
severe frost; if grown in a pot, a mixture of two thirds sandy loam and

Botanical Cabinet. 203

one third peat will suit it well : cuttings nearly ripened will root freely in
pots of sand under a hand-glass." — ^sclepia-s amce'na, Delightful Swallow-
wort ; /isclepiac/ecT. A hardy perennial, increased by dividing at the roots ;
its stems, 4 or 5 ft. high, are surmounted by large umbels of purple flowers,
which open in July and August. Native of North America, from New
England to Virginia, and delights in heat and moisture. — i^ubus nutkanus,
Nootka Sound Raspberry : i?osiiceae. A welcome addition to our stock of
hardy flowering shrubs. i?ubus odoratus, the Flowering Raspberry, as it
is emphatically called, because it was, for many years, the only species with
showy flowers, gives a good idea of R. nutkanus ; but the latter has white
blossoms, and is more compact in its mode of growth. — Anisanthus splen-
dens. Splendid Anisanthus. A most desirable frame bulb, from the Cape
in 1825, producing a stem a yard high, and a spike of bright scarlet
flowers nearly a foot in length. The bulbs were potted in a mixture of
nearly half turfy loam, one fourth of fine white sand, and the rest peat, in
which they throve exceedingly well : they are now planted out in a pit.

Botanical Cabinet. By Messrs. Loddiges. In 4to and 8vo Parts, monthly.
Large paper, 5s. j small paper, and partially coloured, 2s, 6d.

Part CLXV. for January, contains
1641 to 1650. — Pentstemon Richardson^, which flowers through the
greater part of the summer ; and is so ornamental that no hardy flower
garden should be without it. — Swains6n/« albiflora. An ornamental green-
house plant, from New Holland in 1826. Blossoms white, pea-shaped. —
Nigritella angustifolia. A curious hardy orchideous plant, with dark-
coloured blossoms, expanded in June and July.— ^Campanula thyrsdidea.
An elegant hardy biennial, a foot high, with multitudinous cream-coloured
blossoms ; rarer in nurseries than in botanic gardens. Native of Hungary,
Austria, and Switzerland. — Maxillaria *galeata. Another new, very
desirable, stove orchideous plant; blooms in August. — jBrica ollula. An
elegant species of heath, its blossoms red and shaped like a pitcher, as
the specific name imports. — O'xalis *carn6sa. From Chile in 1825,
blossoms yellow, leaves used as a substitute for sorrel in its native country.

— Andromeda *chinensis. A desirable and very rare green-house species,
from China ; sent to Messrs. Loddiges, in 1829, by their valuable friend
Mr. Reeves of Canton. — Calceolaria thyrsiflora. A beautiful abundantly
blooming species from Mendoza ; and, although a green-house plant,
indispensable, as a summer ornament, to every hardy flower garden. It,
like all the other shrubby species of this delectable genus, propagates freely
by cuttings. — i^ris ruthenica. An interesting, blue-flowered, grass-leaved
species, almost as diminutive as its near ally /. humilis.

Part CLXVI.for February, contains
1651 to 1660. — Stapeh'a elegans, Elegant Stapelia; JsclepiiWet?. A mi-
nute species, forming compact tufts ; flowers small, produced in summer.

— Salpiglossis picta, Painted Salpiglossis ; iS'olanese. The now well known
Chilean beauty. — Habenaria bifolia, two-leaved Habenaria ; Orchideae.
The O'rchis bifolia of Smith. A prevalent plant in woods in Suffolk ;
the fragrance of its blossoms at night surpasses that of any other flower
we know, even honeysuckle sinks in comparison. — Alstroemeri« ovata,
Oxate-leavcd Alstroemeria ; AmaTyXWdea-. Herbaceous climber, to the
height of 6 ft. or more. Survived in a warm border, out of doors, the
severe winter of 1829, along with A. pulchella, and A. Hookeri. Flowers
from July till late in autumn. Native of Chile and Peru. Increased by
detachments of oifsets at the root, and by seeds. — Erica incarnata. Flesh-
coloured Heath ; ^'riceae. A low-growing bushy kind, blooming abun-
dantly during summer ; corollas inflated. — Erica, cruenta. Blood-coloured
Heath ; £riceae. Flowers numerous, corollas tubular. — Heterotaxis

204- Botanic Garden.

crassifoHa, Thick-leaved Heterotaxis. From Jamaica, in 1823, by Mr. Lee.
An unshowy stove orchideous plant. — i/emerocallis *lanceaef61ia. Lance-
leaved Day Lily. A hardy perennial from Japan, of easy culture and of
great interest, as being to all appearance an additional legitimate species
of the genus Funkw. Flowers lilac-coloured, produced in summer. —
Escallonfa *Yiihr&,^eA-flowercd Escallonia; Escall6u«'«. For treatment,
see under E. glandulosa. Above 27 species of this genus are described,
yet not more than six have been introduced. — /Jnemone palmata liitea,
Yellow;/ow(?;-e(-; palmate-/(?«tW Anemone. Perennial, from Portugal and
Algiers, flowering i'l May and June. Increases slowly by separation of
roots, should have protection in severe weather, and prefers light and
sandy soil. We have known it thrive without protection, and beside a
little hollow, in which water stood at every shower of rain.

The Botanic Garden. By B. Maund, F.L.S. &c. In small 4to Numbers,
monthly. Large paper \s. 6d. ; small paper, 1*.

A^o. LXXIII. for January y contains

289 to 292. — Calampelis scabra. The beautiful hardy climber, which
has hitherto been erroneously denominated Eccremocarpus scaber ; blooms
from July till stopped by frost. — Phalangium Liliago ; the Anthcricum
Liliago of Linnaeus. A hardy border perennial, producing clusters of pretty
white flowers in May and June. — iupinus polyphyllus. One of the most
splendid of hardy perennials; blooms in July and August. — Z/ilium chal-
cedonicum (so called from Chalcedon, a city of Asia), the Scarlet Marta-
gon Lily, or with some the Scarlet Turk's-cap Lily. Flowers in June and
July.

This number concludes the third volume, and contains titlepage and
index.

No. LXXIV.for February, contains

293 to 296. — Terbena rhamaedrifolia. Germander-leaved Vervain ;
Ferbenaceae. Of this very popular beauty it is remarked : " Its flowers
are intensely brilliant, without glossiness, and yet it has a dazzling cftect on
the sight, not unlike the lustre of a polished metal. The eye cannot rest
upon it without evident uneasiness. If any artist or artisan, in the pride
of his heart, assume to himself excess of merit for the tints he has disco-
vered, let him look on this plant, and subdue the intemperate heat of his
imagination. Nothing surely can be better adapted to turn man's thoughts
oft' his own self-sufficiency than the works of nature. Wherever he
rests his attention, whethei' on matter organised or imorganised, there he
will discover convincing evidence of his own ignorance ; and, at the same
time, the omnipotence of a first great Cause will be impressed on his heart
and understanding." — Veronica pinnata. Wing-leaved Sj)eedwell ; Scro-
phularina; § Veronicece, A pretty herbaceous perennial. — i?anunculus
/;latanif61ius flore pleno, Double-flowered Plane-leaved Crowfoot, or Fair
Alaids of France. Loves sandy reddisli loam, and a pure atmosj)liere,
being a native of mountains. — Cortusa Matthiol/, Matthiolus's Cortusa.
A choice elegant plant, which Primula cortusoides so exactlv resembles,
that the latter has derived its specific name from the similitude. " Tlie
cortusa is successfully kept in a pot of loam and peat. Shade and a toler-
ably free supply of water in suunner, with tlie cold frame protection in
winter, combined with moderate attention, will preserve it in vigour." A
little leaf mould added to the above compost suits it well, and we have
grown it so as to produce us numerous seeds, which, when sown, grew rea-
dily. Boerhaave, in his History, says the herbage is fragrant, and that the
plant inhabits sandy and argillaceous soils.

Ca7neUihos. — Florisfs Guide. 205

Chandler and Boo/h^s Illusirations and Descriptions of the Camellicie. In
Imperial 4to Parts, every two months. Is, plain ; 10s. coloured ; and
18^. extra-size.

Part VI. for December, contains

21. — Camelh'« japonica wnemoneflora alba, White Anemone-flowered
Japanese Camellia, or White Waratah. A most elegant variety, raised
from the pompone, with blossoms of a delicate white colour, a little striped,
and occasionally spotted with pale red, and from 3^ to 4 in. over.

22. Camell/a japonica imbricata,Cn;Hso« iS/ic//, o?- Imbricated Japanese Ca-
mellia Unquestionably one of the best varieties that has lately been impoi'ted
from China. The flowers are upwards of 3 in. in diameter, and extremely
s\Timietrical in their formation, as much so as those of the universally prized
double white. " The colour is a fine crimson red, and remarkably showy.
Representations of this variety are sometimes seen in Chinese drawings,
but our figure is the only one which has yet been published in this country."

23. Camell/« japonica Woods//. A seedling raised by Mi\ Chandler, who
named it in compliment to Mr. Woods of Camberwell Grove, a great ad-
mirer of camellias. " Its flowers are particularly handsome, and well
formed, and are nearly 4 in. across. Their colour is pale red, similar to
that of the common Provence rose, which at a distance they resemble,
except in being larger, although not so double.

24. Camell/fl japonica punctata, T)otted-Jlowered Japanese, or Grai/'s In-
vincible, Camellia. Raised in 1824, by Mr. Press, gardener to E. Gray, Esq.,
" from a seed of the semidouble red, whose flowers had been impregnated
with the pollen of the single white. The expanded blossoms are from 3 to
4 in. over, of a very delicate blush colour, almost white ; striped, and
slightly spotted with pale rose, in the manner of a rose flake carnation."
This is deemed an extremely fine variety. For an account of four other
varieties of great merit, also raised by ^'Ii\ Press, see Gard. Mag., Vol. II.
p. .358.

The Florisfs Gidde and Cultivator's Director!/, cfc. Hy Robert Sweet,
F.L.S., &c. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 3*. coloured; 2s. plain.

i\^o. XLIII. for January, contains
1G9 to 172. — Strong's Esther Tulip. A new and very desirable bybloe-
men, bred and broken by W. Strong, Esq. — The Tiaro Ranunculus. A
neat and pretty kind, raised from seeds, bj^ the Rev. Joseph Tyso of Wal-
lingford, in the manner described in the excellent article communicated by
that gentleman to the Gard. Mag. (Vol. VI. p. 548.) " In figuring our
next ranunculus, we shall give our own remarks on the same." — Made-
moiselle d' Orleans Carnation. A fine new variety of the rose or pink
flake class, grown by Mr. Hogg of Paddington Green. — Davey's Queen
Adelaide Picotee. A handsome new yellow Picotee, raised in 1828, by
Mr. T. Davey, King's Road, Chelsea, who hopes to have it for sale next
summer at as low as \5s. the pair. Mr. Sweet remarks that picotees are
more tender than carnations, especially the yellow picotees.

No. XL IV. for February f contains

173. to 17G. — Lord Brougham Tulip. A bizarre for the first row of
the bed, with a well-formed flower of a rich golden yellow, and handsomely
marked; it will be a valuable acquisition. Raised from seeds by J. P. Bur-
nard, Esq., with whom it first broke into colours in 1829. — Leonora
Ranunculus. One of the handsome seedlings that have been raised by the
Rev. Joseph Tyso, in his collection at Wallingford, where they are culti-
vated and sold for charitable purposes. Mr. Sweet here fulfils the promise
made in his last number, to give his remarks on raising seedlings ; and they
are so excellent and practical, in consequence of Mr. Sweet's unequalled
experience, that we present them entire to our readers.

" In the first place, it must be more advantageous, and there will be

206 Wallich's Pldnta j4sidtic(S Raribres.

much more likelihood of raising a great number of double flowers from the
seeds, if the flowers they are procured from were fertilised with the pollen
of semidouble or nearly full double flowers, as many of these produce per-
fect anthers, though the flowers are nearly filled with petals : at any rate,
the more double the flowers are from which the pollen is procured, the
more chance there will be of obtaining fine-flowering seedlings. The head
of the carpella [the cluster of pointals] must be fully expanded, and a little
glutinous matter have been secretetl upon the stigmas before they will be
fit to receive the pollen : if the pollen be applied to them before, it will be
of no use, as they are not far enough advanced to receive it ; that is the
reason why numerous plants cultivated in this country never produce any
seeds, the anthers being all dropped from the flower, before the stigma is
far enough advanced to receive fertilisation. This accounts for the nume-
rous hybrid productions in the Geraniace^e, where the anthers have gene-
rally dropped oiF a day before the stigmas are sufficiently advanced to
receive impregnation : the stigmas are then as likely, if impregnated or set
at all, to be so from the pollen of a different species, as from that of their
own. This is also the case with numerous other plants in botanic gardens,
where numerous natm-al mules spring up annually, particularly m Veronica,
^conitum, Z>elphlnium, (Symphytum, and many other genera.

" In the next place, it is said, the seedhngs all bear greatest resemblance
in colour of flower to the mother plant : this I have generally found the
reverse in Pelargonium, Amarylli*, and several other genera, the male
parent being generally most conspicuous in the mules; but the darkest
colour, whether in male or female, generally predominates : for instance, if
a fine yellow ranunculus was fertilised by a black one, I should expect to
find it produce bright crimson ; a scarlet with a white would bring various
shades of rose ; one of the yellow-flowered tuberous-rooted pelargoniums,
fertilised by a black one, brings either scarlet or crimson. To obtain fine new
varieties of ranunculus in colour, I would recommend the yellow to be
fertilised by black, the scarlet or crimson with white and yellow, and all
the most distant intermixtures : this would be the way to "get fine and dis-
tinct varieties, and would be the means of introducing a new set of splendid
sorts."

Orpheus Rose. One of the first-rate roses, well deserving a place in
every collection ; drawn in the nursery of Messrs. Whitley and Co., Fulham,
where were several fine plants of it in full flower at the same time, that
had been budded on common stocks at standard height. Flower, a good
size, and very double, of a fine red purple, and becoming darker after-
wards. — Wakefield's Paul Pry Carnation. Highly coloured. A crimson
bizarre. Flov.er large, very double, and handsomely variegated: petals
broad, and broadly ovate, rounded at the ends, spreading, of a pure white,
lined and variegated with a brilliant crimson and dark purple ; outer ones
much the broadest, becoming gradually narrower and smaller inwards.
7^. 6d. the pair in IVIr. Hogg's priced list for 1830.

• Wa/Iic?/, ^^., M.D. and P.H.D. F.R.S., &c. &c.. Superintendent of the
Honourable East India Company's Botanic Garden at Calcutta : Plantae
Asiaticae Rariores ; or. Descriptions and Figures of a select Number of
unpublished East India Plants. London, 1829. Fol. In Parts.
21. lOs. each.

Plants included in the first edition of the Hortus liri'dnnwiis have a dagger (f ) prefixed ;
those in the country, but not in that work, a star (*) ; the rest are not in the country.

The present work consists of a selection of plants made chiefly from a
series of 1200 drawings, executed under- Dr. Wallich's direction, by Indian
artists, at the Calcutta garden, and on his various journeys. It is surpass-
ingly well executed, and remarkably cheap.

Wallich's PldntcB Asidtic<^ Raribres. 207

N^o. I. contains
1 to 25. — AmherstJa (Countess Amherst) nobilis ; Leguminosas Cassias.
A magnificent tree, from the river Saluen, which attains about the height of
40 ft. When in flower it is " profusely ornamented with pendulous racemes
of large vermilion-coloured blossoms, forming superb objects, unequalled in
the flora of the East Indies ; " and, Dr. Wallich presumes, " not surpassed
in magnificence and elegance in any part of the world. The ground was
strewed, even at a distance, with its blossoms, which are carried daily
as offerings to the images in the adjoining caves. There can be no
question that this tree, when in full foliage and blossom, is the most strik-
ingly superb object which can possibly be unagined." Dr. Wallich suc-
ceeded in obtaining some plants for the botanic garden at Calcutta, and
two of these he attempted to bring with him to England, but they perished
on the passage. He saw but one pod on the only two or three trees
which he ever beheld, and that contained unperfect seeds. — Sterculia po-
pulifolia. Handsome and curious. — i/ibiscus *Lindley/. Verj' handsome,
with deep purple flowers. " Like most of the members of the extensive
genus to which it belongs, it abounds in strong and woody fibres. All its
green parts have an agreeably acid taste." — Annesle« fragrans; Tern-
stroemittVfff. An elegant tree, with delightfully fragrant flowers. — Pha-
seolus fuscus. A ver}- elegant climber ; annual, and much branched. —
Caralluma (a genus nearly allied to StapehV?) *crenulata, Caralliima *fim-
briata. Curious. — Curciima Roscoeawrt. " An extremely beautiful and
splendid plant, and certainly one of the most ornamental of the whole
genus." — Curciima cprdata. A large and stately species, having ^all its
green parts beset by long silky hairs. — Melanorrhoe^a usitiita; 71erebin-
thaceae Anacardias . A very interesting tree, as furnishing the varnish most
extensively used in the east of China and in the Birman empire. " Every
part of it abounds in a thick and viscid greyish brown fluid, which turns
black soon after coming in contact with the external air. ... It is a curious
fact, that, to my certain knowledge, the natives of the countries where the
tree is indigenous never experience any injurious consequences from han-
dling its juices : it is strangers only that are sometimes affected by it, espe-
ciall}' Europeans." This drug is also employed as a size or glue in the
process of gilding ; " nothing more being required than to besmear the
surface thinly with the varnish, and then immediately to apply the gold
leaf. The beautiful Pali writing of the religious order of the Burmas on
ivory, palm leaves, oi' metal, is entirely done with this varnish, in its native
and pure state. Introduced to Kew by Dr. Wallich. — Hirae'cr (J. N. de
la Hire, a French physician) hirsuta ; Malpighi«re^. An extensive climber,
covered with long rust-coloured hairs. — Cardiospermum *canescens. —
Abelia (Dr. Abel, who went to China with Lord Amherst) triflora ; Capri-
foliaceae. An elegant middle-sized tree, with delightfully fragrant flowers,
like those of Jasminum revolutum. — Mat6n/« (Dr. Maton, V.P.L.S., <S:c.)
pectinata ; Polypodiaceas. A most beautiful fern, discovered towards the
summit of a very lofty mountain, at the height of 40G0 ft. — Cometes
surattensis ; Jmaranthaceae. — Cometes abyssinica. — Impatiens reticu-
lata — Clematis subpeltata. A very handsome climber, with broad cor-
date leaves, closely allied to Clematis ^milacifolia. — Eranthemum cinna-
barinum. A charming shrub, varying in height to 6 ft., with large flowers
of a vivid red colour. — Dillenia scabrella. A deciduous tree of very slow
growth. " At the time of flowering it is entirely destitute of leaves, instead
of which it is covered by countless numbers of elegant and fragrant yellow
blossoms, which last, however, only a few weeks, and are soon succeeded by
a plentiful crop of small, round, orange-coloured fruits. The fleshy leaves
of the calyx, which cover these, have a pleasantly acid taste, and are used

208 WallicNs Planta Asiaticce Ilaribres.

in curries by the inhabitants of Chittagong (of whicli district of Bengal the
tree is a native), in the same manner as those of Dillenia speciosa (Chalta
of the Bengalese). The tree is in full foliage during the rainy season." —
Dilleni« ornata. A noble tree, sometimes mistaken for the teak, to which
it bears some resemblance in foliage. The flowers are large, fragrant, and
produced in great abundance. — (iastrochilus (labellum ventricose) *puLr.
clierrimus; Scitamineae. Intermediate between Alpinia and Kaempfer/a.
Flowers very beautiful, delicate in texture, and pale yellow. — Gastrochilus
longiflorus.

Ko. II. contains

26 to 30. — Urhia "'^speciosa ; il/alvacese. A very charming plant,
varying much in the form of its leaves, and with beautiful pink- coloured
flowers ; the corolla is nearly 2 in. long, and is by far the largest of the
genus, which has in general small and inconspicuous flowers. — Kasmp-
fen'fl *elegans ; Scitamineae. — Justicia *guttiita. — Dendrobium amplum;
Orchldese ; and one of the most beautiful of the genus to which it be-
lono-s. " For the specific character and observation given I am indebted to
my inestimable friend Professor Lindley, who has undertaken, and in a
great measure accomplished, the elaboration of the families of Orchideae,
i?osaceae, and Amentaceae, in ray possession ; and from whom I have,
besides, derived constant and important aid in the prosecution of this
publication, in the arrangement of the herbaria placed by the Honourable
East India Company under my charge, and in the distribution of their
duplicates. Many years, indeed, before I left India, have I benefited by
Mr. Lindley's generosity and kindness, to a degree which has placed me
under the most lasting obligations. I have long been desii'ous of an oppor-
tunity, and I seize the present one with great satisfaction, of expressing
publicly the sincere respect and gratitude which I entertain towards that
eminent and highly accomplished botanist." — Podocarpus *latif61ius ; Co-
niferae. A middling-sized tree, found on the lofty range of mountains
bordering on the eastern parts of Bengal. " It is probable that the juicy
receptacles are eaten, like those of the kindred species." — Ruelli« alata.
One of the most charming species of the genus. — Knoxia ^jlantaginea, —
Aphanochilus {aphanes, obscure, cheilos, lip) polystachyus ; LabiatEe. — A.
flavus. In this part of the work a synoj)tical account of the Intlian
Labiatas enumerated in Dr. Wallich's Caialugue of Dried Specimens is given,
for which, Dr. Wallich says, " I am indebted to my esteemed friend
Mr. George Bentham, to whom I am under very great obligations, both for
this important addition to ray work, and for the valuable assistance he has
afforded me in my labours connected with the herbaria under ray charge." —
Llparis hSngipes ; Orchideas — jErica paniculata ; Orchideae. — Urdria cordi-
folia. — Coelogyne Gardnena«« ; Orchideae. — Dendrobium *form6sum ; Or-
chideae.— Dendrobium densiflorum. — /^Jconitum ferox JF«//. TheJconitura
virosum of Don. P'-odr. Flor. Nepal. Found in Nepal Proper, at an ele-
vation of about 10,000 ft., and varying exceedingly, according to its habitat.
" There are three other species of aconite or monk's-hood, all of them
tuberous-rooted, which inhabit the southern side of the Himalaya, and are
considered by the natives as strong poisons. Our species, however,
exceeds them all in virulence, and is probably the most deleterious vege-
table poison of continental India. This dreadful root, of which large
quantities arc annually imported, is equally fatal when taken into the
stomach or applied to wounds, and is in imiversal use in poisoning arrows,
and, there is too nuich reason to suspect, for the worst purposes."

Mr. J. Pereira, of the General Dispensary in Aldersgate Street, London,
gave Dr. Wallich the " subjoined detail of several interesting experiments
made to determine the physiological effects of the roots of the Jconitum
ferox. They fully establish the extreme virulence of the poison. These

WallidCs Plantce Asiaticce Raribres. 209

experiments were made in the presence of Dr. Falconer, assistant-surgeon
to the Bengal establishment, and ni}' brother, on rabbits and dogs, and with
the root in the form of powder, spirituous extract, and watery extract. Of
these preparations the spirituous extract is by far the most powerful. The
effects were tried by introducing this extract into the jugular vein, by
placing it in the cavity of the peritoneum, by applying it to the cellular
tissue of the back, and by introducing it into the stomach. In all these
cases, except the last, the effects were very similar ; namely, difficulty of
breathing, weakness, and subsequently paralysis, which generally com-
menced in the posterior extremities, vertigoes, convulsions, dilatation of the
pupil, and death, apparently from asphyxia. The bodies of most of the
animals were examined inmiediately after death. In all cases the right
side of the heart was found distended with dark-coloured blood, and the
left empty. In one or two cases the auricles were still contracting, but
the ventricles had ceased to contract. The galvanic apparatus produced a
quivering in a few of the fibres of the ventricles, and either produced, or
very much increased, the contractions of the ventricles. All the voluntary
muscles were susceptible of galvanism. One grain of the alcoholic extract
introduced into the cavity of the peritoneum of a rabbit began to produce
its effects in two minutes ; death took place in nine minutes and a half..
In a second experiment of a similar kind, the effects commenced in two
minutes and a half, and death was produced in eleven minutes. Two grains
introduced into the jugular vein of a good-sized strong dog produced con-
vulsions in one minute, and death in three minutes. One grain introduced
into the cellular tissue of the back of a rabbit began to affect the system at
the end of six minutes, and produced death in fifteen minutes. A rabbit
was made to swallow three grains of the extract. No effect was produced,
except that the animal continued chewing for several hours, as if ruminat-
ing, and which arose probably from the local action of the poison on the
moutli and thi'oat. The watery is less powerful than the si)irituous extract.
Two grains of it introduced into the peritoneum of a rabbit did not pro-
duce death until the expiration of twenty-seven minutes.

" It appears that the root of this plant is imported in very considerable
quantity into the plains, where it is sold at the rate of one rupee per seer
(about Is. the pound), although the sale of it seems to have been pro-
hibited under the native governments, on pain of heavy penalties, except
to persons well known, or by authorit}'. It is also used in cases of chronic
rheumatism by the native practitioners. The coinciilence in opinion
respecting its efficacy in such cases, between them and Professor Stoerk of
Vienna, who applied the extract of the roots of some of the European
species to similar purposes, may perhaps add to the evidence respecting its
utility."

Ruelh'a gossypina. — Convolvulus atro-purpureus. " A very lai'ge shrub ;
and I am scarcely acquainted with any species which would be more
desii'able, as an ornament, eitlier to a garden or a hot-house." — Abehnoschus
*crinitus. Approaches to //ibiscus racemosus. — Centranthera hispida ;
Labiatae. — Quercus spicata. " This is one of the largest, as well as the
commonest, sorts in Nepal, where it attains the most gigantic size. The
wood, is exceedingly like the English oak m colour, and most probably
equals it in other respects, but the mountaineers do not esteem it much,
owing, as they say, to its speedy decay ; a circumstance owing, no doubt,
to their employing it in its green state. A similar prejudice prevails in that
country against the other sjiecies." — Muciina macrocar[)a ; Leguminosae.
" This superb climber approaches closely to the Miicunn gigantea Dcccoid.,
but differs in the size of its flowers and fruit, as well as in other respects.
It is furnished to a less degree than most of the other species belonging to
the genus, with those long and easily separable hairs, which on the slightest

Vol. VIL — No. 31. p

210 Wallich's Pldntce Asiatics Itai'ibres.

touch enter the skin, and cause an intolerable burning. The flowers, espe-
cially the calyces, are, in this respect, the most offensive parts ; but this is
abundantly counterbalanced by theu- size and beauty.". — Sphseropteris
barbata ; Polypodiaceae.

'No. III. contains
5] to 73. — JSchites rhjaichosperma. An exceedingly handsome climber,
and certainly the most ornamental of the genus to which it belongs. —
Cliirita (founded by Dr. Hamilton on a " fictitious native name " ) grandi-
flora ; Didymocarpeae. — i/ibiscus f macrophyllus. A fine tree, fi-om the
bark of which ropes are made, as they might probably be from the bark of
all the il/alvaceae. — Allantodia 'RYunoniana. A singular and beautiful fern,
growing in the dense forest of oaks and rhododendrums on Sheopore. —
Coelogyne maculata; Orchideae. "In the Calcutta garden our mode of
treating these and similar epiphytes is to place them on beds made of brick-
work, raised 4 or 5 ft. from the ground, containing a rich mould, mixed with
a large proportion of pebbles, and resting on a stratum of large stones or
masses of vitrified bricks, so as to admit of being perfectly drained. The
surface is covered with moss, and the whole structure is placed in a shady
and sheltered situation, corresponding to the natural place of growth of
such plants. By the aid of these beds, and by a constant attention to the
necessity of keeping the roots, as well as the plants themselves, mode-
rately moist, I have succeeded in cases even where there was but little
hope; for instance, with plants from the higher region of Nepal, and even
from Gossain Than in the Himalaya." Coelogyne Wallichw««. — .Zingiber
barbatum. • — Kaempferia Candida. — Curcicma *parvifl6ra. — .^momum
corynostachyum. — ^ Stercidia versicolor. — Tephrosia coccinea ; Legu-
minosae. — Fiburnum foe'tidum. — Cyrtotropis {kyrtos, curved, tropis, a
keel ; shape of carina) cornea ; LeguminosEe Phasedlese. — Phaseolus
rostratus. Comes near to the P. alatus Lin. According to Dr. Roxburgh's
MS., the lower part of the plant is perennial. — Eriolae^na *Cand61h7;
il/alvaceae. ■ — Bo6tti« (Francis Boott, M.D. an American botanist)
cordata ; Hydrocharideae. " One of the most charming water plants with
which I am acquainted. All the green parts are eaten by the Burmese
as potherbs ; for which purpose they are collected in great quantities, and
carried to the market at Ava, in the vicinity of which capital the plant
is found in ponds, flowering profusely in the month of September." — Jus-
t\cia *venusta. " One of the loveliest species with which I am acquainted.
The flowers are tubular, and of a deep purple colour, contrasting in a very
striking manner with the dark green and large foliage. I had the satisfac-
tion of bringing a growing plant to England in 1828, which was presented
by the East India Company to the Horticultural Society of London, in
whose rich garden at Chiswick it has lately blossomed." — Cirrhopetalum
Wallichw; Orchideae. — Otochilus fuscus; Orchideae. — Bolbo])hyllum
cylindrficeum ; Orchideae. — Trias oblonga; Orchideae. — ^schynanthus
ramosissima; Labiatae. — Chirita macrophylla; Labiatae. — Coropegia lon-
gifolid ; Labiatae. — Royle« elegans ; Labiatte. " I have sincere satisfac-
tion hi dedicating this new genus to my valued friend, Mr. Ro3'le, whose
claims as an excellent botanist fully entitle hun to that compliment. How
eminently the gai'den at Saharunpur has benefited under his charge, is
manifest by the numerous improvements and additions to its riches which
it owes to his indefatigable zeal and talents, and which are well known to
the government of Bengal, as well as to all who have visited the western
provinces of Hindustan. But, independently of having the care of this
most useful establishment, he is likewise the founder of a nursery for medi-
cinal and alpine plants generally, on the Chaor mountain of Sirmore, which
has already proved of the greatest service. It is not, however, botany
alone to which he has devoted his talents; there is not a branch of natural
history in which he has not acquired a high degree of proficiency. To pur-

JVallich's Plantce Asiatics Raribres. 211

suits of this nature he is devoting every moment of leisure which his exten-
sive professional duties afibrd him, with a degree of ardour and success
which is far beyond my feeble praise, and which must soon place his name
high among naturalists."

No. IV. contains

76 to 100. — Argyreia festiva. A superb shrub, sent from China to
the botanic garden at Calcutta. — Melhania Hamiltoni««a. — Pongdmia
atropurpurea; Leguminosae. " This very stately tree constitutes a large
portion of the dense forests on the shores of Martaban and Tenasserim. I
found it growing in great abundance at Amherst and Moalmyne, and on the
sea-sides towards the river, called Chappedong. Nothing can be imagined
more beautiful than the crown of the tree, when thickly covered with its
dense panicles of deep purple flowers. The wood is much esteemed by the
Burmese and Taleyn people, who employ it for beams and rafters in their
houses. I was told that they eat the tender leaves."

Bombax insigne. Smaller than the common cotton tree of India. —
Wightia (Richard Wight, a zealous cultivator of East Indian natural his-
tory, especially botany) gigantea ; Bignon;ffc'f<^. An arborescent climber,
attaining a very gigantic size, overtopping trees of considerable height, and
nearly overwhelming them with its numerous branches. — Barlen'a poly-
tricha. Ornamental, with large lilac flowers. — Iluelh'« Neesi««a. A
charming species. — Apostasia (rt/jo5/«5«, defection ; third. stamen abortive)
Wallichii. A species of a very remarkable genus, most nearly related to
Orchideae. — A. nuda. — /Vis decora. " This plant and /'ris nepalensis
{Bot. Reg., 818.) are the only two species of Pns which I have found in
Nepal, and they are quite distinct from the European species. — C'orylus
ferox. The nut is small, but like the common nut in taste. " This is one
of the commonest as well as most elegant plants of the tribe of Melasto-
maceae inhabiting Nepal, where it grows on almost all the hills surrounding
the great valley, delighting in shady and moist situations, and producing
its numerous large and red panicles during the rainy season. "

Myristica sphaerocarpia and omvgdalina. — Piper i-ibeimdes. A gigantic
species of pepper. — Justic/« palatifera and ventricosa. — Desmodium pen-
dulum; Leguminosse. Bign6n;« multijuga. — Begonia pedunculosa. —
Clematis grata. — Thomson/a (in honour of Professor Anthony Todd
Thomson, M.D., and not to be confounded with Thompsonia, belonging
to the family of Passifloreae, which Mr. Brown named in honour of John
Vaughan Thompson, Esq., surgeon to the forces, author of Zoological
Pesea relies, &c., now, however, Deidamia Thompson/a««) nepalensis;
ylroideae. A singular and handsome plant. — Polygala arillata.

This number completes the volume, and contains the title, preface, &c.
From the latter we give the following very interesting extract. Dr.
Channing has well remarked, that cooperation is a characteristic of the pre-
sent age. Dr. Wallich states, that having, in 1828, obtained permission to
leave for a time the duties of his situation as superintendent of the Cal-
cutta Garden, and to take his collections with him, in order to present
them in person to the Court of Directors of the East India Company,
" that enlightened bod}', with a munificence never equalled, and which has
already been appreciated and gratefully acknowledged, not only in this
country but throughout Euix)pe, immediately directed me to proceed to the
distribution of the duplicates anjong the principal public and private mu-
seums in Europe and America. They were pleased to order a similar dis-
tribution of the herbariums of continental Indian plants in their museum,
made by Drs. Patrick Russell, Roxburgh, and Hamilton, the Tranquebar
missionaries, the late Mr. Finlayson, Mr. Wight, and myself. The assist-
ance which I have already received, in the laborious details connected with
the above distributions, has placed me under the greatest obligations to

P 2

212 Brown's Supplement to the Plants ofNeto Holland.

some of the most eminent botanists of Europe. I have been honoured by
the personal aid of Mr. Brown, Professors Kunth, Hooker, Graham, and
Lindley, M. Alphonse Decandolle, Mr. Arnott, Mr. Prescott, and Mr.
Bentham.

" Besides the homage which has been paid to the Company in many
publications, for their princely liberality in thus affording these ample
means for the difPasion of a knowledge of the botany of the East Indies, a
still more effectual method of testifj'ing a sense of the general obligation
they have conferred upon the scientific world has been adopted by a num-
ber of celebrated bouanists, who have undertaken to publish monographs of
the more extensive and interesting families, thereby powerfully contributing
to the completion of a scheme so truly worthy of the British East India
Company.

" It is a source of pride for me to introduce here the names and sepa-
rate labours of those who have thus zealousl}' come forward to advance the
interests of science. Mr. Arnott has undertaken the publication of the fami-
lies of i?anunculaceas, iVymphaeaceae, Papaveriiceae, Droseraceae, Acevinese,
Tamariscineae. Mr. Bentham : CaryophylleEe, Labiatae, Liness, Melasto-
maceae, ilfemecyleEe, Alangicce, Onagrarieae, Salicariese, ScrophulariuEe,
Orobancheae. Professor Besser of Crzmieniec: Artexmsia. M. Adolphe
Brongniart of Paris : Celastrineae, i^hamnece. Mr. Brown : AnondcccE,
Capparideae, -ffubiaceae, GramineEe. M. Cambesedes of Paris : Hippocra-
ticcce, Sapindciceae, Tevnstr(£miace(S. Professor Clioisy of Geneva : Gut-
tiferge, i/ypericineae, Convohadaceae. Professor Decandolle of Geneva :
Araliaceae, Umbelliferae, 5'axifrageEe, Cuwomacece, Caprifoliaceas, Loran-
the^e, ValerianecB, Z)ipsaceae, Compositas, Polemoniaceae, i?benace£e, Sa-
potecE, iS'tyracineae, /Sesamea;, G(^\\t\dne(B, yiristolochiese. M. Alphonse
Decandolle of Geneva (Flora Burmanica) : Campanulaceae, ^\g\\omdcccE,
ilfyrsineae, f/rticeae. M. Duvau of Paris : Pediculiiris, Veronica. Profes-
sor Graham : Leguminosas. Dr. Greville : A^lgvs, Pilices. Mr. Haworth :
Crassulaceae. Professor Hooker : Myristicece, P'llices, il/usci. Professor
Adr. Jussieu of Paris : Tiliaceae, Malpighi«r<:>(Z', Putaceae, il/eliaceae. Pro-
fessor Kunth of Berlin : Bombaceas, Wuitncridcece, Sterculiaceae, Dom-
heydcecs, il/alvaceae, Elasocarpeae, Perebinthaceas, Combretaceas, Terbe-
naceae. Mr. Lambert : Conifera-. Professor Lehmann of Hamburgh :
Potentilla, Poraginefe, Primulacefe. Prof Lindley : Posacete, ^mentaceae,
Orchideae. Prof, von Martins of Munich : Jmaranthaceae, Palmae, Res-
tiacege. Prof Meisner of Bale : Begon/wce^, Polygoneae. Prof. Nees von
Esenbeck of Breslau : /Jcanthaceae, iSolanacea;, iaurineae. Mr. Prescott :
Cyperaceae. Prof Richard of Paris : Menispermeap, ilfyrtaceas, Jsphode-
leaj, ^milaceae. Prof Roeper of Bale : ^uphorb/«c(7<2'. M. Seringe of
Geneva : ialix. Prof Schultes of Landshut : Various miscellaneous
genera. Prof S[)rengel of Halle : BcrheridecE, Crucifer£e, Polygaleae, Eri-
cea;, Jpocyneae, Asc\e\nkdecB,

" On the above cooperation, exhibiting an unparalleled instance o? zeal
and liberality in the promotion of a connnon cause, I can offer no com-
ment ; nor can I adequately express the gratitude whicli I feel towards
those who have thus generously relieved me from some of the most dif-
ficult parts of my labour." (Pre/., p. ix. and x.)

Brown, Robert, Esq., F.R.S, V.P.L.S., &c. &c. Supplementum Priraum
Prodromi Florae Novas HoUandiae, Sec. A First Supplement to the Plants
of New Holland; containing the new Protedcccre discovered by Baxter,
Caley, Cunningham, Eraser, and Sieber. The Characters drawn up
from dried Specimens. Lond. 1830. 8vo, pp. 40.

The last importation of seeds from New Holland was by IVL". Baxter,
and they were purchased chiefly by JMi*. Knight of the Exotic Nursery,

Floral Exhibitions in LancasJiii-e, SjX. 213

King's Road; they have come up very well, and the plants are now potted
off, and in a thriving state.

Anon, a list of noblemen and gentlemen given as contributors : Baxter's
Library of Agricultural and Horticultural Knowledge, &c. Lewes, 1831.
8vo. II. \2s.

Loudon's Enci/clojjccdia of Agriculture, S^c. 2d edit, with considerable Ln-
provements, and nearly 500 new Engravings. London, 1831. 8vo. 21.
Both the above works will be further noticed in our next.

Aiion. : An Account of the different Floral and Horticultural Exhibitions
held in Lancashire, Cheshire, Yorkshire, and other Parts of the King-
dom, in the Year 1830.

There have been, for a number of years past, what are called a Flower
Book and a Gooseberry Book published at Manchester : the above is the
flower book, and it contains a very distinct account of the flower shows,
antl also of shows in which fruits and culinary vegetables have been ex-
hibited in the counties mentioned, and in some others. We sincerely wish
that the editor of the work would in future contrive to include all the
counties of both kingdoms, so as to save us the space occupied by our
article Provincial Horticuliurul Societies.

An interesting question for consideration is, whether, as the classes that
now exhibit at these shows acquire a little more scientific knowledge of
plants, they will still continue to cultivate varieties, and to delight in such
monstrosities as the Lancashire gooseberries ? We think not : because,
though much more skill in manipulation is required to grow varieties so far
removed from a state of nature than to grow species, yet the preference of
the latter argues more mind. The constant attention and great nicety
required to bring florists' flowers to perfection are excellent things for
engrossing the whole of the leisure time of a labourer or a tradesman of
very limited reading, and filling it up in an innocent manner : but, as this
labourer or tradesman becomes more generally enlightened, his taste will
take a wider range, and he will not only desire to know something of other
plants besides florists' flowers, but to study other subjects besides botany
and gardening; to engage in other pursuits, and to possess other things.
Natural history will then begin to attract his attention ; and, as no part of
the animal creation is so immediately connected with vegetable culture as
insects, one of his next studies will be entomology. On comparing the
flower book with the same work as published ten years ago, it will be
found that the number of herbaceous plants and green-house shrubs has very
much increased; and this we consider to be so far. indicative of the progress
of scientific taste as to warrant our expectations. The botanical and ento-
mological societies which are established by the working manufacturers in
diflerent parts of Lancashire, of some of which we have given notices
(Vol. VL p. 392.), afford further proofs of this progress, which will increase
with the increase of education. In the mean time, books like that before
us, and our own accounts of the transactions of provincial societies, not
only aflbrd harmless gratification to the individuals who have obtained
prizes, but they inform other candidates of the most desii'able plants or
fruits with which to compete at future shows or to ornament their gardens.
Both are aids in our progress onwards.

Doyle, Martin, Author of " Hints to Small Farmers," " Irish Cottagers,"
&c. : L Hints to small Holders, on Planting and on Cattle, &c. &c.
Dublin, 1830. 12mo. \s.

A useful little tract to the young who can read, and whose minds ara
not prejudiced, like those of theii* fathers, against all innovation.

P 3

214' Doifle*s Hints to the Irish Peasantry,

2, Hints adcli'essed to the Small Holders and Peasantry of Ii'eland, on

Road-making, and on Ventilation, &c. &c. Dublin, 1820. 12mo. \s.

This is another valuable little work. The article on the inijwriance
of pure air ought to be read, and, if possible, understood and acted on , by
every master and mistress of a family. Very few indeed, even of those
who are classed amongst the respectable part of society, are aware of
the injury which the health sustains by breathing in an atmosphere which
has been deprived of part of its oxygen, either b}' our own respiration or
that of other persons, or by the burning of candles or lamps. If the
middling classes abou<- London understood the subject, would they be con-
tent to rent houses with such low ceilings, especially to the bed-rooms, as
we see rearing up every where round the metropolis ? Unquestionably
not : they would refuse to occupy such houses, and the builders would be
obliged to alter theii- proportions in building them.

" Since air is passing through our lungs every moment of our existence,
it is of immense importance to have it pure. The young and healthy may
not quickly perceive the changes or impurities of the atmosphere they
breathe ; but the delicate, the sickly, and the aged are powerfully influenced
by its qualities. From the interestmg and satisfactory experiments which
learned men have made, it has been proved that the lungs of a full-grown
man contain, on an average, five quarts of air ; he draws in and breathes out
a seventh part of this quantity at every breathing. If he draws in and lets
out breath twenty times in a minute, a quantity of air which would weigh
53 lbs. would pass through his lungs in twenty-four hours. Farther, the
atmosphere is composed of certain^i«V/s or gases, of which one, ca\\edodyge7i,
which is indispensable to animal life, forms a fifth part, and the other four
parts are more or less pernicious. Again, in the process of passing through
the lungs, this oxygen, this pure part, becomes consumed or withdrawn
from the atmosphere in a considerable degree, leaving the air more and
more free from it at every breathing, until it becomes pernicious in the
extreme ; for the change in the quality of the air is more than merely
withdrawing the oxygen ; the place of this pure portion is supplied by
what is commonly called fixed air, which is fatal to life. Thus does the
process of breathing not only take from the atmosphere the portion of it
on which life depends, but actually renders it poisonous. To admit fresh
air continually is therefore very necessary; and of this, for healthful
respiration, a man requires three gallons each minute.''^ (p. 23.)

In speaking of the state of ventilation in Irish farm-houses and cottages,
Mr. Doyle says : — " It frequently happens that the family of a small
holder or labourer is so poor as to have only the means of building one
wretched little bed-room, perhaps 8 or 10 ft. square. In this the father
and mother, and half a dozen children, and occasional!}' a cousin or two,
are obliged to lie. Now, there is no matter (not absolutely poisonous)
more prejudicial to health than that which arises from the human body ; I
mean, through the pores of the skin, as well as from the breath; and in this
case I am supposing eight or ten persons to pass seven or eight hours in
a room barely large enough to hold them when packed closely in bed.
Well, the air, on account of the heat which it has acquired in passing
through the lungs of. this family party, stretched higgledj'-pigglcdy on their
straw, becomes lighter than the surrounding air, and rises to the ceiling :
no outlet being there for its escape, it remains till it becomes cool, when
it will descend. Up goes another and another whiff of heated and rarefied
air at every breathing, which in turns fall down again ; and in the circuit
which it thus takes, the same air passes through the lungs of all tlie persons
in the bed, who take in at each breathing a new portion of impure matter,
and loses every time that it is drawn in an additional portion of its life-
sustaining principle. If the inside door be open, the quantity of cool air

on Uoad-malcing arid Ventilation. 215

will certainly for some time prevent any perception of the tainted nature
of the air within, but after a tmie all this will be exhausted. The discharge
from the surface of the human body (even though soap and water be
regularly used, and you well know this would be supposing too much), in
perspiration alone, is equal to nearly 2 lbs. weight per day. Much of this
matter is certainly nothing but water ; but there is animal matter of an oily
nature in it too, as appears from the stains which it leaves upon linen, ex-
tremely offensive to the smell. By it the dog is enabled to trace out his
master ; and some persons are in such high odour as to be more agreeable
a few paces off than very close. Now conceive all this exhaling from the
bodies of so many sleeping persons, their pores all open, and no mode of
carrying off the foul au% and you will admit, from what has been already
said on the subject of air, that this sleeping family is in great want of a free

circulation of it So much to show the importance of fresh air ; but

how are you to obtain it in your contracted and crowded sleeping-rooms ?
By the following simple plan, recommended by Dr. Meyler : — Put a tube,
or make some kind of opening, in your ceiling, to let out the tainted air,
and let there be at the same time a free admission of air from below, either
through the door or a tube at the bottom of the room, conducted to the
outside and turned downwards. Thus one tube will bring in the fresh and
the other will take out the foul air. This, surely, is a simple plan for pro-
moting health. The windows also should be open by day, and always as
high up as possible, particularly where there is no ventilator ; 3'et not one
in twenty cabins in many parts of Ireland has a window in the sleeping-
room, and if it has, that window is nailed so that it cannot open ; such a
one, or a pane of glass built into the wall, will admit light, it it true, but it
should admit and let out air also. The putridity of the au" is increased
too, in many cases, by a stagnant pool of water and a dunghill at the very
cabin door."

We have quoted these passages, because we are convinced that many
gardeners are not so fully aware of the importance of this subject as
they ought to be ; nor do we think it would be venturing too far, to
state that some of the employers of gardeners may not be much better
informed on the subject than their servants. It is evident from this tract
that Ml-. Doyle, who, from his own description of his bed, must be, if not
an independent gentleman, at least what in England is called respectable,
arrived at his knowledge of the importance of air by accident. " For a
month or two after I was married," he says, " my wife and I were regularly
tucked and pinned up in bed under a close covering of thick damask cur-
tains by an old servant maid, who, I suppose, tliought that we should have
taken cold without them. The weather at that time was severe ; and as
the bedstead was high, and the bed pretty large, we did not feel the want
of more air than the crevices of the curtains (in spite of Molly's pre-
cautions) were allowed to admit ; but after a month or two the air became
warmer, and, of course, more rarefied, and Mrs. Doyle, moreover, com-
menced a course of curtain lectures, which very few men are well disposed
to hear, particularly if they deserve them. Then I began by degrees to
open the curtains, in order to let the whole room have the benefit of
Mrs. Doyle's orations, and to cool the fidgets which the heat and the
lecture together used to excite in me. The air which I received in ex-
change used to relieve me wonderfully, and from that time to this (Doctor
Meyler's book having enlightened my wife as well as myself) we have never
had the curtains drawn either in winter or summer. The consequence has
been, cool refreshing sleep, instead of feverish and laboured breathing in
bed, and lassitude in the morning, the usual effects of confined and unpure
ail-." (p. 28.)

The succeeding article is on fevers ; recommending the necessity of
keeping dunghills, and all similar matters which are liable to sejid out

P 4

216 Laurence on the Management of Cottage Gardens,

powerful effluvia, at a distance from dwellings. A few rules for preserving
health succeed ; in which cautions are given against dampness, and clearing
the stomach by vomiting and the bowels by purgatives recommended on
the first suspicion of fever, colds, or coughs of any kind. Wooden shoes,
or soles made of wood an inch thick, which can be fastened under the
leather soles by straps over the foot, are recommended to labourers while
working or standing on damp ground. The observations on dress, man-
ners, and morals are good, as far as they go ; and the same may be said of
those on education. It will readily be conceived that on this last subject
we think ]\L-. Doyle does not go half far enough.

He appears to b'^ljug to that class who imagine that the more a man
knows the less he will be inclined to work, and that a certain species of
humbug must always be practised towards those who are to get their bread
by the sweat of then- brow. Perhaps it would have been too much to
have expected him to be of a difierent opinion.

We are thankful that he has gone so far, and we can not only most
warmly and conscientiously recommend his little work to every L-ishman
who can afford to purchase it, and to Irish landlords to give away to
then- tenants ; but we can state, without fear of contradiction, that, so far
as ventilation is concerned, the labouring classes of England are as much
in want of such a publication as those of L-eland.

Anon. : Report of the Committee appointed to carry into effect a Plan for
ameliorating the Condition of the Poor at Saffron- Waldon, in the
County of Essex, and some Account of the Cottage Allotments in the
adjoining Parish of Littlebury. Pamph. 8vo. 1830.

This tract, which does not appear to be sold, affords another proof of
the successful application of the palliative system, for such, after all, is the
plan of allotting land to labourers, and directing them in its cultiu-e. In a
healthy state of society it could never become necessary for one class to
take upon them the care of the other ; and, until the poor can be supplied
with knowledge to such an extent as to enable them to take care of them-
selves, they will go on much in the same manner as they always have done,
on the verge of want and misery. Let \t not be thought, from these remarks,
that we do not approve of palliatives ; they are better than nothing for the
existing generation, and probably they may lead to something ; we trust to
education, for that which rises to succeed them. What a wretched state the
occupiers of these allotments must be in, when it is necessary to fetter them
with no fewer than nine conditions of holding and culture j of which one
is, " not to plant potatoes unless the ground be first properly mamu'ed ; "
and another, " that any individual guilty of theft or other misdemeanour
will be subject to an immediate ejectment, without the slightest remuner-
ation for labour or planting ! " Men will not be drilled either into bemg
good cultivators or good citizens by main force.

Laurence, Charles, Esq., of Cirencester, brother to the celebrated surgeon
of that name, of Whitehall Place, London : Practical Directions for the
Cultivation and General INIanagement of Cottage Gardens, with Plans for
laying them out for Five Years ; also. Hints on Keeping Pigs, on Ser-
vices, &c. Cirencester, 1831. 8vo, pp. 32.

Tliis little tract is limited to what it [)retends to bo, " Practical Direc-
tions," or, as the author emphatically expresses it, dii-ections " intelligible
to those who lack mtelligence ;" and as it does not contain a single word
of political economy, and approves of going regularlj- to church, we do not
think there is a single individual in the country who could seriously object
to it. As a tract to give away, it is much more suitable than our own
2IannaJ, because lower in the scale, and consequently more easy of com-
prehension. We have only one little objection to make to it, and that is,
we disapprm e of v. hat the author calls " frequent su])eriiitendence." We

Literary Notices. 217

say, let the poor man have the ground, and Mr. Laurence's pamphlet ; fur-
nish liiai now and then with a few seeds and plants, if 30U please ; honour
him also with a premium once or twice a year, if you feel disposed ; but
leave him independent " to do what he will with his own ; " and let him,
at least, feel himself master within the four corners of his little garden.

A friend of the author put Mr. L.'s pamphlet into his gardener's hands,
who offers, on this head, very sensible advice ; advice which we know to be
acted on in some parts of Scotland, and which several of our correspondents,
among others Mr. Buchan, have shown to be followed upon some gentle-
men's estates in England and Wales. We request our readers will turn
to an article on this subject (Vol. 1. p. 275.), as it not only applies to the
case before us, but also to the efforts now making, by Su- Eardley Wilmot
and others, in Warwickshire, as we have stated in p. 224., and in the
Morning Chronicle, Jan. 1831.

The gardener of jNIr. Laurence's friend advises the inspection of the
cottager's gardens by a good practical gardener, a few times in the season,
who should supply them with such plants and advice as he saw they wanted.
He recommends " Sunday morning as a good time, because it is the only
leisure time an industrious labourer has in the whole week." The gar-
dener, being on a level with the cottagers, would never be felt as an intruder
on their independence. W^e recommend this sort of assistance to all the
employers oi' gardeners, and to all gardeners who have any thing in their
power.

INIr. Laurence has very liberally authorised his printer, P. Watkins,
Cirencester, to suppl}' any gentleman v. ho may apply to him with copies
of his pamphlet at the actual cost ; and we have recommended Mr. (Jharl-
wood to send for a hundred, which he has done, and says he can afford to
sell them at 6d. each. Mr. Charlwood can also supply the very excellent
pamphlet of Mr. Denson on the same subject, entitled A Feasant'' s Voice to
Landowners, pp. 80, of which pamphlet Lord Braybrooke states, in the Saf-
fron-Waldon report, that he has " met with no other publication in which
the system of cottage allotments is so well treated."

Pamplin, William, jun.. Lavender Hill Nursery, Wandsworth, near Lon-
don : A Catalogue of Old Books on Botany and Gardening, &c. &c.
Clapham, 1831. 8vo, pp.8.

IV'Ir. Pamplin has formed a depot which we think likely to prove of real
use to reading gardeners ; because they may there purchase old books
cheap, dispose of books when they have done with them, or make exchanges.
We have little doubt that, in time, Mr. Pamplin will establish a circulating
library of his class of books, which would be patronised by gardeners and
gentlemen in every part of the country, more especially if it contained high-
priced works, such as the Botanical ^Magazine, Botanical Register, Horti-
cultural Transactions, &c.

Art. IV. Literary Notices.

VY'RVslsldhis Brenffordicnsis, or a descriptive catalogue of the best sorts
of British apples, accompanied by coloured figures, is in the press, and will
appear about the same time as the present Number. We have mentionctl
this work on various occasions, as being the production of Mr, Ronalds of
Brentford, and of his daughter Miss Elizabeth Ronalds. We cannot too
highly recommend it to every nurseryman, and to every proprietor who
wishes to select and plant the best sorts of the tnost useful of all British
fruits.

A Guide to British Fruits and Culinari/ Vegetables, by Mr. George Lind-
ley, edited by his son Professor Lindley, is in the press. It will, without
doubt, be a most useful vrork, and we cordially recommend it.

218

PART III.
MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Xotices.

Uses and Benefits of the A! tarns, or, as it is commonli/ called, the Red
Spider. — Sir, I have frequently observed, in the spring and summer,
beautiful insects of a rich crimson velvet appearance, both in the open air
and under glass ; and have heard them stigmatised by amateurs, and once
by a practical gardener, as " red spiders, the gardener's greatest enemy,"
&c. I have also had the mortification of witnessing theii- destruction
before I could utter a word in their behalf. Now, Sir, I know not whether
this insect belongs to the genus J'carus or not ; but this I do know, that
some of its habits richly entitle it to the appellation of the gardener's /We72rf.
In the spring of 1S28, I observed the under-side of the leaf of a plant of
^^erium splendens had a row of Coccus hesperidum attached along one side
of the midrib; and, about half way along this row, I observed one of the
crimson insects above described, apparently feedmg upon one of the Cocci
or scales (which, by means of a botanical glass, I con\-inced myself was
actually the case) ; indeed, the insects in its rear were become truly scales,
the spider ha\-ing reduced them to mere dry films ; and those in front pro-
gressively shared the same fate. I took particular pains to ascertain the
fact. Since then I have frequently found the A'c&ti not only assisting the
gardener in the destruction of the scales, but of the green A'phis also. In-
deed, on one occasion, I kept a quantity of the spiders under a bell-glass,
with no other food than the A'phides for several days, upon which they
appeared to thrive amazingly ; and I afterwards distributed them amongst
plants infested by the A^phis, when they recommenced their work of de-
struction. I therefore venture to plead for insects, the appearance of
which gives additional beauty to our plants, and the utility of which I
would fain make more generally known. I am. Sir, yours, &c. — William
Godsall. Hereford, Dec, 1830.

Shalder's Fountain Pump. — This is one of the most extraordinary in-
ventions which has been made in hydraulics for many years. We shall
describe it in a future Nmnber ; in the mean time we can recommend it for
all horticultural and agricultural purposes, as saving cent per cent in labour,
one man doing with it what, by the common pump, requires two men. It
will raise water mixed with sticks, stones, gravel, &c., as readily as pure
water, without doing the machine the slightest injur \ ; and is, therefore,
well adapted for liquid manure. It may be procured through Weir and Co.,
Oxford Street. — Cond.

Knife used in Ajiproach-Grafting. — Sir, I send you the sketch (fig. 32.)

of an instrument used in France for
approach-grafting, a is the angle
a of the opening of the blade, of
about the natural size. I should like
to know if we have such aft instrument in England, and, if so, where it can

32

General Notices.

219

be obtained ; also, if vou think it will answer for the purpose intended. —
W. H. L. March, 1830.

Excellent Mouse-trap. — Sii', In return for many useful hints which I
have received from your Magazine, I am desirous to contribute one : a de-
scription of a simple yet very effective mouse-trap, of which I hope I am
the inventor : — Take a circular piece of board, about 2 in. in diameter,
and a quarter of an inch thick ; a slice off the grasp part of an old spade-
handle answers very well. Drive a nail into the periphery of this board,
just far enough to hold the nail fast, and tie to the upper part of the nail,
with small twine, a bait of toasted cheese. Take, then, a pan or dish, in
the bottom of which lay a piece of board or a tile ; and upon this tile or
board invert a flower-pot, having first blocked up the hole in its bottom.
Fill this flower-pot, and prop it up v>ith the above circular board, turning
the baited nail appended to it inside and underneath the pot. This arrange-
ment just leaves space sufficient for the mouse to pass in and nibble the
cheese ; which act, operating on the nail as a lever, displaces the prop, and,
like Samson in the temple of Dagon, brings a house about his ears from
which there is no escaping. Kill, then, as you please : I find drowning
best. This trap is much superior to the far-famed figure-of-four trap in two
respects : while you are setting one of these you may set twenty of mine ;
and mine catches the enemy with greater certainty. I am. Sir, yours, &c.
— A Countryman. Z)ec. 22. 1830.

The Canker. — In my opinion, this disease, of which, in your Encyclo-
pcEclia of Gardening, you complain excessively, is produced by the tap root
jof trees striking down into a bad subsoil. We have found an efficacious
preventive in placing a flag stone, 3 in. or 4 in. thick, under each tree. —
Juvenis. New Ross, County of Wexford, Jan. 16. 1831.

Aquarian, or Waterer. — Sir, Permit me to submit to your consideration
the model of a little machine {Jig. 33.) which I presented to the Cale-
donian Horticultural Society, through
their intelligent secretary, Pat. Neill, Esq.
I invented the machine several years ago ;
indeed, soon after that of my shower-bath,
of which it is the principle. The descrip-
tive account of the latter, with a plate,
was published in 1825 : it has been found
infinitely superior to all the shower-baths
in common use, and its beneficial advan-
tages much extolled. I gave it to the
public, unfettered by a patent, in 1819;
when it was, in its improved condition,
published in the London Journal of Science
and the Arts, with a sketch of its structure,
taken from the model by Mr. Newton.
The present little apparatus is very neat,
and, when accurately constructed, acts
admirably ; it is well adapted for tender
exotics. Its intermission is under the
most perfect control; and the shower
may be comminuted and gentle ad libitum.
It is supplied by immersion in water, when
the orifice is open above, and the supply
retained by the fall of the lever, the resilience of the air from below being
the principle of suspension. The finger alone may be used as a substitute
for the lever (a) ; and this constitutes the machine in its simplest form.
I am. Sir, yours, &c. — ./. Murray. May 8. 1830.

Horticulture for Sportsmen. — Hares are very fond of the Jerusalem arti-
choke (Helianthus tuberosus) ; and, as it is a plant of easy culture, any

220 Domestic Notices : — England.

waste corner about the fields may be planted with the tubers in April or
May ; the same treatment given to them as you would give to potatoes,
and you will have a good crop. On the approach of a storm, take up a
quantity of the roots, and put them down where you wish hares to fre-
quent ; in a few nights you will find them all eaten up ; frost does not hurt
them. Hares also greedily eat salsafy (Tragopogon major), French sorrel
(i?umex scutatus), and common parsley (yi'pium Petroselinum). All these
plants may be raised to perfection in a few months. Sow in April. I see
by your Magazine that you have few correspondents in this quarter : I
intend to send you some notices after this ; and, should they be of no use
to you, still they are improving me. — X. Y. Z. Near Renfrew, Feb. 16.

We thank this very intelligent correspondent for the communication sent
with the above for our Magazine of Natural History, and shall be most
happy to hear from him frequently. We wish he would describe the gar-
dens in his neighbourhood. — Cond.

Durability of Red Cedar Posts. — A new cedar gate-post was taken up in
Nov., 1822, by Mr. William Hughes of Southwark, which, it was ascer-
tained by a deed, had been put down ninety years before. It had marks of
four sets of iron hooks being eaten oft" by time, and nail-holes without
number, yet the post was fit to be put down again. Mr. Hughes was
determined to mark the place to which he may remove it, so that his
grand-children may tell future generations its age. (^Foukon^s American
Advertiser, Nov. 21. 1829.)— J^M. Philadelphia, Aug., 1830.

Knoiulcs's Ho])-pole Draiuer by Lever and Fulcrum is an invention that
may be very easily understood. Its use is to draw the poles perpendicu-
larly, and thus to avoid breaking them, as well as to prevent the hops from
beine; bruised. — P. Jan. 1831.

Art. II. Domestic Notices.

ENGLAND.

Fpjnal Hats for Lady Gardeners. — These may now be obtained at
Mr. Charlwood's, as well as the skewers elsewhere (p. 234.) recom-
mended. Both these articles being manufactured by the chiklren of poor
labourers in Sussex, under the direction of a benevolent family of ladies,
are, independently of their real utility, deserving of every patronage on
the score of charity. — Cond.

South of Fiiglatid Botanic Garden, — Sir, I gave notice, two years since,
in the provincial papers, of my intention to establish a botanic garden on an
extensive scale. This being one of the most southern parts of the island,
and the extent of land I shall devote to the purpose being considerable,
I trust will sanction the latitude I take in naming it the " South of
England Botanic Garden." There is nothing of the kind in this part of
the country, if we except, indeed, the Spa Tea Gardens, occupied by Mr.
Page, which are designated by him the Spa Botanic Gardens, and to which
pereons subscribe ten sliillings annually to drink the water, &c. To call
this ground a botanic garden, however, appears to me a burlesque on the
science, it being in extent only GO ft. long by 50 ft. wide, a few feet more
or less. I intend my garden shall be open to public inspection gratis, under
certain regulations, and shall be most happy to inform you of its progress.
Having had the care for several years of the London Botanic Garden,
Sloane Street, some eighteen or twenty years since, when it was the pro-
perty of Messrs. Curtis and Salisbury ; and having served an apprentice-
ship in the highly respectable firm of Whitley, Brames, and Milne, you
will, I am sure, give nic credit for know ing something about the routine of

Domestic Notices : — Emland. 221

fe'

gardening and botany. The extent of my grounds is about a hundred
acres ; sixty of which are devoted to nursery and botanic ground, and
shall contain every species of hanh/ plant that can be obtained. I have
got made 6000 bricks with a sloping top for naming them, which are
painted of a stone colour, and marked with black numbers, 2 in. long ; the
edges or angles of the brick being smoothed off. The numbers, when dry,
I shall varnish over. From sixteen years' experience, I consider these
bricks superior to every other label either of wood (wheel-spokes) or iron ;
as those I did sixteen years since are just as good now as when first done.
These brick tallies cost only 4-5. per hundred making ; of course, not
painting or printing included, these being done by myself or my foreman.

Mv land has been recently enclosed from the conuuon, and is like
a blank sheet of paper. I have every thing to create on it, but have pro-
vided for the accomplishment of this object in a systematic manner by
a plan which I shall submit to you, together with that for my botanic
garden. M}- stock plants of fruit trees are from the London Horticultural
Society's garden, whose nomenclature I have adopted ; which, if generally
done by country nurserymen, would place them even in the scale with
the London growers.

I shall feel obliged in your giving publicity to the above outlines, as I
may require to draw largely for plants on others professing the same
objects.

I have been extensively engaged in planting (mostly by contract) for the
last sixteen or seventeen years, with the best success, and have some
observations .and information to give on the subject, at a future date.
I am, Sir, &ic. — WiHiam Rogers. Soufkanipion Nursery, Feb. 2. 1S31.

Botanic Garden, Bury St. EdmuncFs. — At p. 96. we noticed the change
in the site of this interesting establishment. Since that notice, Sir Thomas
Oery Cullum, Bart., F.L.S., &c., has purchased the old garden, and it is to
be converted into a cemetery on the plan of Pere la Chaise; thus adding
yet another scene of interest to this already most beautiful town. The Mau-
soleum at present existing in the centre of the spacious churchyard at Bury,
foreshows the chsposition of its wealthier inhabitants for ornamented places
of interment. This Mausoleum is a mound of earth, about 20 yards long
by 15 broad, in figure an u'regular oval, and enclosed with iron palisades.
Immediately within these is a gravel walk, and next this a border of
shrubs and flowers, with here and there a tree ; one of these, a weeping
ash, appropriately overhangs an urn, which surmounts a tomb. This border
is bounded at the back by a tall wall well covered with ivy, except where
the tablets and monuments fixed in it display themselves; these are rather
numerous, and excite, by their various inscriptions, the sympathies of many
a gazing traveller. Some lines by BuUen the grammarian on a child
struck dead by lightning while in the act of saying its prayers receive
much attention, and those by Smyth on his friend Dr. Hague, late Pro-
fessor of Music at Cambridge, who is buried here, are very beautiful. The
area within the wall is occupied by vaults (some of them above ground),
and by trees, as the horsechestnut, the Lombardy poplar (male), the
acacia, and others; while growing out of the upper part of the wall, at
the western end of the area, is a plant,, large enough to bear fruit annually,
of the white-berried elder. The group formed by the blending branches
of these trees, the tall wall mantled and crested with the dark-green ivy,
the white faces of the monuments contrasting finely with its deep verdure,
and the cinctm-e of shrubs and flowers encircling all, are objects which the
imagination of every reader or beholder will separate, combine, or beautify
in the manner most agreeable. — J. D. March 10. 1831.

Public Cemetery. — A public cemetery is proposed to be formed in the
neighbourhood of Plymouth, similar to that at Liverpool in point of

222 Domestic Notices : — England.

general arrangement, and the money is to be raised by shares, after the
manner of the Metropolitan Cemetery. (^Pli/mcmth and Dcvonj)ort Weekly
Journal, Feb. 10.) This is another point in which we are imitating the
French and Germans. May general cemeteries, abbatoires, parochial insti-
tutions, and public gardens soon spring up all over the country ! — Cond.

Public Garden at Lynn. — The improvements connected with the public
walks at Lynn are now completed, as far as practicable this season, and
reflect equal credit on the projectors and promoters of the work. The
Red Mount piece has been judiciously i)lanted, leaving undulating lawns
and broad gravelled -"valks ; the rivulet which bordered it has been con-
siderably widened throughout, much more at some points than at others,
forming a picturesque piece of water ; the eastern bank has been raised
and prepared for planting next season, when, we understand, further addi-
tions and improvements are in contemplation. Even now there is, perhaps,
scarcely a town in the kingdom that can boast of public walks of equal
extent and beauty. The improvements going on in Lynn are not however
confined to mere ornament, for others of the greatest utility are in progress;
and among the most necessary of these, a handsome new market-house is
immediately to be built, and the site is now clearing of the okl buildings ;
this it is contemplated to make sufficiently large to form a covered build-
ing to receive all the butchers, poulterers, gardeners, &c., usually attending
the market. The water-works are to be innnediately conunenced, a work
of the greatest utility of any that have of late years been undertaken.
(^Cambridge Chronicle, June 26. 1829.) We should be happy. to hail this
as the commencement of similar improvements in all our country towns,
there being scarcely one of them that is not greatly in want of alteration
in this respect. When any town or large village in England is compared
with the towns and villages of corresponding size or importance on the
Continent, we appear to be sadly behind. Nothing can be more clear to
us than the reason ; we feel it operating on ourselves ; and every man who
has not an independent fortune, or a place under government or in the
church, must feel it ; we mean, the necessity of continued application to
business from morning to night, in order to be able to pay our proportion
of the enormous amount of taxes of every kind with which this country
is loaded. This continual care and incessant labour harden the heart,
smother all the finer feelings, incapacitate for light and elegant enjoy-
ment, and so limit and degrade the powers af the mind, that the indiviikial
in the end becomes a mere machine, good only for the particular kind of
labour to which he has been accustomed. If tiie industrious inhabitants
of the towns of England were relieved from two-thirds of tiie taxes, they
would have some leisure for cultivating their taste, and for rural enjoy-
ment; and we should soon see our towns with public gardens equal to
those of Frankfort, Nuremberg, and Munich, mentioned or described in
former Numbers. As the knowledge or desire of any thing is a grand
step towards its attainment, we hope this example of Lynn will raise up
desires in other towns, and that these desires will in time become so
effectual as to lead to their gratification. — Cond,

Changing the Site of the Liivrpool Botanic Garden. — At a late Meeting,
a report of the Committee was read, reconnnending the removal of the
garden to some more open and airy situation, on account of the increase
of buildings in the neighbourhood of the present garden ; and stating that
the Common Council had very liberally allowed the proprietors to dispose
of the present ground on leases of 75 years. After some discussion, the
removal of the garden was agreed on, and the Conmiittee were author-
ised to treat for a suitable piece of ground, in whatever part of the neigh-
bourhood they might think most desirable. On the motion of the Rev.
Dr. Raffles, it was recommended to the Committee to consider whethei-

Domestic Notices i ■^- England. 223

arransements could not be made for establishing a zoological garden, in
connection with the botanic garden. It seemed to be the impression of
the meeting that this object was highly desirable. {Liverpool Times,
January, 1831.

Mr.'Hitc/ien's Collection of succulent Plants at Norwich. — This is one
of the most extensive in England. It contains 25 species of Melocactus,
chiefly imported plants from Mexico, 100 species or varieties of StapehVz;
240 oi A'ioe; 80 Melocacti ; 70 Cerei ; 50 Opuntiaj; 12 Epiphylla;
20 Euphorbia? ; besides Rhlpsalis, »S'empervivnm, Rulingk, Yiicca, Crassula,
6'acalia, Agave, &c. — W. Norwich, Dec. 18.30.

Divisional System of Occupation. — At Linfield, in Sussex, this system
has been tried, with the happiest results, by the celebrated philanthropist
William Allen. Sixteen cottages for labourers are now built there, with
an acre and a quarter of land to each ; and there are also six farms of from
five to six acres each, and a house on each for the occupier. The tenants,
if moneyless, but of good moral habits, can have any thing they wish for,
as a cow, pig, &c., on condition of their paying interest for the purchase-
money until they can repay it. Schools of industry are established at
Linfield, trades are taught, and in short, the establishment is a scene of the
highest possible interest. Mr. Allen prints there a little book called The
Philanthropic Magazine ; and, in a late number, an extract from the author
of the Peasant's Voice occurs, dated Nov. 15. 1830. " The quantity of
land let to labourers at Waterbeach is this year increased to 40 acres, an
acre to each person. During eight years that the labourers have been in
possession of their respective half acres, not one shilling has been lost in
rent ; the land is very much improved, and not one of the occupiers has
been guilty of a breach of the public peace, nor of injuring the property
of his neighbour. They have collectively, at this time, probably not less
than 1000 bushels of potatoes covered up in their respective allotments in
the open field, for consumption during winter ; yet these are all as safe as
if under lock and key. One of the occupiers, this year, grew as fine onions
on a portion of his half acre as I have seen this season. Onions are scarce,
and a tempting object to those who have not the means of purchasing ; yet
they were safe. I took four of them to the last show of the Cambridge
Horticultural Society, which obtained for the grower a cottager's prize.
Let a man, by his own industry, raise property he can call his own, and he
will respect that of his neighbour. Hatl the system you advocate and /;r«c-
tise been more generally acted upon, we should not have heard of the dis-
turbances in Kent : the farmer might have slept in quiet ; and a patrol and
an armed yeomanry would have been unnecessary. But a patrol and an
armed yeomanry will not allay discontent; they will not fill hungry bellies;
they can do nothing but irritate an industrious, and therefore valuable,
portion of the community, made desperate because they have not the
means of making themselves and families comfortable by their labour. The
cause you advocate must be attended to ; the size of farms must be reduced ;
the labourer nuist become an occupier of a portion of the soil, or farewell
to the peace, happiness, and prosperity of the country." — R. S. March,
1831.

Linfield has lately been visited by our esteemed friend, Mr. Denson,
.sen.*, the author of the PeasanCs Voice, who called on us on his return.
His highly impressive and affecting description of the infant schools deter-
mined us to take an early o[)portunity of examining them for ourselves.
Of all modern schools, those for infants are to us by far the most in-

* See his paper on Scolytus, in the Magazine of Natural History,
Vol. IV. p. 152.

221; Domestic Notices : — England.

tcresting : give us one in everv hainlet and ^■ill:lce througliout the island,
and we ask tor nothing more. Tiic rest will follow of course. — Cond.

The Lahourcrs Friend Sociciu. — Tiiis Society has been reccntl\- estab-
lished in London, for the purpose of disseminating knowledge beneficial
to the farmer, the landowner, and the labourer. It gives away tracts, one
of wluch we have seen ; but it appears to us not duly to estimate the im-
portance of general knowledge, and especially that of morals and political
economy, to the grown-up poor, and of a high degree of education for their
cliildren. The address of this Society is, ol. Threadneedle Street. — Coud.

An Agricultural Sodyftj. — An Agricultural Society has just been esta-
blished in "Warwickshire, chiefly through the exertions of Sir Eariiley Wil-
mot, a most benevolent and enlightened proprietor. Among the resolutions
I>assed, was one to the eti'ect that the recent disturbances among the agri-
cultund labourers have arisen chieriy from " the practice of giving inade-
quate wages, to be made up out of the poor rates ; and the having little or
no g-arden ground round their cottages, so as to give them employment at
tJieir leisure hours." Their resolutions state " the first and chief object of
tlie Society to be, to encounige the labourer in habits of industry, in the
cultivation of his garden, iSrc, by premiums and the temporary loans of
money." This is excellent so far as it goes ; but there is not a single reso-
lution, among the twenty-five passed at the meeting on Feb. 4., that has
the slightest tendency to go to the root of the evil. The poor have become
troublesome, and even dmigexous, to the ridi ; and they nuist be quieted in
some way or other. Feeding and clothing them form, certiiinly, tiie best
mode to begin witli; but the gnuid object, in oiu opuiion, ought to be, to
place the poor m a condition to enable them to take care of themselves for
tlie future. There is no way of doing this, but by giving them some idea of
their position in society ; by teaching them that they are as much commo-
dities in the market as the cattle which they rear, or the wheat whidi tliey
cultivate ; that the price of their labour depends as much on the supply iii
the one case as it does in the other ; and that, the supply being in their
own hiuids, it is always in their power, by refraining from ciirly marriiures,
luid by thus diminishing their numbers, to raise their wages, and put it out
of the ix)wer of their employers to underpay them. Till the labourers of
a country understand these things clearly, the recent miseries will, as has
always been the case, be continually recurring. Knowledge, therefore, is
the only essential fouuilation of improvement among the ignorant. All
labourers above -iO, who have not been readers from their youth, may be
considered hopeless ; but ail mider this age ought to be eucoiu~.iged to peruse
cheap pamphlets and newspapers ; and all children should be sent to school,
and subjected to the most improved methods of uistruction till the age of
puberty. The present population can be only saved by the press, and the
comuig generation by die schoolmaster. If the proprietors and the clerg^^
understood the true and permanent interests of themselves and their fiuui-
lies, they would imitate the French government, which has recently taken
national measures for educating every individiud that shall henceforth be
born in France. But much of w hat the rich do for the poor, in this country,
is founded on the prmciple of keeping them under as a distinct class : a
generous policy, or any thing like universal benevolence or a love of human
nature, is completely out of the question. With every disposition to think
well of associations of men for public purposes, we confess we have not, for
a long time, met with any tiling that calls forth so little of our symjiathy as
the resolutions of the Society before us. They are altogether behind the
age, and too plainly founded on the selfishness and fear of the landed pro-
prietors, to excite either confidence or respect. We speak, however, only
of the resolutions ; the names which appear connected with them are, as tar
as we know, tliose of excellent men, who possess the best intentions of
doing good ; and, in particular, we highly respect Sir E. E. \\'ibiot, who.

Domestic Notices : — England. 225

we know, from the best authority, has greatly increased the comforts of
the poor on his own estates, not only by improving their dwellings and
adding land to them, charging less for it than he could have got from the
farmers, but even by granting loans of money to enable them to improve
it. — Cond.

Improved Furnace. — A sort of gas furnace has been invented by Witty,
an ironmonger of Nottingham, and two of them have been applied to hot-
water apparatus in the pinery and conservatory at Alton Towers. Instead
of coal, they consume the worst sort of slack (refuse). The advantages are,
a saving in the article of fuel, and the total absence of smoke. — R. J. L.

Steivfirfs Patent Copper Lap for glaz'mg Sashes. — You have described
this lap in your Enci/c. of Gard., § 1630. : it may be interesting to gardeners
and glaziers to know that Mr. Macgowan, button-maker, Gerrard Street,
Soho, has the original mould, and can supply any quantity of the manu-
factured article. — Henry Lowndes. Cedar Cottage, Brixton, Jan., 18.31.

Peake's semi-metallic Tiles. — These tiles, the forms of v/hich have been
already figured in this Magazine (Vol. VI. p. 154.), well deserve the attcn-
-tion of architects who wish to place a covering of extraordinary durability
and elegance on churches, theatres, manufactories, and every other descrip-
tion of spacious buildings. In weight and colour they are more like cast
iron than earthenware ; but paint may be applied so as to give them any
tint. We consider this the very best tile for cottages ; and Mr. Peake writes
to us, that, wherever they have been so used, they have given the greatest
satisfaction to the inhabitant, and the greatest pleasure to the man of taste.
— Co7id.

Mac/line for excavating Earth. — Mr. G. V. Palmer of Worcester has
been ten years and upwards engaged in constructing an extraordinary
engine to excavate earth, &c., for which he has taken out a patent. This
engine works by steam, and is particularly adapted for cutting canals, level-
ling hills for railways, and removing large masses of earth. This engine
cuts, at a single blow, G ft. in width and .3 ft. in depth ; delivering on either
side, or into carts, 1 ton and upwards per minute; it also cuts and sifts
gravel in the same proportion for road-making. We understand there is
great simplicity of construction, and the weight of the engine does not ex-
ceed 3 tons. (^Manchester Courier, Aug. 21.)

Watering the Highways. — The road from London to Brighton is watered
to the extent of 12 miles (that is, nearly one fourth of the whole distance),
the expense being paid by a small charge of one farthing per horse per day,
which is paid by the coach proprietors to the trustees of the turnpikes. —
(Newsp.) If all roads were as much frequented as that to Brighton, they
might probably clear the expense of watering them in a smiilar manner.
Roads near the sea should be watered with salt water, which, as it attracts
moisture from the atmosphere, does not dry so soon. This has been proved
in Regent Street, London, which it was once in contemplation to water
with salted water. — Cond.

The Kitley Shaddock. (Vol. I. p. 26.5.)— Sir, You would be delighted
to see my shaddock tree at the present moment, with its fine clusters of
fruit. I find trees worked by the bud from the original prove very fruitful,
which is very desirable.

The China Orange is a very fine sort, if the fruit be properly treated ;
that is, if it be gathered at a proper season. I find the best time to
gather it is just as the fruit begins to colour, having still a degree of
greenness. After gathering, keep them in a warm room for about a fort-
night previously to sending them to table ; by which method the skin will
be very soft, and the juice more delicious. This, I believe, is not generally
known. — Herman Saunders. Kiilei/, Feb. 15. 1831.

Seeds of the Bitter Orange and the Vlnus Vinea. — The seeds of bitter
oranges (Arancia forte) have been received by us from our correspondent

Vol. VII. — No. 3 L q

226 Domestic Notices : — England.

at Florence. This kind is so much more hardy than the sweet oranges,
that our correspondent is persuaded it will thrive as well in the open ground
in Devonshire, Cornwall, or the south of Hampshire, as it docs at Florence.
We have accordingly sent the seeds to the following gardeners, with a
request that they will attend to a paper on the subject of this variety of
orange, which our correspondent has promised for a future Number ; and
that they will comnuniicate to this Magazine their success with the seeds.

Dciwnshire. M. H. Saunders, gardener to E. P. Bastard, Esq. M. P.,
Kitley ; Mr. II. Dalgleish, gardener to John Milford, Esq., Conver, near
Exeter; W. Hamilton, Esq. M.D., Plymouth, two packets.

Cornwall. Mr. Booth, A. L.S., gardener to Sir Charles Lemon, Carclew,
near Trui'o, two packets ; the Rev. J. Lakes, Liskcard Vicarage.

Hampshire. Mr. Page and Mr. Rogers, nurserymen, Southampton.

The letters to all the above friends were despatched on Feb. 11. 1830.

The seeds of Pinus /'inea, received from the same correspondent, were
sent to Mr. Lakes, Mr. Gorrie, Mj-. Brooks of Flitwick, and Mr. Baillie of
the Dropmore Pinetum. — Cond.

A new Species ofCcinna. — I have only time to enclose a few seeds of a
Canna which I received, by the last packet, from Dr. Bancroft, who had them
from Carthagena. From his account it is a new and magnificent species,
and is known to the inhabitants by the name of Bijao or Bishao, a name
common to the heliconias, nnisas, &c., and which has been adopted as a
trivial name for the Heliconia Bilidi. I have, therefore, provisionally
named this the Canna Biltdi, as sufficiently distinguishing it from all the
other known species. Dr. Bancroft, in his letter of the 14th of last June,
says: — " They (the seeds) come, I believe, from the neighbourhood of
Carthagena ; and I learn that a lady, who recently returned thence, has
brought a plant of it, and is desirous of giving it to me. All I learn be-
sides this is, that it produces a large leaf, which the natives use for many
purposes." And, again, in a letter of the "2d of July, with a farther supply
of seeds (those now sent), he says : — "I find the seeds which I sent you
lately, which I suspected to belong to some species of Canna, are in all
probabilit}- of that genus ; but it appears to be a nondescript species. They
call it Bijao, and some Bishao ; and it is much cultivated on account of its
leaves, of which loads m-e daily brought to Carthagena and other places :
they are 6 ft. or 7 ft. long, and proportionally wide, and have the pecu-
liarity of being very pliable, without splitting, as the leaves of all other
cannas (he might have added heliconias ami miisas) do ; for which reason
they are in constant use to pack things up in, instead of brown paper, as
with us." Such is the accoinit given by Dr. Bancroft of this interesting,
and, I doubt not, splendid plant, which w ill, I am confident, prove no small
acquisition to our collections ; and which I hope to see shortly figured and
described in the Botanical JMagazine. I have sent a few seeds to the Li-
verpool garden, and hope they will attract the attention of the able and
philanthropic Roscoe, whose labours have already been so usefully directed
to the C^annejE and Scitamineae. — W. Hamilton. 15. Crford Place, Pli/moidli,
Aug. 28. 1830.

We have given the seeds of Canna Bihdi, Bajagua from Arjona, and
Acelga V (i?eta/agif(jlia) to our neigiibour Mr. Campbell, than whom no man
can raise them better, or will take more care of them. — Cond.

Remarkabli/ large Cockscomb. — Of a fine cockscomb grown by Mr. Oxiey,
gardener to Lord Southampton, Whittlebury, Northamptonshire, the comb
measured 27f|in. over the top in length, antl 10 in. over in breadth. Mr.
Oxley had several plants with very large combs, but the above was the
largest. — A Young Gardener. Feb.\. 1831.

The heaviest Gooseberries in 1830. — In Vol. V. p. 728., I stated that the
heaviest berry on record was the Roaring Lion, a red. This year, the red
berry has been beaten, for the first time, by a yellow, the Teazer, which

Domestic Notices : — Scotland. 2i2V

weighed 32 clwts. ISgrs. This berry made its first appearance atWistaston
on July 29. 1825, and then weighed 20 dwts, 6 grs. It was raised by W.
Prophet, who grew it: another year before plants of it were sold out. In
consequence of its having been this year the heaviest berry, great demand
has arisen for plants of it, and they have sold from 2s. to lOs. per plant; and,
even at this price, the growers have not been able to execute all the orders
they have received for plants. The heaviest red, this year, is the Roaring
Lion, weight 30 dwts. 14 grs.; the heaviest green, the Peacock, weight
28 dwts. l-igrs. This berry made its first appearance in 1827, as a seed-
ling raised by J. Lovett of Wistaston. The heaviest white has been the
Eagle, weight 27 dwts. 12 grs. — M. Saul. Sidyard Street, Lancaster ^
Dec. 20. 1830.

SCOTLAND.

Edinburgh Botanic Garden. — We have received from Professor Graham
a plan of this garden, very beautifully delineated by Mi-. Joseph M'Nab, the
son of our esteemed friend, that most excellent cultivator, the curator.
We hope this young man will prepare himself for the profession of a land-
scape-gardener, of which Scotland, we believe, is very much in want. We
would recommend him to keep continually sketching landscape scenery
from nature, and studying the works of Allison, Whately, Price, Knight,
Mason, Gilpin, Girardin, and similar authors ; and then let him walk over
the principal parts of Great Britain, France, Germany, and Italy. Without
that course of study it is quite impossible to rise to the summit of his pro-
fession, or to be at all fit to lay out the grounds of even a yeoman of 1850.
To help to pay his expenses, let him learn to take portraits, which will
pave the way for him every where on the Continent. — Cond.

Planting for Posterity at Craigmillar Castle. — When we plant apple
trees as dwarf standards on paradise stocks, we plant them for ourselves;
but, when we plant the same on free stocks, we do it not only for ourselves but
for our grandchildren. This opinion I am led to form from having observed
the old standard trees in the orchard beside Craigmillar Castle to-day as I
rode past. They have stood the blast of nearly 300 years, and are still in a
thriving condition. They were probably brought from France, and planted
at the time the unfortunate Queen Mary was confined there after her return
from the Continent. There are many standard pear trees in Scotland,
upwards of two centuries old, still bearing abundantl}'. Nothing, therefore,
gratifies me more than to see noblemen and gentlemen planting these trees
in their parks and pleasure grounds ; and I often think I can see them
casting their shadows on the comfortable cottages of the cultivated peasantry
of a future age. — T. S. (a Corresjwndent of Air. Saul.) Aug. 1830.

The Edinburgh School of Arts. — This is an institution for the instruction
of mechanics by evening lectures, and, in some cases, by lectures in the
morning so early as six and seven o'clock. The fee of admission to all the
classes for the session, including the privilege of borrowing books from the
library, is only lO.y. 6d. The ordinary subjects of the lectures are. Mathe-
matics, senior and junior classes ; Mechanical Philosophy ; and Chemistry :
but the session for 1831 will include a course on Natural History and
Natural Theology, and one on Political Economj'. The announcement of
the lectures on the latter subject is thus given in the Scotsman : — " There
are some subjects which do so materially concern the welfare of the
labouring classes, and upon which they so frequently entertain the most
erroneous views, that it is of the greatest consequence to set sound opinions
before them, and to eradicate prejudices so injurious to themselves and the
public welfare. How important is it to impress upon their minds the vast
advantages which society derives from the establishment of the right of
property, and the necessity of maintaining that right inviolate ; to convince
them that the security of property we have so long enjoyed in this country

e 2

228 Domestic Notices : — Scotland.

has been one main source of our power and opulence ; and that every thing
which tends to shake that security must be productive of the worst conse-
quences, especially to the labouring classes ; that differences of fortune are
inherent in the nature of things, and that they are, in fact, as much a part
of the order of Providence as differences of soil and climate ! How seldom
is the workman led to consider the advantages to himself and to the com-
munity of which he forms a part, arising from the subdivision of labour !
How often have we had reason to lament the fatal consequences produced
by prejudices against the introduction and improvements of machinery !
How sadly ignorant :\vc the working classes of the circumstances by which
the wages they receive for their labour must be regulated ! What inestimable
blessings have been derived from the establishment of friendly societies,
savings banks, and those associations which teach the labourer to be pro-
vident ; and how often have the savings of years of economy been lost by
errors in the principles upon which these associations have been formed !
Of what vital importance is it to the state that the working classes should
feel, that to look to any other resources than their own exertions for their
support ; that to depend upon the funds which the poor laws supply, and
which should belong to the aged and the sick, to those who cannot labour,
and who have none to help them, degrades them as men, and bereaves them
of what they should most value — a virtuous independence !

" These are undeniable truths ; and this institution cannot be more cer-
tainly or more extensively useful than in removing ignorance so fatal in its
consequences, and in diffusing correct opinions upon subjects so intimately
allied with the well-being of the labouring classes, and, through them, of
the communit}' at large.

" The directors propose, therefore, that there shall be a lecture weekly
during the remainder of the session upon the following topics : — 1. That
security of property is indispensable to the welfare and advancement of
society ; and that differences in the fortunes and conditions of indi-
viduals must necessarily exist in every communit}-. 2. On the advancement
of civilisation, and the improved condition of the working classes, from the
subdivision of labour. 3. On the advantages to all classes of society from
the introduction and improvements of machinery. 4. On the circumstances
which regulate the wages of labour. 3. On the advantages of friendly
societies, savings banks, and other provident associations ; with an exposi-
tion of the principles upon which they must be established, in order to
secure their stability. G. On the operation of the poor laws, as affecting
the character and condition of the labouring classes."

When we compare the present intellectual state of the labouring classes of
Edinburgh with what it was when we were at school there thirty-five years
ago, when there was not even a police, the progress appears very con-
siderable. At that time the lower classes were as completely eaten up
with fanaticism, as they had been a short time before with democratical prin-
ciples. The true way to keep a people steady, either in opinion or conduct,
is, to enlighten them generally and to the utmost; because, when the mind
is occupied with a variety of subjects, it cannot so easily be overwhelmed with
any one new idea. A new and striking idea, to a vacant mind of native vigour,
may be compared to a single seed inserted in a piece of naked ground ; it
soon, whether useful or noxious, takes exclusive possession of the whole plot.
To enlighten the whole of a people by education would therefore be not
less politic on the part of a government, as a means of governing them with
ease, than it is benevolent on the part of individuals with a view to the
increase of the comforts and haj)piness of their fellow-creatures. The
object of the lectures on natural history and natural theology, to be
delivered at the Edinburgh School of Arts, is, bj' cultivating the heart as
well as the head, " to guard against the possibility of mischief from a too
exclusive study of the mathematical and physical sciences." — Cond.

Domestic Notices : — Ireland. 229

IRELAND.

HortimUiiral Society of Ireland. — At a meeting of the committee, held
Jan. 3. 1831, for the purpose of adjudicating premiums for winter pears, the
following were adjudged : — For the best pear, Mr. Wilkie, gardener to
William Gregory, Esq., Phoenix Park. For the best Crassane pear, Mr.
Wilkie, gardener to William Gregor}-, Esq., Phoenix Park. For the best
Colmar pear, Mr. Thomas M'Mahon, gardener to Mi's. Rathbourne, Scrib-
blestown. The best Poir d' Auche, Mr. P. Vaughan, gardener to James Jame-
son, Esq., Montrose. The best Chaumontel pear, Mr. Doyle, gardener to
IVIrs. Edwards, Friar's Hill, county Wicklow. There were also presented
to the Society, by Thomas Heary, gardener to Isaac D'Olier, Esq., several
bunches of black Hamburgh, white sweetwater, and muscadine grapes, in
excellent presei'vation, with a communication to the Societ}' upon the mode
of keeping them ; and also specimens of 21 named varieties of choice winter
apples, in good preservation. There were also presented to the Society,
by Mi\ M'Cabe, gardener to the Right Hon. William Saurin, specimens of
hemp manufactures, from the leaf the Phormium tenax, or New Zealand
hemp. The committee are happy to state that the show of pears, which
was very considerable, far exceeded any exhibition hitherto held at this
season of the year, and contemplate with much satisfaction the increasing
zeal in the improvement of horticulture evinced by the gardeners in the
vicinity of Dublin. {Dublin Evening Post, Jan. 6. 1831.)

The Horticultural Society of Ireland. — Sir, An anonymous writer in the
last Number of the Gard. Mag., who styles himself an observer of Irish
jobbing, in his remarks on the Horticultural Society of Ireland has stated
that, although I am a member of the committee, " I must abhor its intended
proceedings." This statement but ill accords with the previous character
he has been so kind as to give me, as being a man of candour ; and I would
therefore beg, through you, to inform him rhat I would not give my name
to any society of whose principles I did not approve. He also states that
most of the members of the committee belong also to the Dublin Society,
and that some of them are on the committee of botany there. I am not
aware of more than two members of that Society being on our committee ;
one of whom, who is on the committee of botany at the Dublin Society,
has long been well known as a gentleman of first-rate taste and knowledge
in horticulture and floriculture ; and the other has given good evidence of
his taste and knowledge in floriculture by the introduction and cultivation
of many rare and showy plants. I shall not at present trouble you further
on this subject, but shall leave it to the public to judge of the proceedings
of the committee generally by their future conduct. It was, I think, rather
unfair to prejudge a society before it could fairly be said to have com-
menced its operations. I am. Sir, &c. — James T, Mackay. 5. Cottage
Terrace, Dublin, Feb. 23. 1831.

State of Botany and Civilisation — In Vol. V. p. 305., under the notice of
the Botanical Miscellany, I find the foUovving statement,taken from a transla-
tion of Schultes's Botanical Visit to England; of whom it is justly remarked,
that " he is profuse in his compliments to some individuals, and severe on
others." The paragraph I allude to is the following: — " Of Ireland," he
says, " he was informed, by very many Englishmen, that it is safer to travel
among savages than on the west coast of Ireland, which is the reason why
the botany of that country is as little known as that of Sardinia." Now, as
I happen to know something of the people and plants of that " dangerous
country to travel in," having made a botanical tour of sixteen weeks, during
the summer and autumn of 1805, over the fouthern and western coasts,
from Bantry Bay to Sligo, I can lcU him and his wise informants that there
are several plants indigenous to those parts not to be found in either Eng-
land or Germany ; and that, although several English botanists have also

Q 3

230 Domestic Notices : — Ireland.

been there since that time, none of them, that I have heard of, have added
much to our stock of knowledge. On the mountains and other places near
Killarney are to be found the following species of the genus ^axifraga :
viz. Geum JE. B., hirsuta E. B., serratifolia Haw,, polita Haw., elegans
Mackay MSS., gracilis MSS., Is'vis MSS., the affinis of Don, incurvi-
folia Don and Hooker, and others less rare. In the beautiful demesne of
Muckruss, near Killarney, I had the good fortune to discover Trichomanes
brevisetum in fruit, and, at the same tune and place, the beautiful Junger-
manni« Hutchins/o?, which has not yet been found in any other country.
I can also inform your readers, that, should they be botanists, and
ever happen to visit Cunnemara, on the western coast, they may see the
Menziesi« ^^olifolia, not found in Britain, growing abundantly all over that
wild but interesting country, and, I may now add, the Evica mediterranea
in prodigious quantity in one [)lace, the rare Eriocaulon septangulare in
many of its numerous lakes, and the Rhynchospora fusca in bogs ; on the
coast, J'rabis ciliata; and on Ben Baulbain, near Sligo, Ai'enaria ciliata,
not found in Britain ; together with many other rare and interesting plants.
I can also assure them that they will be as safe in travelling through Cun-
nemara as any where in England, and, should they be as fortunate as I was
both times I visited that countrj', they will meet with as much kindness and
hospitality as I have ever found in England or any where else.

When in Cunnemara, they might safely venture across to the largest
island of Arran, which is only fifteen miles from Rounstone, where is an
excellent harbour, and near to which the &ica meditern\nea grows. There
they would see the rare and beautiful *yldiantum Capillus Veneris growing
frequently to the height of 18 in. or 2 ft. in the fissures of limestone rocks,
of which the island is principally composed ; and on a little island called
Straw Island, close by it, they would find Matthiola sinuata. Should they
find Mr. O'Maly, the prin-^ipal resident gentleman, at home, they may per-
haps, as I did twenty-five years ago, after spending a pleasant long day in
exploring the island, sit down with him in the evening to a good dinner,
consisting of roast beef, turbot, and other accompaniments, and a glass of
excellent claret ; and might then return home with somewhat different ideas
of the west coast of Ireland than they had formerly entertained.

In 1806 I gave to the Dublin Society, for publication, a list of some of
the rarer and more useful plants found by me in two extensive tours in the
southern and western counties of Ireland ; and in 1804- 1 published a list of
the phaenogamous plants and ferns found by myself and others up to that
period. Since that time one or two genera and above twenty species have
been added to these lists, in which it will be seen that the number of genera
then found amounted to 374, and the species to 935 : the corresponding
British genera, including the Irish, then amounted to 457, and the species
to 1487. Copies of my list, with the particular habitats of the rarer species,
are very much at your service, for distribution among jour foreign or other
botanical correspondents. — James T. Mackay. 5. Cottage Terrace, Dubliny
Feb, 1. 1831, [We shall be happy to receive a few copies. — Cond.]

* In the writings of Sir J. E. Smith and other botanists, the Irish
habitat given for this fern is " South Islands of AiTan, opposite Galloway."
The last word should be Galwa}-. The habitat given on the authority of
Professor Beattie, " by the banks of Carron, Kincardineshire," I fear is
incorrect. I forgot to state that my excellent and most intelligent friend,
Mr. Wilson of Warrington, has added lately to the Irish and British floras
the Hymenophjllum Wilsoni of Hooker ; and //ypnum flavescens, a new
species ; and has also added a new habitat of the vecy rare Dalton/a
fplachnoides. — J, T. M.

Plan for a Meteorological Journal. 231

Art. III. Plan for a Meteorological Journal, to he Icept at different
Places, with a Vietv to the Anticipation of " coming Weather." By
Mr. GoRKiE, F.H.S. &c.

Sir,
I HAVE been favoured with yours of the 1 1th and 12th, enclosing a
copy of a letter to you from Mr. Rogers, Southampton, respecting hints,
by Mr. John Machray, as to " coming weather " (p. 109.) ; and I have
much pleasure in complying with your request, and offering a mode to be
by you submitted to the consideration of Messrs. Rogers and Machray ;
or, if you think proper, to be printed in the next Number of the Magazine
as an introductory essay on the subject.

My ingenious young friend, Mr. John Machray, seems to inherit a little
of that trait of character pecuhar to us who claim kindred with the second-
sighted " C/ait-nan-Gae/," firmly believing that " coming events cast their
shadows before." It is a popular opinion that storms generally come upon
us from the south, " whence comes good but rare : " the result of our
observations, if regularly published in your widely circula^.ed Magazine,
will show how far that opinion is entitled to credit ; to do the subject jus-
tice, however, it is necessary that our observations be taken in a uniform
manner, and on definite and scientific principles. To give an account of the
weather of every day, from three places, would, I apprehend, be extremely
fatiguing to your readers, in whatever form that account appeared ; and
unless " storms," which seem to be Mr. Machray's leading object, occupy
a prominent part, the result he wishes to ascertain might be overlooked.

As wind forms a prominent agent in storms, its direction and velocity
ought to be strictly remarked. Mr. Rogers will agree with me, that the
terms "wind moderate," "wind very high," or " wind lulled to rest," are too
indefinite to enable us to arrive at any practical result. A very simple and
at the same time philosophical anemometer, invented by Professor Leslie *,
and which is easily within our reach, will enable us to hold a common and
intelligible sort of language on that subject.

The professor found that " the cooling power of a stream of air is pro-
portional to its velocity ; " and, from an algebraic formula, we have the
following simple rule : — Mark the temperature indicated by a thermometer
in the still air ; apply the hand to the ball till the alcohol rises a certain
number of degrees ; then mark the number of seconds that elapse till it
fall exactly half the number of degrees raised. Raise the alcohol again the
same number of degrees, and expose the ball to the full impression of the
wind, and mark the number of seconds that it takes to fall half the number
of degrees it rose. Divide the number of seconds elapsed in still air by the
number of seconds elapsed in \\\e full play of the ivind, throw off 1 from the
quotient, and multiply it by \\ : the product expresses the velocity of the
wind in miles per hour. For example : suppose the temperature in the still
air is 50°, and that it is raised by the hand to 70°, and that it requires
100 seconds to cool down to 60", or the half of the increase to which it
was raised; suppose that it is exposed to the current of the wind, and is
raised to the same height, and cools down to 60° in 10 seconds, the example
will stand thus: — Divide 100 by 10, which gives 10; throw off 1, and
multiply 9 (tlie remainder) by 4i, which will give 40^ miles per hour. ( See
Brewster's Encyclopccdia, art. Anemometer.) I may here remark, that, at
the sluggish motion of 1 mile per hour, the dii'ection of the wind is hardly
perceptible; at 5, it is a gentle wind; at 11 miles per hour it is called a
pleasant brisk gale; at 3o, a high wind; at 50, very high wind; at 62, a
storm ; at 71, a great storm ; at 88, a hurricane ; at 1 10, a hurricane that
tears up trees and throws down buildings. But, as I have already found

* Essay on Heat.
Q 4

232

Arboretum Britaimiatnt.

fault with such indefinite terms, I would propose to state the velocity in
miles per hour. The direction ought also to be accurately noted.

Falls of rain or melted snow should also be noted in inches and decimals.
The mean temperature of the day during a storm should also be registered ;
and it may be found by the mean of dailj' observations at 10 a.m. and
10 P.M. with an ordinary thermometer; or at the mean of the daily ex-
tremes, by Six's thermometer, or by what is called a night-and-day ther-
mometer; the difference between the two modes will not exceed a small
fraction of a degree in twelve months. Stormy phenomena occui'ring
within the month may be expressed in the following tabular form : —

Phenomena of Winds.

£

ta

11

CO

E5

c S

s

III

C 3

1

i

3

E~ o

0) _ >-)

1
5

This table should be accompanied with a brief summary of the ordinary
phenomena of the weather for the two months, in popular and concise lan-
guage, from each place ; in which the periods at which the winds shifted,
the extraordinary fluctuations of temperature and atmospheric pressure,
duration of clouded or clear atmosphere, and the mean temperature and
mean height of the barometer for every ten days during each two months,
should also be noticed. By attending strictly to the recording of the mean
temperature at Southampton, at Howick, and at Annat Gardens, a question
interesting to meteorologists, and to those interested in the progress of
vegetation, respecting the mean temperatures of different places, would be
solvedi It is the opinion of many, too, that a simultaneous fluctuation in
atmospheric pressure takes place over a considerable breadth of the earth's
surface : our remarks may tend to confirm that opinion. As both pheno-
mena are affected by the height of the place of observation, that elevation
above the sea should be noted. I would propose that our observations
commence on the first day of March, and be sent for publication in your
June Number, on the first day of May, and regularly every two months
afterwards. It may be unnecessary to say, that correctness of meteoro-
logical instruments, accuracy of observation, and punctuality of communi-
cation, are indispensable requisites in the undertaking. I am, Sir, yours, &c.
•~ Archibald Gorrie. Annat Gardens, Feb, 2^. 1831.

Art. IV. The Arbortium Britdnnicum,

liESlpkcTING your intended " Arburclum Britdnnicum " I have a few re-
marks to make, which, for want of time I could not before commit to
paper. The Work promises to be a most useful and interesting one, but a
most laborious undertaking. I particularly like the idea of giving figures

Arborelum Britanniciim. 233

representing the characters of eacli tree, both in and out of leaf; but I
greatly fear that to do this as it should be done will be enormously ex-
pensive, and to do it badly would be worse than not doing it at all. Very
few artists arc capable of hitting off the characters of even our commonest
trees ; and many of our shrubs scarcely afford sufficiently strong characters
to allow of their being expressed on paper, at least on so small a scale as
must be adopted in your book. Nevertheless, I do not wish to discourage
jou<

I have often thought that a good quarto volume or more might be filled
by anj' one who had leisure and abilities, under the title of " A Sketch
of the Natural History of the Oak." This would inclutle figures and
descriptions of the tree and all its parts ; cultivation and growth ; rearing
and planting; timber, and its uses and durability ; diseases; insects (with
figures) which feed on it, which are very numerous ; all sorts of oak anec-
dotes ; and ten thousand other matters which do not immediately occur to
one. In short the subject would branch out cul hijiiiitnni ; and this is what
3'ou propose to do with all the trees and shrubs that will bear our climate !
Why do young oaks cany their leaves till sjiring, when the fresh ones
come and push them off? And not only young oaks, but occasionally old
ones also ? I have myself an oak of considerable size, growing on a farm
about ten miles off, which holds its brown leaves every year till spring.
How long a shoot did you ever know an oak to make '? In answer, I ex-
tract the following from my memorandum book, made at the time, and on
which you may depend : — " Late in the spring of 1819 there were several
nights of very severe frost (particularly the 29th of May), which cut off
the ash, and oak, &c., turning the young shoots as black as if they had
been boiled ; in short, they were utterly killed ; nevertheless, the summer
of this year (1819) seemed to be particulai'ly favourable to the growth of
young oak ; many made a shoot of 4 and 4^ ft., and some of 3 ft., and I
measured one (a seedling sown where it stood, of eight or nine years'
growth) which made a shoot of 6 ft. 9k in. A young mulberry tree, which
had been much cut by the frosts in the end of May, afterwards made shoots
of "2 ft. The preceding summer (1818) had been very fine and hot, so
that the wood was well ripened ; and to this circumstance, probably, the
great shoots of 1819 are in good measure to be attributed." I may add, as
regards the soil in which the young oak grew that made a shoot of more
than 6 ft., that, before the ground was sown with acorns, the turf had been
pared off for garden purposes ; the soil left, therefore, was very shallow,
and beneath it a loose rocky sandstone. In this situation most kinds of
trees grow remarkably well.

The wood of the ivy is said to be good for the piu'pose of making
handles for workmen's tools, as e. g. the handles of a scythe, &c., because
the wood is of all others least apt to blister the hand. Is there any truth
in the old idea that the aromatic gum of the ivy, which is produced by
wounding the stem, is good for fishing-tackle, enticing the fish by its sweet
odour ? I hope you do not maintain, with some landscape-gardeners of
note, that ivy is not injurious to trees. I greatly admire iv}', and can show
on my own premises as fine (or finer) specimens as most people, and I
would not destroy it for the world ; yet I am quite satisfied it is injurious
to trees, I have cut down both fir and crab trees in which there were
deep wales made in the solid wood by the lapping of the ivy, in which you
might lay your finger ; and yet I know practical woodmen who hold that
it does no harm, nay, that " it keeps the trees warm :" and true it is, that,
when a large body of ivy is suddenly cut off a tree, the tree is often injured
by the change. The woodmen above alluded to acknowledge that ivy in-
jures the bark of trees ; and therefore I should say, the wood and growth
too.

Can you tell me why it is that so many healthy holly trees are always*
barren ? — the two largest on my premises here (one an extraordinarily fine

234

Arboretum Britannicum.

341

one, and of which T meant Strutt to have made me a sketch, for
the purpose of starting this ver\' question) never since my recol-
lection bore a berry in the world. On examining the flowers
(which the trees in question produce in abundance) I find they
are all imperfect in the styles. The beautiful Polyomniatus
Argiolus (azure blue butterfly) delights to hover about and
settle on the holly ; and the caterpillar, I am told, feeds on it,
though I never discovered it. AVhat minute insect is it that
destroys the leaf, eating the substance between the two skins ?
See specimens.*

Do you know any peculiar purpose to which the wood of
the common guelder rose ( J'iburnum O'pulus) is applied ? I
found it out quite by accident, as follows : — A few years ago I
was felling a small coppice, in which a good deal of riburnum
occurred among other brushwood; and my woodman, who has
always a pride in making a shilling extra for his master if he pos-
sibly can, told me that he had found a customer for all the dog-
wood or dog tree (so he called the riburnum) he could supply,
and that he sold it for more than it would bring when cut up,
as usual, into kids and faggots. His customer, he said, bought
the wood for the purpose of making it into skewers for the

j_ watchmakers. (See a specimen, ^g. 34.) This puzzled me
•<;-2 much, and set me to enquire of the manufacturers at Coventry
what they wanted them for; when I was informed that they
use these skewers to clean out the pivot-holes of the works of
a watch, and that they prefer this wood to all others for the pur-
pose, and always keep a stock of skewers in the manufactory.
What particular quality there is in this wood, that renders it
preferable to others for this purpose, I could not Iearn.-|- Talking
of skewers reminds me what very nice natural ones are formed by
the thorns of the common quick or hawthorn ; of which I enclose
a few of my own scraping as specimens, {fig. 35.) The cook
should always be supplied with these, to fix, e. g., a paper over
the fat of a piece of roasting beef, or for any other purpose where
a small skewer is required, and where she (nasty woman !)
would, but for these thorns, use pins, and, of course, stick them
first in her mouth. Pray recommend these natural skewers ;
they are so clean and tidy, and easily procured ; they only want
to be scraped of the bark while fresh. Were I a labourer's
child, I would get many a shilling by selling these thorns, and
I think the higher orders would be ready to buy tiiem.J

The wood of the crab is, I believe, particularly good for mill-
work, cogs of wheels, &c.

You must not fail to notice all sorts of insects (injurious and
otherwise) that feed on the various trees and shrubs. The oak,
I believe, affords food to more insects than any other plant we
have. A great many of our beautiful Lepidoptera (moths cspe-

I cially) feed on it in the lar\'a state.

V The Athenian poplar (i. e. what we call by that name, but

* We sent the leaves to Mr. Haworth, who says that they " are infested
by a hymentoperous intercutaneous insect; but I cannot tell you the
name, unless I saw the insect in its imago state. The leaves contain only
the empty pupae." — Cond.

■\ The Fiburnum O'pulus is preferred by the butchers about the metro-
polis for skewers. The spray is collected by poor persons, and made into
skewers of about six inches long, which are sold by the bushel to the
buyers. — J. M.

\ We have written to a party, M'ho has engaged to place a few hundreds

Retrospective Criticism.

235

whether correctly I
cannot say) affords
food to the cater-
pillar of the poplar
hawk moth, the puss
moth (Vinula), the
kitten moth (Furcu-
la), the pebble pro-
minent moth (Zic-
zac), and the choco-
late-tip moth, seve-
ral of which are not
common.

Last winter during
the snow I found the
mice destructive to
my holly bushes, by
nibbling off the bark
from the branches
which were near the
ground. I could not
think why it was
that so many of the
branches died and
turned brown, till I
examined further, and found all the bark gnawed off about the level of
the surface of the snow. Rats, also, I have found, at various times, to
commit depredations on my young oaks in a plantation near a brook
and small pond. They gnaw the tree off just below the ground; some-
times nearly as level as if it had been cut with a saw. Young trees
nearly as thick as my wrist have been served in this way; and I have
been quite astonished how the rats could cut them through so com-
pletely, and could not at first tell whether it were done for meat or malice.
The fact is, the rat begins his operations under ground among the soft
and tender roots, and eats upwards as far as he finds the wood soft
enough for his purpose, which is just below the surface : the consequence
is, that the tree so served will often remain erect, and appear to the eye as
if nothing had happened to it ; but of course it throws out no leaves in the
spring, and, on taking hold of it, you find it loose and ready to come up
with a touch. I send you a specimen of a rat-gnawed oak; a small one
[nearly an inch in diameter at the point about the collar, where the rats
had l«ft off], and the only one I now have by me. — W. T. B. AUesley
Rectory, near Coventry, Feb. 1. 1831.

Art. V. Retrospective Criticism.

Erratum. — V. 121. Art. VII. line 1. for "last Number (Vol. VI.),"
read " Alag. Xnt. Hist., vol. iii."

Pliyswlogical Botany. — Sir, With your permission I would willingly
advance a few remarks in answer to the criticism of the two A. S.es on
the above subject* (Vol. VII. p. 120.) I can by no means admit that
I have promulgated this theory under "mistaken notions:" daily and

<)f these skewers at Mr. Charlwood's by the 1st of April next, where they
may be obtained by the public at moderate prices, and where all who are
disposed to collect them may send them for sale ; taking care, however, to
have permission from the owners of hedges, or of thorn faggots. — Cond.

■■EK^ WBCB pmHB^lBBjr BC !■■ nuuftc Ofe paBBC

I «f <le ptqafces, so kae; ^aaadBii « cnors, hvidbd iamu

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It B aa casT Aii^ far «■ aperf csibc to
I farts of aar ^utr.ariBi. p^per as vS (^niih * fiule perrer-
■■} ^adacc a seeaai^T good tiJakiaja far the i
i<ao JMJbMe aaheieoady]
Mt. JLS.lie£EstfastabaamieTof lke( ^

:ifeiBBe ami tovcEaUre imiaAJ lh> iiia, d^ he awihl hne

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tn^ aBd\nak far tiie

liK aaakgf of the case

■e s^|ke iJea to omlnMcrt the

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«aidKvenr falls viath^he esfeamats mto fmamc (a

' } ; aaaclT, dnt the piwj iiriwi of i

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Hb k Ac aiBi totd of di I

, A» jMiBri ^J>.j.j>- ^d ifi

,&c,aaaU adapt sadk pi^liir as Ac
the*

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ihe -biMie I I* of A. &

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ds ifiiwa of faAve ia cvfy scape^

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and Grev, aadl afi Adr iiiiiaiiij tistr or fartr von aais; he

Retrospective Criticism. 237

in the Bot. Mag. for Sept. 1829, and, overlooking the above note, he gives
its habitat in Canada. I certainly think a person who has been in the
habit of collecting plants, when he lights on a new or rare one, will not
be apt to forget its habitat ; and, when he falls in with a similar situation
in the country, he will very naturally look there for the same plant ; but,
from what I have seen of Canada, from Quebec to Lake Huron, I think
I may assert that there is no situation likely to be congenial to the growth
of that plant. The Siieversirt triflora is figured in the Bot. Mag. for Oct.
1828 : the White Mountains are given for its habitat ; this I found near the
village of Belleville, on the Bay of Quinte, Upper Canada, in a meadow,
the only place in which I ever met with it ; it was growing in company
with Zigadenus giaberrimus, and Houst6n/« purpurea. In the following
month of the same year the Sieversia Peckw is figured; it is not men-
tioned where I found it : but as Dr. Hooker had received specimens
from America gathered on the White Mountains, he thinks the plants at
Comely Bank are probably fi-om the same place : in this he is correct ;
I found it there in great abundance.

In the Gardener's Magazine, Vol. VII. p. 102., Professor Graham, in an
extract from Jameson^ s Journal, mentions the new or rare plants that have
flowered at Edinburgh last year; amongst which is i?hododendron lap-
ponicum, which he says was brought by me from Canada : this I also
found on the White Mountains, but only one solitant- plant. It may be
plentifiil in some places, but I had very little opportunity of examining
the mountains, being on them only a part of a day in autimin (Sept. 1.
1826), during wet weather, long after the flowering season of any of the
plants that I brought thence, I am, &;c. — T. Blair. Stamford Hill,
Feb. 12. 1831.

Sweet's "Florist's Guide" and our Reports of the " Provincial HorticuUural
Societies." — Sir, I beg to say that I fiilly concur with " An Amateur,"
in the last Number of the Gardener's ^lagazine (Vol. VI. p. 722.), in
regretting Mr. Sweet's intended discontinuance of his Florisfs Guide. At a
time when so many botanical publications meet with ample encouragement,
I think it is rather discreditable to the florists in general that they do not
give nwre encouragement to a work so much calculated to difliise a taste
for the cultivation of florist's flowers ; but I trust it is not owing to the
" trickery of florists," as your correspondent insinuates. I cannot help
thinking better of the great majority of my brother florists.

I must also, at the same time, give my humble but decided opinion
against the occupation of nearly sLxteen pages of the last and a consider-
able part of the preceding Numbers of the Gardener's Magazine with details
of prizes obtained at different exhibitions of flowers, truit. Sec. ; whilst
there is a book, the Florist's Gazette, annually published at Manchester,
exclusively for the purpose of gi^ing an account of the different flower
shows held in this kingdom, and of w hich I send you a copy. These pases,
I consider, ought to contain subjects more interesting to the generality of
the readers of the Magazine ; whilst those who feel particularly interested
in flower shows will be at liberty to purchase the Florist's Gazette ; to
the publishers of w hich all accounts of such shows should be forwarded,
thus rendering that work stUl more complete.

As you request information respecting nurseries for the forthcoming
supplement to the EncyclopcBdia of Gardening, I take the liberty of noticing
our o%vn, of no recent establishment, as it has been carried on in these
and other grounds by our family for more than half a century. Though
it may be thought something like ostentation in me, to say that it contains
the best collection of plants of any nursery in the county of Stafford, in
which it is situate, or in the neighbourhood of Birmingham, or in this
part of the kingdom ; yet, nevertheless, that this is the fact, no one, I
think, will deny. Indeed, we have nearly as good a general collection

238 Retrospective Criticism.

of plants as will be found in any nursery in England, particularly of herb-
aceous plants, all the showy kinds of which we make a point of obtaining
at the first opportunity, without any particular regard to expense.

A provincial nurseryman (if he makes any thing like a pretension) is
obliged to keep a more general assortment of plants in his nursery, than is
immediately requisite in the neighbourhood of London ; because, if a
London nurseryman receives an order for any plant he may not have in
his own collection, he is able, without nuich trouble, to procure it from
some one of his neighbours ; whereas, one residing one or two hundred
miles distant cannot procure them without a great loss of time and con-
siderable expense, and consequently is obliged to cultivate a more general
assortment, or he will not be able to execute his orders. I am. Sir, &c. —
Alexander Pope. Handsivorth N^urseri/, near Birmiiigham, Jan. 7. 183L

We have repeatedly stated that we would much rather dispense with
the trouble of recording the transactions of Provincial Horticultural So-
cieties, provided we could do so consistently with rendering the Gardener's
Magazine what it professes to be, a record of rural and domestic improve-
ment. If we were even certain that the majority of our readers would be
willing to dispense with the article " Provincial, Horticultural Societies" we
should be glad of that excuse to discontinue it.

With respect to the Florist's Gazette, referred to by Mr. Pope, and of
which he has sent us a copy, we do not think it at all an adequate
substitute for our article. It bears on the titlepage " Lancashire,
Cheshire, Yorkshire, and other parts of the kingdom ; " but it is, never-
theless, chiefly occupied with the flower shows and societies in the two
counties first mentioned. The York, Leeds, and Newcastle Societies,
certainly the most eminent three in the kingdom, are entirely omitted, and
of course none of those of Scotland are included.

Our readers are much mistaken, if they think that we have either plea-
sure or profit in continuing our accounts of " Provincial Societies." Those
of them who know any thing of printing, or of correcting the press, must
know that the sheet containing the matter alluded to is by far the most
expensive to the proprietors of the Magazine, and the most difficult to
the editor and the corrector of the press, from the numerous erroneously
spelt botanical names, and names of fruits and flowers.

With respect to the expense to the purchasers of the Magazine, the
proportion of the last Volume filled with " Provincial Societies " is
exactly one thirteenth part and a small fraction, or Is. Id. ; and, while it is
less by 1*. dd. than the price of the Florist's Gazette and of the Gooseberry
Book taken both together, as of course they ought to be, it contains what,
we think, no one who knows these works will dispute, a description of
information much more generally valuable. — Cond.

Mr. Kowlan and Mr. Plimley. — Sir, It gave me very great pleasure to
learn, by Vol. VI. p. 731., that the many situations which were held by
Mr. Alton are now distributed among several gardeners. I regret, how-
ever, that no notice has been taken either of Mr. Nowlan, foreman in the
forcing department at Kew, or of Mr. Plimley at Kensington, two excel-
lent pine-growers and forcing gardeners. Their equal is rarely to be met
with on the Continent; and 1 am sorry to say, that, should I live fifty
years as gardener to the King of Denmark, I never expect to get a fore-
man so attentive, honest, and perfect in the business, as either of those
respected gardeners. I am, &c. — Jens Peter Petersen. Royal Gardens,
Rosenborg, Copenhagen, Dec. 23. 1830.

Heating by hot Water. — Sir, Allow me to give our worthy friend
Juvenis Olitor a hint on the subject of the hot-water apparatus, with
which, I think, he is but imperfectly acquainted ; or, in other words, I should
say that he is not versed in the scientific principles of this mode of heat-
ing ; and for that reason would be liable to prejudice the minds of persons

Retrospective Criticisin. 2S9

against it. On calculating the probable expense of such an apparatus as
shown in Vol. VI. p. 671. fig. 130., where there are two boilers, two
reservoirs, and lO-t ft. of pipe, to two houses connected together, and only
40 ft. long each, any person would say that the expense would be enor-
mous, and for that reason would not adopt the method at all. Now, Sir,
those two houses contain only or about 7600 cubic feet of air, and as
peach-houses require a medium heat of 35°, supposing the thermometer
to stand at freezing, even then one boiler, both reservoirs, and 18 ft. of
pipe, might be dispensed with altogether. By calculation 1 find that one
boiler, 3 ft. 6 in. long, 1 ft. 2 in. deep, 1 ft. 6 in. wide, and 178 ft. of 4 in.
pipe would be quite sufficient, even if the thermometer stood at 20°.

Should it be wished to heat one house more than another, this wish may
be easily satisfied by inserting a throttle valve into one of the houses,
which will effectually stop all circulation of the water, if required. Hoping
these friendly hints will not offend Juvenis Olitor, I am, &c. — D. D.
Kcevc. Wi/ndham Street, Jan. 19. 1831.

The Pomv/ogical Magazine. — The nurserymen are not much obliged to
you or Mr. Lindley for your doubts as to their sending the sorts genuine
to their customers ; and perhaps they are better judges than yourselves
what to recommend, and can safelj' leave it to the public to decide where
to give the preference, although the}' may not be able to discover the
superior merit of the following " Jirst-rate varieties of apples for a select
garden :" — Juneating, Boston Russet, Franklin's Golden Pippin, Sweeny
Nonpareil, Eraser's Pippin, Brabant Bellefleur, Sugarloaf, Sam Young,
Downton Pippin, Grey F. Reinette, &c. ; hardly any of which are to be
found in the most respectable nurseries, where, however, such sorts as the
following, w ith many more as good, are to be had ; — Red Quarrenden, St.
Julien, Pomme d'Api Gros, Nonesuch, East Grinstead, Salopian Pippin,
Hollandbury, Margil, Wyker Pippin, Fearn's Pippin, Flower of Kent,
Christie's Pippin, more valuable than the Beauty of Kent ; Kirke's Lord
Nelson, Yorkshire Greening, much better than Northern Greening; Loan's
Pearmain, Rymer, Carlisle Codlin, Bringewood Pi[)pin, Kentish Broading,
Kentish Fill-basket, Golden Knob, Red Astracan, Cole Apple, Red and
white Ingestrie, Herefordshire Pearmain, Devonshire Redstreak, Nonpareil
Russet, &c. &c.

It seems extraordinary that the editor of the Pomological Magazine
should only recommeml the Elton as a heart cheny, which is generally
thought a tender fruit, to the exclusion of the old Black heart (a hundred
of which will probably always be planted for one Elton), the Ox heart.
Bleeding heart, and Florence, &c. The lists in general are scanty and
meagre. The Horsforth Grape, being a shy bearer and a bad setter, and not
being remarkable for flavour, seems not worth recommending. The Isa-
bella must be a very })rolific lady to bear three times m a j'ear. Padley's
Pippin lias been frequently described. The fruit of the Reinette Grise is
excellent in France, but does not arrive at the same perfection here. — A
Kurseri/man, Feb. 18.30,

The Pomological Alagazuie, — The editors of the Pomological Magazine
err greatly, when they say that the Newton is the best of the American
Spitzembergs. Besides the Newton, I know of none except the ^sopus,
the Pownal, the White, and the New, or Jonathan. Of these fine varieties
the Newton is unquestionably the poorest apple; indeed, so inferior do I
consider it in the scale of fine fruits, that we have never propagated it in
our nursery, although it is growing in my grounds. — Jesse Bud. Albani/y
Dec. 20, 1830,

The Monteath Pear Tree at Ormiston. — Sir, Allow me to allude to
Vol. VI. p. 495., in which Mr, Gorrie gives an account of a jaunt he had
made in the Lothians, Among other things, Mr, Gorrie mentions the
Monteath pear tree, in the garden at Ormiston Hall, and says, that the
original tree is growing, and is supposed to have stood three centuries j

240 Retrospective Criticism.

adding, that tradition says it was named after a gardener who lived in that
place, and raised it from seed.

Now, Sir, although I am not personally acquainted with Mr. Gorrie,
and would by no means hurt his feelings, yet I must say that it is far
from probable, nay, I am almost certain that the facts are not as above
supposed. I have been acquainted with the tree alluded to for forty-one
years, and my father-in-law, whom I succeeded as gardener at Ormiston Hall,
knew the tree since 1756, seventy-five years ago, and could learn nothing
of its history. I have also conversed with many old people of the place
about this tree, who remembered it nearly a century ago, and no such
account as the one given by Mr. Gorrie was ever heard of. Besides, the
noble proprietors (the Earls of Hopetoun) were particularly anxious to
learn any history of the fruit, and likewise of the venerable tree ; and if
any means could have been found to throw light on the origin of the sort,
it would not have been overlooked. In corroboration of the estimation in
which the fruit of the Monteath pear was held by the Earls of Hopetoun,
the following anecdote may be related: — In 1776, John, Earl of Hope-
toun, proprietor of the B^ers estate in East Lothian (formerly a seat of the
Earls of Lindsay), let the garden of the old mansion house of Byers at
the rent of five pounds yearly, with this provision, viz. that he should have
the produce of two Monteath pear trees, then in the garden, at a fail- price.
The tenant sent the fruit to Ormiston Hall, and charged seven pounds for
it. Provoked at this exorbitant charge, the earl doubled the rent of the
farm, making it ten pounds, no inconsiderable sum sixty-five years ago. It
may be remarked that this same garden was let some time since at seventy
pounds per annum.

I have myself tried every method, from the oldest publications on gar-
dening, and other sources, but could make little of the history of this fruit.
I at last learned that there was a larger tree of the sort than the one at
Ormiston Hall, at Cramond House, the seat of the Dowager Lady Torr
phichen, six miles from Edinburgh, the trunk of which is at present 10 ft.
in circumference, while the one at Ormiston Hall is little more than 7 ft.
6 in. ; from which it appears that the one at Cramond must be the senior.
Allow me to make an extract of a letter from Lady Torphichen, at present
lying before me, dated Cramond House, Oct. 1830 : — " Lady Torphichen
is extremely sorry that she cannot give any very satisfactory information
with regard to the Monteath pear tree still remaining in what was called
the Bishop's Garden at Cramond. Mr, John Wood's Hhforj/ of t/ie Parish
of Cramond mentions Cramond as having been a favourite residence of the
Bishops of Dunkeld, as far back as the year 1100 down to the year 1500,
and upwards : in 16"24 Sir John Inglis purchased it. The Monteath pear
is not the only pear tree still standing in what was called the Bishop's
Garden, though all of them are in a very decayed state, apparently from
extreme age."

I should not have been thus particular about the Monteath pear, if I
had not considered the account given of its being a seedling produced
at Ormiston Hall as altogether without foundation ; and if I had not
feared that, from its having been recorded in your Magazine, it might pass
current in the country. A tree of the Monteath pear was sent from
Messrs. Dickson and Co.'s nursery, Leith Walk, Edinburgh, and planted
in the Horticultural Society's garden at Chiswick, where it can be pointed
out by Mr. Thomson, superintendent of the fruit department. The young
trees grow upright, with strong young shoots, rather round dark green
leaves, and have a very different habit from the old trees. I am. Sir, &c.
— James Smith, Hopetoun House Gardens, Feb. 15. 1831.

British Species of Oak. — A. G., in his review of Mr. Billington's pamphlet
on planting (Vol. VI. p. 074.), seems to be under some confusion about
our British oaks ; he says he " shall conclude his notice with the following

Retrospective Critichm. 241

extracts concerning Quercus pedunculata, and sessiliflora, or ^obur." Our
two species are Q.. i?6bur and Q. sessiflrira ; and it is the former, not the
latter, which is sometimes called pedunculata, to distinguish it from sessili-
flora, which is not pedunculated. From A. G.'s words he seems to con-
sider i?6bur a synonyme of sessiliflora. — B. Coventry, Feb. I. 1831.

The Stonelexs Berbcrri/. — In your Encyc. of Gard., you say, " it is only
found without stones when the plant has attained considerable age, and is
on a poor soil." There are many plants here, both old and young, and
on a very rich soil, in full bearing, which have never produced fruit with
stones. Perhaps they are a variety, being called here the Maiden Ber-
berry. — Id.

Mr. Erri ' \ MetJiod of managing his plethoric Peach and Nectarine
Trees. — tW, I am one of those gardeners who have changed situations,
and taken to a lot of trees troubled with the same disease as those of Mr.
Ernngton. I read his paper with great interest, as he seems to have hit
upon a proper method for reducing his decayed trees to a proper standard,
or, more properly, v^ a fruit-bearing state. Nevertheless, though Mr. Er-
rington has hit upon a proper method, yet 1 hope he will pardon me for
offering a few remarks upon it, to prevent young gardeners (though not a
very old one myself) from being drawn so far into that " root-cutting "
system, as I think his paper is calculated to lead them ; though I hope to
speak feelingly with Mr. Errington, and all gardeners who are or have been
troubled with the disease in question. I came here nearly three years ago,
and found the peach and nectarine trees, the first year, not only to make
wood strong enough for basket-rods, but strong enough to make bows and
arrows for Kobiu Hood and Little John. Some of their shoots gummed and
died, which is generally the case under such circumstances ; and, like Mr.
Errington, I could not tell how to prune the trees so as to bring them tha
soonest into bearhig. However, I determined not to cut theu- roots (and
I beg to say that the cutting off' (he roots is not new, as Mr. Errington and
others have thought), luit to give them room to spread themselves, feeling
confident that by so doing, and keeping that enemy, the knife, off' them as
much as possible, I should bring them into bearing.

Though my trees are not to be compared with the description which Mr.
Errington gives of his, yet I durst have shown crops of fruit this last year,
either with hun or any other person in the kingdom. My trees are jjlanted
too near each other ; I think of taking some of them away, to give room
for the others ; and should I stop with them three years longer, I antici-
pate some very large trees. I do not wish to be understood to say that Mr.
Errington's system will not bring them into bearing : far from it : I believe
that it is almost certain of doing so ; and trees so treated may last and bear
very well for a number of years, in soils that will not cause their roots
(those that are cut) to grow carbuncles, and of course to send up suckers :
and in cases where pears and other fruit-bearing trees have not room lor
their branches in proportion to the strength of the border in which they
grow, I think the cutting off' their strong shoots is indispensable. But I
here beg to ask Mr. Loudon, if he thinks that peach, or any other fruit-
bearing trees (providing localities were the same), docked of their strono-
roots, are calculated either to make as fine trees, live as long, and bear as
much fruit, as those trees whose roots are left in their natural state. I
agree with Mr. Errington and others, that the border is the proper place to
manage them ; and I consider it just as nice a point to make a border
neither too rich nor too poor, as 'Mr. Loudon mentions in his Encyc. of
Gard., p. 1 104. art. Forest Pruning ; in which he states, " it nuist be a very
nice {)oint, therefore, to determine the quantity of branches or leaves that
should be left on each tree." There appears to be some misunderstanding
between Mr. Errington and Mr. Seymour. 1 saw Mr. Seymour's trees six
years ago, and can assure Mr. Errington that his trees are neither more nor

Vol. VII. — No. 31. n

242 Queries and A?isivers.

less than he has described them in the Gardener's ^lagazine. I noticed his
border, and thought it was rich ; the borders that his young trees were
planted in were, as I thought, very much so, on a moist subsoil : not that I
examined the subsoil, but as Carlton is situated in a level part of the
county, and not far from the banks of the river (Ouse ?), one may rather
conclude that it is moist and sandy. There is no system of training, which
I am acquainted with, so well adapted as that of ^Ir. Seymour for a good
border; because the gardener has the power of exhausting it in making
profitable wood, whereas in the old system it would, in all probability have
been to be cut awav ; should the side-branches be too weak, and the leader
too strong, he has the chance of raising the former into a more erect form,
and thus making them receive some of the sap, which otherwise would be
propelled into the leader, and vice versa. Though I have said thus much
in favour of Mr. Seymour's system, he is a person that I never saw but
once : his son went round the garden with me. — Jo/m Pearson, Gardener to
IV. L. C/iilde, Esq., Kinlet, near Bewdli/, Salop. Dec. 6. 1830.

Kormandi/ Cress. — Sir, It is rather remarkable that this vegetable should
have been in England nearly fifty years, and not generally known to the
present day. 'Sir. M'Intosh deserves the thanks of all practical men who
are not acquainted with the good and useful properties of this species of
cress. His paper on the subject will probably lead to a more general cul-
ture of that valuable salad herb, the history of which is, that some time
before the close of the American war (1783) most of the French and other
captive officers were placed on parole at and near Bath ; and to them we
are indebted for introducing several good vegetables, particularly Normandy
Cress, Bath Cos Lettuce, and Brussels Sprouts. I saw some plants of
each kind growing in a gentleman's garden in Northamptonshire, who had
just received them from his friends at Bath : this was in the year 1783.
The next time I saw it was in the garden at Bulstrode, in 1789, whence
I obtained some seed ; and I have cultivated it ever since. The late ^Ix.
North, nurseryman at Lambeth, had seed of it from me, and put its name
in his catalogue about the year 1794. Mr. Malcolm of Kensington has its
name in his catalogue at the present time. A nurser_Mnan of Newark sent
me some seed of it last month (Jan. 1831.) as a new and valuable salad
herb, just imported from Brussels, by a nobleman of that neighbourhood. —
J. Thomjison, sen. JVelbeck, Feb, 1831.

Art. VI. Queries and Ansivers.

Gardens of Scotland,for the Statistics of the Enci/ctopcrdia of Gardening. —
A friend from the neighbourhood of Edinburgh has written to us, 'recom-
mending the following list of gardens, with the names of the gardeners to
whom we should apply :

Dalke'th Garden, Mr. Macdonald. Kinfauns, 'Mr. Roberston.

Dunmore Park, ]Mr. Taylor ; the St. Martin's, Wm. INI'Donald, Esq.

finest collection of fruit in gardener's name unknown.

Britain. Lynedoch, Mr. Hosie.

Edmonstone, Mr. M'Naughton. Methven Castle, Mr. Bishop.

Donebristle, Earl of ^Nloray, ]Mr. Gordon Castle, Mr. Saunders.

Kelly or Mr. Ga\-in. Cullean House, gardener's name not

Raith, Mr. Norvell. known.

Wemyss Castle, Mr. Simpson. Fyvie Castle, gardener's name not

"Woodhall, ^Ir. Henderson. known.

Scone, Mr. Beattie. Barcaldine, gardener's name not

Dunkeld, ^Ir. Rose. knowTi.

Instead of writing privately to these different gardeners, we take this

Queries and Aiisxvers. 243

mode of addressing them or their employers, and stating that we should be
most happy to receive descriptions of" the gardens and residences named, and
of such others as may be deemed worthy of notice. It would be very desir-
able if, in addition to descriptions, such bird's-eye views of the residences
could be sent us as are given in the Encyc. of Gard. p. 71., and p. 371.,
fig. 352. second edition. As such views can only be prepared by a clever
artist, it is not expected that gardeners can supply them ; but we trust
some of their masters will not consider it too much to render this service
to the gardening world. The descriptions or views and maps will be first
given at length in this Magazine, and afterwards abridged and inserted in
the statistics of the Enct/c. of Gard. — Cond.

Specific Gravity of Fruits and Roofs. — Doubtless some of your readers
have tried the specific gra^nty of various kinds of fruits and vegetable
roots; I presume a table of this kind would be very acceptable. —
B. Bevan. Leighton, Feb. 7. 1831.

Undoubtedly-, and we should be greatly obliged to any correspondent
who would supply information of this kind. — Cond.

Preserving Botanical Specimens. — I should be greatly obliged to any
one who would inform me, through the medium of the your Magazine, of
the best and most economical method of px'eserving botanical specimens. —
G. J. P. Kov. 4. 1830.

The best plain short Treatise on Gardening. — A short time ago, one of
my acquaintances wished to knov.- if there was any plain and short treatise
on the simple elementary parts of practical gardening; such as might enable
very young persons, without any other guide, to cultivate a small spot
of ground. Such a work would have a twofold value, it would give an
inducement to young persons for taking healthful and rational exercise,
and produce at the same time a taste for reading. Such a treatise may be
considered below the notice of a professed gardener ; but would doubtless
be well received in the country. — B. Bevan. Leighton, Feb. 7. 1831.

iNIawe's Every j\Ian his own Gardener, or Cobbett's English Gardener,
may be referred to. — Cond.

Porcelain Labels. — In Part II. of your Illustrations of Landscaj)e-Gar-
dening, you mention what I think a very ingenious plan for placing
porcelain plates in sunk panels, on the tops of brick-like wedges of terro-
metallic composition. Are you aware of the best mode of writing and fixing
the names on the porcelain plates ? 1 recollect asking Mr. Duft'some years
ago how this svas done, and I thmk he told me that the generic names, which
are black, were written with Indian ink mixed with spirits of turpentine ; and
that the specific names, which are red, were written with Venetian red and the
same spirits. These labels I understand did very well in the green-house ;
but in the stoves the heat and moisture obliterated them. I believe there
is a better wav of fixing the names, independently of the mode adopted by
Mr. Bour.salt of burnmg them in ; but with this mode I am unacquainted.
Perhaps some of the china manufacturers could inform you. By the way,
I think vou ought to give a panoramic viev/ of Britton Hall in your
Illustrations. The noble domical hot-houses, and the gardens rising one
above another, would form one of the finest things of the kind I know.

— F. X. B. Xewark, .Ian. 1831.

We sent to jNIessrs. Spode, from whom we have at different times pur-
chased china labels and other articles ; but they declined giving us the
information re(]uested. We have no doubt there are other china manu-
facturers disposed to act more liberally ; and we should be glad to receive
the information sought by our correspondent. — Cond.

Pump for raising Cow 'Urinefrom a Tank into Carts. — Which is the best
kind ? Buchanan's, Siebe's, or whose V Where can the best be obtained ?

— A Constant Subscriber. Durham, Jan. 31. 1831.

R 2

244 Queries and Answers.

Shalder's fountain pmnp ; which may be procured through Weir,.
Oxford Street; or Cottam and Hallen, Winslej' Street. — Cond.

Destroying Ajy/iides. — J. P. wishes to inform N. T. that, though he be-
lieves there are as many varieties of aphides as there are species and
varieties of plants which they feed upon, yet that tobacco water will kill
them all ; and, if applied warm, will kill them the sooner. — Dec. 6. 1830.

How to cultivate a small Garden. — Sir, My garden (smile not, I beseech
you) is about 50 ft. long by 15 ft. wide, situated between walls 6 ft. high ;
it contains three beds and two borders, and runs in length from east to
west : at the west CixJ stands the house ; consequently, I have one sunny
wall, and the other entirely shade. The soil appears to be little better than
a sandy gravel ; and from the wretched state it is now in, it must be worked
over entirely afresh. But now comes the question. How am I to proceed ?
what compost use ? what seeds sow ? what roots plant ? what flowers pro-
cure ? what plan pursue to have a gay parterre and fine flowers ? — for to
have them I am determined. To you, then, Hook for advice and assistance
in laying out the beds to the best advantage, improving the soil in the best
and most economical manner, and procuring plants and seeds best adapted
to the situation ; and I do assure you that 1 shall esteem it a [)articular
favour if you will give me the necessary advice in a detailed manner in your
next Number, as the season is fast approaching when gardening operations
must commence. lam, Sir, &c.-— Philojlora. CVielsea, Jan. 18. 1831.

The details required would be too tiresome, and not of sufficiently gene-
ral application. Philoflora should consult Mr. John Simper of the Mora-
vian Burying-ground, King's Road, Chelsea, M'ho is an experienced gar-
dener, possessing both skill and taste (J. D. for Cond.) : or let him walk
into every nursery within his reach, and read such gardening books as he
can pick up. — Cond.

Requisites for a Countri/ Residence in the Soidh of England. — Sir, I am
induced to intrude upon you in consequence of the handsome manner in
which you have replied to P. C H. in your last Magazine ; being precisely
one of those individuals who belong to the class your correspondent de-
scribes, and being obliged to quit Suffolk for a warmer climate. I should
therefore feel grateful to any of your readers who would kindly answer the
following queries as it respects Dorset, or Devonshire, or Cornwall. What
would be the rent of a house with four rooms on the ground-floor, besides
kitchen and wash-house, and six sleeping-rooms, with a garden, and about
five or six acres of land, in a dry and airy situation, in a village, or within
five miles of a market town, with the nature of the soil ; also at what price
such a small freehold estate could be purchased ; the mean temperature of
each month; the price of daily labour, as it regards husbandry, carpenters,
and bricklayers ; the state of the poor rates, both as it relates to the pountl-
age and the general rate of assessment ; the price of meat and coals, or
firewood ; the general face of the country, as to humidity or dryness ; the
price of live stock ; whether clay and lime are abundant, with the price of
bricks ? The above information, I doubt not, woukl be thankfully received
by many besides myself.

Allow me to trespass a little further upon your kindness, and at the same
time that I return you my thanks for the list of clioice fruits inserted in jour
last Number, to suggest that you would be conferring a lasting obligation
upon hundreds, if you would take the trouble to point out where such fruits
can be obtained true to order. [At present, we believe, only in the form of
scions from the Hort. Soc] The price is little in consideration compared
with anxiously watching for three or four years, and then discovering that,
instead of the finest, you are cultivating the most inferior sorts. I assure
you I speak feelingly ; as, when I laitl out my present garden, I ordered
sixty trees from one of the first nurseries in Norfolk, and made price no
object. Yet not twenty of them produced fruit according to that order. I

Qjtieries and Answers. Sl-fi

have since applied in London, with no better success, having received trees
of the Early Anna, instead of the Ro^al George, and Padley's new Peach.
Any information upon the foregoing subjects would greatly oblige. I have
been anxiously expecting further communications from Mi*. Hayward,
which I can assure 3'ou would be grateful to many in this quarter, though
we shall probably criticise some of his opinions hereafter, when they are
more fully stated. Yours, &c. — S. T. Ipswich, March, 1831.

Cropping a new Garden. — Sir, I have lately formed a new garden, which
is nearly square ; the walls facing the south being 105 yards long, and
those facing the east being 92 yards long. As much hereafter must depend
upon the first disposition of this garden, with regard to the situation of the
crops which remain in the ground for several years, perhaps some of your
intelligent correspondents would assist me with their advice. Independently
of the ground contained within the walls, there is a wide border on the out-
side of the south and east walls. The wall trees are already planted, and
forcing-houses for grapes and peaches are in a state of forwardness. I am.
Sir, &c. — H. Monmouthshire, March 6. 1831.

Amateur Gardeners and Babes in Floriculture. — If we were to comply
with the requests which are frequently made by readers who, without
meaning the slightest disrespect for them, may be included under the above
designations, it would be merely to reprint books which they may purchase
in a separate form, such, for example, as Mawe's Every Man his own Gardener,
Cobbett's English Gardener, &c. " A Lady Florist," who dates Ireland,
Dec. 13., says: — " I have made a large collection of valuable shrubs, and
have been guided chiefly by your Magazine, &c. ; which has of late become
so scientific and aristocratic that it fails to assist me." The Magazine is
not intended to assist in matters which are already treated of in popular
works on gardening, but rather as a repository for what is new or less gene-
rally known. — Cond.

Application of hot Water to the Growth of Cucumbers, Melons, Sj-c. — Sir,
A correspondent of yours (Vol. VI. p. 233.) requests a paper respecting the
application of hot water to the growth of melons, cucumbers, &c. Having
had some conversation, in May, 1829, on heating by hot water, with a friend
of mine, a gardener in this neighbourhood, I conceived that the plan might
be applied to the raising of cucumbers, of which I am very fond. Having
a pit, about 18 ft. long, ready built, I determined on trying the experiment,
whicli I have done with the greatest satisfaction to myself and my friends.
I'have taken some trouble in ascertaining the quantity of fuel consumed,
which I find a mere trifle in expense. I made my boiler of copper, and the
pipes of patent malleable zinc, which is cheaper and more durable than any
thing else. I began again this year on the 13th of March, and cut fruit on
the 1st of May ; my plants continue to bear and look well, having been cut
back twice or thrice. The consumption of coal does not at present amount
to half a peck in a day and night. I will undertake to make a boiler of
copper, and the pipes of zinc, in such a manner as will completely answer
for a pit 18 ft. long, at the moderate price of six guineas ; and, if any gen-
tleman wishes it, I will give him a plan for a small compensation, being
myself a working coppersmith, &c. I can also fit up iron boilers and cast-
iron pipes for heating, if required. If you will be kind enough to insert
this in your Magazine, I shall feel obliged, and remain. Sir, &c. — John
Hulls, sen. Wi/combe, Aug. 1830.

Squirrels barling Trees. — Early in the month of May last, it was dis-
covered that several of the beech and hornbeam trees in the woods near
the mansion of John H. Wynne, Esq., at Caed Coch, near Abergele, North
Wales, were partially stripped of their bark. A circumstance so unusual
caused great curiosity to know the cause, and various were the conjectures
relating to it. Some thought it was the work of vicious persons ; others
suggested that it might be disease ; but from the appearance of pieces of

R 3

246 Qiieries atid Answers.

bark which lay under the trees, and the ragged uneven edge of the bark
on the trees, I at once concluded that it must be tiie work of some
vermin ; and my suspicions very justly rested on the squirrels. A strict
watch was kept, until a squirrel was seen tearing the bark oif a fine beech,
in stripes of from 2 to 7 in. long. The question then was, how to prevent
the further spoliation of the trees ; and for that purpose I made a mixture
of tar and grease, with which I had all those trees anointed on which the
squirrels had commenced their destructive operations. However, I could
not tell that it did much good, as, when under-bark grew firm, they desisted
entirely. This was about the middle of July.

Upon the whole, there were above 100 beech and hornbeam trees barked
all round, from 3 to 6 ft. in height. It appears to me, that the object of
the squirrels was to procure the tender under-bark as food ; but of this I
am not certain, and should therefore be glad to have the expei'ience and
opinion of others upon this subject. I am, Sii", &c, — IVdi. Jf'j/ii?ie. Bays-
water, March 14. 1831.

Urania sj^ecwsa. — Can you or an}' of your readers inform me whether
this noble vegetable has been seen m a state of nature by any English bo-
tanist?— Mjistpiis. Jan. 1. 1831.

T/ie Genus ^nca. — Sir, In looking over the list of J?ricae furnished to
3'ou by Messrs. Rollinson, together with the months in which they flower,
and also Mr. Dunbar's list, I find the former to consist of little more than
half, and the latter wanting upwards of one hundred, of the number pub-
lished in Sweet's Catalogue: may I therefore beg to ask, through the
medium of your Magazine, if the lists furnished by these gentlemen com-
prise the whole of the sorts worth cultivating ; or if there are any, not no-
ticed in the above lists, that it would be desirable to possess in a collection,
and also where they are likely to be procured ?

I do not observe £'rica tortuliflora in either of these lists, or in Sweet's
Catalogue, 1st edit. : as I have no opportunity of seeing the second edition,
may I also request to be informed if it is one lately introduced, or has it
been sold to me under an improper name ? I cannot but express my sur-
prise that this most delightful and interesting genus is not more extensively
cultivated. In how few collections of plants do you find the i'rica ! and
yet I know of no genus where you have so much variety, both with respect
to flower and foliage ; indeed, there is not a month in the whole year that
you have not very many of the species in bloom. I can only account for
this indifference to a genus so much deserving of attention, by the sup-
posed difficulty of cultivation ; this, I think, is more imaginary than real,
which a very little experience will prove. It is perfectly true that some
of the species are very apt to go off; but there are a great many, such as
the vestita, ventricosa, ampullacea, and several others which I could
name, that are as easily kept as any plants I know. I would therefore most
earnestly recommend to those who have green-houses, to begin with a few
of the more hardy sorts : should any of your readers be induced to follow
my advice, they will, I have no doubt, be soon disposed to extend their
collection, and will find ample reward for any expense or trouble, in the
additional favour which this genus never fails to find in the eyes of all lovers
of plants. 1 am, Sir, <S:c. — E. London, Jan, 6. 1831.

Indigenous 'E.riccc. — I should be greath' obliged to any one who would
inform me how many JS'ricas are natives of England, and favour me with
their names, and short descriptions. — G. J. P. Xov. 4. 1830.

Voljgala vulgarh of different Colours. — I find on a neighbouring com-
mon the Polygala vulgaris ; the flowers are of four different colours, viz.
dark blue, light blue, red, and white ; the leaves are a darker or lighter
green, in proportion to the darker or lighter colour of the flower. Are
these four difft:rent varieties ? or are they all the same ? If so, what is the
cause of the change in colour ? — Id,

Propagation of Thunbergva. aluta ; in reply to "A Constant Reader."

Queries and Ansxioers. 247

(p. 123.) — Cuttings of this plant may be struck with tolerable success
during the whole year ; but the most favourable season is in March and
April, when they will strike root, and be fit to pot off in three weeks
after they are put in. When plants are turned out into the borders, they
set during summer an abundance of seeds, and in favourable seasons ripen
a part of them. To produce seeds in the house, the plants should be
placed in an airy situation, and the impregnation of the pointals effected
by the help of art. It is rather singular that this beautiful climber is so
scarce, considering how easily it is propagated, and how frequently it
ripens abundance of seeds. The Maurandya Barc]ayflH«, another beauti-
ful climber, will probably prove hardy enough to endure our winters out
of doors, in sheltered gardens near the sea coast, as a plant survived last
w'inter in a garden near Falmouth. — A. X.

Retarding the Flowering of the Lilac. — In Vol. VI. p. 229. the lilac is
mentioned as to be met with in full perfection in Paris, in the months
of August and September. Your correspondent I. H. asks whether we
have not the same means of retarding its flowering, or whether it may
not be a different variety which they cultivate at Paris. As I presume
that some of your numerous correspondents will be abler than I am
to give a more satisfactory account, I shall only observe, in the mean
time, that, according to your Hortiis Britunniczis, all the species of Syringa
flower in Ma}' or June ; and that, if any variety existed at Paris so different
as to flower in August and September, it is more than probable the
British nurserymen would have obtained it before this time. We may
therefore conclude that the lateness of flowering must be owing to
some artificial means. I am of opinion that in some seasons we possess
those means in an intense degree ; and this, I presume, from having
been informed, several years ago, that at Paris they retard the Persian
lilacs by placing them in an ice-house. I am not acquainted with the
time and manner of depositing them ; but, on account of the fragrance
and beauty of these shrubs when in flower, some who have an opportunity
may find the experiment worth trying, especially in the neighbourhood
of London. >Simiiar treatment may probably be advantageously extended
to some other things. Hoping to be favoured with more particular in-
formation on this subject through your Magazine, I remain. Sir, &c. —
M. X. Nov. 1830.

Lost or missing hardij Bulbous Plants. — Sir, Since you published, in your
Number for July last (Vol. VI. p. 368.), my account of the lost or miss-
ing hardy bulbous plants which were so successfully cultivated in the
English gardens two hundred years ago, I have ascertained that the
A^arcissus autunmalis minor, there mentioned, is theAmar jlli? lutea o^Linn.
Sp. PI. ed. 2. p. 420. ; and is actually the same as the specimen so named
and yet preserved in his herbarium ; and that the A'arclssm autunmalis
major of my said list is AmarjlliA- lutea of Curtis, in Bot. Mag. tab. 290.
Both these plants I now possess alive. They belong to the modern genuS
Oporanthus, and the latter should retain its ancient specific name of
major. I am also assured that the pure yellow fritillary of the aforesaid
list yet exists in the botanic garden at Liverpool. Further than the
above, the missing plants remain in the same obscurity as before. —
A. H. Ha worth. Chelsea, March 7. 1831.

Double CowsUjy. — In your Magazine for Februarj^ (Vol. VII. p. 123.),
I observe a reply by Mr. Errington of Oulton Park, relative to the double
cowslip ; about which I made enquiries in a former Number of your
Magazine. (Vol. IV. p. 44G.) Mr. Errington says that he has obtained
the plant from a cottage garden, as double as a rose. I now beg to
inform him that, soon after my query appeared in the Magazine, I was
favoured with a plant of the double cowslip (the true " double paigles " of
Parkinson and Gerarde), by the kindness of Mr. Spurgin of Saffron Walden,

R 4-

248 Qiierics and Ans'ice7-s.

who sent it to me in flower. As it is very possible that Mr. Errington's
cowslip may be a somewhat different variety from the Saffron Walclen one,
if he would have the goodness to supply me with a root» I shall be happy
in return to give him a plant of the one in my possession ; which I have
no doubt I shall be able to do after the flowering season in the ensuing
spring. Yours,— JF, T. Bree. Alleslcy Rectory, near Coventrij, Feb. 5. 1831.

T/ie Phie-app/es at Castle Semple, flanted in Beds of Earth. — I have
seen this mode tried many years ago, but never found it answer ; probably,
however, from the plants being placed too far distant from each other,
and from then- not bring allowed to fruit their suckers, and the suckers of
their suckers, as one of your correspondents (Vol. V.) says is done in
the Royal Gardens at Munich. Can any one in the neighbourhood of
Castle Semple inform me of the present state and future prospects of the
pine plants there? — H. B. Reid. Glamorganshire, Oct. 1830.

Hoiv can Grajies be best and longest preserved after they are cut? — I
have many vines under my care, and am expected to supply grapes at
table as long as possible : I consequently allow them to hang longer on
the vines than is right they should. Anxious to learn the very best mode
of keeping grapes after they are cut, I communicate my present mode,
that its defects may be perceived and amended by some kind correspond-
ent knowing a better. I save the Syrian till last : the Hamburgh and other
kinds were last year ripe at the end of July, and were not all cut till
December 2. The Syrian, which I never cut till perfectly ripe, I cut
about the 1 0th of December. I then procured some clean sand, and dried
it by the fire, till it would pass through a fine hair sieve. The grapes and
the sand being dry, and the sand become cold, I took a shallow box, and
having separated the shoulders from the main stalks of the bunches, I
placed them in the bottom of the box; pouring the sand well in among
the berries, so as to prevent as much as possible any two berries from
touching each other. I then placed the box in a warm dry room ; and by
these means I have kept the grapes this season for above two months
from the time I cut them, as I only finished the last of them yesterday ;
and they were acknowledged, by those who partook of them, to be as
good as when put into the sand, except that the stalks had turned brown.
Yours, &C. — E. S. Feb. 14. 1831.

The Soil in tvhich Mr. Seymour^ s Peach Trees are grown. — In answer to
Mr. Errington (Vol. VI. p. 695.), I have to Inform him, that our soil is
a light sand>' loam, about 18 in. deep, upon a very dry open gravel ; and
that, in planting young peach trees, I generally trench in a considerable
quantity of good dung, and annually give the borders a dressing of the
same kind of material, although I must allow that I occasionally give them
a dressing of strong loam upon the surface. With regard to luxuriant
wood as a matter of choice, I never consider a G ft. shoot as too strong in
the centre of my young trees. If these be treated as shown in the
correct figure (Vol. II. p. 295.) or the imaginary one (Vol. VI. p. 436.),
they will seldom be found to produce strong shoots in any other parts of
the trees ; but should they appear inclined to do so, and the shoots lie
well, so as to be made future leading branches, they may be retrained; but,
if not, it is easy to remove them, and the sap will be diverted to some
more useful purpose. But I must confess that, had Mr. Errington given
the same information respecting the distance his trees were planted ajjart,
in his letter in Vol. VI. p. 54., as he has in the letter in p. 695., my
observations would have been of a very different nature, and directed to a
different point ; for I consider 9 or 10 jards as the most convenient dis-
tance for peach or nectarine trees, although there are in Carlton garden
trees of those kinds completely covering from 10 to 15 yai'ds of a 10 ft.
wall.

With regard to Mi". Errington offering to show his wall of trees against

Queries and Answers. ^JiO

any of the same age, he must recollect that verj- few gardeners have the
good fortune to have so fine a wall under their care : but I beg to inform
him that, should he or any of his friends ever come to Carlton, my father
and myself would be glad to see them ; and perhaps we should be able to
show them trees from five to thirty years old, and all of them well sup-
plied with good bearing wood of proper strength (see >Ir. Craig, Vol. VI.
p. 431.) in every part of the tree, and some of them producing annually
500 good fi-uit fit for any nobleman's table. I remain, &c. — William
Sei/mour. Carlton, nearSnaifh, Feb. 22. 1831.

Why Peas boil hard. — Sir, Your correspondent J. M. (p. 125.) wishes
to know the cause why peas boil hard. I suppose he means, when dr\-,
for soup. The cause is, I believe, their being too old; I mean, more than
one year old ; as all sorts of peas which I have tried for that purpose
boiled tolerably well until they were one year old. After that age they
do not break well, not even the best boilers; and I have seen Knight's
crumpled marrow and the blue Prussian, at three years old, boiled for
twelve hours in soft water, and in an iron pot (which one would suppose
is iron enough, if that metal would affect them), and they would not
break nor bruise kindly when beaten in a marble mortar wnth a wooden
pestle. From this I consider the cause of hard boiling peas to be age,
even if thev are split. So far probation est. — W. Hurst. Wandsworth
Road, Feb.'\S3\.

The Pink-eye Potato of Wales. — -Sir, Can any of your correspondents
inform me if the potato, cultivated almost universally in North Wales,
called pink-eye, be rightly designated ? There is, I believe, both the
early and late pink-eye. It is a most excellent potato, and I understand
a good bearer. I am about to plant, in the south of England, a few given
to me in my rambles last summer by the reverend host of the inn at Capel
Cerrig ; shoidd they prove as excellent at the table in the south as I found
them almost universally in the mountains, I will communicate the parti-
culars of the culture, &c. Yours, Szc. — ./. 5. Feb. 1831.

The Surinam Yam, or large Cattle Potato. — ^Vhere can it be procured?
I have souirht the same in London, but in vain. — A Constqnt Subscriber.
Durham, Jan. 31. 1831.

Of any Edinburgh seedsman, say Lawson, seedsman to the Highland
Society. — Cond.

Prussian Asparagus, and preserving green Kidney Beans. — The Cale-
donian Horticultural Society, among the articles for which they offer
prizes, have the two following : — For an account of the mode of dressing
for the table Prussian grass, or the unexpanded flower-buds of Ornithogalum
p}Tenaicum, as practised in the neighbourhood of Bath. For an account,
founded on experience, of the mode of keeping haricots verts, or kidne}-
beans, green in the pod all the winter, as practised in Germany. We
request our valued correspondent Mr. Capper to throw some light on
the first subject ; and M. Hertz of Stuttgard will, we have no doubt,
attend to the second. — Cond.

Distillation of Spirit from Grasses. — " The excellent spirit procurable in
great quantities from the various kinds of grass is singularly overlooked ;
while considerably more valuable materials are sacrificed in abundance for
the same end. In Kamtschatka, the value of grass for this purpose is
didy appreciated. It is a peculiar kind, which, when allowed to heat by
lying in heaps, evolves sugar just as barley would do, although by a ven,^
dillerent process. It is then mashed with hot water, fermented, and
distilled. A spirit is thus produced which is highly prized by the natives."
(^Lardner's Cycl., Domestic Economy, vol. i. p. 251.) What is the kind of
grass here mentioned V The roots of the couch, and the stolones of the
fiorin, have also, according to this account, been tried with success by
two eminent chemists. Miaht not the runners of the strawberrv or the

250 •' Horticultural Society and Garden.

cuttings of fruit trees be rendered similarly useful ? Dr. Macculloch
is also stated to have observed, " that chemical examination has proved
the young shoots, tendrils, and leaves of the vine to contain substances
precisely similar to the crude fruit. Experiments were therefore in-
stituted in France, and repeated here with success ; the result of which
has been, that, from vine leaves, sugar, and water, wines have been pro-
duced in no respect differing from the produce of the immature fruit." Can
any thing like cider or perry be obtained from the young shoots of the
apple or the pear ? — J. C. Near Alnivick, Dec. 1830.

Art. VII. Horticultural Society and Garden.

Jan. 4. 1831. — Read. A Report upon the varieties of Pine-apple cul-
tivated in the Garden of the Society; by Mr. Munro, F.L.S., gardener
(concluded). The Meteorological Register kept in the Society's garden for
the month of December.

Exhibited. A variegated Waratah Camellia, from John Allnutt, Esq.
F.H.S. Bezi de Caissoy Pears, from Mr, James Young, F.H.S.

AtsDf from the Society's Garden. Thirty-one sorts of Apples, ten sorts
of Pears, Flowers of Chimonanthus fragrans and var. grandiflorus.

Jan. 18. — Read. An Enquiry into the Nature and Constitution of the
Sap-vessels of Plants ; by the author of the Domestic Gardener'' s Manual.

Distributed. Grafts of the Washington Plum, the Elton Cherry, Knight's
Early Black Cherry, and Reine Claude Violette Plum.

Exhibited. A Seedling Camellia and a Carnation Camellia, from John
Allnutt, Esq. F.H.S.

Also, from the Garden of the Socicti/. Thirty-two sorts of Apples, six
sorts of Pears, Flowers of Chimonanthus fragrans and var. grandiflorus,
and four sorts of Cardoons.

Feb. 1. — Read. A paper on the Potato; by T. A. Knight, Esq.
P.H.S. &c.

Distributed. Grafts of Cherries, the Belle de Choisy and the Black
Eagle. Grafts of Plums, Mimms and Drap d'Or, from the Society's garden.
Seeds of the Syon free-bearing Cucumber, a very good variety of Celery,
a very fine sort of Endive, true yellow Maltese Turnip, from Mr. Hugh
Ronalds, F.H.S.

Exhibited. Mitcham Seedling Apples, from Mi*. H. Lowndes, Cedar
Cottage, Brixton. Twenty-six sorts of Apples, six sorts of Pears, Flowers
of Chimonanthus fiiigrans, and var. grandiflorus, from the Society's garden.

Feb. 15. — Read. A Report upon the Varieties of Apricots cultivated
in the Society's garden ; by Mr. Robert Thompson, under-gardener in the
ffuit department.

Distributed, Grafts of Apples, Dutch Mignonne and Reinette de Ca-
nada ; Pears, Beurre Diel and Beurre Ranee.

Exhibited. Eighteen sorts of Apples, from Mr. Joseph Kirke, F.H.S.
A collection of Apples and Pears, from Mr. Owen of Bond Street. Gar-
den Seats, from Mr. Hammond, Tenter Row, City Road. Flowers of
Camellias, from John Allnutt, Esq.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Thirty sorts of Apple, four sorts
of Pears, and Flowers of Chimonanthus fragrans.

March 1. — Read. A Paper on the cultivation of the Melon ; by T. A.
Knight, Esq. P.H.S., &c.

Distributed. Grafts of the Ickworth Imperatrice Plum, Green Gage
Gooseberry, Mr. Knight's Sweet Red Currant, from T. A. Knight, Esq.

Ako,from the Garden of the Society, Marie-Louise Pear, Golden Harvey
Apple, Court of Wick Apple.

Horticultural Society and Garden. 251

Exhihited. Newtown Pippins from America, by John Beadnell, Esq.
F.H.S. Nine sorts of Camellias, from Mr. Chandler, F.H.S. lyeucojum
vernum. Forced Swedish Turnips, &c., Striped Perennial Kale, from IVIr.
Daniel Grant of Lewisham. Camellia Reeves/? (French White Camellia),
from T. C. Palmer, Esq. F.H.S.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Twentj'-two sorts of Apples, six
sorts of Pears, two kinds of Rhubarb, Flowers of Crocuses, three sorts of
Camellias, and Flowers of Chimonanthus fragrans.

The Chiswick Garden, Feb. 16. — We regret to see an alteration goino-
on in the plan of this garden, which shows a determination, on the part of
the Society, not to adopt any radical reformation in its general arran"-e-
ment. We regret it, because it shows a want of recourse to fundamental
principles, and a disposition to apply palliatives to fundamental evils, which
is generally the characteristic of indolence or ignorance. Some, who
reverence all public bodies, and adopt the opinions of eminent names, from
inability, disinclination, or want of leisure, to enquu-e into measures, may
think it a species of presumption in us, to set up our notions on the layinff
out of this garden against those of the Council, who must have sanctioned
the alteration in question. Perhaps, indeed, some may think that we are
influenced by private or party motives. Let those think so who do not
know us better : if private feelings could influence us, it would be to the
part of silence ; for, since the removal of Mr. Sabine, the officers of the
Society have shown us every civility, and afforded us every information
which we could desire. We are not, however, the less decided in our total
disapproval of the plan of the garden ; and our ideas on this subject must
be known to those who have perused this Magazine ft"om its commence-
ment. If the whole, the half, or a fourth of a reformed plan could not
have been executed in one season for want of funds, a smaller fraction might ;
and there would have been, to us at least, the double satisfaction of seeino-
work performed which would not require, at some future time, to be
undone, and the prospect of the completion, sooner or later, of a plan
worthy of the present state of gardening science. The money now ex-
pending in the alteration alluded to, if it had been applied as we proposed,
would at least have made a beginning to a work which must certainly one
day be undertaken. We will not repeat the outline of our plan, nor fatigue
our readers by pointing out many of the objections to that adopted. We
must, however, keep the subject alive, by now and then directing attention
to a defect or a deformity. Our present essay in this way shall not be long.
Let every young gardener recollect, that whatever is truly scientific must
form a definite whole; the parts of which can no more be disarranijed
than can the steps necessary for working a problem in geometry or a ques-
tion in arithmetic. On trjing the plan of the Chiswick garden by this test,
it will be found that it has no pretensions to the merit of being a definite
whole ; since any one part of it might be substituted for any other part,
and all the purposes which the garden now serves be as well answered
as at present. The arboretum, for instance, might just as well have been
on the west side as on the east side ; and the hot-house department might
have been equally well in the southern as in the northern corner. But the
principle we have laid down must be reflected upon by the young gardener,
and applied by him to all the details of the garden, in order to understand
the important consequences to which it leads. Hatl a scientific plan been
adopted, such as that we sketched out in a former Number, no patches of
common-place shrubbery or pleasure-ground scenery could have been
admitted, and not a single duplicate would have been required ; or, where
duplicates hiight have been thought desirable, they could only have been
allowed a place close to the original. No one species, in short, of either
ornamental tree or herbaceous plant could have occurred in two different

252 Horticidhiral Societi/ mid Garden.

parts of the garden without a specific reason. It is truly lamentable to see
thirty acres of admirable soil, and with a surface, exposure, and locality so
well suited for the purposes of a scientific horticultural garden, frittered
away to insignificant parts, by walks and hedges, which not only waste
space, but greatly increase the labour of keeping, and totally destroy
character.

We hope this garden will prove a useful example to other Societies which
have not yet laid out theirs, and induce them not to be guided by any
individual, however zealous he maybe; but, as is generally done in the
case of public buildinjjs, to call in the aid of public competition.

In other respects, the (Jhiswick garden is very much to our satisfaction,
and various parts of it are at this season exceedingly interesthig. A few
sorts of pears, and a good many kinds of apples, still remain in good pre-
servation on the shelves of the fruit-room ; and, packed in jars of dried
sand and in baskets of dried fern, there are several varieties of both fruits,
which will keep till pears come again. Mr. Thompson seems to find sand
the best medium for preserving plumpness, but rather injurious to the fla-
vour ; and dried fern the best medium for i)reserving plumpness and flavour
at the same time, in apples and pears ; dried sand is probably preferable for
plums and grapes.

Eighty-eight sorts of crocuses are now in bloom in the flower depart-
ment, and form a most agreeable sight. We observed some fine specimens
of that rare and beautiful bulb, Galiinthiis plicaius, which is to the com-
mon snowdrop what the giant ivy is to the common ivy. This spring
flower, and Bulbocodium vernum, ieucojum vernum, and iS'cilla sibirica,
bifolia, and verna, all neat little bulbs now in bloom, well deserve a place
in every garden which is to be seen in the spring months. The great
object, in all gardens belonging to residences occupied by the family all the
year, is to have abundance of flowers for spring and autumn, and a good
stock of green-house plants which flower in the winter.

The tropical plants in the houses look remarkably well, and those with
coloured leaves, such as Justic/a picta, Eranthemum bicolor, Croton
picta and variegata, Calddium bicolor, Dracas^na terminalis, Ruelh'«
Sabini«?zfl', &c., at this season, when there are few plants in flower, have
a gay appearance. Ruelh'« cilitita, Streptocarpus IlexH which blooms all
the year, with some Orchideas and Amaryllidt'<2?, are in bloom.

In the peach house the trees are in bloom, and we observed a sort of
spatula or flap of deal board about 18 in. long and 9 in. broad, for beating
the air of the house, so as to set it in motion, and disperse the farina of
the blossoms. It would be an easy matter to render this operation very
complete, by having several flaps susj)ended from the roof, say one under
every other rafter, and moving the whole at once by a connecting rod of
wire; or by hazel or willow rods. Any gardener might construct such
a machine for himself.

The half-hardy articles which were matted have stood the winter
remarkably well. Chimonanthus fragrans is still covered with blossoms
which have not lost their fragrance ; and those of C. f. grandiflorus are
large and handsome, a circumstance which strongly recommends this
variety. Wistar/« Consequawr/, one of the shoots of which, made the year
before last, measures 60 ft. long, shows abundance of blossoms over a
surface of about 2oO square feet of walling. Some of the clumps in the
arboretum have been obliterated, and the space they occupied levelled and
trodden down so as to be as solid as the adjoining turf; and these are
what is called grafted with the turf; or, in other words, set with patches
of turf about the size of the haml, j^laced about 9 in. apart every way.
This practice, which was recently brought into notice in Norfolk, has long
l)een known among gai'deners ; and it has the advantage, in cases such as
that before us, of not forming distinct patches of green. The turf being

Horticultural Society and Garden. 253

taken from the adjoining surface, the patch is covered with the same species
and varieties of grasses, in the same degree of luxuriance as those around
it ; whereas, if it had been taken from some adjoining field or meadow,
the grasses might have been wholly or partly of a different species or
variety, or of the same species but in a different degree of luxuriance.
This last difference alone would have rendered the new surface, or patch,
of a different colour and rate of growth from the adjoining surface for
years to come.

' Notwithstanding our entire disapproval of the original plan of the garden,
and of the alterations now going on, we wish never to lose an opportunity
of recommending all nurserymen, not only in Britain, but in Europe and
America, and, in short, throughout the world, to apply for scions and cut-
tings of the fruit trees and fruit shrubs grown at Chiswick; in order to
disseminate in all gardens, from that of the cottage to those of the palace,
the very superior new sorts of apples and pears, as speedily as possible ;
and also to effect a fundamental reformation in the nomenclature of
European fruits wherever they are cultivated. This recommendation we
shall make with more effect when the Society has published its de-
scriptive catalogue. In the mean time we trust that all European and
American nurserymen, but more especially those of our own island, who
propagate fruit trees, will look forward to establishing in their own grounds
specimen trees of each particular sort, from which they mean to take
scions or cuttings, and that these sorts shall, to a certainty, bear the names
given or approved by the Horticultural Society of London. Unless this
be done by every nurserjnian, without exception, who propagates fruit
trees, the Horticultural Society will have laboured, in a great measure,
in vain.

The practice of taking grafts from young trees in the nursery lines
which have not borne fruit, has led to the confusion and error as to names,
which unavoidably prevails more or less in every nursery, not only in
Britain, but throughout the world, and must infallibly continue till the
practice we reconnnend is adopteti. The slightest error once committed
among the fruit trees, in a nursery where the scions are taken from the
lines, is perpetuated for ever in that nursery, and ramified into other
nurseries and gentlemen's gardens all over the country; but an error
committed among the fruit trees in a nursery where the grafts are taken
from stock plants, is limited to the specific case, and only deceives one
purchaser instead of hundreds and thousands. Either nurserymen must
resort to the practice of grafting from fruit-bearing stock plants, or they
must learn to know every variety of fruit from the wood or young shoots
of the tree which bears it ; a [)ractice which, though easy enough in some
cases, they will find ver}' difficult in a great many, and almost impracticable
in others, from the continual change which takes place in the workmen
of every nursery establishment which supplies country gentlemen with
gardeners. It is true that this mode of conducting the fruit-tree department
of a nurser}', bv the atldition of a pomarinm, or orchard, will require a'con-
siderable addition to the quantity of ground employed ; and will be unsafe
without a greater length of lease of tiie soil from the landlord than what
is now generally granted : but the ultimate effect of this will be, at least
if the purchasers of fruit trees act with due regard to their own interest,
to create a division of skill and labour among nurserymen. Many will give
uj) growing fruit trees altogether ; others will confine themselves to one
or two kinds, and purchase the rest from the trade for their customers.
Scarcely any nurseryman at present grows everything which he wants,
even if he deals in every thing; nor is this of any consequence at all as
to the nurseryman's profit or loss, since, so long as the trade between
nurserymen is free, all benefits or disadvantages of this kind must be
reciprocal.

254

Covcnt Garden Market.

Art. VIII. Covent Garden Market.

The Cabbage Tribe.

Cabbages, per dozen :

\\"hite

Red . - -

Plants, or Coleworts
Savoys, per dozen
Brussels Sprouts, per i sieve
Genuaji Greens or Kale,

per dozen ...
Broccoli, per bunch :

\Vh.te

Green . - -

Purple . . -

Cape ^late)

("per sack -
i per bushel

Tumip-tops

From

To

£ s.

d

£ s.

d.

0 1

0

0 1

6

0 6

0

0 8

0

0 1

6

0 2

6

0 0

4

0 1

0

0 1

6

0 2

6

0 0

4

0 0

6

0 1

6

0 5

0

0 1

0

0 2

6

0 1

6

0 3

0

0 2

0

0 3

6

0 1

6

0 3

0

0 0

6

0 1

0

Legumes.
Kidneybeans v,forced\ per

hunared . . -

0 3 6

Tubers and Roots.

r per ton
PoUtoes . -Jpercwt
C per bush.

Kidney, per bushel

Scotch', per bushel

New, per pound . I

Jerusalem 1 per J sieve j

Artichokes J per dozen
Turnips, White, per bunch 0 0
Carrots, per bunch : I

Old -

Horn - - " I

Parsneps, per dozen • |

Red Beet, per dozen
Skirret, per bunch
Scorzonera, per bundle
Salsify, per bunch
Horseradish, per bundle
Radishes:

Red, per half dozen bands
,'3J each^

Turnip, per bunch

T9ie Spinach Tribe.

c ■ u f per sieve
Spinach ^^r half sieve
Sorrel, per half sieve

TV Oiiion Tribe.
Onions :

Old, per bushel -

Pickling, per half sieve 0 10

Green Ciboules', p. bun. | 0 0

Leeks, per dozen bunches 0 0

Chives, per dozen roots - 0 1

Garlic, per pound - - 0 0

Shallots, per pound - - 0 1

New, per bunch . 0 0

Asparaginous Plants,
Salads, %c.
Asparagus, per hundred :
Large, or Ware
Middling
Small

0
0

[ per half sieve - | 0

Lettuce, Cabbage, per score: 0

Endive, per score - - **

Succorv, per bunch - 0

Celer^-,' per bundle (12 to 15) 0

Sea.kale[P"P^"-"^

0 10
4
2
0
2
0

0 6
0 12

0 n

6 0

6 0

2 ! 0

4 I 0

0 5 0

4 10
0 4
0 2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 2
0 0
0 0

0 10

|sma,lSaUds[P|j5^l„^„tl^

j \\ atercress, per dozen small
' bunches ...
! Burnet, per bunch

Pot and Sweet Herbs.

I Parsley, per half sieve

I Tarragon, forced, per dozen

I bunches

I Purslain, per punnet
Fennel, per dozen bunches
Thyme, per dozen bunches
Sage, i>er dozen bunches
Mint, forced, per dozen bun
Peppermint, dried, per doz.

bunches
Marjoram, per doz. bunches
Savory, per dozen bunches
Basil, per dozen bunches -

I Rosemary, green, per dozen

1 bunches
Lavender, dried, p. doz. bun.
Tansy, per doz. bunches -

Stalks and Fruits for Tarts,

Pickling, ^c.

j Rhubarb Stalks, per bundle

Edible Fungi and Fuci.
Mushrooms, per pottle
Morels, dried, per pound -
Truffles, per pound :

English ...

Foreign, dried . . i

Fruits. I

Apples, Dessert, per bushel : I

Konpareils - . - | 0 15 0
Golden Pearmains - 0 8 0
Golden Pippins - . 1 10 0
Rosemary Pippins . 0 8 0
Baking, per bushel . 0 5 0
French Crabs - - 0 10 0
American . . 10 0

Reinette de Coe . 0 10 0

Reinette grise - - U 0 0
Pears, Dessert, per dozen :
Bon Chretien . .06

Colmar . - 0 18

Sl Germains - - 0 IS
Pears, Baking, p. half sieve : '
Cadillac . . | 0 7

Bell-shaped - - ] 0 7

Almonds, per peck - 0 6

Strawberries, forced, per oz. 0 3
Chestnuts, Frt'nch, per peck 0 4
Filberts, English, per lb. -01
Pine-apples, per pound - 0 16
Hot-house Grapes, per lb. 1 10
Cucumbers, frame, per brace 0 10
Extremely long, 24 in. |
each . . - 0 16

n ("per dozen - 0 0

Oranges |f,er hundred i 0 4
Bitter Oranges, per hundred 0

From
£ s. d.
0 1 6
0 0 2

To

£ s.
0 2
0 0

d.
0

3

0 0 0
0 0 2

0 0
0 0

6
3

0 0
0 14

0 10
0 14

Lemons

("per dozen .10 0
l per hundred 0 6
Sweet .Almonds, per pound 0 3
Brazil NuU, per bushel . 0 12
Spanish Nuts, per peck .04
Barcelona . . .05

0 7 0

0

6

0

0

0

0

0

6

0

0

0

0

0

4

0

0

8

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 3 6

0 1

6

0 0

0

0 0

0

0 0

0

2 10

0

0 10

0

3 0

0

0 10

0

0 8

0

0 12

0

1 10

0

0 0

0

0 0

0

0 0

0

0 0

0

0 0

0

0 0

0

0 0

0

0 0

0

0 5

0

0 10

0

0 0

0

1 4

0

2 5

0

0 0

0

1 0

0

0 2

6

0 16

0

1 4

0

0 2

0

0 16

0

0 0

0

0 16

0

0 0

0

0 0

0

Observatioiis. — Tlie total absence of solar heat during the month of Fe-
bruary, and the continuance of rain through the early part of March, have,
in some measure, retarded the early spring productions generally found in
our markets at this season, although the prevalence of an improved system in

Covent Gardefi Market. 255

culture goes far to remedy the deficiency. Our supplies of ordinary articles
have been abundant throughout the winter, at very moderate prices. A
general impression prevails that there is less consumption of vegetables in
the metropolis, and consequently a depreciation in theii- value : from what-
ever cause it may proceed, there is certainly a very limited demand ; and
when the prices are barely more than remunerating to the growers, that
limited demand, if possible, becomes less. The supply of English apples,
from the deficiency in the late season, has been very small ; but consider-
able quantities have been imported from France and Flanders, at very
moderate prices, which have kept down the value of our own produce ;
and this will illustrate very clearly my observation ; for, in consequence of
the light crop, the apples of this country in the early part of the season
brought high prices, which put them out of general use. After Christmas,
the supply of foreign frnit being considerable, prices declined ; but the
consumption has not materially increased, and the sales are really nominal.
The suppl}' of forced rhubarb has been good ; and is used very generally
as a substitute for, and in preference to, apples. We have now a moderate
quantity of English fruit in the market ; but it will not pay the grower for
holding over, in consequence of the decline in its price. Forced asparagus
was in great demand during February ; and the growers obtained higher
prices than I have cjiioted, for a short period : but, the supply being very
good, prices have declined. Pine-apples have been also wanted ; and, in
consequence of there being but few fine, have realised good prices. Straw-
berries are as yet in limited quantities, and but little looked for. Grapes
are just coming in, and but little in demand at present. Sea-kale is now
in great plenty, and of excellent quality ; being generally cheaper than
asparagus (for which it is in some measure considered a substitute) ; it is
much in demand. The supply of Scotch potatoes has lately been good ; in
consequence, the prices have declined ; but, as we have few to come to
hand from the home districts, and as the planting season has commenced,
it is probable they may be in demand and sell better. During the winter,
some specimens of .S'tachys palustris have been in the market, and sold as
an esculent : to my taste it resembles in flavour, when dressed, the bot-
toms of the common artichoke. Brussels sprouts, a most excellent
vegetable, have been more generally cultivated, and brought to market,
and appear to be much esteemed. — G. C. Alarch 24'.

IVeiff/its and Measiires. — I am surprised that the Duke of Bedford has
not followed the example of the managers of Farringdon Market, and
established in it an office of reference and regulation for weights and
measures. It is shameful to see half-sieves, as they are called, diflering
in quantity to the extent of nearly 3 quarts, and yet passing for the same
measure, and sold at the same price. If a person errs in weights or mea-
sures in the City market, I believe, he is immediately turned out of it. —
Henry Loiundes. Cedar Cottage, Brixton, Jan. .30. 1831.

Measures used in Covent Garden Market. — Sir, On the part of myself
and some others of your readers who reside in the country, I solicit the
favour of a specification of some of the particular quantities designated
by local terms, in common use at Covent Garden Market, comprised in
your " List of Prices." For instance, what cjuantity, either by weight or
number, constitutes, on an average, a bunch or a bundle of broccoli,
turnips, carrots, salsify, succory, &c.? The sieve, and the half-sieve, too,
are measures not generally known in the country; but if you would give
the average weight of the respective articles contained in these particular
measures, or the relation which these measures bear to the divisions of
the imperial bushel, a better idea would be obtained, in the country, of
the comparative prices of the articles. The same information relative to
the sizes or capacity of the 'punnct is required. In other respects, the in-
formation given is clear and satisfactory. — B.Bcvan. Leighton,Feh.l, 1831.

256 Obituary.

The weights, measures, and customs of Covent Garden Market are cer-
tainly very peculiar ; and it would be for the advantage of trade in every
part of the country, if one general denomination and practice could be
there and everywhere else introduced. The time must come, sooner or
later, when one system of weights, measures, and monies will be common
to Europe ; and it would be easy for the British and French governments
to bring this about in the course of a generation. In the meantime, we
trust to our correspondent G. C. to give some explanation to Mr. Bevan.
— Cond.

The Consei'vatoriec '.a this Market have been lately heated by Mi-. Collins,
of 14. Tavistock Row, in a very ingenious manner, which admits of con-,
veying the heat, either by hot water or by steam, at the shortest notice,
and with 'Very little trouble to the operator. The arrangement is most
scientific, and does great credit to the engineer, from whom we have re-
ceived an account of it, which, with a general description of the market,
accompanied by plans and views, kindly furnished us by the architect, Mr.
Fowler, will add interest to, we hope, our next Number. — Cond.

Art. IX. Obituary.

Robert Brown, Esq., well known by his excellent agricultural writ-
ings, died on Feb. 14., at Drylawhill, East Lothian, in his 74th year.
Ml'. Brown was born in the village of East Linton, where he entered into
business ; but his natural genius soon led him to agricultural pursuits,
which he followed with singular success. He commenced his agricultural
career at Westfoitune, and soon afterwards removed to Markle. Mr.
Brown was a contemporary and intimate acquaintance of the late George
Rennie, Esq., of Phantassie, and to the memory of them both agriculture
owes a tribute of gi'atitude. Mr. Rennie chiefly confined his attention to
the practice of agriculture; and his fine estate furnished evidence of the
skill with which his plans were devised, and of the accuracy with which
they were executed. While Mr. Brown followed close on Mr. Rennie in
the field, the energies of his mind were, however, more particularly directed
to the literary department of agriculture. His Treatise on Rural Ajfairs,
and his articles in the Edinburgti Farmer^s Magazine (of which he was
conductor during fifteen years), evinced the soundness of his practical
knowledge and the energy of his intellectual faculties. The excellence of
his writings has not only caused their wide circulation in this kingdom, but
has extended their sphere of instruction to foreign countries. His best
articles are translated into the French and (xerraan languages ; and
" Robert Brown of Markle " is quoted by Continental writers, as an
authority on agricultural subjects. He took an active interest in the
public welfare, especially when rural economy was concerned, and by his
death the tenantry of Scotland have lost a '~o ]c5s sincere friend than an
able and zealous advocate. V/e enjoyed the advantages of Mr. Brown's
friendship for upwards of thirty years, and he was one of our earliest
contributors when we co"mienced this Magazine. No one can more
deeply regret his loss <■'■ '■■rselves.

Mr. ,Johr ni the 14th of February last, aged 22 years.

He was several ' . suopman to his uncle, Mr. B. Saunders, nursery-
man and seedsr:i^n, Jersey ; and his skill, diligence, disposition, and man-
ners, joined to a highly cultivated understanding, had gained him the
regard and aft'ection of all his companions, and the esteem and respect of
his superiors. — A Constant Reader. Jersci/, Marc/t 8. 1831.

THE

GARDENER'S MAGAZINE,

JUNE, 1831.

PART I.

ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE.

Art. I. Notes and Reflections made during a Tour through Part
of France and Germany, in the Autumn of the Year 1828. By
the Conductor.

{Continued from p. 134.)

The Market Gardens of Paris (les Jardins Marais) are nu-
merous, generally of small extent, and cultivated by manual
labour ; but a few of them may be designated Farm Gardens,
in which are used the plough and other agricultural imple-
ments. As vegetables enter more into the cookery of France
than they do into that of England, an immense quantity is
consumed at the hospitals and similar institutions ; and, in
consequence of this, the more extensive market-gardeners
employ their produce chiefly in executing contracts entered
into with public bodies. With this exception, the produce of
the Paris market-gardens is sold in the vegetable markets, as
in London. There are several of these, but none so decidedly
superior to all the others as to be compared to Covent Garden
Market. The Marche des Innocens appeared to us one of
the largest. We visited it twice, on September 13th, and
December 20th, and shall note what we saw in it on those
days, with the conclusions which we drew.

La Marche des Innocens. — Sept. 13. Ihe area exceeds an
acre, and is surrounded by a quadrangular range of sheds,
open on both sides, with a walk in the centre. In the enclosed
area, potatoes and other roots are sold, as in the area of
Covent Garden Market. We shall compare the supplies of

Vol. VII.— No. 32. s

258 Notes and Reflections durmg a Tour : —

the two markets about the same season of the year ; and for
that purpose we request our readers to open Vol. IV. at p. 408.

T/ie Cabbage Tribe. — An abundant supply, but the vai'iety not great, and
the kinds coarse and not well headed. Very large savoys, some red cab-
bages and field-cabbages, and also some broccoli and cauliflower. On the
whole, the markets of London, Edinburgh, and Strasburgh, which we have
seen at the same season (Edinburgh in 1803, and Strasburgh in 1819),
were rather better sup[)Hed than the Marclie des Innocens. The deficiency
appeared to be iii toe quality of the kinds of cabbage and broccoli.

Legumes. — Ripe pods of kidneybeans, but none green, and no common
peas in pods. Decidedly inferior to British markets.

Tubers and Roofs. — Abundance of potatoes, but the sorts not such as
would be considered good in Britain. Quantities of Jerusalem artichoke,
scorzonera, black radishes, Teltow turnip, solid celery, carrots, parsneps,
succory roots, and others. The variety much greater than in Britain, and
the quality of every ai'ticle, except the potatoes and carrots, equal, if not
superior.

T/ie Onion Tribe. — An abundant supply of both onions and leeks, and
also a quantity of shallots and garlic. The leeks smaller than in Britain.

Asparagiuous Plants, Salads, ^-c. — A few artichokes, and some half-
blanched celery, lettuce, endive, lamb's lettuce, and other salads. The variety-
greater than in Britain, the supply more abundant, and the quality superior.

Poi and Sweet Herbs. — Abundance of parsley of a coarse sort, tarragon
and all our other aromatic herbs, capsicums in quantities, tomatoes, and
egg-fruit. The variety and supply both greater than in Britain.

Fnngi. — Abundance of mushrooms, and some truffles.

Fruits for Tarts and Pickling. — Large quantities of white cucumbers
(concombres), of pickling cucumbers (cornichons), gourds, and pumpkins,
in great variety, of all sizes, but we did not observe the vegetable marrow.
On a par with British markets.

Fruits. — Abundance of apples, chiefly Colvilles ; and of pears, chiefly
bon Chretiens and bergamots ; rock and Cantaloup melons, Chasselas
grapes, peaches, figs, and plums ; pear-shaped sorbs, sold at about a sous
each; and a great quantity of very excellent alpine strawberries. The last
article is the only one in which this market excelled that of Covent Garden :
in all the other truits it was much inferior.

Adjoniing the market are shops, in which are sold pista-
chios and other dried fruits, oranges, nuts, &c., burnt onions,
burnt carrots, dried pears, plums, apples, and apricots. The
onions and carrots are charred so as to become as black as
ink : this effect is produced b}^ baking them slowl}^ in an oven,
and taking them out at intervals during several days. They
are used in cookery for colouring soups.

Sprigs of orange tree in blossom are, we were told, to be
found in this market throughout the year. These are con-
sidered essential accompaniments to the dress of bridal parties ;
and although artificial flowers, perfumed with orange-water,
are sometimes employed by those who cannot afford the living
article, yet the latter is by far the most generally used.

On the whole, the supplies of the Paris vegetable markets
are inferior in point of excellence to those of London. The
quality and variety of fruits are greatly inferior, and also the

Field Market-Garden of M. Cadet de Mars. 259

dryness and flavour of potatoes, and the succulency of turnips,
cabbages, and the other common culinary vegetables ; but the
Paris markets approach to equality with those of London, in
mushrooms, salads, and aromatic iierbs, during summer, and
surpass us in those articles during winter.

December 20. Observed a great quantity of excellent
cauliflowers ; endive and chiccory, blanched in different
degrees ; lamb's lettuce, scorzonera, Teltow turnips, solid
celery, common white turnips, very long leeks ; onions, rather
small; excellent field cabbage, in immense quantities; savoys,
large heaps of mushrooms, and, to the best of our judgment
at the time, every vegetable seen in the London markets
about the same season, with the exception of broccoli, sea-
kale, asparagus, and forced rhubarb. The fruits were Chas-
selas grapes, Colville and reinette grise apples, a few indifferent
pears, different kinds of service, cornel berries, walnuts and
filberts, and sprigs of orange-blossoms, as in September.
It is but fair to mention that we failed in being at the
market sufficiently early in the morning to see things in their
best state. We shall now glance at some of the market-
gardens.

The Field Market-Garden of M. Cadet de Mars, at Auher-
villiers. — Oct. 4. Aubervilliers is a small village, about a
league from Paris, and M. Cadet de Mars's grounds occujjy
50 or 60 acres round it. This gardener has been repeatedly
mayor of his village, and he is unquestionably at the head of
field market-gardeners in the neighbourhood of Paris. He
was, as he told us, a peasant ; but it is impossible to see his
imposing manly figure and open generous countenance without
feeling that he is noble by nature. He is upwards of seventy ;
and he began the world without a penny, and without edu-
cation ; but he is now proprietor of the grounds which he cul-
tivates, besides houses and other property. He has lately
ceded his grounds, widi the exception of a few acres for his
own amusement, to his children ; and lives quietly with his
wife, an excellent woman, about twenty years younger than
himself. This old man is full of gaiety and spirits, content
with his past life, and apparently happy. He has always had
the greatest curiosity respecting other countries, and this still
breaks out every time he sees a foreigner. He told us that he
would travel tlnough England, provided his wife would
accompany him. He once went as far as Havre with a friend
who was going to England, for the sake of seeing the sea, and
he speaks with raptures of the visit. He takes an interest in
all that is passing in the world, and spoke much of America ;
the government of which he admires beyond that of all other

s 2

260 Notes and Reflections duri?ig a Toiir : —

countries, and which he hopes that France will one day adopt
as a model. He spoke much of the first revolution, of which
he had witnessed many of the most interesting scenes. In
politics and morals, indeed, he is far beyond his contempora-
ries ; and is, in short, as far as an unlettered man can be, all
that Jefferson or Lafayette could wish him to be. He made
his fortune chiefly by taking large contracts to supply the
hospitals. The largest contracts he ever had were made with
the Hospice Salpetriere; for which on gourd-day, i.e. the
day on which the vegetable used in the soup served to the
inmates is the pumpkin or the gourd, he used to supply
6000 lbs. He has had a fruit of the mammoth gourd which
weighed 195 lbs. He had also large contracts with the ma-
nufacturers of sugar from the beet root ; especially during the
years 1812 and 1813, when the price of sugar in Paris was
5 francs per lb. These companies failed, for the most part,
in 1814 and 1815, when sugar fell to 14 sous per lb. His
sons still cultivate large quantities of mangold- wurzel for feed-
ing cows ; and it deserves to be remarked, that these culti-
vators, and also others in their neighbourhood, who formerly
used to gather a part of the leaves to sell as fodder while the
plants were growing, have now left off the practice, from
finding that it lessens the size of the roots.

In the field-garden cvdture practised here, and in other
field-gardens in the neighbourhood of Paris, the soil is
ploughed for the crop with a two-wheeled plough ; but all the
operations of cleaning and gathering the crop are performed
by manual labour. Irrigation, either by manual labour or
by channels on the surface, is seldom resorted to. There is
no regular rotation of crops ; but in general, after three or four
crops of vegetables, a crop of wheat is taken, or the land is
sown with lucern, under which it remains from two to five
years. Turnips are seldom sown in the spring, because the
drought and insects destroy them ; but in August, after the
crop of peas, wheat, or rye is removed, they are sown with
success. Onions and leeks are sown together in February :
neither grow large. The onions are removed early in Sep-
tember, and the leeks remain to be taken up as wanted.
Small leeks are preferred in the Paris market, as having more
flavour; and the same as to onions and asparagus. Where
the soil is deep, soft, and inclined to moisture, the marsh-
mallow is cultivated for the apothecaries, and found to pay
well, because suitable ground for this plant is rare on secondary
limestone. Asparagus is grown in single rows along the
bottom of shallow trenches, and, instead of covering the plants
durino: winter as we do in Enajland, their crowns or buds are

Field Market-Garden of M. Cadet de Mars. 261

laid almost bare, so as to receive the first influence of the
sun in spring. As the plants begin to push, they are earthed up.
A part of the grounds is planted with vines, in rows about
3 ft. apart, between each row of which is a row of as})aragus ;
and in the rows of vines are asparagus plants, which alternate
with the vines. When the vines are in fruit, the stalks of the
asparagus are tied together in bundles, to admit more air to
the vines. On expressing our surprise at the practice of laying
bare the buds of asparagus during the winter, M. Cadet de
Mars acknowledged that highly succulent varieties of aspa-
ragus, grown in deep richly manured soil, such as might be
seen in some private gardens, and particularly in that of the
king at Versailles, would suffer from this practice ; but that
field-asparagus, such as that before us, was nearer a state of
nature, and suffered no injury. He observed that a covering
of earth or litter, while it prevented the escape of heat, at the
same time prevented its entrance ; and he gave, as an instance
in favour of the practice, the well known early flowering of
bulbs planted on the surface, as done with crocuses about
Paris, in comparison with those which are inserted some
inches deep in the soil. He is of opinion that cold serves to
force forward plants as well as heat; having remarked that,
after a very severe winter, provided it were short, bulbs
flowered earlier, and asparagus was ready to cut sooner. Of
course, this doctrine can only apply to very hardy plants ; but,
relatively to them, it appears to be one well deserving the
consideration of British gardeners.

In the grounds which M. Cadet de Mars has retained for
his own amusement, there is a wall covered with peach and
apricot trees, very well trained in the fan manner. Along its
top there is a projecting trellis, supported, at an angle of about
60°, by struts abutting against the wall, about 2 ft. lower than
the top ; and this trellis is covered with vines. The upper
parts of the peach and apricot trees were evidently injured a
little by the shade of the vines ; but we were told that the
latter were of some use to the former in spring, by protecting
their blossoms from perpendicular cold. The trellis was
loaded with grapes, which, from the path in front, had a
very rich appearance. There M^ere a great many dwarf apple
trees in this garden, trained eii gobelet ; the sort preferred was
the reinette de Canada. Behind M. Cadet de Mars's house
is a small walled garden, formerly, if we are not mistaken, the
burying-ground of a religious establishment, the church of
which is now one of M. Cadet de Mars's barns, and is
filled with apples and onions. There are some very large
standard apricot trees in this garden, and a very old vine,

s 3

262 Notes atid Reflections during a Tour : —

which bear abundantly ; and we saw a stack of onions as
large as a haystack. The onions are stacked by alternating
them with thin layers of rye straw ; the straw at the outside
of the stack being doubled in over the onions, so that none
of them appeared to view. We have seen carrots stacked in
the same manner with wheat straw in England.

Having seen every thing, M. Cadet de Mars invited us to
take some refreshment, and see his wife ; and after partaking
of some excellent brown bread, butter, cheese, grapes, apples,
and wine, we took leave of him with feelings of veneration
and res})ect for the native dignity and worth of the man, and
with our imagination fully occupied with the idea of what he
would have been with a good education. Any Englishman in
Paris who may be curious to visit Aubervilliers may consult
M. Lacroix, at M. Vilmorin's, who was our guide. M. Lacroix
will, no doubt, find that we have in this account omitted much
which is worthy of notice, and probably made some little mis-
takes in what we have attempted to relate : but such as there
may be, we trust he will attribute to the true cause, forgetful-
ness ; and, if they are serious, send us his corrections.

17ie Fig Gardens at Argcnteuil, a Village T'wo Leagues
North of Paris. — Oct. 5. In the neighbourhood of this vil-
lage, on the road to St. Denis, the fig is cultivated like the
vine, and often mixed with it in the open fields. The figs are
low spreading bushes, none of them higher than 6 ft. or 7 ft.,
with the branches proceeding from the centre or stool in five or
six clusters or bundles ; each bundle consisting of three or four
leading branches with their side- shoots. The angle which the
bundles make with the ground may be about 45"^. The cause
of the shoots being in bundles, and of the obliquity of this
angle, is, that the bundles are every winter bent down to the
ground, and either held down to it by stakes or stones, or
partially or wholly buried in the earth. It is a mistake to
suppose that a covering of earth is required to protect them
from the frost : pressing them to the surface of the ground,
and retaining them there, as done with the vines in the
south of Germany, is sufficient. It is only because it is found
the cheapest mode, labour being less costly than either stones
or stakes, that the branches are most frequently partially
buried. An old man and his wife described to us the manner
in which the trench for each bundle of branches was dug out,
and the bundle held down by one man, while another covered
the extremities with about a foot of earth. The centre of the
bush is sometimes enveloped in straw; but this is considered too
expensive to pay. Any leaves and unripe fruit which may be
on the branches are removed when the branches are laid down,

Fig Gardens at Argenteuil. 26S

to preveMt their rotting the young shoots. In spring, when
the earth is removed, the bundles are untied, and the branches
restored to their former position ; the dead wood is then cut
out. Ahnost the only pruning given is in June, when the
points of all the young shoots are pinched off, to enlarge tlie
size and hasten the growth of the fruit. Whenever a shoot
becomes too stiff to bend down, it is cut off close to the
ground, and a young sucker is allowed to take its place. The
figs which proceed from the wood of the past year ripen
naturally; but those on the wood of the current year fre-
quently do not ripen at all, and almost always require artificial
aid. This aid consists in di-opping a little oil into the eye or
flower of the fruit. The woman mentioned was employed for
this purpose, and showed us how it was performed. She had
a small phial of olive oil suspended from her apron-strings,
and in her hand the upper part of a stalk of wheat, forming
u tube open at both ends, about 5 in. long. She inserted the
small end of this tube in the phial, and, before taking it out,
placed her thumb on its upper and broadest end, to prevent,
by intercepting the pressure of the atmosphere, the oil which
had risen in the tube from flowing out; with the other hand
she then tui-ned towards her the eye of a full-grown fig, and
applying to it the small end of the straw tube, lifted her thumb
from the other end, just long enough to let a small drop of oil
enter the orifice in the fig. Before requiring a fresh supply
of oil, she performed this operation to ten or twelve figs. The
object of this application, she told us, was to occasion a sort
of artificial ripening or easy separation (pour les faire partir)
of the fig from the shoot. It certainly renders them eatable ;
but they are far from being equal to those which are ripened
naturally.

We cannot help noticing here the wretched condition of
the old man and his wife who gave us the above information.
Though neither seemed labouring under acute disease, nor
suffering from absolute want of either food or clothes, yet the
appearance of both indicated what we should call great natu-
ral misery. The man, who appeared between 60 and 70 years
of age, was completely blind ; and the woman, who might be
10 or 1 5 years younger, had her eyes highly inflamed, or rather
bloodshot, and running with water. Both were without teeth,
and very much bent downwards. The woman first caught our
eye ; and it was not till we enquired respecting the mode of
laying down the figs, that we learned that a man was near.
When she went to bring the poor, blind, infirm creature, we
were surprised to find him, though it was Sunday, engaged
in mowing, or rather in attempting to mow, a small patch of

s 4

264 Notes and Reflections during a Tour.

lucern. It was an affecting sight to see the wife take her
husband's hand, and lead him, tottering, over the furrows, to
the trees ; and not less so, to see him attempting to make us
comprehend the manner of laying down the branches. His
voice had very much failed him ; and that circumstance, to-
gether with his patois, rendered it very difficult for us to
comprehend a word he said. From the woman, however, we
understood that they had had two sons in the army ; one had
been killed in the West Indies, and the other they presumed
to be dead, not having heard of, or from him for upwards of
twenty years. They had a daughter, also, of whom they had not
heard for nearly an equal period. As far as we could under-
stand, this couple were what would be called in England on the
parish ; and they were employed as gardes champetres.

From the expressions used by the woman on receiving a
trifle, her only consolation seemed to be in the hopes held out
by religion : a happy provision of nature, under certain cir-
cumstances of mental cultivation, for the loss of all worldly
comforts. When every thing else is gone in this world, there
is always the world to come on which to anchor our wishes
and hopes. In all that regards the present, the condition of
this couple must be low indeed in the scale of human hap-
piness ; and if there were not a prospect that the progress of
civilisation would greatly ameliorate this class of society, one
might be tempted to ask whether it would not be better for a
man to lose his life in battle, or otherwise to be cut ofi" in the
midst of his strength, than to live till the simple want of
good and sufficient food and clothing rendered existence a
matter of indifference, or perhaps a burthen. Fortunately for
human nature, there exists the principle of sympathy, which
imoels all men not under the influence of diseased feeling
to desire that good for others which they possess them-
selves. Hence, one of the grand characteristics of civilisation
is respect for the infirmities of age. As society improves, the
condition of the aged poor will be improved also : and for
such a couple as we have just described, half a century hence
there will not, in Europe at least, be war to bereave them of
their sons ; nor will ignorance and difficulty of communica-
tion exist to such an extent as to prevent them from corre-
sponding with their daughter. Among people so generally
enlightened and so well governed as all the nations of Europe
must in the natural course of events soon be, it will be impos-
sible for any misery to exist that is not the result of positive:
crinie, natural disease, or accidental evil.

(To he ccmtiitued.)

Neiso Market of Covent Garden. 2G5

Art. II. Description of the Neiv Market of Coveyit Garden, London.
By the Conductor.

The market of Covent, or Convent, Garden is so named
from its site having been once the garden of a convent. It
occupies a space measuring 326 ft. from east to west, and
248 ft. from north to soutii, and consequently covers nearly
two acres of surface. This space, before the present new
building was commenced in 1828, was partially covered with
open sheds and wooden structures, which had not the slightest
pretension to uniformity or any other architectural beauty,
further than that most of them were ranged in straight lines
from east to west. With the exception of the beauty of the
articles sold, which were at all times the best the country
could produce, every thing else had a disorderly appearance ;
frequently joined to litter, refuse, and an apparent want of
cleanliness. As the population of London increased, and
with it the supply of vegetables brought to this market, very
considerable inconvenience was experienced, both by sellers
and purchasers, from want of room.

Various plans have been suggested for its improvement.
We recollect an ironmonger talking of throwing a glass roof
over the whole market at the height of 50 ft. from the ground,
and supported on hollow cast-iron pillars; some of which
were to serve for the descent of water from the roof, and
others for the ascent of smoke from the fireplaces in such
living apartments or shops as might be constructed below.
In 1827, a plan was submitted to the Duke of Bedford, as
proprietor of the market, by Mr. Fowler, and exhibited at
Somerset House in the same year. A model was soon after-
wards formed from this plan, and exhibited to all those in-
terested in the market. This model may now be seen in the
Gallery of Arts in the Colosseum. The ground-plan of this
design, which was engraved in 1827, exhibits three parallel
buildings, each surrounded by an open colonnade. Exterior
to the buildings is a space sufficiently wide to allow a row
of carts and waggons to arrange themselves, side by side,
the horses' heads pointing from the building, without inter-
rupting carriages passing along the street. We understand
the chief objection to this plan was the occupation of so much
space by the colonnades. In other respects it does not differ
essentially from that executed.

In 1287, the Duke of Bedford, having procured an act of
parliament for the rebuilding of the market, employed
Mr. Fowler as its architect; and, by the suggestions of
Mr. Charlwood, who was employed to arrange the ground-

S

O

^

^

Ne-JC Market of Covcnt Garden.

267

eS-i

frH

plan, distribution, and appropria-
tions of the different departments of
the market, the plan of Mr. Fowler
was altered till it assumed the form
of that about to be described.
(./-. 36.)

Approaching from the east, the
chief feature is the quadruple colon-
nade {Jig,s. 37. and 38. a), with the
conservatories over. In the central
building is a passage 1 6 ft. wide
[t t u), open to the roof, and on
each side a range of fruit shops,
forced articles, and the more choice
culinary vegetables and herbs. Each
shop has a cellar under and a room
over it, with a trap-door to the for-
mer, and a small staircase to the
latter. There are two exterior colon-
nades on the north and south sides
(b A c c), which serve as passages in
front of the shops : the shops on the
north side are for different descrip-
tions of culinary vegetables and the
commoner fruits, and those on the
south side are exclusively for pota-
toes and the commoner roots. The
half of one of the areas (dd) is
covered with a roof in three parts,
open at the sides for ventilation and
light; the roof is supported by cast-
iron pillars, from which spring cir-
cular ribs, instead of horizontal
tie-beams ; and the result is a very
light appearance. Under it is held
the wholesale fruit market, and be-
low the surface are fruit cellars.
The open space (f f d) under the
quadruple colonnade is occupied at
one end as a fruit market, and at
the other with stands for fruits and
vegetables.

The ascent to the conservatories
over this open colonnade is by four
staircases, two from the central pas-

268

100 ^

90
80

70 i
60
50
40
30

'iC -
10 _
0 -

10 :

New Market of Covent Garden.
. B 38

^ , ^

v

[

. i. 1 il .

@ i>^!inn

i

-^fffH^J

^2] — *~-£^=^

Quadruple colonnade, over which is the conservatory rented by Cormack, Son, and Sinclair.

Ouadruple colonnade, over which is the conservatory occupied by Hockley and Biinnc^y.

Public house.

I'assage.

South stair to the conservatory.

Open casual potato market, or space which may be appropriated to general purposes.

Passage.

Two public houses.

Passage.

Seed and herb shop, occupied by Mr. Butler,

Seed and herb shop, occupied by Mr. Dickson.

n. Passages.

Open casual fruit market, or space which may be generally a|ipiopriate<l.

Passage. 7, North stair to the conservatories.

Wholesale fruit and polato warehouse.

New MarJcet ofCovent Garden.

'1G9

38

s. Passages.

t. Shops avid tlwellings over.
u. Portico, with terrace over it, for hardy plants.

ti, Siiops, with rooms over for eating fruit and ices, communicating with terrace over the
portico.

A, Area, 12 ft. deep and 9 ft. wide, apportioned in spaces for casualty stands ; that is, stands for
anv glower or dealer, not a regular tenant, who chooses to send articles to market.

B, Cart or waggon stands, 12 ft. deep and 9ft. wide; taken by the market-gardeners or garden
farmers by the year.

c. Potato stands, 10 ft. wide.

D, Fruit market, dd is roofed over, the roof being supported by iron pillars joined by spandrils.

E, Open pitching stands for vegetables and potatoes, rented by market-gardeners as yearly
tenants.

F, Covered pitching stands for fruits and vegetables.

B, Flower-standi for plants in pots, in balls of earth, and for nosegays.

270

New Market qfCovent Garden.

sage {u 1 1\ tind one from the end {e q) of each of the exterior
colonnades. The fi'amework of the conservatories is wholly
of cast-iron and copper, even to the shelves of the stage
l^g. 39.), and the work is executed with remarkable neatness

by Messrs. John Jones and Co. of Birmingham. The con-
servatories are 15 ft. broad, and 15 ft. high : they do not oc-
cupy more than a third of the area of the terrace, and the
remaining part serves as a promenade, and for the display of
hardy plants in pots and vases, and other garden ornaments.
In the centre of the terrace is a handsome fountain [Jig. 40.),

40

a b c de. Section of the wall of the basin on a larger scale.

designed by Mr. Fowler, of Devonshire marble, highly
polished : the machinery was executed by Messrs. Brath-
waite. The water is supplied from a cistern, or rather a

New Market of Cot'ent Garden. 271

series of connected cisterns, placed immediately under the
roof of the grand central passage. Adjoining each conserv-
atory, and in the occupation of the same tenant, is a small
room devoted to books, plans, models, and other new or
interesting objects connected with agriculture or gardening,
and also an office or counting-room and other conveniences.
One of the conservatories is occupied by Messrs. Cormack,
Son, and Sinclair, nursery and seedsmen, of New Cross, near
Deptford ; the other by Messrs. Hockley and Bunney, nursery
and seedsmen, Kingsland Road.

There are cellars below all the fruit markets, under all the
buildings and pathways, and continued through one side of
the long market (e e) for storing up potatoes. There are
rooms over all the shops, used partly as store- places and
partly as bedrooms.

Both the open and covered markets are inaccessible bv
carts and waggons. Thei'e are circular openings or manholes,
2 ft. in diameter, in the floor of the long market (e e), which
communicate with the cellars, and through which the pota-
toes are shot down ; and there are openings by trapdoors to
the cellars of the fruit market for similar pm-poses. The
openings by which the potatoes are brought up from the
cellars are within the buildings. There are also cellars for
washing the potatoes, and water is laid on for this purpose,
as well as for general uses, throughout the whole of the build-
ings. The supply is obtained from an Artesian well, sunk
beneath the central path to the depth of 280 ft., which affords
1600 gallons per hour, a quantity greatly exceeding any
occasion that can be expected to arise. A small steam-engine,
on Brathwaite's most improved principles, has been erected,
to distribute the water over the higher parts of the buildings,
and the whole area of the markets, and more especially to
supply the handsome fountain before mentioned on the ter-
race in front of the conservatories. In the centre of the
market there will be an apparatus, by attaching hose to which
the whole surface of the market can be washed and effectually
cleaned in a few minutes. By the same means, also, fire may
be instantaneously extinguished. The central passage {u 1 1),
the exterior colonnades, and every other exterior part, inde-
pendently of the interior of the shops, are lighted by gas.

The interior walls of the shops, cellars, &c., are of brick,
faced in conspicuous situations with Yorkshire freestone. The
columns are of Scotch and Devonshire granite, the shafts
being of one stone each. The paving of the passages is
partly of granite and partly of Yorkshire stone. The open
and covered markets (e and dd) are causewayed with gra-

272 Ne'jo Market of Covent Garden,

nite, in the manner of the best street paving. The terrace
over the quadruple colonnade is composed of large slabs of
stone, which form at once the floor of the terrace and the
ceiling of the colonnade. From the terrace the water is
drained into hollow cast-iron beams, on which the stones rest.
These are supported by columns, some of which, in the centre
compartment, indicated between d and f, are of cast iron,
for the purpose of obtaining more light and space directly in
front of the central passage. The exterior passages, including
the shops, are covered with slate and zinc. The whole was
admirably executed by Mr. William Cubitt, of Gray's Inn
Road, by contract. The work was begun in September, 1 828,
and finished in May, 1830. It has raised Mr. Fowler to the
very first rank as an architect, and confirmed, if confirmation
were necessary, the high opinion every one entertained of the
skill, integrity, and honour of the contractor.

The conservatories are heated in a new and very ingenious
manner by hot water or by steam, at pleasure, according to
a plan devised and executed under the direction of Mr. Col-
lins, 14. Tavistock Row, Covent Garden. This very ingenious
engineer has obliged us with very complete plans of the appa-
ratus, which we intend to give in a separate article in a future
Number.

The appearance of the market is on every side highly archi-
tectural, though the accompanying perspective view of the east
front (_y%. 41.), copied from one obligingly lent us by Mr.
Fowler, is top small to give any adequate idea of the elegance
of the design.

To walk through this market with the recollection of what
it was three years ago, gives rise to a variety of reflections.
By what cause has it come to pass that the pillared grandeur
and temple-like magnificence, which in former and no distant
times were exclusively devoted to the edifices consecrated to
the gods or occupied by princes, are now judged appropriate
to the scene of humble industry and the abode of every-day
people ? Is this change merely attributable to the accidental
circumstance of an individual being at once rich, patriotic,
and a man of taste ; or is it the result of any general principle
in constant operation ?

In the days of the Grecian republics there were no mag-
nificent buildings but the temples, and those were erected
at the general expense. The Roman emperors built simip-
tuous palaces, and some of their favourites had magnificent
country villas. All these were, in process of time, destroyed
by the inroads of hardy barbarians, who easily overcame the
effeminate Romans, because the Roman empire had then no

Niio Market of Covent Garden.
41

273

foundation in moral strength. In the dark ages which suc-
ceeded, the only magnificent buildings erected were churches,
convents, kings' palaces, and castles, or rather fortresses.
Almost all other structures were temporary hovels, till the
establishment, by degrees, of commercial towns; first in
Italy, and afterwards in Portugal, Holland, Germany, France,
and England. These towns constituted a new power in
society, and gave birth to that principle of modern commerce,
Vol. VII. — No. 32. t

27't New Market ofCoveiit Garden.

or, in other words, of civilisation, which has since gradually
developed itself, and produced in towns and cities, market-
places, piers, quays, exchanges, and other public buildings.
These erections were at first merely useful, but by degrees
were constructed so as to combine beauty and character with
the requisite convenience. As commercial towns and cities
increased, churches, convents, palaces, and fortified castles
diminished; the architectural splendour of the latter being
gradually transferred to the former. Wealth, which had here-
tofore consisted chiefly in the possession of lands and vassals,
now began to accumulate in the coffers of commercial men ;
and these, like the others, naturally sought to employ their
riches in buildings calculated to further their own pursuits.
Such have been the effects of the principle of commerce or
civilisation. It might easily be shown that the continued
operation of this principle, aided, as it soon will be, by the
general difl^usion of useful knowledge and rational taste, will
end in almost the only magnificent buildings being public
ones, and in the total disappearance of temporary hovels,
whether as commercial or agricultural structures or private
dwellings, and of palaces and castles, except as ruins. No
cathedrals and convents, and but few private castles and
palaces, similar to those of Europe, will ever be erected in
America ; but such market-places, colleges for education,
parochial institutions, and public gardens, will be erected in
that rising country as it accumulates wealth, as, in point of
real grandeur aiid beauty, founded on utility, have never yet
been surpassed. We shall not, however, permit ourselves here
to indulge in such speculations.

As contemporaneous buildings of the same class as Covent
Garden Market, we may notice some other very handsome
erections in foreign countries, the work of the end of the last
or the commencement of the present century. The first are
the bazaars of Moscow and Petersburoh, which are lara:e
quadrangular buildmgs, enclosing an open square used as a
market, and surrounded exteriorly with open colonnades or
arcades like those on the north and south sides of Covent
Garden Market; and under these colonnades are shops with
rooms over, exactly like those which have been described.
The Exchange of ISt. Petersburgh is also a remarkably hand-
some building, only surpassed by that of Paris, which is the
handsomest work of the kind, we believe, on the Continent.
The only commercial building in London which ranked with
these, previously to the commencement of the present cen-
tury, was Gresham's Royal Exchange ; the work of an indi-
vidual ; and as great an effort, relatively to the times in

New Market of Covent Garden. 275

which it was produced, as is the Covent Garden Market,
erected by the Duke of Bedford, to the present era. We
make the comparison with no view of detracting from the
merits of this nobleman, few can have a higiier respect for
him than we ; but simply to aid the young gardener to
generalise, for whom it must never be forgotten that this
work is chiefly intended. It is, indeed, quite merit enough
for any man to be on a par with the times in which he lives ;
and few, indeed, are those who, like Bacon in science and
Jefferson in morals, can be said to have made one step beyond
them. Another building which, it might be supposed, would
challenge competition with the magnificent foreign structures
we have just alluded to, is the Bank of England. We
know not what the interior of this structure may be ; but the
exterior, designed, we believe, by at least two architects re-
puted at the head of their profession, has always struck us
as a singularly unfortunate display of architectural design.
Columns, which, to be grand and imposing, ought always
to be, or to appear to be, essential component parts of an
edifice, are here reduced to mere ornaments. They abound
to such an extent as to destroy simplicity, as well as gran-
deur of character ; and, interspersed with blank doors and
windows in some places, and crowned with cinereal urns
in others, produce so anomalous an effect, that a stranger
walking round, and inspecting the different fronts, would
be puzzled to conjecture the purpose of the huge pile.
Viewing it from the north-west angle, it might well be taken
for a metropolitan sepulchre ; from the west side, a prison ;
from the north side, the walls and gates of a timber-yard ;
from the east, a stable-yard ; and as to the south front, who-
ever has seen the Campo Morto at Pisa must be struck with
the resemblance. Very different, indeed, is the new Post-
Office, which, at once simple and grand as an architectural
pile, conveys, as to character, exclusively the idea of public
business. Covent Garden Market is also a structure at once
perfectly fitted for its various uses ; of great architectural
beauty and elegance ; and so expressive of the purposes for
which it is erected, that it cannot by any possibility be mis-
taken for any thing else than what it is.

Covent Garden Market, we hope, may be considered as
the commencement of a new school in architecture; and this
school we should wish to distinguish as that of Reason and
Philosophy, in contradistinction to the prevailing school, which
may be denominated the School of Authority, or the Sta-
tionary School. The architects of the Bank of England
clearly belonged to the latter school, and the architect of

T 2

276 N'ew Market of Coveni Garden.

Covent Garden Market, of the Hungerford Market, and of
the Botanic Conservatory at Sion House, as clearly to the
former. The School of Authority considers nothing as archi-
tecture for which some precedent may not be found in the
buildings of the Greeks and Romans, and nothing legitimate
in that architecture which cannot be subjected to the rules of
one or other of the five orders. Hence the buildings usually
denominated Gothic are rejected by the more rigid disciples
of this school, as not belonging to architecture at all ; much
in the same manner that some sects of Christians deny that
the religion of Mahomet is entitled to be denominated a
religion. Bigotry and intolerance exist in the arts and
sciences, as well as in philosophy and morals ; and in no arts
have they been more influential in retarding improvement
than in architecture and agriculture. In agriculture, we have
lawyers and land-stewards insisting on the insertion, in agri-
cultural leases, of the same clauses respecting culture and ma-
nagement which were in use three centuries ago, when farmers
were little better than cattle, yoked and driven by their land-
lords. In architecture, we have architects contending for
forms and proportions calculated exclusively for a particular
purpose and a particular climate, in a state of society as
different from the present as darkness is from light. Nothing,
however, exists for which there is not a cause, and that cause
founded in nature. Things are chiefly good or bad relatively
to circumstances.

The Stationary Schools, both of agriculture and architec-
ture, were very good schools when mankind were in more
danger of retrograding in arts and civilisation than of advancing.
Where all are not enlightened, the many must always be led
by the few ; these few, whether in politics or in the arts
and sciences, form the Stationary School ; and the principle of
self-preservation will render that school jealous of its power,
and, consequently, adverse to all innovation or interference.
There is, however, no Stationary School in nature ; and, taking
a general view of past ages, mankind have always been pro-
gressing, however slowly, towards something better. In
modern times, the ratio of this progress has greatly increased,
and the School of Reason is now everywhere in conflict with
the School of Authority. The first grand shock which the
School of Authority in agriculture received was the introduc-
tion of clover, turnips, and the artificial herbage plants, into
field culture : the first assault upon the Stationary School
of architecture was the employment of cast iron ; first in
bridges, and afterwards in houses, gates, and fences. A cast-
iron bridge is an abomination to the Stationary School of

Horticultural Tour in the Netherlands. 277

architects ; and what is called an open lease is the same to
the Stationary School of land-stewards.

The reader may trace for himself the progress of the con-
flict between the Stationary and Progressive Schools in both
arts : we shall confine ourselves to stating that Mr. Fowler
is one of the few modern architects who belong to the School
of Reason, and who design buildings on fundamental prin-
ciples, instead of antiquated rules and precedents. In design-
ing Covent Garden Market, his first object was, to produce all
the accommodation and conveniencies which such a market
required, or was susceptible of receiving, from modern im-
provement in the arts subordinate to architecture ; his next
object was, to make choice of the most suitable materials for
executing his design, so as to combine strength and durability
with moderation in the expense ; and his third object was, to
compose the forms, arrangement, and materials, in such a
manner as to produce as high a degree of architectural beauty
as was consistent with the other objects. In searching for
this architectural beauty, he did not confine himself to the
architecture of any one age or country, much less to any par-
ticular order in the Grecian or Roman schools ; but, adopting
unity of expression as a whole, and symmetry, regularity,
and connection of the parts of that whole, as fundamental
principles common to all architecture whatever, past, present,
or to come, he drew from all that he found already existing,
and from his own imagination, what best suited his purpose.
How admirably he has succeeded in producing a whole of
great architectural beauty, and -perfectly suited to every re-
quired purpose, may safely be left to every unprejudiced
observer to determine. *

Art. III. Extracts Jrom a Tour, 'partlij Horticultural, in the Ne-
therlands and Part of France, in June and July, 1830. By T.
Rivers, Jan.

Sir,
As the gardens of Flanders have-not been much discussed
in your pages, permit me to contribute my mite to the mass
of useful information diffused in our Magazine, as we disciples

* To complete the symmetry of the building, a colonnade and terrace are
wanted at the west end, similar to those at the east end ; and a roof over
part of the potato market, similar to that over part of the fruit market :
but these were contemplated in the original plan, and will no doubt be
executed in due time.

T 3

278 Hai'ticultural Tour in the Nelherlands.

of Adam have most undoubtedly a right to call it, in accord-
ance with the fashion of the times. I have scribbled for you
ere now, and, as " Malus," &c. &c., have figured, with other
immortals, in your list of contributors. One fine day last
June, with the aid of steam, I reached Calais, intending to
route it through the north of France to Flanders. I searched
here for some garden, to give me my first idea of French
gardening, but in vain ; for, with the exception of a neat one
at the barrier at the Boulogne gate, belonging to one of the
gendarmes, where were some fine larkspurs and good roses
tied up to stakes to imitate standards, nothing in that way
was to be seen. Hence to Dunkirk, by Gravelines, Mardyke,
&c., the road is one uninteresting flat, planted in the avenue
style ; but the trees, owing to the violence of the sea breezes,
presented a singularly distorted appearance, every branch and
twig of them receding from the sea. At the entrance to Dun-
kirk I observed a new villa residence, the garden and grounds
laid out in true formality ; the white-sanded paths and gro-
tesque-shaped borders unedged with box, but ill accorded
with my green English ideas.

Dunkirk being a close fortified town, nothing in my way
was to be expected ; I therefore kept on my route. As the
canal, the usual road for travellers to Flanders, was closed,
being under repair ; and as the " diligence," a town waggon
with two horses, was uncertain, I shouldered my portmanteau,
and walked on to Zudcoote, a small village eight miles on my
road, whence the " barque" started in the morning. I was
here first struck with the tremendous hoes of the peasantry :
they were about a foot deep and 8 in. broad, nearly as large
as our spades, and bright as silver. The soil, which all
through this district is soft and peaty, allows them to be used
with tolerable facility; in fact, they supersede the spade, as
the soil is pulled over with them to the depth required for
any common crop. Hoeing among thickly planted crops is
not usual here, as they are weeded; and perhaps nothing
gave me greater distaste to the agriculture here and in Flan-
ders than seeing men and women crawling over acres of land
pulling out weeds. After being towed at the rate of five
miles an hour, along one of the numerous fine canals which
abound here, we arrived at Fearns, the quietest dullest town
imaginable. No gardens or orchards here greeted my eyes ;
nor hence to Nieuport, a strongly fortified but insignificant
town. Shortly after, we came into the grand canal from
Ostend to Bruges and Ghent, and in the evening we arrived
»t Bruges, my resting-place for a short time.

Having the journal of the tour by the Caledonian Horticul-

Mode of destroying the Red Spider. 279

tural Deputation with me, I thence gathered that the principal
garden here was M. BerLrand's. I'o that I paid my first visit,
and was gratified with seeing some fine specimens of Magn61/«
tripetala and acuminata, Pinus Ccmbra^ and ^'scuhis hiimilis.
Tiiere wei-e also in tubs Eriobotrya japonica, Clethra arborea,
12 to 14 ft. high ; and a fine collection of oranges, some of
them very large. A clump of i^hododendron ferrugineum
formed an exceedingly gay mass. A summer-house on a
large mound, the ascent to which was by circuitous shaded
paths, into which pipes from a fountain were thickly intro-
duced, for the purpose of wetting to the skin any loiterers,
being one of the first foreign conceits of the kind I had seen,
interested me. When the above tourists visited this garden,
it was famous for cockscombs ; but it now presented a sad
contrast : the pines also were bad in the extreme ; not a fruit,
I should think, weighed more than ^ lb. I was much amused
with the contrast this place afforded to our English pleasure-
grounds; its black, soft, sandy paths and unmown grass had such
a novel and rather uncouth appearance. A remarkable feature
in Bruges consists of the vast walled-in gardens in the central
parts of the town : one was pointed out to me, which con-
tained 16 acres, and formerly belonged to one of the convents.
Some men were digging with large long shovels, without the
application of the foot; so black, soft, and unctuous was the soil.
But although from its appearance it seemed fertility itself, yet
neither vegetables nor fruit trees seemed to thrive in it. With
the exception of pears, this is pretty generally the case at
Bruges ; as but few fruit trees exist long in this extremely
light black soil.

I was introduced to M. Chautrell de Stappens, an English
gentleman settled here, and married to a Flemish lady. He
invited me to spend a day with him at his country seat of
St. Croix, near Bruges.

Sawbridgexvoi'th, Herts, Jan. 10. 1831.

(To be continued^)

Art. IV. A Mode of destroying the Red Spider on Plants.
By G. J. P.

Sir,

As you are very desirous that all gardeners should not only

be reading but writing gardeners, I, for the first time (being

very young), venture to take up my pen to write a few lines,

and shall be very happy should you think them worthy of

T 4

2S0 Mode of destroying Woodlice.

tnsertion. The subject on which I now write is the red spider,
which is very common on certain stove, green-house, and, in
dry seasons, certain hardy plants. I have heard and read
many receipts for the destruction of this insect, but I never
found a more powerful remedy than clear water. I have
under my care a few stove plants, which are in general in a
very healthy state. I syringe them every morning with clear
water on both sides of the leaf, and the plants are not in the
least affected by this destructive insect. I had, for instance,
a species of Plumbago that was much infested by the red
spider ; but after I had syringed it well for a few mornings,
there was not an insect to be found on the plant. I verily
believe that clear water, applied as before observed, will effec-
tually destroy the red spider ; and, if constantly used, it will
preserve any plant from this destructive insect. I think that
if stoves or green-houess devoted to the culture of exotics were
steamed well every night (water being applied in the form of
steam), the plants would never be attacked by the red spider.

G. J. P.
November 4. 183G.

Art. V. On destroying Woodlice on Trees or in Frames ; ijoith
a Notice of a Mixture Jbr protecting the Stems of Trees from the
Erosions of Hares and Rabbits. By Mr. James Waldron, late
Gardener to Sir William Call, Bart., Whitford, near Callington,
Cornwall.

Take 1 lb. of dried cheese, and about 1 drachm of pow-
dered arsenic, perfectly dry; for it is a fact not generally
known, that arsenic when moist is not a poison (the best way
to keep it is, therefore, in the lump) : grate the cheese, and
mix it and the arsenic well together. Take then small pieces
of old board or wood, and bore in each a hole about 1 in. in
diameter, and as much in depth. Put about as much of the
above mixture as would lie on a shilling into each hole, and
beat it down hard to the bottom of the hole. This done, lay
down the bits of wood, the holes undermost, wherever the
insects are troublesome ; or, place the bits of wood against a
wall, with the holes out of view. The destruction of the in-
sects will be the speedy result. The mixture requires to be
renewed every day ; and very little of it should be made at
a time, as in two or three days the arsenic loses all its poison-
ous qualities.

J. W.
Londouy November 15. 1830.

Tallies employed at Brasted Park.

182

Mr. Waldron has also a balsam of very great efficacy in
protecting trees from the ravages of hares and rabbits. It is
not at all unsightly in its appearance, but is so offensive to
the hares and rabbits that they will not approach it within
a considerable distance.

The composition of this balsam he considers too valuable
a secret to be disclosed without a pecuniary remunei^tion ;
a circumstance we regret, and by no means approve of. —
Cond.

Art. VI. Description of some new Tallies employed in the Gardens
at Brasted Park. By Mr. James Pringle.
Sir,
I send you some specimens of tallies {Jigs. 42 — 4<7.) that
I have now in the gardens at Brasted Park, which you may
publish, if you think them worth it.

282

Tallies employed at Brasted ParJc.

The tally marked Beurre Spence {Jig. 42.) has two blank
sides, which I have marked a b ; upon these sides may be
written the Linnean classification, the botanic name, synonymes,
or the character of the fruit, whichever the gardener may
think most conducive to the attainment of scientific know-
ledge. The figures tt on the tally Magnohac^^ {Jig. 43.),
refer to the name in Sweet's Hortus Brit., 2 being the second
genus (Magn6b«), and 11 being the eleventh species, viz.
Magnolm conspicua. Likewise, as to the tally jBoragineae
{Jg. 44.), by looking at the natural order ^oragineae, it will
be seen that the third genus and eleventh species is iitho-
spermum pulchrum. This practice of numbering the genera
and species, and writing the natural order on the tally, instead
of the name of the plant, I find an excellent plan for fixing
in the memory the natural order to which the plants so num-
bered belong ; and 1 recommend it to every young gardener

45

46

^

\j

Description of a Garden Hand-Drill, 28S

(like myself) who wishes to attain a knowledge of the natural
system. Mr. Sweet's Hortus Britannicus does not number
the genera in each order ; but any young gardener may do
that in his own catalogue, until such time as some catalogue
is published where the genera are numbered.

The other tallies {Jigs. 45, 46, 47.) have only the botanic
name and the natural order to which they belong. But as you
are more able than myself to discern and discuss the advan-
tages and disadvantages of each of them, I shall say no more,
but leave their merits to your decision.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.
Brasted Park, April 2. 1830. J. Pringle.

Art. VII. Description of a Garden Hand-Drill. By A. H.

Sir,

I HEREWITH send you a drawing of a small hand-drill of
my invention, which I find extremely useful for sowing onions,
carrots, &c.

A B is a piece of well seasoned wood about 21 in. lono-,
3 in. wide, and three fourths of an inch thick ; abed
are four pieces of wrought-iron plate about one eighth of
an inch thick, and sharpened at the end. The two centre
ones [b c) are movable, being retained in their places by two
large-headed screws {e e) with nuts on the opposite side. All
the plates are let into the wood exactly their thickness.

It is plain that by using the tool as represented in^y^. 48.
four drills may be drawn at once, 6 in. apart. If the two cen-

tre plates be removed, and one of them put into the middle
(y), then the tool will make three drills 9 in, apart. Lastly,
by using only the two ends, the drills will be 1 8 in. apart.

284

Iron Stakes for Bose Plants, Sfc,

The seed may be expeditiously covered by using the tool
with the points upwards.

I remain, Sir, &c.
Catsfield Rectory, Sussex, April 5. 1830. A. H.

Art. VIII. /rin Stakes, adapted for supporting Rose Plants, Sfc.
By Mr. J. Hislop.
Sir,
I HEREWITH send you a sketch {Jigs. 49, 50.) of a very
useful sort of articles, which from their utility
(to say nothing of economy) deserve to be
more generally known ; I mean, iron stakes
for tall plants. No gardener, I am persuaded,
requires any argument to convince him of their
great superiority to wood : from experience I
find them paiticularly well adapted for stand-
ard roses, and all the tribe of tall-growing
new fuchsias, georginas, or in fact any tall
plant that requires protection against high
winds.

I have often felt the ill effects of trust-
ing to wooden stakes. When the wood gets
partially decayed, and a sudden high wind
comes on, both plant and stake go to the
ground, and leave one only to regret it was
not staked with iron. So much for utility. In
an ornamental garden it will readily be granted
that sightliness is of some consequence, and
many a beautiful plant has to submit to be
tied to a supporter which is a foil to its beau-
ties and an eyesore to both owner and culti-
vator. The iron stake brought into more
extensive use will obviate these objections.

I must deprecate the wrath of every angry
critic, if I mention that these stakes are
manufactured in great numbers by Messrs.
Cottam and Hallen, Winsley Street : — cast-
iron, from 4 to 7 ft., 135. to 255. per dozen;
wrought iron, 2 to 6ift., 5s. to 105. 6c?. per
dozen.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.
50 1 J. Hislop.

Ashtead Park, Nov. 16. 1830.

071 Heath-Mould and Peat. 285

Art. IX. On Heath-Mould and Peat. By J. D.

Sir,
In writings and conversations on gardening, I have usually
found the synonymous terms peat, peat-earth, and bog-earth,
employed to designate that particular kind of soil in which
the British species of heath, the Cape heaths, and the North
American plants, thrive so perfectly. That this kind of
soil, which, till taught better by some correspondent, I shall
call heath-moidd, is distinct enough from peat, the following
characters of each will evince.

Heath-mould is the soil which occurs on heaths ; sites not
extremely wet and low, as bogs are, but usually elevated, and,
in consequence of their elevation, well drained, and exposed
to the scorching suns of summer and the withering blasts
of winter. The stratum or layer of soil is usually less than
12 inches in thickness, lying on a stony subsoil, and both
the soil and subsoil of so sterile a quality as to forbid tillage ;
yielding usually a tough thickly woven turf, and heath, or
ling, and furze in abundance, with occasional brambles, and
low stunted specimens of other species of shrubs or trees.
This stratum, taken off so as to leave the stones bare, forms,
when partially decomposed and comminuted, the invaluable
and indispensable soil for innumerable plants of the garden ;
and is composed of the decaying turf with its spongy inter-
woven roots, a highly friable black soil, and a plentiful
admixture of small-grained white sand. The blackness of
the soil is, doubtless, partly owing to the perpetually pro-
gressive rotting of the exuviae continually supplied by the
growing turf, and which decaying exuviae, besides the black-
ness, give to the soil also, in no small degree, the pro-
perties of leaf or vegetable mould. From, then, the spongy
masses of vegetable fibres, the friable nature of the soil in
itself, the decomposed vegetable matter, and the large pro-
portion of white sand which heath-mould contains, arises its
peculiar eligibility for all plants with delicate hairlike roots,
and consequently for the i^riceae verae, the ^riceae jRhodora-
ceae, &c., whose roots have, more aptly than elegantly, been
compared to shag tobacco.

Peat-earth, or bog-earth, on the contrary, is the soil yielded
by fens, turbaries, bogs, and morasses. It constitutes almost
the entire soil of the fens of Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire,
and is, in fact, the soil forming the turf, of which so many
millions are annually dug, sold, and burnt, as an article of
domestic fuel, in those counties. Peat, instead of being in a
thin stratum, forms a stratum always of considerable, sometimes

2B6 Centre Bed in a Hot-hmise

of great depth ; instead of occupying high sites, occupies the
lowest ; instead of being well drained, is usually saturated
with water to the very roots of the herbage it bears ; instead
of a draining stony subsoil, stones are almost totally absent
from it, and the subsoil is a water-holding clay. Although,
like heath-mould, the surface soil exhibits spongy masses of
fibres, it lacks the sand which prevails in heath-mould;
and, when wet, is not friable, but oozy and soapy. Heath-
mould, by means of its dry nature, its vegetable fibre, and
its sand, is disposed to continue light, open, and porous : peat,
from its muddy adhesive nature, the great rapidity with which
vegetable fibre decays in it, its lack of sand, or from other
causes, speedily subsides into a dense, inert, coagulate mass.
While heath-mould is most important to the gardener, peat
is not only totally unfit for, but even inimical to, most of the
purposes of floriculture ; although, as nothing in nature is
left unused, it is the very soil in which willows, many grasses,
the rushes, the sedges, and similar families, thrive and
luxuriate.

If my brother gardeners admit the distinction I have
striven to show, I hope they will adopt it.

I am, Sir, &c.
Feb. 16. 1831. J. D.

Art. X. An Account of the Application of hot Water to heating
the centre Bed in a Hot-house, in lieu of Tan. By J. T. Alcock,
Esq., of Mount Hill, Caermarthenshire.

Sir,

According to your desire, I send you a more detailed
account of the application of hot water to heating the central
bed in a hot-house, in lieu of tan, or any other fermenting
matter.

From the reservoir {Jig. 51. a) I branched a small deliver-
ing pipe (6) 1 f in. in diameter, which was continued to the
opposite angle of the bed, where it formed a dip of 10 in. at
c, and returned to the reservoir at d. I then constructed
laterals of | in. leaden pipe {e\ which were soldered into
the delivering branch at 8 in. apart, and, having crossed the
bed, dipped into the returning branch as at c. The space un-
derneath was previously filled up with small stones and gravel,
with about 2 in. of sand on the surface, on which the pipes
were placed. The whole was then covered with sand, about
4 in. deep, and it worked admirably.

heated by hot Water.
61

287

0, The reservoir of the main circulation.

b. Delivering pipe of the branch circulation, If in. in diameter.

c. The dip into returning pipe. d. Returning pipe, entering reservoir at bottom.
e. Branches of f in. pipe from delivering pipe, dipping into returning one.

/, Stopcock, to prevent the circulation, if necessary.

g. Air-pipe; not necessary, unless the bed were large. (VoL IV. p. 18.)

1, Delivering pipe of main circulation.

I had previously tried to heat the hot-bed by a branch
from the reservoir, of equal-sized piping (see Chabannes's
apparatus in Vol. IV. p. 29. fig. 30.) ; but, after many fruitless
attempts, I found it impossible to get the water to circulate,
notwithstanding I bored the pipes in several places, and in-
serted tubes, as described by Mr. Cottam (Vol. IV. p. 18.),
which nevertheless evidently assisted in extending the heat.
Had the main circulation been constructed on the principle
of pressure, no doubt it would have answered. I was there-
fore compelled to alter the plan, according to that above,
which was attended with the most perfect success. Having
thus realised bottom heat, my next object was to attain the
required moisture. I accordingly extended the pipe which
conveys water into the house for the plants at the back of the
bed {Jig. 52. h), and soldered into it small shoulders with
stopcocks (i). To these are affixed copper tubes (/•), about
three eighths of an inch in diameter, which being punctured
laterally, I can flood the bed at pleasure, and afford it more
or less moisture as may be required. The tubes, which re-
move off and on, lie embedded on the surface of the sand.
The pots stand upon them as on any other portion of the

288 Centre Bed in a Hot-house heated hy hot Water.

52

"XT "in '^'

h. Pipe from water casks outside, continued on at back of centre bed.
«, Small shoulders, soldered in, and stopcocks affixed.

*, Copper tubes, which fit the shoulders, and are removable at pleasure. These are punc-
tured laterally, to disperse the water.

bed, without an inch of space being lost ; and the moisture
is dispensed around and beneath them. Nothing can exceed
the health of the plants on this bed, which are chiefly seed-
lings and offsets of the Amaryllirf^*^, and certainly revel in
their situation. Suffused with a refreshing dew in the morn-
ing, they have continued to grow vigorously during the win-
ter, forcing their roots perpetually through the bottom of the
pots into the sand. I see nothing to prevent this principle
being applied to all the purposes for which moist heat is neces-
sary : to retain which in a lively state, without risk (not to say
a word of its annoyance and expense), costs the gardener
more trouble and anxiety than all his other avocations. The
apparatus has been at work since last autumn. It might be
necessary, where water is scarce, to have a more retentive
substratum than that which I have adopted, as in warm
weather the evaporation would, no doubt, be very consider-
able. The grand object is to preserve the moisture, without
which the whole plan would be futile. I cannot help ascrib-
ing the failure of the numerous schemes for attaining moist
bottom heat, except from fermenting matter, to the capri-
cious and partial application of the means adopted to produce
and maintain the moisture. The thing is either overdone or
not done at all ; hence we have baking in one spot and damp
chill in another : but by means of these tubes the water, from
its pressure from without, is dispensed evenly throughout
the bed, and that without further trouble than turning a
stopcock.

Meridian its for Hortiadltire or Floriculture. 289

I had intended to say a few words as to the advantage
I derived from having adopted an additional circulation round
the stove, which, although of small diameter, realised every
desideratum during the late frost. This circulation branches
from the main delivering pipe, close to the boiler, about 1 ft.
from which it enters the returning pipe, without passing-
through the reservoir. There are stopcocks at each point of
junction, which enable you to command this addition of heat
in a few minutes. On a future occasion I may trouble you
with my ideas more at large on this subject.

I am, Sir, &c.

John Trevor Alcock.
Mowit Hill, April 22. 1826.

Art. XI. Description of Meridian Pitsjbr the Purposes of Horti-
cidtiire or Floriculture. By Mr. D. D. Neeve.

Sir,

According to promise, 1 transmit the plans, elevations,
and sections of a series of three meridian pits. I do not send
them forth as a new invention, but as an improvement on an
old principle seldom practised ; which seems strange to me,
as they are decidedly superior to those generally adopted.

Having frequently had occasion to visit noblemen's and
gentlemen's gardens and melon grounds, &c., I have as fre-
quently lamented that the pine, melon, and cucumber pits
should, on account of the unsightly appearance of the dung,
&c., be kept apart from the gardens, the proprietor thereby
losing the pleasure of seeing the pits when the plants are in
full blossom and fruit.

Now, Sir, by adopting the improvement which I am about
to suggest, I think they would become an object of attraction
rather than not; and as some of your readers may not under-
stand the drawings sent herewith, it may be advisable to give
a short description of them.

Fig. 5S. aaa represent plans for six pits ; the spaces be-
tween each, being filled with dung to a given height, may then
be covered with planks, the centre of which should have a
small cast-iron channel (hh) to take off the rain and drip
from the pits, by which means the walks may be kept per-
fectly dry. To make it more complete, the planks should be
covered with gravel, which would not only bestow a natural
appearance, but also would prevent the heat escaping except in
the pits ; and the dung would retain its heat much longer by
being excluded from the external atmosphere, cc arc pipes

Vol. VII. — No. 32. u

290

Desciiption of Meridian Pits for
53

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n

n

r

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n

n ._

ri

ri

r

a=H^

-LJ LT

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V-

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the Pwj)oses of Horticuliuvc or Floriculture. 291

u 2

292 Plan of a Louhlc Cottage,

for hot water, to assist the heating of the two pine pits. The
position of the boiler is shown by the dotted lines, d is a
wall to shelter the pits from the north wind, Sec. The entrance
to the furnace should be at the back of this wall, by which
means gardeners may attend the fire without coming in con-
tact with any company who may be examining the plants, &c.
The two centre pits may be used for growing pines, and the
others for melons and cucumbers, or for forcing flowers.

Fig. 54. is an isometrical projection of the pits, showing
the inclination of them. The steps are to be at each end, to
enable persons to ascend the upper or terrace walk without
passing between the pits.

Fig. 55. is a section of half the range, which, I believe,
requires no explanation.

I am, Sir, &c.
6. Wyndham Street, Londo7i, D. D. Neeve.

Feb. 7. 18S1.

Art. XII. Plan of a Double Cottage, uniting the Picturesque "with
internal Coinfoi-t. With Introductory Rema^-lts on the present
State of Labourers' Cottages in Wiltshire. By Selim.

Sir,

My object in this letter is to notice the subject of labourers'
cottages, to which you invite the attention of your readers. It
is a subject of great importance to the happiness and comfort
of the labouring classes, whose miserable habitations certainly
stand in great need of a " reform." In this neighbourhood,
many of the cottages are little better than the farmers' stables ;
they frequently contain only a sitting-room and loft : in the
latter of which all the members of the family sleep, old and
young, married and single, sick and whole, and, as I have
known in many instances, the living by the dead. But the
misery is not confined to the bed-room : the lower apartment
is very frequently a damp, cold, wretched hole, without a
single convenience ; often with a mud floor, which is always
damp. Indeed, I have seen a spring rising in the room. It
is also the receptacle for every thing: wood in one corner,
potatoes in another, dirty clothes, mixed with pots and pans,
in another ; so that any approach to tidiness is quite out of
the question ; and, as the floor cannot be washed, even common
cleanliness is equally impossible.

Now, for this abode of wretchedness, which has, I find, a
very demoralising effect on the character of its inmates, I

tmititig the Picturesque "dnth internal CoJiifort. 293

would substitute decent comfort, though not the luxurious
" cottage of gentility," with its two water-closets, hot air, &c.,
which you proposed in a late Number, and which is only
suited to that improved condition of the lower orders to
which you seem to look forward. Until they arrive at that
state, I would propose practicable and cheap plans of im-
provement, suited to their present state ; for these only are
likely to be effected. I would make the houses comfortable
and convenient, and such as a poor man ought to have in a
country like this. I would have in a village cottages of several
sizes, suited to different families. All should have a good
warm living-room (parlours are useless to the poor), a wash-
house and pantr}', with two, three, and in some cases, four
bed-rooms, and an out place for wood, coal, &c. This is all
a labourer requires, as far as the house is concerned. To
each house I would add a good garden and pigsty ; for
every poor man should keep a pig : and to some cottages I
would allot land enough to keep a cow, that those who are
saving and industrious might have the chance of improving
their condition. By this plan all the families in a parish
would be properly accommodated : for as one family became
larger, another would become smaller by death, &c. ; so that
I would move the families accordingly, that each might have
the number of bed-rooms required. Now, all this is practi-
cable in most parishes, especially in those which are wholly
the property of one landlord ; and I am convinced that 50?.
or 60/. a quarter, properly expended, would soon effect all
that I have stated above in a moderate-sized village.

I live in a village which is a remarkably pretty one, and I
am a great lover of the picturesque, which I would carefully
preserve on the outside of cottages. I give a plan {Jigs. 5Q.
57.) for a double cottage; and, if you think it worth notice,
I will forward some more which I have by me. [We shall
be most happy to receive them.]

In this plan [Jig. 57.) of a double cottage, uniting the
picturesque with internal comfort, the larger house would
accommodate a family with children of both sexes : it contains
three bed-rooms. If the children were numerous, they might
sleep in the two upper rooms; the parents in tliat below.
There is a lean-to to this cottage, containing the pantry («),
and wood-house {h) : the latter would hold fuel, and all the
tubs, pans, &c. ; so that the wash-house (c) might be always
clean and tidy. There might be a store-closet under the
stairs [d). There is a copper in the wash-house, and an oven
by the fire ; and the house would be sufficient for a family
keeping a cow.

u 3

294

Plan of a Double Collage.
56

The smaller cottage would do for a man and his wife with-
out children. It has a lean-to behind for the wash-house (e)
and wood-house (/), and an oven by the fire, and pantry
under the stairs (g).

The cottage is supposed to be built of stone or brick, or if
of both the more picturesque. The string course over the
door and window of the smaller house might be a row of
projecting bricks. The upper story of the front table
is supposed of wooden framework, filled up with brick or
plaster, and is for effect. The framework might be made
of the thinnings of fir plantations squared. The windows
are supposed to have stone mullions ; but wooden mullions
might be made like the stone ones, as seen in old houses.

Arhoricultural Tour in Scotland and England. 295

The plan is suited to a man of fortune wishing for pretty and
comfortable cottages upon his estate ; and it would look well
upon a gentle eminence, with wood behind. The lower rooms
should be 8 ft. high, and the floor raised at least 1 ft. above
the surface of the ground it stands on.

Yours, &c.
Salisbury, Jan. 1831. Selim.

Art. XIII. Observations made during an Arhoricultural Tour in
Scotland and England, during the Autumn of the Year 1830.
By Mr. E. Murphy, Agent to the Arhoricultural and Horticul-
tural Societies of Ireland.

Sir,

In conversation with you in November last, I gave you
to understand what were my impressions respecting the
state of arhoricultural science in those parts of England and
Scotland which I had recently visited. I then informed
you that I could by no means agree with the author of the
Planter's Guide, in asserting that ignorance on arhoricultural
subjects is universal, or even general, amongst the Scotch
gardeners ; for, on the contrary, many of those with whom I
conversed understood all the principles of the science neces-
sary to insure a correct practice ; yet that, owing to those men
being in many instances prevented by their employers from
carrying this knowledge into execution, my expectations that
I should there find in all or most cases a scientific manage-
ment of wooded lands was, I regretted to be obliged to say,
miserably disappointed. In one place, extensive fir woods of
30 or 40 years' standing, which had been planted very close,
have never been thinned ; and the trees, I need not say, are
long since destroyed : in another place, a thousand acres of
coppice are suffered to produce only brushwood, for want of
a little care by which it might be rendered very valuable.
Here pruning has been altogether neglected, and oaks which
were planted with a view to become timber are only fit to be
cut over for coppice : there the barbarous system of pruning
recommended in Pontey's Forest Primer has been adopted ;
and oak trees, which have been divested of their branches
for 25 ft. or 30 ft. from the ground, exhibit a spectacle not
easily forgotten.

Fortunately, however, the lamentable neglect and misma-
nagement here complained of are not in Scotland, as they are
in Ireland, almost universal ; there are many and honourable
exceptions : but great pleasure as it would give me to point

u 4-

296 Arhoricultural Tour in Scotland and Etigland,

them out, I shall, for obvious reasons, refrain from doing so.
In one branch of arboriculture, namely, the removal of large
trees, the Scotch gardeners who have had occasion to exercise
it have been eminently successful. The limits which I have
proposed to myself in this sketch (which may, perhaps, be
filled up on some future occasion) do not permit me to enter
into much detail: but, amongst others who have practised
this art, I cannoi. avoid mentioning Mr. M'Nab of the Edin-
burgh botanic garden, whose trees, by far the largest which,
so far as I could learn, have ever been removed in Scotland,
are, with an exception or two, thriving prodigiously. It is
worthy of remark, that, in noticing this extraordinary feat in
arboriculture, Sir Henry Steuart prophesies that, as these
trees were not previously prepared for removal, they will
remain stationary for a number of 3'ears, until they have ac-
quired what he has designated protecting properties, before
they commence growing. They, however, did not remain
stationary for a single season ; and of the fact I made myself
certain by taking the admeasurement of them, and comparing
it with that given at p. 415. of the second edition of the Planler's
Guide. Mr. Stuart of Pinkey, near Edinburgh, has also been
most successful in this branch of arboriculture : his practice
has been very extensive ; and 1 look upon him as possessing a
knowledge of arboriculture inferior to that of none with whom
I have ever had the pleasure to converse.

Mr. Ross, gardener to the Duke of Athol at Dunkeld, has
not only been successful in the removal of large trees at the
ordinary seasons ; but even, when it became necessary, owing
to some alterations which could not be deferred, in removing
large deciduous trees in June, July, and August, performing
the operation with perfect success. I shall only mention Mr.
Bishop of Methven Castle, for the purpose of referring to his
essay on this subject, which was honoured by the Highland
Society, and published in their Transactio7is ,- and which will
convey a much more distinct notion of his acquirements in
this art than any thing I could say.

In England, also, I had an opportunity of observing some
very interesting examples of the successful performance of this
art. It has been most extensively and successfully practised
for a great number of years, by Mr. Gregor, forester at
Eaton Hall in Cheshire ; to notice whose operations in this
way would extend this letter far beyond its due limits. Suf-
fice it to say, that his trees are remarkably beautiful; and that
even in the removal of enormous Lucombe's oaks, the most
difficult trees (Mr. Gregor informed me) to be transplanted,
he has experienced no difficulty. I cannot conclude these

during the Autumn of the Ymr 1830. 297

unconnected observations without a reference to the success
in this art of Mr. Paxton, gardener to His Grace the Duke of
Devonshire, at Chatsworth in Derbyshire. We all recollect
to have seen in the English newspapers an account of the
removal of an enormous weeping ash, which was conveyed
for a great many miles by the united strength of a number of
men and horses ; that it was necessary to remove the turnpikes
along the line of road by which it was brought to Chats-
worth ; and that a breach had to be made in the demesne
wall, the gate being too small to admit it. Nor was this
account exaggerated. The tree was planted, and that, too, in
an unfavourable situation (the area of a wing of the palace) ;
yet it is thriving, having made shoots 1 2 in. long the fii'st sea-
son. Mr. Paxton does not approve of the " retaining basin "
formed by Sir Henry Steuart for supporting trees ; his reason
is, that, in a retentive soil particularly, it is liable to retain
water about the roots, to the manifest injury of the tree. To
obviate this inconvenience, he fastens three strong stakes in
the ground, in the angles of an equilateral triangle ; and,
having spread out the roots, lays three pieces of wood across
them ; which pieces, on being made fast to the strong perpen-
dicular stakes, are found most effective in retaining the tree
in an upright position. In this way Mr. Paxton has trans-
planted some trees of great magnitude ; one, in particular,
which was removed about five years ago, and which was then
near a century old, though in an exposed situation, has " stood
the pelting of the pitiless storm."

All the persons whose operations I have taken the liberty to
notice have uniformly removed large trees on the " preserv-
ative system." But, after all, the removal of large trees,
though interesting, is comparatively an unimportant branch of
arboriculture. With much greater satisfaction should I, had
I been fortunate enough to discover it, hold up, for the example
of the proprietors of wooded lands in Ireland, a perfectly cor-
rect system of managing woods and plantations intended solely
for profit ; but this, near as some of the approximations were
to it, I did not observe : and, were it not that I should render
myself liable to the charge of presumption, I would earnestly
reiterate the advice of Sir Henry Steuart, by recommending
to the consideration of the enlightened proprietors of wooded
lands in Scotland the formation of a society which shall have
for its objects the advancement of arboricultural science only.
Such a society, conducted on the model of the Highland So-
ciety, and encouraged, as no doubt it would be in that highly
improved countr}', could not fail to be productive of great and
permanent utility.

298 Plan and select Lists of Plants

It was my intention to compress whatever I had to say on
the state of arboriculture in England into this letter, but
fear it would lead me farther than you might feel inclined to
follow me ; I shall, therefore, reserve it for a future occa-
sion, when, after noticing the plantations and seminaries of
His Grace the Duke of Portland at Welbeck, I shall make a
few observations on the management of the plantations in the
New Forest. In doing this, I fear I shall be found to differ
very materially, in the view I have taken of it, from that of
Mr. Davis and others, whose reports on the state of this forest
are before the public. Be this as it may, I shall give you
my opinion, as formed on a cursory examination of it. Should
this opinion be erroneous (which, from the imperfect means of
forming it, is by no means unlikely), I shall feel most thankful
to any person who will take the trouble to set me right.

I am. Sir, yours, &c.
90. Abbey Street^ Dublm, March 7. 1831. E. Murphy.

Art. XIV. Plan and select Lists of Plants for a Flotver-GardeUy
in the ancient Style. The Plan by C. D., and the List of Plants
by Mr. W. Baillie, of Dropmore Gardens.

A FRIEND having requested a plan and a list of plants for
a piece of ground to be used as a flower-garden, or rather
flower-border, C. D. prepared two plans, one in the ancient, the
other in the modern style; we had them engraved, and sent
copies to three eminent gardeners, requesting them to furnish
us with lists. This they have done ; and we shall now present
those for the plan in the ancient or geometric style, {fig. 58.)

The situation of this flower-garden is somewhat peculiar,
it being in fact more properly a border of garden embroidery,
on a lawn which terminates at a short distance in scattered
old trees and full grown shrubs. To give an idea of the
localities, it may be necessary to begin with the following
references : —

a, Library. Z>, Music room. c, Conservatory.

d, Kitchen-garden, enclosed by a wall with battlements.

e, Group of one kind of plant, no matter what, separated
from the groups in the same compartment by lines of garden
pinks ; which plant is preferred in order that the division lines
may be green all the winter. f Lawn.

g, Stockhole, with a pedestal and vase over.

7i, A collection of i?osa semperflorens. Noisettes, &c.

?, Arcades of trellis-work for creepers.

Jc, Sloping ascent to terrace walk. /, Terrace walk.

for a Flower-Garden in ihc ancient Style. 299

58

List of Plants. — Mr. Baillie observes : — " In makW out
the lists, my chief object has been to enumerate such plants

300

Plan and select Lists of Plants

as continue for some length of time in bloom ; and which are
at the same time neither too expensive nor difhcult of pro-
pagation. Some of the groups, therefore, may not harmonise
so well in colour and symmetry as is desirable ; but this defect
can be easily remedied on the spot. In a few instances, in
the winter and spring list, I have mentioned the plunging
of some of the bulbs in pots ; and I think the practice is not
so much attended to as it deserves. By potting a quantity of
bulbs of every description in the autumn, and plunging them
in the beds in which they are to flower, and, as soon as the
flowering is over, taking them up and replunging them in the
reserve ground to perfect their foliage, we gain a month at
least in the length of the summer season ; a consideration of
some importance even in this climate."

Plants for Summer and Autumn,

1. Lobeh'a unidentata.

2. Helianthemum.

3. Pelargonium Bethelinum.

4. ylnagallis grandiflora.

5. Pentstemon pulchellus.

6. Commelinrt ccelestis,

7. ylnagallis Monell/.

8. i?dsa damascena.

9. Pelargonium concinnum.

10. Daphne Cneorum.

11. Dianthus Caryoph_yilus (carna-

tion).

12. Tropaj'olum minus flore pleno.

13. Pelargonium Inquinans var.

Frogmore Scarlet.

14. Campanula pyramidalis.
13. i?6sa indica alba.

16. (Senecio elegans flore pleno.

17. Fuchsfa cocclnea.

18. Dianthus Caryophjllus (clove).

19. Pelargonium Daveya/n«H.

20. Tigrldia Pavonfa.

21. i?6sa centifol., i?eseda odorata.

22. A mingled flower-border.

23. Bouvardia triphylla.

24. ffinothera missouriensis.

25. Calceolaria rugosa.

26. Calceolaria integrif61ia.

27. iychnis chalced6nica fl. pleno.

28. -Delphinium grandiflorum sim-

plex.

29. Delphinium grandiflorum ple-

num.

30. Georginn, LiWnm, Pseonia.

31. Pelargonium Fothergllli.

32. Lobelia unidentata.

33. CEnothera macrocarpa.

34. //esperis matronalis pl^na lilba,

Plants for Winter and Spring,

1. 5'cilla amoehia.

2. Heli4nthemum.

3. O'xalis cernua, plunged in pots.

4. jS'cilla prge'cox.

5. Pentstemon 2>ulchellus,

6. Tiilipa Gesnenrt«« plena lutea.

7. iN'arcissus minor.

8. iV^arcissus Jonquilla plena.

9. Tiilipa suaveolens.

10. Daphne Cneorum.

11. Dianthus Caryophjllus (carna-

tion).

12. i/yacinthu5 orientalis.

13. Crocus versicolor.

14. Campanula pyramidalis.

15. iV-arcissus orientalis.

16. Crocus vernus.

17. Z/eucojum vernum.

18. Dianthus Caryophjllus (clove).

19. Tiilipa Gesnen««a, scarlet var.

20. Tigrldia Pav6n?a.

21. Alirclssus italicus.

22. A mingled flower-border.

23. ZTyaclnthu* orientalis fl. pi. alb.

24. A^arclssus calathmus.

25. Tiilipa oculus sohs.

26. Tidipa Gesnevianay . Clarimond.

27. iychnis chalcedonica fl. pleno.
28 Delphinium grandiflorum sim-
plex.

29. Delphinium grandiflorum ple-

num.

30. Various early-flowering bulbs.

31. iV^arcfssus Tazzetta.

32. Erythronium Dens canis.

33. i\^arclssus Bulbocodium.

43. i/esperis matronalis plena alba.

for a Fldwer-Garden in the ancient Style.

SOI

35. Matthiola incana or annua.

36. i?6sa provincialis, JSeseda odo-

rata.

37. i/eliotropium peruvianum.

38. Terbcna Lambert/.

39. Fuchsia gracilis.

40. ^'ierbena Aublet/«.

41. Paednfa il4o«te?2 ^;apaveracea.

42. Paeon irt eJulis var., in the centre

Georgi/2ff.

43. Pseonia Moidan r^sea.

44. Ferbena Melindres.

45. A mingled flower-border.

46. A mingled flower-border.

47. Herbaceous plants, choice an-

nuals, &c.

48. Gladiolus cardin;ilis.

49. Lobel/« splendens.

50. i?dsa semperflorens plena.

51. Pelargonium zonale, scai'let-

flowered variegated.

52. Pelargonium lateripes, pink-

flowered ivy-leaved.

53. Posa indica minor, PesMa odo-

rata.

54. RosedeMeauXjPesedaodorata.

55. Lobel/rt fulgens.

56. Pelargonium zonale.

57. Posa Indica, Peseda odorata,

&c.

58. Pelargdnium inquinans.

59. Selected herbaceous plants and

choice annuals.

60. Gladiolus cardinalis.

61. Linaria alpina.

62. Hepatica triloba.

63. Hydrangea hortensis.

64. Z)elphinium Ajam, Coreopsis

tinctoria.

65. Peseda odorata.

66. Lobeh'a Iiitea.

67. Pseonia Aloutan Banksfz.

68. Posa spinosissima, selected.

69. C'jdonia speciosa.

70. Pseonia Aloutan.

71. Clark/a pulchella.

72. Herbaceous plants, Brompton

stock, &c.

73. J'^erbena pulchella.

74. Dianthus chinensis.

75. Ferbena Melindres.

76.

77.

78.
79.

i/eliotropium corymbosum.
Herbaceous border of choice

plants.
Alons6« incisifolia.
Pelargonium zonale, pink ivy-
leaved var.

35. Matthlolfif incana or annua.

36. jS'cilla campanulata.

37. ieucojum aestivum.

38. Tidipa Gesnen'o«« plena lutea.

39. A^arcissus poeticus.

40. Tidipa Gesnen'««« plena rubra.

41. Pseonia Moutan ^japaveracea.

42. Pseonia edulis v., various bulbs,

&c.

43. Pseonia Moutan rosea.
44.T'ii%aGesneri«7i«,double-striped.

45. A mingled flower-border.

46. A mingled flower-border.

47. Herbaceous plants, early and

late bulbs.

48. Zeucojum vernum in pots.

49. i/yaclnthux orientalis pi. ruber.

50. Crocus bifldrus.

51. i/yacinthu5 orientalis pi. ruber.

52. Hyacinthus orientalis plenus

caeruleus.

53. iS^arcissus pulchellus.

54. A^arcissus triandrus.

55. i/yaclnthus orientalis pi. riiber,

56. TulijM Qesnevidna var.

57. A'arcissus Jonquilla simplex.

58. Tidipa Gesnerianct var.

59. Selected herbaceous plants, early

bulbs, &c.

60. Leucojum vernum in pots.

61. Jnemone pavonina.

62. Hepatica triloba.

63. iScllIa, Z,euc6jum, Z/llium, and

similar bulbs.

64. Z)elphinium Ayicis, sown ii>

February.

65. iVarcissus ^:)apyraceus.

66. yinemone hortensis.

67. Eranthis hyemalis.

68. Posa spinosissima, selected.

69. C'ydonia speciosa.

70. Anenwne apennina.

71. Galanthus nivalis.

72. Herbaceous plants, early bulbs,

&c.

73. //yacinthu5 orientalis pi. ruber,

74. Dianthus chinensis.

75. i7yaclnthu5 orientalis plenus cae-

ruleus.

76. 7'xia crociita, plunged in pots.

77. Herbaceous border, early and

late bulbs, &c.

78. Panunculus asiaticus.

79. /'xia fenestralis, plunged in pots-

302 Culture of the Cockscoinhy

80. Matthlola incana v. coccinea. 80. Matthioln incana var. eoccfnea.

81. Dianthus hortensis. 81. Dianthus hortensis.

82. Lobeh'a decumbens. 82. yinemone coronaria plena.

83. Lobeh'a cardinalis. 83. Tiilipa Gesneriawa plena lutea.

84. Fiola amoe^na. 84. Fiola amcE^na.

85. Pelargonium zonale, scarlet va- 85. ^nemdne coronaria simplex.

riegated.

86. Jnemone pavonina, Isotoraa 86. Jnemone pavonina.

axillaris.

87. Anemone ho"*^cnsis simplex, 87. i4nem6ne hortensis simplex.

Heliophila araboides.

The mass e to be separated with lines of pinks. The lobes ma}' be filled
as follows : — 1. Isotoma axillaris ; 2. Scarlet Ten-weeks' Stock ; 3. Cam-
panula pentagonia; 4. Purple Ten-weeks' Stock; 5. Campanula carpa-
thica ; 6. White Ten-weeks' Stock ; the centre, of roses, mignonette, &c.

Art. XV. On the Culture of the Cockscomb, ivith a Description
of the Compost made use of. By Mr. John Harrison, Gardener
at Syston Park.

Sir,

In compliance with your request, I have great pleasure in
communicating to you my mode of cultivating the cockscomb,
with a description of the compost which I make use of; also
the mode of preparing it for use, &c.

In the spring season I provide a quantity of swarth or turf
from a pasture-field, which is pared off about 2 in. thick,
where the soil is a strong rich loam ; I form this into a pile
3 ft. high, laying the grass side downwards, covering each
layer of turf 1 in. thick with equal quantities of decayed hot-
bed manure, fresh droppings of horses, and swine's dung,
clear from litter, and well incorporated.

In autumn I take down the pile, and cut the turf in pieces
of 2 in. square, adding to three barrows of turf one barrow of
decayed oak leaves or vegetable mould, and one barrow of
sharp sandy bog earth, which are well mixed together, and
formed into a shallow ridge, and frequently turned during
winter, in order that the frost shall penetrate through the
whole.

About the last week in February, or the beginning of
March, having a hot-bed in readiness that has been well
worked and fermented (which is a very essential point), I sow
my seed very thin in No. 48-sized pots, being well drained,
and filled with a compost consisting of one third part rich
loamy earth, one third part leaf mould, and one sixth part
sharp sandy bog mould, broken fine. The pots are plunged
in the bed up to the rims, placing under each pot a piece
of thin slate, to prevent any rancid steam from entering the
bottom of the pots. As soon as the plants appear, they have

*uoith a Descr^tion of the Compost. 303

a little water given them, and the pots are raised half way
out of the dung, and the next day entirely to the top, giving
as much air as will keep the temperature of the frame to 70"^
of heat, to prevent the plants being drawn up weak. The
following day they are removed into the pine-stove for two or
three days, to harden the plants previously to potting them
off, placing them near the glass in the daytime, and lowering
them down in the night.

I pot the plants singly into small-sized No. 60 pots, using
the same sort of compost as they were sown in, always taking
care to let the pots be well drained, and a little of the rough-
est earth put in the bottom.

The bed is well forked up to tlie depth of 1 ft. every four
or five days, and watered, as necessity requires, with water
of the same temperature as the heat in the frame, in order to
keep the dung in a strong moist heat, the pots being kept
constantly plunged up to the rims until the plants attain their
full growth. They require very little water, which is always
given over their heads with a fine rose watering-pot. In the
middle of the day, when the sun is out, the lights are closed
down for about a quarter of an hour, and the plants thinly
shaded ; observing at all times to admit double the quantity
of air, for about a quarter of an hour previously to watering.
The heads of the plants are kept near to the glass, and the
temperature of the frame to 75° of heat.

As soon as the plants have rooted sufficiently, and before
the roots get matted together, they are put into full-sized
No. 60 pots, using the same sort of compost as before. I let
them remain in these pots until they have formed their heads,
when the strongest plants and the best shaped combs are se-
lected, and potted into No. 48-sized pots, using, for the. first
time^ the prepared compost of turf, &c., which is cut into
pieces of a quarter of an inch square.

After the comb is formed, I never allow the roots of the
plants to get entwined, but always remove them into larger
pots as soon as the roots are sufficiently advanced, in order
that they may receive no check whatever, but be kept con-
stantly in a growing state ; also carefully removing all side
branches as they appear.

When the plants have rooted sufficiently in the No. 48-
sized pots, they are then removed into No. 32s ; and lastly
into No. 24s, where they complete their growth, and will
retain their heads perfect for several months, by receiving a
diminished quantity of water, and being removed into the
green-house or conservatory. I am. Sir, yours, &c.

John Harrison.
Syston ParJc, near Grantham, Dec. 10. 1829.

304 Culture of Balsams.

Art. XVI. A Mode of groiving Balsams to great Perfection.
By Mr. James Reed.

Sir,

I HEREWITH send you, for the information of the readers
of the Gardener's Magazine, my method of growing balsams
to that state of perfection which we seldom see exhibited in
our botanic green-houses.

In the first place, the selection of seed is of the greatest
importance. From the seed, after being gathered from the
finest and most double flowers, choose out the smallest or
middle-sized that are round and plump, rejecting all the large
ones, which I believe are generally sown in preference to the
smaller, and which invariably produce the greatest quantity
of single and semi-double flowers. About the 20th of
February make up a hotbed of well prepared hot dung
about S ft. high, for a small single-light frame. After the
rankness of the dung has passed ofi^, fill up the frame with
good rich mould to within 6 inches of the glass ; and on it,
about the 1st of March, sow the seeds thinly, and cover them
about a quarter of an inch or so. When the plants are up,
they should not stand nearer to each other than 3 or 4 in. ;
one principal object being to give them a habit of stockiness.
Give them abundance of air when the weather will permit,
and apply a lining, if necessary ; so as to keep up a good
growing heat in the bed, and not to draw the plants. Cover
at night with double mats, takmg care not to confine any
rank steam in the bed or frame. I have always left a small
quantity of air at night, unless the heat has been upon the
decline. At the time the seed is sown, make up another
good bed with well worked dung for a three-light frame, or
according to the quantity of plants to be grown, which will
be in readiness to receive them by the time they require their
first potting. This bed must be frequently stirred up, so as
to let all rank steam pass off; after which place the frame on,
and lay 3 or 4 inches of sifted coal ashes, sand, or any other
sweet substance, for the plants to stand on. In taking up the
plants, be careful to retain as much mould with the roots as
possible, and place them in 60-sized pots, which are quite
large enough for the first potting, taking care to shade and
water them when requisite. Nothing more than lining the
bed to keep up a brisk growing heat is wanted, covering at
nights as before until the second potting, when it will be
necessary to have a fresh bed made up a week before hand.
Then pot the plants mto larger pots according to their wants,
shading and watering as before ; and in fine weather supply

Culhire of American Plants. 305

them with plenty of air, still covering up at nights, and occa-
sionally lining the bed with fresh worked dung when the heat
declines, being careful not to admit any of the rank steam,
which would immediately spoil them. After the plants have
grown to as large a size as the second frame will admit of,
give them their final potting into pots of from 10 to 12 in.
in diameter at top, and set them in the hot, peach, pine, or
green house for flowering, giving them abvmdance of water
in very warm weather twice a clay. By this management
I have grown them from 5 to 5^ ft. high, completely fea-
thered down to the pot, and producing the most noble effect
with their various colours and most beautiful double flowers.

I remain. Sir, yours, &c.

James Reed.
Bridgewater Nurse)-i/, Dec. 7. 1830.

Art. XVII. Observations on the Culture of American or Bog Plants
and the Orchidece, with some Hints on acclimatising Exotics. By
Mr. Thomas Appleby.

Sir,

The care of a gentleman's garden in this neighbourhood
devolved upon me some years ago, in which was a large bed
of American plants in nearly a dying state. They consisted
of choice rhododendrons, azaleas, kalmias, andromedas, &c.,
and had been fine plants, but were then in a most deplorable
condition as it appeared, from the want of moisture. The
situation of the bed (over which I had no control) was pecu-
liarly high and dry, being near some fine old elms, the roots
of which penetrated to the bed, and dried up the soil. The
compost in which they had been planted was a kind of real
peat or bog earth, mixed with coarse sand, and was extremely
difficult to moisten. The water either stood on the surface
and evaporated, or ran off at the side and sank under the
grass ; so that, although I watered freely every evening, the
hot sun on the surface, and the elm roots underneath, rendered
all the labour abortive.

I then set to work, and procured some of what I considered
proper soil for them ; it is properly termed moor earth, being
found on most moors. Like the other kind, it is black ; but
has this difference, it is thoroughly mixed with fine white
sand, so much so as to have a shining appearance, and is
more easily pervious to water. With this moor earth I
formed the bed, after removing the old soil, and spread it

Vol. VII. — No. 82. x

506 Culture of American Plants, and the OrchtdecPi

about 6 in. thick on the bed. I was aware this was too thin,
considering the situation ; but I had another substance in
view, which I expected would be equivalent to more than
another 6 in.

This substance is moss : I procured it in large quantities
from a rocky wood above Kirkstall Abbey : it comes off the
rocks in large flakes, like fleeces of wool, and I have no doubt
may be found in all similar places. With this moss I covered
the surface of the bed about 2 in. thick, and gave a good
watering. My expectations were not disappointed ; the plants
now stood the hottest sun without flagging, and in three or
four weeks, began to grow freely, notwithstanding the rough
operation they had undergone ; this work having been done
in the height of summer. The rhododendrons formed their
buds in abundance for flowering the following year, and the
azaleas, daphnes, kalmias, &c., put on that flourishing appear-
ance which is the certain token of luxuriant health.

There was a peculiarity in their growth, which I may just
notice. Wishing to increase some of the more rare species,
on laying them down and covering the stems with the moss,
I soon found that they threw out roots with suprising facility ;
the stems being covered as high as the moss with those fine
white fibres for which this tribe of plants is so remarkable.
This I entirely attributed to the cooling qualities of the moss,
which, being congenial to the plants, and keeping the soil
moist, greatly assisted me in that method of increasing them.
Many of the shrubs, especially the rhododendrons, scattered
their seeds, came up, and in two years were fit to transplant ;
so that I should think nurserymen would find moss useful in
propagation.

There is a tribe of plants which, from the curious and
surprising structure of the fructification, is well worthy of a
place in the flower-garden; I mean the hardy Orchideae.
Often desirous of cultivating them, it occurred to me that the
bed covered with moss was a suitable situation. A few species
were procured, planted, and grew very well : flowering a
great deal finer than I ever saw them in a wild state, throwing
up their beautiful flower-stems 15 to 18 in. high, and increas-
ing at the roots three for one. That they succeeded so well
was owing, no doubt, to the equal temperature of the soil
under the moss, and to the dry subsoil which prevented the
roots from rotting, the bed being a similar situation to that
from which they had been brought ; namely, a dry, hilly, and
rather mossy pasture. This bed also suited all the hardy
species of Primula, especially P. farinosa, a beautiful native,
which flowered well, made large tufts, and shed its seeds pro-

'with Hints 071 acclimatising Exotics. 307

fusely. These came up all over the bed, so that I was ena-
bled to distribute some to different gardens in the neiffhbour-
hood ; but they were soon lost for want of the cool moss and
sandy peat m which they had been raised.

I also derived another benefit from usinc moss in the man-
ner here described : it acted as a non-conductor of heat in
summer, and of course it would do so in winter. Many
tender plants that perished with me in the most favourable
situations, without moss, here withstood the severest winter ;
for, Avhere the moss was a good thickness (2 in.), the frost
hardly ever penetrated through it. Fuchsias, Lobelias, .Salvia
indica, the more tender alpine plants, the Cape bulbs, such as
/'xia. Gladiolus, &c. (planted in October), and such plants
as are classed as cold frame plants, stood the winter, and
flourished well in the spring.

This bed, which was of a good size, formed, when in full
beauty, a most interesting object. The American shrubs,
Orchideae, tender exotics, alpine plants, and Cape bulbs, grew
in irregular masses, and, with the moss underneath (which,
when slightly watered, was of a most beautiful green), alto-
gether made a most singular and beautiful appearance, and
were much admired by every one that saw them. That moss
had been used in horticulture before thought of by me is very
likely, but I do not recollect ever reading of it, and am quite
sure I never saw it used for the above purpose.

That it is useful as a protection from the heats of summer
and cold of winter cannot be doubted from the above details ;
and that it would be greatly useful in acclimatising tender
exotics is equally certain : for if the roots of any shrub or
plant, however tender, can be preserved from frost in the
open air, we have nearly accomplished our purpose; the
plant will get more hardy year after yccir, until it flower and
perfect seeds, which is one great step gained towards natural-
isation.

Moss, where it can be procured in abundance, would also
be useful in the kitchen and fruit garden, in hot dry weather,
and on dry sandy soils, as a covering for vine borders, straw-
berry beds, newly planted crops, &c. ; for, where it can be laid
on in moderate thickness, it will not only keep oif the rays
of the sun, but, as moss will hold water ahnost as much as a
sponge, once a week watering will do more good than every
day where the sun has full power.

I am. Sir, &c.

Thomas AprLEBv.
Horsforth Hall, Oct. 22. 1830.

X 2

308 Bitter and Sweet Ora7ige Trees

Art. XVITI. On the Bitter and Srveet Orange Trees cultivated in
Italy. By William Spence, Esq. F.L.S.

Sir,
I SEIZE the opportunity of a private conveyance to send
you a few seeds of the Arancio Jbrte, or bitter orange, which
is so great an ornament to the gardens of this part of Italy,
in the hope that you will be able to transmit them to some
horticultural amateur in Devonshire or Cornwall, who will
take the trouble (if the experiment has not been already
made) to raise a few of the plants, and try to acclimate them
to that part of England, where there can be little doubt that
they might be made to thrive nearly as well as at Florence.
In the gardens round this latter city are many of these trees
from 15 ft. to 20 ft. high, and with stems from 4 in. to 6 in. in
diameter, which are planted in the open ground, and stand
out without any protection except a sheltered situation, or the
neighbourhood of a wall, all the winter, though the cold is
often very severe and long-continued. Last winter, for ex-
ample, my sons skaited at Florence in each of the four months
of November, December (1829), January, and February
(1830) ; a feat which they could never boast of achieving in
England; and Fahrenheit's thermometer was repeatedly
down to 26° and S**' at 8 a. m. ; and had, therefore, probably
been lower in the night, and yet the only injury which the
bitter orange trees sustained was having the extremities of
some of the young shoots turned yellow. In Devonshire and
Cornwall, therefore, and probably along great part of the
south coast of England, it would seem that these trees, if
planted in sheltered situations, would run little risk of injury
in ordinary winters, while in very severe ones they might be
sufficiently protected by a covering of mats of thick straw,
&c. If your readers could with me look into the garden
of which the windows of the room where I am writing com-
mand a view, and see the scores of these trees resplendent, in
this month of January, with their green leaves and golden
fruit, they would, I think, agree with me as to the desirable-
ness of introducing such an ornament into our gardens and
shrubberies ; in which view (and also as stocks to graft the
sweet orange upon) it is the Italians chiefly cultivate them:
for, though the first will make an excellent marmalade, like
the Seville orange (to which it is nearly allied, if not the
same variety), they make little use of it except as a sauce
for fish, &c., and a detergent in washing the hands ; for
which purposes it is sold in the markets at the low price of
one quattrino each, equal to five for three farthings English.

cultivated in Italy. 309

Having the pen in hand, I will add, by way of rendering
this communication a little less meagre, such casual notices
relative to the cultivation of the s^meet oranges as have occurred
to me during our various tours and residence in Italy.

Many travellers enter Italy with the persuasion that, as
soon as they have fairly left the Alps behind them, they shall
see orange groves in every garden ; and in this expectation
the vague information of tourists who speak of places so far
north as the Borromean Isles in the Lago Maggiore, and the
shores of the Lago di Garda, being thus ornamented, might
certainly justify them. But though it is true, as stated, that
in these places orange trees are planted in the open ground,
these tourists neglect to inform their readers (what I learned
from enquiry on the spot last siunmer) that these trees are
regularly defended in winter by temporary sheds of wood or
straw, or both ; and, in extremely severe weather, have even
artificial heat, as the intelligent gardener of the Isola Bella
assured me. The fact is, that, as far as I know, there is no
district in the north of Italy where the sweet orange trees can
be left unprotected in the open ground in winter except in the
neighbourhood of Pisa, Massa, Genoa, and some few other
favoured spots on the east coast of the Mediterranean, which
enjoy at once the advantages of greater proximity to the
sea, and being protected from the north and east winds by
the neighbouring range of Apennines. Even at Pisa, if the
fruit be expected to be thoroughly ripe, it is necessary to
train the trees against walls ; and prudent gardeners there
guard them against the frost either by wide projecting copings
of straw (which, from experience, they seem to have found a
sufficient defence from the effect of terrestrial radiation, with-
out any covering in front), or by coverings of mats hung
before them. These precautions, however, are not absolutely
necessary ; for an Italian gentleman in Pisa informed me that
in forty years he had rarely known his unprotected trees
receive material injury. Indeed, the thermometer seldom
falls at Pisa more than two or three degrees below freezing ; a
cold which the sweet orange can bear without injury, as well
as very strong hoar frosts, which we have had this spring for
sevei-al nights in succession, without discolouring the leaves, or
causing the ripe oranges to fall off.

At Florence, however, and generally throughovit the north
of Italy, where the local advantages of Pisa and Genoa do not
exist, the sweet orange trees are never exposed to the frost,
but are either planted in large pots, and removed under cover
in winter, or, if planted in the open ground, as in the Borro-
mean Isles, or on the shores of the Lago di Garda, they are

X 3

310 Bitter ayid Sweet Orange Trees cultivated iyi Italy,

protected as above stated. Even with every advantage of
wall training, the quality of the oranges grown in the north
of Italy is, I am inclined to believe, rarely very excellent. I
cannot speak from experience as to those grown near Genoa ;
though, judging from the much finer apricots which I saw
there in June last, than at Pisa, I should suppose that the
oranges also are superior to those produced at the latter
place, where tiiey usually require sugar, even when quite
ripe, to correct their acidity : a defect, however, which is in
some degree compensated by their beauty at the dessert, just
as plucked from the trees in all their freshness, the golden
hue of each being set off by the contrast of a bunch of the
green leaves still attached to it. The finest oranijes sold in
the north of Italy come from Sicily by way of Leghorn and
Genoa.

I am ignorant whether there is anything peculiar in the
mode of pruning the sweet orange trees, adopted by the Italian
gardeners ; but two points in their treatment of those kept in
pots may be worth specifying : first, they rarely employ tubs,
but prefer any large pots of handsome forms, and adorned
on the outside with mouldings and bas reliefs of festoons of
fruits, &c., which, though merely of common red earthen-
ware, have a much better appearance than the painted wooden
receptacles usually adopted in other countries ; and, second,
they seldom train their trees with a tall single stem, or clip
them with the shears into a mop-like globular head, as is too
often the practice, but suffer the stem to branch out imme-
diately above the top of the pot, and prune it with the knife
into the irregular and far more beautiful form of a natural
shrub.

Much of what has been observed above, as to the cultiva-
tion of the sweet orange in the north of Italy, is also appli-
cable to that of the lemon, which is equally tender ; and, at
Pisa and Genoa, is, in like manner, mostly trained against
walls, which are never applied to the training of peaches or
other fruits. Even the far-famed Leaning Tower and Campo
Santo of Pisa would scarcely prove so attractive to an English
gardener, as the display now made by a garden adjoining the
city walls, which may be seen, to the extent of some thou-
sands of square feet, thickly clothed with lemon trees trained
to the height of 15 ft. and 20 ft., and studded with the greatest
profusion of fine ripe lemons intermixed with blossoms and
the young fruit for another crop, and without the slightest
protection from frost. A considerable quantity of lemons are
grown in the open ground on the shores of the Lago di
C3rarda (but constantly protected in winter like the sweet

Hcrticultural Productions near Nem York. 311

orange trees, as above stated), and sent thence by land into
Poland, Hungary, &c.

I am, Sir, &c.
Pisa, Jan. 25. 1831. W. Spence.

P. S. — I add to the parcel sent you some of the seeds of
Pinus jPinea, in case any of yonr friends should wish them-
selves to raise this noble tree, which, with its towering stem
of 100 to 200 ft. high, and flat table-like head, is often so dis-
tinguishing a feature of Italian scenery, immediately from
seeds of undoubted vigour and freshness, having been only a
short time detached from the cones. These large empty
cones, from their great inflammability, and being easily set on
a blaze by a candle, are constantly and most conveniently used
in lighting the wood fires in this part of Italy, and in causing
them to burn more briskly. The seeds themselves, after
being detached from the stony outer shell, are daily sold in
large quantities all the winter in Florence, Pisa, and other
places within reach of the extensive forests of this pine, under
the name of Pinocchi, and are little inferior to the common
nut, and about the same size, only much more oblong ; and
not very dissimilar in taste, except that they have a very
slight and agreeable resinous flavour.

Art. XIX. Notice of the Culture of Thirteen Khids of superior
Horticultural Productions in the Neighbour-hood of Nevo York.
By Mr. Thomas Hogg, F.H.S., Nurseryman there.

Sir,

My neighbour Mr. Wilson has, in a former Number of
your Magazine (Vol. V. p. 409.), enumerated certain garden
products which are brought to perfection in the open air in
America, but which require protection in England. With
your permission I will state to you the cultivation and the
result of these thirteen kinds of horticultural products in this
country.

The European sorts of the Grape grown here for wine or
table use have not succeeded in any part of this country in
the open fields, arranged as vineyards, though the experiment
has frequently been made by French, Swiss, and German
settlers. The mildew has baffled all their efforts. This dis-
ease affects not only the young wood, but also the fruit, and
totally destroys both for the season. In cities, however, the
vine succeeds much better, not being much affected by the

X 4

3 1 2 Culture of thirteen Kinds of superior

mildew ; and I am informed that farther to the north of us,
for instance, at Albany and Boston, they succeed better than
they do here ; that is to say, they occasionally produce fine
crops of grapes. Protection, however, in winter is necessary
every where ; for such is the severity of that season here, that,
if kept exposed, the vines are frequently killed down to the
ground. Our mode of protection is to bury the wood under
the soil. From the above statement of facts, you will perceive
that artificial aid is more necessary to bring the grape to per-
fection in America than in England.

The Peach in general does well in the middle States ; but
is often killed by cold in the eastern States, and to the north
of us. We cultivate the trees as standards. Their roots
are much infested by a grub called the worm, which, if not
carefully looked after and destroyed, will very soon destroy
the trees ; it is therefore with a great deal of care and expense
that we at all succeed, nor is it uncommon to have all our
expectations of a crop blasted by our late spring frosts. This
season they have been unusually abundant and cheap.

Nectarines are almost a hopeless crop with us ; the skin
being smooth, it is attacked by some kind of insect, by which
it is destroyed before it comes to maturity. In some of the
small gardens in town we occasionally have a few fine necta-
rines, but they are always considered a fruit of great rarity.

Cucumbers. To have them in the early part of the season
requires as much artificial aid as it does in England. The
short prickly kind is the sort generally cultivated here, and
they succeed best in light sandy soils. We sow them in May
in the open ground ; and about the latter end of July, and in
August, we have great abundance cheap, if the season is
favourable: for it sometimes happens here, as in England,
that some seasons are more favourable for them than others.
In England the plants or vines continue to bear fruit for a
much greater length of time than what they do here ; the
plants likewise, when young, are very much infested by some
insect, which often destroys them.

Melons. To have them early requires the aid of hot-beds,
in the same way as for raising them. The seasons here are
frequently unfavourable for them. When planted in the open
ground they are frequently killed by heavy rains, particularly
after dry weather : they do best in hot dry seasons and on
sandy soils. In favourable seasons they are very abundant
and cheap. If the old-fashioned mode in England of raising
cucumbers in ridges were adopted for melons here, it would,
I think, well pay for the trouble.

Pumpkins, Vegetable Marroiso, and Squash are generally

Ho7'ficidtnral Productio7is near Netso York. 313

raised in this country for family use, and for feeding cattle in
winter, in lieu of turnips : they are cultivated, as in England,
without artificial heat.

Indian Corn succeeds well here, and is grown in lieu of
field peas and horse-beans. Mr. Cobbett, I understand, asserts
it is far superior. To that gentleman I refer Mr. Wilson for
information respecting its cultivation in England without arti-
ficial aid.

Lima Beans [Dolichos sp. ?] do well here. For an autumn
crop we plant them out in the open ground, about the second
week in May. A little artificial heat would be a benefit to
them : they are frequently killed, if planted out too soon, by
wet or cold weather. They are used in the same way as
Windsor beans ; some say they are better, but some say nay.

Pepper^ or Capsicum,^ and Tomato, or Love Apple, ixve gene-
rally raised in hot-beds (by our best gardeners), and then
planted out in the open ground as in England.

OJcra (/hibiscus esculentus) is mostly used here, by the
French, in soups. It is sown about the middle of May in the
open ground, and frequently raised early in the season in hot-
beds, in the same way as the preceding.

Having thus gone through Mr. Wilson's select list of what
he considers superior garden products, you will judge for
yourself as to the correctness of his statements. To me it
appears that he has been very unfortunate in his selection ; for
the greater part of them are cultivated here precisely in the
same way as they are in England.

Much more might be said on the garden products and
climate of this country, if my time would permit, I cannot,
however, refrain from making a few observations respecting
the cauliflower, broccoli, and gooseberry.

The Caulijlo'wer is seldom attempted to be cultivated here
by our market-gardeners : the extra-trouble and the preca-
riousness of our seasons prevent them ; for, if the hot weather
sets in early, they never come to perfection. In private fami-
lies, however (upon a small scale), by very great attention and
care, a crop is usually obtained ; but in our markets they are
always a rare vegetable.

Of Broccoli, the only kind raised here is the Cape. We cul-
tivate it precisely in the same way as you do in England, and
it succeeds well ; but the other kinds will not stand our win-
ters without shelter ; no, not even the Scotch kail.

Gooseberries, Hke the grape, are subject to mildew. They
are seldom sold in our markets in a ripe state : if left on the
bushes to ripen, they are generally burnt or scalded by the
sun, and afterwards drop off.

3 1 4< Mode of exiirjmtmg Ants

The point of dispute between Mr. Wilson and myself is
simply this : he has asserted that this climate is superior to
England for the production of fruits and garden products ;
and, as a proof of this assertion, he has given us a list of
thirteen kinds of fruits and vegetables said by him to require
artificial aid in England, but not so in this country. The
question, therefore, to be decided is, whether the success of
these thirteen kinds of vegetables in this country is a sufficient
proof of its superiority of climate. The next point of dispute
is, whether Mr. Wilson is correct in stating that all these
tliirteen kinds require artificial aid in England, but do not
require such in this country.

I differ from you in opinion, when you assert that " more
may be done in the open air in America, in the cultivation of
culinary fruits and vegetables, than in England ; and as much
by protection, by forcing, and by artificial climates." My
opinion is, that more culinary fruits and vegetables are
brought to perfection in the open air of England than here,
and that less can be done here by forcing and by artificial
climates than in that country. What are the culinary fruits
and vegetables that grow in this part of America that do not
grow in England ? I remain, Sir, &c.

New Yo}-k. Nov. 16. 1829. Thomas Hogg.

Art. XX. On the iiijurious Effects of Ants on early forced Peach
Trees, with the Means adopted hy ixhich they ivere extirpated,
and the Crop of Peaches saved. By Mr. Joseph Thompson, Jun.,
Welbeck Gardens, Nottinghamshire.

Sir,

In more than forty years' practice of my father, this is the
first instance in which he has known ants to injure the bloom
of peach trees. I beg to offer you a statement of the case, in
hopes that it may be useful, and become a satisfactory answer
to the various queries made on the subject of ants from the
first to the sixth volume of your Magazine.

The earliest peach-house was shut up, and small fires
applied on alternate evenings, after the 25th November; the
tree roots in the outside border had been excited for some
days previous. The fires were increased, and humid air ap-
plied, after the 6th of December. On the 10th some few ants
were observed traversing the trellis in quest of their natural
food produced by the aphis.* But as great attention had been

* The wonderful ortlinances of nature relative to the association of
I^orniicje and A'phides are related by Kirby ond Spence in their Introduc'
Hon to Entomology, vol. ii. p. 88.

on early forced Peach Trees. 315

paid to washing every shoot with a hard brush and cold
water when the trees were pruned and tied, no aphis eggs nor
aphis capsules remained on them.* This probably caused
the ants to injure the peach blossoms, which was not dis-
covered until the opening of the petals of two or three of the
very earliest blooms, when the filaments, anthers, and pistil-
lum were observed to fall out of the corolla. On closer ex-
amination, we found that many of the earliest blossoms had
the unexpanded petals perforated, the filaments eaten out, and
the ants lodged in the nectaries feeding upon the honey. This
was on the evening of the 13th of December, and we imme-
diately commenced killing them by hand, dislodging them
from the blossoms with slender wires ; this was continued by
candlelight until most of the ants then on the trees were de-
stroyed. We were going to apply the ant-trap of Mr. Boyce
(Vol. V. p. 730.) ; but it was suggested that recently cooked
bones of roast or boiled meat or fish were used for ant-traps
on the Continent; and we adopted them with good success.
They prevented any more ants from ascending the trees, until
the colony discovered itself under the fire-flue at its entrance
into the peach-house. They were immediately supplied with
the preparation as below, and two days after not one ant re-
mained, nor have any appeared since; but it is necessary to
watch the spot for some weeks after a similar destruction, lest
any eggs should produce a new colony : —

Take thin slices of wheaten bread (say J oz. weight), dry it
slowly, but well, that it may easily pulverise in a mortar;
take f oz. of fine loaf sugar, pulverise it also; add to the two
former ingredients ioz. of oxide of arsenic, commonly called
levigated mercury; triturate the whole well in the mortar,
then put it into a clean dry glass bottle : of course the bottle
should be labelled with the woi'd " Poison." Very small
portions of this poison may be applied on fragments of glass
or the flat side of an oyster shell. The smell of recent oyster
shells is also an excellent decoy for ants. Small bell glasses,
such as are used to strike cuttings under, or small garden
flower-pots, may be put over the deposit of poison, to prevent
moisture from rendering it pasty, as well as to hinder any
domestic animals from taking it. If small portions are laid
down at intervals of four or six hours it will not become glu-
tinous, in which case the ants cannot separate it. If bell
glasses are used to cover the poison, any curious spectator
may see the avidity with which the ants carry off the poison

* In Samouelle's Compendium of British Insects, at p. 62., it is stated that
the A'phides have the natural power to procreate, and that viviparously, to
the ninth generation, without sexual intercourse.

316 Amelioration of Fruit Trees.

to feed dieir young. This prepaiation is equally efficacious
for crickets.

Gentlemen and gardeners should be aware that this mer-
curial poison is equally fatal to vegetable as animal life. Should
it be laid on the surface of the soil, round the stem of an
orange tree or other plant, it will corrode the bark and albur-
num, to the certain destruction of the plant. This 1 know
from experience

Yours, &c.
Welhech, Feb. 1831. J. Thompson, Jun.

Art. XXI. On the Amelioration of Fruit Trees. By J. L., of
York, Pennsylvania.

Sir,

M. PoiTEAU, in a paper on the amelioration of fruits, read
before the Societe d' Horticulture de Paris, refers to this
country as " the grand laboratory of nature to produce new
ameliorated fruits." " The colonists," says M. Poiteau,
*' brought with them some of the ameliorated fruits of Europe ;
but, as they were occupied with the more important cares
incident to their situation, these fruits were not propagated by
grafting, but only by seed ; in consequence, they found them-
selves in time possessed only of sour crabs, unfit for the table.
In the mean time, a second generation of fruit took place,
which were little superior to those of the first. After a third,
a fourth, and a fifth generation had succeeded the first, the
inhabitants began to perceive some fruits better than those of
the preceding generations." He refers for these facts to a
tradition communicated to him in Virginia, in 1800. (Vol. II.
p. 62.) If I correctly comprehend the theory attempted to be
established, it is this : that the seedling of any variety of ame-
liorated fruit will only produce the sour crab from which it
originated ; that a second generation will exhibit appearances
of improvement ; that the third generation will be superior to
the second; and that in this manner the improvement will
progress, until a fruit is obtained superior to that upon which
the experiment commenced. This theory has been occasion-
ally adverted to by the correspondents of the Gardener's Ma-
gazine; one of whom, if I mistake not, has stated that, of the
seeds in a particular apple, those which are round in shape
will invariably produce ameliorated fruit, while that from the
others will be but the original crab. (Vol. I. p. 223.)

This is a very interesting subject, and one of no little im-
portance ; it is, therefore, much to be wished that it had been

Amelioratioji of Fruit Trees. SI 7

in the power of M. Poiteau to have furnished us with some
other evidence in support of his theory than the Vircrinian tra-
dition. There is nothing in the history of this country to
justify the conclusions which he has drawn. Some of our
native fruits have been sent to Europe. I will call your
attention to two of these varieties : the Spitzemberg apple of
New York, and the Baldwin of Massachusetts; both, in all
probability, seedlings of the first generation from the ame-
liorated fruits of Europe. Can it be said of these apples that
they are " sour crabs, unfit for the table ? " Of the countless
thousands of seedling apple trees now bearing fruit in the
United States, it is likely that many of a later generation may
be found, producing fruit of equal goodness, though I doubt
if there is any much superior. More varieties of good fruit
have certainly been originated from later generations ; but, I
apprehend, not because any progressive tendency to improve-
ment exists in the seedling, but because the " laboratory of
nature " has been extended. For every seedling tree bearing
fruit in 1600, there were in 1700 one hundred; and in 1800
at least one thousand. In something like this proportion have
the better fruits been originated. The ameliorated fruits
brought from Europe, on the settlement of the country, were
but little propagated by budding and grafting, as the people
were not skilled in those arts. Many years elapsed before
nurseries were established, even in the Atlantic country. In
1800, three fourths of all the trees bearing fruit in the United
States were seedlings. Nurseries have been subsequently
established in all parts of the country, and none but the best
of grafted fruit is now planted ; which, in the interior, can be
had in any quantity, at eight or ten dollars per hundred trees.
Formerly but little attention was in general paid to fruit.
Every farm had its orchard of six or ten acres ; and, as you
know, our farms are small (say they average 100 acres), the
consequence of the equal distribution of property under our
intestate laws. In an orchard of this size, of seedling trees,
there will always be two or three trees producing sufficient
fruit of medium goodness to supply the table of the owner ;
and, as there was no demand at market for the residue, it
would only go to feed the hogs. Under these circumstances,
it would scarcely be considered worth while to send some
hundred miles to the Atlantic country for grafted trees. The
nurseries in the interior are small estabHshments, and propa-
gate such varieties as are most esteemed in their immediate
neighbourhoods. Perhaps in Pennsylvania the Rambo (which
is in the Chiswick garden, I believe) has been latterly more
extensively planted than any other variety, though I do not
know that it has much more than fashion to recommend it.

318 Amelioration of Fruit Trees,

Each section of countiy has its own varieties of fruit ; and in
the state of Ohio, containing 1,000,000 of inhabitants, I doubt
if there are a dozen trees growhig of the two varieties of fruit
before referred to, the Spitzemberg and Baklwin. As to the
improvement of fruit. Nature, in this her " grand laboratory,"
has done much ; but might not art in Europe do more ? By
the intermixture of the pollen, your friend, Mr. Sweet, can at
pleasure vary tho shade of a lily or the fragrancy of a rhodo-
dendron. Were such unequalled skill directed to the im-
provement of fruit, the happiest consequences must necessarily
result.

After all, Sir, is it not to the intermixture of the pollen
that variation in fruit is to be attributed ? Take a fruit tree
of medium excellence ; average the opinions of the Pomolo-
gical and Gardener's Magazine^ and call the Hawthornden
of Scotland such. Plant it beyond the reach of foreign pollen,
and, I apprehend, its seedling offspring will not greatly vary
from the parent standard ; some of the seedlings will produce
better and some worse fruit. If those seedlings are planted
so that their pollen intermix, the second generation will
exhibit signs of further departure in improvement and dete-
rioration ; and this variation will be greater as the soil, climate,
and culture are varied : so that, in many generations, if the
pollen be not permitted to mix, and the climate and culture
remain the same, the departure from the parent standard of
goodness will be trifling ; but, on the contrary, if the pollen be
indiscriminately mixed, and the climate and culture varied,
the departure will be great. In the orchards of " natural
fruit, " as they are called in the United States, a collection of
apples could in a few months be obtained quite equal to that
of the 1200 in your Horticultural Society's garden. Cui bono P
The varieties are already too numerous. As to apples and
peaches, America excels Europe : as to other fruit, Europe
excels America.

We are making some attempts at the culture of the vine.
In this country there are about 200 acres planted with vines,
after the manner of the French and Germans, 3 ft. by 4 ft.
principally of the native species ; which, although not to be
compared with the Fitis vinifera of Europe, perhaps deserve a
more favourable notice than you were pleased to take of them
in the Encyclopcedia of Plants. There may be some hundred
individuals in our country who have small vineyards. In a
year or two their petitions will be on the tables of Congress,
calling for an increase of the duty on foreign wines. This is
all the extreme of folly. Here the cultivation of the vine,
for wine, should not be thought of for a century to come.

Diseases of Fridi Trees i7i America. S19

As to our tariff laws, the paper which you hold in your hand
is of American manufacture ; it costs 5 dollars per ream, and
there is no duty upon its manufacture. Here, within 40 miles
of the Atlantic waters, and within ten of a navigable river,
2!ea Mays (Indian corn) may be bought in any quantity at
SO cents per bushel. Sixteen bushels and two thirds of
corn will only buy a ream of coarse paper ! O that the tariff
and corn laws were with the errors which gave them exist-
ence ! Here public opinion is fast gaining upon the protection
policy^ as it is called, and the tariff must ere long give way. Is
it so with regard to the corn laws in England ? I have a set
of your works, the perusal of which has afforded me much
pleasure. I trust the liberal opinions you have frequently
advanced upon these subjects are held by many in your
country. I hope we will live to see the day when England
and America will act in accordance with their real interests.

Yours, &c.
Yorh^ Pennsylvania^ May I. 1830. J. L.

Art. XXII. On the Diseases of Fruit Trees in America.
By Jesse Buel, Esq.

Sir,

Our fruit trees are subject to some diseases, which do not
seem to trouble the European gardener and orchardist. I
shall notice a few of them, in the hope that you, or some of
your correspondents, may aid us in discovering the cause and
cure.

The plum and morello cherry trees are disfigured and
destroyed by a species of gangrene. The limbs of these
trees, and the trunks, when small, swell, crack, and exhibit
irregular tumours, of a spongy appearance, which are first
green, but change to a black colour. The branch soon dies ;
the sap seems to become vitiated, and, if the diseased parts
are not amputated, the entire tree generally fails in one or
two seasons. An insect, in its larva state, is generally found
in the recent tumours, which Professor Peck has denominated
the Rhynchae^nus cerasi ; the same, he thinks, which occa-
sions the fall of peaches, apricots, and plums (a formidable
evil here), by the larva eating into the kernel of those fruits
long ere they have attained their growth ; or another species
of the same genus. The first conclusion is probably not
correct ; for the fruit, in many localities, is destroyed, where

320 Diseases of Fruit Trees i?i Amefica.

the trees have continued healthy. The only efficient remedy
that I am advised of, is to cut oif and burn the affected parts.
All of our stone and many of our seed fruits are grievously
injured by insects, which prey upon them in the early stage
of their growth, and cause them to drop. Although we can
identify the enemy, we are without the means of repelling his
attacks.

We have lost many of our pear trees by what is here
termed the blight. The disease is generally first discovered
upon the smaller branches, often at a distance from their
extremities, by the leaves and bark, at a particular point,
becoming black and dead. The foliage and wood above
appear fresh and green for some days. At other times, the
bark upon the trunk, or at the junction of the main branches,
becomes dead in irregular blotches, contracts, and ultimately
separates from the wood. In three instances, this season, I
have found a circle of bark upon the trunk wholly dead,
while all above appeared healthy and vigorous. The seat of
the disease seems to be in the cambium, or elaborated sap,
which becomes a medium for its extension. The progress of
the disease is rapid, in proportion to the vigour of growth in
the tree; rich soils and wet seasons being most prejudicial. The
evil is confined to no soil or situation, though it is less preva-
lent in stiff grounds and grass lands. Tlie apple and quince
appear to be generally though less seriously affected. Some
pretend to trace the evil to an insect, the Scolytus pyri ; yet
my observations have tended rather to multiply than to dis-
sipate the doubts which I have had as to the cause of the
malady.

The gooseberry and the grape, particularly the foreign
varieties of the latter, are very liable to be destroyed by mil-
dew, when partially grown ; and three fifths of these crops
are thus usually lost.

A subscription is circulating among us to raise 2000 dollars,
to be awarded as a premium for the discovery of a preventive
of the depredations of insects upon our stone fruit. Any
thing you can offer, therefore, upon the subject of the preced-
ing remarks, will be particularly interesting to your American
readers, of whom there are many, and the number is likely to
increase as we advance in horticultural improvement. Your
publications are much sought after, and highly valued. The
Society of this place, of which I am president, subscribes to
your Magazine. We have in this state six horticultural
societies. The subjects of education and rural improvement
are the popular topics of the day. We have a respectable
Lyceum in this city, which has published a volume of Trans-

Diseases of Fruit Trees in America. 321

actions, consisting of original papers in relation to the natural
sciences. The volume will be sent to you if you desire it.
I was disappointed in not finding a descriptive catalogue of
fruits in your Encyclopedia of Plants. I think you promised
one. Cannot you send me such a catalogue ?

In a former letter I took the liberty of requesting your
good offices in establishing a correspondence with some
respectable nurser3'man of your country ; and I believe I have
occasionally sent you some cuttings of fruit, and pamphlets
that I thought would be interestino;. I have made like com-
munications to the Horticultural Society. I have not yet
had the satisfaction of learning, from you or from Mr. Sabine,
whether my cuttings or my requests have ever reached their
designed destination. We have probably the best location
for a nursery in the Union, and the demands upon it exceed
our means of supply. We are anxious to give it a character
equal to its advantages of location, and to enrich it with all
the finer fruits of Europe. It is the importance of obtaining
a correspondent on whom we can rely, that induces me to
renew my importunities for your aid in this matter. Mr.
Saul of Lancaster has encouraged us to hope that we shall
receive some grafts from you, through him, in the spring.
Such a favour would be particularly acceptable. W^e have
commissioned Mr. Gordon, a correspondent of your Maga-
zine, who proposes to visit New York, to bring us several
articles, particularly for the green-house ; and, as he will pro-
bably see you, you may commit to his charge any communi-
cation you may have to make. Command me freely whenever
I can render you service.

I am, Sir, &c.
Albany^ Dec. 20. 1830. Jesse Buel.

We shall be glad to receive the volume alluded to. We
did not, to the best of our recollection, promise a Catalogue
of Fruits in our DncyclopcEclia of Plants ; in our Hortiis Bri-
tannicus we did, and had it in part prepared, but found it
would render the work too expensive. A better European ca-
talogue of fruits than has ever yet appeared will be published
in the course of the ensuing spring or summer, by the Horti-
cultural Society of London. It will contain short descriptions
and synonymes ; and scions of all the sorts may be obtained
by any nurseryman, either in Europe or in America, on
application, fi-ee of expense, to the Horticultural Society.

With respect to the cuttings of fruit trees, and the pam-
phlets, mentioned by our much-esteemed correspondent, we

Vol. VII. — No. 82. y

322 Protecting Blossoms of Fniit Trees.

do not recollect to have received any of the former, and but
one quarto pamphlet, contaming a printed letter addressed to
us, which we shall answer through the same source. As some
of our correspondents in America seem to think that we are
in the nursery business, we think it right to inform them that
this is not the case, and that therefore we are not the fittest
persons either to send grafts to, or to receive them from. We
recommend Mr Charlwood, of Covent Garden Market, for
this purpose, in preference to all others ; he having been in
America, and being in constant correspondence with Messrs.
Thorburn of New York. Most willingly should we under-
take to collect and send off cuttings to our American friends,
did our time permit, or were our means adequate to the main-
tenance of a sufficient number of assistants to effect this, and
various other objects connected with America, in which we
take a deep interest : but our case cannot be bettered in this
respect ; though some future editor of the Gardener s Maga-
zine may be differently circumstanced. To be able to live at
all, in this country, is too engrossing a business, to allow of
much else occupying the time than the means by which we
get oiu" daily bread.

We can only promise one thing, and that is, regularity
in answering correspondents, either in our Magazines or by
private letters. A portion of the above communication of
Judge Buel may probably have been intended more as private
than public, but we have thought it better to answer it in this
way, in order to make certam of its meeting the eyes of our
correspondent. — Cond.

Art. XXIII. On protecting the Blossoms of Fruit Trees, on Walls,
from Frost. By Mr. David Cameron, A.L.S., late of Bury
Hill, now of the Birmingham Garden.

Sir,

The method of protecting fruit trees when in blossom
upon the walls, which I some time ago promised to send you,
is very simple as well as effectual, and has been practised in
this garden for a number of years.

We take either young birch trees or strong birch copse
which are of the same height as the walls, the fuller of small
sprav shoots the better. The branches are trimmed off from
that side of them designed to be next the wall, against which
they are placed upright. One man holds them there, whilst
another spreads out the branches thin, and fastens them to it
with a few nails and shreds. This operation is continued

Planting Fruit Trees on poor Soils. 323

along the wall till the whole is covered : any small vacancies
remaining uncovered are also filled up by nailing in a few of
the small branches formei'ly cut off. Three pieces of rope
yarn are then run along the wall, one of them near the bot-
tom, another along the middle, and one near the top. The
rope yarn is fastened by nails, at every 5 ft. or 6 ft., to keep
the birch in its place and close to the wall. When all is
finished, the small spray projects about 1 ft. from the wall,
affording sufficient protection to the blossom against frost
during the night, and also a partial shade from the scorching
sun during those clear and hot days in March and April which
frequently succeed cold and frosty nights at that season, and
whicli even do more injury during the day to peach and nec-
tarine trees Upon south walls, in low situations, than the frost
does during the night. The birch also prevents a current of
air from passing along the surface of the wall ; whereas, if
canvass or other close covering be used, however closely it may
be fitted to the wall at the two extremities, it always has a
current of air passing between it and the wall. The birch is
put up before the blossoms open, and is not removed before
the latter end of May or beginning of June, according to the
state of the weather at that time. When once the birch is
got ready, the walls are covered as soon as they could be with
netting, and the birch is removed in much less time than net-
ting could be taken down. Where birch cannot be procured,
hazel would be a tolerable substitute for it..

I am. Sir, yours, &c.
Bui-y Hill Gardeti, Feb. 13. 1831. David Cameron.

Art. XXIV. 0?i planting Fruit Trees on poor Soils and in
exposed Situations. By iNIr. Robert Hiver.

Sir,
In these times of distress, it becomes the proprietor of
every piece of land to make the most of it ; and it is the duty
of those possessed of knowledge or experience in farming or
gardening, to show to others how it may be cultivated to the
best advantage. Under this consideration, I have been in-
duced to send you some observations relating to situations
very suitable for orchards, which have been hitherto con-
sidered the most inimical for the purpose. I fear that it is
difficult to write any thing for the Magazine that will, give
satisfaction, and many may reject what I am now going to
recommend ; but let it be remembered that a single truth is

Y 2

324 Planting Truit Trees on •poor Soils.

worth five thousand arguments or opinions, and those who
cannot be satisfied with reasoning may sometimes be convinced
by facts.

All the authors that I have read, who have written on or-
chards, have recommended deep soils on shekered places ; but
much experience has convinced me that bleak and barren
sites, in many instances, will be found equally good, if not
better. Some of the most old, healthy, and fruitful apple
trees I ever saw grew in an exposed quarry ; where, when
they first planted the trees, it is difficult to conceive how they
could cover the roots. I have also resided many years in the
vicinity of an exceedingly fruitful orchard, situated on a sterile
sandy bank facing the north-east, the soil of which was so
shallow and poor that common vegetables could scarcely live
upon it ; yet the crops of fruit were uniformly fine. I could
mention various others, but this may suffice to show that
much good may result from planting such places. Many of
the isolated cottages of the poor stand upon the sides of glens,
where considerable portions of ground lie by them covered
with nothing but weeds and brambles, which might be advan-
tageously employed as fruit gardens. There are many steep
surfaces, old quarries, and rocky places, no matter how bleakly
exposed, that cannot be otherwise cultivated, which would, I
am confident, make eligible situations for orchards. Trees so
circumstanced come into bearing much earlier, live long, and
seldom moss or canker. They cannot possibly generate too
much sap ; whilst robust trees in rich deep soils are like over-
fed human beings, whose impure blood covers their skin
with scabs and ulcers. It has been proverbially said of old
trees, when they grow weak, they bear themselves to death ;
and that they will bring fruit, in defiance of the weather, when
strong healthy trees in the same seasons will be quite barren.
This arises, in my opinion, from better ripened wood, and,
consequently, better farina and parts of fructification ; and
not, as frequently supposed, from the actual debility of the
tree.

I have long been satisfied that the blossoms and young
fruit of apple and pear trees suffer more from the larva of
the Phalas'nae than from wet or frosty weather. These trees,
in well sheltered places, are generally found much infested by
caterpillars ; whilst, in bleak and exposed orchards, they are
comparatively free from them. Apple trees are often greatly
injured by the nut bushes and thorn hedges that are planted
to shelter them, because they entice Phalaj^iae. I remember
some years ago, when passing round the Vauxhall forcing-
garden with tlie late Mr. Andrews, the fruit of several pear

Cultivation of tJie Fig. 325

trees which had been well loaded had all fallen off: this he
attributed to bad weather. I offered to convince him that it
w^as not the case ; and cut a few fruit open, each of which con-
tained a maggot. Mr. Andrews felt offended at this, and said
that gardeners called there only to ridicule his things, though
they knew nothing in the country whence they came, but to
drink tea and ale in the servants' hall, and crack jokes with
ladies' maids and coachmen.

These few observations I consider to be of some import-
ance to horticulture, whatever opposition they may meet with
from your readers. It may, however, be objected that they
are not applicable to Scotland or the northern parts of the
kingdom ; but this I know, that as fine apples are grown in
the cold counties and outskirts of Scotland as are to be met
with in any part of England.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.
Dec. 21. 1830. R. Hiver.

Art. XXV. On the Cultivation of the Fig. By Mr. W. Pearson.

Sir,
I HAVE observed some notices about fig trees in your Ma-
gazine, but very little about their culture or management.
Allow me, therefore, to send you a few remarks on the pro-
duction of that most salubrious fruit, the fig. I have now
had the management of fig trees at this place for upwards of
fourteen years, and will venture to say that there are none
finer in Scotland. Indeed, I am warranted in saying so by
the Secretary of the Caledonian Horticultural Society, who
has seen the fruit gain the Society's silver medal twice in the
course of four years. The trees are situated against a common
wall, with a south-east aspect, the length of wall which the
three oldest trees cover is 76 ft. by 14^ ft. high, with a cope
which projects 15 in. ; and is set at an angle of 45°, or nearly.
The border consists of a deep black rich loam, rather light.
The kinds are, the brown and black Ischia; the former I
consider the best fig, for it ripens much more easily, grows
much larger, and is better flavoured than the black. I have
known many of them to weigh from 6 to 7i ounces each.
I have seldom known these trees to come short of a good
crop, except this year, which I impute to the severe frosts in
April and May, and the cold wet summer throughout, which
caused the most of the fruit to fall from the trees ; however,
those that remained of the brown Ischia have swelled and
ripened well.

Y 3

326 Cultivation of the Fig.

Now, Sir, the following is my mode of managing fig trees.
About the middle of November I prune and nail them, being
careful to cut away all those shoots which have reached the
top of the wall, on purpose to give those place that are in
their rear ; by this means I keep up a supply of young wood
through the whole tree, from bottom to top, laying in the
branches thin and regular, because, if too thick, they will do
no good. Having finished the pruning and nailing, I proceed
to the forests, and there procure a quantity of spruce fir
branches, and with them I cover the trees all over, one branch
thick ; those branches afford sufficient protection to the young
shoots all winter, and in the spring their foliage begins to
drop off by degrees, so that the trees get naturalised to the
season by a process much nicer than the hand of man could
effect by any other means. By the 10th of May every leaf
has dropped from the fir branches, just when the fig begins
to put forth her leaves. I then remove the skeleton branches,
and give the trees a complete washing with water, by means
of the garden engine, to clear them of all the decayed leaves
of the fir which lodge about the trees and crevices of the
wall. Silver fir will not do, because they retain their foliage
much longer than the spruce. In July I proceed to the sum-
mer pruning and nailing; I then cut away all those shoots
which I consider will not be wanted to furnish the tree at the
winter nailing, the remaining young wood I nail close to the
wall, and expose as much as possible the fruit to the sun.
Now, in regard to the watering of figs, which I consider the
most essential part (for it is my firm opinion that they cannot
be brought to perfection without a plentiful supply of water at
the root), I once heard a nobleman say that he always thought
the fig tree to be partly aquatic. I was more confirmed in
this opinion after perusing a treatise on figs written in the
south of France in the sixteenth century (if I recollect right),
the author of which says, " We place small cisterns under the
fig trees, and into them we put the ends of a quantity of
worsted threads, and then conduct them through among the
branches, bringing the other ends down to the ground, a
little lower than those in the cistern ; and by this means the
capillary attraction is set to work, diffusing moisture among
the branches, and also dropping down upon the roots." The
author concludes his remarks by stating that fig trees should
never be put into the hands of a sluggish gardener. The;
above process was exemplified in the fig trees at this place ;
for, until these last two years, the wall which they occupy was
the back wall of a stable, now cleared away, the roof of which
always rained on the trees when the clouds rained ou it,

Culture of the Pear. 327

Consider the quantity of water that fell on these trees in the
course of a year, and also consider the fine fruit which they
produced. Now the case is quite altered ; for, in place of
being exposed, as formerly, to plenty of water, they are com-
pletely shut out from it by the cope which I have already
described. This cope was recommended by Sir Alexander
Hope, to whom we are much indebted for many valuable dis-
coveries in horticulture. I did not much like it at first, but
am now convinced that it is of use during the ripening season ;
namely, August, September, and October; and it only adds
to my labour during the spring and summer months, in
attending to them with water, which ought to be as soft as
possible ; soapy water, from the washing-house, being prefer-
able. I said above that we had lost our crop this season,
owing to cold and wet, I should only have said cold, for we
have not had too much wet for fig trees if we had had heat
along with it. The age of the fig trees in question is not
known, but I am told by some old residents that they were
large trees in 1746.

I am, Sir, &c.
Ormiston Hall, Oct. 22. 1830. William Pearson.

Art. XXVr. On the Culture of the Pear, tvith Remarks on Mr.
Hivers Practice. By Mr. B. Saunders, Nurseryman, Jersey.

Sir,

I HOPE that Mr. Hiver does not consider the observations
I made on his article on pears, in Vol. VI. p. 53., as ema-
nating from a spirit of criticism, or a wish to condemn his
system : on the contrary, my object was to obtain further in-
formation on a subject in which I take much interest, and
with which he appears to be so thoroughly conversant.

Residing, as I do, on an island celebrated for its produc-
tion of fine fruit, particularly of the pear kind ; where eveiy
cultivator, to a certain extent, prides himself in rivalling his
neighbours in his productions ; and where, from our contiguity
and constant connnunication with France and other parts of
the Continent, we have frequent opportunities of obtaining
new sorts ; I have, within the last twelve years, been enabled
to prove the qualities of a vast variety, as well as to study
their peculiar habits and modes of cultivation.

To be minute in the detail of the relative merits of each
sort would create matter too voluminous for insertion here ;
and, at the present moment, would be a task that would in-

Y 4

328 Cultm-e of the Pear.

fringe too much on my professional occupations. According,
however, to promise, I subjoin a hst of such sorts as 1 deem
worthy in every respect of cultivation ; classing them as sum-
mer, autumn, and winter fruits.

With regard to Mr. Hiver's practice, I wish to state that
I differ from him in his mode of shortening the breast wood
in the summer to two or three eyes, which occasions fresh
shoots, and impoverishes the tree to no purpose. A better
plan is, either to displace them entirely when young, or, as I
have sometimes practised on very luxuriant trees where there
was a deficiency of fruit spurs, to break, in the month of
July, the foreright shoots nearly through to within five or six
eyes of the bottom, leaving the upper extremity suspended
six or eight weeks. This impedes the communication of the
two saps, and prevents a second shoot ; the eyes at the base
most frequently forming themselves into fruit-bearing spurs
for the following season.

Your worthy correspondent seems also to condemn the
winter pruning of pears. His practice is undoubtedly good
as far as it regards trees trained against walls or espaliers,
but will not do for trees trained en quenouille or en i^yramide.
These require an annual winter priming from top to bottom ;
every shoot must be shortened according to its strength, not
only to keep the tree in its proper shape, but also to induce
a supply of fruit-spurs near the body, which protects the
fruit fi'om being blown off" or otherwise injured by the au-
tumnal winds, and prolongs the life of the tree in a healthy
fruitful state, many years.

Of the different sorts of stocks, I have found the Portugal
quince answer remarkably well for most of our free-growing
kinds of pears : in particular, if the soil be deep and good,
and the bottom not too dry, they shoot freely, and in a short
time after planting produce abundance of superior-flavoured
fruit. Even weaker-growinjr sorts are valuable on these
stocks ; as, where the garden is limited, and variety required,
a double or even triple quantity may be planted, a great
object to some cultivators. There are, however, several sorts
which do not unite well on this stock, but this may be over-
come by double grafting; for this purpose, the Beurre,
Doyenne, Virgoleuse, and Swan's Gg^^^ are recommended ;
but free stocks are much preferable where the soil is high and
dry.

I remain, Sir, yours, &c.

Bernard Saunders.
Nursery, Jersey, Nov. 1. 1830.

Succession of the hest-Jlavoured Gooseberries. 329

LIST OF PEARS.

Stimmer.

Green Chisel.

Madeleine, or Citron des Carmes.

Juneating.

*Ciiisse Madame.

Jargonelle.

Epargne.

Windsor.

Bergamotte, summer.

*Franc-Real.

E'pine d'ete.

E'pine rose.

Orange tulipee.

Ah ! mon Dieu.

Belle de Bruxelles.

Caillot rosat d'ete.

Citron panache.

Mansuette.

Autumn.

Beurre d'Amaulis.

*Beurre de Capiaumont.

Beurre Roniaine.

*Beurre dore.

*Beurre rouge.

Bezi de Montigny.

Mouille bouche.

Leche-friande.

Louise bonne.

*Gracioli.

*Duchesse d'Angouleme.

Bon Chretien musque.

*Ganseirs Bergamotte. •

Messire Jean.

Gloux morceaux.

Franchipane.

Verte longue.

Seville.

Sucre vert.

Bezi d'Echasserie.
*Doyenne blanc.
*Doyenne gris.
Culotte de Suisse.
Autumn Bergamotte.
Swiss Bergamotte.
*Crassane.
*Marie Louise.
Swan's egg.
Martin Sec.
Bishop's thumb.
*Petit rousselet.

Winter.

*Chaumontel.

*Bon Chretien d'Auch.

*Beurre d'Astrasie.

*Beurre d'Areniberg.

*Beurre d'hiver.

*Colmar.

*Passe-Colmar.

*Colmar dore..

E'pine d'hiver.

* Royal e d'hiver.

*St. Germain.

*Passe St. Germain.

Angelique de Bourdeaux.

Bergamotte de Soulers.

*Bergamotte de la Pentecote.

Bezi de Caissoy.

Baking Pears.

*Bon Chretien d'hiver.

*Bon Chretien Turc.

Bon Chretien d'Espagne.

Tresor d'hiver.

Gilogil.

*Belle de Jersey.

Poire de livre.

Those marked wilh an asterisk must have a wall ; the
others will do well against trellis, or trained in quenouille
and pyramidal shapes, — B. )S\

Art. XXVn.

Sir.

On providing a Succession of the best^avoured
Gooseberries. By B., Coventry.

I HAPPEN to be possessed of so vulgar a taste as to think a
good gooseberry, eaten fresh from the tree, and in perfection,
one of the very best and most grateful fruits that can be pro-
duced in this country. It is, moreover, an abundant and a

330 On p'oviding a Succession of

wholesome fruit, so that it may be indulged in freely without
stint, and without fear of any ill consequences. Being, like
your correspondent, Mr. Vallance (Vol. VI. p. 727.)> a great
admirer of the gooseberry, I entirely concur with him in the
sensible plan which he is anxious to adopt, of cultivating dif-
ferent kinds, " that will come in succession from a very early
to a very late period," in order that the fruit may be enjoyed
for the longest possible period. Indeed, it had repeatedly
occurred to me, previously to my seeing his communication,
that although the best sorts are (as it seems to me) few in
number, and may be reduced to a very short list, still, any
variety which ripens its fruit either very early or very late,
is, if on that account only, a desirable acquisition, and worthy
of cultivation, in as much as it prolongs the time in which the
fruit is in season.

Much confusion and uncertainty seem to prevail about the
names of gooseberries ; many different sorts often passing
vmder the same names, and again one and the same sort under
different names. I am by no means certain that I know the
names of any correctly. There are two kinds which, in my
estimation, are preferable to all others for dessert, and with
which alone I am satisfied so long as they remain in season.
The two are known to me by the names of the champagne (or
rumbullion *) and the green gage. Being doubtful, however,
of the correctness of these names, and uncertain whether the
sorts may not frequently pass by some other, I will endeavour
to describe the fi'uits themselves. The first, the champagne,
bears a moderate-sized berry, of an oblong shape, and exceed-
ingly high flavour, hairy, dark red, almost black when dead
ripe, at which time it is often suffused with a bloom like that
of. a plum. This, which is a very common sort, is, to my
taste, by far the best gooseberry I am acquainted with ; it is
also an exceedingly good fruit for culinary purposes, and has
the merit, too, of being a very great bearer. The bush will
grow to a large size, with strong upright shoots, invariably
more or less perpendicular like those of an osier. The fruit
of the second sort (the green gage) is rather small, round,
hairy, of a dull green colour, exceedingly sweet and luscious,
and partakes of the flavour of the plum from which it
derives its name. This is by no means so great a bearer as
the champagne ; and the berries, though covered with a very
firm skin, are unfortunately particularly liable to crack with
rain. The bush is low, with shoots having a tendency to
arch towards the ground. Neither of the above sorts are
remarkable for being early or late, both ripening their fruit

* Query Ramboiiiilet ?

the best-JIavoured Gooseberries. 331

about the usual gooseberry season. I will mention a third
sort, which, though not to be compared with either of the
above described in point of flavour and intrinsic merit, is yet
valuable and w ell worthy of cultivation, from the circumstance
of its coming into season the latest of any I happen to be
acquainted with. I never heard any name assigned to it;
but it may perhaps be known to cultivators by the following
brief description : the berry is of a moderate size, larger than
the champagne (and quite as large as any gooseberry need
be *), rather oblong, smooth, and assuming a bright red
colour as early almost as any begin to turn, but not ripening
nor attaining its full flavour till late in the season, when it
becomes of a very dark red, approaching to black ; the skin
is firm and tough ; and whether it be owing to this circum-
stance, or to its ripening later than most others, it is generally
the last gooseberry that is attacked by the wasps, and even
when full ripe will often remain almost untouched by those
pests after all others have been devoured. The bush, which
is a great bearer, forms arching shoots.

Should your correspondent Mr. Vallance be desirous of
cultivating either of the above gooseberries, which, I must
add, are neither new nor (I believe) uncommon, I shall be
happy to supply you with cuttings for his use. I have heard
much in praise of the Warrington ; but what I have received

* I shall, perhaps, incur the disapprobation of the Fancy, and such as
frequent gooseberry feasts, w hen I make the remark, that the large prize
gooseberries (crown bobs, roaring lions, top sawjers, &c. &c.) are for the
most part very inferior to the smaller ones, for the table at least, if not for
preserving also, and are calculated rather to gratify the eye than the palate.
In this opinion I am not singular ; for many of those who cultivate the large
sorts are yet ready to acknowleilge the superiority of the smaller ones.
I once knew an old nailer in Staffordshire, a great florist, who appropriated
a considerable portion of his garden to the cultivation of gooseberries, by
which he made a surprising sum of money in the year, — more, indeed,
than he liked to acknowledge, — selling the fruit by the pennyworth to
people who came to the garden for the purpose of eating it. Observing
that almost all his trees were of the large-berried kinds, I asked him why
he grew such large sorts, for that they were not half so good to eat as the
small ones, " You are right. Sir," he replied ; " I know it : but then
these big ones give less trouble in gathering ; they fill the measure soonest,
and they do well enough for the sawnies." Of course I had nothing
further to urge against my friend's practice, as his gooseberries, like Peter
Pindar's razors, were intended purposely for sale. I would, however,
strongly recommend that Virgil's advice as to the size of a farm should
also be adopted (mutatis mufanclis) in the choice of gooseberries, at least
when they are cultivated for private use.

" Laudato ingentia riu-a,
Exiguum colito."

" Praise thou large farms ; a small one choose to till."

Trapp's Translation.

332 On the Hop,

under that name is in every respect so inferior a fruit, that I
can hardly believe it to be the true one. There is also another
kind, which, from its being a late ripener, is worth notice ;
the berry, in point of shape, colour, and hairiness, may be
said to be a gigantic modification of the champagne, but is far
inferior to it in flavour, and scarcely of so deep a red ; it is,
however, a useful gooseberry, and a good bearer. The shoots
are not straight z.vA upright, like those of its prototype, the
champagne, but are more inclined to the arching form. I
may add, that there are some smooth white gooseberries, of a
very sweet and luscious flavour, which ought to find a place
even in a limited collection. Yours, Sec.

Coventry, Dec. 20. 1830. B.

Among white gooseberries, no gardener should be without
Woodward's Whitesmith, which, although neither smooth
nor small, is of excellent flavour, and bears abundantly ; it
will, moreover, hang long on the bush. — J. D.for Cond.

Art. XXVIII. On the Hop, its Blight and Remedij. By John
Murray, Esq. F.S.A. F.L.S. &c.

Sir,
To insure the hop, which may be termed the vine of Eng-
land, from insect spoliation, must be allowed to be a question
fraught with much commercial importance. The leaf and
flower are affected with honey-dew, as it is called, and this
occurs under peculiar circumstances, and is a phenomenon
standing in some relation to specific changes in the atmo-
sphere. It is unnecessary here to enquire whether it be a
secretion of aphides, as Mr. Curtis supposes ; or a morbid
secretion of the plant itself, as the late President of the Lin-
nean Society contended for ; or if there are varieties inde-
pendent of each other in their sources of production. The
saccharine exudation on the leaves of the O'rnus rotundifolia
(the Calabrian manna ash), &c., may well be adduced to
favour the opinion that it might be a secretion of the plant.
Now such a secretion would become a powerful point of insect
attraction, as are the nectaries of flowers ; and it is also cer-
tain that aphides are found in numerous cases where honey-
dew abounds, though it would be difficult to decide which is
the cause and which the consequence. In a vigorous-growing
plant, insect spoliation will be found a rare occurrence. Ge-
nerally speaking, it is not the imago but the larva that does
the mischief. Thus Linnaeus inferred that the flowers of the

its Blight and Remedy. 333

Humuliis Lupulus, or Hop, were rendered unproductive from
the attacks of the ghost moth on the roots of the plant. The
imago, whether PapIUo or Phalae^na, or other winged insect,
as the bee, &c., may rifle the blossom of its sweets, but in
return it acquits itself M-ell by becoming the medium of a
transfer of the pollen. When the hop is struck by the fly, as
it is called by hop-growers, it will be found, on accurate
investigation, to be consecutive on some morbid change in the
hop-bine itself; an effect produced by some previous vicissi-
tude in the atmosphere.

Perhaps, therefoi'e, the truth will be found to be this : —
the plant is blighted, as it is termed, by the wind, or some
destructive vicissitude in the atmosphere, and the transudation
of the saccharine matter is the consequence of a morbid
change thus superinduced. This saccharine secretion be-
comes the lure to the imago of the insect ; here its ova are
deposited : these, again, in process of time, become larv£B,
that, like the Egyptian locust, devour every green thing. In
this view of it the principal thing to be attended to is the pre-
vention of this morbid change by controlling and modifying
the condition of the atmosphere, in all probability the proxi-
mate or immediate cause.

I do not mean to say that winged insects may not occa-
sionally riot on the bloom ; as the leaf-cutting bee and
others. The A^phis rosae, too, by clinging round the neck of
the young rosebud, seems " to drink its marrow up ;" and yet,
fenced as the moss rose, loveliest of flowers, is, with its pecu-
liar resino-caoutchouc investment, it is difficult to conceive
that these attacks of the aphides can reach its core ; and the
question is, whether such buds, independently of the aphis
altogether, would not prematurely fall, just as it happens with
many others unconnected with insect attack. The truth is,
such plants and such buds are sickly; and the appearance of
insects, though not exactly contemporaneous with the inci-
pient stage of the disease, promptly follows.

The fact that plants grow most luxuriantly near a lightning
conductor, and are there maintained in a healthier condition
than elsewhere, proves that the maintenance of the electric
current between the earth and the heavens becomes an acces-
sary in its luxuriance. Viewing the honey-dew on the leafage
of the hop-bine as the presage of decay and index of disease,
and that this disease has been occasioned by some withering
blight consequent on a meteoi'ological change in the atmo-
sphere, because a mere flux of air, in its pneumatic relations,
which is simply mechanical, could produce no such morbid
change; and as this morbific meteorological feature in the
atmosphere might certainly be modified or controlled by

331) Thoughts on Mr. Dreiverif s

conducting wires attached to the hop-poles, in the form of
pai-agreles ; it follows that copper wires, so attached, would,
in all probability, ward off those causes which determine such
devastations in hop plantations. The experiment is easy,
and the expense trifling : if carried into practice, the contrast
would, if I am not much deceived, decide in favour of their
universal adoption ; and, should this appear in your next
Number, it will be in good time for the hop-growers. Let
it not be forgotten that a plant luxuriating in health is
seldom or never the prey of insect tribes ; but, when sickly, it
soon becomes the victim of many enemies. This is clearly
perceived in every realm of zoology, as well as in the tenants
of the vegetable kingdom.

In the summer of 1827 I had evidence which may tend to
confirm my views analogically. By the effect of an east wind
a fine Siberian crab was very singularly blighted, exhibiting
precisely the appearance of its having been the victim of a
flash of lightning ; the leaves, presenting the semblance as of
their having been poisoned, became black and decayed ; and
the young twigs withered aw-ay. No mere mechanical rush of
wind, 1 should presume, could have produced such an effect.

Fehniary 6. 1829. Yours, &c. John Murray.

Art. XXIX. Thoughts on Mr. Dreiver^s " Netv System ofFaryn-
ing-" In a Letter to a Gentleman who had desired him to
peruse Mr. Brewery's Book. By J. H.

Sir,
According to your desire, I have perused Mr. Drewery's
New System of Farming, with all the attention and all the
patience which I am master of, and cannot help pronouncing
it altogether the m'eatest hoax I ever read. The author is
not only palpably ignorant as an author, but deficient in truth,
common sense, and common experience. Lie is also very pre-
sumptuous in claiming the invention of boiling pig meat,
which is nothing more than a second edition of the " kail
brose of Auld Scotland ; " and that meal would counter-
act the poisonous effects of his boiled rubbish, though it
may be found in Holy Writ that Elijah healed a pot of deadly
pottage by strewing a handful of meal in it. Common sense
informs us that every sort of cookery is only for the purpose
of assisting digestion : old horses require old beans to be either
ground, or softened by boiling ; but to boil greeii food for them
is both heterodoxical and paradoxical. The pig is a semi-
carnivorous animal ; its stomach is calculated to digest almost
every kind of food. For this reason, store pigs require no

" Neiso System of Fanning.^' 32 5

cookery ; but when a pig is feeding, his quantity of food
must be diminished, and its quality increased : thus, a gallon
of old beans per day will make a pig increase in weight and
quality, for the last fortnight of his life, more than a bushel of
pig meat did while in a growing or store state. But it is need-
less to insist. The brute beasts will inform us that a ffreen or
boiled thistle is both poisonous and unpalatable : whereas a
withered thistle is both palatable and nutritious. With re-
spect to Mr. Drewery's medicines, they are truly laughable :
he may, indeed, be called the Urine Doctor. Urine feeds his
horses, fattens his cattle, cures all disorders in his sheep and
pigs, &c. : urine makes his cows give plenty of milk, and also
dries his cows of their milk ; cures the bots in horses, the tail-
evil in cows, as well as warbles in their backs, &c. O dear !
I must not " answer a fool according to his folly, lest I be
like unto him." Mr. Drewery's system of farming is at least
fifty years behind the modern improved Scotch system. He
is wofuUy in the dark respecting the cultivation of land ;
but this I could excuse, if he had not talked of cuttinor winter
vetches two or even three times in a summer, and saving a
crop of seed at last. This beats every thing.

In order that I may not forget every thing I read, I have
written a critique on the following passages of the work : —

Public meetings, honorary rewards, and letters addressed
(p. 18.); address to the public, and introduction to the work
(p. 31.) ; increase of food, by boiling green or dry food (p. 61.) ;
cutting the ears and tails of pigs, shower-bath, and urine
(p. 66. 69.) ; oatmeal mixed with horse-corn, excellent food
[granted) (p. 74.) ; sods and twitch, good fuel for boiling
weeds (p. 80.) ; cuts vetches nearly a yard high three times in
one summer, and saves a crop for seed in the autumn (p. 93.) ;
calves reared on half the price of their mother's milk (p. 97.);
ui'ine and straw better than hay and water for horses (p. 103.) ;
boiled grass better than green for horses, &c. (p. 104.) ; cer-
tain horses refuse corn and hay unless sprinkled with urine
(p. 12.5.) ; a young beast gets fat by a man's urine and straw
(p. 125.): a severe flogging cures a horse bound in the bowels
(p. 128.) ; urine cures the gripes, prevents the bots in horses
(p. 132.); urine cures greasy heels in horses, and red water
in cows (p. 134.); urine cures the tail, and dries the milk of
cows (p. 134.); urine cures warbles in cows, removes the
effects of poison (p. 137.); a w^aggoner's whip cures bloated
cows, &c. &c. Sec. (p. 138.)

My name was never yet in print ; and I hope it never may
be, if I cannot write a better book than Mr. Drewery's.

I remain. Sir, &c.
New. 3. 1830. J. PI.

336

PART 11.

REVIEWS.

Art. I. Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society/.
Vol. IV. Part II.

(Continued from p. 199.)

41. On the Cultivatioii of Onions; on preparing Ground for Car-
rots ; and on destroying the Gooseberry Caterpillar. By Mr. John
Wallace, Gardener, Ballechin. Read March 8. 1815.

Onions. — The soil of the garden at Ballechin was light,
and the ground destined for onions was always dug twice
a year, viz. in autumn and spring ; giving a good coating of
dung in September, and a light one in March, immediately
before sowing. The crop of onions was poor, and much
infested v»'ith the maggot, and got worse and worse every year.
To try the effect of a change of system, the ground was only
hoed and raked in autumn, and dug half-spade deep, applying
well rotted cow dung in spring before sowing the seed. The
crop was excellent, and entirely free from the maggot. The
reason assigned for this favourable result deserves attention,
as a principle in the management of light soils : —

" I find light and dry soils are rather hurt tlian benefited
by too much labour and pulverising the ground ; and I was
led at first to adopt this method, from observing that such of
the tenants in my neighbourhood as gave repeated ploughings
to their here lands had seldom but a very poor crop after it."

Carrots. — The ground is trenched, only a few days before
sowing, to the depth of 18 or 20 in. ; after this the surface is
levelled, a coat of rotten cow dung pointed in, and the seed
sown. The carrots are large, and free from maggot. Before
the ground was trenched they were small and maggoty.

Gooseberry Caterpillar. — Watering with lime water, always
when the sun shone strongly, effectually destroyed them, with-
out injuring the leaves.

Ctirtis's Botanical Magazine. 33T

Art. II. Catalogue of JForks oft Gardening, Agriculture, Botany,
Rural Architecture, ^-c, published since December, 1830, vntli some
Account of those considered the most interesting.

In enumerating the contents of the Botanical Periodicals, those genera or species marked by a
star (») are not included in the first edition of the Hortus Britunnicus.

Ctirtis's Botanical Magazine, or Floiver-Garden displayed. New Series.

Edited by Dr. Hooker. Li 8vo Numbers, monthly, 'ds. 6d. coloured;

3s. plain.

i^'b. LI. for March, contains

3053. H6ve« pannosa {Cun. MSS.), Pannose Hovea. " A very elegant
and ornamental species, its blossoms being of a beautiful purple, the upper
side of the leaves glossy green, and the under side and the branches thickly
covered with a ferruginous tomentum. It approaches H. linearis, but that
species has much narrower leaves, and smaller and pale-coloured flowers.
Native of New South Wales." — 3054. Tupistra niitans Wal., Nodding Tu-
pistra. A very interesting plant, of which K6hde« japonica (Orontium japo-
nicum till lately) of the gardens gives some idea. — 3055. Nothochlae^na
*tenera. " A graceful little fern, which, in point of genus, seems interme-
diate between Nothochlae'na and Cheilanthes. From all the known species
of Nothochte^na [Dr. Hooker spells this word Nothoclfe^na] it is distin-
guished by its tender, glaucous, and quite glabrous fronds." — 3056. Ln-
pinus *CruikshanksH. " This truly magnificent species of lupine was
discovered by Mr. Cruikshanks, growing upon the Andes of Peru in great
plenty, not far from Pasco, and near the verge of perpetual snow. Our
fine plant was raised from seed at the Glasgow botanic garden, and planted
in the open border early in the suimner of 1830, when it was soon covered
with a profiision of richly coloured blossoms, which attracted the attention
of all who saw it. Although not exceeding 4 to 5 ft. in height, it is rather
arborescent than shrubby. Corollas large ; very handsome ; bluish purple,
variegated with yellow, white, and red. ISIi'. Murray would not risk it out
through the winter, but removed it to the green-house. It is very impatient
of moisture, and does not strike readily from cuttings. No seeds were
produced upon oin- plant." — 3057. Lodsa *hispida. This is the same as
the L. ambrosiaefolia of Jussieu, and of Lindley in the Botanical Register;
and, although treated as a green-house annual at the Edinburgh botanic
garden, it may with care be cultivated out of doors. — 3058. Delima sar-
mentosa, Sarmentose Delima. An evergreen stove shrub, with panicles of
small white flowers ; its rigid and scabrous leaves are used by the Cingalese
for polishing. — 3059. Monod6r\ (from monos, one, and doron, a gift, in
allusion to its ".itary fruits) Myristica, Jamaica Calabash Nutmeg. Long
says, the sef .U a-j impregnated with an aromatic oil, resembling that of the
Eastern nutmeg, from which they differ so little in flavour and quality, that
they may be used for similar purposes in food or medicine. This author
consequently recommends the plant for general cultivation in the West
Indies.

Ko. LIT. for April, contains
3060. Banks/a littoralis ? The cone of flowers very beautiful. Came
into blossom in the green-house inmiediately after B. speciosa, " and con-
tinued also in blossom at the same time with it : the two species form a
good contrast in theu- colours and manner of flowering." Professor
Graham, who contributed the article on the above plant, doubts its identity
with B. littoralis of Brown, but asserts it quite the same with the B. litto-
ralis of Lindley in the Botanical Register ; if so, it is, as our friend Mr
Sweet informs us, the B. Cunningham« of Brown. From the same autho-
rity we learn that the B. undiilata of Lindley in the Bot. Reg. is only the
B. serrata of Linn, in Brown's Prodromiis, and that the B. marcescens of

Vol. VII. — No. 32. z

S58 Edwards's Botatiical Register.

Hooker in Bot. Mag. 2803. is the B. australis of Brown's Prbdromus. — ^
3061. HunnemanM /umariaefolia. The much-esteemed Eschsch61tzi« cali-
fornica bears great resemblance to this plant ; " especially in the foliage,
the general structm-e of the flower, and in the siliquiform or pod-shaped
capsule. It differs, however, in its erect stem and branches, in its yellow
petals wanting the band or broad spot of orange towards their base, in its
peltate four-lobed stigma, in its two-leaved calyx, in the small receptacle
for the parts of the flower, and in its sessile seeds." — 3062. Vernonza
*acutif6lia. Produced its pale purple blossoms in the stove in December j
a season when ftii less showy flowers ai'e very acceptable. Its nearest
relative is doubtless the V. sericea /3 purpurascens, figured in the Bota-
nical Register, 522 ; but that has its leaves broad and silky on both
sides ; our plant has them narrow, and nearly glabrous. — 3063. Dryandr«
nervosa. A plant of considerable beauty, and of much variety of colouring.

— 3064. Portuliica *GilliesH. The bright red purple flowers of this plant
are beautiful ; almost as much so as those of P. grandiflora. The seeds of
both species were sent from the plains of Mendoza by Dr. Gillies. Like
all other succulent plants from the same country, both species should be
kept dry, especially in winter. In P. GiOiesii the short, dotted, very obtuse
leaves, the upright and appressed axillary tuft of hairs, together with the
large size of the blossoms, afford abundant characters for distinguishing
it. — 3065. Indigofera atropurpurea. " The shrub grows very large, and
when in full blossom is highly ornamental, on account of its numerous
long spikes of dark purple flowers. It is common in the foi'ests of Nepal.'*

— 3066. Pladera decussata. An inconspicuous plant.

EdwarcWs Botanical Register. New Series. Edited by John Lindley,
F.R.S. L.S. &c.. Professor of Botany in the London University. In 8vo
Numbers, monthly. 4^. coloured.

No. I. of Vol. IV. for March, contai7is
1392. *Ledocaq3um (meaning not given, but from karpos, fruit, and, very
probably, ledos, a ragged garment, as the capsule is covered with the calyx
and involucre) *pedunculare ; Oxalideis affine. A plant of extreme rarity
and elegance, with large, showy, saucer-shaped blossoms. " It was collected
by the late Mr. M'Rae for the Horticultural Society, during his residence
in Chile, in 1825. Two plants only were raised from his seeds, one of
which flowered at Chiswick last August. In a favourable summer it would
succeed very well out of doors ; but it will, at all times, be necessary to
keep it from frost in a green-house, or very good pit, during winter ; and
it would be better, perhaps, to consider it altogether as a conservatory
plant. It increases by cuttings, but is apt to damp off j if kept in health
it is very handsome." This species appears distinct in its alternate leaves,
and other points, from L. chiloense of De Cand. Prod. i. 702., making two
known species of this interesting family. Dr. Hooker, not aware that this
plant was known to botanists and had been described, in a number of his
Botanical Miscellany, published since this number of the Botanical Register,
gives an engraving and description of this beautifid plant by the name
of Cruikshanksw cistiformis, intending thereby to compliment his friend,
and the friend of science, Mr. Cruikshanks. On seeing the plant published
in the Botanical Register, Dr. Hooker has, however, very canditlly, in an
advertising note to his Botanical Miscellany, retracted his name of Cruik-
shanksia cistiformis. — 1393. Guettard« speciosa. A tender stove plant,
whose white flowers diffuse a most delicious fragrance, both by night and
day; it is cultivated in the gardens of India for the sake of its fragrance.
It is a native of Madagascar as well as of India. — 1394. Perilomia (»m,
around and /owa, a margin ; fruit with a membranous border) ocymoides;
Labiatse. " This beautiful plant was discovered in Peru by Mr. Cruikshanks,
who presented it to the Horticultural Society, in whose garden it flowered
abundantly, in August and September last. It is a half-shrubby plant.

Edxiiards's Butcmkal Register. SoD

thriving well out of doors in summer, but, as ar as can at present be
judged, requiring to be protected from frost in winter. It is difficult to
represent by art the brilliancy of its scarlet blossoms. Hitherto it has
only been increased by cuttings, but it is probable that in a warm summer it
will produce seeds." — 1395. i^ibiscus *Lindle?. This beautiful plant is a
native of the Burma empu-e, and was introduced to England by Dr. Wal-
lich. It proves to be a hardy stove plant, growing with much vigour, but
not flowering readily, unless the young shoots are struck as cuttings as
soon as the blossoms appear, in which case it flowers freely, and becomes an
extremely ornamental plant, especially in the winter months, during the
whole of which it flowers in abundance. It is too tender to flower out of
doors, even in summer. — 1396. Habranthus *Bagn6kh'. "This beautiful
plant flowered in Mr. Tate's nursery, and was collected in Chile by Captain
Bagnold, a gentleman who has introduced many valuable species of plants
to the gardens of this country. Like all the large black bulbs that come
from Chile, this, under the management usually applied to them, is a shy
flowerer ; and, if exposed to too high temperature, apt to dwindle gradually
away. A south border, well protected from frost, by a frame placed over
it, and a little heat introduced into it occasionally in very severe weather,
is, we suspect, by far the best situation for bulbs from such countries as
Chile." — 1397. *Justic/« carnea. " This is one of the handsomest stove
plants we are acquainted with, combining great beauty of foliage with very
striking flowers, and a constant disposition to produce them." — 1398.
Camellia japonica var. *imbricata. One of the finest varieties of Camellia
known.

No. II. of Vol. IV. for April, contains
1399. ^ristolochia trilobata, Three-lobed Birthwort. A climber from the
West Indies, where it inhabits damp forests, and is deemed an antidote to
the bite of serpents. In England it is a stove plant of rapid growth, and
produces an abundance ol its singular flowers at various periods of the
year; may be increased by layers or cuttings. " The lip of the flower of
this plant is lengthened out into a narrow thong, which, in the specimen
figured, exceeded 22 in. in length. The purpose for which this excessive
elongation of the floral envelope is intended is not known ; but it is worthy
of remark, as tending to confirm the opinion that in nearly allied plants
similar peculiarities of structure may be always expected. This singular
elongation of the lip of the flower exists, accordingly, not only in several
other species of ^ristolochia, but also in a species of J'sarum, discovered in
North-west America by Mr. Douglas," and which Mr. Lindley has deno-
minated /I'sarum *caudatum. — 1400. Raphiolepis rubra. The plants of
this genus are evergreen compact shrubs, with spikes of white flowers, and,
therefore, somewhat ornamental. They are all from China, and will occa-
sionally survive an English winter nailed to the south front of a wall, and
covered. R. rubra is published from Tate's nursery. — l-lOl. Bleti« florida.
From Trinidad. A species which Professor Lindley, after very careful
comparison, believes quite identical with B. pallida of Loddiges's Botanical
Cabinet. Like all the other species, a stove perennial. — 1402. Azalea calen-
dulacea var. *lepida. A third garden variety of Azalea raised at the Earl
of Caernarvon's by Mr. Gowen. It appears almost intermediate between
A. calendulacea and A. nudiflora, from which it originated, but partakes
more of the character of the former than of the latter. " The clear delicate
pink border of the pure white segments of the corolla, and the bright yellow
blotch upon one of them, give this variety a peculiarly neat appearance,
wherefore Mr. Gowen calls it A. lepida." — 1403. Tradescantia undata.
A pretty annual species, much like T. erecta, but with its petals of a red
lilac, not blue, colour. — 1404. /'ris *bicolor. " Mr. Campbell, the intel-
ligent gardener to the Comte de Vandes, treats it as a half-hardy plant, and
gives it a north aspect in the summer, as the midday sun is too powerful

z 2

340 British Flox<oer-Garde7i.

or its beautiful blossoms. It produces a tolerable succession of flowers
for several months, and, it is hoped, will soon become common, as it in-
creases readily by its creeping root-stocks. It would be a most lovely object
if grown in a bed several feet long, where its gay colours could be seen in a
mass, and where new flowers would be constantly succeeding the old ones."
Mr. Sweet kindly informs us that this beautiful plant is by no means refer-
able to the genus i^ris, but that it is a genuine and third species of Salis-
bury's genus Dietes {dis, twice, etes, an associate; related to /^-is and
MoraeV, its species having been referred to both). — 1405. ffinothera
*bifrons. This very interesting garden variety was obtained in the Horti-
cultural Society's garden, by Mr. James Ewing, between (E. ?-6seo-alba
and CE. Lindley«HO. To the fine full flower of the former it adds the
deep crimson spots of the latter; and in mode of growth is, as it were,
intermediate between the two : less bushy than CE. ?'6seo-alba, more erect
than CE. Lindley«?20. Poor gravelly soil best suits the annual Oenotheras.

The British Flower-Garden. New Series. By Robert Sweet, F.L.S. &c.
In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 3«.

Ko. XXII. for March, contains
85. Jsclepiay virgata. A pretty white-flowering species from INIexico,
hardy enough to live through our winters without covering, if planted in a
warm sheltered south border. Succeeds well in heath mould, or in the
usual soil of gardens if light and rich. It is of elegant growth, and flowers
abundantly, and may be increased, by dividing at the root, or by seeds,
which sometimes ripen. — 86. LobehV? decurrens. A rare and interesting
species, raised at Bury Hill from seeds received from Chile in 1829. " In
the garden at Bury Hill it was planted by the side of a wall, in a southern
aspect, in rich light soil, it grew freely, and flowered in the autumn,
and was still in fine bloom at the beginning of last October. The milky
juice of this species is particularly acrid, and renders caution in the hand-
ling of it proper. " Cuttings of it will doubtless root readily in a little
heat, like the other species of this tribe ; but it will be best to dry them a
day or two before planting, to close the wound, otherwise they will be
liable to rot or damp off"." — 87. *Centrocarpha D. Don (kentron, a sharp
bristle, and karphos, chaff"; sharp bristles terminating the chaff") *grandifl6ra
Sweet, Great-flowered Centrocarpha. This, the Rudbeck/rt nudicaulis
Nut., but not of others, is a very ornamental herbaceous plant, and
most desirable in ever\' flower-garden. The genus Rudbeckia includes dis-
cordant species, and Centrocarpha will receive several of them. — 88.
Cummingia *trimaculata. A lovely addition to our collections, and " will
require precisely the same treatment as the other Chile and Mexican
bulbs; that is, to be planted in a light sandy soil, and to be covered up in
severe frost." Figured from the Chelsea botanic garden, the bulbs having
been presented to Mr. Anderson by Miss Reinagle, who had received them
from their native places of growth in the vicinity of Valparaiso, in Chile,
where they were collected by Miss White (now Mrs. Miller), daughter of
the British Vice-Consul at that place. With these bulbs several other
curious plants were forwarded, and amongst them apparently a third species
of Cummingirt ; which, however, has not j'et blossomed. In a collection of
dried plants lately received by INIr. Lambert, from Mr. Thomas Bridges,
now resident at Valparaiso, there are fine specimens of the present species,
C. trimaculata, and also of another, which it is ver}' probable will prove to
be the same with that one from Miss Reinagle which has not yet blos-
somed, and which Mr. David Don proposes to name C. *tenella."

Ko. XXIII. for April, contains
89. Ornithogalum corymbosum, Covymh-Jiowered Star of Bethlehem.
This is a fine species, with broad foliage, a clustered corymb of large white

Botanical Cabinet. 341

blossoms, and with black germens and orange anthers. It was sent home
from Chile by Mr. Thomas Bridges, collector and vender of natural history
productions there, to the late Robert Barclay, Esq., in whose garden, at
Bury Hill, it blossomed, in a southern aspect, through September and
October last. Native specimens of this plant exhibit twentj' flowers in a
corymb. " With the greater part of the bulbs from Chile, Peru, Buenos
Ayres, and Mexico, the present one will succeed well in a warm border in
the flower garden, planted about 6 in. deep, with the covering of a mat in
severe frosty weather, but to be always exposed when the weather is mild."
O. corjanbosum may be increased by offsets from the root. — 90. Aqui-
legia sibirica, Siberian Columbine. With fine light blue blossoms. " It
is a most beautiful plant, and its smooth carpella (seed-vessels), and the
knob at the end of the spur, readily distinguish it from all the other species.
The strength of the present specimen was most probably owing to the rich
soil in which it had been planted. It is said to be a native of the woods in
Dahuria, so that, in all probabilit}', it will be fond of growing in the mould
formed from decayed leaves, which should be mixed with some rich sandy
loam: it appears to seed freely. — 91. i^hododendron *Russell/a?i?<?H. A
splendid hybrid, with gorgeous heads or bunches of bright ros}' red, or almost
crimson, blossoms. " This plant, and other varieties, was procured from
seeds of R. catawbiense, that had been fertilised with the pollen of R.
arboreum, the brilliant Nepal species. That R. Russellia«M?H is perfectly
hardy there can be no doubt, Mr. Russell having had many of them out the
two last winters ; they require to be grown in peat soil, and will doubtless
be rapid growers j we see no abortion whatever either in the ovarium,
stigma, or stamens ; so that, without doubt, it will produce perfect seeds."
Blossoms in spring. Drawn from Russell's nursery, at Battersea. Mr.
Russell has the merit of having produced several very ornamental hybrid
plants, one of which, beside the plant above, is the well known Potentilla
Russell/«««. — 92. iVarcissus Cypri. The original single-flowered parent of
the double and semidouble Cyprus narcissuses of the gardens. These latter
have been generally supposed varieties of the Italian narcissus, but Mr. Ha-
worth, in his published and accurate remarks on this tribe, had suggested
differently, when Mi\ Sweet accidentally met with a plant confirming
Mr. Haworth's suggestions. N. Cypri approximates on N. Tazzetta o^ Flora
GrcBcUy but is still distinct.

Botanical Cabinet. By Messrs. Loddiges. In 4to and 8vo Parts, monthly.
Large paper, 5s. ; small paper, and partially coloured, 2^. Gd.

Part CLXVII. for March, contains
1661. Habenaria cristata. " Cultivated it in a pot in loam and peat
earth, with a portion of sawdust. It shoidd be placed in a shady position
in summer, and preserved during winter in a frame." — 1662. jErica de-
clinata. " In growth very low and bushy, producing a profusion of flowers
in the latter part of the summer and autumn. — 1663. ^rica curviflora. —
1664. Zygopetalum Mackaii. A very beautiful species, named by Dr.
Hooker after Mr. J. T. Mackay of the Dublin botanic garden. The beau-
tiful party-coloured blossoms are very durable. — 1665. Pteris *peruviana.
Received from ]M. Otto, of the Berlin botanic garden, which " is exceed-
ingly rich in ferns, as well as in almost all other plants." — 1666. Alstrce-
meri'rt psittacina. The soil, in which to cultivate this beautiful plant,
should be heath mould, loam, and rotten dung, in equal proportion ; the
pots large. — 1667. Dichorizandra*picta. The painted leaves and beauti-
ful clear blue blossoms of this new plant make it very desirable. — 1668.
Pimelea /inifolia. — 1669. Nerine undulata. " Long known as Amaryllis;
but, from the discovery of so many new forms of that voluminous tribe, the
division has become in a great measure indispensable. — 1670. ilfalva

z 3

SIS Bcjtanic Garden.

*campamiloides. A very singular species, from, it is believed, the western
parts of North ni.erica. " We have not increased it yet but have had it
in cultivation some years."

Part CLXVIII.for April, contains
1671. Mammillaria discolor. — 1672. Tecoma capensis. " It is a plant
of free growth, and produces its rich and beautiful flowers in September
and October. The protection of a green-house or conservatory is neces-
sary for it in winter. The soil should be light loam, and it may be
increased with facili«^y by cuttings." This is indeed an ornamental plant,
its spikes of tubular orange blossoms being exhilarating objects at the
times mentioned, and even to the close of December, when the rarity of
flowers makes them doubly welcome. It is moreover a very hardy green-
house plant, siu-viving our winters even in a pit. — 1673. Poihos micro-
phylla. — 1674. Nerine humilis. A pretty species, — 1675. Aneimia
*collina. — 1676. *Pachyp6dium tuberosum, the£chites tuberosa of //or^.
Brit. An interesting plant with a large tuberous root-stock, prickly dwarf
stems, few leaves, and tubular blossoms, externally red, internally whitish.
The blossoms are usually produced in the latter months of summer.
Native of sandy barren plains of the Cape of Good Hope; in England it
" must be preserved in a warm green-house, with little water, and should
be potted in sandy loam." — 1677. Habranthus*Anders6n«, The flowers
of this species are yellow streaked with red, pretty large, and produced
both in April and September. — 1678. Eyicvl aggregiita. A pleasing
species ; its branchlets terminated by clusters of elegant little rose-coloured
blossoms. It is of middling growth, and flowers from July to the end of
the year, and sometimes longer. — 1679. Erica cerinthdldes. The kind
figured " is a particularly fine variety of this favourite species." — 1680.
Vernon/a flexudsa. " A pretty species, flowering in the autimm, requiring
the protection of a green-house, and should be potted in light loam."

The Botanic Garden. By B. Maund, F.L.S. &c. In small 4to Numbers,
monthly. Large paper Is. Qd, ; small paper, 1*.

No. LXXV, for March, contains
297. Georgia superflua, the blood-red anemone-flowered variet}'. To his
remarks on this variety Mr. Maund subjoins a list of the anemone-flowered
and of the globe-flowered georginas. — 298. Eschscholtzi'a californica.
" Though of perennial continuance, in the warmth of its native country,
it must here, in the open garden, be cultivated as an annual." Particular di-
rections are added for raising plants. To these remarks and directions we
reply, the plant is strictly perennial in England, and to grow this gorgeous
ornament to our gardens in perfection only two conchtions are necessary.
Sow the seeds as soon as ripe, or at latest before Michaelmas (for seeds of
all the plants in the natural order Papaveraceae suffer much from being kept
out of the soil) j and be mindful to sow them in dry, stony, or calcareous soil.
Young plants will forthwith arise from those seeds, and outbrave the seve-
rity of winter without protection. We doubt not that this plant might be
induced to bestow its beauteous trailing wreath-like branches over rock-
work, as its root-stock is, thick and fleshy, and extends deeply, resembling
in all these characters its near ally Glaucium liiteum, the established orna-
ment of the shingly beaches on various parts of our coast. — 299. Digitalis
mhior. — 300. Linaria Cymbalaria.

No. LXXVI.for Ajml, contains
301. Strong's Duke of York Carnation. The article under this is
devoted to the elucidation of the florist's manual operations, and is illus-
trated by thirteen exquisitely neat engravings. — 302. Hypoxis erecta.
Though its blossoms are not brilliant, " it should not be forgotten that with
flowers, as with mankind, something will be discovered in the character of

Camellieae. — Florisfs Guide, 34S

almost every one which may claim our admiration, and out of which some
portion of gratification may be collected to add to our general stock of hap-
piness." H. erecta requires a little protection in winter. — 303. /'ris pallida.
" A tall handsome species, whose flowers possess a peculiar delicacy both
of tint and texture." — 304. Potentilla Russelh'ff?if/. " For the production
of perfect seeds of any species of plant, it is necessary that the farina, or
powder-like substance, which is found in flowers, should be applied to the
stigma or summit of its style, This is generally the natural consequence
of their position and contiguit}' ; but sometimes it is effected through the
instrumentality of insects, or even the atmosphere. The anthers which
contain such farina may, bj' the curious florist, be removed, previously to
its dispersion, and the farina of some other species of the same genus may
be applied instead of its own. In such case, if seeds are thereby perfected,
they are found to produce hybrid plants, paitaking of characters interme-
diate between the two which have been the objects of the experiment. By
this means was P. Russell/««« originated between P. formosa and P. atro-
sanguinea, by Mr. William Russell, nurseryman, of Battersea." The anthers,
however, of this hybrid are usually destitute of farina, and it consequently
produces no seeds, but it admits of increase by dividing at the root.

Chandler and Bootli's Ilhtstrations and Descriptions of the Camell\e.3&, In
Imperial 4to Parts, every two months. 7*. plain ; 10^. coloured; and
18s. extra-size.

Part VII. for Yehruary, contains

25. CamelhVz japonica atrorubens, Ioddiges\ dark red Japanese Camellia.
A vigorously growing variety, imported from China, by Messrs. Loddiges^
in 1809. It is always among the latest in coming into blossom, opening at
about the same time as the waratah. The flowers are not very freely
produced, but it is nevertheless a handsome and desirable variety, whose
flowers are very neat and showy.

26. Camellia japonica *elegans, Chandler^s elegant Japanese Camellia.
A variety raised from seed of the waratah, by ^Ir. Chandler, about eight
years ago. It is free of growth, and the flowers are of a very delicate rose
colour, and measure from 3|- to 4 in. in expansion, ranking in form, between
those of the wai'atah and the pseony-flowered, but in other respects they
are distinct from both.

27. Camelli« japonica Welbank^, Welbank's tchite Japanese Camellia.
Very difl'erent from any other white-flowered kind ; it is of robust habit,
and remarkable for the convexity of its foliage. A very desirable variety,
whose flowers are of a yellowish white, and from 3 to 3\ in. in diameter.
These are delicate, and compared by Messrs. Loddiges to the flowers of
the Gardens florida in form and texture. Introduced in 1820 by Captains
Welbank and Rawes, and not by the late Mi". Basington, as stated in the
JBotanical Register.

28. Camelli« japonica fl(5rida. Cluster-flowering Japanese Camellia.
Produced in 1819 from seed of the waratah, fertilised with the pollen of
the pgeony-flowered. The flowers are produced in great abundance at the
extremity of the branches, and open pretty early in the season. They
are not large, but are very beautiful, being 3 in. in diameter, and of a deep
rose colour, intermediate between the deep red of the waratah, and the
bright rose of the paeony-flowered. The succeeding numbers of this fine
work will in future be published once in three months.

The Florist's Guide arid Cultivator'' s Directory, c^-c. By Robert Sweet,

F.L.S. &c. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 3s. coloured ; 2s. plain.

No. XL V. for March, contains

177. Gloria Mundi Tulip. A handsome golden-coloured bizarre, whose

perianthium leaflets {petals of old) are very much imbricate, broadly obo-

vate, rounded at the ends, and shallowly notched, attenuated gradually

z 4.

344

Supplementary Table.

downwards, slightly edged with velvet, and more or less marked with vefy
narrow lines of the same colour up the centre ; the edges and lines
feathered a little with very short lines. Drawn from Davey's collection, in
whose priced catalogue for 1829 it is marked at 6s. — 178. Cupid Ranun-
culus. Petals obovate, a little hollow at the end, arranged in regular
circles, straw-coloured, tipped with a rosy pink, feathered a little inwards.
Raised by Mr. Waterston of Paisley. — 179. Strong's King Carnation.
A scarlet bizarre ; flowers very large and double ; petals very broad, spread-
ing, finely rounded at the ends ; of a pure white, beautifully striped and
variegated with brJ2;ht scarlet and deep velvet intermixed; outer ones
much the broadest, lying quite flat ; inner ones much narrower, and slightly
recurved at the edges. Raised by W. Strong, Esq., from seed of his
Duke of York. — 180. Burnard's Emancipator Tulip. Flower cup-shaped,
but spreading ; perianthium leaflets (petals) broadly obovate, rounded at
the points, attenuated towards the base, neatly imbricate, bent a little
inwards at the margin, of a pale straw colour, yellower towards the points,
striped and edged with broad stripes of a dark velvety purple, which
stripes are much feathered at their sides. A very desirable bizarre, different
from most others. Raised from seed in the collection of J. P. Burnard,
Esq., Formosa Cottage, Holloway.

No. XL VI, for April, contains
181. Albion Tulip. A bizarre, with the flower large and somewhat
spreading, but cup-shaped, of a bright yellow, edged and variegated with a
brown purple. Drawn from the choice collection of J. Goldhaln, Esq.,
who grows it in the third row of his tulip bed. — 182. Thomson Ranun-
culus. Flowers very double and compact, consisting of several circles of
white petals, edged with a rosy red. Raised by Mr. Waterston of Pais-
ley. — 183. Gould's Duke of York Carnation. A scarlet bizarre, with
its flowers large and double. Petals in several circles, very variable in
size, rounded at the edges ; white, marked with patches, stripes, and spots
of scarlet, intermixed with stripes of a velvety purple. Mi\ Hogg sells
this variety at 7*. the pair, — 184. Hogg's King William Picotee. Flower
very large and double, of a handsome form. Petals broad and rounded,
arranged in several circles, slightly notched at the edges ; white, edged with
a bright red, and generally marked with a line or two of the same colour.
Likely to become a great favourite amongst florists.

Table supplementary to the Hdrtus Britanjiicus, containing such of the Plants
noticed in the foregoing Periodicals, as are not included in the first edition of
that work.

2947. ANEPMIA.
25656a colUna Raddi

1421. ^'SARUM.
12091 caud^tum Lindl.

hill >£ El or 1

taiXeA-tipped £ A cu f

Br Brazil 1829. D s.p Bot. cab. 1675
... N.W.Amer.l826. D p.l

521. AZA^LEA.
calendulicea
9 lepida Gowen

2038. CAME'LL/^.
japi'mica

elegans Booth
imbric&ta Booth

T^retty -flowered SB or 4 my.jn Va hybrid

L p.l Bot. reg. 1402

elegant It \ | spl 10 ja Ko seedling

imbricated *i | spl 10 mr C.R China

2412. CENTROCA'RPHA D. Bon. [Kcntron, a sharp bristle, karphos, chafT)
grandiflbra S!;i<. great-flowered £ A or 3| s Y N.Amer. 1830.

Rudbtckia nudicaiilis Nut. not of others.

S336. CUMMI'NG/.^.

trimaculita D. Don throe-spotted tf J\J el J d
ten^lla D. Don delicate 5 j\J or f

B

Chile
Chile

1824.

1829.
1829.

l.p Chan. ill. 26
l.p Bot. reg. 1398

Comp. Ih'liunthete.
D CO Sw. fl. gar.n.s.87

O p.l Sw. fl.gar.n.s.l
O p.l

1004. DICHORIZA'NDRA.

picU La. C. painted-feawcrf £ El or i s.o B S. Amer 1830. D It.l Bot. cab. 1667

143. DPETES. Sal. (D'S, twice, etcs, an associate; related to /'*ris and Mor»''a.) Iridew.

bicolor Sweet's MSS. two-coloured £ ^ or 2 jl.o Y.D D l.p Bot. reg. 1404

i^ris bicolor Lindl. in Bot. reg.

British Botany.

345

r 975. HABRA'NTHUS.

Bagn6Idi Herb. Bagnold's
Anderson// Lo. C. Anderson's

tf _Jor 1
5 lAJ or f

n

ap.s

Y

Y.R

SOW. HIBI'SCUa
Lindlei Wal.

Lindley's

it □ spl 3

d

P

58. JUSTrC//f.
c&rnea Lindl.

flesh-coloured

• □spl 4

au.s

F

Chile 1829. O s.l Bot. reg. 1396

M. Video 1829. O s.l Bot. cab. 1677

India 1828. C l.p Bot. reg. 1395

Rio Jan. 1827. C Lp Bot. reg. 1397

1415. LEDOCA'RPUM Vesf. [Karpos, fruit, ledos, a ragged garment.)
pedunculare imrf/. long-stalked a. | [or 1 au Y Chile

Oxalldeis affme. 1. — 2.
1825. C 8.1 Bot. reg. 1392

2193. LOA^SA.

hispida L. hispid Jk lOJ or 2 jl.au

L. ambrosiKfulia J. and Lindl. in Bot. reg. 1390

2004. MA'LVA.

campanuloides Lo.C. Campanula-lk.* _Ai cu J o

Lima 1830. S s.l Bot. mag. 3057

Bh N. Amer. 1825. S l.p Bot cab. 1670

933. A^ARCI'SSUS.
7555a C>^pri Hutu.

Cyprian

tf A or 1 mr.ap W.y Cyprus

2910. NOTHOCHLjE'NA.

t^nera Gilf. tender-textured^ 23 or

1985. iUFPNUS.

Cruiksh&nksiV Hook. Cruikshank's •

Br Mendoza

O CO Sw. fl.gar.n.s.92

D s.p Bot, mag. 3055

I spl 5 jl.au Va ,Peru 1829. S s.l Bot. mag. 3056

O or ]i jn.n P.c hybrid 1830. S co Bot. reg. 1405
1670. PERILC'IVIIA. H. SfK. (Per!\ around, loma, margin ; fruits with amembranous border.) Labidtce.

1183. ffiNOTHE'RA.
10015a blfrons Lindl.

ocymoldes Kth. Basil-like

1447. PORTULA-CA.

Gillifes^ Hook. GiUies's

1829. C s.l Bot. reg. 1394

«-iA)or I jn.jl R.P Mendoza 1827. S s.l Bot. mag. 3064

2926. PTE^RIS.
25512a peruviana Otto

1339. iJHODODE NDRON.
il025a Russelka«2<»j Swti Russell's

2262. VERNO'N/^.
20477a acutifblia Hook.

Jf E] or 1 o

Br Peru

or 4 mr Ro.R hybrid

; I I or 4 d

Pa.P S. Amer.

1830. D s.p Bot. cab. 1665

L s.p Sw. fl. gar.n.s.91

C l.p Bot. mag. 3062

British Botany. The Botany of Great Britain ; including all the Plants
growing wild, or such as have become apparently wild, in England,
Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and the British European Islands. Published
in Monthly Numbers, at 2s. 6c/. each ; and each Number to contain Eight
faithful Representations of different Species, taken from the living
Plants, truly and beautifully coloured from Nature, with Dissections of
the most essential Parts of Fructification, where required. By H. Wed-
dell. Botanical Engraver.

The descriptions, and all other useful or interesting information, will be
given by R. Sweet, F.L.S., author of numerous botanical and horticultural
publications.

We shall, if possible, notice the first Number of this work in our next.

Talboys, D. A., a Bookseller and Stationer in Oxford : The Pursuit of
Literature and Science compatible with Habits of Business. A Prize
Essay, read before the Oxford Mechanics' Institution. Dec. 1830.
There is much in this pamphlet that we should wish to quote, and we
could say a great deal in favour of the idea that every mechanic or labour-
ing man might, if his natural capacity admitted, acquire as much knowledge
as this talented author, and yet pursue his daily labours at the loom, the
anvil, the bench, the spade, or the plough. All that is necessary is begin-
ning in time, with proper infant schools. It is as natural to love know-
ledge as it is to love light ; and it is knowledge, and knowledge alone,
to which we must look for the emancipation of man from all the evils
with which he is now affected.

346

PART III.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. Notes oti some of the London Nurseries and Suburban

Gardens.

Henderson's Xitrsery,Pine-Ap}}le Place, Edgeiuare Road. — Feb. 12. The
number of hot-houses and pits in these grounds is yearly increasing, and
they now cover several acres. In no nursery about London are houses
and house-plants kept in better order and neatness, or the plants in a more
thriving condition. All the young heaths, amounting to many thousands,
are kept in frames, the pots standing on coal ashes ; the sashes are entirely
removed during mild days ; but, during nights and severe weather, the sides
of the frames are well protected by litter, and the roof by Russian or straw
mats, with or without litter under them, as may be thought necessary. It
is clear that, if the temperature can be kept a few degrees above the freez-
ing point by retaining heat, rather than by supplying it by dung or fuel and
letting it pass off through the glass in a continued stream (as it does in
green-houses where the roof is uncovered), the plants will be kept at much
less expense, and thrive a great deal better. The most difficult house to
keep heaths in during the winter, that we have ever seen, is the heathery
at Woburn, which has a floor elevated 15 ft. or 20 ft. above the surface
of the ground, a span roof, and glass sides. The heaths are kept alive
there, and generally look well ; but, certainly, nothing like so well as
those in the London nurseries, where they are kept in frames. The atten-
tion of the gardener at Woburn must be most unremitting ; and it is
astonishing that the frequent watering does not destroy the plants. A
young man who has had the care of the Woburn heathery for a season
has, indeed, gone through a species of moral training v/hich will be of use
to him as long as he lives.

The mice are very injurious to plants in flower in the frames at Hender-
son's nursery, by eating off the blossoms : to prevent their entrance, the
frame is set upon, and surrounded by, a small lining of road-stuff (the
scrapings of the highway). The gritty cutting nature of this material pre-
vents the animals from working their holes through it ; this operation in
the mouse genus being principally performed by the mouth. A lining 6 in.
below the surface of the ground outside the frame, and rising 3 in. above
the bottom edge of the frame, is found effectual. Newly sown peas are
protected from mice on the same principle, by sowing chopped furze along
with them.

The show-house here is full of beauty ; and it is gratifying to observe
how many of the new acquisitions from North and South America have
already become popular plants, which may be bought by everybody.
Among these, Schizanthus may be mentioned as an admu'able annual for
early forcing.

In this nursery, and several others adjoining, there are plants of giant
ivy, 20 ft. high, kept in pots ; so that, by means of these, a house, a bower,

Lojidoii Nurseries and Suburban Gardens. 347

or a wall, may be built, and covered with this admirable evergreen at once.
By the help of the large trees and shrubs in many of the London nurseries,
and the large American plants at Waterer's, near Woking, a garden and
grounds of any extent may, in the com'se of any one planting season, be
completely furnished, so as to have the appearance of having been planted
twenty or thirty years. The wealthy have arrived at this degree of luxury
in building and furnishing houses, but not yet in gardening ; as they get
poorer and more intellectual, they will love gorgeous architecture and
cabinet-making less, and gardening and planting more.

Jenkinses Alanj-le-bone* Kursen/. — Feb. 13. Some improvements in the
mode of heating the peach-houses by hot water have lately been made in
the New Eoad branch of this nursery, by Messrs. W. and D. Bailey of
Holborn. An accident which happened here induces us to caution gar-
deners who have their houses so heated against the danger of leaving the
water in the pipes in the winter season, when no fire is applied. In one
night many feet of pipe burst, and were rendered useless for any pm'pose
but remelting, by the freezing of the water contained in them.

The circle in the Regent's Park, which now forms the principal scene of
Mr. Jenkins's operations, is every year looking better from the increased
growth of the trees destined to remain permanently. This circle would
make an admirable public garden. We have suggested the idea of cover-
ing the whole of it with glass {Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. i. p. 385.); but the
time for such an extravaganza is gone by; as a hardy garden it might con-
tain, in groups arranged according to the natural s^'stem, all the more hardy
and easily cultivated of the trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, including
grasses and ferns, which would endure the open an* in Britain ; and, if these
were all conspicuously named on the ends of bricks, as in Loddiges's
arboretum, it would form a scene of much rational recreation and useful
instruction to the rising generation. By way of architectural and sculptural
ornaments, government might let spots of a few feet square, here and there,
to rich persons, on condition of their building handsome monuments, either
for theu' own families or in commemoration of some of their ancestors.
Some public-spirited individuals might erect statues to great men of dif-
ferent ages and countries. The garden should be open to every body
during the whole day, every day in the year; and one or two of the police
might perambulate it for the sake of protection and order. The govern-
ment (j:hat is, the commissioners of woods and forests), which owns the soil,
might make an arrangement with the occupant to hold it for a number of
years, on condition of gradually forming it into a botanic garden of the
kind to which we allude, and of leaving it in that state. We have no doubt
Mr. Jenkins would readily enter into the idea of such an arrangement, since
he is having prepared, notwithstanding the deplorable depression of the
times, above a thousand named bricks for a herbaceous ground, to be
planted alphabetically along one of his borders. To those gardeners who
prepare their own paint for painting names on bricks or other tallies, we
may mention, that a good mixture for this purpose is composed of vegetable
charcoal, which any gardener may burn for himself, ground to the finest
powder,a little powdered resin, which may be procured from any chemist, or
from a spruce fir tree, and raw linseed oil, boiled together till they are of
the consistence of cream. If common lampblack is used, as that is generally
more or less mixed with grease, it is good to dry or roast it in an iron vessel
till the grease evaporates ; but, by using vegetable charcoal, this is rendered
unnecessary. The names are written with a camel-hair pencil, the use of

* Mary-le-bourne, or Mary of the little brook. The channel of the
brook may still be seen in the Marquess of Hertford's grounds in the
Regent's Park.

348

London Nurseries

which requires a little practice in order to produce handsome letters. The
rate of payment for writing the generic and specific names only is 2d, per
tally ; but if the ground on the end of the brick^ on which the name is
painted, be included, the work costs 2|rf. These are at the rate of the
prices given at the Chiswick garden. Neither there nor in the Mary-le-bone
nursery are the names varnished; but at Messrs. Loddiges' this is done as
a preservative. The young gardener's name who writes the tallies in the
Mary-le-bone nursery is Chambers.

Malcolm's Kensington Nursery. — Feb. 15. The fine specimen of Magnolia
oonspicua, which we Ti-ured in Vol. II. p. 370. and have more than once
mentioned as well worth seeing when in bloom, shows more blossom buds
this year than it ever did previously. Before this Number sees the light, it
will have been a magnificent object. It is quite astonishing to us that this
plant is not more common, since it can be had, of a small size, at 5s. Gd.
and Is. each. We should wish to see it, Wistanw Consequa??a, Chimo-
nanthus fragrans, Lonicera flexuosa, 7?6sa ruga, Noisett/«««, Boursaulti/,
odorata, Greville?, multiflora, and Banksi<^, all hardy, mostly odoriferous,
and all cheaper than M. conspicua, on every cottage, and against a wall
in every flower-garden. We have much fault to find with gardeners in tlie
country whose masters and mistresses are always kindly ready to hear what
they have to suggest, that they do not recommend these and the other
shrubs and plants which we have from time to time enumerated as worthy
of a place in every garden.

Mr. Malcolm has a good stock of the autumn-flowering mezereon, a
most beautiful plant, which flowers from November to March. It is little
known, and, in consequence, almost entirely neglected.

April 10. The magnolia in full bloom, and truly magnificent.

Chandler and Sons, Vaiixhall Nursery. — Feb.Vi. We have neglected
for the last three years to notice a handsome span-roofed green-house
erected here in 1827, of which a perspective view {Jig. 59.) and section

59

60

(Jig. 60.) were sent us by the late Mr. Buckingham, then a partner with
Mr. Chandler. Mr, Buckingham says, " the roof is without rafters; and,

although much lighter in appearance
than that of a house framed in the usual
manner, is in reality nmch stronger,
from the equal distribution of its strength
to all parts alike. The timber which
is saved by not having rafters more than
supplies the increased consumption in
the bars, which are three inches deep
instead of two inches, the usual depth.
The labour of framing the lights, mtiking
top aud bottom rails, and also the
weather-board at top, are all dispensed
with ; hence the cost is less, and the
appearance more elegant." The foUow-
inir are the details : —

^

J

■

- 1 — 1 — 1—1

ll

III 1

1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1

III 1

I'i'i'n

i

i

and Suburban Gardens. 349

Length, 58ft. external measure; breadth, 10ft. Din, external measure;
height in the centre, 9 ft. 6 in.; height of brickwork above ground, 4 ft. j
height of front lights, and top and bottom plate, 2 ft. 4 in.

The plates are 4iin. by Sin. in the rough, and an eighth is reduced by
planing. The bars are 3 in. by 1. in. in the rough, and are reduced by
planing to 2\ in. by i of an inch. A stronger bar of 3 in. by 2 in., reduced
to 2J in. by If in., coupled with one of similar strength at distances of 3 ft.
6 in. throughout the whole length of the roof, and to these the cast-iron
ties in the centre of the house are screwed. The width of the walk is 3 ft. ;
the width of the platform on each side of the walk is 3 ft. 6 in. On these
the plants are set. The walls are one brick or 9 in. thick ; the glass used
is in panes of 7 in. by 5 in. or thereabouts. The upright lights are all re-
movable at pleasure ; and when a fourth of them are partially opened a
thorough ventilation is produced. Were all the front lights, which are
hung by separating hinges, taken away, the house would be merely a glass
awning. The size of the house was regulated by Messrs. Chandler and
Buckingham's impression of the capability of one fire to answer the purpose
of excluding frost in the severest weather ; and this it does completely.

This house fully answers the purpose for which it was intended. The
heaths and other plants in it are in a thriving state, and on the cross ties is
Calampelis scabra, which last summer produced seed. This plant and
CohcB^a scandens have continued growing during the winter. There are
various other climbers, two to each rafter, which during summer prove
highly ornamental.

The show-house here is heated by hot water, by Kewley, on the siphon
principle, and is one of the most perfect specimens of that mode of heating.
Among its numerous ornaments are those common but now rather neglected
shrubs, Coronilla glaiica and valentina, both covered with bloom. These
species, and also Coronilla pentaphylla, argentea, and viminiilis, all frame
plants, and flowering the greater part of the season, are well deserving a
place in all green-houses liable to be occasionally neglected, and where, of
course, finer plants die off from cold, or from too much or too little water.
They are also well adapted for training against a wall ; to be protected
during winter by glass or mats, and exposed to the free air during summer.
Azaleas, rhododendrons, i^hododendron dauricum atrovirens, i?hod6ra
canadensis, Daphne odora, &c., make a fine appeai'ance here and in the
show-houses of other nurseries.

The camellia-houses are, of course, filled with the most extensive col-
lection about London ; that genus having long been the particular study
of Messrs. Chandler, who may truly be said to have done more for camel-
lias in ten years, than the Chinese have done from the beginning of the
world. The beautiful work, of which the drawings are by Mr. Chandler,
jun., and the descriptions by Mr. Booth, is well known and every where
admired. Among the species now in bloom are the striped, Kew blush,
single white, rdthaeiflora, waratah, and perhaps about half a dozen others.
There are also several unnamed and very distinct seedlings beginning to
expand their flowers. The grand show is generally from the middle of
March to the middle of April ; when nothing of the kind, in any part of the
world, can be more splendid.

In consequence of having a number of well established stools, which
make long vigorous shoots, several of the best sorts are here propagated
by layers instead of grafting ; which is a great improvement, both as saving
labour to the nurseryman and producing a more valuable article to the
purchaser. If the upper part of a grafted camellia by any chance die, the
stock, being only the single red, is of little value; but, if the upper part of
a plant raised from a cutting or a layer die, the lower part, the collar, or
even the root, may send up shoots which will form as valuable a plant
as the original one. Against a wall with a north-west aspect, the single

jlwfirstfvs

the daaiiie wUtte canMcfiia hape stooA

Imk pofetthf weH, ad jfpcsv

dbe kOTses. Ike aoEt deficafte of

tofce C^BcDiK fiMHfM aldtt atkas^velK&ve^

aotfdi 'waH 'wffl aiCtod ^Hsig tke severest patt

T»lio— ^[^— gBfaeirihr,lMif < ni,aho«aei8TBf»5ile. Oh

e^ wen IbapAfed ^sidk klomoHB baab. It is Afiodt to see

BHC ftr tkose'wfcD wiuhtopnidBDe

Be «r ie a mtsm ^vAbb!* Hoc

ve iKfiece, the Ingest Modk efdis fiam iboat Loadoa; aidl

aadt its dttxa* vnebei

&£. Thiaea—iii.— iliiiMi qlhashefa«^ica^34B.X<

We oalv wish the ] ~

OBdoB. 'if

inik a Tll—iof each of thfse ptaaCs a pots, aid
dcB ftr ale a* eioy houe
ia fiaa^ iC OHT <PWB ndL

sflBBa^HK avaa ^^nBiv* ^k qb vjBBBBH ^hesbj* ^hq ac •^kseeSb bos*
I's at XaalBii^ aMced, the ir ** ' 11* ai swBig ^eohaoase afairts ai

pnanag <ih ^c^i^aaBe poaiB ai nas opca ^aaea aaaHg tae
■erseam^ daayportaf Xe^a& (SoBdia^s^maidiesUalsanier

iofQdaaiej

.^r^iflu Hail Fii »J1

riHirtani aae jfaa he^iMg to (
Til III ff«F?1iiimii JTMKr^ Arifaneiu — l^^ei. 1& A k^hfU dndodeadraa
lenetf isaowahhaBB here; ]tspsmBatsaee£.9
4e leaves aad Iniataf tfe pfaat ruadHc ike
yrifTi,aBdiaagreataM— eaisathe

itshoBgpa&cdjrhndp. Ifc. BmbejI has mam saae hiashi nil cf 1
fife jocB old fia- Bde;*9aaas as pots, sad Ac lest it the opea aii^ ^

: pulutCais. Xhe ose >s hloofli was fevced. laoc k a lu ji
!haeO^«l.>, '" _

of aajr
of tfekisdtktf «e
have seea. Oa the

c>v^ floor ffl}j^

other plaMs aot le-
s^ ^i .m I qraosg BBKh l«Pit

mtke.aaifuW

— FeLl&TlBBistkc

and Suburban Gardens. 551

resene ground of Allen and Rogers's establishment in the King's Road : it
was formerly the kitchen-garden of Lord Bolingbroke, the fi-iend of Pope ;
but it exhibits no other remains of its former application, than the massive
brick walls with which it is surrounded, and a large mulberry tree. Some
years ago a part of this wall was covered with vines, which w ere thought
to be among the most productive in the neighbom'hood of London.
Messrs. Allen and Rogers, who have had the grounds five or six vears,
have built several forcing-houses and pits, established stools of vines, roses,
and other articles, and otherwise done what was required for the object in
view ; that of supplying the show-house in the King's Road with articles
in blossom. In the pits we observed remarkably strong stools of green
tea ; a most desirable shrub for planting against a warm southern exposure,
on account of its beautiful green leaves and very fragrant white camellia-
like blossoms ; it requires very little protection. A stake from a branch of
the mulbeiTv tree, which happened to be driven in soon after 3L-. Allen
took possession of the ground, has become a handsome tree ; thus con-
firming what has been stated bv our correspondent Superficial and others.
The mulberry, however, does not grow very readily from young cuttings.
Dennis and Co.'s 2\^urseri/, Grosvenor lioir, Chelsea. — Feb. 18. We regret
that we did not sooner visit the grounds of this extraordinarily successftil
cultivator. His garden is of small extent, and his houses though numerous
are not very specious in appearance ; they contain, however, more plants
than, we should suppose, any houses of the same si^e about London ; be-
cause almost all the plants are in very small pots, for the convenience of
sending to a distance in little bulk. Mr. Dennis possesses about 700 varie-
ties of pelargoniums, or, as they are usually called, geraniums, and estimates
his stock of plants at from 15,000 to 20,000; of which 6000 are in what
are called thumbs, that is to say, pots not larger than the flower of a tulip.
As the reason for an imusual name ought always, in this Magazine, to be
made known where it can, for the benefit of the young gai'dener, we may-
state that, in moulding all pots above the size of thumbs, the potter keeps
his fingers within and the thumb outside the pot ; but, in moidduig thumb
pots, the thumb alone is kept inside.

Pelargoniums, georginas, and Cacteae seem to be the main articles of pro-
pagation by Mr. Dennis, though his collection contains many other objects
of interest. Of Cereus speciosus, speciosissimus, truncatus, and Jenkinson/,
we observed many hundred plants of various sizes. A plant of C. Jenkinsoni
had ripe fruit, tlie fruit ha\-ing spines like the wood ; C. truncatus was
also in finiit, a thing by no means common ; the other species mentioned
had several large and handsome fruits, some of which had been muled, as
the phrase is, with a view to creating new varieties. On a plant of Pe-
resk/a aculeata ^Ir. Dennis has grafted twenty species or more of Cacteae ;
most of them being what is termed double-worked : that is, upon the
Peresk/a aie worked Cereus speciosissimus, C. cyllndricus, C. flagelliformis,
Opuntia brasiliensis, and another species of Opuntia ; and upon these, as
stocks, are worked another series. On the C. flagelliformis, for instance',
are worked two varieties of C. truncatus, C. Jenkinsoni, C. Vandes//, C. spe-
ciosus, C. speciosissimus, C. grandifl6rus,0puntia curassa\-ica, Echinocactus
tenuispina, and other species and seedlings without names. On one of
the Opuntiae first worked on Peresk/a, C. speciosus has taken ; and on the
C speciosus, which is worked on the C. flagelliformis, as noticed above,
two species of Opuntia ai"e engrafted, making the fourth series of plants
reckoned from the soil. This plant is quite a vegetable curiosity, and will
have its admii'ers. ls\x. Dennis is considered by his brethren to be one of
the most successftil propagators, in the neighbourhood of London, of the
plants to which he applies his attention, even if they be plants very difficult
to increase ; and very rare articles have been multiplied by him, while they
have been lost by others. We wish he were in possession of all the ran-

352

London Ninseries

ties of Kew, for he would soon root them into all the collections of the
country. Wistari« Consequa?za is propagated by cuttings from the root,
which generally require two, and sometimes three, years before they send
up shoots. The common jjlack mulberry is admitted to thrive better in
this nursery than in any other about London. Young plants make shoots
from 2 to 4 ft. long ; and, from their growing so freely, the stems are very
strong and straight, and some of them from 7 to 8 ft. high. This is the
more remarkable, as they are in an atmosphere almost as smoky as that
of any part of the city. The Aucuba '^a\)6n\ca thrives here as well as the
mulberry, and these two objects Mr. Dennis cultivates in quantities. He
has also fine specimens of tall single-stemmed standards of the guelder
rose, and the Siberian and other lilacs, Irish ivy from 10 to 15 ft. high in
pots, and thousands of plants of Genti«Ha acaulis. It would be useful to
know all the plants that will thrive in the smoke of cities; and here are
facts towards this knowledge. Some of Mr. Dennis's georginas, which he
is bringing forward in hot-beds for transplanting, already show their flower-
buds ; so that he will have a display from May to November.

A piece of ground is taken by this ingenious gardener, in the King's
Road, next to Mr. Knight's, where he intends, during the ensuing summer,
to give scope to a very extensive display of georginas, choice annuals, and
other flowering plants, and whither he will progressively remove the show
part of his establishment. Nearly an acre is prepared beside the King's
Road for the display of georginas, and nearly half an acre at the other end
of his ground, which fortunately lies beside the Fulham Road. All this is
laid out ready, in rows 6 ft. apart ; the distance between the plants in the
row to be regulated by the habit of each ; the dvvarfest to occupy the fore-
ground. Considering that a list of the very earliest and very latest
flowering of the pelargoniums would be valuable to those who can possess
only a small collection, we requested Mr. Dennis to furnish us with a few
names in the order of theu* flowering, which are as follows : —

Early.
Hiime/, Crimson purple; \s. 6d.
Palk«, Red ; 2s.
Albinot&tum, Purple ; Is. 6d.
3/alachriEf5Uuin, Ked; 3s. 6rf.
JiT\ghtiaim?n, White; 2s.
Laxulum, Rose; 5s.
Spectabile striatum, Red ; Is.
Quercifblium superbura, Scarlet ; 10*. 6d.
Urs~inum, Rose ; 10s. 6d.
Glabr^scens, White; Ss.Sd.
Urbanum, Rose ; 2s. dd.
Lact>ni£, Red ; 2s. 6d.

Late.
Princess Augusta, Scarlet ; 5s.
Weltje's Sydney, Crimson ; lOi. 6d.
Glorianum, Crimson ; 5s.
Flagrans, Red ; Ss. 6d.
Instrktum, White ; 5s.
Gowtrii suptrbum, Red ; 2s. 6d.
Speculum, Red ; 10s. 6rf.
Coilophyllum, Orange scarlet ; 3s. 6d
Ti'nctum, Clouded ; 3s. 6d.
Megalustictum, Purple ; 2s. 6rf.
Yeatmanidnum, Clouded ; 5s.
Fairlifecc, Lilac; 2s.

Lee's Nursery. — Feb. 23. The plantation of standard roses at the en-
trance of this nursery, correctly placed in regard to distance from each
other, height, &c., and most scientifically pruned, produces an excellent first
impression. We could name a nursery where the standard roses which
border the main walk do not seem to have been pruned for two years. The
impression made by the rose plantation is kept up b}' the high order
and keeping of the margins of select shrubs and trees which border the
broad walk leading to the hot-houses. In these borders are some very hand-
some specimens of Magnol/a purpurea covered with blossom-buds ; one of
i?hododendron dauricum atrovirens, 4 ft. high, the bloom just on the point
of expansion, a most desirable object ; a double-blossomed Chinese cherry,
the blossoms apparently ready to expand. This is a singular tree, as being
readily propagated by cuttings, and valuable as an early flowerer. It serves
to confirm Mr. Bishop's theory (see Causal Bulany, vol. vi. p. 99.), that the
most useful plants for culture are to be sought for among varieties rather
than among species. Lonicer« tatarica, an earl3-flowering species, showy
and cheap. Dirca palustris, a singular shrub, or rather tree in miniature.

and Suburban Gardens.

353

since the stem rises without branches to the height of 9 in., and then forms
a compact globular head 2 ft. in diameter, without sending out suckers.
Cunningham/rt lanceolata has stood in this border several winters, without
protection. Handsome bushes of Cydonia japonica, white and red ; Rho-
dora canadensis ; several daphnes ; and that fine showy evergreen the
double-blossomed furze, just showing its bright yellow flowers.

In the stoves, Cypripedium venustum (Jig. 62.), a charming plant,

coming into bloom j and the blossoms
of Epidendrum cochleatum are already
expanded. In the green-houses, besides
heaths of several sorts (see the valuable
monthly lists of Messrs. Rollison in
Vol. I. p. 366,), various New Holland
Leguminosas, cinerarias, Chinese prim-
roses, cyclamens, and camellias, there
are vicacia longifolia and bracteata, Dry-
andr« falcata, Greviilera punlcea, and a
number of New Holland shrubs. A
large plant of Lyttae'a geminiflora had
thrown up a stem in the autumn, which,
had it not damped off, would probably
have reached the height of Mr. Knight's
plant, which we figured in a former
Volume. (Vol. II. p. 96.) The remains
of the Hammersmith plant are 7 ft. or 8 ft. high. In the long grape-house,
planted with upwards of 200 sorts, or at least names, for the sake of
proving them, the buds of the vines are just beginning to burst. These
vines bore last year, for the first time since they were planted (about
seven years ago) ; a circumstance to be accounted for from their having
been pruned too close. The blossom-buds of vines, when the plants are
young or on poor soil, or when the tree is any way weak, are always at four
or five buds' distance from the commencement of the young shoot. In the
case of vines firmly established on rich deep dry soil, such as that of the late
Mr. Andrews, at his pine and grape garden, Vauxhall, they may be pruned
in any way, with a certainty of the current year's shoots, however produced,
being furnished with blossoms. Accordingly, Mr. Andrews always cut close
to the old wood. For this theory we are indebted to Mr. Money of the
Haverstock nursery, who, we should suppose, knows as much of vines as
any gardener about London. Whoever is acquainted with the botany
and gardening of England during the last centurj', must venerate this
establishment and the names of Lee and Kennedy.

Brompton Nursery, Messrs. Gray and Son. — Feb. 25. We never enter
these finely lying grounds, and look down the broad interminable walk, with-
out thinking on London and Wise, and the other eminent gardeners of the
time of James II., when this nursery was established. The grounds were
then much more extensive than they are now, but the main walk from the
entrance could scarcely have had a better effect. It descends, winding with
a gentle slope, to the south, and seems to lose itself in one great valley of
trees and shrubs. We walked down to look at the row of venerable stools
of vines, which must, together with the wall against which they are placed,
be as old as the nursery. We passed a plantation of mezereons in bloom,
remarking the great variety in their colours, one or two being of so very
intense a red that it would be well worth while to continue them by
la3'ers. The autumn-flowering mezereon has doubtless been discovered by
accident in the like manner, and by this mode of propagation is deservedly
perpetuated. On returning, we entered the green-houses, and looked at the
pits, and found one or two plants worth noticing. There is a good stock
of Cotoneaster microphylla, a pretty little hardy evergreen shrub, which
Vol. VII. — Noi 32. "a a

354

London Nurseries

ought to be better known; of Cfstus and Helfi'
dnthemum, among others C, Cupaniw?;?;* (.;%. 63.) ;
of Syniphoriaglonierata variegata; Vest?« /ycidides,
a good plant for turnmg out in borders ; and Medi-
cago arborea, an old half-hardy shrub, now scarce.
Notelse^a /igustrina in fruit, a desirable half-hardy
shrub, very much resembling the common olive.
In frames, the herbaceous plants set in ashes are
in a thriving state; and also the arbutus, and other
evergreen shrubs, in fern, moss, and straw.

The Fulham Nursay, Messrs. Whitlet/, Bramcs,
and Milne. — March 10. This is one of the most
delightfully situated nurseries about London,
from the abundance of villas and fine old exotic
trees and shrubs with which it is surrounded.
Considering its antiquity, and that some of the
finest American plants were first sent here, and hence distributed all over
Europe, it may be considered by the gardener as classic ground. There
is one enclosure which still bears the name of Catesby, having been devoted
to the plants sent home by that botanist.

The herbaceous ground here is at all times refreshing to the eye. Among
the early flowers, we noticed Corydalis tuberosa, very strong ; Pulmona-
ria virginica; SdWa, several species; Muscari racemosum, &c. As a very
rare herbaceous plant, though not in bloom, we may name the Echinophora
spinosa. Among the herbaceous plants in pots are, a new species of Nnv-
cissus, very small, with deep green rushlike leaves; ieucojum vernum, just
out of flower; Soldanella alpina, and 6'axifraga oppositifolia, brilliantly in
flower. Among the shrubs was Bcrberis glumacea, with its fine large com-
pound persistent deep green leaves, just coming into flower, vvell worth pur-
chasing ; Collet/« serratifolia, a curious diminutive deep-green-barked shrub,
little known ; J'rbutus procera, half-hardy; J^imiperus chinensis, in blossom,
a fine hardy shrub, and very showy at this season ; Kihes multiflorum, a
showy currant, with bunches of blossom 6 in. long. No fewer than seventy--
five sorts of Cistineae, all correctly named according to Sweet, and all the
plants in small pots, ready to be sent to any part of the country at any
season of the year. Large tufts of £rica carnea have been in flower all the
winter, and still continue in perfection. There is a good stock of rare
species of Pinus, and of the foreign varieties of Azalea. The stools of
camellias and the different varieties of tree paeony are coming finely into
flower. Opposite the entrance to this nursery are two handsome villas,
occupied by single ladies, eminent London milliners, which gives a gratifying
idea of the wealth and taste of persons in this line of trade.

Knights Exotic Nursery, Kin^s Road. — March 18. The effect on
entering is excellent ; the termination of the telescopic vista being the bronze
vase with its jet d'eau, backed by two splendid plants of striped camellia
covered with bloom, through which appears enough of light to give the
idea of continuation. The bronzed vase, which is about 6 ft. in diameter
ai^d weighs several tons, is jminted blue on the inside, and has a very cheerful
and elegant appearance. In the large curvilinear conservatory, a Rhodo-
dendiT)n arboreum is coming into flower, and in a fortnight will have a
splendid appearance. So abundant is the honey secreted by these flowers,
that when they are shaken it falls from them like large chops of rain.
Mr. Knight believes a spike of flowers may yield from a teaspoonful to
a dessert-spoonful at a time, and after being exhausted a fresh supply is
secreted ; so that the quantity which one spike may produce appears un-
limited. It is not ascertained to be perfectly wholesome ; but the honey
of the greater jjortion of the Ericess. is so, notwithstanding the delcterioiis
qualities of that of certain species of Azalea. Mr. Knight has raised a

and Suburban Gardens. 355

great many hybrid seedlings between this and the hardy rhododendrons, and
finds a number of them endure the winter in the open air without any pro-
tection. None of these have yet come into flower ; which is something to
look forward to. Among the plants in this conservatory worthy of notice at
the present time are : — Lady Hume's and Middlemist's Blush Camellias,
very large plants, finely covered with flowers ; and a standard of C. Sasdn-
qita rosea plena, 3 ft. or 6 ft. high. This species, being a very fine bloomer, is
well calculated for naked-stemmed standards, which, after the plants have
attained a certain size, must form striking objects. Magn6h'« fuscjita, 14 ft.
high, which has ripened seeds from which Mr. Knight has raised young
plants. Wistan'a Consequtuzff, trained perpendicularly, and the side shoots
tied drooping during summer, by which means they become covered with
blossom buds. The practice affords an excellent hint to gardeners, not
only with regard to this plant, but to various others that it may be wished
to cover with bloom. Illicium parviflorum, from 3 to 6 in. high, with two
or three blooms on each, fully expanded; Azalea Indica, and indica phoe-
nicea, handsome plants in bloom ; Hovea Cels?, with its beautiful deep blue
pea blossoms ; a number of acacias and other Australian plants coming into
flower, and Banksia ericifolia going out. The whole are in the greatest health,
beauty, and order. In the hot-house Mr. Knight finds that the orchideous
epiphytes do much better in iSphagnum than in i?ryum or any other kind of
terrestrial moss. The georginas are here producing shoots, which, as soon
as they get from 4 in. to 6 in. long, ai'e slipt off" and struck as cuttings ;
Mr. Knight, like Mr. Wood of Deepdene, preferring this mode to planting
the roots. The same thing might, no doubt, be practised with potatoes,
sweet potatoes, 3ams, and other tuber- producing plants; but, unless the
soil were rich, and the culture good, it would be attended with loss of
time, the tuber containing a supply of noimshment for the infant plant
being not always to be readily obtained by art. In the orangery Mr.
Knight is trying a curious experiment with camellias and other plants, by
inverting them, enveloping the pots in moss, and forming with clay a basin
on then- bottoms to introduce water by the hole through which that ele-
ment generally escapes. Several camellias set down on the floor of the
house have pushed an inch, while others, suspended in an inverted position
from ashelf near the roof, and consequently in a warmer atmosphere, have
remained stationary. Retardation, therefore, is one effect of inverting
plants ; but Mr. Knight's object is, if possible, to throw some light on the
rise and descent of the sap. For the same object he barked the stems
of a number of standard pear trees in the open air last May or June. Some
of them had died, but most of them lived, forming a callosity in the usual
manner, depending from the bark at the upper edge of the wound. In one
or two cases, where the soft wood under the bark had not been very cleanly
scraped off", a thin coating of bark had formed over the greater part of the
disbarked stem. Such a tree will probably recover, but the others are cer-
tain of dying in a year or two ; in the meantune, however, bearing large
crops of fruit.

On a shelf at the top of the back wall of the orangery, which is, in fact,
the sanctum of the Exotic Nursery, are the principal part of the plants
raised from the Australian seeds brought home by Mr. Baxter, and also the
stools of Telopea speciosissima and the plants of Cephalotus foHicularis.
The whole are in excellent health, and promise various novelties : one of
these will be a new Kenned/ff. The banksias and dryandras are beautiful
little plants, and quite the gems of the sanctum. The plant of the terres-
trial mistletoe (Loninthus terrestris, Lon'mthese), brought home by Mr.
Baxter, unfortunately appears to be dead.

In one of the propagating houses is a number of plants of Magnob'a
citriodora, a hybrid of which Mr. Knight is the sole possessor, and which
he has not yet exposed for sale. It is considered a most valuable acqui-

A A 2

356 London Nurseries

sition to the known species of this family. In the same house are plants of
the rare Andromeda arborea, and a number of seedling camellias produced
from crosses, in which the parents have been selected on the principle
adopted by breeders of live stock with a view to improvement. There are
also seedling hybrid rhododendrons here produced on the same principle.
These plants are valued by Mr. Knight very highly. Above a score of
young plants of Araucaria imbricata, and many plants of Cunninghamia
lanceolata ; both of which, from their habitats in their native countries, may
one day be found quite hardy. In another house is a good stock of im-
ported orange trees from Malta, including all the best kinds grown in that
island. Among these is the mandarin orange, remarkable for its perfume
as well as its flavour. It separates from the rind like the kernel of a nut
from its shell, without any trouble of peeling or paring, and has been very
appropriately designated by the Chinese as the aristocrat of the orange
family. It is much to be regretted that oranges, and especially the man-
darin and blood-red Maltese varieties, are not more cultivated as dessert
fruits. They would thrive admirably, treated like peach trees, as at Wood
Hall in West Lothian, or as at Fion's in Paris. Mr. Knight practises exten-
sively, with his oranges, camellias, tree rhododendrons, and other house
plants, what may be called eking pots, by raising on them, from the height
of from 3 in. to a foot, rims of tempered clay, filling the space within with
earth ; by which means an increase of space for the roots is obtained in
less room than if a larger and broader pot were made use of. Mr. Knight
finds that oranges do not agree with being often disturbed, and that shifting
once in three or four years is sufficient. We believe the same thing holds
true of camellias, and also of the whole ofthenatural order Prices. In this
and other propagating houses Mr. Knight maintains a greater degree of arti-
ficial heat at this season than is necessary for the preservation of the plants,
in order to accelerate their growth betimes, and thus prolong their summer,
and get their shoots well ripened before winter. All these propagating
houses are backed against each other in such a manner as to form large
quadrangular masses, by which means the greatest quantity of area is
obtained at the least expense of material and the exposure of the smallest
quantity of surface to the external air for the escape of heat.

We have before had occasion to notice the order and regularity main-
tained in Mr. Knight's packing and potting sheds ; but, we believe, we
omitted to mention that his potting benches are of broad flag-stone, with
raised wooden edges for striking the pots against to loosen the balls.
Durability is the object of the pavement. We should have liked the power
of heating the potting sheds, as in the long shed at Mr. Lee's and in all
those erected by Mr. Forrest at Syon. The men, by being rendered more
comfortable, do much more work, and the plants are likely to be gainers. A
few years ago, a nurseryman, or indeed a gentleman's gardener, who would
have taken any thought about the comfort of his men, or at least so much
as to heat their potting sheds, would have been stigmatised as a senti-
mentalist who would spoil them for work ; but the times are altering, and
gardeners, as well as others, are making the discovery that all men are
naturally equal, and that the only artificial distinction which confers any
superiority is that produced by knowledge and manners. What existed
fifteen years ago among gardeners and country labourers will hardly be
credited fifteen years hence ; such is the ratio of human improvement when
its progress extends to the mass of society, and when the mass and the
directing powers are in pursuit of the same end. Mr. Knight's packing
sheds being open, and all under one roof, are well calculated for easy
superintendence ; though, being exposed to the north, they must be cold,
and the operations of packing are not all such as to enable a man to keep
himself warm.

In a border outside the orangery, Alstroemeria pulchella and bicolor

and Siihiirhan Gardens. SBT

Itave stood the winter without protection, and are sending up vigorous
shoots. We should not be surprised at the whole of this family proving
hardy. Mr. Knight has lately made an extensive importation of azaleas,
rare sorts, and large admirably grown plants, from the Netherlands. As we
stated on a former occasion (Vol. VI. p. 379.), no one need hesitate in
purchasing large plants of the i^riceee, because their hairlike roots readily
admit of their being taken up with balls.

One of Mr. Knight's practices, with respect to peach and nectarine trees,
deserves to be mentioned for the imitation of all nurserjmen. All those
trained trees that have not been sold are taken up about the first week in
March, and pruned both in their top and roots. The latter are placed on a
flat surface of richly manured soil within 4 in. of the upper level of the
common surface, and covered with no more than 4 in. of earth. The roots
before covering are as carefully spread out in the fan manner as the top is
in training. The advantage of this mode is, that the influence of the sun
is earlier felt by the roots, and the sap of the tree sooner put in motion ;
while, at the same time, from the roots not being deep in the soil, so as to
procure abundance of moisture in the midst of summer, their growth is
sooner checked, and the wood better ripened before winter. It is evident
that such trees must not only take up and remove with a greater number of
roots than those treated in the usual manner, but that they must also come
much sooner into a bearing state. Mr. Knight has a great many rare spe-
cies and varieties of new trees and shrubs, and he is one of those nursery-
men to whom we look for cultivating collections to illustrate the natural
orders. We shall conclude these desultory remarks with the name of a
truly desirable and rare tree, beautiful from its deep green pendent shoots
in winter and pinnated foliage in summer, Sophora japonica var. pendula.

Apr'd 13. The iihododendron arboreum is in full bloom, and the colour
brilliant be3'ond description. As the plant is half-hardy, and may be kept
in a cold pit, it ought to be in every collection. Wistan'a, near it, is mag-
nificently laden with large purple pea blossoms hanging like bunches of trans-
parent grapes,

London to Goldworth, Siirrei/. — April 3. A row of sycamores, planted
along a brook at Brook Green, vary so much in the forwardness of their
budding, that, while some are almost in a dormant state, one or two
have actually leaves expanded ; the same as to horsechestnuts, which
we observed afterwards ; affording striking proofs of the individuality of
plants raised from seed, as contradistinguished to the sameness of those
raised from cuttings, layers, or in any mode by which the bud is substituted
for the egg or seminal embryo. In various cases, such as those of planting
for shelter, or near a house or garden, it might be well worth while to
select from the seedlings of different nurseries the earliest varieties of the
kinds of trees to be planted. There are no trees that differ more in their
periods of foliation than the oak and the hawthorn ; and it might certainly be
desirable, under extraordinary circumstances, to have oak woods and hedges
green a fortnight before the usual time. The oak, the beech, and the
hornbeam are trees which differ very much in their periods of dropping
their foliage ; and, on the same principle, when they are intended for
hedges or shelter, seedlings might be chosen from the nurseries in which
the leaves appeared most persistent. A small larch, at Turnham Green,
has taken so completely the character of a shrubbed cedar of Lebanon,
tliat, being now in its first foliage, it is difficult, at a distance, to distinguish
it from that tree. Here and there, along this road, appears an unfinished
house, reminding one of bankruptcy and the Court of Chancery. Abun-
dance of public-houses, and signs advertising an ordinary on Sunday,
which suggest ideas of holiday enjoyment. A neat newly built villa at
Turnham Green, so placed at an angle as to look along the road towards
London, instead of across it, to fields and gardens ; probably the seat of

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358 London Niir series

a retired coach proprietor. Near the turnpike-gate, beyond Brentford, in
the Duke of Northumberland's grounds, a large handsome myrobalan
plum tree, in full flower. The father of Mason, the author of the jE.s5flj/
on Design in Gardening, was a distiller in Brentford. George Mason died
fifteen or twenty years ago. What has become of his books ? Did he
leave any manuscripts ? Can and will any of our readers oblige us with
information concerning this gentleman ? There must certainly be some
person living at Brentford, or some one connected with the Sun Fire
Insurance Office, of v/hich Mason was a director, who could gratify our
curiosity. Mason's Essay was published before Whately's Observations.
Another fine myrobalan plum in Ronalds's nursery, and near it some fine
yellow-barked ash trees : these must have an enlivening effect among ever-
greens ; indeed, evergreens in quantity, without a judicious sprinkling of
deciduous, gay-bai'ked, or eai'ly flowering trees or shrubs, always look dark
and heavy in spring. The yellow ash, golden willow, snake-barked maple,
white-barked birch, red dogwood, white-barked honeysuckle, and some
others that may be observed in walking round Loddiges's arboretum
at tliis season, are fitting plants for the purpose in view. A number of
modern street-like cottage buildings, forming a sort of village a little beyond
Ronalds's nursery, on the Isleworth Road. As the gardens here have been
lately planted, they afford a fair specimen of the degree of progress which
cottage ornamental gardening has attained in the western neighbom'hood of
London. The most showy plants at the present time are the almond, the
Cydonia japonica, and Kern'a japonica. Chma roses trained between the
doors and windows, and vines on the upper part of the house, are common.
Among the flowers, violets, ^'rabis albida, daffodils, crocuses, polyanthuses,
wall-flowers, daisies, PuUuonaria officinalis, and others. In ten yeai's the
Ribes sanguineum will certainly be added to the shrubs and tulips, hya-
cinths, and other bulbs, with numerous Cruciferae and North American
Labiatae and ^axifrageae to the herbaceous plants In the hedges farther
on, Ficaria, Glechoma, the barren strawberry, daisy, dandelion, and the
large fiirze in flower. Various species of poplar in blossom ; one, the
Carolina, we believe, with long pendent bright red catkins; the hoary
poplar has purple catkins. The ash and elm are also coming into blossom.
Passed some very large old oaks, which have evidently been pollarded at
some former period ; and hence the trees, though exceedingly picturesque,
are of no value as timber. For the same reason they want dignity of
character, which in all cases, whether of men or trees, is mainly founded
on utility. Even a timber tree, whose wood is not reckoned of much
value, such as the alder, the hornbeam, or the willow, whatever may be its
form, wants, on that principle, the degree of dignity of character possessed
by the oak, the ash, and the elm.

Fine Situation of Mr. Scott's House at Shepperton. — Fine ; because so
placed, on an elbow of the river, as to command extensive v-iews up and
down the stream. A house beside a river, on the shores of a lake or of the
sea, or at the foot of a mountain, never suffers in grandeur of character from
want of territorial extent, because the character of nature in such situations
is so powerful as to overcome artificial associations; and no one ever
thinks of purchasing a river, a lake, or a mountain ; or regrets his inability
to make alterations which he knows it is not in the power of man to effect.
No one, also, ever thinks of complaming of the nearness of a boundary
which is placed there by nature, on the same principle that no one thinks
of cavilling at what is inevitable. In professional language, the views from
a gentleman's seat so situated appropriate the grand feature of nature as
a part of the demesne ; and the same thing may be stated of the views
from all the houses of all the inhabitants of districts of country abound-
ing in such scenery. Hence the real and very considerable difference
in character between the native of the champaign and of the alpine

a7id Subu)ba?i Gardens. 359

country, and between the inhabitant of the sea-shore and of the secluded
inland vallc}'. The poorest resident amid the lakes and mountains of Cum-
berland, or in the valleys of Switzerland, feels that the mountains, lakes,
and cataracts, which surround him, belong as much to him as to the greatest
lord of the place. He sees and feels every day that the grand movements
of nature can no more be influenced by the one than by the other ; and
the poorest in the place learns by degrees to feel himself as independent
and noble as the richest.

Altogether the road from Shepperton along the Thames to Chertsey is
of great beauty, and truly English, from its extent of flat meadow and
gently rising grassy surface. Some substantial well kept old villas are
situated to the right, close along the road. A modern one, said to belong
to a wealthy coachmaker, displays an extraordinary assemblage of hot-
houses, and a conservatory which forms an entrance to the house close to
the road, the front of which is ornamented with caryatides. This is one of
those few places in the neighbourhood of London which are on no accoimt
ever shown to strangers ; the probability is, that it contains little worth
seeing, since it has attained no celebrity in the gardening world, and the
gardener is not known among his brethren. But all this on our part,
having been once refused admittance, may remind the reader of the fox
and the sour grapes. Almond trees backed by evergreens ; by ivy against
a house ; or even when accompanied by a mass of dark green in the same
-view or. eyeful, have a fine eflect. Every coloured view, to please the
eye, must have at least three colours, and these in different quantities, so
that the view may form a whole in regard to colour, as well as it nnist in
regard to form and to light and shade. If there be any coloured view that
does not contain three colours, which is pleasing ; or any view in which
Jight exists without two degrees of shade, or shade without two degrees of
light, that is satisfactory; the cause of the pictorial beauty will be found in
some striking expression or character of form. The reason of all this is,
■that nothing can be beautifiil which does not form a whole ; that evei-y
whole must consist of pai'ts ; and that the smallest number of parts
which will compose a whole is three. Why will not two parts compose a
whole ? Because no two objects can be placed together in a determinate
tnanner, or in a manner for which there is an obvious cause. Add a thu-d
-part to any two parts ; and there is immediately assigned a reason for the
position of the three parts respectively; that is, it henceforth becomes
impossible to change the position of any one of the three parts without
^affecting the other two. Something, in short, analogous to length and
-breadth and thickness is produced, without which there cannot be quantity,
or a whole.

„ Addlestone Kiirseri/. — Walk from the inn at Chertsey to the Addle-
. stone nursery. The cottage gardens exceedingly well cultivated, and the
plantations, having been planted a few years ago, when the common was
enclosed, contain a reasonable portion of ornamental trees. A number of
rare and curious plants in flower in IVfr. Cree's grounds, and the houses
.and pits in excellent order. IVIr. Cree possesses nearly if not all the
plants enumerated in his Hbrtus Addlestonensis ; which is saying a great
-deal for his unwearied industry in collecting them, and his skill and care in
their preservation. Sanguinaria canadensis and Helonias buUata, in full
bloom and in quantity. Some Rlbes sanguineum, raised from seeds received
from the Horticultural Society, of shades of colour as different as in the
case of seedling mezereons. Fuchsw; virgiita, in an open border facing the
east, protected by litter, has died down to the surface, but is now springing
up again with shoots 2 in. long.

A little beyond Addlestone, a very steep ascent to a bridge, which we

were told was raised thus high in order that it might become an object

. from a neighbouring gentleman's seat. Would it be possible to convince

A A 4

360

London Ntirseries

6^

^

3'i:

a s^butitry gentleman, who in this way preferred his own gratification to the
public advantage, that he would enjoy more real happiness in preferring

the pubHc benefit to any private pleasure
whatever ? Perhaps the attempt must only
be expected to succeed with his children.
Nothing is more diificult than to convince
the great mass of the wealthy in all coun-
tries that wealth such as theirs is not
essential to happiness; and that no one,
whatever he may possess, can be said to
be truly happy, who does not wish well,
with all his heart, to the whole of mankind
in every country.

The effect of the flowers of the common
furze on the waste, and along the margin of
Lord King's woods, is brilliant. In Sep-
tember last, however, the dwarf whin and
the purple heath were still more brilliant.
In gardens, the double-blossomed large
furze and the Biben sanguineum form ex-
cellent plants to group together. The
Eibes sanguineum, if it should ripen seeds
freely in this country, will soon be dis-
seminated b}' the birds to such an extent
as to make it appear a native. Fine effect
of the canal traversing the heath, as show-
ing the power of man, and recalling to mind
the commerce and riches of the points
where it originates and terminates, viz.
Liverpool and London. Arrived at the
hospitable mansion of the owner of the
Goldworth nursery.

Gold worth Nursery. — April 4. Agreeably
surprised to find that Mr. Donald had
collected so many of the 2500 trees and
shrubs, which, exclusive of roses, are re-
quisite to form an Arboretum Britannicum.
Proceeded with him to take the levels of
the centre walk of the nurser}', so as to
render it one uniform slope from the pub-
lic road between Woking and Bagshot
{Jig. 64. a) to the Basingstoke canal (b).
Marked out the alleys (c d) 4 ft. wide, and
the smaller alleys (<>/) 2 ft. wide ; a mai-
ginal line to bound the plants on each side
of the centre walk, 3 ft. from the edging (g),
and on each side of the 4 ft. alleys 2 ft.
from the edging (/^) ; and a separation line
along the centre, between the two marginal
lines in the larger compartments (i ky.

In arranging the trees, the first order
and tribe are i?anunculacese Clematidese,
which are to be planted on each side of
the entrance, for the purpose of being
trained over an archway of trelliswork
(1 2). The next tribe is B. Paeonicicets,
which, as it consists of plants not growing
above 3 or 6 ft. high, forms a zigzag liiie.

?\h

200

100

and Suburban Garde^is.

361

C5

f

on the principle explained in Illustrations ^
plate II. and p. 3., near the walk. The
next order, being Magnoh'wcetp, forms an
irregular zigzag line, extending from the
marginal boundary to the back of the space,
because some of the species attain the
height of 30 or 40 ft. In this manner the
orders and tribes follow in regidar series,
but in irregular lines, along the margin of
the walks and allejs, as indicated by the
figures 1 to 34, ending at the latter number
with Tulipdcea:.

The space occupied by this arboretum
is 3530 ft. in length by about an average of
\2\ ft. in breadth, exclusive of the central
and side walks and alleys ; or about one
and one third of an acre. The number of
plants exceeds 2500, being all those, ex-
clusive of the garden varieties of roses,
enumerated in the Hortus Britannicus, and
from twenty to thirty sorts of camellias,
which Mr. Donald finds will stand as hardy
shrubs. The spaces allowed for the trees
are nothing like what will admit of the
larger-growing kinds attaining their full
size ; but they are graduated on the prin-
ciple of taking up every plant when it
attains the height of 20 or 30 ft., and
replacing it by one of small size ; or, after
cutting its roots, heading it down and re-
planting.

The principle adopted in ranging the
plants along the compartments is as fol-
lows : — No plant is placed nearer the cen-
tral broad walk than 3 ft., indicated by the
marginal line (g), or nearer the side walks
than 2 ft., indicated by the marginal line (/?).
All plants whose height, when full grown,
does not generally exceed 3 ft., are placed
on two lines 1 ft. 6 in. apart. ( fig. 65. a b)
When two, or not exceeding four, of the
plants of this class of heights come to-
gether, they are placed alternately on the
one line and on the other, so as that the
last placed plant may always be in advance
of the preceding one, in the direction of
the walk, at least 6 in. (1 2 3 4) ; but when
there are five, or a dozen or two, as in the
case of Helianthemum, the plants are placed
in series across the entire width of the
compartment (3 to 19).

All plants which exceed 3 ft., but do not
exceed 6 ft., are placed on the second and
thii-d lines (b c), on the same principle (20
21 22) ; but when above three or four of
such plants occur, they then form a part
or the entire of an angular line, extending
across the whole width of the compartment
(22 to 30).

362

London Nurseries

All plants exceeding 6 ft., and under 20 ft., are placed on the third and
fourth lines (c d), and all plants exceeding 20 ft., and under 100 ft., are
placed on the foui-th and fifth lines {d e) ; both on the same principle as
the smaller plants, and both varied from the principle in the same manner,
when more than three of the same height occur together. Some deviation
is also made from the principle in the case of very rapid or slow growing
plants, and on other accounts that will readily occur in practice to every
gardener who has had any experience in planting trees.

The plants are to be named on white porcelain tallies {Jig. 66.), fixed
^ ^"- to cast-iron shanks {fig.

67.) : the tallies are
furnished by Granger,
Lee, and Co., porcelain
manufacturers, Worces-
ter, at 8/. a thousand ;
the iron shanks are sup-
plied by a foundery at
Guildford, at about the
same price; and the
names are painted, ac-
cented, and varnished, at
one penny a word, or
little more than 2d. a
tally, by John Thompson, of No. 4. Earl Street, Blackfriars, who tran-
scribed the whole of the Encyc. of Plants and the Hortus Britdnniciis, and
who is now executing the task with great beauty, and with a degree of accu-
racy which would not easily be attained by a person not accustomed to spell
and accent botanical names. The paint used is composed of boiled linseed
oi], charcoal black, a little gum, and a httle turpentine ; the whole mixed
well together, and thinned with oil, till it is about the consistence of cream.
The mixture is put in a bladder, and kept close from the air, and it is
taken out in small quantities, as wanted for use. Copal varnish is that
made use of; the names taking about a week to get perfectly dry before
varnishing, and another week before they are fit to fix to the shank. The
last process is effected with two screw-nails.

Mr. Donald has received every assistance from the trade in collecting
the specimens necessary for this arboretum ; a cii'cumstance which we con-
sider as highly creditable to all parties, and which we trust will be imitated
in the case of other nurserymen forming similar arrangements. We hope
the time will soon arrive, when all the principal nurserymen, in every part
of the country, will not only form collections of fruit trees, such as we
have lately recommended, for the supply of scions for grafting ; but arbo-
retums of timber and ornamental trees and shrubs, to invite their customers
to examine their beauty and variety ; and collections of herbaceous plants,
to induce the public to study botany and purchase flowers. Every large
nursery will be then a botanic garden and a complete orchard ; and as every
large town has a large nursery, the enjoyments and rural knowledge of the
townsmen will be very greatly increased. The taste for country enjoyments
which will thus be created, will cause thousands to pant for a country life
who now consider nothing desirable beyond the limits of a town. This
new taste will teach men that there are other sources of happiness besides
the accumulation of money, and, by a process which it is needless to detail,
will tend to general prosperity and happiness.

No small praise is due to Mr. Donald for the expense and trouble he has
incurred in the present undertaking; but we have no doubt that he will be
richly repaid by it, and the whole trade will gain considerably by the taste
which will be created, or at least greatly advanced, for new and ornamental
trees and shmbs. Mr. Donald will propagate, from his ai-boretum, the

ajid Suburban Gardens.

363

4|««.

364? ^ London Nursei-ies

rarest trees by thousands, and send the young plants to all parts of the
empire to his customers, in an infant state, when they occupy little space,
and can be conveyed at little expense. They will be reared in local nur-
series till they attain the height of a few feet, and the public will purchase
them when they see the beauty of the foliage of some, of the flowers of
others, and the great variety and number of species of articles of which
they have hitherto been accustomed to see only one or two.

In the course of the summer Mr. Donald will no doubt find that he can
procure a number of additional species ; and we have recommended him, as
we would all others in similar circumstances, to apply to the Horticultural
Society, to Kew, and to the other botanic gardens, for cuttings of the young
shoots, at the time when it is beginning to ripen, and the sap of course
beginning to return and deposit the new wood. There is scarcely any
ligneous plant, indigenous or exotic, cuttings of which taken oiF in this
state, cut across immediately below a joint or bud, and firmly planted in
pure sand, with all the leaves on, and covered with a bell-glass, which will
not strike root. Let none, therefore, who have a good gardener about
them, excuse themselves from planting an arboretum because they cannot
get plants ; for all who can prove that they can make a good use of them
may procure cuttings from the sources mentioned.

Alhiiry, Henry Drummond, Esq. — April 6. The house is beautifully
situated in a valley, with undulating hilly sides, crowned with aged oaks,
chestnuts, beeches, and pines ; and in the bottom of the valley there is a
considerable stream of pure water.

Albury has been celebrated since Evelyn's time, on account of its ter-
race, fruit-wall, and kitchen-garden, which have been noticed by our cor-
respondent Mr. Gale*, in Vol. V, p. 10. Albury is, doubtless, a most
delightful summer residence ; but, as far as art is concerned, it is full of
faults. The approach wants dignity of character, and goes up and down,
over hills and hollows, like a common farm road. The lawn in front of the
house is crowded and confused with masses of trees and shrubs ; there is
no leading feature ; no breadth of lawn to form a centre to the picture, and
a place of attraction and repose for the eye ; and, as at Arundel Castle,
there is no main walk inviting from the house to the grounds. How a place
where nature has done so much, and where there is a good house, and no
want of wealth and liberality on the part of the proprietor, should be so de-
ficient in these three grand leading features of a park and pleasure-grounds,
we cannot well divine.

When the grounds were planted originally in Evelyn's time, and recently
during the occupancy of a former proprietor, no expense seems to have
been spared in procuring the most suitable trees and shrubs ; and these
have thriven as well as the most sanguine planter could desire. The
old terrace-walk and fruit-wall are, no doubt, interesting objects; no one
would think of pulling them down now that they are there ; but, if they
were not there, no one would think of building them. So long a straight
wall, and so broad a straight terrace, are great and striking deformities, with
reference to the natural form of the surface on which they are placed ; and
this natural character is so strongly impressed, that it is not to be overcome
by any art. In Evelyn's time, however, a place was valued much more for
the art which it displayed than for its natural beauties ; all the surrounding
country was then in a state of nature, and we can conceive how much this
formidable work of art must have been admired. The reason is, man
can see no great beauty in either nature or art that has not reference to

* In the communication alluded to. Mi-. Gale offered to supply further
notes on gardens which he has visited ; and we regret he has not complied
with oLu: invitation to do so.

and Suburban Gardens. 365

himself. When all the country is in a wild state, he sees the operations
of mind in formal works characterised by straight lines and geometrical
shapes; in short, in destroying the features of nature: when all the coun-
try is, as at present, laid out in straight lines, in roads and hedges, he
recognises refined mind in the imitations of natural features exemplified in
our parks and pleasure-grounds. Art is as much concerned in the one case
as in the other ; the difference in the effect aimed at is merely the result of
a different degree of civilisation.

The house at Albury is a plain unpretending building, in the Grecian
style ; the floors of the principal rooms are of abele, and they are furnished
with abundance of books. Some additional rooms have lately been added
in a Gothic tower, in the manner recommended by Gilbert Laing Meason.
We have no objection to this sort of addition ; but we should have pre-
ferred more of the Italian school of the middle ages in the tower, thinking
the style would have harmonised better with the plainness of the main
body of the mansion. Something more in the style of Deepdene would
have pleased us better. At the same time, we merely give this as our own
taste : Mr. Drummond is right in following his.

Ml". Drummond, we were told, builds very comfortable cottages in different
parts of his extensive property in this neighbourhood, adchng land to them
to the extent of half an acre or upwards, and seldom charging more than 3/.
of rent. This is being more liberal than most people could afford to be ;
but it is a proof, if proof were wanting to any person who has heard
the character of Mr. Drummond, of the great extent of his benevolence. It
is not to be expected that such landlords should become general ; but
were only a part of Mr. Drummond's practice imitated by extensive
landowners, very different, indeed, would be the comfort and happiness
of the farmers and labourers, and the appeai'ance of their farms and cot-
tage gardens.

Sutton Placcy near Ripley. — April 6. The house is said to have been
built by the brewer of Henry VIII. ; and it is remarkable for the jambs and
lintels of the doors, the mullions and tracery of the windows, and, indeed,
all that is usually in stone about a Gothic house of that era, being formed
of a sort of brick or baked earth. There is also a garden-house in which
this material has been used in framing the door ; and we had thus an op-
portunity of minutely inspecting it, and finding it to have been kiln-burnt in
the same manner as brick. The gardens and grounds are utterly neglected ;
the standard apple trees are bending under a load of white lichen, and the
poplars and lime trees are eaten up with mistletoe. We endeavoured to
procure a truncheon from a poplar tree with the mistletoe on it, in order to
plant it in Mr. Donald's arboretum ; and we should have succeeded, if we
had had leisure to dii-ect the search for such a truncheon, instead of leav-
ing that to another. Near the house is a very old mulberry tree, which
must have fallen down on one side above a century ago, as the branches
from the prostrate trunk have all the appearance of old trees.

You72g^s Nursery, Alilford, near Godalming. — April 7. A small local
nursery cannot be supposed to offer much interest; nevertheless, the
grounds here were well stocked. Mr. Young's cottage and seed-shop is
very pleasantly situated, and near it are some beds of herbaceous plants
containing a few good species. In the pits were camellias, and a number
of half-hardy articles, with some good auriculas. Considering the season
of the year, the grounds were more free from weeds than some London
nurseries which we could name.

Stroud House, the Misses Perry. — Ajiril 7. The order and neatness of
the grounds about the house were, as usual, perfect ; and the primroses,
violets, wood anemones, barren strawberry, and Ficaria ?'anunculoides, in
the copse, most beautiful. We saw the little manufactory of Epinal hats
conducted in the house of Miss Perry's gardener ; the mode of manufacture

366 London Nurseries

having been discovered by Miss E. Perry, a lady of great ingenuity and
worth. Two descriptions of clothes-pegs were here pointed out to us, the
invention of a poor man in the neighbourhood, and improved upon by Mr.
Perry of Godahning, architect, which are manufactured at Haslemere, and
may be had through Mr, Charlwood of London. (See p. 370.)

Syon Gardens, Brentford. — April 9. Looked over the botanic range of hot-
houses, with a view to reporting on them at an early period, agreeably to
the Duke of Northumberland's permission, and found the plants in the
most vigorous state of growth. The range in the kitchen-garden is truly
an admirable object both without and within. A number of new forcing-
pits have lately been erected, and heated with hot water, by Walker, Kew-
ley, Cottam, and Bailey, with a view of exemplifying the modes of those
different engineers. The crops of grapes, peaches, figs, cucumbers, and
strawberries, in the houses, are most abundant ; and the whole garden is
a model of order, neatness, and the very highest keeping.

Groom'' s Florists' Garden, Walworth. — April 12. The show of early
tulips here is remarkably good in this as in most seasons, which we notice
in order strongly to recommend these tulips to the cultivators of small
gardens about town, to plant in patches along with hyacinths in their bor-
ders. A few of these tulips are introduced in the garden of the Zoological
Society, but not a tenth either of them or of hyacinths which there ought
to be. Mr. Groom has about twenty-five sorts of early single tulips, the
same number of early double tulips, both showy, and, though despised by
florists, well adapted for borders, being at once cheap and of the easiest
culture. The cultivators of gardens about London and other large towns
do not pay half so much attention to furnishing their gardens with early-
flowering plants as they ought to do. During June, July, and August,
nobody, not even the owner, cares much for a town garden, because there
are the Bedford conservatories, the public nurseries, and the parks, to take
enjoyment in ; but during February, March, April, May, September, Octo-
ber, and November, a few flowers close to our windows or doors are valu-
able. Let all, therefore, who have plots of garden ground, however small,
in the suburbs of towns and cities, insist on the gardener whom they em-
ploy planting them for these months. If the gardener says there are few
things which flower in these months, refer him to Groom, or any other
nursery or seedsman, for early tulips, hyacinths, or other bulbs ; and to Mr.
Cree's Catalogue (reviewed Vol. VI. p. 87.) for all the particulars as to
time of flowering, colour of the flower, height, soil, &c., of herbaceous
plants. If, after this, the gardener says, " This is all very well, but where
am I to find the plants ? " then tell him that he can get them all from JVIi*.
Cree, or from the Epsom Nursery. We are obliged to be thus particular,
in consequence of complaints which we are frequently having made to us,
that the plants we recommend cannot be had in the nurseries. It will
hardly be credited by a London nurseryman that we have had letters from
distant parts of the country, stating that certain wistarias, magnolias, cap-
rifoliums, roses, &c., which we have repeatedly recommended, were written
for to different country and London nurserymen, and answers returned
that they could not be had. Yet such is the case; and we know not what
(o attribute it to, unless it be to the ignorance of the trade as to the changes
which take place in the names of the plants now in the country. We are
surprised that people should be so indifferent in a matter in which their
own interest is so intimately concerned. All recent changes of names may
be seen in Cree's Catalogue, in Sweet's Hortus Britdnnicus, or in our own.

Mr. Groom is now propagating a new variety of early pea, the seeds of
which are of a deep green ; and, when he has raised enough to offer it for
sale, it will certainly be a most valuable addition to our culinary legumes.

The Cambcrivcll Nursery, Messrs. Buchanan and Oldroyd. — Ajyril 14.
We mentioned last year (Vol. VI. p. 378.) that an arboretum was com-

and Suburban Gardens. 367

menced here, and also a collection of herbaceous plants. We are most
happy to state that Mr. Buchanan, jun., by extraordinary exertions during
last autiunn and winter, has collected together upwards of 600 species and
varieties of trees, and more than 1200 species and varieties of shrubs.
These he is now arranging on both sides of a winding walk, on borders
8 ft. broad, and which, when united, form a length of 3200 ft. The shmbs
are placed in three rows in front, and ranged into three classes according
to their heights : the trees form one row behind the shrubs. Both trees
and shrubs are arranged alphabetically. The average tUstance between
the trees is 3 ft. ; but, not being crowded on either side, the extension of
their branches will not be interrupted in two dii'ections, though it will in
the direction of the line. Though the shrubs are planted in three rows,
yet each genus is kept by itself; the tallest of the species being planted in
the row fai'thest from the walk, the shortest next the walk, and the inter-
mecUate sizes in the line between. When all the shrubby species of a
genus are tall, they are placed in the third row ; and when they are all
short, in the first row; and the sizes are so distributed that the three
rows are tolerably equally filled. For example, all the helianthemums are
planted in the front row, and they, of com'se, extend so far alpng that row
as to allow of several genera being introduced in the two rows behind
them. Much room is thus saved (which, in a nursery so near London, is
an important object), and the alphabetical order still preserved. Each tree
and shrub will be named according to the nomenclature of our Hurt. Brit.,
and on every tally, preceding the name, there will be a number. These
nnmbers being all in regular series, should any tallies be taken out and
transposed, they are easily replaced in correct order. As additions are
made, the number of the species immediately preceding is put on the tally,
with the addition of the letters of the alphabet in regular series, as exempli-
fied in our supplement to the Horfus Britdnnicus.

Messrs. Buchanan and Okh'oyd are collecting herbaceous plants, and
intend planting them according to the natural system, in the interstices
between the trees and shrubs. The idea of arranging them according to
the natural system is very judicious, because it will prevent the inter-
ference of two alphabets. To keep the herbaceous plants still farther
distinct, the colour of their tallies might be black or green, while those
of the trees and sluuibs might be grey, cream colour, or brown.

On the whole, we heartily recommend the exertions of Messrs. Buchanan
and Oldroyd as an example to the trade, and the Camberwell Nursery to
gardeners and their employers as deserving every encouragement. We
wish we could see all the other London nurserjTiien doing the same thing.
Great, we ai'e sure, would be the addition to the enjojments of those about
London who are fond of trees and shrubs ; and very great would be the
influence of such collections in increasing the knowledge and taste of the
public in botany and gardening. The example of the London nurseries
would soon be followed by the leading provincial ones ; and, indeed, we
have been told that Messrs. Miller and Co. of Bristol, and Mr. Hooker of
Brenchley in Kent, have already made a commencement. Mr. Cree has
all tiie trees necessary ; but he has not yet brought them all together and
arranged them. We trust he will soon do so.

Neiu Cross Kursery, Messrs. Cormacky Son, and Sinclair ; and the Bedford
Conservatories. — April 14. Our object in calling at New Cross was chiefly
to examine the grass ground, which was in excellent order ; every patch
being complete and in a thriving state. A great quantity of showy plants
is constantly brought forward here, and sent to the establishment of this
firm in Covent Garden Market, which we have called at from time to time
in the course of the winter, and found gay and interesting to such an
extent that we have not the least doubt but it, together with the establish-
ment there of Messrs. Hockley and Bunney, will create, sjjread, and

368 Domestic Economy.

greatly improve a taste for plants. In heating these conservatories by
hot water, the common error was made of having much too small a
surface of pipe ; an error which need not in future be fallen into by
engineers who will take the trouble to study the abstract of Mr. Tredgold's
paper given in our preceding Number, (p. 177.) The correction of this
error is now making by Mr. CoUings, one of the most ingenious hot water
engineers that we have met with. We doubt even now, however, of there
being a sufficiency of pipe for raising an adequate temperature during an
open air temperature of zero, with a brisk east or west wind. We shall
see. The experience of a few winters with these conservatories will afford
some useful facts on the subject of heating hot-houses.

The two nurserymen who occupy the Bedford Conservatories must at
present, and for some time, carry on business at a loss to all parties con-
cerned ; but we have doubt that they will ultimately be gainers. In the
mean time, every Londoner who wishes to obtain some knowledge of the
plants which constitute the metropolitan monthly flora ought to make
frequent visits to the Bedford Conservatories.

Art. II. Domestic Economy.

To preserve Fruit, — Fruits of all sorts may be dried and kept a year or
two, without losing their flavour, by wiping them dry, and putting them
into a cool brick oven ; and occasionally, while drying, grating a little sugar
over them. E, T, Birminghmn, Jan., 1831.

Another Mode. — Dry them, and pack them in a jar with common salt,
putting a layer of salt an inch or two thick over them, and preserving the
jar from moisture. This process is adopted in Ireland for preserving cauli-
flowers, kidneybeans, and other delicate vegetables, from the period when
they are in season till they come again, and this it does most completely. —
B. Dublin, March, 1831.

Method of keeping a Winter Stock of Apples. — After having the apples
carefully gathered, in a perfectly dry state (our man seldom begins before
twelve o'clock, and terminates his gathering for the day about four),
they are laid in heaps on the floor, and in about three weeks they are
wiped with a dry cloth, and every one with the least appearance of speck
or bruise laid aside for immediate use. They are then packed in boxes,
thickly lined with thoroughly dried fern, so as not to touch each other,
putting a layer of fern and a layer of apples, till the chests are so full as to
allow of a good thickness of fern at the top. They ought to be again
examined after Christmas, and again about March or the beginning of
April. The out-building, where we keep them, you will imagine to be very
cold, but not at all damp, when I describe it as having merely a tiled roof,
without ceiling, and two windows with fly wire, without glass, and no
ceiling to the room underneath, the door of which is almost constantly
open. Indeed, our greatest difficulty is the securing them from frost, which
we can scarcely effect by covering the chests with mats, old carpets, or any
thing of that kind; but I should think their being well covered and sur-
rounded with straw would answer the purpose. After a severe frost, the
apples ought to be examined. The first inducement to keep them in chests
was the building being so infested with mice ; and the reason for adopting
the use of fern, that sti'aw sometimes became mouldy, and imparted a musty
sort of flavour to the apples. Our apples are not gathered till perfectly
ripe. It would almost appear that a cold place kept them more firm than
a warm one ; as frequently, after being brought into the house for some
time, they have assumed a rather shrivelled appearance ; but I should think
a finely grown well-sunned apple would rarelv shrivel. That sort of apple

Domestic 'Economy. 569

(the Young's peannain) you saw when with us, we liave kept nearly through
Ma}% when our stock has been sufficiently large to enable us to do so.
Yours, &c. — E. P. Stroud, April 12. 1831.

To doll Potatoes, — I observe that you have in hand an Encyclopccdia of
Cottage Economy, and that you wish for suggestions on some of the sub-
jects to be treated of in it. Since I came to Scotland I could not help
noticing how much better they boil potatoes here than I used to get them
done in London ; and as this is a matter of some importance to cottagers,
it may, perhaps, not be amiss to state to you the method practised here,
viz. : — Wash the earth off the potatoes, and scrape or pare the skins off;
which last should be done as thin as possible, not only from motives of
economy, but also because the outside of the potato is always the best.
Then let them stand covered with, and soaking in, water an hour and a half
or two hours ; wash them well out of this water ; put a handful of salt
with them in the pan they are to be boiled in, covering, of course, with
cold water, and boil qidcAlj/, the quicker the better. — A. JV. Crosslce Cot-
tage, near Glasgow, Aug. 9. 1830.

Rheumatism. — Another thing I may mention is, that the poor people
hereabout apply heated rhubarb leaves to parts affected with rheumatism.
They say it eases the pain. — Id.

Cooperationfor cheap Food, Lodging, and Education. — Sir, When T saw in
Vol. V. p. 387. the object of cooperative societies, I observed that you ex-
pressed a wish that a fair trial of them should be made. As I lived at that
time in the village of Ilmington, which contains above a thousand inhabit-
ants, I thought something might be done for the good of all, in respect to
dealing for food, &c. 1 gave notice of my intention to my neighbours ; and,
on the 2d of June last, a few of us met, and laid down each a small sum on
the occasion ; and we have since met once a month to pay in our weekly
subscriptions. There are no less than six retail shops in the above village,
and these vend their goods at a very deal' rate ; as you will believe when I
tell you that, when we, the cooperators, began to sell salt at a farthing a
pound, and at this rate got a good profit, the above retail shopkeepers sold
it at Id. a pound j good old cheese, v/hich we could sell at 5f/., these shops
sold at 9d. ; and all other things in like manner. My wife sold the goods
for the Society while we lived at Ilmington, bestowing her attention gra-
tuitously ; but, as we now inhabit a genteel comfortable house, which my
employer has provided, close to the garden, and are a mile and a half from
the Cooperative Society, my wife cannot, of course, bestow this attention
any longer. But, although I am now at this distance from the Society, I
attend at the meeting every month, and pay my little sum to it in common
with its several subscribers. Notwithstanding the advantages above enu-
merated, the minds of men (as observed in Vol. VI. p. 481.) are so various,
that it seems impossible to keep them together long enough to do much
good ; for, unless they can perceive some most unreasonable advantage
arising from their union, there is nothing but jealousy and dissatisfac-
tion amongst them. In spite, however, of this propensity in men, the time
has arrived, at least in this place, in which the poor man has something,
small as it may be, that he can call his own. A great deal, indeed, for the
advantage of the labourers might be done, if all who employed them were
to employ them as I do, on task-work, putting them out their work at a
fair price. — W. B. Rose. Foxcote, Worcestershire, Nov. 28. 1880.

Improved Clothes Pegs. (Jigs. 68, 69, and 70.) — Sir, As, when last
you did us the pleasure of a visit, transient as it was, you wished us to
send you a sketch of the clothes pegs, on what we believe to be a
construction not generally known, for yom" Register of Rural and Do-
mestic Improvement, we take an early opportunity of complying with
your request. They were originally invented, I believe, several years
back, by an ingenious carpenter of Haslemere. He has been for some

Vol. VII. — No. 32. b b

370

Domestic Economi/.

years dead ; but a young man who worked for him when alive, who has
partly succeeded to his business, and with it has inherited much of his
ingenuity, was the maker of those you saw, and from which the sketches
are taken. A more civil, honest, and industrious young man than Charles
Stenning can hardly be met with any where ; and as such I hope he will
meet with patronage, particularly in an article so really useful, and so su-
perior in every respect to the kind generally made. With these pegs, it
will readily be perceived, there is no chance of tearing or soiling the clothes,
as might happen with the common sort bound with tin ; and I need only
say that some have been in use seventeen years, to convince any one
accustomed to using the others, of the much greater durability of those
made by Charles Stenning. In fact, they are not continually splintering,
as every housewife will say of the common kind; and the much longer time
they will last would alone make amends for their being a little more
expensive at the beginning, if they had not the additional reconnnendation
of a m.uch neater and cleanlier appearance, and, if a laundry-maid may be
allowed some share of delicacy, that they will never tear her hands.

I will only trespass farther on your patience to add that the first peg
(fg. 68.) is of the original pattern ; the others (69. and 70.) being turned
from sketches made by a gentleman, under the idea that a little alteration
in shape could not affect their utility, whilst it might add to the improve-
ment of their appearance. — C. P. iSurrey, April 9. 1831.

Arhurcfum Bviti'mnicnm. 371

These pegs may be had of Mr. Ciiarlwood, 14. Tavistock Row, Cbvent
Garden, with or without peg baskets. The pegs are from 1*. to Is. 3d. a
dozen, and the baskets 2s. each.

Thorn Skewers. — Sir, In your last Number (p. 232.), under the head of
Arboretum Britdnnicuviy you have thought well to insert a rather hasty and
rambling letter of mine, which was written, I assure you, without the least
idea of its ever appearing in print, but merely with a view to throw out
some useful hints for your private information. Had I been aware that
you meant to insert it in your Magazine, I would have endeavoured to
put the substance of it in a somewhat more methodical form, so as to
render it less unfit to meet the public eye. I do not, however, complain
of what you have done, especially as the letter in question has been the
means of introducing to public notice the thorn skev.'ers (see fig. 35.),
which I am much pleased to find are so highly approved of by yourself, and
others to whom you have shown them. I am only surprised that they
were not known to you before ; they have been in use in this house before
I was born, and I am informed are employed in the north (C!umberland)
for the purpose of dividing hog-puddings into links, instead of tying them
with a string, as is usually done here. For the benefit of cookery, I hope
these thorns will henceforth become a regular article for sale in the London
shops. My principal object in again adverting to the subject is to state that,
in gathering the thorns from the hedge, care should be taken to select such
as are strong and clean ; i. e. as free as may be from knots and side shoots,
and more especially from the small lateral thorns with which the primary
thorn or skewer is frequently armed. It may not be unimportant to add
that, if the thorns are boiled in water for a few minutes before they are
scraped, the bark will peel off with much greater facility, and the operation
may then be performed almost with the thumb and finger only, without the
help of the knife. The boiling somewhat alters, I think I may say im-
proves, the colour of the skewers, giving them a slightly cream-coloured
tinge ; whereas when scraped raw, without being submitted to the process
of boiling, they usually assume, while fresh at least, more or less of a
greenish hue; as you may perceive by the specimens prepared after such
method, which I send herewith. The colour, however, makes no difference
in the utility, but merely in the appearance, of the skewers. After the
thorns are scraped and freed from the bark and knots, if a little sand or
glass paper be employed in polishing them up, the superior neatness which
is hereby given to the article will amply repay the additional labour.

The watchmaker's skewer, made of the wood of /'iburnum O'pulus, of
which you have given a specimen at p, 234. fig. 34., it should be observed, is
figured in the rough. It is almost needless to add that the point should
be sharpened, and its bulk considerably duninished, in order to fit the
)ninute pivot-holes in the works of a watch, before it is fit for the use of the
manufacturer. Yours, &c. — W. T. Bree. Allesley Rectory , April 5. 1831.

Art. III. The Arboretum Britannicum.

Sir, It is with pleasure that I see announced in Vol. VI. p. 718. the
notice of your coming Arboretum Britannicum, a work v/hich appears
calculated to be eminently useful, as v/ell as interesting, in many respects :
and the mode you have taken to elicit materials from all quarters is
both liberal and candid, and, as it appears to me, calculated to be
crowned with success. I am much gratified to see, by your third para-
gra[)h, that it is intended to " include the distribution of the trees in
diiJerent countries, native habitation as to soil and subsoil, and rocks."
I have before ventured to trouble you with my sentiments on the great

B B 2

372 Arhoreium Btitannmiin.

importance of developing and presenting to public observation the affinity
which certain species of vegetables have to particular strata of the earth,
so as to connect the botanical with the geological character of a country.
Your intended work now offers a most happy opportunity of commencing
the publication of a series of observations on the subject, necessarily so
much neglected hitherto, because the science of geology itself is but of
yesterday, of later time than the days of Gerarde, of Ray, of Hudson, of
Solander, and of the immortal Linnaeus. Yet, in respect to our native
plants, the eye of William Smith, for more than thirty years, has not been
blind J so long since is it that he would tell you, by catching the outline
of the foliage between his eye and the sky in a starlight night, what
stratum he is passing over, not less certainly than by the outline of the
banks and hills, or by the sound of his horse's footfall. Yet the long life
of the acute and indefatigable Richardson has not been spent in vain : as
communicative as he is observant, his treasured stores on this topic would
infinitely enrich your work. If you ramble westward, fail not to seek out
the aforesaid venerable minister of Hiuigerford, and to lay hun under
copious contributions. In respect to foreign botany, Humboldt has many
detached pieces of information on this head ; we must also feel infinitely
obliged both to yourself for having (Vol. IV. p. 463.) a little varied Mr.
A. Gordon's valuable observations on the habitats of American plants,
and also to Mr. Gordon for his paper (in a subsequent Number, Vol. VI.
p. 359.) restoring the text of his own original observations ; inasmuch as
that collision has given us a very valuable elucidation of the native posi-
tions of so many beautiful plants of that country. I have, even in my
humble collection, seen cause to change the habitation of at least half a
dozen Americans, in consequence of Mr. Gordon's obliging information.
In very numerous books of travels, we pick up detached observations,
indicating the relation of plants to particular strata, which, if sought out
and collected, would together constitute a valuable and copious, though
not complete, body of information on this head. You have now the
opportunity of making a very happy beginnmg, by restrictmg the first
enquiry to trees and shrubs only, of which the genera and species are
comparatively few. Even in this, I grant, you may not be perfect in
respect to all the foreign genera and species ; but in this day, when there
are so many planters that write, and writers that plant, I shall think it
hard if you cannot collect competent and sufficiently accurate information
respecting the connection between our indigenous trees and shrubs, and
the strata which most genially produce them. This will most easily and
effectually be attained by inviting the contributions of numerous indivi-
duals ; and the botanical world must feel obliged to a gentleman who, in
your Magazine of Natural History, Vol. III. p. 410,, has made almost the
first essay yet extant, towards this end, by identifying the plants he recog-
nised on different sites of the mountain limestone. That writer has very
happily and naturally hit off one of the most interesting circumstances
attendant on this species of knowledge ; namely, that he who possesses
it, "O where he will, recognises old acquaintances, and finds a home in
eve^-y country. In the trees so aptly and beautifully denominated by the
benevolent St. Pierre the " friends of man, " in the trees of the stratum
on which he played and wandered when a child, he hails the very shade
which sheltered him in his native village, and finds a new feature of in-
terest in scenes far distant from his accustomed habitation. This gentle-
man, however, has fallen into some few errors, in setting down, as peculiar
to the mountain limestone, plants which are common to other calcareous
soils alike as to that; and shows that his observations of the strata
have not yet been very extensive. We are, however, thankful to him for
breaking the ice, and setting us a good example in recording divers facts
which are correct : let us receive these with gratitude, and call on some

Arhorkum Britannicum. 373

others who have travelled more widely, and had their eyes longer open, to
supply what in his statement is deficient, and rectify what is erroneous.
But in the first place press into the service your neighbour, Mr. Bicheno,
who has been for years meditating to write on this very subject ; and, if he
will write one tenth part as well on this topic as he has written on Ireland,
his essay will be a most valuable one. And now let him slumber no longer.
All vegetables shall combine to arouse him. May all the thorns and
prickles and spines and points of Cactus, and Carduus, and Cnicus, and
Cratae'gus, and Cow-itch, and whatever else is most pungent, fix themselves
in him, and make him wince, and toss, and twist, till no three angles in
his huge homologous sides continue equal to two right angles ; unless he
do, " omitting," as the king says, " all other business, before the feast of
St. Martin the Bishop, in winter now next," shake the anthers of his peri-
cranium over divers sheets of white paper (in the manner recommended
by Mr. James Craig for vines, in Vol. VI. p. 687., or in any other effective
manner), until he have impregnated the great globular black pistils of your
printer's devils with a full crop of information upon the subject. He would
be a host, who would leave little for any other more puny ally to eifect.
But, as I think you evince sound judgment in asking for as many portraits
of each tree as correspondents will send you, that from many concurrent
testmionies to its lineaments you may more spiritedly and truly hit off its
real graphic characters, so I think you may not act unwisely if you seek
to multiply testimonies to the geological elections of each tree and shrub,
from comparing which testimonies, and weighing their discrepancies, 3'ou
may more accurately attain the true geological character of each plant.
Should you express yourself to be of this opinion [We are and shall be
much obliged by our correspondent's cooperation.], I may venture myself
to trouble you Vi'ith some imperfect observations on the subject ; not
desiring to pass them as oracular, but inviting every degree of doubt and
discussion, as knowing how frequently I take up an impression too hastily.
But, above all men living, I counsel you to suck the brains of the amiable
kind-hearted William Smith, who never can refrain from telling to a
fellow-creature every thing which he knows himself and which the other
wishes to know; nor, if even he had wished to refrain, could he ever
have acquired selfishness enough to be able to do it. Though he has
again and again seen all his discoveries appropriated by others who had
not a tenth part of his observation, yet never will his childlilie simplicity,
and eager love of science and of all who love science, suffer him to bury
a remark in his own bosom longer than he finds a human creature to
impart it to. Alas ! that such talent and such benevolence should in hdc
fcEce Roinidi be its own reward ; and that blockheads should batten on the
science which he first taught the way to investigate !

It is not easily to be conceived how important this knowledge is to the
planter. Nothing is more common than to observe seats, and parks, and
villas, on which immense sums have been expended in architecture, and
perhaps no less money in planting, but which nevertheless bear such
a stunted, starved, miserable vesture of trees and shrubs, that they look
mean, beggarly, comfortless, and altogether unattractive. I v^ill venture
to say that, in almost all cases, this failure is enhanced, and is very frequently
occasioned, by the omission to select plants congenial to the stratum ; and
that there is no soil in this island, however unpromising, unless perhaps
some of the lightest and most spongy peat moss, or absolutely solid and
naked rock (and perhaps not even those), which may not be covered with
a healthy and vigorous growth of some species of wood, either trees or
shrubs, by means of a judicious selection, adapted to the strata: so that
those who are doomed by their possessions to inhabit an ungenial soil
may solace the rigours of their abode by calling together their indigenous
friends around them ; always understanding that, in this case, it is the elpc-

B B 3

374 Arboretum Britdnnicwn.

tion of the trees for the soil, and not the owner's partiality to the trees,
that is to be the guide. But a vigorous healthy tree or shrub of a more
homely species is, in my eye, infinitely to be preferred in a landscape
to a pining, sickly, stai'veling and diseased plant of a more recherche,
beautiful, and interestmg kind ; and the art of making a proper choice for
securing this desired effect is a grand result of the science which this
third department of your Arboretum Britannicum will teach, if you will
carefully investigate and publish the habitats of the several species with
reference not only to the incidental circumstances of cultivation or other
fortuitous influence.^, but to ils chemical and geological elections. I am,
Sir, &c. — Causidiciis. Dec, 8. 1830,

Soil and Site for the Larch, Rot of the Larch, Sfc. — The rot in the larch
has been found to prevail in so many instances as to render it difficult to
account for the cause. It has been found to prevail on rich deep soils and
on poor shallow soils, on retentive and on porous subsoils, on soils in-
cumbent on freestone, limestone, and whin or green stone; and also, on all
these descj'iptions of soil and subsoil, the larch has been found tolerably
free from this hidden disease. This being the case, we are led to suppose
that the rot in huxh takes its rise from something accidental, rather than
from any natural property in the soil. It has been a common practice to
follaw a crop of Scots pine with this more lofty and promising plant ; and
the writer of this has recently discovered, in numerous instances, that
where this has taken place the rot uniformly commences in fearfully nume-
rous individual instances. This effect is produced as soon as seven or eight
3'ears after planting; while plantations of the same plant, on the same
estate, planted at the same period, and in every respect similarly cii-cum-
stanced to the other, with the important exception that they did not fol-
low the Scots pine, continue entirely free from the rot. In old plantations,
too, where the Scots pine and larch had been mixed together, and where
the disease was by no means prevalent, the new crop of larch is completely
affected ; giving room to infer that the rotting roots of the Pinus sylvestris,
or Scots pine, form at least one powerful agent in promoting this disease
Where, in such young plantations, the larches are not used merely as
nurses, they should be made to serve in that capacity to suitable hard-
wooded plants, without loss of time. I am, Sir, j'ours, &c. — Archibald
Gorrie. Annat Gardens, Feb. 10. 1831.

Drawings jirocured of full-grown Trees would add much to the interest of
your Arboretum Britannicum, particularly exotics or foreigners from every
district in Scotland, England, and Ireland, in place of being confined to the
vicinity of London ; accompanied by a description of the soil, subsoil, lati-
tude, and elevation at which they grow, to be all drawn to a scale. This
would form a tangible sort of guide to all foresters and proprietors who
wished'to beautify their estates or improve their forests by the introduc-
tion of ^-eign species. It would show how far they might proceed with
safety under similar circumstances, and furnish data which have not hitherto
existed, by which the beauty and value of plantations might be estimated
in any part of the British Isles ; native and naturalised species might also
be included. One thing I know, had such a book existed about a twelve-
month ago, it would have saved me the honour of an extensive correspond-
ence with Professor Leslie on that subject last winter ; and I have known
many in a similar ignorant plight. On tiie estate where I resitle, the surface
is much diversified, ami altitude and exposure make a striking difference
in the size and apparent habits of native trees thereon. — G. Perthshire,
Feb. 1831.

Varieties of British Trees. — When I was at Chatsworth, on the 20th of
October, 1830, I observed a variety of the common British oak, the leaves
of which were of the most beautiful dark green colour, without the least
aj)pearance of decay, while those of every other tree of the same species

Vegetable Rep'esentative Systejn. 375

were brown, or had fallen oif. This tree stands in an open situation in
front of the mansion : and, according to the information which I received
from the gardener of Mi'. Paxton, it retains its leaves through the greater
part of the winter ; and afterwards, in a decayed state, till replaced by new
ones in spring. Duhamel observes, so liable is the oak to mutability, that
scarcely two trees exactly alike are to be found in a wood ; and Mr.
Cobbett, in his Woodlands, has the same remark : but, though I agree in
the justice of this observation, I nevertheless consider the variety highly
deserving of the attention of arboriculturists.

There are some weeping lime trees in the neighbourhood of this oak
tree ; they are graceful, and by no means of common occurrence.

I have often wondered that the weeping beech, decidedly the most
elegant tree of British growth, not excepting the birch, is not more fre-
quently noticed by writers on ornamental planting. I observed some fine
specimens of it in Tweeddale, in Scotland ; but the finest with which I
am acquainted are those in the park of John Corry Moutray, of the
county Tyrone, Ireland, Their trunks are upwards of 10 ft. in circumference ;
and the branches, which extend 50 ft. from the stem, touch the ground.

There is a fine weeping white thorn in the garden which belonged to
the residence of the Regent Murray in Scotland : it is a very beautiful
tree. I observed, in the following places, trees or shrubs which have not
been described: — Liverpool Botanic Garden; Mr. Skuwing's nursery
at Walton, Liverpool ; Messrs. Dickson and Turnbull's nursery, Perth ;
Dickson and Go's nursei-y, Edinburgh. [We should be glad to have the
names and dried specimens of these trees, with such information, historical
and descriptive, as the parties possessing them can furnish.]

I may mention that the 6'edrus Deoddra, at Hopetoun House, is
thriving amazingly; it increased 15 in. in length last season. It stands,
you are aware, in the open air. The son of Mr. Smith the gardener, ob-
serving an account in your Magazine of some experiinents on grafting the
genus Pinus, copied them, and has been very successful, not only in pro-
pagating this genus, but many others of the /Ibietinse. — E. Murphy.
December, 1830.

The Lime Tree is preeminently suited for the manufacture of butter
casks, because it is the only British wood free from the pyroligneous acid :
this was proved by innumerable experiments by Mi*. Geo. Mou-, salt
manufacturer, Echnburgh, and comnuuiicated by him to the Highland
Society. {Highland Soc. Trans., vol. vii. p. 355.)

UVcr europcE^a contains salt, which is the reason why horses and cattle
fed on it soon get a clear skin. (Aiton's Dairy Husbandry, p. 39.)

Art. IV. The Vegetable Representative System.

The Vegetable Representative System. — We stated (p. 176.) that we
should apply to Mr. Alton of the Kew Botanic Garden for such green-
house and hot-house plants as v.e could not procure from our friends
about town. We did so, and the result has far exceded our expectation.
Mr. Alton supplied us with sixty-two rooted house plants, and cuttings of
twelve species of house-plants, to illustrate seventy-four orders and tribes,
and he promises more at a future tune. He has also sent plants or seeds
of forty-four species of grasses, to illustrate the various sections and tribes
of the "order Gramineae. We have the greatest pleasure in thus domg jus-
tice to his liberality.

From Messrs. Loddiges, Mr. Donald, Mr. Lowe, Mr. Knight, and Mr.
Malcolm, we have been enabled to complete our representative Arboretum;

B B 4;

376 Retrospective Criticism.

and from Mi-. Anderson of the Chelsea garden, Mr, Knight, Messrs. Lod-
diges, Mr, Cree, Mr. Maund of Bromsgrove, Mi-, Pope of Handsworth
near Birnnngham, and, above all, from Messrs, Young of Epsom, we have
nearly completed the Dicotyledonovis division of our herbaceous repre-
sentative system. The Monocotyledonous division consists chiefly of
carexes, grasses, and bulbs ; most of the bulbs were already in our posses-
sion ; the grasses, as we have above mentioned, have been furnished by
Mr. Aiton ; and some of the cai-exes by the Misses Perry.

Of the garden Acotyledoneae, those ferns and mosses which we had not
got, were supplied bv the Misses Perry of Stroud House,

We are still in want of plants to illustrate the following orders and
tribes: viz. —

Hot-house Plants. Vasculares: Order 2, tribe 1; 17, tribes 1, S, 3; 20, tribe 3; 30, tribe 6;
S3: 34, tribes 1, 3, 4 ; 38, tribe 1; 40, suborder 1; 41, Hipp, spuriee ; 42; 46; 55, tribe 3 ;
5fi ; 64 ; 65 ; 66, tribes 3, 7 ; 67, tribes 6, 7, 9 ; 71 ; 73 ; 74 ; 75 ; 81, tribe 1 ; 82 ; 86, tribe 1 ;
107; 132; 133; 159; 16.i ; 169; 186; 198, 204, section 3. Cellvlares : Order 1, tribe 5.

Green-house Plants. J'asculares : Order 2, tribe 2 ; 3, tribe 1 ; 5, tribe 2 ; S ; 16, tribe 2 ; 23 ;
SO, tribe 3; 34, tribe 2 ; 36; 38, suborder 2 ; 55, sections 2, 4 ; 66, tribe 6; 76, tribe 6 ; 95; 98,
subtribe2 of tribe 1 ; 103, sections 4, 6; 104; 118; 131; 135; 14i; 162; 168; 207; 210, sub-
order 4.

- Hardy Herbaceous Plants. Vasculares : Order 10; 13, tribes 4, 6, 6, 8,' 11, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20,
21 ; 47, subtribe 3 of tribe 3 ; 76, tribe 4 ; 77, tribe 1 ; 78 ; 81, tribe 2 ; 86, tribe 2 ; 88 ; 90, tribes 4,
5 ■ 91, tribe 2 ; 108, tribe 7, suborder 2 ; 115, sections 2, 3 ; 146 ; 154 ; 172 ; 183, tribes 2, 7, 8 ;
188; 189; 192; 193; 199; 208. Cellulares : Order 1, tribes 3, 4; 4.

Our friends will find the names of the orders and tribes referring to these numbers at p. 157
-175.

Art. V. Retrospective Criticism.

Spa Botanic Gardens. — Sir,I was surprised to find in your last Number
(p. 220.) so gross a misrepresentation of the Southampton Botanic Garden,
which is under my immediate charge, I am persuaded your numerous sub-
scribers will at once perceive the base motive of the individual who took
upon himself to decry and nickname a place so well known to botanists
and amateurs. As I scorn the idea of puffing, I shall not enter into any
detail at present, further than the extent of ground and glass. If you con-
sider it of the slightest moment, I will undertake to transmit you an im-
partial description of Mr, Page's establishment, which I am proud to have
the honour of conducting. Our ground in the town of Southampton, in the
whole, is about 1 acre, and 764 ft. of glass ; and our nursery, which is five
minutes' walk from our own ground, contains S-t acres, and 100 ft. of glass.
Yours, &c. — James Ingram. Sout/iampton Botanic Garden, April 25. 1831.

We shall be most happy to receive the description offered. We were
quite unaware of any misrepresentation in the article alluded to, relying on
the writer's name as a guarantee for truth and good feeling. — Cond.

Mr. Fowler of Devons/i ire's Mode oflieating by liot Water. — Sir, In 30ur
Magazine for August, 1829, you were pleased to notice a pamphlet I had
published on the subject of a patent granted to me for circulating hot fluids
for agricultural and various other purposes. The introductory remarks you
have made did me the greatest honour ; and I felt grateful, indeed, to you
for them, as they were so much calculated to establish my original claim to
the invention — an invention which originated entu-ely from contemplating
the cause of circulation of hot water, as described in some of the earlier
Numbers of the Magazine for 1827. At that time, many theories were
existing as to the cause of this curious mode of conveying heat ; but none
appearing satisfactory to the gentry here in Torrington, I was asked if I
could account for the cause of circulation. After some consideration, I
saw that the levity of hot water, or rather the difference of density of
hot and cold water, was the entire cause ; and I thus satisfactorily ex-
plained it. Contemplating further on the expansion of fluids by heat,

Retrospect he Criticism. 377

I conceived that the siphon would also circulate hot fluids on the
same principle of density or condensation ; and also that it would cause
more rapid circulation, which appeared to be a great desideratum. I there-
fore caused two tin vessels to be made, and connected them near their
bottoms with a straight tube. I tried the experiment with a siphon, first
about 3 ft., then 10 ft., and afterwards 20 ft. above the surface of the water
in the vessels ; and I found that the circulation was more or less rapid
in proportion to the elevation, and the means taken to increase or diminish
the difference of temperature in the ascending and descending legs. One
insu]5erable objection, however, which I then conceived would for ever
operate against its utility (namely, the diminution of the boiling point of
water in proportion to the elevation) caused me to suspend my operations
for some time ; but still meditating on those experiments, and occasionally
trying the effect of my 20 ft. siphon, I found that a low temperature of the
water would cause a difference of level between the two vessels of 1 in,, H in.,
and even 2 in., if the connecting tube were stopped ; and thus a circulating
current was evidently created with the force of this fall. I quickly saw
that this property might, indeed, be usefully employed to circulate boiling
fluids to almost any extent, and with great rapidity ; and even if required, in
open channels on the ground, by using one siphon only, to take up the fluid
and give it a fresh impulse after it had again passed through one of a series
of boilers. It was also evident that, by lengthening or extending the sur-
face of the tube from this last boiler, the fluid might be suffered to cool so
much as might be needful before it again ascended in the siphon, &c. &c.
But as all this, and much more, is clearly described in my specification and
pamphlet, I need not enlarge on it here ; and shall only remark, that, after
much experience and application, I am decidedly of opinion that the
various modifications of which my plan is susceptible will, in general, ulti-
mately supersede every other plan yet known, as I am well assured of its
very superior powers and efficacy, united to perfect freedom from all dangex'
in any case,

I certainly did not expect, in the article alluded to in your Magazine,
that you could enter into all the details of my plan, or that a hasty opinion
formed of it could be perfect ; but what was there said was honestly said,
and I feel in the highest degree grateful to you for it : its real merits, if any,
must be left for the experience of posterity to decide on.

You may now easily conceive what my feelings were when I received a
letter from you in the fall of 1830, saying that " Mr. Kewley had made great
improvement in the siphon mode of heating, which would appear in the
next Number of the Magazine." [See Vol. VI. p. 377.] When this Num-
ber appeared, I found that his improvement was the substituting a pump
for the filling cock. Surely it cannot be said that a pump was never before
employed to fill a tube, or that a pump is at all essential in the action of the
machine patented to me. My specification says, " the invention consists in
causing water, oil, or other fluids, to circulate through the medium of a
bent tube by raising the temperature of the fluid at one end of the tube, so
that it is always warmer than that at the other;" and I then proceed to
show how that tube which I call a thermosiphon may be filled, I adopted
what you call the cock system, in preference to the pump, as I knew the
mode of filling with the cocks and air-plugs was perfect, and that cases
could be proposed where the pump would fail to extract all the air, which,
of consequence, would have had some tendency to vitiate the patent, had I
adopted the pump in the specification. At any rate, one of the effectual
modes of filling and refilling the tube, out of the many plans that might be
devised, was sufficient for the purpose of the specification, and I adopted
that which appeared to me to be the most perfect. Mi-. Kewley's substitu-
tion of the pump is, therefore, a palpable infringement; and if you reperuse
or recollect the article in the Magazine now "alluded to, I am sure your

378 Queries and Ans\>oers.

feelings of justice will allow that I have much to complain of in that
article.

In consequence of the great rapidity of circulation caused by the ther-
mosiphon, J. have been obliged to turn my mind to the construction of a
new forui of furnace and boiler ; and I have at last succeeded, even beyond
my expectations, with regard to eifect and saving of fuel. One of those
boilers is erected here, and two or three in Barnstaple ; and I very much
think that this furnace will be found the best for steam engines of any yet
known, in which the fire is not urged on by artificial means. A beautiful
model of it has beer, made for Earl Fortescue ; and I intend to send you
homely drawings (or rather sections) of it soon, which may be prepared
for the Magazine should you think them worthy of your notice. I am, Sir,
&c. — Thomas Fowler. Torrington, Devonsliire, April 21. 1831.

Ml'. Fowler appeals to our feelings of justice. We have turned to the
passage to which he refers, and cannot find the slightest ground for an
appeal of any kind. As to his patent, after the publications of the Marquis
deChabannes, we cannot conceive what ground there can be for one, either
to Mr, Fowler or to any body else. However, we do not pretend to under-
stand the patent laws ; all that we pretend to do is, to note improvements
as they are brought before us, whoever may make them, and whether they
are " patented " or not. We have acted in the case of Mr. Fowler and
Mr. Kewley with perfect candour, and as we think we should do again
under similar circumstances. The drawings and sections of the furnace
we shall be happy to receive and publish. — Cond.

Erratum. — Sir, In my paper on Peach trees, p. 241., the word
" decayed," in line 16., is one substituted by you for " plethoric," the
latter being the word used by. Sir, yours, &c. — John Pearson. Kirilet
Gardens, Ajnil II. 1831.

Art. VI. Queries and Ansxvers.

Chloride of Lime. — Some time since, it was said that chloride of lime
applied to plants produced very remarkable effects. Can you point out
where any satisfactory information can be obtained on that subject ; stating
the time and quantity to be used, and the precautions to be attended to ? — ^^
B. Sevan. Leighton, Feb. 7. 1831.

What is the Name of an Insect, or is it one, which dissects the Leaves of

Pear Trees, leaving only the veins and the epidermis of the lower surface

of the leaf, the insect preying on the upper surface of it ? It has a kind of

gelatinous appearance, and emits a disagreeable scent when crushed, which it

is with a slight touch. It is nearly the colour of a leech, and is nearly of the

shape and size of the figure, {fg- 71.) Was it produced from a small scale

of a brown colour, and pointed at both ends, less than half the

71 size of a seed of the common flax? Perhaps this, if published,

^^^ may elicit the name of this pest, or produce an account of its

^'~^^*' metamorphosis. Now, should any one be annoyed with this

thing, and wish to destroy it, I will give you an account of the

method which I tried with success. As soon as the creatures made their

appearance, I took an old pepper-box, and put some fresh slacked lime in

it, and powdered them over with it, which was certain death to them.

Then, for the scale, I took an old knife, and scraped it off the old shoots,

anointing the shoots afterwards, but not the buds, thinly with train oil,

and by that means got clear both o'l scales and insects. I am, Sii-, &c. — ^

Wm. Hurst. Wandsworth Road, Feb. 1831.

The dcvourer of the leaves is tlie larva of one species of insect : the

Qiieries and Ansivcrs, 379

scale adhering to the bark of the branches, a certam state of another
species ; probably the egg state. That the two objects appertain to two
perfectly distinct species is, I -think, a point not to be doubted. The scale
mentioned abounds in the north part of Cambridgeshire on the branchlets
of old apple trees ; and, in unlading the trees in ai*tumn of then- ruddy riches,
here and there an apple occurs to whose rind one or more of these scales
firmly adheres, and where it must have become fixed before the apple's
growth was finished; as, when the scale is removed, a slight depression in
the rind of the apple is perceptible.

Train oil is very effective in the destruction of insects, as my father in-
forms me, he having experimentally applied it to manj' species occurring
in his garden, and with speedy destruction to most of them. — J, D. for
Co lid.

Sand on the inner Surface of Glasses used in Propagating. — I have often
observed, and am at a loss to account for, the lining of sand which some-
times coats the inside of the cap glasses with which the cuttings planted in the
sand are covered. From the specific gravity of sand, we can scarcel}' sup-
pose it to have been carried up by the evaporation from the pot. May it
not be attributed to the agency of electricity ? We exist in an ocean of
electric fluid, ever subject to flux and reflux, from its antagonising pro-
perties ; and that it is the great principle of vitality in animals and vege-
tables is generally admitted. Glass is an electric, vapour a non-electric or
conductor of the electric fluid : may not the accumulation of this fluid
near the glass account for the more vigorous growth of plants placed
adjoining to it, and may not the growth of cuttings under cap-glasses be
also promoted by the same cause '? The enquiry is interesting, perhaps
useful : the more perfect knowledge we can acquire of this mighty and
mysterious agent of nature, the more applicable it will be found to the
most important objects of horticulture. — ./. R. Kilkenny, March 15. 18.31.

A vert/ beautiful, and perhaps rare, Varirti/ of Lilac. — Among the lilacs
now so splendid in the gardens about town, I do not see a variety or kind
which exists in the botanic garden at Bury St. Edmund's; having been
established there from plants bought about six years ago by IVIi". N. S.
Hodson, the spirited superintendent of that establishment, of a French
itinerant vender of shrubs, bulbs, seeds, and also of what he termed viva-
cious plants. The plants of lilac purchased were about six in number; and
had been budded on the common lilac at about eighteen inches from the
ground. When the plants flowered, three of the six proved the Siberian
lilac; but the remaining three showed themselves of a kind which,
though more like the Siberian than like the common or the Persian, is
obviously distinct from, and quite superior to, the Siberian. It has larger
leaves, larger panicles of blossom, and these blossoms are of a fuller and fiu'
more rosy colour. In short, the difference is so striking, and the variety
so superior, that visitors used to exclaim, as I do now, " What lilac is
this ? " — J. D. Bat/swater, April 30. 1831.

Indigenous EnW. — Sir, A correspondent in your IMagazine (p. 246.)
requests to be informed how many Er\c?e are natives of England. It was
hard!}' worth while, I think, to ask such a question in print, since the
information desired might have been as effectually, and much more speedily,
obtained by applying to any botanist, or consulting almost any systematic
work on British plants. The question having been put, however, I shall
not hesitate to give the answer to it- Our British species of i?ric£e, tlien,
are as follows: — i?rica (Calluna) vulgaris {Eng. Bot. pi. 1013.), E. Tetra-
lix {Eng. Bot. pi. 1014.), E. cmer cd {E n g. Bot. \A. 1015.), and i^,'. viigans
{Eng. Bot. pi. .3.). To these have lately been added, E. ciliaris, discovered
by Rev. J. S. Tozer in various places near Truro in Cornwall (see Sup.
to Eng. Bol. pi. 2618); and, according to a more recent communication.

380 Horticultural Society and Garden.

in your Magazine (p. 108.), ^. mediterranea {Bot. Mag. pi. 471.), on
the western coast of L'eland by Mi". Mackay. The above, I believe,
complete the list of our native heaths, as far as the discoveries of botanists
have yet extended. It may be mentioned, however, that Menziesia Da-
beoci* {Eng. Bot. pi. 35.) and M. caeriilea {Eng. Bot. pi. 2469.) have
both been occasionally referred to the genus ^rica by different botanists :
the former is a native of Ireland, and is still known by the name of the
Irish heath ; the latter has been more recently discovered in Scotland.
Exica (Calluna) vulf;;aris, Tetralix, and cinerea occur abundantly in num-
berless places throughout the country ; and all three are occasionally found
varying with white flowers. A very pretty double-flowered variety, too, of
E. vulgaris, has long been cultivated in the gardens. E. vagans, as its
English name implies, is found in Cornwall ; particularly near the Lizard,
where I have seen it with deep red, pale, purplish, and white flowers. For
descriptions of our British heaths, I refer your correspondent to the
works already quoted.

The same gentleman records the fact of his observing, in a particular
spot, Polygala vulgaris, with flowers of four different colours, viz. dark blue,
light blue, red, and white ; and he asks, "Are these four different varieties ?"
[species, I presume, he means,] " or are they all the same ?" They are,
doubtless, mere varieties of one and the same species, and all of them may
frequently be found in places where the plant occurs. As to the cause of
this change in colour, it is a mystery which we cannot explain, any more
than we can the cause of the colour in any flower. Yours. — W. T. Bree.
Allesletf Rector If, April 5. 1831.

Art. VII. Horticultural Society and Garden.

March 15. 1831. — Read. A paper on Pears; by T. A. Knight, Esq.
President.

Distributed. Cuttings of Mi-. Knight's Sweet Red Currant, and of the
Green Gage Gooseberry, from T. A. Knight, Esq.

Exhibited. Camellias, from the Comte de Vandes, F.H.S. A drawing
of the Lissochilus speciosus, from Mr. Gruggens, Kingsham, near Chiches-
ter; and, from the Society's garden. Crocuses, and seven varieties of Ca-
inelli«. Black Jamaica Pine-apple, from T. A. Knight, Esq.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Apples : Dutch Mignonne, kept
in sand and fern, and in a box placed in the ground ; Northern Greening,
from a box in the ground ; Boston Russet, good, kept in fern ; Norfolk
Beaufin, Bucks County, Blenheim Pippin, Paasch Apfel Rouge, Braune
Mai Apfel, Norfolk Paradise ; Young's Seedling, good ; Pomme Violette,
Framboise, Calville Malingre, Gros Bohn, Haggerston Pippin; Pomme
de Fer, kept in fern; Tulip, kept in fern; Golden Russet, Derbyshire
Apple, Devonshire Buckland, Lincolnshire Holland Pippin, Norfolk Pa-
radise; Reinette de Canada, Court-pendu Plat, in fern, in ajar; Red Sweet
Pippin, Cockle Pippin, Alfriston, from a box in the ground. — Pears :
Easter Beurre, packed in fern in a jar ; Keiser, a bad pear in this climate,
does not ripen, this was packed in fern and kept wai-m ; Bellissime
d'Hiver ; Easter Bergamot, from a wall.

April 5. It was announced that the fete would take place on Wednesday
the 22d of June next.

* M. ^jolifolia of Jussieu, and of Smith in Rces's Cyclopaedia and in his
own English Flora. — J.D.

Ho7ticultwal Society and Garden. 381

Presented. Mr. Ronalds having sent a collection of seeds for distri-
bution at the Meeting, notice was given that they would be prepared and
sent to those Fellows desirous of receiving them, upon their leaving then-
names. The following announcement from the Council was made : — The
Council will award medals for the best exhibitions of the following pro-
ductions upon the undermentioned days of meeting, provided any articles
worthy of a medal shall be exhibited. For the best exhibition of Roses
on the second meeting in June; Ditto, second meeting in September;
Camellias, first meeting in April ; Georginas, first meeting in September ;
Melons, first meeting in July ; Pines, second meeting in July ; Ditto, first
meeting in February ; Grapes, first meeting in June ; Rhododendrons, se-
cond meeting in May ; Azaleas, first meeting in June : and also that a large
silver medal will be given for the most ornamental hardy plant, and a
Banksian medal for the second best that may be exhibited before May 1.
1832.

Read. A paper on the Cultivation of the Cai'nation, in a letter to the
Secretary ; by Mr. William May. A paper on the double-flowering Yellow
Sweetbriar, in a letter to the Secretary; by John Williams, Esq. C.M.H.S.

Exhibited. Coe's Golden Drop Apple, from Richard Brook, Esq. : this
was a first-rate variety. Seedling Camellias, from John Allnutt, Esq.
Apple unnamed, from Mr. James Young. Four Seedling Camellias, from
Messrs. Chandler and Sons. Newtown Pippins, from James Webster, Esq.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Apples: Calville Malingre, Norfolk
Beaufin ; Pomme de Fer, Reinette de Canada, Boston Russet, kept in
fern ; Norfolk Greening, Alfriston, Red Sweet Pippin, Cockle Pippin,
Dutch Mignonne, kept in a box in the earth; Dutch Mignonne, Fenouillet
Rouge, Tulip, London Pippin, kept in a closed jar. — Pears : Easter Ber-
gamot. Double de Guerre ; Beurre Ranee, kept in fern. — Flowers :
Poppy Anemones, Rlbes sanguineum, aureum prae^cox, and setosura ;
Bi'rberis glumacea and Jquifolium, Primus sinensis and domestica fl. pi..
Double-flowering peach, Jmygdalus macrocarpa and sibirica, Pyrus
japonica (semidouble and single red). Azalea Indica phcenlcea. White
Azalea, Camell?« reticulata and speciosa, Eugenk malaccensis, ^ubus
spectabilis. Single Hyacinths, Crown Imperials, Fritillarias, Wallflowers,
Crocus alpinus tardiflorus, ^mygdalus communis.

April 19. — Announced that a new part of the Transactioiis of the Society,
being the first of a new series, is in preparation, and will be ready by the
end of May or beginning of June.

Read. An account of the different modes of keeping fruit which have
been tried at the garden in the season of 1831. The Meteorological Jour-
nal kept in the garden for the months of January, February, and March.

Exhibited. Three seedling Apples, from John Entwistle, Esq. Pad-
dington Pears, Duke of Gloucester Apples, Royal Nonpareils, and Old
Nonpareils, from Thomas Hunt, Esq. Camell/a reticulata, from Mj\ J. A.
Henderson. Ten sorts of Naixissus, and sixteen sorts of Polyanthus Nar-
cissus, from Mr. James Young.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Flowers : Schizanthus pinnatus,
Erythrina herbacea, Sinnuigz« guttata and Helleri, O'xalis floribunda,
i/ibiscus j-osa-sinensis ; i?ubus spectabilis, Ribes sanguineum, aureum san-
guineum, aureum prae^cox, aureum serotinum, cereum, and tenuiflurum ;
Intoxicating Red Currant, Ameldnchier sanguinea ; Pyrus prunifolia, salici-
folia, baccata, sinaica, and spectabilis flore pleno ; Double-flowering Peach,
Primus nigra, insititia, and sinensis ; (Spirae^a chamaedrifolia and /iypericifolia,
Fella Pseudo-cytisus, Double-flowering Furze, Lunaria rediviva. Camellia
(new variety from China), Wallflowers, Early Tulips, Fritillarias, French
Double Cherry.

May 2. — The Anniversary Meeting took place, when officers for the
year ensuing were elected.

382

Covent Garden Market.

Art. VIII. Covent Garden Market.

The Cabbage Tribe.

Cabbages, per dozen :

White

Plants, or Coleworts -
Cauliflowers, per dozen -
Broccoli, Purple, per bunch

Legumes.
Peas, per half sieve

Forced, per pottle - -

Shelled, per quart
Kidneybeans, forced,

hundred

per

, per

Tubers and Roots.

c per ton
Potatoes . < per cwt.
C per bush

Kidney, per bushel

Scotch, per bushel

New, per pound
Jerusalem Artichokes,

half sieve - - -
Turnips, White, per bunch
Carrots, per bunch :

Old - - -

Young ...

Horn ...

Parsneps, per dozen
Red Beet, per dozen
Skirret, per bunch
Scorzonera, per bundle .
Salsify, per bunch - •
Horseradish, per bundle -
Radishes :

Red, per dozen hands (2+
to 30 each)

Turnip, White and Red,
per bunch :

Tlie Spinach Tribe.
r. • 1, f per sieve
Spinach ^j,er half sieve -
Sorrel, per half sieve

■ Tfie Onion Tribe.
Onions :
Old, per bushel -
Green (Ciboules), p.'bunc.
Leeks, per dozen bunches
Chives, per dozen roots -
Garlic, per pound - -
Shallots, per pound - -
Green, per bunch

Asparaginous Plants,
Salads, ^c.
Asparagus, per hundred -
Lettuce, per score :
Cos
Cabbage

From
£ s. d.

To 1
£ s. d. \

0 1
0 2
0 12
0 1

0
6
0
6

0
0
1

0

2 0

4 0
0 0
4 0

2 2
0 9
4 4

0
0
0

4

0 0
0 0
0 0

:o 3

0

0

5 0

5 0
0 5
0 2
0 3
0 3
0 0

0
0
6
0
0
6

0
0
0
0
0
0

0 0
0 0
.0 0
0 0
0 0
2 0

0 1
0 0

6
6

0
0

0 0

1 6

0 1
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 2
0 1
0 1
0 1
0 2

0
9
0
6
0
0
0
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From

(.per hundred

Le-ons [l-il-Jrod-
Sweet Almonds, per pound
Brazil Nuts, per bushel
Spanish Nuts, per peck -
Barcelona - - -
Eggs of Silkworms, p. square
Garden Snails, per quart .

0 1 0

0 8 0

0 3 0

0 12 0

0 6 0

0 3 0

Celerv, per bundle (12 to 15) 0 0

New - - . I 0 2

small Salads [ J- f/„'„f,^7;

Watercress, per dozen small

bunches
Burnet, per bunch

Pot and Sweet Uerbs.
Parsley, per half sieve
Tarragon, per dozen bunches
Purslain, per punnet
Fennel, per dozen bunches
Thyme, per dozen bunches
Sage, ])er dozen bunches
Mint, per dozen bunches
Peppermint, dried, per do-
zen bunches
Marjoram, forced, per dozen

bunches
Savory, per dozen bunchps
Basil, forced, per doz. bunc.
Rosemary, per doz. bunches
Lavender, dried, per dozen

bunches ...
Tansy, per dozen bunches

Stalks and Fruits, for Tarts,

Pickling, SjC.
Rhubarb Stalks, per bundle

Edible Fungi and Fuel.
Morels, per pound -
Foreign ...

Fruits.
Apples, Dessert, per f sieve :

Reinette grise

Baking, per bushel

French Crabs
Peaches, per dozen
Almonds, per perk
Cherries, per pound
Gooseberries, per half sieve
Strawberries, forced, per oz,
Pine-apples, per pound .
Hot-house Grapes, per lb.
Cucumbers, frame, per brace

Oranges J"'^'^'^ i'"^''"

0 0

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From the time of my former communication to the 7th of May most san-
guine expectations were entertained of an abundant fruit season ; the trees
had bloomed well, and the weather had been generally favourable to set-
ting the fruit. Gooseberries and currants were thought secure, and pro-
mised the most abundant supplies. The cherries, pears, and plums had
also passed all danger from blight ; and many of the earlier sorts of apples
were safe. About the 1st of May some genial showers were felt, suc-
ceeded on the 3d and 4th by heavy rains, and partial hail-storms. On
the 3th and 6th the weather cleared up, the wind shifted to the north-
eastward, and a severe frost followed on the morning of the 7th, which
produced ice one third of an inch thick, and destroyed the prospects
of the season completely. This is the more to be lamented, as the gar-

CoveJit Garden Market. 383

deners have been suffering heavy losses through the winter by the depressed
state of our markets, and were looking forward to a full season for relief.
Some attempts at calculating the loss sustained have been made, but the
data on which to determine such calculations must necessai'ily be so vague,
that I have great difficulty in forming any estimate to be relied on ; how-
ever, I can have no hesitation in concluding that 100,000/. would fall far
short of the total loss sustained, even making liberal allowance for the
difterence of prices arising from the difference in quantitj'. I now allude
only to the district immediately surrounding London, from which we
obtain our principal supplies ; but, in estimating the loss throughout the
country (for the mischief has been the same almost everywhere),a sum equal
to 2,000,000/. has been spoken of. The season was, previously to the 7th,
considered a week or ten days later than last year ; but, since that date, it
may be looked to as being at least three weeks in arrear as to our general
supplies. The early peas have been materially mjured, and in some cases
completely destroyed. The prices in the list are merely nominal *, very-
limited quantities having been yet furnished; two pottles only, on the
26th (necessarily forced), were sold for 20*., producing half a pint shelled,
which sold for 25*., or something less. The largest quantity was a parcel,
nearly equal to one half sieve, on the 14th of May. There is no prospect of
any supply from the open ground, under the most favourable circumstances,
in less than a week or ten days. About the 19th of May has been, for some
years past, the time at which they are brought to market. Forced straw-
berries have been in good supply, and latterl}' very low in price ; some
parcels of middling quality have been sold at 4f/. to Gd. per oz. Cherries
have been some time in the market; the first appeared on the 23d of
April, and produced 42*. per lb., since which they have been declining in
price, and are now sold at 15*. to 21*., the quality throughout the time has
been excellent. Grapes have been furnished liberally, and of excellent
quality ; the price gradually diminishing as the season has advanced. Pine-
apples have not been very abundant, but the demand for them has been so
limited that the prices have been low for this early season.

A few fine peaches were exhibited for the first time on the IGth, but
the price in the list is a mere calculation from that which has been asked
for them. Asparagus from the natural ground was brought to market on
the 14th of April, but not in any quantity until the first week in May, when
the supply was checked by the sudden cold and frost of the 6th and 7th ;
after which it became scarce until the 12th and 14th, when it was again
in supply, but from the coldness of the succeeding nights it has not as yet
been so abundant or large as usual.

Cabbages of excellent quality were in good supply on the 19th of April,
and have continued to be liberally furnished since; owing to the cold-
ness of the nights, they have not been so fine ; but, in consequence of the
scarcity of other vegetables, have brought very good prices.

Forced potatoes are in great abundance, and of excellent quality; indeed,
they have been heavier of sale, and at lower prices comparatively, than
almost an}' other article. Cucumbers were scarce and dear in the early
part of April, but since that time have been in good supply, and of excel-
lent quality, at reasonable prices. Cauliflowers at first came to hand
freely; but since the frost, which has much injured them, they have been
much more scantily produced, and very high prices have been obtained for
tliem. Rhubarb continues to maintain its price ; and though the market has
been occasionally supplied by the waggon load (on the 7th of May as many
as six entire waggon loads and four cart loads, with an immense quantity
in baskets), yet, from the increasing demand for it, it was all disposed of at
a remunerating price. Most other articles have been more or less affected

* The prices specified have a retrospective range for the last two months.

384- Obituary.

by the fluctuations in the season ; but, on the whole, an improvement in
the prices has consequently taken place. •

Very large supplies of potatoes from Scotland, in the month of April,
depressed the prices very materially, and some serious loss to the shippers
must have been the consequence : but, from the continued coldness of the
spring, they have now become more in demand, and obtain higher prices ;
and as the prospect of the new crop has been retarded for at least three or
four weeks, in consequence of the severe and frequent frosts, it is probable
they may maintain the present prices for some time to come. — G. C.
Covent Garden Ma,Let, May 19. 1831.

Art. IX. Obituary.

Died, on the 18th of November, 1830, suddenly, at his residence in
Huntingdon, Mr. James Wood, aged 38, nurseryman and florist, who had
been for some months afflicted with dyspepsia, accompanied by great de-
pression of spirits. He was highly respected in his own neighbourhood,
and well known to a large circle of horticulturists and florists ; having
for nearly twenty years had the superintendence of the business established
by his father at Huntingdon, which was carried on under the names of
" Messrs. J. Wood and Son." He I'cceived the usual education of a
tradesman's'son at the grammar schools of Kimbolton and Biggleswade, and
having early manifested great love of plants, with a singular precocity in
acquii-ing a knowledge of their names, peculiarities, and habits, he became,
when very young, a valuable acquisition to the j'apidly increasing business
of his father. By unremitting assiduity, punctuality in his engagements, and
obliging manners, and animated with an ardent deske for self-iinprovement,
together with great zeal in the general advancement of horticulture, he
soon became not only advantageously connected with the trade, but con-
spicuous in the floral world, and mainly contributed to the foundation and
prosperity of that now flourishing establishment, the " Huntingdonshire
Horticultural Society." In that and similar institutions at Baldock,
Biggleswade, Bedford, Cambridge, and Whittlesea, he was one of the most
successful competitors, particularly in the auricula and carnation tribes ;
though producing of late years at those Societies principally his own seed-
lings. "VVe are indebted to him for those magnificent flowers, the -Delphi-
nium grandiflorum majus, Dodecatheon Meadia gigantea, and the Dode-
catheon Meadi« elegans : the latter two raised from seeds. His sudden
death is deeply lamented by his family and friends, and may justly be
regretted bj' the profession, of which he was an ornament. — F.

Robert Barclay, Esq., of Bury Hill, Surrey, a distinguished patron of
botany and vegetable culture ; and Thos. Hope, Esq., of Decpdene, near
Bury Hill, a man of highly cultivated taste in architecture and landscape-
gardenmg ; both died within the last three months. Mr. Hope was the
author of an Essay on Gardening, which first appeared in T/ie Review
of Works of Art, a periodical published some years ago. We had INIr. Hope's
permission to reprint this article in the Gardener's Magazine, together with
his promise to look over the proofs ; but, unfortunately, we neglected to
do this iii time to obtain the author's last corrections. How much the
botanical and gardening world are indebted to Mr. Barclay, this Maga-
zine and most of our botanical periodicals attest in almost every number
published during the last twenty years. Mr. Barclay was not less esti-
mable as a liberal enlightened, and most benevolent man, than as a patriot
and an encourager of botany and gardening. — Cond.

THE

GARDENER'S MAGAZINE,

AUGUST, 1831.

PART I.

ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE.

Art. I. General Results of a Gardening Tour, during May and
June in the present Year, by a circuitous Route from London
to Manchester. By the Conductor.

The object of tins article is to generalise the impressions
Avhich we have received from visiting a considerable number
of gardens between London and Manchester, the details of
which will be given in a future Magazine, f

We left Bayswater April 24., and proceeded by Harrow
and Pinner to Rickmansworth, where we saw * Moor Park ;
Amersham (* Chalfont House, * Shardeloes, * Hampden
House, and * Chequers) ; Aylesbury (* Wootton) ; Bucking-
ham (Stowe) ; Banbury (* Wroxton Abbey, Radway Grange,
and ' Compton Verney); * Warwick (Warwick Castle); Lea-
mington (Radford, Off'bury Rectory, and Cullis's Nursery);
Kenilworth (* Guy's Cliff and * Stoneleigh Abbey); Co-
ventry (* Whitley Abbey, * Coombe Abbey, the gardens of
Mr. Howe and of Mr. Herbert, Allesley Rectory, W^eare's

■\ Those places considered as mansion residences are marked by a star
(*), to distinguish them as a chiss. Having sent our notes to London,
book after book, as they were filled, we have probably forgotten to enu-
merate a number of places at which we called ; and we have purposely
omitted the names of various seats seen from the public roads, our remarks
on which will appear in the details of our tour. The names given above
are for the purpose of putting the reader in possession of the data on which
we found the opinions that we are now about to express in ao oiFhand man-
ner, and send to the printer as written.

Vol. VIL — No. 33. c c

286 General Results of a Gardening Tour : —

Nursery, *Packington Hall); Birmingham (* Aston Park,
* Edgbaston Hall, Moor Green, * Moseley Park, Kitwell,
Selly Hill, Bom'ne Brook, Grove Ploiise, * Sandwell ; the
villas or gardens of Mr. Willmore, Mr. Barker, Mr. John
Linwood, Mr. George Hadley, Mr. Godwin, Mrs. Merrj',
Mr. Dugdale Houghton, Miss Moore, the Rev. J. Corrie,
Mr. Osborn, Mr. Clark, and a great many othei's ; the
nurseries of Mr. Pope, Mr. Yates, Mr. Picken, Mr. Evans,
Mr. Fletcher, Mr. Beech, and Mr. Brunton, and the Fre-
derick Street nursery ; the market-garden of Mr. Mist ; the
subscription bowling-green at Edgbaston ; and the ground
destined for the garden of the Birmingham Botanical and Hor-
ticultural Society, for which, at the request of the Society, we
formed a plan, which we feel perfectly confident will render it
the first botanical and horticultural garden in England) ; Broms-
grove (Grovely House, *Hewel Park, and Mr. Maund's gar-
den) ; West Bromwich (the gardens of Mr. Smith and Mr.
Edwin Bullock); Dudley (* Hinley, Dudley Castle, the Priory,
Tansley Hill, the Trindle, * the Ellowes, and the villas or gar-
dens of Miss Parsons, Mr. M. Houghton, Mr. Thos. Badger,
Mr. Isaac Badger, Mr. Bourne, Mr. Jos. Bourne, Mr. Walter
Williams, and Mr. Fellowes ; the public bowling-green at the
Trindle, Pilsbury's nursery at Wombourne; and the early potato
gi'ovuids, where several acres of potatoes are forced by the
spontaneous combustion of coal in the old coal mines under-
neath); Kidderminster, (* Lea Castle, * Prestwood, *Enville,
and * Arley Hall) ; Stourbridge (* Hagley and the Leasowes) ;
Penn (the gardens of Mrs. Jukes and of Mr. Deakin) ; Wol-
verhampton (Oxley House, *Chillington Hall, the villas and
gardens of Mr. Wynne, Mr. Pearson, Miss Scott, &c., and
the nurseries of Mr. Lowe); Stafford (Spring Vale, Trentham,
and * Barlaston Hall); Cheadle (* Heath House, Heybridge,
and Piatt's nursery) ; Farley (Alton Towers, and * Wootton
Lodge); Ashbourne (*Illam Hall, and Dove Dale) ; Bake-
well (Haddon Hall, Cliatsworth, Middleton Dale) ; Castleton;
Chapel in le Fridi (*Lyme Park); Stockport (Wood Bank) ;
Manchester (the gardens of the ]5otanical and Horticultural
Society, Smedley Old Hall, Broughton Old Hall, Brough-
ton New Hall, *Heaton Park, Priory, Lark Hill, Buele Hill,
the Hope, Spring Wood, * Traffbrd Park ; the villa of Wil-
liam Bow, Esq., at Lower Broughton ; Cunningham's nursery,
Faulkner's nursery, and a number of other places, besides
market-gardens, the comparative merits of which will be
given with the continuation of this article in our next Number).
In generalising the gardening or agricultural information
derived from a tour through any country, the first object

Method of generalising. 387

should always be to state the natural history of that country ;
because on soil, surface, and climate is founded all vegetable
culture. It may seem almost trifling, to notice the geology of
a tour of a few miles in one's own country ; but we do so, as
we do many other things in this Magazine, for the sake of
inducing the young gardener to think scientifically on every
subject connected with his profession or general welfare.

The London clay extends beyond Harrow and Pinner,
where it is succeeded by chalk with flints ; this is in some
parts covered with gravel, the surface of the clay being flat,
or gently undulated, with some rising nodules, of which the
most conspicuous is Harrow Hill. The surface of the gravel
and chalk is more wavy than that of the cla}^ The soil on
both is loamy or clayey, and that on the chalk is mixed with
flints. The chalk continues to within a few miles of Ayles-
bury, where a lower stratum of clay succeeds, and extends some
miles beyond that town ; the surface being generally even, and
the soil a strong loam. Earth v limestone now beo-ins, and con-
tinues, through Buckingham, half way to Banbury; this be-
longs to what geologists denominate the oolite limestone form-
ation ; the surface gently varied, and the soil rather stiff, but
generally on a dry subsoil. Red sandstone and a dry brown
light soil succeed, and continue through Birmingham and the
coal country beyond, to the neighbourhood of Ashbourne.
Here the hard semicrystalline limestone of Derbyshire, with
all its singularities of formation and stratification, with its
caverns, pits, beds of volcanic toadstone and basalt, and
metallic veins conmiences, and continues till we reach the
neighbourhood of Stockport in Cheshire, where we again
enter on the sandstone, which continues to Manchester. No
hilly country occurs in this route till we arrive near Cheadle,
with the exception of some small cultivated hills near Bir-
mingham, Bromsgrove, Stourbridge, and Dudley. From
Cheadle to Ashbourne the country is very irregular, with
numerous winding narrow valleys, having rocks protruding
from their sides ; beyond Ashbourne towards Dove Dale, the
surface becomes very hilly and naked, and continues so to
Chapel in le Frith. The elevated bleak aspect of the Peak
in Derbyshire used to be well known. It is now almost
entirely enclosed by stone walls, and covered with pasture
and plantations. Approaching Stockport, the view of Cheshire
and Lancashire conveys the idea of a fertile and highly culti-
vated plain on sandstone.

The variety of indigenous plants, as seen from the road, in
all this tract of country is much less than might be imagined ;
partly because a ditch and hedge form a sort of artificial

c c 2

SS8 General Besults of a Gcf^-denzng Tour : —

habitat, which has a tendencv. vrherever it occurs, to enconrage
the same phmts.

Steliaria ^aminea is found almost every mile, with the
exertion of some parts of the Peak, from Bavswater to Man-
chester. The common trees on the London clay are oaks
and elms : beech abounds in masses, on the chalk : ash on
the red sandstone, especiallv on the drier and richer soils ;
the wch ehii is found on the shady side of limestone hilk in
Derbvshire and Staffordshire : on the dry parts of such hffls,
and especially in Dove Xkale, the Pyrus ^^ria abounds ; seai,
in the m: :s. the yevr.

We sh:. ::ie respecting native Inrds and insects : the

singmg birds everywhere were of the thni^ &iDily, and of
the lark and the linnet kind : in the milder parts, as iar as
Kidderminster, the niirhtingale was heard : the plover and
cornrail were also heard near Kidderminster. House spar-
rows, like the house fly and the cabbage bntterfly, were found
evervwhere near human habitations.

The weather from the 24th of April to this 24th of June
has heen chiefly dry : and nntil the last three weeks, the
wind has been in the east. About the 7th of May a se-
vere frost iniured the blossoms and young shoots of both
native and foreign plants and trees, over the whole tract in-
cluded in our tour. The American shrubs were the most
severely hurt ; their young shoots and their expanded blossom
buds being entirely cut ofil Even the incipient shoots of the
ash tree ■were blackened, and hundreds of acres of larch and
spruce firs in the extensive plantations round Heath House,
Alton Towers. 1 11am. and other places, were rendered quite
brown, and still continue so. The Scotch pine had not com-
menced growing, and therefore escaped- Seedlings of every
kind in the nurseries, the blossoms of fruit trees and straw-
berries in the market-gardens, and in private gardens even
the wall trees, have all suffered in a degree only equalled
bv two or three seasons within the remembrance of the oldest
trardeners. The only similar injury sustained in our remem-
brance was in the spring of 161 S- The potatoes in the flelds
were cut down by the frost ; but they have since sprung up
again, and their 2y»T>earanMu together with that of the com
crops, is nov , • promising.

Having thu- _-.___; indicated the mode of generafiEang the
natural historr psrt of a gardening tour, we shall nest
attempt to nfeneralise the gardening information obtained,
VTanging our remaite under the heads of Palace and Man-
BJnn K^idences. Villas. Cottan-e Gardens. Town Gardens,
Pdfalic Gardens.. Nurseries, and Market Gardens. As belong-

Stofwe, Wai'wick Castle. 389

ing to the subject of Rural and Domestic Improvement, pro-
mised to be registered in our titlepage, as well as in oiir
original prospectus and in the introduction to our first Num-
ber, we shall subjoin a few remarks on plantations, agricul-
ture, roads and railroads, canals, towns, cottages, vegetable
markets, cemeteries, architecture, education, and condition of
the labouring or poorer classes of society.

Palace Residences. — Among these we include Stowe, War-
wick Castle, Trentham, Alton Towers, and Chatsworth.

Sfoice, takinof it altosrether, and considering it as a work of
art, appears to us the most perfect of these residences : nature
has done little or nothing; man a great deal, and time has
improved his labours. Stowe is disfigured, however, by one
of the worst kitchen-gardens in the country, which occupies
what is by nature the finest part of the grounds, and forms a
conspicuous deformity from the entrance front. It is difficult
to conceive why this garden was so placed, and not less so,
to account for its being permitted to remain. The extensive
pleasure-grounds have been greatly improved since we first
saw them in 1806, by the present gardener, Mr. Brown, who
may justly be said to have received the mantle of his great
namesake and predecessor in the same garden, our common
father in landscape-gardening. We were sorry to learn that
these gardens are not kept up as they used to be ; the number
of hands being yearly lessened. In new and rare plants, trees,
and shrubs, the grounds are not keeping pace with the nur-
series, as the furniture of the house, especially the grates of
the fireplaces, is falling behind the best fashions of the day.
Methley's grates (Vol. VI. p. 108.) are much wanted.

IVarjcick Castle has little to recommend it but the house,
and the view from its windows. The approach road cut through
solid rock, with sides as formal and perpendicular as a drift-way
to a mine, or the sides of a canal, still remains in all its de-
formity, and confirmed the bad impression which it had made
on us twenty-five years ago. The rocks ought to be broken
and varied, so as to give the idea of a road through a par-
tially filled up natural chasm. The pleasure-grounds are worse
kept up than at Stowe ; and the opaque-roofed green-house,
containing the celebrated Warwick vase, is disfigured by
sickly pelargoniums, and other commonplace plants. Such
green-houses, if they are to have plants in them at all, ought
first to have glass roofs ; and, secondly, only very large plants
in large pots or boxes. In such houses no small plant can
ever thrive. In the whole world of gardening there is not a
sight more disagreeable to us, than that of great numbers of
sickly little plants in pots. The gardener is continually

c c 3

390 Getieral Results of a Gardening Tow : —

labouring at them, and his labour never tells ; a little of it
bestowed on a flower-border or a shrubbery would produce
more satisfaction to a well regulated taste, than thousands of
pots in the state we have described. In the open country
the love of plants in pots, merely as such, is a disease con-
tracted by the poor from their contact with the rich ; in
towns it is justifiable, because there a sick plant is better
than none.

Trentham has the merit of being kept in good order ; and
in the kitchen-garden are the best crops of pines, grapes,
figs, peaches, and wall-fruit that we have seen since leaving
London. The Marquess of Stafford, judging from Mr. Loch's
book on the improvements made on His Lordship's estates,
employs his immense wealth as he ought to do ; and, on this
account he has always ranked in our minds with the Dukes of
Bedford and Devonshire. The gardener here (Mr. Woolley)
is a very modest man, and of great worth in his profession.

Alton Towers is a very singular place, both in its geology,
which is peculiarly adapted for grand and picturesque effects,
and in what has been done to it by the late Earl of Shrews-
bury. The house, or abbey, stands on a piece of table laud,
of 50 or 60 acres in extent; and this table land is bounded on
three sides by two valleys, which commence in a gentle hollow
near the abbey, and lose themselves in a third broad and
deep valley in an opposite direction. The surrounding country
is composed of similar valleys, among portions of table land
or hills. The surface of both hills and valleys is generally in
pasture, with very few human dwellings, or in plantations of
pines, and large firs, from ten to thirty years' growth. The
rock is every where red sandstone, often protruding from the
sides of the valleys in immense stratified masses, the exposed
parts occasionally worn by the weather into anomalous shapes,
but at a little depth under ground affording excellent stone
for building. The natural character of this part of the
country is grand and picturesque, with a solitary and wild air,
approaching to the savage.

The lemains of a very old castle, belonging to the Shrews-
bury family, exist on a rock protruding into one of these val-
leys ; but the site of the present abbey was, twenty years ago,
nothing more than a farm house. Here the late Earl of
Shrewsbury commenced his operations, and employed hun-
dreds of labourers, mechanics, and artisans, from 1814 till
his death in 1827.

This nobleman, abounding in wealth, always fond of archi-
tecture and gardening, but with much more fancy than sound
judgment, seems to have wished to jn'oduce something different

Trentham, Alton To'wcrs. 391.

from every thing else. Though he consulted almost every artist,
ourselves among the rest, he seems only to have done so for
the purpose of avoiding whatever an artist might recommend.
After passing in review before him a great number of ideas,
that which he adopted was always different from every thing
that had been proposed to him. His own ideas, or his vari-
ations of a plan that he had procured, were transferred to
paper by an artist, or clerk of the works, whom he kept on
purpose; and often, as we have been informed by Mr. Lunn,
the late gardener, were marked out on the grounds with liis
own hands. The result, speaking of Alton as it was at the
time of the late earl's death in 1827, and as we saw it shortly
before, viz. in October, 1826, was one of the most singular
anomalies to be met with among the country residences of
England. An immense pile of building in the way of house,
with a magnificent conservatory and chapel, but with scarcely
a habitable ]'oom ; a lofty prospect tower, not built on the
highest part of the grounds ; a bridge and an embankment
over a valley, without water underneath ; ponds and lakes on
the tops of hills ; a quadrangular pile of stabling in the midst
of the pleasure ground ; and, what maybe said to have eclipsed,
and still to eclipse, every thing else, a valley, naturally in a
high degree romantic with wood, water, and rocks, filled with
works of the highest degree of art in architecture and gar- .
dening. The private apj^roach roads to Alton, on every side,
are several miles in length ; they are conducted along the
bottoms and sides of winding rocky valleys, with a stream in
the bottom, and the sides more or less wooded. It is difficult
to decide whether the best approach be that from Uttoxeter
or that from Cheadle. We arrived from the former town in
1826, and from the latter this year.

By the road leading from Uttoxeter we came unexpectedly
close to the house, and near the head of the north side of
the valley, which contains the chief wonders of the place.
The first objects that met our eye were the dry Gothic
bridge and embankment leading to it, with a huge imita-
tion of Stonehenge beyond, and a pond above the level of
the bridge alongside of it, backed by a mass of castellated
stabling. Farther along the side of the valley, to the right
of the bridge, is a range of architectural conservatories, with
seven elegant glass domes, richly gilt. Farther on still, to
the right, and placed on a high and bold naked rock, is a
lofty Gothic tower or temple, consisting of several tiers of
balconies round a central staircase and rooms ; the exterior
ornaments numerous, and resplendent with gilding. Near
the base of the rock is a fountain, of a peculiar construction,

c c 4< •

S92 General Results of a Gardejiing Tour : —

which is amply supplied from an adjoining pond. Behind,
above, and beyond the range of conservatories, is a lake,
and, beyond the lake, another conservatory with curious wings
and statues; below the main range of conservatories are a
paved terrace walk with a Grecian temple at one end, and
a second terrace containing a second range of conservato-
ries. The remainder of the valley, to the bottom and on the
opposite side, displays such a labyrinth of terraces, curious
architectural walls, trellis-work arbours, vases, statues, stairs,
pavements, gravel and grass walks, ornamental buildings,
bridges, porticoes, temples, pagodas, gates, iron railings, par-
terres, jets, ponds, streams, seats, fountains, caves, flower
baskets, waterfalls, rocks, cottages, trees, shrubs, beds of
flowers, ivied walls, rock-work, shell-work, root-work, moss
houses, old trunks of trees, entire dead trees, &c., that it is
utterly impossible for words to give any idea of the effect.*
There is one stair of 100 steps; a cottage for a blind harper,
as large as a farm house ; an imitation cottage roof, formed by
sticking dormar windows, accompanied by patches of heach to
imitate thatch, and two chimneys, on a large mass of solid rock,
which, seen at a distance, on a steep bank embosomed in wood,
bore naturally some resemblance to the sloping roof of a
cottage grey with lichens. As the sandstone rock protrudes
from the sides of the valley in immense masses, abundance of
use has been made of it to form caves, caverns, and covered
seats ; it has even been carved into figures, and we have Indian
temples excavated in it, covered with hieroglyphics, and in
one place a projecting rock is formed into a huge serpent,
with a spear-shaped iron tongue and glass eyes. There is a
rustic prospect tower over an Indian temple, cut out of solid
rock on the highest point of the north bank ; and, in the
lowest partof the valley, there are the foundation and two stories
(executed before the death of the late earl) of an octagon
pagoda, which is to be 100 ft. high, and to spout water from
the mouths of 100 dragons. This pagoda, the Gothic temple,
the range of gilt conservatories, and the imitation of Stone-
henge, of all which we have been furnislied with elevations,
form the leading artificial features of the valley. The valley
itself is upwards of a mile in length ; it gradually widens fi'om
its commencement at the stone bridge with the pond above it,
till it terminates by opening into a very wide valley, containing

* Through the kindness of the present earl, and the obliging disposition
of his artist and clerk of the works, Mr. Fradgley, we have received a
general plan of this valley and the grounds for upwards of a mile in diameter,
with plans and elevations of many of the principal objects. Mr. Fradgley has
also engaged to take several sketches for us from points of view which we
pointed out, all of" which will appeal', with the details of our tour, in a
future Number.

Alton Towers. 393

a considerable stream and a navigable canal. This last im-
mense valley, it is said, the late earl intended to cover entirely
with water; and, as it would have saved the Canal Company
a mile or two of canal, they offered to form the dam or head
at their own expense.

In approaching from Cheadle, we arrive in front of the
castellated stables, and see the abbey across the pond above
the level of the bridge. Proceeding a little farther towards
the dry bridge, Stonehenge appears in the foreground, and
the seven gilt glass domes of the main range of conserva-
tories below. Raising the eyes, the lofty Gothic temple appears
on the left of the picture ; and on the right, across the valley,
the harper's cottage. In the centre of the picture, over the
domes in the foreground, the valley loses itself in a winding
bank of wood, in a style of great grandeur and seclusion.
None of the details of the valley here obtrude themselves ;
and the stranger, coming from a wild country with no marks
of refinement, on this view so unexpectedly, must feel it to be
singularly impressive. It strikes him with surprise, and fills
him with astonishment and delight, to find so much of the
magnificence of art amidst so much of thiC wildness and
grandeur of nature. The imitation of Stonehenge, too, is a fea-
ture in artificial landscape which we have not elsewhere seen,
and a stranger is puzzled and confounded by finding a stream
and a small waterfall, supplying a lake on what he conceives
to be the highest point of high ground.

Thus far as to the first impressions. We shall not here
go into details. It is evident that the contents of the valley
defy all criticism ; and that, perhaps, is paying the author a
compliment after his own heart. If his object were originality,
and that of a kind which should puzzle and confound, he has
certainly succeeded ; and having attained the end which he
proposed, as far as it respects himself, he is to be considered
a successful artist. How far it may be commendable for a
man of wealth to gratify a peculiar taste, rather than one
which is generally approved by the intelligence of the country
in which he lives, is not in these days, perhaps, a question of
much consequence.

The present earl has wisely considered it his duty to con-
tinue employing as many hands as were employed by his pre-
decessor; and his works, on the whole, are in a taste that will
be more generally approved. In the gardens, he has obliter-
ated a number of the walks, stairs, and shell-works ; which
we almost regret, because no trifling alteration can ever im-
prove what is so far out of the reach of reason. To the house,
the present earl has made, and is making, extensive additions,

394 Gefieral Results of a Gardening Tour : —

and, among other things, a picture gallery, which will be
one of the largest in the kingdom. Exclusive of the valley,
which we would not meddle with, the great faults of the place
are, the number of roads in front of the house, and the
manner in which the house is appi'oached. There is not one
of the approach roads that forms a good line, either in regard
to direction or slope ; and yet there never was a situation
which afforded so many opportunities for displaying that great-
est of all beauties in road-making, viz. the art of conducting
roads on the sides of hills, so as to attain any given height
on any given surface, by an almost imperceptible and uniform
ascent. Great errors in all the approaches are, their passing
through the garden so as to destroy its seclusion, and their
giving an imperfect view of the valley before arriving at the
house. The approach ought to ascend by a different line to
the level of the table land, and enter by a hall connected with
the sculpture tower, so as to give no idea of the garden scenery
till it was first seen from the windows, or from the terrace.
The stables ought to be removed, and also the various cart and
carriage roads in front of the house. Unless something of
this kind be done, Alton Towers, notwithstanding the extent
of its architecture, its picture gallery, and its entrance through
a long, lofty, richly planted, and selectly decorated conservatory
of surpassing beauty, will always be an unsatisfactory place.
We have great hopes, however, from the present earl, who is
open to reason, and, we believe, desirous of doing that which
will permanently improve the place.

It gives us pleasure to observe that the valley is kept in
excellent order by Mr. Miller, a reading and scientific gar-
dener.* For this purpose, a number of M^omen are constantly
employed in weeding, sweeping, picking up dead leaves and
insects, cutting off decayed flowers, and tying up straggling
shoots, &c. ; a practice which we cannot but highly connnend.
On certain occasions, these women are put into Swiss dresses,
which must add to the singularity of effect. The plants in
the conservatories are in their utmost beauty, chiefly through
frequent removal. The conservatory at the house, with its
plants, trays of choice flowers, sculptures, candelabras, vases
of alabaster, stained glass windows at the extreme ends,

* Mr. Miller showed us in his dwelling, which, by the b}', is unworthy of
Alton Towers, or of a good upper servant any where, an excellent plan for
a kitchen-garden, in which the walks are flag-stones, as suggested by us in
a former Number. We may here mention, as a curious fact, that his pre-
decessor, Mr. Lunn, before he left Alton, abjured the Protestant religion,
and became a Catholic. We before mentioned the Duke of Norfolk's gar-
dener, as the only Scotch Catholic gardener we had ever heard of: Mr, Lunn
is the only Protestant gardener we ever heard of who turned Catholic

Chafstvorth. ^95

chandeliers with coloured burners, exotic birds in magnificent
cages, &c., surpasses any thing of the kind we have ever seen,
and forms a suitable approach to the splendidly furnished
gallery into which it opens.

During the life of the late Earl of Shrewsbury, and for
some time after the present earl came into possession, the
grovnids were shown to all persons who put down their names
at the inn at Farley, and there were certain public days
when the gardens were open to every body. In consequence
of injuries committed, the public are now entirely excluded,
with the exception of such as come with their own carriage
and livery servant. We submit to the present earl, that this
is being by far too aristocratic. It is impossible to be five
minutes in his company without feeling that he is a rational
kind-hearted man; and we are sure it was not a movement
of his heart which dictated the resolutions alluded to, and
which we do not believe can be matched in the kingdom.
We recommend for his imitation the practice at Chatsworth,
which, at an average of the season, would only require an extra-
labourer or two, who might be invalids unfit for any thing
else, to walk round with each party, and would prevent all
possibility of injury.

Chatsiwrth has always appeared to us an unsatisfactory
place. The house is not situated on a platform of adequate
size ; and there is great awkwardness in the approach pro-
ceeding abruptly up hill. A square pile of building, too, in
such a situation, is less suitable than a lengthened one ; and
the waterworks, though good in themselves, are scattered
about the grounds in such a way, that, while they interfere
everywhere with the natural beauties of the place, they no
where combine in forming one grand artificial effect. They
want concentration. The improvements now going on will
probably remedy most of these evils. The house is being
extended in length ; there is an opportunity of concentrating
the waterworks in the only situation fit for them, on the west
front; and the approach may be made by a bridge across the
river, directly on this front, to arrive at the house on a level.
All, or almost all, the artificial waterworks we would form on
this west front; and, instead of the cascade of twenty-four
steps on the east front, we would lower the earth, and carry
from the house a level surface diminishing in width back to the
base of the rock lately laid bare by Mr. Paxton, and so pro-
duce a waterfall from a precipice of upwards of a hundred
feet in height. The water of this cascade, which might be
compared to that of Mamora, near Terni, in Italy, should
fall into a basin at its base, which would supply the lower

396 General Results of a Gardening Tour : —

jets of the waterwoi'ks on the west front ; while the same tubes
which now supply the waterworks in the long canal would sup-
ply the high jets on the same front. If it were necessary, we
believe the river might be turned off at a sufficiently high point,
and led along the sides of the hills, so as to supply the highest
pond, and of course the hundred-feet cascade, abundantly.
After the united waters had supplied all the waterworks on the
west front, they might be led southwards in a tunnel, and de-
livered so far up the river, as tliat the quantity of water where
it passes the house would not be in the least degree diminished.
The avowed art being concentrated on the west front, we
would restore the other parts of the grounds, not to nature,
but to a more natural style than that which they now assume ;
retaining or forming a platform of an irregular boundary, and
on the same level as that now existing on the south front, on
the east and north fronts. But we are aware of the risk of
misconception which we incur by offering these hints without
the illustration of a sketch.

The additional flower-gardens are in a highly enriched
architectural taste ; not being yet completed, it may be con-
sidered hardly fair to criticise them. Nevertheless, we must
protest against the use of gravel in the walks of these archi-
tectural gardens. Smooth pavement, as at Heaton Park,
ought unquestionably to be used, on the principle of uti-
lity or fitness; because pavement prevents the risk of the
feet taking up gravel, and carrying it into the apartments.
Such pavements would also suit much better with the stone
basket-work, as it is called, on the turf. We protest also
against the same edgings to flower-beds as are adopted in
common shrubberies, but we shall defer further objections and
suggestions till we have leisure thoroughly to explain them.

The kitchen-garden here contains twelve acres, and, as the
foreman informed us, there are twenty-two men allowed for
keeping it in order. With regard to weeds, it was cleaned
down to the economic point; but the box-edgings were ragged ;
and, in one part, a long bed of ornamental plants was intro-
duced, and bordered by turf serrated on the edges, or, as
the ladies call it, vandyked. Nothing of this sort ought, in
our opinion, ever to be introduced in such a kitchen-garden
as that at Chatsworth ; we would as soon introduce a j^lot of
cabbages in the newly formed parterre at the house. What
properly belongs to a kitchen-garden ought to be carried to
the highest degree of excellence ; but any thing foreign to it
is in bad taste. With kitchen-gardens adjoining the mansion,
and used as a place to walk in, or where there is little or no
flower-garden, the case is different. W^here the head-gar-

Mansion Residences. 397

doner's house is in the kitchen-garden, a flower-garden ought
to be allowed for his wife ; but it ought not to be placed at a
distance from her residence, or so as to interfere with the
sreneral effect of the warden. Mr. Paxton has erected exten-
sive ranges of wooden forcing-houses, and heated them by
smoke flues. The construction we think good of its kind ;
but, after the experience of the wooden houses and smoke
flues at Chiswick, and the general progress of opinion among
gardeners on this subject, we confess we were rather surprised
to see them adopted here. We have since learned that Mr.
Paxton disapproves of metallic houses, and of heating by hot
water; and we are not sorry that this is the case, because the
public will have an opportunity of judging between his pro-
ductions and those of other first-rate gardens where metallic
houses and hot water are alone employed ; viz., Woburn,
Syon, Eaton Hall, Bretton Hiill, &c. We regret that we
did not find Mr. Paxton at home ; and this circumstance
prevents us from saying more on the subject at present.
All the neifrhbourlns: ijardeners agree in stating that he has
greatly improved the garden department at Chatsworth, and
we are happy in adding our testimony to the same effect.

It is most gratifying to us to be able to state that the Duke
of Devonshire allows all persons whatever to see Chatsworth,
the house as well as the grounds, every day in the year, Sun-
days not excepted, from ten in the morning till five (the latest
hour at which the house can be entered) in the afternoon.
The humblest individual is not only shown the whole, but the
duke has expressly ordered the waterworks to be played for
every one, without exception. This is acting in the true spirit
of great wealth and enlightened liberality ; let us add, also, in
the spirit of wisdom. We are happy to learn that the duke
intends to establish a picture and sculpture gallery, which, we
have no doubt, will in like manner be open to the public,
and, as at Woburn, delight and improve, while it attaches and
reconciles. We have never heard of any injury being done
to any object at Chatsworth ; every party or person alwaj's
being accompanied by an attendant.

Mansion Residences. The names of these are too nume-
rous to be repeated, and therefore we have marked them
thus (*), where first enumerated, (p. 385.) We shall only
here notice a few general faults, as the details, which will be
given afterwards, would more than fill this Number. Too
great an extent of pleasure-ground, for the number of hands
allowed to keep it in order, is an error that prevails every
where. We scarcely know an exception; and the consequence

398 General Results of a Gardening Tour : —

is, that we have hardly seen one mansion residence kept in the
order in which it ought to be. The pleasure-grounds at
Stoneleigh Abbey, at Hewel Park, and at Barlaston Hall, are
approximations to our beau ideal ; but the kitchen-gardens at
the first two places are badly situated.

Most proprietors of mansions have, within these few years,
been obliged to curtail the number of hands allowed to their
gardener; and, under such circumstances, the plan we should
recommend would be, to reduce and concentrate the highly
.kept part of the pleasure grounds, and keep it near the house;
never to attempt higher keeping at a distance from the house
than is to be found at it, and leave all distant parts to run com-
paratively wild, but keeping the walks in good order, though
without trimming their edges, or digging or hoeing the sur-
face among shrubs. Some parts of the pleasure grounds at
Sandwell, Guy's CliflF, and Deepdene are in the style to
which we allude; but few gardeners hit the precise point
where disfifins: and trimminfj the edges of walks ought to be
gradually left off. In wild pleasure ground scenery of this
kind only three fourths of the width of the walk ought to be
kept in high order, leaving the remaining fourth in the form
of irregular broken edges, such as we see along the margins
of gravelled approach roads which are much in use, and in
which the gravel is on a level, or as nearly so as the nature
of the soil and surface will admit, with the adjoining grassy
surface. The difficulty with wild scenery created by art is,
to avoid the appearance of waste ground covered with weeds ;
but this is to be got over by planting trailing evergreens, such
as ivy, large-flowered St. John's wort, periwinkle, &c., and
by abundance of evergreen shrubs, and such perennial her-
baceous plants as will grow among turf.

It is very common among places of this class to have flower-
gardens, or perhaps a green-house and parterre of flowers, at
some distance from the house, with a portion of commonplace
shrubbery, lawn, and gravel walk intervening. We conceive
this to be in very bad taste. To whatever extent avowed art
is carried, the highest degree ought almost always to be nearest
to the most avowedly artificial object, viz. the house ; and, from
the garden front of that, art ought to spread along the lawn
and the walks, diminishing in proportion to the distance, till it
loses itself in scenery comparatively natural. Were this prin-
ciple properly understood and acted upon, the money now spent
upon even those places where the hands are greatly reduced,
would produce tenfold the present effect. It would, in fact,
give satisfaction ; whereas, miles of walks and acres of land, in

Villa Residences. " 399

a state of mediocrity, never can give pleasure to the gardener
or the stranger visitor, and surely not to the proprietor.

In adopting this plan, art should always begin high on the
scale; that is, a portion near the house, if only a few yards of
walks, a few groups of shrubs and flowers, and a quarter of
an acre of lawn, should be kept to the highest degree of order
and neatness; diminishing gradually or rapidly, according
either to the extent of the place or the amount of the money
allowed to keep it up. It may be thought that this would
shorten the length of walks necessary for the health and recre-
ation of a family too refined to take exercise by any kind of
manual labour ; but this is by no means the case. The style
of keeping which we recommend in no degree interferes with
the length of walks. Walks may extend for miles among
scenery so wild as seldom to be touched by the hand of the
gardener or forester; and this scenery may be as interesting
to the botanist, and even to the lover of showy flowers, as the
most highly kept pleasure ground ; while it is a great deal
more so to the lover of nature and of picturesque scenery. All
that the gardener has to do is, to plant at first a copious
variety of trees and shrubs in masses of one sort together,
every mass being very irregular in shape, and running into
those adjoining ; to plant all the herbaceous plants which
are hardy and cheap, and leave them to run wild ; to cut in the
trees and shrubs when they obtrude too much on the walks,
or on one another ; and to keep the walks constantly fit for use.
This last operation may be very advantageously done by the
labour of women and children, or by okl men unfit for any
thing else.

Villa Besidences include those not enumerated as palaces
(p. 389.), or starred as mansions (p. 385.). It gives us great
pleasure to state that we found a few of these very much to
our mind, and one or two almost perfect The last were the
work of ladies ; Mrs. Robt. Philips of Heybridge, and Mrs.
Corrie of Woodville. The style of planting and mana<j-ino-
the groups of flowers on the lawn, in both these places, is
entirely to our mind ; and each displays more floral beauty
and neatness in less than an acre, than the large flower-o-ardens
at Stowe, and the extensive flower-beds on the lawn at Stone-
leigh Abbey, both very highly kept, do in ten acres. We
hope to give plans of the Jjeds, and lists of the flowers, in the
gardens of both these ladies, in proof of what we assert. Mr.
Barker's villa, in Monument Lane, Birmingham, ranks next in
order to Heybridge. Moor Green, James Taylor, Esq., is all
but perfect in its kind; but it wants botanicalniterest. As far
as landscape-gardening is concerned, the Parsonage at Off-

400 General Results of a Gardening Tour : —

church Bury is also nearly perfect, and eminently beautiful;
but the flower-beds contain only a poor collection. The pro-
prietor, the Rev. Matthew Wise, is the descendant and inhe-
ritor of the fortune of Mr. Wise, the gardener to Queen Anne,
and ought to patronise botany as well as landscape-gardening.
The villa of Wm. Bow, Esq., at Lower Broughton, and that
of the Rev. J. Clowes of Broughton Old Hall, are both highly
kept, and of the very highest floral and botanical interest.

The faults of the villa residences which we have seen are, to
a certain extent, those of the mansion residences; and there are
other faults, both in the original laying out and in the keeping
and management, which are also common to both. We shall
pass over the ridiculous twisting and turning of walks, without
real or apparent reason, which is so frequently met with, and
rather dwell on the bad shapes and improper places of groups
of shrubs and flowers on lawns. In several parts of this Maga-
zine we have laid down the fundamental principles which ought
to guide the placing of groups, viz. to arrange them so as to ren-
der them cooperating parts, with those which surround them, in
the formation of one whole. It is not very easy to convey this
principle to a mind that has not been a good deal cultivated in
respect to the beauty of lines and forms ; or to a person who
has not had some practice in sketching landscape. All that can
be done with grown-up gardeners is, to lay down a few rules
derived from the above fundamental principle ; and all that
can be hoped from the adoption of these rules is, the avoid-
ing of glaring errors. The first rule, then, is, that no group
ought to be so placed as to admit of its being moved without
deranging other groups, or the adjoining walks or objects. In
other words, every group ought to fit in to the precise situ-
ation where it is placed, without admitting of its being moved
to the right or left, backwards or forwards, without deranging
the effect of the whole of which it forms a part. To fit any
given situation, its outline must coincide more or less with some
other outline {_fig.l9..); and not diverge or converge with that
outline (j%. 73.) at random, or have no relation to it at all.

A second rule is, that where the whole, that is, the lawn or
area to be laid out, is of an irregular shape, regular figures
as groups should be very sparingly introduced. What can be
more disagreeable than a lawn sprinkled over with circles,
ovals, hearts, diamonds, &c., without any connection among
themselves, or with the objects that surround them ? A third
rule is, that all figures should be long and narrow rather than
round and lumpish, as producing most effect with least ground.
A fourth rule is, that a group, or even a tree, should seldom
or never be placed in the centre of any lai-ge place or scene

Etrors 771 G70iipi7ig.

401

72

Vol. VII. —No. 33. d d

402 General Results of a Garde?iing Tour : —

where natural beauty is an object ; for that gives immediately
the idea of art, and, besides, forms a point for the eye to
measure from, diminishing the apparent size of the place, and
destroying what painters call breadth of effect, or what a
gardener, if he could look with a painter's eye, would call
breadth of lawn. The last rule we shall give is, that groups
should be kept near the walks ; and that, when they extend
into the lawn, i:hey should be in clusters ; so that a map of
the whole would show alternate clusters of groups, and broad
spaces of lawn. To these rules there are, of course, excep-
tions ; and it is not to be expected that any gardener can
apply them perfectly who does not understand the principle
from which they are drawn; but if they were even adhered to
in a general way, they would prevent the eye from being
offended to the extent it now is, in almost every lawn and
flower-garden. We recommend the perusal of the article on
the beauty of lines and forms given in a former Volume ; and,
to young gardeners, the continual sketching of scenery from
nature, and from good engravings.

We can safely affirm, that we have seen very few groups
placed on lawn to our satisfaction, either in large or in small
places, since we left London. If our article above referred to
had been understood, this could not have happened. We con-
clude it has been read ; for the Gardener's Magazine appears
to be well known wherever Ave have called : but it is not
enough to present knowledge to a mind, unless that mind has
been prepared by previous culture to receive it. We have
given sketches at several places where errors have recently
been committed, to show the sort of grouping that ought to
have been adopted ; and we could wish that all young men
intended for nurserymen or jobbing gardeners could be made
to understand the importance of the subject.

A second grand fault in almost all places, whether large or
small, is the manner in which single trees are planted. The
number of places which are thus disfigured has astonished
us. We have elsewhere observed (Treatise on Country Re-
sidences) that single trees and small groups are, in landscape-
gardening, what the last touches given to a picture are in
landscape-painting. By a singular perversity of purpose,
where a landscape-gardener has been employed to lay out a
place, and form the general outlines of the masses of plant-
ation, the putting in of the single trees is left to be done after-
wards, by degrees, by the gardener, forester, or bailiff, for the
time being. Every one thinks he can tell where a single tree
is wanted, or will look well : " at all events," say such per-
sons, " right or wrong, a single tree cannot do much harm."

Rules f 07- jiloc'mg small Groups. 403

It can be no disparagement to gardeners, to affirm that there
is not one of them in a hundred who has acquired the sort
of knowledge requisite for the purpose of planting what are
called single trees. For this purpose, a painter's eye is in-
dispensable ; and a gardener may be at the very head of his
profession as a horticulturist, a florist, and an arboriculturist,
and be, in addition, an excellent botanist, and yet be alto-
gether without a painter's eye.

The principle on which single trees and shrubs, and small
groups of these, are planted, is precisely the same as that
by which groups are disposed on lawn, viz. the production of
a whole, by heightening the effect of the parts which compose
that whole. This principle will give the following rules : —
First rule : As no single object can form a whole, because the
idea of a whole supposes parts which compose it, a single
tree, that is, a tree standing completely detached from every
other tree, and every other object which rises above the sur-
face, should seldom or never be planted in landscapes where
picturesque beauty is an object. A single tree, Mr. Price has
observed, is scarcely to be found in nature. In our native
woods and forests there is hardly such a thing to be met with
as a tree not connected with another tree, or bush, or rock ;
and, in the landscapes of eminent painters, a tree apart from
other trees is, almost without an exception, connected or
grouped with buildings or animals. Second rule : As the idea
of a whole includes in it, at least, the idea of commencement,
progress, and conclusion ; or beginning, middle, and end ; so
the smallest number of trees, or rather of objects, which
compose a whole are three. Third rule : As the idea of a
whole includes the idea of greater and smaller, no three trees
or shrubs, or other objects, should be planted or placed to-
gether exactly of the same size, or at regular distances from
ohe another. Fourth rule : As the object of small groups is
to heighten effect, they ought never to be planted but with
reference to the masses of woods or plantations already ex-
isting, the inequalities of the ground's surface, or the situation
of buildings, rocks, or water. Fifth rule : Small groups ought
to be more frequently planted in front of projecting masses of
plantation than in bays and recesses, and more frequently on
knolls, or raised parts of the surface, than in hollows. Sixth
rule : No small group ought to be so planted as that it might
afterwards be moved to the right or left, backwards or for-
wards, without injuring the scene to which it belongs. Seventh
rule : No small group ought ever to be placed in the precise
middle of any scene, imless it be avowedly artificial, or the in-

D D 2

404 General Results of a Gardening Tour : —

tention be to diminish its apparent size, or destroy breadth of
effect. Eight rule : All masses of wood in park scenery, or
wherever it is intended to imitate nature in })Ianting, should
be composed of aggregations of groups. Ninth rule : Where
there are roads, fences, buildings, or watercourses, groups
should generally be placed near them, rather than towards the
middle of the park or lawn. Tenth rule : In situations of the
kind last mentioned, one or two trees are often admissible, as
forming a whole with the other objects. Eleventh rule : A
tree, with a shrub or a creeper planted in the same hole, will
form a better group than two trees planted in the same hole.

We could add to the number of these rules ; but we think
we have done enough to show the difficulty of the subject,
and to prove how thoroughly almost every park and lawn in
the country is deformed by the system of dotting, as it is
called, at present so generally practised. We were surprised
at the extent to which this system has been carried at Alton
Towers, Trentham, Chatsworth, Heaton Park, and other
places, where we expected better things.

Other faults common to the grounds of most residences, but
most conspicuous and offensive in those of small villas, are the
depth, nakedness, and spade-marks of the edges to the walks
and roads. Many gardeners are not aware that this is a great
fault, or we should not find it prevailing in places otherwise
respectably kept. It is a fault, because the lines so produced
are too harsh and conspicuous, and attract too much attention
in the general view. There can be no absolute depth assigned
for the edge of a walk, any more than there can be for its
breadth : relative circumstances must determine both. Never-
theless, we may lay it down as a rule, that a walk 6 ft. broad,
through a smooth lawn, should never have the edges deeper
than 1 in. ; a 12 ft. walk or road may have an edge 2 in.
deep, but not more. The edges, whether of 1 in. or 2 in.,
should always present a surface of grass, and not of raw
earth, as left by the spade. Natural vvalks, with broken
edges, should be rather above the level of the adjoining sur-
face, in order to throw off" the water.

The fault we have just mentioned every possessor of a villa
may detect for himself; and we may safely appeal to his own
feelings, whether adhering to the depth mentioned would not
be a great improvement to the appearance of garden scenery.
Other faults in the walks and grounds of villa residences we
shall leave for the present, and pi'oceed next to notice some
in their architecture and disposition on the ground.

Though we are not a professional architect, yet we pre-
tend to as thorough a knowledge of the principles of archi-

Errors in Walks and in Architecture. 405

tecture, as of those of landscape-gardening; and, though the
architects who design buildings to our taste are not quite so
few as the gardeners who lay out grounds to please us, yet
by far the greater number of them are as completely without
the painter's eye as are the generality of gardeners. The
greater number of even the best architects are the slaves of
rules drawn from precedents instead of from princi})les ; and
this, indeed, is the great bar to improvement in almost every
thing. The fundamental principles of architecture are of
two kinds, because its objects are two, viz. use and beauty:
fitness, strength, and durability compose the first of these
principles ; the idea of an expressive whole, the second ; and
in an extended sense of the word, this principle will include
the other. A whole in architecture, as in landscape-garden-
ing, may be regularly symmetrical, or irregularly symmetri-
cal. In the one case, as in the other, the test of success is
the production of a whole expressive of the purpose for
which it is intended. We shall not here, however, dilate on
first principles, but rather proceed at once to the details of
our objections.

The first grand error is that of placing houses so that their
carriage or main entrance is on the side having the best view.
This used to be the practice in building mansions till within
the last sixty years ; but, being now almost entirely left off" in
that class of dwellings, we are astonished to find it still linger-
ing among the architects of villas. This is a criticism, like
that just made on the edges of walks and roads, that every
possessor of a villa can make for himself. He may rely on it,
that where the best landscape, whether of the home scenery
or distance, is obtained from the entrance hall-door, an error
has been committed either in placing the house or in arrang-
ing its apartments. It is easy to make a thousand excuses for
an error after it has been committed, and to show, by innu-
merable apparently infallible reasons, that the thing could not
have been otherwise than as it is ; but one good reason for
any thing is enough, and those who feel themselves in the
right seldom give more.

A second error, and one which we have mentioned so often
that we shall not here dwell on it, is that of having the archi-
tecture and the material of two or three sides of a country
house different from that of the fourth or best side. It is not
uncommon to see a house with an attempt at a handsome
front, by the employment of architectural ornaments, and the
use of a superior description of brick or stone on that front,
while the sides of the same house are not only of an inferior

D u 3

406 General Restdts of' a Gardening Tour • —

style of architectural ornament, but even of an inferior mate-
rial. Now, as, in the country, all the sides of a house are alike
seen, or nearly so, it is obvious that, as they belong to the
same object, they ourrht to be of the same material, and in the
same style. This fault, like the preceding one, is easily traced
to street buildings : and too many villas might be readily ima-
gined to be only slices taken from streets. Every detached
house in the country ought to bear examination on all sides.

A third great fault in villas is the mismanagement of the
chimney-tops : there is not one villa in ten that is not dis-
figured by them ; whereas, being parts essential to every
dwelling-house, they might always be rendered agreeable
objects. Any attempt to conceal chimneys altogether, in a
country where fires are required during three parts of the
year, is in bad taste. All additions in the way of chimney-
pots, not contemplated in the original design of the edifice,
will generally be found to disfigure it. The prevalent evils of
smoky chimneys should always, if possible, be cured by an
alteration in the throat of the chimney below, by lining the
flue in part, or wholly, with metal ; or, if an exterior addition
in height must be made, it is much better to take down and
rebuild higher, or on a different plan, always maintaining
architectural forms. In general, whatever is put on the out-
side of a chimney or stack of chimneys, to prevent smoking,
may be built in, or concealed by architectural forms, instead
of being set on. Few exterior appearances convey the idea
of a house being comfortable within, so much as that of hand-
some architectural chimney-tops, delivering their smoke with-
out the aid of pots, or earthenware, or iron appendages of
any description.* Whoever is of our mind, and intends to
build a villa, ought to make it a condition absolute with his
architect or builder that there shall be no chimney-pots. This
very condition will force the architect to design bold architec-
tural chimneys, such as those used in the days of Inigo Jones,
and other architects of that age ; and he will always take care

* The new part of the palace at Chatsworth has some scores of copper
tubes upwards of 6 ft. high, and sufficiently large, as we are told, to let a
boy climb into them. They are painted black, and, to our eye, are quite
intolerable. We met with no one who could inform us whether Hiort's
cylindrical brick flues, used at Buckingham Palace, which are swept without
the aid of boys, and are in general an effectual preventive of smoking, have
been used. We would try them, or Seth Smith's metallic linings ; but,
before trying either, we would thrust the tubes down the flues. Supposing
neither of these three plans to succeed, we would enclose the tubes in ma-
sonry, thus raising the chimneys 6 ft. or 7 ft. If the flues draw now, in
consequence of these tubes, they would draw much better when the influ-
ence of the external atmosphere was excluded from them.

Errors in Villa Residences. 407

that in perspective they group in such a way as shall form a
whole.

It would occup}^ too much space, to go into the faults of
architectural details ; prevailing ones in every description of
edifice are, the use of detached columns as ornaments, instead
of component parts ; the employment of half and three quarter
columns as component parts of walls ; and the placing of pedi-
ments where they cannot, by any possibility, be the ends of
roofs. Tried by these tests, how few buildings are there that
will not be found wanting ? But this must be the case till archi-
tects become not only mechanical contrivers but artists and
philosophers. To know what is perfection in any art, it must
be tried by metaphysical principles.

With these ideas, it will not be wondered at, that we have
left nine tenths of the villas which we have seen, and from the
owners of which we have received the most polite attention,
praising or approving of what we could ; being silent as to
faults, unless asked to point them out; but secretly thanking
God that we knew something better, and could make very
superior things of them. The time will come, however, when
good taste in villas will be as common among their possessors
as good taste now is in eating and drinking, and in dress ; and
good architects and gardeners will be as common as good
cooks and tailors. All that is necessary, in addition to what
is going on in society, is their multiplication.

A first-rate architect (Gandy, we believe) proposed, in one
of his early works, that a committee of architects should be
formed in London for the purpose of receiving the designs,
accompanied by a small fee, of country buildei*s, whether for
original erections or exterior alterations, correcting them, and
returning them to be executed. The idea we have always
thought a good one, because it would, at least, prevent glar-
ing absurdities. In viewing, day after day, since the 24th of
April last, the repetition of so many errors, both in laying out
grounds and in building houses, it has frequently occurred to
us, that, had we but seen the plans previously to execution, we
could easily have prevented them. It may be useful to state,
that if any subscriber to both our Magazines, who intends to
build or lay out grounds, thinks it worth while to send us his
plans, free of all expense, we will return them, with our opi-
nion on them, gratis ; and if any person, not a subscriber to
our Magazines, chooses to do the same, he shall have our opi-
nion for the fee of 51. We shall not, for this fee, make any
plans : that must be a matter of future agreement ; but we
shall point out the errors in such a way that their author may
correct them, if he thinks fit.

D D 4

408 Geyieral Results of a Gardening Tour : —

One word as to the management of villa residences : and
that IS, to recommend the employment of superior gar-
deners. For the sake of an apparent saving of 1 0/. a year,
a gardener is employed who has very little knowledge of his
profession, and under whose care half the uses and enjoy-
ments which a garden and villa grounds are calculated to pro-
duce are lost. We believe it is very difficult to convince men
of this who have become wealthy by habits of rigid economy :
they know little difference between a gardener and a common
countrv labourer. Our test for hiring a gardener would be,
his being a reader; for, in the present state of the art, it is
quite impossible to be a good general gardener without not
onlv the habit of reading, but of reading a good deal. In
many places, in the intei'ior of the country, good gardeners
are not easily obtained, unless it be from the London nur-
series ; but it is to be hoped that the number of good gar-
deners will be every where increased through the instru-
mentality of the local botanical and horticultural societies.
That at Manchester, having a regular school for teaching
young men, promises to do much in this respect.

Tonn Garde?is. — Under this denomination we include the
gardens and grounds attached to houses in streets, and also
the gardens belonging to persons living in towns, but which
are detached from their houses ; the latter being gardens of
culture only.

Of gardens and grounds attached to street houses, it gives
us much pleasure to state that we found some entirely to our
satisfaction. The richest and most elaborate of these was that
of Mr. Edwin Bullock of West Bromwich ; the next, those
of Mr. Howe, and Mr. Herbert of Coventry ; and the next
after these, that of Dr. Loudon at Leamington. To these we
may add the late Mr. Brookhouse's garden at Warwick, and
the garden and grounds of Miss Parsons at Dudley. By the
gardener at this last place we were informed that pines grow
jemarkably well in the immediate neighbourhood of works
producing immense quantities of coal smoke. The pines not
only grow well, he says, in such situations, but the very con-
siderable quantity of soot which is continually falling on them,
and which slides down into the axils of the leaves, effectually
prevents the growth of the mealy bug, or, indeed, of any
other insect. The health of his plants, and their entire free-
dom from insects, notwithstanding the sooty appearance of
the lower parts of their leaves, seem to corroborate his opi-
nion. The fruit grown, we can assert, is equal in flavour to
any we have ever tasted. If this opinion should be confirmed
by experience in other places, every innkeeper and confec-

Town Gardens. 409

tioner, as well in London as in the country, may grow his
own pine-apples on the top of his own house, heating a cis-
tern of water, placed under them, by the smoke of the chim-
neys. The garden of Mr. Bullock contains a number of the
most choice hardy, green-house, and stove plants, besides
select collections of florists' flowers. The two Coventry gar-
dens are perfection's self, in regard to order and high keeping.
The detached town gardens are situated in the suburbs of
towns, generally collected together, and separated by hedges.
There are upwards of two thousand of such gardens in the
neighbourhood of Birmingham, a considerable number at
Wolverhampton, some at Dudley and at Manchester, and a
few even in the neighbourhood of that stationary town Buck-
ingham. There are also potato gardens near many of the
towns through which we have passed, in which are cultivated
only the commoner culinary vegetables, and not either fruits
or flowers. The rent paid for the enclosed gardens is gene-
rally about 25. 6d. a rod ; and the extent of ground in each
garden is from 7 rods to the fourth of an acre. \\ hen a
party possessing such a garden is about to leave it, the plants
and trees, and the right of possession, are bought by the suc-
cessor for a price which, at Birmingham and Wolverhampton,
sometimes amounts to as high a sum as 60 guineas. Twenty
guineas is the usual price given for a garden paying from a
guinea to 305. annual rental. It is not uncommon for sinjile
men, amateurs, clerks, journeymen, &c., to possess such gar-
dens, and to pass a part of their evenings in their culture. In
one of these gardens, occupied by Mr. Clarke, chemist and
druggist, Birmingham (the inventor of Clarke's Marking Ink),
we found a selection of hardy shrubs and plants, which
quite astonished us ; we shall give a list in a future Number.
It were much to be Avished that such o-ardens were general
near all towns ; as they afford a rational recreation to the
sedentary, and a useful and agreeable manner of passing the
leisure time of mechanics and workmen of everv description.
There ought to be no such thing, in our opinion, as a dwell-
ing without a garden, either attached or detached ; and, when
self-govei"nment comes to be applied to towns in a more per-
fect manner than it now is, arrangements will be made accord-
ingly. In the mean time, it appears to us to be the duty, as
it would be for the advantage, of townsmen of wealth, to en-
courage the laying out of fields in small gardens at moderate
rents, tor those persons in their vicinity who live in houses or
lodgings without gardens. A great drawback from improve-
ments of this kind, as well as from many others, is occasioned
by the tenure of landed property, and especially by entails, and

410 General Results of a Gardening Tour : —

church, charity, and corporation lands. No great general
improvement can take place in the country, till these tenures
are greatly simplified.

Cottage Gardens. — By these we understand the gardens at-
tached to cottages in villages, or to the humbler class of dwell-
ings scattered through the country. In the agricultural dis-
trict from London towards Warwick they are small and poorly
cultivated, in comparison with those around Birmingham and
the other manufacturing towns. The cause is too obvious
to require explanation. We are not sure, however, that the
culture of flowering shrubs against the walls of cottages is so
general in the manufacturing as in the agricultural districts.
We expected greater progress to have been made among the
gardens of the miners in Derbyshire, where we found, indeed,
in Middleton Dale, and at Castleton, some cottages without
gardens. We recommend this subject to the Duke of De-
vonshire's agents, and to Mr. Paxton, who might distribute
plants and seeds among them. W^e disapprove, in general,
of compulsory laws in matters of this kind ; but, if we were
to admit of more exceptions to the rule of non-interference
than that of compelling parents to have their children edu-
cated, as done in some parts of Germany and in America, it
should be that of preventing any one from building a cottage
or a house who could not add a certain portion of ground to
be unalienably attached to it. Before such a law is stigma-
tised as tyrannical, let us, at least, get rid of the game laws.

Kurseries. — The best collection of house-plants we found
in Cullis's nursery, Leamington, where a handsome new con-
servatory is being planted with a very choice assortment, on
an excellent principle for preventing them from crowding on
each other, which we shall hereafter describe. The best collec-
tion of herbaceous plants which we have any where seen, out
of the Epsom nursery, is at Pope's, Handsworth ; and there
are here above a hundred species of rare articles, of which
we have got a list for publication, which are not included
in the last edition of the Epsom catalogue. Mr. L. Linnaeus
Pope is an excellent self-taught botanical draughtsman ; he
makes drawings of all the more rare plants of the nursery as
they come into flower ; and his collection has already extended
to nearly four quarto volumes. Messrs. Pope are collecting
rare ti'ees and shrubs, and will soon plant an arboretum.
Taking the nursery altogether, it is highly interesting; and
we only regret that it is not better known. The nursery of
Mr. Lowe at Wolverhampton, and that of Mr. Cunningham
at Manchester, are the freest of weeds which we have seen
since leaving London. Mr. Lowe's nursery has always been

Nurseries, Market-Garde?is, Horticultural Practices. 4-11

remarkable for its order and neatness ; and we learn from the
trade, that it used to be considered the best kept nursery be-
tween Edinburgh and London. It is extensive, and fully
stocked with forest trees, shrubs, and fruit trees, in excellent
condition for removal, and sold at very low prices. The
same may be said of Mr. Cunningham's nursery at Manches-
ter, which is remarkably well laid out, and highly kept. The
nursery in the worst order which we have seen is that of
Weare at Coventry ; we were quite astonished to find so
much glass, so extensive an American ground, and so many
good plants, both tender and hardy, amidst so much broken
glass, rubbish, and weeds. We regret it the more, because
the foreman (whose name, not having our notes to refer to,
we cannot here insert) is an excellent propagator, a reader,
and enthusiastically devoted to his profession. We sincerely
hope his employer may be induced to allow him the requisite
number of men for cultivation and management, and to put
the houses, walls, and walks in repair. Such a man, in some
situations and circumstances, would be a treasure ; but at
present he is like a pearl in a dunghill.

Market-Gardens. — The only one that we have seen worthy
of notice in this outline is that of Mr. Mist at Perry Barr,
near Birmingham. Mr. Mist is a Fellow of the Horticultural
Society, a reader, and a strictly scientific, as well as practical,
cultivator. His ground being his own, he is trenching and
manuring part of it for asparagus, sea-kale, tart rhubarb,
horseradish, and other deep-rooting plants, to the depth of
4 ft., in a style which could not be afforded by a common
market-gardener. He grows Keen's seedling strawberry to
a very high degree of perfection ; carries asparagus to
market twice in the same day, for the Birmingham dinners at
one o'clock, and for the suppers at nine o'clock ,- and, if he
were encouraged by a proper vegetable market in Birming-
ham, we feel confident he would greatly improve the taste of
the consumers of vegetables in that town.

OfHorticidtural Practices we have met with several worthy
of particular description and commendation ; but we shall
give only two here, which, we think, ought to be as widely
known as possible without delay. The first is the general
adoption of a mode analogous to Mr. Strutt's, but more simple
and less expensive, of wintering the vines grown under the
rafters in pineries. The house is constructed in the usual
manner ; but, about 1 ft. within the front wall {Jig. 74. a), a
4-inch wall [h) is built a few inches higher than the front
wall. When it is desired to winter the vines, the front sashes
are taken out, fixed on this wall, and made air-tight at top

412

General Results of a Ganlening Tour : —

and bottom with moss ; while
the vines, being taken down
from the rafters, are fastened
obliquely in the space between
the upright sashes in their new
position, and the old position
of these sashes. The advan-
tages of wintering the vines
grown in pineries are known to
every gardener. We have else-
where described the manner in whicli the vines grown on the
back wall, or under the glass roof, immediately over the back
passage, are wintered at Kensington, viz. by letting down the
upper sashes about 3 ft., and putting hot-bed lights and boards
along the top of the back wall of the pit, so as to form a par-
tition between it and the path, rendering this partition air-
tight by moss. It is of great importance, to construct houses
in which both pines and vines are to be grown, with a view to
these modes of wintering. Where houses ah-eady existing are
heated by smoke-flues, close to the front wall, the front sashes
and boards may be placed obliquely {fg. 75. c), from the
inner edge of the front wall to the
roof; or, what is preferable, hot-
water pipes and a 4-inch wall may
be substituted for the flue; the pipes
occupying less room than the flue
will allow space for the 4-in Wall.
{Jig- 75.) A great advantage of the
mode of construction by a 4-inch
wall between the flue and the front
wall is, that the vines may be planted within the house. An-
other advantage is, that the vines may be taken in to force, or
put out to winter, at pleasure, so as to have early, medium,
and late crops of grapes in the same house. We saw this
exemplified at Hagley and several other places.

The second practice which we shall mention is that of hav-
ing two kinds of crops always in progress on the same ground.
For instance, peas are sown in double rows, at the width of
from 6 ft. to 12 ft. ; and several rows of tliflerent varieties of
the i3rassica flimih^ potatoes, spinach, &c., brought forward
between them. Potatoes are planted in wide rows, and the
.firassica family in rows between them. Asparagus, in like
manner, is grown in rows 6 ft. apart, on light rich soil, pre-
pared to the defith of 4 ft. ; and onions, turnips, strawberries,
and various other low-growing annual and perennial crops
between them. At Shardeloes we saw asparagus which had

Public Botcmical and Horticultural Gai'dens. 413

been sown in double rows, in thoroughly prepared soil, afford-
ing a good crop of heads the second spring. We are aware
that none of these practices are new, but they deserve to be
better known. The advantage derived from them is founded
on the principle that plants, on approaching to maturity, re-
quire a greater share of air, and to have a greater surface
exposed to the light, than when they are young, small, and
comparatively commencing their growth.

Public Botanical and Horticultural Gardens. — That of
Birmingham being only just commenced, we can say little
about it, farther than stating, that, we trust, when the objects
of the garden and the plan that we have given shall be gene-
rally known, the garden will be liberally supported, confident
as we are that it will afford much gratification, and be of
essential use to the town and its neighbourhood. The Man-
chester garden is far advanced ; and though we do not alto-
gether approve of the plan, and certainly by no means of the
manner in which it has been planted, yet we have not a doubt
that it will contribute materially to the spread of improved
varieties of culinary vegetables and fruits, and to the educa-
tion of a superior description of gardeners. Our objection to
the mode of planting is, that it produces a general sameness
throughout the garden ; whereas, according to our ideas,
there should not be one square yard of a scientific garden,
with the exception of the turf and the gravel, the same as
another ; nor should the same species of plant, with a few
exceptions in favour of plants of culture, such as fruit trees,
culinary vegetables, and florists' flowers, occur in two parts of
the garden. In the Manchester garden, as in every other
containing an arboretum, the trees which compose it must
necessarily be spread over a considerable extent of surface.
They form in this garden, as they ought to do, belts, strips,
and clumps throughout the whole ; and, to shelter and bring
up these arboretum trees, a number of others have been in-
troduced among them as nurses. Now, what we object to in
these nurses is this, that they are composed of one common
mixture throughout the garden. They ought, in our opinion,
to have been composed, in all cases, of the same genus as the
family to be nursed. For example, there are 30 or 40 dif-
ferent species of oak, one plant of each ; these we would have
sheltered with the common oak. In like manner, all the dif-
ferent species of the genus Pinus we would shelter with the
common wild pine; the firs, with the spruce fir; robinias,
with the common pseudacacia ; genistas, with the common
broom, and so on. But, in our opinion, shelter is much less
wanted than is generally imagined ; and, wherever it could be

414 General Results of a Garde?iing Tour : —

done without in this garden, we would surround the specimen
trees with turf, and dig only a circle round the stem, of from
1 ft. to 3 ft. in diameter, according to the nature of the tree.
Ultimately, almost every tree and shrub (we do not speak of
under-shrubs) of the arboretum will stand on turf; and the
sooner an approximation is made to this the better : it will add
greatly to the variety and intricacy of the plantations in a
picturesque point of view, and be much more convenient for
botanical exammation. With respect to flower-borders and
rockwork, we would adopt precisely the same principle. In
the rockwork, we would place every genus by itself in an
irregular group ; and, instead of having 20 or 30 plants of
some showy or very suitable plant distributed all over the
rockwork, thus giving it a general sameness of character,
we would bring the whole 20 or 30 plants together in an
irregular group ; thus, whei-e we had beauty in abundance,
presenting it in masses. But when we come to publish our
plan of the Birmingham garden, together with the plan of the
Manchester one, which Mr. Mowbray has kindly promised
us, we shall enter into further details. In the mean time, it
is but justice to Mr. Mowbray to state that the present plan,
which is almost entirely his own, is greatly superior to all the
different plans which were sent in for competition ; and also
that he is open to reason, and, we believe, will adopt our
principle of planting in future. We, also, are open to reason,
and not wedded to any plan, but only to principles, to which
we shall be most happy to publish every objection that can be
urged. We were very much gratified by some details in the
plan of the hot-houses, all of which have been executed by
Mr. John Jones of Mount Street, Birmingham ; who, from the
great number of excellent structures, which we have seen
since we left London, executed by him, we do believe to be
decidedly the best hot-house builder in Britain. We were
particularly gratified by Mr. Mowbray's arrangements of the
back sheds, and the living-room and sleeping-rooms for the
journeymen. Mr. Mowbray, having, when a journeyman,
lived in the wretched stoke-holes of the Comte de Vandes's
garden at Bayswater, and read there in the winter evenings
by the light of a furnace-door, is not altogether ignorant of
what is wanted in such cases, and of the difference between
the services of a man rendered comfortable and of one treated
worse than a dog or a pig. We were not less gratified at the
manner in which Mr. Jones has heated the houses by hot
water; though a number of the garden committee were at
first very much against this mode of heating. Mr. Mowbray
informed us that last winter the man could make up the

Public Botanical and Horticultural Gardens. 415

fires for the iiieht at five o'clock, without needing to look at
them again till the following morning at eight or nine. The
houses were always as hot as could be wished, and might
have been kept at 100°, if it had been thought necessary. A
young gardener, from Mr. Mearns at Shobden Court, who
had been accustomed, when there, to sit up half the night,
during winter, to keep up the fires to the smoke-flues, was
overcome with delight when he came here, and found how
easy the task of foreman of the houses was likely to prove to
him, as far as concerned the fires and nightwork. We are
quite at a loss to conceive how Mr. Paxton can reconcile
himself to smoke-flues, with evidence of this kind before him.
We mention this, not so much for the sake of Mr. Paxton's
hot-house productions, as for the sake of his men, and for the
sake of other men in similar cases.

We cannot quit the subject of the Manchester botanic gar-
den without mentioning a few traits of liberality in the parties
connected with it; the noble result, as we think, of the influ-
ence of commercial prosperity in liberalising the mind. Mr.
Traffbrd, the owner of the ground, offered it for whatever
price the committee chose to give for it. The committee took
it at its value to a common farmer, and obtained a lease of
the 16 statute acres (10 Lancashire) for 99 years, renewable
for ever, at 120/. a year.* The committee advertised for
plans, and not only gave the premiums they promised, but
some artists who failed in winning prizes were presented with
sums on account of the trouble they had taken. The most
liberal donations of trees, plants, and books, have been made
by surrounding gentlemen ; and Mr. John Smith of the
Throstle Nest paper mills, at old TrafFord, who has an ele-
vated cistern of water supplied by machinery from the Irwell,
seeing a situation in the garden marked out for a fountain, has
kindly offered to supply the water, if the committee think it
worth while to lay down pipes.

* The rent paid to Lord Calthorpe for the Birmingham garden, of exactly
the same extent, on a 60 years' lease, is considerably more than double this
sum. On our suggesting to the committee that they ought to remonstrate
with Lord Calthorpe on the extravagance of the rent, considering that the
garden would greatly benefit his surrounding estates, we were answered
that Lord Calthorpe, being only a life holder, could not let his land for less
than the highest price it would fetch, without committing an act of injus-
tice towards his heirs, the estate being entailed. So much for the entail
system, which, with the law of primogeniture, wUl, we hope, be speedily
done away with. We detest such excuses. Mr. Trafford has a large family ;
Lord Calthorpe has neither wife nor child, nor any direct heir. He would
not have been guilty of excessive liberality if he had granted the land for
nothing. Let him do so still during his lifetime, and the committee will
take the chance of what may happen after his death.

416 Gena-al Results of a Gardening Tour : —

Floral and Hortiadtural Exhibitions. — We were present
at that of the Manchester Floral and Horticultural Society,
held on the 27th of June, and we must say we have never
seen any thing of the kind equally splendid in the meeting-
room of the Horticultural Society in Regent Street. We
have seen much better fruits in the latter place ; but so many
large well-grown specimens of hot-house, green-house, and
hardy plants in pots and tubs we never saw assembled toge-
ther before. We were assured bv gentlemen connected with
the Society, that since its establishment the horticulture and
floriculture of the neighbourhood of jSIanchester have greatly
improved. From 500/. to 600/. a year are given away in prizes ;
and so eager are even the wealthy to obtain these, that the very
newest and most expensive plants aie obtained from London
with a view of flowering and exhibiting them in competition.
The Botanical Register and Botanical Magazine are eagerly
looked over every month for novelties, and the order instantly
sent, to insure a supply in case there should be only a few
plants to dispose of. We believe that this kind of competition
for prizes in the country, and on the Continent, is a main
source of support to some of the growers of the more rare
plants about London.

Agricidture. — Having passed through the same tract of
country for the first time in 1806, with the farming of East
Lothian fresh in our minds, we well recollect the impression
made on us by the wretched state in which the agriculture of
England was, in comparison with that of Scotland. Though
we did not now expect much change, except in there being
a greater quantity of land enclosed, yet we could not help
being surprised at the very slight improvement which has
taken place in the implements and the processes of culture.
We must except a part of Derbyshire and Lancasliire, as far
as we have yet seen it : but Hertfordshire, Bucks, Oxfordshire,
Warwickshire,\\'oi-cestershire, and Staffordshire, meaning the
parts of these counties which we have passed through, seem only
to have advanced two steps, viz. those of having a more general
introduction of clovers, and a somewhat better breed of horned
cattle. The same cumbrous implements of every description,
large clumsy half-starved horses, shallow ploughing, dirty
fallows, and broad-cast turnips, still remain. Will it be
believed that we repeatedly saw six horses in a line drawing
a heavy wheel plough at the rate of two miles an hour ? In
only one or two places, exclusive of Derbyshire and Lanca-
shire, did we see improved swing ploughs, turnips on raised
drills, or clover mixed with ryegrass ; and nowhere single-
horse carts, or Finlayson's, W^ilkie's, or Kirkwood's improved

To'wns. 417

harrow and grubber ; though the improved grubber is an in-
strument that might work nine tenths of the turnip and naked
fallows of England, and one which will sooner or later, and
more especially when steam is applied to impel agricultural
implements, effect a revolution in the culture of arable lands.
Is this, then, the result of the exertions of the Board of
Agriculture, and of the 150 county boards that were esta-
blished all over the country ? Yes : and nothing better would
be the result if these boards were recalled into existence and
continued for another half century. They were mere plaj^-
things for the country gentlemen. Instead of boards, if, in
1796, it had been thought fit to establish schools all over the
country, agriculture would by this time have reformed itself;
the farmers would have found it to be their interest to adopt
improved practices, as they did in Scotland, without the
assistance of any board. All that the agricultural societies
attempted is to be considered in the light of empiricism or
topical remedies; but a system of general scientific education
would strike at the root of evety disease in agriculture, in
gardening, and, indeed, in every thing else. Effectually and
permanently to advance, we must begin at the beginning,
that is, with the risino; (generation.

Tuxsons. — We cannot help noticing the great increase of
Birmingham, Manchester, Stockport, and all the towns we
have passed through connected with manufactures. They
have not only increased in extent, but improved in their archi-
tecture ; though in this art they have not advanced beyond
the stage of introducing half and three-quarter columns as
component parts of walls, entire columns set against walls,
and detached columns used as mere ornaments, instead of
being useful supports. There are some honourable exceptions ;
among which we may include the Institution of Arts in Man-
chester (not yet completed), and the approved design of the
town hall at Birmingham. The latter is a Grecian temple,
with a colonnade on each side, raised about 25 ft. from the
ground, upon a basement story, with a simple roof, like that
of St. Paul's, Covent Garden. There is a pediment at each
end, supported by two ranks of fluted columns ; the sides of
the building being supported by one rank above and by a
piazza or range of arcade below, as in the Exchange at Paris.
The hall will be 1 30 ft. long, 65 ft. wide, and 65 ft. high.
The design is by Messrs. Hanson and Welch, and it is to be
executed of marble from the Anslesea mines.* One thing-

* A more detailed description will be found in the Midland Bepresent-
ative, or Birmingham Herald, of June 1 1. ; a weekly paper established on a

Vol. VII. — No. 33. e e

418 General Results of a Gardejiing Tour: —

we cannot but regret in these manufacturing towns, viz. the
immense quantities of smoke which issue from the engine
chimneys. We are persuaded that, by proper arrangements,
and a very small additional expense to the proprietor of each
engine, the whole of the smoke might be conveyed away by
underground tunnels, in which the soot would be deposited,
and rendered available for agricultural or other purposes.
This alteration may not be worth making in the mining dis-
trict between Birmingham and Dudley, because it appears
that in thirty or forty years the mines there will probably be
exhausted, and the country restored to agriculture ; but, as the
cotton manufacture will probably long be carried on to a great
extent in Lancashire, it seems very desirable to introduce a
plan for getting rid of the smoke entirely in a short time.
From the flue of every fire let there be a small tunnel opening
into a large one, and in the small one a fan to be worked by
the engine, which should exhaust or draw out the smoke from
the fire, and deliver it into the large tunnel, there to find its
way over a furlong of watery surface. This furlong need not
be in a straight line; it may be in convolutions under the soil
of a garden, or under the floors of dwellings or sheds, which
it would warm, and it may be in several stories, one over
ajiother, the smoke entering at the bottom, and coming out
clear at the top. Only let the thing be set seriously about^
and it will soon be carried to perfection. Other evils in Man-
chester are the over heat and bad ventilation of the working;
rooms. We have pointed out to a humane and rational ma-
nufacturer how easily the temperature might be regulated ta
within the quarter of a degree by the use of Kewley's ther-
mometer ; and every one who has seen the application of
;^;ylvester's mode of circulating air in buildings, knows how
easy it would be to have a continual supply of fresh air,,
warmed to the proper degree. The tunnels for depositing,
the soot might be made subservient to this mode of venti-
lation, by having cast-iron tunnels within them, by which in
winter the entering air would be heated from the cooling
smoke. In a word, the more we think on the subject of
getting rid of the soot and perfecting ventiUition, the more
easy does it appear to us. The additional comfort to the in-
habitants, not of Manchester only, but of most towns m Lan-

new principle; that of representing the opinions of its proprietors. These
ai-e necessarily numerous, as the shares are only 21. each, and no proprietor
is allowed to hold more than five. The price will be regulated yearly by
the sale : at present it is Id. The principle on which this paper is esta-
blished seems deserving of imitation. Every trade ought to have its news:-
paper.

Condition of the Labouring Classes. 419

cashire, and the increased health of the work people, and this,
too, for ages to come, are surely important objects. The
unhappy circumstance of the work people being obliged to
labour so many hours a day, and the almost utter neglect of
the education of their children, are deplorable evils, which can
only be met by improved legislation, especially as to schools,
and by combination founded in justice.

The Condition of the Labouring Classes, we certainly think,
is, on the whole, improved since 1806. The people seem
rather better informed, even in the agricultural districts, and
undoubtedly a great deal more so in the manufacturing towns.
As to gardeners, with whom we are chiefly concerned, the
difference in their favour is astonishing; not merely in their
knowledge of gardening, but on subjects of general interest.
There is much less drinking, and brutal enjoyment of every
description, among every class of country labourers and
mechanics than there was in .1806. Labouring men now
consider themselves as citizens, with certain rights natural and
civil, as well as their superiors ; they are capable of acting
with more independence, and in concert, with a view of effect-
ing permanent advantages for themselves and their descend-
ants. This good may be referred mainly to the prevalence
of peace, which has for fifteen years allowed the working of
such education as is to be got by existing schools, newspapers,
and cheap periodicals. Next to the establishment of a national
system of education, we are firmly persuaded that the greatest
good which the legislature could do to the labouring classes,
would be to take every tax off paper, printing, and newspapers.
Another good would be, a reserve of labour for public im-
provements, as it has been proposed for Ireland ; and a third,
facilities for voluntary emigration.

Notwithstanding the general appearance of improvement
which we have noticed, the agricultural population every
where, and a portion of the manufacturing classes and mecha-
nics round the large towns, are in a state of great destitution.
The appearance of the labourers in Buckinghamshire was
wi'etched, we might almost say, in the extreme. We allude
more particularly to those whom we saw between Wootton
and Buckingham, and between that town and Banbury.
Beyond Banbury, near Wroxton Abbey, and, indeed, close
to its park gates, there is as wretched a looking village, we
will venture to say, as is to be met with in Britain. It may
give some idea to a Scotch gardener of the miserable poverty
of the inhabitants of this village, and of the low state of the
women, to be informed that the present proprietress of
"^^'•oxton Abbev lends them a sort of coarse wheel, much

E E 2

4250 General Results of a Gardening Tour.

ruder than the rudest ever seen in Scotland, to spin with ;
and when the spinning season is over, these wheels are returned
to her, and kept in safe custody in a large room at the
Abbey. In the neighbourhood of all the large manufacturing
towns there is a number of small manufacturers, who effect
by manual labour what large capitalists effect by machinery;
just as there were in Scotland, thirty years ago, a few starving
small farmers among the large farmers. It is a fact that can-
not be denied, that the servants who attend the machinery of
the capitalists are better off than the small masters ; and the
same was the case in Scotland, with respect to the condition of
the servants of large farmers, as compared with that of those
who farmed small holdings on their own account. Thus it is
that there appears to be a tendency in the present state of
society to separate producers into only two classes ; capitalists
and labourers. The labourers, therefore, must necessarily
be more or less at the mercy of the capitalists ; whether
the latter be the possessors of land, money, or machinery.
We say nothing here of the operation on monopolies by
legislative measures either in progress or in contemplation.
There appears to us only one way in which the monopoly
on the part of the employers of labour is to be met by the
labourers, with a view to prevent it from being injurious to
them, and that is, by a counter-monopoly on their part, in
the form of combinations to support the price of labour. We
shall not here go into the subject farther than to observe that
this is not likely to be done to any good purpose, till the
labouring classes are better educated, and rendered fit to
comprehend and cooperate for their true intei'ests. Were
that the case, there would be an understood combination
among all of them, as there is at present among some parti-
cular classes of mechanics and manufacturers. Even among
gardeners this tacit combination exists, and there is not one
of them about London, who ranks beyond what is considered
in the profession a gardener's labourer, who would accept a
situation as master at less than 50/. a year, with a free house

or lodffing, and vegetables.* When other labouring classes

•••111
become as enlightened, and as communicative with each other,

as the gardeners, they will follow their example. It is acknow-
ledged by all political economists that high wages are much
better for the employer, as well as the employed, than low
wages.

* This is less than the hire of a good footman, but it is honourable to
gardeners, and to human nature, that it should be so ; and we think they
should rather be proud of it than otherwise. The time will come when
professions of learning and leisure will be worse paid than those of severe
bodily labour, watching, and fatigue.

Gardens and Country Residences in Leicestershire. 421

We intended to touch on some other topics, and especially
on plantations, roads, and cemeteries ; but we defer these for
the present, thinking that we may employ ourselves more to
the advantage of our readers by proceeding on our journey.
No. 1. St. Peter's Place, Peterloo, Manchester,

June 30. 1831. J. C. L.

Art. II. Remarks on some Gardens and Country Residences in
Leicestershire. By Mr. Alexander Gordon.

Sir,

I GENERALLY avail mysclf of evcry favourable opportunity
to visit as many gardens as I possibly can, being well aware
that by acute observation much is to be learned in this manner
in a very short period. It enables a gardener to become
acquainted with the practice and improvements of others ; it
convinces him of his own imperfections, and proves a stimulus
to activity and perseverance. In conformity with this rule, I
have lately visited, with a few exceptions, the principal gardens
in this county (Leicestershire), and I now send you a brief
account of what came under my observation worthy of notice.
I shall here remark, as a hint to others, that I do not confine
my researches entirely to the gardens : where practicable,
I make a point of seeing and learning every circumstance
worthy of observation. Our knowledge cannot be too great,
nor the channels too various from which ^e obtain it.

Belvoir Castle claims the priority of eveiy otlier seat in this
county ; it is the princely residence of the Duke of Rutland,
and a magnificent castellated structure on the summit of a
lofty hill. On the southern slope are enclosed terraces, on
which there are several flower-gardens, tastefully laid out, the
beds on gravel, and well stocked with choice old herbaceous
plants ; the whole surrounded by extensive shrubberies. The
kitchen-gardens, &c., within the walls are extensive (eight
acres). The entrance to the garden is good, built in the cas-
tellated style, to correspond with the mansion. The walls
are excellent, and now well covered with fruit trees, well
trained, and in good condition. There are several good
ranges of hot-houses for growing pines, grapes, peaches,
&c. ; in all of which the crops were excellent, with the ex-
ception of the pines. In front of the houses there is a very
extensive flower-garden ; the beds on gravel : but, although
the plan is good, the whole suffers materially from inju-
diciously filling several of the beds with strawberries and

E E 3

422 Gardens and Country Residejices

other things better adapted for the kitchen-garden. The
greatest fault, however, that I have to find with Belvoir gar-
dens is, that they remain stationary ; for, notwithstanding the
many very ornamental plants that have been recently intro-
duced to and spread over England, I scarcely saw any of them
here; which, in such a place, is what we would of all circum-
stances be least inclined to expect. As far as neatness and
keeping go, they are in good order, and do Mr. Buckwell,
the gardener, the greatest credit.

The park is of great extent, and contains very thriving
plantations. I saw some young oaks remarkably fine. The
views from the castle are extensive and various.

I was favoured with a sight of the interior of the castle ;
but here my description must ever fall short ; for my imagin-
ation had not dared to form the most distant idea of the mae-
nificence and splendour of its furniture and decorations. In
the picture gallery there is an extensive collection of valuable
paintings. Among the celebrated masters who have con-
tributed to this invaluable collection are Poussin, Carlo Dolci,
Guido, Claude Lorrahie, Salvator Rosa, Murillo, Rubens,
Teniers, and Reynolds.

Taking Belvoir as a whole, when we consider its most
romantic situation, upon an abrupt eminence on a kind of
natural cliff, forming the termination of a peninsular hill, well
turfed by nature and art, and varied into terraces of different
elevations ; the upper part, as before remarked, formed into
neat and elegant flower-gardens ; the lower abundantly co-
vered with forest trees to a great extent ; the views com-
prehending the whole vale of Belvoir, and the adjoining
country as far as Lincoln, including twenty-two of the Duke
of Rutland's manors ; the castle itself, with the splendour and
magnificence of its interior, and its admirable collection of
paintings : I say, these things considered, it presents the
person who possesses the smallest portion of taste or dis-
crimination with such a treat as few places in England can
supply.

Laund Ahhey ,- Mrs. Simjoson. — In a sequestered spot on
the borders of Rutlandshire, once a priory of canons of the
Augustine order. There is a small chapel attached to the
house, in which lie the remains of Gregory Lord Cromwell,
to whose memory there is a monument. The original burying
ground, now an ornamental shrubbery, is occasionally used
for interment ; the kitchen-gardens are very good, and contain
what every garden ought to do where practicable, a good supply
of water. There are several very excellent glass houses, in
which the grape vine is cultivated in the greatest perfection.

i?i Leicestershire. 423

Between the house and kitchen-garden there is a piece of
stagnant water, which, I presume, is intended to be orna-
mental, but is, in my opinion, a perfect nuisance.

Qiicnhj Hall, the seat of IVm. Ashby Ashby, Esq. — About
two miles to the N.W. of Billesdon. A substantial, large,
commodious building, in the style called Queen Elizabeth's
Gothic ; consisting of a centre, with a large lofty hall, and two"
side wings projecting from each front. Around the house is
a terrace, which commands a great variety of prospects ; on
one side very extensive views over a distant hilly country, and
even to the mountains of the Peak ; on the other side a beau-
tiful landscape of hanging hills, with scattered woods, shelving
in a winding valley. But its principal attraction for a gar-
dener is a most beautiful specimen of the cedar of Lebanon,
now growing about 150 yards from the front of the house.
This tree was among the first of that species introduced into
this country; the seeds from which it was grown being
brought from the Levant by Mr. Wm. Ashby, a Turkey
merchant, and given by him to his nephew, George Asliby,
Esq., called by Evelyn " honest George Ashby, the planter,"
who is supposed to have planted this tree between 1680 and
1690. There were originally nine or ten trees of the same
age growing at Quenby, which Shuckburgh Ashby, Esq., on
purchasing the estate of another branch of the family, in 1 759,
found in a flourishing state, but somewhat crowded by other
trees. Desirous of rendering such fine and curious objects
more conspicuous, he cut down the other trees that stood
near them, when all but the present one died in consequence
of this unfortunate exposure. A sketch of this tree was
taken by a Miss Watts on the Sith of July, 1801, from
which she afterwards finished an elegant drawing, and also
wrote a poem, in which she makes the present tree address its
departed compeers. In the maginal notes of this poem,
which I was kindly allowed to peruse in the library at Quenby,
I find the measurement then (1801) to be as follows: —
Height, 42 ft.; girth at 2 ft. from the ground, 14 ft. 2 in. ;
girth, at 8 ft. from the ground, 12 ft. ; length of the longest
branch, 30 ft. It then covered about 267 square yards, and
contained 180 cubical feet of timber. I consider the tree to
be now in a decaying state ; in f\ict, several large limbs have
been cut off since I first came here (only two years). There
is a most luxuriant one growing at present in the kitchen-
garden, and a great many smaller ones. The gardens are
quite neglected, in consequence of the family not having
lived here for many years past.

E E 4

424 Gardens and Country Residences

Carleto7i Curliew, the seat of the Rev. Henri/ Palmer. — A
curious old Elizabethan mansion. In the front are three
projections, with three tiers or stories of windows, and ter-
minated at the top with escaloped pediments, similar to the
street front of the University College, Oxford. The gardens
small, but very neatly kept, and a very good collection of
Geraniaceae and herbaceous plants.

TVistoxv Hal! , Sir Henrij Halford, Bart. — About two miles
north-west of Kibworth Beauchamp. The mansion is built
of brick, encased with stucco, and has, in the principal front,
fine gable pediments. The principal room is a large lofty
hall, extending nearly the whole length of the building.
Attached to the mansion is a new conservatory, the archi-
tecture of which corresponds with the house, forming a ter-
mination to a numerous suite of apartments. As a con-
tinuation to the conservatory there is an admirable telescopic
vista of about 300 yards in length, and 12 ft. wide, formed by
most luxuriant common and Portugal laurels, &c. : at its
greatest extreme from the house there is a beautiful weeping
ash, 1 30 ft. in circumference, under which there is a very good
seat. The grounds are level, and consequently devoid of that
interest which a varied and undulating surface in general pos-
sesses : but art has done much, and, as a whole, Wistow is a
very attractive place. The flower-garden is extensive, and
well stocked with choice plants, among which there are several
of the most choice and valuable recent introductions. The
kitchen-garden has one very great fault; it inclines to the
north, but the crops were good, and the trees healthy.
There are several good houses, and the crops of grapes were
excellent when I saw them last (April 25.) ; the peaches the
same. There is a very good collection of stove plants, in a
very clean, healthy, growing state. The whole concern does
great credit to Mr. Dott, the gardener, who has had the
management of it for fourteen or fifteen years. Lady Halford
is very partial to rare birds and animals, of which she has a
very good collection ; gold and silver pheasants, the finest I
had ever seen ; a very fine emu, and several kangaroos.

From Wistow I went to Stoughton Hall, the seat of G. L.
A. Keck, Esq., late M.P. for the county. Stoughton is situ-
ated about three miles S.S.E. of Leicester. On my way here
from Wistow I was gratified to see several poor people busily
employed in planting potatoes, &c., on portions of ground
which had been for some time allotted them by Mr. Halford,
son to Sir Henry. I entered into conversation with them, and
I feel great pleasure in stating they were fully convinced of
the benefits they enjoyed, and felt truly grateful for Mr. Hal-

in Leicester shire. 425

ford's kindness. It was a clear enclosed field, about 7 acres,
portioned in lots of one quarter of an acre to each family, and
divided only by a green verge. They were charged at the
rate of 6s. or 65, 6d. per quarter of an acre. But to

Stoughton Hall. — It is a large, spacious mansion ; but I did
not enter it. No expense has been spared in forming the gar-
dens. The walls are flued and wired; but Mr. Frost, the
gardener, by no means approves of wiring the walls : he com-
plains of it on various accounts ; among which, he said, neither
fruit nor wood ripens so well, and he finds the wire very
injurious to the young shoots. At other places, where the
wire system was adopted, I heard it complained of for the
same reasons. The situation of Stoughton is low, and the
fruit-tree borders have suffered severely from excessive mois-
ture. Mr. Frost last winter made a drain the depth of the
wall's height under the walks in front of the borders all round
the garden, and the trees are evidently in an improving state.
There is a very spacious conservatory here, and a superior
collection of the Geraniaceae. Mr. Keck is a stanch sup-
porter of the game laws, and his fields exhibited a convincing
proof that he supports them practically as well as theoretically.
This brings me to Leicester, where the principal place deserv-
ing of notice to a horticulturist is

Leicester Abbey. — Leicester Abbey was formerly of great
local importance: it was founded in 1143 by Robert sur-
named Bossu, who was buried here; and it acquires consider-
able interest from having been the scene of the death of
Cardinal Wolsey, who expired here Nov. 29. 1530, on his
journey from York to London. The remains of the abbey,
with its ancient walls and grounds, are now in the possession
of Mr. Warner, and the grounds are occupied as a nursery
and market-garden. The grounds are very extensive, and
Mr. Warner grows good articles in the various branches of
his profession. He is a gentleman of liberal-minded prin-
ciples, spares no expense, and from experience I can say his
prices are equally moderate with any in the kingdom. His
collection of tulips is very extensive, and he purposes planting
this season an acre with georginas alone.

There are several gentlemen in Leicester very much given
to botanical and horticultural pursuits, and regular readers of
the Gardener's Magazine. Among those who are the greatest
patrons of gardening by example, I may name Mr. Brewin *,
who has several good houses, one a curvilinear house, and

* This gentleman's most worthy and excellent father was also a cordial
patron of botany and gardening. When the botanic garden at Bury St.
Edmund's was opened in 1820, he happened to be in that town, and gene-

426 Gardens and Country Residences

an excellent collection of plants, remarkably well grov/n.
Mr. Burbridge, town clerk, has a good garden, which contains
several hot-houses and a most elegant grotto, formed of a
peculiar kind of stone from Derbyshire (I believe), and richly
ornamented with valuable shells and stained glass.

Mr. Morris, surgeon, has a very neat little spot, and the
whole exceedingly well arranged ; in fact, for the short time
I was there, I find myself incompetent to do it justice. It
presents us with miiltum iyi parvo, and, although not so well
stored with botanical productions, it forcibly brought to my
recollection the gratification I experienced in the little spot of
my friend Dr. Wray of Augusta, in the United States of
America. (See Vol. IV. p. 464'.) Mr. Morris has adopted
Mr. Byers's brick wall for strawberries (Vol. V. p. 4-37.)5 and
highly approves of it.

Mr. Musson, the Governor of the County Gaol, has rather
an extensive garden. The walls are new, and the young trees
looked remarkably well : they are pruned on just principles,
and the ground judiciously cropped.

Birstall Hall , J. Mansfield, Esq. — About three miles north
of Leicester. The gardens on a small scale. The vines are
grown here in a very superior manner, and had then (April 26-)
a most beautiful crop and nearly ripe. The garden walls are
built on a very bad plan ; a niche, the top of which is a seg-
ment of a circle, being formed for each tree; and as the trees
are confined within the niche, there is consequently a deal of
good wall quite lost.

Wanlip Hall ; Lady Palmer. — About four miles north of
Leicester. A brick mansion, stuccoed, and fitted up with
great taste. Here have been found a tessellated Roman pave-
ment, several coins of Constantine, broken urns, &c. The
pleasure grounds derive a great advantage from being embel-
lished by the river Soar, which runs within a short distance
of the house. The garden walls are built of clay and wired.
There are some glass houses, the crops under which were veiy
indifferent, and those in the frames the same.

Prestiioould Hall ,- C. J. Paclce, Esq. — About twelve or four-
teen miles north-east of Leicester. A large modern mansion,
the gardens rather confined, and their principal characteristic
feature is the superior mode in which the pine-apples are
grown here: I never have seen any pines to excel, and few
to equal them ; they do the greatest credit to Mr. Brown, the

rously volunteered a contribution of hardy herbaceous plants to the inci-
pient garden from his own ; and, on his return to Leicester, sent off two
hampers filled with plants, with offers of many more. — J. D.for Cond,

iji Leicestershire. 427

gardener, who has managed them for twenty-three years. The
park is finely wooded, and the young plantations, which are
very extensive, are doing remarkably well. One feature in
the management of those plantations is peculiar to Prestwould,
as far as my observations have yet extended in Leicestershire,
viz. judicious thinning and pruning. So much has been
written in your pages on this important subject, by men so
much abler in talent, and more experienced in practice, that
I shall only add that the plantations at Prestwould, when com-
pared with others in this part of the country, form the most
convincing proof, if proof were wanting, of the great benefits
attending a regular and systematic method of thinning and
pruning, from the original planting, to the full perfection of
the timber.

Burton IVoidds ; C. G. Miindij, Esq. — The grounds varied
and extensive, but, with the exception of a flower-garden near
the house, the pleasure-grounds, when I saw them (April 26.),
in very bad order. Some good bearing trees in the kitchen-
garden, and the earliest crop of melons I had seen in the
county, with the exception of Belvoir. Adjoining the house
there is a very neat and well-constructed grotto, tastefully
decollated with rare and valuable shells.

Whatton House ; — Daisoson, Esq. — About four miles to the
north-west of Loughborough. A small house, but from the
upper rooms there are some good views. The kitchen-garden
is good, and contains some good forcing-houses. The park
good; but the pleasure-grounds confined. In the centre of
them there is an ice-house, which Mrs. Dawson has orna-
mented with rockwork. It has a good effect, with the ex-
ception of the entrance, which is not properly concealed, and
consequently exposes the delusion it must have been intended
to create.

Garendo?i Park ; T/io?nas March Phillips^ Esq., now M.P.
for the county. — Two miles north-west of Loughborough.
On the site of the present mansion was formerly a rich abbey
of Cistertian monks, founded in 1133 by Robert Bossu, the
good Earl of Leicester. There is an elegant gateway in the
park, in imitation of a triumphal arch, built by Ambrose
Phillips, Esq., an ancestor of the present possessor. There
is a very large garden in front of the house, principally dedi-
cated to fruit trees, hot-houses, and flowers. One of the
w^alls is now partially covered with magnolias and other choice
plants : it is intended, as the fruit trees die away, to fill their
places with those and the like choice shrubs. There is no
method in the range of glass houses. Their form, dimensions,
and exposure, are all different, and, as a whole, have a bad

428 Gardens and Country Residences

effect. The walks in this garden are very wide and of grass.
Three radiate from a summer-house at the south side of the
garden, wliich from that point have a very good effect. The
pleasure-grounds are extensive, and contain some excellent
Portugal and common laurels, and American plants. There
are also some good old plants in the hot and green houses ;
amongst them a particularly fine Acacia armata.

Barkby Hall ; Ceorge Pochin, Esq. — Four miles north-east
of Leicester. The gardens large and good, with a most ex-
cellent range of glass; but it presents a great sameness, from
consisting of attached houses with an even and unvaried surface.
This range fully justifies your remarks in the E^icyclopcedia
of Gardening, where you recommend detached houses for
general use. A conservatory has lately been built which will
contain a great number of plants for its size, and will no
doubt grow them well ; but I think effect has, for such a house,
been too much sacrificed to utility. It is by far too low, and
the roof decidedly too flat. When I last saw the grounds,
about three months ago, several alterations were goiug for-
ward, which, in my opinion, will considerably alter the features
of the pleasure-grounds for the better. Mr. Cadny, the
gardener, is a most excellent grape-grower, and has a volume
in preparation for the pi'ess, descriptive of his system, and
also of a new pit for cucumbers, with a span roof, which he
has invented.

Baggariff Hall ; Capt. Burnahy. — About nine miles E.N.E.
of Leicester. Several very favourable situations for American
plants ; some of the best sorts of which have lately been
planted here. Near the house is a good piece of water ; but
the gardens, for want of assistance, very badly kept up.

Before I give you a description of the grounds at Lowesby
Hall, allow me to record the name of a most indefatigable
collector of plants in this immediate neighbourhood, Mr.
Francis Needham of Hungerton, who is well known to almost
every gardener in the county, as an amateur in the art of
gardening, and in the science of botany. He is persevering
in collecting and liberal in distributing, and would he only
adopt a regular system in his arrangements, and display a
little more neatness in his garden, his exertions would merit,
and no doubt obtain, the approbation of every sincere lover
of gardening.

Lo-dceshy Hall, the seat of Sir Frederic Gustavus Fowke, Bart.
•^-A venerable old building, situated in a good park, the undu-
lating surface of which adds much to its beauty. The pleasure-
grounds have within the last twelve years been very much
extended and improved. The present spirited proprietor, being

in Leicestershire. 429

particularly partial to landscape-gardening, and favoured by
the natural surface of the grounds for a proper distribution
of wood and water, has been enabled, by judiciously laying
out the whole in a proper manner and on just principles, to
render it one of the most picturesque places in the county.
The gardens and pleasure-grounds, &c., have been under my
superintendence for two years, during which period very con-
siderable alterations have been effected, principally at my
suggestion. Last autumn I formed a new kitchen-garden ;
by which I was enabled to make a considerable addition to
the already very extensive pleasure-grounds ; a portion of
which I have converted into two flower-gardens, where I
principally adhere to the massing system in the different beds.
I shall probably send you a plan of the flower-garden at a
future period : and, although it does not exactly meet the
approbation of my employer, he has generously allowed me
to pursue it, in order that I may have a fair opportunity of
displaying what I consider its intrinsic merits. My kind em-
ployer has also given me permission to dedicate a necessary
portion of ground for a natural arrangement of herbaceous
plants. I have also replanted a considerable portion of the
shrubbery, with large shrubs, en masse, and from their size
I was enabled to produce an immediate effect, which has con-
siderably added to its merits in my (previously favourable)
estimation. In the summer of 1829, I built a very extensive
brick wall on Mr. Byers's system, for strawberries. (Vol. V.
p. 437.) The plan has my most unqualified approbation.
I never have seen such a crop as my own wall does this
day (June 14.) exhibit. Its earliness and cleanliness cannot
be too much extolled. I shall only add, that since it has
been built it has never been touched, with the exception
of cutting runners and dead leaves away ; and, as the crop is
far superior this year, I consider Mr. Byers's recommendation
of planting every year to be decidedly wrong.* My cucumber
and melon and pine pits are on West's plan, which plan, from
my then experience of it, I condemned to the inventor per-
sonally, some five years ago ; and, as this experience has now
been much more extended, I feel justified in saying his pits
cannot be too much repudiated. The attention invariably
required in the frequent supply of dung is troublesome in the
extreme, and the manner in which they exhaust the manure
renders them a complete robbery on garden and farm. They
present a degree of neatness ; but, as far as my experience
goes, not one word more can be said in their favour.

* It will be seen by turning to p. 507. that Mr. Byers does not consider
annual planting indispensable. — J. D.for Cond.

430 Nonsuch Parh^ near Epsom,

For the present, here ends my feeble description of the
gardens in Leicestershire ; but, should this meet your appro-
bation, I shall willingly use every effort in my powei', to
communicate the particulars of those gardens in this county
which I have not yet described, and may consider deserving
of notice. I am, Sir, yours, &c.

Loisoesby Hall, Leicestershire, Alexander Gordon.

June 14. 1831.

We shall be happy to receive a continuation of these re-
marks, because w^e consider them well calculated to stimulate
both gardeners and their employers. We know nothing so
improving to a master-gardener as visiting other gardens. We
are at this moment (Manchester, June 22.) on a tour in
search of improvements, and we find it not less advantageous
to a reading and writing gardener than it is to a practical one.
Future notes of what we have already seen, and hope to see,
will, we trust, prove this. — Cond.

Art. III. A short Account of Nonsuch Park, near Epsom, the
Seat of the late Rev. Joseph Whatcly, as it existed about the Year
1786. Communicated by the Rev. W. T. Bree, A.M.

Sir,
The following descriptive sketch of Nonsuch, which I have extracted
from a letter lately received from my friend, the Rev. Thomas Whately
of Cookham, I think may prove interesting to the readers of the Gar-
dener's Magazine on more accounts than one. In the first place, it will
serve to show how far taste, judgment, and ingenuity will go towards ren-
dering beautiful a situation in itself entirely destitute of beauty and natural
advantages, and of almost all the component elements of the picturesque;
for such, it appears, was Nonsuch, previously to its undergoing the alter-
ations introduced by the art of the landscape-gardener. Secondly, the spot
described may be considered as clas.uc ground, having been the frequent
retreat of the late Thomas Whately, Esq., author of Observations on
Modern Gardening, and brother of the then proprietor. And, what is
more, much of the beauty of the garden and pleasure-ground was, in all
probability, the result of his taste and genius ; for, I am informed, he was
at his brother's right hand when the improvements in the garden were made;
and no doubt confirmed with his approval, if he did not originally suggest,
many of the alterations. The place, therefore, as described below, may be
considered, at least in great measure, as the work of Thomas Whately, and
may serve as a practical illustration of those principles of the art, which he has
so well laid down in his incomparable treatise on Modern Gardeniiig. Let
it be remembered that the following brief sketch applies to Nonsuch as it
was, not as it now is. The property has some years since passed out of the
Whately family ; and the whole place, 1 am toki, has now undergone an
entire change in the arrangement of its garden, plantations, buildings, &c.,
the old house having been ouUed down and a large modern mansion.

as it existed about 1786. 431

erected in its room by the present proprietor, Farmer, Esq. Not

being acquainted, however, with the seat, I shall not attempt to describe it,
but shall leave to others the task of drawing comparisons between its pre-
sent and former appearances, and the respective merits of each.

Yours, &c.
Allesley Rectory, Ajml 5. 1831. W. T. Bree,

The great beauty of the garden at Nonsuch consisted
in the exquisite taste displayed, and which created a most
dehghtfully interesting scene of great variety, without the
assistance of wood, water, undulating ground, or prospect.
The place in itself, indeed, is really ugly. The house was
particularly ill calculated for the purpose of adding any
thing of interest to the scene : it was a long, low, red build-
ing, with eleven heavy sash windows in a row, and the same
number above. From the east corner of this south front a
high wall extended to a considerable length, with a pigeon-
house and stable at the end. To add to its disqualifications,
it was enclosed within walls (courts), planted round with formal
rows of trees. These trees were made to produce a happy
effect, by drawing the middle one of one of the rows forward
about 50 yards ; by which means the line was so effectually
broken that no one could be brought to believe a line had
ever existed. The same effect was produced on the other
side by planting shrubs before it, and towards the end
uniting it to some other trees by judiciously scattered small
trees. In front of the house was a large lawn, interrupted
about half way by a chalk pit ; the front of which was
shelved down, and the back so planted as to give the effect
of beautifully undulating ground in front, and thick sheltered
wood behind. The interest created by this chalk-pit arose
in great measure from the very skilful manner in which
different channels were made to fall into one another ; so
that no slope was tame, but each was so contrived as to ap-
pear the natural result of time or old watercourses. A
ha}ipy effect was produced by the attention paid to the tints
of the trees, which blended in a delightful manner. I was
delighted with this beautiful spot from my childhood ; and
can remember the conversations of Gilpin*, Sanxyf, Park-
hurst J, Masyres§, and others, who would stand upon the

* The Rev. William Gilpin, of picturesque memory.

-|- An eminent surgeon, the Astley Cooper of his day.

i The Rev. John Parkhurst of Epsom, author of a Hebrew and
English Lexicon, and of a Greek and English Lexicon to the New Tes-
tament, &c. &c.

Oi Baron of the Exchequer, who lived at Reigate ; a man of very exten-
sive learning, particularly in the mathematics.

432 Flan for the Formation

lawn for hours, talking of its various beauties, with my
father, who was himself the greatest ornament of the scene.
The bourne*, which rose in the chalk-pit, was connected
with one three miles off on one side at Epsom, and another
two miles off on the other side at Lower Cheam ; the water
rose after a wet season : I remember to have seen a con-
siderable quantity of water in the pit twice in my life ; a cir-
cumstance which we considered a great misfortune, as it
converted the hollow into a pond. T. W.

Art. IV. Outlines of a Flan for the Formation of a Classical
Garden. By Mr. J. Main, A.L.S.

Sir,

Britain ranks high in the scale of nations ; and not more
for her power and commerce, than for her exertions in the
advancement of every art and science, within these last fifty
years.

Architecture has raised, and is raising, monuments which
will remain Tor the admiration of ages ; sculpture, painting,
and all the liberal arts, are advancing in rapid progression.
The stupendous national undertakings to promote the con-
venience, the safety, and the comforts of society, and the
noble institutions for the advancement of every kind of use-
ful and elegant knowledge, merit the applause, and receive
the eulogies, of surrounding nations. Nothing seems too
great or expensive for the genius and affluence of the empire
to accomplish ; and nothing which can add to its fame or its
splendour is neglected from indifference, or forgotten from
want of public spirit.

But, among these astonishing works of national aggrandise-
ment, one thing has not yet been taken up with that ardour
it deserves, nor on the comprehensive scale of execution of
which it is capable ; namely, the formation of what may be
called a Classical Garden. For, notwithstanding this art
has received the attention of the wisest heads, and engrossed
the cares of the brightest and most rational among man-
kind; and though the utile dulci of the ancients has been
eminently displayed in many instances around the palaces of
the princes and noblemen of the European world, during the
last century ; yet these gardens, whether an appendage to a
palace, the requisite accompaniment of a country seat, or the

* An occasional spring, which flowed only at distant and uncertain
periods.

of a Classical Garden. 433

ornament of a villa, partake, for the most part, of the same
mixed character, diifering only in extent: and admitting that
in all private gardens this must necessarily be so, still, even
in botanical collections, is there to be seen any other arrange-
ment than what the climate of this country imposes, or what
the peculiar nature of some plants requires?

A systematic arrangement of plants, whether on the Lin-
nean, or according to the Jussieuean or natural orders,
can hardly be expected to be made ; because of the almost
infinite numbers included in the genera, species, and varie-
ties of the vegetable kingdom, their various habitations,
and natural dift'erences. But to approach as near as pos-
sible to a natural classification, our collections, whether for
the amusement of the amateur, the information of the stu-
dent, or for what is most essential of all, the rural economist,
should be so arranged as to juxta-position, that the spectator
may not only see the variety and beauty of vegetable pro-
ductions, but also, at the same time, their natural stations on
the face of the earth. To accomplish such an object as this,
would certainly be worthy of the taste, the wealth, and the
refinement of the age.

It is true, all gardens cannot be so laid out ; but, in what
may be called national gardens (such as have been and are
now forming in different parts of this country), such a plan
should be adopted as would bestow upon them a classical
character. To accomplish this, the following ideas are
thrown out : —

Granting that a choice of site and aspect is obtained, let
the form of a parallelogram (its longest sides facing nearly
S. S. E.) containing from six to eight acres be fixed on.
Let this be divided longitudinally and equally ; then divide
the whole transversely into five imequal, or geographical
subdivisions, representing the five zones of the terraqueous
globe. The arctic and antarctic may be but narrow slips :
the torrid or centre subdivision may be not less than 150
yards ; and what remains on each side of this will answer to
the north and south temperate zones. These will form the
habitations of all vegetables which have been or may be col-
lected from every part of the world.

Let the most northerly grand division of the ground be
appropriated as the botanical part ; along the middle of this,
let the principal walk, terminated by the grand entrances, be
laid out. Beginning at the western entrance, pass through
an arch of rustic rockwork, formed of the native rock of the
arctic circle, or from as near to it as can be brought home
by the northern whalers. In the interstices of this structure

Vol. VII. — No. 33. f f

434. Plan for the Fm-mation

let every plant indigenous to the hyperborean shores be
planted : the various lichens, mosses, &c. : organic remains,
whether fossil or not, may be added as part of, or fixed on, the
exterior ; such as whale bones, testacea, horns of the elk, &c.
A thickly planted row of the Phius ^'bies, or of the jScottish
pine, may be the Ime of division between this and the next
subdivision, answering to the northern side of the north
temperate zone ; and here, on each side of the walk, let
there be planted in amphitheatrical order, the trees, shrubs,
and herbs natives of the corresponding parts of the world.
This order of planting and arrangement must be continued
throughout the whole length of the garden, with this ob-
servance, that, in order to produce variety, the turf on each
side of the walk must be carried, in irregular sinuations, into
the planted ground on either side, and on which, at proper
intervals, may be planted the most conspicuous, useful, or
beautiful specimens of indigenous plants of the correspond-
ing latitudes. Proceeding eastward, and approaching the
eastern side of this subdivision, its native plants will re-
quire a glass case to preserve them dvu-ing the rigours of
our winter. Here let us enter a Gothic conservatory, of
such amplitude as will agree with the general extent of the
garden, and suffice to contain the best of the plants which
usually require a place in our green-houses. This build-
ing must, in its span, include the principal walk : its struc-
ture* is, perhaps, of all others, the most suitable, from the
facility it affords of arranging the glazed lights, its but-
tresses with their pinnacles as uprights, the flying buttresses
as rafters, to support (assisted by interior columns) the mid-
dle or highest part of the roofs ; two or three of the but-
tresses behind doing the office of chimneys. This erection,
whether when the lights are on in winter, or when off in
summer, will always present a pleasing architectural object.

Leaving this conservatory, and at the distance of a few
yards from it, we may pass through a Grecian arch, flanked
by a barrier of rockwork, formed of geological specimens
from the latitudes of from 20° to 23° north. This arch may
be enriched and made interesting by a display of sculpture,
emblematical figures, costumes, &c., of the inhabitants of
Greece, Persia, and northern India: the ends of the barrier
may be concealed among the shrubs and trees at each end.

We next enter the central subdivision, intended for plants
of the torrid zone ; and here, from a luxuriant thicket of
evergreen trees and shrubs, let the mosque with its ample
dome swell into the sky, surrounded by its corridor, orna-
mented by its minarets, and backed by a pyramid to do the

of n Classical Garden. 435

humble office of a chimney. Such a building will be a
characteristic receptacle for the lofty palm, the magnificent
plantain, and all the other vegetable children of the sun.
Its dimensions should be sufficiently roomy to allow a well
selected collection of the most beautiful and curious tropical
fruits and flowers, to arrive at the greatest perfection. A
great command of artificial heat will be requisite, but not
more than can easily be obtained from well constructed flues,
and the newly invented modes of heating by hot water, sup-
plying heated air, whether moist or dry. The space imme-
diately in front of the building should partake of its semi-
circular sweep, having a basin and jet d'eau in the centre ;
and, in the summer months, should be furnished with every
plant and object occurring within the tropics ; the vestiges
of Egyptian and Arabic ruins, embedded in banks of sand,
&c. Evergreens only should have place in this portion of
the garden ; and, instead of tropical forest trees, those of
America and Europe must be substituted. The tallest of
the pine and cedar tribe must form the back ground, and
they should be kept pruned up, to form palm-like heads, to
associate in character with the building.

From this subdivision we pass through its eastern bound-
ary, and under a piece of masonry, representing an ancient
aqueduct or some other piece of Oriental architecture, em-
bossed with sculpture, or marked with hieroglyphics, and
then enter on the confines of the southern temperate zone :
and here, passing for a little way through the hardiest plants
found in either clime, we approach the next building, which
may be a Chinese conservatory. Its structure, ornaments,
colouring, and its beautiful plants both within and without,
wholly Chinese ; a pagoda at each corner behind, serving as
chimneys, will mark its character, and enrich the scene. This
building, like the others, also spans the leading walk, and
may be of corresponding length to the other conservatory
already described. In this, not only Chinese shrubs, but
also trees which are equally beautiful, may be brought to a
perfection never yet seen in this country.

Leaving the Chinese conservatory, and proceeding onwards,
we may see the hardy plants of the southern temperate zone
disposed according to their respective latitudes (those of
South America, Southern Africa, and Australia, many of them
not yet naturalised, forming the eastern collection) ; and then,
passing a line of pines, enter the region of the antarctic
circle, which may be similarly furnished with a rockwork
entrance, and hardy plants, &c., as is the entrance at the
opposite end ; as it is likely that no plants, nor even geological

F F 2

436 Formation of a Classical Garden,.

specimens, have yet been procured from that unexplored
quarter.

To complete the number of requisite buildings, and con-
centrate all the exotic vegetable beauties, an orangery of
light Grecian architecture facing the Gothic conservatory on
the one side, and an ornamental green-house for South African
and Australian plants, facing the Chinese conservatory ou
the other, would be necessary; these, together, would con-
tain a collection sufficient for every purpose required in such
an establishment.

Along and within the northern wall or boundary, which
should be concealed by a thickly planted shrubbery, an
avenue the whole length should be planted : this, when pro-
perly gravelled, would be a most agreeable mall, or pro-
menade, for meditation or exercise, in the summer months.

Basins of water warmed by the flues should be made in
each of the houses ; as well as in different parts of the sub-
divisions, for the reception of aquatic plants ; many of which
are extremely curious and beautiful.

The other or most southerly grand division of the garden
is intended for the cultivation and display of all plants fit
for the use of man or beast; viz., fruits, grain, pulse, herbs,
and roots, whether for the use of the apothecary, the cook,
the confectioner, or the dyer^ together with the artificial
modes and means of forcing fruits, &c. : and though the
whole of this department might be dispensed with in a gar-
den attached to a university, yet in a national establishment
it should, as being the most useful, be arranged and con-
ducted on the most ample and judicious practical processes;
not only for perfecting our practice, and the stock of our
kitchen-gardens and orchards, but also for ascertaining the
most valuable, and introducing new varieties, for the im-
provement of our present collections.

Should such a garden as this, which is capable of re-
ceiving much more embellishment than is here noticed, be
carried into execution, how amusing would be a visit to, or
walk through, this living panorama of plants, this varied
assemblage of vegetation ! To the naturalist, how delight-
ful ; to tlie artist, how useful ; to the botanist, how con-
venient; to the amateur, how interesting! and the man of
business, where could he find such a retreat for rational
and pleasing recreation ?

I am. Sir, &c.
Chelsea, April, 1829. James Main.

Food qfPlantSi a?id on training Fruit Trees. 437

Art. V. On the Food of Plants, and on training Fruit Trees.
By Joseph Hayward, Esq., Author of " The Science of Hor-
ticulture," " The Science of Agriculture," and other Works.

Sir,

In my last (Vol. V. p. 394.) I endeavoured to call the atten-
tion of your readers to the important object of establishing the
practice of gardening on the tried principles of science. It is
evident that clear definitions are the fountains of science ; and
to show that nothing can be more opposed to the establish-
ment of science than the incongruous use of undefinable terms,
we need only refer to the confusion occasioned by the use of
the term manure. To avoid this, in my first essay on the food
of plants, I explained the means by which chemists had come
to the conclusion, that the pabulum or nutritive principle
does not necessarily form a part of the earth, but is a sub-
stance which may be abstracted from it, or imparted to it, by
the agency of the vegetable and animal part of the world ;
and which substance is called carbon: and, as it is known
that without some other active principle in nature carbon
is often inert, I explained the objections which led me to
conclude that alkaline salts, or their bases, form the active
principle. I will now, with your leave, explain some other
conclusions which I have come to, from the observations I
have made on the effects of the quantity and quality of food
consumed by plants.

From the little that has been understood of the science,
many of the most common terms used in horticulture are vague
and uncertain, and the terminology is altogether inadequate
to the explanation of our ideas. We are therefore obliged
to resort to analogies, and to the use of those terms that in a
strict sense may be applicable to animals only : thus, when
speaking of the food of animals, we mean solids, as we know
that they require drink besides ; and, as plants cannot take
any thing into their bodies but liquids, the term food may
appear inapplicable, yet by no other familiar term can we
convey an idea of the substance by which the nutritive prin-
ciple is to be conveyed. It may be said that the food of
animals cannot be nutritive until digested in the stomach ; and
that plants have not stomachs for the reception or digestion
of solids. True ; but as plants are stationary, and compelled
to receive their food through the agency of the earth, we may
consider the earth as performing the office of the stomach
for plants. As the food of plants, from whatever substances
derived, must be reduced to a soluble state, and duly blended
and diluted with water ; and as the reduction and preparation

F F 3

438 On the Food of Plants,

must be conducted on or in the earth, we may consider these
operations as analogous to digestion : and just as the earth pos-
sesses the requisite quahties for digesting and distributing the
carbonaceous matter, or the food supplied, it will prove more
or less adapted to the support of vegetables. The digestive
powers of the earth must depend upon its chemical qualities,
and its distributive powers on its mechanical texture. Thus,
calcareous earths have great influence in modifying the de-
composition and recomposition of animal and vegetable sub-
stances ; and the mechanical texture of the soil, as it admits
or obstructs an equal and free distribution of water, must
also very much influence the growth of vegetables.

Pursuing our comparisons, then; as we know that the health,
vigour, and prolificness of animals depend as much upon the
quality and proper digestion of their food as upon the quan-
tity, and upon the proper adaptation of their lodging, and the
climate which they are doomed to occupy, so we find it to be
the same with vegetables : and, as the success of the grazier
and breeder depends upon the skill with which the food is
selected and administered to his animals, the clean state of
their lodgings, and the purity of the air in which they are
kept, so must that of the gardener with his plants. It is well
known, that if an animal which has been living on a poor and
meagre diet is suddenly supplied with an excess of highly
stimulating food, the dangerous disorder called a surfeit, and
all its consequences, will follow ; and such will always be
the case with vegetables : for whenever water containing a
large portion of putrefying matter, from whatever source de-
rived, stagnates about the roots of a plant, it will produce
gum, canker, morbid exudation, blotched and blistered leaves
and shoots, fungus, &c. ; and a quantity of putrefying animal
matter being placed in contact with the roots of plants, and
holding water in a stagnant state, will produce the same effects.
It is believed by some, that those diseases are merely local ;
but this is a mistake. Local injuries may facilitate and deter-
mine the appearance of disease ; but as the same kind of
wound which will create inflammation, disease, and death, in
one animal, may be inflicted on another without any such
injurious consequences, so it is with plants. A plant in a
healthy state may be wounded with impunity ; whereas the
slightest bruise in one in an unhealthy state will immediately
putrefy, and produce a corrosive ulcer. But, whether these
comparisons be admitted as just or not, the causes and effects,
as explained, are found to he true, by the practical demon-
strations of actual and repeated experience and observation.
If any persons entertain any doubt of the facts, let them

and on training Fruit Trees. 439

examine fairly any plant that is thus diseased, and their doubts
must be removed ; or let them establish the cause as described
with any healthy plant, and they will not be deceived by the
effect.

We may also carry our comparisons still farther. It is
well known that animals which are fat, gross, and bloated, are
never safe and certain breeders ; and that is the case with
plants, and with parts of plants. A double blossom, or a large
quantity of leaves and stalks that are blistered, bloated, and
cankered, in a plant, is tantamount to a fat, gross, and bloated
animal; and every observant gardener may know that such
plants are never prolific or fruitful. Cucumbers and melons,
as they are commonly grown, bring but a very small portion
of the fruit they show to maturity ; and the cause is, their being
planted upon beds of dung. If a covering of slates, tiles,
stones, or boards, with their joints cemented, be placed between
the dung and the earth, and the earth be a well decomposed
and purified soil in which the plants are to grow, more than
double the quantity of fruit may be produced, under the same
lights, than by the common mode. The same principle ex-
tends to almost all plants ; the production of a large quantity
of stalk, branches, and leaves, and the production of flowers,
and fruit, are seldom found at the same time.

As a due provision of the elements of vegetation is made
by nature, so is the combination and action of those elements,
in their progress from cause to effect, grounded and deter-
mined by certain laws of nature. Having then informed our-
selves what the elements are which nourish and sustain plants,
we must next acquire a knowledge of those laws of nature, as
without this we cannot exert any beneficial influence over the
growth and production of plants.

I have explained and arranged those laws which I consider
to be immutable, in determining the growth and productions
of plants, in eight divisions : one of which is, that no plant
can produce blossoms or fruit, until it has made a certain pro-
gress in its growth, and acquired a surface of stalk, branches,
and leaves, duly proportioned to the food it consumes ; and
another, that the flow of sap in all erect-growing plants is
vertical, or directly opposite to that of the natural flow of
water. Thus, as water, when passing through a ramification
of vessels, will make its way into the lowermost first, and press
the most on the nearest downward openings, to make its exit ;
so will the sap of a tree make its way to the uppermost branch,
and press the hardest against the neai'est upward bud or open-
ing, to make its exit in the formation of fresh branches: in other
words, as water is impelled by gravitation, the sapof erect-grow-

F F 4^ ■ - ' -

440 Food of Plants, and on framing Fruit Trees.

ing trees is impelled by some power that is quite the reverse.
We know, such are the powers and resources of nature, that
it is not in the power of mankind wholly to prevent her attain-
ing her ends; were it otherwise, and were the obstructing ofher
laws to divert her from her purpose, a gardener who cuts his
trees after the common manner could have little right to ex-
pect a crop of fruit : but, although a crop of fruit can be some-
times obtained by cutting and slashing at random, who but a
tasteless and graceless ignoramus would prefer such a mode to
observing the laws of Jiature, and regulating all his movements
conformably to the rules of order, and thus to assist his trees in
assuming those foi-ms of elegant symmetry which are pointed
out by nature ? Although I have exhibited trees trained in
conformity to those laws, and of such figures or forms as have
excited the admiration of all who saw them, and explained
the principles and described the manner of doing so, it appears
that very few have followed my example. Why they have
not, those who have seen and yet neglected my plans can
best tell.

I have noticed in your Magazine some plans of what is
called the reverse training, and particularly of some pear
trees in the Chiswick gardens. It is evidently a simple and
easy matter to train a tree in this manner for a year or two ;
but unless the orderly rules pointed out by the laws of natui-e,
which I have explained, be observed, the trees trained in tliis
manner will not be more prolific, and they will assume a much
more disorderly appearance, than if left to the course of nature.
By those laws, if a branch that is growing in a vertical position
be reversed, the sap will no longer flow into it in the same
quantity ; and as reducing the sap to the proportion of the
leaves, &c., must be tantamount to increasing the surface of
leaves, &C.5 in proportion to the sap, the branch will fructify.
Butj as by the same laws the sap will force its way through
the uppermost buds at the base, and there form
the strongest branches in an erect position, these
^will grow up and intermingle with the others
above them ; and therefore, unless the orderly
rules pointed out by the laws of nature be ob-
served, a greater confusion and disorder will be
produced than if the tree had not been trained
at all.

By the following plan, it must be obvious, all
tne good effects of this mode of training may be
.obtained, and all the evil avoided. Suppose a
plant to be obtained with four or five strong
shoots of 3 ft. or 4 ft. lonjj, on a stem of 4 ft. or
more high (j%«76.)3 then let a small hoop be bent round

State of Plants received m America from Europe. 441

the bottom of the trunk, and all the branches bent regularly
down, and affixed to the hoop {fig. 77.); the
consequences will be as before explahied. As
several of the uppermost buds on the base of
each branch will probably throw out strong
wood shoots, one of them that is placed in the
best situation to admit of being bent down to
supply the place of the parent branch when
worn out, should be selected, and all the rest
rubbed off close ; and as the shoot that is left .-
wall grow large and strong, in oi'der that it may
be better adapted for bending, it should, as soon as it is 5 in.
a. or 6 in. long, be brought gently down, and
affixed to the old branch {Jig.78.a a marking the
young shoot tied down). Trained in this man-
ner, whenever it may be found necessary to cut
out the old branches, these, by a half twist, may
be brought down without danger of breaking,
and the bend will be less abrupt and unsightly.
By the same rules, trees may be trained in the
same manner, with two or more tiers, {fg. 79.)
It may be observed, that the success of this
mode of training, as well as of the others which
I have explained, depends upon due attention
being paid to the disbudding, or rubbing off
useless shoots, in the spring ; and taking due
care of those which are intended either to
carry on and extend the tree, or to succeed
and occupy the place of the old bearers. This
mode of training will be found extremely well
adapted to apple trees on paradise stocks,
pear trees on quince stocks, cherry trees, &c. ;
and also to peach trees in pots : and it is a most
economical mode, as it requires no stakes.

I am. Sir, yours, &c.

J. Hayward.

Feb. 14. 1830.

Art. VI. Remarks on the State in which various Plants from
European Nurseries ivere received in America. By Jesse Buel,
Esq., C.M.H.S.

Sir,
Having recently received trees, grafts, &c,, from several
European nurseries and amateurs, I wish to communicate

442 State of Plants received in America from Europe.

through your Magazine, which I presume is perused by all
of the trade, some remarks as to the quality and condition of
the articles received, for the benefit of the parties concerned
and of the public generally.

Two hundred pears from M. Noisette, Paris, pretty well
packed in moss and straw. Plants tolerably healthy, but all
worked on quince stocks ; a serious objection in this climate,
where the quince is short-lived and subject to disease. Several
bales, imported in the same ship, from other French nurseries,
were in wretched condition, packed only in straw, many of the
bands broken, the roots bared and dry, and the plants without
indication of remaining vitality.

Sixty roses from M. Noisette. Wrote for new hardy varie-
ties ; received half tree and half green-house roses, all well
packed in moss. The first handsome plants, but doubtful
whether they will withstand the severity of our winters. The
Chinese mostly weak plants, some but imperfectly rooted and
recent layers ; too small to bear close packing and long trans-
portation ; some dead, and others sickly.

Twelve grapes, and forty georginas, from Charlwood, Lon-
don, well packed in moss and basket ; in excellent condition ;
the georginas charged at 4^.

Fifty roses from Charlwood. Grower not known ; came in
good order, but plants shamefully bad ; most of them merely
budded, and of a feeble year's growth. Our great reliance,
in roses imported, is on healthy strong roots of the varieties
charged, which may send up shoots, the tops being often
injured or killed ; but when we find that we have got merely
a budded twig upon a common stock, and that the chances
are about equal whether this twig lives or dies, our disappoint-
ment and mortification are great, and we feel that we have
been imposed upon.

Fifty roses from Loddiges. Tolerable plants, and in good
condition : but we have particularly to complain that the
finest rose in the collection (the Belle Alliance, and for which
we paid Is. 6d.) was merely a small twig, budded 30 in. from
the ground, nearly broken off, and to appearance irreclaimably
lost.

Grafts from the London Horticultural Society's garden ;
from the Rev. Mr. Bree of Coventry; from Young, Epsom;
from Ronalds, Brentford ; and from M. Saul, Lancashire ;
all packed by Mr. Saul in clay ; came in very good condition.

Forty-two apple and pear trees from B. Saunders, Island
of Jersey, came to hand May 1 0. and yet in fine condition ;
packed in moss and straw, and boxed. The only fault was
in putting moss among the branches, instead of confining it to

Rockwork in Garden Scenery. 443

the roots ; In consequence of which, some of the limbs were
dead.

Trees and plants sent from Europe to America are, in
ordinary cases, from fifty to sixty days out of the ground, and
are exposed to the weather before and after being on board
ship. They should be so packed as to preserve a degree of
moisture to the roots, and to prevent, from careless handling
or ordinary casualty, the exposure of these to the weather.
These objects may be effected by a free use of moss about the
roots, which should be compactly interlaid, the bundles well
tied and covered with straw and mats, or boxed, with occa-
sional holes for the circulation of air. The moss employed
should be but slightly moist, and for georginas and other herb-
aceous plants perfectly dry. Budded roses, weak plants, and
recent layers should not be sent, except by request, as they
seldom survive the voyage ; and it would be well if the grower's
name were in every case to accompany his plants. It would
be a recommendation to the fair dealer, and a salutary guard
against imposition. Yours, &c.

J. BuEL,
Albany, New York, May 11. 1831.

Art. VII. An Essay on Rochxvorh in Garden Scenery.
By S. T. P.

The use of rockwork in gardens may either be as a distinct
feature ; as a situation for cultivating certain plants ; as a screen
for concealing objects ; or for two, or more, or all of these pur-
poses combined. As the expense of collecting large stones is
considerable, rockworks, in general, are made on too small a
scale, and more resemble heaps of stones, with the interstices
filled with weeds, than the protrusion from the soil of a portion
of real rock, decorated with ornamental plants. In a grand
place, every thing ought to be on a grand scale; and few
objects produce a more striking effect than immense masses of
stone, piled together in such a way as at once to give a par-
ticular character of rocky mass, and to form a proper nidus
for valuable plants.

The grand difficulty in rockwork is to form and maintain
a particular character or style in the disposition of the masses ;
and the only way to conquer this difficulty is to observe the
manner in which masses of rock are disposed in nature, or
rather in such natural scenes as are admired by men of taste,
and especially by painters. And here the study of geology

444; Bocl-xcrl- in Garden Scenery.

will materially assist both the painter and gardener. The
geologist knows that particular species of rocks are found
disposed in particulai- layers, and display certain chai^acters,
both of horizontal and vertical lines, which distinguish them.
AMiere no prevailing disposition or tendency of the lines
exists, there will certainly be no great beauty of character.
A number of large fi^agments of rock thrown indiscriminately
or even distributed carefiilly over a surface, whether that sur-
face be even or irregular, will not give the idea of a rock. For
this purpose, there must be a continuation of solid mass ; and
that the mass may be grand, it must be considerable, and the
prevailing lines straight, and in general obhque to the horizon.

A few hours' study in a rocky country, or along the rocky
banks of a river, by a person who has been accustomed to
sketch from nature, wQl do more towards giving hun correct
ideas on the formation of rockwork than a volume of words.
M'ithout this study of nature it is scarcely possible for a gar-
dener to have a just feeling of the effect of lines ; and this is
the grand reason why, in garden rockworks, a combination
of fragments, so as to form masses in imitation of the strata
of nature, is seldom or never attempted. It is no uncommon
thing to see a goodly assemblage of large stones, and perhaps
old roots and trunks of trees, Mng loosely together on a
mound of earth, as if it were quite sufficient to have removed
the former from the quarry, and coUected the latter from the
•woods ; but very few gardeners have thought of imitating the
strata of the quarry, or those rocky precipices fi-equently seen
in hilly countries and on the banks of rivers. Even the
grouping of fragments has not been sufficiently attended to.
If the gardener, who is about to form a rockwork, will fix in
his own mind on the style of some abrupt bank or precipice,
which he recollects to have seen and admired in nature, and
keep that steadily in his mind's eye, he can hardly fail of pro-
ducing something which will strike and please : but, if he
does not feel sufficient confidence in himself, we would recom-
mend him to take the advice of a landscape-painter who has
been accustomed to rocky countries. Of all men that we
know, the fittest for this purpose is, or was some twenty- years
ago, INIr. Nasmvth of Edinbm-gh.

London, Feb'.'i. 1829. S. T. P.

The hillocks of flints and fiised bricks, usual in gardens,
correspond so iU to the terms " rock," " rockwork," and
'• rockery," that a new term would not be amiss for them.
Mr. Maund remarked to this effect some time since, in his
Botanic Garde?}, and then and there suggested the term

Su])j}orting of recently/ removed Trees. 445

*' Lapideum " as the amendment required. In Staffordshire
and Cheshire they are often called " stoneries.' It is said
the rockery in the Liverpool botanic garden consists of an
assemblage of masses of real rock, brought off various foreign
stations, as the ballast of ships, by seafaring gentlemen devoted
to the welfare of that garden. The rockery at Syon House is
composed of numerous large blocks of granite. — J. D.JorCond.

Art. VIII. On the Supporting of recently removed Trees.
By William Thom, Esq., Surgeon, Annan.

Sir,

Though the supporting of recently removed trees consti-
tutes a very essential and by far the most difficult part of the
operation of planting, yet but little is taught by authors on
the subject, and still less seems to have been learned by ope-
rators.

Indeed, I am not aware that any efficient or scientific
method of retaining recently transplanted trees in the erect
position is at all known ; and, judging from the practice of our
most experienced planters, I consider myself entitled to con-
clude that no such knowledge exists.

Sir Henry Steuart gives it as his opinion (^Planter's Guide,
p. 112.) that "supports or props, whether composed of
wood, cordage, or any other material, are of little avail in
giving stability." But the substitute he recommends (a cer-
tain whimsical cup-like embankment around the roots) has not
been found to exert much retaining influence beyond the
precincts of Allanton Park ; and, even there, the learned
author restricts its use to bushy trees with short stems and
numerous roots, and dissuades from attempting at all to trans-
plant trees of a different character.

Indeed, our knowledge both as to planting and propping
remains precisely the same as before the learned baronet's
thousand and one entertaining stories were compiled, or the
report of the Highland Society on his achievements was
penned.

In removing the trees from the old to the new botanic gar-
den at Edinburgh, a very few years ago, the experienced and
scientific Mr. M'Nab had recourse to guy ropes for support ;
and Mr. Sang * of Kirkaldy, a gentleman also of great expe-
rience in these matters, has given it as his opinion, " that it

* Strictures on Sir Henry Steuart's Planter's Guide, p. 14.

446 On the Supporting of

was impossible to have made such subjects stable by any-
other means,"

Planting is very generally understood, and is scientifically
described by many ; and by none better than Mr. Reid, gar-
dener at Balcarras {Memoirs of the Caledoniayi Horticultural
Societi/, vol. iv. part ii.) : but, when he comes to supporting
his recently planted trees, what does he do ? Why, " the
stem of the tree is then made fast to the stake with a hay-
band."

Now, I make no doubt but our first parent (if he took the
trouble to prop trees at all) proceeded precisely in this man-
ner ; and that if he were now to do us the honour to look at
a newly propped tree, he would use the same expression that
the witty Count Oxenstiem represents him to have done when
revisiting Spain : — " On n'y a rien change depuis mon de-
part." (" Things remain here just as I left them.")

To the success, however, of every transplanted tree, it is
absolutely necessary that motion of its roots be jirevented^ so
that all, and particularly the very first, fibres that issue from
the injured roots may be preserved, their services being early
and eminently needed to supply sap before the buds shall
have perished, or the tree become stunted by the contraction
of its vessels.

A recently removed tree, that has been once or oftener
tossed about or upset by the wind, so as to have its shooting-
radicles broken or injured, may, perhaps live ; but, if so, it
will languish, and be several years before it becomes either
fruitful or ornamental. It therefore becomes a great deside-
ratum " how to prop a tree without inflicting injurj^, so as
effectually to prevent all and every motion of its roots, and at
the same time to admit of these roots being placed in a situ-
ation the most favourable to vegetation."

This is the problem I purpose to solve ; and I hope to do
so without placing my trees in the magical cup of Sir Henry
Steuart, or borrowing a single flickering ray from the aurora
borealis of Allanton House.

To accomplish this object, I am in the habit of using two
different methods, according as the one or the other is more
applicable to present circumstances ; or rather, I practised the
first for several years, before I had the good fortune to think
of the second or more perfect method. Both plans I believe
to be new ; at all events they are both effectual^ and may rea-
dily be put in practice by any dexterous workman, at a very
small expense either of time or material.

I shall now proceed to describe the method I first prac-
tised, and of which I have most experience, although I believe

recently removed Trees. 44.7

it to be inferior in many respects to that which I have more
recently adopted. This latter, I apprehend, will defy the
critic ; but I readily admit that a peevish disposition may ex-
perience some gratification in finding fault with that which I
am now about to describe, viz. " the method of propping
trees, by obvious supports above ground."

I shall be more readily understood, and in fewer words, by
detailing first the theory or plan, assuming the practicability
of the work ; and giving, in the second place, directions as to
its execution.

Let the tree be considered in the centre of the circle at
80 ^^- ., ^1 J'g' 80. Let it be sup-

posed practicable to affix a
spar sufficiently strong and
inflexible to the tree at a, at
a convenient height (say 2 ft.
or 3 ft. above the surface), and
its other end to an immovable
stake B : it would evidently
maintain the tree against any
impulse coming either from
A to B or from b to a.

For convenience, let us as-
sume the points of the com-
pass, and call this east and west. Again, if a similar spar were
also affixed to the tree at a, and its other end to a similar
immovable stake at c, these lines being perfectly at r'lcAxt
angles, the tree would now be also unassailable in the direc-
tions from south to north, and from north to south, and, con-
sequently, in every other direction, or from every point of the
compass ; for, from whatever diagonal direction the wind
might blow, both props would yield support.

Caution. The efficiency of the plan depends upon the
accuracy of the angle. Include an arc of more than 90°,
as bad, and any impulse in the direction a c or c a will
upset the tree. Include less than 90°, as cad, and the
same untoward result will occur whenever the wind shall blow
at right angles, or nearly so, to either of the lines a c or
a d.

The practicability or execution of the work is now to be
considered.

The experienced operator will at once perceive that the
principal difficulty will occur in obtaining the requisite hold
of the tree without injuring the bark.

In some cases this may be a valid objection ; but, in prac-
tice, I have generally been able to surmount it. Indeed, in a

448 On the Supi^orting of

great majority of cases, no such difficulty occurs ; and, when
it does, the more perfect plan of propping (hereafter to be
described) effectually obviates all such objections.

In the mean time, however, I shall enumerate a few of the
methods I practised before I attained to a knowledge of the
more perfect plan. Most trees, when removed, have one or
more branches wounded that it is prudent to amputate, or,
at least, have one or more that may be spared without causing
much deformity or injury.

First Method. — I take advantage of such favourable circum-
stances to nail my props to the stumps of such condemned
branches, observing to insert the nail very near to the boll of
the tree, so as to obtain all possible firmness ; but leave the
stump from 10 in. to 12 in. or more long, to prevent its being
split by the insertion of the nail. When the tree is sufficiently
established, the connection with the props is terminated by
passing a saw close to the boll.

The small-beer critic, who has drawn his little modicum of
lore from no other source than certain publications, includ-
ing your own, may probably here object to the loss of a
branch, and cavil about mutilation. I beg leave, however, to
assure him, that the lopping of a branch or two is not always
a heinous sin, but merely a matter of taste.

It is certainly unnecessary, in so far as the success of the
operation of transplanting is concerned : but, at the same
time, it is frequently required to improve the appearance of
the tree ; and, when practised to this extent only, is perfectly
harmless.

Seco7id Method. — When there is no disposable branch in a
convenient situation, I have frequently effected my purpose
by weaving or entangling the upper end of my first prop be-
twixt two or more branches, describing an arc of a circle with
the lower end round part of the tree, till the hold among the
branches became sufficient, and in that position affixing the
lower end immediately to the stake. The hold is improved
and completed by nailing the second to the first prop. In this
manner, trees may be very effectually supported with but very
partial injury to such part of the bark as the props bear upon ;
and this trifling injury may be greatly diminished, or alto-
gether prevented, by permitting the end of one of the props to
project and rest upon a stake, as in the fourth method, here-
after to be noticed.

Third Method. — In several cases I have secured trees of
20 ft. high and upwards, when they had no low branches, by
driving one effectual nail into the boll, about 2 ft. above the
surface, so as to secure one prop, and then nailing my second

recently removed Trees, 44-9

prop to the projecting end of the first, in preference to per-
forating the tree with a second nail. One such nail or spike
(as is hereafter described) will in this manner support a tree
of 20 ft. or 30 ft. high, against all the ordinary gales and gusts
of wind that usually lay unprotected trees prostrate. There
need be no hesitation, however, in using two nails, one in each
prop ; and, if their direction be at right angles to each other,
a very slight hold of the tree will be sufficient, as the impulse
in that case will always be against the side of at least one of
the nails, and the risk of the tree falling, or being blown
from the point of the nail, be obviated. When the tree
is established, and needs no longer support, I saw off both
ends of my props as near as possible to the nail ; split off with
a chisel what remains ; next saw off the projecting part of the
nail, and drive it with a punch into the tree, as it could
scarcely be drawn out without peeling the bark ; and I finish
by dressing the wound with grafting-wax. During the first
season it is healed over ; and, in eight or ten years' expe-
rience, I have not found disease or injury to follow.

This method I have practised with the beech, the holly,
the pear, the willow, the elm, and even the sycamore ; but the
last I never wound except late in autumn.

The practice, of course, would not be applicable in the
cherry and the plum, or in any of the resinous tribe.

Fourth MetJiod. — In the total absence of branches, and
when the insertion of a nail is objected to, the following is the
method I have adopted : — Having secured the lower ends of
the props to the stakes at the requisite angle, let their upper
ends cross each other just beyond the tree, at a convenient
height, say 2 ft. above the surface, so as to include the tree in
the angle ; in which position it must be retained by a cross
bar, as in propping under the surface, hereafter to be described.
The end of one or both props must be long enough to project
a foot or two beyond the tree, in order that they may rest
upon and be nailed to a stake or stakes firmly driven into the
ground at that place as a point d'appui, so as to prevent all
motion of the props and consequent friction on the bark.

In this case the work is rather troublesome to execute, and
unless it be skilfully performed the bark is liable to be injured.
It should, therefore, only be adopted when other methods
are, from particular circumstances, inapplicable. With due
care, however, it is perfectly harmless and efficient.

Of Ropes and Ties. — Let me caution all and sundry against
ropes and ties, whether employed as guy ropes, or as substi-
tutes for nails. By their tightness they obstruct the flow of
the sap, and however perfectly they may at first be applied.

Vol. VJI. — No. 33. g g

450 Ofi the Supporting of

the vicissitudes of the weather will shortly render them in-
effectual. When wet, they press injuriously from increased
tightness, or are occasionally broken, and in high winds, with-
out rain, they become elongated so as to admit of motion, and
consequently friction, to the injury of the bark at least, and
frequently also to the destruction of the nascent radicles or
fibres by the rocking of the tree ; and, to complete the disaster,
they will probably be found some stormy morning to have
been worn through, and the tree blown over, just when it was
supposed to have been nearly out of danger. Nails only, and
nothing but nails, can be depended upon; but, to be trust-
worthy, they must be made for the purpose. I give this
caution with painfid recollections : the brittle article usually
fabricated at the forge has caused me many disasters. If you
do not choose to be at the expense of copper, procure the
best nail-rod iron, made in a charcoal fire, such as that from
which horse-shoe nails are made, and cut it into proper
lengths, as needed, with a file. It is abundant in the market,
of the proper size, viz. from one quarter to three sixteenths of
an inch square. Never allow it to enter a smith's or nailer's
forge, else he will render it brittle from the sulphur of his
coals. The point is readily made at the same time you cut
the iron, and they require no heads; folding over does better,
and you have thus excellent nails for less than half the price
of bad ones.

Before driving your nails, always bore your holes completely
through, with a gimlet of the same calibre as your nails. If
either the branch, or prop, or stake be split, it cannot be
expected to hold. Never use more than one nail at onejunc-
ture ; more are unnecessary, and the holes would weaken the
timber.

Of Props. — It has already been mentioned, that as the
spars must give support in both directions ; they must neces-
sarily be of sufficient strength to be inflexible when supporting
the tree against the impulse of a gale of wind. Their lengths
must be determined by the height of the branch or stump to
which they are attached, as they will be found to answer best
when they form an angle of 45" with the surface and with the
stem of the tree. Greater elevation will not give the requisite
support; and less, though it may be as efficient, is not more
so, and adds unnecessarily to length and consequent incum-
brance.

Of Stakes. — These must be of sufficient length to admit of
being driven at least 2 ft. into the solid subsoil, as the loose
cultivated earth will not affiard sufficient resistance. Great
strength is less essential than a solid head to allow a sufficient

recently removed Trees. 451

hold for the nail or spike that attaches the prop ; and such
attachment should take place under the surface, that the wind
be not afforded a lever power against the stake. Neatness
and convenience will indicate the propriety of sawing off the
head of the stake level with or under the surface. When
the work is thus properly executed, I am entitled to conclude
that any tree it may be desirable to transplant, of whatever
magnitude, may with two stakes, two props, and four nails, be
eftectually supported so as to withstand the ordinary or usual
gales of the British Isles, and that in the most exposed
situations. Of this assertion my garden and shrubbery,
exposed to the violence of the south-easters that sweep the
Sol way, afford ample proof.

I shall select as witnesses the following elders from among
a considerable number of juniors of less note.

1. A Scotch bergamot pear tree, planted in January, 1821 ;
situation exceedingly exposed; girth 2ft. lOin. ; height now
only 22 ft., but previously to last year, when some grafts were
inserted, it was about 30 ft. high. It was propped the three
first years with strong props, nailed to a rejected branch 4 ft.
from the surface.

It bore fruit the first and every subsequent season, and has
most perfectly preserved its perpendicular these nine years.

2. and 3. Two English elms, nearly of a size. Medium
girth 2 ft. 2 in., height 23 ft. ; planted the same season as the
foregoing. The props nailed to the bolls of the trees.

4. A beautiful yair pear tree, planted November, 1828;
bore fruit each season since, and is now ver^^ thriving ; girth
2 ft., height 26 ft. ; props nailed to a rejected branch 4J ft.
from the surface. It perfectly preserves its perpendicular,
and rises 8 ft. as now dressed, without giving off a branch.

5. An autumn bergamot pear tree ; lower and more spread-
ing than the preceding; planted same day; girth 2ft. 2 in.,
height 22 ft. Props were nailed to rejected branches, of which
the tree afforded many. It missed fruit the first, but bore
the second season, and preserves its perpendicular although
the props have been some months removed.

6. A slender Huntingdon willow, taken from a sheltered to
an exposed situation, placed, indeed, in the front of the battle,
to protect against the storm its more favoured associates;
girth only 1 ft. 9 in., height 3 1 ft. Stood now about twenty-
eight months, and most perfectly preserves its perpendicular,
although it had very few roots when planted ; props nailed
with one nail only, of less than J in. square, to the boll, about
6^ ft. from the surface.

7. A plane or sycamore, without any low or spar branches ;

G G 2

452 Oji the Supporting of

girth 1 ft. 3 in., height 23 ft. ; height of props 2^ ft. Planted
twenty-seven months ago ; has also preserved its perpendicular.
I would not have considered this as worth mentioning, only
that it has afforded proof that even the plane may have a nail
of sufficient size to support it driven into its stem, in autumn
at least, without exhibiting any symptoms of impatience or of
injur3\ The wound did not bleed ; is now healed, and the
tree thriving.

Notwithstanding all its faults, I have great confidence in,
and partiality for, the method of propping trees above de-
scribed. It has, indeed, several imperfections ; but these are
more apparent in relating the plan than in practising the
work. In parting from it, and recommending another method
as preferable, I experience something of that reluctance which
we feel in separating from an esteemed friend, on whose good
offices we have been accustomed to rely. But it frequently oc-
curs that new acquaintances occupy the place of former friend-
ships ; and so it happens here. I now prefer, and of course
more frequently practise, " the new method of supporting
recently transplanted trees by horizontal props, concealed
under*, or level with, or immediately above, the surface."

This plan is applicable to subjects of every age, size, and
denomination, and scarcely liable to any objection that even
the ingenuity of the critic can conjure up. In short, I con-
sider it as nearly perfect as the nature of things will admit of.
Its prmciple of operation is simple, and readily comprehended,
and the workmanship of such easy accomplishment that it
may be done, in the absence of a carpenter, by almost any
labourer. Nor are the materials necessarily expensive; for
though square planks may be occasionally proper, where
g ^ I great strength and

elegance are re-
quired, round poles
or boughs, fit for
little else than the
fire, will generally
suit the purpose,
there being scarce-
ly more required
than two spars laid
E in the form of a
cross, and secured
to four stakes, as
in Jig. 81. A is

* An application of which was observed by Mr. E. Murphy at Chats-
worth, as made by Mr. Paxton. (See p. 297.)

N

recently removed Trees. 453

the tree; b c d e are strong stakes, inserted beyond the
extremities of the roots, to each of which the cross is firmly
nailed ; f g a cross bar, confining the tree absolutely and im-
movably within the angle of the cross. The tree is neces-
sarily touched, and even pressed at three points, and deprived
of every the smallest vestige of motion in any direction.
Should the bark be partially denuded at the three points of
contact, a circumstance by no means usual or necessary, when
the workmanship is neatly performed, I consider it only a
very venial fault, which the free-flowing sap of a vigorous
tree will soon repair ; but if, from the slovenliness of the
workmanship, motion be permitted, serious injury may be
inflicted on the collar, by the friction against the cross.

The position of the cross or supports, relative to the sur-
face, must be regulated by the following considerations : —
When neatness is greatly desirable, they may be concealed
under the soil, or their upper sides made just level with the
surface. This, however, presupposes a depth of soil over the
roots to the extent of the diameter of the spars ; say three or
four inches at least ; but such deep planting, more especially
with fruit trees, is generally and deservedly disapproved of.

When, therefore, elegance and concealment are not so
imperatively called for, it may be prudent to keep the hori-
zontal spars at least an inch clear of the surface, both to ad-
mit of shallow planting, and also to avoid their being bent or
displaced by the heaving of the surface from the expansion
during frost.

As to the stakes, if the direction already given be attended
to, their depth will insure their stability.

The swelling of the collar, generally about the middle of
the second summer, will indicate the time when, support
being no longer necessary, restraint might become hurtful.

The efficiency of this method depends upon the firmness of
the stakes and the durability of the materials, and its ele-
gance upon the concealed position of the cross and neatness
of the junctures ; in effecting which, the operation of the
carpenter termed half-checking (that is, letting each into
each to the extent of the same diameters respectively) ought
to be had recourse to.

In every instance the limbs of the cross should be of length
sufficient to extend beyond the roots of the tree, lest these
be injured in driving the stakes ; and, if this cannot be ac-
complished, care must be taken to insert the stakes in the
interstices. But length of limb is more desirable than
strength or number of stakes, and indeed will, in' some in-
stances, when the cross is sunk in the soil, be sufficient of

G G 3

454 Flonsoering of the Agave americdna

itself; so that, were it not to make assurance doubly sure, the
stakes (in cases of comparative shelter) might be dispensed
with.

Let us now examine the stability of a subject thus sup-
ported.

When a tree is blown over, its roots are necessarily ele-
vated out of the soil on the one side at least, while the collar
must also have considerably changed its situation ; for the
axis of motion is at the lower side of the nucleus of roots,
perhaps 10 in. or 15 in. under the surface. The collar, there-
fore, must necessarily be moved to leeward; in short, describe
the arc of a circle corresponding in extent to its radial dis-
tance from the centre of motion. But, by the method of
propping now described, the collar is held immovable, and
the roots and soil feel the salutary restraint which the cross
imposes. In short, the tree may be bent or broken, but up-
rooted it cannot be whilst the materials keep their hold : and,
as there is no necessary limitation to the strength of the hori-
zontal cross, or number or extent of perpendicular stakes,
failure can be the result of awkwardness or miscalculation
oiily.

And here I pause, confiding that I have accomplished the
great desideratum with which I set out ; that without in-
flicting any appreciable injury, or adhibiting any cumbrous
or unseemly appendage to the subject, or incommoding the
walk or park with guy ropes, I have shown (in this my last
method) the manner how to prop a tree, that will equally
resist the hissing of the critic and the howling of the gale.
In its principle, it is simple as truth ; in its operation, uni-
form as the law of gravitation ; and its efficiency, convincing
to the mind as the demonstrations of geometry.

I am. Si)', yours, &c.
Annmi, Feb. 21. 1831. William Thom.

Art. IX. Account of the Flowering of the Agave americana in
the United States. By J. M. of Philadelphia.

In the London Magazine for July, 1764, there is an ac-
count of the flowering of an Agave americana, at Charleston,
South Carolina, in the year 1763. The plant was then
about twenty-eight years old ; the leaves 7 or 8 ft. long, and
proportionably broad and thick. On the 20th of April it
gave the first appearance of putting out to blossom, bursting
open the central leaves, about 6 ft. fi'om the ground. On

in the Utiited States. 4!o5

the 5th of May, it exhibited the likeness of a monstrous
asparagus. On the 12th, it was 15 ft. high; having grown
5 or 6 in. every twenty-four hours, except on cool days. On
each side of the stem, about 10 or 15 inches below the top,
appeared the shooting out of a substantial bud : every two or
three days, as the plant advanced in height, others were put out
in the same manner. On June 10th, the several lateral and
alternate buds, supported on peduncles of various lengths,
from 1 to 2 ft. 10 in., burst open into 5 or 6 subdivisions,
each about 4 in. long, bearing numerous erect clusters of
flowers. The height of the whole stem was about 21 ft. 10 in.
On June 19. it was 24 ft. high, and advanced much slower
than before, and the under leaves began to wither. On
July 5. there were thirty-one peduncles, supporting as
many clusters of flowers, from 7 to 12 in. in diameter. The
flowers began to open, and on the 7th, the lower clusters
were in perfection. Each flower was nearly 6 in. high, and
about 1 in. in diameter, of a brimstone colour : the circum-
ference of the stem, at 3 ft. from the ground, was 17^ in.;
each particular flower took up the space of three days to ex-
pand, and reach its point of perfection. On July 16. all the
leaves, though still green, were flaccid, wrinkled, withered,
and daily fell ; the lower clusters of flowers withering,
whilst those of the uppermost clusters were just opening.
It was now 25 ft. high. On the 22d of July, the flowers at the
top of the spikes were decayed, and the withering daily in-
creased. An engraving of the plant in flower is given, as
also of a flower.

In the year 1804, another plant of Agave americana
flowered at the Woodlands, on the Schuylkill, the beautiful
seat of the late Mr. W. Hamilton. It was raised from a
sucker which flourished at Springetsbury * in the year 1778.
On the 25th of May, 1804, Mr. Hamilton first observed its
inclination to flower. In a day or two afterwards the sprout
appeared, in the form of an overgrown asparagus shoot.
When the stalk was more than 8 ft. high, the racemes began
to appear. Extremely wet weather retarded its progress. The
first flowers opened on July 28. : it remained in flower
for forty days. The stem at its base was 16 in. in circum-
ference. The number of flowers was 3069. The bees ap-
peared exceedingly fond of the flowers. On the 4th of June,
the stem was 2 It. 6 in. high; on the 29th, it was 9 ft. 7 Ttj in.
high: and on the 28th of July, it was 13 ft. 10 ^V i"- high.

* Near Phihulelphia, then the seat of the Hamilton family.
G G 4

455 Culture ofErythrina Crtsta-gdlli,

The plant was out of doors. Height of the plant, exclusive
of the flower-stem, 4 ft. 7 -iV in* Total height, from the top
of the t ub in which it grew, 1 8 ft. 6 in.*

In the year 1821, a third Agave flowered in the handsome
garden of Henry Pratt, Esq., on the river Schuylkill. The
age of the plant is not known. From May 28. to June 4.
the flower-stem grew from 4 to 6J in. daily, and the total
growth was 3 ft. On the 5th and 6th of June, it grew 9 in.
each day; then to the 17th of June, from 2 to 6 in. daily:
total growth 8 ft. 2 in. The height of the flower-stem on
the 17th of June was 8 ft. 11 in. From the 18th to the 21st
of June, it grew 3 or 3j in. daily, or \^ ft. The total height
of the flower-stem 10 ft. 3 in. The flowers were not counted,
but they were as numerous as possible. On the 4th of June,
Mr. Pratt had the plant taken to the vicinity of the Asylum
for Orphans and Indigent Widows, and exhibited for a trifle.
The produce (a considerable sum) was given to that establish-
ment. J. M.

Philadelphia, Ma?/ 13. 1829.

Art- X. On the Ctdtin-e and Propagation of the Eri/thrina Crista-
gdlli, Erythrina \aurifblia, and Chri/santkemum sinense. By
Mr. J. Elles.

Sir,

If you think the following observations on the culture and
propagation of the Erythrina Crista-galli, E. /aurifolia, and
the Chrysanthemum sinense, are worthy of insertion in the
Magazine, they are very much at your service.

Few ornamental plants equal in splendour the Erythrinae
and, as it is well known that they can be cultivated in the
same manner as georginas, nothing more seems wanting to
enable us to stock our flower-gardens with a profusion of
them, than an easy, expeditious, and sure method of propa-
gation. That there is such a method, and that they can be
increased with as much facility as the georginas, the following
will, I think, clearly show : — As soon as the plants have
done flowering (or even plants that have not flowered at
all, but which have ripened their wood tolerably well, will
answer the same purpose) cut them down, and make as many
cuttings of the stems as there are buds, preserving, if possible,
the leaf, or rather the three leaves, to each bud ; and if the
buds are opposite each other, as is sometimes the case, the

* Coxe's Miisciim, vol. i.

£. laurifulia, and Chrysantheinum sinaise. 457

stem may be split, if near the bottom, where the wood is hard
and well ripened, for this part of the stem will root even
without the assistance of the foliage ; indeed, I find that the
top and bottom, that is, the hardest and softest parts of the
stem, root more readily than that which is in an intermediate
state : but the ripest wood is the best. Having prepared the
cuttings, plant them separately in small pots, with the eye or
bud just below the surface of the mould, which should be
light and sandy, the piece of the stem which forms the cutting
being laid flat: then immediately place them under a hand-
light on a strong bottom heat, so that the heat under the glass
may range from 75° to 80° Fahrenheit, shading regularly
when the sun is likely to scorch them, or dry up the moisture ;
for they should be kept constantly well watered. In three
weeks they will be rooted, when they may be gradually hard-
ened, till they will bear a shady part of the stove. Thus from
every single stem no less than from twenty to thirty plants
may be annually reared ; and if the flowering plants are forced,
so as to make them flower twice a year, double that number
may be obtained. I have this season propagated upwards of
thirty plants from one which was but a last year's cutting.*

In cultivating the Chrysanthemums, I think the plants best
furnished with leaves and flowering stems are obtained from
cuttings taken off in the latter end of April or in the beginning
of May; as cuttings taken off" at this period, when struck,
topped, and trained up with three or four stems, seldom grow
higher than from 2 to 2^ ft ; and if planted in a rich com-
post, and well supplied with liquid manure, each stem will
throw out flowering branches from the bottom, forming hand-
some bushy plants. I have, upon plants treated in this man-
ner, upwards of twenty-four flowering branches on a single
stem ; but many vai'ieties ramify less freely. To obtain very
dwarf plants, I have occasionally practised for many years the
following method: — On the 1st of August the points of the
strongest shoots were taken off" at a joint, about three or four
inches in length ; not a leaf was removed, except the bottom
one, from the part which was to be inserted into the mould :
the cuttings were then immediately planted, separately, in
small pots, and placed vuider a hand-light upon a gentle
bottom heat. Here they were well watered and shaded, and

* With regard to the general culture of erythrinas in pots, no person
can, I think, go wrong, if he but give them a rich light soil, abundance of
water, and plenty of pot room, with a moist atmosphere : these will seldom
fail to make them flower freely. When dormant, they should be kept
perfectly dry.

458 New Method of propagating Piiiks.

rooted in less than three weeks ; afterwards gradually hard-
ened till they could bear any exposure ; then, being shifted
into larger pots, they were again placed on a gentle bottom
heat, without any protection from glass or otherwise, until
they showed flower. It is this bottom heat which is the only
secret in the process, inasmuch as it enables the plant to
make up for the time which was lost while the cutting was
striking.

By this method, perfectly dwarf plants may be flowered in
great beauty and perfection. I have at this moment between
twenty and thirty plants grown in this manner, not one of
which is more than 10 in. high, the greater part with from
four to seven or eight flowering branches, according to the
nature or habit of the varieties, forming neat little bushes ;
indeed, some of them are not more than 6 in. in height, but
yet full of flower-buds.

Chrysanthemums require plenty of pot room, and the richer
the mould the better ; but, when grown as dwarf plants, large
pots would not harmonise with their character.

I am, Sir, &c.

J. Elles.

Palace Gardeyis, Armagh, Oct. 24. 1830.

Art. XI. On a netv Method of propagating Pinks hy Layers.
By Mr. Thos. Fleetwood, Gardener at Donnington. Read at
the Meeting of the Vale of Evesham Horticultural Societ}',
April 17. 1828.

At the time of flowering, train the roots in the usual way
of preparing carnations for laying ; then take the old root in
one hand, and the young branch intended to be layered in the
other, and carefully divide them half way through by splitting
them downwards with the finger and thumb, moulding up the
wounded parts at once with some well sifted light vegetable
soil. With the exception of the common red pink, all others
succeed better by the above plan ; and the saving of time over
the usual way of propagating them is very considerable. The
joint between the old and the young parts of the pink root
being much hai-der than those lately formed, it is not so easily
injured by the wire worm.

A small quantity of soot laid next the wounded part will
preserve both pink and carnation layers from this destructive
insect.

Improved Frame for forcing Cucumbers.

459

Art. XII. Description of an improved Frame for forcing Cucum-
bers or Melons. By T. A. Parker, Esq., A.M.

Where stable muck is easily to be had, it may be applied
to this purpose at no expense beyond a little labour; and, if it
be desired to pursue the plan upon an extended scale, hot
water in metal pipes may be provided in aid of stable muck.
Both together would make the arrangement particularly com-
plete and economical.

It is my intention at present to limit the hot-bed to the
smallest scale, and confine the plan to the application of stable
muck ,' but I propose at no distant time, in another communi-
cation, to extend the arrangement, with the addition of pipes
containing hot water.

I have used a hot-bed of this kind for a few years with
great success. I need not detail the quantity of fruit
raised in this manner, because the practical gardener will
immediately perceive the advantages of the plan ; and, in
truth, an accvu'ate account of the produce has not been kept.

This hot-bed is about 6 ft.
square in the clear, the stone
sides or kerbs being about
one foot high, presenting a
glazed gable end to the south
{fg. 82.), a boarded gable
end to the north, and on the
east and west two sashes on
each side, about 4 ft. long by
3 ft. wide : the tops of the
sashes being furnished with
thimbles are hinged to a

rod of round iron of about five eighths of an inch in diameter,

running above the ridge board,
A platform of slate flags,

supported by stone pillars of,

about 2^ ft. high, receives the

stone kerbs, &C.5 {fg. 83.)

and admits of the muck being

removed wholly or in part,

it being at first heaped up

under and round the platform

and stone kerbs. I have the

advantage of being able to

get slate flags so large as from

three to four yards square, if

desired, at the cost of \s. 3d.

per square yard, if squared ;

460

Improved Frame for forcing Cucumbers.

or Is. a. yard if of an irregular form, or triangular, measured
only to tile square, exclusive of carriage ; and plenty of lime-
stone or freestone to make the pillars.

Where the advantages of stone and slate flags do not occur,
the most ready substitutes are stone flags or w^ooden planks
for the kerbs, bricks for the pillars, iron rods for joists or

bearers, and large roof slates,
wooden stakes, or strong sticks
laid across the bearers, for the
platform. Upon the platform a
thin layer of muck is to be put,
then some turfs laid upside down,
and lastly the mould. Fig. 84?.
shows the narrow kerbs and the
tops of nine hollow pillars.

An excellent substitute for
solid pillars would be something
like the pipes used for the tops
of chimneys, large at the base and
smaller at the top(^^. 85. a) ; and if short pipes ^py 85
of small diameter [b) were introduced into the
hollow pillars, and brought up through the
mould under the glass, a plentiful circulation of
warm and pure air would be furnished to the.
plants.

The mould being nearly level with the top of the kerbs,
the morning and evening sun has uninterrupted access to the
plants, while its meridian heat is moderated by the upright
gable end to the south.

To facilitate the rotting of raw stable muck for horticul-
tural or agricultural purposes, the litter is turned over, or
generally moved to another place, and the labour of making
a hotbed is little more than that. The weight of the hotbed
is supported above the stable muck, and the muck, from not
being pressed down, undergoes a brisker fermentation, and
gives out the more heat. The small pipes communicating
with the hollow pillars may be opened or stopped at pleasure,
and a heat free from impurities may be communicated to the
mould and the air around the plants, and regulated to a
nicety which could not be obtained, as I believe, so completely
in any other manner, not even by ho . water within metal pipes.
I mention 6 ft. square in the clear as small dimensions for
a hotbed ; but the same plan is applicable to a wider frame
from east to west, and the extent from south to north might
be limited only by the means of suj")plying the heat required.
The slope of the sashes being quicker or less flat than in

Method of grcnohig the Melon. 461

the usual hotbed sashes, the condensed steam runs off them
with more certainty ; and the glass is better able to resist the
effects of hail. The interior of this hotbed might also be
cleared away in winter, or at any other season, and room made
for green-house plants ; if the platform is movable, a height
of from 4 to 6 ft. may be obtained, and the side walls re-
newed with stable muck or soil.

Sisoeeiieij Hall^ Jime, 1829. T. A. Parker.

Art. XIII. On a Method qfgroiving the Melon.
By Mr. John Lovell.

Sir,

The method I have adopted of growing the melon varies
in one or two very essential points from any that I have yet
seen practised ; first, in well bedding and firmly rooting the
plants, to support a good crop of fruit; secondly, in early
setting and preserving the first fruit, and forcing the whole
of the plants luxuriantly through the whole of the period
necessaiy for their maturity.

To effect this, I prepare my bed with dung well watered
and fermented, or tan ; not wishing such a strong heat as for
cucumbers. I sow the seeds in pots, in which the plants are
to remain until they are turned into the hills, leaving only
three plants in each pot. These I place on the dung in order
to start them, as soon as the bed is made up, unless there
should be another bed in use at the same time. As soon as
the second rough leaf appears, I put a hill of good melon
soil under each light, i. e. good loam and turf, adding a sixth
part of good rotten dung, well mixed with the spade, but not
sifted. This I water if dry, and tread in the hills firmly,
making a hole in the centre, and turning out a pot of plants
with the ball entire into each hole. Should the weather be very
warm, I water them over head abundantly, and in the space of
a fortnight they will have grown to four or five joints each.
I then stop them down to three joints. By this time the heat
of the bed will have become reduced to such a temperature
as to allow of moulding up the plants, well treading in and
watering as you proceed. As the plants will at this time be
strongly rooted and in vigorous growth, in the course of three
days they will have pushed a strong shoot from each of the
three eyes in a horizontal direction; and they will seldom
fail of showing fruit at the first joint; you may rely, at least,
on two out of three of these fruit setting. Before the fruit

462 On pruning and training Ciicumber Plants.

comes to blossom the bed must be covered 1^ in. thick
with dry sand, if it can be got, but mould will do; and do
not water the bed any more for at least three weeks. This
prevents the newly set fruit from turning yellow and damping
off. All shoots that appear, except the three above men-
tioned, must be removed. As these shoots will show fruit at
the first or second joint, if such fruit be set and taken care
of, it will be three parts grown before the vines will have
reached the outside of the bed, arriving at perfection in nearly
half the time it would have done if the vines had been left in
confusion.

Particular care must be taken, in pruning, never to stop
the three shoots that bear the fruit, nor yet the lateral ones
produced from the same joint as the fruit. These lateral
shoots will show fruit at the first joint, which fruit must be
preserved until the other is swelling; then take off this lateral
fruit, but do not stop the vine. But should any accident
happen to the other fruit, the shoot bearing it must be taken
off, and the lateral shoot treated as a main one, when the fruit
on it will swell accordingly ; and all the laterals that spring
from the main shoot must be stopped, leaving one joint and
leaf only. I am, Sir, &c.

John Lovell.
Brecon, July 16. 1829.

Art. XIV. On pruning and training Cucumber Plants.
By Mr. W. P. Vaughan.

Sir,

I HAVE the Encyclopcedia of Gardenings and the Gardener''s
Magazine, with some other practical works; all of which con-
tain some excellent treatises on growing cucumber plants, but
nothing is said about pruning them. I consider their pro-
ductiveness as depending principally on pruning and the
age of the seed, and I will tlierefore lay down my system of
management.

As I save a few seeds annually, I have always some three
years old. These I sow in shallow pans, in a dung heat not
under 70°. By the time they spread the seed leaves, I have
soil and 32-sized pots ready dried in the frames. I put a bit
of broken pot on the holes, and such a small quantity of soil
above it that when the plants are in they will but just reach
over the rim of the pot. I then take up the seedlings, avoid-
ing, as much as possible, injuring the fibres, and set three or
four of them in each pot in the form of a triangle or square.

Oft raising an early Crop of Peas. 463

I fill the pots to within half an inch of the top, water them, and
keep them in a brisk heat of from 65^° to 75°. As soon as they
have spread two rough leaves, I pick out the leading bud from
each plant close to the second leaf, and in a few days each plant
will put forth two shoots, and they are ready for plunging in the
hills, without breaking the balls of earth ; i. e. one pot in each
hill. When these shoots have made two joints they must be
stopped at the second, as before, and pegged down with a
piece of straight stick, 6 in. long, broken half through in two
places, [fig. 86.) Each shoot will now produce two more,
86 which never fail to show fruit at the first joint, and
must be stopped at the second ; which operation
must be done to all as they make two joints. Pick-
ing off the male blossoms, and setting the fruit as
they open, should be done in the morning, just
before the sun comes strong on the frames, until the weather
will admit of the lights being open a great part of the day;
watering should also be performed at the same time, shutting
the frame close for a few minutes after.

Cuttings of the ends of shoots, about 4 in. long, taken off
close under a joint, and planted in a pot deep enough to
admit a flat pane of glass on the top, will strike freely (see
J. Mearns, in Encyclopcedia of Gardening), and come into
bearing sooner than seeds, but they are not of so long
duration. I am, &,c.

Archdeanery, Brecon, Wm. P. Vaughan.

April 22. 1829.

Art. XV. On raising an early Crop of Peas, as practised in a
Garden at Chichester. By C. V. R.

Sir,

Mr. Main's letter, in Vol. VI. p. 555. has induced me to
communicate my method for raising an early crop of peas,
which I have practised for the last twelve years with perfect
success, and which will, I think, be found on trial decidedly
superior both to Mr. Main's mode, and to the old one of
transplanting peas, so well known to the gardeners in the
neighbourhood of London. My method is this : —

In the first or second week in November, I select six dozen
pots of the 16 size, and fill them within 2 in. of the top with
light rich mould. I then sow all over the surface with the
early frame pea, but not so thick as to touch each other. I

^64- On raising cm eay^ly Crop of Peas.

make a little better than a quart sow the whole. The pots
are then filled up with the same mould, and placed in a cool
frame or vinery, protected from frost and the mice. In the
first week of March they will be about 6 in. high, and the
pots well filled with roots. Having made choice of a warm
spot on a south border, they are now transplanted by digging
a hole sufficiently large to receive the contents of each pot ;
care being taker not to disturb the roots, but to preserve the
balls entire. They are planted in rows, 4 ft. apart, and 2 ft.
in the rows, in the alternate manner, or that which some
gardeners term " breaking the lines." If the nights should
pro.'", frosty, I cover each tuft with a flower- pot, and take it
off every morning, which prevents them from receiving the
least check. At the latter end of the month the pots are
taken away, and the peas are sticked, each tuft separately,
and inclining a little outwards at top, to allow the plants
plenty of room to spread. This method is quite applicable
to all dwarf-growing peas, which will never be found too
thick : the air having a free circulation round each tuft, they
begin bearing nearer the ground than those grown in the usual
way and in parallel lines, and I find them bear much better.
Peas are in general sown too thickly in the drills, and by that
means they are drawn up so weak that they seldom produce
any pods till arrived at their full growth, and then only near
the top.

From the 1st to the 10th of May I generally gather my
first dish of green peas ; and I find the above number of pots
will supply a family, upon an average, with three dishes of
green peas per week till the first or second week in June.

The advantage of this method will, I think, be obvious to
your readers : by it the plants receive no check in the trans-
planting ; whereas in the common practice of transplanting
they receive a severe check, from which they do not recover
in less than a fortnight, and which, of course, may be con-
sidered a fortnight lost at this season of the year; nor indeed
can it be expected they will ever grow so fine as when they
receive no check. I never sow any peas in the open ground
till January ; and my kitchen-garden being rather on a limited
scale, I find this no inconsiderable advantage, as it enables
me to take a crop of winter vegetables off the very ground I
intend for my peas ; particularly off the ground 1 intend for
my transplanted peas in March. I am, &c.

C. V. R.

Chichester, Ja?2. 1. 1831.

465

PART IL
REVIEWS.

Art. 1. Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London.
Vol. VII. Part V.

(Concluded from p. 187.)

This part, which concludes the volume, consists of a pre-
face, table of contents, index, &c. In the preface, the council
" congratulate the fellows on the great advantages already
derived from the establishment of the Society, and on the very
flattering prospect open to it for the future. It may be said
to have given an impulse to the study of horticulture, not only
in this country, but in all quarters of the globe, as is proved
by the establishment of numerous provincial societies on the
same model, and by the formation of similar institutions in
Germany, France, the West Indies, and other countries."

The collections in the garden are increasing; and a large
proportion of the most interesting of the new plants intro-
duced has been distributed veiy generally among the Fellows.
In the ornamental department, the most extensive and valuable
introductions have been made by Mr. David Douglas from
the north-west coast of North America. Mr. Douolas brought
with him to England, in 1826, " a far greater number of
plants and seeds than he had previously sent home." Of the
species thus introduced, about 210 have been raised in the
gardens of the Society ; and, after having abandoned the mul-
tiplication of those which presented no other interest than as
botanical curiosities, 1 30 species are now growing, and nearly
the whole of them have been furnished to the Fellows, and to
the principal public gardens in correspondence with the
Society on all parts of the Continent. The peculiar value
attached to these plants, which are hardy enough to bear our
climate without any protection in winter, many of which are
also distinguished by their great beauty, has induced the
council to engage the same indefatigable collector to under-
take a fresh expedition to the same country, with sucli
additional means and assistance as the difficulties experienced
by him in his former journey had rendered necessary.

Vol. VII. — No. 33. h ii

466 Transactions of the Horticultural Society.

" The contributions to the ornamental department received
fi"om various public gardens, as well as from private individuals,
fellows and correspondents of the Society, both at home and
abroad, have also been of considerable importance. Under
this head the collection of Chilian plants discovered and in-
troduced by Alexander Cruickshanks, Esq., and the Mexican
plants raised from the seeds collected by J. G. Graham, Esq.,
in the mountains of Mexico, deserve to be particularly men-
tioned, as having furnished many new and beautiful hardy or
half-hardy species. The hot-houses have been more espe-
cially enriched by the Indian collections transmitted by
Dr. Wallich from the botanical garden of Calcutta, and pre-
sented to the Society by the Honourable East India Com-
pany, and also by a considerable number of very interesting
plants, collected in the neighbourhood of Rio Janeiro, and
presented by the late Sir Henry Chamberlayne. To Dr. Wal-
lich the Society is also indebted for a variety of trees and
shrubs from the mountains of Nepal, which have proved suf-
ficiently hardy to be placed in the arboretum.

" In the fruit department, while the collections have been
constantly augmented by communications with foreign gardens,
the officers of the Society, by the direction of the Council, have
been diligently applying themselves to the examination of the
varieties, with a view of determining their respective merits or
demerits. If no result has hitherto been made public, this
has arisen from the extreme difficulty of the subject, from the
repeated trials that are required, year after year, before a final
opinion can be formed npon any given variety, and from an
unwillingness on the part of the Council to authorise the
publication of imperfect statements. Many thousand varieties
have now been subjected to the most rigid scrutiny; and if
there is still a great mass of matter requiring investigation
among apples and pears, yet, with respect to other fruits, the
state of information acquired at the garden is such, that reports
upon a great number of them may be now immediately ex-
pected. An account of the varieties of the pine-apple has
already been read before the Society, and will be followed by
a constant succession of other reports, which will be printed
in the Transactions^ and which, it is confidently anticipated,
will contain much important information. The details in-
tended to be comprised in these reports will be best understood
from the perusal of them when printed ; but, in the mean
while, it may be stated that the great objects that have been
kept in view are, the simplification of the nomenclature, by the
reduction of the synonymes to order ; the investigation of
the modes of cultivation best adapted to each variety, the

Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society. 467

effect produced by different kinds of stocks, and the deter-
mination of the respective qualities, with a view to rejecting
worthless kinds and retaining the most important only for
permanent cultivation. The fruits, when gathered, are depo-
sited at the garden in a fruit-room, which is constantly open
to the inspection of the public, and which, from the number
of visitors to it, appears to excite univeral interest.

" The distributions of cuttings, seeds, and plants, made by
the Society have been of the greatest importance, as well from
the number and value of the articles, as on account of the accu-
racy with which their names and synonymes have been esta-
blished. During the three years preceding the 1st of May last,
no less than 28,367 parcels of seeds were distributed at the
office in Regent Street, and 37,590 articles from the garden.

" All the Fellows of the Society have now the privilege
of applying for plants and cuttings ; and, when visiting the
garden, they may receive such as are in sufficient abundance
to be so distributed ; the garden being open from nine in the
morning daily until six in summer, and until sunset in the
winter.

" The library of the Society, at their house in Regent
Street, has continued to receive additions, by purchase as well
as by donations. The models of fruit, the herbaria, and other
scientific collections, have been transferred to the garden;
where it is proposed to arrange them in such a manner as to
render them of easy access, and to answer, as fully as possible,
the purposes for which they were intended."

The present volume closes the first series of these Trans-
actions

Art. II. Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.
Vol. IV. Part II.

(Continued from p. 336.)

42. Notice regarditig a Scarificator. By John Gordon, Esq.

This gentleman has uniformly found the greatest benefit
arise from cutting or slitting the rind of fruit trees when hide-
bound ; but the practice, he says, is " of little use, unless
carefully done down to the surface of the ground, or rather
below, and likewise a little along the horizontal branches. I
have often seen trees carefully done in this way in blossom
several days before those not cut at all. By using a proper
instrument, the slitting may be done in less than a minute per
tree and the tree will want no more relief for some A'ears.

H H 2

468 Memoirs of the Caledoiiian Horticultural Society.

This scarificator has a blade at each end; one for the stems
of large trees, about half an inch long ; and the other for
small trees, in length about a quarter of an inch.

43. Notice of an improved Garden Hammer, (fig. 91. in Gard. ]Mag.,

voLvi. p. 469.)
The use of the fulcrum is to facilitate the drawing of nails,
without the risk of bruising the adjacent shoots.

44. Description of and Directions for using, a Netu Preservative
Frame for saving Wall Fruit from being destroyed by Wasps,
Blue Flies, or Birds, token it is ripe ; and also Jbr protecting the
Blossom i7i Spring from Frost, and insuring a Crop of Fruit.
By Mr. John Dick, Gardener to William Trotter, Esq., of Bal-
lendean. Read April 6. 1826.

Already described in the London Horticultxiral Transactions,
and the Gardener's Magazine, vol. iii. p. 54.

45. On the Cultivation of Straiuberries. By Mr. John Middleton,

Tillychewan. Read Dec. 13. 1814.

Every gardener knows that it is a common practice to cut
over strawberry plants in the month of October, " in order
to make them push anew, and cover themselves, as it is
termed, before winter. This part of the management I have
been induced, from experience of its bad effects, to omit. I
was at first led to this change from observing that a plot of
strawberries which, through the hurry of business, I did not
get dressed in autumn, produced very well next season ; it
immediately occurred to me, and in the same sentiment I now
write this, that strawberries, and, in general, any herbaceous
plants resembling them in habit, must be very much weakened
by being made to produce two crops of foliage in one season.
The winter residences of the shoots, which are to come forth
next spring, must be thrown open, and the whole plants con-
sideralily weakened, by being forced to exert themselves in
sending out a numerous and weakly set of autumnal leaves ;
and by these means a very sensible effect must be produced
on the crop. I therefore make it a rule, after the crop is
gathered, to cut away all the runners, and to clear the beds
of all weeds ; but I never touch the bodies of the plants in the
way of cutting. I observe that during winter the shoots of
next year are seen strong and healthy, under the shelter of
the decayed foliage, from which they no doubt receive much
protection."

Mr. Middleton, at the suggestion of Mr. Lang, gardener
at Balloch Castle, never digs betwixt the rows of strawberries
in autumn ; because such a practice, " by cutting large quan-
tities of the fibres at that season, must have the effect of
injuring the plants almost as much as if they were trans-

Curtis' s Botanical Magazine, 1.69

planted. The new-made wounds are, by the ground being
opened, exposed to the action of the frost ; and the plants will,
by this treatment, be kept in a weak and languishing state
during the whole of next season. The only necessary oper-
ation, therefore, is, to give the whole ground a complete
hoeing after the runners are cut off, to clear away the weeds ;
and, if the alleys on the outsides of the plots are dug, to cast
a small quantity of loose earth on the whole ground, which
will give it the appearance of being newly dressed. I have
found, 1 think, great benefit from wheeling on, during frost, a
quantity of well-rotted dung and pointing in the same, in the
months of March or April, when the plants should receive
their spring dressing; which must, of course, consist in cutting
off the old haulm, clearing the plants of any weeds which
may then a})pear, and digging the whole ground betwixt them.
It must be obvious that cutting a few of the roots at this
season will in no degree retard the growth of the plants, but,
by the additional quantity of fibres produced in consequence
of any incisions which may be made, will materially promote
the same."

{To be continued.)

Art. III. Catalogue of JVoi-ks oii Gardening, Agriciilture, Botani/,
Rural Architecture, SfC, published since May, 1831, i^iith some
Account of those considered the most interesting.

In eiuimerating the contents of the Botanical Periodicals, those genera or species marked by a
star (») are not included in the first edition of the Hirtus Bn'tdimicus.

Curtis^ s Botanical Magazine, or Flowcr-Garden displayed. New Series.

Edited by Dr. Hooker. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 2>s. 6d. coloured;

3*. plain.

iV^o. LIU. for May, contains

3067. il/lmulus *perfoliatus. A yellow-flowered species of very recent
introduction : it is possibly neither sufficiently hardy nor sufficiently beau-
tiful to become generally cultivated. — 3068. Eranthemum strictum. " As
desirable as the well known E. pulchellum; or, although the flowers are
fewer than in that species, they are larger, and quite as beautiful in colour.
It is a native of Nepal : hence it may probably be cultivated in a green-
house." — 3069. Browalli« *grandifl6ra. Raised from seeds collected
by Mr. Cruickshanks, near Yaza, in the valley of Canta in Peru. A plant
of the same name was published in the Bot. Beg. for February : see our
notice of it at p. 201. Dr. Hooker remarks : "the plant of the Botanical
Begister has the flowers considerably smaller and the leaves more cordate
than in the plant figured by me from Dr. Graham, and appears to be raised
from seeds of another kind of Browallirts in Mr. Cruickshanks's herbarium,
which I have rather been disposed to consider as B. demissa." — .3070.
Schizanthus *Hookerf. This welcome addition to the splendid flowers of
our gardens surpasses in beauty all the previously known species of Schi-
zanthus, which is high praise. It was collected " by Dr. Gillies, in various
places on the Chilian side of the Cordillera of the Andes, at an elevation
of 8000 or 9000 ft. above the level of the sea. The seed was sown in the

H H 3

470 Cwiis's Botanical Magazine.

sprfns of 1S29, in the open border; and the plants not having flowered,
they were taken into the house during winter, and replanted abroad in
March. The flowers b^an to appear in June, and were abundantly pro-
duced during the whole summer. Thus treated, S. Hooker/ has proved
itself of biennial duration, at least ; what its usual duration in this country
may be, remains to be ascertained." — 3071. Janipha jMditihot, Eatable*
rooted Phvsic-nut, Bitter Ca^ssada, Cassava, ilanioc, or Tapioca. This
plant has a root the size of a man's fist, which is yellowish, and abounds
in a juice so poisonous, that if it be internally taken, it is fatal in a few
minutes to cats, dogs, and man ; acting on the nervous system. All the
EM^horhidcece are essentially distinguished by their acrid and poisonous
qualities; but it is a matter of remark and astonishment that the root
of bitter cassada, when broken into pieces, and totally freed, by heavy
pressure, from its venomous juice, %"ields, after it is dried and ground, an
■^■^abundant flour, that is most extensively employed in lieu of bread through-
out a very large portion of South America. A preparation of this root is even
imported largely into our country, and served up at table, under the name
of tapioca. Cassava bread is in the most general demand of any provision
all over the West Indies, and is employed to victual ships. The use of
tapioca is still more extended ; and the great application of tapioca through-
out Europe is for the same purposes as sago and arrow-root. There is
another variety of cassava, but not described in this article farther than
that it is " the Sweet Cassava of Browne's Jamaica, p. 350. ; of Lunan's
Hort. Jam., vol. i. p. 163 ; and the ^IdnUiot Aksi of Pohl : and its root is
white, and free from deleterious qualities." "N'otwithstanding these two
differences, the bitter and sweet cassava " seem not to differ in botanical
characters. They are both especially cultivated in the colonies." " An acre
of ground planted with manioc, or bitter cassava, fields nourishment to
a greater number of persons than sis acres cultivated with the best wheat ;
but it is probable that it greatly exhausts the soil." The mode of culture
is this : — " After burning the felled trees, the lands are planted with cut-
tings of this plant. In IS or 20 months the roots have attained their ftdl
size. During this time the farmer endeavours, above all things, to check
the upward growth of the plants by breaking out their buds. Each plant-
ation usually yields three crops, and is then abandoned. (,S^ju- and SMartius's
Travels in Brazil.)'^ — 3072. Chn, sophyllum Cainito. A species of star-
apple, a weU known fruit of the "West Indies, where, however, it appears to
be more esteemed by the natives than by Europeans. In our stoves it re-
commends itself by the beauty of its leaves, particularly their brown and
gold coloured, satin-textured under-side. It blossomed in the stove of the
Glasgow botanic garden in November, 1S30 : its flowers are small, in colour
yellowish white, and but rarely produced. — 3073. Argemone grandiflora-
This splendid plant, " now not uncommon in our gardens, produces freely
its fine white blossoms, with their orange stamens and brilliant stigma,
through all the summer months."

yo. LIV. for June, contains
3074. Dendrobium speciosum. A much more perfect figure of this fine
species than the original one in Smith's Exotic Botany, that having been
drawn in New Holland by a person not skilled in botanical drawing. —
3075. Lobelia *h\-pocraterif6rmis, ^a^y^r-flowered Lobelia. A purple-
flowered interesting little plant, native of the southern shores of New Hol-
land. — 3076. Broughton/a sanguinea. Scarlet-flowered Broughtonia. A
showy orchideous plant. — 3077. Omithogalumfimbriatum. — 3078. Rhip-
salis mesembryanthemoides. — 3079. Rhipsalis fasciculata. — 3080. Rhip-
salis *C'assytha. These three species are published from the collection of
William Christy, Esq., Clapham Road, by whom the technical descriptions
are supphed : the three drawings are from the accurate pencil of Mr.
J. D. Sowerbv.

Ed'iixirds's Botanical Register. 471

Xo. LV.for Jidyy contains
3081. Columnea hirsuta. A shrubby stove plant, climbing slightlv, with
very showy scarlet blossoms. — 3082. Drosera binata. FromXew Holland.
The plant figured sprang up out of soil imported thence to Kew, and Dr.
Hooker suggests that the other New South Wales and Cape species may
be successfully introduced, " if the seeds be kept in moist earth durin^ the
voyage." — 3083. Fritillaria leucantha. A hardy white-flowered species,

remarkable for the termination in a tendril of its Unear-lanceolate leaves.

3084. Anthericum ? *plum6sum. Herbaceous, fi om Chile, with white plu-
mose or bearded petals ; curious. — 3085. Pterostylis nutans. Herbaceous,
orchideous, green -flowered, and from New Holland. — 3086. P. curta.
Another species, with more red in its blossoms. Both curious. — 3087.
Farsetirt lunarioides. A hardy biennial, with yellow blossoms and moon-
shaped silicles, thriving well il' its seeds be sown in open borders whose
soil is dry and calcareous.

Edwards's Botanical Register. New Series. Edited by John Lindlev,
F.R.S. L.S. &c.. Professor of Botany in the London University. Li 8vo
Numbers, monthly, -i*. coloured.

Xo, III. of Vol. IV. for Mat/, contains
14-06. Cattley« guttata. " The spottmg of the flower in this species is re-
markably different from any thing that has yet been seen in the same genus.
It may be interesting to cultivators to know that what are called the stems
of this genus, and indeed of many other orchideous plants, that is to say, the
erect stalks that bear the leaves, are analogous to tubers, and really the
branches of a rhizoma, or prostrate stem, which creeps upon the surface of
the ground, resembling a root, and that consequently each of the leaf-
bearing branches may be safely cut off with a portion of the rhizoma
attached for the purpose of propagation. The gardener of >Ir. Harrison
of Liverpool has practised this method with great success." — 1407.
Azalea calendulacea var. *Stapleton/fl«fif. " The fourth of the Highclere
azaleas, named in compliment to Lady Harriet Stapleton, daughter of the
Earl of Caernarvon. This lovely variety is perhaps the most beautiful
that has been raised among those hybrids in which the characters of A.
calendulacea preponderate, as in tliis the prevailing colour is a rich deep
rose, w ith no more yellow than is just sufficient to soften the general tint."
— 1408. T'rifolium vesiculosum. A species of clover occasionally met with
in English botanic gardens ; pretty in its blossoms, and interesting in its
bladder-like calyxes : set down here as perennial, but usually considered
annual. — 1400. ./asminum Wallich/owz/w. Professor Lindlev has been
here unfortunate in overlooking 3Ir. David Don's name and description of
this species in the Prbdromus Florce Xejmlensis. It is there called J.
pubigerum, this epithet being expressive of a short and possibly deciduous
pubescence, which is ob\-ious enough on the imperfectly expanded, and
recently expanded leaves. The figure in Bot. Reg. exhibits none of this
pubescence, except on the calyxes of the blossoms. " It is perfectly hardy,
and must be considered a great addition to our shrubberies." — 1410. Al-
stromerw pulcheUa var. *pil6sa. This variety differs from the original in
having its leaves fringed with long hairs, and its sepals deeply and distinctly
serrated. A. pulchella and its varieties " would probably prove quite
hardy if grown on a south border, covered in winter by a wide sloping
thatched roof, such as is now in use, with great success, in the garden of
the Horticultural Society. But the safest way to treat [all] the species of
Alstromer/rt is to plant them in hght loamy soil, in a border within a
glazed pit, which is just heated enough to keep out frost in winter. Here
tiiey w ill grow with great vigour, throwing up strong suckers in all direc-
tions, and flowering beautifully : their leaves will not, on the one hand, be
parched by the drying cold winds of April, nor, on the other, scorched bv

H H 4

472

BJbmmd/lsBatamitmi Begater.

Thus protected, tber viD petfona tU their
sasifia^facvatthcsoil; and aa abpndbnrr of foodinPbe
seait iltfwii wards ^dn the mots^irfaich wfll tins be pR]wred, b^mw the
Tttan c£ 'Ac snyvsif season, to send ijp neir dmoCs widi the sreafest
" ^ ~ TigoT.*— 1411. GaateenaSliBiii (.?%S~.)

TUs Jlj^bK cfcrgicm is dwaif and small ia
u-^^A^i 111 lit ia the paae tmd oak woods
rif f\tluuibB and of other parts of wirth-^rest
_ ^^_ .3. it '^ £ro«s beneath the diease ihadov

s;^^"^^^- - : p;are= -wbere feir odier pfaMis wffl Vnc,

"-^ rain* the stature of a ami.** By

rjiiers, and br seeds, winch k is
'^ 7n>duce in Ex^iaad, it nay eas^

i to anT extent. SkiM&m is the
ro the pfanat ia Culiiadjii, where
fiavooired bemes are ■orh e&-
^-'-eacEDa «aBssoanra. A
aest only- • It is no
- <= r-^gfocarfed -with P.
:ii it is nerertbdess
m .tuilj dUoet: . tiaata ai Fisdier,

wiieh B aiiw»1i : as a svoonvae^ ia De

CbadaBe^ Aw^r 7 ^i_±er.'P. unssoarita is

kaavB not only Y ts inflo-

reseeaoe^b^itsmiL — 1413.

WBft Terr fre: — 'iendron

the^b ^ -at

Lovd Gaemarvaa's, 1^ - -^ler
Ihe hriffine -

tnat ■»"_. : -srinters.

:.: rr:?;: :_l:v pos-

' '-ken

TBS

!■• iiroii .r _
* To thi^

These, faowe-r

se^; and, &5
br Mr. Gov;

.Chododendr:
plant that *::

B.

V.

British Flfficei-Garden. 473

Lindley, which is published, and contains the genealogy and historr of this
and the other seedlings, says " they are quite hardy, havine never been
damaged in the slightest degree by the winters of this clinaate ; but they are
very excitable, shoot ver)- early, and will therefore, in early springs, be
liable to be injured by late frosts. They make extremely vigorous srowtb,
and, judging from the analogy which I have observed to prevail in hvbrid
productions, I am inclined to believe that they will attain to the height of
20 ft. and upwards. Their foliage is verA* ornamental." — 1415. Epiden-
drum *odoratissimum. " A delighttidly fragrant epiphyte, native of woods
near Rio Janeiro. It is easily cultivated in decayed moss and wood, well
drained, and placed in a hot damp part of the stove." Professor Lindley
states that this is the plant which Dr. Hooker has published as Encyclia
patens, and ^Nlr. Loddiges as Macradenia lutescens ; but that it is quite
distinct from the Macradenia lutescens of the Botanical Register. — 1416.
Crocus vemus var. *leucorhyncus. White-beaked vernal Crocus ; or, as
it is called in the gardens, the Pheasant's Feather Crocus. A pleasing
variety, whose flo^ser is white, except a ring of clear deep blue, near the
tip of the flower : the tip itself is white, and the beauty of the varietv is
owing to the very pleasing contrast of the white of the tips, and the clear
deep blue on which it reposes." The white tips are what is meant bv
leucorhyncus or white-beaked. Drawn from the Horticultural Societv's
garden. — 1417. Habranthus *phyceridides. A pretty species, which
appears to be the connecting link between the genera Habranthus and
Phycella. The flower is scarlet in the limb, yellowish in the tube. — HIS.
Gh'cine *biloba. Published from the nursery of >Ir. Tate ; who states
" that it is a desirable conservatory t%viner, attaining the height of 20 ft., and
covered from bottom to top with a proftision of Tviolet-coloured^ blossoms."
It does not succeed when planted out of doors. Introduced from Mexico
in 1S27. — 1419. Tulijia oculus solis var. *pr£e'cox. Early Sun's-eve
Tulip. This variety produced its crimson blossoms in the middle of March.
Its bulbs were collected by the Hon. T. F. Strang^vays, in the cultivated
grounds belonging to ^Ir. Baring's villa, near Florence. It must not be
confounded with the tulip of the same name, described bv Tenore, which
Mr. Strangways considers the Tulipa Raddii.

JN'o. T'.for July, of Vol, IT., contains
1420. Galipea *odoratissima. A stove plant, from Rio Janeiro, abound-
ing in broad deep green leaves, which are from one to two feet lon<»
Thrives in a mixture of peat and loam in a pot plunged in a tan-pit ;
flowers in May, when the air of the hot-house is perfumed as if with jas-
mines. The period of blossoming lasts some time. — 1421, Kenned/a
inophylla. With fine foliage and beauteous clusters of scarlet blossoms.
Like all of its family, a twdner. — 1422. A species of Cassia, with numerous

large pale yellow blossoms, and large green leaves of numerous leaflets.

1423. Hove^ purpurea. A beautiful evergreen shrub, whose branches are
elegant wTeaths of purplish lilac blossoms. — 1424. iJiibus *spectabilis.
An upright shrub, 3 ft. to 4 ft. high, with leaves of three leaflets,. and rich
deep rose blossoms ; of easy culture, and strikes by cuttirurs under a hand-
glass. — 1425. Berberis .Jquifolium. 1426. B. *glumacea. Two of the
American berberries, called by some MahonitF, with fine pinnated evercrreea
leaves, and clusters of yellow blossoms.

The British Flower-Garden. Xew Series. By Robert Sweet, F.L.S. Arc.
In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 3*.

JN'o. XXIV. for ^lai/, contains

93. ZHctamnus *angustifolius. This species differs from both D. Fraxi-

nella and D. albus, in having the divisions of its cal}-x equal. It was raised

in the Chelsea botanic garden by Mr. Anderson, in 1821, from seeds he had

received from Dr. Fischer. It is a valuable addition to the stock of hardv

474; British Flcmoer'Garden.

ornamental herbaceous plants. — 94. Mahonia *diversif61ia. A new species
of this peculiar and interesting form of the berberry tribe. The racemes
of bright yellow blossoms are represented to be very numerous, and con-
trast strongly and agreeably with the fine glossy evergreen leaves. — 9.5. i?ho-
dodendron *Farrer(e, Mrs. Farrer's Rhododendron. " This beautiful and
interestmg species, which unites, beyond doubt, Azalea with -Rhododendron,
was brought by Captain Farrer, in 1829, from China ; and Mr. Tate, from
whose nursery it is published, proposed its specific name, in compliment to
Mrs. Farrer, resident at Blackheath. It will doubtless endure our winters
in the open air, as it is subdeciduous." — 96. O'xalis Deppii, Dr. Deppe's
Wood Sorrel. " This most beautiful O'xalis flowered with us last year,
from March to November ; and, if grown in a pot, and protected in the
green-house in winter, it would most probably continue flowering all
through the winter. But both O. Deppw and O. floribunda succeed well in a
south border, with no other covering than a pot placed over them in severe
weather, and a mat over the pot : the only protection necessary for those
and numerous other half-hardy plants. The O. Depp«, as in this situation
it loses its leaves in winter, may be taken up and kept in a warm dry place
till spring, and then replanted : this is how we treated our plant."

No. XXV. for June, contains

97. Tiilipa repens. A yellow-flowered species, spreading extensively by
subterraneous stolones; as ornamental as T. sylvestris, which it much
resembles, but distinguishable by a sufficiency of technical marks. —
98. Crocus *Imperati. A species of so late introduction as 1830; native
of Naples, with large lUac-coloured blossoms produced in spring. It is
a very desirable kind. — 99. *Ganymedes (Gani/medes, Jupiter's cup-
bearer ; flowers with large cups.) pulchellus. The beautiful iVarcissus
pulchellus of old nomenclature.

100. Berberis *dulcis, Svfeet-fruited Berberry. " An evergreen, shrubby,
beautiful species, lately introduced from the Sti-aits of Magellan, where its
berries are used as we use gooseberries, both green and ripe, for making
pies, tarts, and other sweetmeats or preserves ; for which purposes they
are excellent. The berries are abundantly produced, and when ripe are
black and of the size of a black currant. It will, doubtless, be quite hardy;
and its elegant, nodding, bright yellow flowers, which are produced singly
along the branch, and not in bunches, added to its very useful fruit, will
render it a valuable addition to our shrubberies. In its native state it
grows from 4 ft. to 10 ft. high. It was collected by Mr. Anderson, botanical
collector in Captain King's expedition to the Straits of Magellan, and to
other parts of South America. Mr. Anderson states that B. dulcis extends
from Chiloe to the Straits of Magellan, but that the plants in Chiloe are
larger and deciduous. From these two characters the plants in Chiloe will,
doubtless, prove of a distinct species. Both the kind from Chiloe and
B. dulcis are now growing in Mr. Lowe's nursery, Clapton, where B. dulcis
flowered in March last, but under glass, and where also another species,
that pretty little dwarf evergreen shrub, B. empetrifolia, has recently blos-
somed. B. dulcis may, doubtless, be readily increased by layers, by
inarching on B. vulgjiris, or by young cuttings planted under bell glasses in
pots of sand. A mixture of sandy loam and peat will be the fittest soil
for it."

N'o. XXVI. for July, contains
101. A'jar cernuus, single and double. Two most desirable border flowers,
of easy culture, but at present rare. Till they become abundant. Ajar
(A^arcissus) tortuosus, which resembles them, and is more prevalent, may
be substituted. — 102. Tidipa oculus solis, Sun's-eye Tulip. Two varieties,
both beautiful, and of easy culture. Figured from the Chelsea botanic
garden. These and several other species were imported from Italy by
the Apothecaries' Company as colchicum roots. — 103. Aquilegia Gar-

Botanical Cabinet. 4^75

nien«/;«. A beautiful hybrid, raised by Miss Gamier of Wickham, Hants,
from seeds of A. sibirica, from flowers impregnated with the pollen of A.
vulgaris. It nearly equals A. sibirica in beauty ; the sepals of its flowers
are bright purple, and the petals are partly purple, partly of a bright straw
colour. — 104. Wistaria frutescens.

The present number completes vol. i., and the accompanying titlepage
states that The British Flower-Garden includes " hardy plants, or those
which are somewhat tender, but may still be cultivated in a warm bordei%
needing only a mat or a garden pot to be placed over them in severe frost :
some will even require both expedients." -j- It is also fm'ther observed : —
" We intend, in the succeeding volumes, to introduce some of Mr. Knight's
showy New Holland plants, or those from other collections, as the greater
part of them will succeed well by the side of a wall, in a warm border,
with no other protection than a mat in severe frost j or if some straw or
rushes are sewed inside of it, all the better ; the bottom of the plant being
tied round with dry hay or straw, to keep the bark from cracking with the
frost. By these means the beautiful productions of New Holland, as well
as of Mexico, Chile, Chiloe, the Straits of Magellan, and Peru, may be
cultivated with success ; and the Cape bulbs will succeed well with no other
protection thauji mat in severe weather; or the bulbs may be taken up in
autumn, kept dry through the winter, and be planted out again in spring."
A list of books quoted, an index arranged according to the natural system,
an alphabetic Latin index, and an alphabetic English one, of the plants figured
in the volume, are added.

Botanical Cabinet. By Messrs. Loddiges. In 4to and 8vo Parts, monthly.
Large paper, 5s. ; small paper, and partially coloured, 2s. 6d.

Part CL XIX. for Mai/, contains
1681. Justicia *asperula. " It appears to be a low shrubby plant, pro-
ducing its elegant flowers in great abundance, and in long succession," —
1682. — Hakea obliqua. — 1683. AlstrcemerJa Salsilla. — 1684, Corrag^a
pulchella. — 1685. JSrica droseroides. This elegant plant stands in our
Hortus Britdnniciis as a variety of glutinosa. — 1686. Erica *Beaumont2-
dna. " This kind was raised by Mr. Rollison, who has named it in honour
of Mrs. Beaumont, whose celebrated garden at Bretton Hall, in Yorkshire, is
well known to most plant collectors. It is a dwarf kind, bushy, and flowering
abundantly in the beginning of summer. The blossoms in theu* shape and
colour remind us of those of the lily of the valley. — 1687. Zygopetalum
*crinitum. The flowers of this fine and distinct species " are fragrant ; and
the markings on the labellum are composed entu'ely of short stiff' hairs." —
1688. Cestrum /aurifolium. — 1689. Pteris *calomelanos. " This beautiful
fern, being from the Cape, will probably be found to thrive in a temperature
cooler than that of the stove." — 1690. Vernonia *axillifldra. A desirable
plant, as its pm'ple blossoms form a relief to the yellow flowers which predo-
minate at the time Vernon/a will blossom, if treated as a frame plant. In-
troduced by the late 11. Barclay, Esq., who was justly celebrated for the
number of new species which he introduced through his valuable foreign
correspondence, and for his kind and liberal communication of them.
At the sale of books, Messrs. Loddiges purchased, among others, a book in
which his name and the date of 1781 were inscribed in his own hand-
writing; thus proving Mr. Barclay's devotion to botany and gardening to
have been of 50 years' standing.

-f- Our correspondent E. will perceive that this declaration of the
scope of the work anticipates his criticism on the admission of plants not
strictly hardy into it. We now, therefore, leave it to E. to modify his
criticism to the remaining circumstances, or to forego it. — J. D.

476 Botanic Gai'den.

Part CLXX.for June, contains
1691. E'pacris impressa. Like all of the genus, beautiful. — 1692.
Adesmia *nucrophylla. " A low shrubby green-house plant, producing its
scattered yellow pea-shaped blossoms at various seasons. From Valpa-
raiso. Grows in light loam. — 1693. Canna patens. — 169-t. Camelh'a
japonica *variegata simplex. A pleasing and distinct variety ; " one of
those raised by Mr. Press, as noticed in this Magazine, Vol. II. p. 358.
The single white flowers are produced freely and early, and " are delicately
and beautifully streaked with red." — 1925. ^rica prae'stans. — 1696. £rica
vestita carnea. — 1697. i^cus *urophylla, Tail-leaved Fig. From India in

1830. " Seems of dwarf growth, as at the height of 2 ft. it was loaded
with pretty but dry and tasteless fruit. Stove ; cuttings ; loam and peat.

1698. Othunna abrotanifolia. — 1699. (Saxifraga virginiensis. — 1700.

^splenium monanthemum.

Part CLXXI.for July, contains
1701. Berberis *glumacea. " Common in shady pine forests on the coast
of the Pacific." Flowers in spring ; blossoms yellow. Thrives in soil
composed of loam and peat, and admits of increase by cuttings or layers.
— 1702. J^rica plumosa. A pretty species. — 1703. E. serratifolia. —
1704. Anemone acutipetala. A pretty hardy Swiss species, near upon the
pasque flower of Britain. Likes light loam, and increases by seeds. —
1703. Bignonz'a *gracilis. A climber, attaining the height of 50 ft., with
very showy bright yellow blossoms, opened in April. Not very tender, and
therefore desirable to cover the colder parts of a stove where more delicate
plants would not thrive. Likes light loam, and increases by cuttings. From
South America? — 1706. Aubrietia piu-purea. Mr. George Don has just
(July 16.) informed us that this plant must henceforth be named A. /^esperidi-
flora. The epithet purpurea was first applied to it on the assumption that it
and J'rabis purpurea oiFtora Grce'ca were identical : the latter has been sub-
sequently proved quite distinct, and a true J'rabis. — 1707. Camelh'a japonica
Il6ss«. " A very fine variety, raised by the late Mr. William Ross, of
Stoke Newington, who was an unassuming and ingenious cultivator, and
one of the first persons who obtained new varieties of these popular plants
from seeds. — 1708. Pimelea *diosm£ef6lia. A pleasing species, inter-
mediate between decussata and rosea, and flowers through the summer.
Flowers rosy. — 1709. *Govenk (? Mr. Gowen, gardener to Earl Caernar-
von) *superba ; Orchldeae. From Xalapa, in 1828. Flowered in March,

1831. Flowers yellow and orange, delicately fragrant, produced before the
leaves, and very durable. Likes vegetable earth, with a little sand, and the
stove. — 1710. J'rabis undulata. A white-flowered species; ornamental.

The Botanic Garden. ByB. Maund, F.L.S. &c. In small 4to Numbers,

monthly. Large paper, \s. Qd. ; small paper, Is.

Ko. LXXVII. for J^Icty, contains

305. Linaria alpina. The well known miniature beauty. Plants and
flowers " are objects of agreeable interest to every one who possesses a
garden, unless that possessor be one whose mind is so chained down to
mother earth that he never can raise an eye of satisfaction upon the beau-
ties of her vegetable children. These portray too much happiness — too
much of the spontaneous loveliness of nature, to meet even the placid con-
templation of some few, very few, morbific souls." L. alpina may be
abundantly increased by seeds or cuttings. Arid soil promotes its health
and beauty. — 306. Georghia superflua. A globe-flowered variety. — 307.
JDictamnus Fraxinella. — 308, -A/inmlus luteus var. rivularis.
No. LXXVIII.for June, contains

309. Phl6x pilosa. " The various species of Phlox, and the very dif-
ferent characters which they assume, render one portion or other of the
genus desirable in almost every situation. A part of them submissively

Camell'iess. 477

creep on the surface of the earth, as though they desired to protect it from
the increasing heat of the ojiening summer ; while others elevate themselves
in autumnal beauty, over their more humble neighbours, and irresistibly
demand attention to their self-appropriated mantles of pink or snowy
flowers. Many intermediate species are also highly attractive, and pro-
gressively adorn the parterre, throughout the season of the garden's cheerful
triumph." The tall autumnal-flowering Phloxes, in light soils and hot sum-
mers, have their growth much checked by drought. To prevent this, plant
them in loamy soil, or in a moist or shady situation : the j4sclepias family
requires similar treatment. — 310. iupinus perennis ; but the hairy foliage
leads one to suspect that L. nootkatensis, a much more common plant, is the
species figured. — 311. Pseonia edulis var, Wliitle/i. P. edulis, which is called
P. albifloraby some authors, "includes varieties with both double and single
flowers, and these also varying from almost white to a deep rose colour :
hence the name albiflora, or white-flowered, becomes objectionable. The
term edulis, or eatable, is preferable, as it is expressive of the uses made of
the root and seeds in Siberia, where some of the varieties are native." The
Siberians stew and make a pottage of the tubers : if these tubers, however,
resemble in odour those of P. officinalis, we do not desire to partake of the
dish. Most of the varieties of pEeony produce seeds, which grow readily,
if perfect, and sown as soon as they are ripe. Professor Lindley, in his
late lecture, showed that the double P. officinalis is capable of producing
seeds, if its stigmas be artificially dusted over with pollen from a single
kind ; as, notwithstanding the multiplication of petals in that variety, its
germens and stigmas are frequently perfect. — 312, ^etonica inctina. — This
number is accompanied by an engraved dedication, for the thu'd volume,
to Her Majesty the Queen, who patronises this little work.

N^o. LXXIX.for July, contains
313. Azalea calendulacea. — 314. Rudbeck/nr hirta, the Centrocarpha
hirta of Don, The perennial species of Rudbeck/rt with undivided leaves,
and yellow rays to their flowers, now constitute the genus Centrocarpha
of Don, who restricts Rudbeck/a to R. laciniata, digitata, pinnuta, &c.
The Centrocarphge are all very ornamental, love shade and moderate
moisture, and should every spring be taken wholly up, their creeping root-
stocks pulled asunder, and separately replanted, A very freely growing
and blooming species is much about by the name of Rudbeckf« Newmann/.
The origin of this name is unknown ; whence Mr. Sweet, in publishing the
plant in his Flower-Garden, called it R. acutifolia. This has since been
found to be a species previously published as R, chrysdmela (golden rays
and black centre), and is now the Centrocarpha *chrys6mela of D. Don.
— 315. Campanula pyramidalis. Mr. Maund, in representing this plant as
increasing by suckers, seems not aware of the practice of growing it exten-
sively and readily by segments of its roots. Divide in April or May the
roots that are as thick as a quill into two-inch lengths, and plant these seg-
ments perpendicularly, and so as just to cover the top of each. Herbage
will soon sprout forth. The sprouting shoots of the plants will also strike
as cuttings under a hand-glass, but only very partially. Seeds produce
the finest plants : these are produced oftener than is imagined, and should
be sown as soon as ripe. The plants they produce, if in encouraging soil,
bloom magnificently in the second year. There is a white-flowered variety
of this species, as well as one with its leaves elegantly variegated. —
31G. Pentstcmon roseus.

Chandler and Booth'' s Illustrations and Descriptions of the CameU'itas. In
Imperial 4to Parts, every three months. 7^. plain ; \iis. coloured; and
185. extra-size.

Part VIII. for May, contains
29. Camell/w japonica rosea, Middlemist'' s Rose Japanese Camellia,

478 Florist's Guide.

usually called Middlemist's red Camellia. The flowers open late, are of
a rich rose colour, more than semidouble, and 3 in. or more in expansion.
The stamens are sometimes perfect, but oftener transformed into small
petals, so that the flower resembles altogether a full-blown rose.

30. Camelhfl japonica eclipsis. Press's Eclipse Japanese Camellia. One
of the charming hybrids originated by Mr. Press, noticed in Vol. II. p. 358.
Both C. eclipsis and C. punctata were raised from seeds contained in one
capsule. " The flowers of C. eclipsis are handsome and well formed ; the
petals being numerous, neatly imbricated, and their ground colour white,
which is striped and spotted with pale red, in the manner of a run carna-
tion." Mr. Booth considers the flowers not superior in form to those of
the double white, as stated in Vol. II. p. 358., as he deems the flowers of
the double white unsurpassed in form by those of any variety in cultiva-
tion.

31. CamellM japonica inslgnis, Chandler^ s splendid Japanese Camel-
lia. " This is a favourite variety with most cultivators, and there are
now few collections in which it does not hold a conspicuous place." To
this variety Camellia japonica Knightii approximates closely; the latter
was raised by Mr. Knight, of the King's Road, Chelsea, and is figured in
Loddiges's Botanical Cabuiet, 1463. It is also the variety No. 19. dianthi-
flora of Loudon's Hortus Britannicus.

32. Camellia japonica *speci6sa. Showy Japanese Camellia, or Rawes's
variegated Waratah. The flowers of this, the Camellia Rawesiawa of
the gardens, are exceedingly handsome, of a very deep red, open very regu-
larly, and are usually 4 in. in diameter. It was imported by Captain
Richard Rawes, in 1824, and by him presented to his relation, T. C
Palmer, Bromley, Kent, whence all the plants in the country have eman-
ated. The Horticultural Society has two plants, sent from Canton, by
John Reeves, Esq., in 1828, which are expected to prove the same.

Tlie Fhmt's Guide and Cultivator'' s Directory, 8fc. By Robert Sweet,
F.L.S. &c. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 3s. coloured j 2s. plain.

No. XL VII. for May, contains

185. Rose Bacchus Tulip. " Flower spreading open ; sepals (petals of
old) obovate, rounded and emarginate at their tips, white, marked with
numerous broken purplish or chocolate-coloured marks up the centre, the
edges of the same colour, feathered inwards with a sort of rosy stripes."
Drawn from Mr. Pile's collection, Cambridge Road, Mile End. — 186.
Hogg's Magnificent Auricula. " Umbel or truss large and spreading,
many-flowered. Limb of the flowers spreading flatly open ; the mouth
large, and of a pale greenish yellow, surrounded by a circle of pure white,
and this white encircled by a ring of dark purple ; from the purple to the
margin is bright green, and the margin itself is white." Mr. Hogg's price
for this fine variety is Is. 6d. — 187. Robert Bruce Ranunculus. "Flowers
very double, and handsomely formed, the petals of a pale straw-colour,
more j-ellow towards the centre, edged with a brownish purple that is
feathered inwards." Raised by Mr. Waterston, of Paisley. — 188. Prinz
von Oranien Picotee. " A fine variety of yellow picotee, drawn from
Mr. Hogg's i-ich collection, at Paddington Green, who sells it at 10.?. a
plant. The " flowers are large, consisting of several circles of petals
having a yellow ground, very much stained and lined with red and dark
purple." The following remark by Mr. Sweet well deserves the attention
of the philosophic florist and gardener: — "As the yellow picotees ai'e
rather more tender than the other varieties, tliey are generally cultivated
in pots, in light soil : we should think lime rubbish, mixed with peat,
would suit them best, as all of the family of Dianthus arc fond of growing

Haworth's Monograph on l^arcissine^. 479

in the crevices of old walls, for which lime rubbish is a substitute ; while the
black peat soil, mixed with it, would be likely to improve their colours."
Ko. XL VIII. for JunCy contains
189. Duke of Wellington Rose. This beautiful hybrid was raised from
a seed of the i?6sa indica, which had been impregnated with the pollen of
i?6sa damascena. There is scarcely a more splendid rose grown, and it is
almost unequalled for the abundance of its flowers : these are of a rich
dark red colour, and produced all through the spring and summer. In its
productiveness of blossoms it most resembles the female parent, i?6sa
indica; the common China, or as it is frequently called "monthly" rose,
now happily a prevalent ornament to the fronts of houses all over Eng-
land. " The best stocks on which to bud, or otherwise work, most roses,
are the stems of ^osa tomentosa, as this is a free and strong growing
species." The Wellington Rose is published from Whitley's nursery.
" 1VL-. Smith, of Coombe Wood, will have several very distinct and
curious hybrid roses in flower this season j among the rest he has a seed-
ling, from i?6sa odorata var. flavescens, with leaves like those of the j'ellow
Austrian ; this must certainly be fine, and will doubtless be yellow in
colour. — 190. Caledonian Hero. — 191. Lady Haggerston's Pink. — 192.
Nestor Ranunculus.

A Monograph on the Suborder V. of Amari/llidese, contaimig the 'Narcis-
sinece. By Adrian Hardy Haworth, Esq. F. L. S. &c. Published as
an Appendix to the First Volume of the Second Series of Sweet's
British Flower-Garden, and obtainable with the 25th Number of that
work. Also, separately, in royal 8vo, price 2s. 6d.

This is a useful contribution to systematic botany, and a valuable and
indispensable manual to the students and cultivators of this group of
plants. Like all this author's productions, it is the fruit of a long course
of patient and practical application to the subject. Mi*. Haworth has for
" half a century " sedulously collected, cultivated, and studied the A^arcis-
slneae, those choicest ornaments of the hardy garden, for their beauty,
fragrance, and precocity. His diligent research has been rewarded by the
discovery of l-iS species, besides numerous varieties, most of them now
existing in Britain ; and many of the remainder once did, as testified by
Parkinson and other old writers, and Mr. Haworth supposes still may in
old country gardens. (See his enquiries respecting " Lost or missing hardy
Bulbous Plants," Vol. VL p. 368., VIL p. 2-i7.) His analytical investi-
gation of these plants, during the period mentioned, has acquainted him
with such discrepancies in their structure and habits, as, to his mind, utterly
forbid the longer association of them in one genus. He has divided them
into sixteen, and founds their distinctions on differences in the structure
of the flower and fruit ; and, subordinately, on differences of habit also.
The specific characters are derived from the relative proportions of all the
parts of the flower to one another and to the fruit, the proportions be-
tween all parts of the habit, and from the colours of the flowers and foliage.
IMr. Haworth finds the characters derived from the relations of proportion
to be indelible : and that colour, in this natural group, in Crassulaceae, and
elsewhere, also supplies trustworthy characters : Mr. Brown has attested
the validity of characters derived from colour in the umbelliferous plants.

Mr. Haworth's genera, thus constituted, are the following, which we
leave for botanists to discuss ; begging however, in so doing, to subscribe
our own admiration of the congruity evident in his generic assemblages.

1. Corbularia Salisbury (corbu/a, a little basket, which the large crowns
resemble), 10 species; the Hoop-petticoat family. 2. A'ja.r Haworth (the
brave Greek in the Trojan wai-), Si species ; the Daffodil family. 3.
Oileus Haiv. (the lesser Ajax of the poets), 5 species ; the Clipt-tnink

4.80 The Garden.

fcimily. 4. Assaracus Haw. (a brother of Ganymedes), 2 species. 3. Tluv-
Haw. (also a brother of Ganymedes), 2 species. 6. Ganymede? Haw.
(cupbearer to the gods, crown of flower cup-shaped), 3 species : N. pul-
chellus and the species near it. 7. Diomedes Haw. (a valiant Greek at
the siege of Troy), 3 species ; N. MacLeayi of Bot. Mag. being one.
8. Tro^ Haw. (the father of Ganymedes), 2 species ; one, the N. galanthi-
folius. 9. Quelti^Jt Sal. {Nicholas Le Quelt, a rhizotomist in the days of
Parkinson), 7 species; the N. incomparabilis, and the approximate species.
10. Schizanthes Haw. (schizo to cut, and antke a flower ; the crown deeply
gashed), 1 species j the N. orientalis, Lin. 11. Philogyne SaL {phileo to
love, gyne, a woman ; approximation of anthers to stigmas), 9 species ; N.
odorus Lin. the t}^e. 12. Jonquilla Haw, (French word for a little rush ;
leaves like rushes), 4 species, the Jonquils of the gardens. 13. Chloraster
Haw. (ckloros green, aster a star ; rays or segments of the perianth form-
ing a green star), 2 species; one the iV^. viridifldrus of Bof. Mag. 14.
Hermionc' Sal. (daughter of Helena and Menelaus), 54 species ; the Poly-
anthus-narcissus family, of which Holland abounds in species and varieties.
13. Helena Haw. (the beautiful mother of Hermione), 6 species; of which
N. tenuior, Bot. Mag., is one. Lastly, 16. iS^ai-cissus Lin. itself, now
restricted to N. poeticus Lin., and to the other species of that form, of
which Mr. Haworth has enumerated twelve.

The four genera marked Sal. were suggested by that most acute botanist,
the late R. A. Salisbury, Esq.; but Mr. Haworth remarks (Narciss. Revis.
p. 110.) that he gave only the names, without one word more, either
descriptive or otherwise.

In devising names for his new genera, Mr. Haworth has been won by
the classical prototype, Narcissus, to the perpetuation of whose sad story
the poets had consecrated this group of plants, to conform so far to the
same "cast of thought" as to derive his new names from the pages
of the classics also. In doing this he has had two objects in view ;
one, to exhibit, by the consanguinity of the persons whose names are ap-
plied to the genera, the close aflinity of the genera themselves ; the other,
to supply the memory with botanic types of classical associations : and
Mr. Haworth so esteems this latter object as to regret the want of con-
formity to it, which arose from oversight, in his (very expressively named)
genus Chloraster, and to hope it will never be lost sight of by those who
may hereafter have occasion to create additional genera out of this group.

Speaking of the species and varieties described, he says : " I have care-
fully preserved specimens of almost the whole, and they will be hereafter
my vouchers for the truth." Of the genera, he says : " The genera of this
group of plants here, and heretofore proposed by me, are very natural;
and, though many years have elapsed without their being adopted by
others, so much the better it is for my future reputation, for adopted they
must be ; and then will be proved my having seen just so far before my
competitors. On the other hand, half a century's experience constantly
amongst the living plants, might be expected to have effected more. The
characters 1 have given throughout are short, but they are the result of
experience, and I know theu* validity."

Mr. Haworth, in the postscript, p. IG., presents his thanks to the parties
who have rendered him facilities ; out of these we name Messrs. Loddiges,
Whitley and Co., Young, Allen and Co., Colville, Sweet, Tate, Knight,
and Pamplin, as their names may prove useful to the collectors of these
lovely vernal visitants, —

" That come before the swallow dares, and take

The winds of March with beauty." — J. D.

Anon : The Garden ; or Familiar Instructions for the laying out, ftirnish-

ing, and management of a Flower-Garden : with illustrative Enj^ravings

Wakefield's Introduction to Botany. 481

on "Wood and Steel. London, 1831. Neatly bound in coloured cloth ;
square 16mo. 35. 6rf.

An elegant manual on floriculture, extremely rich in practical informa-
tion. This, and the superior st3'le in which the engravings are executed
and the book got up, render it, though small, scarcely dear. We recom-
mend it to ladies highly, both for themselves and their children.

The volume quoted completes The Garden; but forms one of a series,
in course of publication, called The Little Librari/, which are to comprise
familiar introductions to various branches of useful knowledge. — J. D.

Walcefield, PriscUla. An Introduction to Botany, in a series of Familiar
Letters; with illustrative Engravings. The 10th Edition: to which is
added an Appendix, containing a short Introduction to the Natural
Arrangement of Plants. London, 1831. 8vo. 4*. bds.

This agreeable writer's introduction bears in the number of the edition
now published a strong testimony of public approbation ; and the work is
indeed delightful. The authoress, although herself duly technical, does not
alarm the learner by a dry enumeration of repulsive technicalities ; but
clothes these with such welcome associations of thought and tasteful (not
mawkish) sentiment, as engage our attention through the feelings, and
thus at the same time imperceptibly supply the memory with the know-
ledge of the technicalities required.

The same happy method of bewitching us into more application and
scientific knowledge than we should perhaps ever have attained had this
knowledge been presented to us abstractedly, this authoress has applied
in her appendix ; where 70 pages are given to the facilitating of the student
in acquiring a knowledge of the natural system of arrangement, or, in fit-
ter terms, the natural orders. We rejoice at sight of this, and hope to see
the natural orders progressively become the professed basis of her " Intro-
duction to Botany." — J, D,

Russell, Jose'ph, of Kenilworth, Warwickshire, formerly an extensive
Farmer in the neighbourhood : A Treatise on Practical and Chemical
Agriculture ; compiled principally from the scientific Works of Sir
Humphry Davy, and compared with the Experience derived from a long
and extensive Practice, &c. Kenilworth, 1831. 8vo. Sold by the
Author, and by Foden, Printer, Warwick.

The author informs us that, during a " long and very active life, passed
wholly in agricultural and chemical pursuits," he has had many opportuni-
ties of making observations, and of collecting information on these subjects,
which but few other persons have possessed. He lays the result before
" his agricultural friends" with great modesty, though "justly proud" of
the patronage with which he has been honoured. One of his chief objects,
he says, is to show the intimate connection between agriculture and che-
mistry. On glancing over the work, we find it to consist chiefly of quota-
tions from Sir Humphry Davy, interspersed with original remarks. The
only one which appeared to us worth noticing is, Mr. Russell's opinion
" that white clover ought to be considered as a bad weed on all lands not
intended to be kept in permanent pasture." The farmer in the northern
parts of the island will recollect that in this part of England the white
clover ripens its seed and sheds it ; and every countryman knows that, in
pastures, neither cows nor sheep eat the flowers of white clover. Conse-
quently where they are not eaten, and ripen their seed, that seed must,
sooner or later (and it will preserve its vegetative properties for an unknown
number of years) spring up among whatever may be cultivated. However
good, therefore, the white clover may be, as a plant for permanent pasturage,
Mr. Russell contends that it is a bad plant for temporary cultivation.

Vol. VII. — No. 33. ii

482

PART III.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

Witty's improved Furnace, (p. 225.) — The inventor has sent us the
following extract from the specification of his patent, together with a
section and description of his furnace.

Extract from the Specification. "It will be seen from this arrangement
of my apparatus, that fresh coal is first carbonised, that is, the gas is
separated from it and inflamed, leaving only coke, which, being slowly
pushed forward, supplies the coke fire ; and the combustion or burning of
the coke produces heat enough to carbonise the coal, and air enough to
inflame the gas : consequently, coal, instead of being burned in its usual
crude state, is subjected to two distinct processes, viz. carbonisation, and
then combustion ; for by my contrivance I burn the gas and the coke
together."

1 I X

Description of the Section, a. The hopper, where slack is put in at the
door b. d. An oblong square box the width of the furnace, fitted with a
screw and cross bw, by which the pusher or presser, c c, is moved back-
wards and forwards at pleasure, in order to let the coals down from the
hopper, or advance them forward down the inclined plane,//, which is
made of fine tile supported by crossbearing bars, g g g. h. The grate
swinging on its centre, ?, which may be placed at the most convenient
angle, and supported by a chock brick placed in the opening at n, which
opening serves to get out the ashes and clinkers when required. 1-, The
ashpit. /, Steps down to the ashpit.

General Notices.

48:

A lettei- signed by the Eari of Shrewsbury was sent with this com-
munication, stating that these furnaces have answered perfectly in the
garden at Alton Towers. — Coiicf.

Mallet's Patent Iron Wheelbarrows are remarkably light and strono-
articles, well deserving the attention of gardeners, new ground workmen of
every description, and persons intending to emigrate. They take to pieces,
and pack in very little bulk. Ihey are manufactured in the neighbourhood
of Dublin, and sold remarkably cheap, considering theii" great strength and
durability (24.s. delivered in London). When a poor-rate is obtained for
Ireland, which, we trust, will be the case in a session or two at farthest,
we hope hundreds of thousands of these barrow s will be mounted for the
public works that must then be set a going to employ the population. — Cond.

T)dp/ine indica [more properly i>. odora]. — Having succeeded in blow-
ing this sweetest of all plants to perfection, and having witnessed its failure
in many collections, 1 shall state to you my method of cultivation : — I
take off cuttings from the top shoots, of which, when rooted in the autumn,
I place two in a small pot. In the third year, and perhaps in the second,
they will show bloom, when they should be moved into the vine houses, in
order to ripen the wood, and bring forward the flowers, before their re-
moval into the conservatory. By this method of treatment, I have never
failed in procuring an abundant blossom ; the flowers show themselves dis-
tinctly, and not clubbed together as otherwise they generally do.

Cj/clamen [jjcrsicum ?]. — I have also been very successful in the cultiva-
tion of another beautiful plant, the Cyclamen, of which I have twelve large
plants, unrivalled for size and abundance of flowers, amounting from one
to two hundred on each plant. When they have ceased blowing, and the
leaves begin to wither, 1 take the roots out of the pots, keeping them dry
till September, when I put them out in the border ; and when the leaves
begin to appear, I repot them, and put them in a moderate hot-bed for a
short time, and then place them in the conservatorv. — R. C. H. Stourhead,
Feb. 1831.

Training the Kennidia. rubicunda. — My me-
thod of training Kennedia rubicunda, formerly
Glycine, may be of use to some of your readtrs
besides myself. It is simply this : nails are
driven into the wall, near the ground {Jig. 89.
a), and at 3 or 4 ft. above it (6), close to which
the plant is placed ; strings are drawn from the
lower nails to those above, and the stems of
the plant twined round them. I should ima-
gine that this plan would be highly beneficial
and advantageous with all half-hardy climbers,
such as the passion-flowers, Qdbai'a scandens,
&c., as the nails may be drawn, the stems or
branches gathered together, and a strip of mat-
ting nailed over all for protection from frost. —
Mattheus Siflvaticits. London, June, 1829.

Disandra prostrdta died down to the ground last autumn, remained un-
protected during the extreme cold of February, and is now in the most
flourishing state of foliage, and with a promise of bloom. Both the Disan-
dra and Kenned/« are in London, where I find that, for five montlis of the
year, conunon care and attention will keep in health and vigour most of the
hardy and green-house plants I am acquainted with. — Id.

A Basket of Flowers. — In a late visit to the countrv, I was much struck
with a bed of spring flowers. The framework of wire is covered with
honeysuckle, the border is of violets, and the inside of lily of the valley. All
were in perfect health and beautv, and the effect of the whole delightful.—
Id. ' °

I 1 2

484 General Notices.

Blet\a\\j/acinthma.—T\\\s plant is growing in the open air in the botanic
garden, after having withstood the winter without any protection except
its situation, namely the base of an east wall. — Henry Turner. Botanic
Garden, Bury St. Edmnncrs, April 1831.

Raising Vines from Spur-eyes. — Mr. Trory of Easton, by the advice of
the gardener of R. Crawshay, Esq., of Honinghani, Norfolk, planted spur-
eyes about H in. deep in the front of his inside border of well prepared
light soil, — feaf mould, horse dung, &c. " This composition in a few days
was in such a state of fermentation as to produce a sensible heat to the
finger ; the eyes soon appeared above ground, and, being so well supplied
with sap from the spur and pieces of old wood attached to it, never stood
.still one day during the time the roots were forming, which is always
the case with young vines rearing from the large eye of last year's wood.
Not only does such an eye require ten times more food to nourish it than
those planted by Mr. Trory, but the wood on which the eye is placed does
not contain one tenth of the sap which the spur and the adjoining pieces
of wood do.

" I must trouble you now further by explaining what I mean by a spur-
eye : suppose a vine, on the single shoot system of one year's growth from
the bottom to the top of the rafter, breaks every eye on the same and fruits,
jor not, I remove in the winter-pruning of the year every one of these shoots
to the last bud that had a leaf at its side; this small remaining bit of
wood I call a spur, which has two minute buds, sometimes quite invisible
to the naked eye, one on each side ; these buds have for years been called
spawn eyes, supposing they were not fruiting ones. We old blue aprons
used this slang word spawn, all over the garden, mostly to indicate a young
stock of any thing not in a fruiting state. The spur I have described above
.1 call a one year's spur, and as often as the season comes round, so do
I call the vine, or a one, two, three, four, five, six, or more years' spur,
never on any account allowing any one spur to get farther from the main
stem than the first year, except what is added to the distance by the
excrescence necessarily formed by the covering of old wounds and conse-
quent thickening. It was from such aged spurs that Mr. Trory produced
the beautiful vines at Easton : and I think there can be no greater proof of
the excellence of the spur system of grape-growing, than that, though the
spur be removed from the plant, it is still capable of making a shoot of
20 ft. or more of fine bearing wood ; whereas any eye farther up last year's
shoot would in the same time scarcely make a yard of any thing thicker
than a crow's quill, and about as likely to bear fruit. I may be asked
where such plants may be obtained ? Any where ; there is not a house in
the country worked on the old Hampton Court or broad-cast system that
does not produce plenty of fine sets every year, which are always thrown
away, while the young large eyes on the last yeai''s wood are improperly
employed in the rearing of .young vines." (B. Crawshay, in East Anglian,
March 22. 1831.) This newspaper has set out on the principle of allotting
a portion of every number to gardening and agricultural papers ; a most
rational plan, which every counti-y paper would surely feel the benefit of
adopting r* What can be more interesting to country readers than farming
and gardening ? Unfortunately, the farmers of this country are not yet
become a reading class. Much is said of Norfolk farmers and Norfolk
farming : neither are worthy of being named in the same day with the
farmers and farming of East Lothian. — Cond.

On stopjnng Vines from bleeding. — Let the part bleeding be forced into
a sound potato ; for if any of the skin of the potato has been rubbed oifj
the sap of the vine will soon find its way to escape, and the vine will con-
tinue to bleed ; but if the potato be free from any bruise, it stops the vine
from bleeding. I have been much amused in proving this by experiments.
By chance I observed one of my vines bleeding very much ; a potato was

General Notices. 485

lying on the floor, into which I had struck two cuttings of apple tree in-
tended for grafts ; I took the cuttings out of the potato, and forced the
bleeding end of a vine branch into one of the holes, and, to my great sur-
prise, I soon saw a drop appear at the other hole. I then removed this
potato, and got a perfectly sound potato, and forced the end of the vine
branch into it; this I found to stop the bleeding. I then cut a luxuriant
vine, to try it fairly, and found it again quite effectual. I then cut the skin
of the potato in five different places, and found that the sap of the vine
made its way out at tiiose five places. I am, Sir, &c. — M. Saul. Fomo-
logical Garden, Lancaster, April 11. 1831.

Exjieriment with the Mulberry. — Sir, I beg to forward to you the fol-
lowing experiment which I have made this year on the mulberry tree.
Being a few months ago in Paris and the neighbourhood, I was much
pleased with the fruit of the mulberry, as well as the appearance of the
tree ,■ and, being informed that it was easily propagated by cuttings, I was
induced, in March last, to obtain from a gentleman here a few cuttings,
about 18 in. long, of last year's wood, which I plunged in good soil, half
the length of the cuttings. I have kept them damp and shaded; and
I have the pleasure of informing you that some of them are now nearly
out in leaf, and most of the remainder coming out. I hope to find them
useful, not only on account of the leaf (as I keep and propagate the silk-
worm), but also for fruit, as I am informed they will fruit next season.
I trust this circumstance will induce many of your intelligent and scientific
correspondents to try the same experiments ; for I can with confidence
assure them that they will find but little difficulty in succeeding, if they
plunge the cuttings sufficiently deep, and keep them damp. I have often
regretted that the mulberry tree is not more cultivated in this country than
it is, feeling convinced that the crude notion of our sires " that the climate
will not suit it," will evaporate and vanish before the hand of the cul-
tivator.— G. G. Birmingham, June 23. 1830.

The Scarlet Runner (^Phascolus inidtijldrus^, a Perennial Plant. — Sir,
Plants of this esculent, in the second year of their growth, were exhibited.
May 25., at the Show of the Norwich Horticultural Society, when a bronze
medal was awarded to the exhibiter, Mr. Lindley. In the Norfolk Chronicle
of May 28. the above Show, which was very splendid, is most ably
reported, and the following information supplied on the scarlet runner : —
" Its roots are tuberous, like those of the Dahlia (Georgi««), and may be
preserved through the winter in the same manner. The method of cul-
tivating this vegetable as a perennial is first brought into notice in a work
which Mr. Lindley has now in the press, and which in a few weeks will
make its appearance under the title of A Gidde to the Fruit and Kitchen
Garden." The Bury and Norwich Post of June 15. supplies still farther
information, as follows : — " The plants exhibited were raised from seeds
sown in April, 1830. They were taken up in November, and preserved in
some dry mould in the cellar through the winter, and planted out again the
7th of April last. The roots were then perfectly sound, as well as the
stems; from both of which, at the time of their exhibition, they had
pushed vigorous young shoots, of from G to 9 in. in length. They are now
growing luxuriantly roimd their stakes, and will soon produce a second
year's crop. It is not a little remarkable, that this useful and valuable
inhabitant of our gardens for at least two centuries, should not have been
discovered to be perennial by any of our English writers on horticulture.
The first crop of scarlet runners, from year-old roots, of which we have
any knowledge, was grown under the suj)erintendence of the exhibitor in
1827."

All this is interesting; but, although " English writers on horticulture"
may not have previously discovered the perennial duration of this plant,
English gardeners have. I have known the fact a dozen vears ; Mr. Dennis,

I I 3

486 General Notices.

nurseryman, Chelsea, has known it thirty years ; and, in Sweet's Horius
Britdnnicus, ed. 2. p. 157., both the scarlet runner and its white-flowered
variety are marked perennial. The tuberous rootstock of the plant, which
taught me the fact, had been accidentally shielded from the winter's frost ;
and the solidity and plumpness it exhibited prompted my brother to plant
it. This he did on the edge of a gentle hotbed, where it grew, and formed
by summer's close a beauteous wreath of green and scarlet, 4 or 5 ft. long.
The plants, in the instance known to Mr. Dennis, grew in a cottage
garden, near th" cottage, where they had been unintentionally protected
through the previous winter by a stack of fire-wood placed over theii- root-
stocks ; part of this stack remaining unconsumed until the summer, the
growing stems of the scarlet runners struggled up to light and air through
the interstices in the firewood, and thus made manifest theii- perennial
nature, both to himself and to the cottager who subsequently made prac-
tical application of the knowledge nature had imparted.

Mr. Lindley having now, however, published this fact, it remains for all
concerned to use it. In seasons when seeds of the scarlet runner are but
sparingly or not at all ripened, its perennial rootstalks may prove an avail-
able resource for a next year's crop ; should it not be found that the
seasons insufficient to ripen perfect seeds are also insufficient duly to
develope and mature the tuberous rootstocks of that season's fonnation, to
enable them to outlive the lingering winter. In seasons in which ripe seeds
are plentifully produced, the greater trouble attendant on preserving the
rootstocks through the winter may cause them to be neglected.

The dwarf kidneybean (Phaseolus vulgaris), in germinating, constantly
brings its cotyledons above ground, while the scarlet runner (P. multi-
florus) as constantly leaves them below. Have all perennial Phaseoli
hypog£Eous (under-ground) cotyledons, and all annual species epigaeous
(above-ground) ones ? If they have, two useful and natural sections of
the genus are therein supplied to botanists.

Plants of the above two species were visible on the 10th of June last,
from seeds sown on May 31. The dwarf kind appeared above ground first,
lam. Sir, yours, &c. — John Denson. Bayswater, June 12. 1831.

To destroy Wood/ice. — Sir, To free my crops from the destructive
inroads of these numerous and provoking depredators, which frequently
destroy whole crops of mushrooms and melons, I have successfully prac-
tised the following method : — I slice the tuberous rootstock of Bryonia
diolca, a plant which grows in old hedges, into pans or feeders, such as are
generally used under strawberry pots, a few slices in each pan, and cover
them lightly with moss, as the woodlice prefer feeding under cover. In
the evening I place the prepared pans in different parts of the beds, frames,
or other places in which the insects are troublesome, and the next morning
remove the moss and slices, and cast the woodlice into a pail half-filled
with boiling water. This, of course, ends them ; and four or five repetitions
of this process leave very few woodlice behind. I am. Sir, &c. — Alpha
the Second. May 13. 1831.

The Bryonia is not represented as destroying, but as only decoying, the
woodlice ; and as these usually manifest a pretty general appetite, will not
slices of apple, pear, potato, or something else always at hand, decoy them
as effectually as slices of bryony ? The newt feeds on woodlice, and it
would, therefore, be as judicious to encourage this animal in frames for
consuming woodlice, as the toad for consuming ants. Another mode of
destroying woodlice is described at p. 280. The very common large
beetle (a species of C^arabus), and the cockroach (^latta orientalis),
seem to attack mushrooms while in tiie button state. These two insects
are bad cornpanv; for the Tarabus kills and consumes the B\ktVA. —
J.D.forCond.

Foreign Notices : — France. 487

Art. it. Foreign Notices.

FRANCE.

Remarks on Touraine. — Sir, Touraine has of old been called " the gar-
den of France," and its present inhabitants are by no means willing that it
should lose this complimentary epithet. In good truth, it has some preten-
sions to that name, though a stranger, particularly if he be an Englishman,
might not be disposed at first sight to concede the title. Every where on
the slopes and steep sides of theii- very moderate hills (the cotes, as the
French call them), the vines are cultivated ; the chateaux of the country
gentlemen, and the country houses of the bankers and merchants of Tours,
are surrounded by them ; in short, except in the rich alluvion which
forms the nearly unrivalled rich soil of the valley of the Loire and Cher
about Tours, vineyards prevail every where. There are many thousand
acres of vineyard, perhaps not less than 80,000 or 90,000, in the department
of the Indre and Loire, which comprises the whole of the ancient Touraine,
together with small parts of what were formerly the provinces of Poitu and
Anjou. In consequence, the garden-like appearance of the country is
wofully injured for five or six months of the year, being the interval between
the beginning of the vintage and the foliation of the vines late in the spring.
During the whole of this long period, nine tenths of the country looks like
fallow fields, particularly if the vineyards receive their due share of culti-
vation : and there is little to relieve this sombre monotonous appearance,
except here and there a small grove of tall taper trees, planted with
exceeding regulai'ity, to shelter the houses in the country from the westerly
winds of winter, or to shade them from the scorching heats of summer.
Early in the spring, however, the almond, the apricot, and the peach tree,
the cherry, and the plum, beautifully chequer the scene with theii' blush-
ing and delicate blossoms. They are planted freely in the vineyards, as
well as in the gardens ; are generally standard trees ; and most years yield
their respective fruits in great abundance and excellence. But the back-
ground, the carpet of green, is wanting ; and, if I may judge by my own feel-
ings, it would take many a long year to reconcile an Englishman to the
absence of that delightful verdure which renders our own isle so lovely.

But if from the country at large, too partially called a garden, we step into
the more confined divisions of land distinguished bj' that name in most
countries, there indeed do the richness of the soil and superiority of the
climate show themselves to surprising advantage. In the market-gardens
not only do nearly all of the hardy and spring vegetables which we culti-
vate find a place, but the cardoon and many other plants, chiefly for their
soups and salads, of which we know little and cultivate less, are intermixed
in almost endless variety. Excellent and cheap, surprisingly so, are the
vegetable productions of these gardens ; and, in general, they are taken to
market at least a month earlier than the same articles are in the most
favoured parts of England. On the 1st of April asparagus were served up
at table; they had been in the market a week before: they were sold on
that day for a franc (lOf/.) the botte, containing from 75 to 80 well grown
asparagus; and by the 16th two larger bottes, of from 90 to 100 stalks
each, were to be had for one franc four sous, equal to a shilling of our
money. Vast quantities of this excellent vegetable were by this time not
only exposed for sale on the market-days, but hawked about the streets
daily. The cultivation of the asparagus plant in the neighbourhood of
Tours, if cultivation it can be called, is curious, as affording a strilving proof
of the peculiar excellence of the soil, the general mildness of its winters,
and the early warmth of its springs. After the seeds are once sown, no
other care is bestowed upon the beds but to keep them free from weeds.
Every stalk cut throws up several, and continues to do so for many years,
witiiout renewal of the plants or change of the beds ; and in the winter they

I I 4

4-88 Foreign Notices : — France.

are scarcely ever covered with manure, as in England, either to protect
them from the effects of frost, or to hasten their ripening early in the spring.
Green peas were plentiful in the market by the end of April, and I was
assured by English persons who had resided many years in Tours, that peas
were late this year. In the fruit and flower gardens, the peach and necta-
rine trees, against a wall, were in full blossom on the 17th of March; rose
trees, even the Banks2«, in leaf; raspberries, trained to a trellis, coming
out ; and the filbert hedges generally in leaf. France does not abound in
shrubberies, or with gardens in the English style ; yet are there many
imitations. In lours, the garden of the Minimes, a conventual house, now
become private property, is laid out with taste, and abounds with early-
flowering shrubs ; among which, when the height of the bloom of the almond
tree was past, the laburnum, the Judas tree, and the cornelian cherry shone
conspicuous in the midst of a profusion of roses in beds and in the front of
the borders. In the garden of the Minimes there is also a considerable
portion of lawn ; but, though mown, it is never rolled, and looked more
like a field than what it was called; but it was green.

The gardens of the peasantry and smaller proprietors are small, but the
latter grow many vegetables in their open plots of land, which, in England,
are grown in our best cottage gardens. The house, however small, has
invariably a vine or apricot tree trained against it, frequently both, and the
woodbine and the rose cluster round the door and windows. Having paid
some attention to the arguments of political economists on the subject, and
anxiously endeavoured to arrive at a true conclusion, both theoretically
and practically, as to the consequences of minute division of landed pro-
perty in the hands of small proprietors, I lost no opportunity of ascertain-
ing on the spot, from personal observation and enquiry, what are the practical
effects of the laws of inheritance in France. This is not the place, nor
have I time to spare at present, for entering into the discussion of a poli-
tical question, of all others perhaps the most important under existing
circumstances : yet, as intimately connected with the subject of the im-
provement of the condition of the industrious classes, which you, I think,
have very laudably and judiciously introduced into your instructive and
interesting pages, and which, you know, has for many years occupied a
large share of my attention and solicitude, I cannot refrain from adding
that the result of all I could see, hear, or in any way learn, has established
a firm conviction on my mind, that, on the whole, the division of landed
property (minute and extreme as in many cases it may be), which the pre-
sent laws of inheritance in France are charged with having a tendency to
promote, is calculated to insure, in an eminent degree, the happiness of
the great body of the people, and the peace, security, and permanence of
good governments * ; and that, so far from having pi'oduced the pauperising
effects predicted by Arthur Young in his Travels in France, the multi-
plication of small proprietors, since the date of his visit, has, on the con-

* I say, on the ivhole, the good appears to me greatly to preponderate.
That this good is not without its drawbacks, I am as willing as any one to
acknowledge; but I am also sanguine enough to believe that, if the exertions
of the friends of liberal education in France (at the head of whom must be
ranked the enlightened and benevolent Comte de Lasteyrie, a near con-
nection of the illustrious La Fayette) succeed according to their deserts,
by far the strongest objection to the present laws of inheritance in that
country will be gradually obviated. If I siiould find time, on my return to
England, to select and arrange the notes from my commoni)lace-book on
this and other interesting subjects, particularly that of education in France,
I might lay them before the public in some more distinct, enlarged, and
tangible shape : but this is not likely to be the case at present.

Foreign Notices : — Russia, Denmark. 489

trary, extended the means of comfortable subsistence, respectability, and
happiness to additional numbers of human beings, without a symptom of
poverty becoming apparent. The inmiense estates which the church had
obtained possession of, have, since the time of Mr. Young's writing, full
forty years ago, been resumed by the state, and sold as national property,
on terms so easy, both as to price and the periods of payment, that multi-
tudes of industrious peasants have become proprietors of lands in detail,
which were heretofore monopolised, on a large scale, by lazy monks and
wily priests, the drones and pests of society. In Touraine this minute divi-
sion of landed property is said to be carried to a greater extreme than in
any other part of France, and yet there is there no poverty, no wretched-
ness, either real or apparent ; except, indeed, in the city of Tours, where
decayed manufactures have, as is usual in such cases in England, left a
need}' and half-employed labouring population. Tours has never yet re-
covered from the deplorable effects of the revocation of the edict of Nantes,
and the severe persecutions and measures which deprived this city of the
finest silk trade in Europe, and reduced the number of workmen employed
in that branch of manufacture only, from forty thousand to four ! It is,
however, with the state of the country, not of the towns, that this great
question has to do ; and with actual results, not with prejudiced or hasty
speculations : and I must limit what I have here farther to state on this
subject, by saying that fort}' years of experience have not only completely
falsified the opinions and predictions of Arthur Young on this interesting
point, but that the comparison which he boldly challenges between the
landed systems of England and France, if revived at the present day, would
show that whilst, as it relates to the small landed proprietors and peasantry
of the latter country, there is no pauperism requiring relief, in the former
every seventh person you meet with is in some way and proportion
maintained at the expense of others. It is, however, but justice to
Mr. Young to add that, since he wrote, the galling exercise of feudal occu-
pations has been abolished in France, and the curse of tithes for ever
removed from that country.

The vegetable market in Tours, although spacious, has no accommodation
for cither the sellers or the articles exposed to sale. There is a small foun-
tain at the upper end ; but the su{)ply of water in the summer is very
inadequate to the purposes of cleanliness and health. The fruit market
has a separate space for its use ; and, as common in France, there is a
distinct market for flowers, which, raised early in the spring, are very abund-
ant, varied, and beautiful. — John 11. Moggrldge. Tours, May 10. 1831.

RUSSIA.

Botany. — The botanist attached to a recent scientific expediiion from
Russia to the Brazils has brought from Rio Janeiro, for the botanic garden
at St. Petersburgh, a collection of above 1000 living Brazilian plants, as
beautiful as rare, and among which are many never hitherto seen in Europe,
This rich acquisition, joined to the young plants which the garden has
already obtained from Brazilian seeds, will soon be sufficient to fill a large
green-house, where the lovers of botany in the 68th degree of N. latitude
may form an idea of the beauty and variety of the flora of a vast country
situated between the tropics. (^Literary Gazette, Jan. 29. 1831.)

DENMARK.

Floncidtiiral Society. — Dear Sir, A Society for the Improvement of
Floriculture has lately been formed in Copenhagen, and I have had the
honour of being elected a member of it. The Society is yet in its infancy,
therefore much cannot at present be said about it. It is, however, highly
gratifying to find a taste for our science among persons of consequence ;
and there is no doubt that, as this Society succeeds, the taste will extend
arther.

490 Foreign Notices : — North America.

The autumn here has been fine, and the harvest pretty tolerable; corn
prices are high ; fruit is scarce, and not highly flavoured ; forced asparagus
is this day selling at ten English shillings the hundred. I am. Sir, &c. —
Jens Peter Petersen, Roi/al Gardens, Rosenborg, Copenhagen, Dec. 23.
1830.

NORTH AMERICA.

Culture of Gerardias, and Hints on American Plants. — Do you not make
too great a mystery of the cultivation of American plants ? I apprehend
you destroy more by kindness than by neglect. When removed from their
native woods to our gai'dens, we do not find them difficult to cultivate. In
the Encyclopcedia of Plants, and Gardener's Magazine, you say that our
Gerardias, which are the most beautiful of herbaceous plants, are so
impatient of cultivation that few individuals have seen them in gar-
dens. Here they are weeds in our fields. Seventy Gerardias are found
to one Jsclepias or Phlox. Sow the seed in a dry poor soil, not too much
shaded, and your gardeners will have no difficulty with Gerardias. They
are mostly met with on hills, where the timber has been thinned out ; but
sometimes on the low grounds. In a square yard of damp soil I have
found Lobelia cardinalis, syphilitica, and inflata, and Gerardifi ^uercifolia
and purpurea. Our azaleas and rhododendrons are found in all parts of
the country, growing equally well in great varieties of soil. — J.L. York,
Pennsylvania, Nov. 27. 1830.

Neiv Species of Elm Tree. — Mr. David Thomas describes, in SilUman^s
American Journal for 1830, a new species of elm, under the name of f/'lmus
racemosa. Its specific characters are, flowers in racemes ; pedicles in dis-
tinct fascicles, united at their bases. It is a tree, and its lower branches
have irregular corky excrescences. It is a native of the Cayuga country,
in the state of New York, and of the adjacent country. {Literari/ Gazette,
Jan. 29. 1831.)

AFRICA.

Relative Merits of the Cape of Good Hope, America, and Australia, as
Places for Emigration. — Sir, You request me to give you a candid opinion
of the relative goodness of the Cape of Good Hope, America, and Austra-
lia, as places adapted to emigration. I shall endeavour to do so only by a
few loose observations, which you must digest at your leisure; for the sub-
ject is one which I consider extremely difficult to treat on to my own satis-
faction, and most assuredly liable to displease many who may emigrate from
their native lands (they know not for what), and who are likely ever after
to regret their having done so.

I can only judge of the comparative merits of North America and Aus-
tralia from what little I have read, or heard from friends who were equal to
the task, and worthy of credit ; but I must say, that, even from the most
favourable and partial accounts, I should not hesitate to recommend, or to
choose for myself, the Cape of Good Hope, which, notwithstanding all that
has been said against it, I consider (from fourteen years' knowledge, and,
of these, five years' actual investigation of at least three parts of the co-
lony) superior both in natural resources and climate, and capable of being
made more conducive to domestic comfort, than either of the other men-
tioned countries.

That there exist certain drawbacks to an unalloyed happiness in South
Africa cannot be denied ; but where is the country in which the restless
ambition of man, and his insatiate wishes, do not meet with disappoint-
ment ? This is no country to come to for the purpose of gaining a rapid
fortune, although many have succeeded even in this ; but it is a country
where the sober, honest, and industrious may acquire a comfortable liveli-
hood, and even attain a respectable independence, at the same time enjoy-
ing luxuries which do not often fall to the lot of the working classes in
Europe.

Foreign Notices .- — Africa. 491

Placed at the southern extremity of Africa, and centrally situated with
regard to India, South America, and Europe, the Cape enjoys great scope
for commercial enterprises, which must ever be the firmest support of this
thriving colony; and, were the ports made free, it would become a depot
and general mart for the productions of both hemispheres. It is true that,
in all the extent of coast which we possess, there exist but few perfectly
safe harbours : but in this respect I do not consider the Cape worse off
than other countries ; and I believe its bays and roadsteads have obtained
a worse character than they really deserve. It is certain, that in various,
gales which have destroyed or driven on shore many vessels in the various
bays of the colony, there always have been vessels exposed to the same
chances of destruction which have "weathered the storm;" and although
the navigation round the Cape is dangerous to the inexperienced, from the
force of currents, the severe gales prevailing at certain seasons of the year
in the Indian Ocean, and the total absence of lights on the coast, I have been
informed by experienced seamen that they do not consider the hazard so great
as that which exists in the northern seas. This being the opinion of some
of our most experienced coasters, who were bred up in the roughest of the
European navigations, may be relied on : as to myself, I would rather under-
take the voyage to Europe, at certain seasons, than the coasting here.

The first hardy navigators who weathered the Cape named it the " Cape
of Storms : " theu* prince, however, with better feeling, gave it the name it
now bears ; and, with all its faults, it still offers the cheering hopes of grow-
ing prosperity. The Dutch proprietors foresaw their inability to keep
possession of this colony ; and, from a mistaken policy, surrounded the
coast with ideal dangers, and exaggerated those which exist : and the nar-
row-minded policy of the Dutch East India Company retarded internal
improvements, except in extending their line of territory, and encouraging-
some few remarkable and interesting journeys to the northward, while they
at the same time placed many obstacles in the way of a generous, friendly,
and commercial intercourse with the strange and divided natives on the
frontier ; a policy which, until lately, has been followed up by several of the
British governors. On the advance of the European stock, the compa-
ratively mild tribes of Hottentots were easily subdued, or retired before
the intruders ; but many of the cruelties stated to have been exercised by
the Dutch have been greatly exaggerated. Those dreadful distempers, the
small-pox and measles, depopidated many of the fertile districts, and cer-
tainly had no small share in reducing the aborigines to a condition border-
ing on slaverj'.

The climate of the Cape of Good Hope, although affected by sudden
and remarkable changes, I consider one of the most salubrious on the face
of the earth ; and those who have it in their power to choose their resi-
dence ma3',even in the neighbourhood of Cape Town, select such spots as are
not rendered intolerable by solar heat, or exposed to the healthy but dis-
agreeable gusts of the south-east wind. The soil, as may be expected in a
country of primitive mountains, is various, but, generally speaking, may be
termed sandy loam, with iron pyrites, &c., and fragments of rock, gene-
rally of schist or sandstone, requiring both water and manure ; but, even
where rocks or sand prevail on the surface, the country cannot truly be
called barren, as it produces many hardy shrubs, and forms extensive graz-
ing ranges for both tame and wild animals. The more fertile spots are dis-
persed between and along ranges of mountains of the most romantic forms ;
immense plains of a stiffer soil, to the north, rear thousands of cattle and
sheep, by natural produce alone ; and, perhaps, this stock is of the best
description for South Africa. Those cattle ranges are, however, subject
to periodical droughts; and, the rivers having theu* sources at great ele-
vations, the rains which fall are speedily discharged down the rocky beds

492 Foreign Notices : — Africa.

of these streams, and the country is, consequently, but little benefited by
them : indeed, the rivers themselves, in most cases, may be considered pe-
riodical, and extremely limited in value; therefore, of all real drawbacks to
the prosperity of the interior, the scarcity of water is none of the least.
Still, however, when population shall become more dense, water will be
found and brought from the bowels of the earth, in greater quantities than
many persons anticipate at present. This has been already done in the
neighbourhood of Cape Town ; and encourages the industry of man, by
showing the power he may exert in creating an earthly paradise on what
has hitherto been deemed barren waste.

Another great obstacle to agricultural prosperity in this colony is the
dearth of manual labour ; not so much from a want in number of what
ought to be labouring hands, as from the general habits of those persons
who ought to form an industrious body, I mean the aboriginal and co-
loured inhabitants ; and a prevailing indolence, not natural but acquired,
in the white part of the inhabitants, who, I believe, where a coloured race
and slavery unfortunately exist, from a mistaken and ignorant pride, con-
sider themselves above manual occupations. As population increases, this
evil diminishes, and will eventually disappear. But, while speaking of the
indolence of the white inhabitants, you must not suppose that I mean the
whole. Such an assertion would be unjust: many of the farmers of the in-
terior gain but a scanty subsistence by the sweat of their brow, and exhibit
a spirit of active industry creditable to themselves, or to any persons inha-
biting such a wild and arid country; and evince much latent industry, which
it requires only a steady and remunerating market to encourage and im-
prove.

Regarding slavery here, it exists in its mildest form ; and, were it not for
the difficulty attending the emancipation of slaves by their own individual
industry, it might be considered to exist only in name, or, at least, would
do so in a few years. It appears to have been necessary in a new colony
to assist in bringing the land into cultivation, and thriving luxury called for
more servants in the town ; but it is much to be regretted that a slave was
ever known in this colony, which requires a free and persevering exertion
of labour, and honest, and industrious, and sober habits. These qualifica-
tions rarely meet in the slave, M'ho, having no personal interest beyond the
avoiding of punishment, cares but little for rewards : he knows he must be
clothed and fed ; and, while viewing the wandering Hottentots, says to
himself, " Slavery is but a name," and exultingly compai'es their meagre and
naked persons with his own sleek, well-fed, and comfortably clothed car-
cass.

The Hottentots, have, in a great measure, become a pest to the humane,
and appear to lose much of their better character at the London missionary
stations. Those of the Moravian missions, on the contrary, exhibit marks
of superior and industrious habits, and of sincere conversion to an unas-
suming Christianity, especially among those born and brought up at the
Moravian stations, where moral conduct, industrious habits, and a sincere
confession, as far as man is enabled to judge, alone assures them an asylum,
an introduction to rank among men, and enjoyment of a Christian educa-
tion. This is a subject I have hitherto abstained <Vom entering into. I
earnestly wish missionary labours every laudable success : but I see much
to condemn in a system strictly Jesuitical in many points, and which too
frequently breaks forth in fanatical persecution ; to call it an emulous en-
thusiasm is too gentle a term. This matter has lately been brought before
the Cape public in a newspaper, the Zuid Afrikaan, wherein the language
made use of is not to be admired, and might have been avoided ; but the
exposures now making, it is hoped, will have their due effect, and insure to
a well meaning bodv at home a more correct conduct in their ministers

Foreign Notices : — Africa. 493

abroad. The mischiefs these teachers have already occasioned are, per-
haps, past reparation, their tales having obtained for the Hottentots what
it was presumed by the well meaning but misled government at home
would benefit those tribes, namely a repeal of the restrictions which pre-
vented them from strolling about like gipsies through the countr}', unless
they had written passes from the missionaries, or their employers. This
act of grace, as it is termed by some, will, in my humble opinion, tend
more towards the extirpation of the race, by a contrary effect to that
intended, and in direct opposition to the wholesome restrictions which for-
merly governed them, than any alleged acts of oppression under the old
system could have done.

The low price of wines and spirits, the latter being the favourite beverage
of the Hottentots, and the facility they have of procuring a few pence by
occasional industry, or by plunder, allows them to indulge in drunkenness
and other vices. The Hottentots were acquainted with intoxicating drinks
before their connection with Europeans; and, even yet, will make use of
them when ardent spirits are beyond their reach.

The Hottentots, when they are good, are a mild and affectionate race,
and make faithful servants. They are not naturally of that dull and phleg-
matic character which many suppose, but enjoy a liveliness and mental
capacity which occasionally shows itself in the exercise of sarcastic wit, at
the expense of each otiier, or at the cost of their employers, whose per-
sonalities and peculiarities do not escape their humorous and expert mi-
micry. Possessed of an easy and tractable temper, the Hottentot is not
difficult to manage ; he requires a particular but not a severe method, ac-
companied by moderate and certain rewards : it is owing solely to pliability
of temper, and not to innate villany, that the Hottentot too often becomes
a hypocrite.

Another obstacle to immediate improvement in the agriculture of the
Cape, and a most serious one, which ought alone to refute the indiscrimi-
nate accusation of indolence imputed to the inhabitant peasantry, consists
in "the expense and difficulty of transporting produce in lai'ge quantities and
from distant parts, owing to the badness of the roads : but, unless some of
the farmers undertake long and wearisome journeys, they cannot dispose of
their produce, nor procure at reasonable rates the few luxuries of European
clothing, and the necessary implements required in farming operations.
Under these difficulties, were it not for dire necessity, many of the farmers
would decline raising more grain on their farms than would be sufficient
for themselves and families. Under the judicious and prompt management
of our present worthy governor, the state of the roads is improving, as far as
the limited means at his command afford ; and it is to be hoped that these
necessary works will meet with every assistance from home.

The prices which grain has lately brought have given a stimulus to far-
ther industry ; the opening of the ports to the export of corn has caused a
greater breadth to be sown, and I shall be greatly mistaken if the colony
will ever suffer again from famine, as it did a few years ago. Here I must
remark, that the greatest noise was made by the body of the settlers, most
of whom, at their first landing, regretted the flesh-pots and accompani-
ments which they had left behind, and hundreds of them would have
returned to distressed England had they possessed the means. Their
complaints were loud : although supplied with good rations, something was
still wanting. Not so with the patient and hardy peasantry : they, as they
always have done in similar cases, put up with a flesh diet, were thankful
and silent.

I need not enquire the motives which induce so many persons to emi-
grate. Discontent appears to have a great share in those movements.
Numbers who have arrived within the last seven years at the Cape con-
fiiss that they were not badly off when they left England, but expected to

4-94 MBmi^fM Notices ■ — Africa,

do better here. Of these, many are tofaily unaoqusdnted with rural afiairs,
and belons to professions which are comparativelT useless in this colony.
It is distressing to witness the difficulties which many of those persons
must encounter by entaing into new occupations ; and where cultiva-
tion of the soil must necessarily form a great part of everi- one's pursuit,
there arises a di£&culty of disposing of their superabundant produce.

There are two descriptions of persons wanted here; viz. men of inde-
pendent property, not averse to a retired life, or such as do not pine after
the more refined amu:,ements of Eiu^ope, and who may wish to provide
landed inheritance for their children, by purchase, which is the most
reasonable (grants are out of the question, and where possible are by no
means profitable or comfortable, and are mostly engendered and blazoned
in the brains and pases of your pamphleteers) ; and the honest, sober, and
industrious labourer. We neither want the gentleman former, nor the
artisan who wishes to raise himself to instantaneous wealth by some
masical power he is incapable of wielding. The gentleman farmer who
would expect to live on the produce of his estate, would (as several have
done ) continue the same extravagant style of living which fictitious pros-
paitv forced upon him at home ; and, from inexperience and mistaken
pride, he would here require his steward, farmer, and a long ef cetera of
attendants, which high prices and country bankers allowed him for a short
period in England ; but all of which must be disbursed from very moderate
returns. All these circumstances must be duly considered, and particularly
so, as the prosperity of the colony depends upon its ability to furnish pro-
duce at a very low rate, which, in many instances, does not reimburse
the grower for his outlay. A great portion of the com is purchased by the
merchants on speculation, and, in Cape Town, store hire is very expensive.
The merchant must watch a favourable opportunity to export ; and, as this
period may be protracted, he cannot be expected to afford a high price for
wheat.

We are stunned here, by a constant outcry of the distresses of many
classes in England, and the consequent necessity of emigration. The
whole of the emisrants who have lately arrived here to settle, or who have
passed on to Australia, speak, however, in a tone rather high and un-
guarded for distressed persons. Those possessed of a little property expect
as much attendance as Indian nabobs ; others with brazen impudence, the
fruits of sheer ignorance, look upon the Cape of Good Hope as a land of
savaires. The servants and labourers, too often forgetting their proper
station, rather wish to spend their time in the sports of the field, than to
follow their lawful occupations with laudable industry ; and it is not unfre-
quent to see them, at their first landing, strolling about with fire-arms,
expectinir to meet with wild beasts at every comer. These ridiculous
notions thev have imbibed from reading the accounts of old times, or from
the pettv compilations of persons who have \isited Cape Town, or who
mav have rode a few miles into the interior, and, having amused or dis-
Siisted such of the inhabitants as understood them by their ftitile remarks
and childish questions, have been led in many instances to publish as facts,
the ludicrous jokes and well deserved sneers which have been passed on
themselves ; or have repeated, with mischievous colouring, the dialx)lical
assertions of others who have preceded them. It is difficult to say whe-
ther such beings are more deserving of contempt or pity ; it must, however,
be resetted that their conduct tends much to mislead the unwan.

We now hear but few very serious complaints from our settlers on the
frontier, who, from various causes, were constrained to remain on their
locations, and now, by persevering industry, appear to improve their cir-
cumstances, having overcome their greater difficulty of settling a new
countri-, and obtained some knowledge of the soil and climate, an essential
which practice alone can bestow. The depredations of colonial Hottentots

Foreign Notices : — Africa. 495

aiid other fi-ee persons of colour must be regretted, but, under existing
laws, cannot be controlled effectually : this circumstance gives rise to much
discussion and angry feelings, at all times to be deplored.

In Graham's Town and Graaf Reinet, horticultural and agricultural
societies have been established, and, from the nature of the communica-
tions I have received from them, I anticipate much improvement to the
circumstances of the colony. At Uitenhage a similar institution is formed.

From the enterprising spirit of research and speculation which has actu-
ated several private individuals of the Albany district who have penetrated
far into the interior, a new and great field is opened for commerce and
farther discoveries, and also for the work of civilisation by missionaries,
whose labours are far more valuable in those countries than they can be
within the boundaries of the colony. The persevering labours of Mr.
Moffat at Littakum reflect the highest credit upon himself, and will greatly
atone for the backslidings of others professing the same intent.

I understand that an account of some of the abovementioned journeys
will shortly be published ; but it is much to be regretted that several of
those praiseworthy travellers have fallen victims to their exertions, or, to
the disgrace of the British government, have accomplished their views
without its assistance, although such enterprise must, and does eventually,
tend to the aggranchsement and emolument of the empire at large.

No British colony feels the severity of the East India Company's mono-
poly more than the Cape of Good Hope ; and, although much difficulty and
ensuing ruin would be the lot of many speculating individuals should the
China trade be thrown open, yet it is a measure which the Cape merchants
and others look forward to with the most flattering hopes. The policy
which the East India Company has exercised towards this colony has been
erroneous ; for in the endeavour to depress the energies of the Cape mer-
chants, and to depreciate the value of the colony in the eyes of the legis-
lature, they have provoked an opposition to the Company's monopoly, and
called into action no small share of talent hitherto dormant. The pro-
hibition of the Company's ships from refreshing at the Cape can onlv serve
to enrich a few individuals at St, Helena, and at most serve the directors
as a cloak for the thriftless pensions created by that island or its services.
One would suppose that the Cape might at least furnish wheat or flour
sufficient for that spot ; but it appears that English flour alone agrees with
the palates of its inhabitants.

From the above unconnected notes I think you may gather sufficient
argument to recommend the Cape to respectable emigrants, in preference
to America or Australia. Here they would find more comfort in general
than in the mixed and disagreeable society of those countries. I woidd
recommend the perusal of Widdowson's Van Diemen^s Land to every one
who chooses to emigrate ; what he says respecting domestic servants is
applicable to all colonies. With regard to outfit, British manufactures are
cheaper here than an emigrant can bring a small investment out for.
Chililren from twelve to fourteen years of age would make the best ser-
vants ; and 1 have an idea that they would, under good management, form
in a few years a respectable class of working society, and in tune serve to
exterminate slavery, and create a lasting benefit to the colony, by bringing
the Malay and coloured population to their proper feeling. At 'present
their insolence is provoking, and borders on rebellion, especially among the
slaves ; forming the som'ce of much inconvenience.

I have had much conversation with several persons who have been to
Swan River, some of whom are settling here, and appear to be so far
satisfied : others, who could compass it, have returuetl to England. Their
accounts of the new settlement vary, but all agree in the want of slaves
or convicts to perform theu- drudgery. It is somewhat strange that those
persons so lately from England should desire such servants ; the wish can

4:96 Foreign Notices : — > Africa.

only arise from inexperience ; and may be excused from observing the
treatment of the slaves and convicts in Cape Town. I hate the services
of either, but here at present it is a necessary evil.

As you are anxious to collect general information on any thing con-
nected with emigration, allow me to recommend to your perusal the Times
newspaper of the 6th of January, 1821, where you will find a paper of my
worthy and much esteemed friend G. von Langsdorf What that gentleman
writes you may depend upon for accuracy and true philanthropic feeling.

It is perhaps necc^ary to observe more explicitly, that the government
here has no large and valuable tracts of land to give away near to the
immediate markets, and, if they had, I do not see what just claim the bulk
of emigrants from Great Britain has to such gifts, or whether it is advisable
to grant to artisans that which is of little use to them. As an esta-
blished colony, the Cape is able to support a much larger population than
it contains at present ; as a proof of which, I need only remind 30U of the
circumstance of six thousand persons finding an asylum here, few of whom
were independent : they certainly met with difficulties at first, which, how-
ever, generally speaking, proved temporary. If it is only to gain a grant
of land the emigrant quits Great Britain, I should advise him to go to
Australia, or elsewhere. I do not wish to see the effects of the rural
abilities of many who, calling themselves farmers or gardeners, exhibit
proofs of then- ignorance here, and must suffer for their obstinacy in a
climate to which they are strangers. You must be a judge of the labour
and outlay in bringing in new land, the tardy returns, and then, a market !

Gardeners are wanted here or perhaps a system of gardening ; but a
century or two must pass away, before a professed gardener will meet
with due encouragement, or be respected as his abDities and behaviour
deserve. There is no settled nobility or gentry here that know how to
appreciate the value of such a confidential servant. At present he may
claim, but he cannot receive, any higher consideration than is conferred
upon an ignorant slave, and perhaps not so much. Such is the force of
custom, and the ease with which a few common vegetables are produced
here, that the generality of those who have country houses are satisfied
without attempting necessary improvements. The labouring gardener in
England can enjoy himself much better than the few gardeners that are
here, who may be considered as isolated beings, having no intelligent com-
panions to associate with for instruction or amusement, fitting their station
and calling in life.

To persons who enjoy a moderate income, and choose to emigrate, the
means of education for their children is a matter of consideration. A pub-
lic academy, or college as it is called here, has been established ; and one
or two classical private schools, also, are now in repute in Cape Town.
Several ladies' schools, of various pretensions, have lately been com-
menced, and every kind of useful and elegant acquirements may be ob-
tained, without the disagreeable necessity of sending the children to Europe.
Public amusements are few : during the winter months, Dutch and English
plays are performed by amateur companies, as are also concerts. Horse-
racing in spring and autumn. The domestic and select circles of private
families are greatly advancing, and a general good feeling appears to pre-
vail. The periodicals are, two newspapers, once and twice a week; a
literary gazette edited by a liberal-minded and talented individual ; and the
South African Qum-terli/ Journal, promising to be a valuable auxiliary to
the South African Institution, if well supported. Religious toleration is
sufficiently liberal ; and a kindly feeling appears to exist in persons of dif-
ferent denominations, as none seem to despise or calumniate the others,
and all appear anxious and ready with mutual assistance. Several liberal
and useful institutions are supported for the instruction, &c., of the lower
classes, both bond and free. — J. B.

Domestic Notices : — Efigland. 497

Art. III. Domestic Notices.

ENGLAND,

Climate of Bovey Tracey, ChmUeigh, Devon, as to Plants. — On April 19.
1831, I had new ash-leaved kidney potatoes for dinner, from roots planted
in January. The potatoes planted were exposed in the garden walks for
six weeks last summer. Petunia nyctaginiflora, Fuchs/a gracilis, Maurand?/a
Barclay««ff, and Vest/« /ycioides have lived out in my garden during the
winter. Six camellias have flowered under a veranda, into the border of
which they are planted. Primula prae'nitens has lived for the last three
years in the garden during winter. — J. G, C. Bovey Tracey, Ckudleigh,
Devon, April 20. 1831.

Southampton Botanic Garden. — Sir, By your approval, I enter into
the promised description of the Southampton Botanic Garden. Having
stated the extent of ground and glass at p. 376., 1 now submit to
you the number of houses, &c. : — 1 stove; I Botany Bay house; 1 house
for camellias and orange trees ; 2 Cape houses, and 1 propagating house.
Two of these are heated by hot water. This garden contains a selection of
individual specimens amounting to upwards of 4000, not including hot-
house and green-house plants, which I plant out to take stock from ; more
particularly the new and rare kinds. By this mode I have proved many of
the most ornamental house plants to be quite hardy, and shall be most
happy to give you some account of them ere long. I shall not describe in
what state of keeping these grounds are, nor the collection they pos-
sess, but will leave these to be determined by some botanist who has
visited or may visit this establishment. You have headed mine of the 25th,
" Spa Botanic Gardens ; " I beg leave to state that the gardens formerly
called " Spa Gardens" are the property of Mr. Evemy, not Mr. Page, and
are occupied by the New Forest Archers, and now called the Royal Victoria
New Forest Ai-chery Grounds. Our botanic garden has no connection
with the former. We have never had any tea-drinking here, neither is
there any subscription whatever attached. Our nursery consists of large
quarters of forest trees and fruit trees, with American and herbaceous
plants. Specimen trees of the fruits are planted out, producing a beautiful
effect, and affording information respecting the varieties, &c. In this
nursery there are two green-houses and a pit for plants. 1 am, Sir, &c. —
James Ingram. Southampton Botanic Garden, June 28. 1831.

Some Chestnuts tvhich grew on a Tree from a Knt planted by the Hand of
George Washington in March, 1797, at the Country Seat of the late Judge Peters^
have been kindly sent us by our much esteemed correspondent. Dr. Mease of
Philadelphia. They left that city, April 4th, packed in loam, and arrived in
London, May 7th, unfortunately rotten. Similar seeds, sent to us in future,
should be immersed in tallow. However, if we live seven years, it is our
intention, before that time shall elapse, to gather with our own hands some
memorials of Washington and of Jefferson, from the estates which belonged
to these truly noble men. — Cond.

The charming Purple Saxifrage (^axifraga oppositifolia) is now in great
beauty with me, having been in flower since the 1st of March, and is at
present quite the glory of my garden. This lovely little alpine, certainly
one of the choicest productions of Flora, succeeds with me better than, I
think, I ever saw it do elsewhere; and this, I believe, arises from the cir-
cumstance of its not being overnursed, I might almost say, quite neglected
and left to itself: for it stands the whole year round on my garden steps,
fronting the south, with no other care or attention paid it than being occa-
sionally watered in dry weather. I keep the plants in large pots, which
they entirely fill, trailing over the rim and sides ; at the present moment
they constitute one entn-e mass of brilliant flowers, closely crowded toge-
ther, not only on the surface, but hanging down like a curtain of purple to

Vol. Vil. — No 33. k k

498 Domestic Notices : — Ensland.

b"

the very bottom of the pot, and so completely covering the whole that
scarcely a particle of the foliage remains visible. While the plants are in
flower 1 generally place them in the green-house, to protect the blossoms
from the rain, &c., in order that they may last the longer. I believe this
plant is not unfrequently injured by being placed in the shade ; in which
case the shoots are apt to be drawn up and weakened. Few plants require
less attention in their cultivation, and certainly none reward us with a more
diffuse chsplay of most beautiful blossoms in the spring. I may add, that
the soil in which I grow the saxifrage consists of a mixture of garden loam
and peat, with a quantity of broken pot, brick, and sandstone interspersed
among it. Yours, &c. — W. T. Bree. Allesley Rectory, March 11. 1831.

The Nlght-bloomhig Ce7vus (Cereu.i grancliJTurus). — Sir, Mr.Maule, Staple-
ton Road Nursery, Bristol, last night gratified the public with the sight of
a Cereus grandiflorus, with ten magnificent flowers in full bloom, and beau-
tifully arranged for eflect. It was one of the most splendid botanic sights
ever witnessed here. Mr. Maule is very successful in flowering this species.
The plant in question is but of a moderate size, yet this is its second time
of flowering this season, and in a few days it will display eight more
flowers. — P. Masei/, Jiin. Bristol, June 8. 1831.

George the Fourth Po/i/anthiis. — A plant in full bloom has been sent us
by our indefatigable and much-valued correspondent Mr. Saul. It is cer-
tainly a very perfect florist's flower ; and it is worthy of remark, in order
to be remembered by gardeners in the country who have to send flowers
in pots to their families in town, that the plant was in a large pot ; the pot
being firmly fixed to the bottom of a strong box, and the mould kept in the
pot by moss tied to it with packthread. — Coud.

Fine Vines at Great Finborongh Hall, Suffolk. — Sir, In a late visit to
the gardens of Roger Pettiward, Esq., at the above place, I derived high
gratification from witnessing the prodigious vigour of the grape vines
growing in a small house erected last year. I enquired when they were
planted, in what soil, &c. ; and from Mr. Nicholls, the intelligent and
meritorious gai'dener there, I ascertained as follows : — Some of the vines
were planted in March, 1830, and by the close of the year had made shoots
from 20 to 40 ft. long. The remainder were turned out of pots in June,
1830, and had, by the close of the year, produced shoots from 10 to 20 ft.
long. About two months since, in the jiresent year, the vines of both
plantings were taken into the house to be forced ; and in this short interval
they have made strong shoots more than 20 ft. long, some of which display
an abundant crop of fine bunches. The compost in which these vines
grow is formed of one quarter fresh loam with its turf out of a meadow,
one quarter common soil of the garden, one quarter spit dung from
an old hot-bed, one eighth rotten tan, and one eighth lime rubbish*
These soils were all well mixed together ; and, after the common soil
of the border had been taken out to the depth of 4 ft., and the bottom
well drained in the manner usual for grapes, the border was filled up with
this compost. Mr. Nicholls fm-ther informed me that Aloysi« ritriodora
has survived in these gardens the severity of last winter; as has alscv
Calampelis scabra, which is now full 10 ft. high, and proportionally strong :
no protection was applied to either plant. A standard of Leptospernuun
pubescens, with very slight shelter, has also survived. I am, Sir, &c. —
Henry Turner. Botanic Garden, Bu7-y St. Edmund's, May 26. 1831.

British Society of Agriculture. — It is proposed to establish in London a
central society for the improvement of the agriculture of the kingdom, and
for effecting the following objects : — To provide a suitable builcUng or rooms
for the reception of a library, museum, &c. ; to hold weekly meetings at
certain seasons of the year ; to procure, from the most eminent scientific
men of the da}', lectures on the application of the various sciences to
agriculture, which might afterwards be printed ; to correspond with foreign
societies, and to form a centre of communication for those established in

'Domestic Notices : — Scotland. 499

this country; to take in all the periodical and other scientific works pub-
lished in any part of the world, and to print and circulate in a cheap form
monthly digests of whatever useful matter they might contain ; but prin-
cipall}' to endeavour, by all means, to introduce into the schools at which
farmers' children are now educated, the elements of the modern sciences.

It is supposed that, whenever our practical farmers shall become con-
versant with chemistry, entomologj', botany, meteorology, &c., the face of
our agriculture will be totally changed: but such knowledge can be con-
ferred nowhere but at school, and the society might promote the establish-
ment of such schools in various ways, either by providing the requisite
instruction for the masters, and supplying them with proper books and
apparatus ; or by keeping the subject constantly before the public through
their monthly publications, and by their influence with provincial societies.

In England ^\■e now produce on an average about a quarter of corn per
acre more than is grown in France. Is there any absurdity in supposing
it possible to produce a quarter per acre more than even we do ?

The state of our population makes it necessary to adopt, without loss of
time, efficient measures for increasing the productiveness of our soil. In
1801,9,100,000; in 1831, 14,000,000; in 1801,22,000,000.

If the rate of increase which has prevailed for thirty years past be con-
tinued for thirty years more, England and Wales will then contain twenty-
two millions of inhabitants ; being eight millions more than are now sup-
ported with difficulty. Unless, therefore, the produce of the soil be made
to increase in a similar ratio, that is, unless the acre, which now bears
25 bushels of wheat, be made to bear -iO, the people must starve, and the
poor rate must absorb the whole rental of the country.

The expense of the Board of Agriculture established by Mr. Pitt was
3000/. a year. The annual income of the Highland Society of Scotland
is about 2000/. — W. Hawkins. Hit chin, Hertfordsliire, May 5. 1831.

Such a society as that contemplated may do good : even the Board of
Agriculture, though it occupied itself with petty details of culture and
management, instead of endeavouring to reform our agricultural legislation,
and strike at the root of tithes, and the general ignorance of farmers, still
was not altogether useless. But we cannot bring ourselves to take much
interest in societies where all the members are not equal in almost every
respect; having hitherto in this country seen similar associations, with
scarcely any exception, speedily degenerate into jobs. We look forward to
the establishment, through the influence of Lord Brougham, of a system of
national education by government, in which all useful knowledge will be
taught to all ; and the operation of this on the rising generation will fit
them for deriving knowledge from books on the science of whatever art they
may choose to pursue. It will also teach them how and when to cooperate
together in societies, for the effecting ol'any particular object. — Cond.

SCOTLAND.

Dori/anthes excelsa. — Another beautiful specimen of this wonderful
plant is in blossom at Woodhall gardens. It is the third that Mr, Hen-
derson has succeeded in bringing into flower. We know of no other suc-
cessful attempt, save that of Mr. Cunningham, at Comely Bank, near Edin-
burgh. The plant of last year was 24< ft. high. This one is not so tall by
some feet, having come several months earlier into flower than either of
the former, from the time of the stem making its appearance. The plant,
however, is healthier and stronger, measuring at the base llin. diameter.
The flowers, which resemble those of the orange lily, only they are larger
and of a pink colour, are beginning to unfold themselves ; their anthers are
covered with a beautiful green pollen, and the cells are filled with a honied
liquid; of these flowers there are nearly 100 upon a ramified umbel of
about 2 ft. diameter. {Glasgoiv Free Press, March 23. 1831.)

K K 2

500

Hints.

Art. IV. Hints.

Cottagers' Show Articles. — Sir, In the Cumberland Pacquet of May 24,
I have seen it announced, that at the show, in August next, of the White-
haven Horticultural Society, " a premium from a member of the committee
will be awarded to the cottager, not a gardener, whose garden is kept in the
best order, combining the valuable properties of neatness and utility." This
is a good prbject. as rewards thus offered to cottagers might bring into
notice, and rtiake generally known, valuable varieties of fruit, flowers, and
vegetables of their raising, now only known to the purchaser, who takes
care that no other person is aware of the good qualities of their productions.
This I know to be a fact, from personal enquiry and decided proofs. As a
further inducement to cottagers to bring to the shows of horticultural
societies any vegetable, flowers, or fruit, possessing good qualities, that they
cultivate, I would suggest that not only prizes be awarded to exhibitions by
cottagers, but that they be allowed to offer at the shows their productions
for sale to the visiters. To effect this object with the least possible incon-
venience to the officers of societies, I submit the following plan (which will
be found a modification of that published from me in Vol. III. p. 419.), in

order to supply

the additional ac-
commodation re-
quired : — Fig. 90.
a, a table or
counter (sur-
rounding the en-
trance door), on
which the articles
brought by mem-
bers are received,
and off which they
are conveyed to

the stage b, for general ornament and effect j e is the prize table for receiving
those articles belonging to members to which prizes are awarded ; /, a door
for the admission of the cottagers with their baskets, the baskets to be
labelled with the names of their owners, and brought into the room early
in the morning ; g g, benches for the baskets of the cottagers, who, as soon
as they have placed their baskets on these benches, are to withdraw until
the exhibition is opened. When it is opened, the cottagers are to re-
enter at/, and they will then find such of their articles as have gained prizes
placed on the bench h. They may then negotiate with the visiters for the
sale both of their articles which have gained prizes, and those which have
not ; but no article must be removed from its place until the exhibition is
closed ; neither are cottagers to go into the society's space in the central
part of the show room, but to remain behind the benches, as they attend
free of all expense. This plan, as its details are few and simple, would
give but little trouble to the officers of societies, and much increase the
interest of exhibitions to members and their friends, and would, I trust,
thereby increase the capability of every society that adopted it to encourage
cottagers still farther. I am. Sir, &c. — M. Saul. Lancaster, June 2. 1831.
Snieet's " Florist'' s Guide" and a neiv Work on Roses. — Sir, Mr. Sweet,
in figuring a beautiful new rose, the Duke of Wellington, in his Florist's
Guide for June last, says, " As we have nearly finished our Florist's Guide,
we will try to persuade our esteemed friend, Mrs. Kearse (late Miss Law-
rance), to begin publishing the roses again, as there are numerous very
distinct new varieties and hybrid species that are well worth figuring ; and
would, on quarto size, make one of the finest works imaginable." I cannot
but express a hope that this suggestion will be attended to, if not by the

Coming Weather,

501

lady mentioned, by some person who is competent. I think it would add
greatly to the beauty of the work if the roses could be occasionally grouped,
two or more varieties together. It appears to me, Sir, that you could not
better promote the delightful pursuit of floriculture than by calling on all
lovers of flowers to become subscribers to such a work. I claim j'our
indulgence for thus trespassing : nothing but a desire to increase and
improve the taste for those loveliest of flowers, roses, would have induced
me to do so. Yours, &c. — An Amateur. Saffron Walden, June 22. 1831.

Cheapness, it is hoped, will result from this grouping ; if not, it is doubt-
ful whether any work on figures of florists' flowers will answer in Britain.
The varieties of ranunculus, tulip, pink, carnation, &c., having respectively
in most cases sprung from one species, retain the foliage and habit of that
species so closely, as to render the exhibition of the foliage and habit of
each variety unnecessary. Let, then, flowers of several varieties be given
on each plate, either grouped, or distributed as medals are on a medallion
board, and discriminative remarks on habit be supplied in the text. These
would be sufficient means to enable florists to identify and name the flowers
they cultivate, and not be beyond their pecuniary reach. Full length or
half length portraits of individual varieties, as ornamental pictures to be
looked at, are too expensive to be generally purchased. — J. D.for Cond.

The Dessert defective from January to June. — Sir, I beg to suggest the
utility to be derived from premiums being offered for the finest supply of
fruit for the table, raised under glass, from the 1st day of January to the
1st day of June ; to consist of oranges, grapes, figs, melons, and pine-apples.
This is the time of year when little can be obtained, and when the above
would be doubly valuable. Yours, &c. — Oatmeal. May 9.

Art. V. Coming IVeather.

Remarks on the Weather^ during the Months of March and April, as extracted
from the Register kept at Annat Garden, Perthshire, North Lat. 56° 23^',
above the Level of the Sea 172 ft., and 15 miles from the Coast.
March. The rain that fell in March was more than double the ordinary
average, amounting to 3'3 in.; the greatest fall since 1822 was in March
1827, and measured 262 in. The temperatiu-e was 43-2°, or 2*6° above the
average temperature for that month, at this place. Loud winds were fre-
quent ; the most remarkable storm of wind and rain commenced at two
o'clock P.M. of the 12th, after five days of a clouded atmosphere. At the
commencement the wind did not exceed Q\ miles velocity per hour, but
towards evening it blew with nearly treble force, accompanied with thunder
and lightning. The phenomena of this and two subsequent storms will
be best seen by the following table : —

Phenomena of winds.

Fall of
rain in
inches
and
parts.

Height of
Barometer.

Mean
tempera-
ture dur-
ing the
storm.

Minim.

tempera.

ture dur-
ing the
storm.

Dates.

Direc-
tion.

Velocity
in miles
per hour.

Dur-
ation

in
hours.

12-1

13J

15

17

25-1

26 J

s.w.

s.w.
w.

S.E.

6 to 18i

6 to 91
9 to 11

7 to Hi

26

9
15

27

M5

•12
•10

•22

28-31

28-40

28-72

29-01

37^

40
46

39

34°

34
44

37

K K 3

502 Coining Weather.

The mean temperature for the first ten days of Mai'ch was 43 'o' ; for the
second ten days, 42"4-° ; for the last eleven days, 43'9- ; for the month, 43"2".
The range of the thermometer for the month, from 3-2° to o3°. The mean
height of the barometer for the same periods was 28'82, 2S'88, and 29"o7'
in. From the 2d to the 7th, the mercury vacillated between 28'72 and
29 in. ; from the 8th to the 10th between 28-82 and 29 in. On the 11th it
fell to 28-70, and on the 12th to the unusual depression of 28"31. It con-
tinued below 29 till the 18th, and vacillated between 29 and 29-9 till
the 30th, and rose tO 30 in. on the last day of the month. The wind shifted
from westerly points to due east on the 8th, where it continued two days ;
on the 10th it veered to the west, and continued to blow from that direc-
tion till the 23d ; from the east and south-east on the four following days;
from the west on the 27th and 2Sth, and on the following three da\s from
the east. Tiie only days of brilliant sunshuie were the 3d, 7th, 18th, and
27th ; on the rest the atmosphere was more or less cloudy.

April, In this month there has been nothing deserving the name of a
storm to place on record. The mean temperature of the first ten days
4a'3 J of the second ten days, 48"8°; and of the last, 48^. The mercury in
the thermometer ranged between 3P and 60^, but in temperature there was
no remarkably sud<.len fluctuation in this or the preceding month. The
mean temperature for the month is nearly 2° higher than the ordinary ave-
rage at this place, it being 47"3". The mercury in the barometer for the
above periods gave a mean height of 29-08, 29'37, and 29-67 in. ; it vacil-
lated from the beginning of the month to the oth between 30 and 28-8 in. j
from the oth to the 11th between 28-a3 and 29; from the 11th to the
26th between 29*o and 28 in. ; on the last four days of the month, between
28-9o and 28-6 in.; and this depression, with an easterly wind, indicates
an additional fall of rain to the copious showers that have lately fallen.
The depth in the rain gauge amoimts to 1-8 in., nearly the ortlinary ave-
rage.

The velocity of the wind throughout the month did not exceed sis miles-
per hour : it set in from the east on the first three days, the atmosphere
being clear on the 2d and 3d ; but, as not unl'requently happens on a change
of the wind's direction, it became clouded on the 4th, when the wind
shifted to the west, and some rain fell ; after two days the wind again shifted
to the east. This rapid shifting, and consequent mixture of dilfercnt cur-
rents of air in the higher regions, produced a copious fall of rain on the 7th,
the atmosphere still continuing cloudy. On the 8th and 9th the wind was
variable, and some light showers fell, accompanied with distant peals of
thunder. On the 11th the wind shifted to the west, and clear sunshine
succeeded on the 12th, and continued, with little interruption, till the 17th ;
on that day the wind shifted to the east, and continued to blow gently from
that point till the end of tlie month, with the exception of the 19th and
27th, on which days it was variable. On the 2jth the atmosphere be-
came cloudy, and showers, with little sunshine, have prevailed since that
period.

Larches were in leaf here on the oth, white-thorns on the 15th, maple on
the 18th, horsechestnut on the 28th, and birch on the 30th. As I judge,
the mean temperament at Howick will be something more than 1° higher
than here, and at Southampton something more than 3°; vegetation will be
proportionally forward, and it might add to the interest of our remarks if
a few notes were taken by each of the progress of vegetation. Might I
ask Mr. Rogers to point out four plants, the leafing or flowering of which,
each of us mii^ht notice in every month ? — Archd. Gorrie^ Annat Gardens^
April 30. 183 L

Plants not included in the Hortus Britanniciis. 503

Meteorological Journal kept at Howichy Northumberland, above the Level
of the Sea 9 1 Feet, and distant One Mile.

Phenomena of Winds.

Fall of
rain or
melted
snow.

Height of
Barometer.

Mean
tempera-
ture dur-
ing the
storm.

Minim,
tempera-
ture dur-
ing the
storm.

Dates.

Direc-
tion.

Coramence-
ment of
storms.

Velocity
in miles
per hour.

Dur-
ation.

March.
11
15
16
24
25

w.

s.
w.

N.E.

S.E.

6 P.M.

12 noon.

7 A.M.

12 noon,

9 A.M.

12i
15J
6i
17"
14*

15
6
4
8
9

•35
•15
•10

•25

29-2

29

29

29-2

29-2

43°

41

44

40

40

40°
38
42
38

38

Mean temperature for the first ten days in March, 43'3°; for the
second, 43'8'^ ; for the last eleven days, 42*2°. Barometer for the same
periods, 29*22, 29'25, and 29"89 in. Extremes of temperature, coldest,
1st, 31"; hottest, 27th, 56^. Depth of rain 1-9 in. Wind easterly 18
days, and westerly 13. On the night of the 7th, the aurora borealis dis-
played a bright and agreeable aspect. Mean temperature for the first
ten days in April, 43'3^ ; for the second, 48*1°; and for the last ten
days, 45'S°. Barometer for the same periods, 29*48, 29^68, and 29'35 in.
E.Ktremes of temperature, coldest, 4th, 32° j hottest, 15th, 02°. Depth of
rain, 1*5 in. Wind easterly 20 days, and westerly 10. Several loud peals
of thunder on the 10th; nearest distance H mile. What does this, so
early, prognosticate ? There have been no storms to notice in this month.
We had favourable weather until the 21st, since which the atmosphere has
been obscured by mist and rain, with rarely a glimpse of sunshine.

The method I have taken for noting my remarks during the last two months
will, I trust, correspond with Mr. Gorrie's prescribed plan, although it ought
to differ in substance from his, and also from Mr. Rogers's : if otherwise,
it will throw aside m}' theory, and render it completely useless and absurd ;
but trial is allowed by all to be the most indubitable proof. I am. Sir, &c.
— John j\lachray. Howick Gardens, April 30. 1831.

AiiT. VI. List of Plants included in the Botanical Periodicals
reviewed, or elsevohere mentioned, in the present Number of the
Gardener s Magazine as in British Gardens, but vohich are not
included in the Hortus Britannicus.

This list will in future be prepared and published in this Magazine,
every two months, for the convenience of the possessors of Loudon's
Hortus Britannicus. Every December these lists will be united, and pub-
lished apart, in an annual Supplement to the Hortus Britannicus. Where
the genus is new a star (*) is affixed.

1980. ADE'SMIA.
microphylla Hoolc.

small-leaved H. i | or

va. sea. Y Valparaiso ,

*^33. AVAX Haw. AiAX. ;

cernuus Uaio. drooping ?f A or

2 corbna plfena Haiv. fuU.crowned tf A or

979. ALSTRCEME'K//? 8043 pulch^lla.

2 pilusa Luidl. hairy -leaved ;^ 23 spl

1061. ANTHE'RICUM.

? plumbsum i?.§7'. feathex-petaled ^ Al cu

A valiant Greek at the siege of Troy.)

mr.ap Crea.W Spain ?
mr.ap Crea.W Spain ?

S S.1 Bot. cab. 1692 ;

Amaryllidete^'
O CO Sw.fl.gar.'J.s.lOl.S
O CO Sw.fl.gar.2.s. 101.4

1 ap
K K 4

W Chile

1829.

S l.s.p Bot. reg. 1410
D CO Bot, mag. 308*

504 Plants ?iot included in the Hortus Britannicus.

1605. AQUILETGIA.
14288a Gariiier/d«a Swt. Jt/«i Garnier's ^ A or IJ my.jl P.Str hybrid 1829. Deo Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l03

521. AZA^LEA 4344 calendulicea.
10 Stapletonmraa Lindl. Miss Stapleton'sife or 4 my.jn Bo hybrid 1829. L p.I Bot reg. 1407

1090. BE'RBERIS.

9065a dulcis Swt. sweet-fruited « fr 8 mr Bt.Y MageUan 1830. L s.lp Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l00

1706. BIGNO'^N/^.
16353a gracilis Lo. C. slender fl_ □ or 50 ap Y S. Amer. ... C It.l Bot. cab. 1705

1794. BROWA'LLU.
15986a grandiflbra Gra/i. large-flowered O or 2 jn.d Li.Y Peru 1829. S p.I Bot. mag. 3069

2038. C AME'LL/^ 18166 jap6nica
var. specibsa flor^. <r./iau'e«'4' showy * |_J spl 10 mr Dp. R China 1824. I l.p Chan. ill. 32

2553. CATTLEn'^.

guttata X/«d/. spotted-^K'rf jg E] or 1 ... G.Bd.W.P Brazil ... Dp.r.w Bot. reg. 1406

116. CRO^CUS lOlOvernus

4 leucorhyncus Sab. white-beaked tf A or I mr.ap W.B seedling ... O co Bot. reg. 1416
ImperitjTen. Imperati's ?f A or ;. if.mr Li Naples 1830. O s.l Sw.fl. gar. 2.S.98

1308. DICTA'MNUS.
10909a angustif<>lius Sivt. narrow-leaved j^ A or 2 my.jl Li Altai 1821. S s.l Sw. fl. gsr. 2.S.93

2554. EPIDE'NDRUM.

S2730a odoratissimum Lindl. sweetest-sctd^ 23 fra 1 su G.Y Rio Jan. 1826 ? Dp.r.w Bot. reg. 1415

Encyclia pitens Hook, in Bot. mag. 3013, Macradfenia lutescens Bol. cab. 1556, but not otSot. reg.

1173. £RrCA.
^ V. Beaumont/a«aRolh 3/ri. Beaumont's* 1 | or 1 jn W C. G. H. 1820. C s.p Bot. cabv 1686

2900. i^rcus.

35239a urophylla Wat. tail-leaved « □ cu 2 jn Ap India 1829. C l.p Bot. cab. 1697

48. GALIPE^A.

462a odoratissimaiznrf/. moat fragrant *□ fra 2 my W Rio Jan. ... C Ip Bot. reg. 1420

2080. GLYCINE.

biloba Lindl. two-lobed J_ i_J or 20 n V Mexico 1827. S Ip Bot. reg. 1418

»2538. GOVE^N/.,4 LindL Govenia (? 3/r. Goi^en, an originater of splendid hybrids in ^rlceje.) Orchidete.
superba Lindl. superb ^ [23 or 1 mr Y Xalapa 1828. D s.lt Bot. cab. 1709

Probably tbe Maxill^ria superba of Be la Lave.

316. GREVI'LLE.4.

S617a Seymour/^ Swt. MSS. Mrs. Seymour's* i 1 or 3 ap.my Ro N. Holl. 1823. C p.l Bot. reg. 1383

concinna Lindl. not of others.

975. HABRA'NTHUS.

phycelldldes /fcrfi. Phycella-tike tf lAfor f o S Chile 1805. O r.m Bot. reg. 1417

43. JASMrNUM.
. 323a publgerum D. Don down-bearing fl_ or 10 mr.o Y Nepal 1827. C 1 Bot. reg. 1409
WalUchidnMOT Lindl.

58. 3V?,TVCIA.

asperula VVal. roughish « □ or 2 su Pk India 1829. C It.l Bot. cab. 1681

quadrangulkris Hoo!<. Bot. mag. 2845, Hort. Brit. No. 27985.

609. LOBE^/.'f.
5141a hypocrateriformis R. Br. salver-^turf iQJ or 1 s P N. Holl. 1829. S p Bot. mag. 3075

1091. MAHO^N/A

9070a diversifolia Sm;A different-leaved* or 10? mr.ap Y M. Video ... Sk l.p Sw. fl. gar. 2..<i.94
I 9070aglumkcea2)fc. glumaceous n. or ... mr.ap Y Columbia 1827. L p.I Bot. reg. 1426
Birbcris glum^cea Lindl.

1783. it/1'MULUS.

15897a perfoliktus Kth. perfoliate ^ I cu 2 s Y Mexico 1829. S l.p Bot. mag. 3067

Conobea alJita Grah.

1414. O'XALIS.
11932a D^ppij Lo. C. Deppi's ? j\| el | mr.n Cop. R Mexico 1827. O s.p Sw.fl.gar.2.s.96

87. PIMELE^A.
799a diosmsefulia Lo. C. Diosma-Ieaved tt. | 1 or 1 su Ro N. Holl. ... C s.p Bot. cab. 1708

1528. POTENTI'LLA.
13646a missourica Horn. Missouri ;^ A cu 1 jn.au Y N. Amer. 1827. D co Bot. reg. U12

2926. PTE^RIS.
2550Sa calomaanos 0«o neat dark £ E) cu | ... Br C, G. H. 1830. D p.l Bot. cab.l68S

Retrospective Criticism. 505

1339. 7;H0D0DE'NDR0N.
110256 alta-clerense Lindl. Highclere • spl 15 ap.my C Eng. hybrid 1827. L p.l Bot. reg. 1414
11015a Farrferis Swt. Mrs. Farrer's * or 3 f.mr Li China 1829. L s.p Sw. fl. gar. 2.S.95

1523. ^U^BUS.
13510a spectabilis Ph. showy 36 or 4 ap.my Ro Columbia 1827. L co Bot. reg. 1424

55. SCHIZA'NTHUS.
477rt Hookfen' Grab. Hooker's CD? spl 2 jn.o Ro.Li Chile 1828. S s.I Bot. mag, 3070

1295. TURR.EV.
10868a ? pinn^ta Wi/. vlngeA-leaved « □ or ... mr Pa.Ro Silhet 1828. C l.p Bot. reg. 1413

2262. VERXO"N/,4.
20475a axilliflbra Otto axil-flowered ^ j\J or 2 s.o P Brazil 1829. D It.l Bot. cab. 1690

2532. ZYGOPE'TALUM.
22660a criiiitum io. C. hairy-lipped £ 23 or 1 mr.au.n Br. G.Li Brazil 1829. Dp.r.w Bot. cab. 1687

Art. VII. Retrospective Criticism.

An Irish Cottage, — Sii*, Hitherto I have been engaged in the study of
the excellent matter contained in your Magazine, and other truly invalu-
able publications ; but my peaceful lucubrations have been intruded upon
by the appalling description of an Irish cabin, given by a correspondent of
3'ours in the Magazine (Vol. VI. p. 637.); and there being, to use your
own words, " something in the atmosphere of Ireland that engenders
laziness," sufficient at least to prevent those competent to answer Agro-
nome in the manner he deserves, I am tempted, I would rather say com-
pelled, to hazard my unfledged pinions in the arduous task of supporting
me in a conflict so unequal.

I would not be understood to assert that the "Irish cabin" of your
facetious correspondent, the " dens burrowed in the side of a bank " of
yourself, the "sties and hovels" which form the burden of the song
chanted by the majority of our English visiters, are all of them imaginary
cases. I am constrained to admit that the habitations of the lower orders
in this country will not stand a comparison with even the ordinary
English cottage ; nay, I will go farther, and declare, that in many parts of
the country they are unfit abodes for human beings. I only find fault with
him whose selfish disposition and reckless want of feeling could induce him
to exult in the sufferings and degradation of his fellow-men.

Having given us a lengthened detail of the good things with which his
propitious fortune and the bounty of his employer have provided him, —
having even, in order, if possible, to make us envy his happy lot, gone so
far as to inform us that his helpmate is a very Venus (of whom, by the
way, so far at least as matrimonial felicity is concerned, some other name
in heathen mythology would have conveyed a more pleasing notion), this
pampered child of fortune proceeds, addi*essing himself to you : — " I dare
say. Sir, you have observed the features of an Irish peasant of the lowest
grade ; the curl of his lips, and how he shows his teeth, something like the
passion of fear, pain, or disgust ; just as if he were walking in snow, or on
sharp flints or thorns, with his naked feet ; for how can he afford himself
proper clothing on id. or 6d. per day ? I had, when gardener to Lord
Doneraile, where your correspondent Mr. Hay croft now is, — I had, I say,
ten men, four women, and four boys, all of whom I paid on a Saturday
night with a two pound note. I dare say their wages are not much
altered yet," &c. I shall not prolong these remarks by noticing this
burlesque on the English language, committed too by one competent to
coin a fictitious signature in Greek, and who possesses a library worth
"scores of pounds ;" nor the judicious allegory of the passion of fear, with
a curled lip, walking on snow, or on sharp flints or on thorns, with his
naked feet, &c. ; I shall only remark that I am acquainted with much of

506 Retrospective Criticism.

Ireland ; and that I know of no part of it where the wages, without the
addition of a house, or some equivalent, are so low as here stated ; and
that, if Lord Doneraile suffers his dependants to exist in the state of
wretchedness depicted in your correspondent's letter, he richly deserves
the odium which the observations contained in that letter tend to cast
upon him.

Comparisons are odious ; and the reflections which the ignorant were
wont to cast on ever}' country except their own, are, happily, even amongst
that description of persons, growing obsolete : did I, however, choose to
retaliate, 1 need only refer to the " description of an English cottage," by
Sir John Cox Hippesley, Bart., in the 15th vol. of the Bath and West of
England Society's Papers, which is too humiliating to be quoted. The
effect of this description was to inspire me with regret, and with a convic-
tion of the truth of Mr. Cobbett's assertion as to the state of degradation
to which, from the enviable station on which he once stood, the English
labourer has been reduced. Having, I trust, said sufficient to convince
Mr. Howden that fame is not to be acquired by holding up to the scorn of
the world a class of people who have been reduced to their present forlorn
condition more by the neglect and oppression of their natural guardians
than by any fault of their own, and regretting the occasion which called
forth a communication so little calculated to advance the science in which
the majority of your readers are engaged, and which is more than sufficient
to occupy our every thought, I remain, yours, &c. — Michael Murphy^
Gardener to Lord CasUemain. Aloydrum Castle, Athlone, March 17. 1831.

Grevillea. concinna of Broivn.jind Grevillea. conc'inna ofLindley. — At p. 201.
we (i. e. ./. Z). for Cond.) erred egregiously in asserting the G. concinna of
Lindley, in the Botanical Register (t. 1383.), to be identical with G. Cunning-
hams of Brown's Supplement. No two plants of one genus need be more
distinct. We ask pardon for the error, which arose from confusing the
remarks of our kind informant, Mr. Sweet, who, in the same conversation in
which he assured us that the G. concinna of Mr. Lindley, in the Botanical
Register (t. 1383.), published January 1. 1831, is most perfectly distinct from
the G. concinna of his own FPora Aiistraldsica and of Brown, also gave us in-
formation respecting Banksw Cunninghamii. On Mr. Sweet's subsequently
admonishing us of the error we had committed, we solicited the favour of
a statement of thespecific differences between the two GreviWecB in question,
that when we should correct the error those differences might be exhibited.
This statement Mr. Sweet obligingly supplied onMay 1-1.; too late for inser-
tion in the June Number, but where, however, we inserted remarks on the
Banks/a CunninghamK (p. 337.), and on Dietes bicolor (p. 340.), with
which he had also favoured us. Mr. Sweet's note is as follows : — " Dear
Sir, I have waited to get a fine specimen of the Greville« in flower, and
can now give you its full history and description. I raised it from seeds at
the time I was with Mr. Colville. The seeds were given me about eight
years ago, by a great friend of mine, the Honourable Mrs. Emily Seymour,
of Woburn, Bedfordshire. This lady had received them from a person in
Van Diemen's Land, for whom the Honourable Mr. Seymour had procured
a situation there. The plant, which is decidedly a distinct species, and no
variation of G. concinna, may be denominated G. Seymoun'ce, in compli-
ment to the above lady, and be thus characterised : — G. Seymoun'<2? Sweet.
MSS. ; foliis elongato-linearibus mucronatis planis, super glabris, subtus
costaque sericeo-pilosis, ramulis sericeo-tomentosis, ovariis stylisqueglaber-
rimis apice sericeo-pubescentibus, perianthiis extus adpresse pilosis intus
dense barbatis, pedicellis ovario longioribus. This species belongs to
Mr. Brown's first section Lissostylis, and division A of that section, and
must come in between G. strictaand G. ripsiria, but differs from these two,
and, I believe, from all others in the section, by its flat leaves not recurved
or reflexed at tlie margins. I have sent you flowers, that you may see that
the ovarium is quite smooth, which organ in G. concinna is woolly; a

Retrospective Criticism. 507

character that places G. concinna in Brown's section Eriostylis. I am.
Sir, &c. — Robert Sweet. Chelsea, May 14. 1831." Besides Mr. Sweet,
both Mr. Robert Brown and Mr. George Don have attested the perfect dis-
tinctness of G, Seyraouri^?; and Mr. Don had in MS. denominated it G.
Lindlezi previously to Mx. Sweet's describing the species as above. — J. D,
for Cond.

Air. Byers's Alode of cultivating Strawbenies. — Sir, I am desirous that
others should profit by my mode, as detailed in Vol. V. p. 437. Last year
I gathered fruit on the 29th of May ; this day, May '24., I find several of
the Roseberry ripe, and in a day or two Keen's Seedling will be ready for
gathering : both, of course, without artificial aid. While, however, the
fruit is so forward on the south side of the walls, the plants on the north
sides are only now coming into blossom. The stems of the Wilmot's
Superb, and even of tlie Alpine, are from 12 in. to 14 in. long, and the
appearance of the crop is most encouraging; and, although the plants may
with propriety be renewed every year, a portion of a wall left by me proves
that they do not degenerate if left for a second crop. Let the walls, if
possible, be made and planted in July ; as the young plants will, in con-
sequence, have the more time to make the growth necessary for fruiting
strongly in the May and June of the following 3'ear. August is later than
I like for planting, although I know it will answer, provided weather and
plants are as one could wish. I have received a communication, informing
me that a wall made on my plan, with limestone, was, three weeks ago,
nearly one mass of blossom. I am, Sir, &c. — W. R, Byers. Mount Plea-
sant, May 2-^. 1831.

Erratum. — V. 212. line 19. for " Mr. Collins," read " Mr. Colling."

Art- VIII. Queries and A?isivers.
Vegetable Physiology. — After some years' practice in the "ancient
art " of tree-planting, &c., it is not without some degree of mortification that
I now begin to consider myself little better than a novice, and I must
acknowledge it costs no small sacrifice of self esteem thus to confess it;
but I hope my case will, at least, excite some degree of commiseration
when it is considered that the subject has been so bandied about
among " physiology," " analogy," and "metaphor;" illuminated by the
manufacture (not the burning) of rush-lights, coronas of " wax-lights,"
" halos of gas," Latin sentences between crotchets, prose and poetry,
from the sublime to the " bathos," that it can be no marvel if the simple
mind of a wight like me should have got bewildered between the brilliant
glare on the one side and the Cimmerian darkness on the other. It is a
common saying that a fool at forty will never be wise, — perhaps that is
true, perhaps not ; but though no great way from that age myself, I assure
you I am still willing to learn ; and, lest that should be matter of doubt,
I proceed to ask one or two questions, which I shoukl be glad to have
satisfactorily answered by any great luminary who will vouchsafe the
information ; caring nothing, so that sufficient light be let in, whether it
proceed from a rush or a gas light. First, then, I am about to plant (when the
weather gets finer) some peach, apricot, and cherry trees to train against
walls : shall I be right, if I leave all the shoots full length the nurserymen
please to send them ? and shall I be following the principles of physio-
logy in so leaving them ? If wrong, in what degree shall I cut them,
without violating these principles, and injuring my trees ? Wishing to
know the why and the wherefore of things, I should be glad to hear why
a little thinning would be injurious to, say a lime tree 20 ft. high, which
I may transplant next week, and in so doing shall of course curtail its
roots considerably ; and in what way such cutting can injuriously affect

508 Queries and Aiistioers.

the treC) in its interna] structure, or in its connection with or dependence
on the elements on which it lives ? Again, does the case of a plant of
strawberry, established and putting forth stolons, apply to a large
hard-wooded tree, just transplanted ? or, is applying the circumstances
of the one to the other any better than what logicians call " the logical
vice" of reasoning from one thing to another ? or does it amount
to more than analogy ? As to pruning and doctoring trees and plants,
I have a natural antipathy myself to all unnatural operations j but, as I
am and profess to be r^c more than a novice, I shall obtrude no opinions
on yourself or your readers ; but if any of your numerous, able, and
enlightened correspondents will condescend to lighten the darkness that
still (to me) broods over these subjects, they will confer a favour on.
Yours, &c. — Wamba, the Son of Witless. Surrey, Nov. 16. 1830.

Our Queries on tlie Machh-a awantiaca (Vol. VI. p. lO-i.) ansivered. —
Sir, In consequence of your desire to be informed more particularly
respecting the Maclurcr, I wrote to the delegate in congress, A. H. Sevier,
from the territory of Arkansas, where it abounds, and he promptly answered
my letter. He says : — "I never knew the fruit to be used as an article
of food. The timber is valuable on many accounts. It is, perhaps, the
most durable wood in the world, and, I think, for ship-building preferable
to the live oak. It is also valuable for furniture, being capable of receiving
the finest polish, and, when seasoned and exposed to the air, it assumes
a complexion not unlike mahogany. It is also an esteemed dye-wood. One
of its trivial names is yellow wood. From its toughness and elasticity
the Indians make their bows of it ; and hence it is also called bow wood."
In the report of Messrs. Dunbar and Hunter of their voyage up the Red
River and Washita, they say, " the colour of the fruit, which had fallen be-
fore maturity, though it appeared faded, still retained a resemblance to pale
gold." The tree, in its native soil, when laden with its golden fruit, nearly
as large as the egg of an ostrich, presents the most splendid appearance j its
foliage is of a deep green, resembh'ng the varnished leaf of the orange tree,
and no forest tree can compare with it in ornamental grandeur. It is deci-
duous ; the branches are full of short thorns. Niittal saw trees in the Ar-
kansas territory 12 and 18 in. in diameter, and between 50 and 60 ft. high.
{Travels, p. 118— 158.) —J. M. Philadelphia, March 6. 1831.

Destroying Insects by Steam. — About twenty years ago, one of Sir
Joseph Banks's hot-houses at Spring Grove was fitted up with steam-pipes
instead of the common flue ; and with proper valves to allow the escape of
steam when wanted, for the purpose of refreshing the plants. The plants
were completely covered with the insects called the white bug; but after
steaming the house about fourteen days (not with any idea of destroying
the insects) they wholly disappeared. From this circumstance I was
induced to construct the apparatus of which you have heard. This inven-
tion was described to the Society of Arts here, about the end of its last
session in 1830; but I am not aware of its report having been read. I
may mention to you, that even although steam from water should be found
ineffectual or tedious in its operation, 3'et, were it possible to destroy the
insects by aqueous poison, it can be applied only in the form of steam. —
James Grieve. Edinburgh, Nov. 4. 1830.

A Residence in Devonshire, (p. 244.) — [We insert the following, in
consideration of the pains taken by J. G. C; but we must decline any
future communications, as irrelevant to our object. Cond.'\ Dawlish, Teign-
mouth, Starcross, Exmouth, have an increase of price in the season ; other-
wise the same report might serve for these places in regard to provisions
and houses. Torquay is the resort of the nobility. The Dart and Teign
rivers are within five miles of each other, and supply the salmon, salmon-
peel, and trout. Rent of a house, consisting of four rooms on the ground
floor, six sleeping rooms, kitchen, wash-house, garden, and five or six

J

Horticultural Society mid Garden. 509

acres of land; house and garden about 55/. per annum, or perhaps 60/.,
if in complete order fit to receive a tenant ; and five or six acres of land,
if good and near the house, 30/. per annum : the tenant discharging the
taxes. Price of such a small freehold, about 2000/. Price of daily
labour in husbandry, Is. 6f/. ; for carpenters and bricklayers, 2,5. 8^/. Soil,
a rich loam, with a substratum of clay in the valleys, of granite on the
western hills, of lime on the south, and calcareous on the east. Relative
to poor's and other rates, the houses in Chudleigh are rated at half their
real value, land at about two thirds. Beef and mutton, Qd. per pound ;
pork less. Chudleigh has an excellent supply of fish, which is very cheap.
Coals are about 17*. per quarter, including carriage twelve miles from
Teignmouth. Wood, 3s. per cwt., delivered. Fat bullocks, about 9s. per
score ; fat sheep, Qd. per pound. Lime, 5s. Gd. per hogshead. Bricks, 6^.
per hundred. Elm, \s. 9d.to 2s. per foot; white deal, 1^. \0d. ; red deal,
2s. 6d. The neighbourhood devoid of fogs ; the prevailing winds west and
south-west. The high table land of Dartmoor breaks the showers of the
Atlantic before they reach our district. Within an area of seven miles,
Chudleigh, Bovey Tracey, Newton, and Ashburton might be included in
this report. — J. G. C. Bove?/ Tracer/, Chudleigh, Devon, Ajml 20. 1831.

Art. IX. Horticultural Society and Garden.

May 3. 1831. — Read. A paper on the Means of prolonging the con-
tinuance in Culture of valuable Varieties of Fruit ; by T. A. Knight, Esq.

ExJiibited, Calceolaria corymbosa, from Mr. James Young; a speci-
men, nearly 3 ft. high, which had been treated with manured water. Erica.
mundula and mirabilis, Eutaxia ??zyrtif61ia, Davies/« zdicina, Chorizema
Henchmanni, from Messrs. Chandler, Easter pippins of 1829 and 1830,
from Captain Downes.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Flowers: Primus serrulata. Double-
flowering French Cherry, Double-flowering Common Cherry, Wistan'a
Consequawff, i?osa Banksi<s lutea, t'ercis S'iliqua strum, Double-flowering
Furze ; Fasonia Moutan, varieties Banksjcs, ?-6sea, and ^japaveracea ; Pseonia
tenuifolia, 3 varieties; Single Pa^onies, iupinus nootkatensis. Show
Tulips, Double Tulips, Parrot Tulips, Pursh/« tridentata, Pentstemon
Scouleri, Tellima grandiflora, Azaleas, iyeucojum a;stivum, Zeucojum
pulchellum, C'altha palustris flore pleno, Ribes multiflorum, Ribes aureum
serotinum, Schizanthus pinniitus, Schizanthus porrigens. Calceolaria
angustifolia, ylnagyris indica, i/ibiscus i?6sa-sinensis. — Fruits : Keen's
Seedling Strawberry, Flat Peach of China.

May 17. — Read. Letters from Mr. David Douglas, dated Columbia
River, October 11. 1830; and from Drummond Hay, Esq., dated Tan-
gier, 6th of April, 1831 : also an Abstract of the Temperature, as indicated
by the different Thermometers in the Society's Garden.

Exhibited. Hybrid Cactus, from the Comte de Vandes. Boronzw ser-
rulata. Azalea indica (yellow,) and Keen's Seedling Strawberry, from Mrs.
Marryat.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Lupines, 4 kinds ; Pentstemons, 2
kinds; Roses, 5 sorts ; 2 Paconia Moutan ; Single Paeonies, 8 kinds ; Wistan'a
Consequiuirt, 3 varieties of Pyrus, Edwardsia grandiflora, Gesner/« rutila,
Afalva purpuriita, Sphacele campanulata ; Sinningk, 4 kinds ; J'lnus cordi-
folia, Aerides guttatum, Thermopsis/abacea, Collins/« grandiflora, Cotone-
aster rotundifolia; C'ratae^gus, 4 kinds ; Pine-apple, Hesketh's No. 1.

June 7. — Exhibited. Caffre Corn, and Pear unnamed, from the orchard
of J. N. Colyn, Esq. Little Constantia, Cape of Good Hope, presented by
John Reeves, Esq . Black Hamburgh Gra[)es, from C. Welstead, Esq., the
produce of an old vine at Valentine's, the parent of the Hampton Court

510 Hoifiadiural SocUi^ and Garden.

-tine. Ttjs JS^kmam awdBammnthisps, frosn Mr. H. Groom. A collec-
don of CaJcedbn^ DmMe Boc^ets, and ^ sorts of Heartsease, from
]fr. Janes Yoo^, F.H S. A collection of Azaleas, Rbododaidroiis, and
aSjpaz^a bcfia, from the E-arl of Caenorraa. JCscellaneoas Flowers, from
Mr. R. IKwald. Asparapis, 1 12 heads, vd^^ 30 lbs., from Mr. R.
Grajson of Mortkke,

JFivm He Saae^'t G-arder., 4 sorts of if osa indica, DmniEDond's Thom-
les B.ase, Base de I^e, Gi-ardeii Roses. Scotdi Roses ; -£"scaliis,
4. kinds; CsprSSSmm, 2kiiuls; Wistaria frurescens, Andeas, F.srhsrholtxia
caiifianiica, /^is .X^kiBi^ fapnas flexuosns, CoIHnsM graD^floia;
ABooMySkinds; rifMins pohphjHns albns ; Pentstemoo, 3 kinds ; DA-
phinanB dict^ocaipnoi. Abides uiinuAion.

JkfgL— FiiiiifiiflL A Seedl^ Gln£oliis, two vaikdes of tbe Xoi-
secte Rose, seccral wrieliBB of Hffaid D^ilalis, Ganpumla Medium (a
new ranesr), and daaads angnstifeBa, fi«B l(^3fian WcHs, Esq., F.H.S.
A coaectMn of Fio^ fix^ Mr. Hd^ Ronalds. Aboot 4O0 species of
Rose, and sane §ms: |M»iaMii of Hjivid Caioec^arias, from Mr. James
YoiH^ SffJtamg Roees, fivm Mr. BnesdH of Battosea.

Jba,fnmAtGmrdai^ AeSoae^. Ticmasz Gham ASeose, (Eao-
theca Frasen^ dalrfniftria aradinSdea; Pleatstanan JgitaTis, ovatns,
VBBBEt^ ^^^q»gj ^^antUosis, ^wdosas ; i^nsqnaEs in£ca, Zilium japo-
iiii iiw. r^ns JS^^kmrn, G^a ra^^itat^^ 'EadbsASttdm cali^mica, Brodis^c
cn^esfa, £a|BB hw^mfii^ var., CSnkic pnlrhfUa. P^Eonk alfa^an
fragrane^ iiBaflni ■ Hmnef; VJose Clare, Wdls*s l^^msette, ^res Ssters Rose,
Waa£*£ Hiirfwij. dmia Ros^ Double Purple CMna Rose, Bizarre de la
Qmie Ri»e, fosa rma. — Fruit : Keen's Seedling Strawberrr, Old
Fiae Stnnberrr, Grove End Scarlet Strawbetnr, Raseberrr Strawbernr,
Kack Rosrf>errT StraTberrr; Knigjit's Scariet-flesbed Strawberrr, more
red inade tban oat ; Hudson's Amse Scadet Stra»bgr\", great bearer.

J^ 5. — The OSoeR rapoited ibat at tbe Exlnbition of Fruit in the
Hotticaaknral SocaetT*s Ganlen,din^ tbe Fele, June 22. 1S31, the foUow.
iag Medals -vere awarded : — AhfTgesalTerniedalto Mr. Wiliiam Deas, gar-
deBO" to B& GsaoR tbe Date of Norfolk, at Arundel Castle, for a collec-
taon of Fiaes, Melons, Fi^ Peaches, and Nectarines. Also a large silver
■aedd to lb. Wdbam Ikiflrr, gardener to J. J. Guest, Esq., for four Queen
Finrr A Bnil liiiii ^edal to Mr. Josejib Paxton, gardener to His Grace
fbe Dofce of Dem^ibire, at Chadswortb, fac Fin^;, Peaches, Nectarines,
aad Grapes. Also a Bantaan medal to Mr. Jirfin Wilson, gardener to the
R^C Hanoaalde tbe £ari of Smrey, WotkBop Manor, for Grapes,
Peacbes, and Nectarines. Also a Bankaan medal to Mr. Selbr Bennett,
rardener to tbe R^it HonomaUe tbe Earl Manrers, for a Providence
Vwe. Also a Bankaan medal to Mr. Jofan Bowem, gardener to the Right
HoaoanUe Lord Selsnr, Westdean Ekmse, for Xectarines and Grs^ies.

Bemi. A paper cm tbe Lnportaneecyf the Leases erf* Heibaceoas Plants,
br tbe antbor of tbe Jiomes6c Gmrie»a's MammaL

' ExUHed. A ct^Lectaon of Dndde Geor^^ias, fiora Mr. Toomas In^am
of Fragnore Gardens. A Calcecrfaria raised from seed of C. Fotheigill^
fortifeed bj- C. oo(7ndMBa,fiaB SEss Martineai, F.H.S. Seedling Straw.
frfgyi*^ froon Mr. Joseph Mjai^ Iboor Fann, 'Deptftx'd. These were venr
c£ extreme^ k^^Sacvaat.

Jim, fiwm He Gmrdeu tf He Sotxbf. Eltcn Seedfing Strawberry, Green
JJmjo^^laA'Ea^ Cberrx I Elton Chenr, from a standard; Bamet Rasp-
berrks. Woodward's Red* Globe I^to, Roi^ Cane IKtto, Bromlev Hill
IKtto, Tajior's Paragon IKtto; Black Carrm, wob green frint; ranecieB
of Goc»6bemes, PorrBc cocdnea, Qmsqpafis in&a, Claikia pokbella ;
Pentstemon,3ka^B; CEnotiieia,7lmidB; avetyfine arilection of Garden
Rcnes, r<fwmH> onatns, Escbscfa^tzaa ca^inuca, CoiloDia graMfifldra,
Wbeder^E Seeffi^iWdx, gh^henfe Seedba^ Phlox.

Covent Garden Market.

511

Art. X. Covent Garden Market.

Peas

The Cabbage Tribe. From

Cabbages, per dozen :

AVTiite

Plants, or Coleworts .
Cauliflowers, per dozen .

Legumes.

rper half siere
< per sieve
C per sack .
Beans, per half sieve
Windsor \V^^ s -''.eve
tper sack
Kidneybeans, per | sieve -
Scarlet do. . .

Tubers and Roots.

r per ton
Potatoes . J per cwt
C per bush.
Scotch, per bushel - i
New, per pound - „ „

Turnips, White, per bunch 0 0
Carrots, per bunch :
Young - . .
Horn ...

Horseradish, per bundle -
Radishes :
Red, p)er dozen hands ^24

to 30 each,
Turnip, White and Red,
per bunch :

To Ij
d. £ s. d\.

From

0

1

0

' 0 2

o!

0

o

0

0 2

6;

0

1

0

0 5

0

0

1

3

0 2

0

0

2

6

0 6

0;

0

5

0

0 14

o'

0

1

0

0 0

Oi

0

1

0

0 1

6

0

5

0

0 9

0'

0

2

6

0 3

6l

0

2

0

0 3

0

1

4

0

0

4 10

oi

0

4

0

0 5

0'

0

2

0

0 2

6

0

2

6

0 0

0

0

0

3

0 0

6

0

0

2

0 0

4

0

0

8

0 1

0

0

0

6

0 0

9

0

2

6

0 5

c

£

0 0

0 0

0 0

To

0 1

0 0 6 0 0 9
0 0 1 i 0 0 0

The Spinach Tribe. j
Sorrel, per half sieve .10 1
Patience Dock, per | sieve 0 1

0 3 6

0 0
0 0
1

Thyme, per dozen bunches
Sage, per dozen bunches
Mint, per dozen bunches
Peppermint, dried, per do.

zen bunches . .000

Marjoram, per doz. bunches 0 0 0
Savory, per dozen bunches 0 0 0
Basil, per dozen bunches - 0 0 0
Roseinary, per doz. bunches 0 0 0
xansy, per dozen bunches 0 0 0

Stalks and Fruits for TaTt*y\
Pickling, ^c. I

Angelica Stalks, per pound ;
Sea Samphire, p. small pun. '
Capsicums, per hundred .

Edible Fungi and Fuci.
Mushrooms, per pottle
Morels, per pwund . .
Truffles, per pound :

English

Foreign

Fruits.

Peaches, per dozen

Nectarines, per dozen

Apricots, per dozen

Almonds, per peck

Plums, per punnet : '

Dessert . . . ,

Green Gages . . j

Cherries, per pound - |

Gooseberries, per half sieve '

Currants, per J sieve • '

Black . ... I

White

Red, for Wine - .
for Dessert . . ,
Raspberries, Red, per gaL'
0 0 Ol'o (2pottles) ... I
„ , "! Strawberries, per gallon
" ^ ° I (2 pottles) about 3 pints '
Pine.apples, per pound . 1
Hot-house Grapes, per lb.
Melons, per pound
Cucumbers, per brace : j

Frame . . .1

Handglass, per dozen . }

0 0
0 0
0 8

0 0
0 0

0 5
0 0
0 0

0

0 0 9 I 0 1 6

5" per dozen

Ip

The Onion Tribe.

Onions : j

For pickling, per * sieve i 0

Green ,CibouIes\ p. bunc. 0 0

Leeks, per dozen bunches 0 3

Garlic, per pound - . 0 0

Shallots, per pound - . 0 0

Asparaginous Plants,
Salads, l^c.
Asparagus, per hundred .
Lettuce, per score :

Cos

Cabbage . - , „

Celery, per bundle '12 to 15), 0
Small Salads, per punnet - 0
Watercress, per dozen small;

bunches . . - 0
Burnet, per bunch . 0

Pot and Sweet Herbs.

Parsley, per half sieve - 0 1 0 ' 0 1 6

Tarragon,per dozen bunches 0 6 0 | 0 0 0

Purslain, per punnet - ! 0 o 9 ' 0 1 0

Fennel, per dozen bunches i 0 0 0 : 0 2 0

Observations. — The effects of the unseasonable frosts in May last have
been sensibly felt in the deficiency of the crops of fruit as furnished in the
supplies to our market generally, "but the severity of the loss to the srowers
has not yet been felt in its extreme, as it is in the later sorts of frui't, more
particularly, the failure will be experienced. Strawberries, from the threat
breadth cultivated for the supply of the London markets, have been^ fur-
nished in tolerable quantities, and, during the heiirht of the season at
reasonable prices. Gooseberries have been plentiful,''and o£ good size and
excellent quality, at fair, remunerating prices. Currants are" a very short
crop, and by no means so fine in the bunch as usual : the price throushout
the season has been high. Our best supply has been from the lower part
of Kent, where they are now cultivated extensivelv. The better and finer
sorts of cherries, such as May Dukes, Bigarreaux, N^Tiite and Black Hearts
have been very scarce and dear. The" more common varieties, such as

Oranges < ■ < r :,
° tper hundred
; Bitter, per hundred
Lemons [P^r dozen

( per h undred
Sweet Almonds, per pound
Brazil Nuts, per bushel .
I Barcelona . . . ,
' Walnuts, for pickling per I
hundred . . . i
Gherkins, per 1000 . !

Radish pods, per j sieve

512 Obituary.

Flemish, Kentish, Maroons, &c., have been rather plentiful, and, consider-
ing the scarcity of other sorts, have sold at very moderate prices. Pears,
of the earlier varieties, are a partial crop ; but none have yet been sent to
market, except a few Citron des Cannes and Green Chisels. Apples,
especially the earlier and better sorts, which are cultivated in the London
district, prove almost a total failure. A few solitary baskets are here and
there to be seen at market of Summer Juneatings, Hawthorndeans, and
Codlins. A few of the later and hardier sorts are said to be a crop, but
very partially so. At present we have no information as to the prospects
in Normandy or Flanders, from both of which places we usually, in scarce
seasons, have obtained pretty large supplies. Apricots are a good crop,
and likely to be fine. Nectarines and peaches also plentiful and good.
Grapes are middling, but nothing can yet be said as to their ultimate ripen-
ing. Melons have been imported from Holland rather freely, and of very
good quality : our own supplies have been latterly good, and consequently
the prices are now moderate. Pine-apples, of fine quality and size, have
hitherto realised good prices, but have not been much in demand : latterly
they have been more abundant, and the prices considerably lower.

Vegetables generally have realised very fair prices, and have been in
demand ; so much so, that we have not had often more than an adequate
supply. Peas did not come to market so soon as last year by ten days :
but, owing to the effect of the frost on the earlier crops, the second season
came to market so closely on the first, that the prices quoted in May were
only maintained for a day or two ; since which time they have seldom been
more than usual in the season, although the crop is considered to have been
generally defective. Beans are not yet in full season, but they do not
promise well. Of French beans the prospect is very promising, and the
supplies will doubtless be very large j but, as the crops of late peas have
been material!}' affected by the dry, hot weather in the end of June and
beginning of July, they will shortly find ready sale at fair prices. Gherkins
also promise well, and, should the weather again become warm, very large
quantities may be expected ; and, as we have had, for the last two seasons,
but very short supplies, and as the crop of walnuts this season is almost
entirely destroyed, they will probably be wanted, and meet with ready sale.

Of potatoes there can be little doubt, from the late plentiful and general
rains, we shall have an excellent crop, and of good quality, which, with the
facility also created of planting out largely broccolis, savoys, coleworts,
&c. &c., give promise of full markets at very reasonable prices. — G. C.
Covent Garden Market, July 18. 1831.

Art. XI. Obituary.

Died, May 11,, in his 64th year, at Croome Park, Air. Dean, bota-
nical gardener there during a period of nearly 40 years. Mr. Dean was the
author of A Description of Croome Parle and Grounds, S)~c. 1 vol. 8vo.

At Warwick, May 15., Joseph Brookhouse, Esq., in his 74th year. Mr.
Brookhouse was distinguislied for his knowledge of horticulture ; as evinced
by several papers in the Horticultural Transactions. He was in his ordinary
state of health when he showed us his garden on the 1st of May ; but, being
very weak, complained of the failure of his memory, and other infirmities,
and, in short, said, " I have outlived myself"

Lately, at Cottingham, near Hull, in the 70th year of his age, P. W. Wat-
son, Esq. F.L.S., author of Dendroldgia Britdnnica,a scientific botanist, and
one of the founders of the botanic garden in Hull.

Sept. 7. 1830, at Rotherham, much respected, Mr. John Cuthbert, gar-
dener and seedsman.

THE

GARDENER'S MAGAZINE,

OCTOBER, 1831.

PART I.

ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE.

Art. I. General Results of a Gardening Tour, dur'mg Jidy in
the present Year, by a circuitous Route from Manchester, by
Chester and Liverpool, to Dunifries. By the Conductor.

We left Manchester on July 1., and precoeded to Knuts-
ford (visitinoj Longford, the Stretford Nursery, and *Dunham
Massey ; Caldwell, Son, andPickmg's Nursery ; *Tatton Pai'k,
*High Leigh, *Mere, Mere Farm, and *Tabley); North-
wich (the Beeches, *Vale Roy ale Abbey, and Delamere
Forest) ; Chester (Eaton Hall, the Bache Pool Nursery,
Hoole House, and *Hootton House) ; Liverpool (the Bo-
tanic Garden, the Public Cemeteries, St. James's Walk, the
Walton Nursery, St. Domingo Nursery, Maghull Nursery,
Wavertree Nursery, Cunningham's Nursery, and the Pres-
cot Nursery, River Bank, West Dingle, Oakland Cottage,
Aigburgh, Green Bank, Mossly Hill, Otterspool, Rose
Bank, Dingle Head, Dingle Lodge, Farnfield House, Dingle
Bank, Park Chapel and Cemetery, *Croxteth Park, *Knowls-
ley Park, Dovecote House, Gateacre, the town gardens of

Charles Horsefald, Esq., and of • Appleton, Esq., the

Railway, and lleid's Farm on Chat Moss) ; Ormskirk (Camp-
bell's Nursery and Market- Garden, *Lathom House, and
*Ruffbrd Hall) ; Preston (Taylor's Nursery) ; Garstang
(Falcon Cottage) ; Lancaster (Hargreave's Nursery, ConoUy
and Son's Nursery, the Lune Nursery, Saul's Pomological
Garden, the garden of the Lunatic Asylum, the town gardens

* Mansion residences thus marked (*), for the reasons given in p. 385,

Vol. VII. — No. 34. l l

51 4 General Results of a Gardening Toiir : —

of Mr. John Richardson and Serjeant Walmsley, Lune Villai,
Luiie Terrace, Slyne House, Halton Hall, Halton Rectory?
Grasyard Hall, and *Qiiernmoor Park) ; Yealand (the villa
of William Wailhman, Esq., and Moorecombe Lodge);
Milnthorpe (*Dallam Tower, and *Leven's Hall); Castle
Head (Eller Hall) ; Bowness (*Storr's Hall, and the garden

of Starke3'^, Esq.); Ambleside (Rayrigg, Elleray the

villa of the poet and professor Wilson, Rhydul Hall, Rhydal
Mount the residence of the poet Wordsworth, and Ivy Cot-
tage) ; Grasmere (the Hollies, and the cottage and grounds of
Samuel Barber, Esq.) ; Keswick (Vicar's Isle, Kerr's Nur-
sery, and the residence of the poet Southey); Penrith (Low-
ther Castle, * Brougham Hall, *Carlton Hall, and the Penrith
Nursery); High Hesketh (Armenthwaite Castle, and Armen-
thwaite Villa) ; Wetherall (*Corby Castle, and the bridge of
the Carlisle and Newcastle Railway) ; Carlisle (Hutton's
Nursery) ; Longtown (*Netherby) ; Langholme (*Lang-
holme Lodge, Woodhouselee, Woodslee, and the Priory) ;

Annan (the garden of- Thorn, Esq., and *Glen Stewart) ;

and, lastly, Dumfries, where we remain to arrange our
Magazine of Natural Hi storij for September, and to write this
article, and some reviews and notices for the Gardener's Maga-
zine for October.

The Geology of this Tract of Country assumes two very dis-
tinct characters. First, the red sandstone, which our readers
will recollect had prevailed from the neighbourhood of Ban-
bury to near Ashbourne, and recommenced near Stockport,
continues thence through Manchester to Chester, and by
Liverpool to the neighbourhood of Lancaster ; leaves off
there, and recommences at Penrith, continuing to Dumfries,
Secondly, the schistus or clay rock, which we had not before
met with, commences a few miles beyond Lancaster, and

continues throughout the hills and mountains of the lake dis-
cs _ .-,...

trict. The schistus on the west side of Yorkshire adjommg^
Lancashire is covered by thick beds of limestone, and some-
times alternates with beds both of limestone and sandstone ;
the same beds are continued into Lancashire towards the lake
district. The schistus and the limestone strata rise at the same
angle ; but Mr. Bakewell, who is \vell acquainted wath the
countr}^, informs us, in his Introdnction to Geology, that the
thick beds of schistus, or greywacke slate, are disposed to
cleave or divide into partings nearly vertical, which have been
mistaken for strata seams. Some modification of the grey-
wacke may be said to form the prevailing rock of the lake
district, but there is some granite near Shap in Westmore-
land, and also near Waste w^ater. Good roofing slate is found
in various parts of the lake district. In the district imme-

Geological Features. 515

diately surrounding the lakes, the beds of greywacke, roof
slate, and felspar porphyry, which compose the higher moun-
tains are more elevated and contorted than the schistus and
limestone beds which range through the western side of
Yorkshire into Lancashire.

The natural character of the surface of the country forms
two very distinct features : the lake district being hilly and
mountainous ; and all the other tract passed over, flat or gently
varied.

The soil on the red sandstone is almost everywhere light,
free, and generally deep, because the gritty stone from which
it is formed readily decomposes. The soil in the schistose
district is fine, compact, clayey rather than sandy, very thin
on the eminences, and only deep in the valleys ; this genus of
rock decomposing but very slowly. The soil and surface on
the sandstone district are well adapted for the culture of corn,
and all the roots and herbage plants of agriculture, especially
if the climate be somewhat moist ; the schistose district, under
a moist climate, is adapted for the growth of timber on the
eminences, and for pasture on the sides of the hills and in
the valleys. Had the sandstone been as difficult to decom-
pose as the schistus, the whole tract of country where it pre-
vails must have remained one rocky surface, covered for ages
with little else than lichens : had the schistose rocks of the lake
district not been considerably elevated, the weather, and espe-
cially the rain, could not possibly have had so much effect in
reducing their surface, nor would those num^erous crevices
have existed, which alone render it possible for the roots of
trees to establish themselves amongst them.

Irrigation of that species called catchwork might be
carried to a great extent on the sides of the hills and moun-
tains ; but the grass produced, though greater in quantity,
would no longer be of the same nutritive and aromatic quality
that it is at present. In various places, where irrigation has
been employed, the finer Fhse, Festuca, Cynosiirus, and An-
thoxantlium have given way to cock's-foot grass, and the
coarser species of ^grostis, y4vena, and Poa.

The hilly district, besides being favourable for the growth
of trees and grasses, is also particularly so for the establish-
ment of machinery to be driven by water. This district has
scarcely at all been employed in this manner ; but, were it
found necessary to resort to water as a primary power instead
of steam, the hills and mountains of Cumberland and West-
moreland would be found of immense value, and the water
which might be collected on them, in zones, as hereafter
described, would probably be more than sufficient to move

X L 2

516 General Results of a Gardening Tour : —

all the machinery now in use on the island. To }3roduce a
maximum of effect by the water which falls on any hill, it
ought to be collected in zones, the upper zone being formed
50 or ] 00 ft. lower than the summit of the hill or moun-
tain, and each succeeding zone being made at a distance
below the other, of a foot or two more than the diameter of the
water-wheel to be driven by it. The number of wheels of
50 ft. diameter which might thus be driven between the foot
and the summit of a conical mountain 1500 ft. high, and
whose base covered an area of two thousand acres, might
easily be calculated ; and the calculation would furnish data
for estimating the power of any number of irregular moun-
tains. It may possibly happen that in some future age, when
the coal mines are exhausted, the manufactures of Britain will
be transferred from the plains of Lancashire, Warwickshire,
Staffordshire, Nottinghamshire, and other counties, to the
highlands of Scotland, to North Wales, and to the lake
scenery of Cumberland and Westmoreland. To those whose
patriotism can embrace a period of a thousand years, this view
of British manufactures may be consolatory. As to coal for
domestic fuel, if all the coal, not only in Britain, but in the
whole world, were exhausted, it would be easy for every
family to grow its own fuel ; even without any farther im-
provements in the mode of application, than those which
have been already suggested (Vol. VI. p. 145.), or any new
discoveries in chemistry. An easy method of expressing, from
common air, sufficient heat for all domestic purposes, may
probably be discovered long before coal is exhausted.

In the mean time, the lake district, besides its adaptation for
the growth of timber and for pasture, is, by its varied surface,
rocks, and waters, admirably suited for the summer residences
of persons engaged in business in towns ; and as soon as
railroads are completed between London and the large manu-
facturing towns of the north, including Lancaster and Car-
lisle, an event which must inevitably take place before ten
years have elapsed, we hope to see the hills thickly studded
with villas and cottages from their bases to their summits.
This seems to us the second step in the progress of the appli-
cation of the lake scenery to the purposes of human use and
enjoyment, as covering it with pasturage and wood was the
first, and as the establishment of water-mills will be the third.
We are aware how much this prospective view will shock a
number of the present residents on the lakes ; but we cannot
sympathise with exclusiveness, even in natural scener3\ Na-
ture made the lakes and the surrounding rocks and mountains
in all their rudeness, as she made the crab and the sloe :
from these man has produced the golden pippin and the

Meteorological Features. 517

green-gage plum ; and why should not the same spirit of
improvement be directed towards those parts of Cumberland
and Westmoreland which, relatively to man, are as wild as
the crab or the sloe ? All objects and things ought to be
judged of with reference to the whole of human nature, and
not with reference only to some particular part of it.

The Climate, proceeding northwards as far as Manchester,
becomes gradually colder ; but from Manchester to Liverpool
the temperature is somewhat increased, owing to the vicinity
of the sea. In proportion as we approach the sea, the
quantity of rain which falls increases ; and hence the produc-
tion of bogs in Lancashire, Cumberland, and Dumfriesshire,
in situations where the natural drainage was defective. At
the same time, the soil along the sea coast, from Chester to
Dumfries, and as far in the interior as the land continues flat,
being generally sandy, is well adapted for a wet climate ; and
those parts of it which are now covered with peat bog, when
drained, will be as well fittted for agriculture as the rest.
The climate in the lake district is cold and moist, and the soil
retentive ; that country is therefore better adapted for pasture
and woodlands than for aration.

The weather during July has been remarkably warm, wnth
frequent showers ; and on the whole the agricultural crops
and woods never looked better. The crops of fruit, however,
are generally defective, though we believe they are better in
the neighbourhood of Manchester and Chester than they are
either farther north or farther south. On the 15th of July
a dreadful hailstorm happened at Penruddock, abont six
miles from Penrith, on the road between that town and Kes-
wick. It extended over a tract of country nearly two miles
in diameter, totally destroying the field crops, and killing
many of the birds, hares, rabbits, and poultry. The hares
took shelter in the same shed with men and cattle. The leaves
of the large Tussilago, by the roadside, and those of all the
crops in the cottage gardens were cut into shreds ; the potato
leaves and stems were lacerated, and every stalk of corn was
broken. Two extensive farmers lost every thing but their
cattle. The storm began in darkness, about four o'clock in
the afternoon, and continued nearly two hours ; the hailstones
which fell were from 4 to 6 in. round ; they formed a body in
many places from 15 to 18 in. deep; and lay on the ground
three days before they were all melted.

The Plants in the red sandstone have been nearly the same
from Banbury to Dumfries : the only changes have resulted
from difference in elevation, or in the degree of moisture ;
some changes, but not many, may have been the result of

L L 3

518 General Results of a Gardening Tour : —

difference in temperature. The plants on the schistus, in
the lake district, like those on the calcareous hills of Derby-
shire, are much more various than on the sandstone plains ;
but we have not had leisure to examine the hilly districts
with sufficient minuteness to state which plants are peculiar
to lime and which to schistus. We suspect, however, that
the species limi;;cd, or absolute to each will be found very
few. Elevation, moisture, and temperature have much more
influence on native vegetation than soil. The unity of the
flora of the roadsides the whole way from London to Dum-
fries is beautifully preserved by the bramble and the common
polypodiums. These last are very numerous in the neigh-
bourhood of Birmingham, on the coarse sand ; and equally
so among the lakes between Newby Bridge and Keswick, on
the soft compact clay. In shady situations, for example,
about Levens, near Milnthorpe, and on the east side of Win-
dermere, where the road passes Storr's, the i-*olyp6dium vul-
gare has established itself on the trunks and branches of even
healthy vigorovis-growing trees, in a manner quite remark-
able, and which reminds us of the descriptions given by
travellers of the epiphytes in the forests of Demerara and
South America. Some sycamores and limes, by the side of
the public road at Levens, have their trunks and branches
thickly covered with long black moss, in which this fern
flourishes most luxuriantly ; and a fine oak in the garden of
the poet Wordsworth, at Rhydal Mount, is similarly clothed,
though not to the same extent. In the drier districts of
England this polypodium confines itself to the decaying
trunks of old pollards. The wild strawberry is very common
on old banks on the sandstone, and also on the clay, and it
has grown and spread so vigorously in the neighbourhood of
Bowness, and on the banks of the Esk between Longtown and
Langholme, as to form on the stone fences strawberry walls,
like those of Mr. Byers (Vol. V. p. 4 3 7.), in both places.
Other walls at Levens, and among the lakes, are completely
covered with ferns, which spring from every joint, and from
the turf coping. Part of the park fence at Rhydal Hall
affords an example.

As the white stellaria accompanied us from London to
Manchester, so the blue campanula took us up there, and
has travelled with us to Dumfries. Not that the stellaria had
deserted us, or that the campanula was not in the hedges all
the way from London, but that each plant was only con-
spicuous when in flower. Between Liverpool and Lancaster
the flowers of the common ragwort began to make their
appearance, and have since become more conspicuous by

Botanical FeatuyeSf Stale of Society. 519

hedge sides and in pasture fields, than it would be for the
credit of the Cumberland and Dumfriesshire farmers to men-
tion. Between High Hesketh and Wetherall the dwarf whin
abounds, and is coming into flower, with masses of purple
heath, the above yellow ragwort, purple foxglove, and, in the
hedges, as high as their tops, Galium uliginosum. The ash
and a broad-leaved elm seem to be indigenous alike in Dove
Dale on the lime, about Alton Towers on the sand, and among
the lakes on the clay. The same may be said of the oak,
the hazel, the thorn, the holly, and the yew. The holly was
formerly so abundant about the lakes, that birdlime was
made from it in large quantities, and shipped to the East
Indies for destroying insects. It is still equally abundant in
what remains of Needwood Forest, on the sand, in Stafford-
shire. We merely mention these things to show that the
larger indigenous vegetables are not very exclusive in their
choice of soils, whatever they may be with regard to elevation
of surface, moisture, or temperature. Grasses we believe to
be much more particular as to soil ; but ferns and other
Cryptogamia seem to be guided in their choice entirely by
moisture and climate.

Respecting indigenous Animals we shall say nothing here,
as we have been promised detailed accounts of the natural
history of Birmingham, Manchester, Preston, and Dumfries,
and their respective neighbourhoods, which will hereafter
appear in the details of our tour. We may, however, shortly
notice the condition of the animal man in different districts of
the country through which we have passed. He appears to
us decidedly in the lowest state in the agricultural district
between Banbury and London ; and as decidedly in the highest
state in Birmingham and the other iron-manufacturing towns
in its vicinity. There the workman is more on a level with
his employer, in point of intelligence, than he is in Manches-
ter or Liverpool ; and it is there only that servants cooperate
with their masters, on an extensive scale, to obtain a common
end. The reason is, the manufactures of Birmingham require
a union of skill and ingenuity, combined with physical strength,
which the Manchester manufactures do not ; and therefore
the workmen belonging to the latter town are constantly
liable to have the value of their labour reduced by the
influx of Irishmen, and other agricultural labourers, who
will work for a mere subsistence, and who, whatever may be
their age or previous employment, are in a very short time
rendered competent to attend upon machinery. This is not
the case with the Birmingham workmen, who are obliged to
employ several years, and those in an early period of life, to

L L 4

520 General Results of a Gardening Tour : —

acquire the art of working in metals ; but who, having acquired
skill in any one metallic manufacture, can easily change from
it to another, as the state of the market may require. It is
obvious that this gives these workmen not only a command of
the market, but also a command of employment, and a certain
influence over their employers : the employers, in fact, can no
more do without the workmen, than the workmen can without
the employers. These circumstances, together with the gene-
ral prevalence of school education about Birmingham, account
for the very superior intelligence of the artisans of that dis-
trict. The unity of feeling and purpose, in the Birmingham
districts, between the masters and the men, will perhaps be
better understood, when we state that the greater number
of the masters have risen from the condition of workmen.
If ever any grand national movement should take place,
it will probably be made, and made with effect, by the men of
Birmingham.

Man in the hilly and mineral districts of Derbyshire is
naturally more active, hardy, and vigilant than in the low and
rich manufacturing and agricultural districts, because he has
more to contend with ; and the same may be said of man amid
the mountains of Cumberland and Westmoreland ; adding to
the character of the people in the latter instances a degree of
simplicity and sincerity, from their comparatively slight inter-
course with strangers, and the absence of manufactures and
commercial pursuits.

Having thus slightly touched on those natural circumstances
in the countries passed through, which constitute the found-
ation of all artificial improvements, we shall adopt a different
order from Avhat we did in our last article, and notice general,
territorial, social, and domestic improvements, before entering
on the condition of country residences, and the state of agri-
culture, planting, gardening, and gardeners ; our retrospective
comparisons always having reference to the year 1805, except
when otherwise mentioned.

Roads, though they have in many places been materially
improved in the line of direction, as well as in the mode of
formation, are still lamentably deficient in both. The improve-
ments have chiefly been confined to the main roads, but even
these have not been improved to an equal extent in all places,
and hills are tolerated in some districts that would not be
permitted in others. In certain beautiful tracts of country,
which would admit of roads perfectly level, they are carried
over hills and through hollows, without regard to natural
inequalities ; while the same expense, or very little more,
would have carried the route round these, and formed a road

Roads. 521

of the most perfect ease, and, with reference to the display of
the surrounding scenery, of the greatest degree of beauty.
We may refer to the road from Newby Bridge to Grasmere,
and to that from High Hesketh to Wetherall. The country
through which the latter road passes has been enclosed since
we last saw it, and therefore there can be no sufficient excuse
for its present line of direction. In some other places the
roads are not only hilly, circuitous, and badly made, but too
narrow. As an example, we may refer to the road from
Farley to the Ashbourne road, and also to the i-oads about
Grasmere. One of the greatest defects in roadmaking is the
manner in which steep hills are ascended or descended, always
abruptly proceeding in a direct Hne up or down, instead of
skilfully taking an oblique direction, and so advancing by an
easy slope, without reference to its length. For want of
attending to this principle, there are some county and parish
roads that we could mention, which, if they were descril3ed to
an enquirer who had never been far from London, would be
considered as imaginary. When we descended from the Dog
and Partridge public-house, in the neighbourhood of Ash-
bourne, to Illam in Dove Dale, and saw the splendid Gothic
mansion of Illam Hall, lately erected in the bottom, we con-
cluded that we were on a country road, that could not possibly
be used as one of the main approaches to the house. On
arriving at the entrance lodge, after descending between two
and three miles, we were not a little sui'prised at being in-
formed that the road by which we had come was one of the
only two |)ublic roads, both equally bad, of which that country
could boast. We are not surprised to meet with such roads
in a country without gentlemen's seats ; but what enjoyment
a proprietor can have in setting down a splendid mansion in
the midst of such bars to all general improvement, we cannot
imderstand. The first step towards amelioration in a wild
country should always be to facilitate the means of communica-
tion between one point and another. The roads to, through,
and from Dove Dale might, with the greatest ease, and with
very little expense, owing to the excellence of the materials
every where at hand, be reduced to a slope, which, in the
steepest parts, should not exceed two inches in six feet.

The roads of Britain, as it appears to us, ought to be
placed on a system of formation and management different
from the present. National roads ought to be under the
immediate control of government, county roads under the
control of counties, and parish roads under the control of
parishes. There ought to be one general law applicable to
all these roads, determining the maximum degree of slope,

522 General Results of a Gardening Tour : —

their width, and compelling guide-posts to be set up at
all junctions or intersections of roads; proper milestones;
lamps on the national roads ; and giving a power over the
surface to a certain extent on each side of the road, so that
the hedges and trees bordering it should be kept in a proper
state. Government ought to have its board of engineers,
and each county 'and each parish its engineer. Improved
lines of road ought to be determined on and laid down in
maps ; such roads to be executed by degrees as wanted, or
during a scarcity of employment for the labouring classes,
and to be paid for by parish, county, or national rates, ac-
cording as they were done for the parish, county, or nation.
By having this reserve of the commonest description of labour
always ready for the working classes, there could never be any
great distress among them; while no money would ever be
paid to the able-bodied poor without an equivalent being ob-
tained for it, and the country would be gradually provided, as
its wants required, with the very best description of roads.*
After such a system as that above-mentioned had been in
operation for a few years, hilly tracts, and those remote parts
of the country which have now the very worst roads, would
have roads as even as those in any gentleman's park, and more
delightfully varied. For want of some general system of this
kind, much of the money expended during the last twenty
years on roads may be considered as little better than thrown
away ; because an improved system of roadmaking would
change many of the lines of direction. It is difficult to estimate
the immense benefit which would accrue to a country from
having in every part of it level roads, or the nearest approach
to them that art could make, formed on the best principles,
and kept in the best state of repair. In the most hilly parts
of the island, a man who now keeps one horse would imme-
diately be rendered equal, in point of the means of conveyance
for either pleasure or profit, to one who now keeps four.
Locomotive steam carriages might be used every where, and
very probably a species of light carriage would be invented,
which might be moved by machinery to be worked by hand
from the inside; and in which a party of men, of very humble

* It appears to us to be one of the first duties of every government to
provide the means of subsistence for all the governed : either this is the
case, or the government of a country becomes reduced to a mere system
of police, whose sole office is to protect the governed from one another,
and from foreign aggression. Good roads and safe harbours form the most
valuable capital of a country ; and so long as these admit of improvement
in a fertile country like Britain, it appears to us that the population can
never be considered as superfluous, because they may always be beneficially
employed.

Railroads. 523

means, might, by each Avorking the machine in turn, make
tours of business or pleasure to those scenes now only acces-
sible to the wealthy. It is delightful to think of a party of
London or Birmingham journeymen, with their wives, making
a tour, in a hired or joint-stock mechanical carriage, to North
or Soutfh Wales, or the lakes ; and to think of the ease with
which all the finest scenery in the island might be seen by
every one. The views from the public roads so laid out would
combine all the beauties now chiefly sought for in the scenery
round gentlemen's seats, and would, indeed, far exceed them;
for, independently of the variety of situation of such seats,
and of distant prospects seen from them, there is of necessity
a great general sameness in their appearance when examined
in detail. It is clear to us that there ought not to be any
turnpikes on any road whatever ; but we have neither time
nor room to give our reasons.

Railroads we would subject to the same general system as
common roads, and indeed include them and canals in that
system. A railroad from Dover to John O'Groat's house,
with branches to Holyhead, Liverpool, Carlisle, Port-
patrick, and Aberdeen, ought unquestionably to be under-
taken by government*; while subordinate raih'oads might be
engaged in by counties, parishes, or unions of these. It is
clear that the governments of all countries must sooner or
later adopt the railroad system of communication from their
seats of government to their extreme points, and that ulti-
mately there will be one main railroad through every large
continent, and in every large island. There is no insuper-
able difficulty to prevent a railroad from being laid down
from Calais to Pekin; all that is wanting is a generation of
civilisation in the more barbarous of the intervening nations,
so as to admit of the cooperation of the different governments.
We could wish that all of our readers who have not yet been
on the Manchester and Liverpool railroad could visit it, in
order that they might be inspired with those feelings on this
subject which we are certain it is utterly beyond the power
of description to convey. As the editor of the Scotsman pre-
dicted some years ago, it is highly probable that persons not
much beyond the middle age may live to go from Edinburgh
to London in a summer's day. It has been proved on the
Manchester railway, that letters can be conveyed at the rate
of upwards of thirty miles an hour ; and the heaviest goods
at twenty miles an hour.

* The money might be raised in shares, transferable like canal shares ;
government taking a number of shares, and guaranteeing to individuals a
certain per centage.

524 General Results of a Gardening Tour : —

It may be alleged that such a power as we contemplate,
if delegated to parishes or counties, would be liable to
abuse ; and to a certain extent this is inevitable, because
abuse, like accident, enters more or less into every thing :
but if parish and county representatives were elected on an
efficient representative system, and all their proceedings con-
ducted in public and published in the local and general
newspapers the abuse would be comparatively small; oligar-
chical vestries and representative vestries are very different
bodies, and very different proceedings must be expected from
them.

Canals, however important a step they may have formed in
the progress of intercommunication, will probably in future
be seldom resorted to, with the exception of ship canals com-
municating Mnth the sea. Many of them in the hilly coun-
tries form beautiful ribands of water, admirably adapted
for supplving foregrounds to villas. Canals of this descrip-
tion we should be sorry to see destroyed ; and all of them, we
trust, may long be found useful for local and agricultural pur-
poses, if for no other.

The Towns of Manchester and Liverpool have increased
since 1826 to an astonishing extent; and we can only regret
that this increase has not taken place according to some
regular system. The consequence of the want of such
a system is, that one part of the town becomes attended with
less advantages in point of salubrity, recreation, and markets,
than another; and this in time must occasion a deterioration
of the health of the inhabitants of those parts, and finally the
depreciation of their property. It appears to us that all
towns ought to be governed by a council of representatives,
elected by the whole of the householders. Were this the
case, the poorer occupiers of houses would have their wants
attended to, and we should not find, as at present, almost
every thing done with reference only to the rich. In Man-
chester, not only would gardens and places of recreation be
provided in the interior of the town, but the cleanliness of
dress and of the interior of houses would no longer be in-
jured by the dark volumes of smoke now issuing from the
chimneys of numerous engines, and covering every thing with
soot. To the rich, who have for the most part country
houses, or who look forward to having them, this is less an
evil than to those in middling or poorer circumstances, who
have no prospect but that of local and perpetual labour, and
therefore they submit to it. In our preceeding article, we sug-
gested a mode by which the soot might be deposited ; but on
conversing with an eminent engineer and proprietor of exten-
sive engines and consequently smoky chimneys, in Liverpool,

Canals, Towns, Villages. 525

he assured us that the whole of the smoke might be consumed
with very little additional trouble or expense, were the pro-
prietors of engines compelled to do so. We are perfectly
satisfied, from his information, that this might be the case ;
and that it only remains with the government to remedy this
evil, whenever they think proper.

Liverpool is one of the richest corporations in Britain ; and
no town ever had a better situation for a public garden or
breathing place, which might at the same time have con-
tained horticultural, botanical, and zoological gardens, ceme-
teries, &c. We allude to the rising grounds at Everton, A
zone, from the sea on one side to the Mersey on the other,
might have included these, and formed a pubUc garden, or
ratlier series of public gardens and promenades, with distant
prospects, such as scarcely any other situation in the king-
dom could afford. Something of this sort, we are informed,
was proposed many years ago by the late Mr. Roscoe, but
rejected, and the ground let for building. As, however,
nothing can be veiy permanent in a rapidly increasing com-
mercial town like Liverpool, we hope, when it is subjected to
a proper representative system of management, the improve-
ment so long ago suggested may yet be realised. The botanical
and horticultural gardens that have been formed by sub-
scription in Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, and other
towns, for the benefit of the subscribers, would, if town
governments had been properly organised, have been formed
by them for the good of all. llie existence of these gardens,
of subscription libraries, institutions, and museums, &c., as
the property of a few individuals, however highly creditable
to them, is a standing proof of the imperfection of the present
town system.

Villages, it is evident, ought to be subject to the same
system of government as towns ; and every thing proposed
by the vestry or council of the one, as of the other, ought to
be discussed openly and made public by the press. In a few
cases, where villages are the property, or are under the con-
trol, of an individual who happens to be benevolent and en-
lightened, we see what can be made of them. An individual
of taste, and of an amiable disposition, who happens to be
placed in a village, may, even in the present very imperfect
state of things, do much in the way of ornamenting and im-
proving it. We have seen a fine instance of this in the vil-
lage of Bowness on Windermere. Mrs. Starke}', who has
ornamented her own house and ground, situated in that
village, with many of the finest plants and shrubs, offers
seeds or young plants freely to every villager who will plant

526 General Results of a Gardening Tour : —

and take care of them. Mr. Starkey has purchased some
ground and widened the village street where it was narrow,
devoting a marginal space to evergreens and flowers, unpro-
tected by any fence. Mrs. Starkey has also planted and
carefully trained laurels, box, and holly, against the church-
yard wall. In other situations, where laurels would not
grow, she has planted ivy ; some chimney tops she has orna-
mented with creepers, and others she has rendered more
picturesque by architectural additions. Mrs. Starkey's own
house, which is entered directly from the village street, is orna-
mented by a veranda which extends its whole length. In-
dependently of woody climbers of the finest sorts, which
remain on this veranda all the year, pelargoniums, georginas,
maurandias, lophosj)ermums, and other similar plants, are
planted at the base of the trellised supports, and flower there -
during the summer, open not only to the gaze, but to the
touch, of every passenger. At the opposite side of the
street is another piece of trellis-work, as the fence to a flower
garden : this trellis, when we saw it, was partially covered
with purple and white clematis, sweet peas, nasturtium,
calampelis, pelargoniums, and georginas. These hung over
into the street in profusion ; and the gardener assured us that
no person, not even a child, ever touched a flower or a leaf.
Mr. Starkey (a Manchester manufacturer) had not yet ar-
rived there for the season, and the house was in consequence
shut up ; but of this circumstance the villagers took no ad-
vantage. In the gardens of this village, and in part also
in those of Ambleside and Grasmere, may be seen many of
the new potentillas, geums, lupines, clarkia, &c. ; and against
the walls, kerria, Cydonia japonica, China roses of different
sorts, clematis, and other climbers are not uncommon. The
village of Bowness affords a proof that, when the public are
treated with confidence, they will act well in return ; and
that, notwithstanding what has been said of the rudeness
of John Bull, he will, when • treated like the French and
Germans, become as considerate and polite as they are. It
is true, the working inhabitants of London and of manufac-
turing towns cannot be expected all at once to pay the same
respect to flowers as the inhabitants of Bowness ; but time
will remedy this evil.

The village of Slyne, near Lancaster, is now under a
course of amelioration and decoration by Mr. and Mrs.
Greene Bradley ; and will, we trust, soon admit of compari-
son with Bowness. The first step in improving a village is
to render the houses commodious, and perfectly warm and
comfortable ; and the next, to increase the gardens attached

Labouring Classes, Public Cemeteries. 527

to them to a profitable size : both these objects Mr. Greene
Bradley has already nearly effected.

Labourer^ Cottages, in which there was very little improve-
ment from London to Warwick, assumed a somewhat more
comfortable aspect about Birmingham, and thence to Man-
chester. There are still, however, a great many of the in-
ferior cottao;es of 1805 between Ormskirk and the lakes.
There, in the villages at least, they are more picturesque in
appearance, and some of the chimney tops would form as fine
studies for a cottage architect, as the rocks, ground, natural
wood, and waters do for a young landscape-gardener. Be-
tween Penrith and Dumfries, the cottages are more im-
proved than they have been on any part of our journey.
We are informed that these cottages have been chiefly built
by labourers and working tradesmen, for their own occupa-
tion. They are of squared stone, with facings to the doors
and windows ; the floor is raised two or three steps ; they
contain two rooms and a large light closet, with a garret for
lumber, and a lean-to kitchen for washing, &c. *^The garden
is behind, and a peat stack (peat being the usual fuel) is
generally placed against the end of the house. The roof is
covered with slates ; and the windows are generally composed
of two sashes, one of which, at least, is hung.

The Condition of the Labouring Classes may be considered
perhaps as somewhat better north of Liverpool, than be-
tween London and Banbury ; partly from their being of a more
frugal disposition and more intelligent, and partly also from
their resources, in the manufactures of Preston and Carlisle,
and their employment as sailors at the seaports. This dis-
trict seems less a sporting country than those farther south
or farther north ; and there are, in consequence, fewer per-
sons demoralised by imprisonment for poaching. Nothing
in the whole course of our journey has filled us with more
profound grief and indignation, than the sight of so many
young persons confined in the jails for poaching, commencing
with the jail of Aylesbury. We wish the supporters of the
game laws could but see, as we have done, the evil they
occasion. The time will come, however, and that we trust
speedily, when the past existence of such laws will be viewed
with astonishment and horror.

Large Public Cemeteries, unconnected with churches, have
been formed at Manchester and Liverpool, and ought to be
formed on some general system by every town and village
throughout the country. That at Manchester and one of
those at Liverpool are the property of companies ; but the
largest one at Liverpool has been formed by the town cor-

528 General Results of a Gardening Torir : —

poration. This is so far good, because it is in the spirit of
what the government of a town ought to do. The cemetery
is formed in the bottom and sides of an immense stone quarry ;
and besides its uses as a cemetery, forms a valuable addition
to the public walks of the town. We have only to regret
that it has been laid out and planted, and that it is also kept
up, in a very commonplace manner, owing, as we were in-
formed, to the want of funds. The situation is certainly
singularly grand, and particularly fitted for the purpose of
a cemetery; having steep rocky sides, admirably adapted
for tiers of vaults (if that antiquated mode of burial should
be persisted in for another generation), and a level area of
considerable depth of earth for ordinary burial. Our objec-
tions to the laying out of this cemetery are, that the dry
clumps in the level area do not form a whole with the parts •
around them, being conspicuously liable to the faults men-
tioned as common to flower-gardens, (p. 401. figs. 72. and 73.)
We should also have preferred more ascending and descend-
ing walks in the planted banks ; and we think these banks
should have comprised in them all the hardy trees and
shrubs which do not require peat earth. Along the margin of
the walks, at the top and bottom of the banks, we would have
placed all the hardy herbaceous plants which do not require
peat earth. All the peat earth trees, shrubs, and plants we
would have planted in clumps of peat earth in the open area;
and we would have named one plant of each species con-
spicuously, so that every passer by might read it. In regard
to keeping, we would have had the gravel walks and the
lawn as smooth and as closely shaven as those of any
gentleman's pleasure-ground. The corporation of Liverpool
is said to have an income of upwards of 150,000/. a year;
and it does appear surprising to us, that, with such means,
and having already expended so much, they should not have
been able to finish this cemetery as it ought to be finished,
and to keep it up in proper style.

We shall hereafter have something to say of churchyards,
and of the tyranny of some proprietors in levelling the graves
and even burying the tombstones of the poor ; but shall
only, at present, notice the churchyard at St. Michael's, at
Dumfries, as perhaps the most remarkable in Britain, on
account of the number and good taste of its tombstones.
The appearance of these at a distance is singularly grand and
picturesque. Erecting tombstones here is quite a mania
among the middle classes, which has been brought about
chiefly by the cheap and easily wrought red freestone, and
the talents of the late mason and sculptor Mr. Alexander

LancasteriaUy National, and Infant Schools. 529

Crombie. The cheapness of these tombstones, compared

to the price of similar erections
about London, is so low, that we
are persuaded they might form a
profitable article of commerce for
the proposed metropolitan ceme-
tery. To enable those concerned
to judge how far this may be the
case, we give, through the kind-
ness of Walter Newall, Esq.,
architect, Dumfries, figures from
the designs of two monuments,
not long since erected at the heads

of the graves of two nurserymen,
Messrs. Hood, father and son ;
that of the father [fg. 91.) cost
38/., and that of the son William
{Jig. 92.) 25/. The carriage to
London, by Whitehaven, we are
^^- u*ki__j — I — 1 — I — I — T informed, would not amount to 5l,

for each of these monuments.

Lancasteriaji, National, and Infant Schools were scarcely

known when we in 1805

passed through the tract of

country which has engaged

our attention during the last

three months. There are

now some of each of the three

classes in most of the large

towns ; and Lancasterian or
National schools in a number
of villages. Infant schools,
which are the most valuable
of all, are not yet fully un-
derstood, and we have seen
but comparatively few of
them. However, the good
that must already have been
done by the Lancasterian
schools is unquestionably im-
mense ; and it gives some
foretaste of what will be the
consequence of an efficient
system of national education
when it shall once be established
Vol. Vn. — No. S*. m m

IsUaL

830 General Results of a Gardening Tour : —

Mechanics' Institutions are also quite new since 1805, though
they are now to be found in most of the large towns. The
powerful impulse which established them seems in some places
to have subsided ; and in Birmingham and in one or two
other towns they are said to be falling off. An intelligent
lecturer on this subject, in the Birmingham Mechanics' Insti-
tution, Mr. W. Pare, has endeavoured to prove that this
falling off is owing to a fundamental error in the principles on
which they have been established. The promoters of these In-
stitutions, he says, " have virtually excluded the more amus-
ing and attractive branches of human knowledge, by aim-
ing to render them too exclusively and immediately useful."
Instead of imparting only such information as was connected
with the daily avocations of the working classes, Mr. Pare
would endeavour at the same time to excite in them a love of
knowledge generally, and the spread of moral refinement.
He would endeavour to " awaken the powers of general
reflection, and to purify and heighten the moral sensibili-
ties ; " to effect, in short, that final object of all education,
" the improvement of the moral character and habits, and
the diffusion of happiness." * Nothing is more conducive to
the happiness of the individual (the means of comfortable
existence being first provided for) than the cultivation of the
heart and of the affections. To teach man how to pursue
this kind of cultivation is one of the most important, though
almost wholly neglected, branches of education.

Cooperative Societies are of still more recent origin than
Mechanics' Institutions. Their object has been stated more
than once in this Magazine. They are decidedly on the
increase in all the large towns, and the most important conse-
quences are expected to result from them, by those political
economists who seem to have paid much attention to the
subject. One thing is clear, that to be a good cooperator it
is necessary in the first place to be an intelligent and moral
man. The proceedings and prospects of cooperative societies
will be found recorded in the Voice of the People, Midland
Representative, Chester Courant, and Carlisle Journal ; news-
papers which, in point of sound political intelligence, are of
the first order.

Lms and Puhlic-Jiouses ought not to escape observation in a
tour to mark the progress of rural and domestic improve-
ment. The latter, as far as we have observed them, appear
to have greatly improved, but by no means the former. By
turning to our letter from Munich (Vol. IV. p. 497.)> an i^i-

* The Midland Representative, July 9. 1831.

Mechanics' Institutions, Cooperative Societies, Inns. 531

portant article will be found stated as wanting to the inns of
Bavaria ; we were a good deal surprised to find a deficiency,
or imperfect forms, of this article in many of both the first
and second rate inns. We have elsewhere (Vol. V. p. 5'^5.)
recommended Downes, and we again do so, both for private
and public houses of every description. The best provisions,
the most civil treatment, and the most moderate charges, we
have invariably now, as before, found at the commercial inns,
though they are most deficient in the above respect. One rea-
son why second-rate inns do not contain a superior description
of accommodation is, that they are seldom frequented by fami-
lies ; but as families become poorer, the charges of the first-
rate inns will be lowered, or the accommodations of the second-
rate inns improved. For public-houses we look forward to
very great improvement in every description of accommodation,
in consequence of the numerous persons frequentmg them im-
proving in worldly circumstances, and becoming more moral
and intellectual. We have elsewhere (Vols. V. and VI.) men-
tioned that almost every public-house in Wurtemberg and
other countries in the south of Germany has a music-room,
with a piano, and takes in several newspapers. We do not
despair of seeing something similar adopted in this country.
What is most wanted, both for public-houses and inns, is a
large garden for each, to be cultivated by a professed gar-
dener. This would add greatly to the enjoyment of the fre-
quenters of such houses, both as it would afford a place of
recreation in summer, and would supply, at all seasons, supe-
rior vegetables and fruit. The dissemination of improved
vegetables and fruits among the poorer classes would thus be
greatly promoted ; and we would therefore recommend to all
builders of public-houses to join to them a large garden, and
to recommend the employment of a professed gardener, and
the sale of part of the produce.

Unenclosed Tracts of Country vi^xo. common, in 1805, in the
route through which we have passed; we may give, as instances,
the commons of Harrow Weald, Rickmansworth, Bucking-
ham, Cheadle, and Buxton ; Delamere Forest, near Chester ;
Inglewood Forest, between Penrith and Carlisle ; and a con-
siderable tract of country between Annan and Dumfries. All
these are now enclosed, and some of them covered with rich
crops of grain and thriving plantations ; the very poorest
surfaces, such as those of Buxton Heath, and Delamere
Forest, are now covered with pasture, enclosed by stone walls,
or planted with trees. We do not recollect to have seen a
single open common between London and Dumfries. The
recently enclosed districts are easily recognised by the riglit

M M 2

532 General Results of a Gardeiiing Tour : —

lines and right angles of the fields, and the superior condi-
tion of the fences, buildings, and roads. Most old enclosures
seem to have been more tiie result of accident than of design ;
and their crooked hedges and roads, and the irregularity of
their farm-houses and cottages, bear the same confused charac-
ter, and will probably long continue to do so ; for it is much
easier to lay out f» new country than to mend an old one.

Agriculture^ we observed in our last, began to assume a
somewhat better appearance about Manchester. The culture
of the potato there, and throughout Lancashire, is carried to
a degree of perfection nearly equal to that of East Lothian.
In some places two rows are grown together, at the distance
of 14 in., and the space between is 33 in., in Mr. Curwen's
manner ; in others, and for the greater part, they are grown
in single rows, at the distance of 27 in. : the advantage of the
former mode is, that coarser implements and deeper stirring
may be used in the intervals. In the north of Lancashire,
and in Cumberland and Westmoreland, turnips are grown on
raised ridgelets, as in the Berwickshire system ; and this crop,
and that of potatoes, seem to be employed, in most places in
those counties, and in Dumfriesshire, as a substitute for naked
fallow. Iron swing ploughs, drawn by two horses, are in gene-
ral use throughout the same tract ; but in only one place, the
Rig of Gretna, did we meet with a cultivator of an improved
construction. Here we saw one founded on Kirkwood's, in
the possession of Mr. Carruthers, considerably improved
by him, which, he assured us, did with four horses the
work of four ploughs, and in a much more efficient man-
ner, because, at the same time, it did the work of harrows
and couch rakes. Since he began to use this implement, he
never ploughs for his green crops or fallows above twice ;
once in breaking up from stubble, and once in giving the
seed furrow, or making up the drills for receiving the manure
for potatoes or turnips. An extensive arable farmer, with
this description of implement, can dispense with three fourths
of the usual number of ploughs and ploughmen that are
requisite when ploughs only are used.

Single-horse carts come into use about Manchester, but
among the farmers generally with wooden axles, and with the
tiers of the wheels in segments. From Liverpool northwards
to Lancaster, a smaller cart and lighter wheels are used ;
and from Carlisle to Dumfries the one-horse cart, with iron
axles, and the tire of one ring. Throughout the northern
parts of Lancashire, and in Dumfriesshire, a small hardy
breed of horses is used, and short-horned English cattle and
Scotch Gallowavs are common.

Culture of Muss Lands. 533

" The culture of moss lands has proceeded but slowly in Lan-
cashire during the last twenty-six years. Adjoining the por-
tion cultivated by the late venerated Mr. Roscoe, as described
in our Encyc. of Agr.^ 2d edit. p. 747., an extensive tract has
lately been undertaken by Mr. Reid, whose success has been
most complete. Mr. Reid proceeds on the principle, that
manure, water, and any description of earthy matter, not dele-
terious to vegetables, will produce a crop of herbaceous
plants. He has accordingly drained, levelled, and cut into
small pieces, about 200 acres of the mossy surface ; coated it
with marly clay, at the rate of 150 cubic yards or tons per
acre ; and given it, what would be called by farmers, a good
coating of putrescent manure. After this ti'eatment in 1829,
he planted, in the beginning of 1830, potatoes, which paid
25/. per acre, or more than all the expenses incurred. After
the potatoes he has an excellent crop of wheat, now on the
ground, and estimated at from three to four quarters per acre.
On a piece of 50 acres, so treated in 1830, wheat was sown
as a first crop, and now appears as if it would produce at
least five quarters per acre. Clover and Stickney's rye-grass
succeed admirably. It is but doing justice to Mr. Reid, to
state that he has conducted all his operations at once in the
most scientific and the most economical manner ; if encouraged
to proceed, he will soon cover the whole moss with verdure,
which alone will be an inestimable advantage to the public ;
but we shall never consider Chat Moss, or any similar collec-
tion of peat, permanently and securely subjected to man, till
it is so drained by deep cuts in judicious situations, and by
time, that the 20 or 30 ft. of spongy moss, on the surface of
which Mr. Reid now operates, shall be consolidated to 2 or
3 ft. Our reason is, that the earthy matter applied, being of
a different specific gravity from the moss, will gradually sink
down into it, till it reaches the bottom. We know that lime
on the surface of grass lands on sandy soil will sink into the
soil, and after a few years, say seven or ten, be found in a
regular stratum, a few inches below the surface. It will con-
tinue to sink till it meets with earthy matter of its own spe-
cific gravity. Mr. Reid has promised us an accurate account
of his operations, which we shall give in a future Number,
with the details of our tour; in the mean time it may be use-
ful to observe that he proceeds on the general principles
laid down by Steele, in his Essay on Peat Moss, which excel-
lent work may be considered as Mr. Reid's text-book.

We could have wished to see the mosses in the north of
Lancasfiire, between Lancaster and Ulverston, and the Solway
Moss and others between Longtown and Dumfries, covered

M .AI 3

534 General Results of a Garde7ihig Tour : —

with verdure ; but we were informed that the two large pro-
prietors to whom Sohvay jNIoss belongs, not living in the
country, take very little interest in it or the surrounding
lands, farther than receiving such rents as they may get. In
this case, as in many others, agricultural and general improve-
ment will remain at a stand, till some circumstance shall
compel the division and sale of estates now much too large.
One of the greatest stimuli that could be given to asrricultural
and general improvement would be the removal of the law of
entail, and the imposition of such a tax on landed and funded
property', for the purpose of gradually paying off the national
debt, as would compel non-residents, and those who had their
estates deeply mortgaged, to bring a portion of them to market.
We find this opinion very generally expressed by the middle
and poorer classes throughout the country, and more especially
in the large towns. ITie result would be of the greatest ser-
vice both to commercial and serving gardeners, because the
consequent building and planting of farm-houses and villas
would occasion a great demand for nursery articles, now a
drug in most nurseries, and supply places for many indigent
gardeners-

The art of making hav does not seem to be miderstood in
the north of Lancashire or in Dumfriesshire any more now,
than it was in most parts of Scotland twenty-six years ago.
The hay is put into cocks, which are left in the field till the
outside, by alternate rain or dew, and sunshine, is burned to
a dusty woody matter, and the interior is rendered too dry to
undergo the proper degree of fermentation when put in the
rick. Indeed, in Scotland the fermentation of hay in the rick
did not use to be considered necessary, any more than the
fermentation of the liquid food of pigs before giving it to them,
or of liquid manure before applying it to the soil. Yet, though
the Middlesex very superior mode of making hay does not
appear to be yet prevalent in the north, we observed the bad
Middlesex practice of dunging the meadows and grass lands
with rotten stable dung, and composts of dung and lime,
adopted in the park at Lowther Castle, and at several places
near Lancaster. Mr. Ogilvie, an extensive Scotch farmer at
Mere, near Knutsford, manures his grassland only with liquid
manure, fermented in tanks in the Dutch manner, before
being carted out ; and this we consider to be by far the best,
because by far the most economical, mode of manuring grass
lands. The practice of forming compost heaps, by mixing
quicklime with putrescent manure, or even with soil con-
taining much vegetable matter, is contrary to all science, as
was long ago shown by Lord Meadowbnnk. The lime is

Haymaking, Arable Lands. 535

rendered much less fit for acting on the soil of the field, than
it was when newly taken from the kiln ; and the carbon of the
dung, or organised matter in the heap, is rendered insoluble
in water, and consequently unfit for being taken up by the
roots of plants. A reading farmer who forms such composts,
has read to very little purpose.

The best tract of cultivated arable lands appeared to us to
lie between Penrith and Longtown, and the worst between
Chester and the Mersey. In the latter tract were many fields
with crooked ridges, and many pastures overgrown with
rushes: and the hedges and roadsides were covered with
large thistles and other rampant weeds. Some fields between
Liverpool and Preston, were nearly as bad ; and, to give
an idea of the state of intelligence among the farmers there,
we may add, that a landlord told us that he had repeatedly
remonstrated with his tenants as to the rushes, but they
replied, that the cows preferred rushy fields ; and refused to
eradicate them. In but few parts have we found the corn
crops sufficiently clear of weeds, and certainly not so much so
in Cheshire and Lancashire as they generally are about Lon-
don, in the Lothians, and in Northumberland. The charlock
and wild radish are almost every where nmch more abundant
than we expected to find them, and it will be difficult to get
rid of the quantity of seeds of these weeds which must be
already in the soil, otherwise than by a long course of drill
culture both for root and herbage and for corn crops. It
was many years ago suggested in the Edinburgh farmer's
Magazine, that it would be a good thing for parishes to take
cognisance of the weeds that grow on the sides of the public
roads, and to eradicate them at the common expense. If
parish, county, and national roads were subjected to the
system of management which we have suggested (p. 522.), the
superintendence of the sides of these roads, together with the
fences and the trees, would be included in the system. This
is the case in several states on the Continent ; and in Flan-
ders, in particular, the authorities order not only the weeds
by the roadsides and on public lands to be cut down, but
also the leaves of the trees which are infested by caterpillars
to be cut off, by the process known there by the French term
echcnillcr. If individuals neglect to do these duties at the
proper seasons, the parishes do them, and charge the indi-
viduals with the expense ; and if the parishes neglect them,
the districts do it, and charge the parishes. It is clear, at all
events, that it would be for the general good in Britain to
prevent all troublesome weeds from running to seed, especially
such as thistles, docks, ragwort, cow parsnep, hemlock, &c.

M M 4

536 General Results of a Gardening Tour : —

At present, in many places, however disposed a farmer may
be to keep his lands clear, the dissemination of the roadside
thistles, by their downy seeds, renders it impossible for him
to do so.

Planting was almost every where carrying on with great
activity in 1805, and the beneficial change which it has pro-
duced on the face of the country is generally conspicuous.
Immense tracts in the neighbourhood of Cheadle, then pro-
ducing only brown heath and peat, are now covered with
vigorous growing plantations of pines, larches, birches, oaks,
and other valuable trees. Great part of the waste land known
by the name of Delamere Forest is planted with oaks among
wild pines, as nurses, and both are thriving exceedingly ; the
pines being gradually cut in, or thinned out, to give room to
the oaks. As far as we saw this government plantation, it
appeared to be exceedingly well managed ; though we think
the idea of government growing its own naval timber, or any
part of it, quite unsuitable to the present age, and more cal-
culated to form a nucleus for government jobs, places, and
pensions, than to answer any useful purpose. But the most
surprising effects of plantations made within the last twenty-
six years, have been produced in the neighbourhood of the
lakes. We walked or rode through the lake district in 1805,
and, having not long before visited Loch Lomond, w^e were
struck with the nakedness of the Westmoreland and Cum-
berland hill sides ; we were not less so this season at their
clothed appearance, when we entered the Valley of Winder-
mere by NcAvby Bridge. This charming effect was continued
the whole of the way to Grasmere, and, though suspended
for a short distance, reappeared again at Keswick. Near
this town, when we first visited it in 1805, the sides of a
considerable mountain adjoining Skiddaw had just begun
to be enclosed, preparatory to planting. These sides are now
clothed with a magnificent mantle of plantation. A conical
hill, between Keswick and Penrith, is entirely planted from
the base to the summit, and will, in a few years, form a noble
ornament to the country for many miles round. The exten-
sive ridge of land on which Penrith Beacon stands, forming
a striking feature in the view from Bi'ougham Hall, &c., is
also planted over its whole surface ; and the Beacon now
appears like an ornamental building in the woods of a park.

There is still a great deal to plant on the upper part of the
hills of Cumberland and Westmoreland; and the excellent
effect of what has been already done ought to encourage the
proprietors to proceed with confidence. Difficulties, we under-
stand, occur in many places, from the upper parts of the hills

Plantifig and Gardening, 537

being common land belonging to the villages ; and it appears
to us that it would be a very desirable thing for the villagers,
to exchange their right to the hill tops for an equivalent on
the lower part of the hill sides.

With a few exceptions, we cannot say much in favour of
the management of plantations. The effects of the old evil
of neglecting to thin are almost every where conspicuous. In
some parts of the lake plantations, as, for instance, in Profes-
sor Wilson's, the trees are so thick as to be suffocating one
another. The same may be said of many other plantations,
the fear of cutting down trees being a positive disease with
most country gentlemen ; so much so, indeed, as to make it
one of the first points of imitation in which retired tradesmen
ape the aristocracy.

As instances of excellent management, we may refer to the
plantations of Heath House, planted and managed by our
correspondent Agronome, so as at once to produce shelter,
ornament, and profit. At Lathom House there are very exten-
sive woods, most scientifically and profitably managed for
Lord Skelmersdale by Mr. Lawton, from whom we hope to
receive a general outline of his system. Ten or twelve acres
are here planted every year on properly prepared soil, which
is kept clear by hoeing (never by digging), for three or four
years afterwards ; and thinning and pruning are commenced
as soon as requisite, and carried on regularly. Between two
and three thousand pounds' worth of timber is sold from this
estate every year. We believe the Duke of Devonshire's and
the Earl of Grosvenor's plantations are also very well manaf>-ed;
but, as we expect some account of these from our correspond-
ent Mr. Murphy, we leave the subject for the present. With
Mr. Murphy we entirely agree in this, that, where thinniufr
and pruning have been neglected, or pursued on some impro-
per system, it is, in almost every case, the fault of the pro-
prietor, and not of the gardener or forester.

The State of Gardening north of Manchester does not,
on the whole, fall off till we arrive at Lancaster ; but,
from that place to Dumfries, it certainly seems to us not
to be so much encouraged as in the other parts of the
country which we have passed through. Round Liverpool
there are a great many gardens and country seats, but
fewer scientific gardeners than we expected to find ; a false
notion of economy inducing many of the proprietors of villa
residences to employ what, about London, are called gar-
dener's labourers. We found very few of these villa resi-
dences in any thing like tolerable order. There are, of course,
several exceptions ; and it is but justice to state that these

538 General Results of a Gardefimg Tour : —

are in favour of reading gardeners, rendered comfortable bjr
adequate wages and sufficiently good dwellings. Grapes are
grown as well in the neighbourhood of Liverpool as they
are any where else in England ; perhaps better ; probably
from the greater difficulties which the gi'owers have to con-
tend with. The father of Liverpool grape-growers is Mr.
Cunningham of the Liverpool Nursery, who has been a
grape-grower in Lancashire for nearly half a century. We
have never seen finer grapes exhibited at the London Horti-
cultural Society's meetings, than we saw at Smedley Hall,
and other places round Manchester, and at Mr. Roskell's,
and other places round Liverpool. The first floral and hor-
ticultural society in Lancashire was established at Preston,
though it has lately fallen off" from want of encouragement.
We were surprised to find so few villas in the suburbs of
this thriving town ; but a projected railway, which will con-
nect it with Manchester and other towns, will infuse new
vigour into its manufactures and commerce, and high gar-
dening will then come into use. Mr. Taylor here is a very
spirited nurseryman, and gets all the newest things ; so that,
whenever there is an adequate demand, the supply is ready.
Till lately the taste for gardening has been dormant in the
neighbourhood of Lancaster ; but, since the establishment of
flower and fruit shows, some ladies have begun to compete,
and this circumstance has directed their attention to flori-
culture as a science. Carnations and auriculas are admirably
grown by Conolly and Sons, and by other nurserymen ; and
our correspondent Mr. Saul, a man of strong and original
intellect, and of great patriotism and disinterestedness, has
turned his attention to the introduction of new fruits ; and,
for this purpose, has established his Pomological Garden, and
entered into correspondence with the first nurseries in Britain
and America. Gardening is not much encouraged about
Carlisle ; but it will doubtless receive a stimulus from the
improvement which that town and its neighbourhood may
expect from the railroad now constructing between Carlisle
and Newcastle ; and which, it is estimated, will be completed
in three or four years from this time. Between Carlisle and
Dumfries, there are few opportunities of gardening, from the
unfrequency of gentlemen's seats. There is a gardeners'
benefit society at Liverpool, which Mr. Rollis informed us
is one of the richest, in proportion to the number of sub-
scribers, in the kingdom. Its rules and regulations are about
to be confirmed, according to the act of parliament respecting
benefit societies ; and, when this is done, we are promised
a copy for publication. The Walton Nursery library is in

Co7istruction of Hot-houses.

539

a most flourishing condition ; and the books are now access-
ible, at very easy rates, to all who are desirous of perusing
them.

As Points in the Construction of Hot-houses^ in the tract
under consideration, deserving particular attention, we shall, in
the first place, refer to what we have said, in our preceding
article, on the subject of wintering vines in pineries (p. 411.),
repeating the cut there given {Jig. 93.), on account of the letters

having been wrongly placed;
a is the front wall and h the
4 in. wall within it. The mode
adopted in Staffordshire well
merits introduction in every
part of the country where pines
and vines are grown in the same
house ; indeed, we have seen no
plan at all to be compared with
it. Where an inner 4 in. wall
cannot be adopted, or where
there are no upright front sashes, then the next best plan of
wintering vines grown in a pinery is, to bring down the shoots,
and lay them along the bottom of the sloping glass as close up
to it as possible ; and then to interpose between them and the air
of the house a thick coating of matting or of straw, so as to
exclude the heated air on the one side, and to admit the cold
temperature of the open air through the glass to the vines on the
other. This is done atCroxteth Park, and at many other places,
where excellent grapes are grown in pineries ; but it is only
a make-shift, and not to be adopted in building a house. The
mode of heating by hot water we cannot too strongly recom-
mend for adoption every where, notwithstanding the prejudices
against it in some quarters, and, among others, in the botanic
garden at Liverpool. The most northerly point at which we
have yet seen this plan of heating adopted is at Carlton Hall,
near Penrith, where Messrs. Walker of St. John Square,
Clerkenwell, London, are heating a range of houses, in their
very excellent manner, and with perfect success. A much
less perfect system is adopted at Lowther Castle ; but which
system is still found by Mr. Ward, the gardener, to be very
superior to smoke flues. We have been rather surprised not
to find any curvilinear hot-houses farther north than Dallam
Tower. We are very desirous to see that elegant mode of
construction introduced among the lakes, and in the border
districts (we should like to see specimens at Storrs Hall, and at
Mrs. Starkey's), and have strongly recommended gardeners
to examine the range of houses erected in the Manchester

540 General Results of a Gardening Tour : —

botanic garden, by Mr. John Jones of Mount Street, Bir-
mingham. We were not surprised to hear the old objections
to iron and copper, of rusting and poisoning the plants, and
contracting and expanding, and thereby breaking the glass ;
but we had only to refer to the houses at Woburn Abbey,
and other places, where the copper sashes of Mr. Jones have
not been painted at all, at any period of their endurance ; and
where, during the last three winters and summers, not a single
pane has been broken by either the frost or the heat. "With
equal confidence can we refer to the immense iron houses
erected by Messrs. Bailey of London, for Mrs. Beaumont, at
Britton Hall. We have strongly recommended Mr. Dodd,
gardener to Sir James Graham, at Netherby, to adopt me-
tallic curvilinear houses, and hot water, in the erections
which are about to be made in the kitchen-garden there ;
and we trust that he will not forget our recommendation.

As Points of Culture and Management in Hot-houses, we have
seen reason for recommending the application of the principle
of giving all plants a winter, or period of rest, once a year,
at the time when they are, from habit or circumstances, in the
most dormant state, instead of keeping them, pine-apples and
bulbs more especially, continually growing. The best dormant
season for pine plants is during the three winter months, unless
for such as are intended to come into fruit, or to ripen their
fruit, at that season. The best season for ornamental plants
in pots is when they have done flowering, or perfecting their
seeds, if they should produce any. We have not time to
apply this principle ; but a little reflection will convince every
thinking gardener that it is one of the most important which
can enter into his consideration, for the flowering and conse-
quent fruiting of all plants, and especially of plants in houses
or in pots. The great success of the best pine-growers de-
pends materially on the application of this principle ; and
not less so, the admirable manner in which epiphytes are
flowered by Mr. Perrin, gardener to Richard Harrison, Esq.,
at Oakland Cottage, who is deeply impressed with its im-
portance. Succulents, heaths, and camellias, flowered by
other gardeners celebrated for growing these plants, may
be referred to as farther illustrations. The practice of
high potting in the culture of heaths, and other hair-rooted
and wiry-wooded Cape shrubs, was, we believe, first intro-
duced by Mr, Macnab of the Edinburgh botanic garden.
It has been adopted with admirable success by Mr. Bow, at
Lower Broughton, near Manchester, one of the very best
cultivators of heaths in England ; it is also practised in the
botanic gardens of Manchester and Liverpool ; and it is one

Propagatioji of Stove Epiphytes. ■ 541

of those improvements so unquestionably advantageous, that
there can be no excuse for not adopting it every where, but
that of never having heard of it. The rationale of the prac-
tice is, that moisture, being retained round the base of the
stem, rots it ; though constant moisture in or among the
fibres is found necessary for the growth of the plant. By
potting high, the base of the stem is always above the level
of the rim of the pot, and can never, therefore, be inundated
with water ; while the fibres at the extremity of the base,
being below the level of the rim, receive the moisture and
retain it. Planting bulbs above the soil, instead of planting
them under it, is another practice not yet generally known ;
but which ought, with many bulbs, to be generally adopted.
The reason is, the bulb (we do not speak of some descriptions
of tubers) is nothing more than a bud ; and, provided the
roots have a secure hold of the soil, and the climate be such
as not to injure the bulb, it will expand in size, and increase
by offsets, better, when not compressed by the soil, than when
under its pressure. The roots, also, being nearer the surface,
do their office under more favourable circumstances in regard
to heat and air, and will, consequently, mature the leaves of
the plants sooner. Plants in the open air cannot always be
treated exactly in this way ; but, by planting them in a raised
drill in winter or spring, or earthing them up during winter,
the soil may be removed from the bulb when the weather
permits, and the advantages will be found in its rapid in-
crease and speedy maturation. This may be easily proved
with onions, shallots, hyacinths, tulips, i^arcissi, and even
Gladioli and /'xise.

As a Point in the Propagation of Stove Epiphytes, we must
not omit to do justice to the merits of the before-named Mr.
Perrin. It is known that the mode by which plants of this
description increase is by sending out travelling layers, like
the common ii'is, the tare, or the mint. Mr. Perrin, when
he wishes to turn every layer into a separate plant, does not
cut it off, and remove it into another pot ; but merely cuts each
layer through, close to where it proceeds from the parent plant,
leaving it in that position to benefit from what roots it may
have sent into the soil, until it sends up young shoots. By
the common practice of taking off the layer immediately after
it has been cut, it receives such a check that it remains for
months, and sometimes for years, alive, but not in a growing
state. The same mode of cutting is also practised by Mr.
Perrin, for the purpose of filling his pots regularly with
young shoots ; epiphytes, like all travelling plants, soon ex-
tending, often on one side only, till they reach over the pot,

542 GeJia^al Results of a Gardening Tour : —

and become unsightly by leaving the centre of the pot com-
paratively bare. Mr. Perrin's plan, by cutting off the con-
nection between the travelling shoots and the stationary
stool, forces the latter to throw up shoots ; and thus filling
the centre of the pot, as well as its sides, large handsome
plants are produced, which hang over the rims equally on
every side.

As Points of open-air Culture and Management, we shall in
the present article recommend but a few. The first shall be
to plant trees less deep than usual, and, in many cases, in a
hillock half above the surface, rather than under it. The
object, with fruit trees, is to bring the roots more immedi-
ately under the influence of the sun and air, and to dis-
courage their descent into the substratum, by which the tree
is kept growing beyond the proper season, prevented frx)m
ripening its wood, and often infested with canker. The
object with forest or ornamental trees in a park, or on a
lawn, is partly the same as with fruit trees, but principally
to give them a natural appearance ; the bases of the stems
of all trees which have sprung up from the seed fortui-
tously being found raised above the surface, and cling-
ing to it by the spreading of the trunk into leading roots,
and never, as in artificial planting, rising abruptly from
the surface like a column without a base. This seemingly
trifling matter, if attended to in transplanting large trees in
parks, instead of placing them always on a perfectly level
base, and covering all their roots, would convey the idea of
natural wood, stability, and even age. This, we think, every
close observer of natural wood scenery, capable of analysing
the impressions it makes upon him, will allow. A practice
which ought to go hand in hand with planting trees on the
surface is that of forming fruit tree borders in cold climates,
and where the walls are not high, much shallower than is
usually done, and never digging or cropping the borders
after they are once formed. This practice was strongly
recommended by Hitt, half a century ago ; but it is very
generally neglected, and the excuse, where the parties know
better, is, that they cannot spare the borders, they being
wanted for the culture of early crops. This may be true,
and the evil may be one without a ready remedy ; but, if per-
sisted in, it need not be wondered at that trees so treated,
whether on walls or espaliers, seldom produce a crop of well-
flavoured fruit. In the garden in which we have seen the
best crops, both on the walls and on standards (that of
C. J. S. Walker, Esq., of Longford, near Manchester), not
only the wall borders, but circles of several yards in diameter
under the standard trees, were never dug or cropped ; but

Ope?i-air Culture and Management. 543

#

covered with short dung or leaves, and only pointed once
a year with a fork, about three inches deep. Much might
be said on this subject, if we had time and room.

As Points of Management and Keepings which we have had
to find fault with, more or less, in almost every gentleman's
seat we have seen since we left London, we must again
recur to the subjects of edges of walks, edges of dug clumps,
and the dug surfaces of clumps of shrubs. There are few
things more offensive to our eye than the spade marks along
the edges of walks and of dug beds or clumps. They ought
to be offensive to every eye as well as ours, because these
marks constitute lines ; and, considered as lines, they are so
large as to diminish the apparent size of every other object
near them. Their recent appearance, also, in consequence of
their being continually fresh cut, is offensive; because it
directs attention to the means rather than to the end, and thus
prevents the full enjoyment of the scene : just as the scaffold-
ing, if left in front of a newly built house after it was finished,
would prevent the full enjoyment of its architectural beauty.
In an economical point of view, deep harsh edgings, uncovered
with green, are as objectionable as they are in point of beauty ;
for in spring, in consequence of the alternate rains and frosts
of the preceding winter, they will be found to have mouldered
down, and rendered the gravel dirty and unsightly. Shallow
and covered with a web of grass, neither frost nor rain can
have any such effect upon them. We have before given max-
imums of the depth of edgings in the most dressed scenery ;
and we shall now add that it is not sufficient that this depth
be adhered to, but that the depth, whatever it may be,
should be covered with grass close down to the gravel of the
walk or earth of the bed. The spade, in short, after the
walks and their margins are once properly fornvtd, can never
again require to be used, except, perhaps, once a year in
the winter time, to cut off any underground stolones of grass
which may have found their way from the margin into the
gravel of the walk, or the soil of the bed. The grass may
always be kept sufficiently short by the verge shears. The
first place, after leaving Manchester, where we saw due at-
tention paid to verges, was Hoole House, Lady Broughton's ;
the next was the Walton nursery, Mr. Skirving's ; and the
third and fourth, Mrs. Starkey's at Bowness, and Mr. Bar-
ber's at Grasmere. In these places the principle was at-
tended to throughout; at Tatton Park, Hootton Hall,
Lathom House, Rufford Hall, Storr's Hall, and a few other
places, it was attended to, more or less, in different parts of
the grounds, but not in all.

Si* General Results of a Gardening Tour : —

In some pleasure-grounds the surface of the gravel is so
much lower than the surface of the lawn on both sides, that
it may be deemed almost impracticable to raise it to the same
level J in these cases, the margins should be gradually sloped
down, or rounded off; so as that, at all events, the gz-ass
may come close down to the gravel, and there may not ap-
pear the least streak of naked soil between it and the grass.
Walks through woods are often cut so deep into the soil
that they appear more like newly commenced ditches, or
hollowed out beds, than walks. The consequence of their
surface being below that of the adjoining ground is, that the
roots of the trees and shrubs crossing the walk rise up
in and disfigure it, while they incommode the passenger,
and destroy the essential use of the walk, that of putting
him in a state of ease and comfort, so that he may be
enabled to bend all his attention to the enjoyment of the
scenery around him. To avoid this evil in walks through
■woods, they ought to be formed above the surface, rather
than under it ; and, provided the gravel be kept clear of
weeds, and smooth, dry, and firm, to a proper width, the
margins need never be formally cut at all ; but the grass, or
■whatever may spring up for a few feet or yards on each side
of the walk, among the shrubs or trees, may be only mo^vn or
clipped ; commencing by very close shaving along the sides of
the gravel, and diverging into wildness, as the space clipped
recedes from it, and as the character of the scenery may
require.

It is a common practice in shrubberies and plantations
near houses or gardens, for the gardener to continue to dig,
or hoe and rake, the surface, for a number of years after the
shrubs or tree^ are planted ; even though it can do no good
to the trees ,ihd shrubs, and though no flowers can grow
among them. This, in our opinion, is a great deformity,
because digging, hoeing, and raking are only means to an
end ; and, kept up in ornamental grounds after they cease to
be of use in aiding the growth of the trees, they are as bad as
keeping up the outline stakes to a road after it is finished.
Now, what we have to recommend on this subject is, that, as
soon as the trees and bushes are large enough to protect
themselves from weeds (which, on an average, will be in
about three or four years), the surface around them should
cease to be dug, and should be only mown or clijiped, either
as far from the walk as the eye can reach, or to the distance
of a few feet from it ; pulling out, from among the bushes, any
larger weeds which may appear beyond the space so mown
or clipped. Groups, or clumps, on highly kept lawn, unless
thev contain flowers, or very delicate shrubs, as well as the

Managemetit and KcejJi'ng. 5i5

more hardy kinds, need never be dug above five or six years
after being planted ; they should then be turfed over in all
those parts where the soil would otherwise appear. To al-
low of this being done at an early period, the more tender
under-shrubs, such as Z)aphne Cneorum, £rica (different
species), Faccinium, &c., should never be planted with the
stronger-growing American shrubs, but kept in beds or
borders by themselves, near those parts of the grounds where
flowers are cultivated, and where, of course, the beds ahvays
I'equire to be dug. A thinking gardener may easily remedy
these and other evils, if he will constantly keep in his mind,
that digging, hoeing, and raking are only means to an end ;
and that, in ornamental scenery, in proportion as these oper-
ations are conspicuous, they are injurious to the effect to be
produced.

It is a common practice with some gardeners to hoe and
rake gravel walks, whether they require it for the sake of
eradicating the weeds or not. They think it gives a fresh
appearance, and is a mark of care and keeping. This is pro-
ceeding on the same false ta.ste which directs the diffginc: and
hoeing of clumps and beds, and the constant paring of edges.
The gravel of a walk or road should, if possible, never be
disturbed ; because doing so not only interferes with its use-
fulness, that is, its smoothness and dryness as a walk, but
conveys the idea of its being lately made, and consequently
unsettled, and without that mellowness and air of perfection
which time gives to almost every thing. When walks, therefore,
are disturbed by the hoe and rake, they ought immediately to
be smoothly rolled, so as to convey the idea of finish, stability,
and jjerfection. Eveiy practice in gardening, from the most
trifling to the most extensive, is capable of being tested by
some general principle, applicable to every art ; and every
gardener who intends to place himself in the first rank of his
profession should, by reading and reflection, endeavour to make
himself master of these principles and of their application.
Those who iiave not leisure to master the principles may,
at all events, comprehend the rules derived from them.
Rules are practical directions for the application of principles;
and though they cannot be laid down in such a way as to
apply to every case, yet general precepts may be given, and
the gardener who follows them, even though he may not be
able to argue upon the principles from which they are de-
rived, will move in a much safer course than one who has no
rules to guide him, and who merely does what he sees others
do, without knowing the reason why. The following rules
may be derived from the principles we have just laid down :-—

Vol. VII. — No. 34. n n

5it6 General Besiilts of a Gardefimg Tow: —

1. Let no turf-edgings, whether of walks, or of dug beds on
turf, be deeper than an inch, unless the walk or bed be of
extraordinary width ; and let the grass in all cases grow close
down over the edge to the surface of the walk or the bed.

^. In all dug beds, clumps, or shrubberies, where flowers
will not grow, or where it is not desired to cultivate flowers,
cease to dig, hoe, and rake, as soon as the shrubs and trees
are strong enough partially to cover the ground ; or, in gar-
dener's phrase, to choke the weeds ; mowing or clipping the
grass, and weeding out the large weeds afterwards, instead of
hoeing and raking.

3. Always keep walks and roads as smooth, firm, and dry
as possible.

4. All walks through woods, where there is danger of the
roots of trees crossing under the walk, and afterwards rising
up on it, in consequence of their increasing thickness, should
be made upon the surface, and not under it; that is, the
gravel should be laid on without previously digging out a
foundation or bed for it ; means, of course, being taken to-
insure dryness of foundation and firmness of surface.

5. The lines formed by the edges of walks in woods may
always be more or less ragged, or irregular, provided the
grass, weeds, or plants be kept quite low and smooth along
the margins of the walk, or prevented from falling down on it,
and the gravel and the adjoining soil be on the same level.

6. All walks whatever, even in the roughest and wildest
scenery, should be led along at easy slopes, and rendered
perfectly smooth and easy to walk upon, so that the spectator
may never have any occasion to look down, and take heed to
his feet, lest he should trip.

With these rules we shall stop for the present, earnestly
requestuig not only gardeners, but their employers, and every
one who is fond of walking in gardens, to make them known
by every means in their power, and recommend their adop-
tion. In this the editors of provincial newspapers might
materially assist us ; and we hereby invite them to disseminate
not only what we have said on the subject in this and in our
preceding article (p. 404.), but also what we shall add in
future articles. Let it never be forgotten that all that we
have recommended will be attended with less trouble to the
gardener, and less expense to the master, than the present
mode of proceeding.

After these general remarks, we come next to a compar-
ative view of the different residences which we have seen,
arranging them as before, as palace, mansion, and villa resi-
dences, town and cottage gardens, nurseries, &c^

Eaton Hail. 54.-7

Of Palace Residences we have, since our last, seen only two ;
Eaton Hall and Lowther Castle. The palace at Eaton Hall,
in the exterior, equalled our expectations, and in the interior
surpassed them. It is the only palace Avhich we have ever
seen where every part of the finishing and furniture was
equally excellent, and all in perfect harmony and keeping.
With great splendour, there is great chasteness of colouring;
and, in consequence, an appearance of comfort and habitable-
ness that one does not expect to meet with under such a
gorgeous exterior. Having said this, and added that the
kitchen-garden is in perfect order and keeping; its character
being that of a kitchen-garden, ornamented with flower-bor-
ders, we have said all that we can say in favour of Eaton
Hall. As to the grounds ; in the first place, the situation for-
bids all hope of any natural beauty in the park, beyond that
of the grouping of trees, and the excellence of the pasture
and roads ; and, in the next place, a totally wrong character
has been attempted in laying out the pleasure-grounds about
the house. A dreary even surface, every inch of which is
seen from the terrace, has been attempted to be varied by
three broad parallel walks, and one cross walk, with beds
along their margins. The effect is a degree of sameness,
tiresome in proportion to the extent of the scene, and with-
out a single object that can raise ideas of either grandeur or
beauty. We speak of this pleasure-ground as we saw it, the
beds for the most part overgrown with large coarse shrubs ;
when these beds were first planted, and were covered with
flowers, we have no doubt they looked better, because they
would then have a brilliant appearance from their colours ;
but they are now all sameness, both in colour and form. A
much more effective plan of forming a pleasure-ground to
such a house, and in such a situation, would have been to
have enclosed three or four acres by an architectural Gothic
wall, and laid out the interior in a highly enriched geometri-
cal style, corresponding to the house. With such a desicrn
a complete effect might have been produced ; but, at present,
the style adopted being neither an imitation of the natural or
free style, nor yet of that which is avowedly artificial or
architectural, is unsuccessful with reference to both, without
producing any marked character of its own.

The architectural terrace here is well designed, but so far
badly executed that it is gravelled instead of being paved ;
and that piers, pedestals, and other situations, evidently
intended to be finished by vases or other architectural orna-
ments, are left naked, or surmounted by common garden
potSj with the most ordinary green-house plants. We could

N N 2

548 General Results of a Gardening Tour: —

not help being surprised at the incongi'uity. Were we the
Earl of Grosvenor, we should immediately complete this ter-
race as it ought to be completed ; and extend from it east-
ward, and to the right and left, a highly enriched architectural
garden, surrounded by an embattled half-sunk wall, with an
accompanying terrace, and connected with the kitchen-garden
by a walk. AH the rest of the present pleasure-ground, down
to the water, we would throw into the park. If we have
sufficient leisure, when giving the details of our tour, we wilt
give a plan of the pleasure-ground here as it is, and another
as, we feel perfectly confident, it ought to be ; on the prin-
ciple of never attempting any thing by art, that nature has
rendered it impossible to do well.

We were rather surprised to find this pleasure-ground in
very bad order ; the white clover was flowering on the grass ;
on remarking which to an intelligent young man. Mi-. Diifif^s
foreman, he stated that the grass was keeping for the farmer,
that article being scarce with him this season. This, the family
being in London, we consider to a certain extent a legitimate
excuse; but we wonder much that a man of the Earl of Gros-
venor's rank and wealth, possessing such a truly magnificent
palace as Eaton Hall, should not give orders to have it, at all
seasons, in the highest style of keeping of which it is suscep-
tible. Between the highest degree and mediocrity the differ-
ence will not amount to more than the work of half a dozen
of labourers in the year. The dug clumps were, in general,
what gardeners would call foul, and the edgings to the walks
as deep and bare as any we have seen ; and, as a proof that a
good deal has been pared off them every year, we observed a
margin of clay between the edging and the gravel.

We should not say so much of these edgings, did we not know
Mr. Duff, whom we regret we did not find at home, to be too
liberal and enlightened a man to take it amiss; and, to rank
too highly in his profession for any thing that we could say
to do him the slightest injury. But this very professional
eminence on his part renders it the more necessary for us to
point out freely what might otherwise be imitated on his
authority.

Lowther Castle is placed in a commanding situation, in a
noble park, with an extensive prospect from the entrance
front, but with no prospect at all, not even of the home
grounds from the other. A great error, in our opinion, has
been committed in not forming the entrance front on this
unfavoured side; so that the first impressions of the grand
distant prospect might have been obtained from the windows.
Another lamentable fault is, that the whole building is too

Lowther Hall, Mansion Residences. 54-9

low, on which account it is totally deficient in dignity ; and,
though in the castle style of architecture, it has nothing of
the air of a castle. At present all the beauties of the park
are seen in approaching to the house, and the pleasure-ground
contains only one feature, certainly well worth remembering,
a grassy terrace, not connected with the house, but one of
the finest things of the kind in Britain. The surface of the
ground on the garden front is peculiarly unfortunate in slop-
ing towards the house, instead of from it ; and yet no pains
have been taken to counteract this misfortune, by creating a
perfect level, and, beyond, a natural-looking bank of lawn and
trees. Something towards a level has been done, but not
enough ; and it is singular that the space cleared has not
been ornamented wdth flower-beds. An ash tree and a thorn,
however, neither of them possessing the least beauty, are
left upon it, perched on conical heaps of earth ; at once
actual deformities, and standing monuments of the diseased
feehng, as to trees, of whoever ordered them to be retained.
There is a small flower-garden, in a hollow, shaded by high
trees, where fine flowers can never grow ; and a very bad
kitchen-garden, a mile or more from the house. By great
skill, however, good crops are produced in it, though the
difficulties to be contended with are enough to break the
heart of a gardener. To those who do not object to entering a
house from the front which has the best view, Lowther Castle
may still be made something of by reducing the lawn on the
garden front to an apparently perfect level ; that is, to a slope
from the house of about one foot in a hundred; and then
enriching it highly with flower-beds ; the warts and their
trees being removed, and the ground beyond the sunk fence
properly varied. The elevation of the house might be raised
by a real or a mock story. We are much gratified in being
able to state that here, and at Eaton Hall, the chimney- tops
are not disfigured by pots, as at Chatsworth.

Mansion Residences. The house at Tatton Park is finely
situated ; but the park, though naturally much varied. Aid
containing a fine piece of water seen in the middle of the
picture from the garden front, has too many single trees. It
is injured, because by this means a sameness of appearance
is produced, and there is everywhere a thin sprinkling of
trees, instead of broad masses of wood and lawn, broken at
their margins, and entering into each other. In short, what
landscape-painters call breadth of feature is wanting. In the
pleasure-ground the edgings of many of the walks and beds
are entirely to our mind ; and Mr. Edgerley has followed
our suggestions in this Magazine, of confining some of his

K N 3

550 General Results of a Gardening Tour r — >

numerous flower-beds to one natural order ; others to one
genus; and others to one colour of flower. The kitchen-
garden is well managed by Mr. Reynolds, one of the best
pine and grape growers in England ; and in the hot-houses
we found the best crop of grapes over pines which we have
seen since leaving London ; except those at Trentham and
Knowlsley, also over pines, and which were about as good,
but not better. In these three cases, and indeed in most
others where we have found excellent crops of grapes over
pines, the pines have been spurred in, and only one shoot
kept under each rafter. At Dunham Massey we found ex-
cellent crops of pines, and grapes over them; though here
the pines are chiefly fruited in pits. In the pleasure-ground,,
some of the edgings of the walks and beds approximate to
our idea of what they ought to be. The same may be said
as to the edgings at Hootton House. The kitchen-gardens
at Knowlsley Park have been reformed by Mr. Smith, and
most admirable crops of grapes, pines, and peaches, are now
in full perfection. Considering the state that these gardens
were in when we saw them in 1819, the greatest credit is due
to Mr. Smith. At Croxteth Park, the gardens have, in like
manner, been reformed by Mr. Balmer, jun., an intelligent,
strong-minded, reading young man. His object is late crops,
and, in them he has the greatest success. At Lathom House,
a considerable part of the edgings are as they ought to be;
and, considering that the family were in London when we
called, this place was kept in admirable order by Mr. Kidd^
to whom we have strongly recommended the hot-water sys-
tem of heating, and curvilinear houses. The woods and
plantations here, we have already mentioned, are managed in
a superior style by Mr. Lawton. Ruffbrd Hall is a dull flat
place, but part of the edgings and other things, which will
be mentioned in the details of our tour, are to our taste.

Leven's Hall has a curious old walled garden, part of
which is preserved in the style of James I., by whose gar-
d^xier it was laid out. We do not approve, however, of
introducing georginas and other modern plants in this
genuine specimen of garden antiquities. Mr. Forbes, the
gardener here, is the author of Short Hin/s on Ornamental
Gardeni7ig, which we shall elsewhere notice. At Storrs
Hall, the edgings in the flower-garden and in part of the
pleasure-ground are to our mind ; and the kitchen-garden is
excellently managed by Mr. Higham, a pupil of Mr. Forest's*
Brougham Hall has little to recommend it but the name^
The situation on the brink of a bank Avhich had formerly
been washed by the river Eamont, near its junction with the

Villa Uesideyices. 551

X,owther, is fine ; but the place, at present, in consequence of
the numerous alterations going on, is in a state of confusion.
Carlton Hall might easily be made something of. The
hot-houses, improperly placed in the middle of the garden,
are rearranged in a superior manner, under the direction
of Mr. Lauder, an intelligent young man, a master of his
profession, and are heated, as before mentioned, by hot water.
The park at Netherby is too much crowded with single trees
in front of the house ; but the kitchen-garden is renovating
by Mr. Dodd. The chimneys of the mansion are raised in
architectural forms, to supersede the necessity of chimney-
pots ; an improvement which we heartily recommend.

The faults of mansion residences between Manchester and
Dumfries are of the same general character as those men-
tioned (p. 397 — 399.) as belonging to those between Man-
chester and London: — the entrance on the wrong side; an
attempt at extensive pleasure-ground ; too many single trees;
coarse edgings ; and general want of order and keeping.
These evils, we think, have increased rather than diminished,
as we have advanced ; with the single exception of the edges
of walks and roads, which, in a few places before enumerated,
are partially what we think they ought to be.

Villa Rcsidctices. We have found a few of these very
perfect ; viz. Hoole House, Lady Broughton's ;. the villa of
Mr. Barber, at Grasmere; Mrs. Starkey's villa, at Bowness;
the poet Wordsworth's, at Rhydal ; and the garden of Mr.
Tong's cottage, near Garstang. We regret the want of room
to describe these places. Lady Broughton's is chiefly cele-
brated for a lawn, varied by flower-beds, and terminating in
rockwork, in imitation of Swiss glaciers. This rockwork
contains one of the best collections of alpines in Britain ;
admirably managed by the gardener, Mr. Welsby, who has
promised us a list of them. The margins of the beds and of
the walks at this place are exactly as we could wish them.
The cottage and grounds of Mr. Barber of Grasmere are
decidedly the most perfect things of the kind we have ever
seen : notwithstanding the greatest temptation to indulge in
extravagant fancies, nothing of the kind is to be found ; and
one wonders how it happens that the whole has escaped the
common fate of even the finest places, viz. that of having
some part incongruous with the rest. Mrs. Starkey's villa, at
Bowness, is perfection's self, as far as it goes ; for, though the
area of the grounds is not much larger than that of the
magnificent library at Eaton Hall, they contain more beauty
and variety than the whole of the hundred acres of pleasure-
ground at that great dull place. Rhydal Mount is a pastoral

N N 4-

552 General Results of a Gardening Tour : — •

cottage, many of the walks being of turf. There is a terrace
walic, with some scraps of natural rockwork planted by art ;
and displaying at the same time the taste of the painter in
the arrangement of the colours, and the science of the bo-
tanist in choosing the plants, Mr. Tong's flower-garden, at
Falcon Cottage, is formed in the bottom and on the sides of
an old gravel pit or quarry ; and is one of the most successful
productions of the kind that we have ever seen. It is close
by the public road, and, coming on it unexpectedly (for which
pleasure we have to thank Mr. Taylor, the nursei-jniian at
Preston), it struck us with admiration and delight. The first
object that met our eye in the foreground was a cone, 10 or
12 ft. in diameter, and 6 or 8 ft. high, of Potentilla formosa;
and the next, high up in the rocky bank, a mass, covering
several square yards, of the dwarf white Campanula. .To the
right and left were masses of beautiful and rare flowers in
blossom. The gate was ajar, though there was no person
belonging to the garden in it ; for here there is no dread of
the public ; and we walked in, sending a message to Mr. Tong.
In threading our way through the intricacies of this enchanted
garden, we found it planted with shrubs and plants for spring
and autumn in such a manner as to render it gay all the year.
Every new and rare plant which has been recommended in
this Magazine is to be found here ; and, what is most remark-
able of all, Mr. Tong, who is chiefly his own gardener, and
a good botanist, told us, that, three years ago, he knew only
about half a dozen of the commonest flowers.

In the Park, near Liverpool, we found a fine exemplification
of the practicability of establishing colonies of villas, all aiding
the effect of each other. Those here are all connected by
one common walk to the banks of the Mersey, independently
of having separate carriage entrances from the public roads.
The possessors of one set of these villas are five individuals
of the family of Yates.

The villa of Edward Cropper, Esq., and that of Edward
Roscoe, Esq., have much merit. The garden of the latter
contains all the flowers figured in Mrs. Roscoe's elegant
periodical. But the most romantic villa in the neighbour-
hood of Liverpool is that of Otterspool, which is, . at the
same time, tolerably well kept. Oakland Cottage is justly
celebrated for the perfection with which the gardener, Mr.
Perrin, grows orchideous epiphytes and hot-house bulbs ;
Mr. Harrison limiting his hot-houses to the cultivation of
these two classes of plants, because they flower chiefly in the
winter season, when the open air furnishes little or nothing
in the way of floral productions. The gardener at Mossly

Villa Residences. 555

Hill, whose name we regret to have omitted to take down,
is aware of the importance of not cropping his fruit tree
borders ; and the same may be said as to the gardener at
Green Bank, James Lawton, who is a good botanist, and has
discovered a new species of fern. At Gatacre, the most
abundant and early crops of grapes are raised by Mr.
Roskell, and sometimes sent to the London market. Here,
a pit of stones is heated by steam, in Mr. Hay's manner,
with perfect success. On the whole, however, we were dis-
appointed in the keeping of the villa gardens in the neigh-
bourhood of Liverpool ; and we did not expect to find, in
that liberal and enlightened town, the degree of parsimony
towards gardeners which we were given to understand gene-
rally exists.

The grounds at Slyne House, R. Greene Bradley, Esq.,
are beautifully situated and perfectly kept, as much so as those
at Whitmore Lodge, but, like them, the edgings of the walks
are much too harsh ; an evil which in both cases is already,
or will soon be, remedied. An incipient taste for plants has
been created at Halton Hall, in this neighbourhood, and
Miss Bradshaw is pursuing it with the greatest vigour and
skill. The same may be said with respect to Halton Rectory
and the garden of Miss Dalton ; the latter of which, however,
we did not see. Dallam Tower is spoiled by the entrance to
the house being on the wrong side, and masses of trees are
wanted on the knolls in the park, and groups of trees and
stones by the margin of the river. Elleray, the villa of Pro-
fessor Wilson, is placed on perhaps the most commanding
situation on the banks of Windermere ; but the effect to the
stranger is spoiled by the display of all the beauties of that
situation before entering the house, in consequence of its being
approached on the wrong side. Though there are scarcely
any dug beds or flowers about the house, yet the plantations
at the entrance-lodge are dug and planted with roses and
flowers. (See p. 398, 399. and S-i^.) Besides this mismanage-
ment as to the approach, the poet, as we have already ob-
served (p. 537.)? bas the tree disease to an extreme degree.

Woodhouselee, J. Bell, Esq., contains a considerable col-
lection of flowering plants, a recent importatiorf of curious trees
and shrubs from Booth of Hamburgh, and remarkably com-
plete farm buildings ; but the edgings are bad. The gardener,
Alexander Todd, is a scientific man, and has a clean neat
house of two rooms without closets, but which requires an
addition, as he is now obliged to make use of his bed-room as
a dairy. This ought not to be the case, especially where a man
has, like Mr. Todd, a family of five or six children. We

554 Ge7ieral Results qf a Gardeni7ig Tour: —

shall have a good deal to say of this place when giving the
details of our tour. Mrs. Maxwell's garden, near Mr. Bell's,
contains a very interesting collection of trees and shrubs. The
gardener at Woodslee, William Scott, is a strong-minded
man, and intelligent in his profession. In this part of the
country we first met with the old Scottish and French custom
of placing a bed, always the best, in the parlour. We could
wish to see the custom done away with, in order that garden-
ers' houses in Scotland might have comfortable parlours, like
those of their brethren in England. We sought in vain, in
this neighbourhood, for the late Duchess of Buccleugh's cot-
tage, called the Bower, built on an impending high rock on
the banks of the Esk, with a beautiful flower-garden annexed,
which we saw about this season in the year 1805; but we
were informed by Mr. Bell, on returning from Langholm,
that the large sandstone rock on which bodi the cottage and
the garden were placed, and which formed altogether an
immense mass, resting on a soft decomposing base, was un-
dermined by a dreadful flood (we believe in 1816), and the
whole falling into the water with a tremendous crash was
carried down the stream, and totally destroyed. The duchess
was never informed of the fate of her favourite Bower, and
care was taken to dissuade her from ever coming to visit it.

Of Town Gardens adjoining houses we entered none in Ches-
ter or in Lancaster, unless we except that of the jail in the
latter place, which was good, though inferior, in point of
extent, to that of the jail at Aylesbury. All jails, we think,
ought to have large gardens, for the sake of the moral train-
ing which they afford. The large garden at the Lancaster
Lunatic Asylum is found a source of great benefit to the least
afflicted of the inmates of that place. The garden of Charles
Horsefald, Esq., at Liverpool is very neat, and has one hot-
house already heated by hot water in close pipes, and another
about to be so heated in an open channel, to contain water
plants and gold fish ; but which channel may be covered with
tin covers during winter, when the plants are under the water,
and when the steam arising from it might render the air too
moist. The garden of Appleton, Esq., also in Liver-
pool, contains several hot-houses, very neatly constructed of
wood, in the old style, and having excellent crops. The gar-
den of Mr. Thom, at Annan, is laid out in terraces, and is
finely situated on the banks of the river ; which is, however,
nearly hidden by his plantations. The garden contains nume-
rous fruit trees of large size, and also forest trees and shrubs
transplanted and supported in the manner described by him
(p. 44-5.), and all of them succeeding completely. Mr. 'J'hom,

To\soii Gardefis, Cottage Gardens, 555

when speaking of his success in his own garden, we were
most happy to find, has kept far within the hmits of exagger-
ation. He has a number of ingenious garden contrivances,
of which he has promised us details.

There are some detached town arardens in the neighbour-
hood of Lancaster Hke those at Birmingham (noticed p. 409.),
and vegetables, gooseberries, and florists' flowers are grown in
them to great perfection. We examined those of Mr. John
Richardson and Mr. Walmsley. In the garden of each we
tasted several varieties of the large Lancashire gooseberries,
and we must state, that, contrary to our previous prejudices
as to the flavour of these berries being inferior to that of the
old ones of smaller size, we were compelled to acknowledge
it to be superior. Much depends on growing them in an open
airy situation; much on the season; and much also on the
kinds, for some are bad, or with little flavour. The sorts we
tasted, and found decidedly superior, were the following : —
Reds : Prince Regent, Huntsman, and Top Sawyer.
Yellows : Sovereign, Rockwood's, and Smuggler.
Green ; Niger, Greenwood, and No Bribery.
Whites : Whitesmith, Wellington's Glory, and Queen
Charlotte.

Mr. Richardson declares that he finds the large goose-
berries superior to the small sorts for preserving as well as
for eating, and that they take both less boiling and less sugar.
We recommend gardeners to cultivate the above sorts at
least, and to let us know how far their opmion agrees with
Mr. Richardson's and our own. It is but justice to Mr. Saul,
to state that he informed us to this effect long ago, as some
of his communications will testify. It may be well to grow
both large and small sorts, for in cold or wet climates and
seasons small-sized fruits are always the best flavoured.

Cottage Gardens. — These rather fall off, in point of orna-
mental plants, as we advajice towards the north ; but in Lan-
cashire they are of a good size, and, as we were informed
by Mr. Whalley of the Maghull nursery, they contribute
materially to the support of the cottager by the potatoes, cab-
bages, and onions grown in them. About the lakes, the
cottage gardens form an exception as to flowers; but from
Carlisle to Dumfries they seem to contain very few, and, as
we were informed by a gentleman intimately acquainted with
this tract of country, when many of the cottages were pulled
down and rebuilt by farmers and proprietors some years ago,
when farming land was high, the gardens were cruellv di-
minished, or taken away altogether. this ought not to be

SB6 General Results of a Gardening Tour.

tolerated, and we heartily wish that the legislature would
interfere in the manner suggested, p. 4 10.

Nwseries. — The Baclie Pool nursery at Chester, Messrs.
F. and J. Dickson, and the Walton nursery near Liverpool,
Mr. Skirving, are by far the two most complete nurseries of
hardy things that we have seen since we left London :
indeed, for articles grown in the open air, and for order and
neatness, there is no nursery about London which can be at
all compared with them. The Bache Pool nursery contains the
best collection of rare plants, and the other excels in the style
in which the grounds are arranged about Mr. Skirving's bouse,
and in the arrangement and keeping of the whole. There
is an approach road to Mr. Skirving's house through turf,
trees, and a lawn varied by beds of shrubs'and flowers and by
rockwork; and the edgings to the walks and beds are entirely
to our mind. We recommend them as a study to every gar-
dener about Liverpool, and their inspection to every employer
of a gardener in that district, who is ambitious of having his
place in the best style of keeping. The general foreman here,
Mr. Dall, and the foreman of the houses and botanic ground,
Mr. Smith, are most intelligent men, and they perfectly under-
stand our ideas as to the keeping of turf edgings. The other
nurseries we must leave to be described hereafter. In the
mean time, we have to express our regret at having quitted
Preston, Lancaster, and Annan without seeing all the nur-
series at those towns. Our having seen only a part will not,
we trust, be attributed to any partiality. We have been much
gratified to fmd that the practice is very general among the
trade of subscribing to this Magazine, and of lending it out
to such gardeners as are their customers. Many are thus
enabled to profit from it who would not otherwise see it.
The contents of a borrowed book are generally treasured up
with more care than those of a purchased one, because the
reader knows that he will not have the book to refer to, and
therefore must endeavour to remember what it contains.

JVe have seen no Market-Gar deyis of any note since writing
our last. Many of the private gardens about Manchester and
Liverpool send the finer vegetables, and also fruits, to market ;
and the vegetables sold in large quantities are raised by
small farmers in the sandy districts in the neighbourhood of
these towns, as at Knutsford, Altringham, Ormskirk, Everton,
&c. The mode in which the Altringham carrot is cultivated
for seed shall be detailed hereafter.

The Liverpool Botanic Garden is about to be removed to a
new site a little farther off; but which, unless the space of
twelve acres allotted for it be kept open by placing beside it

Neii) Mode of destroi/ing Insects and Vermin. 557

a horticultural garden and a zoological garden, will soon be
liable to the same injury from smoke as the other. We have
seen a plan for the new garden, which as it is not understood
to be determhied upon, we forbear to criticise.

While writing this article, we have received a letter from
Mr. Mowbray, curator of the Manchester garden, stating that
we have misrepresented the mode of planting that garden
when we affirmed (p. 413.) that " the nurses are composed of
one common mixture throughout the garden." Such, as-
suredly, was, and still is, our impression. However, we are
very likely in part wrong ; which we exceedingly regret, for
we have been long proud to call Mr. Mowbray our friend,
and there is no man for whose independence of character we
have more respect. We insert his letter under the head
of Retrospective Criticism, and we invite such as take an
interest in the matter to examine the garden, and send us a
plan of two or three portions of the plantations referred to in
Mr. Mowbray's letter, placing numbers in the plan for the
position of each tree, and giving us a list of the names of the
trees or shrubs corresponding with the numbers. This will
decide the thing at once.

Of Public Promenade Gardens, there is only one small one
in Liverpool, St. James's Walk. It is in a fine elevated situ-
ation; but, as we have before stated (p. 525.), such a town as
Liverpool requires something of this kind upon a very differ-
ent scale. There are none in the other towns that we passed
throuoh. The difference between the Continent and Britain
in this respect is most remarkable. The smallest town, both
in France and Germany, has its public garden ; and all the
considerable towns have scientific gardens, combining a bo-
tanical arrangement with the plants of horticulture and agri-
culture.

J. C. L.
Assembly Street, Dumfries, Aug. ^. 1831.

Art. IL On the Application of the Ammoniacal Liquor of Coal
Gas to the Destruction of Insects and Vermin. By Robert
Mallet, Jan., Esq.

Sir,
I CANNOT delay sending you an account of a discovery
which, I believe, 1 am the first to make, and which, however
simple and unimposing, will, I think, be of considerable value.
It is no more than the application of the ammoniacal liquor
of the coal gas works to the purpose of destroying insects

558 Neiv Mode of destroying Insects and Vermin.

and vermin in horticultural houses : a matter of the first im-
portance; the expense and difficulty of which has hitherto
kept most of our houses in a comparatively filthy state.

Ammonia is well known to be fatal to animals of all kinds;
and I find in fruit-houses infested with rats, that, applied to
their holes, it is better than any trap ; for it either ferrets
them out, or kills them in the holes.

1 have found that it produces no injury to the most de-
licate stove or conservatory plants, unless the volume of
ammoniacal gas exceeds one fifth of the whole volume of
atmospheric air in the house. Succulents will bear any quan-
tity. The gas need not be applied in diffusion through the
house more than fifteen minutes, during which time every
mealy bug and aphis will drop dead. Nothing but oil or
rubbing off will kill the scaly bug, I believe, except this gas,
applied directly to the affected part of the plant for a short
time, from the tube of a retort or other fit vessel.

The mode of applying it to a house is very simple : — A
hole is to be made near the bottom of one of the doors, or
other fit place, big enough to let the pipe of a watering-pot
through, which is to contain a quantity of the ammoniacal
liquor. A small quantity of turf or wood is then to be kindled
under it, and the vapour will enter and diffuse itself in the
house.

The proper quantity may be easily estimated with sufficient
accuracy. First determine the quantity of ammonia the liquor
contains, in a given quantity, by the quantity of acid it w^ill
neutralise: reference to any chemical system will give the
number of cubic feet this will occupy at the atmospheric
pressure and at the temperature of the houses ; and the
cubical contents of the houses being known, use just so much
of the liquor as will produce one fifth of those contents. When
this quautity is found, the best way is to use only so much,
and evaporate it to dryness.*

After the gas has been diffused through the house for
about fifteen minutes, the ventilators should be opened to
allow it to escape, lest it injure the plants. You will per-
ceive the advantage of this in saving expense in tobacco,
time, labour, and trouble. It may be usefully applied to kill
moths in clothes presses, &c., nnd flies when numerous in
houses in summer. I am, Sir, yours, &c.

Robert Mallet.
94. Capel Street, Dubliti, July 14=. 1831.

* We shall be much obliged to our correspondent to furnish such details
as will enable a gardener, having no chemical system to refer to, to apply
the gas with certainty and safety. — ComL

Planting and laying out Grounds. 559

Art. III. On plaiiting and laying out Grounds. By M. Her-
mann KnoOp Klynton, Landscape-Gardener, Ghent.

To lay out a garden, or build a house, seems to many
people only to require money, and the wish to do so. This
is not the case. During my late travels I became acquainted
with a young physician, a great botanist ; he proposed calling
on one of his friends, a very rich man, who lived in the town
where our horses were to stop. This friend was engaged in
erecting a large house, and laying out immense gardens. 1 was
struck at first sight with great sins committed against the
rules of solidity, and I could not prevent myself from asking
the proprietor if his architect was present. " Yes, Sir," he
replied; " it is m^^self." I was then silent; and afterwards
surveyed the large piece of ground intended for the garden,
which I found much varied in itself, being intermixed with
beautiful masses of lofty trees, woody and rocky hills, fine
large natural meadows, and a stream of clear water. They
were surrounding these beauties with high walls. I saw wdtli
regret many of the trees destined to be cut down. The
doctor asked his friend what he was going to make. " An
English garden." " Show us your plan, then." " My plan !"
he replied ; " it is in my head. " We took leave of this rich
proprietor, and continued our journey. " What do you think
of that man?" says the doctor. " That man," says I, " will
spend much money in destroying the natural beauties of his
place. He will one day repent of losing his time and money
on things which offend the principles of art, and which will
be censured by all connoisseurs."

To lay out a pleasure-garden, money and imagination are
not sufficient : a knowledge of geometry and drawing is
indispensable, either to draw a plan, and to form some idea
of the expense, or to transfer from the paper to the ground
a plan already arranged. To plant a garden in the pic-
turesque style, which with me is synonymous to planting with
taste, requires not only a perfect knowledge of trees, shrubsy
and ornamental plants, proper for this style of plantation, but
also of landscape-paintii^g, so as to know how to dispose the
trees according to their form, size, and colour, in such a
manner as to harmonise with the place. In departing from
known and established principles, instead of a delightful
picture, we run the risk of producing an insignificant, uni-
form, and cold mixture of verdure.

I am not afraid of repeating here, that to plant as I mean
requires extensive information.

The nature of the soil ought particularly to be taken into

560 Planting and laying out Grounds.

consideration in the adoption of a general plan ; and a know-
ledge of gardening, as an art of cnlture, is requisite to insure
success. When a thicket of all kinds of trees is wanted, a
detailed plan is not so necessary ; but even to plant a thicket in
imitation of nature, nature must have been previously studied.

I have seen magnificent gardens in England ; but some in
Germany appeared to me almost as beautiful, particularly in
Saxony and Bavaria. I have not forgotten the beautiful
villas of Rome, and the fine gardens in Italy; but, in France,
Ermenonville, Malmaison, and some others in this style, have
made a greater impression on me than the masterpiece at
Versailles. Nature is there disfigured by pruning trees to stiff
and whimsical forms. In barbarous ages, and to ignorant
individuals in the present age, this mutilation gives pleasure,
because it shows the power of man : but to highly civilised
nations, and to individuals of refined taste, the simplicity of
nature is the greatest beauty.

The object of painting and poetry is to represent the finest
effects of nature. Picturesque effects in a pleasure-garden
consist equally in the choice of the most agreeable forms, the
elegance of the outline, the gradation of the perspective, the
contrast of light and shade, the projection and relief of
objects which strike the sight, the charm of variety and the
beautiful harmony of colours, and finally, in that happy and
admirable ease which is the distinctive mark of nature and
gracefulness.

I have endeavoured to show that the arrangement of a
pleasure-garden cannot be the effect of caprice, and that there
are rules and principles to be followed, which we cannot
neglect without committing the faults which are remarked in
many of our gardens in the English style. These kinds of
productions may please and suit persons who have not re-
ceived that education which forms and distinguishes a man
of taste. To know how to value and judge what is really
beautiful, admirable, and sublime, can only be the fruit of
application, and much care and study. These tj'uths are fully
demonstrated in the treatises written on the subject by French
architects and landscape-gardeners who have become cele-
brated by their works ; amongst others by M. Morel, archi-
tect, whose work, in 2 vols. &vo \_Enajc. of Gard., p. 1118.],
contains, besides his theory' of gardening, a description of
Ermenonville ; and by M. Curten, architect, whose essay on
gardening, in 1 vol. 8vo [^Encyc. of Gard.^ p. 1120.], contains
the principles of the art of forming picturesque gardens, and
a plan descriptive of an immense park, as an example. Read-
ing these works will convince those who entertain any doubts

Qyclamen cbnm, Boiward'ia triphylla, Eranthis //j/emdlis. 561

on the subject, that it is quite impossible to dispense with the
princi})les of art, in forming and laying out gardens which are
to be distinguished by good taste.

There are, indeed, people who are easily pleased, and who
are so with trifling productions. To value beauty properly,
we must understand what it is ; we must be able to distinguish
it, not only from deformity, but from the negative of beauty,
or what some would call common-place forms and combin-
ations. This faculty is in part born with us, or, in other
words, in part determined by our organisation ; but it is
chiefly the result of education, that is, of the observations,
reflections, and comparisons made by the individual.

I have frequently observed, in my journeys through Hol-
land, that there was hardly such a thing to be met with in
that country as a natural group of trees ; and I have, there-
fore, found that only those persons who are conversant with
engravings or paintings of landscapes can see any beauty in
these groups. I was called in one day to point out a situation
for a summer-house, in the garden of a rich burgomaster in
the neighbourhood of Haarlem. I fixed on one under a
noble group of an oak, an elm, and two small ash trees.
" We must move these ash trees," said my employer; "they
are out of all proportion to the oak and to the elm." Such
were the ideas of my worthy patron, who, you will easily per-
ceive, was neither a traveller nor conversant with Italian
landscapes. What was I to do ? I will tell you in my next
letter.

G/fCfit, June, 1831. H. K. K.

(To be continued.)

Art. IV. Oil tlie Cultivation of the Cyclamen cmim, Bouvardla,
triphylla, and Eranthis hyemulis. By Mr. James Housman.

Sir,

Mr. Wilmot's successful culture and strong recommend-
ation of the Cj'clamen persicum, as described in your Vol. I.
p. 386., and Vol. II. p. 377-, have induced me to pay atten-
tion to its no less beautiful congener Cyclamen coum ; which,
in ray opinion, deserves to be rescued from that neglect to which
its easy propagation and consequent commonness have sub-
jected it. Sow the seeds as soon as ripe, in the month of May,
in a wide pan or pot well drained ; fine leaf mould is the most
suitable ; place them on a diy bottom in any shady part of
the flower-garden. In October, remove them to a cold frame

Vol. VII. — No. 31. o o

562 Cultivation of the Cyclamen cbum,

or pit, where they may be defended from frost ; and, though
a little heat does not hurt them in this stage of their growth,
It IS altogether unsuitable when they have arrived at their
age of flowering. In twelve months tliey should be trans-
planted into pots or large pans, in which they will flower in
the month of January following. From the time they are
transplanted, k^ep them in a shady yet airy place, occasionally
watered ; and about the first of November they may be removed
to an open airy part of the green -house to flowei'. When
done flowering, they should not, as is often the case, be thrust
away into any by-corner, out of sight ; but should have an open
situation to perfect their leaves, and be free from injury by
frost. This summer and w inter management, and but seldom
shifting, will keep them in fine flowering condition for many
years.

There is another plant to which I would beg to call atten-
tion, particularly for its hardiness, and for showing, in the
open air, a greater profusion of fine flowers than it ever does
in the house; I mean the Bouvard/« triphylla; which bears
frost, and grows as vigorously as the Fiichs/a coccinea.
Both should be cut down late in the autumn, as from the
early spring shoots they produce their finest flowers; and,
while so cut down, are much easier defended from frost by
leaves or litter, than if suffered to remain uncut. Another
very interesting flower, appearing in the most dreary season,
should be more generally cultivated; namely, the Eranthis
hyemalis, as it is not only the fii'st harbinger of spring, but
gives life to every scene where it appears.

I am. Sir, yours, &c.

June, 1830. J. HousMAN.

Remarks on the above. By J. D.

Cyclamens. — A more elegant family can scarcely be re-
commended to the skill and affection of floriculturists : and
Mr. Wilmot's lucid and practical communications plainly de-
clare it to be one very susceptible of improvement by art.
Will not the species and varieties hybridise readily if arti-
ficially cross-impregnated, and thus originate entirely new
varieties, even superior to the beautiful kinds already extant ?

I was once shown a plant of C. persicum whose blossoms
were very fragrant. It was deemed by its possessor, the
llev. George Reading Leathes (Shropham Flail, Norfolk),
a gentleman versed in plants, a rare and peculiar variety. Is
it so? Mr.Wilmot, in his excellent articles above referred to,
calls C. persicum a " fine-scented bulb ; " and, farther on,
directs those who would save seeds to " select " for this pur-

Bonvardia trqjJiijlla, and Eranthis hyemulis. 56'6

pose " only those plants whose blossoms are scented, some
being much more so than others." A fragrant variety of
C. europ8e\im, also, is indicated, in Vol. I. p. 453., as having
bloomed with Messrs. Rollison of Tooting; and, in Vol. V.
p. 613., a " very delightful and delicate fragrance " is
ascribed to the " true C. europae'um," then growing at Mr.
Knight's Nursery, Chelsea. Are not the blossoms of most
kinds of Cyclamen fragrant ? Is it generally known that the
herbage, and the tuber more especially, of C. europje'um, are
intensely acrimonious ? The acrimony is at first impercep-
tible, but palpable enough subsequently. Smith's English
Flora, vol. i. p. 273., first taught me the fact ; and Lindley's
excellent Introduction to the Natiiral Si/stau ofHotany, p. 226.,
also states that " the root of Cyclamen is famous for its
acridity," and further informs us, " Yet this is the principal
food of the wild boars of Sicily, whence its common name of
Sowbread." This fact reminds me of having observed snails
{Helix hortensis) to feed on the fiery-flavoured foliage of the
Clematis Flaipmula, or sweet-scented virgin's bower. Flani-
niula signifies a little flame, and the flavour of the plant is
inflammatory enough. Is the acrimony of Cyclamen eu-
ropae'um, the same in kind and in degree, possessed by every
species and variety of Cyclamen ? It is scarcely in place here
to notice the wonde)"ful physiological fact displayed in the
peduncles of C. europae\mi and other species : they are
straight until the flowers are past and the germens are im-
pregnated; after which they become spiral, enclosing the
germen in the centi-e, and, lowering it to the earth, repose on
the surface of the soil till the seeds are ready to escape. This
beautiful and admirable process is sufficient to suggest to the
observant gardener that the seeds of Cyclamen require to be
sown the moment they are ripe. So do the seeds of most
bulbs and tubers.

I will add that I once divided a tuber, on whose crown
v.'ere several eyes or buds, into four portions : two of these
survived, and grew pretty well ; but the mode seems not
practically useful.

A mode of cultivating Cyclamen, so as to procure an abun-
dance of blossoms, is given at p. 483.

Bouvardivi triphylla. Two very distinct plants are about
under this name : one with smooth, glossy, dark green leaves ;
the other with pubescent foliage, of a paler green. The latter
has been published in the Botanical Register, t. 107., as Bou-
vardm triphylla var. pubescens, but has since been distin-
guished as a species, probably with great propriety, and
denominated Bouvardm Jacquin/V. The former, or smooth-

() o 2

564! Cyclamen cbum, Bouvdrd'ia. triphylla^ ^ranthis hyemdlis.

leaved kind, remains as B. triphylla. Both kinds are splen-
did, perhaps equally so ; but I suspect B. Jacquinn is the
more floriferous one. Some correspondent is solicited to
determine this. Directions for cultivating the bouvardias by
cuttings of their roots, and other valuable instructions for the
more satisfactory management of them, will be found in
pages 48. and 40. of the current volume, transcribed from the
Tra7isactio)is of the London Horticultural Society,

Erdnthis hyemdlis, the Winter Aconite, merits all the regard
Mr. Housman bespeaks for it, as those who have seen it in
quantities will attest. I once saw a complete carpet of it
beneath a large deciduous tree, whose wide-spread arms,
naked when the Eranthis blossoms, while they afforded shel-
ter from early frosts, still admitted the sun's rays between
them. The innumerable golden blossoms glittering in the
sunshine, and contrasted with the bright green of the herbage
on which they were displayed, imparted an impressive and
exhilarating effect. This was witnessed about eight years ago

at the late residence of the Rev. Roper, most probably

the parsonage-house, at Abbot's Ripton, near Huntingdon.
This gentleman presented some ounces of the seeds, gathered
off the above plants, to the botanic garden at Bury St. Ed-
mund's, where also the Eranthis now abounds ; but where it
is disposed in little clusters at short distances, and alternately
with clusters of single and double snowdrops, and about
twenty kinds of crocus, along all the fronts and edgings of the
numerous borders which, in that garden, are appropriated to
the display of ornamental flowers. The numerous knots of
yellow supplied by the Eranthis in the sunny days of earliest
spring (and some such days are usual) glitter over, and in
conjunction with the contrasting colours of the soil, edgings,
and walks, checker the whole garden most lovelily. By
the time the Eranthis blossoms are passing away, the yellow
crocuses are expanding, to continue the variegation of the
scene ; and I must digress a moment to represent, and I do it
from experience of the effect, how inexpressibly splendid it
is possible to render a flower-garden in early spring by the
copious use of crocuses, by having the clusters numerous and
shortly distant from each other, by confining each cluster to
one colour and kind, and by composing the approximating
clusters of kinds whose respective colours are in strong con-
trast. On this subject, very valuable, it is hoped, will be found
the article on crocuses by Mr. Sabine (p. 41.), transcribed
from the Transactions of the London Horticultural Society.

Eranthis hyemalis may be speedily and numerously increased
by dividing its tubers, and l3y sowing its seeds. The tubers

On raising Seedling Ranuncultises. 565

should be divided as soon as ever the herbage turns yellow,
and planted immediately wherever a want of their enlivening
influence may have been felt in the spring preceding. The
seeds, which are numerously produced, and usually ripe by
the 12th of May, should be gathered as soon as ripe, and
sown as soon as gathered. The seedlings will, in the first
year, have only cotyledonal leaves ; in the second, peltiform
ones ; in the third, the same, and a few roots will blossom ; in
the fourth year all will be floriferous. The blossoms of the
Eranthis are slightly fragrant.

That most accurate botanist, the late R. A. Salisbury, Esq.,
who was the first to dissociate this plant from the //elleborus,
tells us [Lijui. Trans,, vol.viii. p. 303.) that Eranthis is from
erau, to love, and antlios, a flower, and that he means thereby
to express the loveliness of such a flower at such a season.
His words are, " Ploribus tempestate inclementi amabiUbus."
I mention this to supplant a spurious etymon exhibited in the
Conductor's Hortus Britc'mnicus.

Art. V. On raising Seedling Ranunculuses.
By the Rev. Joseph Tyso.

Sir,

The paper which I sent you last year on the propagation
of ranunculuses, which was inserted in Vol. VI. p. 548., has
excited considerable interest among florists, as the numerous
letters I have received since amply testify. The article has
been copied into Sweet's Florists Guide, accompanied by a
figure of one of my seedlings. See plate 170. of that very
useful and well executed work, one deserving the support of
every florist.

Mr. James Reid of Bousefield has (Vol. VII. p. 121.) made
a respectful reference to my plan, as given in Vol. VI. p. 548.,
saying, " If the system there pointed out were to be generally
followed, a most splendid addition might confidently be ex-
pected ere long to the present stock, there being no limits to
its varieties." But he adds, " Mr. Tyso does not, however,
follow up the system to the perfection of which it is capable."
This remark is very just, as it relates to my former commu-
nication, all improvements being progressive. But I anl aiming
at perfection, and flatter myself, in this particular, that I am
not far from the mark ; and, with your permission, I will now
communicate what I consider the ne j^lus ultra of the system.

It consists in having some of the best show flowers of each
class which produce a pericarpium or seed vessel, namely,

o o 3

566 On raising Seedling Raiiunculuscs.

dark, white, scarlet, crimson, yellow, striped, yellow-edged,
white-edged, spotted, mottled, olive, &c. ; and a number of
the best semidoubles of each corresponding class, producing
anthers as well as pericarps. Then, if a new dark flower is
desired, fertilise Naxara, Variat, Quixos, or any good dark
flower, with the pollen of a dark semidouble or nearly double
flower, containinjT the best properties as to colour, shape of
petals, and general habit. If a superior flower with a yellow
ground and dark edging be desired, then fertilise Grand
Monarque, Julius, or Grand Berger, with the pollen of a
yellow-edged flower of first rate properties. Those that have
the greatest number of petals are to be preferred, so that they
have anthers producing farina. A similar method must be
pursued in order to obtain a superior flower of any other
class. The seed generated in this way will certainly produce
some fine varieties. Let the parent flowers possess the requi-
site properties, and there can be no doubt but a part of their
offspring will do the same, and some of them in a higher
degree of perfection than their renowned progenitors. This
I consider the perfection of the system, and 1 want only one
variety to complete it, namely, a good scarlet and yellow-
striped, in the way of Melange des Beautes, producing anthers.
If any of your readers possess roots of this character, I should
be happy to receive a few from them ; and in return I can
supply them with any other they may require. If Mr. Reid
or any other florist can suggest any improvement upon the
above method, I hope he will communicate it to the public
through the medium of your highly interesting miscellany.

The cultivation of the tulip, carnation, auricula, and other
florists* flowers has been carried to great perfection, while
very little has been done to improve the ranunculus, except
by Mr. Waterstone of Paisley, and myself. I have raised
about fifty superb varieties ; for two of which, Leonora and
Reform, 1 have refused twenty pounds. I have several others
equally good, which bloomed for the first time this season.
They are so superior to many of the old named sorts, that I
have thrown into mixtures more than one hundred sorts this
year. The old varieties amount to six or seven hundred, but
they may, with great propriety, be reduced to two or three
hundred, without any real loss.

If florists persevere in raising new varieties, according to
the above directions, in a very few years there v/ill not be
more tlian one hundred of the old varieties cultivated under
name. I am. Sir, yours, &c.

Joseph Tyso.

WalUngJord, July 16. 1831.

Cultivation of the Ila?iu}iculus. 567

Mr. Sweet, in figuring in his Florisf's Guide the Tiara
ranunculus, plate 170., gave from the Gardener's Magazine
(Vol. VI. p. 548. ) Mr. Tyso's excellent mode of raising new
varieties, but added, " In figuring our next ranunculus, we
shall give our own remarks on the same subject." Faithful
to his promise, Mr. Sweet did so under the Leonora ranun-
culus, figured at plate IT^. These remarks, deeming them
valuable, we gave entire in p. 205, 206. of our present volume.

We have seen the Rev. Joseph Tyso's catalogue of ra-
nunculuses, tuhps, &€., for 1831, just published; which is
printed on a large sheet, and may be had gratis on applica-
tion, post paid. The roots ai'e on sale for benevolent pur-
poses. We have on a former occasion (Vol. IV. p. 383.)
expressed our opinion on the excellency of the plan of this
catalogue, which has since been adopted by Messrs. Brown
of Slough, and Woollard of Ipswich. — J. D.for Cund.

Art. VI. On the Cultivation of the Ranunculus.
By Mr. James Reid.
Sir,
The blossom of every plant being single in an uncultivated
state, the circumstance of any producing more than the natural
number of petals, under the fostering care of man, is chiefly,
if not solely, to be attributed to the greater quantity of nourish-
ment afforded them than Nature has provided. 7'o grow
double flowers in perfection, therefore, it is obvious that they
ought to be supplied with as much of the richest nourishment
as they are possibly capable of receiving, provided this can
be done without injuring the health of the plant. In the case
of the ranunculus, if the necessary quantity of manure be
applied without precautions being taken to keep the tubers
from coming in contact with it, however well reduced and
incorporated with the soil it may be, there is considerable risk
of their getting diseased, particularly of being attacked by a
small whitish insect that abounds among all richly manured
soils. To guard against this, I adopted the following method,
which has been found to answer exceedingly well, the bloom
produced being such as not easily to be surpassed : — After
the roots are lifted, the bed is dug over fully 18 in. deep; the
mould all along the surface is then removed to the depth of
about 4 in., and its place filled up with a mixture of short
horse and cow dung, not more reduced than is necessary to
make it fall easily in the working. This is turned very lightly
down, barely covering it : it is again turned over in October,
and well mixed with the mould, taking care to keep the

0 0 4-

568 Culture of the Gesnei-eae.

manure near the surface, as the lower stratum will be suf-
ficiently enriched with what is washed down by the winter
rains. It is then raked quite level, and lies in this state till
the time of planting, which should be as early in February as
possible. The bed will then have sunk down considerably.
To meet this, a quantity of rich fresh loam is laid up in
autumn under ?. shed, or where well defended from rain. As
much of this dry earth is now spread over it as raises it
exactly 2 in, from the intended he'ght. The roots are then
placed on the surface in squares of 3^ in. or 4 in. a little sea sand
spread over them, and then covered up with dr}'^ earth, taking
particular care not to bury them deeper than 2 in. from the
bottom of the tubers. They are thus kept qviite separate from
the manure, while, by having it so closely under them, they
derive as much nourishment as if it had been mixed with the
whole soil. This method also combines the advantages of a
dry bed and early planting, both of which are so essential to
obtaining a fine and general bloom, and which cannot ordi-
narily be obtained except in such situations as are so very dry
as to be unfit for the ranunculus. The temperature of the
earth in which they are planted being considerably higher
than that of the open ground, from having been kept sheltered
and dry, germination will sooner take place, and the risk of
injury from frost be also considerably diminished. Nor is the
trouble attending this method more in the end than that
encountered in the ordinary ^ny. By being partially renewed
every year, the bed will never require to be wholly changed,
as it is usual, every few years ; while the regularity with which
such small roots can be placed on the plane surface, besides
the general equality in depth obtained, renders it not only
gi'eath' superior to drill planting, but the ease with which it is
done makes it almost as expeditious.

I cannot conclude without expressing my gi'atification at
the important communication by the Rev. Joseph Tyso, " On
the Cultui'e of Seedling Ranunculuses." (Vol. VI. p. 548.)

I am. Sir, yours, &c. James Reid.

Bousefieldi near Tiunfermlinc ^ Nov. 8. 1830.

Art. VII. On the Culture of the Gesnerene.
By ]Mr. Thomas Atpleby.
Sir,
Having been pretty successful in cultivating that beautiful
family of plants, the Gesner^rt', I am induced to send you an
account of my method of treating them, as it may, perhaps,
prove acceptable to some of your readers.

Culture of the Gesnerese. 569

All the species under my care will grow from leaves taken
close off by the stem or root stock, I prefer, however,
shoots taken off at the secontl joint from the top, and put into
sand under bell or hand glasses, and placed upon a warm
flue, and shaded with thin white paper.

As soon as these shoots have emitted roots, I pot them in
small pots, in a compost of heath monld, vegetable earth, and
perfectly rotten dang, in about equal parts, and unsifted. I
then place the plants in the shade for a few days, in a close
heat (the back of the tan-pits behind the pine plants will do) ;
and, as soon as they have filled the pots with roots, I shift
them into pots, 6 in. wide at top, securing such of the plants
as require it with sticks, and then plunge them, the dwarf
species at the front of the pine plants, the tall sorts at the
ends of the pits.

These plants require, when in full growth, an abundant and
regular supply of water. I find great advantage in sprinkling
them every day, or, in very hot weather, even twice a day,
over the whole herb, either vvith the syringe or a fine rose
watering pan. This seems to be very beneficial to them, as
they thrive by this treatment in an imcommon manner.

The Gloxinm maculala requires a rather different treat-
ment ; and, as this is a most magnificent species, it is well
worth a little extra-trouble. When the plants have done
flowering, which is with me about August, I remove the pots
into a cool room, and refrain from watering until the tops
die. I then cut off the tops, and in December shake out the
roots from the soil, and put every strong root into a pot 6 in.
in diameter, and place them in the warmest forcing-house
I have, giving but little water until the plants make their
appearance, and gradually increasing the water as they
advance in growth. By this method I scarcely ever fail of
flowering this species in a satisfactory manner. As to
the other species of Gesner£'<2?, as soon as they have done
flowering I gradually decrease the water given to them, until
the soil in the pots becomes quite dry. I then treat them
similarly to Gloxinm maculata, except that I do not set
them grov/ing so early, usually not till about the beginning
of February ; and afterwards they are managed exactly
as prescribed for the cuttings above, except oiily that
they are put into the full-sized pots at first.

The following is a list of the species we have here : —
Gesner/a bulbosa*, rutila, and Douglas//; Gloxinia maculata,

* Messrs. Loddiges, in their Bulanical Cabinet for September, figure, at
No. 1724-, Gesnerirt bulbosa, and thus remark on it : — " We understand that
the roots, which are tuberous and large, are used as food at Rio Janeiro.

570 Descriptiofi of a new Fruit Tree,

speci^sa, specibsa alba, caul6scens, and hirsilta ; and Besler/a
coccinea : any of which I should be glad to exchange with
any of your readers for species that they may have different
from the above.

I remain, Sir, yours, &c.
Horsforth Hall, July 12. 1831. Thomas Appleby,

We commend to the skill and reajard of our esteemed cor-
respondent the Trevirana coccinea, Cyrillfl pulchella that was.
This plant, in its scaly, succulent, tuberous propagines (organs
of increase), in its annual herbage, opposite foliage, beauty of
blossoms, and their paucity under common culture, assimilates
to Gloxinm maculata, and in some points to other of the
Gesnhrecc. One mode of culture, which has produced
numerous blossoms, is noticed (p. 605.) in our extracts from
the Horticultural Register. Another successful mode of cul-
tivating the Gloxin/a maculata is given by Mr. Nelson,
Vol. III. p. 141. In that communication the word printed
"flowers" should be flower stems. — J. D.

Art. VIII. Description of a neiv Fruit Tree, the Shepherdia.
arg^ntea. By J. B. Russell, Esq.
Sir,

Permit me to introduce to the notice of j'our readers a
beautiful production of North America (which, 1 think, is but
little known to Europeans), called the Missouri Silver Leaf,
or Buffalo Berry tree (Shepherd/a* argentea). It is also
called by the Indians Rabbit Berry, and the Beef Suet tree.
The French traders call it Graisse de Buffle, or Buffalo Fat.

Mr. Nuttall, the intelligent curator of the botanic garden
at Harvard University, has given the following description of
this species : — " Small spinescent trees, with the aspect of
i)laeagnus ; leaves entire, covered with silvery scales ; flowers
small, laterally aggregated ; berries diaphanous, scarlet, plea-
santly acid ; leaves oblong ovate, obtuse, petiolate, on both
sides smooth, and covered with peltate scales, which (through
a lens) appear ciliated. Male flowers divided to the base,
segments sub-ovate, obtuse, externally squamose, like- the

With us it appears to require tlie stove : it grows to the height of G or 7 ft.,
and flowers in July and August. It maybe increased by cuttings, or some-
times by dividing the roots ; the soil should be loam and peat." [Heath-
mould, see p. 285.]

* In honour of Mr. John Shepherd, curator of the botanic garden at
Liverpool.

the Shepherdio. argentea. 511

leaves ; filaments eight, very short, pubescent ; anthers ob-
long, 2- celled. Female flowers smaller, shortly pedunculate,
witli eight glands ; no vestiges of stamina. Style, 1 ; stigma
thick and oblique; germ inferior; berries small, and collected
into clusters, red and succulent, sparingly scattered with scales,
always more or less acid; seed sub-ovate and shining, much
like that of //ippophae, to which this genus is proximately
allied. It is indigenous on the banks of the Missouri and
the lesser streams, from the confluence of the river Platte to
the sources of the Missouri."

This beautiful tree grows spontaneously in the extensive
plains on the banks of the Missouri, and resembles the Eleiig-
nus argentea so much, that they might be easily mistaken one
for the other when not in fruit. The Messrs. Winships,
nurserymen, at Brighton, near Boston, I believe, are the only
persons who have this tree under cultivation, at least to any
great extent. Their standard tree is about 14 ft. high, and is
eight years old from the seed. The tree is perfectly hardy,
grows vigorously in any part of North America, and is said to
bear a near resemblance to the olive tree. It is one of our ear-
liest flowering trees, being covered with blossoms in March.

Its fruit is about the size of the Red Antwerp currant, much
richer to the taste, and forms one continued cluster on every
branch and twig. We consider it one of the greatest acqui-
sitions of the fruit-bearing kind that has recently been brought
into notice in our country ; and, for beauty of foliage, elegance
of fruit, and general appearance, it is well worthy the attention
of cultivators in Europe. Yours, &c.

Boston [America)^ July 11. 1831. J. B. Russell.

SHEPHKRD7.-i argentea is already in the English nurseries
and botanic gardens, though still called in some of them /Tip-
pophae argentea : it is prized for the silvery splendour of its
foliage, and propagated by layers. With us it seems of slow
growth ; for, though it was brought to England in 1818, we
have never seen a plant of it more than 4 feet in height ;
allowance, however, must be made both for our limited ob-
servation, and for the fact that some plants remain for years
after their introduction before they are dispersed. Our native
//ippophae ^hamnoides is a fruit-bearing species, of which the
following account occurs in the Encijclop(edia of Plants^ p. 832.:
— " H. rhamnbides is very prolific in berries, which are yel-
low when ripe, succulent, smooth, and gratefully acid to the
taste. They are much eaten by the Tartars ; and the fisher-
men on the Gulf of Bothnia prepare a rob from them which
imparts a grateful flavour to fresh fish. Every part of the

572 Description of a netv Fruit Tree.

plant will dye yellow. The species grow in common soil, and
are readily increased by layers, or by cuttings of the roots."

To tliese modes of" increase, by seeds should be added, as
shown above, and these, if obtained off trees whose blossoms
were impregnated by those of contiguous males, would doubt-
less germinate readily. Smith, in his English Flora, vol. iv.
p. 238., also save of the //ippophae ?hamnoides : — " Berries
somewhat elliptical, orange-coloured, simply but powerfully
acid, pleasant enough when preserved with sugar. These ber-
ries afford a kind of sauce to the poor in Sweden and the south
of France."

But notwithstanding these accounts, in several specimens
that we have seen, we have not been so fortunate as to meet
with one producing fruit, or that we were told did so. Still,
as the trees of H. rhamnoides grow readily in English gar-
dens, and the species of //ippophae are dioecious, it may be
that all our trees of H. ?hamnoides were males, as we know
that one of them was. If, therefore, the Shepherd/a or Hip-
pophae argentea can be made to grow as rapidly and readily
with us as H. rhamnoides does, and especially the fruit-bear-
ing sex of it (we have not seen the plants already in England
do so at present, be they of which sex they may), it will
merit our very best attention.

As means of promoting our success in the adventure, we
solicit our American correspondents to tell us the kind of
soil in which Shepherd/a argentea is found in its native sta-
tions, and that in which it best succeeds when under culture,
the degree of moisture most congenial to the plant, and the situ-
ations it prefers relatively to shelter, aspect, and other parti-
culars. We also require to know the relative distance at
which the trees are planted in America, in order to compute
the number requisite to stock any proportion of ground ; also
the average crop of berries in relation to any quantity of
ground occupied by the trees which have yielded that crop ;
moreover, as the plant is dioecious, what proportion of males
should be interspersed among the females to cause them to
fructify more certainly and more abundantly.

Besides requesting answers to the preceding queries, we
trust that every person who orders plants will insist that some
male or barren plants be sent along with the female or fruit-
bearing ones ; for, independently of the beneficial office the
former may effect in fructifying the latter, and in thus pro-
viding abundant crops and moreover perfect seeds by which
to increase the plant, we think it a shame, in the case of dioe-
cious species, that only one sex should reach us, thus forming
as it were but half of the species. This case appears in the

Peach-houses and Forcing at Bitscot Park. 573

Athenian Poplar (Vol. VI. p. 368.), the Weephig Willow
(p. 368.), the Lombartly Poplar (p. 419.), and also in many
ligneous and herbaceous plants which occupy a place in our
gardens and national catalogues. — J. D.

Art. IX. Description of the Peach Houses and Mode of Jhrcing
practised at Bnscot Park. By Mr. John Merrick, Gardener
to Pryse Pryse, Esq., M.P., Buscot Park, near Farringdon,
Berkshire.

Sir,
There are four peacli-houses here, three single ones, and
one double one, for forcing peaches and nectarines. The
single houses, for such I term them, are very convenient for
early forcing; they are 70 ft. long, 6 ft. wide, and 12 ft. high;
the top lights are 5 ft. long, and the bottom lights 7 ft. long.
The back walls are covered with a trellis, 1 ft. distant at the
bottom, and 2 in. distant at the top of the wall. The trees
are dwarfs, and planted against the trellis. The flue runs
along the front, and is provided with one fire ; which plan I
find very economical, as not more than three trees come into
bearing at a time. The double house is 60 ft. long, 15 ft.
wide, 13 ft. high, and 5 ft. in front, with glass, a trellis of
half circles in the middle, and standard trees planted at the
back : it is furnished with two fires.

I generally close my first house about the middle of De-
cember, and introduce a fire on the 1st of January. I renew
the borders every year with loam and dung. I keep very
little or no fires in the night during the first fortnight, but
maintain a heat of B5° by day; and, as I wish the buds of my
trees to unfold, I commence sprinkling them frequently with,
a small hand-engine, which may be carried about with ease;
the temperature of the water being as near as possible to that
which rises from the ground, and quite clear. By this treat-
ment, the blossoms expand very vigorously, and become
large ; which is, of course, of great importance in determining
the bulk of the fruit. As soon as the blossoms are fully
expanded, and the pollen begins to shed, I again commence
sprinkling them very slightly, in imitation of a gentle shower
of rain. When the pollen is shed, I continue sprinkling until
the fruit is nearly ripe, as it tends to promote its absorption,
and I find nearly the whole of my blossoms set most perfectly.
When the fruit is of the size of a pea, I keep the heat at 60°
or 70'^ by day, and at about 50" by night, and I never fail then
to fill my house abundantly with steam, when there is suflficient
heat in the flues, by pouring water upon them from a watering-

574f Training Vines in Puts.

pot. The engine is regularly used three or four times a week ;
and about the middle of March 1 begin to use it in the after-
noon, just before the sun goes off the house, after which I
shut it up for the night. The roots of the trees are supplied
with food and moisture from my reservoir in the melon-
ground, with the contents of which I often mix a little soot.

As soon as the fruit has attained its full size, I give the
house all the air I possibly can, and the leaves are not allowed
to hang over the fruit, as the air and sun give them a fine
colour and flavour. I gather my fruit about the middle of
May. Many of them last year weighed 1 1 oz. each, and the
young wood has become remarkable for the shortness of its
joints and its thickness in comparison to the length of the
shoot. I remain, Sir, yours, &c.

BuscotParJc, March 15. 1830. John Merrick.

Art. X. A Method of training Vines in Pots for Forcing.
By ViTicoLA.
Sir,

ViNKS placed in pots for the purpose of forcing are not
only confined in space for rooting, but also in volume of head
sufficient for the production of fruitful wood. To obviate this
defect in practice, the following mode of training bids fair to
answer the purpose of the cultivator.

A vine sufficiently sti'ong for the purpose of forcing (pre-
viously grown in a pot, and at the age of two years from the
layer) should be shifted into a pot of suitable size and com-
post, and cut down any time in the autumn or winter
months. In the spring it should be placed close to a south
wall. Allow one or two shoots only to be produced ; these should
be constantly kept nailed close, and divested of side shoots,
and the surface of the pot mulched, and watered occasionally if
necessary. In the autumn, when the summer growth is over,
prune down by cutting off the imperfectly ripened wood, and
remove the plant to a north 94

aspect, where it may receive a
sufficient hybernation or win-
ter check from the first frosts,
securing the shoot or shoots
from the wind. When the time
arrives for the plant to be taken
into the forcing-houses, pro-
vide six or eight straight, well
painted taper sticks, about 3^ ft. ^

Cullivatiun of the Melon. 575

long; place them at equal distances round the stem all lean-
ing outwards, and fixed to a hoop at top, forming a trellis,
like an inverted cone. {Jig. 94.) On this, train the shoot or
shoots ; ascending spirally at the distance of eight or ten
inches from each other ; continuing the volutions as far as
the shoots will extend. When the vine is thus trained,
examine the position of the buds, and cut off' all those which
would shoot inwards : this will prevent the tree fi'om be-
coming crowded ; and those only on the outside being suf-
fered to shoot, and stopped immediately beyond the fruit,
will have freedom for their leaves and bunches, without rest-
ing on the frame or on each other.

This is the most convenient form for training vines in
pots : it allows the natural, and therefore the necessary length
of shoot, and is the position of all others the most conducive
to fruitfulness.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.
March, 1828. Viticola.

On the requisite pots, soil, and watering, and the kinds of
grape fittest for pot-culture, instructions, by Mr. Housman,
are given in Vol. IV. p. 249. — J. D.

Art. XI. On the Cultivation of the Melon. By Mr. J. Holland,
Gardener to Mrs. Tunno, Taplow Lodge, near Maidenhead.

Sir,
Agreeably to your wishes, I now send you a correct ac-
count of the two melons grown in the garden of Mrs. Tunno,
Taplow Lodge, near Maidenhead, and also my mode of cul
tivatinff the above-named fruit.

o

My seedling plants are potted off singly in 60-sized pots,
and, when sufficiently advanced in growth, are stopped so
short to the seed leaves, as not to throw out more than two
vines to each plant ; and, when these principal leaders
extend to two or three joints, they are finally planted out
into frames or pits, with the bottom heat arranged according
to the advanced state of the spring months.

The plant which produced the two melons above men-
tioned was planted in the centre of a 2-light frame, in the
beginning of May, upon an old bed that had been previously
employed for raising radishes. A dung lining was added
to the back and one end of the frame, which was all the arti-
ficial heat the plant received. One vine was trained to the

576 Cultivation of the Melon.

back and the other to the front of the frame. My practice
is, never to stop them until they have extended as far as
their confinement will permit ; and the laterals from the two
vines, as they advance in growth, are trained to the right and
left over the bed with neat pegs; and every fruit-blossom, as
it expands, is carefully impregnated, and placed upon a tile
under the shade of a neighbouring leaf. In a day or two, or
as soon as I think the fruit wall set, I stop the vine at the
first or second joint beyond it. In this way I proceed, set-
ting all the fruit I can, until the surface of the bed is covered
with foliage, which is never deranged more than can be
avoided. While the fruit is setting I give air very freely,
sometimes I draw the lights quite off for a few hours on
sunny days ; and I also (by applying or withholding heat and
water) endeavour to keep them in a state betwixt luxuriance
and debility, for in either extreme they will not set well.
Having advanced thus far, I commence swelling them off.
I begin this with pinching off all the ends of the lateral
shoots that have not already been stopped, to assist the
young fruit. I now give no more air than will prevent the
sun from scorching their foliage. I look over them every
morning, and take off all the blossoms as they appear,
and stop every young shoot back to one joint above the
vine that produced it. I watch over them every after-
noon in fine weather ; and, before the sun has quite left the
frame, I syringe or water them all over, leaves, fruit, and
all, and shut down the glasses for the night. I always prefer
performing this while the departing rays of the sun have suf-
ficient strength to raise a sweet vaporous heat of about 90°,
which serves them to feast upon long after the sun has hid
his glories in the west. A few days of such treatment will
determine which fruit will take the lead in swelling off, out
of which I select two or three to each plant according to the
sort, and all the rest I cut away. As the fruit advances in
growth, it is necessary at intervals to turn them a little on
the tile, to prevent them from growing flat and discolouring
on one side, and also from rotting. When they have at-
tained as large a size as I think the sort will admit, I leave
off watering, and again give all the air I can by taking the
lights entirely off when the weather is favourable ; and, if the
season is not too far advanced, I leave them to ripen without
any other assistance.

For an early crop of melons I grow the small early canta-
loup, one plant in a light when the frame is narrow, and two
if wide, with two or three fruit on each plant, which in
general weigh from 2 to 4 lbs. each. I succeed these with

On cultivatijig a7id jn-eserving Ginger. 577

the scarlet and green flesh, planted and trained as above,
the produce of which is from 2 to 6 lbs. But my principal
crop is from the black rock, which I have grown of all sizes
up to 13^ lbs. weight: the plants are much more hardy than
many other sorts, it is a good bearer, the fruit is handsome,
and the flavour excellent. The sort which I grew so large
last year was originally from France, and in its primeval state
was a rock ; but it has lately been strongly impregnated with
the scarlet flesh, which fruit it now resembles in all its
characters, except in growing much lai'ger. The largest
melon weighed 24^ lbs., and the other 22 lbs. ; they both
grew upon two laterals produced by the vine, trained to
the front of the frame. The mice destroyed a fruit upon the
back vine of the size of 5 or 6 lbs. The smallest fruit was
sent to the Horticultural Society, and 1 received a letter of
thanks from the secretary : the flavour was said to be excel-
lent, and the other also was described in the same way.
This last fruit under the treatment of swelling off", from the
time of syringing at night to giving air the next morning, I
once in particular noticed, and found it had gained 1^ in. in
circumference. The above is my general practice of culti-
vating the melon, and a practice to which I shall still continue
to adhere, unless fully convinced that I can adopt a better,

I am, Sir, yours, &c.
Taplo'w Lodge, Jem. 15. 1830. J. Holland.

Art. XII. On cultivating and preserving Ginger. By Zingiber.

Sir,

In the beginning of March I pot my ginger in small 32s,
the compost I use being equal quantities of loam, rotten
dung, and leaf mould, well mixed together, but not sifted.
As soon as I have potted it, I give a little water to settle the
soil, and then place it in a nursery or stove, watering very
sparingly until it begins to grow, when it will require a regular
supply. About the 1st of May I remove it to a deep pit,
previously prepared with about 2 ft. of half-spent tan in the
bottom ; upon that about 1 8 in. of the same compost as that
in which 1 potted the roots. I then turn the plants out of
the pots, and plant them a foot apart each way, and from
4 ft. to 6 ft. from the glass, giving them a little water immedi-
ately, and closing the pit. At the back of the pit my plants
have generally attained the height of 6 ft. ; and those in the
front, for want of space upwards, have bent and sometimes

Vol. VII. — No. 34. pp

5fS On cultivati?ig and preservhig Ginger.

broken their tops against the glass : yet I never perceive the
roots any way inferior to those on the back. If these three
things — a rich hght compost, a high temperature, and an
abundant supply of water when the plants are in a grow-
ing state — be attended to, they will insure a good crop of
ginger.

Very little air is requisite, even in the hottest days of sum-
mer. By the middle or end of September the ginger will be
ready for taking up. I then divide the roots with a knife,
saving the largest races [roots or tubers] for preserving. The
small ones, with their tops as little damaged as possible, I pot,
and set into the pit again, giving them a little water to settle
the soil to their roots. They will only require twice watering
after this, until their tops or stems are dead, which will be
about the end of October. The pots must be set into some
dry shed where the frost cannot reach them. They will re-
quire no farther care until the following March, when they
must be again brought out, and treated as above directed.

When pits cannot be spared, dig a hole in the open garden,
and put a frame over it. If tan be unattainable, leaves and
a little long manure mixed Avill do quite as well.

To preserve Ginger. — Take green ginger, part it neatly
with a sharp knife, throw it into a pan of cold water as it is
pared, to keep it white. When you have sufficient, boil it
till tender, changing the water three times; each time put
the ginger into cold water, to take out the heat or spirit of
the ginger : when tender, throw it into cold water. For seven
pounds of ginger clarify eight pounds of refined sugar ; when
cold, drain the ginger, and put it in an earthen pan, with
enough of the sugar cold to cover it, and let it stand two days :
then pour the syrup from the ginger to the remainder of the
sugar, boil it some time, and when cold pour it on the ginger
again, and set it by three days at least : then take syrup from
the ginger, boil it, and put it hot over the ginger. Proceed
in this way till you find the sugar has entered the ginger,
boiling the syrup, and skimming off" the scum that/rises each
time, until the syrup becomes rich as well as the ginger.

If you put the syrup on hot at first, or if too rich, the
ginger will shrink, and not take the sugar.

I am. Sir, yours, &c.

Zingiber.
Stratford upon Axmi, January 13. 1831.

579

PART 11.

REVIEWS.

Art. I. A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen-Garden ; or, an
Account of the most valuable Fruits and Vegetables cultivated in
Great Britain : tvith Calendars of the Work required in the
Orchard and Kitchen-Garden during every Month in the Year.
By George Lindley, C.M.H.S. Edited by John Llndley, F.R.S.
&c. &c. Assistant Secretary of the Horticultural Society of
London. London, 1831. 8vo. 16.?.

In the preface, by the editor, we are informed that " the
author has been occupied at intervals, during nearly forty
years, in preparing for the press materials for a complete
account of the fruit trees and vegetables cultivated in the
gardens of Great Britain." The result of " this preparation
is now presented to the reader in a form which, it is thought,
is so condensed as to comprehend the greatest quantity of
information in the smallest compass, and which, at the same
time, is sufficiently diffuse to render it possible for the reader
to acquire as much knowledge as is either important or indis-
pensable in regard to any particular variety. Those points
which are so peculiarly interesting to all gardeners ; such as
the kind of stock upon which a given variety will succeed
better than upon another; the comparative value of each
kind of fruit ; the aspects that it requires ; the different names
under which it is known in England and elsewhere ; the
books in which a faithful figure may be found ; the purposes
for which it is best adapted ; the seasons when it is in the
greatest perfection, and topics of a similar kind, have in all
cases been treated with especial care."

After observing that there are few men more competent to
execute the above task well than Mr. Lindley, " whose long
practical experience and ample opportunities of investigating
such subjects personally during a series of many years, have
been such as have rarely fallen to the lot of any one," we
are informed that the forcing department has been entirely

p p 2

580 Li7idl€y*s Guide to the Orchard

omitted, and that only one or two methods of cultivation of
each particular article have been introduced, in preference to
" a great number of different plans ; among which the un-
skilful reader can never know which to select in preference."

The introduction, which follows the preface, occupies above
20 pages : it is by the editor, and, we will venture to assert, is
the most valuable morceau of scientific horticulture which has
ever appeared in the English language. In our opinion, it is
worth more than all the rest of the book. In the counties
the latter will lose much of its usefulness from the want of a
sufficient number of synonymes. The editor seems to be
aware of this, when he states in the preface that it is " neces-
sary to explain why no mention is made of some sorts which
are common in particular districts. In such cases," he says,
" it is to be understood that the variety omitted is considered
either so like some kind already described, as to be undeserving
of particular notice, or so little valuable as to be unworthy of
cultivation." This does not appear to us by any means a
sufficient reason for omitting to mention sorts common in
particular districts by the names in use in those disti'icts ; but
we can give a reason, and that is, the extreme difficulty of
the subject. Between Birmingham and this place (Kilmar-
nock) we have found in the articles of gooseberries, apples,
and pears, the same names applied to so many different sorts ;
and so many different names, many of which are not in the
Horticultural Society's Catalogue, applied to the same sorts ;
that we do not see how it is possible for any individual to
give a list of synonymes which shall be complete. The work
must be left to a central association, like that of the Horticul-
tural Society. Having said thus much, we have only to add
that we believe Mr. Lindley, sen., to have done as much
as could be expected from any individual, and more than
most individuals are capable of doing ; and that we con-
sider his work a most valuable addition to horticultural
literature, and wish that it may find its way into the hands of
every nurseryman and master gardener.

We shall now give the essence of the valuable introduction
before mentioned. Horticultural works contain " plenty of
rules for action, but very few reasons." The greatest benefit
would be bestowed on the gardening world, if all horticultural
practices were reduced to their first principles; the editor
proposes " to sketch out, in regard to the fruit-garden, what
he thinks the method should be on which a more competent
person would do well to proceed."

All our garden fruits are but ameliorated varieties of such
as are wild. The amelioration has resulted from human skill,

and Kitchen-Garden. 581

time, and accident ; and, being so produced, can only by art
be continued. Hence the two great operations for procuring
and perpetuating improved varieties of fruits are, amelioration
and propagation.

Amelioration " consists either in acquiring new or improved
varieties of fruit, or in increasing their good qualities when
acquired. . . . There is in all beings a disposition to deviate
from their original nature when cultivated, or even in a wild
state. But this disposition is so strong in some as to render
them particularly well adapted to become subject to domes-
tication : for instance, the dog, the pigeon, and the barn-yard
fowl, are cases in which this tendency is most strongly marked
in animals; and domesticated fruits are a parallel case in the
vegetable world.

" Cultivators increase this disposition chiefly in two ways :
either by constantly selecting the finest existing varieties for
seed, or by intermixing the pollen and stigma of two varieties
for the purpose of procuring something of an intermediate
nature. . . . The power of obtaining cross-bred varieties at
pleasure has only existed since the discovery of sexes in plants.
In selecting seed from the finest existing varieties, we should,
moreover, take care to select it from the handsomest, largest,
and most perfectly ripened specimens of those varieties : for
*' a seedling plant will always partake, more or less, of the
character of its parent, the qualities of which are concentrated
in the embryo when it has arrived at full maturity. . . . Now,
if the general qualities of a given variety are concentrated in the
embryo under any circumstances, it is reasonable to suppose
that they will be most especially concentrated in a seed taken
from that part of a tree in which its peculiar good qualities
reside in the hiijhest degree. For instance, in the fruit of an
apple growing upon a north wall there is a smaller formation
of sugar than in the same variety growing on a south wall ;
and it can be easily understood that the seed of that fruit,
which is itself least capable of forming saccharine secretions,
will acquire from its parent a less power of the same nature
than if it had been formed within a fruit in which the sac-
charine principle was abundant. It should, therefore, be
always an object with a gardener, in selecting a variety to be-
come the parent of a new sort, to stimulate that variety by
every means in his power to produce the largest and most
fully ripened fruit that it is capable of bearing. The im-
portance of doing this is well known in regard to melons and
cucumbers, and also in preserving fugitive varieties of flowers ;
but it is not generally practised in raising fruit trees."

Cross^redr Varieties. — " The power of procuring inter-

p p 3

582 Lijidlei/s Guide to the Orchard

mediate varieties by the intermixture of the pollen and stigma
of two different parents is, however, that which most deserves
consideration. We all know that hybrid plants are constantly
produced in every garden, and that improvements of the most
remarkable kind are yearly occurring in consequence." All
cases, however, of cross-fertilisation are subject to " a practi-
cal consequence of great importance ; " namely, that " the new
variety will take chiefly after its polliniferous or male parent ;
and that at the same time it will acquire some of the con-
stitutional pecuharities of its modier/' Mr. Sweet's experience
(p. 205, 206.) corroborates this position. " The limits within
which experiments of this kind must be confined are, how-
ever, narrow. It seems that cross-fertilisation will not take
place at all, or veiy rarely, between different species "*, unless
these species are nearly related to each other, and that the
offspring of the two distinct species is itself sterile, or, if it
possesses the power of multiplying itself bj' seed, its progeny
returns back to the state of one or other of its parents.

" Hence it seldom or never has happened that domesticated
fruits have had such an origin. We have no varieties raised
between the apple and the pear, or the quince and the latter,
or the plum and cherry, or the gooseberry and currant. On
the other hand, new varieties, obtained by the intermixture of
two preexisting varieties, are not less prolific, but, on the con-
trary, often more so, than either of their parents : witness the
numerous sorts of Flemish pears which have been raised by
cross-fertilisation from bad bearers within the last twenty
years, and which are the most prolific fi-uit trees with which
gardeners are acquainted ; witness also Mr. Knight's cherries,
raised between the mav duke and the srafiion, and Coe's golden
drop plum, raised from the green gage fertilised by the yellow
magnum bonum. It is, therefore, to the intermixture of the
most valuable existing varieties of fruit that gardeners should
trust for the amelioration of their stock."

Considering varieties, whether those already originated, or
others which hereafter may be, in reference to their individual
merits or demerits, the editor remarks that the merits of any
given variety " may still be either ehcited or destroyed by

* We suspect the possibility of originating hybrids is scarcely thus
limited. Mr. Campbell, gardener to the Comte de Vandes, raised foxgloves
from D. ambigua, whose onda were fertilised by the pollen of Gloxin/a spe-
ciosa; and they vary considerably from the mother, and assimilate re-
motely to the male parent. PoientiUa Russell/oTza is, we believe, an
instance of a hybrid whose anthers are sterile; i?hododendron Russellia/zM/w,
of one in which the sexual organs are perfect : so it is stated by iSIr. Sweet,
in his description of this hybrid, as we have noticed, p. 341.

a?id Kitche?i-Garden. 583

the cultivator." He then proceeds to notice certain methods
of improvement. To cause bad bearers to be more prolific,
the means are : — " 1. By ringing the bark ; 2. By bending
branches downwards [see some useful remarks on the mode
and effect of this process in our August Number, p. 4i0. ;]
3. By training; and, 4. By the use of different kinds of stocks.
All these practices are intended to produce exactly the same
effect by different ways. Whatever tends to cause a rapid
diffusion of the sap and secretions of any plant, causes also
the formation of leaf-buds instead of flower-buds; and, on
the conti'ary, whatever tends to cause an accumulation of sap
and secretions has the effect of producing flower-buds in
abundance." Ringing, by tending to prevent the return of
sap to the part below the ring, also tends to cause the desired
accumulation of sap in the part above the ring.

Bending down the branches effects the same accumulation
with more certainty. When branches are in their natural or
erect position, the fluids are diffused through their vessels or
tissue uninterruptedly and rapidly ; but, by bending down the
branches, the vessels become more or less compressed, and
contribute to the accumulation of the juices or sap, by pre-
venting its rapid diffusion. Training, as branches in this
process are usually bent, effects the same object in the same
manner; as well as by fixing the branches, and so pre-
venting their being agitated by winds ; as this agitation " is
known to facilitate the movement of the fluids." " Nor is the
influence of the stock of an essentially different nature. In
proportion as the scion and the stock approach each other
closely in constitution, the less effect is produced by the
latter ; and, on the contrary, in proportion to the constitu-
tional difference between the stock and the scion is the effect
of the former important. Thus, when pears are grafted or
budded on the wild species ; apples upon crabs, plums upon
plums, and peaches upon peaches or almonds, the scion is, in
regard to fertility, exactly in the same state as if it had not
been grafted at all ; while, on the other hand, a great in-
crease of fertility is the result of grafting pears upon quinces,
peaches upon plums, apples upon v/hitethorn, and the like.
In the latter cases, the food absorbed from the earth by the
root of the stock is communicated slowly and unwillingly to
the scion; under no circumstances is the communication be-
tween the one and the other as free and perfect as if their
natures had been more nearly the same ; the sap is impeded
in its ascent, and the proper juices are impeded in their
descent; whence arises that accumulation of secretion which
is sure to be attended by increased fertility."

r p 4

58if Lindlei/s Guide to the Orchard

The editor proceeds to consider " upon what principle the
flavour of particular fruits may be improved, " and deems all
improvements " entirely due to the increased action of the
vital functions of leaves." The nature of the stock does not,
he argues, at all influence the flavour of the fruit of the scion.
" Those who fancy, for instance, that the quince [used as a
stock to the pear] communicates some portion of its austerity
to the pear, can scarcely have considered the question phy-
siologically, or they would have seen that the whole of the
food communicated from the alburnum of the quince to that
of the pear is in nearly the same state as when it entered the
roots of the former. Whatever elaboration it undergoes
must necessarily take place in the foliage of the pear ; where,
far from the influence of the quince, seci'etions natural to the
variety go on with no more interruption than if the quince
formed no part of the system of the individual." The fluid
or sap collected by the roots, when elaborated in the leaves,
is so modified by the combined action of air, light, and
evaporation, as to acquire the peculiar character of the final
secretions of the individual from which it is formed. " From
these secretions," as discharged by the foliage into the
system of the plant, " the fruit has the power of attracting
such portions as are necessary for its maturation. Hence it
follows, that the more we can increase the peculiar secretions
of a plant, the higher will become the quality of its fruits,**
and vice versa. Pruning and training, and the exposure of
branches to the most light in the sunniest aspects, promote
the former efi^ect.

The next subject considered is " the mode of multiplying
improved varieties of fruit, so as to continue in the progeny
exactly the same qualities as existed in the parent." Seeds
will not perpetuate a variety undeviatingly ; buds will. " A
plant is really an animated body, composed of infinite multi-
tudes of systems of life ; all indeed, united in a whole, but
each having an independent existence. When, therefore,
any number of these systems of life is removed, those which
remau), as well as those which are separated, will, under fit-
ting circumstances, continue to perform their natural func-
tions as well as if no union between them had ever existed.
These systems of life are buds, each having a power of
emitting'descending fibres in the form of roots, and also of
ascending in the form of stem. The first of these buds is the
embryo [in a seed] ; the others are subsequently formed on
the stem emitted by the embryo [in the progress of germina-
tion]. As these secondary buds develope, their descending

and Kitchen-Garden . 585

roots combine and form the wood'*', their ascending stems
give rise again to new buds. These buds are all exactly like
each other : they have the same constitution, the same
organic structure, and the individuals they are capable of
producing are, consequently, all identically the same ; allow-
ance, of course, being made for such accidental injuries or
alterations as they may sustain during their subsequent
growth. It is upon the existence of such a remarkable
physiological peculiarity in plants, that propagation entirely
depends ; an evident proof of which may be seen in this cir-
cumstance : — Take a cutting of a vine, consisting of the space
which lies between two buds, an internodium as botanists
would call the piece, and no art will succeed in ever making
it become a new plant, however considei'able the size of the
internodium may be. But, on the other hand, take the bud
of a vine, without any portion of the stem adhering to it, and
it will throw out stem and root, and become a new plant im-
mediately." The various modes of artificial propagation, as
increasing by eyes, striking from cuttings, laying, budding,
and grafting, " all consist in the application of these prin-
ciples under various forms." Increasing by eyes or buds is
illustrated by the above instance of the vine. Striking by
cuttings consists in placing a stem bearing more buds than
one " in circumstances fitted for the maintenance of life ; " and
this method has an advantage over propagation by single
buds, as " the stem of the cutting forms an important re-
servoir of nutriment" for the buds it bears, until they can
emit roots into the soil by which to cater for them-
selves. " That bud which is nearest the bottom of the
cutting emits its roots" first "into the earth," and "a
good operator always takes care that the lower end of his
cutting is pared down as close to the base of the bud as may
be practicable without actually destroying any part of the
bud itself: by this means the first emitted roots, instead of
having to find their way downwards between the bark and
wood, strike at once into the earth, and become a natural
channel by which nutriment is conveyed into the general
system of the cutting."

^^ Laying is nothing but striking from cuttings that are
still allowed to maintain their connection with the mother
plant, by means of a portion, at least, of their stem." Tongue-
ing the layer " has the effect of enabling the roots to

♦ The ingenious theory that every bud has a root or roots, by which it
connects itself with, and supports itself from, the soil, is withstood by some
physiologists.

586 Lindley's Guide to the Orchard and Kitche7i-Garden.

be emitted into the soil through the wound more readily
than if they had to pierce through the bark."

Budding and Grafting. — "Budding differs from grafting
in this, that a portion of a stem is not made to strike root on
another stem ; but that, on the contrary, a bud deprived of
all trace of the woody part of a stem is introduced beneath
the bark of the stock, and there induced to strike root." In
performing either operation, the great point to be attended
to is, to secure " the exact contact of similar parts." The
editor presents numerous valuable remarks on these two pro-
cesses, but our limits forbid us quoting them.

Transplanting. — The success of this important operation, the
writer conceives, may " be proved to depend exclusively upon
these two conditions: — 1. The preservation of the spongioles
of the roots ; and, 2. The prevention of excessive evaporation."
The spongioles are the extremities of the fibres, and con-
s_ist of " bundles of vessels surrounded by cellular tissue in
a very lax spongy state." Plants absorb all or nearly all of
their fluids through these spongioles, and, as the latter are
exceedingly delicate in their organisation, their destruction
will be effected in exact proportion to the violence or care-
lessness with which transplantation is performed. " It is
because of the security of the spongioles from injury when
the earth is undisturbed, that plants reared in pots are trans-
planted with so much more success than if taken immediately
from the soil" As every fibre is terminated by a spongiole,
cuttinor through the roots of large trees, to induce the form-
ation of fibres, the year previous to removmg them, contributes
to successful transplanting. " WTien destroyed, the spongioles
are often speedily replaced, particularly in orchard trees, pro-
vided a slight degree of growth continues to be maintained.
This is one of the reasons why trees removed in October
succeed better than if transplanted at any other time. The
growth of a tree at that season is not quite over ; and the
first impulse of nature, when the tree finds itself in a new
situation, is to create new mouths by which to feed when the
season for growing again returns."

Evaporation. — The prodigious evaporation of plants is first
attested by quotations from Hales, Guettard, and Knight.
A plant of " sunflower perspires seventeen times more than a
man. . . . This loss has all to be supplied by the moisture in-
troduced into the system by the spongioles ; and hence, if the
sponf^ioles are destroyed, and evaporation takes place be-
fore they can be replaced, a plant must necessarily die."
From this principle arises the impracticability of transplanting
deciduous trees when in leaf. Hence, also, " certain ever-

Ronalds' s Vyrus "M-dlus Brentfordiensis. 587

greens can be transplanted in almost all months [see our
extracts fromMr.M'Nab's pamphlet on this subject, p. 78, 79.]:
this arises from their perspiration being much less copious
than in deciduous trees, wherefore the spongioles have less
difficulty in supplying the loss occasioned by it."

" In damp or wet weather this evaporation is least ; in hot
dry weather it is greatest." Conformably with these con-
ditions, and consistently with the foregoing principle, it is,
" that deciduous plants, if taken from the ground in summer,
are put into pots and put in a hot-bed to recover ; not for
the sake of the heat, but because the atmosphere of a hot-
bed is so charged with humicUty that perspiration cannot go
on, so that the vital energies of the plant, instead of being
wasted by evaporation, are directed to the formation of new
mouths by which to feed." This is a sketch of the scope of
the Introduction, which, as we said above, we think a truly
valuable article.

Tlie subject matter of the work itself is divided into two
alphabets ; one for the objects of culture in the fruit-garden,
the other for those of the kitchen-garden : in the latter, at
p. 551., occurs the notice of the perennial duration of the
scarlet runner ; to which fact we have previously called
attention, (p. 485.)

Art, II. Vyrus 'Mains Brentfordiensis ; or, a concise Descrijjtion
of selected Apples. By Hugh Ronalds, F.H.S., Nurseryman,
Brentford ; with a Figure of each Sort drawn from Nature, on
Stone, by his Daughter. London, 1831. 4to, with a coloured
Figure of each kind of Apple, 5l. 5s. ; with a plain Figure, 4/. 4s.

We have more than once given notice of the forthcoming
of this work, in terms announcing our high anticipations of
its excellence. We have not been disappointetl, and can
assure our readers that the coloured plates which it contains
have never been surpassed, and very seldom equalled, in
point of fideUty and beauty of execution. Considering this,
and the number of apples figured (179), the work is re-
markably cheap ; and we cordially recommend it as exhibit-
ing the most complete collection extant of delineations of
this most useful of British fruits. What adds to the value
of the book is, that plants of the whole may be obtained
from the author's nursery, and that the fruit may be seen and
tasted there during the autumn and winter months ; but what
is a great blemish is the want of more synonymous names.

588 Itonalds's Vynis Mdlus Brentfordi^nsis.

The descriptions by Mr. Ronalds are drawn up with ac-
curacy and perspicuity; and Miss Elizabeth Ronalds's part
of the work is beyond all praise. We shall give an extract
from the Introduction, and a classification of the sorts figured,
according to the situations for which they are adapted, as given
by Mr. Ronalds at the end of the work : —

" The sorts will by some be thought too numerous ; but it should be
considered that many kinds are requisite to insure a constant supply of
fruit in every season and at all times, as some of them will every 3'ear fail
in bearing. There is also some peculiar good quality in each of this selec-
tion to recommend it to different tastes, with some singularity of appear-
ance rendering it pleasing to the eye ; and there seems no reason why a
fancy should not be indulged in apples as well as in tulips, ranunculuses,
&c., as they present the greatest and most beautiful variety of any species
of fruit, and so eminently combine the useful with the agreeable.

" The descriptions are concise, and designed to point out, in a plain way,
the distinct character and qualities of each kind, with the name (encum-
bered with but few synonymes) by which each variety is most generally
known. The figures are of medium size, and the habit of the tree is given
with its history, where it is known or is remarkable."

In the following lists we have prefixed a star to those
kinds of which we do not perceive a figure in the work;
but it should be remarked that the work contains figures of
several varieties not enumerated in them. "We wish the lists
had been reduced one half at least.

A List of the best Sorts of Apples for the Orchard; being chiefly of strong
and hardy growth, and sure bearers.

Summer and AuUimn Sorts. — Cockpit, *Downton pippin. Duchess of
Oldenburgh, Dutch codlin, Franklin's golden pippin, *Gloria mundi, Haw-
thornden, Kerry pippin, Keswick codlin. Red Quarrenden, Salopian pippin,
*St. Julien, Striped juneating. Striped monstrous reinette. White Calville,
Wormsley pippin.

Winter Sorts for Orchards. — Beauty of Kent, Bedfordshire foundling, Blen-
heim orange, Cockle pippin. Court of Wick, Cowarne's queening, *Deeping,
Duke of Wellington, Dutch minion [mignonne], Fearn's pippin. Flower of
Kent, French crab, *French russet. Golden russet. Green nonpareil, Han well
souring. Incomparable crab, Kentish broading, Kentish fiUbasket, *Kentish
pippin, King of pippins, Kirke's Lord Nelson, Large russet. Lemon pippin,
Lewis's incomparable, London pippin, Lucombe's seedling. Marmalade
pippin, Minshul crab, Newtown pippin. Nonpareil russet, Norfolk beaufin,
♦Northern reinette, *Pound apple, Ribston pippin, Rymer, Seek no fur-
ther, Striped Holland pippin, Yorkshire greening.

A copious Selection, to allow of Choice, for an extensive Garden.

Summer and Autumn Dessert. — Aromatic russet, Duchess of Oldenburgh,
Early wax apple, Hicks's fancy, Keddlestone pippin, Kerry pippin. La
fameuse, Margil, Pomegranate pippin. Red Astrachan, Red Ingestrie, Red
Quarrenden, Sack and sugar. Scarlet pearmain. Sops of wine. Striped
juneating, Summer oslin, Thorle pippin, White juneating, Wilmot's seedling.
Yellow Ingestrie.

Summer a?id Autumn Kinds of Sauce A^jples. — Carlisle codlin. Cockpit,
Cole apple, *Downton pippin, Dutch codlin, Early Crofton or peach
apple, *Early St. Julien, Emperor Alexander, Gravenstein, Hawthorn-
den, Hollandbury, Keswick codlin, Manks Codlin, *Margate [Marga-

Ronald^s Vyrus Malus Brcntfordiensis. 589

ret ?], Nonsuch, Ro3'al pearmain, Rowe's seedling, Spring Grove codlin,
Striped monstrous reinette, Tom Potter, White Calville, Wormslej' pippin.

fVhifer Dessert Sorfs for a large Garden. — American plate, BorsdofFer,
*Bringewood pippin, Brookes's apple, Christie's golden [V] pippin. Court of
Wick, Court pendu plat rougcatre, Crofcon pippin, Dr.-ige's golden pippin.
Flat nonpareil. Golden Harvej', Golden pearmair., Uolden pippin. Golden
Worcester, Green nonpareil, Herefordshii'e pearmain, Hughes's golden
pippin. Isle of Wight golden pippin. Lamb Abbey pearmain, Little beauty,
*Motteux's Beachamwell, *New cluster golden pippin. Nonpareil, Non-
pareil russet, Padley's royal George, Parry's pearmain, Pomnie d'Api,
Reinette grise, Robinson's pippin. Russet table pearmain. Scarlet non-
pareil, Syke-house russet, *Tulip apple, *Wragley Castle, Wyken pippin.

Winter Sauce Apples for a large Garden. — Alfriston, Backhouse's [Lord]
Nelson, Beauty of Kent, Bedfordshii-e foundling, Blenheim orange. Cockle
pippin, Cornish aromatic, Dutch minion [mignonne], Duke of Wellington,
Flower of Kent, French crab, *French russet. Golden russet, Hambledon
deux ans, HoUandbury, Iron apple, Kentish broading, Kentish fillbasket.
King of the pippins, Kirke's Lord Nelson, Lemon pippin, Lewis's incompar-
able, London pippin, Lucombe's seedling, *Marigold, Marmalade pippin,
Minshul crab, Newtown Spitzemberg, Noblesse de Gaud, Norfolk beaufin,
*Norfolk paradise, *Northern reinette, Pomme d'Api gros, *Pound apple,
*Rhode Island greening, Royal russet, Rymer, Somerset lasting. Striped
Holland pippin, Yorkshire greening.

An Assortment for smaller Gardens.

Stnnmer and Autumn Scys. — Cole apple, Delaware, Duchess of Olden-
burgh, Dutch codlin, *E!i.r]y Julien, Eniperor Alexander, Gravenstein,
Hawthornden, Hicks's fancj', Kerry pippin, Keswick codlin, Manks codlin,
Margil, Nonsuch, Red Astrachan, Red Quarrenden, Rymer, Salopian
pippin, Wormsley pippin.

Winter Dessert Apples. — *Bringewood pippin, Christie's pippin. Court
of Wick, Fearn's pippin, Golden pippins of sorts. Golden Harvey, Isle of
Wight pippin. King of the pippins, Kirke's golden reinette. Nonpareils of
sorts. Nonpareil russet, Padley's pippin, Ribston pippin. Russet table
pearmain, Syke-house russet, Wyken pippin.

Winter Sauce Apples. — Beauty of Kent, Bellidge pippin, Blenheim
orange. Cockle pippin, Duke of Wellington, Flower of Kent, French crab,
Kentish broading, Kentish fillbasket. King of the pippins, Kirke's Lord
Nelson, Lucombe's seedling. Marmalade pippin, Newtown pippin, New-
town Spitzemberg, *Norfolk paradise. Russets of sorts. Striped Holland
pippin, Yorkshire greening.

A List of the best Sorts for working on Paradise Stocks, which bear
sooner, and occupy less Space, than those on Crabs; fittest for the
Borders of Gardens.

Beauty of Kent, BorsdofFer, *Bringewood pippin, Christie's pippin.
Cockle pippin. Cole apple, Court of Wick, Delaware, Duchess of Olden-
burgh, Dutch minion [mignonne]. Emperor Alexander, Fearn's pippin.
Golden pearmain. Golden pippins of sorts, *Grange apple, Gravenstein,
Herefordshire pearmain, HoUandbury, Isle of Wight pippin, Kerry pippin,
*KiIkenny codlin, *Kilkenny Astems, King of the pippins, Kirke's golden
reinette, Margil, Nonpareils of sorts, *Norfolk pippin, Padley's royal
George, Pomme grist. Red Astrachan, Red Ingestrie, Reinette grise, Ribston
pippin, Syke-house russet, Wyken pippin.

List of Sorts best adapted for those who require largo Quantities of only
a few Sorts, or for Sale.

Blenheim orange, *Bringewood pippin, Carlisle codlin. Cockle pippin,
Cockj)it, Court of Wick, *Downton pippin, Duke of Wellington, Fearn's

590 Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.

pippin, French crab, Golden pippins, Golden russet, Hawthornden, Kent-
ish broading, Kentish fiUbasket, Kerry pippin, Keswick codlin, King of
the pippins, Kirke's Lord Nelson, Lemon pippin, Lewis's incomparable,
London pippin, Minshul crab. Nonpareils, Nonpareil russet, Pomme d'Api
gros. Red Quarrenden, Ribston pippin, Rymer, Sack and sugar, *St. Julien,
Salopian pippin. Scarlet nonpareil, Striped Holland pippin, Syke-house
russet, Yorkshire greening.

A List of a few superior Sorts of Dessert Apples, deserving of a Place
on East, South, or Western Aspects on Walls, in which Situations
most of them will ripen perfectly on the Tree, in not unfavourable
Seasons ; and, when gathered fresh, the Flavour is exquisite.

American fall, Beachamwell seedling, *Bringewood pippin, Christie's
pippin. Cole ajjple. Court of Wick, Delaware, Fearn's pippin. Golden pear-
main. Golden pippins of sorts. Isle of Wight pippin. King of the pippins,
Kirke's golden reinette, *Male Carle, MargU, Newtown pippin. Nonpareils
of sorts, Padley's royal George, Pomme grise, Red Ingestrie, Reinette
grise, Ribston pippin, Syke-house russet, Wyken pippin.

Art. III. Memoirs of the Caledonian Hoiiicultiiral Society.
Vol. IV. Part II.

(^Continued from p. 469.)

46. On saving the Seeds of some Cidinary Vegetables and Orna-
mental Flowers in Scotland. By the late Alexander Henderson,
Esq., Dec. 7. 1818. Read March 4. 1819.

Mr. Henderson thinks that the seedsmen of Scotland
might save several varieties of seeds, which they are at present
accustomed to import from the Continent ; particularly the
early white flat Dutch turnip, and the yellow garden turnip.
Mr. Henderson states that he has been successful in saving
these and other seeds in his own nursery.

47. On the Forcing of Sea-kale, and on the Cidture of Sicilian
Broccoli, S^c. By Edmund Cartwright, Esq. Read June 9. 1818.
About the end of October, plants of sea-kale ai'e removed

into boxes of common earth, and placed in a dark cellar,
out of the reach of frost. The shoots will come into use in
six or eight weeks ; and if three or four boxes follow in suc-
cession, at intervals of a month, there will be a regular sup-
ply through the winter. Each box will give two supplies.
Sicilian Broccoli is apt to throw out side shoots ; it is of easy
culture, and of very superior flavour.

48. On destroying Caterjyillars. By Mr. Alexander Witherspoon.
Well meant, but not sufficiently scientific to do good.

49. Hints on transplanting Onions ; on Canher in Fruit Trees ;
Scottish Pears, S)-c. By Col Spens of Craigsanquhar. Read

■ June 6. 1815.

Memoirs of the Caledonian Hoiticultwal Society. 591

Onions. — In late situations, onions cannot be sown in
spring, and transplanted, because the bulbs must be perfectly
ripe in the autumn, in order to keep through the winter.
They must, therefore, be sown in the preceding autumn, in
Mr. Macdonald's manner. Mr. Macdonald generally raises
a few potfuls of seedling onions in a stove or forcing-house,
so as to have them sufficiently early for planting out.

Canker. — " Various are the causes said to bring on this
desolating disease. Bad or wet soil and subsoil ; exposure to-
cold bleak winds, in high situations particularly; stricture of
the bark ; frost in spring, checking the circulation of the sap ;
external injuries of different kinds ; insects lodging in the
cracks, and under the old bark; the infirmities of decrepid
old age in those varieties long cultivated in Britain ; improper
stocks, or improper grafting. Though others seem to be of,
a different opinion, yet Mr. Knight thinks that no topical
application will do any good, and that the disease is not of
the bark but of the wood : and I am inclined to believe that
this may frequently be the case ; for, on removing cankered
branches, I have often remarked that the very iscart was in-
fected and discoloured, and the wood under all the three dif-
ferent barks rotten or diseased. And that it often proceeds
from the infirmities of decrepid old age, in those varieties long-
cultivated in this island, I am also convinced of, from its being
so very destructive to young trees in new gardens, in many of
which it is very prevalent, where these old kinds are found."

50. On the Formation of a Gardener s Library. By Mr. James
Smith, Hopetoun House Garden, March 18. 1826. Read April 6.
1826.

It appears to Mr. Smith, that the Caledonian Horticultural
Society would advance the interests of gardening by purchas-
ing a selection of the best botanical engi'avings, and laying
them on their table for the inspection of practical gardeners ;
the same as to engravings of fruits. The principal check to
the extended culture of rare and beautiful trees and shrubs
is, the ignorance of country gardeners, who have not known
them when they were yoimg, respecting their natures. Hence
it is, that a suburban garden, of a few square poles, often con-
tains more rare and beautiful American trees than a noble-
man's park and pleasure-grounds of 1000 acres in Yorkshire
or Perthshire. [A good Arboretum Britdnnicuni would go far
to remedy this evil.]

51. On the Cultivation of Peaches and Nectarines 07i Fined Walls;
071 screening the Blossoms of Wall Trees by means of Nets and
Fern% ; on savina; Peas and Beans from the Attacks of Mice ;

592 Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.

and on destroying these Vermin. By Mr. Wm. Irving, Gardener
to Sir John C. Swinburn, Capheaton. Read June 11. ISl'i.

Peaches and Nectarities. — Tlie walls are ] 2 ft. high ; the
borders 18 in. deep of strong clay, and 18 in. of light soil
mixed and placed over a bottom of 6 in. of stones and lime-
rubbish. The trees are trained horizontally,. because the fruit
on trees so trained is thought to be larger and better fla-
voured. But fan-training is preferred for handsomeness of
appearance, and easy regulation of the tree. After the winter
pruning, the trees and walls are washed over with a mixture
consisting of 2 lbs. of flour of sulphur, 1 lb. of soft soap, and
a few gallons of water ; the whole boiled together, and thinned
by water till it will pass through a syringe.

" Our canvass screens are made very neatly : they are all
joined together with a wall-plate at top and another at bot-
tom, and the rafters are all mortised into them ; these rest on
spikes of wood driven into the border, and the sheets are
lashed to small beams at top and bottom. They are 20 ft.
long, draw up with pulleys, and are lashed together with
small cord, which makes a handsome cover, almost as good
as glass. It has been very much admired by several gentle-
men, who got models from it."

Screening Blossoms. — Fern is gathered in September, and
dried in an airy loft floor, taking care to keep the fronds
always on their flat side. " I provide some poles in the
young plantations, dress them, and sharpen them at the
thickest end; then lay them aside until they be wanted. I
furnish myself with some sheet or large-meshed nets ; they
are the cheapest and best for this sort of covering. In spring,
as soon as the blossoms begin to expand, I place my poles
about 4 ft. apart, and 18 in. from the wall at bottom, thrust-
ing the sharp end into the ground, and resting the other end
against the coping ; then drawing the net over them, fasten
it at top to the coping, and at bottom with strands of bass
round the poles. We then begin at the under part of the
net, and tuck in the fern, putting the root end in at one mesh
and out at the other, with the top of the fern downwards; all
in lines, as if slanting, so thin as merely to touch one another,
but allowing them to be a little thicker or closer at the top of
the wall. When the fern is all in, I hang another net over
the whole, and then make all fast to the poles at different
places with strands of bass. To prevent the wind from dis-
placing the fern, all must be done when the weather is calm,
for wind would be troublesome. This mode may appear to some
tedious ; but those who try it will find, after a short practice,
that it is an easy operation. Nothing more is wanted until

Cwtis's Botanical Magazine. 593

tlic fruit is all set, and the Vv'eather fine ; then I take off the
upper net, and remove all the fern ; but I hang on the nets
again for some days, to harden the trees gradually. Then,
taking the opportunity of fine soft weather, I remove the
whole. This ought never to be done when it is very cold,
nor in broad sunshine ; for, at such times, sudden exposure
would hurt the trees and the young fruit. I have made use
of this covering for these thirteen years past with great suc-
cess, finding it a safeijuard against almost all sorts of unfa-
vourable weather. When the fern is wet, it expands itseli;
when it dries with the sun, it contracts ; so that it then makes
but little shade. I now stick on the fern, and make a close
covering on a snowy night."

Saving Peas or Beans from Mice. — Chop up the tops of
the last year's shoots of furze, and sow them in the drills.

Cheap Method of catching Mice. — Sink bell-glasses level
with the earth ; fill them half full of water ; put a little oat-
meal over the water in the glass, and a little over the earth
about the outside of the glass, " to decoy them to a watery
grave." Cover the glasses with straw during winter, to keep
the water from freezing.

Art. IV. Catalogue of Worlis on Gardening, Agriculture, Botany,
Rural Architecture, Sfc, published since July, 1831, "voith some
Account qftJtose considered the most interesting.

In enumerating the contents of the Botanical Periodicals, those genera or species marked by a
star (*) are not included in the first edition of the Hortus Britdnnicus.

Curlis's Botanical Magazine, or Floiver-Garden displayed; New Series,
Edited by Dr, Hooker. In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 3s. M. coloured ;
3s. plain.

No. L VI. for August, contains
3088. Xantliochymus dulcis. Figured from Bretton Hall, where, in
Feb. 1831, a small tree about 10 ft. high was loaded with 200 flowers and
young fruit ; the latter having every prospect of attaining perfection. The
iiowers, which are " cream-coloured, almost white," arc smallish ana pro-
duced in fascicles. The fruit, which, in the Molucca Islands, the native
station of this species, is palatable and good, is " a rounded or oval berry,
of the size of an a|)ple, smooth, and bright yellow, with copious yellow
pulp." — 3089. OMea undulata. A plant for capacious conservatories,
where its dark-tinted, largish, evergreen, deeply waved leaves make it wel-
come in winter, and where, moreover, it not rarely produces numerous
panicles of minute, white, very fragrant blossoms. In the figure cited, the
leaves are not enongh waved, nor have their petioles or expansion their
usual dark tint. — 3090. Melocactas communis. This grows at St. Kitt's,
" in very dry and barren places, often on bare porous rocks, into which its
tortuous roots penetrate. Its increase in size is very slow. The inhabit-
ants of St. Kitt's have observed plants for a long period of years to make
no apparent progress, and tradition estimates the age of some of them at
from 200 to 300 years. When the head is by any accident broken off, a
tluster of new plants springs up from the wound ; by removing and plant-

VoL. VII. — No. 3 i. f) s

594 Ciirtis^s Bota7iical Magazine.

ing which the plant may be increased." — 3091. Aphanochilus *blandus.
Unshovvy; related to the mints. — 3092. * Arracacia e?,c\i\ev\ta. An um-
belliferous plant, devoid of beauty, save in its usefulness, which is very
great ; its radical tubers being in South America extensively employed as
an article of human food. The stems of the plant are from 2 to 4 ft.
high, its leaves long and pinnated, resembling somewhat those of celery.
The root is a large fleshy tuber, which produces on its surface other knobs
or tubers of two kinds ; first, those produced from its upper part, which
incline upwards, arc smallish, and each of which gives oiF several germs or
shoots towards the tip of its individual self (possibly in the manner stem-
borne tubers of the potato do) ; secondly, tubers produced below the
above-mentioned, which descend into the earth, and excel the former in
size, as they do the parent tuber in tenderness and in the delicateness of
their flour or meal ; and therefore these are the tubers generally brought
to table. Of these one parent tuber will yield eight or ten, besides small
ones J the largest of them will be 8 or 9 in. long, by 2 to 2A in. in diameter,
almost through the whole length, as each tuber tapers off suddenly, and
has a few small fibres at its extremity. Doubtless the tubers of Georgina
(DahhV?) will pretty accurately image them to the mind. The tubers of
the second kind " yield a food which is prepared in the same manner as
potatoes, is grateful to the palate, and so easy of digestion that it fre-
quently constitutes the chief aliment of the sick. Starch and pastry are
made from fecula of the tubers, and the tubers reduced to pulp enter into
the composition of certain fermented liquors, supposed to be efficacious as
tonics. This plant is a native of the vicinity of Santa Fe ; and in that
city, and indeed wherever it can be procured, the arracacha is as universally
used as the potato is in England. For the successful cultivation of it a
medium heat of between 38° and 60° of Fahrenheit, and deep black mould
that will easily yield to the descent of the large vertical roots, are requi-
site. It is propagated by planting pieces of the root, in each of which
must be an eye or shoot : these acquire in three or four months a size suf-
ficient for culinary purposes ; though, if permitted to continue six months
in the ground, they attain immense dimensions, without any injury to their
flavour. [We have previously (Vol. VI. p. 326.) given the mode of cul-
tivating the arracacha in the Caraccas, on the authority of Mr. D. Fanning.]
The colour of the root or tuber is white, yellow, or purple, but all the
varieties have the same quality." Dr. Bancroft, who has introduced the
arracacha into Jamaica, where it is now flourishing, says : — "In flavour it
appears to me nearly to resemble a mixture of the parsnep with the potato."
On first tasting arracacha some like it, some do not: on repeated trials the
relish for it increases. The root requires to be thoroughly cooked. " At
all events, a vegetable which has for so many ages been the constant and
favourite food of a considerable portion of the population of South Ame-
rica, in preference even to the potato, which is there indigenous, ought not
to be thought undeserving of a fair trial in the way of cultivation in Ja-
maica." The arracacha is at present rare in England, and may continue
so ; for some of the plants imported have not thriven satisfactorily. It is
a perennial, doubtless, and in Britain will require the shelter of glass. The
tubers of the plant remind us of those of two British umbelliferous plants,
the ^unium flexuosum (and ^.Bulbocastanum also) and Cicuta virosa, both
producing tubers. Smith, in h'lsEiig/ish Flora, remarks that, in the Umbelli-
ferae, those species which inhabit high dry sites are usually wholesome,
those inhabiting watery sites usually poisonous. The species named beau-
tifully illustrate this position ; for the tubers of i?unium, a lover of dry
pasture, are quite agreeably flavoured, and readily eaten by children, and
by pigs, which will turn up the soil to obtain them ; while the tubers of
Cicuta virosa, the inhabitant of swamps, are said to be rankly poisonous, as
the term virosaimplies. On this principle, it may be doubted if growing celery

Curtis' s Botanical Magazine. 595

between water trenches, as some horticulturist has somewhere suggested,
will inci'ease the wholesomeness of this esculent, although, without a
question, the mode will greatly contribute to increase its magnitude. —
3093. J'rbutus *mucronata, Macronate-/e«ref/ Arbutus. A shrub, with
numerous diffuse branches, very small leaves, and white blossoms, resem-
bling those of the lily of the valley. Bloomed in INIay, 1830 ; and is yet
rare. A native of the Straits of Magellan. Introduced to the Clapham
nursery by Mr. Anderson. — 3094. Calceolaria *angustifl6ra, Narrow-
flowered Slipperwort. A new species, from Canta in Peru. Flowers
numerous and yellow, resembling somewhat those of C. integrifolia. " The
upper lip of the corolla is wanting, there being only a scarcely prominent
ring passing round the germen."

N^o. L VII. for September, contains

3095, Anona squamosa. " The sweet sop, or sugar apple," which, although
its native country may not be clearly ascertainable, " is now cultivated abun-
dantly in the new as well as in the old world, and principally on account of its
fruit. In the French colonies it is called pomme canllc, and ca:ur tie bteuf,
and is highly esteemed for its agreeable flavour." A. squamosa forms a tree or
large shrub 14 or 15ft. high; its fruit is " compound, large, roundish, or
oval, of a yellowish-green colour, embossed with prominent, oblong, and
somewhat imbincated, obtuse, adnate scales (whence the name squamosa),
which in maturity spread and are more depressed ; internally filled with as
many pulpy cells as there are united fruits, some being abortive, the rest
one-seeded : these all radiate from a central oblongo-acuminated receptacle,
from which the pulp when ripe readily separates." Drawn from a spe-
cimen produced in the Island of St. Vincent. — .3096. Tournefort/a */ielio-
tropioides. " This plant has so completely the aspect of a //eliotropium,
that, without an examination of the pistil or fruit, no one would suspect it
to belong to the genus Tournefort/a. As an ornamental plant, its merits
may be ranked with our well-known //eliotropium peruvianum and corym-
bosum, but its flowers are devoid of fragrance." A shrubby perennial; a
native of Buenos Ayrcs. Flowered for the first time in the stove in May,
1831; corollas pale lilac. — 3097. Trillium *discolor. Agrees with T. ses-
sile " in the sessile leaves and sessile erect flowers ; but from which it is
strikingly different, no less in the broadl}' ovate petals, than in their pecu-
liar pale greenish yellow hue, which also exhale an odour resembling that
of the American allspice" (Calycanthus floridus). Sent under the name
discolor, by Dr. Wray, along with other rare plants, from Augusta in
Georgia, in January, 1831. These plants, skilfullj' packed in tS'phagnum,
have travelled uninjured. The T. discolor flowered vigorously in the
green-house in May, 1831 ; but will probably prove as hardy as the other
species already in our gardens. — 3098. Brasav61« elegans. An elegant-
habited orchideous plant, with narrow somewhat grass-like leaves, and
whose slender scape, about 2 ft. long, supports about a dozen largish rose-
coloured blossoms. It is the Cyrtopodium elegans of Hamilton's Prodro-
mus of the Plants of the West Indies. It is a native of Antigua, where it
grows " neither in soil, nor upon trees, but upon stones and upon lofty
rocks of the trap formation, along with Epidendrum ciliare, Oncidium
pulchellum, Pitcairnia hrovaeMafolia, Pilea JHuscosa, Peperomiaj, and many
species of ferns." B. elegans seems not to have yet reached Britain. —
3099. Houstoma *longif61ia. A perennial, with stems, from 4 to 6 in.
high, and white or very pale purple corollas. Introduced from the Blue
Mountains of North America, by our correspondent Mr. Blair. — 3100.
Palavia *rhombif61ia. " This is a very pretty plant, and, if it will bear
cultivation in the open border as an annual, promises soon to become
common." Plants raised from seeds collected by Mr. Cruickshanks, in
the spring of 1830, near Lima, have borne a profusion of largish rose-

OS 2

596 Edtvards's Botanical Register.

coloured blossoms in a hot-bed in the Edinburgh botanical garden, ilfalope
trifida gives a near idea of the plant. — 3101. Jsplenium Nidus. In its
native countries seems to be a parasite on the trunks of trees. It is a
highly ornamental plant, and deserving a place in every collection. lt&
fronds form a circle, hollow in the middle, and would alone justify Lin-
naeus's epithet Nidus, or bird's nest; but, in addition to this, he says, " the
root fixes itself upon the lofty trees, whence the leaves rise erect, and
arrange themseb^cs in a circle like an umbel, in the hollow centre of
which the birds frequently build their nests." Each leaf or frond of this
fern is from " 2h ft. to 3 ft. in length," undivided, and of a rich green colour,
studded beneath with the parallel lines of dark brown fructification : it is a
superb plant, and is, we believe, in Messrs. Loddiges's matchless filicetum.

Edwards's Botanical Ilcgister. New Series. Edited by John Lindley, F.R.S,
L^S. ttc. Professor of Botanj' in the London University. la 8vo Nimibers,
monthly. 4^. coloured.

No. VI. of Vol. IV. for August, contains
1427. Hove« lanceolata *linearis. An elegant small-sized green-house
evergreen, with purplish lilac blossoms. — 1428, Maxillaria *tetrag6na. A
shy-growing s;)ccies, not beautiful, whose flowers, produced in June, have
the fragrance of fresh violets. — 1429. iSalvia *foli6sa. A Mexican annual,
with azure blue blossoms expanded in August and September. The plant
is new, and readily propagated by seeds. — 1430. Banks/rt (/ucrcifolia.
Beautiful. — 1431. Cheiranthus mutabilis. A beautiful old green-house
plant, not near so prevalent as it should be ; it is most easil}' cultivated. —
1432. /Ranunculus *creticus var. macropliyllus. A frame perennial, with
fine foliage and large yellow flowers. — 1433. *Eul6phia Macka/«Hrt. The
Zygopetalum Macka« of our Hortus Britdnnicus. A lovely stove orchideous-
phuit.

No. VII. of Vol. IV. for September, contains
1434. Mirbeh'rt.? Baxter/'. From Nev^ Holland about the year 1825, by
Ml*. Baxter. A remarkably free grower, rimning like Brachysema latifo-
lium. It does not increase well by cuttings, but layers succeed better.
The plant is always in flower, except about three months in winter : it
commenced flowering last February, and had not been a day without
flowers till the middle of August, when fresh blossoms were again about to
expand. The leaves are evergreen, not large, and placed oppositely, con-
sequently in pairs. The flowers are not large, and are yellow spotted with
red, and disposed about five together in clusters. — 1435. jLupinus Sabin/-
duns (L. Sabini of our Hurtus Britdnnicus). A perennial herbaceous spe-
cies, with fine racemes of yellow blossoms; it has been hitherto fountl dif-
ficult of cultivation, and is, in consequence, extremely scarce. Drawn from
the Horticultural Society's garden. — 143G. FiEonia albiflora var. *P6tts//.
A splendid crimson-flowered garden variety, originated in China, whence it
was brougiit to the Horticultural Society, by the late Mr. John Potts, after
whom Mr. Sabine named it. The handsomest kind of the whole genus,
but extremely scarce at present. — 1437. Pyvus Bol]wylleri««r/ ; the
P. PoUverk of our Hortus Britdnnicus and of otiicr works. " The BoUwyller
pear tree grows in the woods round the town of that name in Alsace." Of
no value as a fruit, but common in shrubberies as an ornamental tree ;
increased by grafting on the crabstock.- — 1438. Rose *Clare. Sent from
Italy, witii several other beautiful kinds of rose, by Mr. Clare. Its blossoms
are single, and its principal charms ai"e its constant flowering, and the deep
rich crimson of its petals. Perhaps it is " a hybrid between 7^. indica and
R. semperflorens," or, [jerhaps, from their styles being similarly formed, it
is rather " a domesticated variety of R. sempervirens." Its foliage is of
rich deep evergreen, and it is as hardy as the common China rose. Grown
far several years against a west wall ; it has not exceeded the stature of

British Floxsoer-'Gardeii. — Botmiical Cabinet. 59^7

6 ft. ; cuttings strike root freely. — 1439. Pimelea *interraedia. A neat green-
house species ; intermediate, as it were, between P. sylvestris and P. hd-
milis ; its flowers are white, and produced in March. Introduced by
Mr. William Baxter, who found it in ISS-i in King George's Sound, in
New Holland. Published from the Clapton nursery. — 1440. Crocus
vernus var. *pictus. A handsome variety. — 1441. Acacia leprosa. The
A. dealbata of English gardeners. Its heads of flowers are yellow, axil-
lary, and rather numerous. " A. leprosa owes its grey powdery appear-
ance, not to the presence of hairs or scales on its surface, but to the
exudation of a brittle concrete matter, which is readily removed b}' rubbing.
A tendency to the formation of this is visible in A dodoncsifd/ia, and even
in A. stricta, two supposed species, to which A. leprosa approaches so
nearly that it is highly probable they will be hereafter considered varieties
of the same."

T/ie British Flowcr-Garden. New Series. By Robert Sweet, F.LS. &c.
In 8vo Numbers, monthly. 3*.

Ko. XXVII.for Augtist contains

105. ffinothera *anis61oba. A species with large white flowers, and nearly
related to CE. ^araxacifolia, than which it is more upright. From Chiloe,
and probablj' perennial. — 106. .Jndrosace carinata. A tiny exquisite,
from North America. — 107. Habranthus *r6seus. From Chiloe, with
largish rosy flowers. " It will, no doubt, thrive well in a warm border, in
the front of a stove, green-house, or wall; the bulbs to be covered with
litter in winter to defend them from frost." — 108. Adenophora stylosa. The
Campanula stylosa of botanical collections ; not half so frequent there, or
any where, as its elegance and numerous light blue blossoms lead one to
wish it to be,

Ko. XXVIII. for September, contains

109. Rihes sanguineum. The matchless splendour of this hardy shrub
3S already known. The precocity, abundance, and splendour of its blossoms,
and the speedy increase which it admits by cuttings planted in autumn or
•spring, render its absence from every flower-garden long, impossible. It
will grow in almost any soil ; but that in which a portion of lime rubbish
occurs, Mr. Douglas, the introducer of the plant, considers fittest. — 110.
Soldanella alpina. — 111. Ornithogalum fimbriatum. — 112. Salpiglossis
*Barclay«««. " A h3'brid between S. picta and S.atropurpurea, raised from
the seeds of the former by Mr. Cameron, formerly gardener to the late
Robert Barclay, Esq. ;" now of the Birmingham Garden.

Botanical Cabinet. By Messrs. Loddigcs. In 4to and 8vo Parts, monthly.
Large paper, 5a-.; small paper, ami partially coloured, 2^. M.
Part CLXXII. fur August, contains
1711. PultenjE^« *mucronata. Like all the family, this, a dwarf shrubby
yellow-flowered species, is from Australia. — 1712. liuelha Sab'miana, Were
this plant devoid of its beauteous light blue blossoms, its striking foliage, dark
green above and of purplish red beneath, renders it most desirable. — 1713.
i'uphorbia splendens. With bright scarlet blossoms, and its stem so beset
with long thorns as to form a vegetable cheval de frise. Strikes from cuttings
readily. Requires the stove. — 1714. Andromeda ^jolifolia var. grandi-
flora. A Russian variety of this freely growing ornamental species —
1715. Cattleya guttata. — 171G. £'rica vcstlta var. *blanda. Nearest
E. vestita coccinea, but grows more regularly and fuller of branches, and
has pink flowers. — 1717. jErica tenuiflora. Flowers tubular, pale yellow,
unshowy, but exceedingly fragrant, especially at night : this is a rare pro-
perty in heaths. — 1718. Bcrberis A(ivi\{6\\un\. Mah6n/« of some authors
— 1719. Calathea longibracteata. — 1720. Schiver^ck/a podolica. The

598 Botanical Cabinet.

yilyssum podolicum that used to be. A desirable constituent of potted col-
lections, as its tufts of powdered leaves and racemes of clear white blossoms
render it ornamental.

Part CLXXIII, for Scjitember, contains
1721. /beris Tenore«Ha. A beauty less known than it should and must
be. Called perennial, but is only biennial ; as it seeds freely, this is but slight
detraction from its merits. Plants from seeds self-sown are finest, and well-
drained soilfittest for them. — 1722. Phlox procumbens. An interesting pretty
species of an esteemed family. — 1 723. Grreville« sulphurea. Mr. Brown's
Prodronms of the Plants of New Holland is well known : to that Mork he
has recently (see p. 2 12.) published a First Supplement, which only includes
the plants of one order, Proteace^z-, that have been discovered since the
publication of his Prodromus. Of these there are nearly 200 additional
species ; hence, observe Messrs. Loddiges : — "If in one single order so
much has been discovered in New Holland, what indeed must there be in
that immense country of all other plants !" — 1724. Gesneria bulbosa.
See p. 369. — 1725. Andromeda ^jolifolia var. *revo!uta. Increased by
layers, " which will root sufficiently in from one to two 3'ears." We here
introduce an extract from Smith's translation of the Ldchesis hapfonica
or Tour in Lapland, of Linnaeus, which, besides exhibiting Linnaeus's reasons
for applying the name Andromeda to A. polifolia and its allies, exhibits
also a specimen of the powers of memory and imagination imparted to him.
In vol. i. p. 188., it is stated that " Andromeda ^jolifolia was now, June
12., in its highest beauty, decorating the marshy grounds in a most agree-
able manner. The flowers are quite blood red before they expand, but
when full grown the corolla is of a flesh colour. Scarcely any painter's
art can so happily imitate the beauty of a fine female complexion ; still less
could any artificial colour upon the face itself bear a comparison with this
lovely blossom. As I contemplated it I could not help thinking of Andro-
meda as described by the poets ; and the more I meditated upon their
descriptions, the more applicable they seemed to the little plant before me ;
so that, if these writers had had it in view, the}' could scarcely have con-
trived a more apposite fable. Andromeda is represented by them as a
virgin of most exquisite and unrivalled charms; but these charms remain
in perfection only so long as she retains her virgin purity, which is also
applicable to the plant now preparing to celebrate its nuptials. This plant
is always fixed on some little turfy hillock in the midst of the swamps, as
Andromeda herself was chained to a rock in the sea, which bathed her
feet, as the fresh water does the roots of the plant. Dragons and venomous
serpents surrounded her, as toads and other reptiles frequent the abode of
her vegetable resembler, and, when they pair in the spring, throw mud and
water over its leaves and branches. As the distressed virgin cast down
her blushing face through excessive aflHiction, so does the rosy-coloured
flower hang its head, growing paler and paler till it withers away. Hence,
as this plant forms a new genus, I have chosen for it the name of Andro-
meda." Linnseus has drawn this fanciful analogy farther in his Flora
Lapponica. " At length," says he, " comes Perseus in the shape of sum-
mer, dries up the surrounding water, and destroys the monsters, rendering
the damsel a fruitful mother, who then carries her head (the capsule)
erect." — 172G. Primula pusilla. A Canadian, resembling our Westmore-
land beauty, the P. farinosa. — 1727. Evica Patersoni (Patersoniawa of
our Hortus Britdnnicus, but perhaps wrongly). " Of much larger growth
than the majority of species, as it will readily attain the height of 6 ft. or
more, if duly encouraged with sufficient pot room ; in fact it does not
flower well till full 3 ft. high. Nothing can be more magnificent than its
bright gold-coloured blossoms, which appear in May, and are very dur-
able." The blossoms are tubular, and proceed from the axils of the

Botanic Garden, 599

thickly crowded leaves, so numerously as to constitute long dense spikes,
— 1728. £'rica regerminans. " A bushy short-growing sort, and begins to
flower in autumn, continuing throughout the whole of the winter and
spring. The flowers are very fragrant," very numerous, and red and
small. — 1729. Pyrus spectabilis. A well known, and almost indispensable
ornament of shrubberies and lawns. Chinese crab, or apple, it is also
called; its fruit, sometimes produced, is austere. — 1730. Beg6n?« dipetala.
" It requires the stove, and produces its pleasing flowers in April."

The Botanic Garden. By B. Maund, F.L.S. &c. In small 4to Numbers*
monthly. Large paper, \s. Qd. ; small paper, \s.

No. LXXX.for August, contains
317. Soldanella alpina. The soldanella of the ancients was the sea
bindweed (Calystegia Soldanella) of the moderns. — 318. yinemdne nemo-
rosa flore pleno. " Spread over a wide space, and well established ; its
foliage in spring forms an even carpet of verdure for the earth, which is
seen spotted with its delicate flowers, as the blue firmament is studded
with shining stars." A. nemorosa abounds in woods in Suffolk, and a re-
cent communication from Mr. Turner of the botanic garden. Bury St.
Ednumd's, in the Magazine of Natural History, vol. iv. p. 442., informs
us that " the blossoms of this plant are very fragrant ; so much so, that
a wood in which it abounds is as fragrant as a bank of violets (Fiola
Oflorata)." The leaves of A. nemorosa not rarely produce two interesting
species of parasitic fungi, the ^cidium leucospermum Dec. and the Puccinia
Anemones Pers. ; and the leaves of A. coronaria produce another species,
the ^cidium quadrifidum. Respecting all these, see the lucid and mas-
terly account by Mr. Baxter of the Oxford botanic garden, in Vol. III.
p. 490, 491. of this Magazine; and farther remarks on the same subject,
in Vol. III. p. 382., and Vol. IV. p. 192. — 319. Phlox *crassif61ia. A
very pretty species, assimilating to P. reptans or to stolonifera, but having
its corollas more rosy. — 320. i/orminum pyrenaicum. Its deep blue coi'ols
are pleasing ; but it never will be every body's plant.

No. LXXXI. for Sei^tembcr, contains
321. J?anunculus amplexicaulis. A well known perennial, which, from
it glaucous entire foliage and white blossoms, we think peculiarly' elegant ;
and it is very desirable in every garden, from its flowering earl}', and from
growing without trouble in various soils and situations. li, ^;arnassiaef61ius,
a species exhibiting the same habits and same features, but still " more
elegantly touched," is cultivated with much greater difficulty. This diffi-
culty probably proceeds from not assimilating our mode of culture
sufficiently to the plant's native habits. Its native stations are the lofty
ledges of the Pyrenees, immediately contiguous to the limits of perpetual
snow. The figure represents an excited, distorted, unusual specimen, fw?--
tis's Botanical Magazine, t. 266., is as it should be. — 322. Aquilegia
canadensis. " Independently of the positively virtuous sentiments which
the dissection and examination and study of flowers originate, the mind
must thereby become less and less the willing receptacle of meaner sub-
jects." Flowers in the figure not true to nature ; those of Botanical
Magazine, t. 246., far better. — 323. Hepatica triloba; single and double
blue; the colour of the double blue too light, it being naturally consider-
ably more intense than the single. The raising of hepaticas from seed
recommended on the experience of Dr. Hill, author of a folio on garden-
ing, both for obtaining new varieties and more strongly growing plants of
old ones. Transplanting hepaticas when in blossom reconunended. Surely
a fitter time is August or thereabout, previously to the commencement of
their autumnal rooting, on which their vigorous blossoming in spring must

Q e 4

600 Camellwse. — Florist's Guide.

needs depend. — 324. Silene maritima. Eulogised as a rock plan': and ■
justly, and tastefully exhibited in the figure on a fragment of rock. It will,
however, flourish in any dry soil. Mr. Maund has found it abounding cu
the coast of North Wales, as we have done on that of Suffolk : at Aid-
borough, v/here the beach is formed wholly of pebbles, and among these,
at considerable distance from the briny tide, where they have become
stationary and solid, it is that the S. maritima prevails. Of this plant Messrs.
Young of Epsom cultivate a variety bearing large double blossoms.

Chandler and Bootli's Illustrations and Dcscri'ptions of the CamclhhiK. In
Imperial 4to Parts, every three months. Is. plain; lO^- coloured; and
ISs. extra-size.

Part IX. for August, contains
33. Camelka japonica alba *semiduplex, Palmer''s semidouble white
Japanese Camellia. " The flowers consist of eight or nine roundish white
petals, arranged in two rows, or even three rows, when they happen to be
more numerous than this, and the flowers average more than 4 in. in
expansion. The largest petals are round, and about H in. across; the
others are roundish, oblong, and a little smaller ; all are extremely delicate,
like those of Welbank's white. — 34. Camellia japonica *concinna. Chan-
dler's elegant Japanese Camellia. This variety was raised by Messrs. Chan-
dler, in 1819, Irom seeds of the Waratah, and possesses much beauty,
although less brilliant than some others; it is not so well known as it
should be. " The flowers open well, are very regularly formed, and of a
fine rose colour, and exceed 3 in. in diameter ; and are little inferior in
appearance to those of eximia or those of imbricata ; the petals being
nearly as numerous, and arranged with equal symmetry." — 35. Camelh'a
japonica splendens, Allnutl's splendid Japanese Camellia. This is the va-
riety coccinea. No. 28. of our Hbrtus Britdnnicus, p. 293., and is "a much
admired variety." The brilliant red blossoms. Sin. broad, are particularly
showy ; and, as they are produced abundantly both on young and on old
plants, the variety is really a most desirable one. " The petals are all
deeply veined, and, though less numerous than in some varieties, are so
arranged in the centre as to form flowers to all appearance perfectly double ;
the petals, too, are so remarkable for their roundness as to give the flowers
a peculiar chai'acter; by which the variety may be readily distinguished.
The plants in habit are similar to the single red, but stronger and more
bushy ; the branches are upright, round, and twiggy, and of a deep brown
colour." — 36. Camellia japonica i?6sa sinensis, Chinese Rose Japanese
Camellia. A bold-flowering, freely blooming, first-rate variety ; raised by
Mr. Chandler about 1819. The pale purplish red flowers are pretty full of
petals, extremely handsome, and 4 in. in expansion, bearing considerable
resemblance to those of C. japonica elegans.

The Florist's Guide and Cultivator's Directort/, ^-c. By Robert Sweet,
F.L.S. &c. In Svo Numbers, monthly. 3^. coloured ; 2*. plain.
A"o. XLIX for September, co?itai?is
193. Rose Galatea Tulip. From Mr. Pile's collection. " Flower stem
perfectly upright ; flower spreading when in full bloom; petals (sepals)
obovate, rounded at the tip, and having a notch there ; white, variegated
with broken broad lines of a beautiful rose colour at intervals ; the edges ,
of the same colour, and feathered inwards with unequal stripes." — 194.
Solon Picotee. " Flowers very large and double, of a handsome form,
although not very regular. Petals broad and rounded, arranged in several
irregular circles, coarsely notched at the edges, white, edged with dark
purple, feathered inwards irregularly, and generally marked with a few lines
of the same coloiu- in the centre ; the small central petals are usually
incurved. This variety is drawn from the collection of Mr. T. Hogg,
Paddington, who received it and others from Germany, Some of these

Horticultural Register. GOi

others are in the same style, " the colours of which on blooming were red,
brown, and dark purple ; in one or two blossoms the white ground was
scarcely perceptible ; for a very broad coloured margin, with numerous
close lines and dots, covered nearly the whole of each petal ; all of which
were traced and marked with the greatest regularity : the names of the
most remarkable sorts in this way are, the Queen of Wirtemberg, Brun-
hilde, Pythagoras, and Paganini." In consequence of the vast improve-
ment that has of late years taken place in picotees, " there is a more
correct and nicer taste abroad, and the old sorts, with jagged edges, have
nearly all disappeared." The kind called Prince George of Cambridge is
recommended as a very superior flower; whether in the stjle of the above
is not stated ; but most probably not. — 195. Adrian Ranunculus. Drawn
from the garden of W. Strong, iEsq., of Brook Green. " Flowers double,
and rather handsome, but the petals are rather loosely disposed, of a beau-
tiful yellow colour, tinged with green towards the base." — 196. Law-
rance's La Joie Tulip. An elegant bybloemen. " Flower-stem erect, bear-
ing a leaf below the middle ; flowers large and spreading when in full bloom ;
petals broadly ovate, quite blunt, and rounded at the points, tapering to the
base, imbricate at the edges, pure white, neatly edged with dark velvety^
purple, feathered inwards, and sometimes marked with irregular stripes of
tiie same colour in the centre." Was raised by W.Clark, Esq. and broken
by Mr. Lawrance (see Obituary, p. 639.). " It is of dwarf growth, and fit
for the first or seventh row ; it seldom varies in size, shape, or colour,
and is valued at five guineas the root."

The HorticuUitral Register, and General Magazine of all useful and interest'mg
Discoveries connected witli Natural History and Rural Subjects : conducted
by Joseph Paxton, F.H.S., Gardener and Forester to the Duke of Devon-
shire, and Joseph Harrison, Gardener to [we believe] Lord Wharnclitte.
In monthly Numbers, \s. each.

Ko. I. for July, contains

An introduction, in which the conductors state, what they call, " the
reasons of presentation ; " the principal ofwhich seemsto be the following : —

" The primary object we have in bringing the present work before the
public is to afford, at a cheap rate, a medium circulating, to a far greater
extent, every real improvement and interesting account, than has heretofore
been done; whether it relates to horticulture, natural history, or subjects
of rural and domestic economy; in doing which, we feel it incumbent upon
us to state, thatj as practical gardeners, we are not allowing our names to
be applied to the Horticultural Register for any booksellers' purposes ;
having no other than the required connection with them as our printers
and publishers : but our object is, to promote and further, in every possible
way, the interests of all lovers of horticulture and admirers of other branches
of natural history; and in endeavouring to accomplish this, the utmost
attention will be given by us to obtain full, clear, and correct descriptions
ot all real improvements connected with the subjects in hand, and also of
whatever will be useful and interesting."

Farther on we are informed that, " in order to furnish the readers of
the Horticultural Register with a correct description of all new and valuable
ii-uits, flowers, and improvements in horticulture, whether it consists in
vegetable culture, landscape-gardening, or designs of horticultural buildings,
we have obtained the promises of the proprietors of nearly all the public
horticultural establishments in the kingdom, and of a great number of
practical and landscape-gardeners of the"first-rate eminence in their profes-
sion, to supply us regularly with notices and descriptions of every thing
that will contribute to the purpose."

After inviting the assistance of practical gardeners " from every quarter

602 Horticultural Register.

of the globe," and adding that no pains or exertions will be spared to
render the work of general acceptation, the sixth page commences with

Parti. Horticulture. Original Communications. Art. 1. Description of a
House for forcing Vines in Pots. By Mr. Stafford, Gardener to Richard
Arkwright, Esq., of Willersley Castle, near Cromford, Derbyshire. The
vines are proposed to be grown in pots, placed on a sloping stage over a pit
or air-chamber, heated by flues. In the front of the house it is intended
to have vines to supply the rafters when the plants in pots have ripened
their fruit, and may De removed. These vines are kept torpid till May,
by excluding them from the air of the house by a 4-in. wall about 1 ft.
within the front wall, and a covering of boards sloping from the former to
the latter. The space so enclosed communicates with the open air by
apertures in the front wall ; and thus the temperature will be kept suffi-
ciently low to prevent the vines from breaking till the desired season. " In
respect to the treatment of the plants [in pots], I never throw them out on
account of old age, I always renovate them [see below], and have plants
ten years of age as perfectly young, to all appearance, as though they were
raised last year in the pot. The size of the pots I grow them in is 13 in.
wide at the top (inside measure), tapering to about half the width at the
bottom, and about 15 in. deep. The soil I make use of is light rich
vegetable mould.

" The sorts I would recommend are those naturally prolific, and not the
large-bunch-bearing kinds. All the most delicate sorts are superior
when grown in pots to any I ever saw grown on the rafters ; and I have
often proved that a pot placed in the house on the 1st of January, and the
same species trained up the rafter and subjected to the same heat, the
former will ripen its fruit at least a month earlier than the latter.

" After the vines in the pots have done bearing, the pit might be filled
with bark, and pine plants plunged in it, which might be allowed to remain
until the vines were again brought in ; this should be some time before the
rafters are cleared of fruit."

In a note by the conductors, it is observed, that " if a vinery was built
on this plan, and well managed, there is little doubt but it would produce
sufficient grapes for a small family nearly the whole of the year. For
instance, suppose the first plants in pots were put in on the 1st of December,
these grapes would be ripe about the end of April or beginning of May ; a
quantity more might be introduced on the 1st of February, to ripen about
the latter end of June ; the half of those on the rafter should then be put
in action about the beginning of April ; these would ripen in August ; and
the other half of the rafter crop could be introduced by the middle of May,
which would ripen in October ; and in August more pots might be brought
in, to ripen in January ; thus giving a complete succession of grapes all the
year round."

It is added : — " Mr. Stafford is a practical gardener of the first order,
and one of the best grape-growers we are acquainted with ; he furnishes
Mr. Arkwright's table with grapes nearly all the year round, and that in
superabundance. His plan of treating them in pots is deserving the
attention of every person who has a hot-house, or is likely to erect one :
for it is an astonishing fact, that he can produce nearly as great a weight of
fruit as the weight of the soil in which the plant grows ; this has repeatedly
come under our observation ; we can therefore speak of the surprising
crops he produces in this way, equally as well swelled, and much better
flavoured than when trained up the rafters."

" The means he uses to prevent his plants ever becoming old and useless,
is well deserving notice : — He puts the plant deeper m the pot every suc-
ceeding year ; thus allowing the wood that was above the pot the preceding
year the opportunity of making new roots, which it does in abundance.
At his next time of potting, he takes from the bottom about the same pro-

Horticultural Register. 603

portion of old roots ; by which practice the vine fills its pot with new
roots every year. He attends to them well with water during the whole
time of forcing (of course when the fruit begins to ripen they are allowed
much less) ; they appear to answer well, either on spur or single rods, and
when any one becomes weakly from over-bearing, it is cut down nearly
close to the pot, and allowed a year's rest."

Art. 2. Remarks on Harrison and Curtis's New Mode of Glazing.
By Joseph Paxton, F.H.S., Gardener and Forester to his Grace the Duke
of Devonshire, and one of the Conductors of this Magazine. This mode
" consists, ' when complete,' in having one plane surface, and no projecting
part above the glass, except the collars and small heads of screws employed
at the angles to fasten down the squares.

" Having had some frames constructed for His Grace the Duke of De-
vonshire, we are enabled to give an accurate description of the mode, as
well as to state our decided approval of the system, as far as we are at
present able to judge."

This mode of glazing is too imperfectly described to enable us to give a
clearer idea of it than what the above extract conveys, without recurring
to the specification in the Patent Office, which we shall by and by do. We
shall only further add, that it is founded on a mode of forming plate glass
windows without asti'agals, invented by John Robinson, Esq., Edinburgh,
and shortly described and figured in the Gardener^ s Magazine , vol. iv. p. 178.
We have our doubts as to how far it may be found eligible with common
glass and common hot-houses ; but, nevertheless, we are happy to see it
brought forward, and trust it will receive a fair trial. We recommend it
to the notice of the Birmingham hot-house builders, who, we think, are the
most likely to be able to try it on a large scale.

Art. 3. On changing the Colour of the Flowers of the Hydrangea
hortensis. By Rusticus. Struck with the vigorous and healthy state of
some hydrangeas, kept by some cottagers, whose flowers were blue, the
writer enquired what compost they were potted in, and was told sandy
loam, mixed with about one third of fresh sheep's dung. The plants are
watered with the same material in mixture, and the effect is always blue
flowers.

Art. 4. Arboriculture. On the Neglect of Forest Planting in Great
Britain. By Quercus. [E. Murphy, Esq.] The author endeavours to
direct the attention of gardeners and others to the science of arboriculture,
quoting what is said by Sir H. Steuart as to the ignorance of gardeners on
the subject.

Art. 5. On retarding the Blooming Season of the common French
and English Roses. By Mr. J. Hayward. Delay pruning tUl the buds
have pushed half an inch or more in length, and then shorten below where
the buds have pushed, that the lower buds, previously dormant, may be
excited.

Part H. Horticultural and Rural Subjects, consists of extracts from
the Gardener's Magazine for June, The Alemoirs of the Caledonian Horticul-
tural Society, British Farmer's Magazine, Quarterly Journal of Agriculture,
and from the botanical periodicals.

Part in. Natural History. Original Communications. Art. 1. Some
circumstances connected with the Natural History of the Goat Moth
(Cossus ligniperda). By Edward Murphy, Esq., Agent to the Horticultural
and Arboricultural Societies of Ireland. The technical history of the
insect is compiled from Kirby and Spence, and from Lyonnet. The
additional circumstances inform us that the caterpillars or larvae of this
moth have committed considerable devastation* on some trees in the

* Dendrophagi (tree-eaters) is an expressive, and to us original, term used
l)y Mr. Murphy for the insects which prey upon trees. A knowledge of these

604 Horticultural Register.

vicinity of Waterfall, in the county of Wicklow. A figure of the moth
and a figure of its larva are given : that of the latter we think not happily
executed. " It occasionally feeds on the ash and oak ; but its favourite
plants appear to be the alder (/I'lnus glutinosa) and the round-leaved
willow ((S'alix caprea) ; and amongst these its attacks are in a great measure
limited to trees growing in watery places. Possibly the great quantity of
water absorbed by the tree in such situation may render it more palatajjle ;
but the greater probability seems to be, that the soft wood of such trees
being more porous than those growing on high and dry ground, oifers less
opposition to its progress. Be that as it may, the fact of their predilection
is certain ; ten trees growing in low moist situations being infected for one
in a situation of an opposite nature."

Another figure is given, exhibiting a piece of alder and the many per-
forations which had been effected by the larvae of the goat moth. This
" was one of many trees of the same kind, which, in consequence of the
innumerable perforations, were not enabled to resist even a moderate blast,
and were blown down."

Part IV. consists of Revieivs and Extracts ; and these, in the present
number, are from the Journal of Agriculture, the Magazine of Natural
History, the Gardens and Meiiagerie of the Zoological Society delineated,
Curtis's British Entomology, and the Edinburgh PhilosojMcal Journal.

Part V. consists of Miscellaneous Intelligence on natural histoi'Vj rural
affairs, and horticulture ; of reports of horticultural and floricultural
societies ; and of a horticultural calendar for July. This calendar is to be
continued monthly, and is a really useful article j being a dilatation of, and
improvement on, the calendarial index given in each of our last five volumes.
We hope some correspondent will oblige us with a similar one.

No, II. for August, contains
Part I. Horticidture, Sfc, Original Communications. 1. A successful
Method of cultivating the White Tokay Grape. By Mr. Charles Parkin,
Gardener to Viscount Galway, Notts. The method is, to thin out the
unexpanded blossom, and by that means to render the pollen more perfect,
the stamens more erect, and fecundation more certain. This, with the
ordinary treatment in other points of culture, will produce berries of
uniform size, instead of, what is very general in the bunches of the White
Tokay grape, berries some of which are no larger than small peas, while
others are an inch or more in circumference. [The idea is good, and might

insects, their species, time and mode of attack, &c., is of much importance in
arboriculture, and we, as part of the public, hope for much information from
Mr. Murphy on this subject. We, however, respectfully and with honest
deference, beg to caution him against becoming at all an alarmist ; being of
opinion that in most cases the Dendrophagi do not commence their oper-
ations until some immediate disease has beset the tree or trees they attack.
Cossus ligniperda in the willows (5alix alba mainly) of the Cambridge-
shire fens is no rarity ; but neither in these, nor in oak or walnut elsewhere,
have we witnessed it, except in trees that were diseased before the larvae of
the Cossus were hatched, or the eggs from which they were hatched depo-
sited in or upon the trees.

An article on the Scolytus destructor (^auctorum ; Scolytus insons nobis
MSS.) in the Magazine of Natural History, xol.iv. p. 152 — 157. will more
fully explain the view recommended. The English name of goat moth for
the fossus is very expressive, as its odour resembles that of the goat, as
which it is almost as fetid. The woodpecker or popinjay (Picus viridis)
preys on the larvas of the Cossus, and the stench of the bird's stomach,
on dissection, is sometimes almost intolerable. — J.D.

Horticultural Register. 605

be applied to the unexpanded blossoms of fruit trees generally ; we have
seen it tried with success in the case of peaches, pears, and camellias.]

2. On a successful Method of blooming Trevirana coccinea (Cyrilla
pulchella). By an Amateur. When the plants have done blooming, gra-
dually lessen their supply of water, so as in six weeks at most to cease
giving them any. Set them by in their pots where they will be kept dry,
cool, and from frost, till March ; then cut off the tops, and carefully
divide each pot of roots, with a sharp knife, into four portions, and keep
each as entire as possible. Pot each portion in rich sandy soil, in a pot of
the 24 size, and so as to cover the tubers with half an inch deep of soil ;
place the pots in a gentle hotbed, and when the growing stems have become
2 in. high, remove the pots to a vinery. The writer deems the mode of
division essential : for where the balls are repotted, without division, he
has seen few or no flowers produced; and where the pots are planted
with the tubers indi\adually separated, he has found the Hke result.

3. On the evil Effects of Metallic Hot-houses on Vegetation. By Mr.
M'Murtrie, Gardener to Viscount Anson, Shugborough Hall, Staffordshire.
A letter from Mr. M'Murtrie to Mr. Sabine, Secretary of the Horticultural
Society, against metallic hot-houses. Read at a meeting of the Horticultural
Society in the spring of 1827, and noticed by us in our Report of that
meeting. Vol. II. p. 242.

4. Account of a large Brussels Apricot Tree. By Mr. Deas, Gardener to
His Grace the Duke of Norfolk, Arundel Castle, Sussex. We noticed this
tree as the Breda variety in Vol. V. p. 587. from what was stated to us by Mr.
Woods, the then gardener ; but Mr. Deas saysthatwe were not quite correct ;
and, instead of setting us right as soon as he discovered the error, which
good feeling on his part ought to have directed him to do, he has waited
some years, and then sent the correction to another publication. If we
had ever declined inserting any correction of this sort, we should not have
noticed this circumstance ; but as we never have, we do not think that
any person can be justified by the law of doing to others as he would wish
others to do to him, in sending to one work the correction of an error
which appeared in another. Correcting an error is quite a different thing
from sending a communication ; a man may not choose to do that, because
he may disapprove of a work, or of some party connected with it. But the
cause of truth and the honour of his employer ought to induce every
gardener to correct any error relating to his employer's garden, in the
manner in which that correction will be most effectual in remedying it. As
to the error in this case, it is so trifling that it is hardly worth mentioning
for its own sake ; but we have written the above for the sake of the prin-
ciple which we wish to inculcate, and because we think it very likely that
Mr. Deas is not fully aware of its importance.

5. Hints to the Conductors of the Horticultural Register. By A. J.
A calendar, laying out a garden, and landscape-gardening, are recommended,
and it is stated, that if there be any one branch of horticulture [gardening,
according to our arrangement] which, in this reforming age, stands in need
of radical reform, it is that of landscape-gardening. In this sentiment we
entirely concur ; and we might direct the attention of A. J. to a proof of
it in the Horticultural Register.

G. Floriculture. On the Cultivation of the Auricula. By Mr. John
Revell, of Pitsmoor, near Sheffield. Very good directions ; but not so far
differing from those already published as to justify us in abridging them.

7. Design for forming Subscription Gardens in the Vicinity of large
commercial Towns. By Joseph Paxton, F.H.S. This is a good article,
and for a very laudable purpose. It is accompanied by a plan for " dividing
12i acres of ground into fifty small gardens, each garden containing one
fourth of an acre. This space would be sufficiently large to produce
vegetables and common fruit, for most small fiimilies. There would be no

606 Horticultural Register,

difficulty in establishing a garden of this kind near every large town in the
kingdom : and such as Birmingham, Manchester, Sheffield, Liverpool,
Leeds, Nottingham, &:c., ought to have three or more of them, for the
different classes of society; and no town, however small, should be without
one or more, as the size of the garden might entirely depend on the
number of persons who wish for little gardens. In most large towns there
are gas companies, water companies, &c., and we can see no reason why
there should not be garden companies. A good way to establish such a gar-
den, we conceive, would be, to have it consist of as many shares as there would
be divisions in it ; ana should any subscriber wish to dispose of his allot-
ment, he could readily do so, either by private contract or public auction.
The whole garden should be enclosed with a wall, on which choice fruits
might be grown. The cross divisions would be better planted with dwarf
apples, or some other kind of fruit trees ; they would form an excellent
hedge, and also produce a considerable quantity of fruit. In the centre of
these gardens should be formed a botanic or flower garden ; for if about
four acres, in addition to the little gardens, were devoted to the purpose
of holding the most beautiful plants, it would greatly induce persons to
become subscribers, for the purpose of having the pleasure to walk in this
garden after the toils and anxieties of the day.

" Subscribers to this botanic garden might be admitted who did not wish
to have a share in the little gardens ; this would greatly assist the funds
for keeping it in proper order. Schools might also be allowed to walk in
this department until a certain hour in the da}', by paying a small yearly
contribution.

" The expense of keeping in order a little garden so situated would be
according to the inclination of the indi\idual possessing it, for such must
have the entire control of his own compartment ; but, for the assistance
of all who wished for information, it would be necessary to have a first-
rate gardener to give all the instruction required, as well as to have the
entire management of the ornamental part, and be responsible for the
labourers employed by the different subscribers properly attending to their
duty : this would be very satisfactory to a proprietor, knowing, that, al-
though prevented from attending hmiself, his garden would be as well
managed as the best private garden in the kingdom,"

The wood-cut accompanying this paper is a parallelogram, divided
lengthwise into three parts ; the centre part being the botanic or orna-
mental garden, and the two side parts being divided into the small vegetable
gardens. There can be no objection to the general arrangement ; but the
laying out of the ornamental garden is liable to all the objections which
we have made in our preceding Number, p, 400., and illustrated by the
engravings in p, 401., to the practice of putting down groups or clumps at
random ; in short, we could not have referred to a better figure as an illus-
tration of the prevalent bad taste in this way, which we entii'ely disapprove,
from the neglect it manifests of the principle of having always a "sufficient
reason." * The water, in the same plan for an ornamental garden, has
numerous bays and sinuosities ; but scarcely a tree or bush near any of
them : there are two bridges across it, and two walks over these bridges,
which, in their junction with the main walks, are objectionable also on the
before mentioned principle of not exhibiting a sufficient reason. On flat
surfaces there ought to be no turns in the walks for which a reason is not
made evident by the position of the adjoining groups, trees, or plants :
here there are numerous turns, windings, and junctions of walks, without
any apparent reason whatever. We regret to be obliged to make these
remarks on a plan, of the general purpose of which we so highly approve.

* This principle of Leibnitz will be found applied to gardening and archi-
tecture in Dugald Stewart's Philosophical Essat/s.

Horticultural Register. 607

All the objections which we have made to it, and which we might make, if
we chose to enter farther into details, may be gathered from our first article
in the last Number. We shall b}' and by show a plan having the same object
in view, and adapted for a piece of ground, now occupied as a nursery,
in the neighbourhood of Birmingham.

8. On Labourers' Cottages recently erected at Thurlby in Lincoln-
shire. By Artus. When Sir E. F. Bromhead " came into possession of
the estate, he found it divided into large farms, and let but to two or three
tenants ; consequently his parish had very few inhabitants. He divided
each of these farms, and increased his population. What few labourers
were in the village had only the meanest and most uncomfortable of
hovels to reside in, and their state was that of complete degradation :
they now begin to feel they are men and to enjoy, rather than endure,
existence.

" Each of these cottages contains two dwellings. In front, betwixt it
and the road (from which it is separated by a green hedge and a deep
ditch), is a garden belonging to both, and only divided by a walk down the
middle. Behind is an entire yard to each house, fitted up with a pigsty
and every other convenience. The entrance to each dwelling is from its
own yard ; and a road is left, closed with a gate, at each end of the garden,
by which the yard is entered, and coals and other articles brought in.
To each single house is allotted an acre of land, independent of the garden,
for the inmates to cultivate as they think proper; thus finding a profitable
employment for the labourer's wife when she has time to spare, for
such children as are fit for labour, and for the man himself, on a sum-
mer evening, after he has finished his daily task at his employer's.

" The erection of these cottages has not been attended with much
expense. They are built of brick, and covered with tiles or thatch ; the
bricks and tiles, I think, made upon the spot. They are plain buildings,
mid destitute of all those external ornaments, which, like the crested buttons
on a livery suit, pi^claim the dependence of the possessor. Yet, covered as
they are with fruit trees, shrubs, and climbers, they are not void of beauty,
though that beauty may be somewhat different from what a fastidious fancy
would call the picturesque."

9. Arboriculture, No. 2. Outline of the Theory of Arboriculture.
Food of Plants. Analysis of Soils. By Quercus." The substance of this
paper has already appeared in this Magazine in Johnson's Outlines of Horti-
cultural Chemistry.

Part IL Horticultural and Rural Subjects. Reviews and Extracts. Pyrus
ilfidus Brentfordiensis is noticed, deservedly praised, and objections made
to the want of synonymes. Nearly six pages are taken from the Gardener's
Magazine for June, and four more from other periodicals.

Part in. Natural History. Original Communications. 1. On the Havock
committed by the short-tailed Field Mouse (il/us arvalis), in the Plant-
ations of the Forest of Dean. Communicated by Mr. E. Murphy.

" ' Before the autumn of 1813,' says Mr. Billington [whose book we re-
viewed. Vol. VI. p. 473. and 674.], ' the mice had become so numerous, that we
could pick up four or five plants of the larger five year old oaks, on a very
small piece of ground, all bitten off, just within the ground, between the
roots and the stem ; and not only oak and ash, but elm, sycamore, and
Spanish chestnut, of which, iiowever, they did not appear to be so iond as
of the two former. The hollies which had been cut down produced
abundance of suckers, which were destroyed in the same manner, and
some of them, which were as thick as a man's leg, were barked all round,
for four or five feet up the stem.' The crab tree, willow, furze, larch,
spruce, in a word, every kind of tree, and even grass, particularly cocks-
foot grass, seemed equally acceptable to these voracious little creatures ;
till at length ' Lord Glenbervie became so alarmed about the final success

608 Horticultural Res.ister.

of raising a forest, that we were instructed to pursue every means we could
think of, by cats, dogs, owls, poison, traps, &c. We were, rather than not
accompKsh our object, to cut up all the grass by the roots ; no expense
was to be an obstacle, even if the cost should be'more than the enclosing,
paling, and planting ; so anxious was His Lordship for the success of the
undertaking.' — ' Operations were immediately commenced with traps
and baits of various kinds, with poison, with dogs and cats; but all to no
purpose. At length, a person hit upon a simple and, eventually, a very
efficacious mode. Having, in digging a hole in the ground some time
previous, observed that some mice, which happened to fall in, could not
get out again, the idea of forming similar holes was suggested : he tried
it accordingly, and found it to answer.'

" In short, holes about two feet long and ten inches broad at the top,
and somewhat larger every way at the bottom, were made at twenty yards
apart, over about 3200 acres of plantation ; persons went round early in
the morning, to destroy such mice as might be found in the holes. ' In
this way, besides what the owls, hawks, magpies, and weasels took out of
the holes (and several of these depredators lost their lives in attempting
to seize their prey), 30,000 mice were paid for by government ; nor were
they extu'pated until they had destroyed, in four enclosures, amounting
only to 1700 acres, the astonishing number of 200,000 five year old oaks,
together with an immense number of acorns and young seedlings.'

" ' It is said by naturalists,' observes INIi'. Billington, ' that the beaver will
fell trees with his teeth, but I have never seen an account of mice felling
oak trees ; yet I have seen many trees 7 or 8 ft. high, and an inch and a
half in diameter, cut down by them. When examining for the thick part
of the root, below where it was bitten off, I could never find any part of
it left, so that it is very probable it was eaten by them. 1 have by me
several trees, so cut down, for the inspection of any person who may be
desirous of witnessmg, with his own eyes, the wonderful powers of so
diminutive a creature as the mouse in felling trees.' "

Part IV. lievieiL's and Extracts. These are chiefly from the Gardens
and Menagerie of the Zoological Societt/, and from our Magazine of Xa-
tural History,

Part V. Miscellaneous Intelligence, on Natural History, Horticulture,
and Rural Affairs.^' This part contains a Catalogue of Plants flowering in
the principal Nurseries around London, in August; and a variety of ex-
tracts from books and newspapers ; concluding with a Horticultural
Calendar for August. We observe that the botanic names in this list are
not accentuated * ; for the sake of the young gardener, this ought to be
done in every case ; and we should say, not only accentuated, but their
derivations indicated in the manner adopted in our Magazines, and in the
Hortus Britannicus. Neither are the names in the Natural History de-
partment accentuated, nor their derivations given, which, considering for

* The names taken from the botanical periodicals are accentuated, but not
always correctly. No. 1. being a first attempt, we pass to No. 2. ; and
in this we find errors far too numerous for individual notice. For instance,
in the space of sLx lines, in p. 77., occur, Berberis Glumacca (glumacea).
Erica Plumosa (plumosa). Erica Seratifolia (Erica scrratifolia), and Ane-
mone Acutipetala (acutipetala) ; aflTording an exemplification of false
accentuation, false spelling, and false capitaling, any thing but creditable
to a work purporting to be published for the guidance of practical gar-
deners. We hope that future Numbers will exhibit greater accuracy in
these matters ; and for the accentual marks, indispensable to perfection
as we deem them, it would be better to omit them altogether than to
place them mcorrectly.

Masfers's Hortns Duroverni. 609

whose use the HorticuUural Register is intended, is a defect which ought
not to be passed over.

Among the paragraphs we find one signed J. Simpson, Holloway,
stating that he has been very unsuccessful with Bishop's dwarf pea, and
advising the conductors of the Horticiiltiiral Register never to " recom-
mend inferior articles merely because they are new." " Some people," he
says, " run away with the notion, that because a thing is new it must of
necessity be good. You are practical men," he adds, " and therefore
may be considered competent to give a proper opinion on any article when
you have seen it." The conductors state that they were almost as much
disappointed with Bishop's dwarf pea as their correspondent : they say,
" we consider it more adapted to field culture than a gai'den," We should
be glad to know, from such of our readers as have cultivated Bishop's pea,
the result of their experience. In the course of our tour thus far (Kil-
marnock), we have seen it in very general culture, and heard no complaints
of it ; in some places, it was praised.

Our readers may expect that we should now say something of the ge-
neral merits of this new periodical, professing, as it does, to treat upon the
same subjects as our own ; and being, in its arrangement and manner of
execution, even to the vignette on its cover, a close imitation of our
Magazines. As the greater part of the work consists of extracts from
those Magazines, or of matter which has already appeai'ed or (as in the
case of the botanical and other periodicals) is constantly appearing in
them, we cannot be expected to offer any criticism upon it. We have sug-
gested the improvement which it admits of, with respect to accentuation
and derivation ; which, for the benefit of practical men, we trust will be
attended to in future Numbers, In the treatment of gardening as an art of
design and taste, the Horticultural Register has, at present, given no proofs
of knowledge. It would indeed be, perhaps, too much, to expect practical
gardeners to excel in this department of the art, with their present degree
of school education, and their want of that leisure which is necessary to
enable any one to acquire an artist's eye and hand. The period will come,
however, when taste in a practical gardener will be considered as necessary
as a knowledge of culture ; and the requisite education and leisure will
of course follow. In the mean time, the Horticultural Register will help
to pave the way for this state of tilings, by spreading a knowledge of vege-
table culture, which will serve as a preliminary step, among those whose
minds are not yet prepared to enter upon the higher departments of the
art. On this account, and because we think it will at all events do good, we
sincerely wish it success ; and this wish our readers will the more readily
give us credit for, when we assure them, that we consider the Horticultural
Register in the light of a pioneer to tlie circulation of the Gardcncr^s
Magazine and the Magazine of Natural History.
Masters, IVm., F.H.S., Curator of the Canterbury Museum, &c. : Hortus

Duroverni : being a Catalogue of Plants and Seeds cultivated and sold

by the Author at Canterbur}-. London and Canterbury, 1S31. Third

Edition, small 8vo. 2s. 6d.

The plants ai*e arranged in these divisions : hardy perennials, hai'dy trees
and shrubs, green-house and hot-house plants, fruits, and culinary roots ;
and the seeds into those for the purposes of agriculture, and the flower-
garden and kitchen-garden. Under each division a rich collection, for a
provincial nursery, of well selected species and varieties is exhibited.
Besides these things, the book merits notice, as the first we have seen in
which the significant typography, and, for the most part, plan, of Loudon's
Hortus Britannicus ai'e adopted. It is almost as scientific as that, as far as
it goes, and as far as can consist with an alphabetic distribution of the
genera, for the purposes of trade, under each division. In the column of

Vol. VII. — No. 34. u r

610 Forbes' s Hints on Ornnmcnlal GardcniJig.

native countries, the author judiciously assigns "gardens" as the native
place of hybrids and art-created plants. This is a simple ami good idea. The
letters pi. are appended to many of the species and varieties, which, we are
told, " denote that a coloured engraving of the fruit or flower may be seen
at the coTinting-house." This reads well. The great error in the scientific
part ef the book is the omission of authentications to the generic and
specific names ; and the only private catalogue we remember as faultless on
this important point is the excellent one, by Mr. Pe«ny, of Messrs. Young's
collection at Epsoin. Nurserymen must eventually encounter this unwel-
come subject.

We must not, however, stop here. The subservience of Mr. Masters's
catalogue to the purposes of trade and to botany is to us less admirable
than the horticultural information infused into it. At the head of every
division, and, among the fruits, at the head of every family, are excellent
practical directions, descriptions, and suggestions for guiding you both in
the selection of what you want, and in managing it when you have pur-
chased it. This is both clever and honourable. As an instance of the
nature and value of his directory remarks, we quote the following, which,
appropriately enough, is placed at the close of the list of hardy perennials : —
" The brilliancy of modern ornamental gardening has of late been sur-
prisingly increased by the practice of placing many showy plants, that are
commonly grown in the green-house, into the flower-border, during the
months of May and June. By this means many of our rarer exotics pro-
duce a profusion of blossoms that they refuse under any other management.
In this manner, also, bouquets of the most rare and beautiful flowers may
be gathered with the profusion of our usual garden inhabitants.

" The species and varieties of the following genera are eminently cal-
culated to embellish choice flower borders upon this principle : — Alons6«,
Jnagallis, Bouvardi«, Calceolaria, Canna, Chrysocoma, Ciconium, Cineraria,
Diauthus, Erythrina, Eucomis, Fuchsk, Gorterk, i/eliotr«pium, Lantjuia,
LobehV/, iotiis, il/alva, Maurandya, Mesembryauthemum, Pelargonium,
Silvia, Swainsonirt, 5'enecio, Tropge'olum, Terbena, &c."

Among the fruits, he gives their colour, shape, size, flavour, texture as to
surface and to flesh, and whether fitter for the kitchen or dessert, the time
at which they are fittest for use, and the situations in wliich the respective
kinds grow best, &c. When speaking of gooseberries, after remarking the
prodigious size of some kinds raised and cultivated in the northern counties,
he adds, " Nor are all the large kinds thick-skinned or destitute of flavour,
as some assei't: on the contrary, many will be found at once tender, fla-
vorous, and highly productive." We are of this opinion, and make the
quotation designedly, as some set off to the slight cast upon the large kinds
by B., in his humorous note in p. 3.31. of the current volume.

All things considered, the catalogue pleases us much. " Thirty acres
are employed in rearing" the articles it enumerates. — /. D.
Forbes, Alexander, Gardener at Levens, Lancashire, to the Hon. Colonel
F. G. Howard, &c. : Short Hints on Ornamental Gardening ; containing
Directions for planting, training, and pruning Fruit and Forest Trees,
ishrubs, and Flowers. To which are added, a select List of Fruit Trees,
and a general priced Catalogue of hardy Forest Trees and Shrubs.
Kendal, 18-iO. Small 8vo.

This little work cons'sts of two parts : the Hints, which occupy 28 pages ;
and the Lists, which commence at the twenty-ninth ptige, and extend to the
end of the work, or the ninety-sixth page. With evei-y respect for Mr. Forbes
as a practical man, we are sorry we cannot commend him so much as we
could wish as an author. We think he would have done well to have pre-
viously tried his hand at a few essays in this Miigazine. The art of
writing, like every other art, is only to be acquired through time and labour.

611

PART III.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

Machine for cutting Grass on Lawns and Grass-plols. — On looking over
the National Repository, London, with a view to such inventions as
might be applicable to gardening or agriculture, we were much gratified to
see a machine apparently well adapted for mowing lawns. It is not so much
an original invention, as a new adaptation of one of the most efficient me-
chanical contrivances employed for shearing cloth. In general bulk ami
appearance, the machine may be said to resemble a small cast-iron roller ;
when examined, and pushed forward, there is " an obvious fitness for its
oliject, a facilit}' of a{)plication, a readiness and nicety of adjustment, and
a workmanlike accuracy of execution, that must satisfy every mechanist."
The machine has been at work, for nearly four months, in the Zoological
Society's gardens in the Regent's Park ; and the foreman of the gardens
there, Mr. Curtis, informed us (Sept. 23.) that he is entirely satisfied with
it. With two men, one to draw and another to push, it does as much
work as six or eight men with scythes and brooms; not only in mowing,
but sweeping up the grass, and lifting it into a box ; performing the whole
so perfectly, as not to leave a mark of any kind behind. There is not the
slightest difficidty in using the machine : all that is requisite is to have the
lawn free from stones or other roughnesses, and the grass perfectly dry.
The cutters, we were informed, may require sharpening once in two
months ; and this is done by oiling them, and ilrawing the machine back-
wards, as they then act like scissors, one blade upon another. What is par-
ticularly gratifying in the use of this machine is, that the grass is required
to be perfectly dry ; so that, where it is used (and we are much mistaken
if it does not soon come into use in ail large grounds), men can neither be
set to work at it very early in the morning nor late in the evening. Evelyn
tells us, that, when he visited Paris in the end of the seventeenth century, all
the sh.ort grass was cut in the night-time. This is still the case, though there
is not now so nuich to cut ; and in many places in Britain, short grass is
of necessity cut ver} early in the morning, before the dew is evaporated.
Even if a corresponding period of rest be allowed to men thus set to
work at unseasonable hours, we still think such a mode of labouring has
a tendency to oppression ; and we rejoice to see the means by which gar-
deners may in future be emancipated from it. The nearer that all labours
are brought to a level, in point of severity as well as skill, the better, for
various reasons ; and the progress of improvement has decidedly this tend-
ency. We rejoice in this machine for another reason, which is, that it
will greatly facilitate the keeping, and, in consequence, multiply the num-
ber, of grass lawns in warm countries; such, for example, as the continents
of Europe and America.

The machine is manufactured b}' J. Ferrabee, Phoenix Foundcry, near
Stroud, Gloucestershire ; the price is from seven to ten guineas ; and
orders aj'e received in London by Messrs. Lewis and Davis, 10. Basingliall
Street. \Ye sincerely hope that every gardener whose employ er can afford
it will procure a machine, and give it a trial, even durini; the present sca-

K n 2

612

General Notiecs.

son. We have little doubt that it will soon be so modified as to be worked
by ponies, donkeys, or by small steam-engines ; but whether it be or not,
it promises, in our opinion, to be one of the greatest boons that science has
conferred on the working gardener in our time. We wish we could see as
simple, efficient, and cheap machines for cutting grass to be made into hay,
and for reaping corn crops. We shall figure the machine for mowing lawns
in our next Number.

Cottam and HaVf.Cs- Cast-iron vertical Tubes, for circulating hot water
(j%. 95.), are recommended to gardeners by Mr. Wm. Brown of Norwich,

93 b.

as greatly preferable to wrought-iron vertical tubes. We have examined

them in Winsley Street, and agree with our correspondent that they must

be much more desirable. The section of the tube is a parallelogram with

rounded ends, and one tube is joined to another by small vertical cylinders

(a b). The same writer states that he has tried Fowler's Thermosiphon

{fig. d^.) on a small scale, and found it answer in a dwarf wall 12 ft. long,

with the north side of boards,

and the south side of slate. The

apparatus, he says, is placed on

a deal board, and drawn out by

the end of the wall at pleasure

The boiler and tube of which he

has Bent the sketch, will be readily

understood by turning to Vol. V.

p. 433.

A Hand-Engine for watering Trees was some time ago recommended to

our notice by Mentor. Its object is, to apply tobacco-water or soap-suds
to the under-side of the foliage of trees. It may
be worked in a common pail, or vessel of any sort ;
and the bare inspection of the accompanying sketch
{fig. 97.) will enable any syringe manufacturer to
supply it.

A narrow Spade, for thinning out Trees in nur-
sery lines, which is in use by Mr. Donald - , »
of the Goldsworth nursery, deserves to be '^^
better known. The fruit-tree stocks, for
which the nurseries about Woking have been
celebrated for more than a century, when
first taken off the stools, are planted in rows
10 in. apart; and the space between the
plants in the rows varies from 1^ in. to 4 in.,
according to their size and the rapidity of
their growth. It often happens that some
of these plants grow so much stronger than
others, that they require to be thinned
out the first autumn after planting ; and
for this purpose Mr. Donald's spade
(^^.98.) has the following form and di-
mensions : — The handle is of the usual
length, but the blade is like a long narrow
trowel, curved in at the edges, and shar^

there; it is 4 in. broad at the tread, antl tapers to 2\ in. at the point.

Getieral Notices.

61;

Leathern Bearing-straps for use in bearing
hand-barrows, or in common wheeling (fig. 99.),
are also in use in the same garden.

A Leathern Wallet, used in nailing wall-trees in
the garden at Ashted Park, is worthy of adop-
tion by others, as well as Mr. Hislop. Besides
the large pocket for the shreds and nails, there
are two small pockets for a knife and sharp-
ening-stone. Any sadler can make such a
wallet from a bare inspection of the figure.
(Jig. 100.)

As a very ornamental Iron Gate, a corre-
spondent at Barnsley points to one at Britton
Hall, erected by the late munificent patron of
gardening, Mrs. Beaumont. We do not alto-
gether agree with the encomiums bestowed on
this gate by our correspondent ; but, as we have
seen a very handsome drawing of it by our
friend and neighbour, Mr. Campbell, we are enabled, through his kindness,
to submit an engraving, in order that our readers may judge for themselves.
(fig. 101.)

R R :?

014-

General Notices.

The OrchardhVs Crook {Jig. 102.), of which a sketch has been sent
lis by J. M. of Gloucester, though cheaper, is less perfect than the one
figured and described in our Encj/clopccdia of Gardening (§1351.). It is

=^

102

advisable to have a pin at the end of the rod, to prevent the sliding piece
a from falling off, in carrying the crook from one tree to another. Every
body knows that the use of this crook is, when thinning or gathering fruit,
pruning, or taking off insects, to take hold of one branch with the hook end,
tiraw it towards the operator, and then, by hooking on the sliding cross piece
to another branch, to hold it in that position till the operation is performed.

To grow large Liliaceous Plants in the Front of a Green-house, where there
are an open shelf and large pots, ^
would not only be unsightly, but 3
would raise the pots too high ; '^f^
place, therefore, the pots below
the shelf, and let the plants grow
up through it, as in the Ball's
Pond nursery. (/^^ 103.) — G.B.
April, 1830.

A Plan for growing early Po-
tatoes, Radishes, Sfc., was some
time ago sent us by Mr. Hay-
thorn of Wollaton. Place two stages, such as are used for green-house
plants, back to back, fronting east and west {fig. 104.) ; and form the

shelves into boxes (rto)of a sufficient depth for soil, and of any convenient
leuirth. A sort of frame, or square trellis (/; b), shoukl be raised a sufficieiit
height al)ove the boxes, to support mats, for protection against frost and
s onuy weather. Such boxes would be much better than a sloping bed, as
they would receive the moisture better, as well as the heat from the
duiig (f). The same scheme might, perhaps, answer for growing early
fniit^s, trained on trellises, in the position of the protecting covers (/; b). In
winter draw the stages from under the protecting trellis, empty the boxes,
and turn them upside down, to protect pots, let-
tuce, endive, &.c., from wet and frost. — ./. Hoy-
thorn. Wollaton, near Nottingham, Jan. 7. 1829.

The Pot-carrier (fig. 103.) mentioned by W. C.
was many years ago invented by Mr. Anderson
ot the Chelsea gardens. With two of them a young

10.3

^!~^^^I@L .....^

.i,W l^lllJ] io::cn of 60sj with the greatest case.

Plants not included in the Hortus Britamiicus. 615

Art. II. List of Plants inchided in the Botanical Periodicals
reviewed, or elsewhere mentioned, in the present Number of the
Gardener s Magazine, as in British Gardens, but which are not
included in tlie Hortus Britannicus.

This list will in future be prepared and, published in this Magazine,
every two months, for the convenience of the possessors of Loudon's
Hortus Britunnicus. Every December tliese lists will be united, and pub-
lished apart, in an aimual Supplement to the Hortus Britannicus. Where
the genus is new a star (*) is affixed.

1 ap
1 ap.my

Pk
Pk

Ingria ... L p Bot. cab. 1714.
N. Europe ... Lp Bot, cab. 1725.

2i su

B

Nepal 1S27.? S co Bot. mag. 3091.

... my

W

Magellan 1828. L l.p Bot. mag. 3093.

1416. AGROSTE'MMA L. Agrostemma. (Jgros, field, stcmma, wreath ; wild, yet fit for wreaths.)
decixmhertiDcnsotiMSS. decumbent A or 1 jn.au C.ii Bury bot. g. ... 1) co
pereiinans Haworlh MSS. hcrbarioijue. <
Near A. coron^ria, but in its decumbent stems, and in other points, duly distinct

ISil. ANDRO'MED.l 11036 polifMia.

grandiflbra io.C. large- fiwd H. or

revoluta Lo. C. revolute-Zi'rf a. or

3372. APHANOCnrLUS.

bland us Benth. mild ^ A ? fra

134.5. /iRBUTUS.
no79a niucronata i-.^i?. mucronate-/;'d St i I cu

*S53. ARRACA^CIA Bancroft. (Euphonised from Arrncacha, the jvime of the plant in Santa Fe.) Umbel.
esculenta Dff. esculent A E] esc 3 jn.jl Brsh.K. San.Ft; 1823. D r.m Bot. mag. 3092.

Cbnium Arraciicha Hooker, and Loudon's Hort. Brit. No. (3S21.

1668. 5ETONICA. 11962 officinalis.

2 aiba Sm. -vihire-flowcred £ A or

65. CALCEOLA^RIA.
27990 angustiflbraif.^i^ narrow-flwd

2038. CAME'LL/.^ 18166 jap'nica.
alba semiduplex .ffoo/A white sera,
concinna Booth elegant

- 1271. CA'S.J'A.
lOuyOa HerbLrtidMaLindl. Herbert's

A or 1 jl.au W

Britain

woods D CO

l_Jor lijn Y

Peru

1830.? C p Bot. mag. 3094.

1 1 spl 10 mr.ap W

1 ) spl 10 ap Ko

China
seedling

1822. I l.p Chan. ill. SS.
1819. I l.p Chan. ill. 34.

« □ or 9 n

Barbadoesl828.? S l.p Bot. rcg. 1422.

2412. CENTROCA'RPHA D.Don.

chrysomela D. Don yellow & dark )£ A or

2 jl.n

N. Amer. 18-22. D co

acutifulia Siveet's Hort. Brit. ed. 2. p. 31U. Rudbtck/n Newmini Loudon's Hort. Brit.

p. 477.
p. 358.

A seminal variety, with its radial and discoid corolkiles all yellow, exists in Dennis's nursery.

lia CROXUS. lOlOv^rnus.

pictus Sub. painted ? A or

1173. i^RrCA. 9504vestUa.

:blanda Lo. C. charming

9814 vegans

|4 rubescens Bree rubescent n. or 1 jl au

5 purpurascens /free purpiirascent Q. or 1 jl.au

I or 2i my.jn Pk C. G. H.,

O CO Bot.-reg: 1140.
C. s.p Bot. cab. 1716.

Pa.R Cornwall hea. L C. s. (p. 380.)
Psh Cornwall hea. L.C. s. (p. 380.)

'EULO^PHIA/f.B/-. Ei.LOPHiA. (^m/o/jAo.?, handsome-crested; labellum bears elevated ridges.) Orchid.

MackaiViMfl Lindl. Mackay's

975. HABRA'NTHU.S.

j-oseus Sivt. rosy

£ 23 spl

?f ^or

£ A cu

w.sp

i jn

B.G.Br. Brazil 1825. D p.rw. Bot. reg. 1435.
Ro Chiloe 1S28. O r.l Sw.fl.gar.2.s.I07

CAX HOUSTO'NW.

28.)8a longifblia Gae. long-leaved
1910. HO'VE/f. 17281 lanceol'ita.

2 linea.ris Lindl. Wueax-lfavcd Ht l 1 or 3 mr

Is this the H. lineft.r;s of Brvion

457. ZY.SIMAXHIA.
383ea aft'inis Penny related

Wsh N. Amer.

the Poirttirt linearis of Stnitli f

S p
S !).l

Bot. mag. 3099.
Bot. reg. 1427.

^ A or 2JJ1.3

Close oa, but distinct from, L. vcrticiUata PnCl.

2537. MAXILLa^RIA.
tctragbna Lindl.

1183. OiNOTHE^RA.
1003Sa anisuloba Siut.

2019. PAL.A'V///.

18U23a rhombifuliaGra/,

472. PIILO'X.
3918a crassifblia Lo. C.
3f)2(t« speciusa Bot. reg.

D CO Hort, epso. p.31.

four-cornered

£ 23 fra % jn

G.P

unequal-lobed

£ A or 3?jn

W

rhorab-Ieaved

-* jQJ or ... jn.s

Ro

thick-leaved
showy

tr A or 3 ap
iS A or

R R 4

Ro
V

G.P Rio Jan. 1828.? D p.r. Bot. reg. 1428.

1830. S CO

N. Amer. 182.'^. C
Columbia 1S2G. C

Svi.fl.gar.2.s.I05

Bot mag. 3100.

Bot. cab. 1596.
Bot. reg. 1351.]

616 Retrospective Criticistn.

87. PIMELETA. • , . . "

19^ intermMia Lindl. intenhe^iatc «. i_J or 2 mr Wsh Kg.G.'sSdi825. C s.p Bot reg. 1439.

1262. PULTEN^V. .

^ mucron&ta Lo. C. niucronate-/fd «. i_J or 2 ap Y N. Holl. ... S p.l Bot. cab. 1711.

1637. iJANU'NCULUS 14573 creticus L.

2 macroph^UusDfi/. large-leaved ^ A or 2 my Y Tenerifie 1658. D 1 Bot. reg. 1432.

334. RIVrN^.
S&Q5a tmciWia. Hamilton MSS. Ayemg • CD dy 4 my W Caraccas 1830. S p.l

Dr. Hamilton's " Rouge Plant." May be distinct from all species in Britain, but near can^scens.

1522. i?0'SAi
13470? (Garden variety) Clare's • wall or 6 all sea Dp.C Italy ... C co Bot. reg. 1438.

1714. SALPIGLO SSIS.
28397a Barclaydna Cameron MSS. Barclay's O) or 3 jn.s Br.Y Eng. hybrid ... S It Sw.fl.gar.2. 8.112
intermedia Staeet's Hort. Brit. ed. 2. p. 594.

'76. 5A'LVIA.

foliosa Benth. leafy O or 1^ all sea. B Mexico 1827. S co Bot. reg. 1429.

' 446. TOURNEEO'RT/^.
S732a ^eliotropioides Hook. Heliotrope Ik n.1 I or 2 my Pa.Li Bu. Ayres 1829. C l.p Bot. mag. 3096.

118. TRl'LLIUM.

9140a discolor Wray . . two-coloured A A fra f my G Georgia 1831. D p.l Bot. mag. 3097'

Art. III. Relroftpective Criticism.

The Manchester Garden. — Sir, Although I never expected 3'ou would
write any flattering account of our garden, I did expect a fair statement of
what was done, an outline of the divisions of the garden, and the progress
made, &c. But I find in your Number of yesterday, before you give any or
very little account of the garden, you set out with some very unfair state-
ments ; and in speaking of the plants for shelter, or nurse plants, say " that
they are composed of one common mixture throughout the garden." I
know that you had that impression at first entering ; but I well recollect
pointing out to you that it was not the case : and you must remember my
saying so, and showing you the tulip trees among the magnolias especially,
the common alders with the collection of that genus, the common acacia
with the family to which they belong. The Caprifoliacese, the Oleinee, the
-Setulinae, the Berberidece, the i?hodoracese, the Pomacea^ and many others,
have scarcely a plant near them but of the family to which they belong.
Many genera, as 5pirae^a, Rlbes, Cistus, &c. &c., have not another shrub in
the same clump. The Pinus family, although so difficult to grow near
Manchester, is sheltered with larch, spruce, and Scotch pines.* The col-
lection of elms is sheltered principally with elms. The oaks are in a bad
part of the ground for soil, and I consider that the common oak wants
shelter as much as many of the Americans. This we have an example of
in Dunham Park, where such fine oaks grow; all of which were sheltered
when in a young state. Our fine collection of the Twelfth Class plants
has scarcely another plant in thebelt than the Pomaceae, the -i^mygdalinae,
&c. ; and, after all the pains which we have been at, to be thus misrepre-
sented is, 1 think, a very hard case. — WilUani Mowbray. Botanical and
Horticultural Gardeyiy Manchester, Aug. 2. 18.31.

IVie ivretchcd Stoke-holes of the Cointe de Vandes^s Garden (p. 414.). — In
the hurry of writing our first article in last Number, we spoke of these

* There may have been larch, spruce, and Scotch pines among them ; but,
unless our impression is very erroneous indeed, these were very few in
comparison with the common mixture of broad-leaved trees. A plan of
this part of the arboretum, and of some of the other parts mentioned, with
the situation and name of every particular tree and shrub indicated, as
requested (p. 557.), would set the matter at rest. — Cond.

Retrospective Criticism. 617

stoke-holes in the present tense, instead of the past. We are reminded by
Ml". Campbell, that " there was a good room for the young men even in
Mr. Mowbray's time, but it was without a fireplace, and consequently the
stoke-holes were resorted to in cold weather; and these were not so
wretched as stoke-holes generally are." He adds, that for this state of
things " no shadow of blame could attach to the owners, for as soon as
ever they were made acquainted with the existence of the want of comfort
(this was in 1822), they expressed the greatest sympathy, and ordered
instantly the introduction of a fireplace into the room;" and Mr. Campbell
considers that the men at Bayswater are now, " in point of accommo-
dation" at least, on a par with their neighbours. — Cond.

Procuring Novelties and Varieties from Nurserymen and Seedsmen. -—
You recommend your readers (p. 366.) to apply to proper nurserymen
for what they want; and, as if possessed of Fortunatus's cap, their
desires shall be accomplished. Unfortunately for amateur gardeners, the
sellers of seeds and dealers in plants keep not equal pace with your
Utopian views. De Candolle, Willdenow, and Sweet are nothing to them.
Do you want a particular plant ? If they have it not, they do not neglect
the order given, for that would be to neglect business, but send one of the
same genus, or perhaps of the same natural order, according to their classi-
fication. Not long since I sent especially for four species of one genus :
my order was attended to; but lo ! I found but one species correct. What
could the poor man do ? He could not send what he had not, so he kept to
the genus : and I have to regret that this has frequently occurred to others
as well as myself. This last spring I sent to a seedsman whom you have
frequently recommended, and on that recommendation solely I sent for
certain seeds; out of a list of twenty-five sent for, eight were sent
named according to order, and ten which were not ordered. The ten
volunteers I might or might not have, it mattered not. Among the seeds
sent according to order was Zinum Aypericifdlium ; it has flowered with me
this summer, and I have the satisfaction of ascertaining, beyond a doubt,
that Z/inum /«ypericif61ium and lyinum usitatissimum are identical plants :
perhaps I shall discover other curious facts of the same kind when the
other plants flower. Can any one call this dealing in seeds ? I am sure
most of us would be angry, if we sent to a draper for flannel, and he should
send us cotton. However, we trust that these things will pass away with
the good old times. — K. July, 1831.

Preservation of Fruits, (p. 368.) — There is much writing, and more mys-
tery, about the preservation of fruits, than, I think, the matter deserves.
If we look carefully at the natural process of the germination of seeds,
we shall understand the matter clearly. The natural covering of many
seeds, as the apple, is an article of food, and, consequently, its preservation
an object of solicitude. We frequently observe that if an apple, on
falling from the tree, be accidentally buried in the ground, when thrown
up on the following spring, it is to all appearance as fresh as when it fell
from the tree ; the kernels are plump, and ready to burst their coverings,
and indeed in a forward state of growth ; while the covering (the fruit) is as
unfit for food as those fabled apples of the Dead Sea. Whence is this ?
Tliu preservation of the seed, the first and last law of nature, is perfect ;
but, as it relates to us, the preservation of the food is imperfect. The absence
of air, and a due proportion of moisture, we find are the requisites ; but an
excess of the latter destroys all flavour in the fruit. How easy, then, to
supply the one and avoid the other ! In our moist climate, dry sand, or,
what is equal, a dry cellar, will afford all that is required. With the same
'regard to germination, the oily nuts, as walnuts, filberts, &c., may be pre-
served until germination commences. In these oily nuts the germen is sur-
rounded by a large quantity of an oily amylaceous matter, which readily
undergoes a change when exposed to the air : this change unfortunately

618 Retrospective Oiitieism.

converts the hannless nut into that formidable terror of good mothers and
valetudinarians, a nut. Had it been treated with the care and tenderness
vi'hich are bestowed on other things endowed with life, instead of a terror
we should find a harmless gratification : for, Mr. Editor, I am one of those
who love a nut, with its appurtenances of chat, fire-side, &c.

I trust that you will not despise these beamings of gastromania, for all
our kitchen-garden care tends to the same end ; and all this rambling to
the axiom, that to preserve the fruit (covering according to purists) we
must preserve the germen. I trust that my lax language will not call down
on me the v.Tath of the botanical physiologist, for, to appease him, I will
confess that it would have been easier to have used his terminology. — K.
Jiili/, 1831.

Mr. Gome's proposed Formulary for a Meteorological Journal. — Sir, In
your Number for April last (p. 231.) I notice a proposition to establish
communicating observatories ; one in the south, one in the middle, and a
third in the north of Britain ; to endeavour to determine some facts in
meteorology regarding the extent of the ensuing conformity of weather in
the northern part of the island to that of the southern. It has long ago
been observed that a general change of weather, especially to rain, after
drought, usually takes place in Scotland* about nine days posterior to the
same change in the south of England; and from this fact your corre-
spondent, Mr. T. Machray, seems to have inferred the probability of winds
and atmospheric changes progressing northward by pulsations. Although
to me it appears improbable that such pulsations are other than imaginary
pulsations, yet it is to be hoped that these laudable endeavours, from alove
of science, will not be " Love's Labour lost." In following the " Will wi' the
wisp" of our own fancies, instead of tumbling into quagmires of eri'or, we
sometimes stumble upon objects of high value. Our philosophers, how-
ever, have perhaps chosen the most intricate and difficult problem in
material science ; to reduce the caprices of the proverbially fickle and
changing wind to fixed law and general principle. A sufficiency of unknown
region, however, exists. Our knowledge of facts and causes with regard to
atmospheric tides and other connected phenomena, more especially beyond
the domain of the trade winds, is very imperfect. The following will afford
plenty of amusement : — The extent, contortions, eddyings, and mixings of
currents of air. Whether a field of air has received impulse from causes
affecting its own volume and gravity, or the volume and gravity of neigh-
bouring fields. Whether the motion of fields of air generally conmience to
windward or to leeward, or simultaneously throughout. The connection of
these movements with electricity, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and
the variable gravitation. How far electricity, positive and negative, affects
the weight of temperature of air, and its power of solution of aqueous
vapour, and power of supporting cloud vesicle. The composition of water
in the atmos[)here by electric fluid, and its decomposition at the surface of
the earth by the oxidation of metals and organic action.

I allude to this subject in order to point out the inutility of an admired
philosophic anemometer and formula of Professor Leslie's, proposed
to be used at the observatories by Mr. Gorrie. (See p. 231.) Mr. Gor-
rie states: — " The professor found that the cooling power of a stream of
air is proportional to its velocity ; and from an algebraic formula we have
the following simple rule : — Mark the temperature indicated by a thermo-
meter in the still air ; apply the hand to the ball, till the alcohol rises a

* In the low country of Scotland, having mountains to the northward,
I have observed that a change to rain, proceeding northward from Eng-
land, oversteps this low country to the mountains, and afterwards returns
southward down upon the low country.

Reirospective Criticism. 619

certain number of degrees ; then mark the nxmiber of seconds that elapse,
till it fall exactly half the number of degrees raised. Raise the alcohol
again the same number of degrees, and expose the ball to the full impression
of the wind, and mark the number of seconds that it takes to fall half the
number of degrees it rose. Divide the number of seconds elapsed in still
air by the number of seconds elapsed in the full play of the wind; throw
oft' 1 from the quotient, and multiply by 4^ ; the product expresses the
velocity of the vvjud in miles per hour." Now I think that one glance of
the mind will satisfy any person tiiat this formula, or rather the principle of
the fornuda, is incorrect. Even granting that the cooling power oi a stream
of air is exactly in proportion to its velocity, which, I consider, remains to
be proved, yet from the slow heat-conducting power of the glass cover of
the alcohol, and the not innnediately regularly throughout cooling of the
alcohol itself as the velocity continues to increase, the cooling must pro-
ceed in a slower ratio than the velocity ; and this disproportion will be con-
siderable where the glass is thick, the' alcohol in considerable volume, and
the velocity very great. For example, take extreme cases : suppose the
alcohol covered with so bad a heat-conducting envelope that it shall require
one hour (.3600 seconds) in still air to fall from 60° to 30°, the air itself
being at 40"; can we believe, that, in the case of the current of air being
85i miles per hour, the alcohol would cool twenty times faster (in 180
seconds) within this almost hnpervious to heat envelope than in the still
air ? In this last case, the outside of the cover would immediately be
cooled down almost to the temperature of the atmosphere, and the rapid
current of wind would extract very little more heat than the calm air
extracted. T am aware that the difference of temperature between the
surface of the glass and the interior fluitl comes into account in both cases,
as well when the air is still (that is, when there is only a slight current
upward, b}' reason of the surrounding air being diminished in density by
the expansion caused by the heat given out by the glass), as in the full
play of the wind; but in the former case, from the slower cooling, the
difference of temperature between the surface and interior is very small,
and in the latter, especially should the cooling be rapid, the difference is
considerable. Different instruments will also reciuire different allowances for
radiation, and the loss of heat by radiation with the same instrument will
also be variable, affecting the results. Granting Professor Leslie's premises,
this anemometer could "only be correct should the outside of the glass
maintain equal temperature with the whole interior of the niass ; and
should the very small loss of heat by radiation go on increasing in the
same proportion as the loss by contact, which is impossible. Let it be
understood, that I have no knowledge whatever of Professor Leslie's
anemometer but through your Magazine, (p. 231.) I think it impossible
but that the above-stated causes of error must have been obvious to him.

As distinguishing epithets for different velocities of air, the following terms
are pretty generally understood, perha[)s definitely enough for general pur-
poses : —

Gentle breeze - - - = 5 miles per hoiu*.

Breeze - - - - = 10

Smart breeze - - - = 20

Gale =30

Hard gale - - - - = 43

Tempest or storm - - = 60

Violent tempest or storm . = 80

We ilismiss hurricane to lower latitudes. The sense may be cultivated

to apjiropriate these terms pretty correctly to determinate velocities of air,

hv Irequently taking a connnanding situation, overlooking a country, the

distance between whose remarkable lines or points is known to you, and

620 Retrospective Criticism.

while the sun is shining and clouds are floating along the lower fields of
ether, to observe the time the shadows of the clouds move over known
distances.

The exact velocity of the wind may, of course, be measured by means
of a small balloon, regulated, as near as possible, to the weight of the
lower atmosphere, or by a few down feathers, attached together by light
threads, forming an open tuft. This plan would require two operators on
a large open field, placed at a measured distance from each other in the
line of the wind, with muskets or flags to make signals to ^ach other. The
minutise of doing so need not be described. It has been attempted to
construct a measure of the velocity of wind by measuring its impelling
power (momentum) ; but, as the impelling power is the product of the
density and velocity, some means of estimating the correction for the greater
or less density is requisite. Were the density estimated under the different
temperatures and atmospheric pressures, an anemometer on this principle
would probably be the most convenient and correct. I have often found
a cold freezing wind have greater momentum upon the sails of a vessel, than
a warm summer wind, apparently to the senses, of no less velocity. —
Author of " Naval Timber " [see p. 78.]. May 17. 1831.

Eschschbltzia. californica a hardy Perennial^ and Yerbena chavusdrifolia
almost hardy. — Sir, I have pleasure in confirming your statement, p. 342., in
your review of Maund's Botanic Garden for March last, that the Esch-
scholtzza is of perennial duration. A seedling plant flourished and flowered
very luxuriantly with me last year, and in November I covered it over
with dry straw: in February last I uncovered it, and found it already
about to leaf. It is now a very fine. plant, and will very shortly be in
flower again. I have several fine seedlings raised this spring some I
will leave unprotected through next winter, to see if they will survive, as
you have known them do ; and others I will plant on rockwork, to the end
you suggest. Ferbena chamaedrifolia, also, survived last winter, with only
the protection applied to the EschscholtzJa. I am, Sir, yours, &c. — Thomas
Edgeworth. Wrexham, June 8. 1831.

To "planting" we greatly prefer sowing the Eschscholtzia at once
where wanted (not even in pots, to be thence turned out), and discarding
the supernumerary plants as they arise : one at a place is sufficient. The
plant has a fleshy, perpendicular, spindle-shaped rootstock, and, like many
plants so circumstanced, is so checked by ti'ansplantation, as to occupy
days, and sometimes even weeks, in recovering. This loss of time, and the
miserable aspect of the plant during this time, are both prevented by the
inconsiderable expense of a few additional seeds, and the timely thinning
out above recommended. — J. D.

The Monteath Pear. — Sir, In reply to Mr. James Smith's remarks
on my account of the John Monteath pear tree at Orniiston Hall ( p. 239.),
I have to thank him for the tender concern he manifests about my " feel-
ings," and to assure him that they are still unhurt by his remarks.

" A moral, sensible, and well-bred man
Will not affront me, and no other can."

Had Mr. Smith applied to me for an explanation before he sent his remarks
for publication, I would have referred him to the polite and intelligent
gardener at Ormiston Hall (Mr. Pearson); to whom, I have no doubt, it
would have afforded much pleasure to have communicated, either to the
" noble Earl of Hopetoun," to His Lordship's gardener (Mr. James Smith),
or to the noble lady, his correspondent of" Oct. 1830," the same particu-
lars which he very obligingly communicated to myself and friends ; the
substance of which formed the whole of my communication respecting that
pear-tree : and I think it would be difficult to point out how any person

Retrospective Criticism. 621

could have any possible interest in misleading Mr. Pearson or myself on
such a subject. It may be very true that Mr. Smith " has conversed with
many old people about this tree;" but, unless he can prove himself to be
the sole repository of every word that ever was said about it, I do not see
any right he has to assume that " no such account as the one given by
Mr. Gorrie was ever heard of." This looks like " cutting before the
point." I have no doubt that Mi*. Pearson is able and willing to point out
the sources of his information. It will then be for Mr. Smith and others to
attach any degree of credit they may think proper to the traditionary tale ;
the truth of which, however, stands little affected by any thing Mr. Smith
has hitherto advanced to the contrary. That this, or some other John
Monteath pear tree, is or was a seedling, Mr. Smith will readily admit ; that
size of trees is no fair criterion of age, he has too much practical experience
not to allow. Indeed, it appears rather inadvertent in a professional man
to press this as an argument into the service ; that the tree at Cramond
House " must be the senior." Must I remind Mr. Smith of the homely
adage, that " every tree in the wood does not grow alike ? "

The anecdote respecting " John Earl of Hopetoun " and his tenant at
Byers proves, at least, that a little selfishness was common to landlord and
tenant in the days of yore, as well as in modern times ; and now that we
are sent all the way to " Chiswick" to see one of Johnnie's progeny, one
might be led to infer that the family are far scattered, and that fruit " held
in estimation by the Earls of Hopetoun " of the olden time are disregarded
by the sons of men in our day and generation. Are there no young trees
of this esteemed variety, that might be " pointed out" to us in our next
"jaunt, " at Hopetoun Gardens ? There is one at Annat Gardens, which I
shall be happy to point out to any of my brethren who may not have leisure
to visit Chiswick, and who may deem the sight of any importance. For
my own part, the question as to when or where this " venerable tree "
came into the world, I would have considered of little earthly consequence
to any of its inhabitants, except to gratify a harmless curiosity : but, now
that Mr. Smith has been pleased to contradict, in positive terms, and with-
out the least qualification, what I was informed and communicated on the
subject, I confess I do feel a wish that the question were in some way or
other set at rest, and I think this can be done by a very simple process.
If the old tree at Ormiston Hall, and the one to which Mr. Smith alludes
as " senior " at Cramond, shall each have a few of their roots cut at 6 or
8 ft. from the stem, and the points of these roots placed near the surface,
young shoots will be produced : and if either of these trees is the original
seedling, the foliage and habits of the young shoots will have a striking
resemblance to the young Monteath pear trees ; and grafts taken from them
will produce fruit similar to those of the old tree, if wrought on standards.
As only one of these trees can be expected to produce fruit and foliage
having the Monteath family-likeness, the other will produce fruit, wood,
and foliage something similar to the stock on which the tree was grafted.
I hope Mr. Pearson and Mr. Smith will attend to this, and communicate
the result through the medium of your Magazine. I am aware that I am
not offering any thing that is new to either of my above-mentioned profes-
sional brethren, in the above suggestion. I am also aware that some
objections may be made to the experiment, on the principle that the graft
affects the stock; but to this objection, if it be made, I have to oppose my
own experience in researches of that nature.

I agree with Mr. Smith that the young Monteaths grow upright, with
strong young shoots, and differ in habit from the old trees. This is also
peculiar to many prolific varieties of pear trees. Old John, by all accounts,
has borne many a heavy load of fruit, which may have contributed to give
his shoulders a little bend. My friend, Mr. Smith, if he allow me to call
him so, is, as well as myself, advancing in the vale of years, and we gradually

G22 Hoylicidfurul Socicti/ and Garden.

leave off some of our youthful habits, as well as John Monteath. Mr. Smith
has produced some healthy mental shoots in the days of his youth ; I hope
and wish his ideas may continue to shoot vigorously till a ripe old age.
I aiu, Sir, yours, &c. — Arch. Gorric. Annat Gardens, April 19. 1831.

Hybrid Melons. — Sir, In Vol. VI. p. 502. a query of mine occurs on
the impropriety, as it had appeared to me, of melons, cucumbers, gourds,
and pumpkins being allowed, in otherwise very well regulated gardens, to
G;row all together; as I considered their respective produce must be
hybridous. In Vol. VI. p. 727. J. C. K. replies, as I have considered,
very ably and satisfactorily, to my question, by assuring us the Cucurbitacese
would not engender in "the manner I had represented, and that, conse-
quently, no hybrids could be the result. I was so satisfied with the an-
swer as to have entirely given up my preconceived opinion to that of this
intelligent correspondent ; when, to my very agreeable surprise the other
clay, in one of the sa/ons of Paris, I met, among many other of our
English works, with your Magazine, and at page Sl-t. Vol. IV. with the
following remark : — " Exhibited to the Horticultural Society of London
on the 7th of October, 1828, a fruit I'aised from the seed of a cucumber,
impregnated by the Maltese melon, by Mr. John Oliver, gardener to Earl
Craven." Now, Sii', I presume to pronounce this a decidedly unqualified
hybrid, and my previous opinion upon the subject no longer hypothetical.
Tlie point at issue now lies between Mr. Oliver and J. C. K. It is to be
hoped, for the benefit of the science and the instruction it will afford to
men of the profession generally, that these two gentlemen will exchange
opinions upon the subject through your Magazine. — P. Lander. Cardiff",
May 23. 1831.

As an additional fact subservient to the deduction of some conclusive
opinion on this interesting subject, see Mr. Robert Mallet's communication,
p. 87. of the current volume. T. D.for Cond.

Mode of training the Vine at Thomery, near Fontainchlcau. — Sir, In your
abridgment (Vol. V. p. 286.) of my paper on thiss ubject, as published in the
Tramactions of the London Horticultural Society (vol.vii.), you say the
spurs should be shortened to "one inch :" it is "one line" in the original.
The error is of some importance. Yours, — John Bobcrtson. Kilkenny,
January 30. 1831. [A line is the tenth of an inch.]

Art. IV. Horticultural Society and Garden.

July 19. 1831; — The Chairman announced that Part I. of Vol. I. of
the New Series of the Transactions was ready for delivery.

Read. A Paper on the Preparation of Plants for, and Management of
during, a Voyage from India; by N. Wallich, M.D. C.M.H.S.

Exhibited. Forced peaches and nectarines from IVL-. Thomson, gardener
at the Grange, Hants; these were very fine specimens. Black Prince, and
New Dutch Sweetwater grapes, from C. Webb, Esq. A drawing of
Gladiolus psittacinus, from Mr. John Miller of Bristol. Forced peaches.
Noblesse, French Mignonne, and Scarlet Admirable, and Elruge nectarines,
from Mr, W. Lindsay, gardener at Cliiswick House ; of these, the No-
blesse peaches were particularly beautiful and well grown. A new hardy
species of LobehVz, from Messrs. Low and Co. of the Clapton nursery.^

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Flowers. Coreopsis lanceolata,
Pentstemon pulchelhis and atropurpnreus, Terbena chamEedrifoIia, ^^[jirfe'a
ra-iajfolia, Garden roses, Eschsch61tz/« californica, il/alva miniata, /'erbena
Aublet/'rt; ffinothera speciosa, blfrons, L'mdlcydna, quadrivulnera, decum-

Horlictiltural Society and Garden. 623

benSjSiniiata, odonita (new var.),ancl viinlnea ; Oalard/a aristata and hicolor,
Scutellaria variegata and lupulina, Tiff nniliismoschatiis, Hollyhocks, Didiscus
caeruleus, Calceolaria bicolor. — Fruit, Black Naples currant, New Envillc
j)ine-apple, Marseilles fig. Black apricot, Mr. Knight's No. 3. red currant ;
Gooseberries, viz. Red Champagne, Saudi dark rough red, Red Warring-
ton, Yellow Champagne, Golden drop, Rumbullion, Early green hairy,
AVhite crystal, Pitmaston green gage, Melling's crown bob, Boardman's
British crown, Lomax's victory, Parkinson's laurel, Massey's heart of oak,
Edwards's jolly tar. Woodward's whitesmith, Beaumont's smiling beauty,
Wilmot's early red, Eckersley's jolly printer, Clewarth's white lion, An-
drews's ro^'al rock-getter, Haywood's invincible, Saunders's Cheshire lass,
(iraves's Smolensko, Marchioness of" Downshire, Red Turkey, Taylor's
bright Venus, Late green. White globe, Green walnut.

Au<inst 2. — Read. A Letter on the Growing of Pine Plants in Mossj
by J."R. Neame, Esq. F.H.S.

Exhibited. A black Antigua pine-apple grown in moss, from J. R. Neame,
Esq. ; this was a very handsome though small fruit, and remarkably high-
flavoured, A melon grown in a pit heated with hot water ; weight 3 lbs.
14 oz.; from R. H. Roundell, Esq. F.H.S. C'aprifolium japonicum from
Mr. Tate's nurserj', Sloane Street,

Also, from the Garden of the Socicti/. Flowers, ylgeratum mexicanum; Ter-
bena Aublet/a, pulchella, and chamaedrifolia; Pyrethrum inodorum (double)
[this is the plant which in some gardens is erroneousl_y named Matricaria
grandiflora] ; tEnothera tetraptera, viminea, LindleyffH«, bifrons, speciosa,
sinnata, and odorata (newvar.); Coreopsis lanceolata and Atkinsonw««,
Eschsch61tzi« calif6rnica,Clark/rt pulchella; Pentstemon atropurpureus,pul-
chcllus, campanulatus, and Richardson/i ; Phlox paniculata alba, Carolhia,
and bicolor; Hollyhocks, Justic/« carnea, Fuchs;« \irgata and microphylla
Trachymene cserulea [the same as Didiscus caeruleus], Galard/a aristata,
Georginas, Ten weeks stock. — Fruit, Gooseberries : Rumbullion (great
bearer). Rough red, Bratherton's huntsman, Perring's evergreen. Red
Champagne, Leigh's fuddler, Leigh's rifleman. Collier's jolly angler
(good late sort). Farrow's roaring lion, Eckersley's jolly printer. Pears :
Citron des Carmes, Beurre Kirke (of middling quality). Passe- Madeleine
(great bearer, quality inferior). Calville blanche d'ete apple, Late duke
cherry (if protected by nets, would remain good for another month),
Barnet raspberry (second crop),

August IG, — Read. A Paper on the Cultivation of the Vine; by Mr.
John Smith, gardener to D3kes Alexander, Esq., St, Matthew's, Ipswich :
couununicated by the Ipswich Horticultural Society,

Exhibited. Thu'ty-eight new seedling Georginas, three seedling Chelones,
one new variety of ffinothera, and other herbaceous plants, from Mr.
Garnier's, Wickham, Hants : among these a variety of Digitalis ferruginea
was particularly handsome ; some of the Georginas were also beautiful, A
sweet melon of Ispahan, from John Motteux, Esq,; this was a small spe-
cimen, but true and good.

Also fvomthe Gardenof the Society. Flowers. Coreopsis Atkinson;«Mf/, ffino-
thera odorata {\\q\s var.); /'erbena Aubleti«, pulchella, and dianicEdrifolia;
Galardifl bicolor and aristata, Pentstemon campanulatus, Trachelium ca;ru-

Portugal, Lawrence, Sanguinole, De Suisse, Apples : Early Fulwood,
Longville's kernel. Summer Stibbert, French codlin. Plums : Gisborne's,
Blue gage. Peaches : Grosse mignonne, Pourpree hative, Early red.
Brunswick Fig. Onions : Tripoli, White Spanish.

624

Covent Garden Market.

Art. V. Covent Garden Market.

r per ton
I per cwt.

The Cabbage Tribe.-

Cabbages, per dozen :

White

Red

Plants, or Coleworts -
Cauliflowers, per dozen -
Broccoli, Cape, per bunch

Legumes.
Peas f per half sieve

" I per sieve
Kidneybeans, per i sieve
Scarlet do.

Tubers and Roots.

Potatoes . -Jt

c per bush.
Turnips, White, per bunch
Carrots, per bunch :

Old,

Horn ...

Red Beet, per dozen
Horseradish, per bundle -
Radishes :

Red, per dozen hands (24
to 30 each)

Turnip, White, per bun.

The Spinach Tribe.
Spinach fP|-X.,,,:
Sorrel, per half sieve

JTie Onion Tribe.
Onions :
Old, per bushel -
For pickling, per | sieve
Leeks, per dozen bunches
Garlic, per pound - -
Shallots, per pound - -

Asparaginous Plants,
Salads, Sfc.
Lettuce, per score :

Cos

Cabbage
Endive, per score, -
Celery, per bundle (12 to 15)
Small Salads, per punnet -
Watercress, per dozen small

bunches ...
Bumet, per bunch

Pot and Sweet Herbs.
Parsley, per half sieve
Tarragon, per dozen bunches
Chervil, per punnet
Fennel, per dozen bunches
Thyme, per dozen bunches
Sage, per dozen bunches
Mint, per dozen bunches
Peppermint, per doz. bunch.

From
£ s. d.

0 0
0 3

0 1 6

0 3 0

0 1 6

0 16

2 10 0

0 2 6

0 16

0 0 IJ

0 0 5

0 0 3

0 10

0 2 0

0 0 6
0 0 1

1 0

0 6

1 0

1 0

0 9

0 9

0 9

0 2

1 0

2 0
2 0

To
£ s. d.

0 2 6

0 5 0

0 2 6

0 2 0

3 10 0

0 3 6

0 2 0

0 0 2

0 0 6

0 0 4

0 16

0 4 0

0 1 0
0 0 ]|

0 1 6
0 10
0 0 0

0 8 0

0 5 0

0 0 0

0 0 10

0 1 0

0 0 0
0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

Marjoram, per doz. bunches
Savory, per dozen bunches
Basil, per dozen bunches -
Rosemary, per doz. bunches
Lavender, per doz. bunches
Tansy, per dozen bunches

Stalks and Fruits for Tarts

Pickling, SjC.
Sea Samphire, p. small pun.
Vegetable marrow, per doz
Gourds, per dozen -
Tomatoes, per sieve
Capsicums, per hundred -

Edible Fungi and Fuci.
Mushrooms, pei pottle
Morels, per pound - -
Truffles, per pound :

English ...

Foreign

Fruits.
Apples, Dessert, per ^ sieve ■

Downton Pippin .

Franklin's Pippin

Ribston Pippins

Kerry Pippins
Apples, Baking, per bushel
Pears, Dessert, per ^ sieve :

Williams's -

Bergamots .

Beurrce

Gansell's

Peaches, per dozen

Nectarines, per dozen

Apricots, per dozen

Almonds, per peck

Plums, Dessert, per punnet

T->,™>„„- f per half sieve
Damsons, ^ ^^^ j,^^,,^,

Baking per half sieve -

Mulberries, per gal. (2 pots.)

Elderberries, per bushel -

Wahiuts, per bushel

Filberts, English, per 100 lbs.

Pine-apples, per pound -

Grapes, per pound :
Hot-house . . -
From the open wall -

Figs, per dozen

Melons, per pound

Cucumbers :
Pickline (per hundred
i'lCKiing, ^ per thousand

Oranges, per dozen

Lemons [ ^er h°md"red "
Sweet Almonds, per pound
Brazil Nuts, per bushel -
Barcelona, per peck

Froi

n

To

£ s.

d.

£ s.

d.

0 2

0

0 0

0

0 2

0

0 0

0

0 2

6

0 3

0

0 4

0

0 0

0

0 4

6

0 6

0

0 2

0

0 0

0

0 0

6

0 0

0

0 0

6

0 1

0

0 1

6

0 2

0

0 8

0

0 10

0

0 2

0

0 4

0

0 0

6

0 1

0

0 14

0

0 0

0

0 14

0

0 0

0

0 16

0

0 0

0

0 6

0

0 0

0

0 6

0

0 8

0

0 8

0

0 0

0

0 8

0

0 10

0

0 5

0

0 8

0

0 7

0

0 10

0

0 6

0

0 7

0

1 0

0

0 0

0

1 4

0

1 10

0

0 1

6

0 3

0

0 1

6

0 3

0

0 1

6

0 2

0

0 6

0

0 0

0

0 1

0

0 1

6

0 3

0

0 5

0

0 8

0

0 12

0

0 3

0

0 4

0

0 1

0

0 1

6

0 5

0

0 6

0

0 8

0

0 10

0

6 0

0

7 10

0

0 5

0

0 8

0

0 1

6

0 3

0

0 0

6

0 0

8

0 1

6

0 3

0

0 0

6

0 1

0

0 0

9

0 1

6

0 5

0

0 12

6

0 2

0

0 6

0

0 0

9

0 2

0

0 5

0

0 16

0

0 3

0

0 4

0

0 12

0

0 16

0

0 6

0

0 0

0

As I premised in my former observations, the effects of the severe frosts
in May last are now more seriously felt. Our supplies of every sort of
fruit usual at this season (except peaches, nectarines, apricots, grapes, &c.,
from the walls and houses) have been unusually short. In some of my
former remarks I endeavoured to make it appear that, in all cases where
the prices were by any causes raised beyond what may be considered the
real value, a reaction has invariably taken place. This has occurred fre-

Covent Garden Marhd, 625

quently this season ; added to which, the natural price occasioned by a
scarcity has induced many persons to forego the enjoyment of fruits. The
Consequences have been considerable fluctuation and veiy great uncertainty;
nevertheless, throughout the summer, the prices may be considered good.
Since my last, we have had, on the whole, rather favourable weather for
general culture ; and the fine weather has allowed the growers to bring
their fruit to market in good condition, which has contributed materially
to its value, and has not diminished its consumption ; but the alarm and
apprehension of cholera have prevented, very generally, the use of plums
and all other stone fruit. Jargonelle pears have been fine and large, which
may arise from the crop having been very thin on the trees ; of Windsors
there have been but few, and those of indifferent quality ; of summer
bergamots but few are cultivated, rarely bearing well ; of lammas pears
we have had a tolerable supply, principally from Cambridgeshire, which, in
the absence of better sorts, have sold well. Of Williams's, or the summer
bon Chretien, we have had but few ; but not being in such esteem as the
jargonelle, it never realises the same value.

Apples, especially the summer and early autumn varieties, are very short
in supply ; but the prices have induced many to send them to market
before the proper season. A few red Quarrendens have been sent, but
principally from the immediate neighbourhood of London. Some Emperor
Alexanders have also been seen, but not in any quantity, or of the usual
fine and showy appearance they generally assume at this season. Hav/-
thorndens, which are usually' abundant, have proved in many cases a total
failure.

Of plums the crop has been very partial ; in some situations altogether
deficient, and in others very good ; so that, on the whole, we have had
a tolerable quantity. The principal varieties furnished to our market are,
the early and old Orleans ; the green gage and several seedling varieties
of it, but none of which have the least pretensions to its peculiarly fine
flavour. Some very fine Goliath plums, of large size and beautiful colour,
have been sent ; but their flavour is by no means equal to that of the
Orleans.

Peaches and nectarines have been supplied in good quantities and at
reasonable prices. We have had apricots in tolerable supply from the
neighbourhood of Oxford, and elsewhere. Grapes from the hot-houses
have been plentiful, and of excellent quality, at very moderate prices ; the
crops on the open walls are also good, and, should the present fine weather
prevail for a few days, will ripen well, and be in good condition for the
table, or for making wine.

Walnuts and mulberries were, in most cases, so completely destroyed as
to forbid any expectation of supply ; the former have been substituted by
an ample importation of most excellent quality from Ostend and other
places, which have met with a ready sale.

From the frequent prevalence of rain during the summer, and the inter-
vening fine weather, vegetables have been in good supply. Onions, cucum-
bers, carrots, turnips, cabbages, coleworts, spinach, &c., are furnished in
large quantities, with the prospect of ample supplies throughout the winter.

Potatoes are reported to be an excellent crop, and in great breadth ;
consequently, we may expect the markets to be well supplied at a moderate
rate. This vegetable, despite of Mr. Cobbett's aversion to it. appears to
be one of the most important articles of culture known at present in this,
country.

Covent Garden, Sept. IG. 1831. G. C

Vol. VII. —No 34. s s .

G26 Pro'cincial Horticultural Societies : —

Art. VI. Provincial Horticultural Societies.

Oi-u Reiforts of the Proeiiicial Soculics. — I beg leave most conlially to sub-
scribe to the opinion you have advanocil in reply to Mr, Pojif, jv 235. Ho" evt>r prolix tlie details
of tho exhibitions of these Societies may bo, yoii cannot alxindon them ; for your reports are the
onlv means the liitierent societies have of knowing each other's proceedings, by wiiich a constant
and reci\>nx-;\l emulation is cxcitcti.

The- n.irist's thi-ictu I am very willing to acknowledge an excellent work ; but, as you remark,
its circulation is hmitett to two or three northern counties ; whereas your JIagaiiue not only
extends all over England, but to the Continent, and, as 1 was lately informeii at Paris, is to be
met "ith in severaf f\3rt* cf Holland and Germany : l>?sides, your own interest must be a lirst
consideration, and I kno\T many meml>ers of various horticultural societies who are great ad-
mirers and supi'^Tters of your Magazine, who would imraetiiately alxindon it if Mr. Pope's wishes
were complied with. 1 am, Sir, yours, Src. — I'. iMHtic-r. Oin/t/fJ Mat/ £3. 1S31.

2'Ac- same Suhf^ct. — I am glad to see, by your remarks, p. i?38., that you tie
not mean to abandon the reports of provincial horticultural exhibition;!. I consider them very
interesting, and as 1 contribute myselt to two or three •^Expositions tUsJi<riirs ff fruits " aimually
in this country, I am alwavs anxious to compare the choicest plants on both sides of the water.—
U". H. n: il AV- i/c- J><'rlin, St. Omcrs, August, ISol.

We present the two preceditig commuiiications as including the " end and
aim ■■ of similar additional ones ; and we present them here that they m.ay appear in closer union
with their subject. They demonstrate that we cannot discontinue these repi^s : ami they do more;
thev supply valuable liints to the secretaries and others of provincial horticultural societies:,
who provivie the rejwrts of their respective shows for the district newspapers, from which ou»
General Report is compiled. They will hetice perceive that their individual reports are integral
parts of a national whole, and that that whole is deemeti a just criterion of Britain 's progress in hor-
ticulture and doriculture, and also that the resi>ective details of that whole l^ecome so many given
points of comparison, by which our foreign readers estimate the merits of the protiuctions of
themselves and their countrymen. It is pleasant to calculate also the uses of lists like the follow,
ing to amateur cultivators, whether of flowers or of fruits. In the case of flowers it will be seen that
Efythr';na /auriti)lia * and Xcrium splenifens have e.ach won several prizes, and the amateur will,
in consequence, if not already ptkssessixl of these plants, forthwith procure and cultivate them ;
the like effect in other cases, acconiing to the circumstances, may be produced. We have to com-
plain that in too many of the reports, the omissions of the names of the winning articles have
been too numerous ; there h.ave been, 1st prize to Mr. .\. ; Cd prize to Mr. B. : M prize to Mr.C,
and so on : all which, though duly gratifying to the parties themselves, in their own immediate
iieighlx)urhocKl, loses all its interest to those devoid of the pleasure of the acquaintance of Messrs
A.,"B., C. : the name of the prixiuction, and a brisf notice both of its qualities, if peculiar,
and the cultiure, if j»eculiar, by which it has been rendered extraoniinary, would be of universal
interest. These, and other points that we need not enumerate, we respectfully submit to the con-
sideration of our provincial friends. In the meantime, we have kept out of the present Number,
and shall in future keep out, all prizes, the sorts gainuig which are not particularised.

General Rules for the ^idjiidication of Print's. — In their adjudication of prizes
horticultural societies will do well to discriminate as much as possible between the result
of chance and the result of skill; for it should ever be borne in mind, that the merit for
which a prize ought to be awarded exists not in the production but in the producer. The best
dish of filberts in August, or of cherries in July, gathcrcvi, perha[>s, from stmdanl trees planted
twenty years ago, may imply but slender merit in the imlividu.il who now produces them. In
every horticultural production, therefore, whether raised for use, luxury, or beauty, the merit of
the exhibitor is to be estimated by the degree of science, care, .ind skill,"evinced in its cultivation.
There is considerable ditticulty in appreciating these qualities ; because in very many cases, pro-
Ixihly iu most, they can only be innrri\i from the productions themselves. The Norfolk and
Norwich Horticultural Society h.as adopted a standard of judgmeiit at once comprehensive, brief,
and perspiciious, for the regulation of those gentlemen who may lie selecteil to award its prizes.
We trust that Colonel Mason will not be oflendeii if we associate his name witli a production for
which the Society is much indebted to him ; and the public will thank us for thus giving it a more
extended circulation.

" In order to facilitate the method of judgment in awarding prizes to the horticultural exhibit-
ants, the following are the governing rules by which, in future, all fruits, flowers, and vegetables
will be considereil more or less deserving distinction. As the said rules are conceiveti to unite all
the gtxxi properties inherent in either fruits, flowers, or vegetables, they are hereby designated
' The Unities.' Exhibitants will therefore, by these ' unities,' i>ossess data by which they will, at
one view, know with what chance of success they compete for prizes : —

" The Vnsliesfor Fruits comprise Ei^At Properties. 1. Rarity of sort; £. PTiTcocity of season ;
5. Magnilicence of size or weight ; 4. Fineness of colour ; 5, Excellence of (jualitv ; tx Extent
of quantity sent for exhibition ; 7. Ingenuity of culture ; S. Cheapness of pnxiuction.

" ExoHipte in tiie Ontiijie. 1. Aurantia nobilis (very rarely met with;* ; i .\pril usual time, Au-
gust'' ; 3 Circumference, on an average, 7 in. ; weight, S oz. ; 4. Deep yellow, with r\isset patches
on the sides ; 5. Thin-skinned, juicy, quick, and saccharine ; d. Five in number ; 7. Heat applied
in M irch, rising from 53'^ !o Sci^ ; 8. Hot-water pipes, by Weeks's ivitent.

" TMe I'nilies for F/otvers consist a/so qf Eight Propertits. 1. llarity of sort ; ?. Precocity of
season ; 3. Mag>ii6cence of size ; 4. Fineness oi' colour : 5. Beauty of forin ; 6. Delicacy or strength
of otiour; 7. Ingenuity of culture: S. Cheapness of production.

'' Eiamp/e in the CarnatioHor Picotee. 1. Seedling; £ July;'a. Diameter, ;> in. ; 4. Yellow
Picotee; ground primrose, clear from spots; e>lges streake;l with crimson, dark and distinct;
j. Petals beautifully pinked ; c.ilyx entire ; guard petals well reflexeii ; centre petals perfectly
trusseil up to the centre ; stem £4 in., strong, and scarcely needing a stick ; tj. But small odoup;
7. Half yellow loam, half horse-droppings, and a little sea sand ; S. Cold frame in winter.

* Erythrina /aurifr>lia is, in ganlens not a few, erroneously called E. Crista galli ; hence, where
E. Crista galli occurs in the following lists, it prolxibly signifies in most cases E /aurifMia,
which blooms far more freely than E. Crista gallL Sec Mr. EUes's directions for cultivating and
propagating this superb plant, E. faurifblia^ pi. -kkx

Lancashire. 627

"" The X'nilics for Vei;etal>les consist of Einhl Properties. 1. Rarity of sort ; 2. Precocity of
season ; 3. Magnificence of size or weight ; 4. Beauty of colour or of blanching ; 5. Perfection of
form and excellence of quality; 6. Extent of quantity sent for exhibition ; 7. Ingenuity of cul-
ture ; 8, Cheapness of production.

" Example in tlie Cucumber. 1. Green Turkey ; 2. First week in March ; 3. 18 in. long ; 4. Uni-
form green, with fine bloom; 5. Thin, straight, and seedless; (i. A brace; 7. Hot-water pipe.
Weeks'* patent, average heat 70^; 8. Usual culture as to soil and frames." 'Norfolk Chronicle.)

LANCASHIRE.

Rochdale Floral and TlorlicuUural Society. — July 7. 1830. Prizes were awarded
as follows : —

Plants. Stove: 1. Hed^chium angustifolium, and 2. Hsemanthus multiflbrus, John Entwisle,
E^q. ; .S. Thunb^rg/a alita, George Priestley, E.sf). ; 4. Erythrlna Crista galli, John Entwisle,
Esq. Hardy Shrubs: 1. Calampclis sckbra, Mr. Henry Slidgley; 2. C^tisus nigricans, Mr.
Robert Robertson ; 3. Azilea glatica alba, Mr. James Falkner; 4. K;ilm/a angustifblia rubra,
John Entwi.^le, E-q. ; ."5. Potcntilla floribfinda, Mr. John Ecroyd ; 6. /fhrjdodt'ndron hirsutum,
Mr. Alexander Fothergill. Green-house: 1. Calceoliiria rug?jsa, Mr. Robert Roljertson ; 2.
Seligo spOria, John Entwisle, Esq. ; 3. Ferbfena Melindres, George Priestley, Esq. ; 4. /,;ychni»
coronata, Clement Royds, Esq. ; 5. Calceolaria corj'nibu.ia, George Priestley, Esq. Herbaceous :
1. />clph;nium grandifl.'irum pR-no <-legans, Mr James Falkner; 2. Camjianula macrintha, Mr.
Robert Scholfield : 3. Galarde'a bicolor, Mr. John Bx;royd; 4. Cypriptdium spectabile, Mr. Robert
Scholfield ; 5. /.ychnis fulgens, Mr. Henry Midgley; f>. Anembne palm^ita, Mr. Joseph Tate; 7.
Pentst^mon digitalis, Mr. John Whitworth ; 8. Pentittmon ovktus, .Mr. Henry Midgley; 9. Gium
CGCcineum, Mr. Robert Robertson ; 10. Primula cortusoirffi, Mr. James Falkner.

Flowers. Pinks. Purple-laced: 1. Suwarrow, Mr. Alexander Fothergill ; 2. Duke of St. Alban'g,
Mr. James Falkner ; 3. Claudius, Mr. John Etches ; 4. William the Fourth (seedling), 5. Ten-
dresse, e.Eustre, 7. Comet, and 8. Seedling, Mr. James Falkner. — Red-laced : 1. Mars, Jlr. Jaroei;
Falkner; 2. Rosea, Mr. Thomas Smith; 3. Humphry Cheetham, Mr. John Etches; 4. Sir
Robert Peel, and .'>. Bonny Bes.s, Mr. James Falkner ; 6. Cato, Mr. Jonrjthan Ashworth ; 7. Prin-
cess Charlotte, Mr. John Etches; 8. Reine des Ro-es, Mr. James Falkner. — Black and White:

1. Cicero, Mr. Thomas Smith ; 2. Queen of June, Mr. Jonathan Ashworth ; .3. Moscrop's Atlas,
Mr. James Tweedale ; 4. Lord Bagot, Mr. John Etches; .5. Beauty of Flora, 6. Commerce, and
7. Eclipse, Mr. James Falkner : 8. Venus, Mr. Edward Ball. — Ranunculuses. Striped : 1. Oressus,

2. Unknown, 3. Tortilla, 4. Melange des Beautes, nnd .j. (lyillet Parfait, Mr. J. Tate. Yellow-
ctlged. Spotted : 1. Orange Braban^on, Mr. J. Cheetham ; 2. Isoilorus, and.S. Sultan d'Or, George
Priestley, Esq. ; 4. Julius, Mr. James Falkner ; .5. Mr. James Cheetham. Dark .Self-coloured : 1.
Vaxara, Mr. James Cheetham ; 2. Quixote, Mr. James Falkner ; 3. Gunner, George Priestley,
Esq. Grey or Purple-edged : 1. Variat, George Priestley, E.sq. ; 2. I.)ukeof Northumberland, Mr.
James Falkner ; 3. Nomius, Mr. John Whitworth. White-edged Spotted : 2. Tendre«se, Mr. .Toseph
Tate; 3. La Temeraire, George Priestley, Esq.; 5. Benjamin, Mr. James Falkner. Light Self-
coloured: 1. De Tronclutin [?], George Priestley, Esq. ; 3. Golconda, Mr. James Cheetham. —
Pelargoniums. Grown with Green-house: 1. De Vere, 2. Anne Boleyn, and 3. .Sjjectabile macn-
ISltum, G. Priestley, ICsq. ; 4. Lady Essex, and 5. Prin-ce of Orange, John Entwisle, Esq. Grown
without Green-lK>use : 1. Daveya«Km, Mr. James Taylor ; 2. Victory, Mr, Henry Midgley ; 3. >Ia-
cranthon, and 4. Augustus coccineus, Mr. James Cheetham ; 6. Prince Loojiold, Mr. James
Taylor — Roses. Red or Blush : 1. Prince Consignor [?], and 2. Bazaar Uelcchina [?], Mr. James
Falkner. Marbled or Striped : 1. Gladiator, Mr. James Falkner ; 2. Vork and Lancaster, Clement
Royds, Esq. Dark: 1. Pluto, Clement Royds, Esq. ; 2. Tu-cany, Mr. Robert Robertson. White:
L Provence, Mr. Alexander Fothergill Monthly: 1. Lady Ibbetson, Mr. Joseph Tate.

Fruit. Grapes: 1. Lonibardy, John Entwisle, Esq.; 2. Sweetwater, Joseph Fletcher, Esq.;

3. Black Hamburgh, Clement Royds, Esq. — Strawberries, Keen's .Seedling : 1. Mr. Robert Robert,
son.

Culinary Vegetables. Peas : 1. Superfine Early, Mr. Joseph Tate; 2. Early Frame, Mr. Joseph
Aston. — Cucumbers: 1. Incomparable, Mr. John Ashworth 4. Green Levant, Mr. Robert Ro-
bertson.— Potatoes. Kidney: Unwin's Kidney : 1. Mr. Alexander Fothergill ; 2. Mr. Robert
Robertson; 3. Mr. Joseph Aston. Round: 1. Golden Dwarf, Mr. John I>;royd; 2. Golden
Dwarf, Mr. Robert Robertson ; 3. Fox's Seedling, Mr. John Ecroyd. — Alexander Foikergill,
Secretary.

August 18. 1830. — Prizes were awarded as under : —

Plants. Stove or Grcon.hcuse : 1. Cactus speciosa, John Entwisle, Esq. ; 2. Kalosanthcs coe-
cfnea, and 3. Erythrlna Cri>ta-galli, Mr. Joseph Sleath ; 4. Calceolaria rugbsa, Mr. James Chee-
tham ; 5. Phcen^icoma prolifera, Mr. Jos. Tate; 6. Hed-'chium coronarium, and 7. Crinumjameri.
cinum, John Entwisle, Esq. — Hardy : 1. £rlca strict), Mr. J. Ecroyd ; 2. Cistus ladaniferus, Mr. J.
Whitworth ; 3. Potent'lla Horibi'inda, 4. Menzifes/a polifblia, Mr. J. Ecroyd ; 5. C5;tisus capitatus,
Mr. R. .Scholfield. Herbaceous: 1. Campanula p>Tamidalis alba ; 2. Chel6nc digitalis, Mr. James
Hoyle; 3. Seedling /Jelphininm, Mr. James Cheetham ; 4. Gtum coccineum, Mr. R. Robertson;

5. flEnoth«Jra ser.Uina. Mr. J. Exroyd ; 6. Gentiawa a.sclepii'/rf^a, Mr. George Haworlh ; 7. PhViX
tiegans, Mr. J. Tate; 8. /.ilium chalcedonicum, Mr. J. Cheetham. — Pelargoniums. Grown in the
Green-house: 1. %'ictory, Jolin Entwisle, Esq ; 2. Tricolor, Mr. J. Tate ; 3 Lancashire Lad,
John Entwisle, Esq ; 4. H \mei, Mr. J. Tate. Grown without a Green-house : 1. Macr^nthon 2. .3.
Victory, and 4. Spectabile, Mr. H. Midgley; 5. Prince lycopold, Mr. K. Crossley. — Annuals or
Biennials: 1. Coreopsis tinct6ria, Mr. E, Brumfitt; 2. Clark/« pulcliella, and 3. Afalope trifida,
Mr. J. Ecroyd ; 4. Calceol'iria pinnata, and .v. /bferis umbellata, Mr. R. Robe.-tson.

Flowers. Carnations: Paul Pr>- (Silver Cup, given by John Wakefield, Esq.; premier , Mis*
Jane Clough. Potter's Champion Subscription , Mr. John Whitworth. Scarlet Bizarres: 1.
Perfection, Miss Jane Ciough ; 2. Rising Sun, Mr. John Whitworth ; 3. Duke of Richmond, Mr,
Nathan Kershaw; 4. Seedling, Mr. Joseph Tate; 5. Mrs. Knyvett, Mr. John Morton; 6. Seed,
ling, George Priestley, Esq. ; 7. Fletcher's Lord Nelson, Mr. Alexander Fothergill ; fe. Foxhunter,
Mr. C. Lee. Pink Bizarres: 1. Rainbow, J. M. Taylor, Esq.; 2. King Alfred, Mr. C. L-e; 3.
Paul Pry, George Priestley, Esq.; 4. Seedling, Mr. E. Hilton; .5. Duke of Kent, Mr. C. I.«e;

6. Bang Europe, 7. Summit'of Perfection, and 8. Seedling, Mr. James Walni.-ley. Purple Flakes:
1. Major Cartwright, Mr. Thomas Smith ; 2. Princess Charlotte, and 3. Seedling, George Priest-
ley, Esq. ; 4. Henry Hunt, Mr John Scholes ; 5. Colonel, Mr. John Morton ; 6. John Wright,
George Priestley, Esq. ; 7. Bates's Wellington, Mr. Thomas .Smith ; 8. Commander, Mr. John

H H 2

628 Provincial Horticultural Societies : —

Etches. Scarlet Flakes : 1. Belmont, Mr. John Etches ; 2. Madame Mara, Mr. C. Lee ; 3. Champiorr,
E. Ball, Esq. ; 4. York Superior, Geo. Priestley, Esq. ; 5. Duke of Rutland, Mr. J. Wliitworth ;

6. Seedling, Mr. J. Walmsley ; 7. unknown, and 8. Seedling, G. Priestley, Esq. Rose Flakes :
1. Duchess of Devonshire, Mr. John Taylor ; 2. Sir George Crewe, Mr. John WiM ; 3. Queen
Adelaide, Mr. James Walmsley ; 4. Lady Hood, Mr. Jolin Dalton ; 5. Miss Sitwell, Mr. John
Whitworth; 6. Eliza, Mr. John Ingle; 7. Smiling Beauty, Mr. John Lucas; 8. Ruler, Mr. C.
Lee.— Picotees. Red-striped : 1. Will Stukeley, Mr. A. Fothergill; 2. Jubilee, E. Ball, Esq. ; 3.
Incomparable, Mr. J. Whitworth; 4. Seedling, Mr. Thomas Travis; 5. Chilwell Beauty, Mr. J.
Whitworth. Purple-striped: 1. Albion, Mr. T.Travis; 2. Lord Nelson, Mr. J. Whitworth ; 3.
Royal Purple, Mr. H. Thomas; 4. Mary Anne, Mr.C. Lee; 5. Lancashire Hero, Mr. H. Thomas.
Red-feathered : 1. Lady Nelson, Mr. John Wild; 2. Star, and 3.' Ringleader, Mr. T. Travis; 4.
Firebrand, and 5. Comet, Mr. H. Thomas. Purple Feathered : 1. Cleopatra, Mr. T. Smith ; 2.
Miss Emma, Mr. C. Lee ; 3. Miss Willoughby, Mr. John Whitworth ; 4. Duchess of Rutland,
Mr. J. Etches; 5. Duke of Wellington, Mr. C. Lee. — Georginas. Double : 1. Eximium, Mr. John
Jones ; 2. PurpClreum splendens, John Entwisle, Esq. ; 3. unknown, 4. Triumphant, and 5.
Scarlet Turban, Mr. J. Tate. Single : 1. Seedling, Mr. J. Ashworth ; 2. Prince William, Mr. J.
Scholes; 3. Yellow, Mr. J. Jones; 4. and 5. Seedling, Mr. J. Ashworth.

JFniit. Grapes : 1. Hamburgh, Mr. J. Ashworth ; 2. Tokay, John Entwisle, Esq.

Culinary Vegetables. Peas : 1. Green Marrows, Mr. R. Robertson ; 2. Woodward's new
Dwarf, Mr. J. Haworth.

A premier prize of two sovereigns, given by John Entwisle, Esq., was awarded to Mr. Samuel
Wild, for the best plate of Gooseberries, twenty in number, eighteen ounces. — John Ecroyd.
Rochdale, 3d month 12. 1831.

u4pril 27. 1831. — Prizes were awarded as under : —

Plants. Stove or Green-house: 1. Ixbra coccinea, John Entwisle, Esq ; 2. CActus speci&ss,
and 3. Azalea indica var. alba, Mr. R. Craig; 4. E'pacris pulchella, Mr. William Jyodge; 5. Ery-
thrina Crista galli, J. Entwisle, Esq. ; 8. i/elichr^sum jesammdes, 7. Melaleuca lanceolata, Cieorge
Priestley, Esq. ; 8 Petunia nyctaginiflora, Clement Royds, Esq. — Herbaceous : 1. Trillium grandi-
flSrum, Mr. H. Midgley ; 2. Trillium eriSctum var., J. Whitworth ; 3. y/nembne <halictroides var.
pleno, J. Ecroyd ; 4. Primula cortusoldes, Mr. Joseph Clegg ; 5. iithospt^rmum dauricum, J.
Ecroyd ; 6. Ram6ndfl pyrenaica, George Priestley, Esq. ; 7. Uvul^ria grandiflf»ra, Mr. H. Midg-
ley; 8. iithoipermum pulchi^Uum, Mr. J. Ecroyd. — Hardy Shrubs ; 1. Andr6raedn ri'gida, Mr.
Robert Robertson ; 2. Andr6meda polifblia, Mr. J. Ecroyd ; 3. Menzifesm CEeriilea, Mr. Robert
Scholfield ; 4. Andr6med« calyculata, Mr. Robert Robertson.

Flowers. Auriculas: Premier Prize, Booth's Freedom, Mr. John Etches. Green-edged: 1.
Freedom, Mr. Thomas Clegg ; 2. Colonel Taylor, Mr. H. Midglev ; 3. Highland Laddie, Mr.
James Cheetham; 4. Ruler, Mr. H. Midgley; 5. Tar, Mr. John Etches; 6. Nelson, Mr. John
Taylor ; 7. Do Little, Mr. H. Midgley ; 8. Governor, Mr. H. Thomas. Grey-edged : 1. Ring-
leader, Mr. J. Etches ; 2. Newton Hero, and 3. Privateer, Mr. John Taylor ; 4. Waterloo, Mr. C.
Lee; 5. Revenge, Mr. John Taylor ; 6. Shepherdess, Mr. E. Hilton; 7. Ploughboy, William
Turner, Esq.; 8. Complete, Mr. James Mellor. White-edged: ]. Venus, Mr. J. Taylor; 2.
Delight, Mr. H. Midgley ; 3. Incomparable, Mr. J. Taylor ; 4. Regulator, Mr. J. Cheetham ; 5.
Favourite, Mr. James Mellor; 6. Regular, Mr. J. Etches; 7. Glory, Mr. C. Lee; 8. Chancellor,
Mr. J. Cheetham. Selfs : 1. True Blue, Mr. J. Cheetham ; 2. Metropolitan, Mr. J. Taylor ; 3.
Lord Lee, Mr. J. Etches ; 4. Flora's Flag, Mr. C. Lee ; 5. Seedling, Mr. T. Clegg ; 6. Ned Lud,
Mr. J. Tweedale; 7. Lord Primate, and 8. Othello, Mr. J. Etches. — Polyanthus: 1. Alexander,
Mr. C. Lee ; 2. Bang Europe, and 3. Princess Royal, Mr. J. Cheetham ; 4. Invincible, Mr. H.
Thomas ; 5. Cox's Regent, and 6. George the Fourth, Mr. J. Cheetham ; 7. Emperor, Mr. J.
Taylor; 8. Yorkshire Regent, Mr. C. Lee. Alpines: 1. King, and 2. Mr. A. Fothergill; 3.
Mary Anne, Mr. William Lodge ; 4. Moses, Mr. J. Ecroyd ; 5. Seedling, Mr. William Lodge.
Largest Bunches of best Pips : Green-edged, Booth's Freedom, Mr. Thomas Clegg ; Grey-
edged, Ringleader, Mr. C. Lee ; White-edged, Venus, Mr. John Taylor ; Self, Metropolitan,
Mr. Thomas Clegg ; Alpine, Favourite, Edward Ball, Esq. ; Polyanthus, Alexander, Mr. James
Cheetham. — Hyacinths. Double: 2. Don Gratuit, Mr. J. Ecroyd — Pelargoniums: 1. Victory,
and 2. Hdmei, John Entwisle, Esq. ; 3. Tricolor, Mr. R. Craig. — Hardy Bulbous-rooted Flowers :
I. A'arcissus blcolor, Mr. James Tate ; 2. A'arcissus moschatus, George Priestley, Esq. ; 3. A'arcis-
sus odorus, Edward Ball, Esq. ; 4. Fritillkria melfeagris alba, Mr. H. Midgley j 5. FritillSiria lati-
folia, Mr. James Tate.

Culinary Vegetables. Cucumbers : 3. Prize-fighter, Mr. R. Craig.

Extra-Prizes. £rlca elcgans, George Priestley, Esq. /Jbsa odoratfssima, Clement Royds, Esq.
E'pacris grandiflbra, John Entwisle, Esq. Ornithogalum flavissimum. Primula sinensis, Corrae^a
specibsa, Mr. James Tate.

May 25. Prizes were awarded as under : —

Plants. Stove or Green-house : 1. Cactus speciosissima, J. Entwisle, Esq. ; 2. Borbn/ns serru-
lata, Mr. J. Ashworth ; 3. Choriz&ma, and 4. Erythrlna Crista galli, J. Entwisle, Esq. ; 5. Pe-
ttmia nyctaginiflbra, C. Royds, Esq. ; 6. Hfemanthus multiflbrus, J. Entwisle, Esq. ; 7. Calceo.
Ikria rugusa, Rev. W. R. Hay. — Pelargoniums. Grown in aGreen-house: 1. Victory, 2. Hiime?',

3. Spectabile maculJltum, J. Entwisle, Esq. ; 4. Lord Combermere, J. Starkie, Esq. Grown with-
out a Green-house; 2. Incomparable, Mr. J. S. Lancashire; 3. Davey dnum, Mr. R. Crossley;

4. Latilobum, Mr. H. Midgley. — Herbaceous: 1. ^nembne narcissiflbra, Mr. H. Midgley; 2.
iupinus polyphyllus, Mr. J. Standring ; 3, Saponaria ocymiildes, Mr.W. Lodge; 4. Primula nivea,
Mr. H. Midgley; 5. /.inum fl^vum, Mr. J. Ecroyd; 6. Dodecathcon Meadta var. alba, Mr. H.
Midgley; 7. i'hlox divaricata, Mr. R. Robertson; 8. Saxffraga granulSlta, Mr. A. Fothergill. —
Hardy : 1. £).'iphne Cnebrum, Mr. J. Howard ; 2. Cytisus puri>iirea, Mr. R. Robertson ; 3. Coto.
neaster microphylla, Mr. J. Ecroyd ; 4. Ledum iuxifblium, C. Royds, Esq. ; 5. Spirse'^a bella,
Mr. R. Scholfield; 6. Lfedum latifblium, Mr. R. Robertson; 7. 5pdrtium multiflbrum, J. Starkie,
Esq. ; 8. £rlca mediterrknea, Mr. J, Ecroyd.

Flowers. Tulips (Premier) : Baguet, Mr. John Taylor. Feathered Bizarre : 1. Goud Beurs,
Mr. M. Greenlees ; 2. Trafalgar, W. Turner, Esq. ; 3. Leopoldina, Mr. J. Sleath ; 4. Due de
Savoie, Mr. J. Stewart; 5. Surpasse-Catafalque, W.Turner, Esq. ; 6. LaCantique, Mr. H. Thomas;

7. Black Prince, Mr. W. Crompton ; 8. Count, W. Turner, Esq. Flamed Bizarre: 1. Roi des
Bizarres, Mr. H. Thomas ; 2. La Cantique, Mr. J. Stewart ; 3. Turner's Bizarres, Mr. W.
Crompton ; 4. Lustre de Beaute, Mr. J. Ashworth ; 5. Black Prince Mr. J. Ecroyd ; 6. Phcenix,
and 7. Beauts Frappante, Mr. M. Greenlees; 8. Farrand's Liberty, W. Turner, Esq. Fea-
thered Bybloemen : 1. Baguet, Mr. J. Etches ; 2. Bienfait, W. Turner, Esq. ; 4. Washing-
ton, Mr. J. Stewart ; 5. Cato, Mr. H. Thomas ; 6. Maitre par-tout, Mr. J. Etches ; 7. Laura

Norfolk^ Isorthumherland, 629

Mr. W. Crompton ; 8. Cai)tain Flash, Mr. T. Smith. Flamed Bybloeraen : 1. Waller's Violet,
Mr. W. Crompton ; 2. Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Mr. J. Ecroyd; 3. Monsieur Pitt, and 4. Vul-
can, W. Turner, Esq. ; 5. Reine des Fleurs, Mr. J. Stewart ; 6. Princess Charlotte, Mr. H. Thomas ;
7. Gadsby's Magnificent, Mr. M. Greenlees ; 8. Maitre par-tout, Mr. W. Crompton. Feathered
Rose or "Cherry : 1. Comte de Vergennes, Mr. J. VVhitworth; i.'. Do Little, Mr J. Ecroyd ; 3.
Due de Bronte, 'Mr. \V. Crompton ; 4. Walworth, W. Turner, Esq. ; 5. Beaurepere, Mr. J.
Ecroyd ; 6. Heroine, Mr. J. Whitworth ; 7. Nestor, Mr. H. Thomas ; 8. Hero of the Nile, Mr.
J. Tweedale. Flamed Rose or Cherry : 1. Unique, W. Turner, Esq. ; 2. Vesta, Mr. W. Cromp-
ton ; 3. Triomphe Koyal, Mr. J. Morton ; 4. Feu de grand Valour, Mr. W. Crompton ; 5. Rose
Monte, Mr. J. Whitworth ; 6. Do Little, Mr. M. Greenlees; 7. Lord Hill, and 8. Roi des Cerises,
Mr. J. Stewart Selfs : 1. Mine d'Or, W. Turner, Esq. ; a. White Fla?, Mr. M. Greenlees.
Breeders : 1. Lady Crew, Mr. M. Greenlees ; 2. Baguet, Mr. J. Stewart ; 4. Glaphyra, Mr. J.
Taylor.

Culinary Vegetables. Cucumbers : 4. Longford, Mr. R. Craig. — Potatoes: 1. Unwin's Kid-
ney, and 2. Golden Dwarf, Mr. R. Craig ; 3. Unwin's Kidney, Mr. J. S. Lancashire.

Extra- Prizes. Erica, odoriita, and £rlca prop^ndcns, Mr. J. Ashworth. — Alex. FolhergUl,
Secretary.

NORFOLK.

Lynn HorlicuUural Society. — June 30. The articles exhibited were very
numerous, and augur well for the future prospects of the Society. We cannot too much praise
the friends of this infant institution for their liberality in sending various articles which were not
named in the list for prizes. We think it right to say that this kindness was duly noticed by the
award of several extra-prizes for such productions ; and the Committee intend to act in like
manner in future. The exhibition was far better than could have been expected from either the
short notice or the state of the weather ; and the company was numerous and highly resi)ectable.
A prize was awarded for cucumbers grown in a frame with paper lights, and no bottom lieat,
to the Rev. F. Browning. [Prizes were given to numerous others, but, as the names of the par-
ticular sorts are not given, we forbear enumerating them.3 {Bury and Norwich Post, July ft)

Norfolk and Norwich HorlicuUural Society. — May •25. We must refer our
readers to the list of prizes for an elucidation of those plants which were considered most deserv-
ing of notice ; but we trust we shall not be considered invidious in pointing out some few
of those that particularly attracted attention. The Aquil^gia glandulbsa is a most valuable
addition to our herbaceous plants, and eminently deserving a place in the flower borders in every
garden. Lechenaiill/a formbsa is a most desirable green-house plant, continuing many months
in bloom. The Erythrina Crista galli was a splendid specimen, but rather bruised in being
brought flora a distance. The genera Metrosid^ros, Yiorbnia, Sprengi:l««, Polygala, E pacris,
A^erium, £rica Lasiopetalum, each produced some magnificent specimens. The gems of the
exhibition were, twenty-two splendid pelargoniums, from Mrs. Burroughes, of Hoveton, among
which the megalanthon, flagrans, megalostictum, HiWiiinum, and nutans were particularly
striking. From Mrs. Ives of Catton, some splendid green-house and stove plants, among which
the Cactus, Ixbra coccinea, and A^erium splendens, attracted universal admiration. From Mrs.
Mackie, a splendid collection of fifty-six choice tulips, among which, the Glbria albbrum. Glory
of Norwich, Rose Mont de Crete, Trafalgar, Rose Parfaite, Charbonnicr, and Lord Exmouth
were much admired ; and a collection of seventy-six pelargoniums, Calceolaria lanceolata [angus-
tifblia], E'pacris grandittbra, Pimel6a rbsea, &c. &c. From Mr. Middleton, some fine specimens
of pelargoniums and other green-house plants, among which we particularly noticed fine-grown
plants of Polygala cord^ta and Metrosid^ros floribundus. From the Rev. G. R. Leatlies, some
choice plants, among which the Erythrina Crista galli and Lechenault?Vi formbsa were deservedly
much admired. From the Rev. R. H. Cooper, a fine collection of well-grown pelargoniums, &c.
From Mr. John Smith, a large collection of pelargoniums and other green- house plants. From
Mr. Noverre, a collection of green-hcuse plants, &c. From William Robinson, Esq., some well-
grown specimens of pelargoniums, S:c. From Charles Thompson, Esq., a fine lemon tree, in
full fruit, raised from a cutting by Mr. Jesse Youngman, Mr. Thompson's gardener, about four-
teen years since. From Mrs. Dashwood, some beautiful ranunculuses in pots, a choice fern, &c.
&c. From Mrs. Martineau, a splendid Calceoliiria integrifolia and other showy green-house
plants. From William Foster, Esq., a magnificent pelargonium. There was one pine, which
was sent by Lord Stafford, not for a prize, but returnable; His Lordship also sent a smooth
melon. Colonel Lucas, J. Penrice, Esq., and the Rev. T. C. Blofeld sent some fine bunches of
Black Prince and Hamburgh grapes. Amongst the dessert apples were some Chester golden
pippins, grown in the garden of Mr. R. Bradfield, of Heacham (a non-subscriber). There were
a few plates of strawberries, and a dish of blanche mange made from a sea-weed. Mr. Lindley
exhibited a root of the scarlet runner kidneybean. [This we have previously noticed, p. 485.]
Prizes were awarded as under : —

Plants and Flowers. Tulips: Glory of Norwich, Mrs. Mackie. — Ixbrn: coccinea, Mrs. Ives,
Cactus speciosissima, Mrs. Ives. Cactus hybrid, Mr. Middleton. Cactus (unnamed, from seed
brought from Mexico by Mr. Bullock), Mr. Hitchen. Twelve pots of Cactus specibsa, Mrs.
Mackie. — Yellow China Rose, Mrs. R. J. Turner. — Giant Stock, Mr. J. Seppings.

Culinary Vegetables. Giant Rhubarb, Mr. J. Lascar, gardener to T. Cobbold, Esq. — Perennial
Kidneybean, Mr. Lindley. {Norfolk Chronicle, May 28.)

NORTHUMBERLAND.

Durhavi Botanical and Horticultural Society. — The prizes were awarded as

follows : —

Gold medals to Mr. Scott, gardener to Edward Charlton, Esq. Sandoe, for the best melon, and
the best dish of grapes ; and to Mr. Hanop, Sunderland, for the best tulip (Rose Triomphe Royal).
Silver medals to Mr. Clarke, gardener to Mrs. Bewicke, of Close House, for the liest half-peck of
potatoes; to Mr. Watson, gardener to James Kirsopp, Esq., for the best half-peck of peas; to
Mr. Harrop, Sunderland, for the second tulip (Violet Blondeau), and for the best bouquet of
Brompton stocks; to Mr. Avery, gardener to W. T. Salvin, Esq., Croxdale, for the best exotic
plant in flower (Cactus speciosissima) ; to G. H. Wilkinson, Esq., Harperley Park, for the best
Ijouquet of flowers ; and to Mr. Avery, gardener at Croxdale, for the best six lettuces. Bronze
medal to Mr. Herbert, gardener, Durham, for the third tulip (Incomparable Primus). A very
large and fine Hydrangea, from the garden of B. J. Salvin, Esq. of Burn Hall ; and a beautiful
Calceolaria integrifolia, from that of Mr. J. Herbert, gardener, Durham, were in the room, aiid
both were greatly admired.

S S ^

630 Provincial Horticultural Societies • —

Hexham Botanical and Horticultural Society. — Jpril 30. Prizes were awarded
to the following competitors : —

To Mr. Robert Grey, gardener, Humshaugh, for the first Auricula, Metcalfe's Lancashire
Hero. To Mr. James Scott, gariienerto Edward Charlton, Esq., Sandoe, for tlie second and third
Auriculas, Pendleton's Violet and Parkinson's Sir Solomon; and the second Hyacinth, Lord Wel-
lington. To Mr. Robert Charlton, gardener, Wall, for the fourtli and fifth Auriculas, Gorton's
Champion of England and Grimes's Privateer; and the first Hyacintli, Groot Vorst. {Netxcastle
Courant, May 14.)

Jtili/ 2. Prizes were awarded as under : —

To Mr. Robert Grey, gardener, Humshaugh, for the first, third, fourth, and fifth Pinks,
Brookes's Eclipse, Sawer's Archduke Charles, Barnard's Bexley Hero, and Lucker's Defiance.
To Mr. James Scott, gardciierto Edward Charlton, Esq., Sandhoe, for the second Pink, Barrett's
Conqueror. {Nfwcas//e Courant, July 23.)

Morpeth Florists' Society — May 30. Prizes were awarded as under : —

Tulips. Rose-coloured : To Mr. M'Lellan, for the first, second, and fourth, Triomphe Royal,
Cerise Triomphante, and Rose Cerise. To Mr. Noble, for the third and fifth, Rose Sans Egal, and
Count Vergennes. — Bybloemens : To Mr. M'Lellan, for the first, second, fourth, and fifth, Com-
tesse de Provence, Triomphe do Lisle, Reine des Tulipes, and Gloria Mundi ; to Mr. Noble, for the
third, Bicnfait. Bizarres : To Mr. M'Lellan, for the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth, Gran-
deur du Monde, Goude beurs, Demetrius, Leopoldina, and Bell's King. {Newcastle Courant,
June IS.)

The Friendly Florists of Sunderland and its vicinity held their Annual Show of
Tulips, on June 8., when the prizes were adjudged as follows : —

To Mr. Thomas Davison, for the first and second. Belle Actrice, and Ursinon[?] Minor. To
Mr. John Harrop, for the third, Violet Blondeau. To Mr. Thomas Moody, for the fourth. General
Loftus. To Mr. William Hind, for the fifth. La Cantique. Mr. Ward exhibited a new kind of
Rhubarb, raised from seed by Mr. Robert Holmes, which was excellent.

The Florists of U'hitehi'J Point and its vicinity held their Annual Show of Pinks
on the 9th of July, when the prizes were adjudged as follows : —

To Mr. Moses Dormand, for the first, Dormand's Supreme. To Mr Peter Gray, for the second
and fourth, Bexley's Beauty, and Stephen's Waterloo. To Mr. William Busby, for the third,
Windsor's Confident. To Mr. Thomas Johnson, for the fifth, Handy's Miss Goss.

The Botanical and Horticultural Society of Newcastle. — u4pril 8. Prizes v/ere
awarded as under : —

Silver Medal : For the best Exotic Plant in Flower (CameWia japonica Sansdnqua rbsea), to
Mr. James Fenwick, gardener to Matt. Anderson, Esq., Jcsmond. There was a very beautiful
show of exotics, among which were particularly noticed the following, in very fine condition,
viz. : Cactus johyllanthoides, from Mr. J. Trotter, at D. Cram's, Esq. ; and from Mr. A. Sampson,
at William Losh's, Esq., Benton ; Mil,sa coccinea, Agapanthus umbell^tus, and Plumbkgo j-6sea,
from the garden of J. G. Clarke, Esq., Fenham ; i?rlca Bonpland«/na, Amaryllis Johnsbni,
Corrs^fl! specibsa, and //caciaarmita, from Mr. Falla's, Gateshead. [Newcastle Courant, April 23.)
May 6. The following prizes were awarded : —

For the best variegated Auricula, Metcalf's Lancashire Hero, the silver medal to Mr. Robert
Charlton, gardener. Wall. For the best Double Hyacinth, Groot Vorst, for the best Single Hy-
acinth, Lord Nelson, silver medals ; and for the best Polyanthus, Pearson's Alexander, the bronze
medal to Mr. Adam Hogg, at Messrs. Falla and Co.'s, Gateshead. For the best Pelargonium in
flower, regium, or George the Fourth ; and for the best Exotic Plant in flower, Brugmansio
suavfeolens, silver medals to Mr. Moderill, gardener to J. C. Anderson, Esq., Point Pleasant. The
following exotics were exhibited : Agapanthus umbellJltus, Erythrina Crista galli, and Cactus
phyllantho~ides.

June 3. Prizes were adjudged as under : —

Gold Medal. To Mr. Matt. Bates, Kenton, for the best Tulip (Perle blanche).— Silver Medals.
To Mr. George Stevenson, Carr's Hill,Jfor the second best Tulip (Rose Triomphe Royal). To Mr.
James Scott, gardener to Edward Charlton, Esq., Sandhoe, for the best Rour,,K-t of Double
Brompton Stocks. To Mr. Archibald Simpson, gardener to William Losh, Esq., Little Benton,
for the best Exotic Plant in flower (Brugmansia suavfeolens). A Bronze Medal to Mr. Cook, Bywcll
Hall, for the third best Tulip (Rose Hebe). — The show of tulips was most brilliant; and, in proof
of the emulation excited by this Society, there were no less than seventeen competitors for the
medals granted for that beautiful flower, the two first prizes for which were awarded to men in
very humble situations of life, beating all the flowers exhibited by the best gardeners and florists
in the country. The Brugmknsia suaveolens, from Mr. Losh's garden, was above 7 ft. high, and
entirely covered with flowers.

Juli/ 8. The following prize medals were awarded : —

One gold and tv/o silver medals to Mr. Archibald Simpson, gardener to William Losh, Esq.,
Little Benton, for fruit [sorts not mentioned], and the best Exotic Plant in flower (Mrium splen-
dens). The silver medal to Mr. Joseph Clarke, gardener to Sirs. Bewicke, Close House, for the
best dish of Grapes ; and the sum of three guineas to the gardener who could produce the best
testimonials of his abilities, and of the greatest length of servitude in one family, has been this
year awarded to Mr. Clarke, he having lived as gardener to Mrs. Bewicke for fourteen years.
There were two Bouquets of beautiful Georginas from the gardens of Mr. Newton, fruiterer, New-
castle, and Armorer Donkin, Esq., in full blow at this early season ; and a fine jilant (Erythrina
Crista galli), and soine most elegant water lilies (A'ymphae''a alba), from J. C. Anderson, Esq., of
Point Pleasant. Seven Jack Api)les were sent by J. 1^. liidley, Esq., of Arbour House, which
were gathered in that garden (lately occupied by George Donald, Esq.) in the autumn of J828,
in the most perfect state of preservation. They were stated to have been kept in sand.

July 12. The Judges awarded the prizes ; but, as the names of the sorts are
not given (except the iVtrium splcndens, for which a silver medal was awarded to Mr. J. Charl-
ton, gardener to S. Brooks, Esq., Hermitage), they are not here enumerated.

An extremely fine Seedling Strawberry, and a great bearer, named the Whitfield Seedling,
from the garden of William Orde, Esq., M.P., Whitfield, was exhibited by Mr. Grey, and from
the fine quality, together with the great quantity of fruit it bears, appears likely to be a valuable
addition to the sorts already cultivated in this county.

SomersetsJiire. €31

n~ "'" SOMERSETSHIRE.

Sristol Botanical and Horticultural Socieli/. — April 1 9. Prizes were awarded
as follows : —

P/ants. 1. Alpinia nfitans, Miss Bright ; 2. Coffea arabica, John Hurle, Esq. ; 3. Xylophjila
latifblia, O. Fedden, Esq. — Green-linuse : 1. .Salvia spli^ndens, Mrs. H. Vaughan ; 2. Fiichsia

micropliylla, Miss Briglit ; 3. Amaryllis Johnsbn?, W. S. Jacques, Esq Pelargoniums. Light :

1. Maeranthon, Mrs. H. Vaughan ; 2. Formosum, D. Stanton, Esq. Red : 1. De Vere, 2.
Nai'rnw, and 3. MorenHfow, Mrs. H. Vaughan. — Eucse: 1. BAccans, and 2. La;^vis, C. Harford,
Esq. — Hardy, Forced : 1. Psebnia Moutan, O. Fedden, Esq. ; 2. Cabbage Rose, Mrs. H. Vaughan.
— Hardy : 1. Onosma taurica, C. George, E.sq. ; 2. f'lola grandiflura, Mr. Eibury.

Flowers. Auriculas. Green-edged: 1. Waterloo, Mr. Chambers; 2. Warr'is's Blucher, O.
Fedden, Esq. ; 3. Cockup's Eclipse, Mr. Chambers. White-edged : 1. Page's Lord Hill, Mr.
Chambers ; 2. Taylor's Incomparable, O. Fedden, Esq. ; 3. Grimes's Privateer, Mr. Maynard.
Grey-edged: 1. Privateer, Mr. Chambers; 2. Privateer, and 3. Wood's Lord Lascelles, O. Fed-
den, Esq. — Alpines: 1. Conspicua, and 2, Sparkler, Mr. Pillard. Seedling, Mr. Chambers. —
Polyanthuses. Dark : Pearson's Alexander, Mr. Pym. Seedling, Mr. Taylor.

Fruit. Pine-apples: 1. 2. and 3. Queen, John New, jun. Esq. — Grapes: 1. Sweetwater,
and 2. Black Cluster, R. Oakley, Esq. — Apples. Dessert : 1. Kentish Pippin, Mr. Beard ;_2.
Deux ans. Rev. Mr. Richards.

Culinary Vegetables. Broccoli. White: 1. Mr. Gerrish ; 2. Mr. Maynard, jun. Purple, Mr.
Sealey. — Cabbage- Pilling's Early, Mr. Plumlev. — Asparagus. Green, Mr. Maynard. Red,
Mr. Gerrish. — Rhubarb: 1. Myatt's New, Mr. Pillans ; 3. Hybridum longipetioiktum, W. P.
Taunton, Esq.

Extra-Prizes. Keen's'Seedling Strawberries, R. Strachey, Esq. Spring Spinage, Captain Mit-
chell, Amaryllis psittaclna Johnsbn/, W.O. Bigg, Esq.

Censors. Mr. Franklyn, Mr. Jacques, Mr. Lucas, andjMr. Lee.

Nurseiymen's Prizes. Jlcicia verticillata, Mr. Allen ; iJhododendron p6nticum, Mr. Allen ;
Primula cortMsdldes, Mr. Maule.

Censors. Dr. Dyer, Mr. Young, and Mr. Fedden.

Mr. Miller excited much interest by announcing his intention of establish-
ing, at his premises on the Down, an experimental botanical garden, on
the systems of Linnseus and Jussien, with an arboretum attached, and a
large reading-room, to be supplied witli vai'ious publications upon horticul-
tural, botanical, and agricultural subjects. The peculiar advantages which
Mr. Miller's premises possess for this undertaking, together with his well-
known liberality, lead to the most confident anticipations of its success ;
in which case the naturalist, the man of science, and the artist will be pro-
vided with the most desirable assistance in the pm'suit of their favourite
studies, whilst every annual subscriber will have the privilege of visiting, at
all times, a garden laid out in the best taste, and in the most correct style.
{Bristol jMirror, April 23.)

Mai/ 17. Amongst the plants we noticed some very fine specimens of Ama-
ryUi.9 and Cactus, from Christopher George, Esq. ; Oranges, from Captain Withering and John
Prideaux, Esq. ; Hijya carnbsa, Agapanthus umbellatus, Clerod^ndron frkgrans, and Fuchsi« gra-
cilis, from Mrs. William Fripp ; il/imulusglutinbsus, from W. S. Jacques, Esq. ; S&lvia spl(;ndens,
from Thom.as Daniel, Esq. ; Pelargoniums from Captain Langton, Mrs. Hugh Vaughan, and
John Hurle, Esq. Prizes were awarded as under : —

Plants. Stove : 1. llVIiisa coccinea, Mrs. W. Fripp ; 2. Amai-^llis Johnson? angustif6lia, R.
Osborne, Esq.; 3. Ismene calathlnum, H. Nugent, Esq. — Green-house: 1. Gladiolus blandus
hybridus, H. Nugent, Esq. ; 2. Cfercus flagellifurmis, C. George, Esq. ; 3. Melaleiica fi'dgens, Mrs.
J. W. Hall. — Cape .Erlcee : 1. Miindula, and 2. Odorita, H. Nugent, Esq. — Pelargoniums. Light :
1. Macr'mthon, Mrs. H. Vaughan ; and 3. HWliunum, Mr. Eibury. Dark : 1. il/alachra^fblium,
Mr. Eibury ; 2. Lord Combermere, Thomas Daniel, Esq. ; 3. Daveyamttn, Mrs. H. Vaughan.
Red : 1. De Vere, Mr. Verney ; 2. NairnzV, John Hurle, Esq. ; 3. George the Fourth, Mrs. H.
Vaughan. — Hardy : L Lonicfera Xylosteum, and 2. Ledum latifblium, G. Sawyer, Esq.— Hardy
Perennials : 1. Phlox divaric.'ita. Miss Swete ; 2. Viola George the Fourth, CaptainMitchell.

Floivers Tulips. Seedling : 1. W. S. Jacques, Esq. ; 2. and 3. Mr. Chambers.
■ Fruit. Grapes. Black : 1. St. Peter's, P. J. Miles, Esq. ; 2, Black Tripoli, R. Oakley, Esq.
White: White Frontignac, P. J. Miles, Esq. — Pines; 1. Queen, Mr. Mackay ; 2. Queen, Mr.
Helps ; 3. Queen, John New, jun. Esq.

~ Culinarii Vegetables. Asparagus. Green, Mr. Maynard ; Red, Mr. Sealey —Lettuces : 1. White
Cos, and'2. Brown Cos, Mr. Sealey. — Potatoes : 1. Ash-leaved Kidney, Mrs. H. Vaughan; 2.
Shaw's Early, G. W. Hall, Esq.

Extra-Prizes. Black Hamburgh Vine, in pots, with Grapes, Mrs. H. Vaughan. Dwarf Orange,
Captain Withering. Sulphur Broccoli, Mr. Maynard. Salvia spli5ndens, Thomas Daniel, Esq.

Censors. Rev. W. Gray, Dr. Dyer, Mr. Lee, Mr. Lucas, Mr. Saunders, Mr. Franklyn, and Mr.
Maule.

Nurserymen's Prizes. Stove Plant: StrelitZM reglna;, Mr. Allen. Green. house Plant: Me-
laleuca fulgens, Mr. Maule. Pelargoniums, H'Mii'ininn, Mr. Young. Hardy Perennials : .z/nthyl-
lis [italica], Mr. Allen ; Andrumedn Auxif61ia, Mr. Maule.

Censors. Mr. W. S. Jacques, Mr. G. H. Hall, and Mr. Rootsey. {Bristol Mirror, May 21.)
, June 21. The following were worthy of notice : — Salpiglossis straminea,
Erythrina /aurifblia, Alstroemer/n Sims«, Pelargbnium succul^ntum, Pelargbniiim Nairn/V,
Fuchsia gracilis. Cactus speciosissima, Pimelua decussata, pinks, and roses, from Mr. Miller; a
fine show of heaths and pelargoniums, belonging to Mr. Lee ; Hydrangea and pelargoniums,
from Jlr. Verney ; and a lemon tree, from Mr. Langworthy, Bath. Prizes were awarded as
under : —

S S 4-

632 Provincial Horticultural Societies : —

FlanU. Stove : 1. Cactus epeclosissiina, R Bright, Esq. ; 2. Gloxfnwi specibsa, C. Harford,
Esq. ; 3. Cactus (^untia, J. Acraman, Esq. — Green-house : 2. ConvolTulus CueJ.ruin, Miss
Bayly ; S. Lophospermum erubescens, Mr. James Mackay. — Pelargoniums. Seedling, Mr. James
Elbury. — Ericas: 1. Depressa, and 2. Pra gnans rar. coccinea, UKu gent, Esq. — Herbaceous r

1. Saponkria ocymoides, H. Myers, Esq. : 2. Eueomis punctata, Mr. R. Xott; S. Campanula
latif&lia. Miss Swete. — Hardy Annuals, Cl^rkia pulcbclla, George Sawyer, Esq.

Flowers. Seedling Ranunculus, Mr. Ma^-nard.

Fruit Pine-apples : 1. and 2. Black Aijt'igua, W. P. Jillard, Esq. — Grapes. Black : 1. St. Peter,
Mrs. Cartwright ; 2. Tripoli, R Oakley, Esq. White : 1. Muscat of Alexandria, Mrs. John Cave ;

2. Sweetwater, C. Harford, Esq. — Strawberries: 1. Wilmot's Superb, and 2. Keen's Seedhng,
George Yeeles, Esq. — Cherries : 1. Bigarreau, Colonel Houlton ; 2. May Dukes, Mr H. Vaughan.

Extra-Prizes. A'eriura splcndens. John Acraman, Esq. Terbfena Melindres, Mr. James El-
bury. Hoya cambsa, Juup Hurle, Esq Carrots, Altringham, Mr. Maynard.

Censors. J. X. Franklin, Esq., J. L Knapp, Esq., Dr. Dyer, Mr. Liicas, Mr. Stothard, and
Mr. Masey.

yurserymen's Prizes. Pinks, Seedlings, Mr. Allen. Store Plants : Cactus speciosissima, and
H'lya elegant, Mr. Maule. Green-house Plants : Fuchs/a gracilis, Mr. Allen ; Elaeocarpus cya-
neus, Mr. >Iauie. irrl?a viridifibra, Mr. Maule. Hardy Shrubs : .Rhododendron var. rbseum,
Mr. Maule. Herbaceous Plants : O robns /athyroides. Mr. Z^laule. ,

Extra-Prizes. Pentstcmon speciosus, Mr. Maule. CCrypha umbracuUfera, Mr. Allen.

Censors. Mr. Jessop, Mr. Sanders, and Mr. Rootsey. (Bristol Mirror, June 25.)

SUFFOLK.

Sury St. Edmun'Is Horticultural Society. — Ju7ie 28. Prizes were awarded
as follows : —

Strawberries, the smallest number, weighing a pound ;29\ Mr. Samuel Middleditch. Cherries
(Black Eagle , Mr. Barrett, gardener to the Rev. T. G.Cullum Tender plant ;Gloxin:j caultscens),
R Bevan, Esq. Hardy plant Pentstcmon angustifblius ■, Mr. Hodson.

Amongst the flowers worthy of notice were, £rica ventricbsa superba, and the flowers of several
new and beautiful species of .^Istroemcr/,!, from Mr. Bevan ; iJelphinium sinense, blue and
white £rigeron glabcllus, Ibhrh montina, Pentstemon pub&cens, striped jVferium Oleander, and
three new pelargoniums, from tlie Botanic Garden ; Cactus speciosissima, from T. Clav, Esq.,
and other showy plants, and a Bouquet of Yellow Roses, from the garden of the Kev.' E W.
Mathew, at Pentlow HalL ; Buri/ and Norwich Post, July 6.)

July 26. Amongst the flowers the most curious aud beautiful were, the
Calar/ium bfcolor, Cyclamen Aederaefblium and Jasmmum hirsiitum, from Lord Calthorpe's ; a
Salpigl.'iEsis picta, and a splendid Core jpsis tincti.ria, with nearly three hundred blossoms expanded,
shown by Mr. Payne ; Martynici proboscidea, in flower and fruit, and specimens of Calceolaria
arachnciidea, Pentstcmon pulchcUus, /erbena chamsdrifblia, Esclischijltzza califL>mica,Calampelis
scaber, and other choice flowers, from the Botanic Garden ; fine georginas, carnations, and ane-
mones, by Mr. Lord, of Xorthgate Srreet ; an excellent collection of georginas, bv Mr. Buchanan ;
and several good carnations, by Mr. Clarke. The fruits were chiefly confined to' gooseberries and
currants, some of which were very large and well-flavoured. TJie Judges were, for flowers, Mr.
Armstrong and Mr. Sturley Xunri ; for fruits and vegetables, T. Clay, I^sq., and Mr. Wright of
Ampton. Their award was as follows : —

Melon Persian , Mr. Hammond, gardener to Sir H. Bunburv. — Cherries 'Bigarre3U\ Mr. Kent,
Bury.— Gooseberries, Seedling, Mr. Kent. — Carnations, Seedling, Mr. Musk. Seedling Picotee,
Mr. S. N'unn,.— Growing Plaut .Coreopsis tinctbria , Mr. J. H. Payne. iSuffbtk Chionicle, August

Ipswich Horticultural Society. — July 96. .-imong the fruits and vegetables
most deserving notice were, grapes and onions shown by Mr. Burgess, gardener to W. Bateman,
Esq. ; apri^cots, by Mr. Cuthill, gardener to the Speaker of the House of Commons ; and a cu-
cumber, 27i in. long, by Mr. Girling. Among the plants were Fiichsm Cunica, and Combrttum
purpiireum, by Mr. Mills, gardener to W. Rodwell, Esq. ; Fuchsia c6nica, and -YCrium odbrum,
by Mr. Smith, gardener to D. Alexander, Esq., who also produced a grape vine in a pot, 10 ft.
high, containing forty.four buds; the plant appeared to be in a growing state, and was struck
from a single spur this season. There were also Fuchsia virgkta, Potentilla Russellianuw?, Lo.
phospermum erubescens, and (Gladiolus, by Mr. Jeflfiles, with many more. Prizes were awarded
as follows : —

Fliints. Stove or Green-house (in bloom, in a pot^ : 1. Al;rium od6rum, Mr. Smith. — Hardy
[m bloom, in a pot;, T erbena chamajdrifblia, Mr. Lovelv.

Fruit. Grapes : 1. Black Prince, Mr. Burgess, gardener toW. Bateman, Esq , Bromley Lodge.
— Melon .- 1. Xew Scarlet Flesh, Mr. Burgess ; 2. Green Flesh, Mr. Lovelv. — .^ipricots : 1. Moor-
park, Mr. Cuthill, gardener to the Speaker of the House of Commons. — Cherries, Morello, Mr.
CuthilL — Apples : Table, Striped Juneatitig, Mr. Burgess ; Kitchen, Hawthornden, Mr. Bird. —
Gooseberries. Heaviest : Red, Roaring Lion, Mr. Bird; Yellow, Gunner, MrWoollard; Green,
Angler, Mr.Wooilard ; White, Eagle, Mr. Hunt Pound containing fewest, Mr. Hunt Plate for
flavour. Champagne, Mr. Allen, gardener to the Rer. M. Edirar. — Currants. Pound containing-
fewest bunches : White Dutch, Mr. V^'oollard ; Red Dutch, Mr.Wooilard. — Ra.'^iberries : 1. Bar-
net, Mr. MUbourn ; 2. Red Antwerp, Mr. Bird.

Culinary J'ecetables. Carrots, Altringham, Mr. Bird, Lettuces, Paris Cos, Mr. Milboum.
Turnips, Early Stone, Mr. Milboum.

Jvdi'fs. For Fruits, Dr. Beck and Mr. Turner; for Flowers, T. Allen, Esq., and Mr. Hunt ;
with Mr. Barney as umpire.

An extra-prize was awarded to Mr. Milboum, for a fine dish of Black Morocco plums. (Suf.
.foil; C/ironicle, July 30.

Ipswich Flower Show. — July 31. 1830. -\t the Annual Show of Carnations
and Picotces, held in this town, the judges appointed were Mr. Shreeve, Mr. Read, and Mr. Pat?
terson, who decided as follows : —

Carnations: I.Gregory's Alfred, Strong's Victorious, Lee's Rifleman, Fletcher's Duchess of
Devonshire, Strong's Esther, and Tomlinson's Duchess of Rutland, Mr. Lee ; 2. Taylor's Earl of
Denbigh, Pearson's Bluchtr, Gregon's Alfred, Oddv's Henrv Hunt, Fletcher's Duchess, and
Fcrre's Duke of Bedford, Mr.W. L Marston; 3. Ives's Prince Leoiwld, Pvkes Eminent, Wild's
rerft-ction. Coster's Lord Macclesford, H. S. F. Seedling, and Staniforth's Vorksliire Lais, Mr. S.

Suffolk^ Worcestershire, Yorkshire. 633

Baldiston. — Picotees : Hufton's Stukely, and WooUard's Miss Bacon, Mr. WooUard. Seedling
Bizarre (afterwards named WooUard's William the Fourth), Mr. WooUard. Seedling Flake (after-
wards named Baldiston's Queen Adelaide), Mr. Baldiston. Seedling Picotee (afterwards named
Jessup's Princess Victoria), Mr. Jessup.

Woodbridge Flower Show. — At the Annual Show of Carnations and Picotees,
at Woodbridge, on the 29th of July, the prizes were adjudged by Messrs. Sheming, Cooper, and
Gross : —

Pan of six Flowers: 1. Foxhunter, Rainbow, Prince Leopold, Madame Mara, Turner's Princess
of Wales, and Fletcher's Duchess, Mr. Lee; 2. Davey's Duchess, Churchill's Duke of Wellington,
Martin's King, Strong's Esther, and Fletcher's Duchess, Mr. Churchill ; 3. Turner's Princess
of Wales, Thornicroffs Blucher, Fletcher's Duchess, WooUard's Lord High Admiral, Davey's
Duchess, and Hartesley's Freedom, Mr. WooUard. — Picotee : WooUard's Miss Bacon, and Gil-
lingwater's Mrs. Green, Mr. Marston.

WooUard's Picotee, Bliss Bacon, was allowed to be a most beautiful flower of the first class ; it
was raised, some three or four years since, by Mr. WooUard of the Royal William, Ijjswich, who
has now a good stock of it. The carnations raised by C. ChurchiU, Esq., were very much admired.
(.Suffolk Chronicle, Aug. 7. 18J0.)

WORCESTERSHIRE.

Vale of Evesham Horticultural Society. — June 16. The pines on the table
could not be less than from 30 to 40 lbs. weight, and were sent from the pineries of the Marquess
of Hertford, H. Tracey, Esq., and Mr. Butcher of Stratford on Avon. The pine that attracted
the principal notice of the growers was from H. Tracey, Esq.'s, and ripened to exquisite flavour
without fire or tan. heat, on an entirely new method adopted by Mr. Balls (Mr. Tracey's gardener),
who has kindly promised to furnish the Society with a descriptive account of his plan of growing
the same, which the Society wiU feel a pleasure in making public, when received. Prizes were
awarded as under : —

Plants. Stove or Green-house : 1. Kalosanthes versicolor, N. Hartland, Esq. ; 2. £rica ventri-
c6sa superba, E. Rudge, Esq. ; 3. Melaleuca fiilgens, Mr. Smith. — Hardy Annuals: 1. Papkver
somniferum var. fimbriatum, Mr. Drury ; 2. Papaver somniferum var. rubrum pallidum. Rev.
Mr. Shute.

Flowers. Ranunculuses. Dark : 1. Condorcet, Mr. Siiiith ; 2. Pizarro, Mr. Blavfield. Purple :

1. Beaute frappante, Mrs. Eyston ; 2. Variat, Mr. Banister. Crimson : 1. Prince Henry, Mr.
Smith ; 2. Alphonso, Edward Rudge, Esq. Shaded : 1. Duchess of Wurteniberg, I\[r. Mayfield ;

2. Prince Galitzin, Mrs. Eyston ; 3. Thompson's Queen, Mr. Whitford ; 4. Jaune agrcable, Rev.
Mr. Stillingfleet. Red Ground, Yellow-striped : 1. Melange dcs Beautes, E. Rudge, Esq. ; 2. Fer-
dinando, Mr. Fulton. White Ground, Striped : 1. Phanta, Mr. Mayfield ; 2. La Belle Philippe,
Mr. .Smith. Orange: 1. Brabanijon, Mr. Mayfielil ; 2. Orange Cockade, Mr. Hodges. Sulphur:

1. Model of Perfection, Mr. Eyston ; 2. Pretiosa, Mr. Whitford. White: I. Blanche, Mr. May-
field; 2. Hermes, Mr. Fulton. — Pinks. Purple-laced: 1. Dry's Lord Exmouth, Mr. Hunt; '2.
Beauty of Bath, Mr. Hodges. Red-laced : 1. Harcourt's Seedling, and 2. Bexley Hero, Mr.
Hodges ; 3. number's Regulator, Mrs. Hunt. Stars : 1. Westley's Heroine, Mr. Hodges ; 2. May-
field's Seedling, Mr. Barnes; 3. Mayfield's Miss Powell, Mr. FuUon.— Roses : 1. Duke of Wei.
lington, Mr. Balls; 2. Moss Damask, Mrs. Hunt; 3. Tfbsa bicolor, Scotch, Mr. Izod ; 4. Rbsa
sulphurea, Mr. Goodall ; 5. Maiden's Blush, Mrs. Hunt; 6. White Moss, Rev. Mr. Shute; 7.
Rose Unique, Mr. Goodall.

Fruit. Strawberries : 1. Keen's Seedling, Mr. Lavender Best-flavoured : 1. Keen's Seedling,
Mr. Hunt; 2. Black Taunton, Mr. Charles; 3. Comberton, Mr. Smith. — Melons, Succada, Ed-
ward Rudge, Esq. — Cherries. Black: 1. May Duke, Mrs. Lavender. White, Elton Hearts, Gen.
Marriott.

Extra-Prizes. Pine (a Queen Pine, raised without tan or flue heat\ Mr. Balls. Grapes,
Black Hamburgh, IVIr. Fulton. Double Russian Stock : Scarlet, Thos. Blayney, Esq. ; White,
Mrs. Eyston. P»6nw Hdmei, Mr. Smith. {Worcester Herald, June 25.)

YORKSHIRE.

Hull Floral and Horticultural Society May 23. The flowers, &c., were

adjudged by Messrs. Carr and Lumb, and Mr. A. Parker of York, who placed them as follows : —

Plants. Green. house, Kalm/n latifulia, Mr.Wm. Bolton.

Floivcrs. Premium, Comte de Vergennes, J. C. Cankrien, Esq Bybloemens. Flamed : 1. Sir

Joseph Banks, Mr. Percy; 2. Washington, Mr. Burman ; 3. Alexander Magnus, and 4. Wash-
ington, Mr. Deighton ; 5. St Ciermain, Mr. Cankrien. Feathered : 1. Bienfait, Mr. Burman ;

2. Bienfait, and 3. Princess Augusta, Mr. Allinson ; 4. Princess Anne, Mr. Percy ; 5. Bienfait,
Mr. Deighton. — Bizarres. Flamed: 1. Pizarro, Mr. Burman ; 2. Sidney Smith, Mr. Wharton ;

3. Sanzio, Mr. Percy ; 4. La Cantique, and 5. Abercrombie, Mr. Cankrien. Feathered : 1. Sur-
passe-Catafalque, Mr. Percy ; 2. Grand Cairo, Mr. Cankrien ; 3. Brifi'et's Yellow, Mr. Norman ;

4. Black Prince, Mr. Burman ; 5. Due de Savoie, Mr. Percy. — Roses. Flamed : 1. Sans Egal, Mr.
Cankrien ; 2. Princess Royal, Mr. Norman ; 3. Grise Primo,and4. Heroine, Mr. Burman ; 5. Rose
Superbe, Mr. Bell. Feathered : 1. Comte de Vergennes, Mr. Cankrien ; 2. Heroine, and 3. Do
Little, Mr. Burman ; 4. Do Little, and 5. Michael de Lisle, Mr. Deighton. Seedling, Mr. Bell. —
Pelargoniums. White Ground, Macranthon, Mr.Wm. Bolton. Coloured Ground, Moor's Victory,
Mr.Wm. Bolton.

Culinarij Vegetables. Lettuce. Cos : 1. and 2 Mr.Wliarton. — Potatoes. Best plate of Kidney,
Mr. T. P. Smithson. — Best plate of Vegetables : Cucumber, Wadsworth's Earl Grey, Mr. D.
Brown. {Hull Advertiser, May 27.)

June20. The judges placed the flowers, &c., according to the following list: —

Plants. Best Green-house, Mr. Joseph Calvert.

Flowers. Ranunculuses. J. C. Parker, Esq.'s premium (for the best flower), Princess Amelia,
Mr. S. Beecroft ; Rose Toussaint (Mr. T. Lockhart's), Mr. J. Heward ; Goliath (the Society's),
Mr. S. Beecroft. Dark : 1. Naxara, and 2. Voctonnox, Mr. Beecroft; 3. Voctonnox, Mr. Allin-
son ; 4. Shannon, Mr. Percy ; 5. Naxara, Mr. Bell ; 6. Voctonnox, Mr. Beecroft. Light Purple,
Grey, and Ash : 1. Violet Fonce, Mr. BeU ; 2. Variat, Mr. Beecroft ; 3. Violet Fonce, Mr.
Deighton; 4. Hortensius, Mr. Allinson; 5. Jeanne de Pompadour, Mr. Percy; 6. Mr. Allinson.
Scarlet, Crimson, and Pink : 1. Earl Moreland, Mr. Percy ; 2. Scarlatina, Mr. Allinson ; 3. Lu-

6 3 4 Provincial Horticultural Societies : —

cretia, Mr. Beecroft ; 4. Earl Moreland, Mr. Percy ; 5. Lucretia, Mr. |BeU ; 6. Scarlatina, Mr.
Allinson. Orange, Yellow, and Buff: 1. and 2. Goliath, Mr. Beecroft ; 3. Adrian, Mr. Bell ;
4. Adrian, Mr. Beecroft ; 5. Voltaire, Mr. Percy ; 6. Fiesco, Mr. Beecroft. Spotted and edged, on
White Ground: 1. Ross Toussaint, Mr. Heward; 2. La TiJmeraire, 3. Benjamin, 4. and 5. Cras-
sus, Mr. Beecroft. Spotted and edged, on Yellow Ground : 1. and 2. Princess Amelia, S. Duchess
of Buccleugh, Mr. Beecnft; 4. Kleine Agamemnon, and .5. Flos Solis, Mr. Percy; 6. Pretiosa,
Mr. Beecroft. Stripes on Yellow Ground : 1. Melange des Beautes, Mr. Heward ; 2. Melange des
Beautes, Rlr. Deighton ; 3. Favorite Mignonnc, Mr. Wharton ; 4. Favorite Mignonne, Mr. He-
ward ; 5. Melange des Beautes, Mr. Beecroft ; G. Melange des Beautes, Mr. Deighton. .Stripes on
■VVhite Ground: 1. and 2. 'lYmeraire, Mr. Bell ; 3. Conr de France, Mr. Allinson ; 4. and 5. Al-
phonsus, and6. Planta, Mr. Beecroft. White and shaded White : 1. Argus, Mr. Allinson ; 2. Skid-
daw, iVIr. Deighton; 3. Laodicea, 4. Queen Caroline, and 5. Argus, Mr. Beecroft; 6. Princess
Alexandrina Victoria, M.. i^ercy. — Stocks. Brompton : 1. and 2. Mr. Brown, nurseryman, Bar-
ton ; 3. Mr. Allinson. {Hull Gazette, June 25.)

July 4. The prizes were awarded as under : —

Flowers. Pinks. Purple-laced : 1. (premium) Bow's Claudius, Mr. Priest ; 2. Lustre, Mr. Bell ;
,3. Lock's Glory of Newport, Mr. Beecroft ; 4. Hewson's Miss Beresford, Mr. D. Brown ; 5. and 6.
Bow's Lustre, Mr. Burman. Red-laced : 1. Goulton's George the Fourth, Mr. Burman ; 2. Goul-
ton's George the Fourth, Mr. Bell; 3. Duchess Wellington, Mr.Wadsworth ; 4. and 5. Goulton's
George the Fourth, Mr. Priest ; 6. Suwarrow, Mr. Beecroft. Black and White : 1. Smith's Ma.
riner, and 2. Davey's Eclipse, Mr. Woolley ; 3. Duchess of Devonshire, Mr. Beecroft ; 4. Duchess
of Devonshire, Mr. Woolley; 5. Venus, Mr. Beecroft; 6. Windsor Castle, Mr. Wadsworth. —
Roses. Moss: J. Tickhill, Mr. Woolley; 2. Tickhill, Mr. Allison; 3. Tickhill, Mr. Woolley ;
4. Tickhill, Mr. Allison ; 5. Moss Provence, Mr. Brown, Barton ; 6. Moss Provence, Mr. Wads-
worth, Plain : 1. Grand Swiss, Mr.Wadsworth ; 2. Unique, and 3. Grand Crimson, Mr. Allison ;

4. Blush, Mr.Wadsworth; 5. Tuscany, Mr. Allison; 6. Unique, Mr. Priest.

Fruit. Strawberries : 1. Wilmot's Superb, Mr. Wadsworth ; 2. Keen's Seedling, 3. Wilmot's
Superb, and 4. JNIanchester Hero, Mr. Smithson. {Hull Gazette, July 9.)

Jiibi 28. The umpires were Mr. C. Lambert, Mr. J. G. Lumb, and Mr. Benj.
Ely of Rothwell Haigh. Prizes were distributed as follows : —

Plant. Green-house, Mr. Charles Foster.

Flowers. Ely's Mayor of Ripon (J. C. Parker, Esq.'s premium), Mr. H. Green ; Bellerophon
(Society's premium), Mr. W. B. Percy. Pink Bizarre : 1. and 2. Paul Pry, Mr. Wm. Burman ;
3. Paul Pry, Mr. D. Brown ; 4. Heward's Kingston, Mr. Wm. Burman ; .'J. Paul Pry, Mr. M.
Bell ; 6. Paul Pry, Mr.W. Burman. Scarlet Bizarre : I. Ely's Mayor of Ripon, Mr. H. Green ;
2. William the Fourth, Mr. J. Heward; 3. William the Fourth, Mr. D. Brown; 4, 5, and 6.
Wilde's Surpasse- Perfection, Mr. Wm. Burman. Purple Flake : 1. Bellerophon, and 2. Major Cart-
wright, Mr.W. B. Percy ; 3. Bates's Wellington, 4. and 5. Turner's Princess Charlotte, Mr. Wm.
Burman ; 6. Wilde's Mary Anne, Mr. Samuel Keecrofc. Pink Flake : I. Clegg's Smiling Beauty,
Mr.Wm. Burman; 2. Clegg's Smiling Beauty, Mr. R. Deighton; 3. Pollitt's Triomphe Royal, Mr.
Wm. Burman ; 4. Pollitt's Triomphe Royal, Mr. D. Brown ; 5. and 6. Triomphe Royal, Mr. J.
Wadsworth, gardener to 3. Eggington, Esq. Scarlet Flake : 1. Andrew Marvel (seedlingl, and
2. Madame Mara, Mr. M. Bell ; 3. Madame Mara, Mr. S. Beecroft ; 4. Mount Etna, Mr. W. B.
Percy ; 5. Mount Etna, Mr. Burman ; 6. Salamander, Mr. M. Bell. — Picotee.s. Purple-edged :
1. and 2. Ely's High Admiral, Mr.Wm. Burman ; 3. Ely's Elizabeth, Mr.Wm. Woolley ; 4, .5, and
6. Mary Queen of Scots, Mr. M. Bell. Red-edged : 1. Cato, Mr. Beecroft ; 2. and 3. Queen Ade-
laide, 4. Pearson's Chilwell Beauty, and 5. and 6. Queen Adelaide, Mr. Heward. Yellow Ground :

1. Goldfinch, Mr. D. Brown; 2. and 3. Goldfinch, Jlr. Burman ; 4. Emily's Pride, Mr. Norman ;

5. Stadtholder, Mr. H. Green ; fi. Stadtholder, Mr. Brown, Barton. Seedling, Mr. John Heward.
— Carnations. Best Seedling, Mr. James Wadsworth.

Fruit. Grapes Black : 1. Black Hamburgh, Mr. H. Elundell ; 2. Black Hamburgh, Mr. T.
Holmes ; 3. Black Hamburgh, Mr. T. P. Smithson, &c. White: 1. Syrian, Mr. J. Wadsworth ;

2. Tokay, Mr. Henry Blundell ; 3. Syrian, Mr. Thomas Holmes; 4. Frontignac, Mr. T. P. Smith-
son. — Melons : 1. Netted Cantaloup, Mr. J. England ; 2. Hague's Pizarro, Mr. Henry Biundell ;

3. Netted Cantaloup, Mr. J. England ; 4. Netted Rock, Mr. VV. Norman. — Gooseberries. Red,
Roaring Lion, Mr.Wadsworth. Green, Ocean, Mr. Wadsworth. Yellow, Rockwood, Mr. Wads-
worth. White, Eagle, Mr.Wadsworth. — {Hull Mercunj, Aug. 2)

Shiiffield Horticultural Society. — May 4. Tliere were several pots of Keen's
seedling strawberries, one of which contained sixty-three ripe strawberries, some of them measur-
ing near fi in. in circumference. These were sent by Mr. Paxton, from the gardens of His Grace
the Duke of Devonshire. Mr. Lambie, gardener to Sir George Sitwell, sent some cut flowers,
very excellent of their kind, with other articles of interest. Prizes were awarded for the follow-
ing fruits, vegetables, &c. : —

Plants. Stove : 1. Blitia Tankervill?>, Mr. Paxton ; 2. Sinningia velutina, and 3. Sinning/a
villbsa, Mr. Lambie. Green-house: 1. E'pacris grandiflbra, and 2. Azalea indica alba, Mr. Pax.
ton ; 3. Cactus specibsa, Mr. Hallet ; 4. Cyrtanthus angustifulius, and 5. Amaryllis formosissima,
Mr. Weldon ; 6. Yellow China Rose, 7. CorroeV specibsa, and 8. £rica nigrita, Mr. Paxton.
Herbaceous, Trillium grandifi6rum, Mr. Crowder.

Flowers. Auriculas. Pan of four (comprising one of each class, with not less than four pips on
a stem) : 1. Lee's Colonel Taylor, Ploughboy, Taylor's Glory, Self-coloured, not named, Mr.
Joseph Waterhouse ; 2. Moore's Jubilee, Morning Star, Incomparable, True Blue, Mr. John Re-
vill. Green-edged : 1 Kenyon's Ringleader, and 2. Rider's Waterloo, Mr. William Archer ;
3. Hudson's Leopold, Mr. John ReviU ; 4. Lee's Colonel Taylor, Mr. Jos. Waterhouse ; 5 Tra-
falgar, Mr. John Revill ; 6. Taylor's Ploughboy, Mr. James Wild. CJrey-cdged : 1. Taylor's
Ploughboy, Mr. James Wild ; 2. 'Kenyon's Ringleader, Mr. J. Driver ; 3. Seedling, and 4. Thomp.
son's Revenge, Mr. William Archer; 5. Lord John Russell, and 6. Rider's Waterloo, Mr. Mat-
thew Addy. White-edged : 1. Hallamshire, Mr. John Revill ; 2. Taylor's Glory, Mr. VV. Archer ;
3. Hughes's Pillar of Beauty, Mr. James Wild ; 4. Leigh's Bright Venus, Mr. J. Revill ; 5. Pott's
Regulator, Mr. J. Driver ; 6. Popplewell's Conqueror, Mr. Joseph Waterhouse. Self-coloured :
1. Grimes's Flora's Flag, 2, 3, and 4. Seedling, Mr.Wm. Archer ; 5. Bishop of Lichfield, Mr. John
Revill ; 6. Bishop of Lichfield, Mr. John Driver. — Polyanthuses. Dark Ground : 1. Alexander,
Mr. John Revill ; 2. Prince Regent, Mr.Wm. Archer ; 3. George the Third, and 4. William the
Fourth, Mr. Joseph Waterhouse ; 5. Billington's Beauty, Mr.Wm. Archer; 6. Turner's Emperor,
Mr. John Revill. Red Ground : 1. Coxe's Prince Regent, Mr. J. Driver ; 2. Crownshaw's Invin-

Scotland. 635

cible, 3. Pearson's Defiance, and 4. Stead's Ti'.ograph, Mr.Wm. Archer; 5. Seedling, Mr. Joseph
Waterhouse; 6. Seedling, Mr.Wm. Archer.

Fiiiit. Pine-apple, New Providence, Mr. Paxton. — Strawberries (plate of) : 1. Keen's Seed-
ling, and 2. Grove-end Scarlet, Blr. Paxton. Six pot.s. Keen's Seedling, Mr. Paxton.

Culinary Vegetables. Khubarb, Judds, Mr. Paxton. — Broccoli, White's Imperial, Mr. Fisher.

Extra-Prizes. E\i\>a\i>vium ceanothilblium, Rev. \\ . Bigshawe. Agapanthus umbellatus.

Rev. Blackstone.

August .'3. This was the Third Exhibition, and the following prizes were
awarded : —

Plants. Green-house : Kalosanthes coccinea, Mr. Walker; Ev\ca nlbica, Mr. Paxton.

Flowers. Carnations. Scarlet Bizarres: 1. and 2. Seedling, Mr. Archer ; 3. Wells's Perfection,
4. King Solomon, and 5. Seedling, Mr. Waterhouse ; 6. Sir Isaac Newton, Mr. Archer, Pink
Bizarres: 1. Gregory's King Alfred, and 2. Seedling, Mr. Archer; 3. Gregory's King, Mr. Wa-
terhouse; i. Wakefield's Paul Pry, and 5. Seedling, Mr. Archer; 6. Old England, Mr. Revill.
Scarlet Flakes : 1. Fletcher's Lord Anson, Mr. Archer; 2. Bowton, Mr. Waterhouse ; 3. and 4.
Seedling, and 5. Blucher, Mr. Archer; 6. James's Jnpiter, Mr. Waterhouse. Purple Flakes:
1. Princess Charlotte, 2. Lord Mansfield, and 3. Wood's Commander, Mr. Archer; 4. Seedling,
Mr. Waterhouse ; 5. and 6. Seedling, Mr. Archer. Rose Flakes : 1. Duchess of Devonshire, Mr.
Archer ; 2. and 3. Seedling, Mr. Waterhouse ; i. Seedling, Mr. Archer. — Picotees. Purple-striped :
1. Seedling, Mr. Waterhouse; 2. and 3. Seedling, Mr. Archer. Red-striped : I. Kenny's Incom-
parable, Mr. Waterhouse; 2. Seedling, Mr. Archer; 3. Will Stukely, and 4. Mayor of Northamp.
ton, Mr. Waterhouse ; 5. Seedling, Mr. Archer; G. Turner's Jupiter, Mr. Waterhouse. Purple-
feathered : 1. Duke of Norfolk, Mr. Muscroft ; 2. and 3. Cleopatra, Mr. Revill ; 4. Seedling, iVlr.
Waterhouse; .5. Seedling, Mr. Archer.

Fruits. Grapes. White: Providence, Mr. Butcher. Black : 1. and 2. Hamburgh, Mr. Harri-
son ; 3. Constantia, Mr. Wilson. White: 1. and 2. White ftluscat, and 3. Frontignac, Mr. Wil-
son. — Melons : 1. Mr. Wilson ; 2. Royal Cantaloup, Mr. Lambie. — Peaches, forced : 1. Teton de
Venus, Mr.Wilson ; 2. Royal George, Mr. Butcher. — Nectarines (forcedl. White, Mr. Butcher.

— I'late of Gooseberries. Red, Roaring Lion, Mr. Muscroft. Yellow, Gunners, Blr. Muscroft.
Green, Anglers, Mr. Muscroft. White, Eagles, Mr. Muscroft. — Cherries, Morello, Mr. Lambie.

— Strawberries, Alpine, Mr. Paxton. — Orange Tree, Myrtle-leaved, Mr. Lambie.

Culinary Vegetables. Dish of Beans, Long Pod, Mr. Wilson. Frenali Beans, China Dwarf,
Mr. Thompson. Celery, White, Mr. .-Abraham. Lettuce, Malta, Mr. Taylor. Turnips, Scaris-
brick, Mr. Walker. Onions, Tripoli, Mr. Lambie. Cucumbers, Prize- Fighter, Mr. Milner.
{Sheffield Iris, Aug. 9.)

West Riding HorliciiUiiral Society. — The First Meeting of this excellent Society
was held in the Music Hall, Wakefield, on Wednesday afternoon. The saloon was tastefully
decorated. The hardy bouquets, furnished by Dr. Crowther, Mr. Hadfield, Mr. John Billington,
Mr. James Cooper, and Mr. Wice, gave to the scene a pleasing effect. The one furnished by Dr.
Crowther, and which decorated the chair, contained no less than 212 distinct i)lants. The show
of vegetables, fruits, and flowers was splendid and gratifying. The Rev. J. G. Morris officiated
in an able manner as chairman, and opened the business of the Meeting in a neat speech ; he
likewise distributed the prizes which h.ad been awarded by the judges. The arrangements did
great credit to the secretary (the Rev. Dr. Sissonl, and to the curators (Mr. J. Hadfield and Mr.
J. Billington). During the afternoon, the Rev. S. Sharp exhibited some apples which had been
kept two years. In answer to a question from the chairman, Mr. Sharj) stated that, in order to
preserve the apples, he had kept them as much as possible from light and air. {.Sheffield Iris,
August 9.;

SCOTLAND.

Tlie Caledonian HorlicuUural Society The Annual Meeting was held on

Sept. 1. The following is a copy of the Report of the Committee : —

1. For the best three sorts of Peaches from the open wall, to Mr. James Macdonald, gardener
to his Grace the Duke of Buccleugh : the kinds being new Red Magdalene, Royal George, and
Noblesse ; and six competitors having appeared. — i For the best two sorts of Peaches from flued
walls, to Mr. George Shiells, gardener to the Right Hon. Lord Blantyre, Erskine House : kinds,
the Gallande and Noblesse : seven competitors. — .3. For the best two sorts of Nectarines, either
from open wall, hot wall, or peach-house, to Mr. John Robertson, gardener to the Right Hon.
Lord Gray, KiT.fauns Castle : kinds, the Elruge and Scarlet ; no fewer than nine competitors. —
4. For the best two sorts of Plums, not generally cultivated, to Mr. James Anderson, gardener to
John Bonar, Esq., of Ratho House : the kinds being the Caledonian Plum and Red Diaiireo ; and
two competitors having appeared. — 5. For the best three sorts of summer Pears, to Mr. James
Stuart, gardener to Sir John Hope, Bart, of Pinkie : kinds. Jargonelle, late Citron des Carmes,
and White Beurree ; two competitors. — 6. For the largest bunch of Grapes of any variety, with
the name, to Mr. G. Shiells, gardener to the Right Hon. Lord Blantyre, Erskine House: kind,
the Nice Grape, weighing G lbs. The Committee having experienced considerable riitticulty on this
article, recommended that a second prize be awarded for a very large and fine bunch of the white
Lombardy Grape, to Mr. Daniel Cunningham, gardener to Sir Archibald Campbell, Bart., Gar.
scube. — 7. For the largest and highest-flavoured bunch of any new kind of grape lately intro-
duced, to Mr. James Scott Thomson, gardener toLordViscount Strathallan, Strathallan Castle

8. For the largest and highest-flavoured bunch of any of the Frontignac Grapes, to Mr. Arii/ibald
Reid, gardener to the Hon. Robert Lindsay, Balcarrcs ; eight competitors having appeared. —

9. For the largest and highest-flavoured bunch of the White Muscat of Alexandria, to Mr. John
Kinment, gardener to Miss .Spence Yeamen of Murie. — 10. For the be?t Otaheite Pineapple, to
Mr Alexander Lauder, gardener to Colonel Harvie, Castle Semple. — 11. For the best three dif-
ferent kinds of Melons, eight competitors, forming the finest display of melons ever witnessed by
the Committee. After a very careful corai)arison and trial, the medal was awarded to Mr. Wm,
Oliver, garderier to the Right Hon. the Earl of Rosslyn, Dysart House : kinds, the Melville,
Ispahan, and Ionian.

The Committee further reported, that the price offered for the greatest variety of different
kinds of fruits, of fine quality, was found to be due to Mr. James Smith, gardener to the Right
"Hon. the Earl of Hopetoun, who sent nineteen different kinds, all of them the finer fruits. The
Committee, in conclusion, stated that a very rich show of double anemone-flowered georginas

636 Provincial Hart. Societies : — Aberdeenshire,

took place, showing that the culture of this highly ornamental plant has attained great perfection
in Scotland ; and it was determined that the medal was due to William Patison, Esq., of Wil-
liamfield, near Newhaven. Handsome presents of fruits for the dessert were received from Mr.
Wauchope of Edmonstone, Mr. Anderson of Mordun, and Mr. Gibson Craig of Riccarton ; and
a rich supply of grapes was furnished by Mr. Barnet, from the Society's garden. At the dinner,
the chairman (Professor Hope) in drinking the healths of Professor Graham, and Mr. M'Nab,
superintendent of the royal botanic garden, stated that a more beautiful garden, for its size, was
not to be seen in the emi^ire, either for the manner it was laid out in, the luxuriant growth of its
evergreens, or for the splendid displ.iy of its exotic plants. He (,Dr. Hope) had been in the
soutli, and examined several similar establishments, but he had the satisfaction, on coming away,
to be able to declare he had seen nothing equal to the royal botanic garden of Edinburgh. Pro-
fessor Dunbar spoke to the same effect ; and remarked that Mr. M'Nab's collections of the tribe
£rica was perhaps unequalled in Europe. With him, in place of the plants being small and
dwarfish, they assumed the appearance of large trees and bushes. Mr. M'Nab had a work on the
rearing of this beautiful tribe in course of publication. As to the botanic garden, he (Professor
Dunbar) knew nothing to compare with it. {Edinburgh Observer, Sept. 2.)

ABERDEENSHIRE.

Aberdeenshire Horticultural Society. — il/ay 3. The First Competition and Show
took place, and the judges decided as follows : —

To David Gairns, gardener to J. M. Nicholson, Esq., of Glenbervie, for the best three Seed-
ling Auriculas. To Mr. J. I. Massie, for the first three Stage Polyanthuses ; they were the
first prize seedlings last year. To Captain Cline, for the first three Seedling Polyanthuses. To
Alex. Brown, gardener to J. Garioch, Esq., of Heathcot, for the second Seedling Polyanthus. To
Mr. Massie, for the third Seedling Polyanthus. To Mrs. Rae of Northfield, for the first and
second three bottles each of Home Wine; the former Gooseberry Champagne, the latter Black
Currants and Rasps. To Mr. Young of Cornhill, for the third Home Wine, Gooseberry Cham,
pagne. Several very rare articles were brought forward for competition, particularly straw-
berries and potatoes, from the garden of D. Young, Esq., of Cornhill ; also apples, of the crop
of 1829, in excellent preservation, from the garden of James Hadden, Esq. ; and the tables were
otherwise decorated with some very tine green-house plants, from the Ferryhill nursery. The
special committee reported, that they had unanimously found Mr. Wm. Davidson, jun.. Cause-
wayend, best entitled, on account of his productions and communications daring last year, to be
recommended to the London Horticultural Society, as meriting the large silver medal given
annually by it. The following gentlemen were unanimously elected honorary and corresponding
members of the Society, viz. : — Dr. Wallich, Superintendent of the H. E I. C. Botanic Garden,
Bengal ; the Rev. Dr. Carey, Professor of the College at Fort William, Calcutta ; Sir James
M'Grlgor, Bart., Director- General of the Medical Department ; John Lindley, Esq. Professor of
Botany in the London University ; and Dr. James Douglas, Quebec.

At the March Meeting of the Society, Major-General Hardwicke, late of the Hon. East India
Company's Artillery, Bengal, was admittedan honorary and corresponding member. {Aberdeen
Journal, May 18.)

May 25. The Second Competition and SIiow took place, and the judges
decided as follows : —

To Mr. Alex. Diack, nurseryman. Mile End, for the first and second best twelve Tulips, three
of each. Incomparable Verports, Cherry and Kose, Bybloemens, and Bizarres. To Mr. Thomas
Milne, nurseryman, Sunnyside, for the first three pots of Strawberries (Keen's Seedling), very
fine ; and for the second best three pots of Strawberries (Roseberry), also very fine. An extra-
premium was awarded to Mr. Alex. Diack, Mile End, for six Seedling Tulips, that were sown in
1813, from seeds saved from the sweet-scented, and only perfectly broke this season ; the whole
group having the fragrance of the parent plant. The Society's large silver medal was awarded to
Mr. Alexander Diack, for the tulips, being the best articles at the Show ; and the Society's small
silver medals were awarded to all the other first articles, as well as for the extra-prize. {Aber-
deen Journal, June 1.)

June 22. At the Third Competition and Show prizes were awarded as under : —

To Mr. Robert Davidson of Elmfield Cottage, for twelve Kidney Potatoes. There were no
other potatoes presented for competition. To Mr. A. Diack, Mile End, for the second best Irises,
five of which were Spanish (bulbous). The extra-medal to David Gairns, Glenbervie, for a group
of beautiful Seedling Pelargoniums. The Society's large silver medal was awarded to Mr. Robert
Davidson, Elmfield Cottage, for his productions at the Competition ; and small medals to the
other persons also having first articles. Miss Young of Sheddocksley was elected a member of
the Society. There was a large group of very rare and fine green. house plants, from the gardens
of Mr. Young of Cornhill; among which, a beautiful Erythrlna Murifblia, nearly 9 ft. high, in
flower, very much attracted the attention of the visiters. From the garden of Mr. Cheyne of
Ix)ch-head, a very fine A'trium splendens, in full flower, and some beautiful ericas ; and from the
garden of Ballater House, a basket of very fine roses, consisting of the double and single yellows,
and various others of great beauty, and in full bloom. {Aberdeen Journal, June 29.)

July 13. At the Fourth Competition and Show the judges awarded the prizes
as follows : —

To Mr.Wm. Anderson, gardener to David Young, Esq., of Cornhill, for the best six Seedling
Carnations. To Captain John Clync, for the first and second best six Seedling Pinks. To Mr.
David Gairns, Glenbervie, for the best and second best Seedling Rose. To Mr. Alexander Mal-
colm, Damside, for the first and second best quart of Strawberries, seedlings raised by himself.
To Mr. William Anderson, Cornhill, for the third best quart of Strawberries (Keen's Seedling).
The extra-prize to George Low, Ballater House, for a basket of seedling Roses. The Society's
large silver medal was awarded to Mr. David Gairns, Glenbervie, for his various productions
on this occasion ; and the small medal to those having the other first articles. To ornament
the table, there was a large group of very fine green-house plants, from the nursery of Mr.
Eraser, Ferryhill. Sir Edward Ryan, one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of Bengal; Dr.
John Grant ; James Calder, Esq. ; and George James Gordon, Esq., Calcutta, were elected ho-
norary members. The Rev. Francis Forbes, Sunnybank ; and Mr. James Smith, gardener to
Gavin Hadden, Esq., of Union Grove, were also elected ordinary members of the Society. {Aber-
deen Journal, July 20.)

Forfarshire, Lanarkshire, Ile?ifreivshire. 637

FORFARSHIRE.

Dundee Horlicidlural Sncieli/. — Ma;/ 3. Tlie Spring IMeeting of this Society
was held in the Caledonian Hall, Castle Street. The successful competitors were as follows : —
Mr. John Hampton, gardener. Crescent House, for seedling Auriculas. Mr. James Smith,
gardener, EUangowan, for first and second seedling Polyanthuses, and the sweepstakes for seed-
ling Auriculas. Mr. Thomas Spalding, gardener, Arthiirstone, for first seedling Auriculas.
Mr. John Stewart, Dudhope nursery, for the second seedling Polyanthuses. Some flowers of
double georginas and carnations, and a fine variety of violets and rainbow auriculas, were pro-
duced from Arthurstone ; some fine seedling double wallflowers from Dudhope nursery ; and
some pretty heaths, and beautiful Cacti, and other plants, from Scouringburn nursery. {Dundee
Courier, May 10.)

July 29. The successful competitors were as follows : —
Mr. James Smith, gardener, EUangowan, for best seedling Pelargoniums. Mr. Thomas Spal.
ding, gardener, Arthurstone, for the second seedling Pelargoniums, first seedling Roses, first Rose
Strawberries, first seedling Strawberries, and first Cos Lettuce. Mr. Patrick Adam, gardener,
Roseangle, for the second seedling Koses. Mr. James Kettle, gardener, Glendoick, for the second
Bath Strawberries, first Bishop's orange Strawberries, heaviest Strawberries, first seedling, and
heaviest Gooseberries, and first Imperial Lettuce. Mr Alexander Gowck, gardener, Mayfield,
for the first Bath Strawberries, first seedling Rasps, and second seedling Gooseberries. Some
very beautiful balsams and hollyhocks were produced from EUangowan ; some pretty seedling
violets from Mr. Newall's garden, Hawkhill Place ; some seedling georginas from Cilendoick ;
some anemone georginas and pinks from Lilybank nursery ; and a very superb variety of double
georginas from Scouringburn nursery, Lilybank nursery, Cortachy, Glendoick, Ballindean, and
Arthurstone ; some fine ripe pears from Mr. Martin's garden, Roseangle ; some large savoys from
Carolina Port ; and some pretty carnations, not claimed ; all of which caused admiration, and
some of them amazement. {Dundee Courier, Aug. 2.)

LANARKSHIRE.

Glasgow Horticultural Society. — -Aug. 12. We noticed three of King Charles's
pocket melon, and two large citrons, from Castle Semple ; five very large pine-apples, probably
weighing nearly 5 lbs. each, and some fine peaches, from Woodhall ; very large gooseberries, one
of which weighed \\ oz., from Mr. Warnoek ; large gooseberries from Leven Grove ; very large
Morello cherries, from Cams-Erskine ; some large figs, from Buchanan House. Two handsome
and large white Turkey cucumbers, from Mount Stewart ; a very large gourd, from Cams-Erskine ;
a collection of gourds, from Woodlands ; a stock of German greens, from Mr. Rogers, Kilmar-
stock, measuring about 9 ft. in circumference. An excellent show of peas, of seven varieties, and
nome of rare quality, and also a number of other things, which were within one vote of gaining
the second prize, were presented from Newton. A selection of the newest and most beautiful
annuals and biennials, from Mrs.Wilkie, Uddingston, including double Canterbury bells, Terbfena
y/ubltt/a, Clark/fli pulchella, Tithun/Vi taget/fldra, a splendid collection of double georginas, one
hundred and twenty varieties, &c. ; and many fine specimens of green-house and hardy ever-
greens, shrubs in pots, &c., from Messrs. Cowan and Co.'s nursery ; a few choice green-house and
hot-house plants, including some fine heaths, and a collection of double georginas of the finest
varieties, from the botanic garden ; about sixty of the most choice varieties of double georginas,
from Calder ; some fine green-house plants, from Jacob Dixon, Esq., Dumbarton ; a large show,
all named, of cut flowers, annual, biennial, and perennial, and of deciduous shrubs in flower, and
of evergreen shrubs in pots, from the nursery of Messrs. Austin and M' Asian, and from the nur-
sery of Messrs. M. and J. Brown. In competition, there were 18 melons, 26 gourds, 12 lots plums,
85 varieties of vegetables, 130 species and varieties of biennial and perennial flowers, 70 species
and varieties of the newest and finest annuals. [A number of prizes were awarded ; but, as the
names of the sorts are not given, we omit them. (See p. 626.)J {Glasgoiu Chronicle, Aug. 10.,
and Glasgow Free Press, Aug. 13.)

RENFREWSHIRE.

JFest Renfrewshire Horticultural Society. — May 25. At the Competition
Meeting by the members of this Society, a very fine display of horticultural produce was made,
and prizes were awarded ; which, however, we omit, for the reasons stated above.

Mr. R. Guthrie, gardener to Mrs. G. Robertson, Greenock, exhibited a beautiful heath, with
another much admired grcen-house plant called Erythrlna Crista galli, measuring in altitude
5 ft., and having thereon fifty-two flowers. Mr. Guthrie also exhibited some very good early
potatoes. Mr. Malcolm Service contributed some beautiful geraniums, Pelarg6nium Rosa Ma-
tilda, Pelargbnium Peyt6nz"<5, Pelargonium Rowkniz ; as also a number of very fine heaths :
Er\ca. hybrida, £rlca ventricbsa supi^rba, Er\ca perspicua. Mr. James Kilpatrick exhibited
some excellent spinach, and a lot of beautiful ranunculuses. A parcel, containing asparagus,
cabbages, tulips, cucumbers, &c., was supplied byMr.Wm. Knox, gardener to Mrs. Dixon, Leven
Grove, Dumbarton, but, in consequence of their late arrival, were not put in competition ;
but for which circumstance Mr. Knox would have stood first for asparagus, cucumbers, and
cabbages. A beautiful 5partium multiflbrum, in flower, was contributed by Mr. Malcolm
Service ; and a very fine double-flowering f/Mex europse^a, by Mr. Adam Melross. {Greenock
Advertiser, May 31.)

June 29. Prizes omitted as above. Among the show articles were : —

May Duke Cherries : 1. Mr. Henry Knox, gardener to Jacob Dixon, Esq., Dumbarton.
— Early Dutch Turnip : 1. Mr. John Sinclair; 2. Mr. Malcolm Service. :

In addition to those above enumerated, many others were contributed. Mr. Malcolm Service
exhibited some very fine balsams and geraniums, with a beautiful exotic, called Agapanthus
umbell^tus, all in flower. Some very fine cucumbers, by the members. Mr. Robt. Guthrie, gar-
dener to Mrs. George Robertson, Greenock, exhibited some beautiful exotics, Maranta zcbrina,
CalceolJlriaMlviaefblia, Gloxineaspecibsa, £r'icaprs'gnans,£. ventricbsa, £. spuria, and £.refli?xa,
all in flower ; Mr. Guthrie also presented a lot of excellent grapes. Mr. Henry Knox exhibited
a fine specimen of that beautiful exotic Cactus grandiflura. A lot of fine Antwerp raspberries
was contributed by Mr. Charles Miller. Mr. James Kirkpatrick, gardener to Mrs. Crooks, Leven,
exhibited a lot of excellent vegetables, which inadvertently were omitted to be judged. Mr.
Kirkpatrick exhibited a basketful of very fine early potatoes, which, for regularity In size and

638 Prov. Hort. Soc. : — Sthiitigshire, Ireland.

cleanness, were justly entitled to the eulogium they received from many of the visiters. {Greenock
Advertiser, July 5.)

STIRLINGSHIRE.
Stirling Horticultural Society. — May 3. The following were among tlie prizes
awarded : —

Floiucrs. Auriculas. Green-edged : 1. Barr's Flora, and Moore's Jubilee, Mr. Ninian Niven.
Grey-edged : 1. Kenyon's Ringleader, and Taylor's Ploughboy, Mr. George Lightbody, Falkirk.
White-edged : 1. Lee's Bright Venus, and Popplewell's Conqueror, Mr. Wra. Kay. Best Seed-
ling (raised since Jan. 1S29), Mr. John Christie, Cau.sewayhead (iio competition).

'rhere were exhibited an assortment of fine named polyanthuses from Easter Plean ; a beauti.
fu] seedling polyanthus from Kippenross ; a basket of superior cucumbers and mushrooms from
Airthrey Castle ; extti. .^ " bouquets of flowering shrubs, herbaceous and green-liouse plants,
from Keir and Viewficid gardens, and from Coney Park nurseries ; and the greater part of such
specimens being labelled, in compliance with a late recommendation of the directors, afforded
considerable horticultural information to the numerous and fashionable assemblage. {Stirling
Advertiser, May 6.)

Mfiy SI. The following were among the prizes awarded : —

Flowers. Tulips. Bybloemens (best dozen) : Pucelle d'Orleans, .Scipio Africanus, Louis the
Sixteenth, Black Baguet, Dr. Mitchell, Stenhousemuir. Bizarrres: Carolus Magnus, I/ord Rodney,
Bell's King, Trafalgar, Dr. Mitchell, Stenhousemuir. Rose: Belle Amante, Gay .Stella, Hebe,
Triomphe Royal, 1. Dr. Mitchell, Stenhousemuir.

A basket of very fine anemones and wallflowers was sent from Mr. Ramsay, at Dollar botanic
gardens, but was too late in arriving. The first prize turnips and the first prize potatoes were
admirable. The former measured from U in. to 13 in. in circumference ; and the latter from 6 in.
to 9 in. in circumference. There were exhibited, choice collections of Chinese roses, double bal-
sams, and other green-house plants, from Blair-Drummond. Named ^tulips, &c., from Easter
Plean. Named ericas, He, from Dollar botanic gardens. Herbaceous plants and cucumbers
from Kippenross. Flowering shrubs and herbaceous plants from Coney Park nurseries. Double
stocks, from Comely Bank. Named American shrubs, and herbaceous plants, from Keir: this
latter parcel comprehended two very splendid double stocks in pots ; the one a scarlet giant Cape
about 3 ft. high, and tiie other a purple Brompton about 2 ft. high and upwards of 3 ft. in cir.>
Cumference : these, being most profusely covered with flowers, had a peculiarly rich and magni-
ficent appearance. There were also shown a beautiful variety of double wallflower, raised from
seed by Dr. Forrest ; a fine double white China rose, by Mr. Christie, Causewayhead ; and a neat
portable rockwork, studded with growing alpine plants, with a pool in the centre, containing live
fishes. The last-named curiosity was constructed by Mr. Kay, Shiphaugh, and was much and
deservedly admired. {Stirling Advertiser, June 3.)

July 1 2. The prizes we omit, as before ; but among the articles exhibited, we
may mention : —

From Keir, georginas, roses, and stocks. From Cardross, A'erium splendens, jBiitoraus umbel-
latus, double balsams, and Chinese roses. From TuUiallan Castle, Magnbl/s purpurea, S&lvia
splendens, fine seedling pelargoniums and potemillas ; also a fruited branch of a large green cur-
rant, lately introduced from Russia. From Viewfield Lodge, a very fine double Martagon lily, in
a pot, profusely flowered, and standing nearly 5 ft. high. From Blair-Drummond, a choice collec-
tion of stove plants and tender annuals. From Mr. Christie, Causewayhead, some brilliant spe-
cimens of Gladiolus cardinalis. From Boquhan, georginas and rare annuals. From Craigforth,
Tigridia pavbnia. From Glenturn Moor, a basket of fine single and double Sweetwilliam. From
Kippenross, superior kidneybe.ins. From Easter Plean, some beautiful specimens of Grove End
strawberry, a new variety, much esteemed. From Comely Bank, six superior early York cabbage,
the gross weight of which was 47 lbs. From Messrs. Drummond's nursery, very fine named pinks
and roses, iupinus polyphyllus, Gfeum coccineum, &c. {Stirling Advertiser, July 15.)

IRELAND.

Horticultural Society of Ireland. — April 20. At the Spring Exhibition of
Flowers, &c., the Society's premiums which were awarded for plants, flowers, and fruit, we omit,
as no names of sorts are given. Among the culinary vegetables were : — White Broccoli, Mr.
Hessian, gardener to R. Roe, Esq. ; and Brussels Sprouts (accompanied by an account of the
mode of cultivation), Mr. Nevin.

An extra-premium was awarded to Mr. Keefe, nurseryman. Long Lane, for a splendid basket
of ornamenlal exotic plants. Among the plants which attracted notice, on account of their
splendour or rarity, were, Kenntd/« coccinea, PultenseV ;;olygala;fblia, Grevillenr >osmarinif <Mia,
Eutaxia piingens. Two splendid plants of Camell/a, atrorCibens and Sasanqiia ;bsea, for which
an extra-prize was awarded, sent by Mr Grant, gardener to George Rutland, Esq. Davifesw lati-
fblia, and Borbn/a pinn^ta, sent by Mr. Keefe, nurseryman. A very large .specimen of Acacia
verticillata, and fine specimens of the following plants in flower, sent by Mr. Mackay, from the
College botanic garden, but not for competition, were universally allowed to be the finest
exotics in the room : — Azalea indica alba, .Sarracen/« flava, Liparia Priestleyn villbsa, Garddnz«
florida, Lantana mut'ibilis, E p.ncris pulchcUa, Epiphyllum truncatum, Grevillon' 7-osmariniftilia,
Pultens'''a rfaphniiides, Amaryllis specibsa, i^rlca delecta, E. aristita, E. transpircns, E. Bon-
plandianrt, E ovkta, E. prlnceps, Oncidium carthaginense, Metrosidcros capit&ta. Punica <5ra-
natum, in full bearing, and several showy specimens of stove and green-house plants, which were
not entered for competition, being deficient in the number required for each class, were sent by
Michael Sweetman, Esq., of Merville. (Dublin Evening Post, April 30.)

COUNTY OF ANTRIM.
■ Belfast Horticultural Society. — The May Show of Flowers, Fruits, and Vege-
tables of this rising Society took place on the 18th. Prizes were awarded, but the names of the
sorts are not given.

Qlf our Scotch and Irish friends complain of the shortness of the notices relating to them, we
can only refer them to p. 626., and request them in future to favour us with the names of the sort s
of fruit, flowers, and vegetables which have gained prizes.}

Obituary. ^39

Art. VII. Obituary.

DiRD, at Dulwich, July 25. in his G8th year, WiUiam Clai-Jc, Esq., of Croy-
don, an eminent florist in liis time, and an honourable and upright man. He
raised many tulips from seed, among others, Lawrance's La Joie (p. 601.).
It was broken by Mr, Lawrance, and hence the cause of its bearing his
name. The merit of selecting the best-formed flowers, saving their seeds,
sowing them, and raising the plants, belongs to Mr. Clark. He was an ama-
teur, and never received money for flowers ; but, when he gave a seedling
bulb away, he generally arranged to have one bulb of every flower that
broke. — aV. Aug. 1831.

Died, at Packington, Warwickshire, August 5. in the 92d year of his
age, Mr. Richard Jones, who, during a period of more than thirty years,
filled the situation of gardener to the late Earl of Aylesford, at Packington
Hall. This excellent man was the eldest son of Mr. Thomas Jones, a
maltster and brewer of Morvil in the county of Salop, and was born May 2.
O.S. 1740. When about 12 yeai's old, his father placed him under [the
care of a Mr. Farmer, gardener to Sir Richard Acton, Bart., at Aldenham,
near Bridgenorth, to whom he served an apprenticeship of seven years.
In this situation his good conduct happily acquired for him the favoiu'able
notice of that most eminent and highly gifted man, Launcelot Brown, Esq.
(then principal gardener to King George II.), who, at the expiration of
his apprenticeship, engaged him to work in the royal gardens, under his
own immediate superintendence and tuition. With this gentleman (who
may be justly styled the father of his profession, and who was, in fact, the
founder of a new era in landscape-gardening), IVL'. Jones continued about
three years, his tune being at first chiefly divided between the gardens of
Kensington Palace and Hampton Court, and subsequently among those of
Richmond, Kew, and Buckingham House. Mr. Brown afterwards pro-
cured for him the situation of gardener to Lord Holland, at Holland House,
Kensington, where he saw much of the celebrated Charles James Fox, in
whom (although he was then a mere child) Mj\ Jones's penetration led
him to discover the germs of that noble and independent spirit for which
he was afterwards so much distinguished in public life. About the year
1766, he quitted the service of Lord Holland, and (at the recommend-
ation of his friend, Mr. Brown) was engaged by Lord Sandys to superintend
the gardens attached to Ombersley Court, Worcestershire. In this latter
situation he had resided about three years, v.'hen Lady Torrington pre-
vailed upon him to enter the service of her brother, the Earl of Cork and
Boyle, at Marston House near Frome, in Somersetshire, whither, accord-
ingly, he now removed. Here it was his happiness to form a matrimonial
connection v/ith Mary, the eldest daughter of Mr. Thomas Ball, a respect-
able former, residing at Postlebury House, near Frome, by whom he had
fifteen children. She died on the 23d of May, 1829, after having shared
with her husband, for more than half a century, the vicissitudes of an
active and a happy life. In the discharge of the arduous duties of a wife
and mother her conduct was most exemplary ; and she enjoyed, with her
husband, the peculiar gratification of witnessing the marriages of twelve of
their children, and the births of fifty-five grandchildren and great-grand-
children. After retaining his situation under the Earl of Cork for about
twelve years, during which time he acquired the esteem and confidence of
his noble employer, he was engaged by the Marchioness of Bath, of Long-
leat House, Wiltshire, to undertake the management of the extensive
gardens of her son-in-law, the late Earl of Aylesford, at Packington Hall,
near Coventry, to which place he removed in the spring of the year 1781.
In the quiet and retirement of this rural spot (the site of the ancient
forest of Arden, some of whose oaks, contemporary with Henry VIII.',
are still to be seen in the park) Mr. Jones was destined to pass the re-
mainder of his davs ; and he had already been actively engaged in the

640 Obituary.

service of the Earl of Aylesford, upwards of thirty years, when, the sudden
death of that nobleman dissolving the connection, he soon afterwards re-
tired upon a handsome pension, which his lamented patron had previously
settled upon him.

Mr. Jones was eminently formed for social life : by his engaging man-
ners he had the happy facility of commanding,' even at a first interview,
the favourable opinion of all who saw him ; and, when a more lengthened
acquaintance ensued, he rarely failed to become the object of strong and
lasting attachment. His hospitality was unbounded, and his highest de-
light consisted in seeing his table surrounded with happy faces, and in
promoting (as none could more effectually do) " the feast of reason and
the flow of soul." Altiiough a most conscientious believer in the doctrines
of the church of Rome, yet so far was he from being bigotedly attached
to his own peculiar tenets, that he freely permitted all his children to
attend the public .services of the neighbouring parish church, there being
no place of worship belonging to his own communion within less than six
or seven miles of his residence. Nevertheless, he was himself for many
years, a very frequent attendant at the Catholic chapels of Coventry,
Solihull, and Birmingham ; and when his increasing age and infirmities
rendered these journeys inconvenient, he continued his devotions at home,
appropriating to them daily, during the last few years of his life, a consi-
derable portion of his time. His last visit to Birmingham was for the
express purpose of attending public worship at the Catholic chapel, at
Easter, 1880 (being then 90 years of age), on which occasion he spent a
week with the writer of this notice, who will ever retain a most lively
recollection of the pleasure it afforded him. Mr. Jones became, in early
life, devotedly attached to the study of natural history in all its branches,
and his collections were at one time very numerous, and attracted great
admiration; his long residence in Somersetshire affording him frequent
opportunities of examining the geological features of that beautiful and
romantic country, whence a considerable proportion of his finest specimens
were derived,- and the writer has frequently heard him declare that in
all his excursions he never once passed a stone-quarry without minutely
inspecting it. His contributions to the collections of the most eminent
naturalists of his time were extremely liberal, and obtained for him the
friendly regards of Sir Joseph Banks (then president of the Royal Society),
Sir Ashton Lever (the founder of the Leverian Museum, as it was after-
wards called), the Lord Chancellor Thurlow, and many other distinguished
persons ; among the latter was the Marquess of Donegal, who was so
smitten with Mr. Jones's collection, that he offered him a considerable sura
of money for the purchase of it, but which Mr. Jones declined. Many-
years afterwards, however, he presented the major part of his specimens
to a noble lady, to whose family he had been indebted for many acts of
kindness ; other portions were bestowed upon different members of his
own family, and the remnant of the collection has since fallen into the
hands of him who now records its dispersion. — Thomas Clarke, jun. Bir-
mingham, Sept. 8. 1831.

We called on Mr. Jones early in May last, and found the venerable gentle-
man seemingly in good health, though rather deaf. We were surprised at
the strength of his mind and at the liberality of his observations. Li short,
we found nothing in his intellect which indicated the infirmities of age. He
mentioned a number of anecdotes respecting the celebrated landscape-
gardener Brown, to whom he had been foreman, and who placed him as
head gardener at Packington, and he made some remarkable observations
respecting the Gardener's Magazine, which we shall give in the details of
our tour. — Cond.

THE

GARDENERS MAGAZINE,

DECEMBER, 1831.

PART I.

ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE.

Art. I. General Results of a Gardening Tour, during July,
August, and -part of September, in the present Year, from Dum-
fries, by Kirkcudbright, Ayr, and Greenock, to Paisley. By the
Conductor.

{Continued from p. 557.)

We arrived at Dumfries on July 28., and in the neigh-
bourhood of that town visited Castle Dykes, Hannaylield,
Dalscairth, Goldielee, Terrauqhty, *Terreagles, Maybie,
Kirkconnell, Cairnsalloch, Dalswinton, Lincluden Castle,

Newton Lodge, and the cottage residences of Kerr, Esq.,

Symes, Esq., and others. We also visited the Nurseries

of Mr. Kennedy, Mr. Irving, Mr. Hood, Mr. Bogie, Mr.
Lerniont, and Mr. M'Ken. We left Dumfries on August 8.,
and proceeded by Lochmaben to *Jardine Hall, whence we
visited *Raehills. Fiom Jardine Hall we went, by Cumroo
Farm and *Kirkniichael Hall, to ■ Closeburn Hail. From
this mansion we visited Closeburn Castle, Drumlanrig Castle,
Baitford, and Kennedy's Nursery atThornhill. On Aug. 12.
we left Closeburn Hall, and, returning to Dumfries, saw
Blackwood, Woodlands, and other places. We then visited
the garden of St. Peter's, at the village of Dalbeattie and
Munches. Next day we left the kind family at Munches for
*Galston Castle and *St. Mary's Isle. From Kirkcudbright,
near the latter place, we went to Gatehouse, in the neighbour-
hood of which we saw Enrick Farm, and *Cally House.
Thence we proceeded to Newton Stewart, visiting Bargally,
and glancing at Ardwell, Cairnsmuir, and a luniiber of other

* Mansion residences thus marked (*), for the reasons given in p. 383.
Vol. VII. — No. 35. t t

&V2 Ge?ieral Results of a Gardening Tour : —

places. From Newton Stewart we went, by Penningham House anJ
Straiton village, to Kirkniichael ; and next day visited *Blairquhan, the
town of Maybole, Crossraguel Abbey, *Culzean Castle, and the town of
Girvan. On August 19. we saw Killochan, *Clencaird, *Barganny, *Dal-
quharran, *Kilkerran, and the town of Ayr. From Ayr we went to see
Dalblair House, Belle Isle, Roselle, Doonholnie, *Cassilis, *Auchincruive,
Belmont Cottage, and the cottages of Mr. Paton and Mr. Auld. We visited
also the Nurseries of Messrs. Smith and Sons, at Ayr, and at Monkwood ;
Mr. M'Kenna's Nursery, and Mr. Imrie's Nursery, at Ayr; and Mr.
Goldie's Botanic Garden at Colroy ; the farms of Shields, Highfield, and
Greenfields ; the celebrated works at Catrine, and the agricultural improve-
ments on Mr. Buchanan's estate at Woodside. In the neighbourhood of
Kilmarnock, we saw *Loudon Castle, Lanfine, *Caprington Castle, *Wil-
liamfield, *Rosemount, *Fullarton Place, and a number of other places;
the town garden of Mr. Brown, and the Nurseries of Messrs. Dyke and
Gentle, of Mr. Foulds, and of Mr. Samson. Near Irvine, we saw *Eglin-
ton Castle, and on the road thence to Greenock, *Kelburn House, and
*Ardgowan. We also glanced at Skelmorlie, Southennan Lodge, Kellj',
and Fairly Cottages. We arrived at Greenock on August 29., and saw
there Shaw's water-works, and the various contrivances of Mr. Thom for
filtering water, and conveying it to the town. Between Greenock and
Paisley we saw Finlaystone and *Erskine, and glanced at Barr and Walk-
ingshaw. At Paisley we saw Greenlaw, Reid's Nursery, the town gardens
called the United States, Crossflat, Auchintoolie, Kilnside, Gibbs's filter-
ing-apparatus and bleaching-works, Mr. Glen's farm at Hawhead Mains,
Mr. Craig's Mill, the town garden of Mr. Torbet, and a variety of other
gardens, works, and establishments, which will be noticed in the details of
our tour. On September 3. we arrived at Crosslee Cottage, where we
remained with our much-esteemed friend, Archibald Woodhouse, Esq., till
September 5., and saw Craiglands and*Castle Semple. On the evening of
that dav, we received the distressing intelligence of the dangerous illness of
a parent, and on the following morning we set oft" for London, where we
arrived on September 9., having passed through Glasgow and Edinburgh,
without waiting a moment to see either a friend or a garden. Happily
we arrived in time to soothe the last days of our much-loved and much-
respected mother, who died on October 14., and whose loss those sons
only can feel and understand, who, like us, have lived with their mother
nearly half a century under the same roof, and who have long before lost
their father.

T/ie Geology of this Part of the West of Scothnd presents many interest-
ing features. A sandstone, similar to the red sandstone of Warwickshire in
appearance, but considered by some geologists an older formation, called
the old red sandstone, constitutes the foundation of the town of Dumfries,
and supplies abundance of excellent material for the new buildings of that
town, which display it to advantage in handsome fronts of squared and
frequently polished blocks, which in the better class of buildings, are very
neatly jointed with glazier's putty. The same rock continues to the foot
of the hills, which, within a few miles of Dumfries, commence with argilla-
ceous schistus, trap, basalt, and granite, and continue, with freestone and
secondary limestone intervening here and there, over all the tract which
we have mentioned, to Paisley. Advancing up the shores of the Clyde, we
saw from the road, at low water, a lower stratum of dark basaltic rock,
which is intimately associated with the red sandstone above, appearing to
pass by gradation into it. The intervening strata of sandstone seem as if
partially fused by proximity to the basaltic rock beneath. The strata in a
descending series are : — 1. Red sandstone, a fine conglomerate; 2. Grey
siliceous fine-grained sandstone, with particles of green earth ; 3. Striped
red and grey sandstone, similar m composition to No. 2. ; 4. More com-
pact sandstone, with numerous particles of felspar, presenting the appear-

Geological Feafures. 643

ance of having been indurated by proximity to the basaltic rock ; 5. A rock
which seems intermediate between sandstone and trap ; 6. A black basaltic
rock, the lower part intersected by vertical fissures. We collected speci-
mens of all the above from a bed, not more than a yard in thickness, situ-
ated on the shore at Largs. The first large mass of granite which we saw
was the CrifFel mountain, near Dalbeattie ; and the first limestone was at
Closeburn, where it is most scientifically worked by Mr. Stuaj-t Menteath.
(See Vol.11, p. 107. 402.) This rock again occurs at Straiton ; and,
from Girvan along the coast as far as Saltcoats, limestone and coal are in
the greatest abundance, and are extensively worked, both for home con-
sumption and for exportation. Both limestone and coal occur again in the
neighbourhood of Paisley, where they are also worked to a great extent.

Tlie Surface of this tract of country is every where of great natural
beauty, and is, beyond all the landscape we have seen since leaving London,
except that near the lakes of Cumberland and Westmoreland, adapted
for country residences. In a general view it is mountainous and hilly ;
but, in passing through it, we meet with numerous streams or rivers with
the most varied banks ; and occasionally, where the larger rivers run into
the sea, with fertile levels of alluvial or of sandy soil. Leaving Annan in the
evening, and passing over the dull flat tract of country which intervenes
between that town and Dumfries, we arrived there in the dark. Next
morning we took a walk round the town, and were struck with astonish-
ment and delight at the beautifully varied country to the north and west.
Immediately round Dumfries the surface is undulating, and richly clothed
with corn crops, bounded by neatl}' cut hedges, with good roads, numerous
strips of plantations, and various country seats of the villa kind. Beyond
this agricultural surface, the country gradually rises into hills and moun-
tains. The lower parts of the hills display country seats, surrounded by
pasture fields and gardens ; while the upper parts are mostly clothed with
wood, the summits of the mountains being bare. Taking it altogether, it
is decidedly the finest combination of agricultural richness and pictu-
resque beauty which we have seen on our present tour ; indeed, we do
not recollect any thing in Britain more in the Italian style of landscape.
The wavy surface, the corn, the pastures, and the trees are often to be met
with both in England and in Scotland ; but we do not know where to find,
south of the Tweed, those finely marked outlines of hills and mountains
which, in the neighbourhood of Dumfries, generally terminate the land-
scape. We arrived at this town with the impression still remaining on our
minds which we had received from the surrounding country twenty-six
years ago, when the hills were unclothed with wood, and the low grounds
in a great measure uncultivated and unenclosed, a great part of them being
black peat bog. Our surprise and delight at the change may be more easily
conceived than described. We can only repeat, that it recalled to our
imagination the scenery of the north of Italy, with the wooded Apennines,
backed by the pointed summits of the naked Alps. Taking the coast road
to Kirkcudbright, we found the scenery to improve as we advanced, and,
in our opinion, between Gatehouse and Newton Stewart, it far surpasses
the finest parts of the coast scenery between Terracina and Naples. We
say " far surpasses," because we leave out of consideration all those clas-
sical associations which give such a powerful charm to Italy, and speak
merely of agricultural richness and picturesque beauty. As far as these
go, there is little to be wished for in the west coast of Scotland, except
a superior architecture in the towns, villages, cottages, and country seats.
While passing through this tract, and indeed the whole of what we have
yet seen of Scotland, we could not help lamenting the want of knowledge
or of taste in those men of great wealth who build or plant in the flat,
tame, rich levels of England, and who, in struggling to produce effect, lay
out immense sums, a tithe of which, properly employed on situations of

T T 2

Ci4t Genercd Results of a Gardening Tour: —

natural beauty (of which there are thousands to be found in the hilly dis-
tricts of Scotland), would produce results which all the art of man could
never effect in England. This opinion may perhaps be attributed to national
prejudice on our part; yet we cannot help thinking that when a railroad,
like that between Manchester and Liverpool, shall bisect the island from
Dover to John o' Groat's house, Scotland will be the land of country
residences, and the flat counties of England will be left to farmers and
graziers. Whoever builds or plants in Scotland has generally the gratifi-
cation of knowing that he is cultivating and appropriating to the use of
man what would otherwise be of little value, from its not being adapted to
agricultural purposes. For our own part, we should feel far more pleasure
in creating a country seat, if only a cottage residence, out of bogs and
barren rocks, than in the easy task of destroying rich meadows and corn
lands, by covering them with palaces and plantations.

The Soil in the west of Scotland is not in general, in its native state, fer-
tile ; and in many places it is, or was, covered with heath or peat, or ren-
dered unfit for tillage by a retentive subsoil ; but it is every where capable
of the greatest improvements, either by draining, or irrigation, or by shel-
tering it with plantations.

T/ie Climate, on which the agriculture of a country depends much more
than on the soil, is temperate, and moderately moist ; and, consequently,
seconds the efforts of man in the production of grass, forest trees, and root
and herbage crops : for corn and fruits it is not so favourable.

The native Trees of this tract are the oak, the ash, and the others com-
mon to Scotland. The sycamore ( J'^cer), the ash, and the mountain ash
have in some places acquired very great bulk, especially in the north of
Carrick, the southern division of Ayrsiiire. The two former trees seem to
have been the only ones employed as dool trees * in the days of heritable
jurisdiction; and the largest specimens in the county, as at Blairquhan
and Cassilis, are individuals known to have been used for the above pur-
pose. The largest mountain ash frees are on the estate of Barganny ; one by

* For the sake of such of our readers as know little of the history of
Scotland, we may state that, in former times, the heads of clans had a
power of life and death over their vassals; and tried all actions, criminal as
well as civil, that took place within their territories. Death, in the lowlands,
was carried into execution by hanging the delinquent on a tree destined for
the purpose, which generally grew close to the baronial residence, and was
called the dool tree. In the highlands, where trees were less common, a
deep pit or well was often used for the same purpose ; the individual to be
hanged going down a ladder into the well, and fixing the rope round his
neck himself; the ladder being withdrawn, he was then pulled half way up
by the executioner, and left suspended. These times appear to us horrible;
but, considering the then state of civilisation, we question if more suffering,
relatively to their capacity for enjoyment, was then endured by the people,
than is now suffered by the comparatively refined natives of Great Britain,
and especially in England, from the prejudices, ignorance, and tyranny of in-
dividuals who sometimes find then- way into the local or unpaid magistracy.
The abuse of the poor-laws, and consequent distress of the labouring classes,
may be clearly traced to this source. But these and other evils are gra-
dually passing away. Posterity will look on the hereditary judges of the
dark ages, and the rural justices and hereditary legislators of the present
time, as necessary steps in the progress of society from barbarism to that
high and equal civilisation which will be ultimately produced by high, equal,
and universal education. By many, this prospective view of society will be
thought chimerical ; but, by turning to the (Quarterly Journal of Education
(vol. ii. p. 251 — 259. 8vo, 1831.), it will be seen that it already, in a great
measure, exists ; and has done so for a century, in the state of New Eng-
land, in North America.

Melcoi-ologi/, Bo tan I/, and Zoology. 645

the road-side, in the village of New Dailly, has a trunk, free from branches,
20 ft. high, the circumference at the base being above 7 ft., and at the first
branch above 5 ft. The head is not large in proportion, as the tree was
blown down and much injured about twenty years ago.

The herbaceous Plants, in a district containing almost every variety of soil,
and a surface so much varied, are necessarily of many species. The mea-
dows of Dumfriesshire and in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright were covered
with the blue flowers of Geranium pratense ; and, in some glens in Ren-
frewshire, the snowdrop is indigenous. Mallows are common along the
coast ; and at Ardmillan, three miles below Girvan, the Yucca gloriosa,
which had been cast on shore there at some former period, is growing
apparently in a wild state. All these plants, and numerous others, which
might easily be enumerated, afford evidence of great mildness of climate
near the sea and the rivers ; and this is confirmed by the number of exotic
shrubs which are found to live through the winter against walls in gardens,
with very little protection. At Kirkconnell, on the Nith ; at St. Mary's
Isle, on the Dee; at Cally, on the Fleet ; at Barganny, on the Girvan ; at
Doonholme, on the Doon ; at Auchincruive, on the Ayr ; at Eglinton
Castle, near the Irvine ; and at a number of intervening places ; the common
myrtle may be seen as a wall tree in the kitchen-garden, flowering in sum-
mer, and only slightly protected by a mat during the most severe months
of winter. At Culzean Castle, on the sea-shore near Maybole, and at
Ardgowan on the Clyde, near Greenock, the myrtle thrives as a wall tree
without any protection. At the former place, J'rbutus ^ndrachne has
attained a large size as a standard ; and the common olive, the Japan
quince, Camelh'a, green tea, Edwards?'a microphylla, Taxus elongata,
Bignonz'a Pandora?, Jcaciaverticillata, and other New Holland shrubs, have
stood several years as wall trees. At Ardgowan, the Camelh'a has stood as
a common shrub ; and the green tea, Alojsi« citriodora, and Medicago
arborea have stood as wall trees. At Finlaystone, near Port Glasgow, the
fig ripens on the open garden wall every year; and in the new garden at
Erskine, on the Clyde, the Hamburgh, Frankendale, and other grapes have
been brought to such a state of perfection on the open flued wall, without
any covering either in spring or autumn, that they are sold in Glasgow
market at the same price as grapes raised under glass. We saw large
bunches (Aug. 31.) colouring beautifully. We do not think it at all likely
that the same shrubs would pass the winter equally well on the sea-coast
of Lancashire ; because that flat coast, notwithstanding its advantage over
the west coast of Scotland in point of latitude, is exposed to the Atlantic,
and is without natural shelter either from islands or headlands in the sea,
or from hills or mountains on shore.

The natural Zoology of thk Part of Scotland is but imperfectly known, and
there appears reason to believe that various birds and insects will be found
in it, either as occasional visitants, or as indigenous, which are not now
considered natives. Sir William Jardine, of Jardine Hall, in Dumfries-
shire, a profound and enthusiastic ornithologist, and conversant with every
branch of natural history, has already added various species of birds to the
Dumfriesshire list ; and has found some plants in his neighbourhood not
before suspected to belong to the Scottish flora. The new edition of the
Statistical Account of Scot land, now preparing by the clergy of the different
parishes will, it is hoped, throw much light on Natural History and
Agriculture, as well as on statistics.

Man, as far as we have hitherto advanced in Scotland, certainly appears
sufficiently difl^erent from his fellows in the central counties of England,
and even in Lancashire, to be considered as a distinct sub-variety; using
the word variety in its scientific sense, as indicative of peculiarity of habit
induced by accidental circumstances. Speaking of the body, the habit of
both sexes, among the lower classes of the Scotch, of passing the years of in-

T T 3

646 General Results of a Gardening Tour: —

fancy bare-legged and bare-footed, seems to have communicated a degree of
activity of character not found among the same class in any of the lowland
counties of England ; nor even, as it appears to us, in Derbyshire, or the
hilly districts of Cumberland or Westmoreland. The imperfection of the
Scotch dwellings, and the necessity which the Scotch people are under,
from infancy, of having recourse to expedients, must have an effect in calling
forth their inventive powers j but, while this is favourable to ingenuity and
[lerseverance, it must be confessed to be unfavourable to the progress of
cleanliness and habits of neatness, which are, unquestionably, not so pre-
valent among the poorest class in Scotland, as they are among the poorest
class in England. These circumstances, the uncertainty of the climate, and
their school-education, probably give to the Scotch that sagacity which is
generally allowed to be one of the national characteristics. Their attach-
ment to their parents, said to be another characteristic, is in part a
remainder of the principle of clanship, and in part the result of the
mutual dependence of parents and children upon each other, which
necessarily takes place in an agricultural country, and one without poor-
rates. Where commerce, manufactures, and high wages have been intro-
duced, children, in consequence of being early forced to earn money, soon
become independent of their parents, and filial affection is often found to
give way. This tendency is not to be counteracted by recurring to the
agricultural state, but by moral and intellectual education ; by which, it
may be said, the head is called in to assist the heart, and that which ori-
ginated in feelings of self-preservation is continued through a sense of jus-
tice and duty.

General Improvemenf.-— Having thus slightly noticed the natural cir-
cumstances of the western counties of the Lowlands of Scotland, we shall
next take a general view of what has been done by man in the way of
improving or adapting for his use that which nature has set before him.
The adaptation of a country to the purposes of man must always de-
pend on the nature of that country, and on the degree of civilisation,
and the amount of skill and capital, possessed by its inhabitants. The
progress which the tract in question has made, since we passed through
it in 1805, is no less gratifying than it is astonishing. Good lines of
road are now formed where the roads were formerly hilly, circuitous,
and always in bad order. Extensive tracts of country which in 1805
were open waste ; for instance, about Lochmaben in Dumfriesshire, Cas-
tle Douglas in Kirkcudbright, and Gakton in Ayrshire, are now enclosed,
drained, sheltered by plantations, studded with farm-houses and cottages,
and subjected to a regular rotation of crops. Many thousands of acres
of rocky surface have been planted, and of the steep sides of hills where
aration could not be practised ; and, we think, we may safely state, that,
for every ten acres of plantation which existed in 1805, there are a thousand
in 1831. Almost all the farm-houses and farm-yards of the country have
been renewed since the former period, and these now present a most
regular and comfortable appearance. A great many of the labourers' cot-
tages have also been rebuilt in a more substantial style, though not, as
we shall hereafter show, with that attention to the comfort, decency, and
cleanliness of the inhabitants which has taken place in farm-houses.

Next to the improvement which has been made in the agriculture of the
country, is that which has been effected in the country seats of the landed
proprietors. Almost every gentleman's house has been enlarged or rebuilt ;
new kitchen-gardens have been formed and the pleasure-grounds altered;
the number of hot-houses is increased at least a hundred-fold, and lodges,
winding approaches, and scattered timber trees are now substituted for
commonplace roads, gates, and grass fields; the latter either naked, or
displaying only a few round clumps. All the towns have been more or
less increased in size ; the new buildings are larger, and of an improved
architecture, and the streets are v. ider. The town which has improved the

General Improvement. fi 1 7

least appears to be Kirkcudbright. In the suburbs of the enlarged towns,
villas and ornamental cottages have been built, though, as yet, only to a
moderate extent. The neighbourhoods of Greenock, Port Glasgow, and
Paisley contain most of these residences, because these towns have longest
enjoyed the benefits of improved manufactures and commerce. The intro-
duction of steam-boats for the conveyance of live stock to distant markets
has increased the value of land on the west coast generally, from the
Orkneys to Liverpool, and especially in Dumfriesshire, Kircudbrightshire,
Wigtonshire, and Ayrshire. The formation of harbours and piers at
Troon by the Duke of Portland, and at Ardrossan and Saltcoats by the
Earl of Eglinton and others, has opened a new market for the coal and
lime raised in the interior, and brought down to these ports by railroads.
The great increase of the commerce and shipping of Greenock and Port
Glasgow is well known. The introduction, by Mr. Thom, of a canal
of water along the summit of a ridge of hills, which in its descent to
the Clyde will turn thirty overshot wheels, each 50 ft. in diameter, is
one of the grandest and most original improvements which have ever
been made for any town. By embanking the Clyde so as to confine its
waters to a narrower channel in some places, and by the employment
of machinery in others, that channel has been deepened so as to admit
vessels of 200 tons to reach Glasgow ; whereas, before, nothing but a com-
mon barge could go farther up than Port Glasgow. A canal, which had
been projected from Glasgow to Ardrossan, by Paisley and Johnstone, and
executed as far as the latter village, has, by the deepening of the Clyde,
been in a great degree superseded, and will probably not be completed ; but
on this canal vessels with passengers are carried along at the rate of nine
miles an hour by horses, and a new plan is now under experiment for
applying steam so as to effect the same object, and even to increase the
speed. The manufactories of Paisley and Kilmarnock have greatly
increased, and villas are consequently building round both towns. The
manufacturing establishment at Catrine, in Ayrshire, is one of the most
perfect of the kind which we have ever seen, not only with reference to its
machinery and buildings, but to the comforts, cleanliness, and morals of the
workmen. Almost all of these live in houses and cultivate gardens which
are their own property ; and they not only support a respectable extra-
parochial school, but one or more places of worship. In the parish schools
throughout the west of Scotland the routine of education has been slightly
improved by the introduction of miscellaneous reading, but the great defects
of these establishments remain the same.

A Horticultural Society has been established in Dumfriesshire, and an-
other in Ayrshire; both of which have done much good. The latter
Society has the great merit of having connected with it a horticultural and
agricultural library, the books of which are circulated freely among the
gardeners and farmers of the county of Ayr who are members. In all the
other towns there are general public libraries and reading-rooms ; in Paisley
there are no fewer than seven of the latter. At least half a dozen news-
papers have been commenced in this district since we last passed through it,
and are now continued. These papers, and the growing taste for reading,
together with the changes that have taken place in the pecuniary circum-
stances of most men since the peace, have greatly increased their moral
and political knowledge, and their desire for the enjoyment of free and
liberal institutions. When we left Scotland, the poorer classes of society
could scarcely be said to have an opinion on political subjects; or, if they
had, they did not dare to avow it. Now, high political intelligence is general
among all ranks in the west of Scotland; and the sound knowledge of
the science of government, which has been displayed by the journey-
men weavers of Paisley and Glasgow, has not been surpassed by men of
any rank in any country. (See Results of Machinery, 3d edit. p. 6.)

T T 4

6i8 General Results of a Gardening Tour : —

By no other means, so well as by newspapers, could the introduction
and dissemination of the fundamental principles of morals and politics be
effected among the grown-up part of society : for, by recurring to these
princijiles incidentally, in discussing the passing topics of the day, and by
their being developed one at a time, they take root in minds that are not
prepared by previous knowledge either to peruse or to understand a
condensed or systematic form of conveying the princi])les of any science.
The same observation will apply to the diffusion of every kind of know-
ledge. Cooperative and temperance societies are not to be lost sight
of, if it were for no other reason than their showing evidence of the active
state of the public mind in all that regards the progress of societ3^ There
cannot be a doubt that, both in America and in Scotland, very great evils
have resulted from the taste, so long prevalent, for ardent spirits. The
indulgence in fermented liquors may render men sots, but the excessive use
of ardent spirits turns them into infuriated madmen.

T/ie Progress made hy Gardeners in professional and general Knowledge, in
this part of the country, since we last passed through it, requires particu-
lar notice ; but we confess that we have felt so much flattered by the man-
ner in which both gardeners and their employers have every where received
us, that v^e are afraid to trust ourselves with the subject. The numerous
nurseries which have sprung up show the patronage which planting has
received ; and the hot-houses, of some kind or other, which are now to
be found in every walled garden, attest the demand which has existed for
skill in forcing. It is obvious that, to supply the demand thus created,
gardeners must of necessity have become more intelligent. Hence the
fact of their having made progress does not rest on our opinion, but on the
evidence derived from the actual state of the countr}'. The gardeners in
Scotland are, perhaps, less botanical and scientific than those in England;
but they seem to have a more general knowledge of all the practical
departments of gardening, and of agriculture and rural affau's generally
The cause is easily found in the circumstance of most of them uniting the
duties of forester to those of gardener, and many of them atlding those of
farmer or land-steward. The same men, if in situations in England, would
probably be limited to the practice of horticulture or of floriculture, and
might carry these branches to a higher pitch than they ever could do in
Scotland. It cannot have been otherwise than highly gratifying to us, to be
every where informed, both by the gardeners and theu* employers, that the
Gardener's Magazine (read by every gardener in the west of Scotland, and
by many farmers, chiefly from the Dumfries and Ayr horticultural libraries,
or from copies purchased and lent out by the local nurserjmen) has contri-
buted materially to spread a knowledge of horticulture, and to raise the
character of gardeners ; and we consider it as a proof of the sincerity of
this avowal, that the gardeners and amateurs of gardening in Ayrshire no
sooner heard of our arrival at Dumfries, than they sent to invite us to a
public dinner at Ayr with which they honoured us ; and this dinner had no
sooner taken place than we received a similar honour from the gardeners
and amateurs at Kilmarnock.*

Of the Gardens and Gardeners generally, which we have seen dialing the
whole of our tour from London to Paisley, we should say, that the gar-
dens have received a considerable accession of new f'uits, plants, and other
objects; that the gardeners have evinced an increased knowledge of cul-
ture, and even of the science of plants, soils, and climates, but that they
have, nevertheless, made very little progress in gardening as an art of design
and taste. Clearly and decidedly the want of taste in planting and lay-
ing out grounds, and in keeping them in order afterwards, is the radical

* See Ayr Advertiser, Augui^t 25. 1831, and Kilmarnock Chronicle,
August 30. 1831.

Gardeners. 649

defect boll of gardeners and their employers. It is deplorable to notice
the numerous evidences of this which occur in the gardens, parks, or
pleasure-grounds, of almost every country residence which we have
enumerated in this and our two preceding articles. Of course there
are exceptions, and we have noticed some of them ; but we repeat
that want of taste is generally the besetting sin. Quantity will naturally
be the great object aimed at by those whose minds have not been refined
by that degree of intellectual culture which can alone enable them to find
enjoyment in excellence, and to discriminate between what is appro-
priate and elegant, and what is merely commonplace. This is the case with
many |)roprietors ; and if they are thus deficient in the qualities necessary to
appreciate excellence, how is it to be supposed that their gardeners can suc-
ceed in its production ? Where there is little or no demand there will be but
little supply. The gardeners, in Scotland at least, are overwhelmed by the
extent of the grounds committed to their charge, and the paucity of hands
allowed to keep them in order. Hence the general coarseness and want of
keeping of what is under their care. We can hardly say that we have seen
one highly kept place in Scotland, though we have seen some residences con-
taining miles of walks, and acres of coarse lawn and commonplace shrub-
bery. We must not, however, altogether exculpate the gardeners ; for some-
thing of the unsatisfactory state in which most places are found is owin"- to
the gardeners entertaining false notions of the manner of keeping them in
order. We have, in our two preceding articles, shown that the common
mode in which gravel walks and their edgings are kept, in even what are
considered the best places in England, as well as in the most neglected in
Scotland, is much more expensive than the mode which good taste would
dictate. The means, as we have observed in the articles alluded to, are
too generally mistaken for the end. If it is the duty and interest of mas-
ters, therefore, to improve their taste, in order to enable them to discriminate
between what is good and what is bad in the taste of their gardeners, it is
no less the interest and duty of gardeners to cultivate their taste, not only
to enable them to fulfil their duties in a superior manner, but in order that
they may be competent to excite in their employers that taste for the
higher beauties of gardening, in which they are at present generally de-
ficient. We have already stated when speaking on the same subject, in
the Introduction to this Magazine (Vol. I. p. 9.), our conviction that if a
class of gardeners of superior taste were to come forward, they would
create a demand for themselves, on the principle that demand is in-
fluenced both by the supply and the quality of the article. Gardeners
may ask, however, why they should take the pains to qualify themselves
so highly, unless the result would either add to their remuneration, or
diminish their labours ? To this we answer, that it will ultimately do
both. We have shown (p. 546.) that if walks, their verges, and the dug
borders of clumps and shrubberies were kept in what we consider good
taste, the labour of the gardener on them would be immediately lessened;
and the same results would follow other improvements. With regard to
remuneration, as the possession of superior knowledge, taste, and skill
on the part of the gardener, must require him to bestow increased pains
and longer time on the study of his profession, it is evident that he will
become entitled to more for his labour, than those who have not taken so
much pains, or employed so much time, and consequently have not
acquired so much skill. This conclusion is founded on the acknowledged
principle, that both the value and the price of an article are principally
regulated by the labour required to produce it.

Our present limits prevent us from concluding the general results of
this division of our tour ; but we shall resume the subject in our next
Number.

{To be continued.)

650

PART IT.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. L General Notices.

Construction of an Icc-House. — Sir, I have lately had an ice-house
erected, and, as I think a plan of its construction may be useful to others
wishing to build one, I send you a sketch of the section. (Jig. 106.)

106

^Si355ES^i!5

Mt.

a. Entrance, about 4 ft wide inside. b. Lobby. c, Cast-iron door, frame, and plate,
rf, S.jniigUig line tor tlie covering arch. c. Cast-iron bottom, with holes.

/, Cistern. g. Drain, 6 in. in diameter. /; A A A, Puddle of clay well rammed in.
t, Air trap. A; Steps down to the entrance.

A di'ain with a proper trap is better than trusting to the absorption of
the water by the adjoining soil, as the latter commonly admits air. The
cistern and traps should be well cemented inside, and the puddle round all
the external walls should be well rammed in. Cast iron is ultimately
cheaper than oak; as, when the latter decays, which it does very quickly,
it is very difficult to get it renewed. The walls are drawn 9 in. thick, but I
think 14 in. better. Estimating the walls at 14 in., bricks at 30s. a thou-
sand, and the iron at 18s. per cwt., the total cost of such an ice-house
would be about 73/. Yours, &c. — J. S. January 24. 1831.

Front Elevation of a Conservatorij. — Sir, As you solicit designs as well
as other communications from your various readers, you will, perhaps, not
dislike a few elevations from those among them who are amateur architects.

General Notices.

651

I therefore beg leave to send you the enclosed sketch {Jig. 107.), the whole
glazing of which is intended to be of metal, with the walls of stucco or

107

stone. lam, Sir, yours, &c. — IVm. Mason, jun, Xeston HallySwaffhamy
Norfolk, Aug., 1829.

A Seed Cloth for drying Lettuce and other light Seeds. (Jig. 108.) — The
cloth may be of any size, but one 3 ft. or 4 ft. wide and 10 ft. or 12 ft. long

108

will be found most convenient where there is a great number of different
seeds to be dried. Sew the edges of the cloth to a cord on all the four
sides, and in each angle introduce a loop or a ring (a). For every cloth
have four pins (6), pointed at one end that they may enter easily into the
ground, with a cross piece about a foot from the upper end to prevent
them from going in too far, and from leaning too much to one side by the
tension of the cloth, and with a hook near the top on which to hang the
ring or loop. — E. R. Brentford, Jan. 1830.

Appli/iiig the Waste Heat of Domestic Fires to the Fur^wses of Floriculture
and Horticulture. — Sir, As so much has been said about heating with
water, perhaps you will excuse me thus troubling you with the description
of an advantage we have made of the workmen's sitting-room fire : for on
the same principle, every sitting-room and kitchen firein cottages or country
residences may be made to heat a green-house, conservatory, peach-house,
or grapery, or even the spacious balconies on the palaces in the parish of
St. Peter's, Pimlico, which, if they had sashes to shift off and on, might
be heated with the sitting-room fire, and thus made eligible places for the
cultivation and preservation of plants. In farm-houses the principle will
apply to great advantage, as both the parlour and kitchen fires may be

652

Gxiicral Notices.

put in use in heating a house of from 20 to 40 ft. long, 8 or 10ft. broad, and
fi-om 10 to loft, high, according to the quantity of firing usually consumed.
We applied at the foundery that makes the various cast-iron vessels for the
Apothecaries' Hall (Messrs. Anger, Ward, and Handy side, in Upper
Ground Street, Siurey foot of Blackfriars' Bridge) to make us a boiler,
* ^ with a place for fire in one

1^^ — — 'I "— * side of it (aa in the annex-

ed sketch, /g. 109), cast
in one piece, with arms for
the going and returning
pipes, and with sockets in
the arms to receive these
pipes. These go to a cistern
28 ft. from the midale of
the boiler. This cistern is
1 ft. wide, 1 ft. deep, and
15 in. long, with a wooden
cover. The pipes are Si in., and the whole expense, when fitted up and
fixed, was 12/. 15*.

a. The boiler. 1 ft. deep, and 5 in. wide, b. The arm, with its socket
for the soins pipe, and it is 1 in. from the top of the boiler, r. The arm,
■with its socket for the returning pipe, d. The grate at bottom of the fire,
restincr on a ledge of 1 in., that was cast with the boiler, e. The round
bars in front of the fire, which fall inside a ledge of the grate and a niche
in the coverins of the boiler, which fits exceedingly well, and in all respects
looks like a common fireplace in the room, w ithout any appearance of water.
The boiler may be of any figure, to suit the fire-place. I am, Sir, yours, &c.
— WUUam Anderson. Botanic Garden, Chelsea, Sept. 9. 1S31. [See p. 691.]
Heating Hot-houses by the Breath of Cattle. — Mr. M'Diarmid, the very
intellisent editor of the Dumfries and Galloway Courier, has pointed out to
us the following interesting passage, in his paper for Feb. 26. 1822. He
also introduced us to Mr. Armstrons, who has fiimished us with the plan
which we subjoin to Mr. M'Diarmid's paragraph : —

" We lately had the pleasure of conversing vrith Mr. Robert Armstrong,
a native of this country, who, after travelling over a great part of the
continent of Asia, resided ten years in Persia, and, in returning to Britain,
visited Astrachan, M.scow, St. Petersburgh, and various other places
of note in the Russian dominions. In the neighbourhood of the latter
city, our informant was surprised to find forcing-houses heated on an
entirely new plan ; a plan which, although new even in Russia, promised
to become quite general. The peculiarity of this plan consists simply in
substituting the breath of cattle for the old method of heating by fuel or
steam ; and its superiority was evident from the fact, that, in a climate
where they have often 24° of frost, vegetables were raised far superior
to any thing produced in this country. So far as we understand the plan,
the b\Te containing the cattle is built in the form of a double house, with
a partition wall, through which are a number of square holes, opposite
the different cribs, leading to the green-house, and which open and shut at
pleasure; as the holes are placed a few inches above the cribs, when the
animals lift their heads for the purpose of breathing, the warm air imme-
diately finds its way under the glass frames on the opposite side. The byre
is, of course, kept very close, and for this purpose is provided with double
doors, which are also listed ; in this way the temperature was raised so
hi<rh, even with a very limited number of cattle, that the apertures some-
times required to be closed, and the superabundant heat carried off by
means of a ventilator. A priori. Me might suppose that this closeness of
the b\res, although beneficial to vegetables, would prove injurious to
animal life ; but our informant assures us that the cattle actually throve
better, and fattened more quickly, under this mode of treatment, than w hen

General Notices.

653

their sheds were kept more open. In this country, a lower temperature
would of course suffice for every ordinary purpose ; and as to the neces-
sity of removins; the cattle occasionally, we understand this matter can be
managed as easily as the regulation of the flues under the present S3stem.
Cattle, while the}' inhale oxygen, respire carbonic acid gas ; a species of
nourishment which, when not given to the extent of an over-dose, will
undoubtedly quicken and promote vegetation, independently of the saving
in fuel and men's time. The breath of the cattle serves for both heat
and moisture, and completely supersedes the necessity of watering; in
short, our informant, who is himself a ver}' ingenious man, and who saw
the thing reduced to practice, is perfectly satisfied of the superiority of
the plan, and asserts that it is in the power of every farmer to possess a
green-house equal to the most of those attached to the gardens of country
gentlemen." (Dumfries and Galloway Courier, Feb. 26. 1822.)

The plan (fig. 110.) kindly given us by IVIr. Armstrong shows the

110

cowstalls, a a a; the pit under a glass roof for vegetables, h; double doors
to this pit, c c; double doors to the cowhouse, d d; openings having shutters
on a level with the heads of the cows, through which their breath is thrown
directly into the atmosphere of the plants, e e ; and trap under the back
passage, to a funnel for carrying away the dung, /. Of course, were a plan
on this principle to be adopted in this country, it might be made more
perfect in the details. We should like to see it tried by some of the great
cowkeepers about Loudon, for forcing succory and tart rhubarb, and more
■ especially for early potatoes. In our Treatise on Hot-lwuses, published in
1804' (p. 132.), we suggested the idea of forming green-houses and vineries
over stables, cowhouses, or even over cottages. — Cond.

SauPs Watering-Despatcher. — Sir, I send you a drawing and descrip-
tion of what I denominate my watering-despatcher. In Vol. V. p. 656.
you have figured and described a utensil called the sonde (fig 11 1.), and in
Vol. VII. p. 2 1 9. another very similar utensil (fig. 1 1 2.) called the aquarian,
or waterer ; an attentive consideration of both which will show that the
filling of either with water is a matter, if not of difficulty, at least of loss

654.

General Notices.

of time, as the water has to enter by the very holes through which it is
subsequently distributed. In my watering-despatcher (t?^;. Uf].) I have
obviated both the inconveniences; and on this account deem it decidedly
superior to the soude, and the aquarian.

a is a lifting clack, the same as used
in the bucket of the common pump,
which admits the water into the de-
spatcher, and will close securely as
soon as the despatcher is filled, b, an
upper valve, which is raised up by the
upward pressure of the air as the water
rushes in below at a ; and as soon as
the water has risen to the height of
the cover (c) the valve (b) falls, and
enables the user to take the despatcher
wherever he pleases. By raising the
valve (A) with the finger, the air is
admitted to act on the water, and any
quantity required may be discharged
through the small holes (rf) at the
bottom. These holes are the same as
in the rose of the common watering-
pot. The clack will not allow a drop of water to escape from beneath it.
Yours, &c. — M. Saul. Suft/ard Street, Lancaster.

It will be here in place to remark that the Conductor, in his notice of
the soude (Vol. V. p. 056.), proposed to improve shower-baths, by apply-
ing to them the pneumatical principle employed in the soude. This excellent
idea, expressed in 1829, it has subsequently appeared, had also previously
occurred to two others : first, to Mr. Murray, who (see Vol. VII. p. 2 1 9.)
as early as 1819 had applied this principle to the improvement of shower-
baths for adults, which shower-bath, thus improved by him, " he gave to
the public unfettered by a patent, and it has been found infinitely superior
to all the shower-baths [previously] in common use:" secondly, to a
Wrexham mechanic, who, previously to April, 1828, had invented, on the
very same principle, a Jiurseri/ shower-bath (intended for children), as

General Notices.

655

figured and described in our Vol. VI. p. 216, 217. Our gardening readers
will not fail to perceive that Mr. Saul's amendment to the soude and aqua-
rian is very similar in its nature to that supplied by Read to the garden
syringe, and, if this kind of watering engine be adoptaWe, we think, quite
as important. — J. D.

SauUs Machine for transplanting large Trees or Shrubs. — Sir, My ma-
chine (^g. ll*i-) for the above purpose differs from all you have hitherto

noticed. To remove a tree, T first dig a sufficient trench round it, and
then place on one side of its ball one of the irons (a a), which resemble in
figure an inverted cross, or say the letter T turned bottom upwards. Each
of these irons has three holes in its lower side, and one hole in the top or
end of the upright part : this single hole is, in its direction, crosswise to
the direction of the three holes below. Through these three holes I force
three iron rods (b b b), and cause them to pass under the roots of the
tree, and until the points of the rods appear in the trench on the opposite
side of the ball. To their points I then applyand fasten on the other side-iron
(a). I then lay a plank across the trench dug round the tree, and run the
wheels of the machine to and upon the plank, and then raise the draught-
beam, or lever (c), until the hooks (d d) catch into the holes in the top of
a a. When this is done, as the draught-beam, or lever (c), is drawn down,
the tree with its ball is raised out of the pit, and, when secured by a rope,
may be conveyed, with the greatest ease, to the place of replanting. The
rope is fastened to the end of the lever over the axletree, passed over the
ball of the tree, under the machine, secured to the cross-piece (e), and
thence, if necessary, extended up to the stem of the tree : great steadiness
is thus produced. When the tree is brought to the hole prepared for it,
the rope is removed, and the draught-beam,or lever, is raised until the iron
frame (formed hy a a.,b b b) rests on the bottom of the hole ; the machine
is then disengaged from the irons {a «), and driven back, and the iron rods
{b b b) with the irons (rt a) are withdrawn. The filling in of the soil now
completes the transplantation. Yours, &c. — Matthias Saul. Sulyard
Street, Lancaster, January 25. 1831.

The Royal Dwarf Kidney or French Bean, a neiv and excellent Variety,
— Sir, Out of a very great variety of kidneybeans cultivated in this island,
1 send you a packet of one sort, which, for its various excellences, is

656 Foreign Notices : — France.

deserving of general attention. The beans are roundish, (fg. 113.) It
JJ5 A/^^s^^ ver}' appropriately bears the appel

lation of royal dwarf. Whence it
originated, or how or when intro-
duced, 1 know not. It is only within
the last four or five years that it
has been offered for sale by seed
dealers ; and the very great eager-
ness with which it has hitherto
been purchased is an incontestable
proof of its superiority. The royal dwarf bean requires to be planted
9 in. or even 1 ft. apart in the drills, which should be 2 or 2i ft. dis-
tant from each other. Planted tluis, it grows and extends itself most
luxuriantly; producing handsome red-streaked pods 8 or 9 in. in length,
and to the amount of 20, 30, and even more, on each plant. Among the
islanders, the criterion of excellence of this vegetable is, that it possesses
none of that tough interior skin, or, as it is here termed, parchemin or
parchment, which distinguishes the English sorts if not picked quite young.
This quality the royal dwarf eminently possesses, and is in consequence
edible when the reproductive germ has attained to a considerable size
within the pod, which is even palatable when on the point of ri[)ening.
Hitherto we have found it somewhat shy in perfecting its seed ; which
leads me to imagine that it is a native of a warm climate, and the casual
introduction of some mariner. It is true, the weather our summers have
afforded us of late years has been so fluctuating as to be very prejudicial
to the regular process of vegetation. The royal dwarf kidneybean is,
however, to a certainty, more tardy in attaining to perfection than any
other of its tribe. It is possible that this sort may be known to some of
your readers, although I am pretty well convinced that its dissemination
has not been very extensive. I recollect sending it, among other specimens,
three years since to Mr. James Teeton, the venerable and worthy superin-
tendent of the seed department at Messrs. Cormack and Sinclair's, New
Cross; but as he has since abdicated, or at least no longer holds that
situation, I know not what may have been its fate. I am, Sir, yours,
&c. — John WiHlams. Jersey, Nov. 5. 1830.

T/ie Broad-leaved Kornian Cress. — Sir, Since my communication to
you on the Norman cress (p. 242.), I have seen Mr. Malcolm and other
nurserymen, to whom I have shown the broad-leaved Norman cress of
1783. They all say it is a variety they had not seen before (and wish for
seed of it) : from which it appears there are two kinds; one unknown in
the trade, and the other not generally known. I now send you some
plants as specimens, and a parcel of seed, which you can distribute, and
thereby bring both kinds into general culture, by adding your own observ-
ation on their merits. I am, Sir, yours, &c. — Josei^h Tlwmpson. Jf'e/beck,
Oct. 31. 1831.

The plants received have very broad leaves, almost entire on the edges ;
general length, 6 in. or 8 in. ; and breadth at the upper extremity, above an
inch. The seed we have sent to Mr. Charlwood's, for distribution to such
gardeners as may call for it, leaving their names and address. — Cojtd.

Art. II. Foreign Notices.

FRANCE.

Sir, After a residence of six months, I left Tours for Bagnoles Wells on
the 13th of May, by which time the heat of the weather had become
troublesome, though frequently, as in England, accompanied by chilling
easterly winds. The road for Bagnoles is up the tranchee, formed on an

Foreign Notices : — France. 657

artificial inclined plane, in the hollow of a regular excavation made from the
top to the bottom of the hill, which is also the inlet to Tours from Paris,
by way of Versailles, Rambouillet, Chartres, Vendome, &c. This deep
cutting or tranchee has exposed to view the stratification of this cote of
the Loire in a manner highly gratifying to the geologist. The beds or
different rocks of which it is mostly composed are all more or less de-
cidedly calcareous. Several of them contain rare and curious, as well as
many of the more common, fossil shells *, which abound in Touraine far
beyond any thing of the sort I have ever met with elsewhere. Without
referring to the right bank of the Loire from above Amboise to below
Bourgueil, the left bank of the Cher from near Montrichard to its junction
with the Loire at Brehemont, the banks of the Indre and Vienne every
where, the country from Chanchevrier in the northern part of the province
to St. Maure on the confines of Poitou, but above all that most extra-
ordinary mass of many square miles of fossil shells, called by the French
les Fatunicre:: _ perhaps hardly to be paralleled ; the tranchee in the
fauxbourg St. Symphorien at Tours offers, notwithstanding its bare and
rugged appearance, a rare, lasting, and delightful subject for study to the
lover of natural history. From the telegraph stationed at the top of La
Tranchee, where the traveller leaves the Paris road, to Chateau du Loire,
which is in the department of La Sarthe, a few miles beyond the boundary
of Touraine (department of the Indre and Loire), the surface of the
country is pleasingly varied with hill and vale, flat lands intervening occa-
sionally for a few miles together.

The vine is the prominent and favourite object of culture throughout;
but at Chiiteau du Loire,- where they boast of making a superior wine, the
vineyard country ceases. The vine is not cultivated to advantage farther
north, though they make indifferent wines at Le Mans, and even in the
neighbourhood of Alen9on. The soil also becomes more sandy, and the
subsoil less calcareous ; though near Le Mans to the north, there is excel-
lent marl, and fossil shells are sparingly embedded in rocks belonging to the
" calcaire jurassique " of M. de Humboldt. About Alen9on the primitive
measures make as it were an irruption into the more recent formations,
and quarries of granite are worked to a considerable extent between that
city and Prez en Pail.

Between Ecommoy and Le Mans the road passes through the forest of
Bersay for several miles ; a national forest, which contains much fine oak,
with underwood of the common and mountain ash, and other sorts usually
met with in the large woods of the south and west of England. Very large
plantations of the pinaster (Pinus maritima [see p. 699.]) of about 30 years'
growth are intermixed in vast masses with the native productions of the
forest. They have been raised from seed sown on the spot, as is common
in France both in public and private forests, and are of good heights, but
slender in bulk for want of timely thinning. Every where, without regard
to soil or climate, the government and individuals continue to plant this
worthless tree ; content to raise whole forests of them for firewood, instead
of cultivating .he Norway spruce, the larch, or even the Scotch pine, as
local circumstances might indicate, the timber of which is applicable to
much more valuable purposes. Bands of Chouans from La Vendee or
the uncivilised part of Britany were said to infest this large forest ; but
we met with no interruption in travelling through it, nor with any well-
attested proof of the fact, though the constituted authorities at Le Mans,
we found, expected the production of our passports, a requisition seldom

* Amongst the latter are found the Terebratulae of different sorts in
high preservation ; and of the former I had the good fortune to meet with
a delicate fossil, which M. Du Jardin, the professor of chemistry, says is
not yet named, and that he only had before found one of the same kind.
Vol. VII. — No. 35. u u

658 Foreign Notices: — Tran6€.

made on travellers in the interior of France. It is probable that some of
the banditti, who had been committing depredations on persons and pro-
perty in the names of Charles X. and Henry V. in parts of La Vendee, had
fled for temporary refuge from the strong arm of justice to the depths of
the forest of Bersay, and, as we afterwards heard, to the woody recesses of
the Boccage, a well-timbered and beautiful tract of country situated in the
department of the Orne, which we subsequently crossed.

Unlike the country about Tours, which contains a great number of
chateaux and counny seats, in general with little land attached to them,
and few remaining marks of the feudal tyrannies which the owners of the
former exercised only half a century ago, the dwellings of the rich are scat-
tered about the departments of Sarthe and Orne but scantilj'. Neat houses
of small landed propnetors, however, abound, and in the neighbourhood of
some of the towns (Chateau du Loire, for instance) similar habitations for
master manufacturers and workmen, and comfortable cottages for labourers.
On the sides of the road, nearly all the way to Alenfon, as in apparently
much more populous parts of England, comfortable dwellings of one or
the other of this description of houses were springing up every where,
many in the act of being built. None of these were without their gardens,
and some of them had orchards of apple and pear trees. A vine might be
frequently seen trained against the front or end of the house, though these
are here cultivated for their fruit, rather than for the liquor expressed from
it ; the general beverage of the country being cider or perry, but not to
the exclusion of the indifferent wines of the neighbouring vine country.
None of these dwellings were without gardens filled with vegetables,
amongst which were potatoes (now generally cultivated to a great extent
in one half the departments of France) the Swedish turnip, the red beet, and
different sorts of spring and summer cabbage, peas, &c. It was delightful
to see such a vast tract of country without a symptom of distress or poverty ;
every thing bespoke ease of circumstances, content, and improvement.
The country itself assumed a different aspect ; enclosures became common
on an entrance into the ancient province of Maine, increasing in number
till, in Lower Normandy, they were general ; the hedges filled with trees,
oak, elm, ash, and acacia, which might well vie with the beautiful hedge-
rows of England.* The wheat and oats promised every where an abundant
crop ; barley they grow very little of in this part of the country. Sarrasin
(buckwheat), which is cultivated to a large extent, was not sown till the
following month, but preparations for the reception of its seed, and for
manuring the land for it, were going forward on a large scale. Whilst the
winter vetch was being cut, spring vetches were being sown, as well as
the turnip-rooted cabbage, haricots, and colza [^rassica campestris oleifera

From Le Mans northward the rich greensward of pastures and meadows,
intermixed in fair proportion with the arable lands, remind the English
traveller of his own verdant isle; indeed, the whole of the scenery about
Le Mans is in the style of the very richest and most beautiful parts of
his own country ; and, without being conscious of any prejudice against
France or its people, I confess my English taste would lead me, in defiance
of all the high authorities to the contrary, to call the neighbourhood of
Le Mans a garden, in preference even to Touraine ; but it is a garden of
a different kind, a landscape rather than a fruit garden.

Between Alencon and Couterne the road ascends, and finally crosses a
lofty ridge of hills, which divides the department of the Sarthe into upper
and lower grounds; and the traveller is introduced to a country on a much
higher elevation than the one he has left ; a fact, of which he is soon con-

* When I here speak of beauty in hedgerows, I would be understood
not to mean the straight line of trees, but the general effect which stores
of timber thus raised has on the scenery of a country.

Foreign Notices : — France. 659

vinced by the difference of temperature, and its evident effects upon the
productions of the soil. Nevertheless it is a fine undulating country, rich
in corn, though not in wine or oil ; full of timber trees, and teeming with
orchards. Here, in fact, begins, on the south, the vast orchard country of
Normandy, which extends even to the north of the Seine ; but it possesses
still stronger charms for an English eye in the superior abundance of its
green meadow and pasture lands. Flax and hemp are cultivated on an
extensive scale in the department of La Sarthe, and apparently with suc-
cess ; Alenfon being famous for its manufactories of the finest lace. The
road from Alen9on to Couterne runs for several leagues through the de-
partment of La Mayenne ; and at the latter place, the road for Bagnoles
Wells diverges to the north from the main road to Conde, Falaise, Caen, &c.
From Couterne to Bagnoles is, by repute, two French leagues; the road,
which is in places very indifferent, is also circuitous, but its course is
through a beautiful richly wooded vallej', which, for some distance, appears
to the traveller to be effectually blocked up by a ridge of high and nearly
perpendicular rocks, in a chasm or glen of which the warm baths of Ba-
gnoles are most romantically situated in a recess of the vast forests of the
Ardennes. — John H. Aloggridge. Woodjield, Aug. 17. 183L

Paris, August 15. 1831. — Very little has been done here in the way of
gardening for the last year and upwards, owing to the agitated state of the
public mind. In general, a great many trees for transplanting are sold in
the Paris markets during the winter ; but last year most of those brought
in from the distant nurseries were, after being repeatedly exposed, either
bought by the Paris nurserymen for such a trifle as would hardly pay their
carriage, or taken home again. Fortunately, the winter was remarkably
mild, otherwise most of these trees would have been killed. There have
been a great many workmen of different kinds, about Paris, out of employ,
ever since July, 1830; many of these the government has occupied in
improving the roads, and straightening the course of some streams that
emptv themselves into the Seine. Several of our public men here think it
the duty of government to maintain a reserve of labour, in the form of
public works, for the lowest class of labourers, when they shall be out of
employment ; and, perhaps, this may be desii'able, till this class becomes
jiiore enlightened by the national system of education, established since the
late change in the government. You are aware that almost every mechanic
or manufacturer in France knows something of soldiering and gardening ;
the latter circumstance arises from the almost universal spade culture in
this country. Thus it is that these men make by no means bad field
labourers or even gardeners. Should the ensuing winter prove favourable,
it is said to be the intention of government to plant Montmartre, and also
those hills where the manufacture of poudrette [night-soil di-ied and in
powder] is carried on. This rising ground, you will recollect, is of con-
siderable extent, and forms a bold and varied outline.

I do not remember to have seen a larger crop of elm seeds than there is
this year in the Champs Elysees [Vol. VL p. 646.], probably owing to the
very fine weather which we had about the end of February and beginning
of March, when they were in bloom. The seed began to fall about the
beginning of May, in such quantities, that in a few hours any person might
have swept up many bushels. Li various places where buildings are going
on, and the surface of the ground has been left rough and neglected, the
seeds, which had been blown there, are now coming up by thousands ; so
that you see it would be easy, by a few years of neglect, to render Paris
und its environs again one immense forest. — T. E.

M. Vilmorin's Gardener at Verricres. — Sir, Li 3 our notice of my gar-
dener at Verrieres (p. 18.), you were correct in saying that he is no great
scholar ; nevertheless he does read sometimes, and that in the Bon Jardinicr.
But the following fact will give you a better idea of his spirit of enudation,
than any other that I can send you. When I bouglit the estate of Verricrcsj

" U U 2

660 Foreign Notices: — Germani/, Russia.

fifteen years ago, he was the gardener there ; but the whole of the ground
being in lawn, except the kitchen-garden, in which he was only required
to grow cabbages, carrots, and the like common things, the mansion-house
being unoccupied, he had never done more than cultivate these articles,
and could neither write nor read. It was necessary for my business that
the gardener should do both ; I was, however, reluctant to dismiss him
merely because my business was not an ordinary one, and therefore
determined to keep him at least till I had found a situation for him.
The first operations I knew he could manage, as they consisted chiefly of
trenching and spade-work, and I desired one of his workmen who could
write, to do the few necessary writings. Courtois was still in his post
when February came, and I sent to him about 100 packets of seeds for
sowing on the hot-beds, many of them with odd botanical names, which he
had never heard of, and which I supposed his workman would register as
well as he could. The next time I went to Verrieres J asked for the gar-
den-book in order to examine whether they had been properly entered, and
I was astonished to see that the whole collection was in another hand-
writing ; I enquired how it was, and found that Courtois had been himself
the scribe. He had been to school every night during the winter, without
informing me, and was now able to perform that part of his business tolei*-
ably well. This evidence of the man's mind convinced me that I had no
occasion to look out for another gardener, and I did not hesitate to settle
him in the place, notwithstanding his ignorance of nearly all the things he
was to cultivate. After the first year's instruction he has proved to be
exactly what I wanted, and perhaps did better than a learned full-grown
gardener would have done. He has staid with me the last fifteen j'ears,
and I hope will remain as long as I live.

There is nothing very extraordinary in these particulars, though the
main fact is worth your knowing, and I am sure }'ou would have mentioned
it had you been acquainted with it when at Verrieres. — M. Vilmorm. Paris,
June 21. 1831.

GERMANY.

Stuftgardt, July 14. 1831. — Our venerable royal gardener, M. Richter,
was buried yesterday; and I shall probably send you some account of him.
I have increased our pine-apples considerably; so that, besides 150 fruiting
plants, I have got a great many suckers. I translate some useful articles
from the Gardener's Magazine, for the Hohenheim Institution, where they
are much approved of. I expect soon to commence a correspondence
with some of the principal gardeners in Germany; and whatever I receive,
that I think will be interesting to English gardeners, I shall send you. —
W. Hertz.

Berlin, Aug., 1831. — Gardening is almost at a stand in Prussia, as in
most other parts of Germany. You will have seen M. Ranch, who has left
Vienna on a tour of a year or two ; and he intends spending one year in
England. I hear that you will soon see one of the Baumanns from Boll-
wyllcr ; and M. Petersen and another gardener from Denmark, I hear, are
now in England. — L.

Substitute fur Mulbeny Leaves as food for the Silkivorm. — Dr. Sterler
of Bavaria has found that the leaves of the A^cer tataricum, a hardy tree
common in oiu* nurseries, may not only be substituted for mulberry leaves,
but are even preferred by silkworms. (^Mechaiiics' Magazi?ie, vol. ix. p. 15.)

RUSSIA.

Kuskovo near Moscouk — Sir, As you ask for additions and corrections
to your Encyclopccdia of Gardening, I venture to send you this short account
of Kuskovo ; though, I have no doubt, the same person who supplied you
with your notice of Astankina could have done it better : — Kuskovo is
a country-residence belonging to Count Dniitrii Nikolaivitch, about eight

Foreign Notices : — Denmark.

661

versts [six miles] to the south-east of Moscow. The mansion has an extensive
front, terminating at one extremity in a church, and at the other in an im-
mense group of log-houses, used as outer offices, and as lodgings for peasants.
In front is a court, enclosed by an iron palisade ; beyond this there is a hol-
low, across which a bank has been thrown up to retain a few acres of water.
The bank, however, is placed in the most conspicuous point of view, and
spoils the effect, by showing the naked hollow on one hand and the raised dam
of water on the other. The garden front of the house looks into a natural
forest, part of which has been cleared away ; and the ground, after being
smoothed, has been interspersed with walks and ornamental objects, and
kept as pleasure-ground. In the same natural wood is the kitchen-garden,
walled round with an extensive range of hot-houses, narrow, and with steep
sloping roofs, in the English manner. In them are grown, to a considerable
degree of perfection, all the fruits to be found in the hot-houses of England.
This garden and pleasure-ground are under the direction of a Scotch gai-
dener. The park of Kuskovo consists of a part of the natural forest, and
contains many wUd animals, including wolves. It has some fine fishponds ;
and a small yacht, ai-med with cannon, and surrounded by various small
sailing and rowing boats, rides constantly in the lake formed by the dam
already mentioned. On Sundays and festivals there is a promenade, at
which are generally present the most distinguished nobles, merchants, and
common people of Moscow.

[In the above description, our correspondent has deviated a good deal
from Storsch, Lyall, and some accounts of the same place which have
appeared in this country ; but as he is a resident in the neighbourhood, and
as we have some recollections of the place, having visited it in 1814, we
present the communication as sent.]

Petrowskoy, near Moscow {fig. 116.), is one of those imperial palaces
which are not surrounded by gardens. It is, properly speaking, a house

for the emperor to halt at before entering Moscow from the Petersburgh
road. It is in a singular style of architecture ; and, as a foreground to the
city has a most imposing, and at the same time harmonious, appearance.
It was built during the sway of Potemkin, by the same architect who de-
signed Zaritzina. — S. P. Moscotv, April 3. 1830.
DENMARK.
The Scenery in the Park of JcBgersborg.— ^\x; In your description of the
park of Jsgersborg (Vol. V. p. 72.), you have omitted to notice what is
eenerally considered to be the finest scenery in Denmark, viz. that sur-
rounding the Esrom Lake. I send you a sketch {fig. 117.), which, if you
think fit°to encrrave, will, I think, convince your readers that we have some
as fine scenery in this part of Zealand as you have in Worcestershure or

U U 3

662 Foreign Nulices : — Holland and the Netherlands.

on the banks of the Thames. You will see in the sketch a small cottage,
with a white gable-end at the further extremity of the lake on the left. In
this abode once lived a worthy old English gentleman, John Good, Esq.,
for many yeai's a merchant in Copenhagen. Here he spent the evening of
117

a well-employed life, in the society of an amiable and accomplished daugh-
ter. He laid out an excellent garden, with extensive shrubberies and
lawns, and he spared no expense in procuring seeds and plants from his
native country. In the neighbourhood of the same lake there are some
other English and French merchants, who have what we think very fine
country-houses and gai'dens, though far inferior, I confess, to those of
England. A number of English and Scottish families have also settled
here since the peace of 1814; and, I believe, they are perfectly satisfied
with their situation and circumstances. I have lately seen M. Petersen, who
takes great pains to procure you every information he can. He informs me
that he has lately procured, for your Enci/clopa;dia of Gardening, a history
of gardening in Sweden ; which, from the quarter whence he obtained it,
will, I know, be most valuable. I hope you have received it. [We have;
and it shall appear, when translated, in an early Number.] — J. Rotboll.
Cojjenliagen, Aug., 18.31.

Tlie Flora Ddnica was begun in 1756, by Oeder, who produced ten fasci-
culi, and died. Miiller, between 1771 and 1783, produced five fasciculi.
From 1783 to 180-i, Martin Wahl added six fasciculi to the preceding fif-
teen. From that time, the work has been in the hands of Professor Horne-
mann, who has published twelve parts, each containing 180 plates, and
describing in all 900 species. " When the work may be completed it is
impossible to say. The flora of Denmark comprises about 5000 species
(IGOO cotyledonous and 3200 acotyledonous) ; of which, though the work
has been seventy-four years in progress, and, for the greater part of the time,
indefatigably edited, only 2200 are yet published : so that little more than
two fifths of the labour has yet been performed." (Bren'ster's Journaly
July, 1830, p. 205.)

HOLLAND AND THE NETHERLANDS.

BarMng ttie Stems of Fruit Trees and Vines. — My gardeney here, who is
reputed one of the best fruit-gardeners of the district, and has been more
than once strongly pressed to go to the neighbourhood of Paris, has, what
he declares to be a never-failing method of greatly improving the quality
and size of the fruit on apple and pear trees and vines. At the winter
pruning which is here given in February, he cuts off with his common
hooked pruning-knife all the outer bai'k down to the liber of every tree
above eight or ten years old ; not so deeply, however, with tlie young as
with the old trees. I am assured by some of my neighbours that this man's
practice has never failed of being successful ; and another Englishman who

Foreign Notices : — Italy. 663

lias tried it assures me that since he had his trees ncltoycs (such is the
term), he has always had larger and better-flavoured fruit. — J. Hcselline.
Tourunt/ en Betgiquc, June 6. 1831.

The practice was brought into notice in Britain by Mr. Lyon of Edin-
burgh, about fifteen years ago, and is not uncommon in England, with apple
and pear trees, and very general with regard to vines under glass. — Cond.

General Improvement. — " The Reign of the Mind." The Central Com-
mittee of the Belgian Provisional Government has issued a decree repeal-
ing all the laws and regulations previously imposed on the open expression
of opinion, and declaring every man free to propagate his doctrines, reli-
gious or philosophical, by discourse, by the press, or by teaching, without
hintlerance or molestation. This is far more liberal than even the French
reformers, and sets your boasted liberty at defiance. However, you may
console yourselves with one thing, viz. that so great a good will not exist
long in any country without finding its way into those which are around it.
Good laws are like travelling plants ; and you know that a single plant of
spearmint w-ould soon cover the island of Great Britain. — H. J. Bronm,jim,
Brussel.s, Oct. 3, 1831.

ITALY.

Genoa, Scjyt. 4;. 1831. — Notwithstanding the troubles which have af-
flicted this country for some time past, we still seem to be going on with
different horticultural and agricultural projects. Gallesio's splendid work
on the fiiiits of Italy continues to appear in quarterly numbers ; and, at
Placentia, a Horticultural Review has lately been commenced, which pro-
fesses to give some accoimt of all the European works on gardening as they
appear, with extracts from those considered the most important tor Italy.

When do jou intend to give us the Life of Vilaresi, which Mr. S sent

you two years ago ? — R. M. S. [It is translated, and shall appear as soon
as we can find room.]

Method of obtaining the Oil from the Olive. — Happening to cast my eyes
upon the paragraph entitled the " OHve," in your JEncT/clopcedia (f Plants,
I found that the processes there given, both for grinding the fruit and pro-
pagating the trees, are different from those of our best Italian horticulturists ;
and knowing that you desire just criticisms to be made upon your works,
I take the liberty of offering a few remarks upon both subjects.

After the olive is broken in pieces, it is put (you say) into woollen bag§,
and then pressed. Woollen bags soil very easily, and are very difficult to
clean ; they consequently soon contract a bad smell, as the oil with which
they are saturated very soon becomes rancid from exposure to the air. This,
of course, must spoil the fresh olives that are put into them ; and, conse-
quently, the oil made by those who use w'oollen bags is never so good, nor
has so exquisite a flavour, as that made by those persons who employ bags
of linen, hemp, or rushes. This last kind of bag (that of rushes) was con-
stantly used in the last century by the best olive-breakers (infrantei) on the
banks of the Lake of Como.

Spealiing of the Propagation of the Olive Tree, jou say, that " it is also
propagated by chips of the stool in the following manner : — An old tree is
cut down, and the ceppo or stock is cut into pieces of nearly the size and
shape of a mushroom, and which, from that circumstance, are called novoli
(instead of which you should read uovoli). Care is taken that each vovoU
(uovoli) shall have a small portion of bark." What is the oiigin of these
uovoli? They are knots, swellings, or tumours, in the wood, occasioned by
the sap not flowing freely to the root, but swelling through the bark of the
stock, and thus forming excrescences containing embryo buds. One may
comj)are the uovoli to bulbs, because they possess the faculty of producing
a plant. In order to separate them from the trunk, it is necessary to cut
them close ; and, by introducing a good sharp penknife between the trunk

U U 4

664 Foreign Notices: — Malta, India, Isle of Bourbon.

and the tiovoH, the latter may be easily detached. The mother plant does
not seem to suffer the slightest injury by this operation, and continues to
vegetate and bear fruit just the same as before. — Luigi Manetti. Office of
the Administration of the Imperial and Royal Park of Monza, near Milan, in
Lombardy, Sept. 8, 1830. [Farther remarks by Signor Manetti in our next.]

MALTA.

Introduction ofB^'f'.sh Fruits, hy Captain Rainier. — Sir, I beg to acquaint
you, that, about a year and a half since, I visited the Island of Malta, on
my return to this country from Egypt, and was surprised to find (with their
fine climate) that they had so few of our fruits. I only noticed two or
three sorts of pears, the best of which is that known in this country as
the Kew Pear, or Williams's Bon Chretien, which, I was given to under-
stand, by an old inhabitant, had been on the island forty years. In Novem-
ber last. His Majesty's ship Rainbow sailed from Portsmouth for Malta;
and Captain Sir John Franklin, who commanded her, kindly offered a pas-
sage to a selection of our best pear, apple, and plum trees, which I had
ordered for the purpose of supplying the island with better fruit, together
with some of our best strawberries, currants, and gooseberries. These I
sent by him, and have just heard, not only of their safe arrival, but that they
are all doing well. My object in writing to you on this subject is not to
obtain for myself any credit for this act, but to stimulate, if possible, the
Horticultural Society of London to do their duty. What I have done they
ought to have done. Perhaps, by making public what I have said (in any
way you may think proper), this great horticultural body may be induced
to supply the wants, in this respect, of our possessions at the Cape of
Good Hope, New Holland, and others of our distant colonies, where the
fruits of Europe would flourish. They might even send European trees
and plants to China, considering how largely they have drawn on that part
of the world for plants ; and I am satisfied it would have a good effect, the
Chinese supposing (as they do with regard to every thing else) that they
are the first gardeners in the world. I brought a new Pancratium from the
foot of Mount Sinai, which is doing well. 1 am, Sir, yours, &c. — J. Rainier,
late F. H. S. Southampton, Feb. 18. 1831.

INDIA.

The Agricidtural and Horticultural Society of India have directed me to
request your kind attention to the present circular : — " The Society are
convinced that the freest possible exchange of the natural productions of
every country will be found in the end most conducive to the prosperity of
all ; and, guided by these principles, they desire to offer both to societies
and individuals in every quarter of the globe any of the agricultural and
horticultural products of India, or any information relative thereto, which
may be desired, in exchange for such as may be forwarded or communicated
to them. It will be most gratifying to the Society if you can point out to
them any desiderata which can be supplied from India, or if you can by any
means forward to them seeds, plants, useful communications, or suggestions.
The Society will feel much obliged by your giving every publicity in your
power to this communication. I am. Sir, yours, &c. — Henry Piddington,
Foreign Secretary to the Agricultural and Hortictdtnral Society of India.
Calcutta, Oct. 1. 1830.

ISLE OF BOURBON.

The Botanic Garden here has lately been very richly endowed by the
French king, and contains, besides the productions of the island, a splendid
collection of African and Asiatic plants. It is situated on a rising ground
in the middle of the town, and occupies 3^ hectares, or about 14 English
acres. Besides this, within the last three years there has been established

Foreign Notices : — North America. 665

a "jardin de naturalisation," or a garden expressly devoted to the purpose
of reducing foreign plants to bear and thrive in the climate of the island;
a most useful institution, and one to which we would call the attention
of our Van Diemen's Land Society, as well as of the Government and of
our readers generally. It contains about 8 English acres, and, together
with the botanical garden, distributes upwards of 10,000 trees and shrubs
annually among the colonists in this most improving little island. M. Brecon,
a gentleman of high literary and scientific attainments, superintends the
management of both gardens. There are 65,000 hectares of land, or about
170,000 acres, in cultivation in the island, nearly one half of which is
in corn, about one fifth in cassada (Jatropha Mdnihot, a tuberous root,
which is grated, and a poisonous juice extracted from it, and then baked in
cakes for bread [see its history, p. 470.]), and the remainder in gardens,
cocoa, coffee, cotton, and spices. (^Hobart Toivn Courier, July 17. 1830.)

NORTH AMERICA.

Bartrani's Botanic Garden o?i the SchuijlkiU, near Philadelphia. — Sir, You
have done injustice to the memory of the first naturalist the United States
had, and the first American scientific horticulturist, by not publishing my
correction of Mr. Buel's singular omission of this garden in his article
" On the Horticulture of the United States of America," in your Vol. IV.
p. 193. I am. Sir, yours, &c. — James Mease, April A. 1831.

We ask pardon of our esteemed correspondent for this inattention, and
now publish his communication, which has lain by us from the middle of
1829. — Cond.

In his account of the horticulture of the United States, published in
your Vol. IV. p. 193., Mr. Buel has omitted to mention Bartram's botanic
garden on the Schuylkill ; and Mr. Gordon in his communication (Vol. IV.
p. 403.) barely names it as " Carr's." It deserves particular notice ; be-
cause it was the first attempt to establish a garden for the reception and
cultivation of native and foreign plants and trees in North America, and
because it is still conducted by Mr. Robert Carr with great zeal and suc-
cess.

It is situated on the Schuylkill, about ten miles S.W. of Philadelphia,
and is now about twelve acres in extent. The original proprietor, John
Bartram, although a man of slender education (for schools were scarce in
his youth in Pennsylvania), was an enthusiastic botanist, and of the most
amiable disposition. His grandfather Richard came from England with the
emigrants under Penn, towards the close of the seventeenth century, and
settled in the county of Philadelphia. John was bred a farmer, and
laboured in that vocation for the support of his family ; but from an early
date was enamoured with the study of botany, and made extensive tours
throughout North America, to collect trees, shrubs, and plants, which he
transferred to, and cultivated in, his garden on the Schuylkill. Neither per-
sonal difficulties nor dangers from Indians deterred him. He explored our
highest mountains and the western lakes, and at the age of seventy years
embarked for South Carolina, travelled through that and the adjoining
states and Florida, ascended the river St. John 400 miles in a boat, and
descended on the other side, until he reached the sea. His notes on
this great river, its branches and lakes, and the country through which he
passed were sent to the Board of Trade, by which they were published for
the benefit of the young colony. He was the first person who made the
transmission of the vegetable productions of North America to Europe a
regular business ; and in this he was engaged for upwards of forty years to
a great extent. The gardens of England are filled with trees and plants,
the originals of which he sent to their proprietors ; and Linnseus received
many presents from him of curious and interesting plants, and the seeds of

666 Foreign Notices : — North America.

others, the value of all which was gratefully acknowledged by the great
systematist. He was early in correspondence with Peter Collinson of
London, who was his agent and warm friend, and with many of the most
eminent cultivators of botany and natural history in Britain and on the Con-
tinent ', particularly Gronovius, Dalibard, Sir Hans Sloane, Catesby, Dil-
lenius, Fothergill, George Edwards, Philip Miller, and Targioni. A mass of
letters from these and others are still preserved ; but many have been lost.
At the suggestion cf Dr. Hope of Edinburgh, the Royal Society presented
him with a gold medal for the services he had rendered to the cause of
natural history; and, through the interest of his friend Collinson, he was
elected a member of the Royal Society of London and of that of Stock-
holm. His two sons, John and William, continued the garden. The latter
was the counterpart of his father in moral excellence, amiability, and love of
natural history, and his superior in science. He accompanied his father in
his southern journey, and published his travels, which are known to all
literary men. The present proprietor, Mr. Robert Carr, who married the
daughter of John, enlarged the garden, and has been extensively engaged
in the business of it for several years past. — J. M. Philadelphia, May 13.
1829. [The genus of mosses Bartrami« commemorates Mr. John Bar-
tram, the subject of the above memoir.]

From the same obliging correspondent we received, on May 8. 1831,
" No. 7. of Vol. VH. of the Register of Penmylvania, published at Phila-
delphia, Feb. 12. 1831." This work, to use its own motto, is " devoted to
the preservation of every kind of useful information respecting the state ; "
and, besides various interesting articles on other subjects, contains a " Re-
port of the Committee appointed by the Horticultural Society of Pennsyl-
vania for visiting the Nurseries and Gardens in the Vicinity of Philadelphia."
The committee's visits were made in 1830, and their report occupies 6^
close-printed quarto pages. Much of its interest is necessarily local ; but it
contains many remarks on American gardens, operations, and plants, of gene-
ral interest, which we may subsequently quote. In concluding their report,
the committee remark : — " Within these last twenty years, establishments
of a botanical and horticultural character have greatly multiplied, and with
them books on American gardening, all tending to a general improvement,
and liberally supported by a steady demand. Gentlemen have caused
to be brought from abroad, likewise, the most esteemed fruits and vege-
tables, and we are happy to say that the climate of the United States is
eminently favourable to the growth of all European and most of the Asiatic
fruits. To be sure, the Curculio and many other enemies, offer serious
obstacles to their complete and perfect cultivation ; but, with appropriate
zeal and skill, these insect foes may be vanquished. Floriculture has made
immense progress within ten years, and is now pursued with an avidity
that astonishes even the European practical visiters. Our gardens at the
present day are decorated with rarities that money could not purchase a
few years ago. Every thing in this lovely department of nature, as well as
in those of substantial horticultural usefulness, appears to grow with our
growth, and keep pace with the increase of riches, by a commensurate dis-
play of good taste and patronage."

Gardening and Gai-deners in America. — We are not certain that the writer
of the following letter intended any part of it for publication : but it is so
good that we cannot refrain from giving it to the public ; omitting all names
of persons and places, in order to avoid giving offence, either to our excel-
lent friend or to any of the parties mentioned : —

" Sir, I have the honour of acknowledging the receipt of j'our letter of
April 15. last. A distant journey to our mountains has detained me from
home several weeks, and prevented an earlier answer. I beg you to accept
my most grateful thanks for your kind attention to my request, &c. It is
chiefly in ***** that **'s services will be required, although his help

Foreign Notices : — North America. 667

will be requisite in my green-house, 8zc. I cultivate no more esculent
plants than are required for my own family, and my American collection is
under my own care. I keep from twelve to twenty men and boys nearly
all the year. My last foreman has settled in the western country on a
farm : the one before him was Mr. ****, who is now a master-gardener in
good circumstances. Some of my workmen have been with me fourteen
or fifteen 3'ears, and it is probable they will remain with me as long as they
live. It is no less strange than true, that we have few or none of our
natives gardeners. Even where brought up in our gardens, they almost
invariably prefer the plough and farming-work, and have a strong dislike to
weetUng, &c. &c. They are generally very dexterous and handy with tools,
and can do almost any thing required in the use of them. On the con-
trary, the European gardeners who come here are generally unaccustomed
to any tools but the spade and hoe, and care but little to learn the use of
others. If any alteration is required, or mending wanted, they imme-
diately requu'e the assistance of the carpenter or the smith for trifling
things that one of our boys could do with a hatchet and knife, if he could
not procure other tools. This helplessness renders them the laughing-
stock of our workmen ; particularly when they assume such importance
and consequential airs as they most generally do on their first arrival here.
A few years since, a young gardener arrived here from Ireland, without a
friend or acquaintance, and having paid his last guinea for his passage. I
gave him employment until I procured a very good situation for him at
180 dollars per year, and board and lodging. His employer was ** ***, a
quaker gentleman, who was much pleased with him, and treated him very
kindly. His only care was a small vegetable garden for the use of the
family ; and, indeed, it was the only branch of gardening for which he was
competent. Unfortunately a tavern was too near, and here liquor is too
cheap : he soon began to tipple, and neglect his work. He had soon
accumulated 100 dollars, and had a crop of fine early potatoes, amongst
other things, in the garden. It was Sunday morning, and some friends
arrived to dine with Mr. ***, who asked Mr. **, the gardener, if he would
dig a few of his fine potatoes for the dinner, as the boy was absent. To
this request from the old gentleman, Mr. **, the gardener, replied, swelling
with indignation, 'Is it me — me, Sir, a thorough-bred gardener, that you
would ask to dig potatoes ? ' ' Surely, friend **,' replied Mr. ***, ' thee
hast toiled to raise them, and it can be no disgrace to dig a few for one
dinner ; however, give me the spade, and I will dig them myself.' The
next morning he paid him off, and discharged Mr. **. This, Sir, is the
manner in which many of your gardeners conduct themselves on their
arrival here ; and they are very frequently ignorant of their business.
Still we are very far behind you in gardening, and willing to learn all we
can from such as come here. In this country no white man calls another
" master f," and land is so cheap that a few years' wages is sufficient to

f In mentioning this term " master," which is obsolete here, I may remark
that 1 never knew a native American who wore livery ; nor would extra
wages induce them to put it on. I have frequently made the enquiry, but
always found that those in liveries were foreigners. Neither are there in
America any steerage passengers in the packet boats ; there is one cabin
for the ladies and another for the gentlemen, in which all, whether master
or servant, mix on a footing of perfect equality. It is the same as to stage
coaches, which have only one fare, and neither the coachman nor any of
the servants at the inns receives a farthing from tiie passengers or customers.
AH that takes place between man and man in this country is on the prin-
ciple of equitable exchange ; there is considered to be no obligation on
either side.

668 Foreign Notices : — North A?nenca.

'b

purchase a snug farm and stock it. This natural love of independence
and comfort carries nearly all the good gardeners to our western country,
where they settle as fanners. I am. Sir, yours, &c. — Ji. C. Near Phila-
delphia, July 10. 1831.

A Geographical Garden. — An American gentleman of the name of Hill
has petitioned congress for a grant of land and a sum of money, to enable
him to put in practice a plan he has formed of a geographical garden. The
ground allotted for this purpose is not to exceed 10 acres, and within that
limited space he purposes to dehneate accurately every known part of
the world, agreeably to the principle of Mercator's projection. The
beds of oceans, seas, gulfs, bays, and lakes are to be depressed; the
continents, peninsulas, isthmuses, mountains, islands, &c. elevated ; paral-
lels of latitude, meridians, equator, ecliptic, tropics, and other circles cor-
rectly laid down ; the channels of rivers described as in their natural courses,
and lowered in proportion to the height of their respective banks. The
beds of oceans, &c. are to be covered with gravel, the land adorned with
verdure, and the mountains furnished with such bases as geology points
out, ami, if necessary, the former are to be so constructed that they may
be filled with water at any time ; so that the coup d'oeil will give a minia-
ture representation of the whole world in its native elements. (Dum-
fries and Galloway Courier, Aug. 10. 1824.)

The above project bears some similarity to Mr. Main's " Outlines of a
Plan for the formation of a Classical Garden," given in p. 432. — J. D.

Botanic Garden at the College of St. Mary's, Baltimore. — A botanic
garden has just been commenced at St. Mary's College in this city. Meet-
ing with great obstacles in the formation of a collection, and understanding
that distributions for the diffusion of the science were often made by the
establishments in the United Kingdom, I thought it would be my duty
to endeavour to draw to ourselves a portion of this bountiful supply.
Therefore, Sir, if you can procure for us collections of plants from any of
the public institutions of your favoured country, you will confer a very great
favour, a lasting benefit, on the institution of which I have the honour to be
a member. Yours, &c. — H. T. Dickehid, Curator, Bot. Gardeti, S.M.C.

P.S. A correspondence with any of the great nurserymen and botanic
gardeners in London, or elsewhere ; Messrs. Loddiges of Hackney ; Mi*.
Colvill, King's Road ; Messrs. Lee of Hammersmith, or others ; would be
particularly desirable; and we would be under great obligations to you to
procure them for us. — H. T. D.

The Charliesho2)e Beehive. — Sir, Among the various beehives figured
both in your Encyclopcedia of Gardening and in this Magazine, I have not
seen any notice of one in general use in the southern part of North
America. I send you some rough sketches of this hive (Jig. 118.), which
may be thus described : —

a, A front elevation of the hive, as seen resting on the cleats or strips of
wood (/) used as supports. The size of the hive is 15 in. square at the
top, and 7 in. square at the bottom. The back board of the hive is 2\'m.
shorter than the front board ; in consequence of which the bottom board
has an inclination of 2i in. as represented by the side ones {b, d).

c. The hive tilted, showing the inside, and the seven triangular recesses
n, which are cut about a quarter of an inch deep into the back and front
boards.

d. The platform on which the bees alight.

This platform is a continuance of the bottom board, and contains a hole
of 3 in. in diameter (e), on which is nailed a round piece of tin, perforated
like the rose of a watering pot, for the purpose of giving the hive air.

(/) The cover of the hive, with a band running round it of 3 in. in
depth ; covering the hive like the cover of a bandbox. The upper rim
raised high enough to receive the box (g), which is exactly 15 in. square.

Foreign Notices : — North America.

669

and made to fit into the rim of the cover (/), This cover must be 15iin.
square, in order that it may be taken on and off with ease. The four dots
in the cover are auger holes of an inch in diameter, through which the bees
pass into the upper box.

h. Elevation of the top box, 8 or 9 in. in height ; open at the bottom,
with a ventilator of perforated tin about 2 in. high and 3 in. long, o.

i, A top view of the hive b ; the outside sticks, seven in number, rest in
the triangular recesses n. The sticks are also triangular and will fit in, in
any way.

10, The band of the cover : the four dots are small holes through which
naUs or pins are put to keep the cover on the hive; and likewise to keep
the box a, from being blown or knocked over.

r;? (in the box c, n). The entrance for the bees, 2\ in. wide, and half an
inch high. At night a small-meshed wire net, as shown o and d of box a,
might be put before this entrance ; but, in that case, care must be taken
to remove it very early in the morning.

k. Scantling running the whole length of the apiary. The cleats (/) rest
on two pieces of such scantling ; and the hives are thus supported between
the two. The cleats that are nailed to the hive serve to keep it steady on
the scantling.

The following remarks are by a bee-master, who describes this hive in
the American Farmer : — " When I intend putting a swarm into one of my
hives, I take out three sticks, and then cover the whole top with a piece
of thin coarse clean muslin (just so much larger than the hive as to admit
of being wrapped over at the corners), and tack it at two corners lightly,
to keep the muslin from shoving aside. I then turn over the half of the
muslin cover, and holding the hive up shake the bees into it. When they
are in, I set the hive in a frame, of which I have several, and then, one by
one, gently put in the sticks ; the bees, even if they are in the angular
recesses, give way to each stick as they feel it pressing on them. When
the sticks are in, I turn the muslin over, and, passing my hand gently over
the top, whatever bees may have rested on the top of the sticks will move
below. I now put on the cover /, and leave the hive in the frame
until evening, when I put it between the scantlings, where it is to remain.
I generally put on the box «, as it keeps the hive cool. Mice cannot
attack my bees, neither are they liable to robbery ; and if any strange bees

670 Foreign Notices : — North America.

attack them, they can defend themselves to advantage, for they stand on
higher ground than the assailants. The bottom, being an inchned plane,
facilitates the removal of every kind of excrementitious matter, such as
dead nymphs and bees, and all the little particles that are usually found in
a hive. Noxious vapours are carried off by means of the lower and upper
ventilators, and the bees never suffer from rain, the slope carrying it off.
The rays of the sun, too, from the receding shape of the hive, have not as
much power as if the hive were straight ; and lastly, as the entrance (rf)
can be closed at pleasure, the hive can be carried to a good pasture, and
set in form without my fearing a sting. There are many other advantages
attending this hive, which the apiarian will soon discover." — T, Sept. 1830.

Origin of Prairies. — The origin of prairies has occasioned much theory :
it is to our mind very simple : they are caused by the Indian custom of
annually burning the leaves and grass in autumn, which prevents the growth
of any young trees. Time thus will form prairies; for, some of the old
trees annually perishing, and there being no undergrowth to supply their
place, they become thinner every year ; and, as they diminish, they shade
the grass less, which therefore grows more luxuriantly ; and, where a strong
wind carries a fire through dried grass and leaves, which cover the earth
with combustible matter several feet deep, the volume of flame destroys all
before it ; the very animals cannot escape. We have seen it enwrap the
forest upon which it was precipitated, and destroy whole acres of trees.
After beginning, the circle widens every year, until the prairies expand,
boundless as the ocean. Young growth follows the American settlement,
since the settler keeps off those annual burnings. {American Q,uarterly
Review, March, 1829.)

Dates in South Carolina. — The Beaufort Sonth Carolina Gazette mewtions
that a date tree is in full bearing at Mrs. Elliott's, on Hilton Head Island.
It is 8 or 10 ft. high, resembling the palmetto, and springing up from the
stone of an imported date. (Newspaj^er.) — J. M, Se2)t, 21. 1829.

/w the Gardens of Chaptcltepec, near Mexico, the first object that
strikes the eye is the magnificent cypress, called the cypress of Montezuma.
It had attained its full growth when that monarch was on the throne ( 1 520),
so that it must now be at least 400 years old ; yet it still retains all the
vigour of youthful vegetation. The trunk is 41 ft. in circumference, yet
the height is so majestic as to make even this enormous mass appear
slender. At Santa Maria de Tula, in Oaxaca, is a cypress 93J English ft.
in circumference, which }et does not show the slightest symptom of de-
cay. (Ward's Mexico.)

The Banana (Musa sapientum) forms the principal vegetable food
of the Mexicans ; yet it has been asserted that the plant is not indi-
genous. The reasons detailed by Humboldt render the truth of this
opinion ver^' doubtful. The amount and rapidity of produce of this plant
probably exceed that of any other in the known world. In eigiit or ten
months after the sucker has been planted clusters of fruit are formed, and
in about two months more they may be gathered. The stem is then cut
down, and a fresh plant, about two thirds of the height of the parent stem,
succeeds, and bears fruit in about three months more. The only care
necessary is to dig once or twice a year round the roots. According to
our author, on 1076 square feet from 30 to 40 banana trees may be planted
in Mexico, which will yield in the space of the year 4414 lbs. avoirdupois
of fruit, while the same space would yield only 33 lbs. avoirdupois of
wheat, and 99 lbs. of potatoes. {For. Qitar. Rev. April, 1829, p. 179.)

It may be gratifying to contrast this rapid rate of growth in Mexico, with
that of its sister species the plantain tree (Mus« paradisiaca) in a British
stove, as described, p. 676. — J. D.

The Sunflower as an Oil Plant. — Will you believe it. Sir, that in tlie
county of York, in Pennsylvania, there will this year be 200 acres of lanil

Foreign Notices : — Australia. 671

jilanted with sunflowers (Helianthiis annuus). My neighbour, E. A. Barnit,
Esq., is now putting out 10 acres. It is clone with a view to the oil. This
gentleman has erected machinery to extract and prepare the oil : he finds
that one bushel of the sunflower seed will give a gallon of very superior
oil ; and that the cake is excellent food for cattle. An acre of good land
jiroduces from 60 to 75 bushels of the seed. The culture is the same as
that of the maize. The farm_ers can afford to raise it at 25 cents {\s. !(/,] per
bushel. A good deal was done last year, but that was only to be viewed
in the light of an experiment. — J. L. York, Pennsylvania,' Mai/, 1830.

High and equal Education. — Your views as to high and equal education
are most correct. We have an example of it in the United States. From
the first settlement of the country here, education has been, in a measure,
universal. If our government is better than that of any other countrv, it is
because more attention is paid to the education of the mass of the people.
Is not our government better than that of England? It furnishes the same
protection of individual rights at one twentieth of the expense ; and, as to
individual comfort, there is nearly as much difference between the two
countries in that respect. Your correspondent has an income of 6000
dollars (.^1300), which doubtless grants him quite as many comforts as
could be enjoyed in England from an income of many times the amount.
— /. L. York, Pcnn-aylvunki, Nov. 27. 1830.

AUSTRALIA.

From the Hobart Town Courier, which we receive regularly from the
editor, we learn that this colony is in a prosperous state ; that there is an
abundant demand for labour, that wages are high, and that there is no want
of markets either for grain or wool. Garden seeds are very high ; and
practical gardeners, who can combine the duties of nurserymen and garden
architects, are very much wanted. — Cond.

From the Report of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of Neiu
South Wales for 1830 (Pamph. 8vo. pp.82.). — Thei'eis scarcely any thing
in this Report on the subject of gardening; but it appears that all the agri-
cultural plants which have been tried, with some few exceptions, succeed,
and some of them in a very remarkable degree. Hops succeed well, and
also the sweet potato (Convolvulus) ; but the common potato is neither
so vigorous nor so productive in that di'y climate as it is in Britain. The
yam (Dioscorea), on the other hand, arrives at a great degree of perfec-
tion. Lucern, as may be supposed, grows luxuriantly. It is easy to conceive
that turnips and mangold wurtzel would not arrive at a great size, and that
melons, cucumbers, and pumpkins should attain great bulk, and produce
enormous crops. Oil is made from the Palma Christi. Cotton produces
well ; and tobacco, it is supposed, will in tune become one of the principal
exports, though there is no evidence that it has yet grown very luxuriantly.
The common British fruits, with the exception of gooseberries, currants,
raspberries, and strawberries, have done tolerably. Mulberries bore well ;
apples, pears, quinces, and medlars, abundantly. The olive tree, it is
thouo-ht, will be included among Australia's most favourite and profitable
productions. " Oranges, lemons, and citrons are in perfection, well grown,
and of good quahty. Such shaddocks and lime trees as are of mature age
bear abundantly. The winter crop of loquats and guavas is abundant and
promising." (p. 22.) The culture of the grape is rapidly extending through-
out the colony, and the quality of the wine which has been made gives an
encouraging promise of future excellence. The president directs all vine-
yards to be made on the sides of hills having a south-east aspect, and a
light, gravelly, calcareous, or slaty soil free from claj-. On his own estate
at Regentville, he has employed a German emigrant from the Rhine to
form terraces horizontally along the hill, each 7 ft. wide, with a dry stone

672 Domestic Notices : — England,

wall in front to keep up the soil to a level. The growth of the vine is rapid,
producing fruit the third year.

From the abuse of spirits, the president is very desirous of encouraging
the brewing of beer from the malt and hops of the colony ; and it seems
that there is an increasing taste for colonial beer.

Rewards for the year 1832 are offered for the culture of tobacco, vines,
olives, the castoi*-oiI plant, rapeseed, mustard, and poppy.

A drought of three years and a half, we were informed, " which has hap-
pily passed away, in its effects killed more forest trees, and rent asunder the
surface of the earth to a greater extent, than has been witnessed at any former
period by the oldest colonists. Had we been accustomed to such droughts,
we must, like the population of Sicily, Italy, Egj-pt, and other tropical cli-
mates, have irrigated our corn fields from rivers, brooks, and creeks, or from
water-holes and tanks, and by such means have insured the growth of our
crops. Fuel being everywhere in the greatest plenty, steam-engines erected
on rich alluvial flats, where abundance of water can always be had, would
pay well, by irrigating the crops to a necessary extent while growing, and
afterwards grinding the grain when threshed." (p. GQ.^

Of live stock we shall only observe that the Australian fleece, since the
general use of Saxon rams, is yearly improving in value with the British
clothiers, and that it can be grown much cheaper than in Europe. Mutton
has fallen under 2d. a pound.

The horticultural committee report favourably of the progressive im-
provements of the Society's garden ; all the young forest trees were rapidly
purchased by the members, and the committee expect to be able to offer
8000 for sale next year. The sweet potato of New Zealand, though planted
in light soil without manure, and during the prevalence of drought, pro-
duced a prolific crop of large size. The committee represented most
favourably the skill and success of Mr. Dawson, the gardener, in grafting
and budding, and in propagating the olive from cuttings.

Art. III. Domestic Notices.
ENGLAND.

The Allotment of Portions of Land to poor Families in Northamptonshire. —
Sir, The beneficial application and result of the system of allotting por-
tions of land to industrious poor families in this parish, although as yet
upon a small scale, are of a most gratifying nature. About two years ago,
a piece of land, about eight acres, belonging to the church, and within a
hundred and fifty yards of the end of the village, was allotted in portions
of roods, half roods, &c, to such industrious poor men as were desirous of
obtaining such small portions of land, at a fair price per pole. The prices
were fixed according to the different situations in the field: spade culture
was insisted upon, and the rents made payable half-yearly. To prevent any
appearance of partiality in the apportionment of the ground, the number
of each allotment, with the price affixed, was written upon a slip of paper ;
and the slips being rolled up, were placed upon a table, for the candidates
to choose. All were thus perfectly satisfied. They commenced digging as
early in the spring as the weather would permit ; and last autumn their
crops were so highly productive, as to make several poor men, whose pre-
judices led them at first to decline portions, now anxious to become occu-
piers. Others, who are now occupiers, are anxious to augment their portions
of land; and, if by any chance a piece of land becomes untenanted, it is
instantly an object of anxious solicitude. This was the case a few weeks

T)omesfic Notices : — iLnglan^. 6Y8

ago, when one of the occupiers was accidentally killed ; and, as a proba-
bility existed that his widow would not be able to manage the land after
his decease, many applied for the presumed vacant piece. To promote
habits of industry and emulation among the poor, the Rev. B. Bouchier,
who interests himself very much in their welfare, offered premiums in the
spring of the present year to the gardening poor, for the best productions
of different kinds of corn, vegetables, &c. These prizes have been awarded,
in a very honourable and impartial manner, to those persons who were
industrious enough to compete for them.

During the last winter, when wheat bore a high price, and wages to the
poor were low, the advantages of this system fully developed themselves,
as every poor man who held a piece of land had his garners stored with
potatoes, perhaps a little wheat or barley, and in some instances he had
also a pig preparing for the knife. The advantages of such a state of things
are too obnous to require comment ; and the fact that the poor rates are
already sensibly diminished is, I think, sufficient to recommend it to every
class of society.

As the system, where adopted, has answered the most sanguine expect-
ations of the promoters, nothing more need be said by me to induce land-
owners and others to adopt measures so easily attained for bettering the
condition of ^o useful a part of society as the industrious labouring poor,
who are so essential to the subsistence, as well as the defence, of the state.
Allotting pieces of land to the poor is commendable also in a political point
of view ; as, when the poor man is an occupier of the soil, he becomes identi-
fied with it, and has a stake in the well-doing of the state. I am, indeed,
convmced that the prevalence of this system would in a great measure pre-
vent that spirit of insubordination which was so lamentably general during
the latter part of the last year. I may add, as a proof of my assertion, that
during that period of unhappy disturbance, though rioting and insubordi-
nation came very near indeed to our village, our labouring poor, almost to
a man, came forward to do their duty in repelling violence, and in watching
and protecting the property of their employers. So anxious were they
indeed to show their zeal in preserving peace and order in the parish, that
the magistrates who attended at length desisted from swearing in more
special constables, not from want of individuals, but because a sufficiently
large body had been enrolled.

I trust the time is not far distant when landowners and others will join
and do all in their power to better the condition of the labouring poor, and
when in every parish throughout England cottage gardening may be adopted,
and by every means encouraged. Yours, &c. — Thomas Francis. Old Xr.
Lamport, Korthamptonshire, Sept. 10. 1831.

Allotments of Land to the Poor. — We feel pleasure in stating, as a proof
of the advantages of this system, that the head prize given by the Sheffield
Horticultural Society for the best cultivated cottage garden was awarded
to a man who has an allotment of land from the directors of the Bedford
House of Industry ; and that two of the prizes for vegetables were also
given to two other men having allotments of the same land. {Sheffield Iris,
Aug. 9. 1831.)

Bristol promises to stand conspiciioiislij foriuard in point of Public Gardens. —
The magnificent design of Mr. Masey, published in Part II. of our Illustra-
tions of Landscape-Gardening, seems, according to the Bristol newspapers,
to have been very favourably received by the corporation, and it is thought
highl}' probable (see the Bristol JMirror for June 11.) that a part of it at
least will be carried into effect. Mr. Miller, as will be elsewhere seen
(Prov. Soc, p. 631.), the liberal and intelligent nurseryman, has suggested
a plan for turning his nursery into a public botanic garden, to comprise an
illustration both of the Linnean ami Jussieuean systems, including an
arboretum. — Cond,

Vol. VII. — No. 35. x x

674' Domestic Notices : — England.

Siifolk Botanic Garden, Bury St. Edmund's. — I was over at Bury the
other clay : they are very busy laying out a new botanic garden in the
Abbey grounds. It is, to be sure, a most eligible spot, yet I think it seems
almost a pity to disturb the plants which are now so well established in the
old garden. — J. G. Sudbury, August 22. 1831. ,

Taunton Horticultural Society. — The design of forming a horticultural
society has been liberally cherished at Taunton and the neighbourhood.
E. A. Sanford, Esn.. M.P., has acquiesced in the invitation to become
president ; and several other highly respectable persons have consented to
undertake the honorary duties of the society. (Bristol Mirror, July 23.
1831.)

Sutton Wash Embanhnent. — This is said to be one of the grandest public
works ever achieved in England. It is an elevated mound of earth, with a
road over, carried across an estuary of the sea situated between Lynn and
Boston, and shortening the distance between the two towns more than
fifteen miles. This bank has to resist, for four hours in every twelve, the
weight and action of the German Ocean, preventing it from flowing over
15,000 acres of mud, which will very soon become land of the greatest
fertility. In the centre the tide flows up a river, which is destined to serve
as a drain to the embanked lands, and has a bridge over it of oak, with a
movable centre of cast u'on, for the purpose of admitting ships. (Country
Times, May 16.)

We should be much obliged to any correspondent who could send us a
more definite account of the above improvement j that from which we have
made this notice being too desultory and laudatory for our purpose. —
Cond.

Itinerating Libraries. — An itinerating library has been established in
Monmouthshire by the Society for the Improvement of the Working Popu-
lation. The divisions of the library, of twenty-five volumes each, are to be
established at six different towns, and the towns or the books changed
every six months. Dr. Malkin of Cowbridge is the chairman of this
institution. (Cambrian, Oct. 1. 1831.)

Our oivn Represejitative System (p. 375.). — On our return from Scotland
(Sept. 9.) we found all the house plants so liberally presented to us by
Mr. Alton in vigorous health, more especially the green-house species, with
only one or two deaths. Of the trees and shrubs, only three, not rare
species, have died ; and the herbaceous system, which we have been able
to render tolerably full, and hope to render quite complete next spring,
was all that we could wish it to be. Any of our friends who can supply
desiderata may still turn to p. 376., and we should also be glad of a few of
the bulbous /rideae for a border protected by glass. — Cond.

The Wire-Worm. — Extract from a communication from Mr. Tallant of
Little Houghton, read at the last meeting of the Northamptonshire Farming
Society : — " White mustard seed will protect the grain from the wire-
worm ; and this fact I have demonstrated perfectly to my own conviction.
I first tried the experiment on half an acre, in the centre of a fifty-acre
field of fallow, which was much subject to the wire-worm. The mustard
seed being carried, the whole field was fallowed for wheat, and the half-
acre that had been previously cropped with mustard seed was wholly exempt
from the wire-worm ; the remainder of the field was much injured. Not
only was the half-acre thus preserved, but in the spring it was decidedly
the most advanced part of the crop ; and the prosperous appearance which
it presented caused me to repeat the experiment, by sowing three acres
more of mustard seed in the worst part of a field of forty-five acres, also
much infested with the wire-worm. The remainder of the field was sown
with early frame peas, which, with the mustard seed, was cleared in the
same week. The land was then ploughed for wheat, and I had the plea-
sure of noticing these three acres to be quite free from the worm, and

Domestic Notices : — England^ 675

much superior in other respects to the other part of the field, which suf-
fered greatly. Thus encouraged by these results, I sowed the next year a
whole field of forty-two acres, which had never repaid me for nineteen
years, in consequence of nearly every crop being destroyed by the wire-
worm, and I am warranted in stating that not a single wire-worm could be
found the following year, and the crop of wheat thi-oughout, which was
reaped last harvest, was superior to any I had grown for twenty-one years.
I am, therefore, under a strong persuasion, that the wire-worm may be suc-
cessfully repelled and eradicated, by carefully destroying all weeds and roots,
and drilling white mustard seed, and keeping the gi*ound clean by hoeing."
{Countri/ Times, Sept. 1831.)

The reason seems to be, that the wire-worm cannot eat the roots of the
mustard, most probably from their acridity, and there being no other roots
in the soil for them to live on, and no weeds or other plants than mustard
permitted to grow during the season, the insects necessarily die of famine.
— Co7id^

A Larch Tree, cut down at Wallington, Northumberland, in May, 1831,
measured 88 ft. in length ; at the base 8 ft. 4 in. in circumference, at the
lieight of 40 ft., 5 ft. 10 in., and at 70 ft. 2 ft. 4 in. The age of the tree
was about eighty years. (^Jamesoii s Jmirnal, Oct. 1831, p. 393.)

Roses on a Tovib. — At Barnes, in the county of Surrey, is a monument
surrounded by rose trees, consecrated to the memory of a London citizen,
whose name was Rose. To perpetuate the enclosure, he left the poor of
the parish twenty pounds ; and, in return, directed that they should tal<:e
care that the rose trees should be perpetually preserved. (^Bucke's Beauties,
Sfc., of Nature,)

The Rouge Plant. — We noticed, at p. 99., that Dr. Hamilton of Ply-
mouth had received from Mr. D. Fanning, at the Caraccas, seeds of a
species of Eivma, the juice of the berries of which is used at the Caraccas
as rouge. Some of these seeds, given last year by Dr. Hamilton to Mr.
Pontey, have, under the skill and care of Mr. Pontey's foreman, Mr. Curtin,
grown, and even already produced fruit. A raceme of the berries and a
leaf have been sent to us by Dr. Hamilton, who, after careful examination,
finds the plant quite distinct from both Riviufl Ise\is and R. humilis, and
he has therefore provisionally named it R. tinctoria, expressive of the
colouring propeity resident in the juice of its berries. We suggest that
the plant may possibly prove the R. canescens of Willdenow, as in its
foliage and whole surface it is pubescent and canescent. Dr. Hamilton
has also sent us a drawing of Papaver somniferum (made by Miss Jane
Hamlyn of Plymouth, a lady whose drawings obtained from the Society of
Arts, a few years since, the gold Isis medal), the petals of which are
coloured with the juice of the berries of this Rivina, and the effect is satis-
factory. On the applicability of the berries to the purposes of colouring.
Dr. Hamilton is quite sanguine, and remarks as follows : — The juice of
the berries yields a rich and beautiful carmine red stain, affording a singular
and novel tint for water-colour drawings, which, if permanent, will prove a
valuable acquisition. . . . The tint may be easily varied ; and from this
juice a fine lake might, I am confident, be prepared in the same manner as
those from the madder (/fubia tinctorum), the safflower {Carthamus tincto-
rius), and other vegetable substances ; or, possibly, the dried berries might,
by trituration with water, be made to give out their colour : at all events,
the subject merits farther enquiry."

We have given the berries both of R. tinctoria and of R. humilis, sent
for the sake of contrast, and which contain seeds, to Mr. Campbell, with
whom they have germinated, and produced plants ; from these we shall,
after a time, be able to submit specimens to some London botanist. Of
Rivina there are seven species cultivated in English stoves j most of them

X X 2

676 Domestic Notices • — En'xlnjid.

to'

of very free growth, and blooming and fruiting readily and frequently. The
elegant racemes of scarlet berries which they bear considerably resemble
those of the red currant, and are termed by many English gardeners
" Barbadoes currants ; " but whether this name be of their invention, or
derived from Barbadoes, we cannot say. — J. D.

Further Infonnation on the Plantain (Jlliisa paradislaca). — Sir, In com-
pliance with your request, I send you a brief account of my mode of culti-
vating this tropical vegetable. The plant I fruited at Exeter, as described
in your Vol. VI. p. 429., had attained considerable height when it came
under my care, but was lingering under bad health. On examining the
roots, I found the mould quite exhausted, and not congenial to the nature
of the plant. I had the soil removed from the top part of the tub, and I
then loosened and trimmed the roots, and applied to them a compost con-
sisting of strong loam of an argillaceous quality, decomposed vegetables, and
sandy peat, with all which a little lime and soot were intermixed. It is in
this compost I grow my young plants. This dressing was given in May,
1829, and by the June following the plant had sent up several splendid
leaves, and evinced symptoms of vigorous health. In July it began to show
symptoms of flowering, by throwing up a leaf considerably smaller than the
former ones ; the habit of the Mus« tribe before flowering. This smaller
leaf was quickly succeeded by the spike of flowers, which, in its early state,
in form and size much resembled a bullock's heart. When the blossoming
had commenced, the spike divested itself of a spathe or sheath, that covered
the flowers, almost every succeeding day. I endeavoured to assist nature
in setting the fruit, by applying, with the feather of a quill, the pollen to
the stigmas, when the atmosphere of the stove was in a dry state. From
my plants I never cut oif any of the under leaves until they have performed
their office and are withered ; as when the leaves are cut off" too soon, their
footstalks exude a considerable portion of sap, and thus exhaust the
succeeding leaves. The leaves extend a considerable length, many 10 ft.
and are very easily split ; which ought to be most cautiously guarded
against, as the splitting retards the growth of the plants, and throws them
into a stunted state. The temperature I give to young plants is from 60°
to 70°; to fruiting plants from 75° to 83°; external heat. I give no bottom
assistance. In days of clear sunshine I admit a free circulation of air;
and then, as always, attend so punctually to the watering, as never to let
the plants get flaccid. The fruiting plants are great consumers of water, as
is the case with nearly all arundinaceous [reedy] plants. The plan I adopted
to keep the fruiting plants moist was a 4-gallon watering-pot, filled with
water, with some twisted worsted to act as a siphon ; one end immersed in
the water, the other placed over the tubs of the plantain. The tubs that
I used were about the size of half a hogshead ; but those for the fruiting
plants were of larger dimensions. A plantain (Mus« paradislaca) or ba-
nana (Musa sapientum) growing freely will throw up a fresh leaf every
three weeks or a month, and, with assiduous attention, will keep growing
during winter. With respect to the quantity of fruit ripened at Conver, I
attribute it principally to the accelerating influence of the genial heat of the
thermosiphon. The number fit for table was thirty; a greater number
swelled off to nearly full size, and then shrivelled. Doubtless, the season
being so dull and inclement prevented many from reaching maturity. The
fruit continued in succession for five weeks : some were preserved, which
were excellent. A ripe one that I tasted seemed of a farinaceous qualit)^,
easy to be dissolved, and of a honey-like flavour. I am. Sir, yours, &c. —
Henry Dalgleish. At B. B. Dickinson^s, Esq., Knigktshai/s, rwar Tivertoyi,
Devonshire, Sept. 1830.

The rate of growth of the Musa sapientum, or banana, another species
of the same genus, in Mexico, will be found, p. 670. — Cond.

Domestic Notices : — England. 677

Culture of O^avas. — I have been very successful in fruiting both the red
and yellow guavas, having had abundant crops, which have contributed to
the dessert for several months, with ample supply for preserving and making
jelly. I will send you a notice of my treatment. — H. Dalgleish.

Large Asparogiis. — A few days ago Mr. Grayson, the famous cultivator
of asparagus, presented the Duchess of Bedford with a bundle of that
delicious vegetable, consisting of 110 heads, and weighing twenty-nine
pounds. (^Preston Pilot, June -t. 1831.)

Enormous Cabbage. — There is now in the garden of Mrs. Diana Arch-
bell of Healaugh, near Tadcaster, a red cabbage plant, which measures
13 ft. in circumference. (Lancaster Herald, July 30. 1831.)

A remarkable Specimen of JMimosa piidica, or Humble Plant. — Sir, I am
aware that many may think it ridiculous to say any thing on this subject ; but
I do not think any one will who has taken like pains with myself to bring
the plant to a tolerable state of perfection. Many people are satisfied
with this plant if they can grow it 1 ft. high, with a few leaves, just suffi-
cient to show those who have never seen them that they close and drop
on being touched. If this be all that is to be expected from it, it is not
worth growing, as it is not, in this state, an object of beauty ; and as most
ladies and gentlemen are aware of its falling when touched, it is thought
but little of. But when grown to a good size it is a beautiful thing ; and
it also looks much more curious to see branches of 2 ft. in length falling
down round the plant, than merely a few leaves. Those who have nothing
more than a green-house, as far as I am acquainted with it, I should think,
could not obtain one so large and so full of flowers as the one I am about to
describe ; but those who can conmiand from 50° to 60° heat through the
winter may. My plant was raised last summer in a frame ; and, after
remaining in a green-house till the nights became too cold, it was removed
to a pit of the above heat till about January, when it was put into a
cucumber frame, where it remained as long as there was room for it ; I
pinching the tops of the shoots off, to prevent their touching the glass. I
then removed it, after shifting into a large flower-pot, to a house of about
70° heat, where it is at this moment in full flower, and forms a bush up-
wards of 3 ft. in diameter. It has several times this summer had upwards
of 100 heads of flower-buds and flowers on it at once. I am, Sir, yours,
&C. — R.T. Maj/ 27.1831.

Mimosa pudica, called the humble plant from its timidly shrinking from
the touch, not unfrequently receives the appellation of " the sensitive
plant ; " and very sensitive it is, even more so than the true sensitive plant.
Mimosa sensitiva ; a figure of which may be seen at table 25. of the Botanical
liegistcr : it and M. pudica, which is also figured in the Botanical Register,
t. 941., are remarkably dissimilai* plants. — J. D.

The Tea Shrub [Thea viridis]. — This shrub has been tried in Brecon-
shire, not far from the source of the Usk, about 1000 ft. above the level of
the sea, and found not only to endure the last winter, and the severe frost
of the 9th of May, but to make vigorous shoots. (S. Boofsej/, in Plymouih
and Devonport Journal, July 28. 1831.) *

Large Seedling Pelargonium. — One raised by me, in 1828, from the
Waterloo, is now 5 ft. 10 in. high, and the stem within 3 ft. from the ground
is 3i in. in circumference. One branch contains eighty-five bunches of
flowers, all out at the same tune, and another nearly as many. — A Sub-
scriber. Northampton, Sept. 1831.

The Esperione Grape. — This grape, which Mr. Plimley has found
reason to believe the same as the black muscadine (see, however, p. G88.),
has arrived at a very high degree of perfection, in the open air, in the forcingT
grounds at Kensington Gardens. One plant, on an eastern aspect, has a
most abundant crop, perfcctlv ripened. INL". Plimley strongly recommends

X X 3

678 Domestic Notices : — EiiglanJ.

tlAs grape for culture against dwelling-houses, on cottiige roofs, or against
common walls, either for eating or making wine. No variety is more hardy,
or a greater bearer. The grizzly Frontignac has also ripened with Mr. Plim-
ley on a south wall. We regret, for Mr. Plimley's sake, to observe the
ruinous state of the forcing-houses and pits in this garden ; but let us
hope for better times. — Cond.

Prolific Peach Trees. — Four peach trees, in the Rev. W. Wharton's
garden, at Gilling, near Richmond, Yorkshire, under the care of Mr. Bain-
bridge, produced this year upwards of one hundred dozen of fine well-
swelled peaches. {Country Times, Oct. 3. 1831.)

Prolific Fig Tree. — One hundred and twelve dozen of ripe figs, of the
blue Ischia variety, were gathered this season from a tree in the garden of
Lord Say and Sele, at Belvidere, in Kent. — W. P. Kensington, Oct. 1831.

French Crab Apple. — Some fruit of crop 1830 have been sent us by
the Misses Perry of Stroud House, this 5th of October, as fresh and plump
as when gathered from the tree twelve months ago. They were preserved
in dry fern packed in a box. — Cond.

Heaviest Gooseberries in Lancashire in 1831. — In p. 226. you have
given an account of the heaviest gooseberries grown in 1830. I now send
you an account of the heaviest grown in 1831. I have selected four of
the heaviest in each colour.

Peds, The Lion, 27 dwts. 6 grs. j Squire Hammond, 26 dwts. 6 grs. ;
Royal George, 26 dwts. 21 grs. ; Young Wonderful, 26 dwts. 1 gr.

Yellows. The Leader, 26 dwts. 17 grs. ( This berry made its first appear-
ance in 1826, and was raised by Mr. W. Piggott of Congleton ; it weighed
14 dwts. 12 grs. It weighed, in 1827, 16 dwts. 18 grs.; in 1829, 22 dwts.
17 grs. ; in 1830, 24- dwts. 18 grs.) Teazer, 24 dwts. 15 grs.; Gunner, 23 dwts.
14 grs. ; Rockwood, 22 dwts. 11 grs.

Greens. The Peacock, 23 dwts. 15 grs.; Providence, 22 dwts. ; Angler,
19 dwts. 21 grs. ; Favourite, 19 dwts. 6 grs.

Whites. The Eagle, 25 dwts. 18 grs.; Ostrich, 22 dwts ; Delamere,
22 dwts. 6 grs,; and Fleur de Lis, 21 dwts. 6 grs.

There are nine new seedlings of reds, two of yellows, five of greens, and
six of whites coming out this year. The advantage that may be derived
from publishing the above list is, that it may be seen which is the leading
sort each year. The following are the sorts which I have added to my col-
lection this year ; viz, the Squire Hammond, r ; Teazer, y ; Leader, y ;
Peacock, g; Providence, g ; Ostrich, w; Fleur de Lis, iv ; being the leading
sorts. — M. Saul. Sulyard Street, Lancaster, Oct. 1831.

Extraordinarily large Caulifiower. — In the beginning of April, 1830, I
sowed the seeds, and in the last week in May 1 transplanted the plants ; some
into rather light soil, others into pure rotten dung and clay. It is to one
from the latter I particularly allude. Though the whole of the latter were
a good crop, the former clubbed exceedingly, and scarcely flowered. The
dimensions of this plant were as follows : — Circumference, 1 yard, 2 in.
and nearly 15 in. in diameter; and, when fit for dressing, it weighed 9^ lbs.
The size of this plant I attribute to nothing but the soil, as the treatment
I adopted was nothing out of the common. lam. Sir, yours, &c. —
T. Lloyd. Gardener to H. S. Montague, Esq., Thurlow Lodge, Larkhall
Lane, Clapham, June 2, 1831.

Large Onion. — One grown in the garden of Mr. Morgan of Oswestry
was drawn last week, measuring upwards of 19 in. in circumference, and
weighing 3 lbs. 1 oz. In the same garden a small quantity of Cobbett's
corn has ripened ; and six or seven heads, each weighing from 3 to 6 oz.,
are found on each stalk. {Cambrian, Oct. 1. 1831.)

Large Beet. — A root of red beet was taken up in a gentleman's garden,
near Carlisle, a few days ago, which weighed 9J lbs., and measured upwards
of 19 in. in circumference. {Country Times, Sept. 5.)

Domestic Notices : — Scotland,

679

Large Turnip. — A white turnip, weighing 9 lbs. 6 oz., and measuring
2 ft. 7 in. in girth, was gathered by Mr. William Shaw, gardener, from the
garden of Mr. Youle, in the Fishpond. {Nottingham Review, Aug. 1831.)

SCOTLAND.

Places in the Neighbourhood of St. Andrew's. — The Priory. Sir, I now send
you the plan of the'Priory garden(/g.l 19.),'which I promised you in my last,

n HoUhouses and green-houses. b. Mansion-house. c. Stables and coach-yard.

rf, Pleasure-ground. c. Melon-pit. /, g. Cropping ground. h. Cathedral

wall. i. Flower-border. k. Shrubberies. /, Gravel walks.

but I must say it is with reluctance, as I think you will at once pronounce
it unworthy of a place in the Gardener's Magazine. However, you must
exercise your own discretion as to that, as I send it to you as it really is, with
the exception of c?, which is now all trees, but which is proposed to be
altered as represented. This garden is situated at the east end of the
South Street of St. Andrew's, in that part of the Priory called the Cloister.
A fine view of the bay of St. Andrew's, as well as of the adjacent country,
is obtamed from the mansion-house. The garden was made about twenty-
four years ago, and, as you will perceive, is small and contracted, although
I believe it impossible to alter it to any advantage. The whole occupies a

XX 4-

680 Doniestic Notices : — Scotland^

space of about li acre, Scotch measure ; the soil is of a light black
nature, on a sandy subsoil. The northern part of it is quite level, and is
divided from the southern by a wall and hedge, the surface of which is of a
considerable height, and forms a kind of terrace, from which a fine view of
the ruins of the cathedral, tower, &c., is obtained. There are two very
good vine-houses, each 27 ft. by 20 ft., containing several sorts of grapes of
the smaller kinds, the Black Hamburgh being the only large and late gi'ape
in both houses, which shows a great want of judgment in those who selected
them : neither has a border been prepared for the roots, which are left to
grow in the natural soil of the garden, though it is far too light for the
vine, and consequently neither the berries nor the bunches of any of the
sorts attain their ordinary size. There is also a small green-house, situated
between the two vine-houses, which contains a good collection of plants,
consisting of amaryliis, eucomis, leucodendrons, magnolias, neriums, ca-
mellias, myrtles, richardias, pelargoniums, &c. A fine specimen of Passi-
fldra caerulea is growing in a corner of the house, the stem of which
measures Sin. in circumference at the base. This is a badly constructed
green-house, and plants are with great difficulty preserved in it through the
winter months. There is also a melon-pit placed about the centre of the
northern garden, without any thing to screen it from the winds (which are
very severe in the spring months from off the sea), and without any means
of heating it after the bed is made ; while, to make bad worse, the mansion-
house shades it till the month of April. The wall trees are trained in the
horizontal and fan manners, and consist chiefly of pears, mixed with a few
peaches and apricots, &c. The shrubbery is wholly composed of deciduous
trees and shrubs, and has a very bare appearance in winter. The fruit-tree
border is taken up with herbaceous and bulbous plants, roses, and some
fine specimens of Z/aurus nobilis. The weeds in this garden have been
allowed to seed for several years, consequently they come up in great
numbers, and it will take many years before the seed can be all got out
of the ground again. I can but just say I keep it at the economic point.
Few gardens can boast of such a venerable-looking wall as this, and I have
made an attempt to show it at the top of the plan. This is the south side
of the cathedral, once a magnificent edifice, but of which this wall and
three towers only now remain ; two of these are on the east gable (which is
still entire), and one on the west. The towers were each one hundred feet
high, and, when the cathedral was entire, rose considerably above the roof.
In the wall are ten windows, six of which (namely, those towards the
west) are pointed Gothic, and the other four Saxon Gothic. The style of
building on the west gable is nmch more rich and ornamented than on the
east, and the turret still remaining on that side is very superior in the
richness of its workmanship. Hoping soon to have something more to
communicate, I remain yours, &c. — William Smith, Gardener to John
Small, Esq. St. Andrew^ s. May ]2. 1831.

The Priory, near St. Andrew's, according to Mr. Ciniickshanks, is a neat
little place, situated between the town and the sea, and immediately attached
to the town. It is the seat of Lyon Campbell, Esq., but is at present let
to .John Small, Esq.; Mr. Campbell being a young man lately come of age,
and not having as yet taken possession of the place. It was very taste-
fully laid out by Mr. Campbell's father (the late General Campbell), and,
being limited in extent, consists principally of pleasure-grounds. However,
there is a snsall kitchen-garden, and one of the old walls of the cathedral,
still standing, forms its north wall ; against which there are two very good
vineries, with a small green-house between them; There is also a range of
melon-pits, built with stone, and without any linings.

St. Leonard's is almost adjoining the Priori It was lately purchased
by Major Playfair, and is a fine old place, but has been much out of order

Domestic Notices : — Scotland. 681

for eorae rime back ; there are two old vineries which are greatly out of
repair. Mr. Henderson, who is now nurseryman at Brechin, was some
time gardener there with Colonel Duncan ; at which time it was kept in
the best order. There is a small stream of water which, runs through the
garden in front of the forcing-houses, with sloping grass banks, and looks
very well in summer.

Abbei; Park is still in the suburbs of St. Andrew's, and is the seat of
Colonel Glass. There are between two and three acres of garden ground,
in which there are three forcing-houses, a green-house, and a range of
melon-pits ; the sashes of the pits are of cast iron, and in other respects
they are the same as those at the Priory. I have seen regularly as good
crops of grapes there as at any place in this quarter, under the management
of Mr. W. Fletcher, who has been gardener there for a long period.

Denbrae, the seat of David Wemyss, Esq., lies about two or three miles
south-west from St. Andrew's. The house and garden are both new, at
least they are not more than sixteen or eighteen years old; and the garden is
placed in a very romantic situation, being on the south slope of a very
steep bank. A terrace-wall runs through the middle of the garden, from
east to west, on which are some very good peach trees that generally
are made to bear good crops by being covered with Osnaburgh [canvass],
screens v/hen in flower ; the screens letting up and down with great ease by
pulleys placed in a frame. This wall is 18 ft. high from the lower side,
though it only forms a parapet wall of about 3 ft. high for the upper gar-
den. This place was planned by Mr. E. Sang of Kirkaldy ; and Mr. John
M'Leod has been gardener there since it was first made. There are some
fine thriving 3oung plantations along the Den on both sides of the garden.

JSLount jMelville lies to the south of Denbrae, and is the seat of John
White Melville, Esq. The place was formerly called Craigton. When
Mr. Melville came of age, he built a handsome addition to the mansion-
house, and greatly embellished the pleasure-grounds. These alterations
were mostly done under the superintendence of the late Mr. John Nicol,
gardener, who died there in 1824. There is a very good new garden going
on at present, in which it is intended to have five or six divisions of forcing-
houses ; and there are two good pine-pits, put up some years ago in the
frame-ground to the north of the garden, though the}' are on the old plan.
The soil at Mount Melville, as well as at Denbrae, is a strong clay. A field
lies between the garden and the house, with an easy inclination to the
south, which it has been proposed to make into a flower-garden, and to
iiave a conservatory in the middle of. This place has, i)eyond all dispute,
the finest pleasure-ground in all the neighbourhood; and on laying out the
ground after the house was finished, there being a large tree or two wanted
in the lawn to produce a good effect, Mr. Nicol determined on trying to
transplant a very large one. For this purpose he had a sledge made, and
prepared a large sycamore with a very bushy head, which he fixed safely
into the place intended for it, and thus produced the desired effect at once,
the experiment being attended with complete success.

Stratlili/rum, the seat of Mrs. Cheape, is situated about a mile from
St. Andrew's, on the left side of the road to Cupar in Fifeshire. At the
death of Mrs. Cheape, it falls to George Cheape, Esq., of Welfield, her
brother-in-law. It is a well kept place, and a pleasant residence in sununer.
There are about 120 acres of ground, enclosed by a wall from 8 to Oft.
high, and about 2 acres in the kitchen-garden; with two good old vineries,
repaired in 1822; one peach-house, put up in 1824'; and a range of
Alderstone melon-pits {Encyc. of Gard., § 1549.), put up in 1828. The
soil is very lig'it and sandy, and it is even said that the sea flowed over
the very spot not more than ninety years ago : however, with plenty of
manure, very good crops are raised from it. In 1826 there was a small

682 Domestic Notices : — Ireland.

flower-garden made, and a good green-house erected in it; the whole
being enclosed with a very light, neat, and substantial iron railing. This
place commands a fine view of the German Ocean from the house, as also
of the coast of Angusshire, and the ruins of the cathedral of St. Andrew's.
I was four years gardener there ; and some plants pf Acacia armata, A. lon-
gifolia, and A. lophantha, which I planted in April, 1826, in two small con-
servatory plots in the green-house, were up to the ridge-board of the house,
which was glass all round, and l^i ft. high in 1828, and completely covered
the whole with their fine yellow flowers, particularly A. armata and A. lon-
gifolia : they were between 3 and 4 ft. high when I had them from Dickson
and Co.'s nursery, Leith Walk. — James Cruickshanks, North Berwick Lodge,
May 6. 1831.

Lime-tvater for destroying Worms. — The use of lime-water for destroying
worms was lately discovered, in a garden near Edinburgh, by the overflow-
ing of a brook strongly impregnated with alkali from the refuse lime of the
gas-works. Wherever the soil of the garden was reached by this water,
it threw up myriads of worms, which never returned again to their holes. —
(Scotsman, Oct. 5. 1831.)

Large Onion. — An onion, weighing 1 lb. 5 oz. and measuring 16J in. in
circumference, was lately pulled by Mr. William Ramsay, market-gardener,
Chancelot, near Edinburgh. {Scotsman, Oct. 5. 1831.)

Rhubarb. — The culture of tart rhubarb has increased so rapidly about
Edinburgh, that one grower for the market, who a few years ago found
great difficulty in selling forty or fifty dozens of bunches of stalks in a
morning, now sells from three to four hundred dozens of bunches. The
common price of tart rhubarb in the Edinburgh market is 2d. a bunch of a
dozen stalks, while in Glasgow the same quantity brings 3rf. (Scotsman,
May 14.)

IRELAND.

The Arboricultural Society beg leave to call attention to the following
statement : — They have reduced the annual subscription to one guinea,
and the life subscription to ten guineas, which they hope will not be con-
sidered too much to ask from any person at all interested in the improve-
ment of Ireland, for the support of even an experiment, which has been
honoured with so respectable a patronage ; but they can hardly call that
an experiment which has succeeded in other countries. Since the opening
of the office in March last, there has been abundant proof received of the
advantages which might be derived from the exertions of the Society,
should they be enabled to continue them. Surely no one will deny the
importance of aflTording to the cultivator of wood the same advantages
which the agriculturist has derived from the establishment of similar insti-
tutions ; enabling him to collect facts and the results of experiments, and
then deduce general principles, by which some degree of certainty may be
attained, as to the means of reaping the greatest profit from the smallest
outlay, and to diffiise, as widely as possible, the result of such scientific
enquiries. (Signed, C. W. Hamilton, Hon. Sec. 90. Abbey Street, Dublin.)

GentlemerC s Seats in the County of Waterford. — The finest residence in
this county is Curraghmore, the beautiful seat of the Marquess of Waterford
(about 10 miles from the city) ; the demesne is of great extent, and not
surpassed,if equalled, by any in Ireland, in natural beauties and high keeping.
The gardens, which are also extensive (12 acres), are now being improved
and renovated by the very clever gardener, Mr. Alexander Johnstone.

Mount Congreve, the seat of John Congreve, Esq., is also well worth
noting. The house is finely situated on the river Suir; the gardens are
respectable, and have a fine range of glass.

In the west of the county, towards Lismore, are some fine places, par-

Domestie Notices : — Ireland. 683

ticularly Dromana, the seat of Henry Villiers Stuart, Esq. M.P. Ballysag-
gart, the seat of Arthur Keily, Esq. ; Glencairn Abbey, the seat of Henry
A. Bushe, Esq. ; and Lismore Castle, which, with vast estates in this county,
is the property of the Duke of Devonshire. This magnificent castle (now
occupied by His Grace's agent) stands on a rock overhanging the beau-
tiful river Blackwater; it was some years since greatly improved and
repaired by its noble proprietor, and is justly celebrated as one of the
greatest ornaments to this part of the kingdom. Kihnanahan Castle, the
residence of Colonel Greene, near the borders of the county Tijjperar}',
is well worth mentioning, as are a great many others in different parts of
the county ; but, as I believe you only wish to know the principal ones,
those I have enumerated may suffice. There is an extensive nursery in
Waterford by Fennessv and Son. I am. Sir, yours, &c. — Waterfordiensis.
Waterford, Bee. 28. 1830.

Temperature at Kdkenny. — The winter here has, as usual, been much
milder than yours; the lowest degree of Fahrenheit was, on the 31st of
January, 21°. I perceive that on the same day, near London, it was 17°;
and on the 3d of February, 10°. The Photinia serruliita and Pittosporum
Tobira have been much injured in the tops; while the O'lea excelsa, in the
same situation, is not in the smallest degree affected. — J. R. Kilkenny,
Mareh, 1831.

Large Cockscombs. — Sir, In your Magazine (Vol. IV. p. 351.), I find a
description of a very fine specimen of the Celosia, grown at E. Everard,
Esq.'s, Middleton, Norfolk, by Mr. Howes. Its dimensions appear, in a
corrected account of the flower in Vol. V. p. 98., to be as follows : — From
the mould to the top of the flower, 19 in. ; length of the crest, 22 in. ; and
breadth of the crest, 10^ in. The description, I confess, surprised as well
as pleased me, as I had about four dozen in progress ; and from the method
I had adopted in their cultivation, I flattered myself that some of them
might, perhaps, come near the one described. My expectations have been
fully realised; and, out of about two dozen, I could scarcely make a selec-
tion as to superiority. I however pitched on one, which I presented to a
gentleman who devotes much of his time to horticultural pursuits, and
whose letter, annexed, acknowledges the receipt thereof. The dimensions
of this flower are : — From the mould to the summit of the crest, 22 in. ;
length of the crest of the flower, 23 in. ; and breadth of the crest, 1 1 in. : all
the dimensions taken without straining the flower in the least. The convo-
lutions of the flower were as compact as any I have seen of a smaller
description, and the colour was of the richest deep crimson. From the
progressive improvements I have made annually in this species, under a
peculiar mode of treatment, I have little doubt that I shall be enabled here-
after to communicate further progress ; which, if I succeed, I shall not fail
to do, as well as to state my mode of treatment. [We shall be happy to
receive these statements.] I am, Sir, yours, &c. — John Hat/croft. I)one-
raile,Aug. 28. 1831.

The letter alluded to is as follows : —

" Cork, Aug. 24. 1831.
" Sir, — I thank you for the splendid specimen of the Celosia, or cocks-
comb, you were so kind as to send me : it far surpasses any thing of the
kind I ever saw, not only in size but in the perfection of the flower. I find,
on measuring it, that it is very nearly 2 ft. in length, and over 1 1 in. in
breadth ; height from the earth to the top of the flower, 23 in.
" I am. Sir, yours, &c.

" J. Dillon Croker.
" To Mr. John Haycrojt, DoneraileP

684 Calls at th^ Nurseries

Art. IV. Calls at the Nurseries and Suburban Gardens.

As soon as the afflicting circumstance which recalled us suddenly from
our tour would permit, we began to visit the principal London nurseries
and suburban gardens, to see if any thing remarkable had taken place
during our five months' absence. We cannot say that we found nuich
change. Kewley's mode of heating by hot water is spreading rapidly.
The mowing-machine (noticed p. 611.) will be found, when known,
an important accession to garden implements. In almost every nursery
the "eorginas are splendid to a degree never before observed since the

Elant was mtroduced. The finest display we saw, we think, was in
)ennis's New Nursery, King's Road ; at Messrs. Rollisson's, Tooting ;
and at the Epsom Nui'sery. We were rather disappointed in finding many
of the autumn species of aster prematurely in bloom, and even beginning
to decay ; the cause being the uncommon mOdness of the autumn. With-
out the georginas, there would have been few flowers in the open air this
November, because the chrysanthemum, which has succeeded so ill out of
doors during the last three or four seasons, has now ceased to be much
planted or cared for. The best collections in pots appeared to us to be
those of Mr. Lee and Mr. Henderson.

With respect to house plants, we found those of the green-house de-
cidedly better grown than usual ; from the same cause, the past season. The
winter-flowering heaths are coming finely into bloom, and the camellias
are covered with blossom buds, which, in the white and some other sorts,
are beginning to expand into flowers. The frequent rains during October
have been favourable to the production of weeds ; and this circumstance,
with the others attendant on the approach of winter, prevents gardens,
even under the best management, from displaying that high order and keep-
in" which they do in the beginning of summer. Upon the whole, how-
ever, the keeping of the London nurseries this autumn may be designated
as hi<i-hly respectable. Garden seeds, with the exception of peas and onions,
have ripened well this season. The young wood of fruit and timber trees
and shrubs is also plump and mature ; and we never saw the nurseries
better stocked with saleable articles of every kind.

Hanow Road Nursery. — Oct. 20. This new establishment displays a
good dwelling-house and two spacious green-houses, one at each end ; the
gable ends to the road, and the fronts to the east and west. The greater
part of the grounds is now covered with dwarf georginas in the very height
of their beauty.

Wcsthournc Green Nursery. — Oct. 20. This also is a new establishment,
combining a tea-garden, a labyrinth of hornbeam hedges, and a good col-
lection of pelargoniums.

The Enhmn Nursery, Mr. Russell. — Oct. 22. A splendid display of
georginas, with some phloxes, asters, liatrises, and other autumnal flowers ;
the whole in good order.

Tooting Nursery, Messrs. RoUisson. — Oct. 22. The display of georginas
is finer than has ever been known. The salvias are also very fine, particu-
larly S. (Trahami. Part of a wall is covered with Ipomoe'acocciuea, nailed
close to the wall, in order that it may ripen its seeds. A^tatice sinuata, an
old neglected plant, is very finely in bloom. O'xalis Bowm, one of the
finest species of the genus, and also several other very ornamental species,
are in flower in a narrow border close under the front glass of a green-
house. In the stove, Cypripedium insigne has eleven flowers, all expanded,
and is a very splendid specimen. Messrs. RoUisson are attempting to
flower Pontederk crassipes by growing it out of the water in moist soil.
The heaths and other green-house plants are newly replaced under glass,
and the former are about to be repotted, the soil being supposed to be a

and Suburban Gardens.

685

good deal exhausted by the summer sun and rains. The
most perfect order and neatness reign as usual in the
green-house. A description of tally not in general use has
been lately adopted here. The plate on which the name is
written is of wood, SJin, long, liin. broad, and about a
quarter of an inch thick. In this a piece of wire or iron
rod, about three sixteenths of an inch thick, is inserted as
120 a shank; and, while the board is painted white, the shank

is black, (fg. 120.) They are perhaps rather clumsy,
especially for plants in pots, but the writing will be more
durable than on metallic tallies.

lYie Epsom Nursery, Messrs. Young. — Oct. 22, The
georginas here, as every where, are splendid beyond all
former example. Jnagyris Indica JVaL, Piptanthus nepa-
lensis Swt. (Thermopsis /aburnifolia D. Don), is covered
with ripe seeds, like a common laburnum ; and it will not
be the fault of the plant, or of Messrs. Young, if the one tree is not soon as
common as the other: it ought to be on every lawn. Our countr}' readers
will be happy to learn that we have engaged our esteemed correspondent
Alpha to resume his lists, which, notwithstanding the senseless venom of
Aristides (Vol. VI. p. 357.), we found, during our late tour, highly valued
in every part of the country where they were mentioned : indeed, some of
the principal botanical nurserymen and amateur collectors, such as Messrs.
Pope, Dicksons of Chester, Skirving, Smith and Sons, Goldie, Mr. Wood-
house of Crosslee Cottage, and many others, told us that they had been in
the habit of considering them among the most valuable parts of the Mao-a-
zine. We might notice many things that we saw here, if we had time and
room ; but we trust every thing to Alpha, who will do it better than we
can. One point is worth hinting at, viz. a plan for rendering ixias and
many other Cape bulbs available as common border flowers, and of as easy
culture as crocuses.

WcstlancTs Nursery, Dorking. — Oct, 23. The georginas here are beauti-
fully arranged along a border, against a high hornbeam hedge ; the tallest
sorts being in a row next the hedge, and the dwarfer in regular gradation
to the front. This mode, and that of forming circular masses with the
highest sorts in the centre and the lowest at the edges, are undoubtedly the
best for making a splendid display in a mass, as a single row along a walk
is the best for displaying individual beauty. Mr. Westland has lately heated
two hot-houses by hot water in Kewley's manner; and we must do him the
justice to say that he is almost the only person we have met with who
thoroughly and clearly understantis the advantages which Kewley's system
has over all the other modes of heating, viz. the rapidity of motion in the
water, and the extraction and delivery to the house of the greatest quan-
tity of heat from a given quantity of fuel. On the latter point we have
already spoken (Vol. VI. p. 377.). Mr. Westland was convinced of the
saving of heat, by finding that the temperature of the water was never raised
high enough to generate steam ; and, in short, that he could always bear his
naked hand in it without the slightest inconvenience ; consequently, that the
smoke and heated air which passed into the atmosphere by the chimney
top never required to be so hot, and therefore could not carry off so much
heat as when the water was either boiling or very nearly so. To convince
himself of the greater rapidity of the motion of the water by Kewley's
mode, he had two tin models made {Jig. 121. a b). Each model consisted
of a round tin vessel (c d), in imitation of the boiler. For the one he had
made a siphon of tinned iron tube of several feet in length (e), and, for the
other, two tubes of the same size and length, for heating the water on a
perfect level (/). He next took out the siphon (<?), reversed it, and
filled it with cold water, stopping tlie two orifices with corks. The tube

686 Calls at the Nurseries

f, which was calculated to hold exactly the same quantity of water, was
filled and corked in like manner. Arrangements being then made for two

121

y

2)

/

persons to take out the four corks at the same instant of time, both vessels
were filled with water at a temperature of 150° at the same moment, and
the four corks were immediately taken out ; Mr. Westland standing at g,
with one hand on e, and the other on/. The heat arrived nuich sooner at
e than at /, and continued hotter for a greater length of time. The cir-
culation of both apparatus was allowed to go on till the water in both
vessels was cooled down to 60°, and it was found that the water in e was
much sooner cooled down to that temperature than the water in rf; we
shall not say how much sooner, because we wish this experiment to be
tried by Messrs. Cottam, Messrs. Walker, Messrs. Bailey, Mr. John Jones
of Birmingham, and other tradesmen, that are in the habit of heating by
hot water according to the ordinary modes. Mr. Westland having thus
convinced himself that Mr. Kewley's mode was superior to all others
hitherto brought into notice, in the two respects above mentioned, had only
to ascertain whether it was practicable to make the joints of the siphon
water-tight at a moderate expense, and to draw off' the air which neces-
sarily generates in the water, and rises to the highest point in the tubes.
The first point he was assured of by Mr. Kewley, who employs a cement
in general use among ironmongers j but the composition is mixed up by
them in proportions which very shortly give way, and leave a leaky joint.
The second point, it is well known to all who have seen Mr. Kewley's
apparatus, as put up at Mr. Colvill's, is effected in the most complete
manner by an air-pump. As to the expense of Mr. Kewley's system, the
general price is 7*. per foot of pipe, which includes the boiler, air-pump,
carriage, putting up, and all other expenses whatever. In extra-cases, 8*.
per foot is charged, but seldom or never more. Perhaps it may be thought
that we have some interest in recommending Mr. Kewley's mode of heat-
ing. Quite the contrary. We have been on terms of friendship with Mr.
Kewley for a dozen years past, and we know it to be his policy to keep all
his plans as much a secret as possible. We have given this notice of his
mode at the risk of giving him offence, simply because we conceive it to be
our duty, as Conductor of the Gardener's Magazine, to make our readers
fully aware of the advantages of that plan which we consider to be the
best. Let no one, however, attempt Kewley's plan who cannot make
water-tight joints. (See p. 376., and Vol. V. p. 543.)

Sprateley's Nursery, and Bradley's Nursery, both at Dorhing, are worth
looking at ; and they add to the beauty and interest of this most delightful
neighbourhood.

Goldworth Nursery, Mr. Donald, — Oct. 24. The arboretum is doing
well : there have been very iew deaths ; and, considering that many of the
plants were put in the ground in May, they have made surprising shoots.
The changing colour of the foliage of the American oaks, particularly
aquatica, palustris, and tinctoria, is now rich and beautiful in an extreme
degree. In another half century, such colours will be common in all our
plantations. For autumnal colour the oak is beyond all other trees. No
gentleman ought to plant fewer than thirty species, even if he should send to
America for them ; but Mr. Donald will soon have more than this number

and Suburban Gardens. 687

of sorts budded or grafted on the common oak. We trust that Mr. Donald's
friends and ours, in every part of the countrj', will send to Mr. Donald what-
ever species or varieties they may have which they think will add to the
value of his collection ; and we are sure that they will not find him tardy
or niggardly in making a return.

The Addlestone Nursery, Mr. Cree. — Oct. 27. Every thing here is as
neat and orderly as usual, and the georginas are not less splendid than they
are in the other nurseries which we have seen. Cactus Opuntia, which had
suffered during last winter, has recovered its vigour in this its thirty-second
summer. The roots of all the species of FuchsM in the same border, which
passed the winter under the protection of some fern leaves, have sent up
shoots in the course of the summer, which are now covered with flowers.

The Hammersviith Nursery, Messrs. Lee. — Oct. 29. The show of chry-
santhemums is here superior to what we have elsewhere seen this season.
The plants are from cuttings struck in very small pots in the beginning of
June, and afterwards shifted repeatedly in the manner of balsams, and kept
in a sunny exposed situation in the open air till the beginning of October,
when they were housed. They now form short stocky plants, of a single
stem each, covered with leaves, and dividing, at from 6 in. to 10 in. from
the surface of the pot, into three branches of flowers, which are now begin-
ning to expand. The collection includes fortj-five varieties.

The Chisivick Garden. — The trees in the arboretum are shedding their
leaves, with very little discoloration to what takes place in dry autumns.
Among the exotics which have stood the winter with slight protection is a
very fine plant of Acacia dealbata ? which has made shoots 6 ft. long. There
has been a very poor crop of every description of fruit, and there are
scarcely any apples, and very few pears, in the fruit room. A quantity of
tobacco stalks are drying, to be used in the form of powder, and dusted on
the leaves of peach trees in the open air after watering. This Mr. Thompson
considers by far the best manner of applying tobacco to the leaves of trees.
The particles adhere for several days, and with every dewy evening or
slight shower give out part of their juice. The en quenouille pear trees
are beautifully covered with shoots full of blossom buds. The peach tree
trained as a specimen of Seymour's method (Vols. I. p. 128., II. p. 295.,
VI. p. 436.) already covers a space 30 ft. in length. Mr. Thompson, as we
have before observed, considers this mode decidedly the best for peaches
and nectarines, and we are therefore very desirous of repeating our recom-
mendations of it. It is the only decidedly scientific method that has ever
been proposed, because there is a specific reason for the position of every
branch and shoot of which the tree may consist. Unfortunately this speci-
men peach tree is on a peach stock, so that it will not last very long.
Almond stocks last longer, but plum stocks longest.

Botanic Garden, Kew. — The present king has given directions for enlarg-
ing the arboretum, by the addition of several acres hitherto connected with
the private garden of the palace, but which will in future be thrown open
to the public, and sprinkled over with additional species. It is highly gra-
tifying to us thus to find that our excellent king is as good a gardener
as he is a magistrate. We wish he would order two or three acres to be
covered with span roofs, like those of Whitbread's brewery, but with glass
instead of tiles, and thus show his subjects what palms are capable of
becoming when they have room. A considerable addition to the Australian
plants has lately been brought home in excellent condition by Mr. Cunning-
ham. Among these is a shrub or tree evidently belonging to Aurantiae,
and another which may probably turn out a Quercus. One of the Legu-
minosae, named *Castanospermum australe, has a fruit remarkably like a
chestnut, which is eaten by the natives, and forms one of the very few
edible fruits Turnished by nature in a part of the world where in the open
air, and with common culture, are produced the fruits of every other

688 Calls at the Nurseries

«•

region. But we shall have more to say on this subject, when we review*
the last number of Dr. Hooker's Botanical Miscellany. Among innu-
merable curious and interesting plants, we shall only notice the fine
specimen of Banksk repens, which Labillardiere took for a fern, as
did Linnaeus the Jcacia decipiens. The slightest knowledge of the anato-
mical difference between the Dicotyledoneae and the Acotyledoneas, such
as any person, even though he may never have seen a plant before, may
attain in five minutes, would have prevented such mistakes ; but science
had not advanced so far in the days of these great men. There are here
two plants, 4 ft. high, of the St. Vincent bread-fruit tree. Mr. Smith finds
this variety much hardier than that from Trinidad. From the latter island
he has had many plants, but has never been able to keep one of them for
any length of time ; from the former he has had only the two now in the gar-
dens, which are both growing vigorously. The collection of ferns is here
greatly increased, Mr. Smith having been very successful in raising plants from
the seeds of dried specimens. There is not a better class for a small hot-
house, not over light, and where much attention cannot be paid to the
plants, than ferns ; because, with very little heat and care, and a good deal
of water, which lady gardeners are generally very fond of supplying their
plants with, they will look green and well all tiie year. Among various
exotic plants, the hardiness of which has been j)roved during the last
winter, the aromatic ones, it appears, are found to suffer most from the
cold. This may afford a hint in attempting to acclimatise. For the last
seven years it has been observed that the number of master gardeners from
Scotland who have yearly visited Kew Gardens has been gradually increas-
ing ; a favourable symptom, as nothing contributes more to a man's own
improvement than seeing the improvements of his neighbours.

Kitchen-Garden, Kew. — We did not find Mr. Gotlfrey at home; but his
foreman, Mr. Anderson, showed us every part of the garden, all of which
we found in a good state. As it appeared to us, the fruit tree borders
are more severely cropped than they were in 1827, when we last saw
them. There is still, however, a space of 6 ft. kept between the wall and
the crops; but this, with due submission, we do not think above half
enough. The vines in the pinery are matted up, as hinted at p. 539.
Grapes were cut here last year in the last week of March. Cucumbers in
one pine stove are now fit to cut, and a succession will continue during
winter and spring.

Fulham Nursei-y, Messrs. Whitley, Brames, and Milne. — J'rbutus procera,
a very handsome Nepal species, Mr. Milne expects to be quite hardy ;
A. hjbrida, a very handsome species, most prolific in flowers (see Vol. V.
p. 660.), he finds decidedly hardier than either of its parents, A. C/^nedo and
A. Jndrachne. Handsome young plants of several rare species of Pinus
and^^bies raised from cuttings. Seedlings of Juniperus excelsa. A large
stock oi Ribes sanguineum, plants from 2 ft. to 4 ft. high. Gaura biennis,
an old plant, at present rather neglected, now finely in flower, and on that
account valuable ; also Tigridia conchiflora.

The Haverstock Nursery, Mr. Money. — Oct. 30. Tasted the fruit of
Money's early Muscat grape, grown on the open wall, and found it as
good as it was last year, or better : Mi-. Money has above 150 plants
for sale. Tasted a large, new, black seedling, which has fruited this year
for the first time, and is likely to be a most valuable addition to the
grapery. Money's West's St. Peter, large and excellent as before. Very
large crops of the Esperione on standards in the open air, and the same of
the black Muscadine, which on tasting we found to be quite distinct sorts.
(See p. 677.) The leaves of the claret and of the port-wine grape very
deep red coloured and rich. Mr. Money's Tokay grape has very small
berries, and is quite distinct from the grape of that name which we saw
in the vineries of the west of Scotland, and which was probably a variety

and Subuiban GidJois. G89

of white Muscat. Took a bunch of a remarkably high-flavoured, small,
black berried grape, from the open wall of our own garden, to Mr. Money,
to ascertain its name, and found it the Zante muscat. We purchased
the plant for the black Hamburg, from a nursery where there were at
that time no regular stock plants from which to take cuttings.

StanJio2}e Nurseri/, Mr. Ramsay. — Oct.3\. This is a new establish-
ment, forming in a very complete and scientific manner by Mr. Ramsay,
who has had much experience in laying out gardens and grounds, and
who has the care of some of the principal squares in the metropolis, as
well as of various departments connected with the Office of Woods and
Forests. When the working- sheds, green-houses, shops, and dwelling-house,
now in progress, are completed, we hope to be able to give a plan of them.
We regret that we did not sooner become acquainted with IMr. Ham-
say, who is an enlightened, liberal, and generous-minded man. He
has a scheme in contemplation for a Gardener's Benefit Society, which,
if carried into execution, will effect a most important service for the
profession. Mr. Ramsay has lately extended his nursery, by taking the
ground at Old Brompton formerly in the possession of the celebrated
Mr. Curtis. He is forming a species of representative system, to embrace
only those trees, shrubs, and plants which will serve as ornaments to gar-
dens and pleasure-grounds. Esteeming Mr. Ramsay so highly as we do,
most cordially do we wish him success in all his laudable undertakings.

Gibbs^s Nursery, Old Bromptoii. — Some improvements have been made
in the arrangement of the grounds near the house, and a portion of lawn,
with a new approach road, introduced with good effect. The grasses are
taken up with a view of renewing the grass garden in a superior style,
and further alterations are in contemplation. The trained fruit trees
in this nursery are most excellent j and, as we have formerly observed,
Mr. Gibbs is a connoisseur in apples, and possesses all the new soits of
Flemish pears.

Kirke's Nursery, Old Bromj)ton. — The wall of muscadines, which, in
good seasons, produces upwards of two tons of fruit, this year had hardly
any. The leaves of the claret grape, and of the black muscadine, are
almost the only ones which have yet changed colour. It is perhaps not
generally known, that the claret grape is the only one the berries of which
produce a red juice. Mr. Kirke has long been celebrated for his collec-
tion of hardy fruit trees, more especially apples ; but of these there are,
this year, only 29 sorts which have ripened fruit. Of the best sorts, how-
ever, he has wax models ; beautifully executed by Tuson, the modeller to
the Horticultural Society.

Knighfs Exotic Niirscry, King's Road. — In the show department are
some handsome vases of artificial stone, made by Falcke of Battersea ;
the same ingenious potter, we believe, who made the stone-ware flues
formerly noticed (Vol. III. p. 480.) as in use in the Enham nursery.
The young banksias, and other fine plants raised from Mr. Baxter's seeds,
are in a most thriving state, and the foreman of the houses, Mr. Scott,
elsewhere mentioned in terms of deserved connnendation, is preparing
a descriptive list of the species not included in our Hurtus Britdnnicus
for the forthcoming Sivpplement to that work. The telopeas are vigorous
plants, and one of them is about to flower, as it has lately done in the
Epsom nursery. Mr. Scott seems remarkably successful in his treat-
ment of the iVepenthes distillatoria and Cephalotus foUicularis ; of the
latter, Mr. Knight has the only plants in the trade. A new hot-house
has lately been erected here, and heated with hot water ; but details of
this, and of various other matters, we must leave for a future notice ;
observing that Mr. Knight is fortunate in having two of the cleverest
young men we believe to be in the trade : Mr. Pringle, who gained one of
the prizes which we gave for the Essay on Cottage Gardening -see Vol.

Vol. VII. —No. 35. yy

690 Calls at the Nurseries

VI. Preface, and p. 185.), as foreman of the grounds; and Mr. Scott, just
mentioned, as foreman of tlie houses. The improved appearance of both
departments already attests the superior skill and assiduity displayed in
each. Nothing can be more neat and orderly than the houses and the
working-sheds.

Colviirs Kitrsen/. — The plants of the conservatory, having become too
large, are removed, and their places occupied by camellias in pots, many of
which are now in ilower. Among the rarities in the hot-house, such as
Barringtonw speciosa, Brownea grandiceps, several new theophrastas, &c.,
are a number of the cow tree raised from Mr. Fanning's seeds. All the
plants noticed in Vol. VI. p. 326. are dead. In the heath-house there
is a very brilliant display, chiefly of the autumn-flowering variety of E.
gracilis, colorans, Bowieo«ff, &c. In the small propagation stove Catase-
tum tridentatum, one of the most curious and beautiful of the Orchideae,
is coming into flower. In the open air are some good phloxes, among
which P. reflexa is considered one of the finest autumnal species. The
chrysanthemums here are rather too much drawn ; this family being less
profitable to nurserjinen, and consequently less cared for by them, than
formerly. Mr. Rieth, the intelligent foreman here, informed us of the
arrival of Mr. Gumming * in his owti ship from South America, with one
of the most extensive collections of natural history ever imported into
Europe.

Dennises Kew Kursery, King^s Road. — The ground for this nursery was
only taken possession of this spring, as noticed by us (p. 352.). Its plan is,
in consequence, not yet fiilly developed ; and the ground is but partially
stocked with that general collection of showy plants which INIr. Dennis
intends to cultivate here. Preparation, however, has been made for the
erection of some glass structures ; and a good many shrubs and perennial
herbaceous plants, both in and out of pots, have already been removed from
the old nursery in Grosvenor Row ; and, in the interim, the new ground has
been rendered attractive, and we hope profitable, by a copious crop of escu-
lents and showy annual flowers, both cultivated for the sake of their seeds.
We mentioned (p. .352.) that Mr Dennis then contemplated occupying more
than an acre this summer with georginas : this he has done on ground
off which he has this year taken a crop of seed-peas, principally of the
two kinds. Bishop's early dwarf and the Spanish dwarf: effecting this by
sowing the peas quite early, and subsequently planting the georginas between
the rows of growing peas, which latter had become ripe enough for removal
by the time the georginas needed staking. The georginas are now all in
bloom, and some of them, perhaps, past their best, \\niatever may be
lu-ged against double flowers for their monstrosity and unnaturalness, it is
impossible not to admii'e the gorgeous display of floral splendour (and this
in colours most esteemed for their fulness and richness) which the georginas,
seen in a mass as they are here, at this season display. Their value, too,
is not a little enhanced by the remembrance of how few are the genera, as

* We have since seen this gentleman's most astonishing collection, and
received from him a specimen of a plant discovered by Dr. Bertero, an
Itahan botanist, and friend of DecandoUe, resident in Chile, which he
has done us the honour to name Loud6n/a. We should not perhaps have
been the first to notice our own apotheosis, were it not that we are anxious
to thank Dr. Bertero for the honour he has done us, and for having chosen,
as the mecUum for conferring it, so very handsome a shrub. Loudonia
seems to belong to Leguminosae Sophora, and was found on the estate of
Palmas, eighteen miles from Valparaiso. Seeds of it have been distributed;
and we trust it will soon become a favourite in the green-houses.

and Suburban Gardens. 691

^'ster, Solidago, and Chrysanthemum, allotted to the decoration of the
declining jeai-. As new varieties of merit, we noted the following : —

Queen of the Yellows, called also ISIost Superb Yellow, Reine de Jau-
nesse ; Incomparable, with blossoms densely double and brilliantl}' scarlet ;
Dennis«, a beautiful quilled ruby ; Scarlet Ball, very fine ; Beauty of
Cheshunt, a glittering scarlet ; Scarlet Ranunculus, beautiful ; and many
other fine new kinds. From Mr. Dennis we learn that his whole stock and
collection occupy here and elsewhere about three acres ; and that the
utmost attention is paid to keeping them correct to name.

Chelsea Botanic Garden. — INIr. Anderson, in showing us his new domes-
tic hot-water system (p. 651.), remarked that he felt particularly gratified
in thinking that it might be the means of rendering the smaller class of
shopkeepers more warm and comfortable in their shops ; for, as these have
generally a fire in some room or kitchen behind, and either on a level with
the shop or below its level, agoing and returning pipe could easily be made
from it to a reserve cistern behind the counter, h.c. The house-plants here,
just set in, never looked better. Tropae'olum aduncum, the hooked, or
Canai-y-bird flower, a rai'e species, approximating closely on T. peregrinum,
is in flower. The rare and elegant T. tricoloiiun has also grown and blos-
somed most satisfactorily during the summer and autumn. Cosniea bipin-
niita, with its orbicular rosy lilac flowers, of the size of half a crown, is
highly ornamental in the green-house. In the open air, upwards of two
hundred vai'ieties of maize, supplied by Professor La Gasca, have ripened
their seeds.

The Zoological Gardens, Begeni's Pari; — X^ov. 1. These gardens have
been greatly enlarged during the summer, and several handsome new struc-
tures erected. We have seen the mowing-machine tried; and, notwith-
standing the wetness of the grass and roughness of the surface, it acted
admirably well. It is clear to us that the same machine, on a large scale,
would mow clover and rye-grass ; and, on a still lai'ger scale, cut corn.
Whether it would equal ]\Ir. Bell's, or one now constructing in the neigh-
bom-hood of Stirling, which we heard of when in Scotland, is a different
thing.

The Mary-le-hone Nursery, Begenfs Park and Kew Boad. — INIr, Jen-
kins has the thii'd best collection of chrysanthemums vrhich we have yet
seen in the nurseries. His common horse-shoe pehygoniums, owing to the
mildness of the season, and having been housed some weeks, are all in
flower ; which must weaken the plants, without producing any advantage
to the owner, as this is the worst season in all the year for the sale of such
articles. The mignonette, of which iNIr. Jenkins has in both nurseries a
very large stock, is also running into blossom too fast ; but this evil is
counteracted by pinching off the points of the shoots. A stock of excellent
pine-plants exists here.

Henderson's Xiirsery, Edge ware Boad. — Every thing here is, as usual,
in high order, and the plants admirably grown. A very fine show of heaths
in bloom, with masses of Lechenault/fl and Cr6we« maligna. An excellent
stock of flowering plants of Cereus speciosissimus, and Epiphyllum spe-
ciosum and truncatum, the latter coming into bloom. A large stock of
-Daphne hybrida, or Dauphinii, in bloom. Camellias richly covered with
buds. The chrysanthemums, seen on the 14th, well grown, and equal to
those in the Hammersmith nursery.

Allen's Xui-sery, Xeiv Ki)ig's Boad. — Xov. 3. This depot is richly sup-
plied with ornamental plants from the Bolingbroke Nursery at Battersea.
Chrysanthemums and vai-ious showy articles are nowin flower ; and a plant
ofCobje^a scandens, trained under the glass roof, is covered with seed-pods.

Chandler and Sons' Xursery, Vauxhall Boad. — The camellias never were
more profusely covered with blossom buds, and the show in spring will be
the most splendid which has vet been exhibited in this or perhaps in any
" Y Y 2

(392 Calls at the Nurseries

nurser)'. The white and striped show expanding blossoms. C. Sasaiiqua
is covered with bloom, and C. Kissi is, for the first time in this collection,
furnished with flower buds. Among the green-house plants at present in
flower, three distinct varieties of Lechenaultia formosa raised here from
seed, Crowea maligna and latifolia, iotus jacobae'us, Ackcia discolor,
Tecoma capensis, five or six species of heaths, and as many species or
varieties of Pelargonium, aie the principal. Tecoma capensis, Mr. Chandler
finds to bloom most freely in a small pot, in which the plant does not
grow above a foot high, and shows flowers for months. Acacia discolor,
from seeds ahd from 1 to 2 ft. high, produces a dozen or more spikes of
blossom on each plant, very fragrant. There is here a good collection of
chrysanthemums, some of which, in the open air against a wall, are very
splendid. Owing to the mildness of the season, i?hododendron dauricum
atrovirens is now in bloom in this and in other nurseries, and will, with the
autumn-flowering mezereon and C'ydoniajaponica, continue in flower all the
winter. i?hododendron fragrans, a hybrid resembling It. azaleoides, raised
in this nursery a few years ago, is a low shrub, much admired on account
both of its beauty and fragrance, and we are happy to observe that there
is now a good stock of plants.

Surrey Zoological Gardens. — Speaking of these gardens as such, we are,
on the whole, highly gratified with them. Their chief defect, at present, is
a want of unity in the different scenes which come successively into view ;
that is, in proceeding along the walks, the different buildings and other
objects, to the right and left, meet the eye with nearly equal claims to
attention, and rather puzzle than delight the spectator. We call this a
defect, because it may yet be remedied by planting. The object, in such a
garden, ought to be, to lead the visiter to one scene after another, and to
keep every scene so far distinct, either from that which has been just passed,
or that which is next to come, as that its full unmingled expression shall
be produced. At the same time, there ought to be just as much indicated
of the coming scene as will excite curiosity and invite the stranger to pro-
ceed. The theory on this subject has been beautifully laid down by Morel
and Girardin. The extent of the ground here is 15 acres, of which nearly
3 acres are in water. The whole is the property of one individual, Mr. Cross;
and we must say that we cannot sufficiently commend and admii-e the
prompt and spirited manner in which he has set about executing the
different buildings requisite for the animals. The London Zoological
Society has certainly the merit of taking the lead in this description of
garden ; but Mr. (^ross has not only proceeded more rapidly than they
have done, but has erected more suitable and more imposing structures
than are yet to be found in the gardens in the Regent's Park. What is
there, for example, in the latter garden which can be at all compared with the
circular glass building of 100 ft. in diameter, combining a series of examples
of tropical quadrupeds and birds, and of exotic plants ? In the plan of this
building {fig. 122. from memory), the animals (lions, tigers, leopards, &c.)
are kept in separate cages or compartments («) towards the centre ; exterior
to them is a colonnade (i), supporting the glazed roof, and also for cages of
birds ; within this colonnade will be placed hot-water pipes for heating the
whole, and beyond it is an open paved area for spectators (c); next, there is
a channel for a stream of water, intended for gold, silver and other exotic
fishes {d); and, beyond, a border, under the front wall, for climbing plants (<?),
to be trained on wires under the roof. It is singular that the elevation of
this building {fig. 123.) is almost a fac simile of the elevation which we
made in May last for the hot-houses of the Birmingham Horticultural
Society's garden ; the only difference being, as it will afterwai'ds appear, the
addition, in our plan, of exterior pits, and of pediments over the entrance
porches. The curvilineal sash-bars in Mr. Cross's building are of iron, by
Brown of Clerkenwell, and the glazing is beautifully executed by Drake of
the Edgeware Road.

and Suburban Gardens.

695

The state of the weather prevented us from examinmg various details in
this garden ; but we shall repeat our calls from time to time. Meanwhile
we invite the public to subscribe to this excellent establishment, and

122

nurserymen and the curators of public gardens to send donations of plants.
Exotic climbers and twiners, to the number of at least 100 species, may be
displayed in the house above described. Specimens of iron fencing and of
various garden ornaments are exhibited about the grounds by various
tradesmen. It will be the interest, we should think, of Mr. Peake of

Tunstall, Mr. Falcke of Battersea, Mr. Selane of the Vauxhall Road, and
Mr. Jones of Lambeth, to send their vases here ; Messrs. Harrison and
Curtis their new mode of glazing; and Mr. Ferabee one of his mowing-ma-

Y Y 3

694

Calls at the Nurseries

chines. These gardens are close to Groom's Florists' Garden, Walworth ;
and whoever goes to see the former ought to call and see the latter,
more especially in the tulip and ranunculus season,

Gordon, Forsyth, and Co's Ninsery, Mile End, is the remains of an
extensive and highly respectable establishment, now, however, chiefly con-
fined to the seed trade. In an old green-house we were pleased to find
specimens of plants now neglected, but which were common about Edin-
burgh in the days of our youth ; such as Cluytia «laternoides, Cneorum
tricoccum, Camphorosma monspeliaca, Phylica mcoides, &c.

Thompson's Nursci'y, Mile End, contains many fine large specimens of
magnolias, stuartias, illicinms, Gymnocladus, KoelreutenV/, Halesia, green
tea, maiden-hair tree, &c. &c., which we wonder very much no wealthy
amateur thinks of purchasing. The green tea thrives in the open air here
almost as well as the holly or the common laurel, and bushes, 6 ft. high
and 7 or 8 ft. in diameter, are now profusely covered with bloom. A plant
nearly this size was moved about a year ago, and seems to have suffered
very little by the change. In the green-houses are a number of large green
teas in pots, which we would strongly recommend for turning out into the
open air. Half a dozen of them would make a handsome present to the
Surrey Zoological Garden.

The Haclmei) Botanic Garden, Messrs. Loddiges. — Some alterations
have been made in the arrangement of the palm house, and many of the
plants have been shifted into larger boxes ; the whole are in admu-able
health and vigour. The collection of ferns and that of Orchldese are every
year increasing ; the latter considerably exceeds 300 species. Some of the
ferns are magnificent specimens. We shall only notice the Aspidium

Baromez, the Scythian lamb, as it
is called by Darwin and other writers.
The name is said to have originated
in the circumstance of its brown,
hairy, creeping root-stalks being
often found separated from the plant,
and turned upside down, so as to be
supported by the stumps of the
fronds or leaves. The appearance
of the plant, even in Messrs. Lod-
diges's collection {fig. ISl.), gives
a very good idea of how such an
apparent metamorphosis may take
place, and how easily the name may
have been applied in a country
where the lambs are small, and their
wool brown and hairy. Among the
Orchideas, Cymbidium sinense, Cae-
logyiie fimbriata, Cypripedium ve-
nustum, Zygopetalum crinitum, &c.,
were coming into flower. Among
the palms, that most elegant spe-
cies, Euterpe globosa {fig. 125.),
which combines the foliage of the palm with tlie smooth deep green bark
and jointed stem of the bamboo, is growing rapidly. Of all the palms this
would be one of the best for filling the central dome of the botanic con-
servatory at Syon House. The camellias are full of promise. The arbo-
retum is become quite a forest. We find we were mistaken in thinking we
had seen Shepherdzff argentea in fruit, as stated on the cover of our last
Number : there are plants here, but they have never blossomed. There is
still, tiicrefore, abundance of room for the trees recommended by our
American correspondent, (p. 670.) The autumnal foliage in this arboretum.

and Suburban Gardens.

695

125

as at the Chiswick gar-
den and Kew, has not,
we think, the same in-
tensitj' of colouring as
it displayed last year.
Groom's Florists' Gar-
■^^^^^^^ den, Walworth. — Xov. 4.
*^ ^We found Mr, Groom

arranging his tulips for
planting, in the manner
recommended by him
(Vol. II. p. 307.'), and
by our correspondent J.
M. (Vol. VI. p. 683.).
The bloom of the tulip
bed last spring was finer
than Mr. Groom had ever
before seen it. The
severe frost on the 7th
of May last had nearly
done much harm to the
ranunculuses ; but, by
watering them before
sunrise, the mischief was
prevented. A large stock
of Dutch bulbs has been
imported, and found re-
markably well grown this
season. A good stock
of Z/upinus polyphyl-
lus albus, Potentilla
atrosanguinea Mayidnay
choice carnations, cac-
tuses, and various other
plants. Some chrysan-
themums, trained to a
Vv'ail, finely in flower.
Ammobium alatum very
strong, and ripening abundance of seed. Two large agaves in tubs, well
adapted for the adjoining zoological garden. i,upinus niutabilis has proved
itself here, as in other nurseries, to be an admirable shrubbery annual. We
have before (p. 366.) strongly recommended the owners of small London
gardens to deal largely in Mr. Groom's early double and single tulips as
border flowers, and we would now remind them of the beauty and fragrance
of hjacinths in borders, and of the display made at a cheap rate by masses
jof crocuses and aconites. Mr. Groom has built a new camellia pit, with
hollow walls, and in covering it he means to use a tarpawling over the mats
or straw, in order to carry off" the rain, instead of letting it sink through
to the glass.

Buchanan's Nursery and Arboretum, CamberwcH, are both going on well.
The stock of green-house plants in pits is extensive, and in excellent con-
dition. Here, as at the Edgeware Road Nursery, Cape heaths seem to be
equally well, if not better, preserved in pits and frames without artificial
heat, than in other nurseries in green-houses with flues or hot-water pipes.
In the arboretum we observed many rare and handsome species ; among
others, Escallon/a bifida, which, if it should be found quite hard}', will be a
most valuable addition to the shrubbery. E. glandulosa, rubra, and rubra
albiflura, are also vcrv fine shrubs, and likely to be tolerably hardy. Mr.

Y Y l

696

Calls at the Nurseries

Buchanan, jun., pointed out a number of the more interesting species of
trees and shrubs, which, though we noted theui down on the spot, we have
not space here to enumerate.

Lewisham Nursery, Wilniot and Co. — A great many garden seeds are
grown in this nursery, and the present has been rather a successful year,
with the exception of peas, and, to a certain extent, of onions and lettuce.
We saw a curious and striking instance of the importance of keeping the
^rassica family a good distance apart while in bloom. The imperial winter
broccoli was in flowei, not far from early York cabbage. There being only
one plant of the former, and the seed being much wanted, the plant was
covered with gauze to keep off the bees. The seed was kept apart and
sown last spring, and the progeny consisted of the imperial winter broccoli
very distinct ; a cabbage strongly resembling the sugar-loaf, and bearing no
marks of its other parent ; with hybrids partaking in various degrees both
of cabbage and broccoli. Mr. Chaundy informed us that some years ago he
planted, in one group, red and white cabbage, savoys, borecoles, cauliflowers,
and broccoli ; that he saved the seeds and sowed them, and that the pro-
duce consisted of many curious hybrids ; some entirely like one of the
parents, others blending the qualities of different parents, and a number
displaying the qualities of their parents in distinct parts ; such as a cabbage
one half red, and the other green, &c. But the most remarkable cii'cum-
stance was, that, while all the other cabbages and borecoles in the nursery
were destroyed by a severe winter, these hybrids were little injured, and
supplied the kitchens of the two families when there was no other cabbage
vegetable to be had in the nursery. Most of the popular trees and shrubs
are to be had in this nursery, in large quantities, and well grown ; all the
finer sorts of apples, pears, cherries, plums, &c., by the hundred ; quanti-
ties of such fine shrubs as ^'rbutus ylndrachne serratifolia, now covered
with flowers, Wistaria Consequa?i«, and Chimonanthus fragrans {fig. 126.),
a shrub which we cannot too often bring before
our readers, on account of the abundance and
powerfully refreshing fragrance of its blossoms,
and that, too, in the open air during three of the
dullest months in the year, viz. December, January,
and Februar}'. We believe it will grow quite
well in London, and we would therefore recom-
mend it to be planted against every house that
has a garden, however small. How it happens
not to be cultivated in pots and tubs, for setting
in halls and staircases, so as to perfume the
whole house, we cannot tell : perhaps because
its flowers, though so fragrant, are not showy,
and, while they are expanded, the plant is gene-
rally without leaves, i^osa indica fragrans and
i?. indica alba, now blooming freely, are very
desirable varieties, especially for keeping in pots, and turning out in spring,
to be treated as herbaceous plants. Ipomoe^a coccinea, the plants being
sticked like peas, has ripened seeds in the open garden ; a circumstance
which has not occurred before, in this nursery, for the last twelve or four-
teen years. At Tooting we found it carefully trained against a wall (p. GS'i.),
for the same purpose. Among the handsome specimens in this nursery
are y/'rbutus ^ndrachne serratifolia and Schubertza disticha pendula.

New Cross Nursery and Bedford Conservatories, Messrs. Connack, Son,
and Sinclair. — This firm also deals largely in seeds, and this year has been
successful in acquiring an excellent stock. At the Scotch Agricultural
Show at Inverness last summer, Messrs. Cormack and Co. had a person
exhibiting specimens of the grass seeds and others used in agriculture.
Their nursery, like most others, is full of stock, the shoots well ripened,

and Suburban Gardens. 697

and consequently the fibrous roots abundant, and only wants purchasers.
There are ample preparations for keeping up the splendour of the Bedford
Conservatories through the ensuing winter.

Hocklei/ and Bunney'i Nursery, Kxngdand Road, a7id their Shoju-house at
the Bedford Conservatories. — Nov. 7. This establishment is carried on with
the usual vigour ; the stock of evergreens in pots, of roses, bulbs, pinks,
and other plants for forcing, at Kingsland Road, is ample ; and we trust
that the encouragement given during the winter to this firm, and to that of
Messrs. Cormack, Son, and Sinclair, in the other Bedford Conservatory,
will be such as to justify the great expenses which both parties have in-
curred, and the very low prices at which they sell their plants.

The Polygon Nursery, Comiaught Teirace, Edgeware Road, ]\Tr. M' Arthur.
— Our readers are already acquainted with Mr. M'Aithur from his various
papers in this Magazine, commencing with that in the First Volume, describ-
ing the conservatory at the Grange. We are happy to find that he has here
found a scene of operations that will enable him at once to display his taste
for ornamental gardening, and his botanical knowledge. The Polygon is
destined, when the houses round it are completed, to be a subscription gar-
den like that of Sloane Street ,• and we have no doubt that it will be liber-
ally supported. In the meantime, Mr. M' Arthur has built himself a house
and a seed-shop, and erected several green-houses, a vinery, and pits, all of
which are well stocked ; and we hope he will receive a competent portion
of patronage from his neighbours, and from his country friends : certain we
are that no man better deserves it.

The Clapton Nursery, Mr. Lowe. — The number of new and beautiful
species in tiiis nursery is astonishing ; chiefly through the ample collections
sent and brought home from South America by Mr. Anderson, who has
been collector to this nursery for several years, and from whom we expect
some account of his travels. The stock of Australian plants is in an excel-
lent state. In the heath-house we observed, in flower, in addition to the
species noticed in other nurseries, a great number of ^rica caflra, an old
species, slightly odoriferous ; E. exsurgens, very fine ; E. vestlta, several
varieties, all just coming into flower ; and E. trivialis, a large plant covered
with bloom. In the propagating-house, of which Mr. Lowe favoured us
some years ago with a description (see Vol. II. p. 25. fig. 10.), several plants
are rooted of Luculi« gratissima,7^ubiaceae {CinchomdcecB Lindl.), a plant,
we believe, nowhere else in the country, since it has been lost at Wonnley-
bury, Ashridge Park, and Bromley Hill ; Altingfa Cunningham/, inarched
on Cunninghamza lanceolata ; Kennedia inophylla, several layers rooted;
young plants of Chorizema rhombea, and Lobeh« purpurea and Tupa ;
Hake« repanda and Pimelea /inifolia, both now in flower, they continue
so in Mr. Lowe's green-houses nearly all the year, many plants of Scott/a
dentata, and other varieties which we have not room to mention. In the
hot-house, a good stock of Euphorbia splendens, called also E. Mill«. In
the camellia-house, C. Kissi showing flower-buds. In the pits, J'rbutus
procera and rigida, both considered hardy ; as also is found to be that
beautiful plant, now in flower here, Ceanothus azureus ; Mah6n?« rcpens,
the layers at last rooted. More plants of Mahon/a fascicularis have been
raised in this nursery than in all the others about London put together ;
nevertheless it is still rare, and so truly beautiful a hardy evergreen that
it ought to be in every collection. jBtVicm empetrifolia, from Cape Horn,
very rare. A new O'robus, with bright yellow flowers, from the Island of
Chiloe, which will be a valuable addition to this hardy genus. O'xalis
undulata, with white flowers, very showy and much admired. Chironia
trinervis, in flower great part of the season ; splendid. We must conclude by
stating that there are several entirely new articles brought home by Mr.
Anderson, both in the open air and in the houses, which have not yet
flowered, and of which, of com'se, very little is known.

698 Domestic Ecunomi/.

Other niu'series which we have seen, such as those of Ronalds, Mal-
cohn, Tate, Gray, Fairburn, Middlemist, Barr and Brooks, Parkes, Brown
of Hampstead, Smith of Dalston, Smith of Islington, Pamplin, Mackenzie,
Moir, Lazonby, &c. ; also that of Mr. Brown of Slough, and the Totten-
ham nursery, which we have not had time to visit ; we must defer
reporting on till some future opportunity. From the number of these
nurseries, open gratuitously to the public every day in the year, it may be
conceived what an endless source of entertainment and instruction may
be enjoyed by the lovers of gardening and botany resident in London and
its vicinity.

Art, V. Domestic 'Economy.

Box-wood as a Substitide for Hops. — M. Du Petit Thenars lately stated
to the Philomathic Society of Paris that more boxwood than hops was
employed in making almost all the beer brewed in Paris. Boxwood con-
tains a powerful sudorific principle with a bitter taste, which has lately been
separated, and is known under the name of Buxinia. (Butt. Uti.)

Receipt for ma/cing Graj)e Wine, used in 1819. — Water, 4i gallons, beer
measure ; grapes, 5 gallons, beer measure, crushed and soaked in the water
7 days; sugar, 17| lbs. at \0^d. The sugar came to 15*. S^d.; and the
grapes to perhaps 5s. The cask in which it was made held exactly 6f
gallons, of beer measure, and produced 3i bottles of wine clear. A bottle
of the above wine, kept ten years, proved very good. — Superficial. Brixton
Villa, April, 1830.

Wine from the common Bramble. — Five measures of the ripe fruit, with
one of honey, and six of water, boiled, strained, and left to ferment, then
boiled again and put in casks to ferment, are said to produce an excellent
wine. In France the colour of wine is often rendered darker by a mix-
ture of blackberries with the grapes. {Recueil Industriel.)

Receipt for making Tomato Sauce. — Take tomatoes when ripe, and bake
them till they become quite soft, then scoop them out with a teaspoon
and rub the pulp through a sieve. To the pulp put as much Chile vinegar
as will bring it to a proper thickness, with salt to your taste. Add to every
quart i oz. of garlic, and 1 oz. of shallots, both sliced very thin. Boil it
one quarter of an hour : then strain and take out the garlic and shallots.
After standing till quite cold, put the sauce into stone bottles, and let it
stand a few days before it is corked up. If when the bottles are open
the sauce should appear to be in a fermenting state, put some more salt, and
boil it over again. The sauce should be the thickness of rich cream when
poured out, and is, in my opinion, far superior to the famed Bengal chattny,
to which it bears considerable resemblance. — B. B. Sept. 6. 1831.

Econoviical Fuel. — A good fire, on a winter day, at a mere trifling ex-
pense, is of importance to a poor man. One pennyworth of tar or rosin
water will saturate a tub of coals with triple its original quantity of bitu-
men (the principle of heat and light), and, of course, render one such tub of
three times more value than it was when unsaturated. (News]}.)

Where there are extensive fir and pine woods which have been sub-
jected to the injurious practice of close pruning, the knots left will fi-e-
quently be found oozing out resin; this, gardeners' labourers and cottagers
might collect, reduce to a fine powder, and mix up with small coal, horse
droppings, and clay, into fire-balls. — Coid.

The Leaves of the Haivthorn, it is well known, have been used for the
purpose of adulterating tea. Mi-. R. Abbey has lately taken out a patent
for preparing these leaves as a substitute for tea, and in order that gar-
deners may try it, we quote his directions. " Rinse the leaves in cold
water, steam them till they change from green to olive, and dry them on

Retrospective Criticism. 699

hot plates." We should think sloe leaves would answer much better
than hawthorn leaves, on account of the prussic acid contained in the
latter.

Art. VI. Retrospective Criticism.

CORRECTIoyis for the EncyclopcBdia of Gardening. — Varieties of Phizis syl-
vestris, $ 7042. 2d edit. There can be no doubt that Pinus maritima and
P. sylvestris are distinct species. Some thousands of acres of the former
have been sown in France, during the last fifty years; and there is no in-
stance in which they have run into any thing like the latter species. Nature
has given them quite different habitats : the Pinus maritmia grows on the
sea sand, and the P. sylvestris on high mountains. The former attains
its maturity in from 35 to 30 years, while the latter requires from 80 to
120 years. The wild pine can live on calcareous soils, though it does not
thrive on them ; while the maritime pine absolutely refuses to grow on cal-
careous soils, and when planted on them invariablj' perishes in a few years.

The Cones of the Wild Pine (§ 7040.) are not fit to gather in the December
of the year in which they flower, but in the December of the following
year ; that is, eighteen months after then" appearance in May.

The Vindster (§ 7047.). It is extremely probable that this is our Pinus
maritima, and your figure (669. i.) confirms me in this opinion; which
other researches had long since given me. In the Pays Bas, the Pinus
maritima is known under the name of Pinaster. If there is any difference
between the two trees, it must be merely that between varieties.

[P. Pinaster and P. maritima are very distinct in the arboretum at Kew,
and in Lambert's Vhrns ; but it does not follow that what is called Pinus
maritima, on the sea-coast of France and in the Netherlands, may not be
our Pinaster. — Coiid.]

Norivay Spruce. (§ 7058.). The common French name of this tree is
Ejiicea, not Sajnn, which is applied only to the silver fir.

The common Oak (§ 7070.). Among the differences in quality to be
found in the two varieties, or, as I believe them to be, species, Q. peduncu-
lata and sessiliflora, there is one in favour of the last, which has been fully
confirmed in France ; this is, that it will grow in shallow^, dry, gravelly soil
a great deal better than Q.. pedunculata; and also that its wood is more
firm, close, and heavy, and otherwise of better quality for fuel.

Pyramidal OaJc. A variety of Q. pedunculata, altogether remarkable and
well worthy of being mentioned, is the Q. p. fastigiata, Chene Cypres, or
Chene Pyramidal [the peaked cypress oak ofHort.Brit., and there considered
as a distinct species]. It is a native of the mountains of Portugal, and,
according to some, also of the Pyrenees. It is an upright, narrow, closely
twigged tree, like the Lombardy Poplar, which renders it peculiarly fit for
forming avenues to have an effect analogous to the latter tree, and, at the
same time, to produce much more valuable timber.

The Tauzin Oak [Q. Tauzin of Hort. Brit.]. A European oak, also
worthy of being mentioned, Q. Tauzin, a native of the south of France.
It is neither a beautiful nor a large tree, but it is remarkable for having
running roots, which throw up suckers, and it grows in the very worst soils
in France ; for instance, in the Landes de Bordeaux. Its wood is more
esteemed for fuel than that of Q. pedunculata and sessiliflora. Its bark is
very thick, and is considered the best of all the species for tanning. —
JM.Vilmorin. Paris, June 21. \83l.

Principles and Conduct of the Conductor. — Sir, Methinks it is a pity that
" A Well-wisher to Horticidture" should have said (Vol. VI. p. 720.) that
" care and assiduity scarcely secure permanent situations." If he speaks
from the practice of frc(]uently changing his own gardener, he has sufficient
reason to fear the publication of anything that has a tendency to make his

700 Retrospective Criticism.

present one dissatisfied with his place, as he cannot do a worse thing
with his garden than place it under the care of a variety of gardeners.
Generally speaking, however, I believe gentlemen are as glad to keep a good
servant, as a servant is to keep a good place ; and be it remembered, that no
gentleman will excel his neighbour in the productions of his garden by
frequently changing its manager : for, of all servants, there is not one in
any establishment who requires so long a time to become acquainted with
the wants of the family, and the nature of the soil, and other things from
which those wants are to be supplied. I think it was very wrong in the
writer so far to enlighten us, as to tell us that " care and assiduity scarcely
secure a permanent situation," as that is the only way we can expect to
secure it ; and having understood that this will not do it, it is very likely
to make us careless ; as in most cases people act according to the reward
they expect to receive, especially among a set of men so ignorant as
practical gardeners, who have no idea of returning good for evil. If the
number of applicants enables a gentleman to pick and choose at his own
price, yet it is not so bad with all of us, that we are obliged to take a place
under a person who does not intend to keep us whether we deserve it or
not. I know, from dear-bought experience, that there are those who care
no more for the comfort of their servants than for the dust beneath their
feet: but what is the consequence? Why, the gentleman's property is
usually treated in the same way. If, from necessity, a wise man is driven
to take a place of this kind, (yet knowing, as he usually does, the character
of his employer, before he engages with him,) and has good sense enough
to keep him from wilfully injuring the property, he only does as much for
his master's interest as will enable him to retain his situation till he can
meet with a better ; whereas, if a deserving gardener meets with the treat-
ment he has a just right to expect, I ask, in the words of one of your
correspondents, " What will not such a servant do for his master ? " To
enumerate the advantages that would result from the gentleman's stooping
so low as to consider the happiness of those about him, would occupy
too much of your valuable space : I shall therefore only give this one. A
gardener having engaged to serve a gentleman (of whose character he has
already enquired, and been satisfied therewith), he will immediately set
about such things as require the longest time to accomplish ; and which
it will perhaps be several years before he reaps any benefit from : whereas,
on the other hand, if he has no prospect of staying to reap the benefit of
his labours (there is something so selfish in man), he will either neglect it
altogether, or perform it only in such a way as will serve his own turn ;
sooner than another shall succeed him, to have the praise of that which
he has not laboured for, I would therefore recommend that gentlemen
should in some measure consider the comfort of their servants (if it be
only for their own interest) ; for sei'vants are not so blind in these " march
of intellect " days as not to know when they are ill or well treated. You
are accused of reviewing masters, not gardens. In that I can see no cause
for complaint, as no one has occasion to mind his actions being brought to
light, if they will bear inspection ; and if a gentleman provides a comfort-
able place for his servants, and pays them liberally, he must be proud to
see it in a publication like yours, where his liberality will become immor-
talised, and his name be known and respected at home and abroad. If it
be true that there are some whose character is the reverse of this ; the
sooner they are exposed the better, as they may be the sooner altered.
You are also accused of making gardeners discontented : but, if we have
not cause to be so beforehand, I hope we have good sense enough not to
be made so by reading your Magazine ; and if we are so without cause,
the sooner we leave the better, to make room for those who are more
deserving, or to give our employers an opportunity to buy their " luxuries
50 per cent cheaper than they can grow them ; " though I believe, where

Retrospective Criticism. 701

there are many luxuries grown, the gardener would not hesitate to have
a fair price allowed for them, and be himself at the whole expense of
growing them, notwithstanding your correspondent says that his gardener
would not take a large garden rent free. I dare say he will not have the
offer ; but if he should, and has not money enough to carry it on, I have
no doubt he will be able to find a customer to take it off his hands, and
give him something besides ; else how comes it to pass that many obtain a
good living as well as pay high rents ? Much more might be said, by any
one possessing the abilities of your correspondent, but more cannot be
reasonably expected from an ignorant practical gardener. — R. T.

Principles and Conduct of the Conductor. — Sir, I felt very sorry to see in
the Retrospective Criticism (Vol. VI. p. 720.) the lashing you received
from your " early and excellent" correspondent " A Friend to Horticul-
ture ; " and while I admire the resignation with which you bore it, I cannot
help stepping forward in your defence. Although I have not the honour
of your acquaintance personally, I admire your conduct and principles
generally. " The head and front of your offending " seems to be, that you
have sprinkled a few politics into your Magazine ; and that as soon as a
gardener becomes acquainted with politics, he becomes discontented. If
acquaintance with politics has a tendency to make people discontented,
does it do more among gardeners than among the rest of the community ?
Are gardeners the only creatures who become discontented by reading
politics ? But if reading politics has the effect of making all alike discon-
tented, I feel truly sorry for the nobility, gentry, and clergy, who read all
the politics in the daily, weekly, and monthly publications. Such people.
Sir, must, by calculation, be full sixtj' times more discontented than I am,
who only get a peep into your Magazine once in two months. The " Friend
to Horticulture " says his gardener is a worthy fellow, and industrious : I
make no doubt but that " the labourer is worthy of his hire ; " whe-
ther the hire is worthy of the labourer, I am not so sure of. He may be
industrious, too : I suppose that means that he works, and earns Gd. or Id,
after working hours every day ; but I greatly fear that he has no more
brains than he ought to have, or else that the few brains he has are enclosed
in a skull of a comfortable thickness, or ass-like shape. If the " Friend to
Horticulture," with the assistance of his gardener, cannot grow vegetables
but at fifty per cent dearer than his neighbours, depend upon it they are no
great conjurers. If his gardener will not accept of a large garden rent-free,
I can assure him that I know of one that would; and that he would soon
play Old Harry with the market-gardeners in his neighbourhood, who pay
51., 10/., or 20/. per acre rent. But I presume that the " Friend to Horti-
culture " employs his gardener (or, as he terms him, his servant and
labourer) three parts of his time sweeping walks, mowing pleasure-grounds,
and dressing flower-beds, yet expects to be remunerated in fruits and vege-
tables. This, Sir, will never do : the " Friend to Horticulture " should
put a greater value upon his pleasure-grounds, and he is wofully mistaken
in thinking that even mere labour is a marketable commodity. There is no
sort of labour, however simple, but requires a certain degree of skill ; and
it is the skill of one man more than that of another that makes his services
more valuable than another's, else wherefore should gentlemen give more
money for a beautiful painting by a master than for the daubs of the house
and sign painter ? If the " Friend to Horticulture" is really and truly a
friend to horticulture, he should employ a first-rate horticulturist, and give
him a first-rate salary, else his house may be filled with cheap paintings, or
liis garden dressed by hedgers and ditchers ; or, what will be cheaper still,
not dressed at all. I am, however, determined to take the advice of the
" Friend to Horticulture," and never trouble my head about politics. " Be
king who may, I will be subject," for I am determined to live contented ;
and if I should ever attain the honour of being Vicar of Bray, Sir, I shall

^02 Retrospective Criticism.

endeavour to keep my living as long as I live. I shall give a hint to
the " Friend to Horticulture," and all such of the nobility, gentry, and
clergy as do not allow their gardeners sufficient wages to purchase your
Magazine for themselves, but who occasionally lend the Magazine to their
gardeners for the purpose of letting them know how ignorant they are,just
to take a pair of scissors and clip out the poisonous pages ; or rather clip
out such pages only as suit them, and lend them to their gardeners. This
will have a great tendency to make their gardeners contevted ; and, truly,
contentment is the greatest blessing a gardener can enjoy. There are very
few who do enjoy such blessings : for my own part, I never was contented
till I could grow fruits and flowers as good and as cheap as other gardeners.
The " Frieml to Horticulture" has made me very proud of myself : he says
it is not one gardener in a hundred who ever raises himself to become an
overseer. On his word, then, I most contentedly and triumphantly sign
myself — A Gardener in a Hundred. Dec. 18. 1830.

Weeds as Manure, and various Remarks. — Sir, From reading the review of
Cruickshank's Practical Planter in your Vol. VI. p. 448., I am led to make
a few straggling observations. The system I advocate is equally applicable
to horticulture as to agriculture.

Cruickshank says, as quoted by the reviewer (p. 453.), " It may seem
a very paradoxical fact, but it is nevertheless true, that wood, instead of
impoverishing the ground on which it is produced, nourishes it." (To be
sure it does.) " There is very little of our waste land that, if trenched or
ploughed, will carry even a moderate crop of grain, unless it receive a con-
siderable quantity of manure. After bearing timber, however, the contrary
is found to be true." So the old, vague, unphilosophical, unmeaning,
foolish theory of rest is demolished at last, or rather explained. His
subsequent reasoning is bad.

Farther on (p. 454.) he says, " That the soil should be enriched by the
production of wood, when the experience of ages has proved that it is
always exhausted by other crops, will seem to them a paradox of the most
extravagant kind." By this statement it does. But other crops are carried
off annually by man or beast, root and branch. This I shall explain.

Cruickshank's theory is not confined to wood; it includes all vegetation.
This is a truth as palpable to every one, when pointed out, as the rotundity
of this globe, or the simple act of Columbus making the egg stand on end ;
yet it is no less lamentable than true, that, notwithstanding all the splendid
talent which has been exhibited from TuU to the present day, this very
obvious fact should not have been long ago adopted as a fixed and leading
principle in all agricultural and horticultural operations. It stares us in
the face in the forests and prairies of this country, the pampas of Buenos
Ayres, the dirty summer fallows of England, and every where and in every
thing. The principle of a clean naked fallow (fortunately a rare occur-
rence) is utter annihilation. Had farmers and gardeners been able to
eradicate weeds, as they are called, the soil would have been a caput mortmim
long ago. But weeds, like the principles of liberty, destroy, hack, hew, and
persecute as we may, rise again in due time, not to injure, but to fer-
tilise and benefit. We must follow Nature ; all other guides are fatal ignes
fatui. " He that made the earth gave it laws that 'tis not good to break."
After much steady observation, thought, and practice, for some years past,
I am perfectly convinced that all applications, no matter how large, of
animal manures, animal substances, and minerals, are compai-atively nuga-
tory, without profuse supplies of vegetables and theii- roots; and I am not
sure that an occasional liberal dressing of wheat flower,Indian cornmeal,&c.,
would not be the most profitable manure of all. Lions and tigers prey on
flesh, and the vegetable monarchs of our forests attain their highest majesty
on vegetable food, and in due tune return again to the soil, to produce
increased fertility. This is very obvious on the banks of the Ohio and

Retrospective Criticism. 703

Mississippi ; and vast masses, too, of drift wood are carried into the
ocean every flood. Does all this timber grow and die to no purpose ?
What is the man's religion who says it does ?

The second extract from Cruickshank is by no means a correct state-
ment. If woodlands were kept clean, and all the leaves and dead branches
carried off, the trees grubbed up root and branch, again replanted, and so
on, the soil would eventually become as barren as any cotton or tobacco
plantation in the southern states ; and that is poverty with a vengeance.
The cause of this is very obvious, but not to the planters ; they say it is
the tariff. Oh, for the schoolmaster ! The fact is, when woodland is cleared
in this country, the crops are often very moderate until the progress of
decay has brought the roots into action. I will illustrate this farther.
The general system of farming in this state is, — Indian corn, often very foul ;
oats (a wretched crop in this hot climate), or barley ; then a very moderate
dressing of manure and a boimtiful crop of weeds are ploughed in, pro-
ducing a very fair crop of wheat, much better than the skill of the farmer
deserves (the crops obtained are not at all warranted by the quantity of
manure applied) ; clover and Timothy for two or more years, and often as
long as it will mow and pasture ; then Indian corn again ; and so on. The
old sod is usually ploughed in the spring ; then corn planted in May. For
some time it exhibits a very sickly, yellow, and poverty-struck appearance,
until the green roots and weeds begin to decay : it then grows with great
luxuriance and beauty. If, after wheat, the land is ploughed before the
weed can grow, and sown with buck-wheat in July, which is a very clean
crop, the succeeding crop of Indian corn is very poor.

Further, Cruickshank says, " Trees cb-aw their nourishment from a
much greater depth than any of the grasses, roots, or different kinds of
grain." I doubt this very much, as taking place to any extent. He
would infer that trees fertilise the soil, not by adding any thing to it
(except leaves, &c.), but by not taking any thing from it. The great
bulk, nearly the whole, of all the tree roots I have ever seen, and I have seen
many, is within two feet of the surface. It is theii* decay which enriches
the soil : they exhaust, and then enrich. I lay no claim to the original
discovery of this principle : it has been loosely hinted at and described by
various writers ; but I think I may venture to say that I am the first farmer
who has employed it in his rotation of crops ; and I will venture to say
that at no distant day it will entirely change the present results in the best
system of agriculture, especially in hot climates. I have had, and have,
several pupils, young men of talent and capital, well convinced of the truth
of what they have learned, and competent to practise it. As with all im-
provers, a due proportion of sneers, scorn, derision, and ill will has fallen
to my share ; and, as usual, those who know, observe, and ask the least,
talk the wisest and most learnedly. To the want of vegetable food I
entii'ely attribute the frequent failure of grass, clover, turnips, saintfoin,
&c., in England, under the improved system of farming ; and the cleaner
the land is kept, I suspect, the more they fail. To say the land is tired,
proves something is wrong, but explains nothing. I am quite satisfied that
the crops under the old wretched system of farming were much better than
under the new, in proportion to the manures, skill, management, &c.,
applied in both instances. Weeds, misplaced except in summer fallows,
were the old farmer's salvation, but he did not know it. Weeds do not
rob the soil ; they either enable the farmer to do so or prevent him, as the
case may be ; they keep up the fertility of it ; they rob the crops, but not the
soil. I see it often mentioned in your Magazine, as a great advantage, to
leave fruit borders uncropped : this is not Nature's way of proceeding ;
and those who do not follow her laws make sad work of it sooner or later.
I should greatly prefer sowing them with clover, grass seeds, turnips, lupines,
borage, marigolds, or even weeds, — yes, weeds, the vile things! — &c. &c.,

704' Retrospective Criticism,

manure and top dress them, and dig them in half, full grown, and ripe. I

do so in my garden with great success.*

I shall not now say much of my own farm, as any detailed account would
be unintelligible and unsatisfactory, for many reasons, and not altogether
belonging to your journal. My present purpose is to direct the attention
of horticulturists to vegetable manures.

Nine years ago, my farm was almost a caput mortunm^ owing to
unusually bad management long continued. One of my neighbours, a
farmer by intuition, a Minerva born, learned at all points, said lately to
one of my pupils: — " It will be so again in five years." Query, — If
this system has put my farm on the road to matchless fertility from utter
exhaustion in a iew years, by what scorpion process is it to destroy it in
five more ? Have you any IVIinervas in England now ? They are far more
plentiful here than rattlesnakes, and far more mischievous : the latter bite
only when injured. I have reached 70 bushels of Indian corn per acre ; next
year I fully expect 100 or more. Indian corn rather exceeds beans in Eng-
land, the land being equal. I raise finer crops of Swedish turnips here than I
ever saw in England or Scotland, or grew myself in England. They have
never once failed in the nine years. I sow them after wheat and barley, the
same season. My farm is 100 acres ; about 75 under the plough ; the rest in
grass. My rotation is eight years, growing in that time eighteen to twenty
crops (in the southern states much more might be done), above one half
harvested, and the remainder ploughed in; all the rest is in strict ac-
cordance with English and Scotch principles. I have now growing the
fourth crop this season in some of my fields. It is not what crops we
grow, it is the use we put them to, that does good or evil. I shall make
this season yard manure sufficient for 45 or 50 acres. I could manure my
whole farm annually by eating all my Indian corn (18 acres, and not selling
any straw, next year I begin to sell it), with 18 acres of tm'nips and other
crops. This could hardly be done in any country in which Indian corn
will not grow, with turnips as a second crop. This system leads me to the
belief that all crops are exhausters and improvers (independently of their
subsequent application), just in proportion to what they take out of the
soil (if one crop really takes more than another), and what bulk and quality
of roots they leave behind. This I take to be the true solution of the old
doctrine of rest ; which signifies an accumulation of vegetable matter in the
soil ; which when man destroys, barrenness is the result. Clover is con-
sidered one of the best improvers ; and so it is : yet it is one of the greatest
exhausters, until its roots are decayed, as are all grasses and green crops.
I have top-dressed clover in the spring with yard manure ; mowed the first
crop ; ploughed in the second ; sowed turnips, which were very poor ; the
succeeding crops, rye and corn, were excellent. I plant Indian corn for
green fodder, after harvest, in June and July, on wheat and rye stubbles, and
after a second crop of clover ploughed in. After the wheat and rye the corn
comes up dark, healthy, and vigorous ; after the clover, yellow, sickly, and
unthrifty, but recovers. The succeeding crops after the clover are superior.
In both instances the corn grows from 7 ft. to 10 ft. high. The ears
form well, but do not ripen, making most excellent food. The pigs steal
the ears, whilst the steers and cows eat the blades (leaves). Wheat, bar-
ley, &c., absorb what is in their roots in ripening; clover, tm-nips, &c., being
not permitted to ripen, do not. Indian corn, horsebeans, Sec, cut par-

* We wish this ingenious writer could see the fruit tree borders in his
brother's garden at Longford, near Manchester, noticed p. 542., and com-
pare them with the fruit trees where the borders are dug and cropped as
he advises. — Cond.

Retrospecti\)€ Criticism. 705

tially ripe, are intermediate between these two. If a field of rye or any otiier
grain is harvested, and another ploughed in green, and both sowed with any
otlier crop, that crop will grow for a considerable time much better after
the former than the latter. I do not yet see the philosophy of this. Is
tlie soil more exhausted whilst the rye is yet green (always admitting that
it returns more than it takes, after it decays when ploughed in), than after it
is ripe and all the roots gone ? My observation would lead me to suppose
that it is. All this puzzles me. When a crop of grain is ploughed in
green, the land turns up almost like an old sod, and full of roots : so
much so that we can scarcely cover the Indian corn when planting (sow-
ing) unless the hoes are very sharp. Indian corn is universally grown in
this country-, and so ought horseljeans to be in England in all soils that
will grow them. The former matchless crop you cannot grow unless you
can raise the temperature at midnight from 70° to 84". I have known it
85°, and felt it. Meal and turnips are much superior for fattening cattle
to either alone. This practice, with green crops ploughed in, as far as the
climate will permit, would revolutionise the face of the whole of this
country.

Is all this nonsense and quackery, or is it a bombshell cast into the
established system and opinions ? My views, I think, show the very im-
poverished condition of the soil whilst clover is living, and its great fertility
when decayed. Wheat fails after clover in Scotland and the north of
England, and is by far the best after it in this country. Difference of
temperature will account for this. For the " something is removed ; " read
" the clover roots being decayed makes the wheat successful." * There is
nothing removed but the poverty which is unfavourable to wheat. These
somethings, rootings, and tirings are poor guides and explanations.

There is much to be learned and done yet in England, as well as else-
where, and it needs no ghost to tell it, in this most difficult and complex,
most noble and godlike, of all the arts and sciences. The future condition
of hot climates is a darling dream of mine. All they have yet done (with
the exception of this country), and how transcendent in some instances!
was previous to the art of printing, or when it was of little value. The day
is not far off (and close at hand, if free trade were established, so much
talked of every where and practised nowhere, or likely to be so soon ;
northern countries had better keep trade as it is as long as they can) when
"hot climates will as far exceed cold ones (the minerals alone of the United
States would make a respectable island) in productiveness and variety of
food, comforts, luxuries, &c., and arts, sciences, and refinements, personal
size, strength, and beauty of man and beast, as latitude 52° now exceeds in
all these latitude 60°, and the face of nature will be as much more intensely
g.-een too. But all this is as heterodox, visionary, and absurd here now,
and in " the fast anchored isle," as republicanism was sixty years ago
every where.

In less than another century poor despised and neglected a_:;riculture
and its professors will be at the top of the ladder ; " they who are first
shall be last, and they who are last shall be first," if I read the glorious
and cheering signs of the times rightly. We are thought little of here, I
assure 30U." What stronger proof of this is required than the fact, that our
farmers themselves think meanly of the first and most important of all
professions ? Please to put this on record from a man who has seen, thought,
and read much, and who does not herd much with the world as it now is.

When a man advances any thing new and startling, perhaps his readers
have a right to know something of his pretensions. I give you some of
mine : — I was a pupil of the late excellent Mr. Runciman of Woburn, and

* See Sinclair's Husbandry of Scotland, vol. i. p. .325— 327. 3d edit.
Vol. VII. — No. 35. z z

706 Retrospective Criticisnh

of that matchless man and farmer, Mi". Blomfield of Norfolk. I resided a short
time in the immediate neighbourhood of the late Mr. llennie of Phantassie.
I was two years at Edinburgh College, and one season at the Royal In-
stitution in London. I made an agricultural tour on foot over the greater
part of Scotland and some parts of England; and this was no education
for fitting a young man of ardent mind and feelings for the yoke of tithes,
game laws, &c. But enough : I left relations, a few friends, home, country,
and property, and J am content,

P.S. I see in your publications American plants and bog earth always
coupled together. This country is not a bog, nor any thing like one.
Rhododendrons, azaleas, &c., grow in this neighbourhood on the dry steep
declivities of gneiss and hornblende rocks ; and thousands of rhododen-
drons grow in the state of New Jersey upon sands as dry and barren as
those of Brandon in Suffolk. I am not accustomed to writing, as you
will perceive, and I fear my story is somewhat confused, but of the truth of
its principles I am well convinced from experience. They will bear study
and investigation. Are air and water of any other use to vegetation than
to ourselves ? Plants absorb and decompose them ; so do we : poor diet
alone, notwithstanding. Does not vegetation derive all its food from what
exists in the soil, and is not vegetable matter the beef and bread of vege-
tables ? For this purpose weeds grow. My experience says something for
this doctrine. Nature fanns and manures as well as man; but he has
gotten it into his head to reject her assistance, and do things his own way. —
George Henry Walker* Longford Holmesbxirg, near Philadelphia, lat. 40°,
December 24: 1830.

T7ie Articles on Cottage Gardening. — Sir, I have read the articles on
Cottage Gardening, &c. (Vol. VI. p. 139. to 208.), with considerable
interest ; and I take the liberty to point out what I consider to be
errors therein, as well as to suggest a few useful hints.

The Growth of Barley j^cr Acre is estimated (p. 147.) at ten quarters.
Having had considerable experience in the best barley districts, lx)th in
Hants and Oxon, I can confidently state that the average growth is not
five quarters per acre : five quarters would be considered a good crop, yet
occasionally eight quarters are grown in rich soils, under favourable
seasons. Few districts yield more than seven sacks per acre, say four
quarters : ought not the average to be calculated on ? I fear that grower
would be deceived who expected to thresh ten quarters from his acre,
garden ground not excepted.

On Malt-making (p. 148.). The time necessary for steeping barley is
given as one hour. Surely this period of time would not be sufficient to
penetrate the skin of the corn, nor would the flour imbibe any moisture.
Forty-eight hours are the usual time taken by maltsters for steeping ; also
using the water-pot at a certain date.

Malt(j^. 147.). The increase upon the process is given at 25 per cent.
This is far too great. In proportion to the largeness of the increase will
be the depreciation of the malt. Hertford and Ware malts are bought
by the London brewers in preference to others, because the increase is so
small, preferring high to inferior quality and low price. In 25 per cent
increase, the acrospire would penetrate \ in. be3ond the berrj- [grain or
kernel], carrying off in the growth a certain quantity of saccharum, and ren-
dering such an increase, except to the maker, a dead loss.

* This gentleman is brothertoMr. C.J. S.Walker of Longford, mentioned
p. 542., a patriot, and the son of a patriot whose memory is held in re-
spect almost amounting to adoration by the people of Manchester and
Leeds. See, in proof of this. The Examine}' for October 2. 1831, p. 633.

— (Jond.

Retrospective Criticism. 707

Hops are stated as capable of being grown in every cottage garden, as
doubtless in most seasons they are. But are you aware that, to the great
annoyance of the cottager, it is necessary, before picking, to enter the
garden, place of drying, Szc, to secure to the excise the "paltry \^d. per
pound ; without which precaution, a fine of 50/. can be levied, on using
unexcised hops. Thus God's good gifts are given to look at only, not to
be made serviceable to his creatures, even though they be wildings. I may
here also observe, the law allows not of the making of unexcised malt.
To distil spirits from any sugar-wash or mangold wurzel is also illicit ;
tobacco is, I believe, also under the ban of excise. But, Sir, let us hope,
now, that we have a more considerate ministry, that part of these vexa-
tions may be done away v/ith.

It is doubtless extremely beneficial to the labourer to be able to drink
his own brcM-age. Query, — Would not a species of cooperation be useful
here, in the purchase of a proper plant for the process ? Vessels that
have held soap-suds or greasy matters are alike injurious to fermentation ;
cleanliness is absolutely necessary to wholesome and well flavoured beer.
From scarcity of plant many shifts must be resorted to. Some six families
uniting might, for a small sum, purchase the things requisite ; one credit-
able person of the firm being paid an annual sum for stowage room, and
seeing all things are returned in repaii- and order. The parties might have
the plant in rotation. Recently the stupid act of Charles II. has been
repealed, which act prohibited the lending of any brewing vessels.

Mead. I believe, Mr. Editor, that the duty on manufacturing mead
or metheglin for sale was not taken off last session of Parliament : why
not also take off this most oppressive prohibitory tax, which has actually,
from its burden, driven the mead-maker out of the market, and it is no
longer to be procured. Prior to the la3'ing on of the duty, this beverage was
to be found in many districts, and for sale in many country public-houses.
The last exchequer receipt was 30^. for the year. Every means ought
to be taken to encourage the growth of bees ; none would be more con-
ducive to it, than enhancing the price of honey, — an annual premium to
the cottager, without labour or outlay; in short, a God-send. Also, very
considerable sums are sent to a foreign market for wax and honey, which
we could with encouragement supply ourselves. — Jvhn Latham, Llanelli/y
Caermarthenshire, Dec. 9. 1830.

The Manual of Cottage Gardening. — Sir, Having for several years had
large estates under my professional surveillance, I am no stranger to the
habits, the wants, and the actual condition, of the peasants. I have for
some time been urging on the attention of landlords the great importance
of allotting land to this useful and industrious body, feeling convinced that,
under judicious regulations, this system would contribute greatly to their
comforts and general welfare. With these impressions, I saw with much
pleasure your offer of a prize for the best essay on the cottage system. I
watched the result with great anxiety : I have since read with due attention
the essays, with your introductory observations and notes. I beg to be
permitted to offer to you my humble tribute of applause for your patriotic
exertions in the cause of the agricultural labourer, and at the same time to
point out some errors into which it appears to me you have fallen. I must
assume the labourer to have been the primary object, at least, of your soli-
citude ; and that your publication was intended to indicate to the landowner
the privileges he ought to grant, and to the labourer how he could use
them to the best advantage. But it appears to me that you have gone
much too far. Your publication is calculated to alarm the former on the
score of expense, and to distract the latter by a multiplicity of details, many
of which cant)e of no practical use to him. In all schemes for the amelior-
ation of the condition of the labourer, it is material to keep in view his
essential condition in life, as a labourer for hire, and that you have only

z z 2

708 Retrospective Criticism.

those portions of time which are not engaged in his master's service to deal
with. If you allot him more land than himself and his family can properly
cultivate during the time which may be called his own, or encourage his
raising produce which must encroach on the time during which he would
be otherwise receiving certain wages, rely upon it you are doing him serious
mischief. The labourer's wants are few, but constant and certain. Wages
of a sufficient amount are his best reliance. If he has land enough to induce
him to expend, on his own occupation, days for which he would otherwise
receive certain pay, should all turn out well he may not be a loser j but it
must be remembered that

" The best laid schemes of mice an' men
Gang aft aglee."

He may have a failing crop ; the deductions from his weekly wages have
obliged hnn to run up a score at the shop for the supply of his weekly
wants ; he is now unable to pay it off; once in debt, he is obliged to con-
tinue his dealings on very unfavourable terms, and his progress to his ori-
ginal state of destitution is suprisingly rapid. I know some intelligent
farmers who have seen so much evil result from this, that they will not
suffer any of their labourers to take credit at a shop, but prefer making
advances to them for reasonable purposes. I could produce unquestionable
authority from those who have had great practical experience amongst the
labouring classes, for the position, that it should be made quite a cardinal
point to apportion the land granted, in every case, as nearly as possible,
with reference to the labour the family can devote to it, without sacrificing
wages.

A brief manual, limited to the rotation of crops, and other management
of such portions of land, and to the care of the pig, manuring, &c., contained
in some ten or twenty pages at the utmost, and printed in good-sized type,
would be of the greatest advantage to the labouring classes; but excuse
my freedom when I say that your manual would be quite useless to them
in nine cases out of ten. You are not, perhaps, aware that there are very
few adults, or rather fathers of families, in country villages, who can read at
all ; the schoolmaster was not abroad in their day. The contents of the
manual must be conveyed to them by their children : it is, therefore, almost
superfluous to add, that it must consist of reading made easy by means of
extremely simple terms and clear large type. Your manual will be very use-
ful to the class immediately above the actual labourer, but you may depend
on it that any of the objects beyond No. 1. in p. 6. [Gard. Mag., vol. vi.
p. 142.] are not of practical attainment by him. A proper cottage manual is a
more important agent for carrying the system into effect, than would be sup-
posed by those who are not intimately acquainted with the peasantry ; for
they have no idea beyond planting their ground with potatoes year after year.
I would also particularly impress on the minds of those who are disposed
to grant land, that a great deal of personal superintendence is absolutely
essential ; otherwise, a very large proportion of these persons will never
avail themselves of a tithe of the advantage placed within their reach.
They are, generally speaking, a loyal, civil, grateful, obedient, and enduring
race ; kind and attentive to each other under illness and misfortune, and
easy victims of oppression : but they have not half the intelligence you
give them credit for. They are careless, negligent, and improvident, and
have very little notion of the importance of order and arrangement. I had
occasion to call at a cottage this morning, the owner of which has the
charge of 300 acres of wood. He has good wages and a good-sized garden,
he is one of the most sensible of his fraternity in the parish, and is an
excellent servant. I found his pigsty full of large holes, though there is
plenty of good plank stone within a few yards of his house ; the runnings
soaking amongst the grass close to the door of the cottage, instead of
being directed to the manure heap, only two 3ards from the sty; the pig

Retrospective Criticism. 709

up to his knees in dung, in which he had nearly buried the cabbage thrown
in upon it in the morning ; a small patch of cabbages was the only portion
of his garden under cultivation. 1 saw a wife, son, and two grown-up
daughters at home. You will think this hardly credible ; but it is a com-
mon case : and therefore I assert that very little good will be accomplished ,
unless judicious and constant superintendence be enforced as a very essential
part of the sj'stem.

I must now say a few words on your cottage architecture ; and here,
again, I fear you will accomplish no practical good, by aiming at too much.
You must remember you are addressing those who have hitherto con-
sidered the ordinary repairs of wretched cottages, for which they had some
difficulty in collecting rents, an intolerable burden, and who have very
generall}', therefore, let them en masse with their farms ; thus indirectly
securing a rent from the farmer. He has taken care to deduct a good rent
from the wages of those labourers in his employ who were placed in them,
and the rest he has let to the parish for paupers. Regular repair was out
of the question ; serious dilapidation in time was a necessary consequence j
and it being part of " the system " to have as few domiciles as possible in
the parish, with reference to the constantly increasing poor's rate, dilapi-
dation past repair was no source of disquiet to landlord or tenant. That
this was a most impolitic and unjustifiable sjstem is, I believe, generally
felt ; and I cannot doubt that the landowners are now convinced of the
propriety and policy of providing warm, comfortable, and convenient
habitations for those on whose exertions, health, and strength their means
depend. Some gentlemen possessing ample fortunes will, as a matter of
taste, erect cottages near their demesnes upon a superior scale, without
reference to any return ; but, as a general measure, it is worse than useless,
to furnish plans for cottages from which any reasonable return in the shape
of interest for the money expended is not to be anticipated; for this will
discourage building at all, particularly when a considerable reduction in the
rent is required. The labourer ought not, nor could he afford, to pay more
than a shilling a week for rent. I presume the estimates you have given
are for building the cottages and for materials only, and do not include the
well, tanks, and other external contrivances suggested by you, which are
very expensive. We can build as cheaply in this part of the country as in
any; having abundance of excellent stone and stone tile close to the sur-
face of the earth, and a cheap market for timber : but I very much doubt
whether the most economical of the plans you have given, together with
the conveniences suggested, could be completed for so little as 300/. But,
supposing the cost to be 50/. less, who can be induced to build cottages to
pay one per cent ? If this should meet the eye of any reader of the
Magazine who has had pi-actical experience in the building of labourers'
cottages, who is thoroughly acquainted with the prices of work and mate-
rials, and who would furnish two or three plans of cottages which he knows
have been built at the cost of from 70/. to 100/., he would be rendering a
really practical service at this moment. There are two or three other
points, connected with the condition of the agricultural labourer, on which
I intended to offer some suggestions, but I feel that I have already tres-
passed too far on your valuable space. I remain, &c. — Charles Laurence.
Cirencester, Dec. 1830.

Certain Plants alleged to be hardy, which are much less so than ivas ex-
pected. — Sir, Allow me a small space to point out to Mr. Sweet the im-
propriety of describing plants in The Flower-Garden as hardy, which he
must be aware will not survive one winter in five in the open border, even
with the protection which he in some cases recommends. Many persons
will not hesitate, on such an authority, to risk perhaps scarce and ex-
pensive plants, and will, in many instances, find them destroyed. It does
not follow that because some of the plants in question may have survived

z z 8

710 lletrospcctivc Criticism.

for twelve months in the borders at Bury Hill, where they have, in all pro-
bability, received more attention than can be bestowed by persons generally,
that Mr. Sweet can be justified in recommending to his readers a practice
which must inevitably expose them to serious losses. I do not hesitate
to assert, that very many of the herbaceous and bulbous plants which are
described in The Floivcr-Garden as hardy would, at any rate in the im-
mediate neighbourhood of London, fall a sacrifice, by being subjected to a
dense atmosphere, ar. J the wet and frost of winter. There are many plants
that will bear a very great degree of cold, but are at the same time very
impatient of wet. In this country severe winters are usually preceded by
heavy and continual rain. Now, it must be obvious to the most common
observers, that, when the ground is saturated with wet, the plants must,
necessarily suffer from sudden frost. In placing too much reliance on
catalogues, and acting on the advice of some nurserymen, I have lost a very
(Considerable number of plants that have been described as hardy, by plant-
ing them in the open ground, and have, in consequence, suffered a great deal
of disappointment and loss. It is to prevent others from experiencing the
same misfortune that I take this method of cautioning those who are fond
of cultivating alpine and hardy herbaceous plants not to place implicit
reliance on books ; but, when they obtain a nev/ plant, to wait until they
have increased it before risking it in the open ground.

Mr. Sweet, I find, recommends planting ixias, gladiolus, &c., in the
spring in the open ground. As I have no experience in this method, I do
not for a moment doubt that it may be done with success; but a difficulty
presents itself to my mind, and I should be much obliged to this gentleman,
or to some of your readers who have acted upon his suggestion, to point
out how it can be obviated. I observe, that, however thy the bulbs are
kept, the roots begin to grow, and also the leaves, about September or
October. Now, I apprehend, if they are not planted, but kept until the
spring, it must tend to injure their growth, and, of course, cause them to
flower very weakly. I shall be very thankful for some information on the
treatment of ixia, gladiolus, (fee. ; for I am free to confess that I meet with
disappointment year after year; the bulbs, although growing apparently
luxuriantly, seldom producing bloom.

I trust it will not be supposed that I have any intention of impugning
Mr. Sweet's work : I am full}^ sensible that the character of The Flower-
Garden is too well established to suffer from any remarks of mine, and no
one can be more ready to bear testimony to the ability and talent which are
displayed in the conducting of it ; but, as I think, in the case in point, it is
likely to be misunderstood, I have taken the liberty to advert to it. If I am
wrong in my view of the matter, so much tlie better for tliose who have
acted upon his recommendation.

Erpetion reniformis is represented in Mr. Sweet's Hortiis Britannicus,
and I believe also in The Flower-Garden, but I have not the number before
me in which it is figured, as hardy. Now, I placed one in a frame with some
alpines in the winter of 1829-30, and lost it. I put one in the green-house
in the same winter : this, of course, I preserved, and it flowered very beau-
tifidly. Last winter 1 put another in the frame, one I planted in the open
ground in a warm aspect, and also kept one in the green-house again : the
only one I preserved was that placed in the house; the otiier two having
perished. Campanula pullu perished last winter in the frame, and also in
the ground. — E. April 17. 1831. [See p. 475. — J. Z>.]

Mr. Howden's Strictures on the Irish Peasantry. — In Vol. VI. p. 657.,
your correspondent Mr. Howdcn has indulged himself in very unwarrant-
able and severe strictures on the Irish peasantrj^, their cabins, &c. On
reference to " Retrospective Criticism," p. 505..of the current Volume, I
perceive that Mr. Murphy of Moydrum Castle, Athlone, has very naturally
(as an Irishman, I presume} taken it up. To this gentleman I feel obliged;

Kelrospcctive Criticism, 711

and I should have left it with him, had I not been strongly called on to
reply by the latter part of Mr. Howden's letter, and by the conclusions Mr.
Murphy naturally drew therefrom. There is only one part of Mr. How-
den's description of the Irish peasant to which I shall advert, and that is,
the passage in which he speaks of his countenance expressing fear. He
must know little of the Irish character, indeed, who will not admit that, of
all people under the sun, the Irish peasant is the least actuated by that
passion.

That Ml". Howden has too highly coloured his picture, it would be a
waste of time to prove ; I can only suppose that he fancied himself in the
precincts of a lunatic asylum, and was describing one of its maniacal in-
mates just emerging from the terrors of an obdurate keeper : his description
is certainly more in keeping with the latter. However, it ought to be re-
membered, at all events, that an Irish peasant, whatever he may be, is as
he came out of the hands of his Creator.

Mr. Howden has asserted (to bring up the rear of his libel) tliat, " when
in Lord Doneraile's employment, he paid ten men, four women, and four
boys, with two pound notes on a Saturday night." This he has stated in
the most emphatic terms ; but, if so, I beg leave to tell him that he did not
pay them in full, as that was precisely the ten men's wages in Mi*. How-
den's time, without bringing into account the four women and four boys.
He afterv/ards winds up his assertion by supposing " they are not much
better at present." As I do not deal in suppositions but facts, I assert,
without fear of contradiction, that Lord Doneraile's workmen are as ivell
paid, as resjjectable and comfortable, as those of any other nobleman in
either England or Ireland. Their wages in cash, for nearly twenty years
past, have been 55. per v/eek, together with a good slated house, rent-free ;
as much fuel as supplies them, without expense ; as much potato-ground as
can be spared to each, at a light rent j and, in all cases where they have
their own manure (which is the case, with very few exceptions), they have
tiie ground free, and tilled : in short, at the most confined calculation, theii-
wages, <&c., amount to at least from \s. 3d. to \s. id. per day.

I have now done with Mr. Howden and his descriptions altogether ; and
wUl leave him for the future to some one better calculated and inclined to
take up his literary gauntlet, than, Sir, yours, &:c. — Jo/ni Hai/croft, Donc-
raile, Sc2}L2\. 1S31.

Dovetail- Grafting. — Sir, In Vol. VI. p. 698. is a letter from Sir. Alex-
ander Diack, in which he expresses " no little degree of surprise" at seeing
announced in some of the periodical publications and newspapers, as copied
from the Transactions of the London Horticultural Society, a. mode of grafting
on the large branches of old trees, the merit of which is ascribed to me. As
I have no wish whatever to claim any merit due to another, and to show
that I am the author of that mode of grafting called dove-tail grafting, as
well as to allay that " no little degree of surprise" created in the mind of
Mr. Diack, please to insert these few observations. I would, then, ol>-
serve that Mr. Diack might have seen, in your iS'Iiigazine for July LS27
(Vol. II. p. 4.30.), that a paper, describing my mode of grafting, was read
at a meeting of the London Horticultural Society held on the 6th of May,
1823; for which paper the thanks of the Society were then counnunicated
to me in a letter by the secretary (Mr. Sabine). Now, Mr. Diack's paper
on his mortise-grafting was not publicly known till the 28th of August,
1827, which was eight weeks after my dovetail-grafting had been noticed
in the Gardener's Magazine, and above four years after it had been read £it
the meeting of the London Society. I must here beg leave to assure you,
that, in being thus particular, I have no other motive than that of esta-
blishing my claim to the priority of the invention, having no wish whatever
to lessen that merit which I am fully persuaded is due to jMr. Diack.
Mr. Diack states that his process " is nearly the same as mine," wluch

z z 1

719 Retrospective Criticism.

implies that there is a diiference. As to the name " mortise-grafting," it is
not, in my opinion, an appropriate one, for the opening made in the stock
to receive the scion is not (according to the rules of carpentry) a mortise,
but properly a groove, and which, in my process, is made in the dovetail
form ; from which circumstance the scion, when slid into the groove, is
quite secure, without being tied, the bandage which I have recommended
being only to secure the clay from dropping oif.

Mr. Diack farther states, that " he does not know how long 1 may have
been practising my method : " to which I reply, that I have practised this
mode of grafting ever since the year 1816. Early in the spring of that year
I headed off some very old apple trees, purposely to graft them with some
approved sorts ; and being anxious that the operation should be attended
with success, I was at a loss how to proceed, knowing that the common
mode of slitting and lifting the bark, or driving in a wedge, so as to make
an opening of some sort, did not always succeed, as well as being very
unsightly, and the grafts being frequently blown out by the wind. I there-
fore thought of waiting till the stocks had made some young wood, and so
either bud late in the summer, or else graft upon the young branches in the
following spring. However, being anxious to have the operation performed,
I set to work, and in the process of my varied operations originated that
neat and successful mode, the dovetail-grafting, v.'hich is performed in
the following manner : — The scion is selected so as to have two or three
buds above where the knife is to be inserted, to prepare it for the oper-
ation ; a slip is cut off the end of the scion, sloping it to the bottom, as long
as it is decided to insert it into the stock. On each side of the cut, as far
as it extends, a pai-t of the bark is to be taken off, leaving the under part
broader than the upper, on which upper or back part I always contrive to
leave a bud. The stock or branch to be worked is thus prepared : — Being
first cut off, smooth and straight ; two parallel slits, distant from each
other nearly the width of the scion, and the length of its cut part, are then
made in the bark of the branch, observing particularly to slope the knife so
that the under edge of the cut next the wood may be wider than the outer
edge. The piece of bark between the slits must then be taken out, sepa-
rating it at the bottom by a horizontal cut. The scion will then slide into
the dovetail groove thus formed, and, if the work is well performed, will
fit neatly and tightly. A small quantity of the grafting clay should then be
carefully applied, securing it on with list or any other convenient bandage,
fastening it at the end with two small nails. The top of the stock should
be entirely covered with the clay, sloping it well up to the grafts, and should
be examined often, to see if any cracks or openings appear, which shoidd
be immediately filled up with some very soft clay.

When very large branches are to be grafted, or trees headed entirely off,
1 would advise three or more scions to be inserted, equidistant, round the
stock. By this arrangement, the sap will ascend equally on all sides, and
preserve every part of the stock from decay.

The proper time for performing the operation is from the beginning of
April till the middle of May, or earlier, if the sap is in motion. The grafts,
or scions, should be taken off in the winter months, but not later than
February. They are then to be put into the earth about one third of their
length, in a cool moist situation. By this mode of treatment, apple and
pear, &c., cuttings may be kept till June, and may be even then grafted with
success. I am, Sir, &c. — Udmund Malone, C.M.H.S. Osberton, Aj)rd 29.
1831.

Mr. Thovi's Machine for transplanting (p. 29. figs. 5. and 6.), and Ms
Mode of stipjmrting newly transplanted Trees (p. 443). — Sir, I presume
that to ascertain the merits or demerits, or the intrinsic value, of any
article in your Magazine, it must be tested by some criterion of utility,
such as its fitness or unfitness for the general improvement of gardeners:

Retrospective Criticism. 713

indeed, I apprehend that, unless some 8uch rule be adopted and adhered to,
the Gardener's Magazine will ultunately exhibit a most astounding and tlis-
proportionate number of comparatively useless and anomalous subjects ;
for I grieve to observe that the moment you are so good-natured as to
insert the nonsense one person may recommend, such as, for instance,
" brevv'ing small beer," he, forsooth, must immediately after have the mon-
strous presumption to write upon another subject — ay, and a subject, too,
which it would indeed be the quintessence of absurdity to suppose that any
man could possibly understand, unless he were one of the select and privi-
leged few who are " deeply read in classic lore." This luckless wight, I
observe, has had the impertinence to make use of a very hard word, for
which he has been very properly snubbed; physiology, 1 think, it is called:
but as both the Russian and Polish words are very hard, and of course
classic, I do not pretend to say that I have spelled the word pi'operly, for
I have of late been sadly puzzled with them. Then, again, because another
person can adroitly draw a tooth, he also has the extreme vanity to suppose
that he can, with equal dexterity, draw upon the patience of your readers,
even unto the appalling number of some half-score octavo pages, upon
" props and stakes " (whether patent or not I know not, but I have heard
of such things); while he then and there learnedly and minutely expounds,
with mathematical precision, every line and angle of greater or less resist-
ance, from the horizontal to the diagonal, up to the perpendicular, in which
these said props and stakes can be most advantageously placed for the sup-
port of newly transplanted trees. Why, my good Sir, if you allow such
" faultless monsters " to continue their career much longer, we shall very
soon have mathematical demonstrations, with diagrams of course, of the
force with which a hammer ought to mpinge on the head of a nail to drive
it into a bit of mortar; or, what would be equally laudable and scientific,
an algebraic formula for the cut of a broomstick. And such things, I fear,
would be too much even for the most gullible of your subscribers.

I have been led into these desultory remarks from observing some papers
in your late Numbers, written in a tone of vanity and presumption, vv-hich
1 should have considered unbecoming the gentleman and scholar. One
correspondent gives us a " description and use (ludicrously enough) of
a machine for transplanting large trees and shrubs," which might have
sunk into merited oblivion had he not made it a vehicle for conveying
a slanderous imputation on the character of probably some worthy man,
who, seeing the folly of using such a fantastic gewgaw, most likely
adopted this mode (feigning sheer ignorance) of ridding himself of his tor-
mentor. If not, the inference is, I think, tolerably clear, that the writer
has voluntarily constituted himself a worthy coadjutor of Sii- Henry Steuart,
in stigmatising the whole brotherhood as obstinately " ignorant and self-
sufficient ; " for it is incredible that any man, with the least pretensions to
the name of a gardener, could either mistake the mode of applying this
machine, or its utter uselessness for practical purposes. In the last Number
the same gentleman has concocted a marvellously elongated article on
propping trees, and, like a spoiled child, has fallen foul of both friends and
foes ; even his renowned friend of Allanton is visited with a severe casti-
gation : while so profoundly astute and extensive is his erudition, that a
poor unfortunate and nameless small-beer critic cannot escape a flagel-
lation from the pestle hand of this chivalrous doctor, who seems as doggedly
determined to set aside the ordinary rules of common sense in rural affairs,
as his incomparable prototype of blood-letting, water-drinking celebrity was
in " the healing art;" for he has in this Number, in all the pride of learn-
ing, contrived to stilt over no less than ten pages, merely to tell us how a
ne\vly transplanted tree ought to be propped, which Gorrie or Howden
would have explained in less than as many lines. Is this, then, the way in
which working gardeners are to be treated ? and are they to submit to have

714 ReUospcctive Ci ■iiichiu .

such egre^ous noneense palmed upon them, as scientific investigation, with-
out remonstrating ? I Icnow what the responses of my fellow-labourers
will be. Let not, then, this gentleman suppose that because he has been
so fortunate in the chapter of accidents, and through no merit of his own,
as to obtain a superior education, which enables him to string together a
few truisms, to produce now and then a striking antithesis, or to round a
period cleverly, it is not because he is enabled to excel in these things that
he is to be permitted to carp at, and trample upon, with impunity, the
humble pretensions of less fortunate men, who are nevertheless his equals
in all the essentials of real worth and manhood. What are the grounds
upon which this writer claims the favour of your readers ? Upon two
methods of propping trees. The one he himself, with all its variations,
avows to be " badj" the variations being, in fact, but clumsy modifications
of the old three-stake triangular method. The other he modestly sets down
as his own discovery, of which all other men were ignorant; and as such
it might have passed with some of your juvenile readers, had not you mis-
chievously stated at the bottom of the page, that that naughty man, Mr.
Paxton, had already practised this newly discovered method at Chatsworth ;
so that, in point of fact, it was no discovery at all. Here, then, of the ten
pages so elaborately written, one half are " bad," and the other mere moon-
shine. Please to present my compliments to Mister Wamba, son of Witless
(p. 508.), and tell him I fear his case is hopeless. I am. Sir, yours, &c. —
J. Elles. Palace Gardens, Armagh, August 6. 1831.

Ucsidtory Remarks on some Articles in the June Number of the jSIagnzine.
— Sir, I beg to offer a few desultory remarks on your June Number. Al-
though they do not tend immediately to the improvement of gardening,
they may, perhaps, by their indirect tendency, obtain the notice of gardeners.
Heath-mould, and Peat or Bog Earth. First, then, to the proper dis-
crimination which J. D. has made (p. 285.) between heath mould and
bog earth. I perfectly agree with him in all his lavish praise of heath
mould for the purposes stated, but must enter my caveat against his
sweeping conclusion, that, " while heath mould is most important to the
gardener, peat is not only totally unfit for, but even inimical to, most of
the purposes of horticulture." It is, however, right for us, when we cannot
obtain the best thing, to endeavour to obtain the next best ; and, after the
best thing, natural heath mould, I hold, because experience has convinced
many as well as myself, that our next best is artificial heath mould. Before
I enter on the composition of the artificial, it may be right to examine the
natural matter. Natural heath mould generally covers tracts of country
where the subsurface is formed by the debris of rocks swept down by some
great power of water, or on decomposing rocks which apparently have
their present composition by the agency of fire : these surfaces are covered
by a thin layer of mould, composed of the sand of the rocks, and the
decomposed and decomposing fibre of plants which lived and died on them.
The proportions of this surface are commonly two parts of siliceous and
earthy matter, and one of mould and decomposing vegetable fibre. Bog
earth occurs in the same situations as heath mould, but as frequently in
more fertile tracks ; but wherever it does occur, it arises from the hinderance
to the drainage or free flow of water : here vegetation is more vigorous,
and the decay of vegetable matter goes on in a greater proportion, until a
thick surface of decomposed and decomposing vegetable fibre is raised.
The habit of the plants which flourish in this mass tends to its increase.
Now, in both cases we have the same essential substance, decayed vege-
table fibre, but in the latter the sandy matter is wanting, and occasionally
the pure mould. How, then, are we to imitate the heath mould? Simply
by taking the proportions of bog mould, sand, and loam, which we find in
the heath mould, and, if well mixed, it will be found that plants wliich
require heath mould will do equally well in this compound. For all the

llcirospcctive Criticism. 715

purposes of a promiscuous flower-garden bog mould with me is indispens-
able : my flowers, according to my neighbours' report, look more healthy
than theirs ; and, when asked for my method, I refer them to the peat. It
keeps the ground tight, admits, and above all retains, moisture. There
are (ew plants with which it does not agree. [Mr. Walker (p. 706.) attests
the absurdity of denominating as " bog earth " the natural soil of American
plants. — J.D]

Iron Stakes for supporting Rose Plants, 8fc. I perfectly agree with Mr.
Hislop (p. 284.) in the economy, beauty, and safety of iron rods for tall
flower stems and shrubs, but I would not recommend his poker -like shape.
I had some made two years ago, according to that fashion, but found them
frequently give way, or bend, in a storm of wind. The simple six-feet rod,
of any required thickness, can be purchased and fashioned by any village
blacksmith, and will be found to answer every purpose. We must not
forget, that the more smiple and unpretending the support, the more we
admire the flower, and neglect the art which has attended it. — E. S. July.

Remarks confirmatory and critical on some Articles in the Gardener^s
Magazine. — Sir, I cannot help remarking how much my opinion coincides
with certain parts of your Magazine which I have read ; and thinking, as
you do, that we ought not to conceal any thing we may discover which
may be useful to others, particularly when disclosing it does no injury
to ourselves, I beg space for a few observations.

Planting Potatoes luhole (Vol. V. p. 294-5. 718—722.).— I quite agree
with Ml-. T. A. Knight in planting potatoes whole. As a testimony, I will
state an experiment of mine in 1828. I planted four plants containing two
eyes to each ; four, the crowns containing perhaps five or six eyes each ;
four small whole potatoes (what are here termed chats); four large whole
ones (or what are termed Ware potatoes). Now for the weight of the
produce of each kind : the produce of the first four roots weighed 8 lbs. ;
that of the second four, 11 lbs.; that of the third four, 15 lbs.; that of
the fourth four, IG lbs. I think this will make clear to any one that the
reverse of what is generally followed ought to be practised ; namely, to
plant crowns or whole potatoes in lieu of a plant with two eyes. This is
even the second trial I have made, and found it the same; but I was not
so particular in the first experiment as in the second, having determined
by my eye, the difference was so obvious. I think this of the greatest
importance to the agriculturist. If it holds good for an acre, what a
difference in the produce ! The object of a little extra-seed bears no com-
parison to the extra-produce ; and, besides, the labour of cutting is saved.

Light Arable Soils may be too much pulverised. 1 quite agree (from
experience) with Mr. Wallace (Vol. VII. p. 3-36.) in thinking light soil
sometimes injured, rather than improved, by too much cUgging, &c. I have
for some years adopted the plan of sowing August turnips on ground
hoed and raked, in preference to digging : provided the ground be in
good heart, and not too much bound, I find the seed vegetates much sooner,
and is less infested with the fly ; and, as the plants grow faster, and bid
defiance to the fly, thev make less top, but better roots.

Mr. D. B. Keeve's 'Meridian Pits (Vol. VII. p. 289—292.). I cannot
help saying, that my experience, and that of two or three of my acquaint-
ances, are quite contradictory to Mr. D. D. Neeve's position, that dung
excluded from the external atmosphere will heat the better : I find it
quite the reverse. I know two persons who have been induced to build
pits for melons, &c., with a chamber under for dung, but failed in obtaining
sufficient heat after two or three days ; and they informed me that they had
observed thy*- the very person who had even written in favour of this plan
always had external linings ; which is a proof his chamber did not answer
the end intended. I, this season, built a pit for heating, with a chamber ;
but with the precaution to enable myself to make holes and apply exter-
nal linings : these I soon found to be necessai'y. I have even before now

716 Retrospective Criticism.

had the tops of my linings corered, to keep them drv, but soon found they
were wetter, and that the dung decomposed much quicker, than when ex-
posed : the reason I think is obvious ; all the gas which was produced
by fermentation was confined, and was the cause of rapid decomposition ;
quite the reverse of what I expected. I conjecture (but perhaps \*Tongly)
that the duns, when in a chamber, is deprived of the oxyeen which abounds
in the external atmosphere ; and that this is the cause of the fermentation
ceasing ; in the same manner as flame will become extinguished, and animals
become suffocated, from the want of oxygen. I am, Sir, yours, &c. — J. D.
ParJa. Dartford Xur$erv, Dartford, Kent, June 20. 1831.

Pitzei for Fruits. — Veritas, who dates from Charles Street, Covent
Garden, recommends to us to warn our readers, that the premiiuns given
for fruits by the Horticultural Society of London are not to be considered
as eiven for the best fruits that can be grown, but rather for the best that
happen to be presented at the time; and that those medals given in June
last, and recorded in p. 510., are to be considered as a sort of honorary
pa^-ment for helping out the dessert given at the fete. Veritas has prepared
a paragraph on this subject ; but, as it is rather severe, we cannot publish
it unless he will give his real name. — Cond.

Histortf of the Lombard^ Poplar (Vopulus dilatata'). — Mr. ^Masters, in his
Hbrtus Durovemi, or catalogue of the plants cultivated in his nursery at
Canterbury, published 1831, says, in a note on p. 57. : — " The common
Lombardyor Po poplar was introduced in 1758. One of the original im-
portation was planted in the nursery ; it is still standing, and has acquired
a growth of nearly 100 ft." [in height!. A communication in Vol. VI,
p. 419., on this subject, dates its introduction to St. Osvth, Essex, 1751,
seven years anterior to the time mentioned by Mr. Masters. We notice this
remark in the hope of eliciting from Mr. ^lastei^ additional circumstances
appertaining to the history of this interesting tree ; and we shall be glad to
learn whether the above tree is male or female : it will bloom in March and
April. The wood of the poplar is remarkably light when dry, and is usually
but lightly esteemed ; for in-door purposes it is, however, said to be excel-
lent. Hence the following couplet appertaining to it : —
" Though heart of oak be e'er so stout.
Keep me dry, and I'll see him out."
We believe we have been told that poplar wood, moreover, ignites very
slowly ; and that it is, therefore, very eligible for the floors of cottage-cham-
bers, and like purposes. — .7. Z>.

DdTifia, Georgina, Georgia.. — Sir, I perceive you prefer the second term
to the first ; the third is more accurate than either, and is employed by
Sprengel in his ninth edition of Linnceu/i Genera Plantarum. The name
of the botanist complimented is Georgi, not Georgin. — If. Hamilton. Ply-
mouth, Oct. 5. 1631. The principle adopted by our correspondent is .
unquestionably the correct one; but Willdenow, who devised the name
Georgin/7, probably made it Georgina rather than Georgia, intentionally, to
prevent its being confused with the country Georgia, whence some, in con-
sequence of the name, might suppose the plants to have been obtained :
they are from Mexico. Decandolle having adopted Georgia//, we trust Dr.
Hamilton will do so too ; the more especially, as, during our late tour in
the north of England and west of Scotland, we found it very generally
taking the place of Dahlia. — Cond.

Packing FlorisUi' Flovcert, and the Advantage of keeping them in the Dark
for two or three Days previous to exhibiting them for Competiiion. — Sir, At
p. 49S. you recommend my mode of packing flowed ; which, had you given
a section of the box, would, I think, have been better understood-
Packins flowers in this way improves the beauty of the flower, by keeping
it in dar^ess for two or three da\"s. Perhaps you are not aware that the
Lancadiire Sonata cut their Aowcts three or four davs before the show, and

Retrospective Crilicism. 71 7

^^ place them in a dark cellar, changing the water in

^«^^ss^^ss^ which they are kept. Flowers shown in pots are
"^ n~ T *^^P* '^ darkness in the same way, which improves
^'S? ! j their colour wonderfully. I have no doubt, that,

j if you had seen the polyanthus when packed, you
1 would not have considered it the same flower,
^^hen unpacked. For this mode of packins, a
\ [1- :^ _ -ight bos (Jig. 1-27.) is made to fit the pot, with

M j ^ little moss round the pot to prevent it breaking,

I i I and a little tied over the top to prevent the

^ earth from falling out. Two round pieces of

5g^,^= .'.ood (or, b) are nailed to the lid, to keep the

^^^^/-: -^--: I pot in its place; and in impacking there is no

: i difficulty, as the pieces come up with the lid, and

the flow er is tied to a small stick in the pot. — J/. Saul. Su/j/ard Sireef,
Lancaster, August 6. 1831.

Culture of Cyclamen vernum and repandum. — Sir, With reference to 3Ir.
Housman's communication on the cultivation of Cyclamen coum (p. 561.),
and also the remarks of J. D. (p. 562.), I am surprised that neither of them
has adverted to two other species, equally beautifiil, and deserA-ing of culti-
vation : I allude to C. vernum and repandum, the latter of which is exceed-
ingly fragrant, and not surpassed in beauty by any of the species. C. vernum
is very similar to C. coum in habit and colour ; but differs, in having a leaf
variegated, somewhat like that of C. persicum : the coroUa is rather darker,
and the peduncles shorter ; and, as far as my observation has gone, I should
say that it blooms more abundantly than C. coum. With respect to the fra-
grancy of this genus, I have foimd, that, of the C. persicum, some are sweet,
and some have no scent whatever ; of the C. ^ederffifolium, I never found
one that was sweet-scented, although there are several varieties. The C.
coum and vernum have no scent, but C. europje'um is highly fragrant. I
have endeavoured to cross the C. persicum with the C. repandum, and also
the C. coum and C. vernum ; but with what success I am not able to tell,
the roots not having yet flowered : but should I observe any variation, I
shall be very happy to communicate it to you. The peduncles of all the
species, as far as my observation goes, become spiral as soon as the germen
begins to enlarge. Those of C. persicum are less spiral than those of the
other species.

I fiiUy agree with J. D., that there is no genus more deserving of attention
than the Cyclamen, both as to its beauty and the duration of the flowers ;
for, with a very little care, it is possible to have some of the species in
bloom every month throughout the year. It is, therefore, extraordinarv
that so little attention should be given to the cultivation of the cyclamens j
indeed, I fear that this genus, like many others, is sacrificed to the rage for
variety. I am. Sir, yours, <S:c. — E. London, Oct. 5. 1831.

Ijidigenous Kricce and the Varieties of J^olt/gala vulgaris. — Sir, I thank
IVIr. Bree for his reply (p. 379.) to my queries (p. 24:6.) on these subjects.
I agree with Mr. Bree that they were hardly worth asking " in print."
When I asked them, I had not, however, books to consult, but have since
procured some ; and have also since found several varieties of £"rica vul-
garis, such as mentioned in your Hortus Britannicus, and an abundance of
both Enca Tetralix and E. cinerea.

I think Mr. Bree mistakes my meaning as to Polvgala vulgaris. I have
read in some book (I forget the title) that the flowers of Polvgala vulgaris
are changeable, and that flowers have been found of several colours on the
same plant ; but this I never saw. The sense of my query as to the dilFer-
ent colours of the flowers of Polvgala ^■ulga^is is this : — Are these four
distinct varieties (not species) ? or are they all one, and the flowers change-
able in colour ? If so, what is the cause of the change of the colour ?

^i8 JRetrosjpective Criticism.

Mr; Bree says they are doubtless mere varieties of one and the same species ;
which I believe is the case. I have lately devoted much of my spare time
to searching out the beauties of Flora, and I find it a very amusing and
instructive employment. A few days ago 1 found a variety of i?et6nica
ofiicinalis with white flowers. I do not see it mentioned in your Hortiis
Britdn7iicns. Is it generallj' known that there is such a plant ? — G. J. P.
Jidt/ 15. 1831. [Yes. See Smith's English Flora, vol. iii. p. 97. — J. D.]

The conductor's Rortus Bntannicus exhibits eight varieties of Evic-a vul-
garis, three of E. T'etralix, five of £. cinerea, and three of E. vagans ; that
is, reckoning in each case the species itself, as it is called, as one variety.
Mr. Bree, in his enumeration of the species (p. 379, 380.), also adverts to
some of these varieties, and mentions a pale-flowered and a purplish-
flowered variety of E. vagans. As both these are additional to the nine-
teen varieties quoted above from Hortus Britdnnicus, they, with these nine-
teen, and E. ciharis and E. mediterranea, the two species recently added
to the British flora, render our British heaths twenty-three in number.

The plant called Menziesea /jolifolia, or Ii-ish heath, is probably neither a
Menziesi« nor an Enca, although it has, in its time, with the Scottish spe-
cies, M. caerulea, been associated with both genera. The tj^pe of the genus
Menziese'fl! is M.ferruginea j this, with another genuine species, M.globularis,
is from North America, and both are so dissimilar to M. ^jolifolia and M.
cterulea in habit, and, I believe, in the structure of the seeds also, that the
latter cannot, in these days of botanic reformation, long remain associated
with the former. Of M. ^;olifdlia, as it must at present be called, there are
six varieties ; one of which, called nana, is not rare in the nurseries (at
Mr. Knight's for one), and is highly curious from its snug tufted habit. —
J.D.

Wintering Vines groivn under the Rafters in Pineries. — Sir, I noticed in your
last two Numbers (p. 412. and 539.) a mode for wintering the vines grown
under the rafters in pineries ; and as it seems to be sent forth as something
new [not as new, but as being well worthy particular commendation and
adoption], I think it proper to inform you that it has been practised for a
number of years in old-constructed houses, where the front sashes run in
a slide, by Mr. Tinker, gardener to Sir John Ramsden, Bart., of Byram, in
Yorkshire. Mr. Tinker turns down the vines, when he thinks it proper to
do so; ties them as close as possible to the front"; takes the front sashes and
sets them on the front flue, raising them to their usual height with bricks, or
any other material that may offer itself, making all vacancies air-tight with
boards and moss. I am. Sir, yours, &c. ~ John Pearson. Kinlet Gardens,
near Beivdley, Sept. 2. 1831.

The Imjyregnation of Cticumis satlvns by the Maltese Melon. — Sir, The
attainment of trutti, and not the support of any peculiar or favourite theory,
being ever the object to which my endeavours point, I am anxious to know
from Mr. Oliver the result of his experience on the impregnation of the
Cucumis sativus by the Maltese melon, as alluded to by your correspond-
ent P. Lauder (p. 622.) ; to whom my thanks are due, not only for again
adverting to the subject, but also for the complimentary manner in which
he has mentioned my former communication.

Of course, I cannot be expected to relinquish, without some further evi-
dence to warrant it, my opinion, adopted after mature consideration, and
supported by a series of careful experiments (though these are but negative
proofs, I admit) ; the conclusion arrived at being, moreover, in opposition
both to my preconceived ideas and sanguine anticipations, and we being
but too ready to credit that which we wish. Believing, in the outset of my
experiments, that such fecundations were not only practicable, but even to
be avoided with difficulty, and supported in that belief by every book on
the subject of gardening which I consulted, I commenced with an undoubt-
ing impression that, by continually crossing and recrossing between the

Retrospective Criticism. 719

hybrids obtained, and again between those and the original parents, I
might, in the end, obtain individuals possessing the hardiness of habits of
the cucumber or even gourd, and at the same time producing fruit with the
delicious flavour of the melon ; and dire experience alone has convinced me
how erroneous were my principles, how futile my anticipations.

Nevertheless, if Mr. Oliver will favour me, through the medium of your
periodical, with an account of his experiments, I shall, in the event of
their proving satisfactory, become a willing convert to contrary opinions
to those I now hold ; for, though I have remained satisfied without further
prosecuting my trials, unless on individuals which seem to approach nearly,
as in the case of the new regent melon (a variety I have just received,
which, by the fruit, can scarcely be distinguished from the cucumber, and
on which I purpose renewing my endeavours), yet, between the less known
and cultivated genera and species, I have not quite relinquished the hope
that some two perfectly different ones may be found to break the hitherto
impassable boundary.* Should this be once effected, the principle may, at
least with the two immediate parents and their congeners, be carried to in-
finity; and even, possibly, through their means, a link might be established
whereby a junction of the whole family might be brought about.

I have, this present season, been attempting such hybridisation between
a cucurbitaceous plant -j- (hitherto, I believe, unknown in this country) and
the cucumber, melon, gourd, and water melon respectiveh', as yet without
success ; but I am sorry to have to avow, that I am prevented from ren-
dering my experiments as various as I could wish, by my inability to pro-
cure seeds of the diflijrent individuals of the family. Only a very few are
to be purchased; and with respect to those I have been able to obtain in
this way, I have found ample cause to complain of similar treatment to
that so justly reprehended by your correspondent K. (not myself, I assure
you) at p. 617., and that, too, from the same quarter which 3'ou have so
frequently and so strongly recommended. For instance, for ilfelothria
pendula I received Cucurbita lagenaria ; for Trichosanthes anguina, a long
variety of the melon ; for (Sicyos angulatus, a variety of the gourd, &c.

My appeal to the horticultural world (Vol. VI. p. 503.) has been un-
heeded, save in two or three «g?«aZ instances ; the most prominent of which,
I am sure my countrymen will blush to hear, was that of a French gentle-
man resident in Paris. I had intended, ere this, to have requested your
insertion of an amended, and, in some points, more extensive list of species

* I think the Cucumis Duddim, Me\o, Chate, osmocarpon, andflexuosus,
can scarcely (especially the first four) be considered any thing more than
mere varieties ; but this is a matter which cannot be determined until it is
more distinctly defined what constitutes a distinct genus or species. As-
suredly, in a sexual system with any pretensions to perfection, the genera
and species should be arranged according to their capability or incapability
of reciprocal impregnation : either a genus ought to consist of species, all
of which mutually fecundate each other, or of those which, otherwise ana-
logous, are incapable of so doing ; while those which are so capable should
be classed as varieties.

f A species of the Benincjisff, trivially termed cyllndrica, from the form
of its fruit, of which I have cut a specimen weighing 19 lbs. and measuring
round 2 ft. 6 in., while the girth, longitudinally, was 3 ft. 6 in. It is covered
all over with a white powder, similar to that which has given the name of
cerifera to the other species, which is the only one given in Loudon's
Hortus Britdnnic2is. This powder comes off" on being touched, in the same
manner as white paint does when long exposed to the weather ; it is also
covered with hairs about a quarter of an inch long, which are so sharp as
to penetrate the skin and cause an irritating and smarting pain.

720 Queries and Answers.

and varieties ; but it would be filling your pages to no purpose, if not
attended with better success than accrued from the last.

If Mr. Oliver will oblige me with seeds of his h3brid (Vol. IV. p. 514.),
I will commission a friend in Newbury to call on him for them. I shall also
feel much obliged if he will have the goodness to state whether he remarked
any change produced in the foliage ; for in all the strange accounts I have
heard of melons being impregnated with gourds, I could never learn that the
foliage of the ofFspiing was at all aiFected, which, of course, would be a
natural consequence. I have only to add that Mr. Oliver, or, indeed, any
horticulturist who may be desirous thereof, shall be heartily welcome to
any of my numerous collection.

Unless Mr. Mallett can adduce some proof of the influence of the gourd
in the progeny obtained from his experiments (Vol. VII. p. 87.), such as
a variation in the foliage and seeds, &c., it must be considered, as far as it
regards the question in dispute, wholly nugatory, I should have been glad
to judge for myself, had Mr. Charlwood, as he ought to have done, sent
me a few of the seeds left with him for distribution. — ./. C. K. Levant
Lodge, Oct. 12. 1831.

Art. VII. Queries and Answers.

Illustrations of Landsccvpe-Gardening. — Several correspondents have
enquired for Part III. of this work, and also whether, as it is a losing con-
cern, we mean to continue it. We answer, that we shall, in the course of
1832, publish a third and concluding Part of the Illustrations in the present
folio form of that work, with titlepage, index, &c., so as to render it com-
plete. Previously to this, however, we shall commence a new series of
Illustrations in the quarto form, so as to be more portable. We shall al-
ways, as far as it can be done by wood-cuts, give the essence of these Illus-
trations, whether folio or quarto, in the Gardenei-'s Magazine, so that no
readers of that work need purchase the Illustrations, unless they take a par-
ticular interest in the subject. We mention this, because, from the nature
of the work, it is impossible that we can ever dei'ive any profit from it ;
and indeed it would be impossible for us to publish it at all, if we had not
a draughtsman and lithographic artist in our office, at any rate, for other
purposes. Part I. of the new or quarto series of Illustrations will appear
on Feb. 1,, and will contain our plan for the Birmingham Garden, with its
description. — Cond.

On the Management of Suburban Gardens. — Sir, Excellently as your
Magazine is conducted, allow me to say, that, by the consideration of one
style or line of gardening, which at present you do not attend to, you might
insure the thanks of many subscribers. You are, it is true, sufficiently
diffuse and explanatory in 30ur directions for gardens in the country, but
you do not give any hints to the unhappy resident in cities, how he may
enjoy a few even of those favours in which the country gai'dener revels.
To those who are surrounded with a fine atmosphere, whose houses supply
them with muck, and whose pockets supply them with money to purchase
every whim or help, little exertion or solicitude is requisite, in com-
parison with that demanded of the iniiabitant of the c\ty, who would
make one plant grow where plant never grew before. The former person
has only to plunge a piece of vegetating stick into the ground ; earth, air,
and water come at his call, and soon this stick becomes a flowering shrub :
but the unhappy cockney gardener purchases a plant at a high price, he
gets soil, he waters, and, though he is visited now and then only by a salu-
brious gale, he finds his plants, just by striving, live ; his lawn looks dirty and
damp, and his plants throw up no healthy shoots. Of course, in situations
where neither air nor sun can ever come, it would be madness to endeavour

Queries and Ansxvers. 721

to garden ; but in exposed situations, though even visited by the smoke of
manufactories, surely much may yet be done. I hnve been able to get to
blow at last (two flowers only) the Gentidna acu'ais, which Curtis says
never flowers near the city. Now, I live close to the city ; but. Sir, what
we wish most to be informed of, is as follows : — How to get the i?6sa
indica higher than 2 ft.; how to make the various fuchsias flower in the
open border. Query, by thinning tlie shoots ? this I have done, but to no
purpose. How to get good georginas. Mine, as soon as they are budding,
are eaten to a cobweb, yet no insect can I see, except once or twice a
green fly. Will pelargoniums strike by merely cutting them as usual, and,
after potting them, putting them on a high shelf in the green-house; I
mean without making a regular hot-bed for them ? Answers to these que-
ries will not only confer a favour on the lovers of gardeiiing in cities, but
mightily encourage that business, which is at present retarded by disap-
pointment and want of success in the employer. I am, Sir, yours, &c. —
A ivould-be Suburban Gardener. Juli/, 1831.

The small Brown Scale, which infests the Fruit and Branches of Fruit
Trees. — Sir, at p. 378, 379. are some useful enquiries and remarks on
two insects which infest fruit trees. The one which is described as a small
brown scale, pointed at both ends, and smaller than flax seed, is very pre-
valent here on the pear trees, to which I take it to be injurious, and especially
to the fruit; by clinging to the rind (in the manner described p. 379.) it
prevents the fruit swelling to its full size. I wish some brother gardener,
versed in entomology, would comn;iunicate its name and history, and withal,
if he can, the readiest and most effective means of prevention or destruction.
W. D. DorfoldyUear Xantwich, Cheshire, August SQ. 1831.

We refer our friend W. D. to Murray's excellent article on the blight of
the hop, p. 332., for the explanation of a sentiment we have some time en-
tertained ; namely, that, in many cases, insects follow disease in vegetables,
not occasion it. — /, D.

A small grey Grub ivhich devours Carrots. — In this quarter the horticul-
turists are complaining of a most voracious grey grub ; so numerous as to
be devouring the carrots by acres. They are about a quarter of an inch in
length, and about the girth of a farthing pin. They are not the least affected
by lime-water, or any other solution that has yet been tried. The gardeners,
in consequence, employ a number of hands provided with small cans, who
repair to the most infected fields before sunrise, where they are crawling
on the surface in myriads, and they pick them up and destroy them after-
wards. It appears that they are weakened and rendered harmless by
drought ; for they are seldom seen after sunrise, and within those few
days, since the weather has become warm, few of them have been ob-
served. (Scotsman, May 14.) Wherever lime-water fails, tobacco-water is
sure to succeed, and should be used before sunrise. This grub, or one
answering very much to tiie above description, is not uncommon among
carrots in England ; but we never heard of any remedy for it, except the
removal of the diseased plants. Another season we should be glad of a
few from Edinburgh, put in a box with some earth. We should then, in
all probability, be able to discover the family or generic name of the insect,
if not its specific name, and, in consequence, something of its history; and
such knowledge can alone be depended on for leading to a preventive for
the future, or a palliative during the ravages of the insect. Probably, however,
some of our readers can give us the information desired, or some portion
of it ; and this we shall be most happy to receive. (See p. 336.) — Cond.

Cause and Cure of the American Blight ; in answer to Judge Buel (p. 319.).
— Sir, Your respectable correspondent, Jesse Buel, Esq., treating of trees
and their diseases (which, however, are but imperfectly described), solicits
information respecting the causes of these diseases and their cures. He
says : — " We have lost many of our pear trees by what is here termed the
Vol. VII. — No. 35. 3 a

722 Queries and Atisivers.

blight." Now, what our English gardeners describe as the ** American
blight," and which here particularly affects apple and pear trees, is
evidently the larvae of some insect, enveloped in a substance like white
cotton, but which larvae, I suspect, are the consequence, and not the
cause, of the disease he writes upon; that is, I believe that the blight never
fixes, except upon parts of a tree where the sap has exuded through
or under the bark, or where the tree has been cut or bruised, and has put
on the appearance he describes; viz. " the bark becomes dead in irregular
blotches, contracts, and ultimately separates from the wood." He says
farther : — " Any thing you can offer upon the subject of the preceding
remarks will be particularly interesting to your American readers." This
leads me to mention, that, about twenty-five years since, I planted on the
east border of my garden, which was all newly-raised land, a row of apple
and pear trees, chiefly the former ; and I found that they all soon became
affected with the disease above described. The subsoil being (particulai'ly
in winter) a morass, I planted the trees as high as possible ; but some
plants of the same kind, and from the same nursery, planted in another
and di'ier situation, being exempt from the disease, I considered that the
other trees had become affected from the absorption by the roots of too
much moistm'e. To obviate this, I planted within 3 or 4 ft. of them a
row of willow stakes, which soon became bushes, and now are trees. I
could in a short time trace the roots of these willows completely under
the fruit trees, and as thick, generally, as a mat. I began, consequently, to
fear they would ultimately destroy them ; but I was agreeably surprised by
finding, from the period the roots of the willows became intermixed with
those of the apple and pear trees, that the disease in the fruit trees gra-
dually, and I may say entirely, disappeared, and for the last twenty years they
have borne plenty of fine fruit. Now, as Judge Buel considers his trees to
be thus diseased, from the elaborated sap, and to be most prejudiced in
wet seasons, I think I am justified in supposing we both allude to the same
disease, and I shall be most happy if the remedial hint here given should
prove successful in America. As I am writing on the subject of fruit trees,
I shall close my subject by asking a question. In a Gansell's bergamot pear
tree, bearing this yeai" its first three pears, the fruit has each a leaf growing
from its centre, or nearly so. Is this a lusus naturcB, or has the like fallen
within your observation ? — Robert Camell, MJ). Bungay, Sejit. 20. 1831.

The case mentioned is a lusus naturce of common occurrence (see
Vol, IV. p. 262.) ; and the leaves appear to be a modification of the calj'X,
conformably to the modern doctrine, of all the parts of a plant being re-
solvable into an axis, buds, and leaves. See Lindley's Outlines, &c. — Cond.

Hoiv to destroy the Dandelion. — I have a field which was broken up for-
merly, very badly laid down, and which has been neglected since. I lately
covered it with a quantity of coalashes, and it is now one mass of dan-
delions. The soil is a loose sharp gravel, and I am almost afraid to break
t up again. How can I kill or eradicate these weeds ? — or what will eat
hem ? — X. Y. London, Aug. 29. 1831.

Catalogues of acclimated Plants. — One of your correspondents makes an
excellent proposal, that cultivators of exotic plants shall, from time to
time, communicate to each other, and to the public, through the medium
of your Magazine, a catalogue of such plants as they shall have been able
respectively to acclimatise. As I have a fondness for attempting to natu-
ralise exotics, and am anxious to give information on that head, I shrll be
willing to offer my nn'te of observation to the public service, if you think
you can persuade some others of your correspondents to do the same. I
am, Sir, yours, &c. — Causidicus. Dec, 1830.

We shall be happy to receive the catalogue alluded to by Causidicus,
and earnestly invite correspondents in every part of the country to send
us similar lists. — Cond.

Queries and Answers.

793

A Mac/line for sweeping Streets is said, in some of the newspapers, to have
been recently invented at Boston, in the United States. If it be materially
different from the machine for the same pm'pose, figured and described in
a former volume (Vol. VI. p. 100.), we should be much gratified by receiv-
ing some account of it from J. M,, Mr. C, Mr. W., or some other of our
Boston correspondents. — Cond.

Laying out a Classical Residence. — Sir, In a former volume (Vol. VI.
p. 226.), you recommended to the notice of your enquiring correspondent
Romanus the ground-plan of Pliny's Laurentine Villa as affording hints for
laying out a marine villa on the coast of Sussex. Allow me to request you
will favour your readers with a plan of Pliny's Tuscan Villa, as affording
hints for laying out a suburban residence where land is dear, and where it
is desirable not to be overlooked. I am sure there are various other per-
sons, and especially architects and their employers, who would profit from
such a plan, as well as myself. I cannot help remarking on the singular cir-
cumstance of the aptitude of all the colonnades and porticoes in Pliny's
plans to be changed for green-houses and conservatories. I am, Sir, your
constant reader. — Suburbanus Oxfordiensis. July, 1831.

The following are the details of the plan required by our correspond-
ent: —

128

"■n, fiir '' '~

13 M;'

fTTTTTrrTTTTrTTrTTf

> IP.

43-

A, Prsetoriura, or villa urbana.

a, The peristyle.

b, Atrium, or halL

c, Portico towards the pala;stra.

d, Room called Tabhiuim.

e, Fala>stra, walks, and orchard.
/, Inner court of the pratorium.
g. Summer dining-room.

/(, Winter dining-room.

;, Withdrawing-rooms.
□ /.', The winter apartments.
S /, The summer apartments.
a »i, Portico.
□

g B, Villa rustica, or farm-house.

g 1. The farm yard.

B 2. The kitchen.

S 3. Wine-press and cellar.

S 4. Oil-press and cellar.

g 5. Ox-stalls.

g 6. .Stable.

g 7. Herdsmen and grooms,

g 8. Stairs to the granar'es.

g 9. Procurator or bailiff's lodge.

g la Husbandman's lodge and tenc

" meiits.

11. Housekeeper's lodge and tene-
ments.

12. Master of the cattle.

13. Lodging-rooms for servants.

14. Bathing-roora.
1.5. Warm room.

16. Sweating-room.

17. Miliarium to heat the water.

18. Storehouses for wood, hay, £ced,
&c.

19. Portico, or open shc'ls.

20. Hog-sties.

21. Sheep- fold.
22 Shepherd's lodge.
2,;. Shepherd's dog-keimels.
2k Aviary, or henyard.
•J'l. Poulterer's lodge.
•: ;. Oallinarium or hen-hoi'.S9
L7. Porter's lodge.
2S. Dog kennels.
29. Dunghills.
0(1. Pond in the farm-yard.
;;i. Beds of culinary vegelables.
."2. Porter's lodge.
o3. Dog-kennc'.s.

3 A 2

724

Qiteries and Ans'wers.

The Dumfncs Sandstone suitable for Vases, Fountains, and other Garden
Ornaments. — Sir, If the Dumfries stone is suitable for tombs, as from
your account (p. 529.) it appears to be, why should we not have vases,
fountains, and other garden ornaments of it, sent up to London by White-
haven, at the same charge as the monuments ? I enclose you a sketch
{fig.\2Q.) of a fountain of artificial stone, 8ft. high, for which I paid,

Qiiei'ies and Answers* 725

to Messrs. Austin of the New Road, 15 guineas ; and I would beg to ask,
through the medium of your Magazine, your friend Walter Newall, Esq., what
such a fountain would cost in Dumfries ? I can only say, if it cost no more
than the artificial stone fountain, it will evidently be preferable because
incomparably more durable. Perhaps Mr. Newall could send you some
drawings of vases, sundials, and other garden ornaments, with their dimen-
sions, and their prices at Dumfries. — 0. P. Q. Dorking, Oct., 1831.

Plan of a Flower -Garden sent for our Opinion. — In consequence of the
notice which we gave (p. 407.), some plans have been sent us for our opi-
nion ; and one or two for our opinion and a plan for remodelling, with no
alteration in the walks or trees. One of these plans, by permission of the
proprietor, we now submit (^g.130.) ; and we publish it as an exercise for
the talents of young gardeners in laying out grounds. What we should
wish is, first, opinions as to the defects or beauties of the plan, stated in
few words (say, not exceeding a quarter of a page of this type) ; and,
secondly, plans of the same size as the engraving, for altering or remodel-
ing the beds in the plan submitted. The writing must be distinct, and
the plans neatly drawn, but not coloured, in the same style as the engraving.
{fig. 130.) All the information requisite to be given on our part is, that
the surface is perfectly flat, without any distant prospect ; that no water
will be admitted, nor ornamental buildings j that the building represented
in the left-hand corner is the dwelling-house ; and that, to give an idea of
the scale of the whole, the walks are 6 ft. wide. For the best opinion, we
shall give Part I. of Illustrations ; for the second. Elementary Details of
Pictorial Map-Drawing; and, for the third, the Cottage Manual. For the
best plan. Parts I. and II. of Illustrations ; for the second, Le Bon Jardinier,
or some book of equal value ; and, for the third, Lempierre's Popidar Lec-
tures on Natural Histori/ and the Sciences. Opinions and plans to be given
in before the 1st of May next, each with an assumed signature. — Cond.

The Balm ofGilead Fir does not grow to any size, or come to maturity,
in this country. What can be the reason of this ? It dies off" sooner or
later in all soils and situations, and it has a singular manner of dying ; i. e.
the sap forming blisters in the bark. What says Mr. Gorrie to this ? He
certainly has pointed out the principal cause of the rot in the larch, viz. " that
the rotting roots of the Scotch pine form, at least, one powerful agent in
promoting this disease," &c. From having never seen a promising second
crop of larch or Scotch pines, I have been led to suppose that the soil
had been exhausted, by the former crop, of the proper nutriment for any of
the pine tribe. — W. T. Aberdeenshire, July, 1831,

The fittest Plants for a Hedge required to be at once useful and ornameniaL
— I have a desire to plant a hedge which shall be at once ornamental and
useful, as a garden hedge, there being some, though not any very great,
danger from cattle. I have been thinking that I might eflect this by plant-
ing privet and roses at intervals : the roses would be to the privet what
brambles are in common hedges. What sorts are the best ? There is the
i?6sa indica, which grows very long, and would soon increase ; there is also
a Nepal white rose, which blossoms in bunches of small white flowers in
the autumn, p.nd is nearly evergreen. Do you think that they would answer ?
Or what woLi'd do better? I fear they are hardly thorny enough. — A'. Y.
London, Aug. 29. 1831.

Irv-clad Timber. — Our excellent friend and correspondent, Mr. Bree,
indirectly asks (p. 233.) whether we deem ivy harmless or hurtful to the
trees it entwines. We defer our answer, for the pleasure of announcing
that another valued correspondent is preparing for publication a work on
British timber, in which the benefits and injuries arising to timber from ivy
will be fully discussed. We are promised an extract on this subject, either
irom the sheets or manuscript of the work. — Cond.

3 A .3

726

Queries and Aii&'iXiers,

130

Queries and Answers.

727

3 A 4.

728 Queries and A?iswers.

The Culture and Propagation of the Camellia. — Will any of your readers
or contributors favour your publication with a clear and ample account of
the propagation and culture of the Camellia ? If they would, I am sure it
would tend to a more extended cultivation of this splendid family of ever-
greens, both in the open aii* and in conservatories and green-houses. I am,
Sir, yours, &c., an old subscriber — G.B. Sept. 28. 1831.

The Culture of the Gentiana acaulis is desired by S.W. of North Brixton,
Surrey ; and the same lady wishes to know where she can procure the
Lady Bath Heartsease. — North Brixton, Surrey, Sept. 16. 1831.

Scottish Roses as a Garden Hedge. — Do you think that the varieties of
the Scottish rose would make a good garden hedge, or would they fill up
the bottom of a whitethorn hedge which is become hollow ? — X. Y. Lon-
don, Aug. 29. 1831.

The Culture of Dory dnthes excelsa to cause it to blossom. — Sir, Seeing in
p. 492. that Mr. Henderson has succeeded in making the Doryanthes ex-
celsa bloom at Glasgow, in Woodhall gardens, I beg leave to say that
Mr. Henderson would confer a favour on me, and probably on many others,
if he would state in what soil and in what temperature he cultivates it ;
whether under glass, and whether in a stove or in the open air, and if under
glass then in what sized pots, and at what time of the year it makes its
growth ; for I have had a plant now for three years, and I am unable to
make it advance either under a frame or in a green-house, though I have
several times changed the soil ; having tried it in rich loam, in sandy loam,
and in peat with calcareous clay. I remain. Sir, yours, &c. — Causidicus.
Aug. 22. 1831.

The Jacobcean Lily (Amaryllis formosissima^. — Has any reader knov, a
this plant to produce perfect seeds in this country, such as have produced
young plants on being sown ? Herbert, in his treatise on AmaryllWete,
where this plant is called Spreikelia formosissima, says that he has never
known it to seed in this country. Our correspondent Amaryllideus, for
whom we ask this question, had it apparently seeding in May last, but suf-
fered its swelling ovarium to get injured by frost. In reply to Amarylli-
deus, all or most of Mr. Herbert's new genera ai'e adopted in Sweet's
Hortus Britannicus, 2d edit. ; Mr. Herbert having assisted in preparing the
portion of that work which appertains to the AmaryWidece, as declared in
the preface. — J. D.

The Culture of the Pine-apple. — Sir, Being a grower of pines, and wish-
ing to obtain some farther information on their culture, permit me to make
a few enquiries on the subject.

1. In a Pit to be heated with hot-water Pipes, the uppti' ]);pe to heat the
air of the pit, and the lower one to heat the material in which the pots are
plunged ; what would be the most advantageous position of this lower pipe
in passing through the bed, in order to heat the tan or other material
equally throughout, the depth of the tan being only just sufficient to hold
the pots plunged to their rims ?

This plan may answer well where tan or other fermenting substances
cannot be procured ; but it is evident that the fire under the boUer must
be kept up all the year, as pine plants require heat to their roots at all
times.

2. Q.ueen Pines, which show fruit in the autumn, and ripen their fruit
early in spring, are generally of small pips, pointed and prominent, with
many very small husky leaves rising from the point of the pip and project-
ing upwards. They are also destitute of that fine grey bloom which is
natural to them, and appear perfectly green. This is not the case with
pines which ripen in summer. What is the cause of this difference ? Does
it arise from mismanagement, or from causes which cannot be remedied, as
want of light and sun, and tiie natural excitement of a growing season?

Queries and Answers. 729

3. Baldwin* s Method of growing Pines. As very few reasons are given
for the method Baldwin adopts, it may be well to enquire into some of these
reasons. Why, then, does he defer putting his plants into their fruiting
pots until the end of September ? Is it on account of the conveniences
attending that method (and these are certainly very great), or because
he believes it best for the plants ? If the plants thus treated can be made
to show fruit as early and as certainly as they do when shifted in the begin-
ning of August, Baldwin's method must be far the best for the plants : for
the new soil put to the plants in August, according to the usual method,
becomes somewhat exhausted by the new roots made before the end of the
growing season ; consequently the plant growing in the same pot during
the whole period of fructification cannot derive so much nourishment;
whereas, when shifted in the end of September, the plant grows but little
afterwards, and therefore the strength of the soil is reserved for the plant
after it has shown fruit.

Again : Why does Baldwin defer taking his suckers and crowns out of
the tan until the 7th of April, instead of the middle of March, which is the
usual time ? It is certainly most desirable for a plant designed to fruit in
eighteen months, that no part whatever of the previous growing year should
be lost. But Speechley says, if they are shifted before the middle of
March, they do not root freely; and, ii' after that period, it checks them in
their summer's growth. How are these conflicting statements to be recon-
ciled ? It is true that Baldwin's plan has succeeded ; yet Speechley's seems
the more reasonable, for by the 7th of April the young plants will have
made some fine new white roots, which must by his plan be all cut off;
whereas, in the middle of March, these new roots would be but small, and
not of so much consequence. Which, then, is the best plan ; taking into
consideration Baldwin's method of growing them without pots and without
fire heat ?

Would young suckers do as well through the winter, gi'owing in tan with-
out pots in a flued pit, as they do in one without flues, and heated with
dung, such as Baldwin used ? Would they be in any more danger of show-
ing fruit prematurely by having a fire flue, than if they were grown on a
common tan bed lined with dung V According to Baldwin, they seldom
or ii;?ver show untimely fruit, grown in this latter way.

Would not a pit with a narrow walk and flue at the back, with a boarded
front against which hot dung is placed, and with a proper tan bed, be as good
a plan for a fruiting-pit as could be devised ? even better than Baldwin's,
which has no dung in front? for, besides the wholesome heat produced by
the manure, it greatly assists the tan bed in keeping up a proper heat after
the fires are discontinued in the summer.

Will a tan bed, well made up in the end of September, retain its heat
sufficiently for fruiting plants without stirring, until the following July and
August, the time when the fruit ripens ? M'Phail says not ; but Baldwin
recommends this plan. This is a singular disagreement between two such
eminent cultivators of the pine, and seems to require some investigation.
Baldwin constantly practised it, and of course found it answer ; M'Phail
tried it by way of experiment, and found it did not answer. But, in looking
at the way in which M'Phail made the experiment, it is evident he did not
give it a fail- trial. He covered the surface of the tan with soil a foot thick,
and planted his pines in it without pots. New plants in this situation
would be under very different circumstances from those of Baldwin ; their
roots are all above the suriace of the fermenting material : when they are
in pots, and plunged to their rims, they are all below it. In the winter, or
early in spring, when Baldwin's bed began to decline in its heat, he had the
opportunity of filling up the interstices between th'^ pots with fresh tan, as
they are only half plunged at first. This recruits the heat surprisingly;

ISO

Queries and Ans'wers.

and, when this tan began to sink and lose its heat, more might be put
between, without at any time disturbing the pots. There seems but little
doubt but by these contrivances the heat may be kept up easily for the
fruiting plants j and still more easily if the pit is formed on the plan stated
above, with boards in front for hot dung. M'Phail's experiment, there-
fore, was by no means a fair one : indeed, if he had tried a hundred experi-
ments, and had still failed, it ought not to discourage gardeners from
adopting this economical and easy method, when they knew that one
gardener did adopt it, and succeeded by it in growing the finest fruit in the
kingdom.

I have many more enquiries and remarks to make on the subject, but
they must be deferred for a future paper. Yours, &c. — S. R. May 4.

A Pear from a Tree in an old Orchard near Gloucester. — Su', I send you
an outline {fig. 131.) of a pear from a tree in my orchard here, which I am

very desirous of knowing the name of. There were only three fruit pro-
duced by it this season, otherwise I should have sent you some. The tree
was probably imported from the Continent, as my predecessor brought a
number of roses, acacias, &c., thence. The fruit was ripe, and fit to eat
in the first week of the present month : it is melting, very juicy, and well
though not highly flavoured. The outline was taken by cutting the pear
in two. — Thomas Sjieedham. Oct. 10. 1831.

The Marie Louise Pear. — Is it not a fit sort to grow as a standard ?
We find it so. Mr. M'Intosh, in his Practical Gardener^ says, it must be
planted against a south wall to do any good. — A Young Gardener. Jan. 1.
1831.

Frontignac Grapes. — Sir, Having frequently experienced great disap-
pointment from the failure of my crop of white Frontignac grapes, I shall
feel obliged to any of your readers who will point out the cause of, and
suggest a remedy for, the evil. It first shows itself at the tune the grapes
are making their last swell. The footstalk of the berry then withers and
becomes black ; and the berries themselves, instead of enlarging and pro-
ceeding to maturity, remain stationary, lose their lustre, shrivel, and con-
tinue to the last extremely acid. What renders this the more remarkable

Queries afid Answers. 731

is, that up to this period of their growth they exhibit every appearance
of health ; and the vines continue, even when the grapes are failing, to
grow vigorously and luxuriantly. Any information on this subject will be
thankfully received by — X.

Prodigioits Mushrooms. — Sir, Having read in the Hampshire Telegraph,
in March last, an account of a mushroom raised in the garden of E. Woods,
Esq., Shopwick, Chichester, by Mr. Collier, gardener, which measured in
circumference 43| in., and weighed 2 lbs, 10^ oz., I am extremely anxious
to learn the details of the process whereby Mr. Collier has been enabled
to grow one so extraordinarily large. The readers of your Magazine
would, I am confident, feel grateful to Mr. Collier, were he to give a de-
tailed account of the mode adopted by him with such signal success. I am,
Sir, yours, &c. — J. S. Brighton, Ajml 13. 1831.

The Pink-eyed Potato of Wales, (p. 249.) — In reply to J. S., both the
early and late are common in Glamorganshire, and better varieties of this
valuable esculent do not exist. Experience enables me to say this, for
I have grown acres of both. The earlTj variety admirably succeeds the
Early prolific and the Ash-leaved kidney ; the late variety should not be
used until towards the return of spring : they are excellent bearers, are
very mealy, and last until June, when young potatoes take their place.
Any quantity may be procured from either Mr. Miller's or Mr. Maule's
well-conducted nursery, at Bristol, who will forward them to all parts of
the kingdom. —P. Lauder. Cardiff, May 23. 1831.

Barley Bigg. — 1 have been looking in several books to find particulars
about the qualities of the species of barley called in Scotland here or
bigg, but without success. Somebody has told me that it will do pretty
well on stiff soil ; that it produces more corn, though not of such good
quality as common barley, on the acre ; that it may be sown in autumn
and fed down by sheep during the winter, or sown in the spring time later
than barley ; and that it ripens in a much shorter time. It is also said to
yield nearly as much spirit, and to make beer as well, or nearly so. If these
things are true, it must be a very valuable grain ; and having some land
which is late and heavy, 1 should like to try it. Can you give any account
of its nature and means of cultivation, or where the finest sorts are grown,
and how they are to be obtained ? — X. Y. London, Aug. 29. 1831.

" Winter barley has the grains disposed in four or in six rows, large and
thick-skinned. It is chiefly cultivated in the north of England and in
Scotland, on account of its hardiness ; but, from the thickness of its rind,
is ill adapted for malting, and is going out of use.

" Bigg, byg, or barley big, is a variety of the winter barley, known by
always having six rows of grains, by the grains being smaller and the rind
thicker, and by its being earlier than the parent variety. Professor Martyn
says, he has frequently counted forty-two grains on one ear of bigg, when
common, or long-eared, barley had only twenty-two. Bigg may be sown
either in autumn to stand the winter, or as late as the first week in June.
In England, the winter or four-rowed barlc}' is frequently sown in autumn,
and stands the most severe winters. With respect to the lateness at
which bigg and summer barley may be sown, much depends on the sort of
weather in the first three weeks after sowing." {EncychpcBdia of Agricul-
ture, p. 823, 824. 2d edit.)

Barley big, or big barley, is occasionally cultivated in the woodland
part of Suffolk for feed for sheep, where, I believe, the soil is generally a
clayey loam ; in Cambridgeshire, in soils lighter than the above, it occurs
mixed with the wheat, but only sparingly, and is deemed deteriorating to the
sample of wheat, in consequence of which the reapers are, or used to be,
set to glean it out of the sheaves, in weather in which it is too damp to
reap thew heat. — /, D,

732

Covent Garden Market.

Art. VIII. Covent Garden Market.

The Cabbage Tribe.

Cabbages, per dozen :

White

Red

Plants, or Coleworts -
Savoys, per dozen
Cauliflowers, per dozen -
Broccoli, per bunch :

White

T urple

Cape ....

Tubers and Roots.

rper ton
Potatoes - < per cwt.

t per bush.
f Kidney, per bushel
Scotch, per bushel
Jerusalem 7 per half sieve
Artichokes J per dozen -
Turnips, White, per bunch
Carrots, Old, per bunch -
Parsneps, per dozen
Red Beet, per dozen
Skirret, per bunch
Scorzonera, per bundle -
Salsify, per bunch - -
Horseradish, per bundle -
Radishes :

rper dozen hands (21
Red^ to 30 each)
tper bunch -
Turnip, White, per bunc.

The Spinach Tribe.
„ . , C per sieve
Spinach [{ier half sieve -
Sorrel, per half sieve
The Onion Tribe.
Onions :
Old, per bushel .
For pickling, per | sieve
Green (Ciboules), p. bunc.
Leeks, per dozen bunches
Garlic, per pound - -
Shallots, per pound - -

Asparaginous Plants,
Salads, Sfc.
Caruoons, per bun. (three)
Lettuce, per score :
Cos

Cabbage
Endive, per score, -
Celerv, per bundle (12 to 15)

small- Saladsg|;:'->,[„^r'^
Watercress, per dozen small

bunches ...
Burnet, per bunch

From

To

£ s.

d.

£ s. d.

0 0

6

0 1 0

0 1

0

0 3 0

0 1

0

0 2 0

0 0

6

0 1 0

0 1

0

0-3 0

0 0

6

0 1 3

0 0

4

0 1 0

0 0

4

0 1 0

3 0

0

4 0 0

0 3

0

0 4 0

0 1

9

0 2 3

0 2

0

0 2 3

0 1

6

0 2 0

0 1

6

0 0 0

0 0

6

0 0 0

0 0

1

0 0 li

0 0

4

0 0 6

0 0

6

0 1 0

0 0

6

0 1 0

0 0

8

0 0 0

0 1

3

0 0 0

0 0

8

0 0 0

0 2

6

0 5 0

0 0

6

0 0 0

0 0

1

0 1 0

0 0

1

0 1 0

0 1

0

0 0 0

0 0

6

0 0 0

0 1

0

0 0 0

0 4

6

0 5 0

0 4

0

0 5 0

0 0

4

0 0 6

0 0

9

0 10

0 0

9

0 10

0 1

0

0 14

0 3

0

0 0 0

0 1

0

0 0 0

0 0

6

0 0 0

0 0

9

0 16

0 0

4

0 1 0

0 1

6

0 0 0

0 2

0

0 3 0

0 0

4

0 0 6

0 0

1

0 0 0

0 1

0

0 0 0

0 5

0

0 0 0

0 2

0

0 0 0

0 2

6

0 0 0

0 2

0

0 0 0

Mint, dried, per doz. bunc.
Peppermint, dried, per doz.
I bunches

Marjoram, per doz. bunches
Savory, per dozen bunches
Basil, per dozen bunches -
Rosemary, Green, per dozen

bunches
Lavender, Dried, per dozen

bunches ...
Tansy, per dozen bunches

Stalks and Fruits for Tarts,

Pickling, ^c.

Tomatoes, per sieve

Capsicums, per hundred :

Green ...

Chile . - -

Large Red, per dozen .

Edible Fungi and Fuel.
Mushrooms, per pottle -
Morels, dried, per pound
Truffles, per pound :

English ...

Foreign

Fruits.

Apples, Dessert, per bushel :

Ribston Pippins

Nonpareils

Golden Knobs
Apples, Baking, per bushel

French

Court-pendu

Royals
Pears, Dessert, per ^ sieve :

Swan's Eggs

Chaumontel

Winter Beurrc

St. Germains

Crassane
Pears, Baking, per half sieve

(juinces ^ jjg^ jjpj,g„

Medlars - - -

Almonds, per peck
Walnuts, per bushel
Chestnuts, per peck :

English

French ...

Filberts, English, per 100 lbs.
Pine-apples, per pound -
Grapes, per pound :

Hot-house - . -

Spanish

Black Hamburgh
Melons, Spanish, per pound

Oranges

Lemons ^ -^^^ hundred
Pomegranates, per dozen
Sweet Almonds, per pound
[Brazil Nuts, per bushel .
Spanish Nuts, per peck -
Barcelona Nuts, per peck

f per dozen
Iper hundred
f per dozen
ll

0 6 0

0 1
0 12

0 12
0 12

0 18

1 4
0 15
0 6

0 8

0

0 10

0 10

0

0 16

0 18

0

0 0

0 14

0

0 18

0 14

0

0 16

0 3

0

0 0

0 0

0

0 16

0 6

0

0 0

0 8

0

0 12

0 7

0

0 0

0 4

0

0 6

3 0
0 10
2 0

2
0
3
1
6
4
2
0 12
0 6
0 7

To

£
0

s.

0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0

0

0
0

0
0

0 0

0 0
0 0

1 0
1 8
0 0
0 10
0 8
0 7
0 7

0 10

0 14
0 2
0 12
0 6
0 3
0 16
0 0
0 0

Pot and Sweet Herbs.
Parsley, per half sieve
Tarragon,per dozen bunches
Fennel, per dozen bunches
Thyme, per dozen bunches
Sage, per dozen bunches

Observations. — V^ to the present period our supplies of vegetables have
been most abundant, and of excellent quality ; the prices as yet have been
low, consequently the growers feel dissatisfied ; indeed, the horticultural
as well as the agricultural interests may be considered as in a very de-
pressed state. It is difficult to determine the cause of this continued
depression, especially with the horticulturists, unless it arises from the
taking up of so much land for the purposes of vegetable culture in the
immediate neighbourhood of the metropolis, or from the improved facilities

Horticultural Society and Garden. 733

of conve_vance, which enables the growers at a distance to bring to London
their produce, both of which causes may have some effect ; but the con-
tinued increase of the population, and the dispersion of the gardeners from
the more immediate neighbourhood, might, I suppose, effectually counter-
balance them. Nothing very new has been offered to our notice this
season, but it is a common remark that vegetables in general have greatly
improved, despite of the very unfavourable circumstances of the growers ;
and I think this may be fairly attributed to the general diffusion of know-
ledge, more especially among the gardeners, by the means of the publica-
tions devoted to that purpose. Our old friends complain of this, and say
that it is of little use to a man to devote his whole life to the acquisition
of the knowledge of his business, if he is to be deprived of its advantages by
the communication of its results to the public at large, without immediate
benefit to himself. That some such inconvenience may arise to many worthy
well-disposed gardeners I have no doubt ; but I think they must be satisfied
with the assurance, that their children will ultimately share the general good,
by this method of dispensing the advantages of all modern improvements in
our system of culture. After all, it must be consolatory to our worthy
friends, that experience and persevering industry are essentially necessary
to all gardeners, to enable them to avail themselves of the casualties of our
climate ; and, with whatever advantages the younger branches of the pro-
fession may enter into competition with them, that it is time and applica-
tion alone which can insure them success.

The supply of fruits generally, as arising from our own produce, has been
extremely limited ; but this has been amply compensated by a large import-
ation from Dutch Flanders, more especially of apples, of excellent quality
of course. Prices have declined considerably, which, under the peculiar
circumstances of our cultivators having lost their crops, is to them matter
of great privation. Onions prove to be good, and in tolerable quantity, at a
fair remunerating price. Potatoes are plentiful, and at good prices; at
present steady, and not likely to vary ; an improvement in which would
alone justify' the growers in the distant counties, or in Scotland, to send
them up. Nevertheless, we have now an excellent supply from Yorkshire
and Scotland, from which places we are accustomed to expect them at this
season in large quantities. — G. C. November 16. 183],

Art. IX. Horticultural Society and Garden.

Sept. 6. — Read. The Meteorological Observations made at the So-
ciety's Garden during the months of June, July, and August.

Exhibited. Black Hamburgh grapes, from Charles Welstead, Esq.
F.H.S. George the Fourth peaches, from Mr. J. A. Henderson. Black
Hamburgh grapes. Muscadine grapes, Scarlet-fleshed rock melon, Grosse
mignonne peaches, Elruge nectarines, and Green gage plums, from Mr.
Hughes, gardener at Norman Court, Stockbridge. Of this collection, the
grapes were fine specimens of cultivation. A Hoosainee melon, from T. A.
Knight, Esq., which proved to be delicious. Elruge nectarines, Old New-
ington Nectarines, White Ischia figs. Large purple figs. Noblesse peaches.
Royal George peaches. Golden drop plums, La royale plums, and Melon
of Gerger, from Sir Charles Sullivan, Bart. This was a very reputable
collection ; the figs were particularly fine, and the melon of great excel-
lence. A Cockscomb, from C. Hanbury Tracey, Esq. Beurre d'Araalis
pears, from Mr. P. Langelicr of Jersey ; a new variety, stated to bear well
as a standard. A collection of Chinese asters, from Messrs. Allen and
Rogers, King's Road, Chelsea. Black Tripoli grapes, from Lord Bexley,
Foot's Cray Place. Wheatear carnations. Grange apples, and Nonesuch

734- Horticultural Society and Gardm.

apples, from Mr. Joseph Kirke, F.H.S. Collections of georginas, from
the following persons : — Mr. Nairn, gardener to Mr. Orby Hunter at New-
sell's Park; Mr. Gardner of Earl Acton; Mr. John Cree of Addlestone
nursery, Chertsey ; Mr. Joseph Wells, gardener to William Wells, Esq.,
of Redleaf, near Tunbridge ; Mr. Thomas Wells, gardener to John Wells,
Esq., Bickley House, Bromley; Mr. J. D. Parks, nurseryman. Welling, near
Dartford ; Mr. C. Brown, of Slough ; and Messrs. Sinclair and Cormack,
New Cross nursery, Deptford. These having been sent, in compliance with
the invitation of the Society (p. 381.), in a competition for the large silver
medal, the chairman, Peter Grant, Esq., named Mr. Chandler, Mr. John
Mearns, and Mr. Munro, as judges ; who awarded the large silver medal to
Mr. Joseph Wells, for his collection of seedling georginas ; and recom-
mended that the Banksian medal be given to Mr. C. Brown of Slough, and
Mr. T. Wells, Bickley House, Bromley.

Also, from the Garden of the Societi/. Flowers. China asters, Justic/a
speciosa. Calceolaria arachnoidea, Pentstemon atropurpureus and campa-
nulatus, Z/upinus ornatus, Cladanthus arabicus, Terbena chamaedrifolia,
pulchella, and Aubletz«, Gaillard^a bicolor and aristata. Phlox tardiflora,
Georginas, i/ibiscus syriacus (varieties), CEnothera serotina, Gil/« capitata
(white variety), Calampelis scabra, Zephyranthes Candida, (Salvia involu-
crata, Colchicums, 'Franciscea Hopeana, Clematis balearica and flammula
rotundifolia, Eulophia Mackaidna, Compositae sp. of Douglas, *Pyrrh6psis
elegans. — Fruit. Netted French melon, Cephalonian melon. Pears :
Belle et bonne, Sanspareil, Early bergamotte (a great bearer as a stand-
ard). Green pear of Yair, Forme de Rousselet, Vallee Franche, Archiduc
d'ete. Franc-real d'ete. Longville's kernel apple. Peaches : Barrington
(a new sort, tree healthy and vigorous; a good bearer; glands globose;
trees with such generally, this in particular, not subject to mildew : leaves
glandless are found most subject to this), Bellegarde, Grosse mignonne,
Noblesse (well known to be a good sort). Royal Charlotte (the Madeleine
a petites fleurs of the French), Incomparable (a large high-coloured
Clingstone, but not very good), Early admirable. Nectarines : Elruge,
Pitmaston orange (a hard, good-bearing sort), Newington, White, Golden
(sometimes very good, when the season is good, and in a warm soil and
situation). Nuts : Cosford nut. Cob nut. Frizzled filbert (a great bearer).
Red filbert. White filbert. Large Cob nut, Downton long nut, Downton
large square nut, Spanish nut, Barr's Spanish nut. Bond nut.

Sept. 20. — Ejcliibited. Black Hamburgh grapes, and Beddington mus-
cadine grapes ; from Edmund Tattersall, Esq. : the latter appear to be the
Chasselas musque grape of the French. Hancock grapes (a fine variety,
resembling the Raisin des Cannes), and Bengale hermite rose, from Mrs.
Marryatt. Very beautiful Black Hamburgh grapes, from a green-house
without fire, from John Allnutt, Esq. Page's late melting peach (appa-
rently the Late admirable), Potentilla Hopwoodiwwa, Z)elphinium sinense
seedling, three sorts of seedling Roses, and other flowers, from the
Misses Garnicr, Wickham, Hants. A very fine bunch of Black Prince
grapes, from Mr. H. Silverlock, F.H.S. Onions, from seeds sown in
August, from Mr. Robert Ross of Penrhjn Castle. Seventy sorts of
Georginas, double white Althce'a frutex, ^sclepia? tuberosa, Raphiolepis
rubra, and seedling Z>elphinium sinense ; from Messrs. Rollisson of Toot-
ing. Double-bearing raspberries, white Nice grapes, and eight sorts of
apples, from Mr. Joseph Kirke, F.H.S. A very fine Cockscomb, from
Mr. Gundry, gardener to S. Paynter, Esq., at Richmond.

Also, from the Garden of the Societt/. Flowers. Terbena rhamaedrifolia,
Cladanthus arabicus, il/alva miniiita, Gaillardirt aristata and bicolor, //ibis-
cus africanus and syriacus (varieties), Phlox marilandica, GesnenVz niacro-
stiichya, Alstroemena acutifolia, &ilvia cardinalis and involucrata, iT/alva
purpurata, Chinese asters, Georginas, Lupinus ornatus ; i?6sa indica ane-

Horticultural Society a7id Gardeii. 735

monefldra, superba, Champney«??«, and Bengale mouseline; Invincible
carmine rose, Wells's noisette, *Pyrrh6psis elegans. — Fruit. Pears :
Belotte (crisp, a sort of Calebasse), De Tamaise, Inconnue Cheneau, In-
connue Angouleme (a new sort, somewhat resembling the Bishop's Thumb ;
when in perfection, supposed to be ver^^ good), Poire d' Amour, Henri
Quatre, and Grise bonne (old French pears), Duquesne d'ete, Green
pear of Yair, Belle et bonne, Forme de beurre Duquesne (from Van
Mons, second-rate), Reine des poires (rather crisp ; is now far from
deserving that name). Peaches : Sanguinole (melting, used in preserves ;
some Sanguinoles are clingstones), Braddick's North American (a yellow-
fleshed clingstone), Morrisania pound (has been grown in America to that
weight, and is here a very good peach, though not better than the follow-
ing). Late admirable (Teton de Venus, or Royale, the best of the late
melting peaches). Chancellor (the Belle Chevreuse differs very little from
this), Nivette (scarcely distinguishable from the Late admirable). Cepha-
lonian melon ; Seedling pinC'apple of Oldaker (this is the first time that
this pine has fruited at the garden) ; Tomatoes, viz. Large red. Red cherry,
Yellow cherry. Large cherry. Pear-shaped red. Small pear-shaped.

Oct. 4. — Read. An account of the striped Hoosainee Persian melon ;
by T. A. Knight, Esq. Nine sorts of Apples, from Mr. Joseph Kirke. A
Monstrous pippin, from Wm. Pridden, Esq. Brown beurre, and Gan-
sell's bergamotte pears, and nine sorts of Apples, from Law Brock Hol-
linshed, Esq. Seedling Georginas, from Mr. James Veitch of Killerton,
near Exeter. A very fine collection of seedling Georginas, from Mr. John
Lee. Phytohicca decandra, from John Allnutt, Esq. Two very valuable
seedling Apples, from Dr. Maclean of Sudbury.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Flowers. Cladanthus arabicus,
Gih'a capitata (white), Stevia purpurea, Tage^t's lucida, GKnotheraserotina,
J^erbena chamaedrifolia, iS'alvia cardinalis, Calceolaria bicolor, Escallon/a
riibra, Georginas, Asters. — Fruit. Pears : Brown beurre, Flemish
beauty, Neill, Autumn Colmar (has not come so fine as usual), Styrian
(rather crisp), Beurre de Capiaumont (hardy, and stands the spring
frosts), Marie Louise (would be much better in a few days), Beurre Diei
(a few specimens ripened earlier, in consequence of the plant, a standard,
having been moved : the general crop will last for two months yet), Cale-
basse (a great bearer ; very sweet, but rather crisp). Doyenne blanc (bears
well as a standard), De Tamaise, Henri Quatre (rather a small fruit, but a
good bearer), Beurre Knox (a very abundant bearer, but soon decays),
Reine des polices, Urbaniste (seems not to be so good a bearer as some of
the other new pears), Gendeseim. Catherine peach. Miller's Burgundy
grape, Cephalonian melon, Potiron jaune.

Oct. 20. — Read. A paper on the propagation of Balsams by cuttings ;
by the author of the Domestic Gardener^ Manual.

Exhibited. Handsome specimens of two dwarf Cockscombs, from J.
Archdale Palmer, Esq. Chaumontelle pears, from Mr. G. Watson, gar-
dener to Lord Palmerston, Scarlet arbutus, a particularly fine variety,
from Mr. Joseph Kirke. Quercus 7'lex with variegated leaves, and Geor-
ginas, from Mr. J. Veitch of Killerton nursery, near Exeter : the seed-
lings of this collection were among the most remarkable of the present
season, they were most beautiful. Five sorts of Indian corn ; from Pro-
fessor La Gasca. Very perfect heads of Indian corn grown in the Isle of
Wight, from Lord Vernon, F.H.S. Small specimens of Indian corn,
from G. J. Powers, Esq. A very large variety of Walnut, with a thin shell
and exceedingly delicate kernel, from J. Biddulph, Esq. A specimen of a
hoe, called a Tally from Lord Vernon ; recommended as being a very
efficient instrument for stirring soil between rows. It had a handle about
4 ft. long, and a curved iron end, the point of which was flat and triangular,
with a cross-bar for breaking clods. A pruning knife, from Lord Vernon,

73G Provincial Horticultural Societies : —

Various flowers, from Mr. Donald, nurseryman, Woking. Rose Noisette,
from J. Allnutt, Esq. La Fameuse apple, and Marie Louise pears, from
L. Haslope, Esq.

Also, from the Garden of the Sociefi/. Flowers : Ferbena chamaedrifolia,
Stevia purpurea, Salvia Graham/, involucrata, splendens, and pseudo-coc-
clnea. Fuchsia virgata and microphylla, Z/upinus ornatus, Justic;« speciosa.
Asters, Georginas. — Fruit. Pears : Beurre Diel, Marie Louise, and Doy-
enne blanc (the season of this excellent sort may be prolonged by planting
against a north wall, on which it succeeds well ; the same remark will
also apply to the Beurre Diel : such a situation would be lost on most of
the old sorts), Beurre Knox (hardy), Gendeseim (a good bearer), Sucre
vert, Duchesse d'Angouleme (found, contrary to what has been reported
of it, to be a good bearer), Beurre de Capiauniont, Calebasse (a great
bearer), Inconnue cramoisine (produces sometimes very large fruit on a
standard, but is not of first-rate quality), Styrian (bears every year a second
crop ; the latter production is, however, very different, in form, texture, and
quality, from that from mature buds and perfect blossoms : a tolerably good
sort, but not first-rate), Psidium Q,Q.tt\ddnum. Vegetables: Leaf beet,
Couve Tronchuda.

Art. X. Provincial Horticultural Societies.

CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

The Cambridge F/orisls' Society/. — The Tulip Show was held on May 16. The
following is the award of the judges : —

Tulips. Feathered Bizarres : 1. Catafalque, Mr. Finch ; 2. Trafalgar, Mr. Ready ; 3. Captain
White, Mr. Bailey ; 4. Roi de Perse, Mr. Ready ; 5. Lustre, Mr. Peeling ; 6. Trafalgar, Mr. Finch.
— Feathered Bybloemen : 1. Ainbassadeur van Holland, Mr. Peeling; ^Washington, Mr. Bailey;
3. Washington, Mr. Finch ; 4. Pearson's Regent, and 5. Ambassadeur van Holland, Mr. Peeling ;
6. Washington, Mr. Twitchett. — Feathered Roses : 1. Heroine, Mr. Ready ; 2. Rose Baguet, Mr.
Finch ; 3. Light Baguet, Mr. Peeling ; 4. Thalestris, Mr. Nutter ; 5. Rose Baguet, Mr. Finch ;
6. Vesta, Mr. Pryor. — Flamed Bizarres : 1. San Josef, Mr. Twitchett ; 2. Charbonnier, and 3. Sur-
passe-Catafalque, Mr. Peeling ; 4. Captain Black, Mr. Finch ; 5. Abercrombie, Mr. Bailey; 6. Lans-
downe, Mr. Pryor. — Flamed Bybloemen : 1. Roi de Siam, Mr. Ready ; 2. Impi'ratrice Florum, Mr.
Bailey ; 3 and 4. Roscius, Mr, Peeling ; 5. Impt'ratrice de Maroc, Mr. Peeling ; 6. Iniperatrice de
Maroc, Mr. Finch. — Flamed Roses : 1. and 2. Triomphe Royal, Mr. Peeling ; 3. Triomphe Royal,
Mr. Rickard ; 4. Guerrier, Mr. Ready ; 5. Sisygambis, Mr. Peeling ; 6. Matilda, Mr. Finch.

Anemones: 1. Mr. Crisp; 2. Mr. Steam. — W/iite Stock, Mr. Crisp. {Cambridae Chronicle,
May 20.)

June'i4. The Ranunculus and Pink Shows were held on June 14. The
following is the award of the judges : —

Ranunculuses. White Spotted : 1. Princess of Wales, Mr. Peeling; 2. Princess of Wales, Mr.
Ready; 3. Addison, Mr. Twitchett ; 4. Benjamin, Mr. Ready ; 5. Princess of Wales, Mr. Finch ;
6. Belle Zoraide, Mr. Bailey. — Dark Purple : 1. Kempenfeldt, 2. Germanicus, and 3. Viriatre;
Mr. Ready ; 4. Viriatre, Mr. Finch ; 5. Charbonnier, Mr. Peeling ; 6. Charbonnier, Mr. Finch. —
Yellow Spotted : 1. Andromache, Mr. Ready ; 2. Andromache, Mr. Crisp; 3. Nestor, Mr. Twit-
chett ; 4. Nestor, Mr. Finch ; 5. Medora, Mr. Twitchett; 6. L'Arbrisssau, Mr. Readv. — Rose
and Pink : 1. Duchess of Orleans, Mr. Finch ; 2. Diomede, Mr. Ready ; 3. Messala, Mr. Stub-
bings ; 4. Duchess of Orleans, Mr. Bailey ; 5. Phedra, and 6. Hermine, Mr. Stubbings. — White-
edged : 1. Sophia, Mr. Ready ; 2. La Tendresse, I\Ir. Crisp ; 3. and 4. Calchas, Mr. Peeling ; 5. New
Venus, Mr. Ready ; 6. Fair Flora, Mr. Peeling. — Light Purple and Grey : L New Nomius, Mr.
Ready ; 2. New Nomius, Mr. Finch ; 3. Baroness Percy, Mr. Ready ; 4. Nomius, Mr. Finch ;

5. Virgil, Mr. Ready; 6. Noir Fonc^, Mr. Finch. — Orange: 1. Brabancpon, Mr. Crisp; 2. Royal
Orange, 3. Agamemnon, 4. Orangi^re, and 5. Groot Mogul, Mr. Peeling; 6. Prince of Orange,
Mr. Ready. — Black : 1. and 2. Na.xara, Mr. Twitchett ; 3. Naxara, Mr. Ready ; 4. CEW Noir, Mr.
Twitchett ; 5. Naxara, Mr. Finch ; 6. Naxara, Mr. Peeling. — Buff : 1. Cox's Buft", Mr. Crisp ;
2. Pisistrate, Mr. Twitchett; 3. Couleur de Perle, Mr. Bailey ; 4. Cox's Buff, Mr. Crisp; 5. St.
Jerome, Mr. Ready ; 6. St. Jerome, Mr. Twitchett. — Red and White Striped : I. Rosetta, and 2.
Temtvaire, Mr. Ready; 3. Orissa, and 4. Cour de France, Mr. Bailey; 5. Orissa, Mr. Crisp; 6.
Temeraire, Mr. Twitchett. — Olive : 1. Jaune en Pompadour, atjd 2. Bouquet Sanspareil, Mr.
Twitchett; 3. Jaune en Pompadour, and 4. Euphorbia, Mr. Ready; 5. Bouquet Sanspareil, Mr.
Twitchett; 6. Harvey's Olive, Mr. Crisp. — White: 1,2, and 3. Charlotte, Mr. Finch ; 4. Kermes,
Mr. Ready ; 5. Charlotte, Mr. Finch ; 6. La Favorite, Mr. Bailey. — Yellow-edged : 1. and 2. Ju-
lius, Mr. Ready ; 3. Prince Galitzin, Mr. Twitchett ; 4. Pucelle, Mr. Crisp; 5. Pucelle, Mr. Ready;

6. Le Roi Frederic de Prusse, Mr. Bailey. — Crimson : 1. Apollo, Mr. Ready ; 2. Jupiter, Mr.
Twitchett ; 3. Jupiter, Mr. Peeling ; 4. La Cherie, and 5. Nouvelle Pallas, Mr. Ready ; 6. Rubra
Magnifique, Mr. Twitchett. — Yellow and Sulphur: 1. Beroth, 2. Adrian, and 3. Eliza, Mr.
Twitchett; 4. Beroth, 5. Adrian, and fi. Golconda, Mr. Ready. — Scarlet: 1. Bicnfait, Mr.
Ready ; 2. Dowton's Rising Sun, Mr. Bailey ; 3. Dowton's Rising Sun, Mr. Crisp ; 4. Cedo NuUi,
Mr. Twitchett ; 5. Dowton's Firebrand, Mr. Crisp ; 6. Jupiter, Mr. Twitchett. — Coffee-coloured :
1. Orpheus, and 2. Prince George, Mr. Ready ; 3. Versaillois, Mr. Twitchett ; 4. Versaillois, Mr.
Ready ; 5. Theodat, Mr. Stubbings ; 6. Prince George, Mr. Twitchett. — Red and Yellow Striped :
1. Brooke's Scarlet and Gold, Mr. Stubbings ; 2. and 3. Melange des Beautes, Mr. Crisp ; 4. CEillet

Ca m h) idp-es/i ii c.

rocco, Mr. Prvor; 3 Bow's lXo S; ^"'k^^'''"'^' ^l^' Ri<^kard ; 2. Tranter's Em.^ror of Mo
Mr. Ekin of the^Su f Sel we/e Ton iTr^""' P°'''°^^ ^^^ '° 'l^*^ P°™^5. sent to the hall bv

rS^ ^aSi:ft?^\i3^Cf'-^^^^^^

best,oneof asort: Lord'Ru.se!l WashinXn ?^^^^^^^^^ ^?°^?'' S'^'"' ^r. Tw.tchJtt. Three

Haylock; 2^Trioraphe HoyalrMr^ee n^^^ ^^>''"'^'^: S*^^' ^ I-Majestueuse, Mr

Russc, La Favorite, Deesse Klnr/^ r » i^„ii„ t ? • ' i^o"^ best.oneot a sort : 1. L'Emnereiir ric
Aurora, Rose Perni de nfraVlS^K^atr^ce de Se "^fr^'l" ^^''V' '•^'^"'' HenriettT'^Nouvenl
5Ir. Searle -Pelargoniums." Four best inotsl\^lp;n'^;/'''^^^^^ \^'^ Rose .S.'ence de Fleur.
4l'«^! ^^i^^Wdnall; 2. Lord C<^.?b^r 'ne're' AnnV R^L^i.^^';' .}.„^i-^'?"?h, Hume/, Princes

Mr. JohnDenson. ^"vt^anM^w, mi. bearle. — btocks, two best cut: 2. White Giant

Fruit Strawberries, Keen's Scedlinfj, Mr Chal!i<;

Appl^:^^;^re[ift^|^^''a;)™-VFdr^ ^'^'=' ^r. WidnaU. -

Sidney College. [Cambridge Chrorncle Mny "o ) ~ '^'"^'"' ^P^^^'^'^. '^'he Master of

award'oftiejudges-'j'^'^""^" ^'"'^ «^^- «• I^^^^'^H^^) announced the follovvino-

BefX7ediS,"i!."SjoJ'"crXan1^u°'k^ °' ^ ^"^-^ ^ ^'^'"^ G^"'^'"' -^-"e en Pompadour^'
m us, Robert Burns', Mr. Tv"che7t. !^^v hl^^Z'"'^^""''"''J^"*''"'^^ ^"^i^"' I^erculef No.'
mius,Combledes Riches^eV Vpn.w vi^l ' °^? "','' ^""= ^ '^u '^'^ Fontenov, Cedo Nulli No.

Bailey-s Princess A'icto"", 'Mr"La ',e?l°Ss ^Nin "belt- il^"""™'"- ^r. i'. Finch.'^Seedlit"
Beau Suwarrow, Knight's Ladv Acland -R^rlttl' o ' °^i^ "^ '' •'°''' = ^- ^'^ Belle Alliancl

Harefield Beauty, Bexlev He'rof t V e lur ,r e mTlmk?''7''lf?l'''''^t''''''' Smolenrko:
Two, Bow's Lustre, Keei 's Wellino-ton Sfv „^ h Catling ; 2. Adelaide, Hopkins's Number
ratt's Conqueror, Seedling Mr Rin!, or % , "f °' R^-'bi'r.v Hero, Ambrose's Lady Hill Bar
wade Beauty, Boothl W?ilin»ion^SW^ oneof a sort: 1. Harefield Beauty, Bgg]""

nard^s Bexlfy Hero, La Belle" Alliance ^VreSBl'utJ'Mr''-,^''' i^' .^^i^f''^ Conque'ror^larl
«,■■• ^""lYK S<^edling, Mr. Ripsher l.R',?e. Six beT'l Sp.^r^ °''l^^ ^'''^' ^'^^'' ^''vincible.
Black, Blanche Superbl White NouvellP Pi!; ;,, t. ' \-.V"',='""'g. Po:npone Blanche, African
low, George the Fourth Wlte Prove, " E n^. s^.^fl? A,^ "''?^'^' }}'\ ^^''''"^" ' 2- Double Yel-
Rose, Shaler's Provence, Mr. Gim"on ' '' ^^'"'' -f^^^" ^"known. Rev. R. LasceUes.

Keen''fse^i|t c'ioLl P^mtZ^^ fewest (.34 to the lb.) :

tlian A lb.), Early Golden Cantaloup Mr mil ' ^ "^''' ^°'- i'^-'mberton. _ Melon (not less

To^l^yil'^, ^:^ ^I^:^"^^^^^' Harsto„.-Roses: George the

-Clfus^enlt„s^,n?r'. ^^^^T^J^^, 'rZtlT'ly ^°^^ "P- ^' ^^^'^ ^-'^-er.
extra), J. Tuck, Harston. ^atceoiana rugftsa, Mr. Biggs. — Giant Stocks (cottager's

Chin?astI;s,JS';i;Sr Il'n^thl'frt&'f* '^r l'"' P-^'-'-l-V the georginas,
are named: J- ^ "'• ^'"°"S "'^ articles lor which prizes were given, the folfowing

;^'SC§?3^!'A5t;^a; SLil^f i3ZL^%-^^-p^(-^) >^ou„tai„ of Snow,

738 Provincial Horticultural Societies : —

Achilles, Victory, Rose Constantia, Lord Famborough. Six best, one of a sort: 1. Mogul, Splen-
dida. Black Turban, Bright Sulphur Yellow, Galatea, Seedling ; 2. Countess of Liverpool, Bar-
ratt's Susiana, Cambridge Surprise, Achilles, Pure Yellow, Perfecta, Mr. Biggs. Georgina, Globe
Dark Crimson, Mr. \Vidnall. Seedling, Mr Robert Nutter.

Fruit. Grapes : Black, Black Hamburgh, Rev. George Jenyns ; White, White Nice, Mr.
Dall ; Frontignac, White, Mr. Dall; White Out-door, Sweetwater, Mrs. R. Foster. — Peaches.
Two sorts, si.K of a sort : Noblesse, Colonel Pemberton. — Nectarines. Two sorts, six of a sort :
Elruge, Colonel Pemberton. Six of any sort. Red Roman, Mr John Newman. — Plums. Two
sorts, ten of a sort : Coe's Seedling, Green Gage, Mr Challis. Dish, Green Gage, Rev. George
Jenyns. — Cherries, INIorello, Mr Challis. — Gooseberries, Warrington Red, Mr. Challis. — Melon
(second prize), Netted CaiiLaioup, Mr. Girason. — Figs, Brown, Colonel Pemberton. — Apples,
Nonesuch, Mr. John Denson.

Culinary Vegetables. Lettuce, Bath Cos, Mr. J. Denson.

Among the cottagers' prizes, the only two named were : — Onions, Spanish, Benjamin Knight,
Waterbeach ; and Apples, Nonesuch, John Chapman, Wimpole.

The next Show was announced for the 30th of November; and, before the Show closed, a let-
ter from Lord Hardwicke to the secretary was read, recommending an extension of the garden
premiums to cottagers. [Cambridge Chronicle, He^t. 9.)

CUMBERLAND.

Whitehaven Horticultural Society. — uipril 29. The following is a list of the
prizes, &c. : —

Flowers. Auriculas. Green-edged : 1. Clough's Defiance, Mr. Robert Elliott, gardener to M.
Hartlej', Esq., Rose Hill (this also won Mr Pennyfeather's premium for the best of any kind ^ ;
2. Buckley's Jolly Tar, Mr. William Sawyers ; 3. Moor's Jubilee Green, Mr. John Gaitskell.
Grey-edged : 1. Taylor's Ploughbov, Mr. James Clarke, gardener to the Earl of Lonsdale ;

2. Kenyon's Ringleader, Mr John 'Gaitskell ; 3. Ashworth's Rule All, Mr. R. Elliott. White-
edged : 1. Lee's Earl Grosvenor, Mr. Robert Elliott ; 2. Pillar of Beauty, Mr. William Sawyers ;

3. Lee's Venus, Rev. H. Lowther. Self-coloured : 1. Redmain's Metropolitan, Mr.Wra. Sawyers ;
2. Berry's Lord Lee, Mr James Clarke; 3. Clarke's Countess, Mr. Robert Elliott. — Polyanthus :
1. Fletcher's General Hill, Mr. James Clarke ; 2. Pearson's Alexander, Mr. Henry Gird ; 3.
Tantararara, Mr. James Clarke. Seedling, Mr. Isaac Williamson. {Cumberland Pacquet,
May 3.)

May 1 7. Prizes -were awarded as under : —

Plants. Green-house (neither Ericas nor Geraniums). Best-bloomed : 1. C^reus flagellif'irmis,
Mr R. Elliott ; 2. Calceolaria integrift)lia, Mr. J. Gaitskell; 3. Calceolaria corymbbsa, Mr. Kobt.
Elliott. — Herbaceous Hardy : 1. Jacoba-an Lily, Mr. James Clarke, gardener to the Earl of
Lonsdale; 2. Rose-coloured Tree P<eonv, Mr. Isaac Williamson. — Heath : 1. £rica mediterranea,
Mr. Alexander Oliver, Gillfoot ; 2. Efx'ca herbkcea, Mr Robt. Elliott, Rose Hill. — Rare Native:
1. Polj'gonum alpJnum [a native of Italy, not of England], Mr. Robt. Elliott, Rose Hill ; 2. O'rchis
macuiau, Mr A. Oliver, Gillfoot.

Flowers. Tulips. Flamed Bizarre : 1. Prince de Condi^ (which also won Mr. Pennyfeather's
prize for the best tulip), Miss Fox, St. Bees ; 3. Leopoldina, Mr. Thornton, Keswick. Feathered
Bybloemen : 1. Buonaparte, Mr A. Oliver, gardener to T. Hartley, Esq., Gillfoot; 2. Black
Baguet, 3. Susiana, and 4. Ceres Primo, Mr Thornton, Keswick. Feathered Roses : 1. Marshal
of France, Mr Thornton, William Pit ; 2. Neat and Clean, Mr Thornton, Keswick ; 3. Do
Little, Mr. Isaac Williamson ; i. Sherwood's Lady Crewe, Mr. John Gaitskell, Hall Santon.
Flamed Roses : 1, Marshal of France, Mr. Thornton, William Pit ; 2. Rose Unique, and 3. Rose
Quarto, Mr. Gaitskell. — Geraniums: 1. Triumphant, 2. George the Fourth, 3. Commander,

4. Moore's Majestic, 5. Celestial, Mr Robert Elliott, Rose Hill.

Fruit. Apples ^of 1830). Dessert : 1. Cirey Leadiiigton, Mr. Robert Elliott ; 2. French Pippin,
Mr. John Pennyfeather, gardener to the Earl of Lonsdale. {Cumberland Pacquet, May24.)

.August 5. The Carnation Show of this Society was lield on August 5. Prizes
were awarded as follows : —

Plants. Green-house : 1. Erythrlna Crista gAUi, Mr. James Clarke ; 2. Swainsbnjn coronilliE-
f6Ua, Mr A. Oliver; 3. Maurandya Barclayriwa, Mr. J. Clarke. — Herbaceous : 1. Esehscholtzia
califijrnica, Mr. James Graham; 2. Campanula pyramidiilis alba, Mr. Robt. Elliott ; 3. Gentiana
saponiria, Mr. John Gaitskell.

Flotuers. Carnations. Scarlet Bizarres : 1. Wild's Perfection, Mr. Wm. Gird ; 2. Smalley's Fox-
hunter, and 3. Lee's Lord Nelson, Jlr. James Clarke. Purple Bizarres : 1. Rainbow, Mr Henry
Gird; 2. Gregory's Alfred, and 3. Plummer's Jubilee, Mr. Wni. Gird. Purple Flakes : 1. Tur-
ner's Princess, Mr.Wm. Gird; 2. Wood's Commander, Mr. James Clarke; 3. Rawson's Cham-
pion, Mr Henry Gird, Rose Flakes: 1. Rawson's Queen Adelaide, Mr Wm. Gird; 2. Smiling
Beauty, and 3. Miss Foote, Mr. James Clarke. Scarlet Flakes : 1. Chance, Mr. James Clarke.
Seedlings of any colour : 1. Helvellyn, and 2. Ned of the Fell, Mr Henry Gird. Best Carnation
(Mr Pennyfeather's prize). Wild's Perfection, Mr.Wm. Gird. — Picotees. Purple: 1. Princess
Victoria, 2. Mason's Wellington, and 3. Lee's Cleopatra, Mr. James Clarke. Red : 1. Will
Stukely, Mr Wm. Gird; 2. Chilwell Beautj', Mr. James Clarke; 3. Mayor of Northampton,
Mr. Isaac Williamson.

Fruit. Melons ; 1. Improved Scarlet Flesh, Mr. A. Oliver ; 2. Egyptian Red Flesh, IMr. Jas.
Clarke. — Nectarines, best six : 1. Old Newington, Mr. James Clarke ; 2. Brugnon, Mr. Robert
Elliott. — Peaches, best three : 1. Royal George, Mr James Clarke; 2. Magdalen, Mr. Robert
Elliott. — Grapes. Best Bunch of Black or Red : 1. Black Spanish, and 2. Lombardy, Mr. Alex.
Oliver. Of White: 1. Tokay, Mr. James Clarke; 2. Early White Muscadine, Mr. Alex. Oliver.
Of Grizzly Frontignac, Mr James Clarke. Gooseberries : Best dish of Champagne, Mr. R.
Elliott. — Plums. Best ten : 1. Wilmot, Mr Robert Elliott ; 2. Red Magnum Bonum, Mr. J.
Pennyfeather. — Pears, Table. Best plate of nine : Jargonelle, Mr. A. Oliver.

Extra-Prizes. Dn'sera rotundifMia, and pelargoniums which have remained in the open
ground all the year, Mr. Robt. Elliott, gardener to Mdham Hartley, Esq. — Bouquet and seedling
georginas, Mr John Gaitskell, Hall Santon. — A member's premium to that cottager in the
neighbourhood whose garden combines the advantages of neatness and utility, was awarded to
John Robinson, engine-man. Scale Gill, near Low Halt

Judges. For Flowers and Fruit : Mr. Connolly of Lancaster, Mr. Joseph WhaUey of Liver-
pool, and Mr. Irving of the firm of Messrs. Hutton, Carlisle. {Cumberland Pacquet, Aug. 16.)

Cumberland, Devonshire. 739

DEVONSHIRE.

South Devon and East Cormvall Botanical and Horticultural Societi/. — The first
Anniversary Meeting of this Society took place on Thursday, Feb. 3. Richard Bromley, Esq., of
Travers House, Stoke, having taken the chair, the secretary, Dr. Hamilton, read the Committee s
Report for the past year. The committee recommended that, as the sphere of its influence haa
been extended far beyond the narrow limits originally contemplated, and, in place of being con-
fined to the southern parts of Devon and eastern parts of Cornwall, had embraced a much larger
extent of the former, and nearly the entire range of the latter, the Society should assume tlie
name of " The Devon and Cornwall Botanical and Horticultural Society." In discussing the
revised regulations for the ensuing year, it was resolved that the exhibitions of the Society ^°"'J^
be arranged as follows: — The Spring and Autumn Exhibitions to be held at the Royal Hotel,
Plymouth ; and that in Summer, to take place at the Town Hall, Devonport. With respect to
horticultural lectures, and a Hortus Siccus, the Meeting was of opinion, that although both objects
were extremely desirable, yet, in the infant state of the Society, it would be premature to enter
into any arrangement on the subject. The Meeting was successivelv addressed by H. NV oollcombe,
Esq., Counsellor Parham, Dr. Barham, Messrs. Pontey, Evans, Bo'ne, Brown, and others. U 'J/-
mouth and Devonport Weekly Journal, Feb. 10.)

July 21. Prizes were awarded as under ; —

Plants. Stove. Best Climber (in flower), Passifibra racembsa, W. Ady, Esq., Gunwharf, De-
vonport. Best specimen, Quisquilis indica, Mr. W. Booth, gardener to Sir C. Lemon, Bart. M.l .
Shrub in flower, J&tropha multifida, Mr. H. Saunders, Kitley. Bulbous, Gesnfer/n bulbosa Mr.
Pontey. — Green-house. Bulbous, Eiicomis punctata, Mr. J. Ellis, gardener to Capt. Worsheaii.

Exotic Fruit. Passiflbra edtilis, Mr. J. Ker, Membland. t \v l h

Culinary Vegetables. Cabbages (second heads, on the original stump of tliis year), Mr. •'■ ""l, ,'
Pennycomquick. — Kidneybeans, Dwarfs, Mr. J. Brown, Tamerton, Cape Broccoli, Mi", t-o-
munds, gardener to C. B. Calmady, Esq. —Lettuces, Cos, Mr. Richard Barrett, Portland 1 lace,
MoriceTown. — Onions.White Spanish, Mr. H. Saunders, Kitlev. _

Extra-Prizes. Plants and Flowers : Pancratium odorum, VV. Ady, Esq., Gunwharf. lobacco,
Mr. Roberts, gardener to Commissioner Ross. £rica Bowie^nn, Mrs. Fownes, Princess Square,
Plymouth. Yucca gloribsa, J. Norman, Esq., Stoke. Strelitz;rt angustifblia, J. Norman, t-sq.
Stoke. Erythrina /aurifblia, Mr. Kcane, Kidgeway. .Acanthus mullis, R. Dunning, f^^l- —
For Fruit : New Green-flesh ]\Ielon, with an orange rind, T. King, Esq., North Huish. Deao-
man's Peas, Mr. J. Ker. Wellington Peas, Mr. \V. Brav, gardener to G. Strode, Esq., Newnham.
Imperial Cape Broccoli, Mr. W. Bray of Newnham. Deptford Onions (last year's), Mr. W. Bray
of Newnham. u , ,

Cottagers' Prizes. Potato Onions, Mr. J. Trace. Cabbage Lettuces, Mr. J. Stroud. Potato
Onions, Mr. Jarman.

Judges. For Plants and Flowers : Capt. M'Adam, R.M., E.W. Churchill, R.M., E. Luscombe,
Esq. K.N., and Mr. Rugg. For Fruit: S. Fuge, R. Dunninsr, G. Soltau. B. Parham, Esqrs.,ana
Mr. Pringle. For Culinary Vegetables : R. Bromley, Esq., Mr Keane, and Mr. Rendle. tor Cot-
tagers' Prizes : ]VIr. Brown, Mr. Webb, and Mr. Saunders. {Plymouth and Devonport Journal,
July,:2S.)

Devon and Exeter Botanical and Horticultural Society Sept. 29- Among tne

plants exhibited were: the Crinum amabile ; Zimia lanuginosa (a native of Southern Africa, anil
considered more than 100 years old); the Flcus elastica, or India rubber plant ; the i^sidium
Cattleyan!««, or purple guava, with fruit just ripening on its branches; the Jacardnda inimosac-
fulia ; Canna bicolor ; Ackcxa. pubescens; Bonaparten juncea ; Salvia spltndens ; Polygala
vcnusta ; Pyrtthrum uliginusum ; the superb plantain ; AllamSnda cathartica ; Plumbago
capensis, H6yrt carnbsa, S&lvia pseOdo-cocclnea, Nyctferium amazbnium, Crinum americanum,
Ipomoe^a insignis, Amaryllis grandifibra, A'ferium carneum, Phl6x autumnalis, ^conitum japO-
nicum, ErythrolteNia conspicua, yigeratum coelestlnum, Chelbne atropurptirea, Rudbeckia chry.
somela, Lantana scabra, Gesnferi« bulbbsa, Dracaj^ia terminMis, Soianum Balbisii, Cj'cas revo-
luta, Salvia fi'ilgens. Salvia involucrjlta, Crassula obliqua, Rbchea falcata, several beautiful speci-
mens of Gloxin/n cauliJscens, Corr£e''a specibsa, Camell?n finibriata, Dichorizandra thyrsiflbra,
Trachymfene cjerulea, Pentstfemon Richard.sbn?', yi'ster Nbva; A'ngli<B, /I ster patens, Taghtes
liicida, GentidHa saponaria, Liatris squarrfisa. Pancratium littorale, Thunbergia .alata, Hse-
manthus punlceus, the Passiflbra coccinea, Stapebn glauca, Piinica n'ma, Fuchs/'a microphylla,
Fuchs/« macrostemon ; specimens of the egg plant, from the gardens of Wearman Giffbrd, Esq. ;
and Calceolaria diffusa, from Pince and Co. ; Booth'sseedling Amaryllis in pots. There was a ijbsa
indica, a bouquet of roses from which plant was exhibited by Lucombe, Pince, and Co., in April,
and from which a bud or two have been cut every day since that period. Among the bouquets of
hardy annuals, the yellow sultan shone conspicuous. Several cottagers also obtained great credit
in this way. In georginas there was a resplendent show: Dymond and Co. had them worked
into a crown (the ermine at the base being admirably imitated by the manner in which the white
georgina and violet were interwoven); and many other nurserymen exhibited stars, crowns, and
anchors, in composing some of which, nearly tiOOO georginas were employed. In a conversation
which took place at the dinner which followed the Exhibition, Mr. Gidley, the secretary, stated
that, in the spring of the next year, seeds of a variety of useful descriptions would be ready ior
delivery to subscribers, for the use of cottagers ; and they would do a service to these persons if
they would make the circumstance generally known in their respective neighbourhoods, stating to
him (Mr. Gidley) the amount of application they might wish to make before the end of January
next.

Among the prizes, which were very numerous, were the following : —

Plants. Stove or Greenhouse. Bulbous Exotic : 1. Crinum amabile, and 2. .\maryllis ai'ilica
platypetala, Mr. C. Booth. Tender Exotic, Dichorizandra thyrsiflbra, Mr. C. Booth. Climber or
Twiner, Passiflora coccinei, Mr. R. Saunders.

Flotvers. Best Seedling Georgina of any colour (raised in 1S50 or 1331), E. Woolratr, Esq.
Dwarf Georginas, in pots, not exceeding 3 It. in height, Mr. C. Booth.

Fruit. Pine-apple (best-flavoured, weighing 2i lbs.), Mr. Craggs, gardener to Sir T. D. Acland,
Bart. Best dish of White Nectarines, Mr. NichoUs. Best dish of Morello Cherries, Mr. W.
Dunsford. Portugal Quinces, E. Woolmer, Esq. W^alnuts, Mr. Lamble. Cobnuts, S. C.
Walkey. Filberts, J. Sweetland, Esq. Dish of Golden Drop Plums, Mr. Craggs. Grapes in a
pot (with 17 bunches), E. Woolmer, Esq.

Culinary Fegetables. Red Beet, Mr. R. Saunders, gardener to C. Hoarc, Esq. Senkale Beet,
J. Sweetland, Esq. White Carrots, E. Oiattev, Esq.

:3 B 2

740 Provincial Hoy H cultural Societies : —

Wine. From grapes grown in the open air in this county : 1. mark G. II. ; C. AV. GifTord, Esq.
From any other fruit or vegetable of English growth : 1. Gooseberry, \V. Gifibrd, Esq, ; 2. I'llim,
J. Sweetland, Esq. {Exeter Flying Post, Oct. G.)

DORSETSHIRE.

Dorset Horticultural Society. — April 27. Mr. Thorne exhibited 150 different
specimens of the alpine auricula, which were al! seedlings, and raised by himself. Mr. Brown,
gardener to Cai)tain Foster of Warmwell, gained a prize for seedling geraniums.

There were also exhibitef' some fine specimens (not for competition) of the Borunfd serrulata,
Cliorizfema HenchmAnnj, ..^c^cia iiuSchilla, Calceolaria corymbbsa. Cactus specibsa, Genista
splijerocarpa, Strelitz/a reg"inie, O'.xalis sulphurea superba, E'pacris grandiflbra, LechpnaultiV? for-
mr:sa, and a fine dish of oranges from the green-house of Robert Pattison, Esq. ; an /'xia grandi-
flbra, from Lord Ilchester's ; and Amaryllis Johnson/, vittcita, and formosissima, from Captain
Foster's.

Amongst the many green.house plants exhibited (not for competition) by Mr. Coaker, nursery,
man, of Upway, were particularly noticed two new seedling geraniums, the \Vinsor/»w!.'/« and the
Lady Combermere ; as well as Lord Combermere, Paul Pry, Anne Boleyn, Spectabile flegans,
Iliime/, Victory, Sec. tic. ; also a beautiful plant of the Crotalftria elegans, /erbtna rhamadri-
fblia, Alonsba grandiflbra, new purple wallflower, Sparaxis, acacias, polygalas, and il/imulus in
sorts ; a fine specimen of Edwards/a microphylla in bloom, the plant growing in the open border.
Also, from the same nursery, a splendid variety of single anemones. {Dorset County Clironiclc,
April 28.)

Sept. 128. The exhibition of fruits, flov.ers, and vegetables, was considered
very superior to those of last year. From the L'pway nursery, fine specimens were exhibited (not
for competition) of double georginas, filly sorts; ErythrolfeNia conspicua ; several sorts of new
F6chs(«, with many other hardy perennials ; also a yellow China rose and crimson 7?bsa odorata.
There were also several fine specimens of Lophospermum erubescens, Calampelis scabra, and
double China asters, from the gardens of Messrs. Webber and Seirce, nurserymen, of Merriott ;
and a fine specimen of the Magnbl/« grandiflbra, from Mr, Rutherford's. [Country Times, Oct. 3.)

ESSEX.

Chelmsford and Essex Floral and Horticultural Societi/, — This Society was esta-
blished in 1S24, and has six shows in a year.

The Tulip Show was held on May 10. The tulips exhibited this season were not so fine as have
been shown in former seasons. We show the six best tulips, two bybloemens, two roses, and two
bizarres : —

Bybloemens: 1. Washington, Cenotaph, Mr. George Howard, Chelmsford; 2. Roi de Siam,
Ambassadeur de Hollande, Mr. Pearson of Writtle ; 3. Premier Noble, INIr. Jonathan Harris. —
Roses : 1. Heroine, Thalestris, Mr. George Howard, Chelmsford ; 2. Triomphe Royal, Rose Perle
Brillante, Mr. Pearson of Writtle; 3 Triomphe Royal, Rose Cerise Blanche, Mr. Jonathan Har-
ris.— Bizarres: 1. Strong's Benjamin, George the Fourth, Mr. George Howard, Chelmsford;
2. Gloria Mundi, Brutus, Mr. Pearson of Writtle; 3. Brutus, Abercrombie, Mr. Jonathan Har-
ris.— George Howard, Secretary and Treasurer. C/icl7!isford, May 22. 1S31. . .^

HEREFORDSHIRE.

Hereford Horticultural Society. — May 17. Prizes were awarded as under : —
Floners and Plants. Tulips. Bizarre: 3. Aigle Noir, 4. Davey's Trafalgar, and 5. Domingo,
R.J. Powell, Esq. Bvbloemen : 1. Washington, R. J. Powell, Esq.; 3. Ambassadeur de Hol-
lande, R. J. Powell, Esq. Rose : 2. Cerise a belle Forme, R. J. Powell, Esq. ; 4. Do Little, R. J.
Powell, Esq. — Pelargoniums. Dark : 1. \edtmar\ia.num, and 2 Pulch^rrimum, Mrs. W. Pates-
hall ; 3. Lord Combermere, Mr. Godsall. Red : 1. Lord Yarhorough, 2. Southcot/n«!<OT, and 3.
Anne Boleyn, Mrs. W. Pateshall. Light : 1. Macranthon superbum, Mrs. W. Pateshall ; S.
Macrinthon, Mr. Kott ; 3. Mrs. W. Pateshall. — Heath, £rica quadrifl^ra, Mrs.W. Pateshall.
— Stove Plant, Gloxin/a superba, C. G. Cooke, Esq. {Hereford Journal, May 18. and 25.)

June 21. The Prizes were awarded as under : —

Plants. Stove or Green-house : 1. Cactus speciosissima, Mrs. W. Pateshall ; 2. Maurandya
Barclayaran, Mr. Godsall ; 3. Calceolaria integrifWia, Sir J. Cf. Cotterell. — Hardy : 1. Delphinium
grandiflbrum, Mr. Godsall ; 2. yfnchClsa panicul^ta, Mrs. J. PhiUipps ; 3. Bronze Iris, Sir J. G.
Cotterell.

Flowers. Ranunculuses. Striped Dark: 1. Pdlchrior, Mrs. J. PhiUipps; 2. Augustus, Mr.
Cranston ; 3. Reglna, Mrs. J. PhiUipps. Light Striped : 1. Duke of Clarence ; 2. Princess of Wur-
temberg, and 3. Melange des Beautes, Mr. Godsall. Selfs: 1. Princess Victoria, Mr. Godsall;
?. Anne, Mrs. J. PhiUipps; S. Melpomene, Mr. Godsall. — Pinks. Black and White: 1. West-
lake's Heroine, Mrs. W. Pateshall ; 2. Symon's New Eclipse, R. J. Powell, Esq. ; 3. Black-eved
Susan, Sir J. G. Cotterell. Red-laced : 1. Barlow's George the Fourth, Mrs. W. Pateshall ;
2. Walker's King Alfred, R. J. Powell, Esq. ; 3. Davev's Venus, Mrs. J. PhiUipps. Purple-laced :
1. Gelding's Seedling, Mrs. J. PhiUipps ; 2. Knight's "Lady Ackland, Mrs. W. Pateshall ; 3. Ste-
vens"s Waterloo, R. J. Powell, Esq. Fancy: 1. ChanceUor, Mr. Godsall; 2. Royal George, Mr.
Cranston. — Roses. Light : 1. Grande Blanche, and 2. Unique, Mr. Cranston. Dark : 1. Tuscany,
Mr. Cranston ; 2. Othello, Mrs. J. PhiUipps. Red: 1. Mignonne, and 2. Rose du Roi, Mr.
Cranston.

Fruit. Cherries: I. Florence, R. J. PoweU, Esq.; 2. Black Tartarian. Mr. Godsall; 3. May
Duke, J. S. Gowland, Esq. — Strawberries : 1, Keen's Seedling, and 2. Carolina, R. J. PoweU,
Esq. ; 3. Grove End, Sir J. G. Cotterell ; 4. Hautbois, J. S. Gowland. Esq. ; 5. Keen's Seedling,
Mr. GodsaU. — Pine-apples : 1. New Providence, and 2. Queen, C. G. Cooke, Esq. — Melons : 1.
Netted Cantaloup, J. E. Graham, Esq.; 2. New, Sir J. G. Cotterell. {Hereford Journal, June 29.)

July 2] . Prizes were awarded as under : —

Plants. Stove or Green-house: 1. Ervthrina Crista galli. Miss Parry ; 2. Crassula coccinea,
Mrs.W. Pateshall ; 3. .V^rium splendens, Mr. Godsall. — Hardy : 1. HydrSngea horti'nsis csrWea,
Sir J. G. CottereU ; 2. Potentflla RussellidHd, Mr. Godsall.

Flowers. Carnations. .Scarlet Bizarres : 1. Yeomansoii's Lord Hill, 2. Smalley's Foxhunter,

Do)sels/ii)T, Essex, Herlfurdshire. *! \l

and 3. AVild's Standard of Perfection, Mrs. W. Patcshall. Crimson Hizarrcs : 1. Wakefield's Paul
Pry, K. J. Powell, Esij. ; 2. Davev's Sovereign, Mrs. W. Pate.shall Scarlet Flakes : 1. Lacey's
Queen, Mrs. W. Pateshall ; '2. Madame Mara, R J. Powell, Esq. ; 3. Page's Queen Caroline,
Mrs.W. Pateshall. Rose Flakes : 1. Fletcher's Duchess of Devonshire, 2. Kates's Sir J. Plaisten,
an J 3. Smnlley's Wonderful, Mrs.W. Pateshall. Purjile Flakes: 1. Bates's Duchess of Devon-
shire; 2. Strong's Esther, and 3. Princess Charlotte, Mrs.W. Pateshall. — Picotees. Purple: 1.
Hogg's Pomj>adour, 2. Jeeve's Moon-raker, and 3. Lee's Cleopatra, Mrs.W. Pateshall. Red: ].
Pike's Defiance, 2. Will Stukely, and 3. Barron's Miss Neville, Mrs. W. Pateshall. — Gcor-
ginas. Dark: ]. Black Turban, Mr. Cranston; 3. Miller's Hebe, Sir J. G. Cotterell. Light: 1.
Wells's Dwarf Yellow, and 2. Mountain of Snow, Mr. Cranston; 3. Beauty of England, Mr.s. W.
Pateshall. Red : 1. Claudius Ceesar, Mr. Cranston ; 2. Seetiling, Mrs. Nott ; 3. Morning Star,
Mr Cranston.

Fniit Gooseberries. Red : 1. Sportsman, and 2. Lancashire Lad, T. Spencer, Esq ; 3. Crown
Bob, Mr. Cranston. Green : 1. Sirrell's Green, T. Sjiencer, Esq. ; 2. Green Ocean, and 3. Wil-
mot's Early, Mr. Godsall. Yellow : 1. Sovereign, 2. Viper, and 3. Rockwood, Mr. Godsall. —
Grapes : 1. Muscat of Alexandria, Archdeacon Prosser; 2. Black Hamburgh, C G. Cooke, Esq.

— Melons: 1. Netted Cantaloup, J. S. Gowland, Esq.; 3. Black Rock, R. J. Powell, Esq

Apricots : L Moorpark, Sir J. G. Cotterell ; 2. Turkey, Mr. John Thomas. — Plums : 1. Orleans,
Sir J. G. Cotterell ; 2. Blue Impt'ratrice, C. G. Cooke, Esq. — Currants, Red, Mr. Knight's New
Seedling, R. J. Powell, Esq. {Hereford Journal, July 27,)

iS't'y)^ 22. A georgina, exliibited by the gardener of Sir J. G. Cotterell, dis-
played what has long been a groat desideratum amongst florists, distinct stripes : the colour is a
deep crimson of the richest velvet tint ; but from the base of, and reposing on, each broad petal,
springs one or two smaller ones, which are beautifully striped with pink, and which, it is hoped,
will prove permanent : the flower is large, well formed, and, although very double, will produce
seed. Prizes were awarded as under: —

Flowers. Georginas. Crimson : 1. Worcester Hero, and 2. Coronation, Mr. Godsall ; 3. Ane-
mone-flowered, Mr. Cranston. Scarlet : 1. Romulus, and 2. Claudiii;; Caesar, Mr. Cranston ;
S. Constantia, Mrs. W. Pateshall. Purple : 1. Atropurpurea, and 2. Anemone-flowered, Mr.
Cranston ; 3. Seedling, Sir J. G. Cotterell. Light : 1. Mountain of Snow, Mr. Cranston ; 2. Ac-
tion, Mrs. Nott ; 3. Painted Ladv, Mr. Godsall. Striped variety, Seedling, Sir J. G. Cotterell.

•Fruit. Nectarines: 1. Scarlet, 2. Roman, and 3. Seedling, Sir J. G. Cotterell. — Apples. Early
Dessert: J. Ribston Pippin, Sir J. G. Cotterell; 2. Peach Apple, T. Spencer, E.sq. ; 3. Albion
Apple, Sir J. G. Cotterell. Late Dessert : 1. Nonpareil, and 2. Margil, Mrs. J. Phillipps ; 3. Gar-
nons Apple, Sir J. G. Cotterell. Culinary: 1. Blenheim Orange, and 2. Hawthorndean, T. Spen.
cer. Esq ; 3. Royal Russet, Mr. John Thomas. — Pears. Early Dessert : 1. Gansell's Bergamot, Mr.
J. Thomas; 2. Orange Bergamot, R. J. Powell, Esq. Late Dessert: 1. Crassane, J. S. Gowland,
Esq. ; 2. Chaumontelle, R. J. Powell, Esq. ; 3. Duchesse d'Angouleme, Mrs. Parkinson. — Grapes.
Out-door : 1. Royal Muscadine, and 2. Black Esperione, Mr. J. Thomas. — Peaches : 1. Seedling,

2. Royal George, and 3. French Mignonno, Sir J. G. Cotterell. [Hereford Journal, Sept. 28.)

Ross HoHicidtural Society. — May 1 8. Prizes were awarded as under : —
Plants. Stove : 1. Cactus speciosissima, Mr. J. D. Wheeler ; 2. AmarJUis Johnsbn;, and

3. AmaryUi.? BelladSntia, 3Ir. Reynolds; 4. Cactus Jenkinsbni, Mr. J. C. Wheeler; 5. CActus
specibsa, John Cooke, Esq. — Green-house : 1. Calceolaria, and 2. Polygala latifblia, John Cooke,
Esq. ; 3. BorbuM serruliita, Messrs. Breese and Reynolds; 4. Calla a;thi6pica, John Cooke, Esq. ;
5. Maurandya Barclay«»«, Mrs. Robertson. — Hardy: 1. /Vis susiSHia, Mr. J. C.Wheeler;

2. Antenn^ria dioica, Mrs. Robertson ; 4. Trollius europsHis, John Cooke, Esq. ; 5. DoAe-
citheon Meadior, Mr. Reynolds. — American: 1. Az'Uea indica alba, John Cooke, Esq.; 2.
Azalea floribiinda, and 3. ijhododi'ndron catawbiense, Mr. J. C. Wheeler; 4. Azilca puntica,
Messrs. Breese and Reynolds ; 5. Az'Uea specibsa major, Mr. J. C. Wheeler.— Heaths : 1. Ves-
tlta coccinea, and 2. Perspicua nana. Miss Trusted ; 3. Ve&tita fulgida, Mrs. Piatt ; 4. Prop^n.
dens, Mr. J. D. Wheeler; 5, Hybrida, Mr. J. C.Wheeler.

Florvers. Tulips. Bizarres : 1. Wade's King, and 2. Violet Alexander, Mr. J. C. Wheeler;

3. Belle Actrice, T. Rudge, Esq. ; 4. Captain Lambton, Mr. P. Baylis ; 5. Count Platofl', Mr. C.
Cocks. Bybloemens : 1. Holmes's King, T. Rudge, Esq. ; 2. Duchess of Wellington, and 3. La
Plus Belle, Mr. J. C. Wheeler; 4. Duchesse d'Oldenburgh, Mr. Purchas; 3. Washington, Mrs.
Robertson. Roses : 1. Triomphe Royal, Mr. Purchas ; 2. Walworth Rose, 3. Adonis, and 4. Ro.se
Brillante, Mr. J. D. Wheeler ; 5. Pucelle d'Orleans, Messrs. Breese and Reynolds. Verports :
I. Incomparable Hebe, and 2. Daphne, W. Gillman, Esq. ; 3. Lady Exeter, Mr. J. C. Wheeler ;

4. Domingo, W. Gillman, Esq. ; 5. Hebe, Mr. P. Baylis. Rigauts : 1. Holland/a,-2. Le Grand,
and 3. Dido, W. Gillman, Esq. ; 4. Bruno, Mr. C. Cocks ; 5. Black Rigaut, Mr. J. D. Wheeler.
Kaguets : 1. Norwich Black Baguet, Mr. Reynolds ; 2. Duchess of Tuscany, Mr.C. Cocks; 3. Habit
Royal, W. Gillman, Esq.; 4. Elizabeth, Mr.C. Cocks; 5. Habit du Roi, W. Gillman, Esq. —
Anemones. Dark : 1. Cardin.al de Fleuri, Mr. T. Rvder ; 2. Triomphe Colomhine, and 3. Reine
de France, Mes.srs. Breese and Reynolds ; 4. Walworth, Mr, T. Edwards ; 5. Duchesse de Croix,
Messrs. Breese and Reynolds, Light : 1. Pure Blanche, Messrs. Breese and Reynolds ; 2. La
Belle Venus, J. F. Willis, Esq. ; 3. Sandre, Mr. T. Ryder ; 4. White Swan, and 5. Jasper Grisdeline,
J. F.Willis, Esq. Scarlet or Red : 1. Lord North, and 2. Grand Czar, Mr. T. Ryder ; 3. Scarlet,
Mr. J. C. Wheeler ; 4 High Admiral, Messrs. Breese and Reynolds ; 5. Columba, Mr. T. Ed-
wards. — Pelargoniums. Dark : 1. Germanicus, John Cooke, Esq. ; 2. V>a.\es unum, Mrs. Piatt ;

3. Lord Combermere, and 4. HiimeJ, .John Cooke, Esq. ; B.CoWey aiuim, Mr. J. D. Wheeler. Scar-
let or Red : 1. Lord Yarborough, and 2. Spectabile striatum, John Cooke, Esq. ; 3. Invincible,
Mr. J. D.Wheeler ; 4. Moore's Victory, Mrs. Piatt ; 5. Anne Boleyn, John Cooke, Esq. Light:
1. Macr&nthon, Mrs. Piatt ; 2. MilK r/, John Cooke, Esq. ; 3. Cleopatra, Mr. J. D. Wheeler ;

4. Cleopatra superba, Mrs. Piatt ; a. Ornatum, John Cooke, Esq. — Nosegay, Mr. Reynolds.
Ctilhiari/ Vegetables. Asparagus: 1. Mr. T. Ryder; 2. R. Compton, Esq.; 3. Mr. Holbert

♦. Mr. T. Ryder ; .'5. Mr. Holbert. [Hereford Journal, May 25.)

June 22. Prizes were awarded as under : —

Plants. Stove or Green.house : 1. Hnya carnbsa, John Cooke, Esq. ; 2. A'^rium spli^ndens,
Mr. J. D. Wheeler ; 3. Calceol&ria corymbusa, Mr. J. C. Wheeler ; 4. Amaryllis Johnsbnz, Mr.
Reynolds; 5. Cactus specibsa, John Cooke, Esq. — Pelargoniums. Dark : 1. Ycatma.n/dnum, Mr.
J. t. Wheeler ; 2. Hilme/, and 3. Germanicus, John Cooke, Esq. ; 4. il/alachr£efbUum, Mrs.
Piatt; 5. Daveyn««?«, Rev. T. Underwood. Scarlet or Red: 1, Lord Yarborough, and 2. Anne
Bolcy'n, J. Cooke, Esq. ; 3. Agrippina, Rev. T. Underwood ; 4. Lady Liverpool, Mrs. Piatt ; 5.

:> B 3

742 Provincial Horticultural Societies : —

Moore's Victory, John Cooke, Esq. Light : 1. Yourigii, JMr. J. C. Wheeler ; 2. Millferi, John-
Cooke, Esq. ; 3. MacraiUhon supcrbum, Mrs. Piatt ; +. Apol'.o, John Cooke, Esq. ; 5. Macraii-
thoii, Mrs. Piatt. — Heaths : 1. Ventricosa suptrba, Brcese and Reynolds ; 2. Ivhydna, Mr. J. C.
Wheeler; 3. Ventricbsa praj'gnans, and 4. Tricolor, Miss Trusted; 5. Mutabilis, Mr. J. C.
Wheeler. — Hardy: 1. Dictamnus FraxincUa, Mr. Purchas ; 2. ielphfnium grandiflbrum, Mr.
Reynolds; 3. yinc'husa i)aniculkta, Mrs. Robertson; 4. DigitMis purpfirea-alba, Mr. Reynolds;
i>. Antirrhinum majus bicolor, Mrs Piatt. — American : 1. Kalmi'n latifulia, Mr. J. C. Wheeler;

2. Azalea alba, Mr. J. D. Wheeler.

Flowers. Ranunculuses. Dark : 1. L'CEil Xoir, and 2. Coraley's Royal Purple, Sir. Crxtmp ;

3. Naxara, Mr. J. D. Wheeler: 4. Admiral Kcppel, and o. Rose Supreme, Mr. Crump. Light :

1. Eiiza, Mr. Crump; 2. Linnet, Mr. J. D. Wheeler; 3. Argentina, Mr. Crump; 4. Cox's Buff;r
and 5. Dr. Franklin, Mr. J. D. Wheeler. Striped : 1. Cour de France, Mr. Crump ; 2. Strong's
Eliza, Mr. J. C. Wheeler; 3. Melange des Beautes, Mr. Crump ; 4. Suprenia, Mr. J. C. Wheeler ;
5. Thompson's Queen, John Cooke, Esq. Mottled: 1. Coar de France, Mr. J. D. Wheeler; 2.
Nomius, Mr. Crump ; 3. Prince Galitzin, Mr. J. D. Wheeler ; 4. Le Ti^meraire, and 5. Notcutt's
CoflFee and Gold, Mr. Crump. —Pinks. Black and White: 1. Corbett's Leopold, John Cooke,
Esq ; 2. Queen of June, Mr. J. C. Wheeler; 3. Eaton's George the Fourth, John Cooke, Esq. ;

4. Wcstlake's Heroine, Mr. T. Edwards ; 5. Symond's New Eclipse, John Cooke, Esq. I'urple-
laced: 1. Buffalo's Beauty, Mr. John Hooper; 2. Davey's Mrs. Ford, Mr. T. Edwards; 3.
Spanish Patriot, W. Gillman, Esq. ; 4. Bow's Cato, Mr. Holbert ; 5. Bow's Suwarrow, Breese
and Iteynolds. Red-laced: 1. Cheese's Miss Cheese, and 2. Lord Byron, Jlr. John Hooper; 3
Stevens's Waterloo, K. Evans, Esq. ; 4. Mr. Jlorris, Mr. John Hooper; 5. Thompson's Princess
Charlotte, W. Gillman, Esq. Selfs and Fancies: 1. George the Fourth, Mr. John Hooper: 2.
Seedling, Mr. J. D. Wheeler ; 3. Blush and Beauty, Mr. Crump ; 4. Barratt's Collingwood, Mr.
Ryder; 5. Aurora Borealis, W. Gillman, Esq. — Roses. Dark: 1. L'Ombre Agreable, Mr.
Reynolds ; 2. Pluto, IMrs. James Rudge ; .3. Mottled Purple, J. F. Willis, Esq. ; 4. Tuscany, Mr.
Reynolds ; 5. Portland, Mr. J. C. Wheeler. Light : 1. Unique, Mr. Holbert ; 2, New Maiden's
Blush, Mr. Reynolds; 3. Brown's Superb, Breese and Reynolds ; 4. New Blush, Mr. J. C.
Wheeler; 5. White Moss, Mr. T. Edwards. Scarlet or Red : 1. Wellington, K. Evan.s, Esq.;

2. Ranunculus, Breese and Reynolds ; 3. Scarlet Provence, Mr. T. Edwards ; 4. Nonpareil, Mr.
Reynolds; 5. Carmine, Mr. Reynolds. — Nosegav, Mr. Reynolds.

Fruif. Cherries: 1. Mayduke, R. Compton, ' Esq. ; 2. 'Early May, Mrs. Piatt ; 3. Elton, R.
Compton, Esq.; 4. Bigarreau, Mr. Sharp; 5. White Hart, Mr. Purchas. — Straivberries : L
^Vilmott's Superb, Colonel Money ; 2. Keen's Seedling, Mr. James Kudge; 3. Hautboy, Breese
and Reynolds ; 4. Scarlet Roseberry, and 5. Carolina, K. Evans, Esq. {Hereford Journal,
June 29.)

./(//?/ 27. Prizes were awarded as under: —

Plants. Stove or Green-house : 1. Erythrlna Crista giilii, Breese and Reynolds ; 2. Fuchs«a
gracilis. Rev. T. Underwood; 3. Eacomis punct&.ta, John Cooke, Esq. ; 4. jN'ferium splendens,
and 5. Lantana aculeita, Mr. J. D. Wheeler. — Hardy: 1. Hydrangea, John Cooke, Esq. ; 2.
TerJitrura nigrum, Mr. Reynolds ; 3. Potentilla formfisa, W. Gillman, Esq. ; 4. Coreopsis lan-
ceolkta, Mr. Reynolds ; 5. Digitalis ferruginea, W. Gillman, Esq — Heaths : ]. Viridiflora,
Miss Trusted ; 2. Savile«na, Breese and Reynolds ; 3. AmpuUkcea, Mrs. Piatt ; 4. Irbvdna, Mr.
J. C. Wheeler ; 5. JuUa.ia, Miss Trusted.

Floivers. Carnations. Scarlet Bizarres : 1. Sir Hudibras, and 2. Hopkins's Cirenadier, J. F.
W'illis, Esq. ; 3. Landon's Sir J. Boughey, 4. 'Davey's Sovereign, and .5. Champion's Seedling,
Mr. Crump. Crimson Bizarres : 1. Cartwright's Rainbow, Mr. J. D. Wheeler ; 2. Hoyle's Mag-
nificent, and 3. Davey's Rainbow, J. F. Willis, Esq.; 4. William the Fourth, Mr. Crump; 5.
Penley's Delight, J. F. Willis, Esq. Scarlet Flakes: 1. Bright Phoebus, Mr. Crump; 2. Pear-
son's Madame Mara, J. F. W'illis, Esq.; .3. Coulston's No. 1., Mr. J. D. AVhceler ; 4. Stoniard's
Britannia, Mr. T. Edwards; 5. Lacey's Queen, Colonel Monej-. Purple Flakes: 1. Piggott'.*
Amethyst, 2. .Symond's Byron, .3. Wood's Commander, and 4. Crump's Seedling, Mr. Crump;
.5. Wiiraer's Defiance, J. F. Willis, Esq. Rose Flakes': 1. Wilmer's Commander, J. F. Willis,
Esq. ; 2. Florilla, Breese and Reynolds ; 3. Pearson's Sir George Crew, J. F. Willis, Esq. ; 4.
Beauty of the Valley, Mr. Crump; 5. Fletcher's Duchess of Devonshire, Breese and Reynolds.
— Picotees. Purple: 1. Lovely Emma, Mr. J. D. Wheeler; 2. Pulling's Offspring, Mr. Crump;

3. Mr. T. Edwards ; 4. Hogg's Penelope, Breese and Reynolds ; 5. Salamander, 5Ir. T. Edwards.
Red: 1. Man of Ross (seedling), Mr. T. Edwards; 2. Beauty of Strentham, Breese and
Reynolds; 3. Cornfield's Duchess of Bedford, and Louis the Sixteenth, J. F. Willis, Esq.; 5.
Sophia, Mr. Crump. — Georginas. Dark Double: 1. Black Turban, Mr. Reynolds; 2. Breese's
Venus of Rudhall, and 3. Breese's Man of Ross, W. Gillman, Esq. ; 4. Globe Crimson, K. Evans,
Esq. ; 5. Superb'ssima, E. Pricliard, Esq. Light Double : 1. Mountain of Snow, Mr. J. C.
Wheeler ; 2. Scarlet Turban, Mr. Cary Cocks ; 3. Royal Dwarf Yellow, IMr. Holbert ; 4. Coccinea
floribi'inda (seedling), W. Gillman, Esq.; 5. Sulphuret, Mr. Cary Cocks.

Fruit. Gooseberries. Red: 1. Roaring Lion, .and 2. Crown Bob, Blr. P. Baylis; 5. Raspberry,
K. Evans, Esq. ; 4. Rough Red, Rev. L. Robertson ; 5. Warrington, John Cooke, Esq. Green :
L Eagle, Mr. Crump; 2. Green Chisel, Colonel Money; 3. Whitesmith, Mr. T. Edwards; 4.
.Seedling, and j. Green Cecil, Mr. Holbert. Yellow : 1. Moore's White Bear, Colonel Money ;
2. Bumford's Golden Chain, Mr. P. Baylis ; 3. Viper, J. Cooke, Esq. ; 4. Yellow d'Or, Mr. Hol-
bert ; 5. Scorpion, Colonel Money. — Grapes : 1. Black Amber, and 2. Saint Peter's, Colonel
Money ; 3. Old Sweetwater, E. Prichard, Esq. ; 4. New Sweetwater, J. Cooke, Esq. {Hereford
Journal, August 3.)

HUNTINGDONSHIRE.

Httntingdoiuliire Horticultural Societj/. — April ^1 , TheAnnual Spring Show
was held on April 27., when prizes were awarded as under : —

Flowers. Auriculas. Green-edged : 1. Tliompson's Revenge, Mr. W'ood ; 2. Bearless's Superb,
Mr. Fordham ; 3. Parkinson's 'frafalgar, and 4 MetcaJf's Lancashire Hero, Mr. Hyland.
Grey-edged : 1. and 2. Kenvon's Ringleader, 3. Ashworth's Rule all, and 4. Thompson's Revenge,
Mr. Hyland. White edge'd : 1. and 2. Taylor's Glory, Mr. Hyland; 3. Taylor's Incomparable,
and 4. Popplewcll's Conqueror, Mr. Dally. Self: 1. Breaker's Queen Anne (a superb flower,
beating all the named flowers ', Mr. Wood ; 2. Hyland's Juba, Mr. Hvland. Seedling, Hvland's
Lady CaroliiieMontague, Mr. Hvland. — Polyanthus : I. Bearless's .Superb, Mr. Hyland : 2. Pear-
son's Alexander, Mr. Fordham; 3. Bearless's Superb, Mr. Wood; 4. Beauty of Over, Mr. p'rank-
Im. Seedling, Earl Grey, Mr. Franklin. — Hvacinth. Double Blue: 1. Pasquin, Mr. Raye; 2.

Hu?itingdotishire, Lcmcashire. 743

Prince Henry of Prussia, Mr. Franklin ; 3. Prince Henry of Prussia, Mr. Wood. Double Red
or Pink : 1. Honour of Amsterdam, Mr. Raye ; 2. Honour of Amsterdam, Mr. Wood ; 3. Flos
sanguineus, Mr. Franklin. Double White : 1. and 2. Groot Voorst, Mr. Dall ; 3. Groot Voorst,
Mr. Raye. — Polyanthus Narcissus. Yellow, Soleil d'Or, Mr. Dale. White, Grand Monarque,
Mr. E. Laindy.

Fruit. Dessert Apples: 1. Nonpareil (preserved in box with sand), Mr. Raye; 2. Baxter's
Pearmain (preserved in box with sand), Mr. Dally. — Kitchen Apples: 1. Norfolk Beauffin
(packed in box with hay and straw to exclude the air), Mr. Middleton ; 2. French Crab (gathered
dry, and packed in straw so as to exclude the air), Mr. Giddings. — Strawberries : Roseberries,
Mr. Middleton.

Culiyiary Vegetables. Early Potatoes: Mr. Bleet (nine weighed lib. 7oz.). — Rhubarb: 1. Hy-
brid, 5 lbs. lljoz., Mr. Bleet; 2. Wihnot's Green, 4 lbs. "i^oz., Mr. Giddings. — Lettuce : I.Bath
Cos, Mr. Dally ; 2. Bath Cos, Mr. Giddings.

July 27. At the Annual Summer Show prizes were awarded as vmder : —

Flowers. Carnations. Scarlet Bizarre : 1. Wild's Perfection, Mr. Sharp ; 2. Wild's Perfection,
Mr. Twitchett ; 3. Wild's Perfection, Mr. Franklin ; 4. Wild's Perfection, Mr. Nutter. Purple
Bizarre : 1. Gregory's Alfred, Mr. Sharp ; 2. Gregory's Alfred, Mr. Franklin ; 3. Gregory's
Alfred, Mr. Twitchett; 4. Gregory's Alfred, Mr. Nutter. Scarlet Flakes: 1. Doctor Barnes,
Mr. Dearlove; 2. Doctor Barnes, Mr. Sharp; 3. Doctor Barnes, Mr. Twitchett; 4. Doctor Barnes,
Mr. Bleet. Purple Flakes: 1. British Flag, Mr. Nutter; 2. Turner's Princess, Mr. Twitchett;

3. Belierophon, Mr. Sharp; 4. Princess Charlotte, Mr. Dearlove. Rose: 1. Devonshire, Mr.
Sharp ; 2. Devonshire, Mr. Twitchett ; 3. Devonshire, Mr. Fordham ; 4. Devonshire, Mr. Franklin.
Best in anv colour in addition : Wild's Perfection, Mr. Sharp. Seedling in any colour : ].
Walter Scott, Mr. W'ood ; 2. Earl Grey, Mr. Raye.— Picotees. Purple: 1. Miss Willoughby, Mr.
Franklin; 2. Miss Willoughby, Mr. Twitchett ; 3. Miss Willoughby, Mr. Raye; 4. Miss Wil-
loughby, Mr. Nutter. Red Dark: 1. Wood's Comet, Mr. Raye; 2. Bringclore Champion, Mr.
Twitchett; 3. Wood's Comet, Mr. Dally; 4. Smith's Victory, Mr. Sharp. Scarlet or pale Red:
1. Russell's Incomparable, Mr. Nutter; 2. Russell's Incomparable, Mr. Sharp; 3. Russell's Incom-
parable, Mr. Twitchett ; 4. Russell's Incomparable, Mr. Dearlove. Rose or Pink: 1. Granta,
Mr. Fordham ; 2. Granta, Mr. Raye ; 3. Granta, Mr. Nutter ; 4. Queen Caroline, Mr. Twitchett.
Yellow: 1. Howlet's Paragraph, Mr. Dearlove ; 2. Zenobia, Mr. Sharp ; 4. Louis Seize, Mr.
Twitchett. Best in any colour in addition : Russell's Incomparable, Mr. Nutter. Seedling
i« any colour: 1. Beauty of Ripton, Mr. Dally; 2. Hose Imperial, Mr. Raye. — Double Geor-
ginas : 1. Nobla, Augusta, and Apollo, Mr. Slight ; 2. Countess of Liverpool, ^'enusta, and
Perfccta, Mr. Franklin ; 3. Robusta, Donna Maria, and Squib's White, Mr.,W'ood ; 4. Au-
gusta, Imperiosa, and Eximia, Mr. Nutter.

Fniif. Gooseberries. Red: i. Roaring Lion, 24 dwts. 4 grs., Mr. Hyland ; 2. Roaring Lion,
23 dwts., Mr. Bleet ; 3. Roaring Lien, 22 .dwts. 21 grs., Mr. Giddings ; 4. Roaring Lion, 21 dwts.
22 grs., Mr. Askew. Y'ellow : 1. Jolly Gunner, 21 dwts. 19 grs., Mr. Askew ; 2. CJolden Globe,
17 dwts. 18 grs., Mr. Hyland; 3. Golasn Sovereign, 16 dwts. 10 grs., Mr. Franklin ; 4. Jolly Gun-
ner, 16 dwts. 9 grs., Mr. Fordham. Green: 1. Green Ocean, 20 dwts. 4 grs., Mr. Giddings; 2.
Green Ocean, 20dwts. 1 gr., Mr. Fordham; 3. Angler, 19dwts. 18 grs,, Mr. Bleet; 4. Angler and
Ocean, 17 dwts. 12 grs,, Mr. Wood and Mr. Hyland. White: 1. Governess, 23 dwts. 22 grs., Mr.
Hylaud ; 2. Whitesmith, 21 dwts. 16grs.,.Mr. D. Veasey ; 3. Eagle, 20 dwts. 16 grs., Mr. Giddings.;

4. Eagle, 19dwts. 13 grs., Mr, Fordham. In any colour in addition : Roaring Lion, 24dwts, 4 grs.,
Mr. Hyland. Seedling, White : Marquess Lothian, 22 dwts., Mr. Hyland. Fewest to the Pound :
1. 14 Goo.seberries, Mr. Hyland ; 2. 14 Gooseberries, Mr. Bleet ; 3. 14 Gooseberries, Mr. Wood.

— Currants (fewest to the Pound), White : 1. 20 Bunches, Mr. Giddings ; 2. 32 Bunches, Mr.
Bleet ; 3. 33 Bunches, Mr. Slight. Red : 1. 37 Bunches, Mr. Giddings ; 2. 42 Bunches, Mr. Hyland.

— Cherries: 1. May Duke, Mr. DaU ; 2. Bigarreau, Mr. Bleet; 3. May Duke, Mr. Dally.

LANCASHIRE.

Bolton Ploral and Horticultural Society May 27. Prizes were awarded to

the following amongst numerous others : —

Cfereus speciosissimus (the first prize in stove planfs). Potatoes, French Beans, and I-ettuces,
with numerous others, W, Hulton, Esq, Calceolaria Gillenwna [FothergilhYi'], a beautiful
Green-house Plant, first prize, R, Holland, Esq. (Bolton Clironicle, May 28.)

July 6. The Third INIeeting for the season, of this Society, was held in the
large room at the Commercial Inn, when the exhibition of flowers, stove, green-house and herb-
aceous plants, fruits, &c., far exceeded any fonnerone. The stage of pinks was said to be the
most splendid ever witnessed in this county. The roses and ranunculuses were not so good, owing
to the extreme forwardness of the season. {Wheeler's Manchester Chronicle, July 9.)

August 5. The specimens of plants and flowers shown were excellent, but in
fruit there was an evident falling off The principal prize ; were disposed of as under : —

Stove Plant, Brugmans/Vi suavfeolens, James Ormro 1, Esq. Green-house Plant, Atrium
Oleander var. spl^ndens, Roger Holland, Esq. Second 'Jreen-house Plant, Fiichs/a gracilis, R.
Barlow, Esq. Melon, James Cross, Esq., a most beaut'ful specimen, weighing lO^lbs. Scarlet
Bizarre Carnation (Foxhunter), Mr. John W;.Ish. Bi; rre Carnation (Rainbow), Mr. Turner.
Scarlet Flake Carnation (Madame Maral, Mr. Mawds^y. Pink Flake Carnation (Conquering
Hero), IMr, Jos. Ashworth. {Bolton Chrunide, August 13.)

Lancaster Floral and Horticultural Society. — July 26. Prizes were awarded
as under : —

Plants. Green-bouse : 1, Erythriiia /aurifblia, and 2. Alstroemtr;Vi Pelegrina, Mr, Hargreaves ;
:>, Plumbago, J. Dockray, Esq. Hardy : 1. 7/ibiscus (new\ and 2, Salpiglossis atropurpOrea,
Mr, Hargreaves; 3. Conimelina tuberbsa. Miss Dalton ; 4, Campanula pyramidalis alba, Mr.
Darwen.

Flowers. Carnations. Scarlet Bizarres : 1. Wild's Perfection, and 2. Ely's M.iyor of Ripon,
Messrs. Connelly and Son ; 3. Triumphant, Mr, Hargreaves ; 4, Smalley's Foxhunter, Messrs.
Connelly and Son ; 5, Royal Sovereign, Mr, Hargreaves ; 6. Lee's Lord Nelson, Messrs. Connelly
and Son; 7. Salamander, Mr. Hargreaves. Pink Bizarres: I.Wakefield's Paul Pry, Messrs.
Connelly and Son ; 2. Squire Trafford, Mr. Hargreaves; 3. Potter's Sir William, 4. Plumber's
Ixjrd Denbigh, 5. Lee's Duke of Kent, 6. Plummer's Waterloo, and 7. Tve's Prince Leopold,
Messrs. Connelly and Son. Purple Flakes: I. Leighton's Belierophon, and 2. Oddie's Hcnrv

;5 r, 4

Tit Piovincial Horticultural Societies : —

Hunt, Messrs. Connelly and Son ; 3. Turner's Princess, Mr. Hnrgreave's; 4. Wood's Commander,
and i>. Bates's Wellington, Messrs. Connelly and Son. — Scarlet Flakes : 1. Pearson's Rising Sun,
ii. Leighton's Atlas, 3. Faulkner's Salamander, 4. Waterhouse's Caroline, 5. Yeomanson's Com-
mander, f). Hut'ton's Mr. Hobliouse, and 7. Tliornicroft's Blucher, Messrs. Connelly and Son.
Pink Flakes : 1. Clegg's Smiling Beauty, Mr. Hargreaves (Penny Street) ; 2. Faulkner's Eliza,
and o. Leigliton's Miss Foote, Messrs. Connelly and Son ; 4. Devonshire, Mr. Hargreaves (Penny
Street) ; .'). Pearson's Lord Essex, 6. Plant's Lady Hood, and 7. Yates's Supreme, Blessrs. Connelly
and Son. Seedling Carnation, Mr. Forbes. — Picotees. Purple: 1. Lee's Cleopatra, 2. Mason's
Wellington, .3. Faulkner's Earl Wilton, 4. Lee's Royal Purple, and 5. Faulkner's Hannibal,
Messrs. Connelly and Son ; 6. Duchess of Rutland, Captain Wilkinson ; 7. Clark's Doctor Syntax,
Mr. Forbes. Red : \. Lee's Will Stukely, 2. Faulkner's Salamanca, and 3. Kenny's Incompar-
able, Messrs. Connelly and .^on ; 4. Pyke's Defiance, and 5. ChilwcU Beauty, Mr. Hargreaves
(Penny Street) ; 6. Mayor of Northampton, Mr. Danvon.

Fruit. Melons: I. Duchess of Hamilton ; 2. Mr. Forties. — Heaviest Bunch of Grapes : Black'
Hamburgh, John Stout, Esq. Best Bunch of Grapes : Tokay, Duchess of Hamilton. — Goose-
berries. Red: 1. Roaring Lion, Mr. Townley ; 2. Prince Regent, Mr. T. Darwin. Yellow: 1.
Royal Gunner, and 2. Cottage Girl, Mr. Salthouse. Green : 1. Troubler, Mr. Burrow ; 2. Green
Ocean, Mr. Salthouse. White: 1. White Eagle, and 2. Wellington's Glory, Mr. Salthouse.

Premiums. Branch of Passiflbra racem6sa, Messrs. Connelly and Son ; Flowers of Tigridia
pavunia. Captain Wilkinson ; Flowers of Cobce^a scandens, Miss Dalton. Apples, Keswick
Codlin, R. F. Bradshaw, Esq.

Lancaster Annual Gooseberry Show. — This show was held at tlie Shakspeare
Tavern on July 23. The fruit was not so heavy as that shown last year ; the cause assigned was
the dryness of the weather, which stopped their growth, and ripened them too early ; this being
followed by heavy rains, the largest burst before the day of weighing. The crop generally is good
and line-flavoured. {Lancaster Herald, July 30.)

Alanchester Floral and Horticultural Society May 23. Prizes were awarded

as under : —

Plants. Stove : 1. Cactus Jenkinsftnj (premier), and 2. Calanthe ueratrifblia, Mrs. Hobson ;
3. Cactus specibsa, Mr. J. Darbyshire; 4. Mfisa coccinea, C. Wood, Esq.; S. Amaryllijf vittata,
f>. Ardisia paniculata, and 7. Mantisia saltatbria, Mrs. Hobson ; 8. Gloxin/a caul^scens. Rev. L
Clowes; 9. Cnnum erubescens, Richard Potter, Esq.; K). Amaryllis reginse. Rev. I. Clowes; i\.
Cactus speciosissima, Mrs. Hobson ; 12. Begbn/n argyrostigma, T. H. Hadfield, Esq. Green,
house: 1. Eutaxia pungens (premier), William Bow, Esq.; 2. BorbnzVi dentkta, Mrs. Hobson ;
S. Calceolhria bicolor, William Bow, Esq. ; 4. Bor6n?Vi serrulSlta, Rev. 1. Clowes ; 5. Bossice''*
riifa, Mrs. Hobson; 6. Calceolaria GillenMrtfl! [Fothergill«.»], W. Bow, Esq.; 7. Grevillen acan.
thifiilia, Mrs. Hobson; 8. Dracophyllum gracile, W. Bow, Esq.; 9. Fuchsw microphylla, W.
Garnett, Esq. ; 10. Epacris pulchella. Rev. I. Clowes; 11. Polygala cordifblia, and 12. Grevillea
josmarinifolia, Mrs. Hobson. — Ericas : 1. Eximia (premier), and 2. Moschata, William Bow, Esq. ;
3. Calyclna capitata, Mrs. Hobson ; 4. Thunberg//, 5. Ventricbsa alba, 6. VestUa coccinea, 7. Prin-
ceps, 8. Vestita fulgida, and 9. Odorata, William Bow, Esq. ; 10. Ventricbsa coccinea, Mrs. Hobson ;,

11. Ventricbsa cdrnea, J. Darbyshire, Esq. ; 12. Cerintholdes, N. Phillips, Esq. — Pelargoniums.
Dark Grounds : 1. Paul Pry, 2. De Vere, 3. Lord Yarborough, and 4. Barclay^wo', Jon. Dawson,
Esq. ; 5. Defiance, and 6. Nairn;?', William Garnett, Esq. ; 7. Lord Comberniere, Jon. Dawson,
Esq.; 8. Daveyonj/wz, William Garnett, Esq. Light Grounds : 1. Mungo Park, William Garnett,
Esq. ; 2. MacrAnthon, George Hole, Esq. ; 3. Majestum, T. H. Hadfield, Esq. ; 4. Young«,
George Hole, Esq. — Hardy Shrubs : 1. Cytisus purpiireus, C. Wood, Esq. ; 2. iJhodod^ndron
l).jnticum album, Mr. C. Moore; 3. Pxhnia Muiitan, William Bow, Esq. ; 4. .Rhododendron p6n..,
ticum rbseum, Mr. C. Moore; 5. AzMea speciusa, Mr. S. Faulkner; 6. Azalea cfiprea, Mr. G.
Cunningham; 7. ijhododendron catawbiense var., R, Millington, Esq.; 8. Aztilea papihon^cea,..
and Azalea viscbsa, Mr. S. Faulkner; 10. Tfhododendron catawbiense, William Bow, Esq. —
Herbaceous : 1. Cypripedium spectabile, William Garnett, Esq. ; 2. /.up'inus polyphyllus, Jon.
Dawson, Esq. ; 3, IJodecatheon Mekdia gigantfea, Mr. C. Moore ; 4. Pentsttmon specibsus, Wil-
liam Bow, Esq. ; 5. Cypripedium Calct'olus, Mr. Edward Leeds ; 6. Creum coccineum, and 7.
AquiUgia alpina, Mr. J. Faulkner; 8. Pentstemon ovJitus, Mr. George Cunningham; 9. .ErinuS;
liispanicus, and \0.'J'erdnica saxatilis, Mr. John Hulme.

Flowers. Tulips. Feathered Bizarres: 1. Charles the Tenth (premier), Mr. Bowley; 2. Charles
theTenth, Mr. William Gibson ; 3. Surpasse-Catafalque, William Turner, Esq.; 4. Trafalgar,
Mr. J. Hardman ; 5. Dutch Catafalque, Mr. Bowley; 6. Due de Savoie, Mr. John Winstanley;
7. Goud Beurs, C. Todd, Esq, ; 8. Franklin's Washington, Mr. Bowley ; 9. Rector, Mr. J. Hard-:
man; 10. Firebrand, Mr. G. Vickers ; 11. Surpasse-Tout, William Turner, Esq.; 12. Passe-Per-
fecta. Rev. Mr. Gilpin. — Flamed Bizarres: 1. Grandeur Magnifique (premier), John Morris,
Esq. ; 2. Surpasse la Cantique, William Turner, Esq. ; .3. Bell's Lunardi, Mr. John Etches ; 4.
Albion, Richard Potter, Esq. ; ."5. Black Prince, Mr. James Faulkner ; 6. Farrand's Liberty,
William Turner, Esq.; 7. Lustre, Mr. James Faulkner; S. Phoenix, Mr. John Etches; 9. Lord
Crewe, Mr. Jos. Shepherd; 10. Charbonnier, Richard Potter, Esq. ; 11. Garicola, T. Mottram,
Esq.; 12. Coachman, William Turner, Esq. — Feathered Bybloemens : I.Washington (premier),
Mr. Bowley ; 2. Black Baguet (Chad), Mr. John Taylor ; .5. Bienfait, William Turner, Esq. ; 4;
Fonce e fonce, Mr. G. Vickers ; 5. Ambassadeur, Mr. J. Hardman ; 6. Washington, William
Leighton, E.^q. ; 7. Surpassant, John Morris, Esq. ; 8. Cato, Mr. H. Thomas; 9. Maitre Partout,
Mr. Josh. Shepherd; 10. Grand Sultan, Richard Potter, Esq.; 11. Violet Quarto, William
Leighton, Escj. ; 12. David Noir, Mr. George Vickers. Flamed Bybloemens: 1. Queen Char-
lotte (premier), Mr. T. Butler; 2. Queen Charlotte, William I/cighton, Esq.; 3. Reveller, Rev.
Mr. Gilpin . 4. Sable Rex, Mr. J. Shepherd ; 5. Roi de Siam, and 6. Violet Wallers, Mr. J. Hard-
man ; 7. Premier Noblet, William Leighton, Esq.; 8. Princess Charlotte, Mr. Henry Thomas;
p. Mr. Bowley; 10. Vulcan, Mr. S. Hall; 11. Duchess of Tuscany, R. Holland, Esq.; 12. Violet
a fond Noir, Mr. S. Ogden. — Feathered Roses : 1. Triomphe Royal (premier), Mr. J. Hardman;
2. Comte de Vergennes, Mr. John Thackeray; 3. Triomphe Royal, Mr. Samuel Hall; 4. Do
liittle, William Leighton, Esq; 5. Due de Bronte, Mr. Bowley; G. Walworth, Mr. John Haigh;
7. Hero of the Nile, William Leighton, Esq.; 8. Lady Crewe, Mr. Samuel Hall ; 9. Reine de
Crimo, C. Todd, Esq. ; 10. Thunderbolt, Mr. T.Butler; 11. Holden's Ro.se, Mr. J. Faulkner;

12. Reine des Fleurs, Mr. John Haigh. — Flamed Ro.ses : 1. Rose Unique (premier), Mr. S. Ogden ;
2. Rose Uiii(iue, Mr. John Clcgg ; 3. Lord Hill, T. Boothman, Esq ; 4. Rose Vesta, William
I^eighton, Esq. ; 5. Duchess of Lancaster, Mr. T. Marvin ; fi. Roi des Cerises, William Leighton,
Esq. ; 7. Roi-e infernal, .Mr. S. Ogden ; S. Gucnicr, and 9 Rose Quarto, William Leighton,' Esq. ;

Moivnoufhahire, No)folk.

10. Duchess of Newcastle, Mr. Thomas Butler; 11. Ruby, Mr. Eowlcy; 12. La Vyndyckcn, Mr.
John Haigh. — Selfs : 1. Isabella, Mr. John Clcgg ; 2. Seedling, William Turner, Ksq. ; 3. Mine
d'Or, John Morris, Esq. ; 4. Charbonnier, and 5. Sherwood's Rose, Mr. Thomas Butler ; G. White
Flag, Mr. John Wilde.

Fruit. Pines : 1. Montserrat, Richard Potter, Esq. ; 2. Montserrat, John Pooley, Esq. ; 3.
Montserrat, John Entwistle, Esq. — Grapes: 1. Black Hamburgh, 2. Lombardy, and 3. Sweet-
water, Richard Potter, Esq.; 4. Black Hamburgh, K. I. I. Norreys, Esq. — Melons: Gregson,
H. Wanklyn, Esq.

Culinary Vegetables. Cucumbers : 1. Longford, and 2. Incomparable, C. I. I. Walker, Esq.

Extra-Prizes. Flowers : Globe-Howered Georginas, Mr. John Jones. Scarlet Turban, Mr. O
Cunningham.

MONMOUTHSHIRE.

Abergavenny and Cricklwu'el Horticultural Society. — June 24. Prizes were
awarded as follows : —

Plants. Stove : 1. Gloxin/a speciisa, F. H. Williams, Esq. ; 2. Finca rbsea alba, 3. Huy«
carn6sa, Mr. James Saunders. — Green-house : 1. Calceolaria integrifblia, 2. Cinaphalium
grandiflurum, and 3. A'erium Oleander album, Mr. James Saunders. — Hardy: 1. White Cam.
panula, Thomas Paytherus, Esq. ; 2. W'hite Pa?ony, and 3. 3/imulus, Mr. James Saunders Seed-
ling Pelargonium, Mr. James Saunders.
Flowers. /Vis hispanica, John Wedgwood, Esq. (The Cambrian, July 9.)
Sept. 16. The following were among the prizes awarded : —
Plants. Stove: 1. Glox(n/« macul^ta, Mr. Saunders; 2. J'inca alba, and 3. Finca rbsea,
W. Morgan, Esq., Pant-y-Goitre. — Green-house : 1. Lophospermum erubiscens, F. S. S. Wood,
house, Esq. ; 2. Fuchs/n gracilis, Mr. Saunders ; 3. Fuchs/a mexicana, F. S. S. Woodhouse, Esq.
— Hardy : 1. Petunia nyctaginiflbra, 2. Lobth'rt fulgens, and 3. Delphinium pictum, Mr. Saun-
ders. — Heaths : 1. .Erica multiflora alba, and 2. ExXca. multiflbra rbsea, Mr. Saunders.

Fruit. Apples. Dessert: 1. Nonpareil, J. F.Willis, Esq.; 2. Ribston Pippin, Mr. Saunders;
3. Golden Pippin, Rev. R. Davies. Culinary, Dutch Codlin, Mr. Woodall. {Cambrian, Oct. 1.)

NORFOLK.

Diss Horticultural Society. — June 9. The exhibition was very good indeed,
and many choice specimens were sent from the gardens of the subscribers. Among those more
particularly worthy of commendation were a very fine Calceolaria integrifulia from the Rev.
Geo. Walker, Scole ; some tine specimens of several sorts of Amaryllis, and a fine Cactus spe-
cibsa ; and a cucumber of the serene [;•■] kind, measuring 20 in., and weighing full 2 lbs., from
Thomas L. Taylor, Esq. The fruits and vegetables produced by the cottagers were of the best
description ; the strawberries, in particular, were equal, if not superior, to those exhibited
from the gardens of their richer neighbours. Prizes were awarded as under : —

Peas (early nimblel, Thomas Havers, Esq.

Cottagers' Prizes. Brompton Stock, Mr. Robert Downing ; White, Mr. Simon Aldrlch, Starston.
{Burl/ and Norivich Post, June 15.)

CORRECTIONS

Tot. v., as noticed in Vol. I'll.

In p. 289. line 1.x for "one inch," read " one

line," as advised vol. vii. p. 622.
In p. 680. line 25. for " Parfaite," read " Birth-

waite," as shown vol. vii. p. 116.

J'ol. VI., as noticed in J'ol. VII.

In p. 640. line 10. from the bottom, for " Mr.
Rigg, with his whole family," read " the fa-
mily of Mr. Rigg," as shown vol. vii. p. 116.

' Vol. VII.

In p. 18. Iine4. after "This place," add " Ver-

riferes," as shown p. 6i9.
In p. 36. for " 1821," read " 1830."
In p 57. line 3. from the bottom, for " that,"

read " those."
In p. 91. line 11. from the bottom, for " Mont-

rairail," read " Montreuil."
In p. 101. line 36. for " Withy," read " Kitley."
In p. I'-'l. line 17. for " pericardiums," read

" pericarpiums."
In p. 121. lines 14. and 15. from the bottom, for

" last Number, Vol. VI. p. 477," read " Ma.

gazine of Natural History, Vol. 111. p. 477.,"

as shown Gard. Hag., vol. vii. p. 235.
In p. 201. line 21. from the bottom, for " G. Cun-

ningh&m/j," read as corrected, p. 506.
In p. 208. line 17. from the bottom, for " £rica,"

re.-iu " E^ria."
In p £23 for "Linfield,'.' thrice mentioned, read

"Lindficld ; " and in line 21., for "an extract

from the author of," read " an extract from
a letter from the author of."

In p. 227. line 15, for " Mr. Joseph M'Nab," read
" Mr. James M'Nab."

In p. 241. line 16. for " decayed," read " ple-
thoric," as directed p. 378.

In p. 245. line 5. from the bottom, for " John H.
Wynne, Esq., Caed Coch," read "John Lloyd
Wynne, Esq., at Coed Coch."

In p. 246. line 9. for " when under-bark," read
" when the under-bark ; " line 12. for " all
round from 3 to 6 ft. in height,"' read " all
round for the length of from 3 to 6 ft. in differ-
ent parts of the tree."

In p. 256. line 10., in p. 272. line 20., in p. 368.
line 6., for " Mr. Collins," read " Mr. Col-
ling," as shown p. 507.

In p. 376. for " Spa Botanic Gardens," read
" Southampton Botanic Garden," as corrected
p. 497.

In p. 395. line 2. from the bottom, for " Ma-
mora," read " Marmora."

In p. 412. the " fig. 74." is repeated with correc-
tions, p. 539.

In p. 519. line 6. for " Galium uliginbsum," read
" GMium iVolKigo."

In p. 550. line 10. for "pines,; the pines," read
" pines, the vines."

In p. 551, 552. for " Mr. Tong," read " Mr.
Tongue."

In p. 578. line 22. for " part it neatly," read
" pare it neatly."

In p. 618. line 22. for " Mr. T. Machray," read
" Mr. J. Machrav."

746

INDEX

BOOKS REVIEWED AND NOTICED.

THE GENERAL SUBJECT.

A.CC01WT of the different Floral and Horticul-
tural Exhibitions in Lancashire, Cheshire,
Yorksliire, and other Parts of the Kingdom,
ill the Year 1831), not., 213.

Alman's Analytical Arrangement of Plants,

&c., 77.
Baxter's Library of Agricultural and Horti-
cultural Knowledge, 21,3.

ISrown's First Supplement to his Prodromus of
the Plants of New Holland, not., 212. 598.

Denson's Peasant's Voice to landowners, not.,
80.

Domestic Gardener's iManiial, reviewed, 57.

Doyle's Hints to the Small Holders and Pea-
santry of Ireland, on Road-making, Ventila-
tion, S.C. rev., 214.

Doyle's Hints to Small Holders on Planting and
on Cattle, &c., not., 213.

Doyle's Irish Cottagers, not., 74.

Forbe-s's Directions for planting, training, and
])runing Fruit and Forest Tri;es, Shrubs, and
Flowers, not, 610.

Flora Danica, net, 6S.

Hardcistle's Introduction to the Elements of
the Linnean System of Botany, 77.

Laurence's Practical Directions for the Cul-
tivation and general Management of Cottage
Gardens, &c. not., 216.

Lindley's Introduction to the Natural System
of Botany, not, 15.

Masters's Hnrtus Durovurni, or Catalogue of
Plants cultivated and sold in his Nursery at
Canterbury, rev., 609.

Pamplin's Catalogue of Old Books on Botany
and Gardening, &c. &c., not, 217.

Register of Pennsylvania, not., 720.

Report of a Committee at Saliion Walden on
Cottage Allotments there, 216.

Smith's Lessons on Arithmetic, not, 74.

South African Quarterly Journal, Nos. I. and
II., not, 81.

Steele's Essay on Peat Moss, not. 533.

Stephenson and Churchill's Medical Botany,
rev., 66.

Sweet andWeddell's British Botany, announced,
34.-),

Talboys, The Pursuit of Literature and Science
compatible with Habits of Business, noticed,
3i3.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING.

Jones's Views of the Scats, Mansions, Castles,
Parks, &c., of British Noblemen, not, 78.

Loudon's Illustrations of Landscape-Gardening,
folio, not , 73 ; 4to announced, 720.

ARBORICULTURE.
M'Nab's Hints on the Planting and Genera
Treatment of Ilardv Evergreens in the Cli-
mate of .Scotland, rev., 78.

Patrick's Treatise on. Naval Tim'oer, Marine,

and Arboriculture, 78.
Plantation Journals, not., 78.
Pontey's Forest Pruiier, 295.

FLORICULTURE.
Chandler and Booth's CamcMuie, rev., 72. 205.

343. 477. 600.
Curtis's Botanical Magazine, rev., GO. 199. 337.

469. 593.
Edwards's Botanical Register, rev., 61. 200. 338.

471. 596.
Florist's Gazette, 237. 238.
Haworth's Monograph ontheitfiarcissinea;, rev.,

479.
Loddiges's Botanical Cabinet, 64. 203. 341. 475.

597.
Maund's Botanic Garden, 204, 342. 476. 599.
Roscoe's Floral Illustrations of the i^Seasons,

not, 73.
Sweet's British Flower Garden, 64. 202. 340. 473.

597.
Sweet's Florist's Guide and Cultivator's Direc-
tory, 66. 205, 237. 343. 478. 600.
The Garden, or familiar Instructions for Laying

out. Furnishing, and Managing a Flower-

Garden, not., 481.
VV'akefield's Introduction to Botany, 10th edit,

with an Appendix, explanatory of the Na.

tural System, not., 481.
Wallich's Plant2e AsidtiCc-e Raribres, 206.

HORTICULTURE.

An Account of the different Gooseberry Shows
held in Lancashire, Cheshire, &c., published
annually, 238.

Cadny's System of growing Grapes, and De-
scription of a Span-roof Pit for growing Cu-
cumbers, announced, 428.

Lindley's Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen
Garden, announced, 217. ; rev., 579.

Manual of Cottage Gardening, rev., 707.

Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural So-
ciety, Vol. IV. Part II., rev., 55. 188. 336. 467.
590.

Paxton and Harrison's Horticultural Register,
rev., 601.

Pomological Magazine, rev., 69. 111. 239.

Ronalds's Pftui 3/alus Brentfordiensis, not,
217.; rev,, 587.

Transactions of the Horticultural Society of
London, Vol. VIL Part IV., rev., 41. 177.;
Part v., rev., 465.

AGRICULTURE.

Drewery's New System of Farming, rev., 334.
Loudon's EncyclopjBdia of Agriculture, 2d edit.,

213.
Russell's Treatise on Practical and Chemical

Agriculture, not., 481.

747

GENERAL INDEX.

i\.BBEY Park, Scotland, gardens at, noticed, 681-

Wcacia arm^ta, a large one noticed, 428.

Acclimatising exotics, hints on, 22. 307. 688.

A\eT tataricum, its leaves preferred by silk-
worms, 660.

.(iconitum ftrox or virbsum, powerfully poison-
ous, 2()8.

^diantum Capillus Veneris, Irish habitat of, 2^0.

Africa, notices relative to, H3. 490.

Agave american, in the United States, 454

Agriculture, a British Society for promoting,
projected, 498 ; Warwickshire society, 2t'4 ; an-
cient, in Egypt, 93 ; its close connection with
chemistry, 481 ; its state in America, 704 ; state
of, in the northern counties, 416. 531 ; now
practised where pasturage only was in use in
1805,531 ; state of, at the Cape of Good Hope,
493.

Air plantSj the cultivation of in stoves, 47.

Albiiry, the residence of Henry Drummond,
Esq., described and criticised, 364.

Alpine plants grown in the open ground, and
sheltered with moss, 307 ; in rockwork, 551.

Alstro»merias, perfect management of, 471.

Alton Towers, abbey and gardens, 390.

America, United States of, contrasted with Eng-
land as to climate, 31 1 ; culture of Indian corn
in, 705 ; important directions on selecting and
packing plants and trees meant to be sent to,
441; compared with theCapeof GoodHope,490;
instances of the agriculture of, 704 ; its mine-
rals noticed, 705 ; notices on, 665 ; progress of
gardening in, 6o6 ; behaviour of some emi-
grant gardeners on arriving in, 667 ; livery ser-
vants in, 667 ; character of native Americans,
667; the culture of apples in, 316; of vines in,
318 ; limited occupation of land in, 317 ; the
effect of the intestate laws of, 317 ; the baneful
effect of the tariff laws of, 319; diseases of

^ American fruit trees, 319.

American blight, its cause and cure, 721.

American plants, an admirably successful mode
of cultivating, 305; hints for cultivating, 490 ;
the true habitats of certain, 236. 706.

Amh^rst/n nobilis, a notice of, 207.

Ammoniacal liquor of coal gas destructive to
insects and vermin, 557.

Andrew's, St., gardens near, reported, 680.

Andromedrt, a dutailed etymon of this generic
name, 598.

Andromeda Aypnij'ides, the true habitat of, 236,
237.

Anemometer described, 231 ; criticised, 618.

jinemnne nemor6sa, remarks connected with,
599.

Animals for agriculture, exhibitions of, suggest-
ed, 111.

Andna squamusa, and its fruit, described, 595.

Ants, their injurious eftect on early forced
peach trees, and the means of extirpating
them, 314.

Aphides, a mode of destroying, 244.

Ai)ple trees, insects infestin;.; the bark of, 379.
721; a mode of training, in Fifeshire, 22;
those on paradise stocks for our own use,
tliose on free stocks for posterity, 227 ; not
injured by the roots of willow trees, 722 ;
xan cider be obtained from the vernal herbage
of? 2,50; American blight on, cause and cure
of, 721.

Al'ples, a list of the kinds rfcommonded in the
Pomologicnl Magazine, 112; a list of the
superior kinds of, 238; the American Spit-

zemjjergs, and the Newtown the poorest of
them, 239; method of keeping a winter stock
of, 190. .'>68 ; Ronalds's work on, character-
ised, 588 ; Konalds's selection of varieties
suited to any required purpose, 588. to 590 ; the
cause of the russet colour of, 149 ; the effects
of hybridising on, 50 ; the extent and mode
of cultivation of, in America, 317; specula-
tions and arguments on the origination of va-
rieties of, in America, 316; the varieties which
produce the most abundant crops named, 589;
tenderer and later varieties of excellence,
whicli are benefited by growing against walls.

Apricot used as a stock for buds of peaches,
195 ; remarks on the large tree of the Brussels
apricot at Arundel Castle, 60.5.

Apricots, the kinds of, recommended in the Po.
moJogical Magazine, 113.

Arabia, cultivation of the soil in, 92.

Arboretum, plan and description of that at the
Goldworth nursery, 360; description of that
at the Caml)crwell nursery, 367.

Arboretum lSrit''in7iicu!)i, hints for, and requi-
sites in the work to be so called, 232. 591. 371.
374.

Arboriculture deemed neglected, 603 ; remarks
on tlie ravages of insects on trees, 603 ; trees
clipped aichitecturallv, 8 ; valu-.ble remarks
on arboriculture, by Mr. E. Murpliy, '2\)5.

Arbor Vita:, the American, Thi'ija occidentalis,
a tree of, 212 years old, in Heidelberg, 91.

Architecture, errors in, 405.

Armagh, public walks at, 123.

Arraeacia esculijnta described, 594.

/Isclepias family requires loamy soil, or a moist
shady situation, 477.

Ash, the very large weeping One removed to
Chatsworth, vi. 334 ; in a thriving condition
vii. 297.

Asia, general improvement in, 92 ; the rarer
plants of, 207.

Asparagus, prodigious, 677.

Asparagus, Prussian, the Ornilhugalum pyrc-
niicum, 249.

Jsplfenium Nidus described, 5d(i.

Aubriet/rt Aesperidiflbra, technical remark re-
specting, 476.

Audebert's nursery mentioned, 15.

Auriculas and tulips, destruction of, 100.

Australia, notice on, 93. 671 ; plants brought
home from, by Mr. Baxter, 212. 3.55. 689; its
eligibleness for emigrants compared with Cape
of Good Hope, 490.

Auteuil nursery, noticed, 16.

Azalea calendulacea var. StapletonaiHn, very
beautiful, 471 ; hybrid varieties of, originated
by Mr. Gowen, at Highclere, an account of,
62. 135 ; native soil of azaleas in America,
490. 706.

Baggariff Hall, in Leicestershire, gardens at,42S.

Bagnoles Wells, France, notices on, 656.

Ballard's garden, Paris, noticed, 134.

Balysaggart, in Waterford county, noticed, 683.

Balsams, a mode of growing them to great per-
fection, 304; from cuttings, 735.

Baltimore botanic garden asks contributions of
plants, 668.

Bamboo in the Jersey gardens, 101.

Banana, its uses and rate of growth in Mexico,
670.

Barclay, I?obert, Esq., obituary of, 384. 475.

Barkby Hall, notice of the gardens at, 428.

748

GENERAL INDEX.

Barking the'stems of fruit trees and vines, 6()-2.
Barley, tlie average quantity yielded per acre,

W6; barley big, and winter barley, 7.31.
Bartram's botanic garden on the Schuylkill, near
Philadelphia, and memoir of John Bartram,
665.
Basket or bed of spring flowcr.s, a, described, 483
Bees, their importance to cottagers, 7u7. 74.7 ; a
method of hiving, and the Charlieshope hive
for, described, 669.
Beet, large, 678.
Belvoir Castle, park, and TP/dens, in Leicester.

shire, reported, 421.
Benincasrt cylindrica described, 719.
Berberis diilcis expected to prove a new fruit

shrub, and particularly described, 474.
Berberry, the stoneless, a distinct and perma-
nent variety, 241.
Berlin botanic garden, Herr Otto's great im-
provements of, noticed, 91.
Birmingham, small gardens at, and their excel-
lent effect, 409.
Birmingham Botanical and Horticultural So-

ciety, report of, 97 ; its garden, 415.
Birstall Hall, the gardens at, noticed, 426.
Blet?a hyachithina, hardihood of, 484.
Bog earth, its ineligibility for American plants
and the Rhodorhcex asserted, 285 ; confirmed,
706 ; its native localities and uses, 714.
Bogs in Ireland, the fittest species of tree to

plant in, 24.
Bois de Boulogne, 5.

Books, old, on botany and gardening, collected
for sale and exchange at the Lavender Hill
nursery, 98. 217.
Botanical and Horticultural Societies :
Bristol, April lyth. May 17th, and June 21st,

631.
Devon and Exeter, Sept. 29th, 739
Durham, 6.'9.
Hexham, Nov. £2d, 1830, 127 ; April 30th and

July 2d, 630.
Newcastle, Nov. 5th and 22d, 1830, 127 • April
8th, May 6th, June 3d, and July 8th and
12th, 6.30.
Northumberland and Durham, Sept. 15th, 745
South Devon and East Cornwall, Feb. 3d and
July 21st, 739.
Sotanical Magazine, some errors relative to the
habitats of plants in, corrected, 236 ; use of
the, 416.
Botanical Register, a criticism on the, 117 : use

of the, 416.
Botanic garden, a public one wanted near Lon-
don, 96; of Birmingham, 97; Bury St Ed-
mund's, change in the site of that of, an-
nounced, 96 ; in the Isle of Bourbon, 6G4 ; ot
Australia, 672; of Baltimore, 668; Bartram's
664; that of Hull, reported, 97 ; thatofChell
sea, 691 ; the south of England one, sketched.

Botanists, their amiable cooperation, 212.
Botany, in North America, 94; its advancement
in Russia, 4S9 ; physiological remarks on, 235 ■
the natural system of. Its characteristics, 7e'
its use, 77 ; Wakefield's Introduction to. eu-
logised, 481. '

Bouchier, Kev. B., his patronage of gardening
among cottagers, 673.

Bouvard/n triphylla, a superior mode of culti
vating, 48. 562, !i6o.

Bovey Tracey, Chudleigh, Devon, its climate as
to plants, 497.

Bower, the Duchess of Buccleugh's, 554.

Bowncss, on Windermere, its beauty, and the
cause of that beauty, 525.

Boxwood, a substitute for hops, 698.

Brazil, the botany of, explored by Ku.ssia, 489.

Bretton Hall, the very ornamental iron gate at,
figured, 613.

Brewin, Mr., his garden and collection of plants
at Leicester, 425 ; a notice of the late Mr.
Brewin, 426.

Brewing, useful hints on, 707.

Bridges, Mr. Thomas, collector and vender of
the natural productions of Snuih America re
fliJont at Valparaiso, 95. o-lO

public garden at, projected, 651.

Bristol,

673.
Broccoli, Sicilian, noticed, 590.
Bromhead, Sir E. F., his improvements In the

condition of labourers, 6;j7.
Brookhouse, Joseph, Esq , an obituary of 512
Brown, Robert, Esq., of Markle, obituary, 2.56
Brugmansjj suavfeolens, modes of treatment

productive of blossoms, !,S, 37.
B^y.n.v root employed in destroying woodlice.

Bud, every, is a distinct system of life, 584-
every bud asserted to have roots of its own or
the power of forming them, .584. '

Budding and grafting defined, 586.

Bulbs from Chile, a hint on the management of
Jo9; instructions on planting bulbs, 541 •'
Cape bulbs, an instance of satisfactory culture,'

Burbridge, Jlr., his garden at Leicester, 426
Burton Woulds, the grounds and gardens at '

noticed. 427. '

Bury St. Edmund's botanic garden, change in

the site of, announced, 96; mausoleum at

described, 221. '

Biiscot Park, the peach. houses, and the mode of

forcing peaches at, described, 573.
I Cabbage, red, an enormous, 677 ; the cow-cab-
bage, or Cesarean kale, not identical with the

Anjou cabbage, 121.
Cabbage tribe, prevention of the ravages of the

larva; of Tipula oleracea, and of those of An-

thomyia brassicse on the, 91; caterpillars on

the, 121.
CactejE, much cultivated by Mr. Dennis, twenty

kinds grafted upon one, 351 ; great ace of

some, 593. & ■

Cadet de Mars, M., his field market-garden at

Aubervilliers, 259.
Calls. See Nurseries.
Camellia, and Thia, a paper on the history and

description of the species of, noticed, 52.
CamiWia jap6nica, comparative hardiness of

196. *

Camellias, a hint on the culture of, 349 540

Tiib ; information respecting, 72. 205. 343. 477^

Campanula pyramidMis, the varieties and oro-

pagation of, 477.
Campanulaca^E, eatable by man and animals.

Canals, remarks on, 524.

Canker, a mode of preventing and curing it in
fruit trees, 55 ; its causes, 194. 219. 591.

Canna, a supposed new species of, 226.

Cape of Good Hope, its eligibleness for emi-
grants, with much information on various
subjects appertaining to the, 81 490

*^ dof"" curlew, in Leicestershire, remarks on,

Carlisle, condition of gardening about, .538
Carnation or picotee, qualities in, deservine a

prize, 626. ^

Carrots, ajmode of preserving them good for kit.
Chen use through two winters, 191 ; preparing
a light garden soil for a crop of, 191 ; how to
grow free from maggots, 3i6 ; devoured bv a
sraallgrey grub, 721.

Cassava, or Cassada, and its uses, described 470
Caterpillars, in France, collected and destroyed
by government authority, 535.

Caterpillars of P6ntifl bniasicie injurious to cab-
bages, but destroyed by the larva; of ichneu-
mon flies, 121 ; the destruction of caterpillars
by heat, 197; the possibility of their sexual
union, 199.

Catesby, the plants he discovered sent to the
Fulham nursery, 354.

Cauliflower, extraordinarily Kirge, 678 • soot de
stroys the grub at the root of plants of, 87.

Cedar of Lebanon, age and dimensions of an
early-planted specimen of, 423.

Cedar, red, durability of posts made of, 220.

Cedrus Deodara, at Hopetoun House, reported
375. *

Celery, perhaps rendered unwholesome by wa.
ter trenches, 595.

GENEKAL INhhK.

'4-9

Cels's nursery, a notice of, li>.

Cemeteries, tlie large public ones at Manches-
ter and Liverpool noticed, 527 ; the latter cri-
ticised, 5i;8 ; public, at Plymouth, i'Sl.

Centrocarph.i, Don's genus, noticed, 340. 477.

Cfreus grandiflbrus, or nigiif -flowering, 498.

Chatenay's nursery grounds, remarks on, 13.

Chatsworth house and gardens, noticed, u95.

Chemistry the key lo agriculture, 481.

Cherries, excellent kinds named, 239 ; the kinds
of, recommended in the Ponmlogical Maga-
zine, 113 ; Montmorency cherry gardens, 91.

Cliestnut, the sweet or Spanish, a superior va-
riety of, 101.

Chilton Lodge, noticed, 13fi.

Chimneys, remarks on, 400.

Chiswick garden, noticed, Feb. IG., 251 : Oct. 29.,
687.

Choisv, in France, remarks on the nurseries at,
12. 14.

Churchyards, general remarks on, 528; parti-
cular remarks on tlie churchyard of St. Mi-
chael's parish, Dumfries, 528.

Chrysanthemum sinense, a method of propagat-
ing and cultiv.-.ting productive of perfectly
dwarf plants which flower in great beauty and
perfection, 457 ; difficulties in the blooming of,
123

Cinchbnn, or Peruvian bark, the medical pro-
perties of three species of, stated, fi7.

City g.irdens, advice on growing plants in, soli-
cited, 720.

Clark, William, Esq., an obituary of, 639.

Classical garden, outlines of a plan for the form-
ation of a, 432 ; classical residence, 723.

Climate of England, remarks on the supposed
changes in the, B3 ; of the north of England,
in July, 1831,517; umformityof insular, 195

Climbers and creepers, their beauteous effect,
526.

Clothes-pegs, improved ones, described and
figured, 369, 370; where purchasable, 371.

Clove trees thrive at .Singa])ore, 92.

Clover and wheat, hints on the culture of, 705 ;
the white clover, a troublesome weed on all
arable soils, 481.

Cock, Siebe's new-invented self-pressure one,
85.

Coc'/scombs, large, 100. 226 ; very large, 683 ;
culture of, and compost for the, 302 ; Howes's
mode of cultivating, solicited, 110.

Coffee, the medical properties of, stated, G7.

Commercial gardens in Fr.ince, II.

Conductor's principles and conduct, 116. 6.99.'701.

Conolly and Sons, nurserymen, Lancaster, ii'^.

Conservatory at Neston Hall, Norfolk, 651.

Controversy, on the language of, 20.

Convolvulus Batatas, modes of cultivating and
preserving, 10.

Cooperation for cheap food, lodging, and edu-
cation, 369 ; cooperative societies, 530.

C<jssus lignip^rda, its erosions in trees, 603.

Cottage, plan of a double one, uniting pictur-
esque appearance with internal comfort, 292.

Cottagers, cottages, and cottage gardens, 216,
217. 367. 410. .55.5. 607. 673. 706, 707. 709.

Covent Garden Market, the new, figured and
described, 265 ; prices in, and remarks, Jan.
14th, 125; March 2tth, 255; May 19tli, 382 ;
July 18th, 511; Sept. I6th, 621; Nov. 16th, 732 ;
weights andmeasures used in, 255 ; conserva-
tories in, 256. 272. 367. 696.

Cowitch {Muckna priiriens), the medicinal uses
of, 66.

Cowslip, rosaceous double, 123. 247.

Crab, French, keeps in fern for twelve months
or more, 678.

Crab (^'yrus lUilus), the uses of its wood, 234.

Craigmillar Castle, standard trees in its orchard
300 years old, 2'J7.

Cress, Norman curled, its uses, history, and
culture, described, 38. 242. 656; the broad-
leaved, 6;)6.

Creepers and climbers, their decorative effect,
.^26.

Crocus, a description of the species and most re.

markablc varieties of, 41 ; theii' cultivation
and management, 43 ; matchless effect of, in
decorating borders, 564.

Crook forgathering apples, &;c., in orchards, 614.

Cropping, economical modes of, 412. 690; earlv
614. '

Cucumber, an excellent variety, grown in boxes
and trained in the forcing-houses at Syon,
101 ; a very large one produced in Ireland,

Cucumbers, melons, &c., hot water applied to
the growth of, 245 ; an improved frame for
forcing, 459 ; a mode of pruning and training,
462 ; qualities entitling them to prizes, 627.'

Cullis's nursery, Leamington, noticed, 410.

Cultivator, Kirkwood's, improved by Mr. Car-
ruthers, its elKciency, 532.

Cunningham, Mr., of the Liverpool nursery, a
notice of, 538 ; his nursery at Manchester, 410.

Cunningham, Mr., his recent importation of
Australian plants to Xew, 687.

Cunnoquhie, an account of, 22.

Curraghmore, near Waterford, noticed, 682.

Cuthbert, Mr. John, an obituary of, 512.

Cuttings, the physiology of striking by, 585.

Cyclamen cbum, the cultivation of, recommend-
ed and prescribed, 561 ; C. persicum ? a mode
of cultivating productive of abundance of
flowers, 483; vernum and repandum, their
merits, 717 ; remarks on cyclamens, 561. to 56.3.

Cypress trees, deciduous, enormous ones near
Mexico, 670.

Dandelion, a mode of destroying, queried, 722.

Daphne odura or indica, how to propagate and
to blossom it in perfection, 483.

Dates in South Carolina, 670.

Dean, Mr., an obituary of, 512.

Denbrae, Scotland, gardens at, noticed, 681.

Dendrophagi, insects preying on trees, 603.

Denlbrd Place, noticed, 136.

Denmark, Florxultural Society in, 489; in-
stances of the climate of, its effect on vege-
tables, and their price, 490 ; notices on, 661.

Desserts defective from January to June, 501.

Despatcher for watering, described, 654.

Devonshire, the prices of freehold estates, and
of numerous articles in, as guides to a resi-
dence in, 5()8.

Dickson's, Messrs., nursery at Chester, 556.

Digitillis purpurea abounds wild, 519.

Dioecious plants, many exotic species of, but one
sex exists in Rritain,572; some instances, 573.

Disandra prostrita, hardihood of, 483.

Dool trees, described, 644.

Doryiinthes excelsa, described, 499. 728.

Doube's garden, Paris, noticed, 134.

Douglas, Mr. David, a notice of his achiev.
mcnts, 465.

Draining of moss lands, its effecLs shown, 533.

Drawing flowers botanically, and fruits horticul-
turally, 95.

Drewery's New System of Farming, thoughts on,

Dromana,' in Waterford county, noticed, 682.

Drummond, Mr., sent out to America, 95.

Dumfries, remarkable for numerous elegant
tombstones, 528 ; places near, remarked on,
641 ; sandstone of, queries on its fitness for
vases, fountains, and garden ornaments, 724.

Dumfries and Manchester, geology of the tract
of country between, 514.

Dung, hints on the philosophy of its ferment-
ation, 716.

East India Company, its liberality, 211.

East India plants, the rarer, 2o7.

Eaton Hall and its gardens, remarks on, 547.

Edges of walks, edges of dug clumps, and the
dug surfaces of clumps of shrubs, critical re-
marks on, 543; rules for the formation" and
management of walks and edges, 546; rules
for keeping, 404.

Edinburgh, new and rare plants which have
flowered in the neighbourhood of, 102 ;
School of Arts at, account of, 227 ; botanic
garden, 227.

Education, remarks on, 92; in France, 488; high

760

GENERAL INDEX.

and equal in America, fi71 ; the olyects and
blessings of, 530 ; the state of, at the Cape of
Good Hope, 496.
Egypt, ancient agriculture and horticulture in,

93.
Elcot Place, noticed, 135.

EUeray, Professor Wilson's villa at, noticed, 553.
Elm, notice of a new American species of, 490 ;
seeds produce plants without a covering of
soil, 659 ; trees removed when large, 451.
Embankment at Sutton Wash, 674.
Emigrants to the Cape of Good Hope, directory

information for, 490.
Enclosure acts, their effects, 531.
Engine, a hand one for watering trees, 612.
England, remarks on the changes in the climate
of, 53 ; requisites for a country residence in
the south of, 244.
England and America contrasted in climate, oil.
Entailed estates, their impeding effect on human

improvement, 409. 415. 534.
Epinal hats, for lady gardeners, 220; the En-
glish manufactory of, noticed, 365.
Epiphytes, notice of one mode of propagating
them, 471 ; of another mode, 541 ; hints on
the culture of, 355. 541 ; on the flowering of,
540; propagation, 541.
Er&nthis hyemalis eulogised, and hints on its

culture, 562. 564.
.Erica, remarks on the genus and species, 246 ;

culture of, 540; E. Paters6ni eulogi.sed, 598.
Eilcse, indigenous kinds enumerated, and re-
marked on, 246. 379. 717,718.
Erythrlna /aurifolia, and Crista g&Ui, excellent
directions for the propagation and culture of,
456 ; their superiority among flowers, 6'2n ;
the general culture of erythrinas in pots, 4.07.
Eschsch61tz«acalif<rniea, how to cultivate most

successfully, 342. 620.
Evaporation, its abundance and its influence on
transplanted vegetable bodies, 586 ; tlie means
of counteracting its bad effects, 587.
Evergreens, hardy, useful observations on the
nature, culture, and transplantation of, 79;
distribution and effect of, 358.
Excise,;the, its odious prohibitions, 707.
Falcon Cottage and its garden noticed, 553.
Farm, an experimental one suggested, 110 ; and

remarked on. 111.
Farmers, small, in sandy districts in the northern
counties, raise large quantities of vegetables
. for sale, .556.

Farming ; in New South Wales, 671 ; the philoso-
phy of, 702 ; Drewery's New System of, 334.
Fernie Castle, some account of, 23.
Ferns, their prevalence and places of growth in

the northern counties, 519.
Fifeshire, some gardens and country seats in, an

account of, 21.
Fig, a most successful mode of cultivating the,
325; a mode of expediting the ripening of,
263 ; the blue Ischia variety very productive,
678.
Fig trees in France, mode of protecting through
the winter, 11.262; fig-gardensat Argenteuli,
262.
Fion's garden, Paris, noticed, 132.
Fir or pine, remarks on various species of, 699;
disease and shortness of life in the balm of
Gilead, 725 : see Pine.
Flavours of fruits, the agents producing the,
584 ; thence the means of improving the, 584.
Fldra Dunica, its history, (;62.
Floral and Horticultural Societies :
Bolton, May 27th, July 6th, and August 5th,

743.
Chelmsford and Essex, May 10th, 740.
. Hull, 126; May 23d and June 20th,' 633 ;
July 4th and 2Sth, 634.
Lincaster, July 26th, 743 ; annual gooseberry

show, 744.
Manchester, May 23:1, 744; June 27th, 416.
Rochdale, July 7th and August 18th, 18.30,
627 ; April 27th and May 2.5th, 1831, C2S.
Floriculture, an elegant manual on, recom-
mended to k'.dies, 4S1 ; babes in, replied to,

245 ; green-house plants eligible for the sum
mer decoration of gardens in the open air

610.
FtorisVs Guide, Sweet's, its proposed discon-
tinuance regretted, 237 ; a new work on roses
proposed to follow, 500.
Florists, commercial, of Paris, their gardens,

129.
Florists' flowers, a mode of packing and of im-
proving the colours of, 498. 716 ; grown in
perfection about Lancaster, 555 ; information
respecting various kinds of, 66. 205. 343. 478.
600 ; should be figured several on a page, 501.

Florists' Societies :
Cambridge, May 16th and June 14th, 736.
Ipswich, July 31st, 632.
Morpeth, May 30th, 630.
Sunderland, June Sth, 630.
Whiteliill Point, July 9th, 630.

Flower-garden, green house kinds of plants fit
for the summer decoration of the hardy, 610;
in the ancient style, a plan of, and a list of
plants for, £98 ; plan of one in Tottenham
Park, 138; plan of one, with a list of plants
for a full display of flowers from Marcli to
November, 33; plan of a, sent foropinions on,
725. 727.

Flower-market of Paris, 130.

Flowers, moral effect of the study of, 599 ; of
spring, 358 ; spring, for a bed or basket of, the
kinds and efiect of, stated, 483 ; tlie properties
they should possess to win prizes, 626. See
Plants, new, rare, and beautiful.

Food of plants, remarks on the, 437.

Forcing, a peculiar plan of, applied to potatoes,
radishes, &c., and applicable to fruit trees,
614; cucumbers or melons, an improved frame
for forcing of, 459; houses for the forcing of
peaches, at Buscct Park, 573 ; state of, at Ver-
sailles, 9. See Hot water.

Forest trees, Howden's remarks on pruning
them, 27, in reply to Mr. Elles's remarks, vi.
545.

Fountain, Austin's, of artificial stone, 724.

Frame, an improved one for forcing cucumbers
or melons, 459 ; of oiled paper, for protecting
the blossoms of wall trees, 192.

France, festive gardens in, 3; land occupied in
small portions in, 488 ; laws of inheritance in,
4>8; education in, 4S8; state of gardening,
and the condition of the occupation of land at
Tours in, 88 ; country between Tours and
Bagnoles Wells, 656; tour through p3rt of,
1. 129. 2.57. 277. See Paris and Touraine.

Fremont, the garden of, notes on, 15.

Frost on May 7th, 1831, attempted estimate of the
injuries of the, 383. 511. 624; its effects in the
counties, similar ones produced in 1819, 388.

Fruit, a ladder forgathering, 26; modes of pre-
serving fruit, 368; modes of rendering trees
prone to be barren of, productive of fruit, 583 ;
frame for jireserving fruit on walls from wasps,
468 ; some kinds of, eligible for culture, de-
scribed, t)9; modes of ameliorating fruit, 581 ;
remarks on the preservation of fruit, 196;
physiological remarks on the preservation of,
617 ; the flavours of fruits, how produced and
affected, 581; the progressive amelioration of,
fruits in successive generations of trees, 51G.

Fruit trees, a list of the hardy kind, copied from
the Pomolofiical Magazine, HI; a n;nde of
planting and cultivating, to prevent canker in,
55; projecting boards for protecting the blos-
soms of, 85 ; blossoms protected by spray of
birch, 322; by straw protectors, 86; barking
of the stems of,6(i2; British fruit trees should
be exported as recommended, 6G4 ; diseases
of, in America, 319; mode of making barren
ones bear, 5S3 ; on walls and in hedges, IJO;
physiology ajjplied to the training and pruning
of fruit trees, 440 ; fruit trees recommended to
be planted on poor soil and bleak situations,
323; Shepherdia (//ipixiphaii) argentea, des-
cribed and recommended as a new one for
garden culture, 570 ; the borders for fruit trees
should never be cither dug or cropped, 542 ;

GENEKAL INDEX.

the great age of some fruit trees, 2:27 ; useful
suggestions on planting fruit trees, 542.

Fuel, domestic, suggestions referrible to, 51(5;
economical, 698.

Furze contains salt, and is good for horses and
cattle, 375 j the brilliant effect of the flowers
of, 359.

Game laws, their odious effects, 527.

Garbally Park and mansion, an account of, 25.

Garden, classical, outlines of a plan for the
formation of a, 432 ; geographical, described,
668 ; public one at Lynn Regis, Norfolk, 222 ;
small garden, how to cultivate, 244 ; a query
on cropping a new one, 245. See Flower
Garden.

Gardeners, a benefit society for, 109 ; employers
and gardeners, their reciprocal interests, 7(iO ;
hints on obtaining good gardeners, 408 ; jour,
neymen gardeners, their accommodation, 414 ;
libraries for gardeners should be formed by
horticultural societies, 591 ; remarks on the
progress of intellect among, 139; the beha-
viour of some emigrant gardeners on arriving
in America, 666 ; wages of gardeners, and
wages generally, remarks on, 42U ; wanted at
the Cape of Good Hope, 496.

Gardening and vine culture in Touraine, 487;
reflections on gardening as a pursuit, 20; state
of, in New South Wales; 671 ; effect of gar.
dening on lunatics, 554 ; primary divisions of
the science of gardening, 151 ; state of, in
America, 666 ; the best short treatises on gar-
dening, 243 ; the state of, at the Cape of Good
Hope, 496 ; in the northern counties, and in
Scotland, 5.;7.

Gardens, criticised and noticed : palace gardens,
389.547; gardens of niansions,549; ofvillaSj.Wl;
of houses in towns, 554 ; of jails, 554 ; cottage
gardens, 555 ; nurseries, 555 ; Liverpool bota-
nic garden, 556; public promenade gardens,
557 ; designs for forming them by subscription
in the vicinity of large commercial towns, 605 ;
advice on growing plants in gardens in cities
solicited, 720 ; several gardens in Scotland

; noticed, 679 ; those of the commercial florists
of Paris, 129 ; remarks and suggestions on
laying out gardens, 251 ; small ones at Bir-
mingham, and their effect, 409 ; suburban
plants mentioned, of difficult culture in, 720 ;
suburban. See Nurseries.

Garendon Park and gardens noticed, 427.

Gaulther/'a Slidllon, a figure and account of,
472.

Geology, its intimate relation to planting, 372,
373 ; the geology of the country between Lon-
don and Stockport, 387 ; of the tract of coun-
try which intervenes between Manchester and

■ Dumfries, 514 ; west of .Scotland, 642.

Georgia proposed for Georgiraa, 716.

Georginas, a mode of cultivating, .38 ; how to
manage cuttings of, 123; splendour of flowers
of, in 1831, 684. 690.

CJerardias, useful hints for cultivating, 490.

Gesnferf^, a mode of cultivating the, 568.

Ginger, a mode of successfully cultivating, 577 ;
a mode of preserving, 578.

Gladiolus psittaclnus, noticed, 61.

Glazing, Harrison and Curtis's new patent mode
of, noticed, and remarked on, 603; an im-
proved mode of glazing hot-house sashes,
193 ; oil as a substitute for putty between
the laps of panes of glass, 84 ; Stewart's patent
copper lap for, 225.

Glencairn Abbey, in Waterford county, noticed,
683.

Ciloxinias, a mode of cultivating, 568.

Cioat moth, its ravages on the alder stated, 604.

Godefroy's nursery, a notice of, 15.

Gold worth, Surrey, observations made on a
journey from London to, 357.

Good, John, Esq., a memoir of, 662.

Gooseberries exhibited at the London Horticul-
tural Society, 623 ; heaviest, in Lancashire, in
1830, 226 ; in 1831, and new seedlings in Lan-
cashire, in 1831, 678. 744 ; book on, 213 ; large
kinds of, condemned, 331 j defended, 332. 555.

751

610; remarks on providing a succession of the
best-flavoured, 329; the kinds deemed best in
the Pomo/ogicat Magazine, 113; the merits of
the large kinds declared, and a selection of, in
four colours, named, 555.

Gooseberry caterpillars destroyed by heat, 196 ;
by limewater, 336.

Gourd, an extremely large one noticed, 101 ;
Cucurbita verrucusa, its hybrid effect on the
smooth green Spanish melon, 87 ; edible spe-
cies of, the modes of dressing them for table,
189. See Hybridising.

Grafting and budding defined, 586 ; knife used
in approach grafting, 218 ; dovetail grafting
described, 712.

Grafts of all kinds of fruits recommended to be
taken from the Horticultural Society's collec-
tion, 253.

Grape vines and grapes, grown well in the neigh-
bourhood of Liverpool, 538; training grape
vines in pots for forcing, .574 ; successful me-
thod of cultivating the white Tokay grape,
604; barking the stems of, (i62 ; fruit of the
Frontignac sets very imperfectly, the causes
sought, 730; grown over pines, satisfactory in-
stances of, 550 ; grown under rafters in pine-
ries, a mode of wintering, 411 ; better shown,
539 ; in pots, Mr. Stafford's remarkably effect-
ive mode of cultivating, and of renovat-
ing plants of, 602 ; culture of the grape vine
in Touraine, 487 ; notice of a theory on prun-
ing the, 353; cultivating by spur-eyes, 484;
a mode of stopping from bleeding, 484 ; supe-
rior kinds cultivated by Mr. Money, 688 ; the
culture of grapevines attempted in America,
318; the Esperione very hardy and i-.rolific,
and truly suited to culture in the open air,'
677. 688 ; the Esperione thought to be identi-
cal with the black muscadine, 677; contra-
dicted, 677 ; grizzly Fronii<inac ripened on a
south wall, 678 ; the mode of pruning and
training those at Thomery, Fontainebleau,
622; very fine ones at Finborough'Hall, Suf-
folk, and the mode of cultivating, 498 ; win-
tering vines grown under rafters in pineries
not a new practice, 718.

Grape wine, a receipt for making, 698.

Grapes, bagging of, in France, 17; preserving
them best and longest after they are cut, 248 •
the Horsforth and Isabella kinds, 239. '

Grass on lawns and grass-plots, a machine for
cutting, 611.

Grasses, spirit distilled from, 249.

Green-house, a very useful span-roofed one fi-
gured and described, 348 ; another, 350 ; a
mode of growing large plants in the inside
front of a green-house, 614.

Green-house plants eligible for the decorations
of open flower borders in summer, 610 ; green-
house plants in pits in winter, ,350, and planted
in borders in summer, 350. 610 ; green-house
plants may be kept through the winter in the
frame described, 459.

Grevillea concinna of Brown, Grevillea con-
cinna of Lindley, 506.

Groups, small ones, rules for placing, 403. 606.

Guaco plant, Mikan/a Guaco, noticed, 69. 99.

Guavas successfully fruited, 676.

Guelder rose, the uses of its wood, 234.

Hammer, improved one for garden purposes,468.

Hand drill, a new kind described, 283.

Hares eat the garden plants as stated, 219. See
Rabbit.

Haricots verts, 249.

Hawthorn or whitethorn, weeping, noticed, 375;
tea from leaves of the common hawthorn, 698.

Haymaking, the relative state of the art of, iii
various places, 534.

Heath mould distinguished from peat, peat
earth, and bog earth, 285 ; remarks on this
distinction, 714; mode of providing heath
mould artificially, 714.

Heat destructive of insects, 196; waste heat
from domestic fires applied to gardening and
other purposes, 651.

Hedge, ornamental and useful, fittest plants for

752

GENEKAL INDEXj

querieil,725 ; hedge in a garden, Scottish roses

|iro|)Osed for, "-S.
Hepaticas, remarks on the time of transplant-
ing, &i-., 599.
Highclere, Hants, the seat of Earl Caernarvon,

noticed, 135.
Highways, remarks on the watering of, and with

salt water, £25.
Hints for improvements :

Animals, foreign and domestic, suited to agri-
culture, exhibitions of, suggested. 111.

Benefit societies '"sr gardeners suggested,
109.

Cockscomb, Mr. R. L. Howes's mode of culti-
vating never supplied, suggested that it
should be, 110. Cottagers' sliow articles, a
mode for exhibiting and selling, at horticul-
tural societies, without inconveniencing of-
ficers or members, suggested, 5iX).

Dessert, the, how to improve from January to
June, 501.

Farm, an experimental one, suggested, 111.
Fruit trees on all walls and in hedges,
110.

Horticultural societies, a mode of showing and
selling the articles produced by cottagers,
with benefit to the^o and the puMic, and
without inconvenience to officers or mem-
bers, 500. Horticultural societies should
form libraries for gardeners, 591.

Information from every part of England on
the relative expenses of living to persons in
the middle classes, suggested for insertion
in this Magazine, 108 ; approved and again
solicited by another, 244; complied with,
.WR, and further communications on the.sub-
ject refused insertion, SOS.
! Mosses, the cultivation of them in town gar-
dens, suggested, and its practicability ex-
emplified, 110.

Roses, a new work on, and Sweet's Florhfs
Guide, hints respecting, 500, 501.

Sunflower seeds to be grown and crushed for
oil, 110.

Telegraphic communications as to coming
weather, suggested, 109 ; coincided in, 231 ;
adopted and published, 501.
/Tippuphaii (Shephtrdja) argentea, a new fruit

tree for cultivation in gardens, 570.
Holly prevails about the northern lakes, and

birdlime was once manufactured there for

exportation, 519; abundant in. Staffordshire,

519 ; remarks and queries respecting, 2.33 ;

insect which feeds on its leaves, 2-34; mice rat

its bark, 235.
Hoole House, gardens at, noticed, 551.
Hop, its blight, and the remedy of its blight,

Hope, Thomas, Esq., of Deepdene, obituary of,

384.

Hops, boxwood a substitute for, 698 ; the excise
prevents the cottager growing hops, 707.

Hop-pole drawer, Knowles's, 220.

Horticultural Societies, provincial, our reports
of, censured, 238 ; defended, 238. 626 ; rules
for, 104 ; prizes to be ottered for fruits pro-
duced between January and June, 501 ; gene-
ral rules for the adjudication of prizes, di'^ ;
the great general utility of reports of the shows
of horticultural societies' fruits, 626 ; the pro-
perties they should possess to win prizes, &-26.
should form gardeners' libraries, 591 ; may
exhibit and sell cottagers' garden articles with-
out inconvenience, 500. See Floral and Horli.
cultural Societies, Botanical and Horticultural
Societies, and Florists' Societies.
Aberdeenshire, May 3d and 25th, June C2d,

and July 13th, 636.
Abergavenny and Crickhowel, June 24th and

Sept. 16th, 74.5.,
Antrim, 638.

Belfast, Sept. ISoO, ICG; May 18th, 6.38.
Bury St. Edmund's, June 28lh, July £6th,

632.
Caledonian, Sept. 1st, 635.

Cambridgeshire, Oct. 13th, >850, 126; Dec. l»t,
1830, 1.'7; April 20th, May l8tb, June 15tb,
and Sept. "tli, 737.
Cumberland, 737.
Devonshire, 739.
Diss, June 9tb, 745.

Dorset, April 27th and Sept. 2Sth, 740.
Dundee, May 3d and July 29th, 637.
Durham, 127.
Essex, 74!->.
Forfarshire, 637.
Glasgow, Aug. 12th, 637.
Hereford, May 17th, June21st, July 2Ist, 740:

Sept. 22d, 741.
Huntingdonshire, April 27th, 742 : July 27th,

743.
Ipswich, Nov. 9th, 1830, 128 ; July 26th and

31st, 632.
Ireland, April 20th, 638. 749.
Lanarkshire, 637.
Lancashire, 627. 743.

London, meeting of, 1830, Nov. 2d and 16th,
and Dec. 7th and 2Ist, 126; 1831, Jan. 4th
and 18th, Feb. 1st and 15th, and March 1st,
250; March i5th and April 5th, 3S0; April
19th and May 2d, 381; May 3d and 17th,
and June 7th, 509 ; June 21st and July 5th,
510; July 19th, 622 ; Aug. 2d and 16th, 623 •
Sept. 6th, 733 ; Sept SOth, 734 ; Oct. 4th and
20th, 735 ; prizes for fruits at the f^te criti-
cised, 716; f^e, 510.
Lynn, June -jOth, 629.
Monmouthshire, 745.
Norfolk and Norwich, Nov. 17th, 1830, 127 ;

May 25th, 629.
Norfolk, 127. 629. 74,5.
Northumberland, 127. 629.
Renfrewshire, West, May 25th and June 29th,

637.
Ross, May 18th and June 22d, 741 ; July 27th,

T42.
Sheffield, May 4th, 634 ; August 3d, 635.
Somersetshire, 631.
Stirlingshire, May 3d and 31st, and July 12tl!,

638.
Suffolk, 128. 632.
Taupiton, 674
Vale of Evesham, Sept 23d, 1820, 128 ; June

16th, G33.
West Riding, Aug. 3<l, 635.
Whitehaven, April 29th, May 17th, and Au.

gust 5th, 738.
Worcestershire, 128. 633.
Yorkshire, (Ho.
Horticulture for sportsmen, 219 ; scientific, in-
stanced, 580.
Hot climates, their prodigious effect on vege-
table fecundity, 705.
Hot-houses, improvements devised in one, 139 ;
metallic ones stated to have an evil effect on
vegetation, 605 ; modes of heating and ven-
tilating, considered, 83; plan for heating, by
the breath of cattle, 652 ; Alcock's mode of
heating the central beds of, 286 ; points in the
construction of, many remarks on, 5.39 ; no
curvilinear ones farther north than Dallam
Tower, 539 ; metallic ones commended, 539;
and objections to, obviated, 540 ; points in the
management and culture of, considered,
540.
Hot water, heating by, 98; disapproved, 397;
strongly recommended, 53i); an improved
boiler for heating hot-houses by, 141 ; modi-
fications of hot-water apparatus, 141 ; hot
«atcr applicable to domestic comfort, 691 :
aiiplicd to the growth of cucumbers, melons,
&c., 245 ; to heating a lioUow fruit wall, 12! ;
when first used in France, 9; Kewley's mode
of healing by, preferred on comparison with
others, 685 ; total expense of hot- water appa-
ratus, 686 ; Mr. Alcock's application of, to
heating the central bed of a hot-house, 286 ;
Mr. Fowler of Devonshire's mode of heating
by, 376; opinions on Cottam and Hallen s
ciist-iron vertical tubes, and Fowler's ther-

GENERAL INDEX.

loo.

mosiphon, for circulating hot water, 612 ;
Weekes's mode of heating by, explained, 82;
strictures on various modes, 83 ; water, heated
by the waste heat of a domestic tire, applied
to gardening and other purposes, 651 ; I'red-
gold's mode of applying hot water, 177. to 185 ;
structure of apparatus for heating bv, 238.

Houstbn^n serpyllif61ia, the true habitat of,2o6 ;
H. purpurea, its true habit, 237.

Hybrid plants, Mr. Sweet's important remarks
on, 206 ; the means of procuring, 58; Ama-
xyWidcts originated at Highclere gardens, 135 ;
Aquilfegia Garner/i(»(7, 47-i, 475 ; azaleas ori-
ginated by Mr. Gowen at Highclere, an ac-
count of, 62. loj. 471 ; hybrid cyclamens, the
origination of, suggested, 562 ; hybrid fox-
glove originated between Digitalis ambigua
and Gloxin/Vr speci6sa, 582; melons, instances
of hybrid, and remarks on, 87. 622; Potentflla
KiissellM«rt, 343 ; P. argCita, 201 ; hybrid rho-
dodendrons at Knight's, 356; and at High-
clere, a particular account of, 135. 472 ; hybrid
iJhododendron Karrferiff, 474; hybrid iihodo-
dendron liwsieWiunum, 341 ; Rose Clare, a
hybrid, described, 596 ; hybrid salpiglossise.s,
S. BarclaytJna, noticed, 597; the Kassaba me-
lon conjectured to be a hybrid.^ 101 ; hybrid
plants with sterile anthers, 582; with fertile
anthers, SS2.

Hybridising, the physiology of, 243 ; applied to
apples without obvious ert'ect,50; tocucurbit-
aceous plants, valuable remarks on, 718 ; its
application to apples suggested, and its effect
surmised, 318; the most effectual of human
means for modifying fruits, flowers, and vege-
tables to human wishes, 582 ; the mode of its
application to the amelioration of fruits de-
scribed, 581 ; adverse opinions on the limit-
ation to which hjbridising is subject, 582 ; the
Rev. Jos. Tyso's origination of new varieties
of ranunculus by, 565 ; Mr. Sweet's remarks

' on hybridising, 206.

Hydrangea hortcnsis with blue flowers, 603.

Hymenophyllum Wilstrnj Hooker, an Irish
and a British plant, 230.

Hfpxiuxa flav^scens, a new British species,
230.

Jbfiris umbell?lta, 3| ft. high and 6 ft. in cir-
cumference, how to render, 102; I. Tenorea«a
eulogised, 598.

Ice-house, plan for the construction of an, 650.

lUiistrations of La7idscapc Gardening, new
series of, in quarto, announced, 720.

India, address of the Agricultural and Horticul-
tural Society of, to the whole world, 661.

Indian corn, culture of, in America, 705.

Inns, improvements and defects in, 530.

Insects: aphides, a mode of destroying, 244;
insects and vermin destroyed by the am-
moniacal liquor of coal gas, 557; by birdlime,

' 519 ; by steam, 508 ; by tobacco dust, applied
as described, 687.

Ireland : Horticultural Society of, reported, and
defended, 229 ; state of botany and civilisa-
tion in, 229 ; rarer plants in, 230 ; remarks on
the Horticultural Society of, 107 ; these re-
marks replied to, 229 ; Practical Horticul-
tural Society, report of, 104 ; remarks on this
society, 107; Belfast Horticultural Society
reported, 106; remarkable additions to the
flora of, 108; large cucumber produced in,
108 ; state of arboriculture in, 682 ; gentle,
men's seats in, 682 ; large cockscombs grown
in, 683 ; temperature at Kilkenny in, 683 ;
Irish cottages, and the condition of the Irish,
505 ; Irish peasantry, Howden's strictures on
the, vi. f>57 ; disputed, vii. 505. 710.

Italy, notices on the gardening, farming, and
olive culture of, 6(i5 ; the cultivation of orange
trees in, 3<j8 ; the pine forests of, and use of
pine strobiles and seeds in, 311.

Ivy, the uses of its wood, and the injury plants
of it do the trunks of the trees they surround,
233.725.

J«Bgersborg, Denmark, scenery in the park
of, 631.
Vol. vii. — No. 35.

Jamaica, an account of Bath Gardens in, 93.
Jan)))ha Mdnihot, and its uses described,

470.
Jasmlnum pubigcrum, orWallichj^SniiOT, 471.
Jones. Mr. Richard, an obituary of, 639.

Kennedfrt rubicunda, a mode of training,
483.

Kew Botanic Garden, Oct. 29th, 687 ; kitrfien
garden, 688.

Kewley's mode of heating by hot water prefer.

red, 685.
Kidneybeans : the royal dwarf, 655 ; the scarlet
runner, a perennial, 485.

Kidneybeans.'on preserving them green through
the winter, 249.

Kilkenny, the temperature at, and its action on
plants, 683.

Kilmanahan Castle, in Waterford county,
noticed, 683.

Knowlsley Park, the gardens at, noticed, 550.

Kuskovo, near Moscow, described, 660.

Labouring classes, their condition in 1831, 419;
their relative condition in some different
counties, 527 ; allotments of land let to, 424 ;
state and style of their cottages, in several
counties, 527. 607. 709 ; employment reserved
for labourers by the French government, 659 ;
a Labourer's Friend Society, 224. See Cot-
tages.

Ladder for the purposes of gathering fruit,
pruning, or training trees, &c., 26.

Lakes of Cumberland and Westmoreland, sug-
gestions for the improved application of, 516 ;
geology of, 514.

Lancaster, the condition of the taste for garden-
ing in and near, 538.

Landscape-gardening, an instance of the efffect
of skill in, 431 ; its backward state remarked,
605, 606 ; works which treat on, 227.

Lap, Stewart's patent copper one for glazing
sashes, 225 ; substituting oil for putty in
laps, 84.

Larch, fittest soil and site for, and the cause
of the rotting of the, 374. 725; the dimen-
sions of a very large tree of, 675.

Largo House, an account of the garden at,
22.

I-arks, traps for catching, 98.

Lathallan, an account of, 21.

Lathvrus suavtolens ? culture and agricultural
merits of, 88.

Laund .\bbey and gardens, Leicestershire, 422.

Laurel, common, grafted on cherry stocks
12.

Laying out and planting grounds, 559 ; errors in,
remarks on, and hints fur, 4i;0 ; the geometric
and natural styles of, contrasted, 3 ; laying
out a classical garden, 4.32; a classical resi-
dence, 723 ; a geographical garden, 668.

Laving, the physiology of increasing by, 585.

Leafing and shedUing'leaves, irregularity of, as
to time in trees of the same species, 3.57.

Leicester Abbey, and gardens in its grounds,
425 ; other gardens at Leicester, 425.

Leicestershire, gardens and country residences
in, 421.

Lent, forced vegetables provided for the fasts of,
in France, 10.

Leonard's, St., Scotland, gardens at, reported,
680.

Leven's Hall and gardens noticed, 550.

Libraries, itinerating, 674.

Lilac, a very beautiful and perhaps rare variety
of, 379 ; retarding the flowering of, 247.

Lily, Jacobsean, its seeding queried, 728.

Lime as a manure, 534 ; chloride of, 378.

Lime trees, weeping ones at Chatsworth, 375;
wood of common, fittest for butter casks, 375.

Limewater, its effect in destroying worms,
682.

Lin^ria alplna, a hint on the culture of, 476.

Lindfield, in Sussex, infant schools, &c., at,
223.

Linnsus, and the genus Valant/Vi, 118 ; the ele-
gance and richness of the mind of Linnxus
instanced, 598.

3 f

754

GENERAL INDEX.

Lismore Castle, in Waterford county, 683.

liquids, their relative expansion under heat, 180.

Listera cord&ta, abundant in pine plantations
at Cargill, Perthshire, 102.

Littlecot Park, noticed, 136.

Liverpool, remarks on the town, 525 ; botanic
garden, changing the site of, 222. 556 ; colo-
nies of villas in the park near Liverpool, 552 ;
state of gardening about, 537 ; rich state of a
gardeners' benefit society at, 538,

Lunatics benefited by gardens and gardening,
554..

Zuplnns CruikshankB, noticed, 337.

Lynn Regis, Norfolk, public garden at, 222.

Lobelias, their native soil in America, 490.

London, public botanic garden near, wanted, 96.

London Horticultural Society and Garden. See
Horticultural Societies.

London nurseries, and suburban gardens, re-
ported. See Nurseries.

Lophosp^rmum erubtscen*,. described, 65. 201.

Love apple. See Tomato.

Lowe's nursery at Wolverhampton, 410,

Lowesby hall, and its gardens, 428.

Lowther Castle, and its gardens, remarks on, 5i8.

Machine, American, for sweeping streets, 723 ;
for cutting grass on lawns and grass plots,
noticed, 611; for excavating earth, 225 ;
Thom's, for transplanting large trees and
large shrubs, 29; Saul's, for transplanting
trees and shrubs, 655.

Machinery to t>e propelled by water in hilly
countries, 515.

Madura aurantiaca, history of, 508.

Malt and malt-making, useful remarks on, 706.

Malta, British fruits introduced to, more needed
in, 064.

Manchester botanic garden, 413. 557. 616 ; town,
524.

Manioc, or manihot, and its uses, described, 470.

Mansion residences visited in 1831, 385. 397.513.
549. 641.

Manures of vegetable formation most important
for plants, 702. 706.

Manuring and manures, critical notices on, 534

Marche des Innocens, 257.

Market, vegetable, in Tours, 489.

Market-gardens, remarks on, 411.

Mead, effect of the prohibitory tax on, 707 ; its
excellence and cheapness as a beverage, 707.

Melon, a method of growing the, 461 ; another,
575 ; steam pits for growing, 194 ; melon and
cucumbers, hot water applied to the growth
of, 245 ; an improved frame for forcing melons
and cucumbers, 459 ; the Kassaba, described,
101 ; the sweet Ispahan, a very superior kind,
ISt); hybrid, instances of, and remarks on,
622; the Kassaba thought a hybrid, 101;
the smooth green Spanish will hybridise with
a gourd, 87 ; melons, Persian, the degeneracy
of, in England, and Mr. Knight's mode of pre-
venting that degeneracy, 186.

Menzifesm, the anomalous and legitimate species
of, 718; M. cKrCllea, 236.

Mice, a mode of securing sown peas and beans
from their attacks, and a method of catching
mice, described, 593; mice, of the short-tailed
field species (Mi'isarvilis), their great destruc-
tiveness to plantations in felling trees, and
modes of destroying them, 608 ; mice will not
perforate thin linings of road-sand, 346.

Middle classes, domestic economy of the, 108.

Mildew on peach and nectarine trees, prevention
of, 87.

Mimbsa pudlca, an extremely fine specimen,
and the treatment, 677.

Mistletoe thrives and luxuriates on lime trees
and poplar trees, 365.

Moss, its importance in defending plants from
the heat of summer and frost of winter, 306,
307,

Moss lands, remarks on the process and effects

of draining and cultivating, 533.
Mosses, Hobson's work on, 124 ; the cultivation

of, in town gardens, 110.
Mount Congreve, near Waterford, 6S2.

Mount Melville, Scotland, gardens at, 681.
Mulberry, experiments on the propagation of,
485 ; leaves of A\er tataricum, said to be pre-
ferred to ttiose of the mulberry by silkworms,
660 ; a hint on the propagation of the mul-
berry, 351.
Milsn sapi^ntnm, its uses and rate of growth in
Mexico, 670; M. paradisiaca, culture of, ii»
EngKsh stoves, 676.
Mushroom, a monstrous one, 102 ; prodigious
ones, 731 ; mushrooms but little cultivated
about Paris, 18 ; preyed on by beetles, Cara-
bus, and .Blatta orient^lis, 486.
Naming roads, lanes, and villages, 103.
iS'arcissfnea?, Haworth's genera of, 479.
Narcissuses indispensable for vernal ornament,

474. 479.
Natural system of botany, a selection of plants

for the representation of, 150 ; work on, 75.
Nature and her scenes ennoble the human mind,

and promote independency of feeling, 359.
Nectarine and peach trees grown on flued wall,
Irving's treatment of, and mode of screening
the blossoms of, 592 ; strictures on Mr. Erring-
ton's mode of managing plethoric ones, 241 ;
Mr. Seymonr's trees and culture noticed, 242;
preservation of peach and nectarine trees from
mildew, 87 ; the kinds of nectarine deemed
best in the Pomological Magazine, 114.
i'/^rium splendens, its excellence among flowers,.

2n.
Netherlands, a tour in, by Mr. T. Rivers, 277.
New Holland, vegetable riches of, 598.
New South Wales, climate, soil, fruits,and vege-
table productions of, 671.
New York, the culture of thirteen superior hor-
ticultural productions in the state of, 311.
Noisette's nursery, a notice of, 14.
Nonsuch Park and garden, in 1786, 431.
Northumberland, weather in, 503.
Notes and reflections made during a tour through
a part of France and Germany, continued, 1.
129. 257.
Nowlan, Mr., his merits, 238.
Nurseries visited, and reported on, 346. 684.
Allen and Rogers's, Feb. 18th, 350 ; Nov. 3d,
691. Bradley's, Oct. £3d, 686. Buchanan
and Oldroyd's, Camberwell, April 14th, 366 ;
Nov.|4, 695.
Chandler and Sons', Vaux hall, Feb. 17th, 348 ;
Nov. 3d, 691. Colvill's, Oct. 31st, 690. Cor-
mack. Son, and Sinclair's, New Cross,
April 14th, 367; Nov., 696. Cree's Addle-
stone, April 3d, 3i>9 ; Oct. 27th, 687.
Dennis and Co's, Feb. 18th, 351 ; Oct. 31st, 690.
Donald's Goldworth nursery, April 4th, 360;
Oct. 24th, 686.
Gibbs's, Oct. 31st, 689. Gordon, Forsyth, and
Co.'s, Nov. 3d, 694. Gray and Son's,
Feb. 25th, 353. Groom's florists' garden,
April 12th, 366.
Harrow Road nursery, Oct. 20th, 684. Hender-
son's, Pine Apple Place, February 12th, 346 ;
November l.st, 691. Hocklev and Bunney's,
April 14th, .367 ; Nov. 7th, 697.
Jenkins's Mary-le-bone, February 13th, 347 ;

Nov. 1st, 691.
Kirke's, October 31st, 689. Knight's exotic,

March 18., 354; Oct. 31st, 689.
Lee's, Feb.23d,a52; Oct. 29th, 687. Loddiges's,
Nov. 3d, 694. Lowe's Clapton nursery,
Nov. 7th, 697.
Malcolm's Kensington, Feb. 15th, 348. M'Ar-
thur's Polygon nursery, Nov. 7th, 697. Mo-
ney's Haverstock nursery, Oct. 30th, 688.
Ramsay's Stanhope nursery, Oct. 31st, 689.
RoUisson's Tooting, Oct. 22d, 684. Russell's
Enham, Feb. 18th, 350 ; Oct. 22d, 684.
Sprateley's, Oct. 23d, 686
Thompson's, Nov. 3d, 694.
Westbourne Green nursery, Oct. 20th, 684.
Westland's, Dorking,Oct. 23d, 685. Whitley,
Brames, and Milne's, Fulham, March 10th,
354; Oct. 29th, 688. Wilmot and Co.'s Lewis-
ham nursery, 696.
Various others named, 698.

GENERAL INDEX.

7.55

Young's, at Mitford, April 7th, 365. Young's,!
Epsom, Oct. 22d, 685.
Nursery trade in France, 1 1. 659.
Nurserymen and seedsmen, remarks on procur-
ing novelties and varieties from, 617 ; nur-
serymen's catalogues may convey scientitic
and popular as well as commercial inform-
ation, 609; the liberality of the London nur-
serymen instanced, S6il ; hints toniirserymen
on selecting and packing plants destined for
America, 411.
Nuts, remarks on the preservation of, 617; the
kinds most worthy culture, according to the
PoJnological Magaxiiie, 114.
Nymphenburg, the columns ofwater at, 7.
Oak, remarks on a sketch of the natural history
of, 233 ; supports very numerous insects, 231- ;
its loots and wood are eaten by rats, 235 ; the
two British species of, and their synonymes
asserted, 24-1 ; variableness of foliage in oaks,
.374 ; critical remarks on various species, 699.
CEnotheras, annual, poor gravelly soil suits, 340.
Oil as a substitute for putty between the laps of

panes of glass recommended, 84.
Oil from seeds of Helianthusannuus, 671 ; ONea
europK^'a, 663; i^rassica campestris oleifera,
658 ; train oil, its efficiency in destroying in
sects, 378, 379.
O^ea exc<;lsa, at Kilkenny, 683.
Olive, the propagation of the, and mode of ob.

taining oil from the berries of the, 663.
Onions, while growing, ravaged by the larvae of
the fly ( Anthomyia ccparum), 91 ; ravages
prevented, 91 ; onion-seed improved by ma-
nuring the soil with charcoal, 91 ; observations
on theculture of onions, 188; preserving them
from the maggot and rot, 192 ; the cultiva.
tion of onions, oSii ; the transplantation of,
591 ; very large ones, 678. 682.
Orange, excellence of, and fittest time to gather
the China variety, 225; seeds of the bitter
orange, Arancia forte, received from Florence,
and distributed to English gardeners, 225,
226; orange trees might be cultivated in the
manner of peach trees, 356 ; the cultivation of
the bitter and sweet- fruited varieties in Italy,
308 ; grafting of orange trees, 189 ; qualities
in oranges of British growth deserving a prize,
626.
Orchardist's crook figured and described, 614.
Orchards, the fittest kinds of apple for, 588.
Orchideous plants, a mode of propagating the
stove rhizomatose species of, noticed, 471. 541 ;
remarkable native manner of growth in Bra-
savula (^legans, and others, 595 ; a successful
mode of cultivating the hardy kinds of orchi.
deous plants, 306.
O'rchis bifblia, its powerful and exquisite fra-
grance, 203.
O'xalis D^ppe?', floribfinda, &c., how to culti-
vate, 474.
Pceonies, information on, 477. 596.
Palace residences, English, noticed, 98. 389. 547.
Palms at Berlin, 91.

Paris, gardens of the commercial florists of, 129;

flower market of, 130 ; M. Otto's notice of the

^ cheapness of plants at, and of the state of the

horticulture of, 91 ; state of gardening about,

in 1830 and 1831, 659; market-gardens of, 257.

Pea, Bishop's dwarf, its merits questioned, 609;

a new variety of merit cultivated by Mr.

Groom, florist, Walworth, 366 ; a new species

of, recommended for agriculture, 88; a mode

of raising an early crop of peas, 463J; new plan

of sticking, 103; the cause of peas boiling

hard, 125. 249.

Peach gardens at Montreuil, several miles of

espalier walls for peach trees in the, 91.
Peach houses, and the mode of forcing peaches,

at Buscot Park, 573.
Peach and nectarine trees grown on flued walls,
Irving's mode of treating, detailed, 592 ; his
mode of screening their blossoms from in-
jurious weather, ,592 ; Mr Knight's mode of
planting, in his nursery, 357; the prevention
of mildew on, 87 ; strictures on Mr. Erring-

ton's mode of managing plethoric ones, 241 ;
Mr. Sejinour's trees, and culture, 242. 218.
Peach trees, the best kinds of, 114; surprising
fecundity of four trees, 678 ; peach trees
budded upon apricots, 195 ; early forced peach
trees injured by ants, and the mode of destroy-
ing the ants, 314 ; a machine for distributing
the pollen of peach blossoms in houses, 252.
Puake's various gardening articles, 94 ; his semi-
metallic tiles, 225.
Pear, can cider be procured from the vernal
herbage off 250 ; pear from a tree in an old
orcliard near Gloucester, 7 XI; pears bearing
leaves, 722; pear 41b in weight, and without
either core or seed, 101 ; Mr. Saunders's ob-
servations on the culture of pears, and his re-
marks on Mr. Hiver's practice, 327 ; the best
kinds of pears, 114; for summer, autumn,
winter, and baking, 329.
Pear trees in Scotland more than 200 years old,
227 ; genealogy of the Monteath pear, 620 ;
Marie Louise pear succeeds as a standard, 730 ;
pear trees, large ones successfully transplanted,
451 ; pears and pear trees infested with an in-
sect resembling a brown scale, 378. 721. •
Peat, peat earth, or bog earth, distinguished
from heath mould, 285; this distinction criti-
cised, 714.
Pelargonium, twelve early kinds of, and twelve
late kinds of, 352 ; a gigantic plant of, from a
seed, 677.
Penruddock, tremendous hail storm at, ou July

15th, 1831, 517.
Petrowskoy, near Moscow, described, 661.
Phloxes, useful remarks on the appropriation

and culture of, 477.
Physic nut, eatable-rooted, and its uses, de-
scribed, 470.
Physiological botany, remarks on, 57. 120. 233.

235. 507.
Picotees, rare German kinds of, and improve-
ments in picotees generally, 601 ; qualities in^
deserving a prize, 626.
Pimlico palace and gardens, 98.
Pine, or (ir, remarks on various species of, 699 ;
some siJecies engrafted successfully, 375 ; P.
i-'inea, forests of, in Italy, the use of thecones
and seeds there, 311 ; pine nuts, or Pinocchio
of the Italians, the sale and use of, 311. See Fir.
Pine-apple, its culture in the palace gardens at
Versailles, 9 ; grown in beds of earth at Castle
Semple, 248; the best dormant season for,
540; pine-apples thrive in coal smoke, 408;
under grape vines, 550; a pit for fruiting
pines, 137 ; numerous queries on various me-
thods of cultivating, 728 ; the finest kinds of
pines, 115.
Pineries, a mode of wintering grape vines in,
described, 411; better shown, 539; pine pit,
with a steam chamber, its efficiency, 22.
Pinks, a new method of propagating, hv layers,

458.
Pit, one for fruiting pines figured and described,
Jjl 37 ; meridian pits for horticulture or floricul-
ture, 289; criticised, 715; steam pits for the
culture of melons, 194.
Plantain (Musn paradislaca), excellent direc-
tions for cultivating and fruiting, 676.
Plantations and shrubberies, critical remarks on,
537. 544 ; plantations destroyed by the short-
tailed field-mouse, 608 ; a mode of destroying
the mice in, 608.
Planting, a knowledgeoftlie geological affinities
of plants of great value in, 372, 373 ; M. Klyn-
ton on planting and laying out grounds, 559 ;
planting for posterity at Craigmillar Castle,
227 ; progress and eftect of planting in the
northern counties, 536; pruning trees in their
branches and roots at the time of planting, 13;
hints on the mode of planting trees and fruit
trees, 542; Nature's mode of planting no-
ticed, 512.
Plants not in Hdrfus Briidnnicus, 344. 503. 615.
Plants, air, the cultivation of them in stoves, 47 j
plants, lists of, for flower-gardens, 34. 300;
plants alleged to be hardy, not so, 709 ; an ad-
3 C 2

756

GENERAL INDEX.

mirably successful mode of cultivating Ameri-
can plants, 305 ; hints on the culture of Ame-
rican plants, 28j. 490. 706; directions for
•electing and packing trees, shrubs, and
plants destined for America, iil ; a selection
of plants for forming a representative system
of vegetables, 1 jO ; catalogues of acclimated
plants proposed, 722; bulbous plants, lost or
missing hardy kinds of, 'J47 ; a list of liardy
bulbous plants for a bed, 35 ; of many exotic-
species of dicecious plants, but om sex exists
in Britain, 512; some i-.stances, 573; Dr.
Gcippert's work on the heat in plants, their
susceptibility of frost, and the means of de-
fending them from, mentioned, 91; green-
house kinds of plants fit for decorating open

; borders during summer, 610; plants, indi.
gcnous, at the Cape of Good Hope, some of,

' enumerated, 81 ; the species in New Hol-
land shown to be almost endless, 598; some
of the rarer plants of India and Asia, 207 ;
indigenous, seen from the road in the Con-
ductor's inland tour, 387 ; others seen between
Banbury and Dumfries, with remarks on the
relation borne by plants to soils and strata, 517 ;
plants in hot-houses need a season of rest, 5H ;
directory hints on potting plants, 540; apian
for growing large liliaceous plants along
the in.^ide front of a green-house, 614 ; new,
rare, and beautiful plants, GO. 199. 337. 469.
593: see also Horticultural Societies, and the
plants exhibited at them ; new or rare plants
which have flowered in the neighbourhood ol
Edinburgh, 102 ; their affinity to particular
strata of the earth, 372; somewhat questioned,
517 ; the food of plants, 437. 706 ; the indivi-
duality of plants raised from seeds, as distin-
guished from the sameness of those raised
from layers, grafts, cuttings, or buds, 357 ; in-
stanced also in seedling mezereons, S5S ; and
in seedlings of R'lbes sangulntum, 359.

Plimley, Mr., his merits, 238.

Pliny's Tuscan villa, plan and description of, 723.

Ploughs, Wilkie's, exported to Jamaica, and
thero called banking plouglis, 104,

Plums, the finest kinds of, 115.

Polyanthus, George the Fourth, excellent, 27.
498 ; and packed excellently, 716.

Polygala vulgSlris, varieties of, 24G. 380. 717.

Polypudium vulgare growing en trees, 518.

Pope's nursery, Handsworth, near Birmingham,
noticed, 237. 410.

Pojilar, Lombardy, when introduced, and the
excellence of its wood, 716 ; the Athenian, its
uses, 234; poplars, their dissemination by their
winged seeds, 9.

Population, agricultural, its condition in 1831,
419.527; population in danger of surpassing the
productiveness of the soil, 499; that of Britain
not too large, 522.

Posts, durability of those made of red cedar, 220

Pot carrier, an implement so called, 614.

Potato-culture in fields in (he northern counties
described, 532 ; the pink-eyed potato grown in
Wales, 249. 731 ; the large cattle potato, or
Surinam yam, 249; the sweet potato (Con-
volvulus B-.itdtas), modes of cultivating and
preserving, 10.

Potatoes, advantages from planting them whole,
715 ; instrument for facilitating the gathering
potatoes, 92 ; mode of boiling whicli renders
them c'xcellent, S6[) ; a new mode of cultivat-
ing, 40 ; a peculiar plan for forcing, 614.

Pots, a mode of eking them, 354; thumb-pots,
why so called, 351 ; Peake's, 94; with an in-
terior moveable bottom, 189.

Potted plants should be potted liigli up their
pot.f, 540; and why, 541.

Prairies, origin of, t)70.

Preston in Lancashire, notices relative to, 538.

Prestwould Hall and gardens noticed, 426.

Primula farinbsa successfully cultivated, 306.

Priory gardens, St. Andrew's, Scotland, 679.

Prizes, the unities which exhibited articles
should possess which compete for, 626 ; rules
for the adjudication of, 626; for desserts. 50).

Promenade gardens, public, one at Liverpocrf,

557 ; are general on the Continent, and should

be in Britain, 557.

Propagation, various modes and means of, 189,

5S4; and the physiology of them, 584. to 587.

Property, the nature of the tenure of, aff'ects

improyenients, 410; makes a man honest,

22).

Props and supports to recently removed trees,

445 ; criticisms on, 713.
Protecting the blossoms of wall trees from inju-
rious weather, by projecting boards, 85 ; by
straw protectors, 85, 86 ; by branches or spray
of birch, 322 ; by canvass screens, 681 ; by
oiled paper frames, 192.
Prussia, state of gardening in, 90. 660.
Public-houses, improvements and defects in, 530.
Quenby Hall and gardens, in Leicestershire, re-
ported, 423 ; old cedar of Lebanon at, 423.
Ouentin's nursery reported, 17.
Queries and Answers, 121. 242. 378. 507. 720.
Queries and Answers.
Acclimated plants, list of, asked, 722. Ama-
ryllis lutea, cause of its not blossoming, q.,
124; ans,, 124. Amateur gardeners, and
babes in floriculture, their q., 245 ; ans., 245.
American blight, its cause and cure, q., 319 ;
ans., 721. Aphides, destroying all species of,
q., vi. 403. 553; ans., vii. 244. Armagh,
public walks of, q., 123. Asparagus, Prus-
sian, Ornithogalum pyrenaicum, how to
dress for table, q., 249.
Balm of Gilead fir fails in England, why ? 725.
Barley big, or winter, its fitness for certain
soils, culture, and uses, q., 731; ans., 731,
Bulbous plants, lost or missing hardy kinds
of, q., vi. 368 ; three species found, 247 ;
the remainder still missing,
Camellias, the culture and propagation of,
q., 728. The Lady Bath heartsease, where
obtainable, q., 728. Carrots, queries on the
name, and mode of destroying a grey grub
which devours, q., 721 ; partly ans., 33&
Caterpillars, greenish black marked ones, on
cabbages, q.. Magazine of Xatural History,
iii. 476 ; under the head of flies and butter.
fl;es, ans.. Gardener's Map,axiiie, vii. 121.
Chloride of lime, its effects on plants, q.,

378. Chrysanthemum sincnse, how best to
secure the blooming, of, without a green-
house, q., 123. Cider, can it be obtained
from the young shoots of the apple tree ? q,,
250. Country residence in the south of Eng-
land, requisites for, 244 ; ans., 508. Cowslip,
rosaceous, double, not hose in hose, q., iv.
446 ; ans., vii. 123. 247. Cropping a new gar-
den, q., 215.

Dandelion, how to destroy, q., 722. Dory&n-
thes exc^lsa, culture of, to cause to blossom,
q., 728. Dumfries sandstone, its fitness for
vases, foinitains, and other garden orna-
ments, q., 724.

ErXcst, indigenous, how man v, q., vii. 246 ; ans.,

379. 717. £rlca, the genus, i. 88. 131. 363,
366. ; q. vii. 246.

Flower-garden, plan of, given, 726; opinions
of gardeners on, asked, 725. Fruit-wall,
heating a hollow one, 84 ft. long, by hot
water, how best effected, q , 124. Fruits,
choice, where can plants of, be procured
true ? q., 244.

Gardens and residences of note in Scotland,
descriptions and sketches of, for the statis-
tics of Scotland, in the Encyclopadia of Gar-
dening, q. 242. Garden, small, how to cul-
tivate, q., 244. Gardening, the best plain
short treatise on, q., 24J ; ans., 243. Gar.
dens, suburban, management of, and culture
of plants in, q., 720. Genti^Ha acai'ilis, cul-
ture of, q.728. Georgi;i«, late struck'cuttings
of, how best to keep through the winter,
q., 12 3. Grapes, how to preserve best and
longest after they are cut, q., 248; partly
an.s., 248. Grapes, Frontignac, fail fre.
quently of a crop, cause, q., 730. Grub,
grey, which devours carrots, its name and

GENERAL INDEX.

757

history, and themode of destroying it asked,
TiJl ; partly ans., 33G.
Hedge to be useful and ornamental, fittest
plants for, q., 725. Hobson's Musci Britdn-
nici, or Specimens qf British Mosses, vi.
749; is there a second volume? q. vii. 124.
Illustrations of Lamlscape-Giiniening, q., va-
rious, on ; ans., 7^0. Insect like a brown
scale infests pears and pear trees ; how can
it be destroyed or prevented ? 721 ; partly
ans., 721. Ivy on timber, its effects, q., 223.
72'>.
Kidneybeans, haricots verts, how best to keep

green through the winter, q , 249.
Labels, porcelain, most permanent mode of
inscribing, q., 243 ; one mode described,
243 ; another, 362. Leaves growing out ol
pears, q., 722 ; ans., 722. Lilac, a very beau-
tiful, and perhaps rare, variety of, which,
q., 379. Lilac, &c., retarding the flowering
of, till August and September, q., vi. 229,
vii. 247. Lily, Jacobasan, does it frequently
produce seeds? 728.
MacUirn aurantlaca, uses, properties, and na-
tive character of, q., vi. 104; ans., vii. 508.
Machine ,for sweeping street, invented in
America, information on, asked, 723. Mush-
rooms, prodigious, culture producing, q.,
731.
Peas, hard boiling ones, q., 125 ; ans., 249.
Peach trees, Mr. Seymour's, the soil in which
they grow, q., vi. 696; ans., vii. 248. Pear
from a tree in an old orchard nearGloucester,
kind and its name, q., 730. Pear, Marie
Louise, its fitness to grow as a standard, q.,
730; partly ans., 730. Pears and pear trees,
infested with an insect resembling a brown
scale ; how can it be destroyed ? 721 ; partly
ans., 721. Pear trees, a larva which devours
the leaves of, and an insect like a scale
which adheres to the bark of, their names,
q., 378. Perry, can it be obtained from the
young shoots of the pear tree ? q. 250. Pine
apple, numerous queries on various methods
of cultivating the, 729. Pine apples, grown
in beds of earth at Castle Semple, their suc-
cess,^q., 248. Plants, culture of, in suburban
gardens, q., 720. /"olygala vulgaris, varie-
ties of, with different colours, q., 246 ; ans.,
380. 717. Potato, pink-eyed variety of
Wales, q.,249; ans., 731. Preserving bo-
tanical specimens, q., 243. Pump, the best,
for raising cow urine flrom a tank into carts,
q.,243; ans., 244.
Kcsidcnce, a classical or a suburban, laying
out, q., vi.'226; ans., 723. Koses, Scottish,
tit for a garden hedge, q., 728.
Sand on the inner surlace of glasses used in
propagating, how comes it there ? q., 379.
Specific gravity of fruits and roots, q.,243.
Spirits distilled from grasses, and other ve-
getables, q., 249. Squirrels barking trees,
q., 24.5. Steam, its application to the de-
struction of the white bug in hot-houses,
q.,5(.i8; ans., 508. Surinam yam, or large
cattle potato, where obtainable, q., 249;
ans., 249.
Thunbtrgifl alata, the best means of multiply-
ing, q., 123 ; ans., 246. Trees, various,
queries on the principle of pruning at the
time, and on account of, transplanting them,
q,, 507 ; noticed, 714.
Uriniasjiecibsa, has any English botanist seen,

in a state of nature ? q., 245
Vegetable physiology, Oii the practical applica-
tion of a knowledge of, q. 507; noticed, 714.
Kabbits eat Campanula Medium, 100. See Hares.
Hadishes, plan for obtaining them early, 614.
Uailroads, remarks descriptive, commendatory,

and admonitory, on, 52 i.
iJaniinculus ampkxicaulis andparnassiajfblius,

59a
Ranunculuses, Keid's remarks on Tyso's me-
thod of raising seedlings, 121 ; Rev. Jos. Tyso's
reply, and farther dcvelopcinent of his me-
thod, J6o; Mr. Rcid's mode of cultivation.

" 567 ; Mr. Sweet's plan of originating new va-
rieties from seeds, 205.
Raspberries, the finest kinds of, 116.
Rats eat the roots and wood of oak, 235.
Reaping machine. Bell's, a report on, 103.
Red spider destroyed by clear water, 279 ; uses
and benefits of a red spider, Trombfdium se-
riceum, 218.
Representative system of vegetables, 150. 375.

674.
Retrospective Criticism, 116. 235. 376. 50.1. 616.
699.

Anemometer proposed for use, 231 ; criticised,
618. Aphides, destroying of, vi. 553, vii.
244. Apples, method of keeping a winter
stock of, 368. 617.
Botanic names, literal translation of, 118;
specific names should not be named after
men, 118. Botanical M agazinc, remarks on,
117. Botanical Register, remarks on, vi.
721, vii. 117. Berberry, the stoneless, 241.
Conductor, a lecture to, 117; principles and
conduct of, vi. 720 ; defended, vii. 699. 701.
Comte de Vandes, stoke-holes in his garden
at Bayswater, 414. 616. Cottage gardening,
vi. 139. to 208 ; criticised, vii. 706. 708. Cow
cabbage, or Cesarean kale (v. 64. fig. 14, vi.
104.) deemed identical with the Anjou cab-
bage, vi. 366; denied to be so, vii. 121.
Cruickshank's theory, that trees enrich soils,
vi. 453; confirmed, vii. 702. Cucurbitaceous
plants, facts and criticisms on hybridising,
iv. 514; vi. 502. 727; vii. 622.718. Cycla-
mens, their culture recommended, 561. 563;
criticised and intensified, 717.
^rica?, indigenous, query on, 246; reply, 379;
criticism on, 717. Eschschultz/a californica,
remarks on, 342 ; confirmed and extended,
620.
Fowler's mode of heating by hot water, v. 45^,
vi. 334. 377, vii. 376. 378. Fruits, preserv-
ation of, 368. 617.
Georgln«, as a name for Dahl/a, criticised,
and Georgirt proposed, 716. Grafting in the
dovetail mode, its first discovery claimed by
Mr. Diack, vi. 698; that claim disproved,
vii. 711. Grape vines grown under rafters
in pineries, 412. 539 ; shown not to be a new
practice, 718. Grevillea concinna oi Brown,
and Grevillea concinna of Lindley, 201. 506.
Heating by hot water, as practised by Juvenis
Olitor, vi. 671 ; criticised and amended, vii.
£38. Heath mould, peat oi' bog earth, dis-
criminated, 285 ; criticised, 714. Houstiin/a
purpiirea, habitat of, in North America,
237. HoustiiiiM serpyllifblia, its North
American habitat, 236. Hop culture in cot-
tage gardens, vi. 148, vii. 707. Horticul.
tural Society's award of jirizes for fruit at
the fete, 1831, criticised, 716.
Inutility of the meagre Report of the London
Horticultural Society usually given in this
Magazine, 117. Irish cottage or cabin.
How den's description of an, vi. 65/ ; criti-
cised, vii. 505. Irish peasantry, Howden's
strictures on, vi. 657 ; replied to, vii. 505.
711. Iron stakes suggested, 2s4; criticisms
and farther suggestions on, 71.5.
Lindley's remarks on Liniiseu.s, under the
geiiusValant/a, Enciyclopai/ia of Plants, 862 ;
criticised, Gard. Mag., vii. 119.
Malt making, vi. 148 ; criticised, vii. 706. Malt,
its increase under malting stated, vi. 147 ;
statement criticised, vii. 706. Manchester
botanic garden, 413. .557. 616. Manual of
Cottage Gardening, vi. 139. to 20S ; criticised
vii. 706. to 709. Melons, hybrid ones, iv."
514, vi. 502. 727, vii. 622. Monteath pear
tree at Ormiston Hall, vi. 495; criticised,
vii. 239 ; replied to, 620. MenzicSM csrCilea,
North American habitat of, 23;i. Meteoro-
logical Journal, Gorrie's proposed formu-
lary and anemometer for, 231 ; criticised
618. '

Neeve's meridian pits, 289; criticised, and
slightly censured, 715. Norman cress, uses

758

GENERAL INDEX.

and culture of, 38 ; date of its introduction,
to England, £42. Newlaiid, Mr., remarks
on, 238.
Oak, descriptive remarks on three kinds of,
Encyc. of Gard., fi 7070 ; criticisms on, Gard.
Mag., vii. 699. Oak, the two British spe-
cies of, vi. 674, vii. 240.
Packing polyanthus, and other florists' flowers,
498. 716. Peach and nectarine trees, Mr.
Errington'smodeof managing, described, vi.
693; remarked on, vii. "'';. Peach and nec-
':arine trees, Mr. Seymour's mode of manag-
ing, vi. 434 ; remarks on, vii. 241. Plnus,
descriptive remarks on several species of,
Encyc. of Gard., § 7042 to 7058 ;criticisms on,
Gard. Mas., vii. 699. Plimley, Mr., remarks
on, 238. Pol^gala vulgfiris, and its varieties
or variations, query on, 246 ; reply to, 380 ;
criticism on, 717. Po7no/ogical Magazine,
some of the details of, 69. Ill ; criticised, 239.
Poplar, Lombardy, the history of its intro-
duction, vi. 419 ; discordant fact, vii. 716.
Potatoes should be planted whole, v. 294,
295. 718 to 722; confirmed by experiments,
vii. 715. Provincial Horticultural Societies,
the Conductor's reports of, in preceding vo-
lumes, animadverted on, vii. 237 ; replied
• to, 258. 626.

fianunculus asiaticus, Tyso's method of rais-
ing seedling varieties of, vi. 548 ; criticised,
vii. 121 ; replied to, 565 ; and again remark-
ed on, 568. Rhododendron lapponicum, ha-
bitat of, 237.
Sievers/a Pecki/, habitat of, given, 237. Sie-
versm trifl&ra. North American habitat of,
237. Soils, light arable, injured by much
pulverisation, 336 ; confirmed, 715. South-
ampton botanic garden, alluded to by the er-
roneous title of Spa botanic gardens, 220 ;
defended under the same title, 376; and far-
ther, 497. Spa botanic gardens. See South.
ami)ton botanic garden. Strawberries, Mr.
Byers's mode of cultivating, v. 437 ; animad-
verted on, 429; amended, 507. Sweet's Bri-
tish Floivcr-Garden contains plants not hardy,
475. 709. Sweet's Florist's Guide, vi. 722, vii.
237. 500.
Thorn's machine for transplanting large trees,
29; criticised, 713. Thom's mode of prop-
ping large newly transplanted trees, 445 ;
criticised, 713. Thompson's physiological
experiments, v. 253. to 257 ; criticised, vii.
120 ; replied to, 235. Trees enrich the soil
which bears them, vi. 453; confirmed, vii.
702.
Vines, mode of training at Thomery, near

Fontainebleau, v. 289, vii. 622.
Weeds as manure and other remarks, vi. 453 ;
criticisms, on and confirmation of, vii. 702.
Zigadcnus glaberrimus.North American habi-
tat of, 237.
llhododendrons, their native soil in America,
490. 706 ; R. arbbreum secretes much nectar,
354 ; very splendid, 357 ; U. alta-clercnse, the
superb Highclere hybrid kind, described, 472 ;
other hybrids originated at Highclere gardens,
135; R. Vaxxi-Tce, Mrs..Farrer's, 474; R- lap
ponicum, its true habitat, 237.
Uhubarb, for tarts, its progress in popular esti-
mation, 682; leaves of, heated, alleviate rheu-
matism, 369.
Kthes, an account of new and little known spe
cies of, and of the soils they inhabit in their
native stations, 50; R. sanguineum, and its
culture, described, 597.
Uichter, M., royal gardener at Stuttgardt, buried

July 13th, 1831, 6f)0.
Kinging the bark of fruit trees, its effect, 583.
Uivinas, uses of their berries, 99. 675.
Uoads, public, and others, remarks critical and
preceptive on, 520; suggestions for freeing
i'rom weeds, and otherwise improving the sides
of, 535 ; straight and curved roads contrast
cd, 5 ; naming. 103.
Rockwork in garden scenery, an essay on, 443;

alpine plants grown in rockwork at Hoolc
House, 551.

Rose, Mr., his tomb surrounded by roses, 675.

Roses, a mode of retarding the blooming season
of, 603 ; a new publication on roses suggested,
,5U1 ; rose bushes and Cydbnia japonica trained
upright, 192; rosebush 10 ft. high, and 30 ft.
in circumference, 103; expeditious method of
propagating rose bushes used in France, 16;
Scottish roses mentioned for a garden hedge,
728.

Rouge plant, a species of Rivina, its possible
uses, 99. 675.

Salt, its benefits and injuries to the gardener,
and some moral consideration on the know-
ledge of the good and evil of every thing, 100.

Sand on the inner surface of glasses used in pro-
pagating, .379.

Saws, Indian, figured and described, 194.

Saxifraga oppositifblia, the culture of, 497.

Scarificator, notice regarding a, 467.

Scarlet runner, a perennial plant, 485.

Sceaux, the public park or garden of, 1.

Schizanthus, new species of, noticed, 200. 469.

Schools, Lancasterian, national and infant, their
numbers and effects observed, 223. 529.

Scotland, notices on, 227. 499 ; Scotland, west,
geology of, 642 ; natural scenery of, 643 ; soil
of, 644 ; climate of, 641 ; native trees of, 6M ;
ancient judicial arrangements and practices
of Scotland, 644'; herbaceous plants of the west
of Scotland, 645; exotic plants in the gardens
of, 645 ; natural zoology of, 645 ; the condition
of man in, 646; state of general improvement
in, 646 ; lines of road and plantations formed
in, 647 ; improvements in agriculture and in
country seats, 647 ; canals, 6+7 ; Horticultural
Society of Dumfriesshire, 648; newspapers in
Scotland, 648 ; moral and political societies in,
648; the progress made by gardeners in pro-
fessional and general knowledge, 6+8 ; state of
gardens in, 649. 679 ; meteorology in Scotland,
618 ; an arboricultural society for Scotland
suggested, 297; information Jon the gardens
and seats of, solicited, 24-2 ; the great age of
some apple trees and pear trees in, 227 ; sav.
ing seeds of culinary vegetables, and of orna-
mental flowers in, 590 ; mode of forcing sea-
kale in, 590.

Scott, Mr., his house at Shepperton, 358.

Sea-kale, a Scottish mode of forcing, 590.

Seed-cloth for drying seeds supported on stakes,
figured, 651.

Seedsmen. See Nurserymen.

Shaddock, at Kitley, 225.

.Shalder's fountain pump recommended, 244.

Shepherd/fl! (//ippophae) argiJntea, a new fruit

- tree for garden culture, 570.

Shrubberies and plantations, critical remarks
on, 544 ; management of clumps of shrubs, 543.

Sievers^'a triflbra, its true habitat, 237 ; S. Peck;/,
its true habitat, 237.

Singapore botanic garden, noticed, 92.

Skewers made of the spijies of hawthorn eli-
gible for cookery, 234, 23,5. 371 ; those made
of the wood of the Guelder rose used by
watchmakers and butchers, 234. 371.

Skirving, Mr., his nursery, near Liverpool, no-
ticed, 556.

Slyne, the village of, near Lancaster, undergo-
ing improvement and decoration, .526.

Smith, William, deeply versed in a knowledge
of nature, 373.

Smoke in manufacturing districts, a mode sug-

" gested for ridding the atmosphere of, 418. 524.

Soils enriched by weeds, herbage, and trees,
702 ; light arable soils injured by frequent
turning, 715 ; indiflference of many plants to
the kinds of soil, 518 ; poor soils and bleak
situations very eligible for fruit trees, 323.

South of England botanic garden, 220.

Southampton botanic gardens, 220. 376. 497.

Spade, a narrow one for thinning out trees in
nursery rows, 612 ; the underfoot spade, 86.

Specific gravity of fruits and roots, tables of the,
suggested, 243.

GENERAL INDEX.

759

Specimens, botanical, on preserving, 243.

Spirit from grape-vines, distillation of, 249.

Spongiole, a, defined, 586.

Sportsmen, horticulture for, 219.

Squirrels barking trees, 245.

Stakes for supporting plants, iron ones, 284 ;
these remarked on, 715 ; stakes for supporting
recently removed trees, 451.

Starkey, Mrs., her admirable patronage of flori-
culture instanced, 525.

Stocks, paradise, a selection of varieties of apple
fittest for ingrafting upon, 589 ; the action,
and the reasons of it, of stocks on the scions
ingrafted on them, 583, 584.

Stoughton Hall and gardens, in Leicestershire,
reported, 425.

Stowe palace and gardens, noticed, 389.

Straps, leathern, for bearing hand and wheel-
barrows, &c., 613.

Strathlyrum, Scotland, gardens at, noticed, 681.

Strawberries, Middleton's mode of cultivating,
468; the finest kinds of, 116; gardens of, at
Montmorency, 91.

Strawberry wall, Byers's, adopted, 426; com-
mended, and tiles suggested for use in build,
ing it, 121; again commended, 429; annual
planting shown by Mr. Byers not to be indis-
pensable, 5U7.

Stroud House and gardens reported, 365.

Succulent plants, Mr. Hitchen's collection of, at
Norwich, 223 ; hints on cultivating, 540.

Supports and props to removed trees, 445.

Sutton Place, near Ripley, noticed, 3G5.

Sutton Wash embankment, 674.

Swedish Royal Academy of Agriculture at Stock
holm, 91.

Sweet's British Flower-Garden, its scope, 475 ;
criticised, 709.

Syon gardens, Brentford, reported, 366.

Tally, a kind of, adopted in the Tooting nursery,
685 ; the white porcelain kind of, and its iron
shank, figured and described, and their price
stated, 362, 363; and thee.xpense of inscribing
the tally stated, 362 ; detailed directions for
inscribing tallies, 243. 347 ; new kinds of tally
employed in the gardens at Brasted Park, 281 ;
Peake's semimetallic tallies, 94.

Tamarisk, its patience of drought, prevalence in
Arabia and Nubia, where its foliage is food
for camels, 92.

Tamponet's garden, Paris, noticed, 133.

Tapioca, and its uses, described, 470.

Tatton Park, house, and gardens, noticed, 549.

Tea from tlie leaves of hawthorn and of sloe,
698 ; Thea vi'ridis comparatively hardy, 677.

Thermosiphon, Fowler's, its usefulness in
stanced, 376. 612.

Thunbergifl alkta, the propagation of, 123. 246.

Tiles, Peake's semi-metallic, 225 ; Grecian, 94.

Tomato, utility of gathering unripe, and of ma.
turing them on the shelves of hot-houses, 195
receipt for making tomato sauce, 698.

Tombstones, numerous, elegant, and cheap at
Dumfries, 528 ; figures of two, 529.

Tottenham Park, 136; a new flower garden
in, 138.

Tour, Conductor's, in 1831, 385. 513. 641.
Touraine, its gardens, vineyards, scenery, early

vegetation, and other characteristics 487.
Tours, the town in Franco, the state of the
gardens at, in midwinter, 88; the soil of,
the various circumstances of the occupation
of land at, 89.
Training and pruning fruit trees physiologically
illustrated, 440 ; grape-vines in pots for forc-
ing, 602. 574 ; the Esparto rush, Lygeum
Spartum, occasionally used in training in
France, 15 ; effects of training on fruit trees,
and why, 583; Kenntdia rubicunda, 483;
rosebushes, and Cydonia japonioa trained up.
right, 192 ; a kind of ladder useful in train-
ing trees, 26.
Transplanting, how to effect, successfully, 586 ;

the philosophy of this, 586.
Transplanting large trees and shrubs. Thorn's

machine for, 29; criticised, 713; Saul's ma-
chine for, 655.

Traps for catching larks, 98 ; excellent mouse-
trap, 219 ; traps for mice, 608.

Trees, a hand-engine for watering, 612; barked
by squirrels, 245 ; fruit-trees, when barren,
made productive, by the means enumerated,
583 ; drawings of full grown trees suggested
for the projected Arboritujtt Britdrmicum,
374 ; varieties of British trees, 374 ; unusual
weeping kinds of, 375 ; undescribed kinds of,
in the nurseries named, 375 ; directory sug-
gestions on planting trees, .542 ; they enrich,
not impoverish, soils, 702 ; exotic ones which
are tender when young, should have nurses
of their own genus, 413. 616 ; extensive de-
struction of forest-trees by the short-tailed
fieldraouse, 608 ; mode of destroying the
micf, 608 ; trees in nursery rows, a narrow
spade for thinning them out, figured and de-
scribed, 612 ; large trees, Lombardy poplar,
716; deciduous cypress trees near Mexico,
670 ; large trees successfully transplanted,
296,297; propped, 445; Saul's machine for
transplanting, 635 ; trees protected from the
erosions of hares and rabbits, by Mr. Wal-
dron's balsam, 282 ; trees the friends of man,
372.

Trentham gardens, noticed, 390.

Treviraiirt coccinea, a successful method of
blooming, 605 ; hints on cultivating, 570.

Trianon, Grand and Petit, remarks on, II.

Tulip bulbs, the destruction of, by the fungus
Sclerbtium Tulipurmn Schedl., 91 ; tulips and
auriculas destroyed, 100; tulips for borders,
366; Laurence's La Joie tulip described, 601.

Turnips, field ones, Agronome's mode of hus-

•'' banding, 88 ; a large turnip, 678.

6'*lex curopje a contains salt, and is good for
horses and cattle, 375 ; U. n&na abounds be-
tween High Hesketh and Wetherall, 519.

Umbelliferous plants, remarks on the whole-
someness of some kinds, and po-sonousness of
oUiers, 594.

Urania specibsa, a query on, 246.

Van Diemen's Land, fruit trees sent to, 94.

Vandcs, Comte de, the stoke-holes good, and
men made comfortable in garden, 414. 616.

Varieties, cross-bred ones, or hybrids, the means
of procuring, 581. 583. See also Hybrids, anil
Hybridising.

Vases, Peake's, noticed, 94; Falcke's, 689; Se-
lone's, 693 ; Jones's, 693.

Vegetables, qualities in, entitling to prizes, 627.

Ventilation, the great importance of, in dwell-
ings, 214 ; in manufactories, and hints on ef-
fecting, 418 ; hot-houses, 83.

Terbt na chamfedrifulia eulogised, 204 ; its hardi-
ness remarked, 204. 620.

Ver blanc, its ravages in France, 16.

Vermin and insects destroyed by applying the
ammoniacal liquor of coal gas, 557 ; by steam,
508.

Versailles, the pleasure-gardens of the palace at,
criticised, 7; the kitchen-garden of, 8.

Vibcrt's nursery at St. Denis, 16.

Villa residences, remarks on, 399; rules for lay-
ing out the grounds of, 400. 551.

Villages, remarks on the improvement of which
they are capable, instanced by what has been
effected at I5owness, on Windermere, by Mrs.
Starkey, 525; and at Slyne, near Lancaster,
by Mr. and Mrs. Greene Bradley, 526 ; naming,
103.

Vilmorin and Co.'s nurseries, reported, 17 ;
their seed business noticed, 19; their gar-
dener, M. Courtois, at Verriferes, 659.

Vines, the fittest kinds for open walls, 116 ; the
fittest kinds for vineries, 116; the young
shoots, leaves, and tendrilsof the vine contain
chemical substances precisely similar to those
in the crude fruit, 250. For additional refer-
ences, see Grape vines.

Vineyards of Touraine, and in other parts of
France, 487. 657 ; of America, 318.

760

GENERAL INDEX.

Visiting of gardens, improving to the visiter and
visited, 421. 430.

Vitry, in France, remarks on the nurseries at, 11

Walker, C. J. S., Esq., of Longford, near Man-
chester, his excellent wall fruit, and mode of
cultivating, 542; public esteem for him, 706.

Walks, remarks on the edgings of, 404; errors
in walks, 405. 543. 545 ; rules for tlie formation
and management of, 546.

Wallet, leathern, used in nailing wall trees, 613.

Walls, hollow ones for fruit trees, on heating
them by hot water, 124 ; peaches and necta-
rines grown on flued walls, 592 ; varieties of
apiile ripening best against walls, 590 ; wallet
used in nailing, 613 ; borders for wall trees,
never to be digged or cropped, 542 ; to be freed
from dead leaves, and the chrysalises and eggs

■ of insects in winter, 196 ; blossoms of wall
'trees defended by frames of oiled paper, 192;
" by straw protectors, 86 ; by projecting boards,
85 ; by branches of birch, .322.

Wall trees ; see Fruit Trees, Peaches, Necta-
rines, and Protecting.

Wanlip Hall, and gardens, noticed, 426.

Warwick Castle, noticed, 389.

Warwickshire Agricultural Society, 224.

Washington, George, notice of a tree of the
sweet chestnut planted by the hand of, 497.

Water on all hills applicable to the propulsion
of machinery, and to be collected as described,
516.

Water-closets, a great deficiency of, and imper-
fections in, at inns and public-houses in the
CJuntry, 530.

Waterer, or aquarian, figured and remarked on,
219 ; Saul's watering despatcher, 654.

Waterford, gentlemen's seats near, 682; Fen-
nessy and Son's nursery at, (583.

Watering the highways, and with salt water,
225 ; watering trees, a hand-engine for, 612.

Watering-pot, Money's inverted rose, 87 ; Saul's
watering despatcher, 654.

Watson, P. W., Esq , F.L.S., author oi Dendro-
Ibgia Britdmiica, an obituary of, 512.

Weare's nursery at Coventry, 410.

Weather at Annat Garden, Perthshire, during

March and April, 501 ; at Howick, Northum-
berland, 503; a tabular formulary for regis-
tering weather, 232 ; criticised, 618 ; weather
from the 24th of April to the 24th of .June,
1831, 388 ; telegraphic communications on com-
ing weather, 109.

Weeds beside roads injure the adjacent fields,
535 ; most important as manure,"702.

Weeping trees, unusual kinds of, 375.

Westphalian Society at Minden, a notice of, 91.

Whately, Thomas, Esq., author of Observations
on Modern Gardening, some account of, 430.

Whatton House and gardens, 427. fe

Wheat and clover, hints on the culture of, 705.

Wheelbarrows, Mallet's patent iron ones, 483.

White bug in hot-houses destroyed by steam,
508 ; by animoniacal liquor of coal gas, 557.

Williams, Mr. John, his obituary, 256.

Willow trees, their dissemination by their wing,
ed seeds, 9; removed when large, 451; their
roots not injurious to apple trees, 722.

Winds, ascertaining their velocity, 619.

Windsor Castle, its parks and landscapes, 145.

Wine from blackberries, 698; a receipt for mak-
ing grape wine, tit'S.

Wireworm destroyed by crops of white mustard,
674.

Wistow Hall and gardens, in Leicebtershire,
reported, 424.

Witty's improved furnace, mentioned, 225 ;
figured and described, 482.

Wood, Mr. James, obituary of, 384.

Woodhouselee, residence of J. Bell, Esq., 553.

Woodlice, a mode of destroying, 280 ; another
mode, 486 ; newts destroy, 486.

Woodpecker, green, its utility, 604.

Worms, the efficiency of limewater in destroy,
ing, 682 ; wireworm destroyed by crops of
white mustard, 674.

Xanthochymus dulcis, noticed, 593.

Yam, the Surinam, 249.

Zealand, New, the'eligibility of its soil and cli-
mate for promoting the happiness of man, S3.

Zigadenus glabt'rrimus, its true habitat, 237.

Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, 691 j Cross'i
Surrey Zoological Gardens,' 692.

END OF THE SEVENTH VOLUME.

London :

Printed by A. & R. Spottiswoode,

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