Le ety, ap Zine Bee & RNS 2233 Ae 5 #<~ Te ee ® W ae See FS eee aa - SS by, ay ZZ i Si We eS Ze \NS5 eS eeZ i ee eu = ae oe @ QTE) i Ya = S22 Are Nee ] eM By Yj Wy 3 ‘ \ eee e “MM Wiz, i‘ oP LG&E, a : IZ jes % a S 2 = 7 Re Q = @ a, Turnpike road. 666 bd, Fine and extensive views of the park and surrounding country. ¢.c, Entrance gates, d, Entrance hall door. e, Lower court of offices, A single glance at this sketch will show the error that has been committed in placing the offices at the wrong end of the house, and losing a fme opportunity of making the finest’ disposition imaginable. ‘The situation of the house being on’ an elevated semicircular promontory of the park, commandin the most extensive views in three directions, might have been, together with the dressed ground on each side, offices, and entrance-lodges, all embraced by, and separated from, the pasturage of the park by a ha-ha or other fence. Such a xXx 2 676 On the Formation of a Residence. disposition would have allowed many advantages of con-. venience, economy, and propriety, which need not be men- tioned, as they will readily occur to every one in the least acquainted with the arrangements of a gentleman’s residence. Before ending my letter, I beg to advert to an idea which is rather prevalent respecting landscape-gardeners, and which. operates to their disadvantage. It is supposed, as the title of their profession is rather new, and sounds as if closely allied to what is called jime art, that their business consists only in forming pretty pictures to delight the eyes of future generations ; by the demolition of old trees, for the purpose of planting young ones a few yards distant; by laying out plea- sure-ground in beautifully meandering walks ; fanciful flower- plots, and other kinds of embellishment. Now, there are many proprietors who prefer the useful to the sweet of their possessions, undervalue mere ornament, and, consequently, dread the visit of a man of taste, lest he should rob the sheep of their pastures, the cattle of their hay, or the pigs of their mast and acorns; or lest his merely beautiful dispositions should entail an annual and unnecessary expense to keep the pretty things in orders But such notions are groundless; because, if the landscape-gardener knows not any thing besides the arrangement of flower-borders, the dispositions of the trees in the park, or the erection of alcoves and eye-traps, he does not deserve the title he assumes ; because these things are only part of his profession. The fact is, the basis of landscape-gardening is territorial improvement. ‘The designer must take into consideration the value of the land, and make himself acquainted with the capabilities of the estate; he must see how it can be best divided, what parts should be arable, what planted, and what parts should be appropriated to meadows and pasturage. The two latter, of course, will be near the house; the former at some distance. In all this he looks only at the intrinsic value and most profitable occupation and destination of the various parts. No incongruous intermixture of these parts must appear; and no inconvenience occur in passing from one to another, either by cattle or carriages ; he must be prepared to advise what kinds of live stock, and number of each, may be kept and bred on the land, and what portion of this will be requisite for his employer’s establishment. In all this he acts in the character of a land steward. In the general arrangement, however, he has to exercise his taste; and here he acts in his profession of landscape-gardener, by forming the most pleasing combinations of the materials he may choose to arrange, with the circumstances which must guide his dis- a Plantation Fences and Rose Stakes. 677 positions, whether of ground, wood, or water. Perhaps he may encroach on a fine meadow for the kitchen-garden and orchard; but would this be called waste? or if he take a few acres fer pleasure-ground around the mansion, would this be deemed a deterioration of the estate? Are not all estates enhanced in value in proportion as even the trees upon them are or are not ornamentally disposed ? Ifnew plantations are to be made, or old natural woods thinned, why should not these works be done tastefully as well as at random? It should be remembered that the pleasing distribution of trees on an estate, in almost all cases, constitutes its principal value. It is in such performances that the assistance of a landscape- gardener is necessary. ‘The application of his taste can never detract from the value of the place; for, in fact, every device he may practise, or every alteration he may recommend, can only be justified by fitness of purpose, use, or beauty; or for convenience or propriety; and always with a view to present pleasure and profit, connected with ultimate and progressive improvement. I am, Sir, yours, &c. Chelsea, Oct. 6. 1832. JAMES Marn. Art. XVII. A Fence for Plantations about Pasture Grounds in - sight from a Residence, and Stakes for Standard Roses. By CHARLES LAWRENCE, Esq. Sir, I RECEIVED much pleasure and instruction from the perusal of your very judicious observations on the various sins of omission and commission so prevalent in landscape-gardening, especially on the ‘ errors in grouping,” in Vol. VII. of the Magazine. They are most happily illustrated by the diagrams given at page 401. I have often endeavoured to impress on persons laying out pleasure-grounds similar views, as I have afterwards found, to very little purpose; for words are but an imperfect medium for the communication of ideas on such subjects, to those who have not previously had some practical experience. Your diagrams, on the contrary, speak for themselves. ‘The most careless observer can see in a moment, by ‘looking on this picture and on this,” the importance of forming a complete design before he com- mences his operations; that this cannot be successfully treated without due deference to certain principles; and that a harmonious and beautiful effect can hardly be the result of mere accident. It is very common, and not a little Xk 678 Fenee for Plantations, and “provoking, to have arguments in favour of design met merely by the declaration, “ I hate formality.” Every person of taste hates formality, in the vulgar acceptation of the term; but I “would impress on the minds of the class of objectors referred to, the fact, that there is a very broad distinction between such formality, and the harmonious effect of an entire pleasure- ground, comprising infinitely varied details, produced by attention to the laws you have so effectively enforced in the article referred to. By the way, I would strongly recommend that article to the attention of Mr. Errington, who has given ‘a plan for a flower-garden in the last Number, p. 564. But I am wandering from the object of this communication, namely, the plantation fence, which I have, after many unsatisfactory attempts, effected to my mind. ‘There must be a fence, but it ought not to be seen: furthermore, the margin of the plantation should not terminate abruptly with high trees; but the line should be broken by trees and shrubs, gradually decreasing in elevation, until the last in the series mingles with the grass. This has been the desideratum with me, and I have thus accomplished it: — Sow furze seed early in the spring, on stony or gravelly banks, on which there is a little good mould, as the plants dre thereby provided with much more fibrous root than when the seed is sown on stiff clay soils; keep the plants clean, and transplant them in Novem- ber, or early in February, to the front of the plantations. Fence them with a post and two-rail fence, which will keep off cattle (the occasional bite of sheep or lambs will rather do good than harm), and keep them hoed. In the following spring, clip off with shears the principal part of the first - year’s shoots. The plants will make very luxuriant shoots during the next two years, after which the posts and rails are to be removed; the branches of the furze must then be collected in the hand, and drawn forward towards the field, while the posts and rails are again put up on the plantation side of the furze, about a foot or eighteen inches within the stems of the plants; and, as each rail is fixed, the branches of furze are disengaged, and fall back against the fence; so that, at a moderate distance, it is no longer seen. When the furze thus becomes thus laid open, the tender parts of all the young shoots are browsed by cattle and sheep, which makes it grow so thick and close, that, by the time the posts and rails decay, it is a perfect fence to the plantation. Different ~ forms may be introduced, occasionally, to vary the effect, which I can assure you is extremely beautiful, especially when the furze is in bloom. It forms a pleasing natural drapery, and always reminds me of Burns’s line, «The lawns Stakes for Standard Roses. 679 wood-fringed in nature’s native taste.” ‘This, I may add, is the cheapest of all flowers. Standard Rose Trees. — As you have condescended to notice, in your Magazine, sosimplean article as a flower-stake, perhaps you will admit my recommendaticn of a sup- port for the French standard roses, which I have found very useful. I send you a sketch (jig. 146.) of an iron one. They should be made after the roses are planted, that 147 680 Plantation Fences and Rose Stakes. the blacksmith may adapt them, in point of height, to the trees. When fixed in the ground, the ring at the top should stand about an inch or two higher than the top of the stock. This ring is fastened to the two iron limbs of the standard by nuts, and is unscrewed, and hung on one of the limbs while the stan- -dard is fixed; it is then raised to its place under the branches of the tree. ‘These standards should not be used until the tree has a sufficient head to cover the top of them. The mode of training I adopt is as follows: —In the spring, I select six or eight of the strongest shoots, and tie them to the ring with tar twine; and if, from their length, this be not sufficient to prevent their blowing about, I confine the end of these shoots to pegs stuck in the ground. All the other shoots are cut back in the usual way. I recommended this mode of training the standard roses to some friends near London, and they were told by their gardeners it would not answer; that the heads of the roses and other stems would become naked, and produce flowers few in number and poor in character. They have since had ocular demonstration to the contrary; and I send you an accurate sketch (fg. 148.), takenin 1831, froma Bizarre de la Chine, when in flower, which this season reached nearly to the ground, flowered most abundantly to the end of its branches, and was truly a splendid object. This tree is six Expeditious Mode of propagating Cape Heaths. 681 years old; those of less vigorous growth should have all the last year’s shoots shortened to about an inch beyond the ring, when brought down and tied to it with matting; by which means their heads are more handsomely formed, and their flowers are shown to more advantage, than when the head is suffered to grow upright en masse ; and I am satisfied that they flower more abundantly. As the appearance of the strings is not very agreeable to a fastidious eye, I send you a sketch (fig. 147.) of another standard, very useful for training roses of the most vigorous growth. The price of the former, as charged ‘to me, was 3s. 6d., three times painted; and of the latter, 5s. Iam, Sir, yours, &c. CHARLES LAWRENCE. The Quems, near Cirencester, Oct. 15. 1832. Art. XVIII. A Description of a Method of propagating Cape Heaths expeditiously. By Mr. T. Rurerr. Sir, From my early days I have been an admirer of plants, both exotic and indigenous ; and, among the former, the ericas, or heaths, have always been favourites, as being, in my opi- nion, one of the most beautiful tribes of plants grown. During a long residence in the west of Cornwall, I was indefatigable in collecting and keeping up a choice assortment of them; and, in order to keep up, as well as collect, I tried many experiments to find out, if possible, a quicker and more certain method of propagating them from cuttings, than by the usual mode adopted, which, however successful, I con- ceived to be tedious; and, having at length succeeded to my most sanguine wishes, as far as it respected the fast-growing and slender-wooded varieties, I considered myself amply repaid for all my pains. — Early in the month of April, or as soon as the young shoots were about an inch long, I made choice of my cuttings. In taking off and trimming them for planting, they were handled as delicately as possible; as, when so young, they are extremely tender. I then cut them with a keen knife, as near as possi- ble to where they had been joined to the old wood, and put them into a pan of water until I had a sufficient number to make up a pot. ‘This done, I made choice of one suitable in size to receive the striking glass; I filled it up nearly two thirds with the siftings of peat, and the remainder with the peat very finely sifted, which I moderately pressed down. After pressing the striking glass on the mould, in order to 682 Expeditious Method of get the line of its circumference, I proceeded, with a dibber about the size of a small quill, to plant the cuttings; which was. done carefully, without pressing them much, rather leaving them to be fixed by watering than with the dibber. The pot being filled with cuttings, ] watered them, standing at some distance, with a very finely perforated syringe, elevated so as to let the water descend on them like a gentle shower of rain. This was repeated several times, until I conceived the whole of the mould to be completely saturated ; after which the glass was set over them, and the pot placed in the front of the green-house. A gentle syringing was repeated every morning for the first three weeks, and, afterwards, every other morning for about three weeks more. At this period many of the cuttings had begun to strike, and, as soon as this was observable, less watering was resorted to. In about ten weeks many of the cuttings were fit for potting off, which was immediately attended to; and, after being potted in thumb pots, they were placed under a hand-glass, or ina cold frame, in a shady situation, where they were gradually hardened by giving air, until they could bear exposure. Great care was taken in removing them from the cutting-pot, by gently raising them with a small piece of wood, cut for the purpose. .They generally rose with-little balis, round the outsides of which I could frequently perceive numerous small fibres protruding themselves, as white as milk. During several years’ practice in raising heaths in the above way, I have many times ob- served the small fibres striking out two or three joints above the surface, and making their way down the cutting to the mould. The success of the above mode, I found, rested principally, if not entirely, upon the state of the cutting, and the health of the mother plant. ‘The cutting should neither be of the strongest nor of the weakest growth; and it is almost needless to add that the plant should be healthy from which the cutting is taken. With regard to the varieties of slow growth, it is but seldom that cuttings can be found on them of the kind to insure success by this method, as they are gene- rally too thick and turgid, as well as the sorts too hardy in their growth; but I am convinced that means might be used with many of them, so as to obtain cuttings that would strike in the above way, and of this I once had a proof. On visit- ing a gentleman’s garden, about ten miles distant, I perceived an Hrica which had been improperly left in a house where early forcing had commenced ; it was so drawn that its former habit. was completely changed. On asking its name, I was ‘told it’ was the H. depréssa. It instantly occurred to me that propagating Cape Heaths. 683 cuttings from it in that state might answer my purpose. Ac- cordingly I begged a few; and the result was, that, under the above treatment, every one of them grew, to the number of about a score. The species of very easy growth, such as the ignéscens, gracilis, &c., I took less pains with, by putting the cuttings under a hand-glass, on a north border, which, under the above treatment of watering and well draining, succeeded to admir- ation. I found, by experience, that the sooner the cuttings were potted off after taking root the better; as, by remaining ‘long in the cutting-pot, they became drawn and sickly. Their drawing might be prevented, by confining one sort to a pot, as air might then be given in any proportion; but in my case it was different, having frequently, through the want of a sufficient number of striking glasses, four or five sorts together in a pot, some of which took less time than others to strike. However, under any circumstances, experience taught me that early potting was best, as I found that they would not remain long in a healthy state in the striking-pot. I had not the opportunity of trying how they would strike in sand by the above method, as I could obtain none of the proper kind in that part of Cornwall where I resided. After potting, when the plants begin to grow, if their tops are taken off, they will throw out side shoots ; and, during the following spring, form nice little bushy plants. The usual practice of daily wiping the glasses is useless in this mode of propagation. I am induced to send you the above, in order, if possible, to give a fresh impulse to the growing of this beautiful tribe of plants, vast numbers of which are so very ornamental to the green-house. Many gardeners, no doubt, are great admirers of them; but, through the difficulty often found in propa- gating them, they are induced to give up the task, and thus deprive themselves of the pleasure they would derive from having a collection of them under their care. On the supposition that from two to three hundred kinds can be propagated by the above simple method, and that some others may be raised from seeds perfected in this country; a choice collection might be kept up at an easy expense, by ‘purchasing now and then a few of those which, on account of their peculiar growth, structure, or delicacy, are difficult to propagate. I remain, Sir, yours, &c. Shortgrove, Essex, Sept. 1832. T. Rureer. THESE practical directions, by Mr. Rutger, in conjunction with those imparted by Mr. M‘Nab, in his very valuable pamphlet on the same sub- ject (see p.210.), will, it is hoped, so much avail the lovers of these loveliest of plants, as to cause them to be henceforth far more commonly cultivated. — J. D. Poa 684 On the Cultivation of ~ Art. XIX. On the Cultivation of the Droseras and Pinguiculas. By Rosert MALLET, Esq. Sir, _ Tue droseras, or sundews, of our bogs have a striking analogy to the Dionz‘a Muscipula of America, and are as worthy of cultivation as native plants, as is the latter as an exotic. There are three species of Drésera, natives of Britain: two of which are found in Ireland. ‘The Drdsera rotundifolia grows about Lough Daw in the county of Wick- low; D. longifolia, at Howth; and both in various bogs about Mullingar. Independently of their singularly beautiful form and struc- ture, and curious motive powers*, they are plants possessing some history, as having once constituted the sole ingredient from which was distilled the celebrated aqua rose-solis, also called rosala, or spirit of sundew. In some old dispensatories it is highly extolled as good for “the sweat,” for convulsions, and the plague. In time, the original recipe of this preparation became neglected, and a compound of burnt brandy, sugar, cinnamon, and milk water, scented with musk, was substituted. The best of this was considered to have been made at Turin; but I know not that any such cordial is now known in Italy. In the time of Louis XIV. another kind of spirit of sun- dew caine into use, the advantages of which are said to have been experienced by thag monarch, when afflicted with ague. The name was all the relation that this latter composition bore to the plant, being “an infusion of anise, fennel, aneth, coriander, &c., in Spanish wine for three weeks,” and in a short time, even its name was corrupted into “du roy,” until finally the compound fell wholly into disuse. The sum of the virtues of these plants seems to consist in their containing an acrid stimulating volatile principle, like that of hor seradish, and the greater number of marsh plants. There are also three species of Pinguicula natives of Bri-. tain. Of these the grandiflora and vulgaris are natives of Ireland.+ Few little plants -are more “beautiful, when in * The question of the sundews possessing motive powers has been recently raised in the Magazine of Natural History, Vol. V. p. 491.; and negative and affirmative answers returned, p. 755. to 758. —J. D. + All three. Pingufcula lusitanica has been found on the borders of bogs in Ireland. Mr, yen Mackay, in his Catalogue of the Plants of Ireland, gives, as its Irish habitats, “ Marshy grounds. Foot of Dublin Mountains, &c.” Ihave seen specimens, gathered in 1829, at Killarney, and in the county of Mayo; and have been informed that it occurs in other parts of Treland. P. vulgaris. A very interesting faculty has been recently ascribed to this species. At the first anniversary meeting of the Berwickshire natu- Droseras and Pinguiculas. AN 685 flower and seen in the sunshine, with their bright green leaves all a-glitter with their pearly studs. The structure of the flowers is well worthy of observation. The ingenious and celebrated Dr. Lewis says that the unctuous and glutinous juice is used, in some places, as an ointment for chaps* and scalds, and that it is used by the common people of the mountainous districts of Wales as a powerful cathartic. This juice also seems to possess some specific action on milk. Linnezeus says that it prevents either the cream or the whey from separating from reindeer’s milk ; but that it decomposes cow’s milk into curds and whey: Lewis, however, says that “ new milk poured upon the fresh leaves on a strainer, and, after quick colature, set by for a day ralists’ club, held at Coldstream, on September 19, 1832, the president, Dr. Johnston (himself the author of a very interesting Flora of Berwick upon Tweed, in 2 volumes), delivered an address, in which, among many observations of interest, are the following, appertaining to P. vulgaris : — “ There is much to learn of the habits and properties of our common plants; and I may mention, as an illustration of this remark, the observ- ation which was made on the butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris) durin our excursion to Cheviot. It was then accidentally observed, that, when specimens of this plant were somewhat rudely pulled up, the flower stalk, previously erect, almost immediately began to bend itself backwards, and formed a more or less perfect segment of a circle; and so, also, if a speci- men is placed in the botanic box, you will in a short time find that the leaves have curled themselves backwards, and now conceal the root by their revolution. Now, the butterwort is a very common plant, yet I am not aware that this fact of its irritability has been ever mentioned.” In the English Flora, vol. i. p. 28, 29., it is quoted from Mr. Drummond, that the leaves of Pinguicula lusitanica are permanent in winter, and those of P. grandiflora are deciduous. It may be added to the description, that those of P. vulgaris are deciduous also ; and that, when they have died back, they leave the heart of the plant in the condition of a scaly bulb, in which state it continues through the winter, and, I believe, is, during this period, as devoid of living roots as of leaves. This economy is also possessed by P. grandiflora, and, I suppose, by every species of Pinguicula. Frost will throw this bulb on the surface of the soil, where it seems to be perfectly unhurt by the frost’s action ; and it is possible that, on the rising of water during the winter season, in the plant’s native places of growth, not a few bulbs get transplanted from one spot of soil to another, and so havea fresh place of growth almost annually. It may be here remarked, that three aquatic plants, the Stratiotes aldides, Calla paldstris, and, I believe, the iMenyanthes trifoliata, are also increased and dispersed by deciduous axillary bulb-like buds. From this economy in Pinguicula vulgaris, I think it is needless to shelter the plant in a frame to protect it from frost; but its concentrated energies, designed for the next year’s display, may be preserved from all dissipation by the protection. The peduncle of P. vulgaris is pubescent, and, I believe, that of P. grandiflora also: this is almost inferable in Lnglish Flora, but is not clearly declared. — J. D. * Sir J. E. Smith, in his English Flora, vol. i. p. 29., says, under P. vulgaris, “ The viscid exudation of the leaves is reputed to be good for the sore dugs of cows; whence the Yorkshire name of Yorkshire sanicle.” —J.D. 686. Two Crops of the Ash-leaved Kidney Potato, or two, becomes thick, tenacious, very agreeable and salu- brious, and throws off no whey, except it be kept long, and that a little of the milk, so thickened, serves to bring fresh milk to the same state.” Probably Lewis never had an oppor- tunity of trying its effects on reindeer’s milk, and only alludes to cow’s milk. It is said to cause diseases in cattle ; but Lewis says no animal will eat it. Go I have successfully adopted a similar method of cultivation with: both these genera. Three or four plants are placed in a pot of 5 in. deep, with some pebbles in the bottom, and over them a piece of Sphag- num, above which the pot is filled with very fine peat. The use of the Sphagnum is, that, whether dead or alive, it en- larges or contracts, by every change of amount of moisture in the pot, and thus always keeps the peat from cohering into a clammy mass, which otherwise it is apt to de. Instead of being shaded, as generally directed, the plants are exposed to the full blaze of sunshine; and it is beautiful to see the leaves of the drosera, some dilating themselves to the warmth and light, and others contracting on and im- prisoning some “flutterer in the beams,” that, in an evil: moment, has been tempted by the nectar of the dewy leaves. The pots are kept plunged to within 13in. of the top in water, during the whole summer; and, on the first appearance of frost, are removed to a dry airy frame, and given less water each day, until, by mid-winter, they are dry; in which state they remain until they begin to show signs of vegetation, when they are removed again to their summer quarters. If left exposed to the open air, during the winter, the roots are invariably pushed out of the ground by frost. With this treatment, three small plants, in one season, will completely fill a pot of the size mentioned. Rospert MAuLer. 94. Capel Street, Dublin, Aug. 1832. : Art. XX. On procuring Two Crops of the Ash-leaved Kidney Potato, in One Year, off the same Ground. By Joun DENsoNn, Senior. Ca Sir, : In each of the last two years I have grown two crops of the ash-leaved kidney potato on the same ground, and each’ of the crops has been a good one. I proceed thus: — In. taking up the first crop, I bury the tops or herbage in the) trench, by :turning the earth, between the rows upon’/them ¢ in One Year, off the same Ground. - 687 and this done, the ground is ready to be planted again. “My first crop, this year, was planted on the 30th of March, and my second on the 13th of July ; the second has been as good as the first, and the potatoes are perfectly ripened: the joint produce of the two crops has been fully at the rate of 960 bushels an acre. I took some of the potatoes of the second crop, of nearly the full size, to market on September the 15th. First Crop.—It is well known to growers of the ash- leaved kidney potato, that it is difficult to prevent its exhaust- ing itself previously to the time for planting it; and that, if seed potatoes of it are allowed to remain too long in the pit, frequently not one third of them will grow. ‘To prevent this, I seldom put them into the pit before Christmas, and take them out in the latter end of February or beginning of March. Second Crop. — Those which I intend for the seed potatoes of the second crop I spread thinly on the floor of an out- house where there is a free current of air. ‘This treatment so much checks the growth of the chits, shoots, or sprouts, that these do not become more than an inch long, and are: individually furnished with a cluster of roots. I plant the potatoes, with the shoots upon them, in this state; and, in planting them, guard carefully against breaking off any of the shoots. The potatoes produced in the second crop are the fitter to” preserve for the next year’s planting, as, when housed or pitted, they are less prone to exhaust themselves by sproutive- ness than are the potatoes produced in the first crop. I have reserved 20 bushels of the produce of my second crop for seed; and intend, next year, to have two crops on all the ground on which I shall plant the ash-leaved kidney. I have planted out plants of the Guernsey cabbage, which will be ready for market in April. By planting the first crop of the ash-leaved kidney, with the chits on, early in May, after the cabbages are sold off, two crops of potatoes and one of cabbages can be procured from the same ground in one year. I may be told that this is exhausting work for the land: I reply, that decayed and decomposed vegetables are the best of manure; and that the more vegetables there are grown, the more is the manure increased in proportion ; whilst every turning up of the soil is a species of fallow. In conclusion, I may/notice that my nephew (who assists me in all I do) suggests that, when the first crop of the ash= ) leaved kidney is taken up before the potatoes are fully ripe» (as, in the desire to get them early to market, ‘isi frequently the: case), it may be well not to bury the herbage from such); as); ° 688 Hatching Chickens in a Bark-bed. he has found, in digging up the second crop, that such herb- age of the first crop, although immersed in the soil, had. produced many minute potatoes: an effect unwelcome to those who, like myself, desire to grow their successive crops unmixedly. It is scarcely necessary to add, that this effect does not result from the buried herbage derived from ripened potatoes; and those of my first crop were quite ripe previous to the 13th of July, the date at which my second crop was planted. I am, Sir, yours, &c. JoHN DENSON, sen. Waterbeach, near Cambridge, Nov. 1832. Art. XXI. Minor Communications. < Hatcuine Chickens in the Bark-bed of a Hot-house.— A friend of mine was very successful last year in hatching chickens in the tan pit of a hot-house. His method was to place a half-hogshead barrel in the tan, which was brought up all round it nearly to the top of the cask, and was merely coyered with a flat board. ‘The eggs were placed in a basket at the bottom, and covered with a piece of flannel. The heat re- quired is 104° of Fahrenheit ; a degree or two above or below that point will not destroy the eggs, but the nearer it is kept to that heat the better. It may be supposed that it will re- quire a great deal of trouble to keep it up to this nicety, but it is not.so troublesome as may at first sight be imagined. It may be also asked, what advantage is to be derived from this process, when plenty of sitting hens can be procured? I answer, that the chickens may be hatched much earlier than hens will want to sit; in fact, the hatching may be commenced as soon as eggs can be procured; and, of course, the poultry to be obtained will fetch a much greater price from their early production. They may be easily reared, by being kept in the house where they are hatched, until they are big enough to be put out of doors, which will be in about a fort- night or three weeks. When the cask is once at the proper heat, it may be kept up to the desired point without. much trouble, for several months; and the average number of chickens will exceed what is obtained from hens, I have read a French work by De Reaumur, giving a very circum- stantial and interesting account of hatching chickens. by heat./; produced by horse dung, and I have produced chickens by |»: that means myself; but the heat requires to be very often’ Lord Vernon’s Tillage Hoe. 689 renewed by fresh dung, and the place must be particularly favourable to the undertaking. ‘There is also great risk of the germ in the eggs being destroyed by the damp effluvia arising from the dung, which causes the success to be very uncertain. Besides, every gentleman’s gardener has a tan bed at his command. I am also of opinion that many of your correspondents might connect a hot closet with the stove used for heating their houses, or might allow the pipes for circu- lating hot water, where that system is adopted, to pass through it; by which means it might be kept up to the required heat with very little trouble. With respect to the tan bed, it is reduced to a certainty by the experience of my friend. He has hatched several broods this spring ; and I can assure you that the chickens brought up in this way have thriven and increased in size much more than those hatched and brought up by a hen; and that this has been proved several times, by a comparison between chickens hatched in the different modes the same day. I am, Sir, yours, &c. — A Constant Reader of the Gardener’s Magazine. Chichester, April 17. 1832. Lord Vernon's new Tillage Hoe. — This implement, which was lately exhibited to the Horticultural Society, is said, in a printed paper, which was distributed at the same time, to “ give an expeditious and deep tillage, in many cases superior to digging or forking.” In drilling, preparing land for planting, or in earthing up, its use is said to be equally advantageous. It may be had at Mr. Charlwood’s, and in Derby. It is nothing more than the Spanish hoe of our cor- respondent Mentor, figured in our Vol. II. p. 233., but differ- ing from our figure in having a long handle. Similar hoes, with long handles, have been made, at our request, at Weir’s manufactory, Oxford Street, since 1826. — Cond. Ficus stipulata 'Thunberg, remarkably fine in a Stove in the Gardens at Merly House. — Sir, In 1822 I received from my worthy and esteemed friend Mr. Henderson, at Earl Fitz- william’s, Milton, near Peterborough, some cuttings of this _ plant. They were struck in the ordinary way ; and one was put in a 32-sized pot, and by mere chance placed on the front of the stove, at one end, close against the front sash. The end of this house is not glass, but a brick wall plastered over in the common way. After the plant had stood in this position for some months, without any notice further than receiving a supply of water occasionally, it began to push, and to attach itself to the wall very firmiy. It soon reached the bottom of the rafter, and turned up the end of the house just before the rafter, covering about a foot in depth down the wall. In about eighteen months after this, it reached the top end of the Vou. VIII. — No. 41. yoo 690 Ficus stipuldta at Merly House. rafter, 18 ft.; in all, 21 ft. from the pot or root. It now threw its branches downward, covering the greater part of the whole end of the house; and began turning itself along the back wall of the house, just below the wall-plate. In about three years’ time it reached the farther end of the house, 35 ft.; and In its progress covered about a space of 18 in. wide or deep. On reaching this end of the house, which is glass, of course it could go no farther; and it now began, as at the other end, to extend its branches downwards, to complete its undertaking, namely, that of covering the whole of the back wall; which it now bids fair to do, having nearly accomplished that object at the present time: when this is effected, it wil! have ex- tended from the root 56 ft. by 10 ft. It is now throwing out very vigorous shoots and leaves : the leaves have a deep green, glossy appearance. About September last it first showed fruits, which are now about seven or eight in number, and nearly the size of the common brown fig just before it begins to ripen. Whether these will ripen or not, I cannot say. I have no doubt but that, in the course of the summer, there will be an abundant show of fruit on it; and I mean to encourage some of its branches over the wire trellis used for the vines under the rafters, to give it a better chance of ripen- ing its fruit. ‘The plant has extended its roots into the solid brick wall in the end of the house; and a brick compartment, directly under where the pot stands, was filled with mould, not with the intention of giving it support, but for growing some other plants in: this it soon found out, and took pos- session of, and into it an immensely strong root has found its way ; although the pot which first contained it still remains in the same place as at first, and contains the original part of the root, and has a deep pan under it. I now supply it plenti- fully with water at the roots, taking care to fill up the pan with water every day, the whole of the contents of which is mvari- ably absorbed before the next day, and very frequently I syringe it all over its leaves, with which it seems highly delighted. J should feel obliged by you or any of your readers informing me whether the fruit is fit for the dessert; and, should you wish it, I shall feel pleasure in forwarding to you a specimen of the fruit, should it reach to maturity on this plant. I am, Sir, yours, &c.— W. Wilson. Merley Gardens, Feb. 28.1832. Mr. Wilson, in a subsequent communication (dated June 28. 1832), has informed us, that the first crop of fruits dropped off without ripening, and that the plant is now bear- ing a plentiful second one. He is very desirous to learn if other correspondents have witnessed its bearing fruit in 2 e . e te) Britain, whether the fruit has been ripened, and whether, Olralis Déppei as a Border Plant. ‘ 691 when ripened, its merits will sustain for it a place in desserts. Information, too, on the native habits of this species, and any use to which its fruit or other parts may be applied in its native country, he is likewise anxious for. In example of the extraordinary vigour of this particular plant, Mr. Wilson remarks, * perhaps you will scarcely credit me when I inform you that its roots have penetrated into the solid brick wall which forms the end of the stove, and has actually forced out door-posts so much, that it has several times become neces- sary to ease the door that it might be opened and shut. The whole back of the house has now a most beautiful appear- ance from the fine dark shining leaves of the plant, and the strong healthy shoots hanging in wild profusion all over this space. In the size of the leaves on these shoots, and near the root, there is so great a difference, that you would scarcely. believe that both were produced by one plant. The leaves which grow at about 3 ft. or 4 ft. from the root are about 1% in. in length, and an inch in breadth at their broadest part; while those which are borne on the shoots mentioned are 4in. in length, and 2;%>in. in breadth; their outline in both cases being, as is well known, ovate but pointed.” — W. Wilson. On the back wall of the stove in the Cambridge Botanic Garden is a plant of Ficus stipulata, which has been growing there these twenty, and very probably thirty, years. It covers several square yards of space, and is often cut back to repress its trespasses. During the fifteen years I have known the plant there, I am not aware that it has ever shown fruit. This species, it is said, thrives in a green-house, and it abounds in the clasping root-like tendrils analogous to those of the com- mon or of the broad-leaved ivy.—J. D. O’ralis Déppei increases very rapidly as a border plant particularly when grown in large masses; and its beautiful green and brown trefoil leaves are as pleasing as the flower. It should be taken up before the frost, and kept in pots, nearly dry, all the winter; it should be potted in the end of February, and kept till May in the green-house or frame, and then planted out when the frosts are over. Youshould strongly recommend it. — H. Bb. Chancery Lane, August 7. 1832. A Sketch of the History of the Chinese Chrysanthemum, [The following communication is abridged from a paper by E. Rudge, Esq., President of the Vale of Evesham Horticul- tural Society, which was read at a meeting of that Society, on June 25. 1828.] — Linneeus, in 1753, first published this plant as a species, with two of its varieties, under the name of Chrys- anthemum indicum, in the first edition of his Species Plantarum; YY 2 692 History of the Chinese Chrysanthemum. the same plant, under the name of Matricaria, having been given by Keempfer, in 1712, in his account of the plants of Japan, where it is cultivated by the natives in their gardens ; and he describes eight double varieties of the genus, of various colours. It is also faouriened by Breynius, Pivcenee Rheede, and Petiver. ‘Thunberg, in his Flora Japonica, published in 1784, mentions it to be growing spontaneously near Nagasakt and other places in Japan; and Loureiro describes it, in his Flora of Cochin-China, as one of the plants of that country. Rumphius, in his very elaborate work on the Plants of Am- boyna, published in 1750, is more particular in his information respecting this plant than any preceding author: he mentions five varieties of the white, yellow, and red, as being cultivated at Amboyna; that both the natives and the Dutch plant it in the borders of their gardens, where it does not thrive so well as in pots; and that, if it remains more than two years in the same spot, it degenerates, becomes less woody, and often perishes. The Chinese, by whom it is held in high estima- tion (as may be observed from its being so frequently found drawn and figured on their porcelain), pay much attention to its culture: they keep it in pots and jars, placing it before the windows of their apartments; and decorate their tables with it at their entertainments; on which occasions, he that produces the largest flower is considered as conferring the greatest honour on his guests. To effect this, it is kept by them in a dwarfish state; and, when coming into flower, of the three blossoms which usually terminate each branch, two are pinched off; by which treatment the remaining flower grows larger. ‘The varieties of this plant, so numerous in the gar- dens of the Chinese, and cultivated by them with so much art and attention, and become thereby objects of so much attraction to the British gardener, were first introduced from France in 1790, having been brought from China to Mar- seilles in 1789. Before 1808, eight new varieties were intro- duced from China by Sir Abraham Hume and Mr. Evans. Between the years 1816 and 1823, seventeen new varieties were added to the list; which has at this time been so much further increased by different importations and cultivators, that there are now upwards of fifty varieties existing in the garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick. ‘The great variety and beauty of these flowers, when cultivated to the perfection of which they are capable, render them a superb acquisition to our gardens, and that at a season when our gardens would otherwise have little gaiety to boast of. The facility with which they are cultivated will occasion them to ‘become so common, that our cottage gardens will become as Hardy Maize. — Rheum austriacum. 693 gay in the months of November and December as the Chinese rose has now made them during the months of spring and summer [and, indeed, autumn may be added.] — Ldward ‘Rudge, F.RS. LS. Sc., President of the Vale of Evesham Horticultural Society. A hardy Variety of Maize. — Fourteen years ago, one Mr. Bradbury, an eminent botanist, called upon me. He was then just returned from his travels in North America, where he had been collecting plants. He had travelled a consider- able way up the Missouri, and, when upon that river, he heard of a variety of maize cultivated near the Rocky Moun- tains, which, he said, he was sure, by the account he received of it, would ripen even in the Highlands of Scotland. As he intended to go again to the western parts of America, he said he would endeavour to get a sample of the seed, and send it to England. A considerable time after this I heard that he had died at St. Louis, soon after his return to America: of course, nothing has been heard of the corn. Now, as there are often considerable sums of money spent to procure, and naturalise to the English climate, foreign plants which neither are, nor will be, equal to the maize in point of real value, I think it would be well worth the attention of some Agricultural or Horticultural Society, or of some private in- dividual who could afford to bestow sufficient trouble and expense, to obtain a variety which would ripen in every part of Britain where other grain would. Any one who has friends in the western parts of North America might, perhaps, obtain some seeds of the variety mentioned by Mr. Bradbury. —WM. Rothwell, Farmer and Nurseryman, Spout Bank, Lanca- shire, March 29. 1832. papi Rheum austriacum was figured some few years back in Sweet’s Flower-Garden. In consequence of its being strongly recommended in that work, I was induced to get a plant ; Gut having some scruples as to the effect it might produce, if used in tarts, I have abstained from using its leafstalks until this year. I find it, in point of flavour, very superior to any rhubarb I ever tasted, having a very strong and pleasant acid ; scarcely, if at all, inferior to the unripe gooseberry, and pro- ducing no unpleasant effects; in fact, in this last respect, I perceive no difference between it and the rhubarb usually grown for tarts. I am therefore desirous, through the medium of your Magazine, tc recommend the cultivation of it very strongly to those persons who generally supply the markets ; as I have very little doubt it only requires to be known to become in considerable request. Perhaps the greatest ob- stacle to its being cultivated for general consumption. is the YyY3 694 Preventive of the Gooseberry Caterpillar. lateness of its vegetation, as, with me, it is not fit for use before the second or third week in June; but I have planted it in rather an unfavourable situation, with a northern aspect. Probably under other circumstances more congenial, it would come forward much earlier. The leaves are uncommonly large; and I find two or three stalks quite sufficient for a moderate-sized pudding or tart, although I have taken no par- ticular pains to encourage their growth. I have very little doubt that it is susceptible of great improvement, and that it might be rendered as profitable, at least, as the other sort. Should the merits of this species ever become generally known, I feel assured it will suspend the old sort entirely, as the latter has a flatness in the flavour, which renders it very insipid compared with Rheum austriacum. I am, Sir, yours, &c.— £. London, July 11. 1832. On preventing the Prevalence of the Gooseberry Caterpillar. — Sir, I have seen, in your Magazine, recipes for destroying caterpillars, and now do myself the pleasure to communicate one for banishing them from ground infested by them. Sup- pose all your gooseberry and currant bushes to be planted in squares, in the first week in November: clear away all the weeds from them, and give the whole a good coat of dung close into the stem of the bushes. ‘Then dig a trench one spade deep right down the middle of the rows, throwing the earth on each side over the dung, so that it may be covered 1 in. thick. The whole, when finished, will appear like a plot of potatoes that are called ridges in Ireland, and used to be called lazy beds in Scotland: indeed, the process of covering the dung is the same. In the beginning of April, or just when the buds have fairly broken into leaf, fork up the whole with a dung- fork, fill up the trench, and make the whole level again; but do not rake it at this time. Recollect to be particular in lay- ing on the dung the first week of November, and to fork in the spring as the leaves come out; for, I apprehend, a good deal of the success of the thing depends on this ; and, besides, the fruit in size and flavour is improved in a wonderful degree. Gooseberry and currant bushes should not have dung dug in about the roots, nor should the spade be at all applied about them; for nothing is more injurious to them. Whether the juice of the dung destroys the eggs of the caterpillar that are deposited about the roots of the bushes, or whether the extra- heat created by it brings out the caterpillars before there is any food for them, I will leave to the naturalist or curious to determine: but, one thing is certain, whoever follows the above may bid good bye to the caterpillar. It is not requisite to give a heavy coat of dung every season; but trenching Tobacco Water.— Grape Vines. 695 them as above, with a little dung about the stems and roots, and forking in the spring, must not be neglected, or else the caterpillar will appear. Bushes round borders may be served. the same as those in squares, by clearing away whatever grows about their roots, laying on dung, and covering with earth. Dung well rotted, from the frames, is what I have always used. Iam, Sir, yours, &c.— James Hart. Drum- condra, near Dublin, Sept. 2. 1832. Tobacco. (p. 42. 491.) — Sir, Your correspondents having given sufficient information on the growing of tobacco, I shall merely offer for their information, not having previously seen itin your publication, that, previously to burning it for raising smoke and destroying insects, I pour boiling water over it, by which means I obtain tobacco water of strength propor- tionate to the quantity of tobacco and water used. I have thus used it for the last ten years with unvarying success; the tobacco being full as useful for fumigation, and the water equal to what I used to buy from the tobacconists, after this process. I shall add, that this discovery was made when I first began to grow my own tobacco, and was made as fol- lows : — In filling Read’s fumigating apparatus with unwashed tobacco, I found the instrument scon rendered useless by the melting, as I suppose, of the salt of the tobacco; thereby clogging the orifice of the machine. I then washed the to- bacco, dried it, and found it burn perfectly well; and at the same time procured my tobacco water. Iam, Sir, yours, &c. — W.% Sept. 24. 1832. Lang ford’s Incomparable Grape (Lindley’s Gude, p. 201.) is preferably increasable by Eyes or Buds. — Sir, Mr. Lang- ford, some time back, sent me cuttings of his Incomparable grape. He stated that he prefers raising it from eyes, which he plants like bulbs; and, with the cuttings, he sent me a few eyes cut ready for planting. I have tried both the cuttings and the eyes; and the eyes have made fine shoots and are in leaf, while the cuttings are not. I am, Sir, yours, &ce.— M. Saul. Sulyard Street, Lancaster, April 18.1832. Mr. Pillans’s Vines. (p. 629.) —I see a short notice of our Horticultural Association (p. 629.), in which you refer to Mr. Pillans’s mode of cultivating the vine, and express your rea- diness to communicate it to the public. The fact is, that ‘Mr. Pillans takes an eye from a vine in the month of March; and from it produces, in the following April or May twelve- month, a handsome plant for his master’s table, bearing several bunches of fine ripe fruit. Some of your readers will not credit this; but I have seen it: that is to say, I went through Lord Ducie’s forcing-houses in May last, and ¥Y 4 Be 696 Canker in young Fruit Trees. saw pots of vines with ripe fruit on them. I was informed the eyes had been taken from the parent vines only fourteen or fifteen months previously. I saw others in every interme- diate stage of growth between them and the pots in which the eyes had just been inserted ; and I understood Mr. Pillans to say that he hoped to produce grapes for the table, in suc- cession, throughout the year, on this plan. I believe that this process has not been communicated to any one. I anticipate your opinion, that all who claim to be citizens in the republic of science are bound to contribute their individual discoveries for the general weal, in exchange for the advantages they reap from a similar devotion on the part of their brother citizens. I quite approve this doctrine, as applied toa certain class ; but, I confess, I think that persons in the situation of Mr. Pillans may fairly look for a more substantial compensation for the communication of so valuable a discovery as this, than the occupation of a niche in the temple of Fame; though I would not recommend an address from the House of Commons to His Majesty ; which was, for aught that appears to the contrary, gravely presented in a certain case of a similar kind. I think the Horticultural Society should encourage the communica- tion of important discoveries, by professional gardeners, by — substantial rewards. Every department of the gardens at Woodchester bears ample testimony to the great skill, atten- tion, and zeal of Mr. Pillans, who is evidently a very meri- torious servant. Iam, Sir, yours, &c. — Charles Laurence. Cirencester, Oct. 15. 1832. ; -Canker on young Fruit Trees. —-'Three years ago, I was much annoyed at finding several young pear trees one mass of disease from top to bottom; which, I conceive, must have been infected when sent to me, three years before, as they were planted in the best of soil. On referring to a work on gardening, I found some palliatives recommended ; but it was observed that the most effective plan was, to take up the tree and plant a fresh one. I did not much like throwing away three years’ growth of roots, which, I knew, had been extend- ing themselves under every advantage of soil; and I thought of cutting off the heads to within I ft. of the ground, and inserting healthy grafts from other varieties. I was toid this could be of no avail, inasmuch as the sap, passing through the diseased trunk, would infect the grafts. On consideration, this did not appear to me to be a necessary consequence, as the qualities of the chyle (if I may so term it) secreted from the descending sap, to which the future tree would be indebted for its growth, would depend much more on the scion thap the stock. I determined, at all events, to try the experiment, Ale from Mangold Wurzel. 697 and headed down and grafted several trees. It has exceeded my most sanguine expectations. The new heads are of extra- ordinary g crowth: three of them have borne well this year 5 the wood of all is extremely vigorous and healthy, and without any symptom of disease of any kind. Many of your scientific readers have probably performed the same experiment, on the same process of reasoning; but, as the result was contrary to the anticipations of several experienced gardeners, I commu- nicate it, in the hope of saving many a useful though cankered stock from destruction. — Id. Monstrous Pear. — Sir, There is now growing, in a gar- den in this town, a monstrous jargonelle pear, which may be thus described: — From the first bloom, which took place early in the spring, a perfect pear was produced; and, after the pear had grown some time, it sent out a flower from its eye, and produced there a second pear; and the second pear afterwards sent out two flowers from its eye, and these pro- duced two pears: so that now there are four perfect pears growing connectedly. I am, Sir, yours, &c. — M. Saul. Lan- caster, July 8. 1832. A pear, with an imperfectly formed second pear protruding from its end, was sent us from a neighbour’s garden in Bays- water just after receiving the above communication. A couple of monstrous pears will be found figured in Vol. IV. p. 263. fig. 78. — J. D. On the Use of the Seed-down of Typha for stuffing Bedding Sor the Poor. — When these seeds are ripe, they fall in great wool-flocks from the stalk; and as Zypha grows wild in many places, they could be procured in abundance. When beaten for some time, they separate, and open all their balloons, so as to become as soft and as elastic as feathers ; and, from their hygrometric expansibility and contractiveness, I apprehend they would never get into clots or lumps if sewed up into a bag or bedtick. I should hope that this hint will be not wholly useless to your Encyclopedia of Cottage Architecture. — Robert Mallet. 94. Capel Street, Dublin, Oct. 1832. A good Ale may be made from the Roots of Mangold Wurzel in the following manner : — Take one third of malt, two thirds of mangold wurzel liquor, and about a fifth part of treacle, adding hops at the rate of six ounces to nine gallons. Barrel and work with yeast in the usual manner. The mangold wurzel liquor is thus obtained: clear the roots, pare off the outer rind, slice and boil till they are quite soft, and then squeeze off the liquor.— A Friend to the Cottager. 698 REVIEWS. Art. I. Catalogue of Works on Gardening, Agriculture, Botany, Rural Architecture, &c., lately published, with some Account of those considered the most interesting. Don, George, F.L.S.: A General System of Gardening and Botany, containing a complete Enumeration and Descrip- tion of all Plants hitherto known; with their Generic and Specific Characters, Places of Growth, ‘Time of Flowering, the Manner in which they are cultivated, and their Uses in Medicine and Domestic Economy; preceded by an Intro- duction to the Linnean and Natural Systems, and a Glos- sary of the Terms used. Founded upon Miller’s Gardener’s Dictionary, and arranged according to the Natural System. In 4 quarto volumes. Vol. II. 875 pages, with numerous Woodcuts, 3/. 12s.; or in monthly Parts, 6s. each. Lon- don, 1832. In p. 203. of our current volume we have sketched the scope and plan of this work, and noticed the first volume of it: we have now (Noy. 19.) to announce the appearance of the second volume, just published. Our botanical and flori- cultural readers who have not already enabled themselves to judge of the work by procuring the first volume, or parts of it, will oblige us by referring to our remarks on p. 203, 204., as their doing this will render unnecessary our again indicating its plan and scope: but, indeed, the full title above given, attentively perused, will alone suffice to do this, if accom- panied by one little objection, previously expressed by us on p- 204., that, as the “ gardening” notices in the work only extend to directions for cultivating, propagating, and dispos- ing in the garden the genera and species of plants described, the work does not fully answer to one part of its title, that of its being “a general system of gardening.” With this slight general objection, we proceed to notice very briefly the second volume. The second volume commences with the extensive second subclass Calycifloree, and describes thirty-nine natural orders included in this subclass; and the remainder belonging to it will form the initial part of the third volume. The vast order Leguminosee occupies in the present volume 385 pages, and. so supplies descriptions of a comparatively endless number of Don’s System of Gardening and Botany. 699 species of the pretty plants of this really ornamental and very interesting, and, we may say, very natural order; for, who does not recognise the pea-podded plants, as they are familiarly called, all the world over? The orders Amygdalez, Rosaces, Pomaceee, Onagrarie, Lythrariz, Melastomaceze, and Myr- taceee, all and each of which contain plants so very beautiful, fall into this volume. Perhaps an abatement of our objection above expressed to the gardening title of this work is due to its talented and prodigiously industrious author ; for, in glancing through the volume, we see, under Amyedalus, no fewer than eleven pages of gardening information on the peach and nectarine, enumerating the kinds, noticing their comparative qualities and merits, and supplying directions for their successful cultivation both in the open air and in houses. The same kind of information is supplied under Apricot, Plum, and Cherry; Apple and Pear; and, probably, in several other cases which we have overlooked. We cannot stay longer on the volume than to say, that, were it only for the strictly botanical stock of information which is amassed into the work, it ought to be possessed by every studier and cultivator of plants in the world, but espe- cially by those of Britain. Especially by those of Britain, because such have previously had no comprehensive work in our native language to which to make access for the determin- ation of the names, habits, and affinities of the plants they cultivate; by those of the continents of Europe and America (and these include nearly all the botanical world), because, independently of this work availing those who know the language in which it is written, in the same manner, and almost to the same extent, as it will the British plant lovers and cultivators, it will be very useful to botanists universally, as supplying to them a palpable indication of the present state of botany in Britain; and this, without incurring to us the charge of gross nationality, may fairly be deemed a pretty accurate indication of the state of systematic botany in the entire world. For, besides the acquaintance with the dis- coveries in, and contributions to, the science by foreigners, with which their publications, preserved in our libraries, make us acquainted, we possess fruitful original resources in our colonies, our commerce to the remotest shores, and in the enterprise of our travellers, who, for some years past, have manifested a most commendable interest in collecting the ne- cessary materials to extend our knowledge of nature. Of this accumulated stock of materials, a comprehensive systematic catalogue, containing short descriptive notices of the objects enumerated in it, has for some years past been wanted, and this want it is the office of the present work to supply. 700 | Gilpin’s Practical Hints. Gilpin, S., Esq.: Practical Hints on Landscape-Gardening. 8vo. London, 1832. 21s. We have read this work with pleasure, and only regret that we cannot spare room to enter into its merits at greater leneth. The name of Gilpin will inspire with respect every one who has perused the numerous excellent works, by the late author of that name, on landscape scenery. Mr. Gilpin was the contemporary and intimate friend of the justly cele- brated author of the Observations on Modern Gardening ; and it cannot be denied that this work, and the writings of Mr. Gilpin, did more, in their day, to improve the public taste in regard to rural beauty, than all the other writings of the same kind, then published, put together. It is no ordinary presump- tion in favour of the writer whose work we are noticing, that he is collaterally related to the author of the Essays on “Forest Scenery. Mr. Gilpin avows his object to be, to reduce to practice the principles of taste developed by Sir Uvedale Price, in his Essays on the Picturesque. In his application of these prin- ciples to the situation of the house, the character of the sur- rounding scenery, the approach, and the plantations, we know not that there is a single hint, so far as these hints go, to which we would object; and there is one, on the cha- racter of lodges, which is original; viz., that sometimes the character of the lodge should be determined by that of the situation, rather than by that of the house. We entirely sympathise with the author in his defence of the irregular outlines of plantations on even surfaces, and only wonder that he should attach so much importance to the articles in the Quarterly Review, on Sir Henry Steuart’s Planter’s Guide and Monteath’s Practical Forester ; even though they are understood to have been written by Sir Walter Scott. The truth is, that little dependence is to be placed on a fluent writer like Sir Walter Scott, whose main object was effect, on any subject in which science or definite views are required. Witness the rash assertion, in one of the reviews in question, that the degeneracy of the Scotch pine is owing to nurserymen importing the seeds of that tree from Canada. (See our Vol. IV. p. 315.) We agree also with Mr. Gilpin in his views and statements respecting the Planter’s Guide of Sir Henry Steuart. How- ever much Sir Henry may have shown of physiological knowledge in his work, he certamly cannot be complimented on his taste in laying out grounds; and, in proof of this, we should quote against him the same passage which has been quoted by Mr. Gilpin, viz., that in which Sir Henry recommends a juvenile work of ours (4 Treatise on Country on Landscape-Gardening. 701 Residences) published at a time when we had hardly attained the years of manhood, as deserving of more attention than the Essays on the Picturesque. The only department of landscape-gardening which we wish we had seen treated more at length in Mr. Gilpin’s work, is that which respects the introduction of exotic trees and shrubs in artificial scenery. ‘There are various other beauties besides those of the picturesque, which ought to engage the attention of the landscape-gardener ; and one of the principal of these is, what may be called the botany of trees and shrubs. In our opinion, a landscape-gardener knows but a part of his profession, who is not conversant with the numerous families of American and other trees which will thrive in the open air in Britain. Mere pictu- resque improvement is not enough in these enlightened times : it is necessary to understand that there is such a character of art as the gardenesque, as well as the picturesque. The very term gardenesque, perhaps, will startle some readers; but we are convinced, nevertheless, that it is a term which will soon find a place in the language of rural art. Landscape-garden- ing, it will be allowed, is, to a certain extent, an art of imi- tation. Now, an imitative art is not one which produces fac similes of the things to be imitated; but one which produces imitations, or resemblances, according to the manner of that art. Thus, sculpture does not attempt colour, nor painting to raise surfaces in relief; and neither attempt to deceive. In the like manner, the imitator, in a park or pleasure-ground, of a landscape composed of ground, wood, and water, does not produce fac similes of the ground, wood, and water, which he sees around him on every side; but of ground, wood, and water, arranged in imitation of nature, according to the principles: of his particular art. The character of this art has varied- from the earliest times to the present day; but, profoundly; examined, the principle which guided the artist remains the same; and the successive fashions that have prevailed will be found to confirm our view of the subject, viz., that all imi- tations of nature worthy of being characterised as belong- ing to the fine arts are not fac-simile imitations, but imitations of manner. ‘To apply this principle to the planting of trees in park or pleasure-ground scenery; nature, in any given locality, makes use of a certain number of trees found indi- genous there; but the garden imitator of natural woods in- troduces either other forms and dispositions of the same kinds of trees, as in the geometric style; or the same disposition of other species of trees, as in the most improved practice of the modern style. In neither case does the artist produce a correct fac simile of nature; for, if he did, however beautiful: 702 Matthews Naval Timber. the scene copied, the beauty produced would be merely that of repetition. But we have neither room nor time at present fully to illustrate this theory. Let it suffice for us to state, for the consideration of those of our readers who. have re- flected on the subject, that there is as certainly, in gardening, as an art of imitation, the gardenesque, as there is, in painting and sculpture, the picturesque and sculpturesque. Matthew, Patrick: On Naval Timber and Arboriculture ; with Critical Notes on Authors who have recently treated the Subject of Planting. Svo, 400 pages. London, 1831. 12s. In our Number for February, 1831 (Vol. VII. p. 78.), we have given the title of this work, with a promise of a farther notice. ‘This is, however, now so retrospective a business, that we shali perform it as briefly as possible. ‘The author introductorily maintains that the best interests of Britain con- sist in the extension of her dominion on the ocean; and that, as a means to this end, naval architecture is a subject of pri- mary importance; and, by consequence, the culture and pro- duction of naval timber is also very important. He explains, by description and by figures, the forms and qualities of the planks and timbers most in request in the construction of ships; and then describes those means of cultivating trees, which he considers most effectively conducive to the produc- tion of these required planks and timbers. ‘* ‘The British forest trees suited for naval purposes,” enu- merated by the author, are, oak, Spanish chestnut, beech, Scotch elm, English elm, red-wood willow (Salix fragilis), red- wood pine, and white larch. On each of these he presents a series of remarks regarding the relative merits of their timber ; and even notices, under each, the varieties of each, and the relative merits of these varieties. Indeed, our author insists particularly on the necessity of paying the greatest attention to the selection, both for planting and for ultimate appropriation, of particular varieties, he contending that vegetable bodies are so susceptible of the influence of circumstances, as soil, climate, treatment of the seed, culture of the seedling, &c. &c., as to be modified and modifiable into very numerous varieties, and that it is an essential object to select the variety most adapted to the circumstances of the plot of ground to be planted. ‘This may be very true; but it is also true that extreme will be the difficulty of diffusing, among those most engaged in the operative processes of forestry, sensitive atten- tion to these points. ‘* Miscellaneous Maiter connected with Naval Timber.? Under this head the author has remarks on nurseries, planting, pruning timber, and the relations of our marine. Lindley’s Principles of Horticulture. 703: The last chapter is a political one; and, indeed, through- out the book proofs abound that our author is not one of those who devote themselves to a subject without caring for its ultimate issues and relations ; consequently his habit of mind propels him to those political considerations which the subject, ‘‘ our marine,” naturally induces: benefiting man universally is the spirit of the author’s political faith. Two hundred and twenty-two pages are occupied by “ No- tices of authors relative to timber,” in which strictures are presented on the following works: — Monteath’s Forester’s Guide ; Nicol’s Planter’s Calendar ; Billington.On Planting ; For syth On Fruit and Forest Trees; Mr. Withers’s writings ; Steuart’s Planter’s Guide ; Sir Walter Scott’s critique, and Cruickshank’s Practical Planter. ‘The author’s opinions on the opinions and practices of these writers must avail the patient investigator of arboriculture, and those who delight in the comparison of divers and diverse opinions. This part of the book is one which has been, or will be, read with con- siderable interest by the authors of the above works and their partisans. An appendix of 29 pages concludes the book, and receives some parenthetical evolutions of certain extraneous points which the author struck upon in prosecuting the thesis of his book. ‘This may be truly termed, in a double sense, an extraordinary part of the book. One of the subjects discussed in this appendix is the puzzling one, of the origin of species and varieties ; and if the author has hereon origin- ated no original views (and of this we are far from certain), he has certainly exhibited his own in an original manner. His whole book is written in a vigorous, cheerful, pleasing tone; and although his combinations of ideas are sometimes start- linely odd, and his expression of them neither simple nor lucid, for want of practice in writing, he has produced a book which we should be sorry should be absent from our library. We had thought of presenting an abstract of the author’s prescriptions for pruning trees intended for the production of plank ; but, on second thought, we shall omit them, and refer the reader for them to the book of the author himself. Lindley, John, F.R.S. &c., Professor of Botany in the Uni- versity of London, and Assistant-Secretary to the Horti- cultural Society of London: An Ontine of the first Principles of Horticulture. 12mo, 72 pages. 1832. 2s. — This is a valuable compendium of horticultural maxims. It may be called the gardener’s “ Book of Proverbs.” We entirely agree with the professor, in what he states, in his well written preface, that such elementary works “ tend essentially to the advancement of horticulture, if the physiological prin- 704 Lindley’s Principles of Horticulture. ciples upon which its operations depend for success were reduced toa series of simple laws, that could be readily borne in. mind by those who might not be willing to occupy them- selves with the study; in detail, of the complicated phenomena of vegetable life.” ‘This is perfectly obvious; because, when the principles of any science can be set forth in a few cogent aphorisms, the whole is more readily comprehended, retained in the memory, and applied, than if they were conpeyed.i ina lengthened train of words. It is not so, however, with the rules of the art or practical operations of gardening. ‘These cannot be taught by axioms: as such they would be of little use to the tyro, and therefore they are almost entirely omitted in the work before us; the author’s design being only to mark: the principles of the science which connect the operations of the gardener with the physiology and economy of plants, The book is composed of 369 paragraphs, each of which contains some fact or principle, or some opinion. They are well selected, and expressed with the author’s usual ability : the botanical distinctions are accurate, and the physiological allusions generally correct. If there be any defects, they are attributable only to the studied brevity and paucity of detail. Some parts, we must say, are enigmatical, and will only serve to puzzle the practical man. For these defects, however, the professor is scarcely accountable, because they are evi- dently borrowed notions from our very first authorities, to whom it is perfectly natural Mr. Lindley should be disposed to pay some kind of deference, more especially as, during his most active years, he has been more in the cabinet than in the field, more in the ‘ court than in camp.” We do not mean to infer that Mr. Lindley would surrender his own opinion through sheer complaisance; but there are many things in vegetable physiology that it is his duty to speak of, which he has never had time to examine for himself. Those parts of the book that are, we think, problematical, and which have a pretty strong hold on the public mind, as well as on that of our author, cannot well be adverted to without leading us into a much longer statement than may be necessary on the present occasion ; but we would beg leave to recommend to Mr. Lindley hincele the reconsideration of a few of his repre- sentations, viz., ‘the secretions which solidify the heart-wood are communicated from the bark inwards.” (p.22.) Who has detected this invisible process? Some leaf-buds are said to be “ adventitious, and may be generated by sap in a state of great accumulation and activity.” (p.29. ; Is this possible ? “ A flower is in reality a stunted branch.” (p. 34.) Does not this amount to a denial that the fructiferous organs have real identity in the system, and to describing them as nothing more than fortuitous associations of inferior appendages ? Are the Lindley’s Introduction to Botany. 705 circumstances on which the belief (that flowers are only stunted branches) is founded, viz., mchstrous flowers and fruits, to be taken as the rule of vegetable developement, or should those monstrosities be considered as exceptions ? These few particulars involve all the greater questions rela- tive to the organisable property of the sap; its descent in the autumn; the formation of the new zone of wood on exogenous stems ; whence derived, and how and when perfected: all which phenomena are still obscure, and of which we have much to learn, and perhaps a good deal to unlearn. As it is understood Mr. Lindley courts rational criticism, we trust he will excuse the foregoing remarks, as they are, he may be assured, respectfully offered. — J. M. August 20. Lindley, John, ¥.R.S. &c. &c., and Professor of Botany in the University of London: An Introduction to Botany. 8vo, 557 pages, with six copperplates and numerous en- gravings on wood. London, 1832. 18s. This is a richly stored, clearly written book, and one for which every votary of botany, who can afford it, may safely, and without hesitation, spend his money. We wish, for the sake of the science, it were sold at half the price charged for it. The want of such an introduction has been sensibly felt by all who addict themselves to this science, for the space of the last ten years. The reason for this is obvious: within that period it is, or not much beyond, that those views of botany which make its essence consist in acquainting us with the natural affinities of plants have become popular in Britain; and those views having no object in common with the botany previously taught, which had for its object mainly that of en- abling the student to distinguish one plant from another, it follows, that with this complete change in the state of botany, its scope and its objects, it must have been accompanied by a corresponding change in the condition of its elementary de- tails. ‘This has been the result. New laws, rules, and terms, speculations, and hypotheses, have arisen in abundance, and the science has in many cases been much elucidated by the application of these: witness the systematic distribution of the cruciferous or tetradynamous plants in De Candolle’s Systema. With botany in this changed and improved state, the incon- venience which has resulted has been, that, read what modern book on the science one would, a host of new combinations, of mutilations of old ones, and of new terms in which these were enounced, were presenting themselves on every side; and this, with the non-existence, all the while, of a com- prehensive, clear, explanatory introduction, to which re- Vor. VIL —No. 41. ZZ ry 4 706 Hooker and Greville’s Ferns. ference could be made for the solution of every puzzle and. every difficulty ; for the introductions previously extant, though good in their day, or in application to the system to which they were formed, were usually found provokinely defective when consulted in relation to the prevailing system of natural affinities. This state of deficiency it is the office of the pre- sent Introduction to remedy, by including within itself all the modern views of the science, and of the considerations attached to it, and explanations and illustrations of all the terms em- ployed in it, as devised and published up to the period of putting the work to press. It will be found a most satisfac- tory volume; and in closing our notice of it, we have only to express our hope, that, at the expiration of every second year at most, a new edition of it, including all improvements which the progress of the science may have evolved in the interim, will be regularly supplied to the public. Hooker, W. J., L. L. D., and Grevilic, R. K., L.L.D.: Icones Filicum ad eas potissimum Species illustrandas destinatze quee hactenus vel in herbariis delituerunt prorsus incognitee, vel saltem nondum per Icones botanicis innotuerunt: or, Tigures and Descriptions of Ferns, principally of such as have been altogether unnoticed by Botanists, or have as yet not been correctly figured. In two vols. folio. Lon- don, 1831. With the plates coloured, 24 guineas; with the plates uncoloured, 15/. These two magnificent but very expensive volumes supply a valuable help to our farther acquaintance with those very interesting plants, the Ferns. They present figures and de- scriptions of 240 exotic species; and in the descriptions of these, allusions, in contradistinction, are made to additional species. Some new genera are founded, and new systematic affinities indicated. ‘lhe species figured and described in the work are from India, St. Vincent’s, Jamaica, Quito, the Mau- ritius, and New Holland ; so that, besides the interest which the species from each country may intrinsically possess, they associate an extrinsic interest, in serving as a sample of all the fern productions of the countries from which they have. been severally derived. In closing this work, the authors present their thanks to various gentlemen resident in the above countries for their. valuable assistance to it, by the contribution of native speci-. mens, and by descriptive notices appertaining to them. To, Dr. Wallich, in particular, the authors declare their very. great obligation, ‘ for continued supplies of the Ferns of the vast continent of India; and these,” say they, ‘* have now, Blume’s Flora Jave. 207 arrived to so great an extent, — and not alone from Dr. Wal- lich, but also from Dr. Wight of Madras,—that the authors contemplate, under the sanction and patronage of the Hon. the Board of Directors of the East India Company, to form for them a new and separate publication, under the title of ilices Asiatice Rariores [Rarer Asiatic Ferns], to appear on the same size and plan as the Plante Asiatice Rariores. Blume, Carolus Ludovicus, M. D., lately Investigator of Na- ture in the Dutch Colonies of the East Indies, Super- intendent of Medicine, and Director of a Botanic Garden there, &e. &c., aided by Joannes Baptista Fisher, M.D.: Flora Javee, necnon Insularum adjacentium. With litho- graphic and copperplate engravings, coloured. _ Brus- sels, 1828, folio. Frank, Brussels; Treuttel and Wurtz, London. Dr. Blume’s Lora of Java and the Islands adjacent is a work of great interest, from the following circumstances : — 1. Dr. Blume is an able systematic botanist; and manifests, by his elaborate elucidation of details, that superficiality is not one of his characteristics. 2. The vegetable furniture of Java has hitherto been but limitedly known in Europe: hence the subjects of the Flora Jave are likely to be interesting from their novelty. 3. The work is executed, both in its plates and letterpress, so admirably, that it is an eligible object for introduction into the best of libraries. The work is intended to be completed in 100 folio numbers, aud of these 35 are already published; but, owing to the late prevalence of political strife in Belgium, the work has been for some time suspended, but its publication will be resumed as soon as the state of Belgic politics will permit. In the interim, the parties interested in the work are endeavouring to make it better known in London, and doubtless other places ; and to this endeavour we must say we wish all success; for a work of such merit deserves to be extensively known and pos- sessed. It is true, that, of the 35 numbers published, we have not seen many, and those we have seen are possibly the more attractive ones, as the subjects they contain are mainly trees and shrubs: but even if so, the general tone and character of the work furnish a sufficient assurance that the less attractive portions of it will be at least botanically interesting. From the first number we shall present a short notice of two plants of extraordinary interest: Rafflésza Patma Blume, and a near relative of it, Brugmansza Zippelzi Blume. Rafflesza Patma Blume is nearly .related to Rafflésza Arndldzz of Brown. Those who have access to the Linneean Society’s Transactions ZG 2 708 Blume’s Flora Jave. (vol. xili. p.227.), or to our Magazine of Natural History (vol. i. p. 68.), are already acquainted with the R. Arnéldzz; but for the sake of those who may not be, we shall, from the latter work, give again the cut (fg. 149.), and a short notice ONO CoA Re Ste FOS oe SPOS MHA SANE SS RWa\i eS SOY 143 | “Hf Ay i | ZB ify Zi NE LES MS if S SN LTP Ne eS S) SA\ y of it. It is a parasite, not an epiphyte (see p. 12. note) on the root and stems of the genus Vitis and allied genera. ‘The flower weighs 15 lbs., and constitutes the whole of the plant, which has neither leaves, roots, nor stem. ‘The flowers are dicecious, and the breadth of a full-grown one exceeds 3 ft. ; the segments of the perianth (a), which are five, are roundish, of a brick red colour, covered with protuberances of a yellow- ish white, measure 12 in. from the base to the apex; and it is about a foot from the insertion of one petal to that of the opposite one; the nectarium (4) would hold 12 pints; the pistils (d), abortive in the male flower sent to England, were very large. Its first appearance is that of a round knob (fig. 150.) proceeding from a crack or hollow in the stem or root. This knob, when cut through, exhibits the infant flower enveloped in numerous bracteal sheaths, which succes- sively open and wither away as the flower enlarges, until at the time of full expansion (fie. 149. a) very few are remaining, which have somewhat the appearance of a broken calyx (ce). Three months elapse from the first ap- pearance of the bud to the full expansion of the flower. The female flower differs little in appearance from the male, far- ther than in being without the anthers (e) of the latter. The Blume’s Flora Java. 709 flower, fully blown, was discovered in a jungle, growing close to the ground under the bushes, with a swarm of flies hovering over the nectary, and apparently laying their eggs in_ its substance. Before noticing Rafflésca Patma Blume, we should remark that Dr. Blume, in 1825, founded an order to receive this and allied plants, and devised for it the name Rhizantheze ; from rhize, avoot, and anthos, a flower ; in expression of the remark- able habit in their vegetation of their being flowers parasitically sustained on the roots of other plants. As M. Brongniart had, in 1824, a year previous, applied the term Cytinea to plants of the same kind, Dr. Blume’s name is superseded by the priority of M. Brongniart’s. Dr. Blume, however, in his work before us, published in 1828, retains his own name of Rhizaéntheze, and under it developes, in considerable detail, its characters, before he proceeds to the contradistinction, de- scription, and illustration of the plants, which, in this work, he has occasion to consider under it. These are, Rafflesia Patma Blume, R. Arnéldzz Brown, and Brugmansia Zippelz Blume. R. Arnéldzz, above spoken of, Dr. Blume only notices for the purpose of distinguishing his R. Patma from it ; and we now give some of his remarks on the latter, and on his Brug- mansza Zippelzz. To Rafflesza Patma Dr. Blume applies the epithet Patma in expression of its place of growth. ‘This species has the perianth smooth within, while R. Arndldzz ( fig. 149.) has this part rough with filiform excrescences; R. Patma has the pro- cesses of the column straightish, R. Arndldzz bears the processes in the disk of the column more crowdedly and con- fusedly, and of unequal leneth, and here and there somewhat divided and twisted; R. Arnéldzz is perhaps still farther distinguished from R. Patma, in the former having dicecious flowers. R. Paétma Blume grows in shady places of the little island of Nusa Kambangan, near to the south of Java, upon the roots of Cissus scaridsa Blume, which plant delights exceed- ingly in moist soil, and where the diameter of the expanded perianth of the Rafflésca Patma not rarely exceeds 2 Dutch feet (five of which are equal to four English), but in less favourable situations its diameter is scarcely 14 to 16 Dutch inches. Accurate examination convinced Dr. Blume that the Rafllésza PAtma had no connection whatever with the woody layers of the root of the Cissus scariosa, but that its connection was only with the substance of the bark of the root. It is quite remarkable that the growing bark, having its continuity inter- ZZ3 710 DBlume’s Flora Java. rupted by the entrance of the collet of the Rafflésza into its substance, swells out into a cup-shaped process round about the flower-buds of the Rafflés¢a, and this cuplike process varies in diameter, according to the length of time which may take place between the first rising of the flower-bud and the ultimate fall of the flower itself and its remains. To illustrate this extraordinary plant, a series of drawings, occupying four folio pages, are presented: they show its progressive stages of developement and its structure, and are admirably exe- cuted. Brugmansza Zippélzz Blume. Dy. Blume ventures to apply this generic term to this plant, because he considers that Persoon’s genus Brugmansza is not sufficiently distinct from Dativa L. The specific name Zippéléz compliments. the person who first found this plant growing on the roots of Cissus tuberculata Blume, in moist woods on the south-west declivity of the mountain Salax, and at the height of from 1200 to 1500 feet above the level of the sea. ‘The mountain is situate in the province of Buitenzorg, on the west of Java, and is sacred both to Vulcan and to Flora. The generic character of Blume’s genus Brugmansia are these: —Perianth of one leaf, with the crown of the throat interrupted, limb 5-parted; segments or partitions twice or thrice cleft: the sestivation valvate induplicate; the central column subglobose, hollowed above, and naked; anthers mon- adelphous, 2-celled, opening by two pores. Dr. Blume states that Brugmansza Zippélzz possesses remarkably styp- tical powers. In the other odd numbers which have come under our observation, in the crder Cupuliferee several most interesting species of oak are figured and described: the foliage of some of these is magnificent, and the cups and acorns are very striking. In the order Juglandeze there are some species of an interesting genus named Engelhardtza by Leschenault, the nuts of which are furnished with wings somewhat in the man- ner of our maples, and are disposed in catkins. In Anondcee a beautiful species of Unona, called dasymaschala, to express its having thick shoots, is figured, and has numerous ruby blossoms. Three species of Artabotrys, viz., odoratissima, hamata, and suaveolens; and several species of the genus Polyalthia, are also presented in this order. In Magnolzdcee, six species of Michelia are figured, four of Taulama, and two plants to which the names Mangleétza glauca (a shrub) and Aromadéndron élegans (a tree) are ascribed. The order Dipterocaérpeze is elucidated by numerous details, derived from full descriptions of six species of the genus Dipterocarpus ; Wallich’s Plante Rariores Asiatice. 11 namely, D. trinérvis, retdsus, Spandghez, littoralis, gracilis, and Hasséltzz. The essential generic characters of Diptero- carpus are, calyx in the mouth irregularly 5-cleft, with two opposite segments longer than the rest, and strap-shaped; corolla 5-petaled, and folded in a convolute manner previously to expansion; the stamens numerous; the anthers elongately linear, and tipped with a bristly point; fruit, a wceody nut, not opening, by abortion one-celled, and involucred by the enlarging calyx: the seed in most species is large. It will give some idea of the magnificence of these trees, to re- mark that Dipterocarpus trinérvis attains the height of from 150 to 200 feet, and that its elliptical leaves are from seven inches to more than a foot in length, and from four to seven inches broad. ‘The remarkable feature in this family, of each fruit having two wings, as expressed in the word Dipterocdrpus, Is very interesting. ‘These wings are formed by the progressive lengthening of the longer segments of the calyx, and in some species of the genus attain the length of three inches: in D. trinérvis they are 3-nerved. In the plan of the Mora Jave, it deserves admiration, that the subjects are arranged in their natural orders, and all the subjects belonging to any one natural order are published con- secutively ; while in most instances the characters of a natural order are given precedently to the characters, and descrip- tions, and figures, of the plants included in that order. Wallich, Nathaniel, M.D. F.R.S. &c.: Plants Rariores Asiaticee; or, Figures, coloured, and Descriptions of ‘Two - hundred and Ninety-five selected unpublished Kast Indian Plants. In 3 vols. imperial folio. London, 1832. 36/. In our Vol. VII. p. 206—212. we have given short notices of a hundred plants figured in the first volume of this very splendid work. Since that time two additional volumes have been published, and with these the work is now completed in three volumes. ‘Iwo hundred and ninety-five plates of plants are presented, and an engraved map of India, which is deemed equivalent to five plates of plants. On this map are indicated the routes of the following travellers who have severally ex- plored various parts of India, to the end of increasing our acquaintance with the plants of that vast continent: —Mr. Fin layson, Dr. Hamilton, General Hardwicke, M. Leschenault de Latour, Mr. Moorcroft, Mr. Royle, Colonel Sykes, Dr. Wallich, and Dr. Wight. India abounds profusely in species of plants; and many of them are extraordinarily beautiful, as is testified by not a few of the figures of those selected, for illustration in the work of which we are speaking; but we “Lt 4 712 Hooker’s Botanical Miscellany. really underrate this work, and do it an injustice, if we leave ourselves understood that it only acquaints us with those 295 plants, of which figures have been given: it contains, besides, some lengthy contributions to systematic botany of great value. This has happened in this wise. Dr. Wallich, on visiting Europe, brought with him, in addition to original drawings, stores of specimens; and these, the latter at least, have been distributed to the botanists of Europe, according to the natural families with which they were severally known to be best acquainted. ‘The result has been a greater degree of accuracy, and a richer effusion of information, under each species, than could have arisen, had the authorship of the work been vested in any one person, however eminent. Besides the valuable descriptions proper to the species illustrated, there are the following still more useful communications. A mono- graph, in the second volume, on the Latrinse of the Kast Indies, to which there is a supplement in the third volume, both by Professor Nees von Esenbeck. ‘This occupies 22 pages, and developes the most complete account of the order any where extant; and gives a digest, and the characters, of the genera and species which range under it. Professor Nees also elaborates, in the same manner, in the third volume, the ordinal, generic, and specific characteristics of those lovely plants the Indian Acanthaceze; and this valuable elucidation of this family occupies 48 pages. Professor Meisner, also, in the third volume, presents a synopsis of those plants of the natural order Polygoneze, which belong to British India, so far as specimens of them exist in the vast herbarium which has been collected under the direction of the East India Company, and by them recently presented to the Linnzean Society of London; an act of munificence which does honour to the Company. In vol. iii. p. 27., Professor Martius, too, elabo- rates the characters of the Indian Eriocatilese and Xyridez. Flooker, W. J., LL.D.: The Botanical Miscellany; contain- ing Figures and Descriptions of such Plants as recommend themselves by their Novelty, Rarity, or History, or by the Uses to which they are applied. 8vo. London, 1832. In quarterly parts, 10s. 6d. each. Part viii. of this work was published on the Ist of August jast, and contains the following papers : — 1. * Contributions towards a Flora of South America, and the islands of the Pacific. By Dr. Hooker and G. A. W. Arnott, Esq. A.M. F.R.S. &c.” This paper occupies 83 pages, and is to be continued ina future number. It enumerates 384 species of plants, specimens of which have been received from Hooker's Botanical Miscellany. 713 Messrs. Cuming, Bridges, Matthews, Tweedie, Macrae, Cruickshanks, Gillies, Lay, Collie, Douglas, Scouler, and others, and are preserved in herbariums in this country. We say ‘“‘ enumerates,” because some of them, being previously known species, are only indicated; but the majority of them are, and among them some new genera, now described for the first time: consequently, this paper is a very important contribution to systematic botany, both in Britain and all the world over. A genus, nearly allied to Draba, is dedicated to Mr. Mathews, by the name of Mathéwsza. Mr. Bridges, too, of whose diligence in collecting the paper supplies gratifying evidence, receives like honour in an interesting genus of shrubs, in the order Rutaceee, named Bridgésza after him. Three new species of lupine are described; and, amongst them, one (Lupinus albéscens) is termed a ‘fine species.” Ten new species of O’xalis are described; and four new species of Viola of peculiar aspect (of three of which figures are given), which “constitute a natural little group of Viola, remarkable for the crowded and stellate disposition of their leaves, which are strongly fringed with woolly hairs.” We must not, however, pretend to notify the genera to which additions are made. It pleases us to see that the following natives of Britain are also inhabitants of South America: — faninculus sceleratus, Fumaria capreolata, Carddmine hirsuta, Sisymbrium officinale, Lepidium ruderale, Capsélla barsa pastoris, Sagina prociimbens, Arenaria rubra, média Dee. ; Cerastium vulgatum, latifolium, arvénse; Geranium pyre- naicum, columbinum, disséctum, Robertzdnwn; Erodium cicutarium, moschatum; O’xalis corniculata; Medicago sa- tiva, minima, and denticulata. ‘The plants figured in the illustration of this paper are Mathéwsza folidsa; Viola con- gésta, volcénica, and Astérias; Crinodéndron Pdtagna, a Chilean tree, thought to belong to Eleeocarpeze; Tricomaria Usillo, a shrub from Mendoza, a genus allied to Bannistéria ; Bridgés¢a spicata, Genista élegans; Adésmia élegans, tri- foliata; Gourlicéa decérticans, a genus in Legumindse, named by Dr. Gillies in memory ef the late Mr. Robert Gourlie, who botanised successfully at Mendoza, and lately died there. The second paper is an abstract of the proceedings of the natural history society of Mauritius in 1830 and 1831. The third paper is a continuation of an Enumeration of Ferns, by Drs. Greville and Hooker. The fourth paper is on the Genus Sarothra and its affinities, accompanied by a figure and description of S. Drumméndzz. The fifth paper is ** On Cardamine rhomboidea and rotundifolia of North America,” of each of which a figure is given, ‘The sixth paper is a 714 Smith and Sowerby’s English Botany. ‘¢ Notice to the members of the Unio Itineraria, with a list of the plants collected in 1831.” The seventh and last paper, which is not completed, is one of much and popular interest. It is entitled ** A Sketch of the Province of Emerina, in the Island of Madagascar, and of the Huwa, its inhabitants ; written during a year’s residence by the botanists, Charles Theodore Hilsenberg of Erfurth, and Wenceslaus Bojer of Prague in Bohemia: with an Appendix on the Tanghina poison Zanghinia veneniflua.” Of this plant, a double plate, coloured, is given, and which seems identical with Cérbera Tanghin of the Botanical Magazine, although this identity is not declared. Besides the figures we have indicated, there is one of Polypodium melanopum, and one of Cryptogramma retrofracta, to which we see no description. Nees von Esenbeck : Genera et Species Asterearum. This is reported to be a work which will greatly avail those engaged in the study of the species of the genus 4’ster, and of the allied genera: see Professor Lindley’s opinion of it in a quotation presented, p. 723. Smith, Sir J. E., M.D.&c., and Sowerby, James, F.L.S. &c.: English Botany; or, coloured Figures of British Plants, with their essential Characters, Synonymes, and Places of Growth. The Second Edition, arranged according to the Linnzan Method, with the Descriptions. shortened, and occasional Remarks added. London. In 8yo numbers, 1s. each ; monthly, or oftener if desired. We are glad to see a cheap edition of this excellent and far- famed work supplied to the public on terms that will render it obtainable by many whose circumstances would never war- rant their purchasing the first edition. That edition, which sells for 55/., extends to 36 volumes, and includes figures and descriptions of 2592 native plants, 1087 of which, ex- clusive of 55 ferns, are cryptogamic, or, as far as our naked eyes are concerned, flowerless plants. From this second edition all such are to be omitted; and even the figures of flowering plants, “ which represent such nearly allied species as may be readily distinguished by the descriptions from those figured.” By this omission of some species, “it is supposed that about 1200 plates will contain the flower- ing plants, which may be bound in six volumes; and, as most of them are ready, no delay is likely tooccur.” As, however, some purchasers may prefer to possess a figure of every plant described in this edition, Mr. Sowerby proposes to supply British lowering Plants. 715 impressions, and coloured, of all the omitted plates, at 3d. each. The plates employed will be those used for the first edition, except in some few instances of errer, where new ones will be substituted. In this second edition the plates are published in the order of the Linneean classes and orders, with the names of the plants engraved on the plates: the impressions are taken off on smaller paper, and have their colouring less highly finished, than those in the first edition. The descriptions are published collectedly, and, like the figures, in the order of the system of Linnzeus. They are condensed from those in the first edition, and, the editor trusts, without omitting any thing material; while, from the increased accuracy which the progress of botanical research has effected, they will be occasionally improved. In the names of the plants some few indispensable changes will be admitted. To each genus is added the name of the natural order to which it belongs, and a few general remarks on the habits and properties of the species of the genus. ‘These are useful additions. Of the six numbers published we shall remark on the first four, in explanation of the manner of publication, that Nos. 1, 2, and 3. contain five plates each, without any descriptive text; but No. 4. contains three plates and a sheet of letterpress, in which the 18 species figured in the four numbers are described, and nine species besides, the figures of which are omitted. In this manner, through the work, the letterpress is to be sup- plied when the descriptions have become numerous enough 1o fill a sheet. Mr. Sowerby, in his address, hopes “ that the many intelligent persons whose means are limited, may be in- duced, by the low price at which this edition of Lnglzsh Botany is published, to avail themselves of the opportunity of acquainting themselves with the vegetable beauties disclosed around them ;” a hope in which we heartily concur. Anon.: British Flowering Plants, drawn from Nature, and engraved under the direction of William Baxter, A. L.S. F.H.S., &c., Curator of the Oxford Botanic Garden. In 8vo numbers, each containing four plates and deserip- tive letterpress. With the plates coloured, 1s.; unco- loured, 6d. : Another very cheap work, devoted to the illustration of British flowering plants. It is “ to be confined to a single specimen of each genus, which will be sufficient for all general purposes.” In the first number the species figured are Hri- tillaria meléagris, Tudipa sylvéstris, Geum rivale, and Viola 716 Mackay’s Catalogue of Irish Plants. canina: in the second number, Polygonum Bistorta, Paris quadrifolia, Adonis autumnalis, and O'phrys apifera. The plants are well drawn and engraved, the first six of the eight, in particular; but the colouring, in our copy, of the 4th, 7th, and 8th subjects, admits improvement. Each spe- cies has a separate leaf allotted to the description of it, in which the Linnean class and order and natural order to which it belongs is stated, and the generic and specific names, cha- racters, and etymons given, as well as synonymes, habitats, a detailed description, and the uses, if any, to which the species is applied. Dissections of the parts of the flower which characterise the genus are given on the plate, and explained in the text. Mackay, James Townsend, M.R.I. A. A.L.S. &e. &c.: A Cata- logue of the Phzenogamous Plants and Ferns found in Ire- land, with Descriptions of some of the rarer Sorts. Dublin, 1825. 4to, 98 pages. We notice this book, retrospective as is its date, for the sake of connecting it with Mr. Mackay’s interesting communication on some newer discoveries, in our Vol. VII. p.230.; where, if we mistake not, this catalogue is alluded to as the list published “ in 1804,” which is doubtless a misprint for 1824. The present is a useful catalogue, for its indication of habitats, and for the original remarks sprinkled through it: but its size is inconvenient ; and as Mr. Mackay probably contemplates a second edition, we hope he will, in consideration of the pockets of botanical travellers, make choice of duodecimo pages, and type as small as nonpareil. Botanical explorers are most fre- quently youthful, and can therefore read small print readily enough. Mantell, Joshua: A Chart of Floriculture, comprising the Propagation of Stove, Green-house, and hardy herbaceous Plants; hardy Trees and Shrubs; with the Soils best adapted to their Growth. A folio sheet, 30 in. by 21 in. 1832. Published by J. Baxter, Lewes, Sussex. Reprinted from the second edition of Baxter’s Library of Agricultural and Horticultural Knowledge. Information on the best modes of propagating plants, and the soils fittest for their healthful growth, is, as the above title indicates, the express object of this chart. This object is very well achieved by digesting into separate alphabets the genera of stove plants, of green-house plants, of hardy trees and shrubs, of hardy herbaceous plants, and of annual and biennial plants; and by appending to the end of each generic name Jetters and figures’ which represent certain detailed Mantell’s Chart of Floriculture. DL7 meanings explained at the bottom of the chart. The genera, _as thus classed, and with information thus appended to them, are stated to be nearly 4000 in number, and they form 18 longitudinal columns; and, says the author, “ as the species require the same treatment as the genus to which they belong, the chart may be said to embrace the cultivation of between twenty and thirty thousand of the most interesting productions of the vegetable kingdom.” We cannot better explain the mode of using the chart than by quoting the author’s own “¢ directions ;” but, before we do so, we ought to observe that he enumerates 21 modes of propagating plants, or of treating the cuttings, &c., while in the course of being converted into plants, and these modes are severally numbered. He enume- rates, also, of soils and composts, 14 kinds, and distinguishes each kind by a capital letter of the alphabet. ‘Then, “should,” says he, ‘the culture of any species of plant be required, it will only be necessary to turn to the genus to which it belongs. For illustration: let Abroma, under stove plants, be taken as an example. Opposite to this we find. 1. 6. E. By referring to the modes of propagation, we learn that the plant may be raised, 1. by seed; 6. by cuttings of the young wood planted in sand under a bell-glass, and placed in a shady part of the stove or green-house, and that the cuttings are liable to damp off, unless the accumulated moisture be occasionally wiped from the glass. Under soils, it will be seen that E. indicates equal parts of loam and peat, as best adapted to the growth of the genus. Annuals and biennials being uniformly propagated by seeds, it has been deemed only necessary to point out their habits and places of habitation: these are de- signed by the following abbreviations :— A. annual, B. bien- nial, H. hardy, T. tender, G. green-house, S. stove.” - ‘We have bestowed thus many words on this chart, because it is certainly the most comprehensive synopsis of directions for propagating plants, and accommodating them with the soils they require, which has ever been published. It is an im- portant improvement of the 11th and 12th columns in our Hortus Britannicus : in those columns of that work, the mode of propagation and soil are generally stated; in the chart before us, where these two particulars have been almost the only objects of the author’s attention, they are stated with more definiteness, precision, and detail. ‘The author adopts our accentuation of the generic names, and of indicating whether they be of classic, commemorative, or aboriginal origin. We need not remark to the young gardener, for whose sake we have noticed this chart at such length, how practicable it is to apply the same principle of conspectiveness and of abbreviation, by arbitrary short-hand characters, to other objects. 718 Doyle’s Hints on Emigration. Anon.: The Cape of Good Hope Literary Gazette. Cape Town. 4to. In periodical Numbers. 20s. per annum. A miscellany designed to supply intellectual gratification to the readers of Southern Africa. No. 13., published June 1. . 1831; and No. 14., published June 29. 1831, have been sent us. Each contains 12 quarto pages of matter, disposed in triple columns; and a portion of this space is occupied by ori- ginal contributions on various topics, general and local, enter- taining and instructive. Then follow ‘ critical notices” of new publications, and “ extracts literary, scientific, and mis- cellaneous.” ‘The work appears to be well conducted. Mr. Bowie, our valued correspondent, in No. 13. contributes ‘‘q list of some of the most conspicuous indigenous plants blossoming in the month of June, at Wynberg and its vicinity,” in which the names of nearly 100 species appear; and Mr. Bowie, in his introductory remarks, states that these, ‘ toge- ther with 200 species more, may be observed in flower in a walk of two or three hours,” and that all these are “ only a part of the wznter embellishments of the vegetable kingdom in this part of the world.” No. 14. contains a similar list for July, in which the species, although almost as numerous, are all distinct from those in the June list. Both lists are intro- duced by a few sensible remarks; and in the July one there is this note under Hesperantha, where H. cinnamomea, falcata, and pilosa are the species mentioned; but the note is appended to the generic name, and is probably meant to relate to every species of the genus, rather than to any particular one: — Hes- perantha, evening flower; Dutch, Avondbloem; which emits a most delicious fragrance, and, in the neighbourhood of Cape Town, is the violet, the cowslip, and, the primrose, the har- binger of spring in Southern Africa. Hencea bunch of these beautiful flowers is carried in triumph into the town. That the inhabitants are not destitute of the love of flowers, is quite evident from the numerous groups betanising en our mountains, awaiting the appearance of, and eagerly plucking this pretty evening flower.” In the lists are the names of many species of plants existing in our collections. In the numbers before us are notices of the South African Literary Society, South African Institution, South African Library, and the Graham’s Town Library; and there seems much interest prevailing on literary subjects in the colony. Doyle, Martin, Author of Hints to small Holders, &c.: Hints on Emigration to Upper Canada; especially addressed to the Middle and Lower Classes of Great Britain ‘and, Opinions on Vegetable Diet. 719 Ireland. 12mo, 2d edition. Dublin, 1832, Curry jun, and Co. The author decidedly prefers Canada to the United States. ‘¢ In no other country in the world,” he says, ‘‘ can such com- forts and advantages be obtained in exchange for labour and industry; but, at the same time, I do not recommend those who enjoy happiness and comfort at home, even with a life of toil, to emigrate on mere speculation.” As to the part of Canada that Mr. Doyle prefers, he says: — “ So impressed am I with the advantages which are offered to the settler in Upper Canada, that, were I not engaged in public and private duties, I would join the first merry-hearted set of Irish emigrants in planting ourselves and our potatoes in one of the richest townships in the Huron territory.” Anon.: Opinions of several eminent Medical Men with re- gard to Vegetable Diet in reference to Cholera. Pamph. 8vo, 32 pages. London, 1832. 3d. The apprehensions of cholera which were entertained in London in July and August last, and an impression which then prevailed, that eating of fruit and vegetables would predispose the body to receive this disease, went well-nigh to ruin the mar- ket-gardeners, inasmuch as these causes seriously diminished the consumption and sale of their productions. Hereupon a committee of the Market-Gardeners’ Society addressed a letter to those physicians whose letters are published in the pam- phlet, soliciting their several opinions on the connection which might obtain between vegetable diet and the cholera disease. Thirty letters from as many medical men, twenty-nine of them M. D.s, received in reply to this letter, occupy the pamphlet, headed by a preface, from which we learn, without reading the letters, ‘* that the impression of fear in the public mind with regard to vegetable diet may be entirely removed, and con- fidence again restored; as the general use of vegetables, as hitherto, is not only not injurious, but highly beneficial and valuable.” Various Writers: ‘Transactions of the Albany Institute from 1828 to 1830. 1 vol. 8vo, 240 pages, with plates. Albany, 1830, Webster and Skinners. / This book contains some useful papers. They, however, appertain more to the natural history of the state than to the art of gardening as practised in it. Art. 3., by Dr. Beck, . “On the Geographical Botany of the United States,” contains some interesting notices of plants. ‘The book supplies gratify- ing evidence that the inhabitants of Albany are arduous in researches for the acquisition of knowledge. 720 German and Swedish Books. GERMANY AND SWEDEN. Antoine, F., Court Gardener in the Royal and Imperia Paradise Garden at Vienna: Abbildung von 51 Pfirsich Sorten nach der Natur. Figures from Nature of 51 Sorts of Peaches. Vienna, 1816—1821. This is an abridgment, which costs at Vienna about 30s., of a work in folio by the same author which costs more than three times the money. ‘The figures are remarkably well executed ; and the descriptions, as we are informed by M. Rauch, who lent us the work, and by Mr. Thompson, the author of the Horticultural Society’s Fruit Catalogue, judici- ous and correct. We have no very high idea of the utility of figuring such fruits as the peach, a] em strawberry, goose- ber TY, Xe., which are of short duration; constantly undergoing alteration by the introduction of new sorts raised from seed ; and, in consequence, the fashionable sorts of which are con- tinually changing. However, they are certainly better worth figuring than hybrid pelargoniums and florist’s flowers; and therefore let the work pass. Wenstrom, John Peter: Handbok 1 Blomsterkulturen for Fruntimmer. 8vo, 293 pages. Stockholm, 1831. This work treats of 450 species of blooming plants, none, or but few, of them rare in English collections ; but all of them showily flowered, and well suited to the decoration of flower-gardens. They are assorted into separate alphabetic lists, under the classes of annuals, perennials, bulbous and tuberous rooted plants, flowering shrubs, and plants for the orangery or green-house. Under each species is given a short history, usually of but a few lines, but sometimes extend- ing to half a page, or even a whole one. This history imparts the same kind of information as is supplied in our Hortus Britan- nicus, but ina fuller manner : it is terminated by an explanation of the generic name; and the history or description is pre- ceded by the French and Swedish names of the plant, which follow the botanical sytematic one. ‘The work is closed with an index of the botanical names, a second of the French ones, and a third of the Swedish ones. It is a convenient and useful manual, for those who are familiar with the language in which it is written, and who are desirous to learn, in a ready manner, what are the fittest plants to procure for effecting any particular instance of decoration they may desire. 721 MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. Art. 1. Floricultural and Botanical Notices of new Plants, and of old Plants of Interest, supplementary to the latest Editions of the “ Encyclopedia of Plants,” and of the “ Hortus Britannicus.” Curtis’s Botanical Magazine ; each monthly Number containing eight plates, 3s. 6d. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Dr. Hooker, King’s Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow. Edwards's Botanical Register; each monthly Number containing eight plates ; 4s. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by John Lindley, F.R.S., Pro- fessor of Botany in the London University. Sweet's British Flower-Garden; each monthly Number containing four plates; 3s. coloured, 2s. 3d. plain. Edited by David Don, Esq., Libra- rian to the Linnean Society. Loddiges’s Botanical Cabinet ; each monthly Number containing ten plates ; 5s. coloured, 2s. 6d. partly coloured. Edited by Messrs. Loddiges. The reader will find the few abbreviations used in the following extracts explained in p. 12. DicoTyLEDoNous PoLYPETALOUS PLANTs. XXII. Berberideze. 890. EPIME‘DIUM. diphyllum B. C. two-lvd xy Acu i my W Japan 1830? D Iit.l Bot. cab. 1858 This is a curious little plant, very little known. We obtained it from our worthy friend, M. Schuurman, of the Leyden Garden, into which it has lately been introduced from its native country. It appears to be quite hardy, and may be increased by dividing the roots. (Bot. Cab., Oct.) LXXVII. Leguminose. 1963. DAVIE’SZA. 10612@ virgata Cun. twiggy a |pr 2?jn Taw. BlueM.N.H.1827? C_ sl.p Bot. mag. 3196 Another of the numerous interesting discoveries of Mr. Allan Cunning- ham. It inhabits the more elevated dry, barren, parts of the Blue Moun- tains of New Holland, where it flowers in October: in the green-house at Kew, its blossoming season is June. Mr. Cunningham observes that it appears to be allied to D. racemulosa of De Candolle, and to D. umbellata of Smith; but that it is really distinct from both. A twiggy shrub, with alternate narrow leaves and numerous axillary somewhat corymbose ra- cemes, each consisting of from four to seven flowers. (Bot. Mag., Nov.) LXXXVIII. Euphorbiacer. § Euphorbiée. 1460. EUPHO’/RBIA. _ eruentata Grah. red-spotied-lud YiA|cu 2? au.s Ap St. Louis 1831? S$ s.1 Ed.n.ph. j. no.26 This species is described in detail by Dr. Graham in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal for Oct. 1832, No. 26. p. 361. “ Seeds of this plant were sent, along with specimens, to this country from St. Louis, North America, by Mr. Drummond. When is not stated, neither is the height of the stem. ‘“ The plants flowered in the green-house of the Edinburgh Botanic Garden in August and September.” Notwithstanding this, we Vou. VIII.— No. 41. 3A 722 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, have presumed the species to be hardy. The petioled, lanceolate, un- equally serrated, hairy leaves, which are 2 in. long and 10 lines broad, are “irregularly sprinkled above with dull red spots,” and this is the property expressed in the epithet cruentata. CXXI. Pittosporee. 679. PITTO’/SPORUM. angustifolium B.C. narrow-leaved % ~Jcu 1? jn Y N.S.W. 1830. C Lp Bot. cab. 1859 “ This has lately been introduced from New South Wales. It is of a delicate habit, having a few slender straggling branches, and it flowers in June.” (Bot. Cab., Oct.) CXXXII. Malesherbiacee. “3472, MALESHE/RBLA. 29001l@ ccronata D.Don faux-crowned © or 23 jns B- Chile 1832. S lt Sw.fl.gar.2.s.167 Of this interesting genus, six species, native to Peru and Chile, are known to botanists; and two of them are already in cultivation im Britain. M. humilis is registered in our Additional Supplement, p. 593. M. coronata, the second species, which, as well as M. humilis, and some other species, is annual, has been raised by Mr. Thomas Brown, of the Highgate Nursery, from seeds collected in Chile by Mr. Hugh Cuming; from whose rich herbarium Mr. Don had previously described M. coronata and three other species. M. coronata has an upright, branched, pubescent stem, and rather long, linear, narrow, toothed, pubescent leaves. From the axils of the diminished leaves on the branches-are produced the blossoms, and not sparingly. These have a short green tube, on the top of which are seated five green spreading calycine segments, and, alternate with them, five blue petals; so that the ten segments together form a slightly starry blossom, green and blue in colour, orbicular in outline, and equalling a penny-piece in size. The plant flowered with Mr. Brown in September last : it requires a light sandy soil, and is increased by seeds. (Sweet’s Mlower-Garden, Nov.) The genus Maleshérbia, in natural affinity, is between the genera Passi- flora and Tdarnera; and is in Monadeélphia Pentandria of the system of Linneus. CXLVI. Galacinee. Franca sonchifolia is figured in Loddiges’s Botanical Cabinet for November, t. 1864: it has rosy petals, with a feathered purple stripe down the centre of each. With Messrs. Loddiges “it grows freely, with a stem 2 or 3 ft. high, flowering in July. It is a coarse-looking plant in its herbage, but the fiowers are numerous and beautiful. They are likely to be followed by seeds, by which it will be readily multiplied. The soil should be rich loam.” ‘This species is already in our Additional Supplement, but less perfectly than we now give it : — . #28870 sonchifodlia Feu. Sow-thistle-lvd y A or 23 jlau Ro.P Chile 1830. S rl Bot. cab. 1864 DicoryLEeDoNous MonoretTatous PLaAnts. CLXXVII. Stylidiee. " * 9581, STYLI’D1UM. 228940 hirstitum #.Br. hairy-scaped ¢ ,Ajor 3 my.jn Ro Kg.G.’sSd.1830? S s.p Bot. mag. 3194 This species has newly come into cultivation; and its purplish rose- coloured corollas, yellow in the throat, are larger than those of any species in our gardens. Mr. M‘Nab raised the plant figured from a seed taken off a native specimen, sent to him by the late Mr. Fraser. It blossomed in the green-house of the Edinburgh Botanic Garden through May and the early part of June. (Bot. Mag., Nov.) Stylidium janceum is minutely described by Dr. Graham, in the Hdin- burgh New Philosophical Journal for Oct. 1832, p. 364., whence we are enabled to fill in the blanks which appear under this species in the Add. Supp., No. 29277. supplementary to Enc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. +29277 janceum R. Br. rushy ¥ iAleu 2 s Ro Kg.G.’sSd.1830. S p.l “ This plant is perhaps less ornamental than any of the species hitherto introduced into cultivation, but still interesting.’ (Graham.) CLXXXVI. Composite § Astéree. A’ster spectabilis, quite an orna- mental, and happily not rare, species of this extensive autumn-flowering genus, is figured in the Bot. Reg. for September, t. 1527, and described in the number for October; where Professor Lindley presents the following Important Information respecting the Genus A’ster. “ It is well known that the genus A’ster has long been the disgrace of botanists; that there is no instance, in the whole range of natural history, of such imperfect descrip- tions, unscientific arrangements, false species, confused synonymes, and multiplied names, as this genus presents. We have for many years been collecting materials, in the hope of being able to reduce it to better order ; and lately we have begun to explain our ideas upon the subject, in several articles that have appeared in the Botanical Register. ** But we are fortunately relieved from the prosecution of our under- taking, by the appearance of a work from the pen of the learned Dr. Nees von Ksenbeck, ‘which, whether we regard the elegance of its style, the precision of its arrangement, the philosophical spirit that pervades every page, or the laborious accuracy with which the whole has been digested, is certainly the most remarkable instance of scientific research applied to systematic botany that we are acquainted with. Our labour in future will be reduced to an illustration of this extraordinary production, or to a criticism of such points in it as may appear to admit of improvement.” *2337a EURY’BIA Cass. (Eurubiés, wide-spreading, as are its creeping offsets.) {corymbosa Cass. corymbed Y A or 2 aus W N.Amer.1765. D co Bot. reg. 1532 A’ster corymbdsus dit. Hort. Kew. Willd. Sp. Pl., and probably of Hort. Brit., No. 23166. A. cor- difdlius Ma., not of Nut. A very common plant in gardens, where each corymb usually consists of numerous heads of flowers; although, in shady woods from Canada to Virginia, where the plant is native, each stem does not usually bear more than from two to ten flower heads. (Bot. Reg., Oct.) CXCV. Asclepiadee. *774a PHYSIA’/NTHUS Mart. (Phusa, a bladder, anthos, a flower ; corolla inflated at its base.) 5. 2. Asclepiddez Sp. 1. — albens Mart. whitish-2vd. $§ {jor 20 au W Bu. Ayr. 1830. S lp. Mart-br. 54. t.32 _ “ Seeds of this fine plant were received by Mr. Neill, from Mr. Tweedie, Buenos Ayres, in 1830; and, climbing along the roof of the stove in his garden, flowered freely in August last. I possess from Mr. Tweedie an excellent specimen, in no respect different from the cultivated plant.” (Dr. Graham, in Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal.) This is an interesting stove climber, of rather rapid growth, and is in the collection of Messrs. Young, Epsom, as well as in that of Mr. Neill, at Canonmills. The leaves are petioled, opposite, cblong, and deep green and pruinose above. The corolla is salver-shaped; pale rose- coloured when in bud, afterwards white; smooth, somewhat fleshy, and faintly perfumed: its tube is half an inch long, the limb I+ in. across: the flowers are borne in subdichotomous cymes. Caralluma fimbriata is figured in the Botanical Cabinet of Messrs. Lod- diges for November, t. 1863. We mention this, that every cultivator of stapelias may know where to apply for a plant of this highly curious species. CCXI. Scrophulérine. § Two anther-bearing stamens. 65. CALCEOLA‘RIA, [2.s.162 578c Martineaie Swt. Martineau’s y _AJ or 1 ap.au Yspot.Fotherg-corym. 1831. D lt.r.m Sw.fi.g. “This elegant [and ornamental] freely flowering plant is the offspring of C. Fothergilli fertilised by C. corymbosa, and was raised by Mr. Blair, gardener to John Martineau, Esq., at Stamford Hill. It has been named 3A 2 794 ~ Floricultural and Botanical Notices, in compliment to Miss Martineau, a young lady of great botanical taste. Drawn at Mr. Low’s nursery, Upper Clapton.” (/lower-Garden, Oct.) This hybrid has already been noticed in this Magazine, Vol. VII. p. 510., and Vol. VIII. p. 48. 28701a -Atkinséa@na D.Don Atkins’s y Ajor 12 jn.o Y.R Eng.hyb. 1830. D p Sw.fi.gar.2.s.168 A short notice of this hybrid is presented, p. 473: it was raised by Mr. James Atkins, Nurseryman, Northampton, between C. corymbosa and C. arachnoidea. It emulates C. Young. It is perennial, multipli- cable by parting only, and was quite unhurt out of doors by last year’s winter. “Mr, Atkins finds that peat suits it best, and states that the original plant, which is placed in a border of that soil, is 5 ft. in circum- ference ; and sent forth, in the course of 1832, upwards of 150 stems, each bearing from 30 to 70 flowers. (Sweet’s Flower-Gar den, Nov.) CCXXI. Labidte. Scutellaria macrantha Fis. is figured i in Loddiges’s Bot. Cab. for November, t. 1865., and seems a very desirable species for the hardy flower-border. Its shoots are terminated by a spike of several rather large bright blue blossoms. MonocoTyLeponous Puants. CCXXXIV. Bromeliaceze. 951a H/CHMEA Lindl. (Aichmé, a point; from the rigid points on the calyx.) 6. 1. sp. [3186 Merténsii Schult. Mertens’s &fWijor 12 mrapG.R Demerara 1830 ? Sk p.r.w Bot. mag. A beautiful bromeliaceous plant, sent (when is not stated), with many other rarities, to the Liverpool Botanic Garden, from Demerara, where it is an epiphyte upon trees, by C. S. Parker, Esq. “ Its noble yellow green spikes, nearly 1 ft. long, tipped with richly coloured (bright and deep rose red), erect, protruded portions of the petals, and the large red bracteas at the base, render this plant a most desirable inmate of the stove.” (Bot. Mag., Oct.) CCXXXVIIL. Amaryliidez. *933a CORBULA‘RIA Sal. (Corbula, a little basket ; shape of nectary.) 6. 1. 10 sp. 7583, serotina Haw. late-flowering rf A or 4 mrap Y Portugal 1629, O ‘sl Sw.fi. gar.2.s. 164 This is the hoop-petticoat narcissus (Narcissus Bulbocodium) of the Bo- tanical Mag., t. 88. but not the NV. Bulbocédium of Linnzeus’s Herbarium. Tt is, as is well known, a very interesting and ornamental species. “ The corbularias, being chiefly natives of the south of Europe, require a very slight protection in severe winters: they thrive best in a light loamy soil and a sheltered situation ; but also succeed well in pots, if treated as bulbous frame plants. C. serétina, if occasionally transplanted when the bulbs are quiescent, succeeds also in the open ground.” (Flower-Garden, Oct.) I have witnessed its thriving thoroughly, and blooming every year satisfactorily, at the foot of a tall eastern-aspected wall. — J. D. 979. ALSTRGEME‘RI4A. oculata B. C. eyed-filud. _£.AJor 5 jn Ro.eye. P Valparaiso 1831. O p.l.dung Bot.cab. 1851 “ This appears to be a species hitherto unknown : it is one of the climb- ing kinds; and its flowers, like those of all the genus, are beautiful. We have reason to believe that it will endure the climate of this country, as many of the other kinds do, planted in a border close to the front wall of astove.” (Bot. Cab., Oct.) Alstroemeéria psittacina is figured in the Botanical Register for November, t.1540.; where Professor Lindley, after doubting its being a native of Mexico, as some state, and suggesting that it is rather a native of Brazil or Chile, presents the following admirable remarks on the physiology of leaves : — “ Than these alstrcemerias no plants evince im a more striking manner the aptitude of one vegetable organ to adapt itself to the functions of another. The breathing-pores of leaves, or stomata (as botanists name them), are usually placed upon their under’ side, which has also much more prominent veins than the upper, and is covered with hairs exclusively, if supplementary to Enc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 725. hairs are found upon only one of the two surfaces. In Alstrceméria, the leaves, owing to some unknown cause, are always resupinate; that is to say, in consequence of a twist of their petiole, that side which is born uppermost is turned undermost. Now, itis very curious that the surface, which, under other circumstances, would have no breathing-pores, no hairs, and not elevated veins, acquires all these characters in consequence of having to perform functions that are foreign to it ; while the other surface, in like manner, loses them.” CXXXIX. Iridee. - 145. SISYRI/NCHIUM. 28017a maculatum Hook. spot-petaled ye AJjor 1 my Y.spot Chile 1831. D lp. Bot. mag. 3197 This is an interesting species, and seems prolific in flowers. The spathes have a broad white membranaceous margin. The flowers are starry, almost as large as a shilling, ofa full deep yellow; but each of the six segments has a deep blood-red spot near its base, and the three inner segments have also a large horseshoe-shaped spot or cloud of the same hue at the tip, occupy- ing the segment’s whole width. It is nearly allied to S. graminifolium, but is sufficiently distinct. (Bot. Mag., Nov.) 1353a lutéscens B.C. yellowish-jid. g _Aj or 23 my. jn Ysh Chile 1830. S It. Bot.cab. 1870 Messrs. Loddiges “ raised this from seeds sent by Mr. Cuming. It grew to the height of nearly 3 ft., and flowered in the green-house in April and May. It should be potted in light loam; and is likely to be nearly or quite hardy with us. It increases itself by offsets from the roots. (Bot. Cab., Nov.) The figure much reminds us of S. striatum. CCXL. Orchidee § Vandee. 9593, CYMBI DIUM. (4. Bolbidium. Rh{zoma creeping, bearing pseudo-bulbs from 1 to 3-leaved. marginatum Lindl. red-edg.-sepal. fe [7A\jor 2 n Y Rio Jan. 1829. D p.r.w Bot. reg. 1530 s‘ > Maxillaria gracilis Bot. Cab., 1837. [and Gard. Mag., vol. viii. p. 603. 606.] is either this ina sickly state, or a nearly allied species.”? (Lindley in Bot. reg. 1530.) An air plant, which does not often flower ; the sepals are 1 in. long, and yellow, margined with red. Young plants may be obtained by dividing the creeping stem, when the pseudo-bulbs will establish for themselves an inde- pendent life by means of their little white and green roots. (Bot. Reg., Oct.) 9594. CIRRH A Lindi. (Cirrhus, a tendril; form of rostellum.) 22642. Loddigéts# Lindl. Loddiges’s @ (A) or { jl.au_Y.spot Brazil 1822. D p.r.w Bot. reg. 1538 Cymbidium depéndens Lodd. Bot. Cab. 936. Cirrhz‘a depéndens Loudon’s Hort. Brit. p. 370., Sweet’s Hort. Brit. p. 483. The genus Cirrhe’a differs from all the genera in the tribe Vandee by its stigma occupying the apex, and not the face, of the column; while its anther is situated at the back. In this last respect it agrees with Notylia, which is, however, otherwise distinct. C. Loddigési# grows tolerably well in vegetable mould, if placed where the air is humid and the drainage com- plete; and, in such situations, flowers in August. Professor Lindley also refers to this genus the Gongora viridi-purpurea of Hooker; and describes a third species, specimens and a picture of which exist in Dr. Hooker’s herbarium, and names it C. fasco-litea. As, however, this is probably not yet in the country, we must at present only tabulate the second. ©2642a viridi-purpurea Lindi. green and pur. & [AJ or 1 jn.auG.P Brazil 1827. Dp.r.w Bot. reg. Gongodra viridi-purptrea Hooker in Bot. mag. 2978. 2540. ONCI’DIUM (Ogkos, a tumour ; the labellum of every species bears at its base warts, tumours, or other excrescences. Lindley.) cornigerum Lind?. horn-bearing « (7\Jor 3 au _ Y.spot Brazil 1829. D p.r.w Bot. reg. 1542 Probably this species exists in no British collection but that of the Hor- ticultural Society, and that of the Rev. and Hon. W. Herbert. It is, “perhaps, the smallest of all the species of Oncidium properly so called. . The truncated callosity of the crest, with a sort of two-horned screen at its back, and the two lateral erect lobes of the lip at its side, are, when viewed in profile, not very unlike a bull’s head in miniature.” (Bot, Reg., Noy.) 3A 3 726 Floricultural and Botanical Notices, crispum B.C. curled-petaled & Jor 3 jn Taw.y.spot Brazil1831. D p.r.w Bot. cab. 1854 This has been lately introduced; and, in June, 1832, flowered with us for the first time. The flowers are elegant in form, and of an unusual colour: like the other species, it will on occasion increase by separating its pseudo-bulb-bearing root-shoots. (Bot. Cab., Oct.) The flowers in the figure are 2 in. in diameter. *3412. STANHO*PEA Hook. : 28530a ebirnea Lindl. ivory-lipped & (ZXjor 3 jl W.P Rio Jan. 1828? D p.r.w Bot. reg. 1529 A noble epiphyte, figured from Knypersley Hall, near Congleton, Che- shire. It was imported from Rio Janeiro by Messrs. Loddiges. “ The flowers were slightly fragrant, and of short duration; the lip, when fresh, appeared to be formed of the most pure and highly polished ivory. “ Pro- fessor Lindley, in this article, cancels his generic title Ceratochilus, because, in applying it to the plants mentioned below, he did not advert to the existence of the same name in Dr. Blume’s Odservations upon Java Plants, Blume’s genus appears to be distinct ; and it has, therefore, become neces- sary to adopt Dr. Hooker’s name, Stanhdpea. Professor Lindley, on this point, thus honourably expresses himself :—“ We the more readily do this now, because, on a former occasion, in objecting to the reception of the name Stanhopea, we suffered ourselves to be betrayed into unkind ex- pressions, which should not have been applied to any one, and least of all to so amiable and excellent a man as our long-tried friend the Professor of Botany at Glasgow.” (Bot. Reg., Oct.) This revision of the nomenclature appertaining to this family of plants renders necessary the obliteration, from Hortus Pritannicus, p. 489. and 584., of the generic name Ceratochilus, and the substitution of the follow- ing digest of the species under their new generic title. *3411. STANHO*PEA Hook. (Earl Stanhope, President of the Medico-Botanical Society.) § 28531. insignis Hook notable €& Wor 1 jlo P Trinidad 1826. Dp.r.w Bot. mag. 2948 Ceratochilus insignis Lind/ey. Hort. Brit. p. 489. No. 28531. §28530. grandifldra Lind/. large-flowered € (Jor 1 jlo P Trinidad 1824 Dp.r.w Bot. cab. 1414 Ceratochilus grandiflorus B.C. Hort. Brit. p. 489. No. 28530. 28530a ebirnea Linal. ivory-lipped € (jor + jl W.P Rio Jan. 1828? Dp.r.w Bot. reg, 15293 28731. oculata Lindi. eyed &Wior 1 jn Y.spot Xalapa 1829. Dp.r.w Bot. cab. 1764 Ceratochilus oculAtus Bot. Cab. 1764. Hort. Brit. No, 28731. S. ebirnea “ differs decidedly from S. oculata and insignis; but is, indeed, very closely allied to S. grandiflora, from which it thus differs : — Its flowers are not more than two thirds of the size of those of S. grandi- flora; the horns of the base of the lip proceed from the middle of the margin of the hypochilium, and not from the front of the margin ; and the scape in S. grandiflora is shorter than the sepals: so that the flowers are erect, while in S. ebarnea the scape is twice as long, and pendulous ; and it is a native of Rio Janeiro, while 8. grandiflora is a native of Trinidad.” NANO*‘DES. (Nanddés, pygmy ; size of plant.) 20. 1. Sp. 2. discolor Lindl. green and purple (X\)cu % au P Rio Jan. 1827. Dp.r.w Bot. reg. 1541 ‘‘ Curious as are very many of the species of epiphytal Orchidez, we do not remember one that is much more remarkable than this, which possesses a habit quite its own. Its flowers are so like the leaves from among which they spring, and by which they are embosomed, that you would scarcely discover the plant to be in flower, even if every branch was blossoming.” The plant has been long lost in the Horticultural Society’s Garden; and, it appears, is a kind not very easily kept. (Bot. Reg., Nov.) Orchidea: \ Epidéndree. 9554. EPIDE/NDRUM. : 29740a viréscens B.C, greenish-flwd. €(A)cu = jl Gsh Dominica 1829. D p.r.w Bot. cab. 1867 “ Tt approaches E. fuscatum; but we consider it sufficiently distinct. The soil should be chiefly moss, with a little sawdust.” It is not a splen- did species, but one which interests on close examination. ( Bot. Cab., Nov.) ' supplementary to Enc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 727 CCXLI. Scitaminee. 8 ALPI/NIA 2. magnifica Boj. magnificent y [A)spl.10 au R Mauritiusl830. D r.1 Bot. mag. 3192 This is a strikingly ornamental plant, and a remarkable member of the order Scitaminez. Its leaf-stems are from 10 ft. to 12 ft. high, leafy. Scape or flowering-stem, 5 ft. to 6 ft. high, very stout, leafless, sheathed ; the uppermost sheath is dilated, and forms a large, leafy, green bractea ; within which is produced the splendid head, or dense spike, of deep pur- plish red blossoms, 1 in. in length. This spike is rendered the more striking from its numerous bracteas of a fine deep rose-red colour, all mar- gined with a white line, the outer ones exceedingly large and spreading, often reflexed, 3 in. or 4in. in length; diminishing progressively in size and length to the centre of the spike. This collection of flowers, with the richly coloured bractez, soon withers, and is succeeded by a large head of fruit formed of many capsules, each as large as a chestnut ; nearly globose, downy, terminated by the withered floral coverings, and intermixed with the equally withered and ragged bracteas. This superb plant was, a little while ago, only known by dried speci- mens, and the figure published by Roscoe in his Scitamineous Plants ; but roots were, through the medium of Mr. Telford of the Mauritius, intro- duced by the late Mr. Barclay, and sent to Lord Milton’s collection at Wentworth House ; where His Lordship’s excellent botanical gardener, Mr. Cooper, so treated them as to induce a plant to blossom in the stove in August, 1832. Professor Bojer has suggested the propriety of constituting from this plant a genus distinct from Alp{fnia; and it is probable that this will eventually be done. (Bot. Mag., Noy.) = CCXLVII. Asphodelee. *1064a TRICHOPE’/TALUM Lindi, (Thrizx, frichos, hair ; melalons a petal: inner series of perianth gracile Lindl. slender yy A! cu Bev. ; Wau Gite 1828. D r.m Bot. reg. 1535 To judge of the habits of this plant from the branch and leaf figured, Anthéricum ramosum will give a good idea of it. It has fleshy fascicled roots ; the stem is sparingly branched (subramose) ; and from 1 ft. to 3 ft. in height, according to the sterility or richness of the soil. The leaves are glaucous, and linear sword-shaped; the flowers are curious in their fringed petals; the hairs forming this fringe are inserted in a double row, are thick, rough, and composed of short joints. The plant, under good culti- vation, flowers and seeds abundantly from June to August. Under this plant, Professor Lindley presents the followmg remarks on the Culture of most half-hardy, bulbous, or fleshy-rooted Plants with annual Stems (which we do not present as supplying practical directions to our brother-gardeners, who could doubtiess themselves give valuable advice on such points, but because the philosophical theory by which he accounts for practical results are really worth their attention) : —“ Trichopétalum gracilis, like many (perhaps most) half-hardy, bulbous or fleshy-rooted plants with annual stems, succeeds better if committed to the open ground m a frame, or pit which is well drained, has a southern aspect, and from which the frost is entirely excluded. In such a situation, exposed to the open air all summer long, it will form its leaves in perfection, and will not lose them until they have completely fulfilled the purpose for which they are created; namely, the elaborating a supply of food, upon which, in the succeeding year, the new stem will be fed, and by aid of which the flowers will be developed. Plants, under such treatment, if unhealthy when first submitted to it, will probably not indicate any great renovation the first year; but, in the second, the good effects cannot fail to be distinctly per- ceptible. This is the only way in which Cape roots can generally be cul- tivated successfully ; for few of them are capable of living, or at least of 3A + aa 728 Retrospective Criticism. flourishing, so far north as London, if treated as hardy plants: a fact which, we fear, many who have unfortunately suffered themselves to be persuaded to trust their Cape bulbs to the open borders have discovered to their cost.” The “ Anthéricum ? plumosum” of the Bot. Mag., t.3084., and of our Additional Supplement, No. 28616., is referable to this new genus Tricho- pétalum ; and Mr. Lindley judges it to be distinct from gracile, “ from its narrower leaves, smaller seeds, and erect flowers; with spreading, not reflexed, petals: characters which exist equally in the wild and cultivated specimens. It may be called Trichopétalum stellatum.’ Pursuant to this warranty, we shall give again its tabular details under its new name. stellatum Lindl. starry-flwd. xy Alcu 1 ap W Chile 1829. Dco Bot. mag. 3084 Anthéricum ? plumdsum Bot. mag. 3084., and Hort. Brit. 580., and possibly of Ruiz and Pavon. CCLI. Likacee. 1008. FU’NKTA. 8218a Sievoldtidana Dens. Sieboldt’s Yy A or 1 jn Li Japan 1830. D r.l Bot. cab. 1869 Hemerocallis Sieboldtiana B. C. _ Introduced, by the botanist whose name it bears, to the Leyden garden, whence Messrs. Loddiges obtained it in 1830. It grows freely, flowers in June, and is probably hardy. (Bot. Cab., Nov.) ArT. II. Retrospective Criticism. Proressor Lindley’s Publications.—Sir, As the author and compiler of several of the most popular works on gardening in our language, it _may be presumed that your opinions and advice tend, in a greater degree than, perhaps, those of any other man, to influence the conduct and habits of the younger members of that profession, the interests of which you profess to advocate. As an occasional reader of the Gardener's Magazine, I am happy to bear testimony to the candid and impartial manner in which this respon- sible task is generally performed ; yet I have seen and regretted some few instances wherein the frailty natural to humanity has manifested itself, and private friendship or interest, perhaps pique, has superseded justice. These observations are induced by the high encomiums bestowed, in the Gardener’s Magazine, on Mr. Lindley’s recent publications, the Principles of Botany, and the Outline of the First Principles of Horticulture ; encomiums which, I cannot but think, are in a great measure unjustifiable. Undoubt- edly, very great credit is due to Mr. Lindley, for having condensed within the limits of his two small books more really useful information than is to be sifted from among the baseless theories, oft retailed experiments, and conflicting opinions, that cumber the pages of many of the ample and costly volumes given to the world for its enlightenment, by men with half a score learned abbreviations tacked to their names. But the unqua- lified praise so lavishly showered both upon the author and books, naturally inclines those who purchase the works to expect something very nearly approaching to perfection. Such, at least, was the case with me; and my disappointment was proportionately great, when, on comparing the two works, I found that propositions laid down in the Principles of Botany as essential principles, are, in the later publication, directly contradicted. That Mr. Lindley, for his credit’s sake, may have an opportunity of correct- ing such palpable blunders, I have transcribed such of them as have occurred to me; and, as an act of justice to those among your readers who, like myself, have procured the books on the recommendation contained in this Magazine, you will take the earliest opportunity of making public my remarks through the same channel. Retrospective Criticism. 729 In the Principles of Botany, paragraph 25., it is said that spiral vessels ‘are not found in any part which is formed in a downward direction, and are, consequently, absent from the wood, bark, and root.” In the Principles of Horticulture, par. 15., we are told that “ spiral vessels are not found in the wood or bark, and rarely in the roots of plants.” The former of these paragraphs lays down, as a positive rule, that spiral vessels do not exist in the parts of plants which are formed in a downward direction, and, as a consequence, that they are absent from the wood, bark, and root. In the latter, it is said that spiral vessels are rarely found in the roots. If they are ever found in these organs, does it not follow that the principle which we are taught by the first paragraph is false ? Principles of Botany, par. 25., “ The function of the spiral vessels is unknown. 33. Their functions (those of the ducts) have not been accurately deter- mined. It is probable that they serve for the passage of air, 86. The medullary sheath consists of spiral vessels and ducts. 89. It carries upwards the fluid absorbed either immediately from the earth, or through the intervention of the alburnum, and conducts it into the leaves.” There appears to be a little “ mystification” here. If the function of the spiral vessels is unknown, and those of the ducts uncertain, how can it be said that the spiral vessels and ducts, of which, as we are told, the medullary sheath is composed, carry upwards fluid to the leaves ? Again, to make the matter clearer, it is stated in the HORE! of Horticulture, par. 21., that “ Spiral vessels convey oxygenated Principles of Botany, par. 200., “ The food of plants consists of water holding various substances in solution. The roots have the power of separating these substances, and selecting such only as are con- genial to the nature of the species.” Principles of Horticulture, par. 37., “ These organs (the spongioles) have no power of selecting their food, but will absorb whatever the earth or air may contain which is sufficiently fluid to pass through. the sides of their tissue.” Will the learned professor reconcile these two principles? Other discre- pancies might be pointed out in these two works, especially in the passages relating to the excreting theory, against which it would be easy to adduce evidence that would shake it to the very foundation. But enough has been said to show the possibility of even such men as the learned professor overreachinz themselves, and also to justify my remark, that your unqua- lified praises were, to say the least, premature. I am, Sir, yours, &c. —A Journeyman Gardener. Nov. 1. 1832. We thank our correspondent for his strictures, and invite him to continue them whenever he sees occasion. — Cond. Shalder’s Fountain Pump. — As we strongly recommended this pump (Vol. VII. p. 218.), we consider it right to lay before our readers the essence of a paper, which we have received from our correspondent Mr. Mallet of Dublin, on the subject. It appears that the person who has pur- chased the patent right of this pump was endeavouring to sell that right for Ireland to Mr. Mallet, who was disposed to purchase it, but who, being rather surprised at the seller coming down very greatly in price, thought of examining the records, and found, on consulting them, that there was no patent for Shalder’s pump, for Ireland, at all. Having detected this attempt at imposition, he next thought of enquiring whether the invention was a new one; and he found it described in Belidor’s Architecture Hy- dralique, tom. ii. liv. iii, chap. ili. p.120.; and something very similar’ in 730 Retrospective Criticism. Gregory’s Mechanics, vol. ii.; and in Nicholson’s Operative Mechanic. We have sent Mr. Mallet’s letter to the editor of the Mechanics’ Magazine, in which it will be found, vol. xviii. p. 70. Mr. Mallet remarks that this is an instance of what has become common in London of late years, “ the practice of furbishing up an old invention, and taking out a patent for it, either through ignorance, or a worse intention.” — Cond. Trafficking in Gardeners’ Situations. (p. 499.) — From what has come to my own knowledge within the last twelve months, I can fully add my testimony to the tr ruth of the remarks of An Enemy to Bribery. I do not think it necessary here to enter into a full disclosure of the transac- tions above mentioned, but merely to say, that, however surprising the coincidence may seem, the same letters of the alphabet will answer very well for the name and abede of the individual to whom I allude, as those that designate the worthy trafficker noticed in your former pages, viz., a Mr. B. of Y. I remain, Sir, yours, &c.—An Advocate for every Thing being done above board. August 28. 1832. Lraficking in Gardeners’ Situations. (p.499.)— Sir, I beg to inform An Enemy to Bribery (p. 499.) that I have enquired, and cannot hear that any thing of the kind he alludes to has been transacted in this part of the country. I can hear of gardeners having been recommended by a nurseryman, and they, of course, feel themselves under an obligation to send to the nurseryman for what seeds and plants they may want; but this is nothing but what is right, as it is discharging an obligation, and of no injury whatever to their employers. An Enemy to Bribery believes the practice of trafficking, which he describes, to be detrimental to gardens and gardeners. This cannot be the case, as the absurd practice of Mr. B. of Y. is far from being a general one; and a good honest gardener is not so great a blockhead as to give twenty pounds for a situation; and an inexperienced gardener would very soon lose the situation he had paid so dearly for. The statement of An Enemy to Bribery is thought by many to be little less than enmity or jealousy on his part, or else the names of all parties would have been published in full, in an open and Englishman- like style, a system which it would be well if many of the correspondents of the Magazine adopted. I have purchased the Magazine for the last three years, and have frequently read experiments, proved by whom we know not, except by two and sometimes three capital letters of the alphabet. Iam, Sir, yours, &c.—William Whidden, Gardener to Colonel Chester. Chicherly, near Newport, Bucks, Sept. 10. 1832. Mr. Hays Method of heating by Steam. (p. 330.) — Sir, I have perused with very great pleasure Mr. Hay’s plan and description of heating hot-houses by steam through perforated pipes; a plan which, I have no doubt whatever, when the nature and principles of steam, as applied to the heating of hot- houses, pits, &c., become better known, and the mania for hot water has a little subsided, will, for horticultural purposes of every description where artificial heat is required, be found superior to any other hitherto invented. The country being just now pretty full of hot water, I expect some will be inclined to consider such an assertion rather speculative; which, to a certain extent, | must admit, though I believe it has been found to answer perfectly in several places where it has been tried, and the time which it has been in use here induces me to speak at least from short experience. About two years ago, I had two vineries built, to supply early grapes, with the borders laid hollow, and perforated lead pipes introduced underneath, with the view of maintaining a temperature in the outer border, during the forcing season, equal to that of the surface of the earth during ‘the months of July and August. The vines being young, and not having yet been forced, Iam only able to state that the temperature of the border can be regulated, to,the greatest nicety. Early this spring I had a cucumber pit Retrospective Criticism. 731 built, and heated in the manner alluded to, which I find to answer most completely ; and I have since obtained permission to build as many more as may be required for melons, cucumbers, asparagus, sea kale, &c., and to heat the whole in the same way. A melon ground heated on this principle will, I think, be found to pos- sess many advantages over the one in general use. The most obvious of these will be, the order and neatness which can at all times be maintained in this department. Instead of wading up to the knees in litter, to get near the pits, which is often unavoidably the case in the early forcing of cucumbers and melons with fermenting dung, there may be clean flag- stones or gravel to walk upon. I have lately had a pine-stove heated on the same principle, but have not yet tried it a sufficient time to enable me to offer any remarks, beyond merely stating that 1 can at pleasure raise or lower the temperature of the bark bed with the greatest ease; an advan- tage, by the by, which will be only apparent to the pine-grower. Having extended my remarks thus far, I beg leave to advert to one very important improvement which may be contemplated from this mode of heating ; namely, the facilities which it affords for getting rid entirely of the hideous black chimney-tops that disfigure so many gardens with their dense vo- lumes of smoke, which they are every now and then sending forth during the whole of the winter and spring months ; a nuisance, in garden scenery, which nothing but necessity and habit could have made at all tolerable. Only one chimney-top would be required in the largest forcing-establish- ment ; and, presuming that Witty’s patent furnace answered the purpose for which it is so highly recommended, even in this solitary chimney there would seldom be any smoke. I may, at some future time, be able to add a few more remarks on this subject, should you think them worth your acceptance. — Robert Marneck. Bretton Hall Gardens, July 14, 1832. A Method of transplanting large Trees is mentioned by Edw. Jesse, Esq., deputy surveyor of His Majesty’s parks, in his amusing Gleanings of Natural History, p. 309—313., who states that it has been attended with “ great success,” and, he believes, “ will be found infinitely cheaper, and more generally to be depended on, than the plan of Sir H. Steuart. .. . Of some hundreds of trees which were taken up and replanted in Bushy Park, in March, 1831, not one had died [up to what period Mr. Jesse does not state, but his book was published in March, 1832], though many of them were of a large size, and some of them laurels from 10 to 12 ft. in height, showing their blossoms at the time they were transplanted, which was not at all checked by the operation.” Mr. Jesse’s plan is, to “ exca- vate the earth at some distance from the tree, leaving all the principal fibres, and the earth adhering to them, in a compact ball, undermining it as much as possible, and taking care not to shake or injure the ball, by twisting the stem of the tree, or using it as a lever to loosen the tap roots,” These deeds performed, and a hole prepared to receive the tree, to effect its removal the following are the apparatus and process : — “ Two pieces of iron must have been previously formed, of the breadth and thickness of a common cart-wheel tire, 3 in. or 4 in. wide, and rather more than half an inch in thickness, and about 6 ft. long, bent as in fig. 151. c, which will reduce it to 3 ft. across. This size will do for trees requiring from two to four men to lift them ; but a size larger, and stronger in proportion, will be wanted for trees that will require from eight to ten men, or more, to carry them. Put these irons under the ball of earth, as near the centre as pos- sible, leaving a space between them of about 2 ft., and for larger trees a little more. Take two strong poles, about 8 ft. or 10 ft. long, and 3in. or 4in. in diameter, and smaller at each end, and apply them as shown in the sketch (a), to each side, passing them through the bends of the irons, so as to form a complete handbarrow. The tree may then be readily lifted 732 Retrospective Criticism. 151 b WES SSS Cross levers may be used for larger trees which require more men (6), so that as many men can conveniently apply their strength to it as are wanted, without being in each other’s way. The whole is fixed and unfixed without any loss of time, and requires no tying, nor is there any danger of its slipping off’ Our author recommends that, in digging out the trench around the tree, a larger ball than is really meant to be removed should be left, which can be reduced with a pick without injuring the roots, and that the tap and other roots inconvenient to get at may be severed under the ball of earth with a long chisel. The best way of forming the ball is to prepare it the year before removal, by digging round the tree, and cutting most of its principal roots. In planting, in either case, spread the projecting roots out carefully in different layers, as near as possible to their original position, as the hole is gradually filled up with mould. “ I do not find,” says the author, “ that trees thus planted require support, as the large ball of earth steadies them sufficiently.” He admits, however, that the trees he has removed are not so large as those described by Sir H. Steuart. ‘“ Had it, however, been necessary for me to haye planted larger trees, I have no doubt but that I should have succeeded equally well; as, by means of the cross levers, the strength of a proportionable number of men may be readily applied.” Mr. Jesse proceeds to give directions and remarks on preparing the ball of trees to be transplanted, and of adjusting their roots, as the hole into which they are transplanted “ is gradually filled up with mould.’ These are very well, but superfluous to gardening readers. : We have two objects in presenting the preceding abstract: one, to illustrate the following strictures on Mr. Jesse’s mode, by a practical man; the other, to afford those whom this subject interests an additional invention to those already presented to them in our Vol. V. p.422., and Vol. VIL. p.29, 30. and 655.; and Encyclopedia of Gardening, § 1468. In reference to the strictures, a correspondent, J. M., in a communica- tion dated “ London, May 16. 1832,” writes as follows. “* Having bought Mr. Jesse’s book, I sent the part of it which describes the author’s mode of transplanting large trees to a friend of mine, a gentleman who has been extensively engaged in this branch of arboriculture, thinking he might derive some advantageous hints, as I knew he had made some alterations in the machinery, which had received the approbation of Sir Henry Steuart himself; and as your work is designed for the benefit of science, I have thought that the remarks of my friend may be worth a place in it. They are these : —‘ I am much obliged to you for the extract on planting trees and shrubs. It is always gratifying to me to read men’s opinions upon Retrospective Criticism. 733 matters that I have some little knowledge of; but I must say that this gentleman is shouting before he is fairly out of the wood. From his own observations, I am certain he is no practical planter; but, should I be mistaken on that point, I must say that his ideas are very weak on the subject: but to fancy that he had superseded Sir H. Steuart in trans- planting, plainly tells me that he knows nothing about Sir Henry’s method of removing large trees. If he were to attempt to remove such trees as Su Henry Steuart has removed, or as we have removed here, upon the principle he proposes, he would tear this part of his book to pieces, and regret that he ever sent forth such erroneous opinions. If the king his master were to send him as many guards as would repel a regiment of French cuirassiers, should he place them three deep round such trees as ‘we have planted, their united strength could not lift one out of the pit, with his bars, hooks, and poles. All the credit that I can give him for his scheme is, to use it for the removal of a few small shrubs in a pleasure ground. This gentleman should have waited for the year 1835, before he had put his hand to paper on the subject: let him then give his candid opinion, and, I ‘believe, he will then refrain from boasting of his having superseded Sir Henry Steuart.” J. M. speaks of some alterations which his friend has made in the machinery recommended by Sir Henry Steuart. From the circumstance of J. M.’s friend being a practical man, the alterations may be valuable, and we shall be glad to be made acquainted with them. —J. D. Lathyrus grandiflorus. (p. 50.) — G. C.’s practice of artificially promot- ing the impregnation of the germens of this plant is ingenious and useful ; but, although I have this year applied the experiment repeatedly, and also cross-impregnated flowers of L. grandiflorus with the pollen of the white and blue flowered varieties of L. sativus, I have altogether obtained but three or four seeds. I had previously flowered several seedlings of ZL. grandiflorus, but these all strictly resembled the original species. Six years ago, I planted a plant of Z. grandiflorus near to a handsome spruce fir, around which the roots of the Lathyrus occupy the soil, and its shoots and blossoms are annually blended with the branches of the fir into a conical mass, surmounted by the spiry top of the fir, and producing a most pleasing effect ; the Lathyrus having climbed, by means of its tendrils, to the height of ten feet.— Wm. Godsall. Hereford, Sept. 29. 1832. Mr. Pearson on the Cultivation of the Fig, in reply to Mr. Smith. (p. 489.) — Sir, I observe (p. 489.) a most unjust attack on me in regard to the culture of the fig, by one who calls himself John Smith, journeyman gardener : and, truly, I think, he is a journeyman in more respects than one; nay, even an apprentice. Permit me, then, to say a few words in answer to this journeyman near Hexham, or some other place. He sets out by endeavouring to make me the author of the epithets “ sluggish and ignorant,’ as applied to gardeners: now, it is unfortunate for him that he should have left school before he was taught the use of inverted commas, and also that of reading with attention and understanding; for I deny being the author of these epithets in my treatise on figs; but, to set him right, he may read my paper over again, and then refer to the Spectacle de la Nature, translated from the original French, by Kelly, Ballamy, and Sparrow, vol. ii. p.145., and there he will meet with the word sluggish, which I quoted. His laundry phrase of washing without soap is only what he “ thinks ;” therefore it gives me no concern whatever. He says, my “ method of pruning is simple enough.” True, it is; and’so is every other branch of the science when once it is learned: but let me tell John Smith, that every “ cabbage gardener” has not yet learned to prune a fig tree; and, for any information which he has given, they may still remain in ignorance. He says, he would prune fig trees in April, after his 734 Retrospective Criticism. covering of fern or spruce was removed: and for what reason ? just that he might know the fruitful from the unfruitful branch. Certainly this is a good advice to a “ cabbage gardener,” who knows no better: but it so happens that I know the difference in the end of autumn; hence I am enabled to prune, and nail, and cover up at the same time, by which the young shoots, and the autumn-shown fruit are better protected than they would otherwise be in an unnailed state. Moreover, it is a most unnatural thing to begin to prune a fig tree at the very time when the sap is in active operation, and the newly projected fruit running the hazard of bemg rubbed off during the process of nailing, &c. John Smith farther says that I have taken no notice of the management of figs in hot-houses. This, it would appear, I had left for him to do, and a poor job he has made of it. He says that fig trees in hot-houses do not retain their fruit on last year’s wood, but that they all drop off, and only ripen their fruit on wood made the same year. This I deny; for on fig trees in hot-houses, under good management, there are always a first and a second crop. The second one is, in general, better than the first. That some of the first crop do drop off I do not deny, but not all, as J. Smith would have it. Where they are kept in houses, they should be planted in boxes, in a black lightish loam, pretty rich, and well supplied with water, under the temperature of 55° or 60°; and, in regard to pruning, they should be kept thin and regular. But to return: John Smith says that I contradict myself, by saying, first, that the fig is an aquatic, and then, that I lost a crop ina wet season. True, I said so much; but did I not give the reason for it ? J. Smith must be more careful in future in regard to his reading and writing; which is the best advice I can give him. But he goes farther, on mere supposition, and says that the trees at “ Ormiston Hall are 100 years old.” I admit that some of them are old; and the wall against which they are placed is not very young; yet they are not alto- gether destitute of a modern appearance; neither is the soil in which they grow so completely exhausted as he so gratuitously imagines. He is also presumptuous enough to think that I have no young fig trees under my management: but in this also he is mistaken; for I have young trees, not of “ten,” but of four years’ standing; and these are making wood like their aged neighbours; not that short, stunted, spurlike stuff that he speaks about, but shoots from 18 in. to 2 ft. long; ay, and fruit on them too, three of which weighed 13 oz. imperial this very day. Will John Smith believe that ? Now, Sir, I have done with J. Smith, and leave it to the candour of your readers to estimate the validity of his attack on my Treatise. present my thanks to J. D., for his interesting and pertinent account of the fig tree at Hardwicke House, near Bury St. Edmunds. Now, Sir, to have done with figs, I have just one word more to offer. In a private letter which I, long since, had the honour to receive from you, you remarked that you had seen, in the south of France and in Italy, fig trees growing in the clefts of rocks, which gave the idea of a dry situ- ation. Now, you will readily admit that rocks and mountains are more the receptacles of rain than the valleys below, and that they give out water to supply the springs even in the time of severe drought. In the open joints of rock, where tree roots are able to penetrate, is generally to be found a great deal of moisture; which leads me to think that trees so situated are better watered than those growing in a cultivated soil. I remain, Sir, yeurs, &c.— William Pearson. Ormiston Hall Gardens, Sept. 19. 1832. In the Scotsman’s report (Sept. 8.) of the exhibition of fruits of the Caledonian Horticultural Society, on Sept. 5., this remark occurs : — «“ From the garden at Balmuto were sent some large and ripe specimens of Black Ischia fig, with useful practical remarks on the management of the- Queries and Answers. 735 ™ fig tree as to soil and situation, by Mr. James M‘Culloch, gardener to Mrs. Boswell. Thanks were voted, with a copy of the last published part of the Society’s Memoirs.’ This remark is quoted to induce to Mr. Pearson and Mr. M‘Culloch the, possibly mutual, benefit and pleasure of each other’s correspondence on that interesting subject the culture of figs. What fruit so luscious as a perfectly ripened fig fresh off the tree! The notice of the thorough thriving of Ficus stipulata under a liberal supply of water, to which we alluded in p. 490., occurs in the present Number, p. 689. —J. D. Art. III. Queries and Answers. TECHNICAL Terms in Horticultural Chemisiry.— Sir, I wish some of your learned correspondents would insert in the Gardener’s Magazine a list of the chemical terms relating to horticulture, which are not to be found in an English dictionary, and with their proper accentuation. Such a con- tribution would be beneficial to those of your readers who, like myself, know little or nothing of the learned languages. I would also ask, What is the simplest test for detecting the oxide of iron in soils and subsoils? Tam of opinion that a clayey subsoil, containing oxide of iron, is one cause of the canker in fruit trees; and also the cause of what is here termed the cancer in the Scotch pine. I have never seen a blown-down cancered tree of this kind, but what had the greater part of its roots rotten, and which had partly penetrated into such a subsoil. Iam, Sir, yours, &c. — Wm. Taylor. Aberdeenshire, July, 1831. Uses of the Red Spider. (Vol. VII. p. 218.; Vol. VIII. p. 499.) —J. D. asks (p. 499.), ‘‘ Has not Mr. Godsall confounded two very distinct in- sects,’ under the name of the red spider? In my communication (Vol. VII. p. 218.) I stated, “ I have heard them” (the crimson velvet insects) “ stgmatised as red spiders: also, “ I know not whether this insect be- longs to the genus A’carus or not.” I think J. D. might have concluded from the above passages that I ridiculed the idea of confounding them, and, of course, endeavoured not to do so myself; although, in the sentence, “ since then I have frequently found the A’cari,” &c., it should, instead of “ A’cari,’ have been crimson insect, perhaps, which I almost think was the case in my letter. — Wm. Godsall. Hereford, Sept. 29. 1832. What is the Mode of dissolving Caoutchouc (Indian Rubber) in Pyrolignous Ether, and where is Pyrolignous Ether to be readily obtained? — Sir, Your correspondent, Mr. Mallet, has (at p. 554.) recommended a varnish of caoutchouc [Indian rubber] dissolved in pyrolignous ether as equally cheap and durable for horticultural purposes; but he has unhappily omitted to describe, for the information of the less informed, the best mode of effect- ing the solution of the caoutchouc in the ether, the time required to effect it, or the price of the pyrolignous ether, which is not, I believe, to be commonly met with in the druggists’ shops, not being yet in suf- ficient demand. By supplying this information he will confer a material obligation on many of your readers, and upon me among the number ; and enable many to avail themselves of his advice, who may otherwise be prevented from adopting it. Having occasion to varnish an elastic tube, I prepared a solution of caoutchouc in the essential oil, or spirit, as it is familiarly termed, of turpentine; but I found the process of solution tedious and troublesome, and, when effected, the liquid proved viscid, and slow in evaporation ; an inconvenience of which I know not how to get rid. Possibly, the solution in the pyrolignous ether, if I knew where to procure it, might be effected with more ease, and be free from the objec- jections to which the terebinthine solution is subject. — Wm. Hamilton, M.D. 15. Oxford Place, Plymouth, Oct. 4. 1832. 7 736 Queries and Answers. Of the Otaheitean Arrow-root (Tacea pinnatifida L.), what Proportion does the Fecula yielded bear to the Weight of Tubers from which it is derived? and what is the Relation of the Weight of Tubers to the superficial Quantity of Soil producing that Weight? — Your correspondent, Mr. Mathews of Lima, has furnished (p. 585.) a most valuable communication on the fecula afforded by the roots of the Técca pinnatifida, and the mode by which it is separated from them by the inhabitants of Otaheite. To this information if he could furnish a statement of the proportion of fecula obtainable from any given weight of the washed roots, and the probable weight of roots obtainable as a crop from an acre or any other given quantity of ground, he would confer an obligation on such of your readers as reside in countries adapted to the cultivation of this esculent. Its in- troduction into our West Indian Islands, by increasing the amount of human food produced within them, would perhaps be attended with much advantage to the inhabitants, both as a source of domestic supply and of profitable exportation; and if any of your readers should possess a suf- ficient share of philanthropy to furnish me (under a frank) with a few of the seeds, it will afford me much pleasure to distribute them among my correspondents in the West Indies, accompanied by any information re- specting their culture, &c., which the donor may feel disposed to transmit to me along with them. — Wm. Hamilton, M.D. Ouxford Place, Plymouth, Oct. 15. 1832. How can Plants of the Genus Citrus be prevented shedding thew Leaves and young Fruits? — I should be much gratified if any cultivators of the genus Citrus would inform me of a method to prevent the plants shedding their leaves and fruit on being removed from a green-house to another situation. ‘This last season I removed three large plants from a green- house to a light airy room, of very similar temperature, and the door of which was almost constantly kept open, as was that of the green-house. Notwithstanding this parity in the condition of the plants, they lost many of their leaves and all their small fruit. — J.J. Oet. 13. 1832. The Corolla of Calystégia sepium Brown closes in a different Manner from that in which the Corolla of Ipomee.a purpurea Lamarck closes: is there any Difference of Structure to account for this? —In my garden, Calystégia stpium and Ipomce‘a purpurea are growing together, and are twining up the same strings. I have watched them attentively in all their stages of flowering, and have seen with surprise the different manner in which the corollas close when they begin to tade. Those of Calystégia sépium close together in longitudinal folds, while the edge of the corollas of Ipome'a purptrea curls inwards upon the parts of fructification. Is there any dif- ference in the structure of the corollas, to account for the difference in the manner of their withering ? — John Rk. Rowe. Wimborne, Sept. 15. 1832. The fittest Soil for, and Management of, Auriculas in low Situations. —— Sir, I should feel grateful for plain directions as to soil and management requisite for the Primula Auricula in low situations. In Vol. IV. p. 246. you mention Mr. Gray’s having written a judicious paper on this subject ; but of his mode of treatment no mention is made. It is something of this kind that [ am in want of, as [have Hoge’s Treatise on Florist’s Flowers. I am, Sir, yours. — #. IV. On preserving Cape Heaths from Mildew. — 1 should feel greatly obliged to any cultivator of that most beautiful and interesting genus Erica, for an explanation of the cause, and instructions for the prevention, of a sort of mildew which sometimes attacks these plants in our green-houses and frames. It frequently destroys a whole set of plants m a very short time. I find no account of it in the last edition of Sweet’s Botanical Cultivator, nor in M‘Nab’s Treatise on Cape Heaths. 1 have been informed that suffering water to be poured over their tops will cause it? Ihope some - experienced cultivator will early advise me on this point. — R. W. aa Answers. 737 Which is the best Plan for a Fruit-room? — Sir, There is one very requi- site appendage to a garden, which, notwithstanding all that is written on subjects connected with gardening, seems to have in a great measure escaped observation ; I mean, the fruit-room. It may seem strange, but it is nevertheless a fact, that I have never in my life seen a fruit-room that gave me any thing near satisfaction ; and it is really somewhat strange that about many splendid gentlemen’s seats, where you would suppose in- vention had been exhausted, they are yet sadly deficient in this particular. I abstain from remark upon any existing fruit-room, and from any sugges- tions on their improvement; my object being to call the attention of yourself and correspondents to the subject, and I should feel gratified, and possibly so would many others, if you yourself or any of your nume- rous and able contributors, would so far turn their attention to the subject as to furnish the Gardener’s” Magazine with some useful information or useful designs. The structure of such a thing as a fruit-room must, of course, in most places, be in some degree modified by local circumstances ; but, I confess, were I desired to set about erecting one, I should be very much at fault. I haye sometimes hardly known whether to laugh or be sad at seeing, about the offices of splendid mansions, the store fruits of the season huddled away in filthy holes, often over the ceilings of stables, &c., among dust and cobwebs; and in heaps (when blessed with plenty) that would lead a casual observer to believe that speedy decomposition was the object in view, and, with all this (absurdly enough), the poor wight of a gardener is expected to supply the family with well-preserved wholesome fruit. All I can say is, that such things ought not to be; and, if you, Sir, and your coadjutors, will contribute your efforts, I do not despair of seeing a beneficial change in the bestowing of fruits for winter use. Iam, Sir, yours, —J. Hislop. Ashtead Park, Aug. 23. 1832. : A doubleflowered Almond Tree. —I have now in flower a double- flowered almond tree, whose blossoms have the appearance of roses. I received the tree from North America, about three years ago. — M. Saul. Sulyard Street, Lancaster, April 18. 1832. ’ The double-flowered peach tree is well known in English collections, but we have not previously heard of the double-flowered almond tree. Cailing it emphatically a “tree” renders it impossible that that elegant double-flowered little bush the Amygdalus pumila, or double dwarf almond, can be meant. — J. D. Double Flowers on Kirke’s Emperor Apple. — Sir, I have had large double flowers produced on Kirke’s Emperor apple. They were produced on the young shoots of this season that had extended to 6in. from the branch, and were bearing four leaves. The flowers were double, large, 3 in. across, and appeared, at a distance, like large double white roses. They have produced no fruit. Is it common for new young shoots to pro- duce flowers after shooting to the length of 6in.? Were these double- flowered shoots taken off in the autumn, and ingrafted in the spring, would the double-flowered variety be thenceforth perpetual? — M/. Saul. Lan- caster, July 8. 1832. $ A Kind of Beetle destructive of Grape Vines. — Sir, I have a species of beetle which has annoyed me, more or less, since 1809. My attention was then first called to it by having a row of vines, thirty-two in number, planted inside a vinery, totally destroyed by their roots being eaten off by it. It feeds on the root of the vine in winter, and on the young shoots in summer. When feeding on the roots it takes the form and colour of the worm or grub [larva] which we find in filberts; and, previously to feeding on the shoots, assumes the beetle form: I intend to send you specimens in this latter state. I am, Sir, yours, &c.— W. Z. Sept. 24, 1832. Vou. VIII.— No. 41, 3B 738 Queries and Answers. We shall receive specimens with pleasure, and will endeavour to get their name ascertained. We suspect the creature is Curculio vastator, of whose habits we know something. We request from W. Z. every fact on its habits and history which he can supply. —J. D. What Plant is fitter for the Formation of Hedges than Hawthorn? — This shrub has many faults. It is excessively slow of growth, defective in its resistance of cattle, will not grow from layers, and takes many years to form a perfect fence. Doubtless there are many woody American plants that would do better. Which are they ?— Alexander Cheeks. July 24. 1832. The letter’ containing this query has for its postmark, Beaumaris, and this indicates a clue, although not an infallible one, to the district in which the hawthorn thrives so imperfectly. I believe that a character quite the reverse will be ascribed to it in Cambridgeshire and Suffolk, and in other loamy-soiled counties, where I have seen it make excellent fences ; and this in a few years: in Cambridgeshire, it may be even seen thriving where the fenny soil commences, and where water is always within 24 in. of the surface of the soil. It grows so readily from seeds, and these are produced, in most seasons, so abundantly, that few would think of in- creasing it by layers. It is, however, readily increasable by cuttings of roots derived from hawthorn plants of some age and size. Queries may be here introduced on the practice of feeding turkeys on haws in Norfolk. Is the practice common? Are the turkeys confined while thus fed? What are the results to the turkeys? and do the nuts of the haws, which have passed through the bodies of the turkeys, germinate more quickly than those which have not? In Cambridgeshire, the practice is to have the haws collected by women and children, at so much a bushel: they, with hooked sticks, pull the branches towards them, and strip off the haws by hand. Quantities of these, from 20 to 40 bushels or more, are buried, about Christmas time, together, in a long narrow pit, where they lie till the beginning of February in the second spring following. They are then taken out to be sown, when it is found that the flesh of the haw has rotted’ away during its interment, and that the seed is quite ready to rupture thé . nut: indeed, if allowed to remain in the pit later than the beginning of February, many seeds will be found to have sprouted. I have heard it asserted that haws which have passed through the bodies of turkeys are thereby prepared for germinating with less loss of time than those which are buried. This is scarcely likely to be the case. Is it the case ? and, if the case, may not an equal acceleration be effected by subjecting the haws to the action of a hot-bed of moderate heat, to decompose their fleshy part ? —J. D. : A Fungose Disease on the Leaves and Frat of the Pear Trees at Buscot Park. — Sir, I enclose a few leaves off my pear trees for your inspection, hoping that from yourself or numerous correspondents I may derive some information which may enable me to remedy this growing evil, which affects the fruitas well as the leaves, and, I believe, will, unless checked or prevented, destroy the trees altogether. Iam, Sir, yours, &c.—J. Mer- rick. Buscot Park Gardens, Oct. 22. 1832. Are the trees declining with age? Are they on a soil of which there is but a thin layer lymg upon gravel or some other arid subsoil, which deprives the top soil of too much of its moisture? Are they so situated, as to aspect, as to be early excited into leaf in the spring, before the weather has become universally exciting? In asking these questions, we do not even suggest that, if each of them were answered affirmingly, they could be set down as the causes, although it is just possible they might: so we leave our practical brothers to determine the cause, and prescribe a remedy. The leaves received are hideous objects. Much of their native green Quertes and Answers. 739 colour is displaced by a dark brown one, betokening the leaf as dead or dying in this part, and within the brown part, on the surface of the leaf, are orangy blotches, and from these blotches, on the under side, protrude softly woody excrescences, from which are projected pale brown teat-like miniature bags, more than a quarter of an inch long, and closed at the mouth, These bags are the peridia of a parasitic species of fungus belonging to the genus Aicidium ; although, to strictly accord with the cha- racters of this genus, they should have an orifice, usually lacerated, at the tip. In p. 179. of the present Volume will be found (in extracts from the Memos of the Caledonian Horticultural Society) a very interesting descrip- tion, by thelate Mr. Wm. Don of the Hull Botanic Garden, of the Acidium laceratum, and of the manner in which a,hawthorn hedge round the Hull Botanic Garden was infested with it. This pretty species, the Acidium laceratum, we have had the pleasure of seeing this autumn, although but sparingly, on the fruits and foliage of an old hawthorn hedge at Bays- water. , This species will be found well figured in the Encyclopedia of Plants, p. 1045., No. 16677. In Mr. Don’s account, already referred to, it is incidentally remarked that the “ Aicidium cancellatum of Sowerby’s English Fungi, t.409., attacks pear trees, and often prevents valuable crops.” This remark has induced us to submit the specimens, sent by Mr. Merrick, to Mr. J. D. C. Sowerby, who has kindly informed us that they are of the 7. cancellitum, and that it is one of the characteristics of this species, to have the peridia devoid of an orifice at the tip. Those whom this notice of the genus Aicidium may render desirous to know more about it will find twenty species of it described, and some of them figured, in the Encyclopedia of Plants, p. 1044—1046.; and in this Magazine there are notices of two or three species, in Vol. III. p. 382. 490, 491., Vol. IV. p. 192., Vol. VII. p. 599., and Vol. VIIL. p. 179. The peridia, or teat-like bags, already spoken of, are seed bags enclosmg the seeds, technically called sporidia; and hence it may be, that when the leaves of a tree have become diseased, so as to be eligible soil, as it were, for the seeds or sporidia of the AZcidium, that these, on falling on them, may germinate readily, and occasion that numerous and extensive multipli- cation of the fungus of which Mr. Merrick, with much cause, complains. This idea of Aicidium growing from seeds scattered on the surface of dis- eased leaves scarcely comports with one of the botanical characters of ‘the genus, which is, that the peridium, or seed bag, is formed beneath the epi- dermis of a leaf, and which it ruptures by its increasing size, and afterwards projects beyond it. If the Aicidium is, however, after springing up on a tree, multiplied by its seeds externally scattered, it is a question not unworth occupying the mind with, whence arose the original plant or plants? They might be conveyed in the air from other districts where-this parasitic fungus previls. But this question is asked, as much for the sake of introducing the following speculation as for any other purpose: it is offered by a distinguished contributor to the Magazine of Natural History, Mr. Dovaston, in vol. v. p. 116. of that work. Notwithstanding the plenti- fulness of fungi, we “ very rarely find them without some visible (and never perhaps without some latent ) excitement: such as dung, combustion, decomposing woud, or weeds; indeed, the seeds of fungi are so absolutely impalpable, that I have sometimes thought they are taken up with the juices into the capillary tubes of all vegetables, and so appear, when decom- position affords them a pabulum and excitement, on rotten wood and. leaves : and this seed is produced in such excessive quantities, thrown off so freely, and borne about so easily, that perhaps there is hardly a particle of matter whose surface is not imbued therewith; and had these seeds the power of germinating by mere wetness alone, without some other exciting 3B 2 74.0 Queries and Answers. cause, all surface would be crowded with them, and pasturage impeded.” The object of Mr. Dovaston’s paper is to account for the appearance of mushrooms and other fungi in those circles in grass land which are called fairy rings; and he attributes their thus appearing to the excitement of electricity. The above remarks, sufficiently heterogeneous in themselves, are not offered as any attempt at elucidating the subject which Mr. Mer- rick’s query has excited, but as clues and considerations attached to the subject, which any correspondent will much oblige us by farther evolving. — J.D. . A remarkable Variety of the Common Oak. — Sir, Herewith I transmit to you specimens of a singular variety of the common oak (Quércus Robur), the peculiarity of which consists,in the leaves being long, narrow, and for the most part destitute of the usual indentations so characteristic of oak foliage. (jig. 152. a.) You will observe that the leaves occa- KE jriceze! AR SS S sionally evince a tendency, more or less, to indentation (6 and c), especially those placed lowest on the shoot, i.e. the first that are ex- panded in the season: these are often of the usual form (d), and whole sprays, indeed, are to be found on the tree, bearing nothing but the ordinary foliage. The oak which produced the above specimens is a young growing tree, measuring, at breast high, little more than 3 ft. in circumference ; it stands in a hedgerow, by the side of a lane, in this ‘parish, and, I should judge, is of spontaneous growth. Though I have for many years been in the frequent habit of passing within a few yards of the tree, I never remarked any thing extraordinary in its foliage till last summer. Some acorns which I gathered from the tree last autumn have come up this spring, and bear the ordinary foliage, without exhibiting any of the peculiarities of the parent. Is the above variety worth propagating ? Provincial Nurseries. 74:1 and if so, what is the best method to adopt for that purpose? It might, i think, without impropriety, be called Quércus Robur var. salicifdlia. Yours, &c.— W. T. Bree. Allesiey Rectory, Aug. 17. 1832. Sead Hybridisements of the Melon by the Cucumber. (p. 611.) — To Mr. Oliver’s instance of this effect may be added the concurrent experience of M. Sageret, stated Vol. IV. p.383.—J. D. Limekilns and Burning of Lime. — A treatise on the best form of lime- kilns, the most economical fuel for burning lime, and the most economical method of using turf, peat, coke, coal, wood, furze, and faggots, with hard and soft limestone, blue lias, and chalk, is most exceedingly wanted. Is stone coal, Welsh coal, Staffordshire coal, or Newcastle coal, the best for the purpose? and what may be the proportionate differences of advantage and disadvantage, supposing them all at equal price ? I would earnestly venture to direct your attention to this very practical subject.— X. Y. Sept. 5. 1832. A work to the above effect would be very useful. Until one is published, we can only refer X. Y. to Mr. Menteath’s excellent article on limekilns of varied structure, illustrated by figures, in our Vol. II. p.399.; and to strictures on that article in Vol. III. p. 369,370. In Vol. IV.,also,p. 506., is a notice of a method of burning lime without kilns; and in Vol. V. p- 176., a mode of burning lime by moss, or peat, and clay, is briefly noticed. —=—JSo 2 Art.IV. Provincial Nurseries. UcKFIELD Nursery, Sussex. — This nursery was established, fifty years ago, by Alexander Cameron, uncle to the present proprietor, James Ca- meron. ‘The extent of the concern is 12 acres, but in detached divisions, with a seed-shop and general assortment of seeds. At present there are only a small green-house and some framing; but Mr. Cameron is new building a new and extensive green-house, on an experimental plan of his own, of the excellence of which he is very hopeful. The nursery contains a good general assortment of fruit trees, forest trees, and of ornamental trees and shrubs; also of herbaceous plants, and of green-house plants as well, so far as the present extent of glass permits. The specimens of hardy evergreen shrubs are very superior, particularly the phillyreas, laurustinuses, Portugal and common laurels, aucubas, red and white cedars, &c. All the new fruits introduced by the London Horticultural Society are propagated here; and there are 112 stock trees, of as many sorts (for taking grafts from) of apples, including the original tree of the Alfreston, or Shepherd’s Pippin. ‘There is a very superior collection of georginas. Mr. Cameron connects with the business of his nursery the practice of contracting for new ground work and planting by the aere.—J.C. Get. 17. 1832. Carlisle Nursery; Messrs. Wm. and Thos. Hutton, has been established upwards of half a century. It contains a few acres, two green-houses, and several pits; and Messrs. Hutton have a seed-shop in Carlisle. The nur- sery is neatly laid out, and contains a tolerable stock of articles for local consumption. Among the new shrubs, we noticed Rzbes sanguineum, and a double white Heli4nthemum, raised here from seed; and, among the herbaceous plants, a very distinct and handsome variety of Potentilla atrosanguinea, and a double-flowered P. réptans. The fuchsias, Linum arbéreum, Pittésporum, and other half-hardy shrubs, stand out about Carlisle as well as about London. American plants also thrive well in this nursery. Some turnip and other seeds are raised here ; and we found a plot, now ripe, guarded from other birds by a hawk in a cage. The hawk és found more to be depended upon than a boy or a girl. 3B 3 742 London Horticultural Society and Garden. Keswick Nursery; Mr. Kerr. This nursery, which contains 12 acres, was established about the beginning of this century. The present occupier has only entered upon it lately and, from a state of neglect, is bringing it into order and keeping. The articles grown have hitherto been chiefly forest trees; but Mr. Kerr contemplates a general collection. There are, a green-house stocked with camellias and pelargoniums; a large specimen of Pyrus salicifolia, and of the gold-blotched beech; and a new seedling Rhododéndron maximum, of more free growth than the parent; a small seed-shop ; and a few books, lent out gratis to such gardeners as feel inclined to borrow them. Art. V. London Horticultural Society and Garden. OcT, 2. 1832.— Read. A paper on the striped Hoisanee Persian melon; by the author of the Domestic Gardener's Manual. Exhibited. Flowers. Seedling georginas, from Mr. Ingram, of the royal gardens, Frogmore. A collection of georginas, from Mr. R. Chandler. A collection of georginas, three species of Salpigléssis, and Chinese roses, from Mrs. Marryatt, F.H.S. Georginas, from Mr. Wm. Hogg, Paddington. Collection of georginas, and also of Livick’s incomparable georgina, from Mr. James Young, F.H.S. Rt per half sieve- |0 0 9|0 0 0j| Chamontelle - ~- |0 7 0{010 0 Sorrel, per half sieve - 1 0};0 00 Cresanne = - }010 0/016 0 i s St. Germain - - |}0 6 0/010 0 The Onion Tribe. Colmarhl Ss E012" 0018 ap Onions, old, perbushel - | 0 19/0 2.3 Baking, per half sieve - |0 10/01 6 ’ For pickling, per 3 sieve |} 0 1 6{0 2 6/]] Quinces, per halfsieve -|0 1 0}0 1 6 When green (Ciboules), Medlars, per halfsieve -|0 3 0}0 6 O per bunch 0 - |0 0 8{0 O O}| Almonds, per peck - |0 70;0 0 0 Leeks, per dozen bunches 0 10/0 1 6)}| Chestnuts, per peck : Garlic, per pound - - |0 0 6/0 0 8 English - - - 10 2010 3 0 Shallots, per pound - - |0 0 6/0 0 8 French = S - |0 50/0 8 O F Filberts, English, per100)bs.} 210 0}0 0 O Asparaginous Plants, Pine-apples, per pound - |0 2 6/0 6 0 Salads, §c. Hot-housedSrapes, per lb. |0 1 6|0 0 0 Asparagus, per hundred- | 0 7 0]}010 0 Dutch, per dozen - |012 6/015 0 Artichokes, perdozen - |0 4 0/0 6 O Portugal, perdozen - | 0 7 0|010 0 Lettuce, per score : Cucumbers, Frame, p. brace] 0 2 0/0 3 0 Cos - r - 10 0 9/0 1 38 (Ovaneee perdozen - |0 10/0 1 6 Cabbage “ - |0 0 440.0 6 8 perhundred |0 8 0| 012 O Endive, per score - 10 16)0 2 6 gerone perdozen - |0 09/0 1 6 Celery, per bundle (12to15)}0 0 9)0 1°6 cmon per hundred 0 4 0/012 0 Small Salads, perpunnet- | 0 0 2]0 O 3) Sweet Almonds, per pound|0 2 0|0 2 6 Burnet, per bunch - |0 0 1)0 O 12}| Brazil Nuts, perbushel -}016 0|)0 0 0 Observations. — Our supplies of vegetables have not been so heavy as usual at this season, except in turnips, owing to the prevalence of drought through the summer ; but a general dulness has prevailed, which has kept down the prices to the present moderate quotations. Fruit has come to hand plentifully ; but,in consequence of the yery moderate prices obtained, a large proportion of apples has been kept for the purpose of making cider, the common sorts not realising enough to pay the cost of carriage and incidental expenses ; the better varieties, either for sauce or table, are selling now moderately well, although the demand has not been at any time brisk. Pears, generally, have also been abundant, but not so large or fine as usual; many of the better sorts have been particularly (for our market) plentiful, but not considered so high in quality for the table as in general : some of the newer varieties have also been furnished, but they are not yet so generally cultivated as to insure a regular supply. Oranges Provincial Horticultural Societies. 745 are just now coming into season; but are not yet generally sought after, although the prices at present are very moderate. Of chestnuts we have had a moderate crop. Walnuts have been particularly plentiful, and of excellent quality, notwithstanding large supplies have been imported. Grapes have also been abundant, both from the houses and open walls; which, with a large supply from Holland, has caused them to be very cheap. Pine-apples are now so generally cultivated as to make them almost plen- tiful at all seasons: they have sold this season lower than was ever before remembered. Onions have been harvested in large quantities, and in mid- -dling condition, and are likely to be plentiful and cheap throughout the winter. Potatoes are not so heavy a crop as usual; but, in consequence of the excellent supply kept up in the river by the constant arrivals from all parts of the coast, they are not likely to be high in price. — G. C. Nov, 22. 1832. Art. VII. Provincial Horticultural Societies. ENGLAND. . BeprorpsHire. — Bedfordshire Horticultural Society. July. This sum- mer’s show was remarkably fine, particularly the cottagers’ vegetables. The principal prizes for the carnations and picotees were awarded to Messrs. J. B. Coter, Brinkles, Musgrave, Pullen, Bundy, Furze, and Clarke, Mr. Brinkles exhibited a fine seedling carnation Queen Adelaide, and a seed- ling picotee, Brinkles’s Delight. The heaviest red gooseberry, the Roaring Lion, was exhibited by Mr. Nash: its weight was 26 dwts. 12 grs. The heaviest yellow was the Gunner, Mr. Furze; weight, 24 dwts. 18 grs. Green, Troubler, Mr. Chapman; 21 dwts. 17 grs. White, Governess, Mr. Pullen; 22 dwts. 15 grs. The currants and raspberries shown were also very fine. (Northampton Mercury, Aug. 4.) i CAMBRIDGESHIRE. —Cambridge Horticultural Society. June 27. The principal flowers were ranunculuses, pinks, and roses. The first prize for the ranunculuses was given to Mr. F. Finch; for the pinks, to Mr. Ripsher; and ‘for the roses, to Mr. Widnall. August 12. Very numerous kinds of fruits and flowers were exhibited. The ironmonger gooseberry won the prize for flavour; the roaring lion that for weight ; one berry weighed 1 oz. 22 grs. ; 42 bunches of red currants weighed 1 Ib., and of white currants only 30 bunches. Excellent carna- tions and picotees were exhibited. Six prizes were awarded to cottagers. Seven extra-prizes were awarded. One to Mr. Widnall for a seedling geor- gina, which is stated to be “ a most splendid production.” One to Mr. Biggs, curator of the botanic garden, for a Fuchsia multiflora, which is stated to have excited general admiration. One to Mr. Denson, for a symmetrical and perfect spike of flowers of Yécca gloridsa. (Cambridge Chronicle, Aug. 3. 1832.) Sept. 19. Many good things were exhibited at this show, but the most - original among them were the georginas. This happens from the enterprise of Mr. Widnall, at Grantchester, near Cambridge, in this family of flowers, who devotes much time to the ascertaining where new varieties of merit are raised, and hesitates not to pay handsome prices for the exclusive pos- session of such, where they are to be purchased, and has himself, besides, raised several varieties of merit. As these causes not only insure that the kinds of georgina which he himself exhibits are choice, but that those put in competition with them: are choice also, we give the names of all the georginas which won prizes at this show : — Georginas (12 double, one of a sort): first prize, medal, Aurantia pallida, Prmce George of Cumber- * 746 Prowincial Horticultural Societies :— land, Galathéa, Pure yellow, Paper white, Lady Grenville, Lord Liverpool, Widnall’s Prince of Orange, Guttata, Widnall’s carnea, Surpasse triomphe royale, Nympheeiflora, Mr. Widnall; Second prize, King of the Whites, Cambridge Surprise, William the Fourth, Mogul, Mountain of Snow, Au- rantia pallida, Lady Fitzharris, Imperidsa, Countess of Liverpool, Barret’s Superina [ ?Susannah], Douglas’s Augusta, Pure yellow, Mr. Robt. Nutter. Georginas (6 double, one of a sort): Countess of Liverpool, Lord Liver- pool, Cambridge Surprise, Widnall’s Black Prince, Widnall’s Iris, China aster-flowered, Mr. Widnall.; Second prize, Countess of Liverpool, Augista, Mountain of Snow, Queen of Roses, Constantia, Mr. Searle. Georgina (of any sort), Widnall’s Perfection, Mr. Widnall. Georgina (seedling), Mr. Widnall. (Cambridge Chronicle, Sept. 21. 1832.) Cambridge Florists’ Society.— July 30.1832. This was the seventh annual show of this Society, and at it were exhibited some excellent flowers of carnations, picotees, and georginas. Mr. Catling won the premier prize for the best carnation, by Wilde’s Perfection; and Mr. Nutter that for the best picotee, by Wood’s Countess of Sandwich. Mr. Twitchet and Mr. Purchas seem to haye won many prizes among the carnations and picotees. (Cambridge Chronicle, Aug. 3. 1832.) Cornwa.i. — The Royal Horticultural Society of Cornwall. June 29. 1832. This Society has King William the Fourth for an annual subscriber of ten guineas: hence it is called royal. The pines, melons, strawberries, cherries, and other kinds of fruit were of superior quality. Of flowers there was a copious supply, and the competition was, in consequence, very spirited. Ficus elastica, Amaryllis vittata, and Vallota purpurea are men- tioned. “ The most remarkable plant in the room was a new species of Cérnus, raised from Nepal seeds, some years ago, in the garden of J. H. Tremayne, Esq. at Heligan. It is a handsome shrub, perfectly hardy, and bears a profusion of large white blossoms.”’ The show of vegetables was commendable. Prizes were awarded for indigenous plants, and for cot- tagers’ productions. (West Briton and Cornwall Advertiser, July 6. 1832.) t August 16. This was but the second show of the Society, but the emu- lation which prevailed caused the display of flowers, fruit, and vegetables that adorned the room to far exceed the expectations of the most sanguine. Gloriosa supérba and Brunsvigia Josephine were the rarest plants shown. The Rev. Robert Walker exhibited specimens of a new grass adapted for soiling: it appeared to be a species of clover. After the prizes had been announced, a number of copies of a little poetic effusion of the veteran bard of Cornwall [who is he ?], entitled Moral Emblems, were distributed among the company, having been liberally presented by Mr. Polwhele. At the dinner the gratifying announcement was made, that His Majesty has been most graciously pleased to direct an annual subscription of ten guineas to be paid to the funds of the Society. (West Briton and Cornwall Advertiser, August 24. 1832.) October 11. This was but the third exhibition of this Society, and the chairman, Sir C. Lemon, Bart., in remarking the perfect success of the attempt to form it, observed, “ It would be strange indeed if it had been otherwise, as there is no county which possesses superior advantages, in a horticultural point of view, to our own. ‘The salubrity of its climate, and the genial mildness of its temperature, are well known. Many plants which will net endure the-common winters of other parts of England without protection, are to be seen in the gardens of Cornwall flourishing in almost their native luxuriance. In this respect,’ continued the hon. baronet, “ our climate is particularly favourable for making experiments on the comparative hardiness of exotic plants. There are few, he sup- posed, who had not at one time or other had the curiosity to enter on this Interesting subject. He had himself pursued it to some extent, and, he might add, with tolerable success. Should any one be desirous of visiting 7 _ Cornwall, Cumberland. 74:7 his gardens, he would be happy to point out to them those plants which appeared to him to be acclimatised, He hoped the matter would not be lost sight of by the Horticultural Society, and that it might receive an additional impulse from the members communicating, at some of their future meetings, the results of their several experiments. With re- spect to the botany of Cornwall, he was led to believe it was not yet sufficiently understood. There were several plants, whose names at that moment were not familiar to his mind, which he knew to be almost exclusively confined to Cornwall. One of these, the Erica ciliaris, was added to our English flora a very few years ago by himself. It was also found much about the same time in the vicinity of Truro, by the Reverend Mr. Tozer; and it was remarkable that this beautiful plant should have remained so long unnoticed, as it covers a space in one of his (Sir C. L.’s) plantations of from 15 to 20 acres in extent.” — The assortment of fruit was very extensive, particularly of melons, apples, and pears. Of flowering plants, several species, and many fine specimens, were exhibited: of those named, the rarest are Ipomee‘a insignis, Jatropha multifida, and Cornus capitata, a handsome evergreen from the East Indies, perfectly hardy. The assortment of vegetables was pretty extensive, and the samples large and handsome. We noticed among them a variety of white beet, which is not so much cultivated in our gardens as we think it deserves. It is the Poirée & carte blanche of the French, and in our opinion an excellent vegetable. The manner of dressing and using it, we believe, is similar.to sea-kale. Indigenous Plants. Judges, W. M. Tweedy, Esq., Mr. W. B. Booth, Assoc. Linn. Soc. London. Most rare species of indige®us plants : Sdlvia praténsis, R. W. Fox, Esq.; second ditto, Antirrhinum Cymbalaria, R. W. Fox, Esq. Best group, Scrophularia Scorod6nia, Asplénium lanceola- tum and marinum, 7marix gallica, Orobanche major, Ophrys spiralis, Miss Warren; second best group, Zllécebrum verticillatum, Asplénium mari- num, Pinguicula lusitanica, Sparganium ramosum, B. Sampson, Esq. The admirers of this interesting branch of botany are gradually mcreasing. Cottagers’ Prizes. The productions in this class were all, more or less, deserving of great commendation. ‘The good effects of the Society are already beginning to appear, in the excitement it has given to the dustrious cottager. We doubt not but the rewards which have this year been distri- buted will induce a large portion to enter and compete for the prizes that will be given next season. Indeed, we think it is not too much to hope that in the course of a few years a great improvement will be visible, both in the exterior appearances and interior arrangements of our numerous cottages. As a distinguished writer mgeniously remarks that the face is an index to the mind, so are we of opinion, that the neatness and cleanli- ness of the cottager’s garden is a proof of the happiness and comfort within. (Cornwall Royal Gazette, Oct. 20.) CumBERLAND. — IVhitehaven Horticultural Society's Flower Show. Aug. 10. 1832. The display of flowers was a very magnificent one: there was an immense variety of carnations, picotees, and georginas ; and the prize flowers were deemed very good. Two very noble specimens of Campanula pyramidalis were shown. Mr. R. Elliott.showed a new variety of potato, raised from seed: the tubers were remarkable for their size and beauty. Although this is called a flower show, numerous fruits were exhibited, and these are highly praised by the reporter. There was a plate or two of apples, of last year’s growth, uncommonly well preserved. “ Gooseberries have not been fine this year; the long-continued dry weather hurt them, especially the larger kinds, much. The choicer of the plants exhibited were Kalosanthes coccinea, a Cyrtanthus, an Erythrina, 7’rachelium czeru-, leum, and Calceolaria plantaginea. There was a prize for a nosegay of indigenous flowers. (Whitehaven Herald, Aug. 14, 1832.) 748 Provincial Horticultural Societies : — Devonshire, Devonsuire. — North Devon Horticultural Society. July 4. 1832. There was a very splendid display of flowers, a plentiful show of fine fruit, and an award of many prizes for them, and of several to cottagers for their pro- ductions. Much taste was displayed in the decoration of the walls and other parts of the show room, and the initial letters of the names of patrons were formed with a variety of beautiful flowers. The chairman announced that the foundation of a botanical and horticultural library had been laid by contributions from several members.’ A prize was awarded for the six best varieties of heartsease. Gladiolus natalénsis was exhibited by Mr. Burge. (County and North Devon Advertiser, July 6. 1832.) Devonand Exeter Botanical and Horticultural Society. — Oct.4. The dis- plays of fruit, vegetables, and flowers, and the company to inspect them, were most gratifying. A triumphal arch was formed in the room, of evergreens and flowers; and the pillars sustaining the arch were formed of about 1000 flowers of georginas in numerous varieties. Mr. Veitch showed flowers of the Hanoverian striped georgina, which were much admired, and so were his Chinese asters, raised from seeds obtained of the London Horticultural Society. Mr. Booth’s citron trees are eulogised, and their fruit won a prize. Among the flowering plants, which were rather numerous, and some of them choice, we noticed “a remarkably grand specimen of the Datura arborea in flower, and finely branching.” No plant can be more superb than this. Messrs. Lucombe and Co. exhibited a specimen of Nepénthes distillatoria, the pitchers of which were much admired for their “ elegance and truly classical form.’ The display of fruits on this occa- sion has not been surpassed in the eleven previous shows of the Society. Messrs. Dymond ‘and Co. exhibited one bunch of the Muscat from Lunelle, which weighed 3 Ibs. 10 oz. The vegetable tribes gave proof of the effi- cacy of the Society; and of the stimulus that has by means of it been generally imparted; and several cottagers made creditable displays. Of home-made wines there was a variety of samples; nor should those from Mr. Gifford’s, especially that from the green grape, pass without mention. Of preserved and dried fruits there were many specimens, and some very fine plums of the growth of 1830. After the judges had finished their labours, John Milford, Esq., was called to the chair, and addressed the company that filled the room. Among his remarks were these :— After speaking on the perfect success of the Society, and the good it had effected, he observed, “ It is my ear- nest hope, that every year the public may derive benefit as well as amuse- ment from our establishment: benefit in the improved state of our mar- kets, by the introduction of new and rare vegetables and fruits; and amusement, from the contemplation of such objects as are now before you. I will avail myself of the present opportunity to make a few observ- ations on our library, which consists of some standard works on botany and horticulture, together with periodicals on the same subjects. As an _ individual I have found our reading-room a great resource, and spent many hours there both with amusement and instruction. I regret that it is not more generally resorted to, as my wish, m common with the wishes of those persons who were mainly instrumental in the early form- ation of the Society, was, to combine a little science with our amusement, so as to prevent our Society dwindling into a mere flower show. I could wish that our practical skill in the art of gardening, an art which is now exciting such universal interest in almost every civilised state, should with us be accompanied by some scientific developement. Although the present state of our funds does not justify the committee in recommending the -adoption of the more extended plan at first contemplated, I mean the » formation of a botanic garden, I trust, notwithstanding, that the advan- _ tage of a well selected library may diffuse a taste for botany and horticul- Durham and Northumberland, Essex. 74.9 ture in every part of our beautiful county, which has justly been denomi-_ nated the garden of England.” (Zveter Flying Post, Oct. 11. 1832.) Duryuam anp NorTHUMBERLAND. — Botanical and Horticultural So- ciety of Durham, Northumberland, and Newcastle upon Tyne. July 6. The best exotic plant in flower displayed at this Meeting was Crinum peduncu- latum. “Mr. Thomas Pearson, gardener to Isaac Cookson, Esq., Gates- head Park, is the individual to whom was awarded the sum of three guineas offered to the gardener who produced the best testimonials of his abilities, and of the greatest length of servitude in one family ; Mr. Pearson having lived gardener to Mr. Cookson upwards of twenty-one years. There were twelve pines on the table: that which won the gold medal was a Black Antigua, and was allowed by the judges to be the highest flavoured they ever tasted: it was grown by. Mr. William Kelly, gardener to A. Don- kin, Esq., Jesmond. (Newcastle Courant, July 14. 1832.) Aug. 31. 1832. This was the Anniversary Meeting and dinner, and the majority of the numerous prizes seem to have been won by gardeners. Between thirty and forty members and friends dined. After dinner the toasts, speeches, and songs were numerous. On the health of the secre- taries being drunk, Mr. Falla, one of them, among other remarks, observed, that “ the only claim of merit that he could make was, that he had had something to do with the establishment of the library of the Society. He hoped the day was not far distant when the Society would become more scientific than it had been hitherto; and when it would possess a garden. He respectfully begged to renew his promise, when that took place, that he would, with the greatest pleasure, present the Society with a specimen of every plant he had in his nursery, and superintend the planting and arrangement of the same.” (Jdid., Sept. 8. 1832.) The Heworth Florists’ and Horticultural Society exhibited pinks on July 7. 1832, when the winning kinds were Becksley’s Beauty, Prince Leopold, Adelina, Lord Wellington, and Princess Charlotte. (déid., July 14. 1832.) Essex. — Chelmsford Florists’ Society. July 31. 1832. Carnations, pico- tees, georginas, and fruits were the productions exhibited, and these were of a superior description. Among the prizes for georginas, Mr. Sorrell of Chelmsford won a prize by Sorrell’s Chelmsford Surprise, along with other generally known kinds. (Essex Independent, Aug. 3. 1832.) Chelmsford and Essex Floral and Horticultural Society. — July 2. 1832. Roses, pinks, pelargoniums, irises, cut flowers, strawberries, melons, cher- ries, and cauliflowers. The strawberries were numerous, the geraniums handsome ; and the cauliflowers, for the time of year, very fine. (Essea and Suffolk Press, July 10. 1832.) Sept. 11. Georginas were numerous; and the Rev. W. Jesse and Mr. Sorrell won the prizes for seedling kinds. The Carotte Violette, or pur- ple carot, and long white carot, Carotte Blanche, won prizes. A more magnificent display of fruits and flowers was never witnessed. A drawing of moss roses, by Miss Fearnley of Springfield, possessing great merit, was most deservedly admired. (Essex Herald, Sept. 18. 1832, quoted from the Chelmsford Chronicle.) HEREFORDSHIRE. — Hereford Horticultural Society. July 31. 1832. Car- nations, picotees, georginas, flowering plants, and fruits were the objects shown. In the picotee class, the yellow ones surpassed every thing of the kind ever shown here; and the difficulty of cultivating and bloom- ing them so perfectly was duly appreciated, and of course rewarded by prizes. The other picotees and carnations were unusually large, excellent, and in full supply: amongst the latter appeared a rose flake, possessing great merit, and raised from seed by Mr. William Townsend, cutler, of this city, to whom a first prize was awarded: In the georginas, some prime seedlings were displayed, and one, in particular, 750 Prov. Hort. Soc. :— Herefordshire, Lancashire. distinctly and broadly striped ; which circumstance we hail with great satis- faction, and doubt not that, in a few years, georginas will be produced as much diversified by stripes as carnations. The gooseberries were very abundant, and many of them not only very large, but good as well as great : indeed, the prejudice against large gooseberries is fast wearmg away, as some of them may be brought into competition as to flavour even with the old rqngh red. ‘There were some berries exhibited from a seedling plant by a non-subscriber, possessing size and richness of flavour in an eminent degree. The plums were not sufficiently matured, but the pines, melons, peaches, nectarines, apricots and grapes were of first-rate size and quality ; and, to crown all, a highly respectable and numerous assemblage honoured the excellent display with their presence and approbation. The names of the gooseberries which won prizes, are, red, Crown Bob, Roaring Lion, King’s Globe; green, Ocean, Greenwood’s Green ; yellow, Royal Gunner, Golden Chain, Orange Globe. Mr. Godsall won three of these prizes, and several prizes for other objects. (Hereford Journal, Aug. 15. 1832.) Sept. 21. At this last show for the present year georgina flowers were profusely abundant ; among them were many seedlings, several of which were broken into distinct stripes; the peaches, nectarines, plums, and grapes were abundant and excellent. 84 varieties of apples and 25 of pears were exhibited, most of them of extraordinary size and beauty. Miss Anne Parry exhibited a “ double [flowered] Eschschéltza.” Mr. Godsall, nurseryman, has won the greatest number of prizes in this Society during the year. (Ibid., Sept. 26. 1832.) Ross Horticultural Society. — July 25. 1832. The carnations and picotees were of the first quality and in prime bloom, and the stage of them was admitted by all florists present to be the best they had ever witnessed. Georginas were in great abundance and in great beauty; and the first prize among the light kinds, namely the purple-fringed, was universally admired, the petals being fringed with purple, like the best picotee. The gooseberries, from the dry weather, were not so large as they are usually seen at the show at this season, but the other fruits were the admiration of all. Numerous prizes were awarded for carnations, picotees, georginas, bal- sams, cockscombs, and house plants, Hoya carndsa, Pheenécoma prolifera, Kalosanthes coccinea, Erica ampullacea, infundibuliférmis, and Parmen- tiéria rosea. Among the gooseberries the winning kinds were, red, Roaring Lion, Crown Bob, and Warrington; green, Greenwood’s Green, Lancaster Lad; white, Woodward’s Whitesmith; yellow, Golden Lion, Queen of the Yellows, and Amber. (Jdid., Aug. 1. 1832.) Sept. 19. Georginas in abundance, peaches, nectarines, out-of-door grapes, apples, pears, melons, heaths, and vegetables were exhibited. The report of the show is closed with the following remarks on Indian Corn :— “In a former journal we stated that Mr. Palmer of Pencoyd, and Mr. Palmer of Bolitree, near Ross, this year cultivated several acres of what is gene- rally termed Cobbett’s corn, and that the crop promised to be very fine. This expectation has been fully realised, and we have received a cob or ear from one of the fields, of great size and perfection. The followmg me- thod of cultivation was adopted by Mr. Palmer af Pencoyd: — The crop was planted on the 10th of May, on ridges 6 ft, over, two rows on the top of each ridge; it was hand-hoed on the 16th, 18th, and 19th of June, and some were transplanted on the 28th to fill up the vacancies caused by the ravages of the black beetles, which are very destructive to the plants when in an infant state. On the 14th of July, and following day, the intervals between the ridges of corn were ploughed deeply, approaching to within 3 in. of the plants: on the 20th, the taking off the suckers which spring up at the footstalk of the plant commenced ; and on the 26th, the earth which had been ploughed from the ridges on the 4th and 5th July, was turned Obituary. ; DAG: back to them. After this ploughing, the corn grew prodigiously, and, as far as promise could go, ‘ gave the lie direct to the wiseacres who said there would be no crop.’ On the 7th August, Mr. Palmer gave the corn a second ploughing between the ridges, the same as before, except that he did not approach quite so near to the plant. The high winds about the latter end of the month having knocked the crop about, which had then attained the height of 4 ft., some men were put to earth it up after the manner of teasels. Yesterday Mr. Palmer commenced cutting away the tops and blades, leaving the ears standing on the footstalks to harden for another fortnight, or three weeks, when he will commence harvesting the crop. Mr. Palmer observes, ‘ that there is a crop, and a productive one, too, any man may satisfy himself: who will take the trouble; and the spe- cimen you have will show the state of perfection at which it is already arrived.’” (Hereford Journal, Sept. 26. 1832.) LancasuiRe. — Lancaster Floral and Horticultural Society. August 3. 1832. The carnations and picotees exhibited were good, although not very numerous. Miss Dalton exhibited a magnificent specimen of Yiicca gloriosa. The georginas were superb. Of the carnations, Wild’s Perfec- tion won the first prize among the scarlet bizarres; Wakefield’s Paul Pry the first among the pink bizarres; Turner’s Princess Charlotte the first among the purple flakes ; Wilson’s Mountaineer, the first among the scarlet flakes ; Clegg’s Smiling Beauty, the first among the pink flakes. Of the picotees, Boothman’s Victoria won the first prize among the purple kinds, and Kenny’s Incomparable the first prize among the red kinds. The kinds of gooseberry which won prizes are, red, Top Sawyer and Roaring Lion ; yellow, Rockwood and Gunner; green, Greenwood and Independent; white, Wellington’s Glory and White Eagle. That beautifully and freely blooming hardy green-house shrub, Ceanothus aztireus, was much admired, and was honoured with a prize. (Lancaster Herald, Aug. 4. 1832. Lancaster Horticultural Society. — Oct. 6. The shows of this Society have in previous years been confined to the summer months; but, in compliance with the wishes of the lovers of fruit, an autumnal show was attempted. Mr. Ronalds of Brentford sent named specimens of many varieties of apple to Mr. Saul, who exhibited them, and also 26 sorts furnished by himself. Dr. Stevenson of Gilmerton, near Edinburgh, sent 60 varieties. The Rey. Thos. Mackreth of Halton, also, supplied upwards of 26 va- rieties. Mr. Saul, at the end of the show, distributed the apples supplied by himself and his friend, Dr. Stevenson, to the persons present: an op- portunity of tasting new fruit, of which many were delighted to avail themselves. Besides apples, pears, figs, grapes, pumpkins, and many other fruits and vegetables, and many varieties of georgina, were exhibited. (Lancaster Gazette, Oct. 13. 1832.) Art. VIII. Odituary. Diep, on the 8th of October, 1832, Mr. William Johnstone Shennan, aged about 40 years, formerly of Gunnersbury Park, and late gardener to Edward Baker, Esq., of Salisbury. Mr Shennan having been well known to you and many of your readers, I neéd only observe, that, as a practical gardener in every branch of his profession, there were few to excel him. As a last tribute to his memory, after an uninterrupted friendship of nearly. twenty years, allow me to add, that a more upright man, and more sincere friend, did not exist. — Robert Reid. Cothelston, Oct. 25. 1832. INDEX TO BOOKS REVIEWED AND NOTICED. GENERAL SUBJECT. An Address to the Labouring Classes, not. 202. Arcana of Science and Art, for 1832, not. 202. Braidwood’s work on the Construction of Fire Engines and Apparatus, not. 203. Bryan’s Practical View of Ireland, not. 203. Cape of Good Hope Literary Gazette, not. 718. Dewhurst’s Practical Observations on warming Dwelling Houses, Cathedrals, Churches, Thea- tres, and other Public Buildings with Hot- water, noticed, 221. Don’s General System of Gardening and Bo- tany, not. vol. 1.203; vol. ii. 698. Doyle’s Hint’s on Emigration to Upper Canada, not. 718. Facts and Illustrations demonstrating the im- portant Benefits derived by Labourers from occupying small portions of Land, not. 202. Henslow’s Examination of a Hybrid Digitalis, not. 208. Hooker’s Botanical Miscellany, not. 294. 712. Lindley’s Introduction to Botany, not. 705. Moggridge’s Popular Education in France, not. 199 Our. Neighbourhood: or, Letters on Horti- culture, &c. 454. ° Payne’s Apiarian’s Guide, prospectus of, 463. - Poiteau and Vilmorin’s Le Bon Jardinier, not. "453. Quarterly Journal of Education, not. 198. Sinclair’s Hints on Vegetation, 204. Sussex Association for improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes, not. 199; Quarterly Report of the, not. 200. Time’s Telescope for 1832, not. 202. ‘Transactions of the Albany Institute, America, noticed, 719. Vegetable Diet not inducive of Cholera, not. 719. LANDSCAPE-GARDENING. Gilpin’s Practical Hints on Landscape-Garden- ing announced, 224; not. 700. FLORICULTURE. Additional Supplement to Loudon’s Hortus * Britannicus, announced, 224; not. 604. Blume’s Flora Jave, not. 707. British Flowering Plants, not. 715. Chandler and Booth’s Illustrations and Descrip- tions of the Camellzéa, not. 211. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, not. 224. 345. 454, 596. 721. c Edwards’s Botanical Register, not. 224. 345. 454. 596. 721. Haworth’s Narcissinearum Monographia, 2d edition, not. 212. ; Hooker’s and Greville’s Figures and Descrip- tions of Ferns, not. 706. Loddiges’s Botanical Cabinet. not. 224. 345. 454. 596. 721. Mackay’s Catalogue of the Phzenogamous Plants and Ferns of Ireland, not. 716. M‘Nab’s Treatise on the Propagation, Cultiva- tion, and General Treatment of Cape Heaths, in a Climate where they require Protection during the Winter Months, not. 210. Mantell’s Chart of Floriculture, not. 716. Maund’s Botanic Garden, not. 224. Nees von Esenbeck’s Genera and Species Aste- rearum, not. 714. Smith’s and Sowerby’s English Botany, second edition, not. 714, Sweet’s British Flower-Garden, not. 224. 345. 454 596, 721. Wallich’s Plante rariores Asiaticx, not. 717. Wenstriém’s Handbok i Blomsterkulteren for Fruntimmer, not. 720. ARCHITECTURE. Leigh’s Music of the Eye, 205. r Loudon’s Encyclopedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture, announced, 221 ; not. 344, ARBORICULTURE. Horton’s Tables for Planting and Valuing Un- derwood and Woodland, &c., not. 208. Matthews on Naval Timber and Arboriculture not. 702. . The Midland Forester, not. 208. The Planting of Forest Trees, in Four Numbers of the Farmer’s Series of the Library of Useful Knowledge, not. 207. AGRICULTURE. Cleghorn’s System of Agriculture, not. 220. Lambert’s Rural Affairs of Ireland, rev. 215. Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, 454. Riley’s Remarks on the Importation of the Cachemire, and Angora Goats into Europe, and of the hybrid kind Cachemire-Angora into Australia, 452. HORTICULTURE. Antoine’s Figures from Nature of 51 Sorts of Peaches, not. 720. Callow’s Treatise on the Cultivation of the Mushroom, 213. Catalogue of the Fruits cultivated in the Garden . of the Horticultural Society of London, 2d edition, not. 212. : Jacquin *s Monographie compléte du Melon, not, 53 Lindley’s Outlines of the First Principles of Horticulture, announced, 463., not. 703. Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural So. _ ciety, Vol. 1V. Part II. rev. 178; Vol. V. Part I. not. 205. Sowerby’s Mushroom and Champignon illus- trated, not. 224. Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. Second series. Vol. I. Part I. rev. 177. Verhandlungen des Vereins zur Berforderung desGartenbaues in den K6niglich Preussischen Staaten, Vol. II. rev. 187. : GENERAL INDEX. Acacia Julibrtssin, 35 ft. high, near Philadel. phia, 272. Acclimatising half-hardy exotics to the sea- sons of Britain, 45; Bowie’s directions for acclimatising, in the gardens of Britain, the plants of Australia and the Cape of Good Hope, 5; alist of the plants which have stood out at Drumcondra, near Dublin, during one or more winters, 568; list of exotics which have lived for several years in the gardens of Charles Hoare, Esq. at Luscombe, Devon, 566; Nerine humilis and undulata, nearly hardy, 81. Acer, the species of, whose sap is used in America for the formation of sugar, 503. Admirable, a drink, a method of making, 182. ZEcidium laceratum, a fungus parasitic on haw- thorn, 179; Aecidium, a species of, parasitic on the leaves and fruit of pear trees, 738. Agriculture, remarks appertaining to, 220; on chloride of lime in, 445; British Society of Agriculture, 89. ‘ Alder, common in light sandy soil, grows more rapidly than birch, 456. Almond: tree, double flowered, 737. Amaryllis, M. Otto’s remarks on the culture of the genus, 188; AmarYllis gigantéa, and its culture, 189; fornaosissima seeds in the open air, in England, 94. America, North, notices on, 70 ; wild shrubs of, 75; geology of Philipsburgh im Pennsylvania, 76; the treatment received in the United States by a young British gardener, 360 ; Mrs. Trollope’s beok on America noticed, 360 ; sugar procured in America from the sap of species of maple, 502; critical notice of Mrs. Troilepe’s account of the indigenous flowers and fruits of the state ef Ohio, 374. America. See Nurseries. American blight. “See A’phis. _ Ammoniacal liquor of coal gas, destroys insects and vermin, 41; a mode of applying it, 656. Andrémeda@ arborea, 75 ft. high, near Phil- adelphia, 272. Angles, an instrument for laying off or trans- ferring them, in practical gardening, 30. Annual flowering plants, the seeds of some species of, should be sown in autumn, 570. Ants, a means ef destroying, 148. Aphis lanigera, on apple and other trees, a means of destroying, 53. 149; the A*phis, on peach and nectarine trees, a mode of destroy- ing the, 580. Su be : Apple, the kinds of, which thrive in the neigh- bourhood of Kilkenny, and their character- istics, 165; early kinds of, 167; middle season kinds of, 168; late keeping kinds of, 179; kinds of apple eligible for making cider, 244; information and a query on the Shustoke pippin apple, 610; a ladder held up by ropes for gathering apples, &c.,581; remarks on the relative value for cider of the golden pippin, Chaseley Harvey, Flanders pippin, and other kinds of apple, 583. ; Apple powder, the Chelsea, enquiry on, 610. Apple trees, on raising them from pips, 317; apple trees trained to a wall built at an angle of 10 deg. to the earth’s horizon, produced an abundance of fruit, 183; a mode of destroying the bug, or A*‘phis lanigera, on apple trees, 52. 357; Kirke’s emperor apple tree, sported with double Aowers, 737. Vou. VILL. —No. 41. peo: Met hempson’s report on the varieties of, 43: 3 Aquarium, a mode of forming an, 84. . coe spinosa, 25 ft. high, near Philadelphia, Architecture, notices on, 205; Loudon’s Ency- clopedza of Architecture, its plan and scope, 221; architecture about London, criticisms on, 473. Armagh palace, gardens at, 81. Atrow-root, the method, by which the inha- bitants of Otaheite prepare, 585; queries on the quantity of tubers in relation to the space the plants occupy, and on the quantity of fecula in proportion to that of tubers, 736 Artichoke, a variety of, its blanched leafstalks are much eaten at Rome and Naples, 267. 271. Asparagus, hints on cultivating, 180; at Berlin, green asparagus is preferred in_ winter, blanched asparagus during spring, 450; Prus- sian asparagus, Ornithogalum pyrenaicum, described, 613. ean ee its charms and features sketched, 595. : Auriculas, the management of, and soil for, in low situations, queried 736. Australia, notices on, 77; Bowie’s hints on cultivating and acclimatising, in England, the leguminous plants of. Australia, 15. Awning and frame, cheap, for shading: florists’ flowers grown in beds, 45. Bagnoles Wells, some account of, 63; the vege- table productions of the neighbourhood of, 356. Balsam, Balsamina horténsis Desporfes, an in- vestigation of its structure, 403. Bark of trees, a recipe for promoting its growth over barkless places, 150. Barley, information and queries respecting agri- cultural horses fed on, 613; barley big, its history and uses, 95. ~ Batata. See Ipomee‘a Batatas. Bean, field (Faba vulgaris), a very vigorous plant of, 187. Bee, the honey bee has the power to generate a queen, 498. - Beech, purple-leaved, the seeds of, produce some purple-leaved seedlings, 445. Beehive, Huish’s, corrections to the printed dimensions of, 3/5; Young’s description of two kinds of beehive, 664. Beer from sugar mixed with mferior malt or unmalted barley, 95; cheap beer for gar- deners and their workmen, modes of pro- ducing, 61; ale, how to make, from the man- gold wurzel, 697. ‘ Beetles, black, a means of destroying, 148. Berries, some wild white and red in Norway, of what plants? 611. ; Beulah Spa, its gardens noticed, 594. Birch, Sétula alba, economical properties of, 93; grows not so fast as alder on light sandy soil, 456. ; « Birmingham botanical and horticultural gar- den, Mr. Louden’s plans for, 407; gardens of the workmen at Birmingham, 79. Boiler, Neeve’s improved forms for boilers, at- faced to apparatus for heating by hot water, Botanical and horticultural society: Bristol, 118 ; Bristol and Clifton, 119; Devon and Exeter, 627.748; Hexham, 632; Majichester, 3 C 754 115 ;, Newcastle, 252; Northumberland and _. Durham, 118. 631. 749. Bourne, Frederick, Esq., his garden near Dub- lin, noticed, 83. 571. 482. i Brandy, home, a mode of making, 180; a kind of brandy called maroschino is made from the fruit of Prinus bis-fldrens, 188. ; Brassica, an alternative for avoiding the club in the roots of the different species of, 55. See also Cabbage. Bretton Hall, the green-houses and hot-houses at, remarks on, 361; counter remarks, 607. _Bridge-building, 59. : } Broccoli, Portsmouth, the cause of its superi- ority sought, 612. Brugmansia suaveolens, noticed, 47; on the cultivation of, in a conservatory, 159; M. Sinning’s mode of cultivating, 195. Brussels botanic garden, 400. Buckwheat, a blue colour obtainable from, 42. Bury St. Edmunds, new botanic garden at, briefly noticed, 79. } Button wood trees, Pld4tanus occidentalis, of very large size in the United States, 153. Cabbage, sea or wild, its excellence as a sauce, 54; an alternative for avoiding the club in the roots of the cabbage tribe, 55; the Jersey cow cabbage, complaints on thé exaggerated ac- count of its capabilities, 608. CActez, increased introdtiction of, into our collections, 47. Cactus, see Céreus. Caladium bicolor and viviparum, M. Sinning’s method of cultivating, 195. Calceolaria, additional hybrid kinds of, 48; C. Atkinszana, noticed, 473. 724; C. Martineau, noticed, 723. Calystégia stpium and Tpomee%a, their corollas differ in the mode of withering, 736. Camellias, interesting kinds of, named, 211 ; the management proper to camellias when forced, 435 ; the flowers of camellias are rare and dear at New Yerk, 360. Camera lucida, its efficient service in drawing, 237. ~ Camphor useful to revive withered plants, 339. Canker in fruit trees, the effect of a bad sub- soil ; a mode of preventing it, 326; a mode of curing it when not the effect of soil, 696. Caoutchouc dissolved in pyrolignous ether preserves twine or cord boiled in it, 554; what is the mode of dissolving it ? '735. Cape of Good Hope, Bowie’s hints on cultivat- ‘ing in England the leguminous plants of, 5. Carnation, history and culture of, 428; Mr. Hogg’s carnation bloomed very satisfactorily in 1832, 593; the eminent growers of the car- nation named, 432. Carrots may be grown in soil from a morass, 56. Cassi, a drink, a method of making, 182. Castle Semple, its grounds, gardens, &c., no- ticed, 596. Caterpillars, a mode of destroying, 323; cater- pillars on gooseberry trees, a mode of checking their ravages, 370. 694. Cedar, white. See Cupréssus. Celeriac, turnip-rooted celery, hints on culti- vating, 443. Cement, Mr. Frost’s, how formed, 60. Cemetery, the plan of a general one for Edin- burgh, sketched, 362. Ceratdnia Siliqua, its frequency and uses in Italy, 269. Céreus speciosissimus, magnificent specimen of, at Dropmore, 593; another fine plant of, 80 ; a new seedling Céreus, 361. Chara, the circulation of the sap in, 143, 482. Chemistry, gardening, technical terms in, re- quire explanation, 735. Cherries, Law’s method of forcing, 439. Chrysanthemum, Chinese, the, a sketch of its history, 692. Cider, valuable information on the manufacture of, 583; cider from the French bitter scale apple, 244; the favourite kinds of apple fer GENERAL INDEX. making cider in Butleigh, and the adjoining parishes, 244; cider made in France, 357. Citrus, how can the leaves and fruit of plants of this genus be kept ftom falling prema- turely ? 736. Cloyne, bishop of, his garden, 475. Cock, Siebe’s, 370. Colosseum, the conservatories and other ap- purtenances of, noticed, 594. Colvill, Mr. James, his death noticed, 256. Cooking alembic, a, for cooking vegetables, 470. Corn, atub for weighing and measuring, 466 ; Indian corn, Cobbett’s, and a kind grown in Lombardy, 497. 750. Cottages, allotments of land to, remarks on, 529; cottages and gardens to them, 96; cot- tages in Scotland, their condition in 1831, 258. 474; directive hints for the effective cul- tivation ,of, cottage gardens, 647 ; industry and independence promoted by cottage gar- dens, 650. Covent-garden market, January 17th, 1832, 127; March 20th, 254; May 21st, 384; July 19th, 504; Sept. 17th, 624; Nov. 22d, 744; weights and measures in Covent-garden market, 374. Créme de Moka, a method of making, 182; créme de rose, a method of making, 181. Crickets, a means of destroying, 148. Cucumber, abundant produce of a plant, 81; on the advantages of M‘Phail’s pits for early cucumbers, 38; the Russian mode of salting cucumber, 183; a query on growing cucum- bers by steam, 612; queries on a species of caterpillar’ devouring the foliage of cucum= bers, 611; Mr. Oliver’s hybrid from a cucum- ber impregnated by the Maltese melon, 611; other cross impregnations, 740. C¥ycas revolita, female, has flowered in the garden of Count Harrach, at Bruck, on Leithe, and that of Wentworth House, Yorkshire, England, 448. C¥clamen pérsicum, a notice of varieties of, 94. Cypress, deciduous, American specimens of, described, 272. 276. Cupréssus ¢hyéides, the white cedar, its habits noticed, 447. Diélytra, a correction to, 368. Diospyros virginiana 80 ft. high, near Phil- adelphia, and the Americans distil an excel- lent brandy from its fruit, 272. Dividivi, the Cesalpinza Coriaria, speculations on its extraordinary usefulness and fitness for appropriation in commerce, 46. Dotting with plants, 86. Droseras, Mallet on cultivating, 684. Dry rot in oak timber, what is the best pre- ventive of? 501. y Dublin, the mildness of climate at, 364. Dumfries stone, the price of garden ornaments made of, 91. Earwigs, a means of destroying, 149. — Education, remarks on, 198. Egg plant, the purple-fruited, the only variety eaten abroad, 53. Electricity, its agency in vegetation, and a query on, 500. 740. Elms, extremely large ones in the United States, 152. Emigration, hints to gardeners wishing to emi- prate to the United States, 272; works which treat on emigration to America indicated, 464; emigration to Van Diemen’s Land, 78. Encyclopedia of Gardening, corrections to the, 83, 482, 483. Encyclopedia of Plants, corrections to the, 85. 244. 368. Eranthis hyemalis, its showiness when in large quantities, 89. Erpétion reniformis nearly hardy, 87. Eugénia australis, its beauty when planted in a bed of soil in a conservatory, 160. Eutaxia myrtifolia, on propagating, 160. Evergreens, Stuart’s mode of transplanting, Fennel is much cultivated at Rome and Naples GENERAL for its ¥oots and Jeafstalks, which are gene- rally eaten, 267. 271. Ferns, a method of raising them from seeds, 451. Feuillea cordifdlia, its fruits an antidote to vegetable poisons, 78. Ficus stipulata, effects of culture on, 689. Fig, Mr. Pearson’s treatment of, criticised, 489 ; defended, 490. 733. Filtering machines, 370. Fir, the spruce, seems not to thrive in Eng- land, why ? 503; fir timber, while full of sap, will resist fire, 488. Fleischmann, Johann Martin, a brief biogra- phy of, 255. Floors and roofs formed of earthen tubes so as to be fire-proof, 60. Floral and horticultural society : Carlisle, 626; Chelmsford and Essex, 749; Hull, 122. 635 ; Lancaster, 630.751; Rochdale, 115. Floricultural and botanical notices of new plants, or of old plants of interest, 12. 224. 345, 454. 596. 721. Floriculture, seasonable hints on, 25. 352. See also Plants. ! Florist’s flowers, a machine for transferring from one pot to another, 44; an instrument for planting tulips with, 44; a cheap frame and awning for shading beds of, 45; Hurdis’s plant transplanter, 666. : Florists’ society: Bristol, 633; Cambridge, 746; Chelmsford, 749; Deven and Exeter, Gateshead ancient, 632; Heworth, 749. Flower-garden, a design for a, with a list of plants to furnish it, 155; flower-gardens, Mr. Errington’s opinions on Jaying out and ma- naging, 562; various forms of cast and wrought iron stakes for plants in, 557. 554. Flower-pots printed on before they are baked, 475. 3 Flowers, and the flowers of spring, thoughts on, 25; method of prolonging the flowering sea- son of border flowers, 46. Flued walls at Erskine House gardens, Ren- frewshire, 670. Ely, the black and the green, a means of de. stroying, 149; flies, a means of destroying, 150. Forcing. See Pits. Transportable houses for forcing recommended, 338. Forest trees, Mr. Main on pruning, 303; Sin- clair on planting, 207. See aiso ‘T'rees. France, condition of the labouring classes in the south of, 62; notices relative to France, 356; vegetable productions of the department of L?Orne, 356; a horticultural tour through }, the Netherlands and part of France, 392. © Frauds imposed by correspondents, 289. Frost, its effects on plants in Prussia in the winter of 1822-3, 340. Fruit room, what is the best plan for ? 737. Fruit trees, the apple bug, A*phis lanigera, and lichens on, destroyable by fire, 357; fruit trees by the roadside from Griinberg to Masserwitz, 449. See Canker. Fruit wines, modes of making, 186. Fruits, the London Horticultural Society’s cata- logue of, noticed, 212; a press for crushing fruits, 544; a ladder held up by ropes for gathering fruits, 581; a machine for crush- ing, 542 ; a press for crushing, 544; remarks on the fruits used in the manufacture of perry and cider, 582. é Fuchséa globdsa Hort. distinguished and de. scribed, 598. 607. } Fumigator, a detached, figured and described, 354. Furnace, Witty’s improved, possessed by Mr. Chanter, 26. ’ J Furze tops, asa manure, 239; Irish furze, its habitat and uses, 369; furze, as a boundary fence to plantations in parks, 678. Gardener, house for a, containing five rooms and an office, adapted for being connected with the wall of.a kitchen-garden, 551; de- INDEX. 755 sign for a gardener’s house to be connected with the west wall of a kitchen-garden, 659 ; design for a gardener’s house which is to serve also for a watchtower, 660; the gar- dener’s house at Castle Semple wretched, 596; a gardener distinguishing himself, 474; an American lady gardener, 239; gardeners, young, the necessity for them to store their minds with general knowledge as well as with that of gardening, 137; prizes to young gardeners, by horticultural societies, 81; funds to be formed by gardeners for their own benefit, 83; on giving to gardeners the credit due to their employers, 85; advice to gardeners intending to emigrate to the United States of America, 272. 288; trafficking in the situations of gardeners, 499. 730; remarks on the writings of gardeners, 367 ; remarks on Mr. Mallet’s advice to young gardeners, 641; the necessity and advantages of gar- deners visiting one another’s gardens, 645. Gardening, the love for, natural to man, 239; gardening recreations as a substitute for brutalising sports, 140; gardening favourably affected by the law of primogeniture, 275, 277 ; gardening and nursery business, depressed state of, especially in Scotland, 134; the means of inspiring a taste for gardening among the fabouring classes of Scotland, 532; the condition of gardening in Ireland, 474; a catechism on gardening, 373. Gardens about Rome and Naples, noticed, 267. 271; garden of the Bishop of Cloyne, 475; gardens near Dublin, 371; descriptive notices of several gardens in England; that of J. A. Beck, Esy. of Esthwaite Lodge, 528; of Sir John Ashley, bart., Everly House, 546; of Sir Edward Antrobus, bart., Amesbury House, 547; of the Earl of Radnor, Longford Castle, 548 ; the hanging gardens of Limerick, 81; public garden at Magdeburg, a plan and de- scription of, 191. 194; Hogg’s florist’s garden, 594; Groom’s florist’s garden, 594; Zoological Society’s garden, 594; Surrey Zoological gar- dens, 594; gardens of the Beulah Spa, 594; pro- posed botanic garden at Primrose Hill, 594; gardens at Bretton Hall, July 14th, 1832, 607; gardens in the lake district, remarks on, 527; Erskine House gardens in Renfrewshire, 670 ; town gardens, a work on laying out, 373; suburban gardens, on the management of, 92 ; design for a flower-garden, for a particular situation near an old mansion, with a list of plants suitable to thesplan, 155; garden orna- ments in stone, at Dumfries, their price, 91 ; stakes, iron, for plants in the flower-garden, various forms for, and suggestions on, 555. 557; gardens to cottages, workhouses, prisons, and lunatic asylums, 96. 376; directive hints for the effective cultivation of cottage gar- dens, 647. ; Gas, ammoniacal, destruction of insects by, 41 ; the mode of applying it, 656. Gates, Telford’s iron ones described, 85; de- signs and details for opening the gates of lodges in the night time, 622. Gauntlets for lady gardeners, 37. Gentiana acailis, on growing and propagating of, 94. Georginas, on prolonging the flowering season, of, 46; seeds from flowers of one colour pro- duce plants which severally bear flowers of a different colour, 47. Germany, notices on, 358. Gloridsa superba, M. Sinning’s method of cul- tivating, 195, rs Goats eligible for introduction into New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land, 452. i Gooseberries, censurableness of the names given to, 89; a mgde of making gooseberries into English champagne wine, 542; a method of making gooseberry wine, 181; a mill for crushing ripe gooseberries, 542; a press for crushing them, 544. Gordodnza pubéscens, 50 ft. high, near Philadel- phia, 272. 3c 2 756 Gourd, various culinary applications of the herbage, flowers, and fruit of, 185. 494; size of the fruit of some kinds of gourd in Italy, 495. Grafting, a new mode of, 540. Grape vine, hints on propagating it by branthes layed into pots, 178 ; a mode of propagating, 339; a rapid mode of raising exceHent plants of the grape vine, 577; a mode of substituting good vines for bad ones with the least possible Yoss of time, 578; on cleft-grafting the grape vine, 197; on the flowering of the grape vine, 197; grape vines trained on the outside of the alternate sashes of a hot-house produced excellent grapes, 322; the method of training grape vines at Doneraile, 248; grape vines grown on flued walls at Croxdale, 433; the kinds of grape vine best suited to the hot walls of Scotland, 184; can grape vines befoxced un- der the conditions described ? 611; the degree et hardihood of grape vines in Italy, 492; the wood of the horsechestnut makes very durable stakes for grape vines, 450 ; Lang- ford’s incomparable grape, preferably in- ereased by buds, 695; Mr. Pillans’s expe- ditious fruiting of grapes in pots, 695; a kind of beetle destructive of grape vines, 737. Grapes, how can they be ripened without fires, by the middle of September? 95; grapes ri- pened in the open air, a mode of preserving for table, during the winter months, 447; a mode of preserving ripe grapes, 339. Grass, species of, fitted, to repair lawns, 176 ; grass land, improved by coverings of loam, 448. Groom’s florist’s garden noticed, 594. Grounds, on laying out and planting, 300. Grouping of plants, shrubs, and trees, 86. Grubworm, a, affects strawberry plants, 92. Gymnécladus canadénsis, noticed, 85. 272. Harbke, plantations made at, 445. Hatching chickens in the bark bed of a hot- house, 638. ‘ y Hawthorn, a new variety, with carmine crim- son flowers, the Crate‘gus Oxyacantha 70- sea supérba, 362. 607; hedge of hawthorn }, damaged by the parasitic fungus Atcidium laceratum, 179; what plant is fitter for the formation of hedges than hawthorn? 738. Hayward’s remarks on training and physiology, 483. 653, Heartsease, the more general cultivation of, re- ~ commended, and some interesting varieties of, described, 573; the Lady Bath heartsease noticed, 94. atts Heaths, Cape, M‘Nab’s work on cultivating them, 210; Rutger’s mode of propagating them expeditiously ; 681; query on presery- ing Cape heaths from mildew, 736. Heating of air and water by lenses, M. Gauen’s mode of, noticed, 497. 69 ; conservatory and bath heated from one boiler, 90; wood pre- ferable to coal for heating, 423. Heating. See Hothouses. : Henderson, Mr. Walter, a brief biography of, 256. Herbarium, by Mr. Toward, 367. Hibiscus attenuAtus of Bosse, the character and the mode of cultivating, 447; H. figax Mart. noticed, 338. Hinge, Howden’s, for causing gates toclose, 38. Hobson, Mr., deceased, his book on mosses, 94, Hoe, engraving and description of a newly in- vented, 558; Lord Vernon’s tillage hoe, 689. follows and knolls, remarks on planting, 486. Hops, a mode of supporting them in the Vosges, 65; hop tops useful as a culinary vegetable, 184. Horseradish, a Danish and German mode of cultivating, 436. f Horticultural notes on a journey from Rome to Naples, 266. Seealso Your. _ Horticultural societies (provincial) of England and Wales: Abergavenny and Crickhowei, 635; Beccles, 634; Bedfordshire, 115. 745; Bristol and Clifton, 119. 633; Bury St. Ed- & GENERAL INDEX. munds,.119 ; Cambridgeshire, 626.745 ; Cireti= cester, 629; Cornwall, 746; Devon and Corn- wall, 627; North Devon, 748; Diss, 630; Evesham, 121; Glamorgan and Monmouth, 252. 635; Gloucester, 629; Hereford, 629, 749; Ipswich, 120. 634; Lancashire, 115; Laneaster, 751; Manchester, 115; Norfolk and Norwich, 630; Northamptonshire, 117. 631; Northumberland, 118; Oxford, 118. 632 ; Ross, 629. 749; Somersetshire, 118; Suffolk, _ 119; Taunton, 633; Taunton and West Somerset, 119; Whitehaven, 627. 747 ; Wilts and general, 634; Worcesershire, 121. 635; Yorkshire, 122. Horticultural societies in Ireland. Horticultu- ral society of Ireland, 639; of Belfast, 124. 252. 640. Horticultural Society of London and its garden, Noy. Ist,.1831, to Jan. 3d,.1832, 125.; from Jan. 17th to March Gth, 252; from March 20th to May 15th, 378; from June 5th to July 17th, 505; from July 17th to August 7th, 614; from Oct. 2d to Noy. 6th, 742. A re- port on the state of the garden from inspec- tion, 471. Horticyltural society of Prussia, 359) Horticultural societies of Scotland. Aberdeen- shire, 122. 636; Ayrshire, 122; Caledonian, 122. 252. 635; Cupar, 637; Dundee, 123; East Lothian, 123. 636; Glasgow, 637; Mic Lothian, 123; North British Professionat Gardeners’, 123. 637 ; Renfrewshire, West, 637; Stirling, 114. 124. 638. Hofticultural societies, the formation of, in the suburbs ef London, suggested, 82; horticul- tural societies should ofter prizes to young gar- deners for the objects specified, 82. Horticultural societies. See Botanicaland Hor- ticultural society, Floral and Horticultural society, and Florists’ society. : Hortus Briténnicus, additions to the Additional Supplement of, 604—607. Hot-houses, remarks on the slope of the roof of, 191; the mode, at Vienna, of constructing double-roofed hot-houses, 535; the state of the practice of constructing hot-houses in Scotland, 521; an improved mode of heating of hot-houses, 452 ; different modes of heating hot houses, 469; hatching chickens in the bark bed of a hot-house, 688; Hay’s method of heating by steam, 330. 730. Hot water, as a means of heating, 221; Mr. Perkins’s mode of circulating in hermetically sealed tubes of small diameter for heating hot- houses, &c., 236, 292—297 ; Weeks’s new appa- ratus for heating'by, 594; hot water apparatus in a pinery at the Earl of Egremont’s, Pet- worth, Sussex, the details of its action, 147. House, glazed, one adapted for the culture of peach trees, grape vines, and ornamental plants, 321 ; transportable houses for forcing recommended, 338; gardener’s house, con- taining five rooms and an office; design for, 551; other designs for houses for gardeners, 659, 660. Howden’s, Mr., reply to Messrs. Murphy’s and Haycroft’s criticisms on his remarks on Irish cottages and labourers, 369: Mr. Howden’s reply to Mr. Thomas Small’s attack on him, 248. J Hybrid plants, the sterility of, instanced, 500; hybrid calceolarias, 48; hybrid melons, 52. hybrid camellias named, 212; hybrid Céreus, 361; hybrid Digitalis, Henslow’s examination of a, 209; hybrids obtained between plants of melon and of cucumber, 611 ; hybridlaburnum, 473; hybrid plum raised by Mr. Knight, 433 ; hybrid poppy, 355 ; hybrid strawberry, 593. Insects, various, recipes for destroying, 148 ; an- nular pan as a defence against insects, 37 ; destruction of insects by ammoniacal gas, 41 ; insects infesting cucumbers, 611; insects pre- vented ascending the stems of trees, 340; in- sects are enshrined in theleaves which remain through the winter on trees habitually decidu- ous in autumn, 498, ‘ ‘ GENERAL INDEX. TIpomce\a Batdtas Poir., the batata, the results of its cultivation in Italy, 495; thoughts on its success in Britain, 613. a Jpomee‘a purptirea and Calystégia sépium, the corollas of, differ in the mode of withering, 736. Treland, notices relative to, 364; rural improve- ment in, 365; improvement of the condition of the labouring class in, 365 ; Lambert’s ru- ral affairs of, and Elles’s remarks on them, 215; the condition of gardening in Ireland, 248. 474; a list of green-house and hot-house plants which are comparatively hardy at Drumcondra, near Dublin, 568; gardens in Treland noticed, 81. 83. 371. 482. Tris, the peacock, the exquisite beauty of its _ blossoms, 469 ; Tris tuberosa, a native of Bri- tain, and a mode of cultivating it productive of blossoms, 235. Irish cottages, &c., 85. 369; Irish labourers 369; a certain Irish mansion, 372; Irish pearl moss, 94, Italy, remarks on the gardening of, 69; climate of Italy, in relation to orange trees, lemon trees, grape vines, &c., 492; certain kinds of melon grown in Italy, 613; Italian gardening and landscape reported on, 267. FenEIDS, Mr., nurseryman, his death recorded, 384, Kensington Gardens reported on, 473. Kentucky coffee tree noticed, 85. 272. Kew, the pleasure-ground at, 473. Kilkenny, a notice of the climate of, orchards of, and the kinds of apple and pear which thrive in the orchards of, 165. Kino, gum, noticed, 77. Kirschwiasser, a method of making, 182. Knolls and hollows, remarks on planting, 486. Labourers and their condition, 200; instances of letting land to labourers in Cambridge- shire and Suffolk, 98; the condition of la- bourers in a village in Nottinghamshire, 529 ; strictures on the kind of labourers to whom land for gardens is most eligible, 529; the good and evil of letting land to labourers, 377 ; of the improvement of the condition of la- bourers in Ireland, 365; the means of inspir- ing a taste for gardening among the labouring classes of Scotland, 532; condition of the labouring classes in the south of France, 62. Laburnum, a hybrid, with lilac flowers, 473. Lachenalias, hints on the culture of, 234. Ladder with appurtenances for gathering ap- ples, &c. from trees, without allowing the lad- der to rest on the tree, 581. Larch, the wood of, full of sap, will resist fire, 488 ; facts on the timber of larch, 93. Lathyrus grandiflodrus, seeds from, obtained by artificial impregnation, and other remarks on, 50. 733. a Lawns, fit species of grass for repairing, 176. Leaves persistent through the winter on trees, habitually deciduous in autumn, enshrine in- sects, 498. Lectures on botany applied to horticulture, by Professor Lindley, 580. 507. 615. Leguminous plants of Australia and the Cape of Good Hope, Bowie’s hints on cultivating them, 5. Lemon and orange trees, as cultivated in Italy and at Naples, 269. 271; their degree of hardi- ness in Italy, 492. . Lenses, M. Gauen’s mode of heating air or water by, 497 ; Mr. Mallet’s remarks on, 609. Lettuce, cabbage, Mr. Rutger’s method of forc- ing, at Shortgrove, Essex, 172. Lichens on fruit trees destroyed by fire, 357, 358. Lilium Mdrtagon, queries on, 501. Lime, chloride of, in agriculture, 445. Limekilms, and burning of lime, 741. Limerick, hanging gardens, 81. Lindley’s (Professor) publications, a retrospec- tive criticism on, 728. Liqueurs, various, modes of making, 180. Lisieux, Normandy, an account of the subscrip- tion garden at, 66, con Lock, wooden, in use in Lapland, 468. London, the plants which thrive in the smoky atmosphere of, 243. Machine, Budding’s mowing, figured and de- scribed, 34; machine for hewing stone by steam, 92; machine for preparing flax and hemp by a new and improved process, for manufacturing into canvass, cordage, &c., 96; filtering machine, 370. : M‘Naughton, Mr. Archibald, a notice of his death, 384. Magdeburgh public garden described and _illus- trated by a plan, 191. Magnolias, their great size in America, 272. Maize in North America, 75; a hardy variety of, 693; culture of, in England, 750. Mangles, portable, spoken of, 354. Mangold wurzel, the mode of brewing ale from, 697. Manure, useful to fruit trees when applied in moderation, 446 ; furze tops used as a manure, 239 ; tar used as a manure, 239. Maroschino, a kind of cherry brandy, is made from the fruit of the Priinus bis-flérens, 188. Melianthus major is almost hardy, 04. Melons, two sorts described, 191; Mr. Knight on the cultivation of the Persian varieties of melon, 435; M. Ebers’s mode of cultivating melons, 450; Mr. Smith’s mode of cultivating melon plants at Cunnoquhie,329 ; certain kind of melon grown in Italy, 613; Mr. Oliver’s hybrid, obtained from a cucumber impreg- nated by the Maltese melon, 611; M. Sageret’s experience on hybrid melons, 741 ; hardihond of hybrid kinds of melons, 52; Jacquin’s work on the melon, 453. ; Mice and rats, a mode of poisoning, 239. Mignonette, what species is that which Jesse calls the tree? 374. Mildew, a mode of preventing the recurrence of, 40. Moles, an efficient trap for catching, 298; mole trap, a French one figured and described, 36 ; a kind invented by A. F., figured and de- scribed, 299. Mowing. See Machine. Mulberry tree, the, as cultivated inItaly, to sustain silkworms for supplying silk, 496. Munich, notices on gardening at, 67. 358. Mushrooms, Mr. Callow’s, noticed, 2445; his work on producing, 214; Elles’s hints on pro- ducing, 214; the culture of mushrooms in melon beds, 312. : Nails, a mode of cleaning wall nails, 40. Naples, notes on the gardens of, 271. Narcissinean plants, the names of some rarer kinds, and hints on cultivating them, 50. Nectarine and peach trees, Seymour’s system of training, 51; nectarine trees distinguish- able from peach trees by a difference in their two germens, 469; a mode of destroying the aphis on nectarine trees, 580; Hayward’s mode of training peach and nectarine trees, 653. Neill’s, Patrick, Esq. garden at Canonmills noticed, 364, us Nelumbiums, on the culture of, 157; M. Liz beck’s mode of cultivating Neliémbiwm spe- cidsum, 197. y Nerine himilis and undulata, nearly hardy, 81., Netherlands and part of France, a horticultural -tour through, 392. J Nonpareil, a drink, a method of making, 182. Normandy, an account of the subscription gar- den at Lisieux in, 66 ; some account of Lower Normandy, 63. hoa Numbering stick, on an improved application of the notch principle, 32. Nurseries in the United States described, 272— _989; nurseries in the Netherlands and part of the south of France, 392. Nurseries, metropolitan, 101; Brown’s Bedford nursery, Hampstead Road, 102; the Mary- land Point, Stratford, Essex, 102; Epsom Nursery, new or rare plants which have flow- ered in, 102; the Mile-end nursery, 249. WEY ee 758 Nurseries, English provincial, information on, solicited, 104; an account of the Bache Pool nursery, near Chester, Messrs. F. and J. Dickson’s, 105 ; of Messrs. Conolly and Sons’ nursery, at Lancaster, 108 ; of Messrs. Skir- ving and Co.’s Walton nursery, near Liver- pool, 109; of Messrs. John Pope and Sons’ Handsworth nursery, near Birmingham, 110; Messrs. Rednall and Bircham’s Holton nur- sery, near Halesworth, Suffolk, 251; Came- ron’s nursery, Uckfield, Sussex; 741; Carlisle nursery, Messrs. William and Thomas Hutton, 741; Keswick nursery, Mr. Kerr, 742. Nurseries, Scottish provincial, of Messrs. Smith and Sons, at Ayr, Monkwood, and Colroy, 113; of Messrs. W. Drummond and Sons, at Stirling, 113; Mr. Goldie’s, at Wrightfield, near Ayr, 474. Nursery and gardening business, depressed state of, more especially in Scotland, 134. Oak, on the pruning of the, 243; oak timber, what are best means of preventing the dry rot in? 501. See Quercus. Ohio, the state of, remarks on the indigenous flowers and fruits of, 374. Olive tree, Italian means of propagating it, 68. Onions, store, a mode of preventing their sprout- ing or germinating during the winter, 55; on the transplanting of onions, 180. Orange trees, their degree of hardihood in Italy, 492; oranges and lemons, as cultivated in Italy, and at Naples, 269. 271. Orchideous epiphytes, on the propagation of, 88; Mr. Lindley’s directions for cultivating, 318; his directions for the manner of collect- ing and preserving on board a ship, 603. O'xalis risea Jac. (floribunda Lzndl.), a mode of cultivating, 572; O. Déppez noticed, 691. Pebdnia Mottan, a magnificent plant of, 473 ; the double-flowered variety of P. officinalis produces seeds, 243. Pain’s Hill, near Cobham, Surrey, noticed, 361. Palms, Choco, noticed, 79. Palo de vaco,’seeds of, 361. Paris, the condition of the markets of, in rela- tion to gardening on Dec. 20th, 1831, 65. Parmentier’s garden, near Brooklyn, North America, described, 71. Pea, Bishop’s early dwarf, its merits compared in detail with the merits of the early frame, Knight’s dwarf marrow, and the Spanish dwarf, 584; Mr. Knight’s mode of obtaining very early crops of green peas, 434; the white flowered everlasting pea, queries and inform- ation on, 610. Peach trees, Hayward’s system of training, 484. 653; Seymour’s system of training, 51; a preventive of the curling up and dropping off of the leaves of peach trees, 340; a mode of destroying the A‘phis on peach trees, 580; the Myrobalan plum tree an eligible stock for peach trees, 340; peach trees distinguishable from nectarine trees, by a difference in their two germens, 469. Pear, a description and outline figure of the Petre pear in Carr’s nursery, Philadelphia, 587; seedling kinds of pear raised by Mr. Knight, 439; remarks on the relative value for perry of the Barland and other kinds of pear, 582; monstrous pears noticed, 697. Pear trees, a mode of training pear ‘trees de- scribed and figured, 539; pear trees trained to a walJ built to an angle of ten degrees to the earth’s surface, produced an abundance of fine fruit, 183; a fungose disease on the leaves and fruit of the pear trees at Buscot park gardens, 738. Pearl moss, Irish, 94. Pelargonium zonale var. Biicheri, a fine plant of, noticed, 80; Mr. Weltje’s collection of pelargoniums, 473. Pelargoniums, a method of cultivating them, practised by Mr. Appleby, 161; another mode practised by Mr. Robert Elliot, 1625. on pro- longing the flowering season of pelargoniums in beds in the open air, 46. GENERAL INDEX. Pepper, black, a history of, 228. Perry, valuable information of the qualities and manufacture of, 582. Phzécoma prolifera, on propagating, 160. Philadelphia, nursery gardens and state of hor- ticulture at, 272. Philipsburg in Pennsylvania, North America, us capacities as to soil and climate described, Ow Physiology, vegetable, questions in, 652, 653. Pimlico palace and gardens noticed, 472. Pine-apple, Mr. Munro’s enumeration of varie- ties of, with hints on cultivating them, 177. Mr. Smith’s mode of cultivating pine-apple plants at Cunnoquhie, 328 ; the mode and re- sults of cultivating plants of the pine-apple out of pots, 576; a means of destroying the scale on plants of the pine-apple, 149; pine- apples are plentiful and cheap at New York, 360; for the reason, see p. 275; pine apples as cultivated in the stoves of Italy, 494; in the open ground of Italy, 493. Pine timber, while full of sap, will resist fire, 488 ; an account of the common Scotch and Highland pines as found in Scotland, 10; enquiries for farther information on them, 489; pine of very large size in the United States, 154; Pinus Strdbus, the Weymouth pine, its habits in Prussia, 447. Pinguiculas, Mallet on cultivating, 684. Pita de Guataca supplies*a fibre valuable for cordage, &c., 240. 367; pita de Tolu, 242. Pits planned and constructed by Mr. Hay, for the securing a steady and uniform bottom heat, 330; Pe described, and the steam appa- ratus by which it is heated, as both used at Cunnoquhie, by Mr. Smith, in the culture of pine apple and melon plants, 328; the ad- vantages of M‘Phail’s pits, 38. Plantations, thinning and pruning of, 373; plantations made at Harbke, 445. Planting and laying out grounds, on, 300; planting knolls in preference to hollows, 486 ; planting ministers to wealth, 239. Plants, new, or interesting old ones, noticed, 12. 224, 345. 454. 596.721; plants which thrive in the smoky atmosphere of the London neighbourhood, 243; a plan for removing a potted plant from one pot to another with- out injury, or breaking the ball of earth, 43; plants worth importing for cultivation in Britain, 366; on the sap vessels or circulat- ing system of plants, 142. Pleasure-grounds, defects in, and the means to avoid these defects, 151. 677. Plum, a new variety of, raised by Mr. Knight, 433; a mode of preserving ripe plums, 3393 the Myrobalan plum tree, a fit stock for plum tree, peach tree, and nectarine tree, OLVU. Polygala cordifdlia, on propagating, 160. Polygala vulgaris of different colours, 93.503. Poplar, Lombardy, facts in the history of, 92. Poppy, hybrid, between Papaver nudicaile, and P. alpinum, 355. poe oh pales, a mode of -detecting the stealers of, 42. Potato, a means of preventing the curl in, 180; a method of obtaining very early crops of new potatoes, 315; a mode of producing young potatoes for the table during winter, in the open air, 54; Mr. Knight’s remarks on the fitness ana value of potatoes as food for animals and man, and his description of his method of speedily ascertaining the qua- lities of seedling potatoes, 436; frozen pota- toes not rendered eatable by being thawed in the dark as apples are, 356; a ‘* cooking alembic” for cooking potatoes and other vegetables, 470; a mode of obtaining two crops of the ash-leaved kidney, in one year, off the same ground, 686; potato, sweet, see Ipomee‘a Batatas. Press for crushing fruit, 544. Primrose Hill botanic garden, 594, Prisons and gardens to them, 98. GENERAL INDEX. Protecting tenderish shrubs from severe frosts, | Seeds, a mode of, 189. Pruning of forest trees, Mr. Main on, 303; Mr. Howden’s opinions on pruning large trees, 559; pruning and thinning of plantation, 373 5 a pair of shears for summer pruning, 668. Prussia, state of gardening in, 187. 442; horti- cultural society of Prussia, 359, Quércus, the species of, named, which are de- sirable for the size and form and colourof their leaves, and for useful timber, 195; Quércus coccinea and rubra, notices on, 444; a variety, with narrow and occasionally entire leaves, of Quércus Adbur, 740. Rafflésia Arnéldzz Brown and R. Patma Blume contrasted, 708. Railroads in North America, 72; railway, one suggested for conveying ships overland, 354. Ranunculus, the Asiatic, remarks on cultivat- ing the, 570; Mr. George Thurtell’s show of ranunculuses briefly noticed, 631. Randnculus parnassifdlius, a mode of cultivat- ing, 572. Rats and mice, a mode of poisoning, 239. Regent’s Park, botanical and ornamental gar- den in, 470. Residences : choice of situation for a residence, 372; a work on laying out villa and other small residences, 373; in the formation of a residence, should the architect or landscape- gardener be first employed’? 673. #heum austriacum, its esculent properties, 693. R#hododéndron, a method of protecting the tenderish kinds of, from severe frosts, 189. Ribes sanguineum, a very fine plant of, 635; the Ribes specidsum described, 455. Rice, Canadian, Zizania aquatica, a mode of cultivating, 190. Riga, a short account of the gardens at, 197. Rio de Janeiro, remarks on the vegetation of, 18 Roads in Van Diemen’s Land, 78. Robinza Psetid-Acacia grows any where, and its wood applicable to various economical purposes, 191. : Rocks, an apparatus for rending by gunpowder, 591 Rods, parallel, for graduating beds, 669. Rome, notes on the gardens of, 267. Roofs and floors formed of earthen tubes, and thereby fire-proof, 60. Root, tap, of trees, effects of shortening, 339. Rosa turbinata, the Frankfort rose, is very free ef growth and blossom, 189; rose bushes, and other shrubs, a mode of protecting them from severe frosts, 189; Lawrence’s stakes for, and mode of training standard rose trees, 679. Salisbiria adiantifolia ingraftable, 445. Salm-Dyck, a notice of the botanic garden of the Prince de, 446. f se Salpigléssis, sportiveness in the species of, 47. Salt as a destroyer of weeds, 3/2; salt as a ma- nure, 373 ; salt invigorates leeks, 373. Sands, shifting, on the culture of, 444. Sap vessels, or the circulating system of plants, facts and arguments on the, 142; the circu- lation of the sap in Chara, 482; a question on the organisable property of sap, 652. Scarlet runner bean, a perennial, 53. _ Scotland, notices relative to, 474; agriculture in the West of Scotland, 513; field and road- side hedges in, 514; plantations in, 515; edgings of walks in, 518; kitchen-gardens in, 519; grass lawns in, 519; Menteath’s remarks on inspiring a taste for gardening among the, labouring classes of Scotland, 532; a notice of Auchincruive, 595; of Castle Semple, 596; Notices on the towns and villages of Scotland, $85; their waterworks, waterclosets, sewer- age, and churchyards, 389; the plan of a general cemetery for Edinburgh described, 362; the thistle of Scotland, 355; flued walls and kitchen-garden at Erskine House, Ren- ‘ frewshire, 670; agricultural and horticultural exhibition at Stirling, 113. 759 Mr. Murray on the germination and sub- sequent vegetation of, 326; the germination of seeds is expedited by applying to them malic acid, or the rotten pulp of apples, 445; M. Otto’s remarks on the germination of seeds, 196; hints on raising seeds, 5. 25; seeds of annual plants, an improved mode of rais_ ing, 434; the mode and results of sowing * seeds of annual flowering plants in autumn 570; seeds remain for many years in the earth, and vegetate on meeting with air and ght, 359, 374; on the preservation of seeds, Sewerage, suggestions on, 387. Shalder’s fountain pump, 729. Shears for summer pruning, 668. Sheds for breakers of stone suggested, 238, Soman, William Johnstone, a brief biography Co) & Shrubberies, defects in the forms of, and means _of avoiding such defects, 152. Sie, and Silkworm. See Mulberry. Slugs and snails, Martin’s mode of decovyi og t9. 3. ; hed nails, Mr. Martin’s mode of decoying, 149. 370; Mr. Corbett’s mode of destroying, 34. ‘ epider, red, remarks on, 499; counter remarks, Stakes, cast-iron flower-stakes, and some small wrought-iron stakes for peas or annual plants, 554, 557; stakes for standard rose trees, 679. Starkey, Mrs., her floral decoration of the yil- lage of Bowness, 527. Steam from dung linings, a mode of preventing its injuring plants in frames, 314; the steam apparatus applied by Mr. Smith to his pits at Cunnoquhie, described, 328 ; steam Carriages, their applicability to the improvement of land, 530; Hay’s method of heating by steam, 330. 730. Still, a figure and description of one used in making liqueurs from fruits, 183. Stirling agricultural and horticultural exhi- bition, 113. Stone, artificial, Austin’s works in, 237. Stonebreakers, sheds for, suggested, 238, Straps, leathern bearing, and wallet, 86. Strawberry, tiles made to accelerate the ripen- ing of strawberries, and to keep the berries clean, 435; a new kind of strawherry raised by Mr. Darke, at Bordesley, near Birming- ham, 593; a grub-worm infests plants of the strawberry, 92. Stuttgardt, a notice on, 358. Sublime de variété, a drink, a method of making, 183. ° Suburban gardens, on the management of, 92. Succulent plants, the structure and physiology of, noticed, 234; Mr. Hitchen’s collection of succulent plants, noticed, 244, Sugar, American, obtained from the sap of species of maple, 502. Surrey Zoological Gardens, noticed, 594. Sutton Wash embankment, 589, Swan River settlement, some account of, 78. Sweet’s Hlower-Garden, controversy on plants not hardy being figured and described in it, 87. 368. Sydney, some notice of its condition, 78. Syringes figured and described, Warner’s, 353 ; Siebe’s, 354. Tallies, brick ones, 33; a numbering-stick on an improved application of the notch princi- ple, 32; brick tallies, printed upon before they are baked, 175; directions for preparing Murray’s tallies, 374. Tar used as manure, 239. Tea plant, contributions to the history of, 89. 490, Téctona grandis, on the germination of the seeds of, 191. Telescope, Varley’s graphic, noticed, 238, Temperance societies, remarks on, 43. Temperature. See Thermometer. Temple Newsham, briefly noticed, 361, Thames. See Water. 760 Thermometer, a sentinel or regulating one, in- vented by Mr. Lindley, 30; a self-acting ap- paratus for regulating temperature, 30 ; ther- mometer for steam-pits and het-beds, figured and described, 337. : Thistle, the, of Scotland, 355, Thoinson, Mr. Archibald, nurseryman, a brief biography of, 256. Tivoli garden at Vienna described, 66. Tobacco, a mode of growing and curing for smoking plants with, 42; queries on growing, preparing, and applying tobacco, 499; re- marks on cultivating and curing tobacco, 491 ; on washing tobacco before burning it, 695. Tomate, a method of cultivating the, to make sure of ripening its fruit without artificial heat, 174; other remarks on the culture and keeping of tomatoes, 53. Tour, horticultural, the Conductor’s, in Scot- land, from Dumfries, by Kirkcudbright, Ayr, and Greenock, to Paisley, 1. 129. 257. 389. 513; Rivers’s, through the Netherlands and part of France, 392; Mallet’s, on the Conti- nent, 521; Spence’s horticultural notes on a journey from Rome to Naples, 266. Training : Hayward’s remarks on taining and physiology, 483. 653; Seymour’s method of training peach and nectarine trees, 51; Hay- ward’s method, 483. 653; a mode of training pear trees described, 539. Transplanting of large trees, Mr. Howden’s remarks on the, 559; Stuart’s mode of trans- planting deciduous trees and evergreens, 439 ; a mode of transferring a potted plant from one pot to another without injuring the plant or breaking its ball of earth, 43; Hurdis’s plant transplanter, 666 ; Jesse’s apparatus for transplanting trees and large shrubs, 731. Travelling, the equipment fittest for, on the continent of Europe, 522. Trevirana coccinea, a mode of cultivating, 491. Tree guard, figured and described, 154. Trees newly transplanted supported by pegging down their roots, 86; effects of shortening the tap root of trees, 359; Stuart’s mode of transplanting deciduous trees and evergreens, 439; Mr. Howden’s remarks on transplant- ing and pruning large trees, 559; dimensions and names of very large trees in the United States, 152; kinds of tree worth importing for cultivation in Britain, 366; shears for the summer pruning of trees, 668, Triumphal arch at the end of Piccadilly, 472. Truffle, Taber cibarium, its habits in West Prussia, 443. Tub for measuring and weighing corn, 466. Tulips, an instrument for planting the bulbs of, with, 45; a cheap awning and frame for supporting the awning for beds of, 45. Turnip, a superior variety of the Swedish, figured and described, 57; on the disease in turnips called anbury, or fingers and toes, and means of remedying it, 323. 498. GENERAL INDEX. T¥pha, its seed-down ‘proposed for stuffing for beds, 697. : Vandes, Comtesse de, the death of, recorded, 256; a walk round the garden of the late, 476; a brief notice of the garden, 361 ; and of the results of the sale of plants of, 593. Van Diemen’s Land, notices on the condition and capacities of that country, 77; introduc- tion of goats into, 452. Vegetables, a “‘ cooking alembic ” for the cook. ing of, 470; the Russian mode of preserving culinary vegetables through the winter, 184. Venice, state of the horticulture of, 448. Vermin. See Mole, and Insects, and Crickets. Versailles, a notice of the public garden at, 525. : Vinery, can one be forced under the conditions stated ? 611. ; Walks, remarks on the edges of, 86. Wallet, leathern and bearing straps, 86. 370. Walls built to an angle of 10 degrees to the earth’s horizon render apple and pear trees trained to them frugiferous, 183; flued walls in the gardens at Erskine House, Renfrew- shire, 670. Washing-machine for families, noticed, 354. Wasps, a means of destroying, 150. Water. See Hot water. Water, on preserving the purity of the water of the Thames, 464; a plan for filtering.the water of the Thames, 465; water, heated by the sun’s rays passed through lenses, 609. Waterclosets, public, suggestions on, and forms for, 389. Waterworks, Shaw’s, at Greenock, 385, Wells, fountain, their useful agency, and queries on the causes of their fountain pro- perty, 500. Wellsinkers; an apparatus for, to explode their blasts, when sinking wells in rocks, 590. West, Counsellor, his garden near Dublin, no- ticed, 83. 482. Wheelbarrow, a Norman, scribed, 238. Whin (Ulex europe‘a), the origin of the word whinstone, 369. See Furze. Wine, English champagne, a mode of making, 541; wines’from fruit, modes of making, 187. Wireworm, a query on, 499. Wood, the kinds of, which will last longest in ° the ground without rotting, 196; the proper- ues of various kinds of wood used for fuel, Woodlouse, the, is exceedingly destructive to all stove orchideous plants, 603; a means of destroying, 148. Workhouses, and gardens to them, 96, Yiicca gloridsa, the flowering of, 80. 745. Zinc, rolled in plants, a substitute for lead and slates, 60. E Zizania aquatica, a mode of cultivating, 190. Zoological Society’s gardens noticed, 594, - figured and de- END OF THE EIGHTH VOLUME. LONDON : Printed by A. & R. Spottiswoode, New-Street-Square. . Wrens "ens Sea Ms Bae his uh et SMT) N INSTITUTION LIBRAR|