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.. 193?

THE

GARDENER'S MAGAZINE.

CONDUCTED

By J. C. LOUDON, F.L.S. H.S. &c.

AUTHOR OF THE ENCYCLOPiEDIAS OP GARDENING AND OF AGRICULTURE, AND
EDITOR OF THE ENCYCLOP.EDIA OP PLANTS.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR

LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMAN,

PATERNOSTER-ROW.

1832.

Tc

London :

I'nntcd by A. & H. Spoil is woodc,
New-SlrceUSquarc.

PREFACE.

The contents of this Eighth Volume of the Gardener's Magazine
show that the work continues to answer the purposes for which it
was commenced, viz. those of collecting scattered fragments of
information on the various departments of gardening on which it
treats; giving an account of the progress which the art is making
in various parts of the world, and more especially in Britain ; and
bringing minds into collision, which, probably, would not other-
wise have known of each other's existence.

The grand characteristics of the present times are union and
cooperation for general improvement. Those engaged in arts and
occupations which admit of their congregating together in towns
feel no difficulty in assembling, and communicating their different
discoveries and wants : hence the advantages which are daily
resulting from scientific societies and mechanics' institutions.
The gardener and the farmer, however, have but slender oppor-
tunities of improving themselves, or benefiting others, by attend-
ance at such associations ; and must necessarily be, in a great
measure, precluded from the advantages which result from belong-
ing to them. The principal medium of communication of all such
persons is, therefore, the press ; and the probability is, that, with
the progress of human improvement, every description of rural
art or trade (if not all arts and trades whatever) will have its own
particular Newspaper or Magazine. The idea has been already
suggested in the Scotsman newspaper, and in the Nexu Monthly
Magazine. It is in consequence of the want of personal inter-
course, or the means of communication through the press, that
the country population are, in intelligence and enterprise, com-
paratively behind those whose pursuits admit of their residing
in towns ; and, of all classes of country residents, agricultural
labourers are generally the most deficient in moral and intellec-
tual improvement. The cause is, that no other class is so com-
pletely isolated from the rest of society. Till lately, this has
been, to a considerable degree, also the case with gardeners : and

A 2

IV I'UEIACE.

hence the necessity anil advantage of their having magazines
especially devoted to their professional pursuits and social inte-
rests. A Magazine for the common country labourer remains a
desideratum ; but, tliough no class of society would be more
benefited by such a medium of communication, the time does not
seem yet arrived for producing it.

Gardeners, from the nature of their profession, and from
coming more in contact with cultivated minds and with books,
have always been in advance of the working farmer and common
country labourer; but their progress, since the general establish-
ment of horticultural societies, and of a Magazine expressly
devoted to the advancement of their art and their personal inte-
rest, has been greatly accelerated ; and this improvement, we
have no doubt, will continue to increase far beyond what the
most sanguine of us can at present anticipate.

We have left ourselves too little room to point out all those
parts of the present Volume which, in a more especial manner,
deserve attention ; but we cannot help noticing the circumstance
of its containing a number of well written articles by young
journeymen gardeners, in different parts of the country ; who,
having begun life with very little education, and without ever
having had higher wages than 10s. or 12s. a week, owe their
improvement entirely to their own exertions, to which they have
been chiefly stinmhited by the perusal of this Magazine. It also
gives us pleasure to observe, by the contents of this Volume,
that an increased attention has been paid to gardening, as an art
of design and taste, by various of our contributors. The best
cultivator of fruits and vegetables that ever existed is, in our
eyes, unfit for the care of a gentleman's garden, if he be without
a taste for order and neatness, and for that species of beauty in
garden scenery which we have elsewhere (p. 701.) shown might
be appropiately denominated the gardenesque.

J. C. L.
B,ttfiwutcr, Koi\ 21. Ib32.

CORRECTIONS.

Rtrort nrc corrcrtctl in the first occurrence of In n. 174. for " Longleat " read " ShortgroTf,
the head " Hetro9j>ectivc Criticism," after they lissex."

have hwii (ilxerved : in the pretent volume sec
I>p. '^44. »i7. liirv. Henideii these, the following
errors require correcting : —

In p. 2.5;-). line 33. for " 1831 " read " 1832.'
In |). 483. line 3. from the twttom, for " Vol.
VIII." read "Vol. VII."

CONTENTS.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

GENERAL SUBJECT.
General Results of a Gardening Tour, during
July, August, and part of September, in the
Year 1831, from Dumfries, by Kirkcudbright,
Ayr, and Greenock, to Taisley. By the Con-
ductor - . .1. 129. 237. 3S5. 513
Hints on raising the Leguminous Plants of
Australia and the Cape of Good Hope from
Seeds, on acclimatising them in Europe, and
on their native Habits. By Mr. J. Bowie 5
Remarks on the depressed State of the Nursery
and Gardening Professions, more especially in
Scotland. By J. G. - - - 134
On the Necessity for increased Exertion on the
part of young Gardeners to store their Minds
with professional and general Knowledge. By
ScientiEe et Justitije Amator - - 137
On Gardening Recreations as a Substitute for
_ Fox-hunting, Horse-racing, and other bru
talising Sports. By Mr. Thos. Clark, Jun. 140
On the Sap-vessels, or Circulating System, of
( Plants. By the Author of " The Domestic
Gardener's Manual," C.M.H.S. - - 142
Observations made on the Performance of a
Hot-water Apparatus in a Pinery at the Earl
of Egremont's, Petworth, Sussex, during the
: severe Weather in January last, by Mr. Har-
rison, the Gardener there. Communicated by
' Mr. Cottam - . - - 147
Various Recipes for destroying Insects, restoring
the Bark of Trees, preparing Compost for
' Pines, &c. By Mr. Peter Martin, Foreman in
' the Nursery of Messrs. Murray and Coss, near
Leeds - ... 148
Horticultural Notes on a Journey from Rome
to Naples, March 1 — 6. 1832. By Wm. Spence,
Esq. F.L.S. - . - - 2t)6
Some Account of the Nursery Gardens and the
State of Horticulture in the Neighbourhood
of Philadelphia, with Remarks on the Sub-
ject of the Emigration of British Gardeners
to the United States. By Mr. Wm. Wynne,
' Foreman in Bartram's Botanic Garden, Phil-
adelphia .... 272
Notices of some of the principal Nurseries and
private Gardens in the United States of
America, made during a Tour through the
Country, in the Summer of 1831 ; with some
Hints on Emigration. By Mr. Alexander

Gordon 2/7

On certain Frauds imposed by Correspondents
upon the Readers of Transactions of Horti-
cultural Societies, and of the Gardener's Ma-
gazine, &c. By An Enemy to Deceit - 289
Plan for heating Hot-houses by the Circulation
of hot Water in hermetically sealed Tubes of
small Diameter. By Mr. A. M. Perkins . 292
A new Trap for catching Moles, with some Re-
i marks illustrative of its Superiority over the
Traps now generally in Use. By A. F. - 298
Extracts from Notes made during a Horticul.
tural Tour in the Netherlands, and Part of
France, in June and July, 1830. By Mr. T.
Rivers, Jun. . . - - 392

Investigation of the Structure of the Balsam
(Balsamina hortensis Z)f«/jor/e5). By the Au.
thorof the " Domestic Gardener's Manual"

403
Horticultural Jottanda of a recent Continental
Tour. By Robert Mallet, Jun. Esq. - 521
Remarks on certain Gardens in the Lake Dis-
trict, and on cultivating a Taste for Garden-
ing among Cottagers generally. By Joshua
Major, Esq., Landscape- Gardeiier - 527

On Gardens for the labouring Poor. By Selim

529
On the Means of inspiring a Taste for Garden-
ing among the labouring Classes of Scotland.
By James Stuart Menleatb, Jun. Esq., of
Closeburn, Dumfriesshire - - 532

On the Construction of Double-roofed Hot-
houses at Vienna. By M. Charles Ranch,
Court-Gardener at Laxenburg - - 535
A new Mode of training Fruit Trees ; a new
Mode of grafting and inarching; and an im.
proved Mode of making Gooseberry Wine and
Cider, *.c. By Mr.W. Green, Jun. - 539

Observations on several Gardens in England.
By Mr. W. Sanders - - - - 546

Design for a CJanlcner's House, containing Five
Rooms and an Office ; adapted for being con-
nected with the Wall of a Kitchen-Garden 551

Notice of some new Cast-iron Flower-Stakes,
and some small Wrought-Iron Stakes for Peas
or Annuals, invented by Robert Mallet, Jun.
Esq. Communicated by Mr. Mallet - 554

Notice of the Cast-iron and Wrought-Iron
Flower-Stakes manufactured by Cottam and
Hallen, London. By the Conductor . 556

Notice of a newly invented Hoe. By John
Booker, Esq. - - - - 558

Remarks relative to the Advice given by Mr.
Mallet to young Gardeners. By Scientia et
Justiti^ Amator - - - 641

The Necessity, and Advantages of Gardeners
visiting one another's Gardens. By R. T. 645

Directive Hints for the effective Cultivation of
Cottage Gardens. By Selim . - - 647

On the Influence of Cottage Gardens in pro.
moting Industry and Independence among
Cottagers. By John H. Moggridge, Esq. 650

A Question to the Author of " The Domestic
Gardener's Manual " By Mr. Main . 652

On Mr. Hayward's Mode of training Peach
Trees, as compared with Mr. Seymour's Mode.
By Joseph Hayward, Esq. - - 633

On the Application of the Ammoniacal Liquor
of Coal Gas to the Destruction of Insects and
Vermin. By Robert Mallet, Esq. - 656

Design for a Gardener's House, adapted for
being connected with the West Wall of a
Kitchen-Garden - - - 659

Design for a Gardener's House, serving, at the
same time, as a Walchtower for the Fruit
Walls of a Garden in the Neighbourhood of
a large City. By T. A. - 660

Designs and Details for opening the Gates of
Lodges to Gentlemen's Seats in the Night-
time, without troubling the Gate-keeper to
leave his Bed. By Mr. Saul - . 662

A Description of Two Kinds of Beehive. By
Mr.W. Young - - . - 664

Notice of a new Transplanting Instrument for
Florist's Flowers, invented by Capt. Hurdis,
R.N. Communicated by Mr. Cameron, Nur-
seryman at Uckfield, Sussex - . 666

Description of an Instrument for Use in the
Summer Pruning of Forest Trees. By Mr.
William Taylor, Gardener, Thainston, Aber-
deenshire . - - - 668

A Description of a useful Garden Implement
termed Parallel Rods, designed for marking
Parallel Lines on Beds. By its Inventor, Mr.
WUIiam Godsall - - - 669

LANDSCAPE-GARDENING AND GAR-
DEN ARCHITECTURE.

On certain Defects in Pleasure-Grounds, and
the Mode of avoiding them. By Mr. Robert
Errington . - - . . 151

On planting and laying out Grounds. By M. Her.
man Knoop Klinton, Landscape- Gardener,
Ghent 301

Description of a Design made for the Birming-
ham Horticultural Society, for laying out a
Botanical Horticultural Garden, adapted to
a particular Situation. By the Conductor 407

A Plan and Description of the Flued Walls in
the Gardens of Erskine House, with a Plan

VI

LUN'IKNTS.

I!y

and Dwcriplioii of the Kitchen. Oanlcn
Mr. {;. Shicll« .... („(i

Itcmnrks on llii- Oiiesliim, Whether the Arehi.
tct-t or IjnilMa|)e.(iarilener thonid l>e lirst
employed in the Furniation of a Kcsidcncc.
By Mr. James Main, A.L.S. &c. - . 673

AHnOIlICULTURE.

An Account or the Common and Highland
I'inen, as louiid in Scotland. By J. G. . 10

Notice* of large Trees in the United States and
in Canada. C'ommunirated hy James Mease,
E<q. M.l), of rhiH.iilelphi.i . .1.0'.'

Description of a 'I'ree-Ciuard in U.<c at Thains-
ton, in Al>erdecn^hire. By W. Taylor, Gar.
dener, Hcc., to X). Forbes Mitchell, Ksq , of
Thaiuston .... I'A

On pnining Forest Trees. (From " Essays on
Vegetable I'hvsiology " preparing for the
Press. By J. Niain, A.L.S. - - 303

On Transplanting large Trees, Pruning, &c.
By Mr. Howden ... 559

FLORICULTURE.

Design for a Flower-Garden, intended for a par-
ticular Situation near an old Mansion, with a
List of Plants for Summer Display. The Plan
by C. D., and the List by Mr. George Woojl,
Gardener to Thomas Hope, Esq., M.P., of
DciK-dcne, Surrey - ... l.'o

On the Culture of Nelumbiums. By C. . I;'>7

On the Cultivation of Brugmans/Vi arbftrea
t»u:iviolens] in a Conservatory. By Mr. Jas.
Arnold, Gardener at Grove House, Chcshunt

159

On the Propagation and Culture of /'olygala
cordifolia, KutAxia myrtif6lia, and Ph'u-ni'>-
coma nrulifcra. By Mr. J. Nicolles, (Jardencr
to R. Petti ward, Esq., Finborough Hall, Suf-
folk . . - . . laj

A Moth«l of cultivating Pelargoniums, as prac.
tised at Horsforth Hall Gardens. By Mr. Thus.
Apuleby - . - - . 1,;|

On the Culture of PclarKuniums. By Robert
Elliot, Gardener to William Hartley, Ksq.,
Ro.c Hill, near Whileh.iven - - liij

On the History and Culture of the Carnation
By Ixlw.ird Uiidge, Em|. 1'.R..S. F.S.A. and
F. I..S., President of the Vale of Evesham
Horticullur.il .S<H-iety. Read at the Meeting
of the S<K-iety, July 'J4. 1K'.'8 - . 4'.i8

Remarks on laying out and managing Flower-
Gardeiis. By Mr. Robert Errington - Mi

List of Exotics which are now living in the
Gardens of Charles Hoare, Esq., at Lus-
condK', near Dawlish, in Devonshire. Com-
munii-ated by Mr. Riclid. .Saunders, Gardener
and Planter there - . . ."jdil

List of certain (ireen-hoiise and Hot-house
Plants which have stood out during one or
more Winters, in the open Air, in the (iarden
of Robert Mallet, Eh(|., at Drumcondra, near
Dublin. Communicated by Mr. Mallet, Jun

5.i8

On sowing annual Flower S<'eds in the Autumn,
in order to have them flower early in the
Spring. By R. T. . . .570

On the Culture of the Ranunculus. By aVillage
Schoolmaster . . - 570

On the Cultivation of /Ranunculus parnassifft-
lius and O xalis floribunda. By Mr. John
Mcnzies, Gardener to Christopher Rawson,
Esq., Hope House, near Halifax - 572

On the Cidture of the Heartsease Violet By
Mr. Arch. (Jorrie, F.H..S. and C.H.S. &c. .773

A Fence for PlanUtions about Piisture Grounds
in sight from a Residence, and Stakes for
Standard Roses. By Chas. Lawrence, Esq. 677

A Description of a Method of propagating Cape
Heaths expeditiously. By Mr, T. Rutger ffll

On the Cultivation of the Droseras and Pin-
guiculas. By Robert Mallet, Esq. . 6Si

HORTICULTURE

A Descriptive List of such ,\pples as have been
found to succeed in the Neighbourhood of
Kilkenny, in Ireland. By Mr. John Robert.
son, F.H.S., Nurseryman there - - 165

On a Method of forcing Cabbage Lettuce, prac-
tised for many Years at Longleat, by the late
Mr. Rutger, Gardener there. Comtnunicated
by his son, Mr. T. Rutger - - 172

On a Mode of cultivating the Tomato, so as to
make sure of ri|x;ning the Fruit without arti.
(icial Heat. By E S. - - - 174

On the Culture of Mushrooms in Melon Beds.
By Mr. John Collier, Gardener to Edmund
Woods, E.sq., Sliopwick - - 312

On the Culture of the Pine-apple without Pots.
By Mr. James Mitchinson, Gardener at Pen-
darves - - ... .•)/6

On a rapid Mo<le of raising excellent Vine
Plants. By Mr. T. Rutger, Gardener at Short
(irove, Essex - - . - 577

On substituting good Vines, either as to Kind
or State of Health, for bad ones, with the
least |M)Ssible Loss of Time. By Mr. Alexander
(iordon, Lite Gardener to Sir F. G. Fowke,
Bart., Lowesby Hall, Leicestershire - 578

On the Destruction of the A'phis on Peach and
Ni'cUuine Trees. By .Mr. G. Jamieson, late
Gardener to Mrs. Bulwcr Lylton, of Knetj-
worth Park, Herts . - - .OSO

.\ccouiit of a Method of gathering ,\p|>les from
the most lofty and slender Trees, without
breaking any Twigs, and without Danger to
the Operator.- By Mr. E. M. Mather . 5Sl

On the Fruits used in the Manufacture of Perry
and Cider. By J. C. K. - - 582

On Bishop's Dwarf Pea, as compared with other
early Peas. By Mr. Authony Ailam,son, in a
Letter to Mr, John Gibson. Communicated
by Mr. Gibson - - - 584

An Account of the Otaheifean Method of pre-
pariiigthe Arrow-root. By Andrew Mathews,
lii'l, of Lima - . - - .585

Description of the Petre Pear, a tine SeeiUing
Butter Pear, cultivated in the Bartram Bo.
taiiic (Jarden, near Philadelphia. By Colonel
Robert Carr, Proprietor of that Garden - 587

On procuring Two Crojis of the Ash-leaved
Kidney Potato, in t)ne Year, off the same
Ground. By John Dcnson, Sen. - CSS

Abridged Commnnications - 175. 314. 589. 688

REVIEWS.

Traniactioni of the Horticultural Society of
I>mdon. Second Scries. Vol. I. Part I. 177

:nr,. 4.J3

Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural So-
ciety. Vol. IV. Part II., and Vol. V Part 1.
178. :;•::. 4 ;<i

Verhandlungen des Vereins ziir Befurderung
lies Gartenbaues in den Kuniglich Preu*.

sischcn Staaten. Transactions of the Society
for the Advancement of Gardening in the
Royal Prussian States . 1K7. 338. 442

Catal();{iie of Works on Gardening, Agricul.
ture, Bolany, Rural .Architecture, &c, lately
published, with some Account of those con-
sidered tlie most interesting- 19S. .341. 452. 698

Literary Notices ... 221. 345. 463. 698

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Notice* of new Plants, or of interesting old ones
derivcil from the British monthly Botanical
Periodicals for February and March, ISJvi v.'4

Moncullural and llotJin'ical Notices of new
n.iniv and of old Pljinl" i>t Interest, supple-

mentary to the latest Editions of the " Ency-
rIop;edia of Plants," and of the " Hortus
Britiinnicus" . . .H-V 4.54. .'>'M. 7l'1

Notices of Plants recently imported, figured, or
described ; and such Notices of old Inhabit-

LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.

Vll

ants of our Gardens as may bo likely to inter-
est the Cultivator or Amateur - 12
General Notices . - 26. 236. 353. 464
Foreign Notices - - - 62. 356
Domestic Notices - 79. 243. 3G1. 470. 593
Hints for Improvements - - 81. 366
Retrospective Criticism 83. 244. 367. 482. 607. 728
Queries and Answers - 90. 372. 499. 609. 735
Cottages and Cottage Gardens, Workhouse
Gardens, and Gardens of Prisons and Lunatic
Asylums - - - - 96. 376.

A Walk, on the 30th of June, round the Garde"
of the late Comtesse de Vandes. By J. D. 476
Metropolitan Nurseries . - 101. 249

Provincial Nurseries - - . 104. 251. 741
Provincial Horticultural Societies - 115. 251.

626. 745

London Horticultural Society and Garden 125.

252. 378. 505. 614. 742

Co vent Garden Market - 127. 254. 383. 504. 624.

■744
Obituary . . - - 255. 384. 751

Index to Books reviewed and noticed
General Index . . -

752
753

LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.

IMPLEMENTS.
115. Booker's newly invented hoe - 558

INSTRUMENTS.

121. Apparatus for exploding blasts in sink-

ing wells in rocks . - - 591

62. A detached fumigator to fit any bellows 354

122. A glass siphon with a glass globe to

concentrate the sun's rays - -610

8, 9. Improved numbering sticks on the

notch principle - - - 32

79, 80, 81. A Lapland lock made of wood - 468
6, 7. Mr. Neeve's instrument for laying
off or transferring angles - - 31

49. Plug, trigger, or raumbling-peg to Mr.

Neeve's instrument - - - 299

142. Parallel rods for apportioning the space

of beds - - . .669

61. Siebe's universal garden syringe - 354

141. Shears for use in pruning forest trees

in summer - . . _ 668

58. Thermometer indicating the heat of

the soil and air at once - - 337

47,48. Two views of a newly invented

moletrap - - - . 299

10, 11, 12. Various forms for brick tallies 33
59, 60. Warner's syringe - - 353

UTENSILS.
17. Annular pan to insulate plants from

the access of insects - - 37

16. French moletrap - . . 36

140. Hurdis's flower transplanter - . 667
126, 127, 128. Implements for the application

of the ammoniacal liquor of coal gas 657
658
39. Still for manufacturing various liqueurs 183
117. A pot for protecting plants grown in it

from snails and slugs ... 572

77,* 78.* A tub for measuring and weigh.

ing corn - - . . 467

22. Tulip transplanter, as improved by

Mr. Saul - - - - 44

23. Tulip transplanter, the old kind . 44

MACHINES.
13, 14, 15. Budding's machine for shearing

grass plots, &c. - - .34

98, 99. Mill for crushing soft fruit - . 542
100, 101. A more powerful press for similar

purposes - - - 544, 545

171. Jesse's apparatus for transplanting trees

and large shrubs . . - 732

133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138. Design and de-
tails of an apparatus for opening lodge
gates in the night, while remaining in
the bed-room - - 663, 664

43. Norman wheelbarrow - . 238

APPARATUS FOR HEATING WITH
HOT WATER.

2, 3, 4, 5. Neeve's boiler furnace . 28, 29
45, 46. Perkins's distributing pipes . 295. 297

44. Section and ground plan of Mr. Per.

kins's boiler - ... 294

1. Section of a double-walled boiler . 28

Page

STRUCTURES.

55. Ground plan, and 56. and 57. Section
of a set of pits for melons, pine-apples,
or other hot-house plants : erected at
Colonel Paterson's, Cunnoquhie 332, 333

33. Ground-plan of a house, with bath
and conservatory attached, and to be
heated by one boiler . . 90

42. Ornamental fountain in artificial stone, 237
139. Plan for a rustic beehive - - 665

31. Telford's iron gate, of flat bar iron - 85

20. Sketch of a light for a hot-bed - 40

84,85, 86,87. A double-roofed hot-house at

Vienna ... 53G, 537, 538

54. Section of a glazed house adapted for
the culture of peach trees, grape vines,
and ornamental plants . - 329

ARBORICULTURE.

36. A tree-guard in use at Thainston - 154

EDIFICES.
35. BallyscuUion House, Ireland - - 91

64, 65. Public water-closets - - 389

105, 106, 107. Designs for chimneys - 553, 554
66, 67, 68. Designs for chimneys - . 390
104. A gardener's house, connected with the

wall of a kitchen.garden - . 552

130. Ground-plan, and plan of chamber - 660

131, 132. Gardener's house, to serve also as

a watchtower . . 661, 662

129. Gardener's house connected with the

west wall of a kitchen.garden . 659

FRUIT.

120. Outlineof the Petre pear, a butter pear 588

PLANS OF GARDENS.

69. Brussels botanic garden, plan of - 401

70. elevations and plans of the glass-

houses in ... 402

40. Arrangement of the public garden at

Magdeburg - . 192. 193

71. to 78. Proposed plan, sections, &c., for

the Birmingham botanic garden 410 — 425

37. Design for a garden near an old man.

sion . . . .156

143. The flued walls at Erskine House, Ren.

frewshire . - - . 671

102. Kitchen-garden at Longford Castle - 549

144. Plan of the kitchen-garden at Erskine

House .... 672

103. Pleasure-grounds at Longford Castle . 550
116. Errington's plan for a flower-garden 564,565

29. Parmentier's garden, Brooklyn, Long

Island, North America . -71

45. A residence wrongly placed in a park . 675
120. The Tivoli garden at Vienna . - 67

PLANTS.

25. Form of the yellow Swedish turnip

(Ruta baga) . . - 57

26. Form of an improved variety of it . 58

41. 7>is tuberbsa L. . - . 235
152. A variety of Qu(^rcus Rdbur having

narrow and entire leaves - - 739

149, 150. Structure of the Raffl^sw Arh(51d« 708

38. Nehimbium specibsum W. - . 158

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

• DIACiKAMS.

50, SI, M, .W Diagrami illustrative of the
efTi-cts on timbcT of variously-timcd
pruniiiK .... 310

GS. Traill of wliccln rangwl along the sIojk;

of a hill near Circi-iKMk - - 385

82, S3. Sa|vvcssi'lii anil circulation of the

nap In riiftra - - . 48.3

32. Sketch of a walk neeillcssly serpentine 87
OPKHATIONS
125. Diagram exhibiting Hayward's mode

of training on one stem - - G^-

Its. Diagram illustrative of Hayward's sys-
tem of training the peach tree - 654
124. Diagram illuslratiiig Seymour's mo<ie

of training the i)eacli tree - -654
fl. Diagram rcpresciitiiig Mr. Saul's mode

of shifting potted plants - - 44

88, 8;i, 90. Modes of training - 339, 340

118. A mode of »i)eedily occupying a house

with vines . . - 579

No. ^ ^**^

91, 92, 93, <H, 95, 9fi, 97. Mode* of engraft-
ing by approach

540

MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.
119. Application of a ladder to gathering

Iruit, without its resting on the tree . 581
24. A cheap awning for beds of tulips,

ranunculuses, &c. - . . 45

27. Diagram of a proposed substitute for

hop-poles - - .65

18. Gauntlets for lady gardeners . - S7

19. Howden's gate-shutting hinge - 38
34. Pedestal ol a sundial - - 91

108, 109. Cast-iron stakes and hurdles for

flowers ... - 555

110. to|114. Cast-iron and wrought-iron

stakes for supjiorting flowering plants 557
30. Section of an artificially-formed aqua-
rium - - - . . 84

146, 147. Stakes for standard rose trees'^ '- C79

148. Sketch illustrative of a motle of train-
ing standard rose trees - - 680

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

A Constant Reader, 688. A Correspondent, 611.
Adamson, Anthony, .'>84. A Disappointed
I.Kincashire l-"armer, im. A. F., 298. A
Friend, 8ii. A Friend to the Cottager, 697.
A Friend to Enquin-, 372. A .lourneyman
Gardener, 729. A Lover of Accuracy, 375.
A Lover of Horticulture, Haniinersmith, 40.
Alpha, 103. A. N., 49-'. ;V)0. 613. An Ad.
vocate for every Thing's being done above
Board, 730. An Enemy to Bribery, 499. An
Enemy to Deceit, 2Sa An Englishman, 474.
6>»ii. A Northumbrian, 'O. A I'orcr, 367.
Appleby, Thomas, 161. 491. A Reader of the
Gardener's Magazine at Caen, 358. Arnold.
James, 159. Arthur, Robert, 56. A Single
Gentleman, .j43. A Single Tree, 87. A
Traveller, 50.>. Author of " The Domestic
Gardener's Manual," 142. 403. A Village
Schoolmaster, 570. A. X., 367. 611, 612.

B., 63. Baron, Charles, 373. B. B., 52j53. 55.
B., Coventry, 89. 94. 489. 502. Blair, T., 4«8.
Booker, John, 5.08. Bowie, J , A.L.S., Cape
of (;oo<l Hone, 5. Boyce, William, 92. f)4.

B. P., 360. Brassica, !>ti. Bree, Rev. W. T.,
A.M., 5.0. 93, 91. 469. 499. 610. 741.

C, 157. Callow, Edward, 244. Cameron, J.,
66(i. Carr, Robert, 587. Causidicus, 96. CD.,
15.5. Cheeks, Alexander, 7.i8. Clark, Thos,
iun., 140. C. L B., 32. Collier, John, 312.
Cottam, George, 14/. C. P.,38. C. R., 67.

C. T. W., .'jiW. lymro, <H).

Dcnson, J , sen., 79. 101. 686. Dutton, H., 86.
K., K3. ;i«i8. r>l(). 694. Files, J., 81. M. 21.0. 220

Elliot, Robert, 162. Krrington, RolK-rt, 151.

462. Kphebicus Horticultor, .07. K S., 42.

174. 11 S , Sitlingbourn, 40. E. VV.,jun.,4ti9.
F., 87.
G., Perthshire, 211. C. C. Marsham,.0O. G. J.T.,

407. (J. M. 2)U 476. (;o<Uall, W., 6<!9. 733.

7 iO. Gordo'i Alexander. 277. 578. (Jorrie,

Archibald, F.H.S. and C.II.S., Ac.,.073. G. R.,

360. Green, \V.,jun., 539. Gricrson, William,

91. (JriKiin, H., 4<>.
H , 377. H. B., 691. Hamilton, Wm., M.D.,

47. 80. Oil 241, 242. 7:15,736. Hart, James,

fi!i.O. Haycrofl, John, 40. Havward, Jo.scpli,

486. 6,03.. Herti, W., 358. llislop, J., 371.

737. Hobson, Wm, '.>4. Howden, John, 3«.

249. 370. .0.09. Huish, Robert. ;)76.
I. J , 736. J., 59.!. J. C., 741. J. W. New

York, 92. Jamieson, G.. .ON<t. J. C. K., .0.0.

682. 613. J. G., 11. 134. J. H. M., 373. J. M.,

CheUca, 52. 2.06. 4!>8. 705. J. M., Lisicux, 66.

*». J. M., Philadelphia, 85. J..S.,81. J S. M.,

.373. J.W. L., 53. 251. 374. 382. J. W. 8., New

York, 72.
Klintnn, Herman Knoop, 300. Knight, Joseph,

595.

Lawrence, Charles, 677. 696. Lawrence, John
Robert, 372.

M.,501. Maclaggan, John, 92. Main, J., A.L.S.,
303. 490. 6)2. (713. Major, Joshua, 527. Mai-
let, Robert, jun., 85. 364. 370. 482. 521. 554.
.068. 592. 610. 656. t>84. 697. Manetti, Luigi, 70.
498.500. Marnock, Robert, 608. 731. Martin,
Peter, 148. Stil. 370. M.ither, E. M.. 581.
Mattheus Sylvaticus, 46. Matthews, William,
80. Mcise, James, »I.D., 85. 152. RIenteath,
James .Stuart, jun., .032. Menzies, John, .072.
Merrick, A., 36. RIcrrick, J.,738. Mitchell,
John, 470. Mltchinson, Jas.,576. Moggridge,
John H., 65. 357. 650. Mulholland, Hugh, 47A
Murray, J., 53. 89. Murphy, E., 36<i, 370, 371,
372. 503.

Neevc, D. D., 29. Nicolles, J., 160.

Oliver, J, C.M.H.S., 612.

Pearson. Wm., 734. Penny, George, A. LS, 50.
103. Perkins, A.M., 293. Perrin, William,
89. Po|>e, John, and Sons, 112. Pressley,
Thomas, ;i61. Prestoc, Wm., 314.

Quercus, 243.

R., 176. H., Edinburgh, 43. Rafincsquc, C. S.,
Professor of Botany and Natural History, 248.
Ranch, Charles, .035. R. B. S.,358. R. C. H.,
47. Redstcad, Robert, 95. Reid, Robert, 751.
Rivers, T., jun. ,392. Robertson, John, F.H.S.,
Ua. Rollings, James, 82. Rothwetl, M.,(;93.
Rowe, John R., 736, R. S., 475. R. .S. B., 1761
R, S. T , Exmouth, iTi*. R. S. T., Holderness,

374. R.T., 570. 611. 64:0. R.T., F Cottage,

488. Rudge, Edw , F.R.S. F.L.S. &C.&C., 428.
693. Hutgcr, T.. 172. 577. 681. R. W., 5>5. 736.
Ryan, John, 81.

S., 24;}. .Sanders, W., .04">. Saul, M., 44, 4.0.
6(i2. 695. 697. 737. Saunders, Richard, .006.
Scientlie et Justitiw Amator, 137. <>41. Sclim,
.029. 647. Scnex, 4<.U Seymour, W., 373.
Shiclla, G.,(i70. Sigma, 42. Small, Thomas,
85. S. M. O, 25a Smith, John, 4.S9. Spence,
Wm., F.L..S., 26f;. Stoveld, John, 92. S.K.B.,
372. .S. T., 610.

T. A., 660. Taylor, R. C, 77. Taylor, Samuel,
.09.'l€«. Tavfor, W., 1.04. 6(58. 7.1o. T. B., 87.
T. D , 87. T. E., 6<i. Thorold, W., .090. T. G.,
Clitheroo, .0<I2. Trotter, John, .001. T. S 86.
Turnlnill, Henry, 108. 'rurncr, Henry, 47.81.
88. 94. 3ti2.

Varley, Cornelius, F.L.S , 483.

W.,360. WatU, Stephen, 499. VVhidden,Wm.,
7.30. Willich, Clias. M., 3.09. Wilson, W.,
(i90. Woo«l, George, 1.0.0. W. W. C, 79. 613.
W. Z., CiV: /37. Wynne, Wm., 272.

X. Y., a-.. 614. 741.

Y. A. B., 61. Young, W., (i64.

tt, Haul Pyren<?c, Bagnet de Bigorre, 62.

THE

GARDENER'S MAGAZINE,

FEBRUARY, 1832.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. General Results of a Gardening Tour, during Jidy^
August, and part of September, in the Year ISSl, Jrom Dum-
fries, by Kirkcudbright, Ayr, and Greenock, to Paisley. By the
Conductor.

{Continued from Vol. VII. p. 649.)

Gardening, as we have before observed, is not so much to
be improved from within itself, or by the experience of its
practitioners in their own departments, as by callinir in, and
bringing to bear upon it, other sciences and arts. There are
some of our readers, no doubt, who would be much better
pleased to see our pages confined to short practical papers on
the culture of the different articles grown in kitchen and
flower gardens, than to read discussions on subjects of
general improvement contained in such articles as those of
which the present is a continuation, or to study the accounts
of inventions occasionally brought forward in our General
Notices, (p. 12.) We consider persons entertaining this
opinion as taking too confined a view of our duties ; because
we know that almost all the improvements of any consequence
which have been made in p-ardenino; have been drawn from
other arts and sciences. What improvements could have
been made in the construction or management of hot-
houses, for example, unless the gardener had extended his
enquiries to the manufacture of iron or other metals into
sashes ; and to the science of chemistry as applied to com-
bustion and the management of heat ? We have no doubt
that there are various readers who could see little connec-
VoL. VIII. — No. 36. B

S General Resulls of a Gardening Tour : —

tion between the fi<;iires of monuments in the clnirchyanl at Dumfries,
which we pave in a former NuiiibiT (Vol. VII. |). o.i\K), and fountains and
siunlials for ornamenting flower-^anlens and [)leasure-;,'rounds ; yet it will
be seen from comimmicutions in our present Number, and in a former one
(Vol. VII p. 7i4., and Vol. VIII. [>. 91.), that our notice of these mo-
numents ajipear- likely to lead to a decided improvement with regard to
economy and durability in architectural ornaments for gardens in England,
as well as to a beneficial coiiunerce between London and Dumfries. We
have been asked what use there was in figuring Witty's patent gas furnace
(Vol. VII. p. iH'i ), and what chance there was of so intricate a contriv-
ance as one that would proiluce gas being ever made generally applicable
in hot-huuses. We are mistaken, however, if this furnace does not pro-
duce as great a revolution in generating heat for hot-houses, as the intro-
duction of pipes of water has done in conveying and maintaining it.
(See [). 5?n.) A correspondent, Suffblcicnsis we believe, some years ago
attackeil ns severely for introducing Heathorn's limekiln (Vol. 11. p. 403.)
into a Ciardener's Magazine. If he should happen to see one of Witty's
furnaces, and understand the principles of its action, he will be able to
comprehend the important improvement made by Heathorn in the pre-
paration of lime, which in agriculture may truly be called the universal
manure. Witty's furnace is an application of the same principle as Hea-
thorn's, in a dirterent form and on a smaller scale.

We could refer to a number of similar cases in past volumes to prove
the great advantage of bringing all discoveries or inventions that bear any
relation to gardening, agricidture, or rural and domestic improvement,
before our readers as early as possible.

There is another reason why we should embrace all subjects connected
with gardening and rural improvement, as well as botany, physiology, and
the mere |)ractice of cultivating fruits and vegetables ;" and" that is, the
necessity which exists at the present time for young gardeners to extend
the lioundaric-s of their knowledge in all country attiiirs. The changes
which are taking place in society, and the desire of the employers of gar-
deners to economise, is gradually leading to the union in the same person
of the offices of gardener, bailiff, and even land steward. We know-
various iiistiuues both in iMigland and Scotland, in which this union has
lately taken place; and we rejoice to see it, for the sake of gardeners, and
because we have long been aware of the injury which the agriculture and
the farmers of this country have sustained from the employment, as land
stewards, of attorneys, who, residing in towns, frequently know nothing of
rural affairs. The young gardener, therefore, shoulil not only inform
himself upon general subjects, for the sake of keeping himself on a par
with mechanics, artisans, and imleed almost every other class of young
men, who, in eonse(|uence of mechanics' institutions and cheap publica-
tions, are making the most rajjid progress; but he should especially inform
himself uDon all matters connected with rural imi)rovement, as the only
means of fitting himself for rising in the world. Assuredly the time is fast
passing away for a nobleman or rich country gentleman to keep a separate
head giirdener at high wages for each department of his gardens; or for a
man possessing only the art of growing pines or perhaps grapes to [jcrfection,
or excelling in any one particular article, to even hope to obtain a first-
rate situation. The spirit of the times requires in every man not only
a thorough knowledge of his own profession, but much" general know-
ledge, to enable him to keep pace with the rapid changes which are taking
place around him.

As u farther jmrtion of the general results of our tour, we shall submit,
in the present Number, some general remarks on the gentlemen's scats, and
park and pleasure-ground scenery, of the west of Scotland.

Scats in the West of Scotland, S

The Gentlemen's Seats in the West of Scotland are now in a more deserted
state than they have been in for many years. Very few of the proprietors
reside at them, chiefly, as we were informed, from not having the means
(owing to the diminntion of their rents, and other causes) of keeping up
the requisite establishments, and paying the interest of the mortgages or
other encumbrances on their estates. In consequence of this, it will
not excite wonder that we found very few gardens kept up in a suitable
style. Before this evil can be remedied, material changes nnist take place
in the laws relating to real property, and more especially in the laws
of entail and of primogeniture, the evils of which were pointed out by
Lord Gardenstone to his countrymen more than fifty years ago. It is
proper to mention that the changes which have taken place in the money
rent of the land, and in the price of territorial productions, have not
been the sole cause of the present neglected state of gentlemen's seats
in the line of country through which we passed. A few have overbuilt
themselves; and a few also have curtailed their means by gambling or
electioneering expenses. The prevailing cause, however, of the suiFer-
ings of the Scotch landed proprietors we believe to be the great extent
of their mortgages; and as it is clear to us that the means of pay-
ing off these, or' at least the interest of them, will, in the great majority
of cases, rather diminish than increase, the sooner the mortgagors are
authorised by the legislature to sell part of their estates, the better it will
be both for themselves and the public. It has been shown in a late num-
ber of the Edinburgh Review that more than half the landed property in
Scotland is very strictly entailed.

As compared with the country seats of England, those of Scotland
which we saw during our late tour are inferior in point of park and plea-
sure ground scenery. Nature has done much more for the landscape
scenery of Scotland than she has for that of England, by supplying the
most striking or interesting features ; but man has not yet been endowed
with sufficient taste, or rather, perhaps, wealth, to make the most of them.
We have heard it alleged, that the difference between Scotch and English
parks, with regard to wood and lawn, is owing to the inferiority of the
northern climate ; but this is one of the greatest mistakes that can be made
on the subject. A sufficient variety of trees and shrubs, for all the purposes
of the most varied shrubberies and plantations, grow as well in Scotland as
in England ; grass grows as well, and can be mown as smoothly ; and
gravel, or a substitute for it, looks as well, when properly managed. There
may be fifty or a hundred ornamental trees and shrubs, which endure
the open air in the central counties of England, which will not live through
the winter in Scotland ; but this is of no consequence with reference either
to landscape-gardening or ornamental planting. The park scenery of
Scotland is inferior, as far as art is concerned, to that of England, chiefly
from its confined extent, and the formality of all the lines and forms
connected with it. This formality may be traced to the love, in Scotch
landowners, of agricultural profits; straight lines, and surfaces uninterrupted
by trees, being most favourable for aration. The English beau ideal of a
park is that of a portion of natural forest scenery, with smooth glades of
lawn in some places, and rough thickets of shrubs and ferns in others ; but
the Scotch idea of a park (judging from the parks as we found them) is
that of a pasture field of considerable extent, varied by formal clumps of
trees and strips of plantation. Unquestionably the latter description of
park is most suitable for a comparatively poor country, because it is better
adapted for the maintenance of agricultural stock ; but, taking the style of
the finest natural scenery as a standard for this kind of beauty, the English
park, as a work of art, is by far the most beautiful. The day for extensive
parks, however, is gone by ; and we have no wish to see large portions of

'i Goural Results of a Gardening Tour.

the country occupied by mere forest scenery, however picturesque it may
be. What we should wish to see in Scotland arc, numerous small parks of
smooth rich pasture, beautifully varied by "groups of trees ; not i)ut down at
random, both as it regards sorts and manner of planting ; but the trees and
shrubs of many sorts, one kind always prevailing in one place, and the
grouping and connection being such as to produce a varied and beautiful
whole. Such parks in Scotland will often be placed on the sides or along
the base of a range of hilly or mountainous scenery; and when this is the
case, every extent that can be desired, both of pasture and of forest scenery,
may be obtained without infringing on any principle of utility.

It is remarkable that, in a country abouniling with so many fine situ-
ations for country residences, there should so often be houses placed in
dull flat situations, with nothing to recommend them but the richness of the
soil. This we can only account for on the princii)le that fine situations,
l)cing so common, are not duly valued ; and that the wealth which can
jjrocure a large well-built house anywliere obtains among a poor people
more ap[)lause than the taste which would place tliat house in a beautiful
situation.

The Pleasure-Ground Sceneri/ in the west of Scotland, more especially
near the mansions, is in general very unsatisfactory ; partly, we freely admit,
from that absence of high keeping which we have found prevalent, and
without which, in our opinion, no place is worth looking at; but chiefly
from what we think defects in the arrangement. According to our notions
of comfort and luxury, the most highly polished scenery, and the finest dis-
play of flowers, should always be near the house, and even close to it, on
that side which is the least seen from, or connected with, the entrance front.
This principle, we think, should be adopted, whether the house be a cot-
tage, a villa, a mansion, or a palace. But, in many places, we have found
very little dittc'rence in the objects and style of arrangement between the
scenery connected with the entrance front and that of the other fronts;
the flowers and shrul)s, which we would have displayed on the drawing-room
front, being placctl at a distance from the house, in a flower-garden or
shruiibery.

We have no objection to individuals indulging in this taste, or in any
other that gratifies them; but we cannot approve of it as calculated to
form what, by such |)ersons as have seen all the fine places in England
and Euro])e, would be called a fine place. The general |)ractice in the
most beautiful residences in England is, to maintain a character in the
scenery of the entrance front, distinct from that of what is calleil the lawn,
drawing-room, or garden front ; and we think there is reason in favour of
the practice. The drawing-room of every house may be considered as the
place where is to be made the greatest display of whatever can render
a dwelling desirable; the drawing-room, therefore, should not oidy be
comfortable, and elegant within, but the scenery seen from the windows
should harmonise with the general character of luxury and refined enjoy-
ment. To cflcct this, recourse must be had to ornamental ganlcning in
the foreground, and laiulscape-gardeuing in the distance. Ornamental
gardening supplies groups of flowers and flowering shrubs, with basket-
work, vases, statues, and other ornamental objects ; and landscape-garden-
ing guides the taste in the concealment or ilisplay of distant groups or
masses of trees, water, lawn, rocks, hills, and other materials, natural or
artificial, of verdant scenery. The entrance front, on the other hand,
is generally arrangetl in a plainer style, and this also has reason in its
favour : first, because it is a place liable to be fre(iuentl\ occuj)ied by
horses and carriages, and therefore less suitable for flowers, or the
recreation of those for whom flowers are more esj)ecialiy cultivated ;
Kccondiy, because it seldom happens that the drawing-room windows, and

Leguminous Plants of Australia. S

others of the principal company apartments, look towards the entrance
front ; and thirdly, because the plainer the entrance front is, the better
it will contrast with the drawing-room front.

In many places in Scotland, we found no flowers on either front; and
in several, as many on the entrance front as on that of the lawn : but
what we disliked the most was that which we frequently met with, viz.
a degree of coarseness of surface, rough grass, and a total absence of
flowers and fine shrubs all roimd the house ; while there was a flower-
garden, and a portion of highly kept lawn at some distance from it, in
a shrubbery, or near the kitchen-garden. This we consider both as a want
of taste, and a great waste of expense, because no adequate effect is pro-
duced. No polish and refinement, no exertions of ornamental gardening
in distant parts of the grounds, will ever compensate, in our opinion, for
the want of these qualities near what ought to be the centre of all art
and refinement, the house. It is not that we disapprove of detached
flower-gardens or other ornamental scenes in different parts of the grounds;
on the contrary, in large and extensive places where every thing else is in
due proportion, we approve of these, as inducements to walk out and ex-
amine them, and as adding to the magnificence of tiie v.hole ; but we can
never approve of one of these gardens or scenes in a place where the lawn
in front of the house is neglected. Next to utility and convenience, what
painters call effect, or what some would call display, with us is every thing.

(To be continued.)

Art. II. Hints on raising the Leguminous Plants of Australia
and the Cape of Good Hope from Seeds, on acclimatising them
in Europe, and on their native Habits. By Mr. J. Bowie.

Sir,

Having procured, while in England, seeds of various species of
the Australian Jcacias, and sown them immediately on my arrival at
the Cape, I was much disappointed at the apparent failure of many of
them, but have found several of them vegetating after being three years
in the ground, during which period, they were duly attended in weeding
and watering. Seeds, alsc>, of ylcacia longifolia, saved at the Cape, and
sown ten days after gathering, showed the same tardiness in vegetating.
This circumstance led me to consider the best mode of treatment in trying
experiments with the Cape species of Acacia, and other South African
Leguminosag, and I find that nearly the whole of this order thrive better
by having water heated to 200°, or even to the boiling point of Fahrenheit's
thermometer, poured over them, leaving them to steep and the water to
cool for twenty-four hours. Where there is a numerous collection, and
the quantity small, of each species, they may remain in the papers.

The soil in which to sow leguminous seeds in general, I would recom-
mend, should be one part sandy loam, and three parts thoroughly decayed
leaves. The common, or wide-mouthed, 48-sized pots are the best for
sowing the seeds in, as they allow sufficient room for draining, and con-
tain enough earth for the short time that may expire before planting
out, and the soil in them maintains a more equal degree of moisture than
in pots of a larger or smaller size : an essential circumstance to the growth
of seeds of every description.

The Cape species of Leguminosae may be sown at any time of the year

B 3

<S Rfiisitigi acclimatising, and nalive Habits

they mny arrive in Europe : if this shoiikl happen to be in the antumn of
winter, the prow th of the |ihints should not be forced, as sucii practice tends
only to prochue weak plants, which rarely survive till the sprinf;. The front
stage or upper shelves in the urecn-house vviil be found the best situation
for placinjr autiunn or winter sowings : but, taking the months of February,
March, ;uij Ajjril, as the best and most convenient season lor sowing those
seetls, the following practice will insure to the European cultivator many
s[)ecies which have hitherto failed, continued scarce, or which have only
exhibited poor and stunted specimens, and which, conseijuently, have been
treated with neglect, when, under proper management, they would form
suitable and splendid ornaments for the shrubbery, and make more room
in the conservatory for less hardy species.

Having sown the seeds (after steeping as above), and covered them with
earth from a (juarter to a half inch deep, and leaving a space for water of
half an inch from the edge of the pot, they must be well watered, and
placed in a declining or exhausted hot-bed, not plunging them. If the
season is so far advanced that the sun's rays are powerful, the frames
should be shaded from its direct influence during the miildle of the day.
In the earlier stages water need only be applied every third day ; or, at
least, so often that, without stagnating, the soil is ke|)t constantly moist :
alternate drought and superabundant moisture retanl and check the pro-
gress of vegetation.

As the various species make their appearance, and the cotyledons
become fully developed, the pots containing them should be separated
from the rest, ami placed in other frames, where they w ill require a more
constant supply of water and admission of air, duly encouraging their
growth until of a sufficient size for planting out. In this, the experience
of the cultivator must guide him ; but it is necessary to observe, that the
first planting out should be accomplished while the plants are in a pro-
gressive state of growth, shading them if necessary.

In large establishments, the person intrusted with the management of
the seeils is, or at least ought to be, a confidential person, ami therefore
ought to be put in possession of the lists, and any other written observa-
tions which may accompany packets of seeds from abroad. By these, he is
enabled to allot to each species the peculiar earth required, of which he
must be sometimes ignorant, when he meets with species new to him.

Whatever soil may be required for the plants, care must be taken not
to pulverise it too finely by sifting; for the tap root in its descent, on meet-
ing with any obstruction in its ])erj)cnilicular direction, receives an impulse
a|)i)r()acliing to auinuil instinct, and, rounding the impediment, forms sooner
its lateral fibres and roots, wiiich are to become organs of nourishment for
the future tree, &c. This will not be generally the ease with i)lants placed
in earth sifted as fine as snuff; their state of health is shown l)y the sickly
hue of the leaves, which prematurely fall off"; and, \\\m\\ examination, the
root will be found embedded, as it were, in a condensed cement, which all
the efforts of nature cannot penetrate.

As soon as the young plants are established in the pots, they must be
removed from the frames, and plunged in prepared l)eds of decayed l)ark,
formed at or under the level of the natural ground; and occasionally
supplied with water until the middle or latter end of August, when they
are to be raised and the tap root cut off, if it should have passed the
a|)erture at the bottom of the pot. They may remain above ground until
housed for the winter, during which season as much air and as little fire
heat as possil)le should be administered. In a general collection, it is im-

f)ossible to allow every species its proper atmospherical temperature, but
orig confined air and damp are as injurious to vegetable as they are to
nnimal life. There are generally some bright days occurring during th«

of the Leguminous Plants ()f Australia. 7

winter season in Britain : those opportunities should be embraced to
purify the houses b}' throwing open the doors and sashes, and keeping up
a brisk fire in the morning, as often as may be judged necessary.

There are few Cape plants but what will resist the effects of some
degrees of frost ; the Plectranthus fruticosus, a native of the Cape forests,
is the most susceptible of injury from cold, and, if properly placed in the
house, proves a warning thermometer against direct injury, as it is the first
to sufi'er, and consequently show the increasing harm.

Of the South African Leguminosae, the following genera form striking
and beautiful ornaments in their native wilds, particularly to those who are
charmed with the outward appearance and varied colours of flowers : and
although the nature of the native soil where they are found to abound
may be variable, a sandy loam with decayed leaves is the most genial to the
growth of most species of Cape Leguminosas, and may therefore be used
in general collections.

Omphalobium, Schotii?, Sophora sylvatica. Cyclopia, Sarcoph;,'llum,
Borbon/a, Crotalaria, C'jtisus, ^nthvUis, Sutherland/^, Indigofera, and
.4spalathus generally indicate the existence of a red sandy loam.

Acacia, Virgili«, Loddigesia, Viburg/fl, Rafn/«, Psoralea, Ononis, and
Cylista thrive with greater luxuriance on the margins of streams, in
alluvial and vegetable soils : but many species of the same and of other
genera vary from tbe general rules, and are found either in pure sand or in
stiff clay, exposed through great part of the year to excessive heat and
drought, or but slightly sheltered and nurtured by the mountains ; but
deriving much of their subsistence from the dewy clouds which those
heights, as these clouds pass over them, arrest and condense. So readily
do South African plants appear to accommodate themselves to soils and
situations, that it is difficult to positively recommend any particular com-
post for them in garden culture : practical experience must alone decide
the best for the purpose.

The insatiate desire of novelty is so inherent in man, that the labours of
individuals in all parts of the earth are insufficient to satisfy this craving.
How many are there who, for want of room, crowd or neglect many fine
plants, for the sake of less beautiful and less useful species ! Scientific
establishments are not free from this error; and the evil increases, and is so
obvious to many real admirers of Nature, that they cannot help regretting
■ the practice ; though themselves verge on, and not unfrequently fall into, the
same mania which they decry in others, and neglect to take the necessary
steps for the preservation and better culture of old introductions. This
unpardonable negligence is particularly exemplified in the Cape genera,
with the exception of J^rica and Pelargonium, the cultivated plants of
which excel those in their native wilds.

The modern improvements in the construction of stoves, green-houses,
and conservatories, and the means of applying the necessary warmth to
them, relieve the gardener of much manual labour, and prevent a great
deal of that anxiety of mind which formerly deprived him of bodily rest
during a severe and lengthened winter. We still, however, find a few
sluggards slumbering at their posts, whose duty to themselves and to
their employers can hardly be aroused to activity, by observing occasion-
ally the flourishing collections of their neighbours. You will please to
remember that it is a gardener who writes this, and does not intend to cast
any reflections on the profession ; but he trusts that you will still continue
to advise the young and aspiring in their duty, and prepare them for the
part they may have to perform on the great theatre of the world. You
must pardon this digression, but it obtrudes itself to my thoughts, and I
commit it to paper, and fancy to myself that it is not altogether irrelevant
to what may follow. Something more than the mere mechanical operations,

B 4

8 liaising, acclimatising, and native Habits

■M\A the knowlciige of botanical nomenclature, is expected from the gardener
of the present day. Independent of his immediate duty to his employer, he
has a duty to perft)rm to his country, and one which he may perforin with
case and pleasure to himself, that is, the acclimatisation ot exotic plants ;
which may freijuently he attempted with old specimens, that would, at all
events, be conunitted to the flames: and if he he successful, your pages are
open to record iiis fame, and societies arc numerous in England, and
liberal enough to reward his merit.

The forming of portable houses for the reception of Leguminosae would
amply repay the amateur for the trouble and expense, by the splendour
which |)lants having a sufficiency of room would exhibit. I would there-
fore reconnncnd the planting in beds of prepared soil (formed in such
structures as fancy might determine or circumstances permit), masses of
this natural oriler, arranging them so that every i)lant might receive an equal
portion of the sun's rays through the day ; placing the taller in the centre,
and gradually diminishing the lines to the edge, where the minor kinds
Mould form the border, and would not exceed the height of many species
of the mosses. The grouping of colours nmst be left to a refined taste, so
that the various shades, as far as practicable, may be blended on scientific
principles.

If young plants, say of three years old, are intended forthe above descrip-
tion of houses, they should be brought as early as possible to a fit state, by
giving them larger pots than they would have allowed to them, were they
intended for the stage or shelf of a green-house. As young plants will
be small in proportion to the space they are hereafter to fill, several of a
species u)ay be plunged over tne rim of the pots, and marked for future
removal : this will, without deranging the plan, allow sufficient room for
those which remain ; those to be removed, having a ball of earth attached
to them, will be fit specimens to try in the open air. For this experiment
I would rather recommend a northern exposure for planting than a southern
one, where, after severe frosts, a sutlden thaw iloes most mischief, and in
many instances is the real cause of death to the plants. If large plants,
thus exposed, appear killed by cold, too nuich haste must not be exercised
in removing the roots, but cut down the stem, and let the stool remain for
one or two years. When old plants are intended for the portable house,
or for a conservatory, they should be headed down to a convenient height,
allowing sufficient room for their heads to form free of the roof; and as
the various species of Sch6tw flower occasionally on the old wood, and the
others at the extremities of the young spring and summer shoots, this
habit should be strictly attended to, and borne in mind at all seasons.

Many persons regret the loss of olil established |)iants, and, in the vain
attempt to [)rcserve them in a confined space, permit injuries to be inflicted
upon them h}' injudicious pruning, which eventually forms unsightly and dis-
agreeable olijects for a house. They are then condenmed, and in the autunin
are left out, and exjxised to every vicissitude of season, and no opportunity
is given them to live. It is early in the spring nujiiths that these plants
shoukl be selected, and planted out in sheltered situations of the shrub-
bery : they would at least have a chance of existence, and, if they should
die, their loss woidd not be so apparent. It has become a very connuon

[)ractice in l-lurope, to plant exotic shrubs in front of the stoves ami "reen-
louses indiscriminately, and without thought of their ultimate height, or
whether they can be kept within bounds by pruning without injury or total
prevention of flowering : this point requires consideration, or the plants
arc likely to become nuisances.

()m|)halobium, Virgiliw, Sxphora, several Psoralcne and C'ytisi, form a
distinct stem ; Schoti/r, Indigofera, Psoralca, yfspalathus, Podalyria, Li-
paria, and DorbonjVr, as well as Cyclopia, Sarcophylluni, and Itafn/Vr, form

of the Leguminous Plants of Australia. 9

branching shrubs from the collar : in the three last-mentioned genera this
habit should be encouraged as much as possible^ by cutting them down to
the ground ; it encourages the larger growth of the collar, and in old plants
the appearance of nakedness would be but temporary ; the quick growth of
numerous shoots, especially in old plants, would form dense bushes, and
stronger and more characteristic masses of flowers. Omphalobium and
Sch6te« are of slow growth : planting them under the shade of others will
draw them up to the requisite height without injury.

By confining this communication to Legumin6sa5, I do not wish to
exclude the plants of other natural orders ; but the first is given to illus-
trate what will, if put in practice, add to the pleasure of the cultivator, by
ornamenting, without confusion, and prevent the destruction or neglect of
many interesting plants, from ignorance of their worth, and from not be-
holding them in full vigour of health and beauty.

I am convinced, from observation, that many Australian leguminous
plants require the same treatment as those of South Africa, especially
among the rigid-leaved species, as Davies?<s, &c. ; consequently a mixture of
plants of both countries would no doubt thrive.

I subjoin a list of the average height which several species attain in
their native habitations : it may partly guide the cultivator in planting : —

Ft. in.
Virgilia intrusa and capensis - - - - 25 0

If Virgili« is deeply injured in the old wood, a gum exudes,
which is used as gum arable.
Omphalobium - - - - -120

Sophora sylvatica - - - - - 16 0

Psoralea pinnata - - - - - 15 0

Cyclopia -^ - - - - 4 ft. to 10 0

Indigofera cytisoides - - - - - 8 0

Podaljria ityracifolia - - - - - 9 0

^spalathus - - - - - 6 in. to 4 0

Rafn/« (annual growth) - - - - 2 ft. to 3 0

Sarcophyllum (annual growth) - - - - 1 6

Liparia sphae'rica - - - - - 3 0

Acacia capensis or nilotica - - - - 20 0

Jcacia caffra - - - - -120

The latter thrives best by being cut down and confined as a shrub to
6 ft. They both yield the gum arable.
Erythrina caffra attains the height of 60 ft., but flowers at the height of

15 ft.
Erythrina nana, introduced by me to England in 1823; flowers at 2ft.,

and may be considered as half-shrubby, as it scarcely ever attains a per-
manent stem. It is a desirable plant.

I hope that you will not consider the above too tedious ; and should
wish you to enforce some of the hints therein. I have no time for correc-
tions, so that you must excuse all errors, as the cultivator would freely
pardon the prolixity of the collector, if he had to encounter but one tenth
part of the difficulties the latter meets with.

I remain, Sir, yours, &c.

James Bowie.

Cape of Good Hope, February 16. 1831.

10 Common and Highland Vines^

Art. III. An Account of the Common and Highland Pines, (U
Jvund in Scotland. JJy J. G.

Sir,

It lias lately been ascertained that there is a variety of pine in Scotland
very ditTerent from, and greatly snperior to, the comnion tree of that
name, in size, quality, and durability. It has long been known, indeed,
that the wood of the one is preferable to that oi the other; yet people were
always inclined to reckon them both under the genera! title of Scotch
pine, and to take for granted that the ditterence nuist be occasioned by
a-'c, soil, or situation. That any or all of these causes can account for
thc'dirt'ercnce is, I think, far from probable. How can age be thought a
sufficient reason, while it is known that thousands of the connnon pine
liave arrived at maturity, ami thousamls have dieil, which at no |)criod of
their age were better than those which are every day felled for the most
ordinary [jurposes V How can soil or situation be given as a reason, while
it is known that the common [)ineis scattered over all Scotland, in as good
soils and situations as those in w hich the superior sort grows, and yet are
found, when cut up, to be but of inferior quahty ?

This snperior variety abounds in the highland districts of Abernethy, in
Strathspey, and in the north of Scotland ; and the first individuals who col-
lected the seeds, and raised plants of this sort, were Messrs. Alexander and
John (irigor, nurserymen at Elgin and Forres, at whose nurseries plants of
these pines are always to be found, and for whose exertions the Highland
Society of Scotland awarded their premium. These gentlemen, in the short
period of two years (the time they require before being fit for transplanting),
raised and sold no less a quantity than two millions of the real highland
pine, and thus put into the possession of landholders a variety that pro-
duces wood eipial to that brought from Norway.

The late Mr. Don of Forfar considered that this pine, which 1 have
termed a variety, should, on account of its great dissimilarity to the /-"inus
svlyestris,its long tufted leaves, and the hori/.ontal direction of its branches,
constitute a distinct species, which might, with jjropriety, be termed Z^iuus
horizontalis. The members of the Highland Society have ado|)ted his
opinion; and one of the most distinguished writers of the day (Sir Walter
Scott), in an article in the Quarlir/j/ Jieiicw, some years ago, pointed out,
with singular ellect, not only its peculiarity of shape, &c., but the amazing
durability of its wood.

I shall reconl a circumstance that occurred in the north of Scotland,
which proves, beyond the reach of doubt, that there must be two distinct
species of Scotch pine. About fifty years ago, a young forester happened
to be travelling over that district in which tlie real highland pine abounds.
As he passed along, he observed a few small ones springing up among the
heath ; and being struck with the ap[)earance they presenteil, and having a
plantation of connnon ones going on at the time, he pulled one, wrappcil it
lip, and, having arrived at his plantation, he [)lantcd it along with the rest,
and placed u durable mark beside it. During the whole |)criod of its
growth, this tree presented a singular appearance ; and when it was felled
and cut uj) (which happened about ten years ago), it was found superior to
any of the surrounding ones. Now, this is a proof that nnist remove every
idea of a variation in soil, age, or situation accomplishing the existing dif-
ference; a proof that there are in Scotland forests of a pine superior to the
connnon, and remote enough from it to constitute a species.

Shall I yet be told, then, that there is no difference? Yes; there are
.still some who maintain it: anil, but for this fact, 1 should have treated the
subject in a different manner. There are still some who have, through

asjbund in Scotland. 1 1

ignorance, attempted to overturn all this, and, in supporting their position,
have employed the most unreasonable arguments. The march of discern-
ment, however, is moving on, and, I rejoice to saj', it will soon leave them
in merited obscurity. I can account for their adopting such an opinion
in no other way than by supposing that they have never seen the magnificent
highland pines ; for it is almost impossible that any person with his eyes
open could pass over those districts in which they abound, without per-
ceiving the difference in appearance ; and it is well known that the wood-
merchant, and the meanest carpenter on Scotia's mountain side, can alike
point out the superiority of the timber of the highland pine over that
common worthless species which has been so long propagated, and with
so little benefit to the country.

The members of the Highland Society of Scotland have been among
the first to direct attention to this subject, and their exertions have been
successful. Landholders are now eagerly enquiring after the " new sort,"
as they call it, and are determined to banish the " old " from their estates.
They have long experienced the uselessness of the one, and are now con-
vinced of the excellence of the other. They have seen that the common
pine can only be used for paling fences or fuel ; while the other can be
applied to the most important purposes in building.

It is pleasing to think that our northern gentlemen are now carrying on
an improvement which must not only benefit themselves but the country
generally; and alike pleasing to think that a proportion of those immense
tracts of waste land, that everywhere abound in Scotland, may soon groan
under a load of pines equal to those that flourish on the Norwegian
hills.

It is truly astonishing to think, that, while some proprietors in Scotland
are doing their duty in the way of planting the waste land on their estates,
others, though possessing the means, are still allowing thousands of acres
to lie idle, which might long ere now have been returning them a great
recompense for the trifling expense of planting. They seem to have to-
tally forgotten Sir Walter Scott's anecdote of the dying laird's advice to
his son.

Laying aside ornament, shelter, &c., planting has always been considered
a good speculation, on the score of pounds, shillings, and pence ; and how
can it be otherwise, when we know that plants of larch and Scotch pine
can be furnished and planted for the small sum of twelve or fourteen
shillings an acre ?

I shall, perhaps, recur to this subject at some future period ; and should
any of the readers of your Magazine be inclined to doubt what I have
brought forward, I shall be happy to meet their objections.

I remain, Sir, yours, &c.
Kensington, Dec. \83l, J. G.

12

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

AiiT. I. Notices of Plants rccentlij imported, figured, or described, and
such Notices of old Inhabitants of our Gardens as mat/ be likely to interest
the Cultivator or Amateur.

Column 3. HabU.
^ Deciduous tree.
J Evergreen tree,
i Palm tree.
iik Deciduous slirub.
• Evergreen shrub.
J* Deciduous under.shrub.
n. Evergreen undcr-shrub.
^ Deciduous twiner, ligneous or

herbaceous.
i_ Evergreen twiner, lig. or herb.
_t Deciduous climber, ligneous or

herbaceous.
4_ Evergreen climber, lig. or herb.
Jc Deciduous trailer, lig. or herb.
1^ Evergreen trailer, lig. or herb.

1 ^ Deciduous creeper, lig. or herb.
%, Evergreen creeper, lig. or herb.
^ Deciduous herbaceous plant.
£ Evergreen herbaceous plant,
m Grass.
5 Bulbous plant.
% Fusiform-rooted plant.
A Tuberous-rooted plant
i Aquatic.
£ Epiphyte.*

CoLU.M.N 4. Duration and Habit-

ation.
^ Perennial.
Q) Bieimial.
O Annual.

I I Bark, or moist, stove
I Dry stove.

I I Green-house.

I Frame.

[7CI Bark stove perenniiil.
23 Dry stove perennial.
lAI Green-house perennial,

Al Frame perennial.
01 Bark stove biennial.
rsi Dry stove biennial.
iO)l Green-house biennial.

(Dl Frame biennial,
m) Bark stove annual,
fn Dry siove annu.il.
iCi\ Green.house annual.

Ol Frame annual.

Where the tabular lines occur, the species whose details they contain are additional to those in Loudon's I16r-
tits Jiriltinnicus. . . ,.,.,...,., , ., .,

Occasionally a species may be reiieated for the sake of exhibitin;; its details more accurately than they arc
exliil)it«rin the Uoitus liiildnnicm. Such species will have a <l.igger (+) prelixed to them.

To the genera new to tlie llmtus lirUdnniciis a star (•) will be prefixed.

The books cited in italics in the column for " references to figures " are quoted for description or incidental
notices ; these being the best substitutes for figures or perfect descriptions, until figures or perfect descrip-
tions arc ])ublished.

The dates introduced after hybrids are those at which they were raised from the hybridised seeds, as nearly
as these dates ran be ascertained. ,.,.„. ^ . , ^.

The numbers prefixed to the orders are those they bear in Lindley s Inlrodiiction to the Natural Si/stem.

Where blanks occur in the place of specific names, they will proceed from this cause : I'rofessor Lindley deter,
mines to figure showy hybrids and garden varieties, but neither to give them a Latin sp<>cifir epithet nor
discriminative description, nor to st.ite their relative place in systematic anangcments. Carton's rhododen-
dron flow's lobelia, and Young's calceolaria are three instances ; but to the latter two the ei>ithcts in use in
the nurseries are applied below.

Class I.

Plants endowed with a Vascular Structure and obvious Blossom.

SriicLAs.s I.

Plants with Exogenous Growth and Dicotyledonous Seed.

DiMsioN 1. Plants with a Polypetalous Corolla.

I. Arali'icra:
Kemarks on this order arc incidentally expressed by Mr. David Don, in Sweet's nritisb Flotrcr-Gardrn for
Jan. I8.)2, t. I'ij. : they are these : — "1 wish here to correct a grave error, Info which 1 had fallen in Prd-

* Epiphytes are iilaiUs growing ii|m)ii other plants, deriving from the latter nothing but tlieir liH-al
habitation ; |>arasite» grow into, and absorb their nutriment from, the plants which bear tlu-m : epiphytes are
nuinenms within the tropics, parasites are few everywhere, and, in Britain, limited to Tlscum ^ilbum, Cdsrvta
piiropie\i, ciisciita /•."pitlivmum, Lathr!c\T Smuimikria, the species of Orobanche, and many species of /"iingus ;
perhaps Monoiropa Hyp/ipitvs, and a few other plants. J. E. Bowman, in late researches among the British
parasitic plants, has seen cause to believe that Nc6ttia nidus ilvis is not parasitic. — J.D.

Notices of new and inter estmg Plants. 13

drotnus Florae NepalMiis, p. 186., in ascribing to the AraliJkceJE • Bcmina erecta ' [erect seeds] instead of
• semina penilula ' [seeds pendulous] ; and although I hare been long aware of the blunder, it is only now
that I have had an opportunity of correcting it."
This correction does not apply to Lindley's Introduction, which accurately describes the seeds as pendulous.

II. Vmhellifera:.

881a. PRA']<!GOS\m\A\. Francos. (Native name most probably.) 5.2. Vnibelliferx. [Dec prod. 4.239

pabularia 7,mrf/. food-yielding C^ A ec ) 1 ... Ysh w E. Indies. 1824. SI Wl.pl. as. rar.212

^. In the 9th number, recently published, of Wallich's Rarer Asiatic Plants, the prangos hay plant is

figured and described ; and such extraordinary agricultural properties are ascribed to it tliat we take

the earliest op|)ortunity of noticing it to our readers.

" Its properties as a food for agricultural animals appear to be heating, producing fatness in a
space of time singularly short, and also destructive to the Fasciola hep&tica, or liver fluke, which in
Britain, after a wet autumn, destroys some thousands of sheep by the rot, — a disease that, to the best
of my [Mr. Moorcroft's] knowledge, has in its advanced stages proved incurable. The last-mentioned
property of itself, if it be retained by the plant in Britain (and there appears no reason for suspecting
that it will be lost), would render it especially valuable to our country. But this, taken along with
its highly nutritious qualities, its vast yield, its easy culture, its great duration [a single planting will
continue in healthy and profitable growth for forty years or more ; hence the plant is a most durable
perennial], its capability of flourishing on lands of the most inferior quality, and wholly unadapted to
tillage, imparts to it a general character of probable utility, unrivalled in the history of agricultural
productions. When once [it is] in possession of the ground, for which the preparation is easy, it re-
quires no subsequent ploughing, weeding, manuring, or other operation, save that of cutting and of
converting the foliage into hay. . . . From various facts it is conceived not unreasonable, to presume,
that, by the cultivation of this plant, moors and wastes, hitherto uncultivated, and a source of dis-
grace to British agriculture, may be made to produce large quantities of winter fodder, and that the
yield of highlands and of downs enjoying a considerable depth of soil may be trebled."

Britain does not yet contain living plants of P. pabulSiria, although it appears that seeds of it were
sent here as early as J8'24. Whether when living plants be possessed, British winters may not be too
severe for them, remains to be proved : but the writer above speaks as if he had little or no doubt
on this point ; and, as the plant is from a temperate part of the East Indies (the neighbourhood of
Imbal or Droz), it may possibly be sutiiciently hardy.

A figure of P. pabuliiria will be found in Vol. II. p. 3b5. under the remarks on Arracacia esculenta,
a perfectly different plant.

III. Hanuncttl&cex ^ spuria.

PJEO^NIA MoHtnn cArneapUna, the semidouble tree p^ony, deserves to rank among the finest of the
varieties of the beautiful species to which it belongs. In the gardens, where it is at present extremely
rare, it is called " the Double i'apavericea P^ony ;" a name we are obliged to alter, because it is a
variety of P. Moiitan, and not of P. papaveracea. (Lindley in Bot. Reg. 1456.)

In this order, that peculiar plant Knowltbnin rigida is (Jan. 15.) displaying its compound umbel of
greenish-white flowers, in a green-house at the Chelsea Physic Garden ; where, in the open air, trained
to the face of a wall. Clematis pedicellita Swt. (Clematis cirrhusa ji pedicell^ta Dec.) abounds in^pendu-
lous blossoms. This species is far more prevalent than may be suspected. Not many have observed the
technical distinction which distinguishes it from C cirrhbsa, whose blossoms are sessile, or nearly so, in
relation to the involucre ; while those of C. pedicellilta are stalked. The Christmas rose (f/elli5borus
n'iger) may be found in the gardens, exhibiting, in flowers recently opened, its snow-white sepals, which ,
as they advance in age, acquire a green colour, and ultimately a red one.

X. 'Fu7nariaceiE.
*2050o DACTYLOCA'PNOS Jfa/. (DfrWyos, finger, ia/jnos, fumitory ; berries finger-shaped.) 17. 2.

ihalictrifolia ffa/. Thalictrum-lvdl O or 3 au.o Y.Br Nepal 1831.? S s.l Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l27
Di^lytra scandens Don Prod. Ft. Nejj.
Possessed by Messrs. Whitley, Brames, and Milne, at Fulham.

2047. CORYDA^LIS. , ™ « „ ,r ,rrr

19187a bibracte^ta Haw. 2-bracted A A or I fray Pk O co Haworth, MSS.

*■ XXIV. Ualvucea.

2014. i/IBI'SCUS paltistris L. This lovely species is hardy, but the specimen figured was produced in a stove ;
for although the plant adorns the swamps of America, from Canada to Carolina, it does not blossom satis,
factorily in the open air of England. This defect Professor Lindley imputes " to the general lowness of
our isothermal [open air] temperature." [I have seen it blossom in the open air, planted in rich loam, at
the base of a south wall, where its annual stems were stout, a yard high, and the foliage large and
healthy.] Seeds of this charming plant may be procured abundantly from North America, and are often
imported for sale along with other American productions. {Bot. Reg. 1463.)

MA'LV A miniata. This mallow is deservedly prized for its free growth and abundantly produced ver-
milion blossoms. It is suffrutescent, but is culturable as an annual : thought to be a native of Chile,
hence not absolutely hardy. {Sweet's Ftower-Garden, n. s. 120., Nov. 1831.) , „. ,

In the Chelsea Botanic Garden, Malvaviscus arbbreus displays its flowers. A species of ffibiscus,
whose name is not there known, now blooms at Young's : in foliage and in flowers it approaches H. Md-
nihot.

XXXVI. Uypericinecp.

^^^^■gUibSc. smooth *apr 5 jl.au K S. Amer. ... C l.p Bot. cab. 1752

XLIV. Escallonilx. ]

"^tmontevidensisLinrf/. Monte Video SI uJ or 6au W Mon.Videol827. C p.l Bot. reg. 1467
E. WfidaiA-.&O. Hort. Brit. No. 28118. ,. , ^ ■ , ^ »u . •.

An evergreen shrub, whose white flowers are produced m large corymbose panicles at the extremity

14. Notices qffim: and initresiing Plaula.

of alinoit every ihoot: they are very fragrant, with an odour resembling that of hawthorn. Coinpara-
Uvcly hardy, and deemed tl)e tiiiest specieit ul IijicalluiuVi yet iu Britain.

LII. HaliciiritC ^ Lagcrstricmxias.
1588. LAGERSTRCETM/zf.
13918 fndica

S rt>sea B. C. rosy • I | or 12 au.s Ro China 1825. C r.l Bot cab. 17G5

LX. Prutc!).ccte.
316. OREVI'I.LE.*.

planifbHa fl./^r..VSS. flaUleavcd •) | or 2 niy.jii Ro N. S. W. 1828.? C p.l Bot. cab. 1737

Ci. coni-iriiia Lindt. in But. J{,-g. l:Mj., not of Brown's Prod, nor of Sweet's Flurn Auit. It is the G.
Seymoi'ir/Vp of Sweet's M.SS , and is admirably described, and thus denominated, by Mr. .Sweet, in Gtirii.
Mug., vol. vii. p. 5(h). The plant is in I/)w's Nursery, and also in Colvill's; and Mr. Hiath, the skilful
foreman of the latter establishment, remarks that Mr. Brown had in MSS. denominated it G. planifulia
previously to Mr. Sweet's namnig it Ci. Sevmoi'iri^ : as, therefore, a Kgure of the plant has since been
published in the Botanical Cabiiul, under ^Ir. Brown's first npp/U-d name of G. planitTilia, possibly this
name had better be adopted, altliough Mr Sweet was the first lo pubtish a name and description of the
species. His able dejcription of it will be found in Gard. itag , vol. vii. p. aCMi

Grevllleu rosm.irinifblia is blooming' at Knight's and Young's, G. line&ris at Young's, and G. areni^ria
at the Comte de \andcs's.

•326fl. HEMICLl'DIA It. Br. (Probably from hcmhus, half, and klcio, to shut up.^ Protegees.

Baxteri R. Br. Baxter's •; i or 3 y jn Y Lucky Bay ... C p.l Bot, reg. 1455

A very handsome evergreen shrub, recently from Lucky Bay in New Holland, well furnished with
spiny oak-like leaves. It is closely allied to the genus Drvandra.

Two tine plants of Hemiclidia Baxtir/ were blooming 0-Wh) at Y'oung's. It is, indeed, a charming
shrub ; its pinnatitid leaves, whose lobes are ended by a pungent mucro, are devoid of glands on the
surface, but beneath are reticulated, veined, and the pitted areoles hlled with a crispate wool, andsepa*
rately occupied by a gland in their bottom." Broiun.

Mr. Brown, in tlie recently published First Supplement to the Prdtiroinus of the Flora ofXew Holland,
describes many new siwcies belonging to this order; and, in the preface to the Supplement,' exhibits
some remarks on certain peculiarities which proteaceous plants present in the structure of their leaves.
After briefly noticing the systematic parts of his book, he remarks, " I have also addeii under each
genus a few observations mainly relating to the structure of the leaves, and more particularly descriptive
of those organs belonging to the epidermis, which by many authors are called pores and stomata ; but
which by some are, and 1 think with greater propriety, denominated glands. For these cutaneous
glands, as far as 1 have been able to determine, are ofteii truly imperfor.itc, and exhibit a disk formetl
of a membrane in some cases transparent, in others opaque, and occasionally, thoUj;h very rarely,
coloured. Each of tlioc glands, which are quite minute, occiijiies either wholly or in part one of tlie
areoles of the epidermis ; these areoles (or portions of the leaf which intervene the reticulations of a
leaf) being usually sindl, but sometimes large, and generally more or less varied in their fonn. The
figure of tne glands themselves is usually oval, sometimes roundish, rarely dilated crosswise, and still
more rarely they are angular. The limb is either composed of two distinct segments nearly parallel, but
.slightly arched, or olten annular and continuous, as if from the confluence of the two segments at their
extremities : the ilisk is sometimes nearly oval, and sometimes linear, Imt very rarely angular ; it is not
unfrequently double, the exterior one being usually oval; the interior one resembling a very narrow
clelt, and being sometimes opaque, at others transparent, and sometimes, perhaps, perforate. In cer-
jtain tamiliesof plants, the cutaneous glands are someiimes found only in the subtace of the leaves, and
kometimes they are found in both faces, i. e. subfacc and surface. They occupy both faces in all the
proteaceous plants of soutlurn Africa, excent in Brab^jum, in which, as in all the hitherto known
Protedrcd ot America, of Asia, and of the Islands of New Zealand and New Caledonia, the cutaneous
glanils are obvious in the subfacc only. About one third part of the proteaceous plants of New Holland
exhibit leaves whose surface (not subface) is completely destitute of glands ; and this fact is the more
remarkable, inasmuch as an especially large number of the trees and shrubs of Australia have both the
facea of their leaves equally furnished with glands ; the prevalence of which structure, and this usually
accompanied by the vertical position and exact similitude of the f.ices themselves, imjiait^ an almost

n-culiar character to the woods, and especially to the extra-troiiical ones, of New Holland and Van
iemen'a I^aiid.

In many genera, not only in this but in other orders, there prevails a conformity in the cutaneous
glands in their ligure and JHisiiion, and in their jiroportion to the areoles of the epidermis; insomuch
that, by accurate in«|iection of these organs, It i> often (wssible to a^cerlain the limits of genera, ami
sometimes the altlnlties of gener.i or of their natural sections ; it must, nevcrthdess, be confessed that.
In some genera, and in some of those of the New Holland I'rotertivir, considerable diversities in the
figure and iKisilion of the glands may lie fouml."

At Knight's, two s|iecimens of Bftnkito fricifOlia, each fi fl, high, are bearing numerous cones of
flowers.

LXII. Aristolochiite.
8582. ^RLSrOLO'CHIA.

S8JH4a cau.lMa /.i/ii//. taiUipped ^ [^ cu 5 jn I>1 Braiil 18:8. Sk It l.r Hot. reg. 145.1

" A creeping )>erennial from Brazil, with numerous branches extending for several feet Irom the
root, and tomedmes alUichliig themselves to other plants which grow near them." The leaves are dark
glaucout green, rouiidiah cordate, almost kldney.«ha|>ed near the root, but thrw lobed towards the end
of the branches, 'i'he flowers are very extraordinary, being pi(cher.»hn|K-d, of a yellowish brown
colour, deeply marketl with prominent veins on the outside ; the upiH-r lip is fleshy, and similarly veined ;
the under side of it, us well n« the narrow rlongnled part, is of a very ilark brown colour, tinged with
yellow at the points. Krom the bottom to the throat of the flower is about J in. : the length of the
exir.iordinary caudate or tail-shaped " lip is nrtirli/ l.sin. " Thrives in light rich loam in the stove,
and IS readily increasable by its creeping routs. In alliiiKy it is near /f. trilobiila noticed in VoL VII.
p. 3o'J. Raised at Sir Charles Ix-mun's seat, Carclcw, Coruwall. \^lJul. Btg., Nov. 18J1.)

LXXII. Sanguiadrbftt.
Cr.rH A \Xy' I'CS folllculiiris, the New Holland pitcher.lcaf ; a truly extraordinary and wonderful plant
The term pitcher.lcaf instantly calls to mind the far-famed pitcher plant, A'epcnthc* diilillat^ria ; but

Notices qffiew and i?iteresting Plants. 15

this diflfers from that most essentially. Nepenthes distillatbria is an evergreen climbing plant, attaining
the height of from twelve to twenty feet, and has its large ovate-lanceolate leaves disposed alter-
nately along its stem, and each leaf sustains from its tip a long depending pitcher. In CephalOtus
there is no stem, save the flower scape, which is leafless, and but from one to two feet high ; and
although the leaves and pitchers of the plant are produced altogether in a rosaceous radical tuft, the
pitchers are distinct from the leaves, and have footstalks of their own.

Dr. Hooker describes the plant minutely and excellently, and illustrates it by two plates ; one exhU
biting the entire plant ; the other, magnified dissections of its pitcher, flowers, and fruit. The leaves
are clustered, elliptical lanceolate, petioiated, entire, thickish, nerveless, and purplish ; and amongst
these, but principally occupying the circumference [of the cluster or tuft], are several beautiful and
highly curious pitcher.shaped appendages. These are ovate or somewhat slipper-shaped, between
ibliaceous and membranaceous, green tinged with purple, furnished with two lateral oblique wings, and
one central one ; the latter remarkably dilated at the margin, and all beautifully fringed with hairs.
The inside, which contains a watery fluid, and entraps many insects, especially ants, is clouded with
dark purple. The mouth is contracted, horseshoe-shaped, annulated, and crested with several deep,
sharp, vertical annuli, of a dark purple colour, each of which, as Mr. Scott pointed out, terminates in
a sharp point that projects over the mouth cf the pitcher, as if, possibly, to prevent the escape of the
entrapped insects. Lid of the pitcher flattish convex, green without, and a little hairy, within clouded
with purple, marked with broad veins, and scalloped at the margin ; at first the lid closes the mouth
of the pitcher, but afterwards becomes nearly erect, (h'oi. Mag. 3118, SUR) ',

Living individuals of this extraordinary and wonderful plant are thriving in one of the stoves in Mr.
Knight's Exotic Nursery, under the skilful management of Mr. Scott.

LXXIII. Rosiiccts 5 Spirtpaceie.
W'RSHIA tridentlita. " A hardy inelegant bush, having a glaucous aspect, and dull pale greenish
yellow flowers." From North-west America, by Mr. Douglas. Flowered in the Chiswick Garden, for
the first time in April, 18j0. Grows freely in heath-mould, and is easily propagated by layers. (But.
Reg. 14iK.) Desirable to all possessing a taste at all botanical, both on account of the botanist it
commemorates, and of its conspicuous distinctness of character.

Rosacea § Dryd,dcte.
1537. SIEVE'RS/^ [;oMr«. 1831,19a

rt)sea Grah. rosy ^ A or a '^y Rocky rao. 1827. D p.l Edin. n. phil.

Sent home by Mr. Drummond.

LXXVII. LeguminbSie ^ Sophfireje.
1251. GOMPHOLO^BIUM.

Knight?««M/n Lindl. Knight's tt. i lei f au.s B NewHoll.ISSO. S p.l Bot. reg. 1468

" It is a delicate plant, requiring a good airy situation." Raised by Mr. Knight, from Baxter's seeds.

BAPTI SI A perfolikta" Coming from the dry sandyhills of Georgia, it might well he supposed to be a
tender plant ; hence, Messrs. Loddiges and others deem it a green. house plant. In the peat border of
the American ground, Glasgow Botanic Garden, it has survived two winters, and flowers in great per-
fection during July and August. The yellow blossoms are neither large nor showy ; but its perfoliate
leaves of so unusual a character for a leguminous plant, and their tender glaucous green colour,
render it eminently deserving a place in every garden." {Bot. Mag. 2121.)

Legumindsce ^ 'Ldtea § 1. Genisiece.
1966. ONO^NIS section Natri'dium.

pedunculirisLinrf/. peduncled «. | fr 1 ap W.Ro Teneriffb 1829. S s.l Bot. reg. 1447

A pretty new species from Tenerifl'e, so not hardy ; slightly shrubby, simple-leaved, blooms in April,
and has whitish corols margined with rose. Messrs. Young of Epsom have the plant.

LO^TUS jacobee'^us. Mr. Maund has grown as an annual, by planting in the open air, as soon as
the frosts of spring are past, a plant from the green-house, which, by autumn, produced seeds to sow
as annual seeds in the spring following. {But. Gard. 326., Oct. 1831.)

Legmninosce \ 'Lotece ^ 5. Astragctlete.
2100. PHA'CA.
tl8846a astragalina Dfc. Astragalus-like^ A pr 1 jn.jl W.B Scotl. Clova mo. S s.l Bot. cab. 429 1
A newly discovered addition to the native flora of Britain.

LeguminbsiB \ ViedysdreiE \ 2. EuhedysareiE.
1980. ADE'SMIA.

glutinbsa G/«. 4- flboA:. slender.lvd * lJ or 2 ... Y Chile 1831. S s.l Hook.ch.planis.

LeguminbstE ^ Xiciece,
2136. iA'THYRUS.
19322a decaphyllus PA. ten-leaved _6 A or 4 jn R.Li N. Amer. 1829. S co Bot mag. 3123

" This is a highly ornamental species, and well merits a place in every flower border."
L. grandiflurus. Remarks on this splendid and now well known species will be found, p. SO.

CROBUS canescens. ' A hardy perennial species; most desirable for its "large blossoms, whose
colour is a rich purple, becoming more blue when fully expanded." {Bot. Mag. 3117.)

0. Fischtri. " A pleasing hardy perennial, 1 ft. in height ; with slender stem," narrow leaves, and
racemes of deep red blossoms produced in May and June. Increased by seeds, and likes light loam.
(Bol. Cab., 1740., Oct. 1831.)

Leguminbsa ^ Cassilce.

•1269a. CASTANOSPE'RMUM Cun. Moreton Bay Chestnut. {Cnstanea, chestnut; sperma, seed ; taste.)
austr^le Cun. southern J i_] f r 40 ... Saf N. HoU. 1828. S 1 Bot. mis. 51, 52

This tree is thus spoken of in the second part of the Botanical Miscellany, in a most interesting
article by C. Fraser, entitled "Journal of a Two Months' Residence on the Banks of the Rivers
Brisbane and l^ogan, on the East Coast of New Holland." On July 4. 1828, Messrs. Fraser, Cunning.

16 Suticei uj' nexo and interesting Plauti.

Iiam, •nd ulhcri, accumpanieil Captain I>ugan to examin* a frcsto on the banki ofa (tream, callctl Break-
rait I'ri-ck, three mile* iiurth-wcat of Brisbane Town, nutctl tor its gigantic timber, and the vast variety
of it> plantti. Of these they mention several by name, and, in proceeding, remark : this forest aboundi
in {'rt'icd K^Kai, -is well as in an unpublinhetl and most interesting new jilant, C'astanosprrmura
auttrftle Cunningham ami Frau-r's MSS , that pro<luccs Iriiit larger than a Si)aniKh chestnut, by which
name it i$ here known. Tlie tree is forty feet and upwards in height, its blossoms papilionaceous and
satrVon-colouri-d, di«|X)sed in racemes, and produced from the two.years-old wood. The legumes are
larpe, nolitary, and |>endent ; the leaves, which are nearly a foot in lejigth, are impari.pinnate, each
leaflet Ijeiiig oval, lanceolate, and ofa rich green ; and Mr. Fra.scr remarks, " the shade afforded by the
whole tree excels that of any other I have hitherto seen in New South SVales." IJy the natives the
large and handi^ome seeds are eaten on all occasions, and have, when roasted, the flavour of a Si>anish
chestnut ; and I have been assured by Europeans, who have subsisted on them exclusively for two days,
that no other unpleasant effect resulted than a slight pain in the bowels, and that only when they were
eaten raw.

Mr. liiiwie's admirable article (p. 5.) on the I.^guminbsie, teaching the native soils various species
aflert, their native heights and habits, and communicating numerous valuable suggestions for their sue-
ceuful cultivation in liritish collections, merits every attention.

At Young's, the principal leguminous plant in blossom {20th) is Kcnnfedyn monophj^lla 2 longerace-
mbsa ; and its graceful climbing habit, pleasing foliage, and long lax racemes of lilac blossoms render it
a choice ornament of the season. Mr. Penny considers it too distinct from K. monoph^'lla to be a
variety. Here, al.-^o, are blooming /fcicia Br6wii/» and lophAntha, and lun;ita will be in bloom in a
fortnight, Choriz^ma niina, Uillw^nia ^unipcrina, and GlJ'cine bituminbsa, although this last but
partially. At Knight's, a fine shrub of I'riestli^yn hirsiita is becoming splendid with numerous short
dense spikes of beauteous golden blossoms. Elsewhere have been observed Indigofera f)'t's'i'''PS ^ntl
Coronllla glatica. The elegantly variegated variety of the latter would more prevail in country collec-
tions were it better known. Furze on heaths is gay with partial blossom.

XCIII. CclasiHnciC.
6C6. iSUONYMUS.

buIlMus .Z?.C. buUate • i_J un ... my.jn Pk Nepal 1828.? C Lp Bot cab. 1749

CXXI. Pittosp'orece.
. •C71<i. SO'LLY.'f'LindL Sollv.*. (liic/iard Hors?nan SuUi/, F.HS., &c. &c.) 5.1. Pittosphrete. 2.
heteroi)hJlla/,i>»rf/. various-leaved i_ I | or 5 jl B New Holl.lSJO. S p.l Bot. reg. 1466

" Likely to prove a very fine gieen-house climber: " its blossoms are blue, beautiful, and produced in
nodding cymes. Figured from Mr. Knight's Exotic Nursery, where plants during summer, on a wall
with a western aspect, have grown most vigorously, and in this situation, as lately as Jan. 2a 1832, were
abounding in deep green lea\es, as if unhurt by all the past frost,

angustiR>lia I.inril. narrow-leaved %_{ | or ' 8 jn.au B V. Die. L. 1823. .S p.l Bot reg. 1466

Billarditrn .Sm. fusiform is La A. Hort. Brit. No. 5530. p. 84.

Professor Lindley found this genus on the hitherto considered species of Billardi^ra which possess a
chartareous pericarp; the fruit of the legitimate si)ecies of Billariliirn being a pulpy berry.

In .S6lly« hetcroph^lla the structure of the petals is lamellate, that is, of two plates or pieces as if
grown b.ick to back. The tubular-coloured calyx of D&phnc Mczircui/t (which will shortly blossom)
will be found to exhibit a similar structure.

Uf I'ittdsporum unduliltum, a variety with its leaves strongly and constantly variegated exists at
Colvill's.

CXXIL Geranitceic.
1932. GEUA^NIUM.
17234a albirt.'.rum //»o<-. white-flowere<l ]k A or IJ su Wsh N. Amer. 1827. Deo Bot. m.ig. 3124

Approaches in habit and general appearance both G. pratense and O. macul&tum ; but differs from
each in sufficient characters, and in its constantly white blossoms : these are copiously produced
during the summer months, and the plant is readily multiplied by division. Has ;been called O.
maculKtum, and a variety of G. angul&tum : was brought home at the return of Franklin's second
expedition.

CXXm. Oxalldctp.
1414. O'XAMS.
ll'.xrJrt creni.ta Jrtr. nntchv<\.peliilf(l A A esc 3 jl.s Y Peru 1S29. O s.l Sw.fl.gar.2.8.125

(). Arracitcha li. Don. .Sykt. Bot. and (Tard. 1. 7.5(1

("ultivated abundantly in the gardens about Lima as a salad, for which purpose its succulent stems
and acid flavour seem strongly to recommend it. It grows freely in our open borders, is reatlily
lnereaie«l by cuttingn as well as by its tubers, which require to be taken up and preserved from frost in
the manner polatiu's arc. The tubers are produced in considerable plenty, and are often two inches
long, and an inch in diameter. When raw they are slightly subacid ; but on being boiled they lose
this a( idity entirely, and taste very much like the jiotato, for which they might form occasionally
ail agreeable substitute at the tables of the curious.

CXXIX. I'o/i/gdlt-tc.
•20.'.5(i. MONNPN,^ n.SeV. Monmna (^VonHi/io, Count de Flora Blanca, a Spaniard, and patron of botany.)
obtusifblia //. .V A7A. obtuse.lvd • i_| or ... jn Ksh.PLima I8.i0. S p.l Bot. mag. 3122

A «mall upright-branched shrub, with glaucous leaves of the size and shape of those of box : its
branehei teriniii;ite<l bv racemes of small purplish red pea-shapejl blossom. .Sent in 1830 from Luriii
near Luna by Mr. Cruikshaiiks, and is describe<l from dried specimens in Hooker's Botanical Mitcellany,
vol. ii. p. 'JtW,. as M. nemorbsa.

In this order, y'olvgala grandiflbra, felrag.'.ns, and oppositifolia, and Murfilti'a stipul&ce.t and mixta,
are blooming in all the collections in which they arc kept.

CXXX. MMcete.
701. /TOLA.
t.'i748fl siAvis fl»<-A nragrant J., A fra } »p" Pa.B intrainc 1823. Deo S\v.fl.gar.2.8.12«

No. .1,18. Hort. Brit.

Notices of ?2ew and interesting Plants. 1 Y

Has paler herbage, and paler and larger flowers, than V. odorJita, which it eqxials in freedom of
growth ; its flowers are said to be numerous and fragrant. I have cultivated the plant, and deem \t
less desirable than V. odorita. Plants of the latter, in sheltered situations, have expanded a partial
succession of fragrant flowers from Michaelmas till now; but the time for its fullest flowering are the
sunny days of April.

CXL. Caryophyllea. \ Siline^.

1388. SILE^NE 11480 maritima

2 flore pifeno double-flwd l£ A rk J jl.o \V England sea sh. S ru

A most eligible plant for furnishing and decorating rockwork. Should its doubleness prevent its
increase by seeds, it will, without much difficulty, be multiplicable by cuttings.

11620a lacini^ta Cnw. cut-petaled tf _AJ or 1| jl S Mexico 1823. S s.l Bot. reg. 1444

A handsome striking species. " Root perennial ; stem decumbent, 1^ ft. long, pubescent ; leaves
oblong lanceolate, pale green, pubescent ; flowers terminal, scarlet," large, and each of the petals 4-cleft.
Native of Mexico, consequently not perfectly hardy in Britain, and has hitherto proved to be difficult
to cultivate.

Dianthus cren^tus (20th) is flowering in a green-house at Messrs. Young's. Their plant is a graceful
slender shrub, inheightjabout 2 ft. Its narrow leaves are of a pleasing delicate green, and the petals of
the long-tubed flower are white, and crenatejn their margin.

CXLVII. Crassulace<E.

913. RO^CHE^ Dec. The Larbchea of Loudon's Hort. Brit., p. 112. should be Rbched. Decandolle, in his
Prod. 3. 393., very properly asks why should Rbchea be corrupted into Lariichea, when the articles
are never admitted as part of the name ; for example. La Billardiere supplies the generic name
; Billardi^ra, Du Hamel that of Hamel/Vr, &c. To these may be added the name De CandoUe, from
which the genus CandoUea is derived; L'Heritier, Heritifera; Trochetia, after Dutrochet ; Peyroi'isia
after La Peyrouse, and so of many others.

Crassula lactea is now (Jan. 15.) blooming beautifully in a frame in the Chelsea Garden, and in
a green.house with Mr. Haworth : it is a charming species. Echevferi'a coccinea is in blossom at
Young's.

CXLVIII. Ficbldecs.

LEDOCA'RPUM. Relative to this genus, given Vol. VII., p. 345., Mr. David Don, in the Edin-
burgh Neiv Philosophical Journal, Oct. 18.31, has, at p. 276., the following remarks : — " It is the genus
Balbis/n of Cavanilles in the Aiialcs de Ciencias Nuturalcs, published at Madrid in 1804; and the
genus Ledocarpon of Desfontaines, published in 1818."

Mr. Brown has shown the genus Balbis^Vj of Willdenow to be the same with Linnjeus's genus Trldax j
consequently the law of priority by which Trldax L. abrogates Balbisia Willd., causes BalbisM Cav. to
abrogate the genera Ledocarpon Desf. and Cruiksh^nksia Hook. Mr. Don refers this genus Balbisjo
to Ficoides, which he considers it connects with the small group Reaumuriets.

Division II. Plants with a Monopetalous Corolla.

LXIX. Sapbteas.

.d'CHRAS Sapoifl. " Common sapota, or bully tree. One of the largest trees in the mountainous
woods of Jamaica. The timber it yields is considered of great service in the making of shingles to corn-
houses. The wood is white ; the bark is brown, astringent, and commonly known by the name of
cortex jamaicensis ; being, according to Brown, frequently administered to the negroes in lieu of the
Jesuit's bark, and found to answer all the purposes of that medicine. The seeds are aperient and
diuretic. The tree is a native of the West Indies, Jamaica included ; and is cultivated abundantly
throughout all the hot parts of South America, for the sake of its fruit, which in appearance somewhat
resembles an old and decayed potato, and yet is. the most luscious of the West Indian fruits; but so
abounds in an acrid milk, that it cannot be eaten until it is completely ripe, or, according to French
authors, until it almost begins to be putrid. It is then served at all tables, and generally esteemed."
{Bot. Mag. 3111, 3112.)

CLXX. 'EriceiB \ virx.
1173. £RrCA.

9530a calostoma Lo. C. pretty.mouthedil i_J or 1 my.jn F Eng. hyb.? ... C s.p Bot. cab. 1759
This is usually considered a variety of ventricbsa, and is probably hybrid between it and some other
kind. It is an elegant plant, flowers in May and June, and lasts long in bloom. {Bot. Cah.)

Er\ca. triflbra. The flowers are white and delicate. (Bot. Cab. 17.33.) — £rica cyllndrica. " Its red
flowers are produced in May and June in rich profusion : they are particularly splendid, and often form
a dense spike 2 ft. in length. It is one of the most vigorous-growing kinds, and should have particularly
large pots, and be watered unsparingly ; in default of which, it becomes starved, and soon dies.
Increased by cuttings. {Bot. Cab. 1734.)
E. tr6ssula rfibra. " It is an exceedingly beautiful kind, upright in its growth ; the red flowers are

Sroduced in the utmost profusion, usually during the months of April and May. (Bot. Cab. 1742.
rov. 1831.)

'Ericeis \ "Rhodordccts.
1339. «H0D0DE'NDR0N.

110256* [ ] Carton's Lindl. M or 3 jn Li Eng.hybrid 1825. L s.p Bot. reg. 1449

•Carton's Rhododendron. Another of the Highclere hybrids, which Professor Lindley, at the request
of J. R. Gowen, Esq. has named after Mr. James Carton, gardener to the Earl of Caernarvon. This is
the finest hybrid of a set of hybrids, of which the following is the history given : — " Ninety-seven
plants were raised in the Highclere garden, in the year 1825, from a specimen of Azalea nudiflbra,
which had been purposely touched with pollen of iihodod^ndron catawbi^nse. They vary in habit, in
the size of the umbel, and in the deeper or fainter purple tint of the corolla ; but bear a family resem-
blance to each other, and form very neat compact bushes. The foliage is elegant, lucid, deep green

VoL.VIII. — No. 36. c

No/icrs of nexv and inU'resling Plants.

imooth ; anil persistent in ordinary winters. In seasons of more than usual severity it becomes deci-
duous, the flowers in that case heing fully expandi-d bi-fore the leaves are much advanced in growth.
The leaves arc alwut hall the size ol those ol /Jhododeiiilron catawbl<;■n^e, and, like them, are in a con-
iiderable [lortion of the s|)ecimen8 convex, but are much thinner in texture. When they first appear,
they arc apt to be of a pale, sickly hue, which soon gives place to a healthy colour. The male type pre-
dominates in all the specimens. Cuttings of these intermediate varieties strike more readily than those
of cither Az.'ilea or Ahododt'iulroii." Carton's Khododendron has a largish umbel of numerous smallish
lilac blossoms, and these were produced in June.- Seems a very desirable variety, {^liot. Reg. 1449.
Nov. IWl.)

pfilchrum Sie/. S;n»/A'« beautifuHi i | or 3 ap.jl Ko Eng.hybrid 1827. C s.p Sw.fl gar.2.8.117

All the plants which used to be called azaleas some botanists now call rhododendrons: so the /{.
pAU'hrum above is, in fact, a hybrid from Azalea indica, and is the plant called /ihododendron indicum
y SmthiV in Sweet's Ilorl. Brit., ed. 'i. p. .'A3. ; and is the Az ilea Indica y var. SniUh// ol some others.
/{. pLik'hrum was raised by Mr. Smith of Coombe Wood, Kingston, from seeils of Azalea /edifi.lia,
impregnaieil, about (bur years ago, by the pollen of the old red Azalea indica. It is a splendid mule,
the corollas of which are " very large and handsome, above 2 in. in length, and about o in. in width
when expanded, and of a bright rosy purple, spotted on the inside with bright re<l spots." Mr. Smith
also raisetl, at the above time, several other hybrids of this genus, which he exi>ccts to blossom next
spring.

(ndicum

var. ignfescens .Si/'/, fiery m\ I spl 2 mr.my Bt.C China ... C p.l Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l28

" 'i'his splendid variety was imported by Mr. Tate. It diHers from the old R. indicum in l)eing much
more branched, with the branches more slender and spreading, instead of upright The (lowers are
smaller, but more abundant, and of a brighter crimson.

/{. lappoiiicum is hgured in But. Mtij;. 519ti. It is a floral gem brought from Canada by Mr. Blair in
18i5. Flowered at Cunningham's Nursery, at Comely H^nji, near Edinburgh, in July, I'oO. Thisever-
green procumbent shrub, whose branches are about Ti in. long, and its dark green ovate leaves four
lines long and three broad, " inh:ibits the alpine ridges of the low grounds in the extreme arctic
regions ol Kurope, Asia, and America. The bruised leaves are fragrant, yielding a smell which Pallas
compares to that of turpentine. The flowers are exceedingly beautiful " '1 he corollas are three fourths
of an inch across, funiiel-shape<l, and crimson. Mr. Ulair hieiilioiis in ourVol. Vll. p. 2S7. tinding a
solitary plant of this on the White Mountains.

621. AZA^LEA 4:47 nudiflbra.

scintillans J.intt/. 8|iarkling ^ or 4 my.jn O.s Eng.hyb. 1827 ? L s.p Bot. reg. 1461

Another Highdere hybrid, obtained from seed of A. coccfnea miijor, impregnated by the pollen of
A. puntica : very beautilul. {Rut. Reg.)

The genus £rica contributes more to the decoration of the green-house at this -icason than any other
genus. Their ou n peculiar elegance wins for them the high estimation of all ; but they seem to bespeak
this siill more intensely by displ.iying their loveliness, the^r l«?auty, and their elegance, at the present
comparatively rtowerless season, when Klor.Vs sjileen-dispelling smiles are ever doubly welcome.

At Colv.ll's the following kinds were observi'd in bloom on Jan iT); — With tubular corols, trans-
p&reiis, viridescens, elila, coibrans. Archer/, |ielliicida, mutabilis, liniia?o/(/('.s, cerinth'ldes. With small
corollas, gracilis autumnal and vernal, regcrininans, and tentlla. With iiiH.iled corols, (irdeiis, vernix,
vt-riiix corcinea, graiidinbsa w-ith blossoms, as the word implies, seasonably resembling hail.stoiies,
Lainbi Tt/, pyrainidi\lis, and raineiitCli'ea. In this nursery was then also blooming, the I'.nkianthus
quiiK|uertf)rus ; one of its clu^tirs, liiiwcver, consi>ted of at leaSt seven flowers. The flowers themselves
are exijUisite pendulous flesli-iolnureil bells, each large enough to admit the extremity of the little finger,
and III the ba^e of which are live largi>li cavities (in the manner of Cyclobothra somewhat^, all filled
to overflowing with a sweet nectareous fluid.

At Young's are many heaths in blossom, and one without a name, powerfully fragrant like the flowers
of hawthorn, but more agreeable: its flowers are small and numerous. The following kinds were
blooming here (Jan. 20.) ; but want of time prevented then, and also subseiiuently, their distribution
into sections as above : —

£r1ca plumbsa A'r'ica discolor /.'rlca pubescens

fracilis vi'rna rorifblia r upressina 5(i/.

..inn;c\j ventncbsa of Andrews's riibida I.ort.

igiii'scens fig. not of the gardens hirtiflbra 6V>».<.

soi'cillbra priestans \&\n

elofigMa Sebiifid liltea rtibelis

vestita purpiire.-i carnea (hardy) arbi'iscula

ftsjiera coccinea lifrta And.

'•chiifl..ra spArsa pellucida And.

Iieiiicillata rcfMgcM And. iiidul'iria

^rdens Cushinidno Lcc

CLXXII. \accinn<e.
1194. TACCI'NMUM. [>f/r»i. 1831. 193

humifi'isum (I'rdA. earth-spread )U el ^ my \V Rockvmo.1827. 1j p Edin. n. phil.

An iiitereatiiig species, resembling in habit Mitchells rfcpens : it likes dry open borders, and priHiucea
a very fine-flaMiured fruit, lalled In America the edible cherry, but has hitherto flowered very
■paringly in the t^linburgli anil (ilasgow llntaiiic Ciardens. Sent home by Mr. Drumniond.

Of the greater or American cranberry, Oxyc.'.ccus macrortirpus (/accfnium macro<-arpuin that was),
there exists in Knight's Nursery, and in some other collections, a variety with its leaves prettily varie-
RBtcd : this should be sought after by the curious cultivator.

CLXXIV. Cnwpnnulttcea:
1177. MICUAU'X/.^.

f iRvjgita ;Vn. smooth if lAJ "r 11 au.o W N. Persia 1820. S r.l Bot. mag. .•3128

Every part of the plant yicldp, on the slightest injury, a largcquantity of milky juice ; a characteristic

Notices of Jietv and interesting Plants. 19

of the order CampanulJlcese, to which it belongs. The height to which the flower stem attained, eleven
feet, is most remarkable : the plant grew in the open border. — See other remarks on this order in
VoL VII. p. lUl.

CLXXV. Lobelikces:.
609. LOBE^L7/J.

robtista Fis. robust E] or ... an P Hayti 1830. V> s.l Jam.joM5l.TS

5103a [speci6sa /for<. ] io!;;'.s showy ^ _AJ or 2 my.o P Scotch hyb.1830. D p.l Bot.reg.U4o
The latter is perhaps perfectly hardy, and produces its beautiful deep lilac (purple, as some would
call them) blossoms from May to October. A desirable plant, and easy of cultivation, it is presumed
to have been originated between L. syphilitica and either fulgens, cardinklis, or splendens.

CLXXVL Stylidiice.
2581. STYLI'DIUM.

22828 fasciculatum R.Br, bundled tt. i 1 pr j au Pk New Holl.1830. S s.p Hot. reg. 1459

Raised at Mr. Knight's Exotic Nursery, from seeds introduced by Mr. Baxter, and may prove hardier
than marked above : it is an eligible plant for decorating the hardy flower-garden during summer.

scandens climbing J_ i | or ]| n. Pk KgGoSd.1830^ C p B/oivnPiod.570

" The flowers of this very pretty species were slowly developed, remained long expanded, and
appeared on one raceme in succession during the whole month of November. Other racemes are now
(Dec. 10. 1831) beginning to appear ; so that I doubt not the plant will be a great ornament to the green-
house during the whole winter." [Graham in Edin. Phil. Jour. 1832, p. 187.)

CLXXXIII. VlumbaglnecE.
929. STA'TICE.

7506a puberula Webb downy.leaved £ i | cu f my V.w I.GraciosalS.30. S co Eot. reg. 1-150

" Apparently near S. furfuracea of La Gasca." The calyx is of a violet colour, the corolla white.
acer6sa .B;c6. needXe-pointed ^ I cu § jn.jl Pa. Pk M.Ararat 1829. S l.p Bux. c. 2. 18. 10

CLXXXVI. Conip6s//a^ 5 Labiatijihrce.
*244Sa. CENTROCLI'NIUM B. Don. {Kentron, sharp point, kline, bed.) 19. 2. CompisUis Labiatiflbra;.
refl^xum Hook. reflexed-sfnto/ O or 2 au Ko Peru 1830. S It Bot. mag. 31U

Onoseris salicifulia oi Hum. S; Kth. is thought to be near akin to this.

appr^ssum HooA'. appressed-xcn/crf * □ 2 jn Ro Peru 1830. S It Bot. mag. 3115

" Differs from C. albicans D. Don, in its entire leaves ; and from On6seris angustifulia Hum. ^ Ktfi.

in its larger and broader foliage."

A Peruvian genus of syngenesious plants, with rosy marginal florets. Very interesting plants to

botanists, but scarcely sufficiently ornamental for those who regard flowers only for their splendour.

The blossoms produced in autumn are endowed with a high degree of hawthorn-like fragrance.

Compdsita; § Vcrnon'Accx.
2262. VERNO^N/.^.
SOiloa axilliflbra Lessing' axil-flwd *t □ or IJ all sea Li Bahia C s.l Bot. reg. liGi

" Beautiful ; flowers all the year, and is propagated with the greatest facility from cuttings, which will
blossom when only a few inches high."

ConipOsitcE \ Kstircic.
2337a. HAXTO^NZ/l Caley. [John Haxton, gardener attached to Macartney's expedition to China.) Contp.
argophylla Caley

y^'ster argophylUis Lab. Mr. David Don describes and defines this genus, Haxton/a, in the Edinhurgh
New Philosophical Journal, Oct. 1831, p. 272., and refers to it the A ster argophjllus Lab., vLscusus Lab.,
phlogopappusLaft., stellulSitus Lab., and toment6sus U'l'lld. and Hort. Kew.

Compiisifte § Helidnt/iece.
2331. MA'^DIA.

21057 ^legans D. Do» elegant Q or 1| aut Y N.W.Amer.l831. S co Bot. reg. 1458

New, but neither elegant nor beautiful, except in comparison v;ith other known madias. One
Chilean species of Madia is famous for the oil expressed from its seeds. M. elegans was sent home by
Douglas, to the Horticultural Society.

2412. GAILLA'RD/.^, spelled GALA'RDJ-4 in Loudon's Hort. Brit. p. 358. This error Professor Lindley
corrects in the Botanical Register, vol. 14. t. 1186., published Oct. 1. 1828, in these words, '" Botanists
usually write this word Galardja, an obvious inaccuracy [as it is named after M. Gaiilard], the origin
of which is said by M. Cassini to be chargeable upon Lamarck.

2363. GEORGIWJ 21591 superflua

Blood red anemone-flowered variety, Maund's Botanic Garden, 297.
Painted lady anemone-flowered variety, Maund's Botanic Garden, 329.

Georginas " enrich autumn with a splendour which rivals June, with its pyramids of roses and mid.
summer gaieties." — Maiind.

Among georginas two varieties of great interest are expected to be much in request in the ensuing
spring; one, the King of the Whites, was imported in 18^0, and has excellent properties ; the principal
of which are, the purity of its white, and the earliness and abundance of its blossoms, which are well
displayed above the herbage : its height is about 4 ft. The 2d (raised in 1830) is Miss Wright, so denomin-
ated in compliment to the American authoress of this name by the Conductor, who was requested to name
the flower by the possessor of the stock, Mr. Michael Brewer, Cambridge, who rai.sed the Cambridge .Sur-
prise. The Miss Wright georgina is a delicate and distinct flower, of medium size, possessing consider-
able depth and fulness of petals, which are elegantly quilled, and of an exquisite rose colour. Some
interesting facts on the variableness of georginas from seeds are stated in p. 47. ; and though the amount

c 2

20 Xtfficrs (j/' /icii' and inU resting Planls.

of these remarks is |)ossil>1y fnmilinr to every grower of georginas, a reeoril of actual cases i< valaablf,
aa furninhiiig data for »iil)sit|uciit and ultimate iiifiTcnces.

Ill C'oiiii)''iMtir, only the Ibllou ing have, within the writer's recent olwcrvation, l)ecn observed in

blossom: (.'iiicrikria'cruenta ^for able diri-ctions for cultivating this beautiful plant with Micccss ice

Vol. U. l>. l.'>o.' ; AVJfl Kr.icilis, which is really an interesting plant; Agath^'a nmelloldes, but which
seems scarcely in season ; and /'yrfethruin grandiflbrum. C'alciidula graminifulia, at Young's, will l>e in
bloom in a week or so; its bl(>s9om-> arc very showy. I'hceni'.conia prolifera here and there displays a
ruby head. In the open air, in sheltered spots, one beneath a house wall in a town garden, T^issiliigo
frikgrans, displays iLs flowers in numerous racemes : these are not conspicuous, but clegaiit on close
inspection, and for their fragrance past all praise.

CXCI. Caprifolihce(e.
621. CAPRI FO'UUM.
SSlOtia occidentile IJnill. western _i or 20 jn.au O Ft.Vancouv.l824. C co Bot. reg. 1457

Resembles the common honeysuckle, but is not so hardy. It has very ornamental orange-coloured
flowers, but not good foliage ; is near akin to C. cilibsum, DougUs/t, and parviflC>rum. [Bot. Reg.)

fhirsiitum Vcns. hMy-leaved ^ or 20 my.jn Y Canada 1822 C co Bot mag. 3103
Lonicfer« hirsCita Ealon in his Manual of Botany, Hooker in Curt. Bot. Mag., 3103. Caprifblium
pubescens of Loudon's Uorl. Brit., No. ;V213., and of Hooker's Eiotic Flora, 27. ; but Dr. Hooker hav-
ing since learned that Mr. l-iiton, an American botanifst, was the first to publish this species, and by
the name of Lonicfeni hirsMii, in his Manual of Botany, now thinks it right to reinstate Eaton's name.
PcrhaiK Dr. Hooker, by retaining the plant under Lonicfera, does not acknowledge the genus Capri,
folium.

/'ibi'imum T'lnus is now partially in blossom every where. I', rugbsum is trained to the front of a
green. house, outside, at Colvill's, and retains its foliage well, but the leaves are not the prettiest Ivy,
" green and shining," looks every where refreshingly.

CC. PolvmoniAcets.
472. PHLOX.
3922/1 arisUita B. C. awned I, ^ pr J ap W Carolina ... C p.l Bot cab. 1731

A species with almoist the foliage and habit of AsetJkcea, and with blossoms apparently white, and
resembling somewhat those of P. niv&lis. If this be the P. aristMa of Michaux, it proves the latter to
be distinct enough from P. pil6sa Bot Mag., with which P. aristata has been thought identical.

CCVII. Primuhlcett.

PRI'MULA ciliJita. Corollas pale flesh-coloured. A light loam suits it well, and the plant is readily
increased by parting. It is admirably adapted for rockwork, where its showy and early blossoms, it being
one of the earliest of the auricula tribe, cannot fail to attract notice in the spring. Drawn from Col.
vill's. {Swt. Ft. Gar. 2. s. 123.)

Primula prie'nitcns, lilac and white, is in bloom wherever kept This comparatively hardy (it will •
thrive thoroughly in a we!l-as|H;cteii frame), freely growing, abundantly blooming species is an important
imjKjrtation, far more so than those unique i)lanls which are with difficulty kept alive, and still more diffi-
cultly cultivated : hence the value of the Horticultural Society's introductions, through the agency of
Mr. Douglas. Primula Palinilri' is (Jan. 15.) in bloom in a green-house at Colvill's. Cyclamen c6um
and vcrnum are in l)l(K)m about in pits and fi-ames ; and of C. persicum fr&grans saw a plant in blossom
at Dennis's, and one at Young's.

CCXI. Scrophularina.
m. CALCEOLAMUA.
.TOn [YoOng/i Hort] Young's hi/hrid ^ lAI 'P' 3 my.o OchSpotEng. hybrid 1R30. D r.m Bot reg. 144S
On this remarkably splendid hybrid, and on other hybrid calceolarias, some remarks are offered,
p. 48.

C. nlantagfnea. " Flourishes in a strong red loam and cool situation, and yields a (dentiful increase
by ofl»et8." Bot. Card .^iS., Oct. 1831.)

C. arachn'iUlea. This has been proved nearly hardy in various gardens, and is a native of high eleva.
tions in Chile. There " many |)eople are employed in digging up the roofs, which they dry and collect
in bundles for sale, the plant being in great use there, for dyeing woollen cloths of a deep crimson colour.
Thenlum earth employed as a mordant in the process is obtained in abundance from a mountain in the
neighbourhood." {Bot. Rrg. 1464, Nov. 1831.)

•178.Trt. I.V.t'COCA'UPU.S /). Don. Lkicoc arim s. (7.ru*o4, white, and *rtrpo», fVuit) 14. 2. Scrophuldrime.
nViUMi. I). I),m. winge<l-a/rtM,Y/ O ? cu 2 o \ Vera Cruz 18.30. S p.l Sw.fl.gar.2.6.124

Coiif)tH'n alata (Iraknin, .Uimulus |H-rl'oli(ktus Hot. Mag. 3(»7li.

Agrees so entirely with .Vlmulus, both in general appearance and in the form and structure of its
flowers, that, without the fruit, no one can doubt the propriety of referring it to that genus ; but its
white iH-rries being oniv mwii, it will Ik- evident that the plant can neither Ix' referred to jViniulus nor
" to any other genus hitherto establishetl among the Scrophulariniv." Expecti-il to prove hardy. Pub-
li»he<l from Whitley and Co.'s, Fulham.

1787. TOUK^N/.^.

scMira tVrnA. rough /cnivf/ \Q1 pr 1 ... P Morefon Bay IS.X). S p Bot mag. 3104

It hax opposite, lanceolate, green, serrate leaves, and its blue blossoms are funnel.chapcd, and an inch
in length.

PKNsrrTMON puIchelluB. It was asserted in the Botanical Begister, t 1309., that seeds of the rare
IK-ntntemons cannot Iw raised in hi-at Part of the remark is in these words: — " It is indispensable
that theseeds should Ik- sown in a colli frame, or all endeavour to raise them will prove fruitless."
Mr. Maund, in ligiiring P. pulelu'llus, remarks, that, to prove or disprove this assertion, he sowed seeds
in a |>ot, and pl.-ucil them "in a rather warm hotlwd," where many stH-ds vegetated freely; and the
i>lanlH so raisetl (lowered well in the autumn. [Sowing them in a cold frame is, notwithstanding, doubU
less preferable, as Iwing more congenial to the natural mode. In natural dissemination, seeds are sown
as sotin as ri|H? ; in gardening, they are ottcn kept out of the soil until their vital energy is considerably
weakened, and then artiticial stimuli may be necessary to rouse it into .tot ion ]

Nolices of ne'w and interesting Plants. 2i

CCXIII. Soiunea ^ with a capsular Pericarp.

1714. SALPIGLO'SSIS.

integrifblia Hook, entire-leaved O 1 ! or 1 jl Ro.P Uraguay 1831. S It Bot. mag. 3113

Its corollas are broadly funnel-shaped, the tube dark bluish purple, the lobes of the border of a rich
crimson purple ; handsome, and very distinct from the previously cultivated Salpiglosses. Dr. Hooker
possesses another new species, which he denominates S. linearis.

linearis Hoo/e. hnear-leaved O I I or 1 jl ... Uraguay 1831. S It Bot mag. 3113

On p. 47. we have presented a remark from Dr. Graham on the sportiveness of the Salpiglosses ; and
in the Report of the Stirling Horticultural Society, p. 12+., mention will be found of four hybrid Sal-
piglosses that were exhibited from the garden at Callander Park.

*490a. » NIEREMBE'RG/// Kth. Nierem. {J. E. Nleremberg, author of a Kistory of yiatxire.) 5.1.

linarisfulia Grah. Toadflax-lvd O ? I I el i jl Wsh Uraguay 1830. S p ? Bot. mag. oioS

An elegant slender plant, expected to thrive in our open gardens in summer, with stems 6 to 8 in.
high, leaves narrowly linear and pubescent, and very singular blossoms. The latter have an extremely
slender tube, an inch in length, surmounted by a salver-shaped broadly-spread border, S-lobed, white,
streaked with purple, having a yellow eye where it is inserted on the tube. From the sides of the
Uraguay, near Buenos Ayres. Flowered in July, 1831. Three other species are known, N. repens,
growing in Peru ; N. angustif6lia, in Mexico ; N. pub(5scens, on Monte Video.

Dr. Hooker publishes this plant as N. gracilis, but makes no allusion to a species described in minute
detail by his friend. Professor Graham, in Jameson's Journal, 1831, p. 378., under the name of N.
linarifefblia. Mr. D. Don has not a doubt that both writers have the same plant in view ; so, as Prol
fessor Graham's name was first published, it is here adopted.

, In this order the prettiest plant observed in blossom is Brunsfels/a uniflbra (Franciscea Hope^nd of
exploded nomenclature), and this at Messrs. Young's (Jan. 20), when beautiful it was, its re-jently
opened tubular corols being exquisitely fragrant, and their comparatively wide-spread orbicular border
of a snow white, orappearing tobeso,from the advantageous contrast of the recent flowtrs with the older
ones of a deep lilac hue displayed beside them. The plant was growing in a propagating house in a bed
of soil partly loamy, into which its branches were inlaid, and in this position were blooming. In the
Kensington Gardens conservatory (which includes a multitude of species, especially of old ones). So.
lanum Pseudocapsicum (the Capsicum /Imbmum Plinij of the Parisians) was beautiful just after Christ-
mas, from the elegant contrast of its glossy bright-hued berries, closely resembling miniature oranges
with the dark green foliage of the neighbouring plants. ° '

CC.XX. Verbcnuccis.
1738. LANTA^NA 15565 nivea

2 mut^bilis //ooAr. changeable-^Mfdit I I or 5 my.jn Y.Ro ... C l.p Bot. mag. 3110

Has the habit of L. nfvea ; but instead of heads of elegant flowers of a snowy white colour, as in that
kind, those of this variety (mutabilis) are " at first yellow with an orange eye, then becoming rose-coloured
with an orange eye, finally entirely rose-coloured : " the blossoms are produced in iVIay and June and
continue for a considerable length of time. A very desirable plant.
The Gardoqula origanoldes of Reichenbach is a species of LantJlna. {Bcntham.)

1749. FERBE^NA.
\565\aiieni>sa.GiU8{ Hook. strong-veineA £ lAJ or 2i su Ro Bu. Ayres 1830. S s.l Bot. mag. 3127

" A very handsome species, in many respects allied to V. bonari^nsis, differing in its much shorter
spikes, and vastly larger flowers, which are of a bright purple [rosy] colour."

Li'ppia dulcis whose leaves are sweeter than sugar, of which property the specific name is expressive,
at Young's, was going out of flower ; but this mention of it enables me to impart a ray of systematic
knowledge communicated by Mr. Penny : the Lant^na lavandula;f61ia of Loddiges's Bot. Cab. lolo. \s
Llppia di'ilcis of Loudon's Hort. Brit, p 484.

CCXXI Labiate § Nepilea;.

*1682fl. G ARDOQUIM R. 8; P Gardoquia. (D. Diego Gardoqui, a noble Spaniard.) Lahiatce \_Oct. 1831. p. 377
Gillifes» Grah. Gillies's « i_J ... 2 ... Li Chile 1828. S ... Jameson's jour.

discolor A7A. two-coloured *□ ap.jl P Caraccas 1827. S ... Siu h. brit.'i. iW

G. origanoldes of Reichenbach in Sprengel's Addenda, and therefore also of Sweet's Hort. Brit. ed. 2.
p. 409., is according to Bentham in But. Reg. 1300., a species of LantJma.

1693. SCUTELLA^RIA.
15284rt variegita Hort. variegated-Jfrf ;^ A pr J au P.y Switzerl. ... D p.l Bot. reg. 1450
ScutellSiria variegJita Hort.

Mr. Lindley figures this pretty plant as the S. alplna of Linna-us : it looks very unlike, indeed,
the plant of Linnfeus ; wherefore the name variegata, applied by the nurserymen, is here retained.

In this order, the most interesting plants in flower since the ISth are Pogostfemon plectrantliiildes ?
and Plectranthus carnbsus. The Pogostfemon is in a stove at Chelsea, and is presumed to be plectran-
tholdes. Its corols are small and of a grey blue, so unshowy; but its filaments are, as the word
Pogosteraon implies, bearded with hairs, in the manner, but more sparingly, of the filaments of Trades-
cantjia virginica, but seem not articulated in the same manner of matchless elegance. The herbage of
P. plectranthiildes has an aromatic odour. Plectranthus carnbsus is at Young's : its flowers also are
small, grey blue, and unshowy; but this defect, if defect it be, is compensated by the odour of the fleshy,
rigid, pubescent leaves ; which, on contact, supply an odour more grateful than describable, and assimi'
lating to that of O'cymum gratlssimum.

*76a. AUDIBE'RT/.^ Benth. Audibertia. (M. Audibert, of Tarascon, nurseryman.) 2. 1. Lahiatce.
incSma i?t'n<A. hoary tl. cu 1| jl.s Pa.B Colombia 1827. S co Bot. reg. 1469

Sfelvia carnbsa Herb. Doug.
Differs from Salvia in habit, form of coroUa, and in its anthers ; the connectivums of which are hot

c 3

22 Notices of iieiv and interesting Plants.

proilui-etl bi-luw«Jii' |ioint of insertion, but incrcly articulatwl on the filament Mr. Bentham finds the
(jenii* he hail in liot. Itcg. t I'iSJiJ. tltMiominated AuilibiTt/a untenable, »o transfers the name to the
Vrcsi'iit plant

SlIlCLASS II.

riaiit> with Endogenous Growth and Monocotyledonous Seed.

CCXXXVIIl. AmarylHiXcx.
■73 H.Xini.VNTHUS.

Ii:illi>lii» K ('. \>A\c.j{owfrcd tf lAJ or 1 jn Pk Valparaiso 1830. O r.m Bot cab. 1760

.\munB the bulbs were some with Howcrs ranging between white and red, from which we may infer
that II. p&llulus is a cultivated plant But. cab.

ii70. PHYCE'LLA.
SUUtki glaOca 0. C. glaucousJfd tf lAJ or 1 jn 11 Valparaiso 1824. O l.p Bot. cab. 17+S

V. ignca var. glauca But. mag. 2t)87.

8006 ignca

2 pi'ilchra D. Don pretty tfLAJor 1} o R Valparaiso... O r.m Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l21

Ornamental in the umbel of pendulous, red, tubular blo.«soms. Figured from the Chelsea Botanic
Garden, and some varieties near the above are at Knight's Exotic Nursery.

9GJ. CYRTA'NTHUS.
78()8a carneus Liiidl. flesh-coloured tf lAJ <"" 1 au F C. G. H. ... O r.m Bot. reg. 1462
The crown of long, pendulous, flesh-coloured, tubular corols is very crnamental.

938. CALOSTE'MMA.

CunninghamijAit Cunningh.iurstf lAJ or 1 sp W N. HoU. 1826. O s.l

■ 979. ALSTUCEME*R/.^.
£81C2a Neill/i Gill. .Neill's A I I el 2 jn Pa.Ro Mendoza 182". O Ip Bot mag. 3105

A very pretty species, near'A.'pallida, named after the celebrated Patrick Xcill, Esq , of Canoimiills,
near Edinburgh, where and with whom it bloomed in the green-house, in June, 1831. Native of both
sides of the Cordillera of the Andes, between Chile and .Mendoza. Stem upright, bearing highly glau-
cous leavef, and iin umbel of from six to eight Howers of a pale rose colour. l)r. Graham furnishes
the description of this species, and remarks : — " Mr. Neill's very interesting garden has recently sus.
taineda great loss in the removal of the gardener, Alexander Scott, whose professional talent and patient
industry li.ivc been tr.msfiTred to a situation of more extensive usefulness. He has been appointed
foreman to Sir. Knight's Exotic Nursery, Chelsea ; a situation for which he is especially fitted by his
quiet unas.-uming iiianiicrs and uniformly steady conduct."

Upwards of a hundred beautiful, and some of them splendid, and many of thefti newly originated,
hybrid kinds of .\inarylli.?, are now (Jan. 17.) blooming at Colvill's Of A. ai'ilica platypiHala two most
vigorous spi'ciineiis have blossomed : one is still flowering ; the other is p.ist, and exhibits finely swollen
germeiis, which have been artificially impregnated with pollen of A. rctii-urita : from the unionof these
two line kinds, hybrids of high interest are anticipated. Cr'iiiuin amabile here exhibits the last flowers
of an extremely fine umbel; ami C. au.strale is in blossom. Katlier many siedlings of alstra'inerias,
from seeds puichased of Mr.Cummiiig, are already above grouiul. Torced specimens of a double- Howered
polyanth. narcissus are finely in blossom: this is possibly the Hermloiw I >"pri v. pifena of Haworth's
excellent Sarcitsineurum Monogr&pliia.

CCXXXIX. IrW.'ur.
3281. STREPTANTHEMIA.

28007 cuprea SwI. eopper-eld tf lAI or i jn.jl Cop C. G. H. 182.5. O p.l Sw.fl.gar.2.s.]22

" Stigma ihree-clelt, the segments broailly dilated at the ends, deeply channeled on the upper side,

having the appearance of two lobes; the edges beautifully fringed, so as to give it, with its hollow sur.

face, the exact resemblance of a leaf of Dionue'^a musctpula : has it not the same uses V Drawn from

Mr. Colvill's.

I'M. t.LADroi.U.S.

IVflb'! n^UiKtwii Hfintunidt Natal tJ lAI »pl 4 jlau &v Natal I8!0. O p.l Bot cab. 175G '

'I'liK bore the winter perfectly well out of doors, in front of our stove, in sandy pe.it soil, and apiiears

to increase itself freely by olf^ets. ij.uililigcs's But. Cab.) This new and very .spkiidid .spicies has been

also reeeiUly published in the liiildiiiciilKinistcr, 144'.'., but under the abrog.ited name of (;. psiltadnus •

the editor having pi'rh.i|)jiiiverliMiked the iiute at t .,'()84. of But. Mug., in which Ur. Hooker shows that

natalZ-iisi" i* the legitimate iiaiiieor ilie species. .Stem .'J to 4 It high, well furnished with leaves, and ter.

iiniiHled liy a spike, a fool in length, ol large blossoms, yellow. spotted, stri|>ed, and marginated with

BCarlet " The colours are indeed Kiileiidid beyond any thing that can be expressed, except by the most

elaborate miniature painting." I'ublishc-d in Iht. /leg. from the nurseries ot Mr. Lee of Hammersmith

where it blo.'<...oined in.luly last ; and from that of Mr. Miller of Bristol, with whom it blossomed strongly

nt nearly the same time. ,

Potted crocuses in frnmes arc showing blossom at Colvill's ; and in the open air, in Mr. Haworth's

interesting little garden. Crocus pdsillus is (Jan. 24.) in blossom.

CCXL. OrcMdca: ^ Ophri)dc\e.
ISl. O'RCHIS.

fusct'scens B. C. drying brown Jt J^ cii } jn Ysh Pcnnsylv. 1831. O (i.lt Bot cab. 1748

Interesting to the botanist only. It is a native of grassy hills in Pennsylvania and of Siberia; bloomed
here this year in June, " kept in a cold frame, and potted in peat and vegetable earth." {Bot. Cab.)

Orclildftv \ VindetE

•2i>30fl. PERISTEMlI A Itook. Uo\ e Flowkh. (I'cristira, a dove, which its column resembles.) 20. 1. Orc/Udeet.
tlMa i/uu/ I'pily £ (23 "r 4 su Y'sh.W Papvna 182(). D p.r Bot. mag. 3116

Notices of new and interesting Plants. 23

" Bulb as large as a swan's egg, bearing green sword-shaped leaves, nearly a yard long and six inches
broad. The flower-stem springs from the base of the bulb ; is four feet high ; and bears at its extremity
a raceme a foot in length of large, yellowish white, almost globose, fleshy flowers, yielding a peculiar
fragrance, which somewhat resembles that of the English JVuphar liitea. In Panama, the plant is
called El Spirito Santo (the Holy Spirit), and its blossoms show why : the centre of the flower
exhibits a column which, with its summit or anther, and the projecting gland of tlie pollen masses,
together with the almost erect wings, bears a striking resemblance to a dove, the emblem of the third
person in the Trinity. El Spirito Santo was therefore applied by the same people, and in the same reli-
gious feeling, as dictated the naming of the Passion Flower.

3412. CERATOCHTLUS.

oculktns Lo. C. eyed _^ (23 or 1 J" Y.spot Xalapa 1829. D p.r Bot. cab. 176-t

The flowers are pendulous, curiously formed, fragrant, and sprinkled over with innumerable spots,
most of which are annular. Near the' base of the lip are two very large ones, like eyes, which add
greatly to the elegance of the flower.

2563. SARCA'NTHUS. , .

gnttatus i/nrf/. £23 el 1 ap W.V.Ro Dacca 1818. D p.r.w Bot. reg. 1443

Atrides guttitum Roxb. MSS.

A lovely epiphyte, with a stem a foot or more in length ; depending in its native habitat, the vicinity
of Dacca, from the branches of trees ; but in the Chiswick Garden " is cultivated in the stove, in a
very hot damp atmosphere, in a pot full of moss, suspended from the roof by a wire, and a little over-
shadowed by climbing and other plants : " thus treated, it flowers in April. Leaves a foot in length,
channeled ; but, when spread flat, an inch broad ; of a shining green. Racemes longer tlian the leaves,
drooping, solitary. Flowers numerous, approximate, pretty large; colour, a beautiful mixture of red
and white spotted.

2540. OXCI'DIUM.

bicornutum //oo/l-. two-horned £ [Z3 el 1 jn Y.Br Brazil 1830. D p.r.w Bot. mag. 3109

A very beautiful Brazilian species, whose slender scape, scarcely longer than the leaves, is sur-
mounted by a large and dense panicle of showy flowers, their ground colour being deep yellow, which is
striped, mottled, and spotted with purple red.

O. pumilum. Its blossoms, marked with various colours, are minute, but very numerous, and, when
closely inspected, highly pleasing. {Bot. Cab. 1732., Oct. 1831.)

•2530(1 CORY A'NTHES 7/ooA-. Helmft-flower. (A'or.v.t, helmet, nn/Z/os, flower; shape of appendage to lip.)
maculfita //wit sputted.///)/)<-rf £ E] spl Ujn Y.p Demerara 18-9. D p.r.w Bot. mag. 3102

The Cory'iiithcs macuiata of //ooy.f/- is a superb stove orchideous plant, newly introduced from the
forests of Demerara, where it grows on the trunks of trees : it blossomed in June, 1831, in the Liverpool
Botanic Garden. " Bulbs clustered, scai>e U ft. long, pendulous from the weight of the numerous, very
large, blossoms ; of the.se, the petals are of a pale ochraceous yellow colour, the lip and its appendage
more inclining to yellow, the laiter, which is large and shaped likea helmet, tinged at the margin, and
spotted inside'with purple." Each bulb (or pseudo-bulb Lindl.) is two. leaved.

Dr. Hooker refers to this genus also the Gongbrn! specibsa Hook. Bot. ifag. 2755., and Gongora
macrantha Hook. Bot. MisccUani/, 80. ; but, as to the name of this genus, Coryanthes, seems to have
overlooked its inadmissible nearness to the orchideous genus Corysanthes of Brown : if so, it is a
notable instance of an aiipropriation of the same idea and terms by which to express it, by two men
unaware of each other's intentions : an almost parallel instance obtains in Necker's euphorbiaceous
genus Pedilaiithus, which Mr. Haworth had simultaneously or previously in MS. distinguished and
denominated Crcpidiria; Necker choosing Greek, and Mr. Haworth Latin, to express the slipper-like
shape of the involucre.

Orckldea \ Epid^ndrea.

2552. BRASAVO'L^. ^ _ ,

nodbsa Lindl. knotty £ □ fra 1 o Ysh.G Mexico 1828. D p.r Bot. reg. 1465

Fills the woods at night with its fragrance ; grows freely in a hot damp stove, among moss, in decayed
vegetable matter."

Orc/ildea ^ Malaxidece.

2575. MICRO'STYLIS. ^. „ , „ ,. ,„.,

versicolor Lindl. changeable £? [Z3 cu 1 jn.o O China 18.iO. D p.r Bot. cab. 1751

2539. PLEUROTHA'LLIS. . „ , , ,-„

Lancenna Lo. C. Lance's £ [23 cu .J au Y.g Sunnam 18ol. D p.r Bot. cab. 1(67

Liparis priochiUis B. C , , . r^ , .„

Ill OrchideiP, the following are promising to flower, some of them strongly, in a stove at Colvill's,
under Mr, Riath's skilful management : — Oiicidium altissimum, luridum and carthaginense ; Bonatfd
specibsa, Cypripfedium veniistum, Eulbphia gracilis, and PholidTitr. jamaicensis. Epidendrum cochlea-
tum is in blossom ; and Neottia specii" sa shows flowers, and is already beautiful in its conspicuous spike
of red and sheathing bracteas. At Young's, Spiranthes procfera is (Jan. 20.) in blossom. At Malcolm's
(Jan 1(1.), in a cold damp green-house, Goodyerfl di.scolor was thriving perfectly ; and its delicate white
blossoms, produced in spikes 6 in, long, contrasted pleasingly with its dark-hued leaves; beside it stood
the G tessellata with its foliage so elc{;antlv varic^'ated, L: te in November last, Cattltya labiSta
flowered finely with Mr, Campbell at the Comte de Vandes's. How exquisitely elegant is this species!
Cypript-dium insigne flowered there also early in December.

On the pro])agation of the stove Orchidea; some remarks occur in the present Number, p. 88., and it
will be here in place to remark the peculiar manner in which some plants of this order are ^Touped at
Colvill's. A crooked trunk of an oak tree rises from the floor and is fastened to the rafters of the roof,
and to this are affixed, with nails, the husks of cocoa-nut shells, so thickly, as completely to hide the
oaken trunk : the interstices between the nut-shells are filled with soil and moss, in which the orchi-
dcous epiphvtes are planted.

c 4

24> Nolkes of nca: and inUresting Plants.

CCXLVII. Asphodih-te.

^I'l.BPSE temibarbftu. " The ttiimcns arc not beardwl in the outer filanient« only, but all of them are
fUriiithoil with a dense tuft of hairs above the middle." {Hot. Mag. 3l'i9.)

Hvaiinths forcwl in \x}U of soil or water-glasses are now usual in the rooms or windows of those who
love 'rtowers and wlio lUx-s not >;, and can afford to possess .ind keep them. I jchenM/Vi |>^ndula and
nuadricolor are in blossom at ^U•s,^rs Young's, the forjjier very vigorously. /J'loif albocincta and I5ul-
bine latifblia are in bliKim with Mr. Haworth ; and so is a species of Wloe at Dennis's. Urac*Nia ter-
miiiMis, as it i* unuiilly called, but which Mr. Hiath has an impres.iion has another and more accurate
name on the C'ontmeiit, is blooming in one of Colviirs stoves : its main beauty, however, is in its bril-
liant party-coloured foliage. Ix-ucocuryne tUrodia-^u) ixioldes is flowering rather finely at Knight's j ita
lilac blo>s<ims are iiulte onianiental.

Forced Van Thol tuliiw {Tiilipa sunvcolens) arc now (Jan. 24.) in sui>ply with the dealers in forced
flowers.

CCXLVIII. GUlicsilm.
GILLIE'.S/,^ ^raminea. A very curious plant, whose flower at first sight greatly resembles that
of an orchideous plant, and is certainly a most complex and puzzling production : the root is a kind
of long bulb. \Iiut. Cab. Hoi.)

CCLI. IMidccw.

Ll'LlUM Miirtagon. " The most striking beauty, when frequently presented to the eye, loses its
iwwerof engaging our attention. Were this not the fact, the peculiar elegance of the /.ilium Mdrtagon
would continue an object of admiration to every individual of cultivated mankind. Its stately upright
pillar, decked above like an Eastern pagtnla, and ornamented below by whorls of uniform foliage, ren-
der it a profitable subject of contemplation for the artist, whose taste should be founded on beauty.
'J'his quality is never sought fur in vain amongst the productions of nature." {Bot. Card. 3^2., Hov.
1831.)

1017. TV^LJPA.

84ola Bonarotii'ina Bert Honarota's tf A or li ap.my R.Va Italy 18i?7 ? O co Sw.fl.Rar.2.s.lI6

The bull)s of this, of T. stratigulata, .ind other kinds, were received from abroad, by the Apothecaries'

Company, as the bulbs of the medicinal colchicnm. T. Honarotidna has its stem and foliage pubescent,

and its flowers " campanulately spreading ; when in bloom, of an exquisite faint scent ; inside, of a vivid

brick colour; outside, of a very pale yellow, marked with rcti." It is easy of culture.

(trangul^ta ... ... IJ A or U ap ••• ••• O co Svi^.gar.^t.ii^

CCLIM. RestinceiP.
293. ERIOCAU'LON.

decangulftre /,. ten-angled 3i A cu 2| jl.au W N. Amer. 1826. D bog Bot. mag. 3126

A cross section of the 10 or ISangledstem of ttiis plant is a very pretty oliject. The leaves are grass,
like, and " compactly cellular ;" and I notice the latter for the sake of remarking, that dried specimens
of the British E. septanguldre, held against the light, are extremely elegant objects, from the
beautiful arrangement of cells which the leaves exhibit In E. decangiili\re, the head of flowers is
nearly three quarters of an inch in diameter, forming a depressed globe, nearly hemispherical, and
woolly.

Resides the plants noticed as flowering in the winter season under the orders formally exhibited above, it
may Ik' here noticed th.it in C'ruciferie, t'lieirantluis mut.'ibilis is interesting in the C'hel.>iea Ciarden ; in Caly-
tunthcic, ( himoiiAiilhus frbgraiis at Young's, and wherever kept ; the C. fragrans var. grandiflbrus of the Hor.
ticultiiral .Society's Garden has yellower blossoms than the fragrans itself. In /liclnea-, the common holly in
large trees, as in Kensinglon Ciarden, with its glossy leaves ami berries red, is a beautiful ornament of the
season ; the varieties, with variegated leaves too, contrasting with the d.irk green of the yew and other ever,
greens, are highly estimable. In ractcip, Epiph^llum trunciitum displays its flowers, of rose and scarlet
mingleil, from (Tiristinaa to the middle of January In A/yrtftcen;, Leplosprrmum baccMum, white; and Cal.
listi'inon laiiceol.'itus, scarlet, are In bloom at t'olvill's. In I'ern»truMiiK)c<vr, the camellias are t>ecoming splen-
did ; the fringed white was higlily admirable at Knight's early in January, and later at Colvill's : other kinds
at iMith places, esjiecially at ('o|vill\, wheie they seem to be kept at a higher temperature, are very splendid.
AtColvills n seedling rjiised there is now blooming : it is in the style of (iray's invincible, but, "Mr. Riath
remarks, is of a dei'iHT colour, and has a larger bud aiid blossom In TliymeIJa;, Daphne odora, forccti, is
blooming at Colvill's; and in tiie green. house O'ndlia licvigata, simplex, and imberbis ; the last two are, 1
iM'lieve, fragr.iiit by night, (,'iiidia imiiflilii is blooming lovelilv, with heads of snow-white blossom.^, at
Young's. Ill /{htimneir, /'lijlic.icrici.ldcs at Young's (this plant ha>' fragrant flower«\ and I'omaderris discolor,
there also, will blossom in nlMiut ten d.iys. In (ioiHleiibv/.r, larlieiiaiiltiVi formosa is blooming in various
pl.ice. ; and in Aupliorbi<»r^,f, XyhiphJIla latilblia lately, at the Cointe ile Vandes's, h.id the leaflets of iU
pinnate leaves bedecked with rhngiiig flowers. In Kpa»Tldca>, at Young's, are blcMuning Spreng^lxi incam&ta ;

forinly bhximing, wherever kept, and are most lovely : C. /ilba almost hardv in the open garden at Dennis's.
HorbiKrt piiinau is blooming at tolvills; and B. deiiticuliktaat Young's : what beautiful objects l)eneath the
microscoiM- are the fllamenls of the latter sjiecies ! That curious, and, when bruised, pi-culiarly scented plant,
/itrirt .Smithi/, is flowering at Young's The beautiful Dio.sma creniila disjilays iU wreaths of blossoms, white,
in all collections which contain it. In l'a.«.»ifl6rcac, a variety, known as the dwarf prolific, is in flower at
\oiini!'» , and in /'omicne, llaphii'ilepis indica and rtibra arc, where kept, in blossom. In ficdidea?, Mesem.
bryjiilheinum .inreiim and lulirlcaiVG are blooming in a frame at the Chelsea Garden. In Begon/Vircr, I!eg6nia
»em|ierHftreii», white, is flowerin,( at Young's, and another s|iecles,far more Ix-autiful, with rosy blossoms In
r>l«inn', forrc<l lilacs arc flnwerin.n nt (olvill's ; and in Myopdrina-, Sfenochllus viscbus l>olh at Young's and
the ( omte ile \ andes's In ,<ranth(u;c«, the followiug have been found in bloom : — Ruellia anisoph^lla, of

Notices of new and itiieresting Plants. 3£l

which a second and similar species is said to be passing, nevertheless, at present under the same name ; Bar-
Itrja flftva, whose style and stigma are protruded before the corolla is expanded ; Justlcia plcta, calyc6tricha,
and specibsa ; Er4nthemum pulchellum, Ruelba brazilla, and Thunbergia coccinea.

In ByttnerMcf<p, the Astrapae'^a Wallich^', magnificent in its foliage and large depending umbels of orange
and scarlet tubular blossoms, is flowering at the Chelsea Botanic Garden, and more abundantly at Colvill's, and
at the Comte de Vandes's. In iVyrsinea, Ardisia panieuljlta is flowering at Young's ; A. crenulJkta is splendid
in some stoves, with umbels of glossy bright red berries ; and A. pyramidata with its red berries, and A.
littor^lis with its almost black ones, are looking prettily at Colvill's. In BromeWnc^a", Billb^rgio amoeNia has
displayed its pleasing violet-tinted flowers, in various collections, through December and the early part of
January, but now is past. A scarlet Pitcairnia, perhaps staminea, is in flower at Colvill's. In Marantdc(?(S,
C&nna versicolor has for a month or more been, and still is, flowering in the stove in Chelsea Garden. It has
large discolorate leaves, a stem from 8 to 10 ft. high, which produces, from near its summit, successive
spikes of showy scarlet flowers. In Commelfneis, Aneilfema sinica is in flower at Young's; where i^ilices, or
ferns, are prettily in fruit.

The Flowers of Spring. — These will shortly delight us with their welcome presence, and for them we all feel
a deep interest. This is warranted in their earliness and comparative scarcity, and in the countless pleasures
of hope to which they excite. On the floral splendour which may be produced from a copious multiplication
and contrasted interspersion of the winter aconite, the three kinds of snowdrop (thesingle, the double, and the
plaited), and the numerous kinds of vernal crocus, some remarks have been already ottered (Vol. VII. p. 564.).
To these will follow the rare but charming snowflake (/-euc6jum vernum), polyanthuses, primroses, violets,
anemones, Ficaria v^rna, '.'erna plena, and viJrna alba ; the gorgeous Adonis vernMis ; the sprightly hepaticas
in their varieties of white, blue, and red, and single and double; the Persian iris ; and then the fragrant and
beautiful narcissus, of which the British gardens boast more than a hundred kinds. In praise of vernal bloom-
ing bulbs too much cannot be said ; and for their perfectly successful culture but three things are requisite —
a soil not over stiff, a site not over bleak, and absolute exemption from disturbance while in a growing state.

Thoughts on Flowers. — " Are not," asks the author of Atherton, " flowers the stars of earth, and are not
stars the flowers of heaven ? Flowers are the teachers of gentle thoughts, promoters of kindly emotion. One
cannot look closely at the structure of a flower without loving it. They are emblems and manifestations of God's
love to the creation, and they are the means and ministrations of man's love to his fellow-creatures ; for they
first awaken in the mind a sense of the beautiful and the good. Light is beautiful and good : but on its undi.
vided beauty, and on the glorious intensity of its '"uU strength, man cannot gaze ; he can comprehend it best
when prisniatically separated, and dispersed in the many-coloured beauty of flowers; and thus he reads the
elements of beauty, the alphabet of visible gracefulness. The very inutility of flowers is their excellence and
great beauty; for, by having a delightfulness in their very form and colour, they lead us to thoughts of gene-
rosity and moral beauty detached from, and superior to, all selfishness : so that they are pretty lessons in
Nature's book of instruction, teaching man that he liveth not by bread or for bread alone, but that he hath
another than an animal life." (A Chapter on Flowers, in the Aiiiulet for 1832.)

Seasonable Hints on Floriculture. — Seeds of such flowering plants as have spindle-shaped roots. Or require to
have attained considerable growth and vigour before they can blossom satisfactorily, should be sown in the first
open weather. The frosts which will occur after they have germinated will destroy a much smaller proportion of
the young plants than may be commonly supposed. Hence, the most proper period of sowing seeds of plants
of the above description is the autumn, as soon as the seeds are perfectly ripe. Nature teaches us this rule by
the healthful and vigorous plants which almost invariably arise from seeds naturally sown. Those, however,
who did not sow in autumn will now do well to commit to the soil, with as little delay as possible, seeds of ranun.
culaceous plants, as Adbnis, larkspurs, pjponies, columbines; of papaveraceous plants, as poppies, Eschschi'dtzia
califurnica, Kosmkria hj'brida, glauciums ; fumariaceous plants, as Adliimia cirrhbsa, C'orydalis glaijca ;
plants in Compi'psitiE, as Calliopsis bicolor Rchb. (Coreopsis tinctSria A^«/.) ; scrophularineous plants, as the
pentstemons (see the remarks under Pentstfemon pulchellus, above) ; violaceous plants, as the varieties of hearts-
ease ; of balsaraineous plants, touch-me-not, &c. &c. Some of these, if sown early, will not vegetate for some
weeks afterwards ; but let not this discourage the hopeful sower : when they vegetate, they will do so more
vigorously, by virtue of a certain preparation which they derive from the soil. The nature of this preparation
I am not able to describe ; but the fact of such a preparation taking place is evinced by the satisfactory health
and vigour of plants which have sprung from naturally sown seeds, while not rarely the plants from artificially
preserved seeds are less healthy and vigorous, and, consequently, less satisfactory. These remarks, however,
scarcely at all apply to the tropical annual plants with branched fibrous roots. In these, the rate of growth is
so rapid, that the space of our summers is usually sufficient to enable thern to return their seeds commonly
with increase ; and were the seeds of such plants sown before the soil and climate of Britain are becoming
warm, they would not only not be benefited, but even rotted and destroyed. It may not be known to every
one, that seeds of the yellow everlasting (Helichrysum bracteltum) naturally shed in the autumn, lie unhurt
in the soil through the winter, and produce fine plants in the ensuing summer. As this plant is from New
Holland, it suggests that most New Holland annuals may endure autumnal sowing with us.

26 General Notices.

Art. II. General Notices.

JI'itty\i Improved Furnace. — When we noticed this furnace, in a for-
mer Nunil)er, we were not aware of the extent of the improvement which
it is calcuhited to effect ; the inventor having, in a private letter wliich
accompanied his conmuniication, chieHy insisted on its power of bnrning
waste coal. We have since seen some |)rinted remarks, accompanied by
testimonials, which show that the most important advantage of Witty's fur-
nace is the hnrning of the smoke, by wiiich a saving of from 20 to .30 per
cent of fuel is obtained; and the atmosphere in the neighbourhood of the
furnace is not polluted with smoke. It also apjjcars that rather less attend-
ance is recjuired than with a common furnace, whether for hot-houses,
steam-engines, or dwelling-honses.

The first princi|)le of excellence in the construction of this improved
fiu'nace is the way in which it is supplied with fuel. By the common mode,
the moment the door of the fiuMiace is o|)ened, a rush of cold air sweeps
throu<rh the flues, or under the boiler, carrying off nnich heat. Cold, and
perhaps moist, coal is then thrown on the very centre of the fire, which not
onlv reduces the heat, but occasions a quantity of dense smoke to be emit-
ted from the chimney; and this smoke, when once formeil, cannot be
burned except at a temi)erature (.3000° Fahrenheit) that will melt iron.
This temperature would, of course, require an amazing exjiense of fuel.
The mixture of about one twelfth of atmospheric air with carburetted
hvdrogen, of which smoke of coal is chiefly composed, produces com-
bustion at a high temperature. By throwing on a fire unprepared coal, not
only this inflammable gas (carburetted hydrogen) is generateil, but also
nitrogen, carbonic aciil gas, and other non-inflannnable gases; anil it has been
proved, that when smoke contains one sixth part of nitrogen, or one sixth
of carbonic acid gas, it will not inflame. Hence the difficulty of consnn>ing
smoke. In order to overcome this difficulty, Mr. Witty divides the con-
sumption of coal into two distinct processes: viz. carbonisation, by which the
coals are thorouizhly dried, and freed from their watery anil gaseous matter;
and combustion, in which the carbonised coal, or col-^e, is consumeil along
with the watery and gaseous matter wliich is distilled from that portion of
coal which is undergoing carbonisation. By these two processes, the maxi-
nunn of heat is obtained from any given (juantity of fuel; and this without
one particle of smoke. By Mr. Witty's plan, the atmospheric air is no-
where admitted but through the coke fire, and this inflames all the gaseous
matter, as it is evolved from the coal undergoing distillation.

It is important here to observe, that, us a very high temperature is
essentiallv necessary for the consumption of smoke, that object can never
be effected under a boiler in which water is not raised nuich beyond
the boiling point. Now, the great superiority of Mr. Witty's plan is,
that the smoke is consumed before the flame anil the heat come in
contact with the l)oiler. We are the more anxious to direct attention
to this, because, in heating by hot water, it will be found necessary to place
the boiler not inuuediately t)ver the fuel, but rather over the connnence-
ment of the flue; or, at whatever may be the point where all the gaseous
matters are consumed. It will be seen in our advertising sheet that this
furnace has been erected in several gardens, and that it has given the
highest satisfaction. Mr. Miller of the Bristol Nursery has had two fur-
naces put n|) to his steam boilers, which, he says, effectually consume the
smoke, and produce a greater (piantity of heat with less fuel. Mr. U. Mil-
ler, the very intelligent gardener at Alton Towers, who has had the ma-
nagement of several of the hot-houses and conservatories there, strongly
reconunends it as being |)referal)le to any other furnace that he has seen,
producing a great heat generally diffused, with less coal and no smoke.
There is one of Wittv's furnaces erected at Lee's Nurserx, Hammer-

General Notices. 27

smith, and another at Henderson's in the Edgware Road, both of which we
have examined ; and we must say, that we were gratified far beyond ex-
pectation at the simplicity of the apparatus, and the complete manner in
which it burned the smoke. At Mr. Lee's, the furnace is applied to flues
which never before had a good draught, but now draw as well as the best
hot-house flues. At Mr. Henderson's, one furnace has supplied the place
of three. To convince some gentlemen present that the smoke was effec-
tually burned, Mr. Chanter (the present proprietor of the patent) had two
top tiles taken off the flue in Mr. Henderson's pine-stove, when, instead of
smoke, nothing but a warm moist vapour was felt, so totally without smell,
that it might have been admitted to fill the atmosphere of the house with-
out any injury to the plants.*

These advantages, taken together with a saving of 30 per cent in fuel
(clearly proved by other experiments), leave no doubt in our minds that
this furnace will soon be substituted for every other in hot-houses, whe-
ther these may be heated by hot water, steam, or common flues. The
improvement will not serve as a substitute for the mode of heating by hot
water ; but it will lessen the expense of that mode, by the saving of fuel
and of labour in attendance.

We look upon the burning of the smoke as an immense advantage;
whether we regard the plants in gardens where there are numerous hot-
houses, or the atmosphere of towns, in coal countries, all over the world.
M. d'Arcet of the French mint, who lately resided some weeks in London,
found by prepared paper tests, which he pinned every morning to his hat
before he went out, that the atmosphere of the metropolis contained a
considerable proportion of sulphuric acid, undoubtedly diffused in it by
the coal smoke. By the use of Witty's furnace, both in public and private
establishments, in all cases in which close fires are or can be employed, such
as in boiling water, or in heating ovens, stoves, or hot plates for French
cooking, &c. &c., a small proportion of this sulphuric acid would be got
rid of, and turned to account as fuel. As these furnaces admit of making
more coal into coke than it is necessary to use in them, every family that
had one for any close fire might, while that fire was at work, coke as
much more coal as would serve for burning in all the open fires in the
house. It is easy to see that, in this way, coal smoke might be got rid of
altogether, both in town and country. Here would be an end at once to
climbing boys and smoky chinmeys. Wherever a family had occasion to
use constantly one of Witty's furnaces, they might easily coke in it as
nuich coal as would supply half a dozen open fires. Every country gentle-
man that has hot-houses will be henceforth inexcusable, as a man of taste, if
a particle of smoke be seen issuing either from his gardens or his house. In
Birmingham, Manchester, and Liverpool, there need not, in future, be the
slightest difficulty in getting rid of smoke entirely. (See Vol. VII. p. 524.)
Inshort, it only wants time and a little authority from the legislature, to
banish coal smoke entirely from every part of the British empire, and to
leave the architecture of our towns as pure as that of the towns on the
Continent. The great beauty of all this is, that it will be attended by
a great saving both to individuals and to the public, besides contributing
tohealth, comfort, and humanity. Were this not the case, we should not
for a moment contemplate the idea of legislative interference. — Cond.

A great Tmproveme7it in the Construction of Boilers of every Description
has just been made by Mr. Perkins, the celebrated engineer; and, as it is

* Mr. Tomalin, one of the gentlemen present, whom we know to be a
good practical chemist, writes thus : — " On the two tiles being removed, 1
carefully examined it: not the least odour was at all perceptible, and nothing
found but a copious and perfectly sweet vapour or steam, quite free from
bitumen or smoke, and of an excessively high temperature."

28

Genaal Notices.

particularly applicable to the heating of hot-houses b^- hot water, we shall
shortly notice it. Suppose we have a common boiler, such as used in
common wa-sh-houses, and whicli Mr. Kewley uses in the siphon mode of
circulatin<5 hot water ; then place another boiler within it, of such a size as
to leave only a few inches between the inner boiler and the outer boiler
all round, and support it in this position by stays. {fi<2,. 1.) Let this inner
1 boiler have a hole in its bottom, about one third

of its diameter, and let its rim be 2 in. below the
level of the water to be heated. These arrange-
ments being made, and the heat applied below, a
circulation instantly takes place, and continues ;
the water coming into contact with the heated
bottom and sides of the outer boilers, rising ra-
pidly to the surface, and descending through the
inner boiler, which thus necessarily contains the coldest portion of the
liquid. One great advantage of this construction is, that the bottom of the
outer boiler, having its heat constantly carried off by the liquid, is not liable
to burn out. For the siphon and level modes of circulating water in hot-
houses, this boiler promises to be a great improvement. It is our inten-
tion to try a boiler of this sort over Witty's furnace — Cond.

An mprovcd Boiler for heating by hot Water. — Sir, Heating by hot
water is that branch of engineering which I profess more particularly, and
in which I have |)roved most successful ; having always acted upon the late
Mr. Tredgold's system, which I perhaps understand the better from having
been Mr. Tredgold's principal clerk up to the last hour of his life; and
I am the person who made out the original drawings (under Mr. Treilgold's
directi«)ns) for his paper in the Transactions of the Horticultural Socictt/,
which was copied in your Magazine. (Vol. VII. p. 179.)

Having had every opportunity of proving by the many apparatus which
I have had the honour to execute, as far as theory and design extend,
that such calculations as respect the surface of pipe are, beyond a doubt,
correct, still I think that the calculation for the size of the boiler is not
sufficiently clear; for a furnace may be so constructed, that although a
given (juantity of fuel may be consumed in a given time, yet that a great
portion of the heat from that fuel may escape though the flue, without
being of service to the boiler.

The plan which I have for some time past adopted is, to vary the length
of the boiler with the surface of pipe retjuired ; invariably making use of
u long rectangular boiler in preference to a scjuare or circular boiler, as it

V

Longitudinal ntction of boiler and furnace. Transverse section.

is a well known fact that the bottom surface is far superior to the side of
a boiler in absorbing heat ; consequently, the longer the heat is retained

General Notices.

29

on the bottom of the boiler, the more effective it will be. Under such
impressions, I have turned my particular attention to that form of boDer
which is most likely to answer the required end; and I have lately
had them constructed to the patterns shown in figs. 2, 3, 4, and 3.

General plan of bars and flue ; the dotted line b is the supposed position of the lower pipe ■ the
dotted line c is a pipe for drawing off the water from the boiler and pipe. '

and I have found them to answer beyond my most sanguine expectations.
1 have found that the required heat for a house has been raised in much
less time, and with less fuel, than with the square or circular boiler ; for
although 1"2 lb. of coals will boil a cubic foot of water, in a vessel properly

constructed for that pur-
pose, yet such a nice cal-
culation is not suitable for
a hot-water apparatus. For
instance, the proprietor
would sometimes burn coal,
sometimes coke or wood,
or perhaps only cinders;
therefore, the more econo-
mical the furnace is con-
structed for such purposes,
the better. The dip shown
at the end of the boiler
( fig. 2. a) has a tendency
to prevent the flame from
passing so rapidly over the
bottom as it would do on
a straight bottom. The
upper part of the flue
passing round the boiler,
is entirely covered by the
upper part of the boiler;
and I always bear in mind
to let the lower pipe enter
the boiler where it is least
exposed to heat. I am,
Sir, &c. — D. D. Neeve.
6. Wyndham Street, Bryan-
stone Square, Sept. 1831.
Elevation of furnace.

30 General Nulicen.

Steam Cnrriarrrx, it apjiears by the report of the select committee of
parliament, can bo pro|)elli'(l on common roails at an average rate of ten
miles i)er hour ; ascending and descending hills of considerable inclination
with facility and ease, an(i a great saving of expense. How gresit, then,
wonid be the advantages of ecinalising, or nearly so, the inclination of all
slopes! We have shown (Morniiii^ C/iroiiic/c, J3cc. 'Jl.) that this etjnalis-
ation of slo|)e, even with the aid of horses alone, would not only nearly
e(|nalise the value of territorial [)roperty, and all its various products,
but that it might go far to e(]ualise the fertility of soils, by tiie facilities
which it would give to the transport of earths which were superfluous in
one district, to others in which they were deficient. The practicability
anil advantages of using steam carriages on common roads adds greatly
to the value of our own suggestion. — Coiid.

A rcgit/atiiig Tfiermomcfer, for effecting the same objects as Mr. Kewley's
Automaton (iardener {Enn/chpcccUa of Gardening, 2d edit. § 1490.) has
lately been invented by Mr. J. Lindley (not the Professor), and exhibited
in tiie libray of the London Horticultural Society. From a general view
of the exterior of this machine, it does not appear to us any thing like so
perfect as that of Mr. Kewley ; it will also cost more, and, instead of
regulating the temperature to a (juarter of a degree, like the automaton
gardener, it does not operate till a change has taken place of more than lo°.
The invention, however, has merit ; and we are exceeilingly glad to see it
brought forward, because we trust it will stimulate Mr. Kewle}' to put his
simple and most ingenious engine in the course of manufacture for public
sale. We belie\e tliat, for five guineas, Mr. Kewley can j)roiluce an instru-
ment not at all liable to go out of repair, which would open and shut the
windows of the largest church, public room, or hot-house, so as to regulate
the air within to any required temperature. W^e have felt confident, since
we saw this machine, that the business of forcing and exotic culture in
gardens, and of ventilating and regulating the temperature of hosj)itals,
crowded theatres, and other large or now bailly ventilated places, might be
greatly simplified and economised by Mr. Kewley's invention. When we
take in connexion with this the present facilities of heating hot-houses of
every kind ; and not only of heating them, but of preserving heat in
reserve by large cisterns of hot water, we feel convinced that the whole
business of forcing, or at all events of keeping hot-house and green-house
plants through the winter, might go on for days together with perfect
safety, without the attendance of a gardener, or of any person whatever. It
is evident that tliese ini|)rovements will also tend to render the use of hot-
houses more and more general; so that, if the taxes on glass were taken off,
we should not have a farm-house or a tradesman's cottage without its
green-iiouse or graj)ery.

A sclf-arliiig Appnralnxfur regulating Temperature has lately been in-
vented l)y Dr. Tire, the scientific author of the- Dielionari/ of Cliemi.itri/.
The |)rinciple of the instrument is the unequal expansionofdiflerent metals
by heat. The Doctor |)ro|)oses its employment to regulate the safety-
valves of steam boilers; but there can. be no doubt that such machinery
might be added to it as woidd fit itfnr opening the windows of hot-houses,
churches, or dwelling-houses, and "opening or shutting the dampers of
chinmeys, or diminishing or increasing the draught of fireplaces. The de-
tails of construction will be found in the liijurlorij of Patent Inventions
for December IH.'il, vol. xii. p. 31.3. — Cond.

An Instrument for liiifing ojf or transferring Angles, in laying out I'lowrr-
Gardens, or performing other Operations in Ijandsenpe-Gardening or in.
Garden Are/iiteeture. — !Sir, Herewith \i)U will receive a drawing (fig. 6.)
of the dirterent parts of an instrument ior laying off or transferring angles,
which, perhaps, you will think worth pulilishing for the benefit of your

General Notices.

31

practical readers. I invented this instrument (if it may be dignified with
the name of an invention) more than two years ago, since which time I

S3

General Notices,

have found it of very great service ; being more quickly applied, and, 1
believe, more correct than the protractor ; especially if the person using the
latter should be not very particular in setting off the centre line, and the
degree of the angle which may he recjuired. My instrument is made very
neatly by Mr. Cook of Crown Court, Soho, from a model of my own con-
struction. I'^ig-T. n, the instrument, the longest side 2ft. long; b, the
edge of the instrument; c, the short leg, removed from the long leg; d, the
edge of the short leg; c, part of the long leg, showing the quadrant.
8 9 Fig. 7. a diagram showing the mode of

using the instrument. Supposing it were
required to tlraw an angle of +j° from the
point/, on the line g h; place the short leg
parallel with the line, so that the long leg
touches the given point, then draw the
line if. If you require a perfect triangle,
turn the instrument over, and draw a line
along its side, anil the triangle will be com-
pleted; each side of the instrument being
alike in length, and perfectly flat. — D. D.
Necve. 6. Wyndham Street, JBri/atistone
Square, Aug. U. 1831.

An improved Xumbering-Stick on the
Notch Principle. — Sir, If you think, with
me, that my notch numbering-stick is su-
perior to any thing of the kind now in
general use, you will not hesitate to make
it, through the medium of your Magazine,
more generally useful. It is equally as
simple and comprehensive as Seton's, and
the signs used are not so apt to be con-
founded with each other. I have adopted
three new signs, the 2, 3, and 4; from
which, with the J and 5 in common
use, I make all the others thus {fg.
8.):-

A notch added to 1, on the left side,
at the top, makes 2 ; at the bottom, on
the right side, 3 ; and at top and bottom,
4. The 1 added to 5, and connected at
the top, makes 6 ; and in like manner, as
the notch is added to 1 to make 2, 3, and
4, so is it added to the 5 to make 7, 8,
and 9. — C. /.. B. Sept. 3. 1831.

The above is certainly a great improve-
ment on Seton's mode, because there is
less new to learn in it, and consecjuently
it will be more easily remembered. The
great objections to all j)artially known
signs are, their liability to be forgotten by
those who use them, when they liave been
a very short time out of practice, and the
difficulty of setting a stranger to work
in a garden where such numbers are
used. A nurseryman who would use
Seton's mode of numbering for his fruit
trees, must either attend to every thing
connected with those numbers himself",
or be dependent on one or more inch-

General Notices.

33

viduals, who might suddenly leave him, or fall into ill health. For this
reason we have often thought that the best notch mode for general use
would be one in which the Roman numerals are employed, using the com-
mon notch for 10, as now generally done; imitating the letter L for 50, C
for 100, D (or delta) for 500, and M for 1000. {fig. 9.)

It is true, a good deal more cutting is required by this mode, than by
either Seton's or the improved mode of C. L. D. ; but the simplicity and
universality of this old or Roman mode, as it may be called, will in our
opinion more than compensate for that disadvantage. — Cond.

Brick Tallies. — We, in a former Number (Vol. VI. p. 310.), ex-
pressed our intention of having some brick tallies made by Mr. Peake of
Tunstall, and Mr. Allardyce of Clay Hills, near Aberdeen ; and both
these gentlemen have accordingly sent us specimens. Those of Mr.
Peake, from our sketches {fig. 10.), are of terro-metallic earth, as hard

10

almost as cast-iron ; and they must be more durable than any other
description of earthen manufacture, since they are to a great extent vitri-
fied, and yec not only hard but tough. Our error in making the sketches
for these tallies consisted in not giving them a beveled end ; but this could
be remedied in future. Mr. Allardyce has sent us a brick earth tally of
his own invention {fig- 11.), which, having a beveled face, appears to us to

be a near approach to perfection in that particular; but we think it ought
to be longer, perhaps 12 or 13 in. long, to keep the glass which covers the
name from being dirtied by the splashing up of the earth during heavy
rains. This tally, though not made of so durable a material as that of
Mr. Peake, is yet far harder than the hardest clinker bricks, and, not
Vol. VIII. -i- No. 36. d

3*

(icncral Woliccs.

bciiii^ hrittU", must livst a very great length of lime. Were it not for the
i^reater (|iiantity of da} rc<iiiire(l, we slioulil prefer tlie tallies broader at
iiottoni tlum at top; beeaiise tiiey wonltl then be more eertain of standing
nprit.'ht, and would sink more slowly into the earth. It was thought that
a deviation from the shape of the common brick would procure an exem|)-
tion from the excise iluty ; hut Mr. Allardyce found this not to be the case.
A tally a foot high, formed in the upper part like that of Mr. Allardyce,
with nearly straight sides, but spreading out a little at the base, made of
Mr. Peake's terro-metallic earth (fiii. \-i.), would, we think, approach very
near perfection ; and would be particularly useful in an arboretum, where,
as at Syon, for example, the trees were allowed to attain their full age
and growth. — Coiul.

Ji lidding .1 Mfichinc for cropping or s/icaring the vegetable Surface of
Lairiis, Grass-])/ols, c'jc. — A technical description of this machine is given
in the Rcpcrlori/ of Palciit Inventions, vol. x. p. 327., accompanied by an

elevation of the left side {fig. V^.), and a ground-plan {fig. If.). The
machine being pushid forward, the hollow cylinder or cast-iron roller («) is
put in motion, and also the smaller cylinder or gage-roller (/»), the pur-
pose of which is, to regulate the height of the rectangidar steel plate (c).
The operation of shearing is performed by from four to eight spiral cutters
(f/), which revolve on a horizontal axis.

In the operation of pushing forward the machine, the cylinder («) rolls
upon the ground like the wheel of a wheelbarrow ; and, by the wheels and
pinions connected with it, causes the revolving cutters (r/) to act rapitlly, by
their smooth outer edges, against the edge of the fixed rectangular steel j)Lite
(c),so as to crop or shear the grassor vegetable surface. The smaller cyhnder
(/;) serves etrectually to regulate the height, and to insure the steadiness of
the rectangular fixed cutter (c), against which the revolving cutters act. To
keep the smaller roller (/;) sufTiciently free from any adhering substances,
there is a horizontal box (<•), which serves as an axis for a thin iron scraper,
which is curved so as to form a portion of a cylinder, having its lower cilgc
bearing on the surface of the roller.

The speed with which the machine is pushed forward when at work is

General Notices.

35

not material, because the number of cuts will always be in the same ratio
with the space rolled over by the roller or larger cylinder (a). The revolv-
ing parts are here driven by wheels and pinions, but endless lines or bands
may be employed instead of teeth. " It is advisable," the patentee ob-

serves, " to employ the machine when the grass or vegetable surface is
dry ; and when high grass is to be cut, it is best to shear it twice over ; " for
which purpose, there is a simple contrivance for raising, or lowering, and
adjusting the cutting parts of the machine. " Grass growing in the shade,
and too weak to stand against a scythe to be cut, may be cut by this ma-

chine as closely as required ; and the eye will never be offended by those
circular scars, inequalities, and bare places so commonly made by the best
mowers with the scythe, and which continue visible for several days."
" Country gentlemen," he adds, " may find, in using my machine them-
selves, an amusing, useful, and healthy exercise."

In the specification of the patent, it was unnecessary to notice that all
the grass cut off may be collected in a box {fig. 15.) ; but this we con
sider a valuable addition, as saving sweeping, and as completing the oper-

D 2

30

General Notices.

ation of mowing as it proceeds ; so that the operator may leave off at any
moment, and at the same time leave what he has done perfectly neat and
finished. The maciiine is easily rolled from one j^art to another without
cutting, by merely lowering the handles, so as to lift the gage-roller from
the ground ; the machine may be then pushed forward or drawn backward,
the operator stoojjing a little, without any other effect being produced than
that of a common roller.

j\fan?u'r of keeping the Machine in order. Occasionally apply sweet oil
to the pivots or ends of the axes, and along the straight edge of the rect-
angular blade. When the revolving cutters require sharpening, oil the
edges, and sliake a little flour of emery on them ; then screw the iron
handle into the rim of the toothed wheel which is outside of the frame, and
turn it backwards for some time. Lastly, wipe the blades quite clean from
the emery, and set the adjusting screws.

Should any part of the machine be broken by accident, a new part may
be had from the manufacturer, J. Ferrabee, Phoenix Foundery, near Stroud
(see advertising sheet), to fit into its place exactly, thus enablmg almost
any person to repair the machine.

We have before (Vol. VII. p. 611.) expressed,and now repeat, our satisfac-
tion at the circumstance of this machine being calculated to improve the grass
lawns of warm countries, from its " cutting grass or other herbage too weak
to stand against a scythe." This will insure the maciiine a good reception
on the Continent and in America; and it will probably enable the more
wealthy cultivators of the latter country, and of Australia, soon to indulge
in a garden luxury ; which, if they hail it to procure by manual labour, would
probai)]y long remain beyond their reach. We have elsewhere (Vol. VII.
p. 692.) mentioned that we have seen it at work in the Zoological Gar-
dens, Regent's Park. Mr. Merrick of Cirencester writes : — "I have had
one of Budding's machines in use, when the grass required it, all this year,
and am highly pleased with it. The narrow machine is best for a gentle-
man who wishes to use it himself, and also for grass borders; but the wide
ones are preferable for workmen who have much to cut." — A. Merriek.
Cirencester, Sept. 17. 1831.

French Mole Trap. — Moles are, perhaps, most troublesome from Mi-
chaelmas to Lady-day. The common w ooden trap operating by a spring-
bow which is disen-
gaged by the mole's
biuTo wing, and then
catches and kills the
mole by constric-
tion, is a very good
one; but the cast-
iron trap, on the
principle of a for-
ccj)s, closed by a
spring, as soon as
the mole displaces
the bridge by which
the trap's jaws arc
distended, is, per-
haps, better. We
have, however, to
submit another to
consideration ( Jig.
16.), which wc
brought from France
in 1H:>!), and which
consists of two sec-

General Notices.

87

lions of a hollow cone (a b), with a spring within (c) ; which being set free
by the mole's entering and pushing forward the plate (d), the spring c raises
the valvular stopper (e), which prevents the retreat of the mole. The ring
of withy ( /), which might be of iron, is for keeping the sections of the
cone united when the trap is set ; and, of course, it is slipped off every
time a mole is taken out.

Mr. Murray, of the botanic garden Glasgow, has_ rightly suggested that
it would be an improvement to have traps of this kind made in pairs, one
at each end of the same piece of wood, but still to keep them distinct in
the middle ; so that, let the mole encounter either end, it may have an
opportunity of entering. — Cond.

An Annular Pan, as a defence
against all such Insects and Vermin
as either never, or at least very sel-
dom, jly, has been sent us by Mr.
Allardyce. It consists of an an-
nular pan {fig. 17.), which is to be
filled with water, and so placed as
to have the plant to be protected in
its centre, whether in the open
ground or in a pot. This defence
will, no doubt, be very effectual
against woodlice and slugs ; but it
will be a very imperfect one against
earwigs, as those insects are now
generally known to fly, and more es-
pecially in the night-time. ("Seeil/crg.
Nat. Hist., vol. iv. p. 436.)— Cowc^.
Gauntlets for Lady Gai-deners. — Sir, The extensive range taken by the
varied contents of your Magazine, and, above all, the kindly interest felt
by yourself in every thing conducive in the smallest degree to the comfort
of others, induces me, without apology, to trouble you with the following
communication, trifling though, I fear, it may appear to many of your
readers. Perhaps it may seem ridiculous to those whom cuffs of broad-
cloth render invincible by such evils, to say, that, having for some years
(even from the time that I could first wield a knife for that purpose) been

in the habit of keeping pruned the rose-bushes of a small garden, I have
always experienced much inconvenience from their prickles, which, to say

D 3

38

General Notices.

nothing of the detriment done to the sleeves of the dress, will frequently
insert tlicnisclves between the f^lovcs and tiiosc sleeves, scratching the
wrists, and causing no slight degree of uncomfortableness, anil, I may say,
of present and after pain. To obviate this long experienced difficulty, it
at length entered, I cannot exactly say my own imagination, to conceive,
that gloves niaile after the fashion of gauntlets would at once protect
both wrists and sleeves from injury; and in this idea some members of my
family gave a glove-maker instructions in nudging a pair of stout leather,
which appear as if they would well answer the purpose, preventing the
intrusion even of the strongest prickles. Believing that many huly gar-
deners may have felt the same inconvenience, witliout, perluii)s, having
thought of a remedy, I am induced to send you tiie accompanying little
sketch of one {Jig- 18.) of tiie gardener's gauntlets, and the information
that they were made by Mr. T. Joy, No. 12. Mount Street, Lambeth, who
will undertake to make tiiem to order of any size and description. Yours,
iS.c. — C. P. Surrey, Kovemhcr 22. 1831.

Howden's Gatc-sluittcr Hinge. (Jig. 19.) — Few things are more vex-
atious about a gentleman's premises, or even on a eonnnon farm, than to
have gates left open by careless people. The following hinge, or contriv-
ance for fixing on the lower end of the hanging style of the gate, serves as

o

0

o
o

b

an cflTei'tual gate-shutter. Being made of cast-iron, it is botli ciieap and
durable. " You see it looks like two semicircles, working into each other
in the way of tooth and pinion : but they are not semicircles, they are not
.segments of circles, they are not even the two halves of an ellipsis ; as I
tried all these before 1 got it perfect. I made the model of a beech board,
1,^ ill. thick; 1 formed an ellipsis 7i by G in. : this I sawed in two, on the
line of the longest diameter ; the segments I cut into regular teeth, or
cogs, seven in tiie one, anil eight in the otiier, .so as to work freely into
each other; these 1 tried and altered, till 1 got tlie gate to play to the
greatest nicety, and then had sets of castings (Jig. \9.(/) for iron gates, and
( ,fig. 19. /-») for wooden gates. The chief alteration from a semi-ellii)sis is
flattening the centres, so as to give the gate a home or resting-place. A
gate thus hung cannot possii)ly l)e left open (luiless fastened open), any
more than the pendulum of a clock can remain .stationary any wiiere but
perpendicular to the centre of gravity. The best gates in your Eiwi/clo-
pwdi/is, 1 see, play ni)on two centres, which is certainly a great improve-
ment on the old hook and thimble; but then, they are very haril to open at
first, and though the fall gradually diminishes u]) to the s(|uare or point
where the gate, when open, makes a right angle with the line of the gate
when shut, yet, if opened any wider, the I'all is reversed, and back it goes
with a bang, straining itself all to pieces : whereas my gate, playing upon
something like two (juadrants, is most eaMl> opened at first, the pressure
gradually increasing, not only up to the si|uare, or right angle, but 20°
beyond it, both ways. — ./i>/in llowdtn. April IW. \KM).

(hi the AilvcDildgrx ij JlT J'/i<ii/\s J'i/s for groieiii'^ ear/i/ CuriDtibem. — 8ir,
The season having approached when those who desire early cucumbers are

IT
General Notices. 39

preparing for tliem, perhaps you will allow nie to say a few words by way
of recoiiimending M'Phail's pits, I have often heard gardeners of con-
siderable experience say they preferred dung beds, and have, in conse-
quence, been undetermined which plan to adopt. I am, however, fully
satisfied that cucumbers may be grown in perfection in pits, and with nuich
greater safety than in beds, in early forcing. Having had an opportunity-
last year of seeing some pits at work, in one of which the seeds were sown
in the beginning of October ; and having seen them several times since that
period, and found them fully answer the purpose, by producing plenty of
good fruit from the seeds then sown up to the present time, without a
single failure, during the past winter, when so many gardeners lost their
plants from severity of weather ; I have no doubt that an account of their
management will be acceptable to some of your readers; if, like many
with whom I liaA-^e conversed on the subject, they have hitherto found it
difficult to obtain good cucumbers from pits. In the first place, I beg to
notice that the size of the pits is not of any consequence; so that those
who have frames which have been used for beds may have their pits made to
suit them, and they may be made for one, two, or three lights. Having fixed
on the place on which to build, mark it out 4 ft. wider than the frames, to
allow 2 ft. on each side for the linings; dig it out about 18 in. below the
surface of the ground, so that half the brickwork (which will be 3 ft. high)
may be under ground ; by which means the linings will be better protected
from the wind, and it will be much more convenient to get at the
inside of the frames. If it is intended to build more than one pit, let
them stand 4 ft. apart, that there may be sufficient room to lay dung
between them, and allow 2 ft. at the ends of the pit for linings, as at the
back and front. The space being dug out, let a brick drain be made the
full length, of about 4 in. square, keeping the covering brick a little below
the ground, so as to allow all water to drain away from the dung, as well
as to receive the water given in the frames. The pits being built, having a
flue round and one between each light, let them be filled half way up with
brickbats, thrown in loosely. Then put on the frames, and when the work is
dry,throwin as much well-wrought dung as will reach about 6 in. higher than
the top of the flues, but not to cover the flues, on which dung the hills are to
be formed in the usual way. By this means the plants will be raised very
near the glass during the winter months, and, by the time the hot weather
comes, the dung will have sunk sufficiently low to prevent the sun injuring the
plants ; the dung also producing a moist heat, the want of which has been
so much complained of in brick pits. All other treatment the same as for
beds, except that at all times while the weather requires the flues to be
heated, plenty of water should be given on the flues once a day at least,
which water moistening their sides, and the dung lying against them, .
causes a steam in the frames equal to a dung bed, which adds greatly to
the health of the plants. Another circumstance I wish to notice is, that
the plants are often lost by the steam blowing in at the back of lights when
left up at night to admit air. This may be remedied by having a row of
narrow panes of glass at the upper end of the lights ; which may be taken
out, and the place covered, as occasion naay require, with something else.
It has frequently been found difficult to preserve cucumbers in pits from
being destroyed by what gardeners commonly call sow bugs (Oniscus
^sellus). These are encouraged by the frames being kept too dry ; but
may, however, be easily caught in small narrow boxes without a lid, filled
with dry loose hay, put in only tight enough to keep it from falling out
when the boxes are placed witli the open part downwards ; or, if boxes
are not easily obtained, common flower-pots will do, placed in the same
manner about the frames, into which, after the flues are watered in the morn-
ing, the insects will soon collect, and may be taken out and destroyed. I
should think that where new lights are made, instead of the bars going from

D !•

40

General Notices.

the bottom rail to the
top, they might fasten
in anotlicr rail within
2 in. of the top, leav-
ing; a space of that
width along the top
of the lights to be
coveretl with a lid of
tin or copper, hung
on hinges, to be
raised as occasion
required for the pur-
pose of giving air at night (Jig. 20.)

I am doubtful whether you will be able to understand my meaning; but
I am sure if you should, you will easily make others understand it when
you have given them a sketch of it, or perhaps will suggest something
better. I am. Sir, yours, &c. — A Lover of Ilorliciillure. Hammersmith,
Sept. 28. 1830.

T/ie JMildciv. — Most of the peach and nectarine trees, in a very exten-
sive garden, were long since badly infected with the mildew ; and, for the
last four or five years, were invariably getting worse, although I was con-
stantly trying almost every experiment I hatl seen recommended, as well as
others, on my own judgment. The result wjis no improvement, and the
trees became so bad that Lord Doneraile advised me to throw them out
altogether, and replace them with young ones. Being aware that there
was nothing amiss with the roots, and that all the evil was above the sur-
face, 1 suggested trying them another year, to which His Lordship assented.
In January last I had all the nails carefully drawn, and the trees detached
from the wall : the nails and shreds being removed, I then cut back every
young slioot I conceived likely to break, to an eye or two. My next
object was to get tlie trees most carefully washed with the composition
given below ; making use of a sjjonge where it could be used witli effect,
and in all the crevices and joints using a painter's small soft sash-brush.
This being performed, I got all the old nail holes stopped, and the walls
I)erfectly cleaned. I then nailed the trees to the wall again, and I have now
the satisfaction to find that I have not tiie slightest appearance of mildew
or blight of any kind. Tlie wood is perfectly healthy and well furnished.
Tiie trees are from 10 to 12 ft. in height, and equally spread out on every
side. They have l)een planted about fourteen years, anil from their present
!i|)pearance I can have little doubt of a plentiful crop next season. In
I'act, those w ho saw them last January can seiu-cely be persuaded that they
are the same trees.

The following is the composition used: — To four gallons of rain or
river water add two pounds soft soap, one pound flowers of sulphur, one
pound roll toi)acco, one (|uart fresh slaked lime, and one |)int of spirits
of turpentine. Mix the whole well together, and boil the mixture slowly
for half an hour. I am, Sir, yours, &c. — John Hui/rroft. Dottcrailf, Nov.
1831.

Cleaning Wall Nails which have bcru used, prrpnratori/ to their hriiig again
vscd. — My gardener used to spend days, and I may say weeks, in winter,
in cleaning up his wall nails; to save which time, 1 take any (luantitv, as
accumulated by collecting from time to time, from the shreds, and boil
them in a small co|)per with i.\lb. of American potashes to every p.iilful
of water. Two pailfnis will be sufficient to preserve the cop|)er from being
burnt. The nails are kept boiling for about two hours, and well stirred up
with a stick, and stiibiicd with a i)irchen broom. I clean 4() lbs. at a time,
and the same water will serve for many lots ; so that I can clean near 1 cw t.
in a few iiours, and for less than 2^. — E. S. Sillinghouni, FcIk .'5. 1831.

General Notices. 4^1

Destruction of Insects hy Ammoniacal Gas, — Sir, Among the various
plans hitherto proposed for the destruction of insects injurious to vegetation,
particularly under glass, there is scarcely one, if anj^, that is not liable to
some great objection : one of the best, tobacco smoke, leaves a disagreeable
smell, very difficult to be got rid of, and is chiefly useful against the aphides.
Sulphur, if exposed to a temperature very little above that required for slow
evaporation, forms sulphuric acid gas, which is highly destructive to vegeta-
tion. Lime renders the plants unsightly, and lime-water is liable to the same
objection ; while soap is difficult to apply, and more difficult still to wash
off, if allowed to dry on. It was with some pleasure, therefore, I saw that
Mr. Major, in his work on insects, proposes for the destruction of the red
spider a trial of ammoniacal gas, it having been found by Sir H. Davy to
be instantly fatal to insect life. In order to ascertain how far this might
be applied to plants with safety, in October last I submitted a plant of
slender fuchsia (Fuchsza gracilis) infested with the red spider, another of
common myrtle (ilfjrtus communis) affected with the turtle, or scaly
insect (Coccus hesperidum), and a third of nutmeg-scented storksbill
(Pelargonium fragrans), covered with the common green aphis, to the
action of this gas, decomposing the muriate (sal ammoniac) by quicklime in
a saucer, and placing the whole under a large hand-light. The result was,
that the Fiichsza lost, with the insects, all its leaves; the other plants did
not seem injured, the turtle insect appeared destroyed, but the aphides
seemed to have sustained little or no injury. I beHeved at the time I had
used too great an excess of lime, which, from the heat evolved, I then
thought had destroyed the leaves of the fuchsia. I next procured some
leaves with cocci (turtle insects) upon them, and others with aphides, and
placed them in solutions of ammoniacal gas in water (diluted hartshorn)
of various degrees of strength, but found it had little effect upon the latter
insects, unless placed in hartshorn of the medium strength ; but the turtle
insects were soon destroyed, even in the weaker solutions.

It then occurred to me that it would be very easy to saturate an atmo-
sphere of a given extent with the gas itself j but as it is very fugitive,
though at the same time rapidly absorbable by water, I thought the best
way would be first to saturate the air with moisture, by throwing water
upon the heated flues, and, as soon as the plants contained in the house
were sufficiently damp, to liberate the ammonia. In a green-house 16 ft. by
8 ft., and about 10 ft. deep, I placed four saucers containing sufficient quick-
lime to decompose 2 oz. of sal ammoniac dissolved in water, the vapour of
which seemed to have had no effect upon either insects or plants the next
morning. Considering the vapour not strong enough, I next placed 3 oz.
of the salt, and decomposed it in the same way ; and by the next day the
turtle insect appeared destroyed ; but the aphides, though weakened, were
left in sufficient numbers to replenish the house, although the gas had been
so powerful as to change the more delicate blue and red flowers to green,
and, as I in a day or two found, to destroy the leaves of many of the
plants, and a few of the plants altogether. The succulent plants suffered
most, with a few exceptions : the (Senecio elegans, Lobelk caerulea, Leuco-
dendron argenteum, Indigofera filifolia, and ^yoscjamus aureus, were
entirely killed ; the cinerarias, fuchsias, lobelias, Lachenalk tricolor, He-
liotropium peruvianum, Maurandya Barclay««a or ontirrhiniflora, Phoe^nix
dactylifera. Primula prae'nitens (or sinensis), Strelitzi« reginae, Bocconza
serrulata, Calla (now Richardi«) aethiopica, Coh(s'a scandens, ^ulbine
alooides, cassias, and some of the mesembryanthemums, were much injured;
while the hoyas, oleanders, citrons, acacias, cameUias, aloes, crassulas,
most of the mesembryanthemums, and heaths, escaped altogether, though all
were equally exposed to the vapour. Its effect upon the red spider I
could not ascertain, as none were at the time in active existence.

As it is still probable this gas may be serviceable in the destruction of

42 General Notices.

sonic kinds of insects, I have been led to send yon the foregoing account,
liojiinij, at le;u>t, it may save some troul)le and disappointment to otliers, if
no better use can be made of it. — Sigma. Saff'nm Jl'a/diii, Alarc/i li. 1831.

This article should be read in connection with that subsequently writ-
ten by Mr. Robert Mallet, and published in our Vol. VII. p. 557. — Conct.

The Culture (Hid Curing of Tobacco ht/ every (iardcncr, in order to cviplotf
it in deslroi/iug Ike Insects which iufe.it his Plants. — There is nothing more
common, when walking through houses of iliflerent descriptions, than to see
many of their imnates covered with insects, which might be easily destroyed
bv fumigation ; ami should you make an observation on this, you will
frc(|ucntly be told that the owner grudges the ex|)ense of a few pountls of
tobacco in a year lor their destruction. I have myself been placed in such
circumstances, and been driven to many shifts to get rid of insects, rather
than apply for the proper remedy. These shifts have for some years
past induced me to grow my own tobacco : and, although I do not manu-
facture it pleasant enough for the mouth, I do it well enough to destroy
any insect for which tobacco is used. As I have in general plenty of it,
I have no occasion (except for a single plant) to use either bellows or
patent syringe : for I make a few small heaps about the house upon a
lighted coal, and it requires no other attention till burnt out, when the
insects will have dropped ; as, not having to be in the smoke, I can
give them a little more than I should perhaps like myself. Should this
appear in your Magazine at an early [)eriod, j)crhaps some of your corre-
s[)ondents will give farther information on the subject before the spring, that
I and others may receive the benefit of it. I have tried many ways to
obtain the best crops of tobacco : such as sowing in frames very early,
pricking out ami potting in small pots, then finally planting out, &n:.; but
the best method I am acquainted with is the following : — About the
middle of March make up a dung bed, according to the quantity required to
be transplanted ; say 'Z yards wiile and 3 long, and -l ft. high ; put on about
3 in. of moulil, not too light, as a loamy soil hangs better to the roots when
wet, and thereby assists the plants when removed. I usually cover part
of the l)ed with hand-glasses, and leave part without protection. By this
means, that which comes up first is, of course, soonest fit to plant out, and
the other does to make good any that may have failed at the first time of
planting ; as there will always some fail. Plant out as soon as hu-gc
enough, either in single rows in different places, or in rows 5 ft. ajiart ami
about 18 in. from plant to plant in the row. No other attention is neces-
sary, but to pick off the flowers as they appear, and gather the leaves when
full grown, and, if it can be done, dry them in the shade. When dried, so as
not to be in danger of the leaves rotting, [)ut them in a heap to heat, or,
if the quantity is not sufficient to heat, press it well into a sack, ami lav
it either in a sufficient tjuantity of moist litter or on a Hue with a gentle
fire ; in a short time it will accjuire the smell of tobacco, and may be laid
by in boxes, and used as required. I have sown the seed in the autnnm in
a vinery, not forced, and jjlanted out the plants in the .spring, which is a
pood way to have it forwartl j but, for general practice, the first method is
recommended by yours, <!vc. — E. S.

To detect stolen Posts or Pales. — Bore holes in them, and fill them with
gnupowiler, or crackers ; when the thief puts them in the fire they will tell
tales. {News}}.)

nine Colour from Buck Wheat. [Qy. from all the Polygonums ?] — The
following is given as a method of extracting a blue colour from the straw of
buck wheat: — The straw should be gathered liefore the grain is quite dry,
and placed upon the grouml in the sun, until it becomes sufficiently dry to
be taken from the husks with facility. The wheat having been removeil,
the straw is to be pilcil up, moistcncil, and left to ferment till it is in a
state of decomposition, wlien it will become of a blue colour: this indicates

General No/ices. 43

the period when it should be gathered, and formed into cakes, which are
to be dried in the sun, or in a stove. On these cakes being boiled in water,
the water assumes a strong blue colour, which will not change either in
vinegar or sulphuric acid. It may, however, be turned into red with
alkali, into a light black with bruised gall nuts, and into a beautiful green
by evaporation. Stuffs dyed blue with this solution, which is to be used
in the same way as vegetable matters of a similar species employed in
dyeing, become of a beautiful and durable colour. (Lit. Gaz., Oct. 9, 1830.)
Temperance Societies are doing incalculable good here, as I can testify
from personal observation. In the Edinburgh Society we have already
above 2500 people ; some of whom told me, that even one glass of whisky
per day cost them 21. 10s. a year, confessing at the same time that they knew
it did them no good, but perhaps harm. The Society says nothing against
the proper use of malt liquor or pure wines. There is so much of a free-
masonry sort of feeling among gardeners, that I should think a Scottish
Gardeners' Temperance Society would produce a grand public and private
effect in England. — R. Edinburgh, Nov. 17. 1831.

We insert the above because it is sent us by a much valued correspond-
ent ; but we have liigher hopes of gardeners than to suppose that if any
of them were addicted to more drinking than they could afford, or than
was good for their health, they would find it necessary to get rid of the
practice by binding themselves by the rules of a Temperance Society.
Perhaps there may be some persons who require such a species of co-
ercion, and Temperance Societies may therefore act as a palliative of
the disease in this casej but we have little confidence in them even for
this purpose, and we look upon them as not at all calculated for removing
the cause of the evil. The majority of persons who drink to excess, do
so, we apprehend, as a source of enjoyment, for want of something better.
Open up various resources to them, and you will at least divide their en-
joyments. This is gaining something. Misery of various kinds induces
many to resort to the momentary oblivion produced by alcohol ; incessant
toil requires occasional indulgence; and the practice of drinking, once
commenced, soon becomes a habit, and doubtless increases the misery it
was intended to relieve. If the object of Temperance Societies were to
enquire into the causes of this misery and its remedies, we should strongly
recommend them to gardeners. In some able articles on this subject in
the Mechanic s Magazine, the uselessness of the Temperance Societies, as
at present constituted, is forcibly pointed out, and the causes of drinking
traced to the bad laws and bad usages which have entirely cut off the bulk
of the people from a great many sources of innocent and healthful pleasure,
while they have restrained them in the enjoyment of others. Every thing
which could diminish the workman's hours of hard labour has been
carefully guarded against ; while nothing has been adopted to increase, to
purify, or to heighten his pleasures. Render men comfortable and happy
and there Vv-ill be no occasion for Temperance Societies ', but it would
lead us too far to point out the evils which require to be remedied. We
refer to the various articles on the subject in the sixteenth volume of the
Mechanic's Magazine, and more especially to the articles in p. 109. and 202.
In the mean time, if any gardener is in the habit of taking a dram of
whisky every morning, and wishes to leave it off, let him begin with a large
bottle of the spirit, and every time he takes out a glass of whisky, let him put
in a glass of water. This is the way in which people cure themselves
of taking laudanum, to which, by the by, we understand the Temperance
Societies about Glasgow -and Paisley have driven some of their mem-
bers.— Ccmd.

Floriculture.

A Plan for removing choice Florists' Flowers from one Pol to another without
Injury. — Sir, I herewith send you a plan of mine, for removing the more

44

General Notices.

choice prize flowers from one i)ot to another, without" injury to their vegeta-
tion. Another advantage of my plan is, that the plant may be raised so that

the lower part may be exa-
mined, and any slug or
insect, found among the
roots, destroyed. Fig. 21.
represents n table with
three pots. I have taken
away the lower part of
the centre pot, to show
the inside of its bottom,
as my plan is to have pots
with loose bottoms. A
small projection (a) round
the inside of the sides of
the pot is made for the
movable bottom to rest
upon. When I want to re-
move a plant, I have a
light rim, the size of the
opening of the pot, with
three upright spring legs
(J) b i)o These are rivet-
ed to the rim c, and are
calculated to bear the weight of the plant and earth ; and, by pressing on
the ledge of the pot, the plant may be raised to any height (r/), or turned
out of the pot. By having pots made of certain sizes, the bottoms may be
removed along with the plant. I am. Sir, yours, &c. — M. Saul. Suli/ard
Street, Lancaster, Oct, '6. 1829.

A new Tu/ij) Transplanter, {fig.
22.) — Sir, I am inclined to think you
will consider my invention of a tulip
planter not unworthy of a |)lace in
your Magazine, in order that your
readers may judge of it for them-
selves. A few weeks ago a tin tulip
planter {fig. 23.) was brought to me
as an excellent thing for planting
tulips with. It did not appear as
such to me ; but I requested the per-
son to let us go to tne nearest gar-
den, to try it, in order that I might
point out its defects. In the first
place, I i)rcssed it into the tulip bed,
and then I was able to prove that it
would not bring up the earth per-
fectly. I afterwards pointed out
another defect in discharging the
earth ; and the answer was, how
could I remedy it ? 1 requested to
have a few days for that pur[)ose :
I consccjuently gave orders to have
another kind of tulip transplanter made, which I
have sent you {fig. 22.), together w ith the one be-
fore-mentioned ; so that you may try both plans,
and then give your judgment as to which is the best.
1 consider there is a great advantage in having the
apparatus to open, with a spring (n) to close it again.

General Notices.

45

When the tulip-bed is prepared, this apparatus is used to take out the
earth, after which the bulb is placed in the hole ; and then, by press-
ing the spring, the earth is discharged on the bulb from the machine
with the greatest ease. This apparatus is so simple, and so easily worked,
that I think it might answer for a variety of horticultural purposes, by
having it of different sizes, for the transplanting of different things. I re-
main. Sir, yours, &c. — M.Saul. Sulyard Street, Lancaster, October 7. 1831.

We have not had an opportunity of trying this instrument, but it pro-
mises to be an excellent one for the purpose proposed, and it certainly
merits the attention of those who study the exquisite, or what the Ger-
mans call the aesthetik, in floriculture. The French have a transplanter,
calculated to effect the same object ; but not with such nicety, because
it wants the spring. Our readers will find the French transplanter figured
Vol. I. p. 268. — Cond.

A cheap Awning for Beds of Tulips, Raminculuses, S^c. — Sir, The kind of
awning of which I now send you a sketch i^fig. 24.) and description is

quite a cheap one, and is much used by the Lancashire tulip-growers. It
consists of a few uprights and rafters, and a piece of canvass which is fixed at
a, and extends to b b. A strong roller {c) is fixed to the edge of the can-
vass J a cord is fixed to the roof, under the canvass, and brought round the
roller c, and over the canvass to a pulley at d, so that by drawing the cord
e, the canvass is rolled up by the roller c. By the use of a similar cord on
the other side, running in a distinct pulley at d, either side of the awning
may be pulled partly or wholly up, as circumstances may dictate. I am,
Sir, yours, &c. — M. Saul. Lancaster, Sulyard Street, Oct. 16. 1830.

Accommodating half-hardy Exotics to our Seasons. — Sir, From the ob-
servations I have made on early-flowering plants placed against south walls,
I am decidedly of opinion (where fruit is not the object) that we are in
error ; and that, instead of their being planted against a south wall, with the
idea of their receiving the sun in the winter and spring months, thereby
forwarding them unduly, all early-flowering plants should be placed against
north walls ; as it must be quite clear to persons acquainted with such
plants, that the grand object is to retard their blooming as much as possible
until the season is sufficiently advanced for them to expand without the
liability of being destroyed by frost. As a proof of the correctness of
what I state, had that fine plant of Wistaria Consequawa in the garden of
the Horticultural Society been on a north wall instead of a south, the
bloom would not have been destroyed by frost, as was the case last year.
Camellias also ought to be retarded as much as possible, as it is well known
that the first sharp wind or frost will spoil the beauty of the blossom.
I have had a fine plant of the striped camellia bloom beautifully the last

46 General Notices.

two seasons aj^ainst a south wall ; hut, what with the cold at ni<jht and the
sun in the day, the flowers were not in [)erfecti<)n ahove twenty-four hours.
So niueh for the extremes of heat and cold. South walls should only be
covered with late-flowering [)lants, as those are the |)lants which re(|uire
to be brought forward. lam, Sir, yours, &c.. — //. Groom. Walworth,
April 1-2. ikil.

JMcthod of j)rt}Iougbig the Flowering Season of Border Flowers. — Lupines,
yellow, large blue, small blue, white, and straw-coloured. For all these
the same mode of culture will suffice. The seed should be sown between
the 'iOth and 30th of March, ni pots, size 32, or larger, and not too thickly.
When the young plants crowd each other, turn them out of the jjots, and
cut off the tap root of each. They may then be either potted or [)lanted
in the open ground at pleasure. The only fiirthcr cultiu-e they recpiire
is weeding, watering, and cutting off the flower-stalks as"! soon as the
petals drop off. By this means the plant will not waste its strength in
forming seed; fresh shoots will continually grow; and the same plant will
be in full bloom from June to October.

Pclargoniuvis. The flower-stalks should be cut off, as recommended for
the lupine ; which will very much lengthen their time of flowering, and
greatly conduce to the vigour and neat look of the plants. The same may
be said of the dahlia, scabious, rose-campion, and, indeed, of all sorts of
herbaceous plants.

Georginas. The roots of the georgina should be planted in pots about the
latter end of February, and, if possible, placed under a hand-glass, or in a
frame. They may be planted in the bonier, about the beginning of June.
The compost for them should be three fourths sand ; and but little water
should be given them, otherwise they will grow to an inmieuse size, and be
destroyed by the frost before they can bloom. It may be as well to plunge
pot and all into the ground.

By the above it will be seen that the chief peculiarity of my mode of
culture is cutting off the flower-stalks as the petals drop. I must beg Jilso
to remind the London horticulturist of the great benefits of using a
garden engine to wash off the soot. — Alallheus Sy/mlicus. April, 1828.

The Dividivi (Cccsalpin'ia Coridri-a). — In the month of June, 1829, I sent
seeds of this plant to Dr. Bancroft, and I have lately been gratified by a letter
from Mr. M'Fadyen, the scientific ex-director of the botanic garden at
Jamaica, dated the .3d of September, 1831, from which the following
extract will be satisfactory : — " In several situations we have succeeded
in raising the plant from the seeds which you were kind enough to send us
(viz. in iK2f)). 1 have two very healthy plants at Hope Estate, one of
which is just coming into flower, and the other is preparing; so that in a
short time we shall have it in our |)ower to try the experiment on a larger
and more satisfactory scale. Like its congener, the C". pulcherrima (Barba-
tlocs flower-fence, or doodle-doo), it would appear to be adapted to flourish
in the hottest and most parched of our plains." This opinion perfectly
tallies with the account I lately received from C'arthagena, and shows more
strongly the inunense value of its introduction into our colonies ; while
his iiccount fixes the age at which seedling j)lauts begin to flower, at about
two years, or jierhaps thirty mouths upon an average: the fact deserves to
be recorded in your Magazine for general information. The ])ods of this
tree, besides their utility in the arts, manufactures, and medicine, as a sub-
stitute for galls, are greedily devoured by caUle; and, in times of scarcitVi
furnish a valuable provender for them. The mean produce of tannni
from no grains, as deduced from the results of two experiments, is G'()25
grains; while the mean |)roiluce of (>0 grains of the best Aleppo galls was
only i'Oir). Hence, taking 80.v. per cwt., or HO/, per ton, as the mean
value of galls (estimated from the prices in the I'ricr.i Current), the par of
value of a ton of dividivi may be found by the following proportion : —

General Notices. 47

As 4-625 : 6-625 : : 80 : 115-2433, or 115/. 4*. lOirf. sterling; a price
which, taking the mean annual produce at 30 lbs. each ton, and allowing
222 tons to the acre, gives a total produce of 2-97322 tons, worth at the
par of value, 342-843/., or 342/. 12*. lOirf. : a return from ground not
otherwise worth Grf. per acre, which does not yield in amount to that cf
sugar, without a twentieth of its expense and hazards. I remain. Sir, yours,
&c. — WiUiam Hamilton. Oxford Place, Flymouth, Ociober 20. 1831,

Cdcte<s. — Our collections are now, by the zeal of the botanists in the
New World, beginning to be well stocked with the species of this curious
and highly interesting family. At one tmie, the hotter parts of that vast
continent were alone supposed to afford them : but from the latitude of
Mendoza (33'' S.), and at a considerable elevation above the level of the
sea, Dr, Gillies has supplied the Glasgow and other botanic gardens with
no less than twenty-two species ; all gathered within the distance of a
morning's ride from that city ; while in North America, Messrs, Douglas,
and Drummond met with cactuses between the parallels of 40° and 50°, in
the Rocky Mountains : whereas. Professor Schouw has scarcely ex-
tended the region of the tribe beyond the tropics. (Dr. Hooker, in Cur-
tis's Botanical Magazine for October, 1831, tab, 3107.)

Brugmdnsia suaveolens. — Sir, Having seen in your late Magazuie an
account of the Datura ai-borea, now called Brugmans/« suaveolens, I am
desirous of giving you some further account of that most magnificent
plant, I planted one three years ago, within a pit in a lofty conservatory,
which grew most rapidly, and bloomed the second year : it increased in
growth, and in the third year it kept in bloom till winter ; and my gar-
dener picked up the flowers that fell from it, amounting to eleven hundred
and seventeen. It has still several buds on it, ready to bloom when spring
advances. This beautiful plant is fit only for a pit in the conservatory ;
being of too luxuriant and rapid a growth for a garden pot, in which it will
never blossom to advantage. It is easily propagated by cuttings ; and, when
visited by night, the sweet perfume which its blossoms emit is highly grateful.
— R. C. H. ' Stourhead, Feb. 1831.

Georginas, their sjwrtive Variation in Colour from Seeds. — In the spring
of 1831, Mr, Lord, florist and seedsman. Bury St. Edmunds, sowed seeds
of Douglas's augusta, which, as it will be remembered, is of a shaded
rosy colour. From these seeds plants arose, which, on blooming in
September and October last, displayed respectively the following colours :
striped red, dark crimson, dark lilac, rose, light crimson, shaded crimson,
light scarlet, purple, maroon (?), bright crimson, salmon-coloured, dark red,
one of a very dark colour something like pulla, and one of the same colour
as mutabilis. From scarlet turban Mr. Lord has raised several difierent
shades of scarlet, crimson, and lilac ; and one plant with blossoms of a red
colour. From coccinea superba he has raised a crimson, purple, red, scar-
let, orange scarlet, light lilac, and a dark crimson. Mr. Barrett of Hard-
wicke, close by (raiser of those superb georginas, Barrett's Susanna, and
Barrett's King), has informed me that he has seen several georginas, raised
from one head of seed, and that of these seedlings part had white flowers,
the remainder yellow flowers. The grower would not inform him from
which particular variety they were raised. — Henry Ttirner. Botatiic Gar-
den, Bury St. Edmunds, October 1. 1831.

Sjiortiveness of the Sjjccies of Salpiglossis. — Dr, Graham observes {Edin-
burgh Neiu Philosophical Journal for Oct. 1831, p. 377,) : — "I mentioned,
in May, the confusion into which the species, or supposed species, of Cal-
ceolaria were falling, by the multiplication of mules in cultivation. Another
South American genus [Salpiglossis] has run wild from another cause.
Salpiglossis seems to require no admixture of pollen to produce great
variety of form : it sports into many shapes and colours from mere insta-
bility of character. I now entertain no doubt that we have but one species

48 General Notices.

in cultivation. I have now (June, 1831) flowering in the Edinburgh Botanic
Garden many seedling [)lant.s from S. atropurpurca, which are precisely
S. straminea, though the size of the flower varies in the different specimens.
I have also seedling plants of S. picta, in some of which the corolla, though
perfect, is not above a (piarter of an inch long, and pure white; in otliers,
the corolla never appears at all j yet, both last year and this, specimens of
this description have produced abundance of seeds. I hope these blunders
are excusable on the first introduction of a little-known genus into cul-
tivation, as 1 myself contributed to the confusion ; but the persevering in
them would be without apolog}. I learn from my accurate friend Mr.
Cruikshanks that the forms in Salpiglossis vary greatly in their w ild state."

The case of seeds being duly produced from blossoms which have been
abortive in corollas, has been long exemi)lified in /'iola odorata, and V.
hirta ; although in these it usually occurs during the summer, and perhaps
autumn, after their proper season of blooming, namely, the spring. Da-
tura Tdtiila has also been witnessed by the Rev. Mi. Creed, a gentleman in
Norfolk or Sufl^olk, to bear apetalous blossoms, which were, nevertheless,
duly productive of seeds.

Although the sportiveness of the salpiglossises above named is considered
not to have arisen from one kind having impregnated another, that new
kinds may be generated by cross-impregnation is proved by the existence
of the Salpiglossis Barclay oV/a, mentioned Vol. VII. p. 597. as a hybrid
from seeds of S. picta which had been impregnated with the pollen of
S. atropurpurea. — J. D.

Additional Hybrid Calceolarias. — Professor Graham, in his description
of the new Calceolaria angustiflora (not angustifolia), published t. 3094^. in
the August number of Curtis's Botanical Magazine, exiiibits his reasons
for considering C. angustiflora a species ; and that it is not a British hybrid
he proves circumstantially. To these reasons and remarks he adds : —
" Still a contmued experience of the tendency to produce hybrids which
this genus possesses, renders me more and more sceptical about the title
which very appreciable varieties of form have to be considered specifically
distinct. In a former number of the Edinburgh I'liilosopliical Journal, I
noticed some nmle plants which had been raised by Mr. Gardner, at Gran-
ton, near Edinburgh, by artificially impregnating some of the most distin-
guishable kinds of Calceolaria. Since tiiat time, the same cultivator has
obtained all sorts of mixtures, and blended different species into one
another, through an infinity of gradations."

In our Vol. VI. p. 493, 49 k, an extract from Professor Graham's com-
munication to the Edinbtirgli I'hiluxophical Journal is given ; in w hich the
hybrid calceolarias there noticed are said to have been raisetl by " Mr. Mor-
rison, gardener to Lord President Hope, at (iranton." ^^'hether the hy-
brids above alluded to, through some mistake in the names of the parties,
be the same witii those mentioned in Vol. VI. p. 493. or not, we cannot
tell, nor does it much matter. If they be identical, one interesting fact
remains, namely, that, subsetjuently to the notice referred to, additional
hybrids have been originated ni the vicinity of Edinburgh. To these, for
tne sake of consj)ectiveness, may be added the hybrid mentioned in p. 310.
of Volume VII. At the show, July .5., of the London Horticultural
Society, Miss Martineau exhibited " a (Calceolaria raised from seeil of C.
Fothergllh, fertilised by C. corymbosa." At the exhibition on June 21.,
Mr. James Young produced " some fine specimens of hybrid calceolaj'ias."
Of these report has more than once reached us, and attested tiiem most
beautiful; but an advertisement in our August Number informs us that the
majority of these are identical with those above nameil, Messrs. Young
having " become the exclusive proprietors of the fine hybrid calceolarias
raised in Scotland, and partly described in the Gardener's Magazine,
Vol. VI. p. 494." Of tliese Messrs. Young offer five distinct varieties, a

General Notices. '4"9

plant of each, and a plant of Calceolaria YoungH, for two guineas. C.
- Yoiing/i is a hybrid of great magnificence, and is figured in tlie Botanical
Register for October (1831), tab. 1448., whence we learn, " it was raised
last year from [seed of] a plant of C arachnciidea imjji'egnated with C. co-
rynibosa." Its blossoms are of the size of those of C. corymbosa, their
ground-colour yellow, with a large deep purple spot upon the centre of
each inflated slipper or lip ; creating a contrast, by the vivid richness of the
colours, that is singularly striking and beautiful. C. Youngii in habit
appears to assimilate closely to C. corymbosa, and to have obtained little
or none of the caulescence of its female parent, C. arachnoidea. The Bo-
tanical Register contains the following directions for the successful culti-
vation of the superb C Youngw: — " It grows freely in rich soil, and is
increased by division of the roots. It reijuires an airy situation in the
green-house throughout the winter. Early in the spring, care should be
taken to observe the progress of its growth, so as always to give it ample
pot-room, shifting it as soon as its roots reach the outside ; by wliich means
much luxuriance of growth, and an astonishing abundance of flowers, are
insured. But the greatest display of its beauty is to be obtained by plant-
ing it (in rich soil) in the open border, in May, where it will uninterrupt-
edly increase in strength and splendour until October."

The height of the specimen figured is not stated ; but, from a friend who
saw a plant in blossom, we have learned it was 2 ft. or more in height. It
will be seen (in p. 509. of Volume VII.) that Messrs. Young have suc-
ceeded in growing C. corymbosa itself to the height of 3 ft., by treating
it with manured water ; and it is probable that, by the same means, C.
Young/i even may be so invigorated and magnified as to farther enhance its
excellence. Besides the hybrid calceolarias above mentioned, Mr. Dennis
has raised one or two ; and we have heard that there are others about. We
shall be happy to receive accounts of them.

" For a long time [Professor Lindley remarks, Bot. Rcgisfcr, t. 1454.]
the only colours that were known to exist in calceolarias were yellow or
orange. The first purple kind that was raised, C. purpurea, is a plant so
impatient of cultivation, that it still remains extremely scarce ; but C.
arachnoidea [the second purple one, and which is almost hardy] is not only
a common ornament of all choice gardens, but has become the parent of
many very remarkable hybrids."

On the culture of the shrubby calceolarias, it is needless to remark their
affection for a warm humid atmosphere. Mr. Thomas Bridges of Valpa-
raiso, collector and vender of the productions of nature there, in his first
letter thence, a few years since, remarked that in his earliest rambles he
found the shrubby calceolarias thriving and luxuriating in damp situations
at the bases of the hills about Valparaiso. — J. D.

Narcissinean Plants having been long peculiar objects of my attention,
and having, under the auspices of my employers, Messrs. Young, been gra-
ciously permitted to form an extensive collection of these precocious and
fragrant beauties ; and as among them exist new and noble species, amply
testified in the recent monograph of my learned friend A. H. Haworth, Esq.,
(a second edition of which is just published with an English preface, em-
bracing a historical view of the tribe and a detailed mode of culture,
thereby rendering it the fullest and best account that has hitherto appeared,)
I hereunder append the names of a few of the rarer or more interesting
kinds, which yielded their flowers in fine strength and consequent beauty
during the past season : —

A'jaj? Sal. and Haw. A^ja.i Sal. and Haw.

nanus Haw. cernuus ft flore pleno.

albicans Haw, serratus y radians Haw.

tortuosus Haw. lobularis Haw.

cernuus Haiu. ft ? amplicorona Haw,

Vol. VIII. — No. .36. ^

50 Gene^-al Notices.

A^jaj Sal. nnd Haw. GanjTnedcj Sal. and Haw.

caiiibricus Haw. concolor Haiv.

m&xiimis Haw. striatulus Haw.

The subgenera (for such alone do I esteem them) I'llu*, Ganymede^,
Diomcdc.«, and Tro.s-, are certainly the most rare and beautiful of their
numerous affinities. They succeed best (|)articu]ar]y Ganymede*) in a
pure loamy soil in an open but warm situation. The two species of Ga-
nymede.v cited above flowered with more than ordinary vigour, and are now
very promising for the subsequent developement of their graceful forms.
Diomede* Haw. Hermione Sal. and Haw.

Macl^ay/i Penny. biscrenata Haw.

Sabini Penny. perlutea Haw.

Troi Haw. lactlcolor Haw.

poculiformis Haw. crisnicorona Haiv.

galanthifolius Haw. Helena Haw.

Quelt/fl Sal. and Haw. gracilis Haiv.

semipartita Haw. Narcissus L. Sal. and Haw.

Philogyne Sal. and Haiv. ornatus Haw.

heminiilis Haiv. j3 plu-
riflora Haw,
With your permission, after the ensuing flowering season, I shall trans-
mit for your valuable work a complete enumeration of the species and
varieties, probably amounting to upwards of IjO, cultivated here; with
some observations on the validity of the species, and more extended
directions for their successful cultivation. — George Penm/, A. L. S. {here-
tofore Alpha). Epsom Niirseri/, Dec. 19. 1831.

Perfect Seeds and Culture of hdt/ij/rus grandifiorus. — Sir, Having trained
the magnificent pea, the Z/athyrus grandiflorus, against a wall with a south
aspect, in the expectation that such treatment would conduce towards
perfecting its seed jiods, an occiurence rarely, if by any chance, I am told,
ever happening in this country, I have to state, that, although the plant
grew most vigorously, attained the height of 9 ft. and upwards, and was
covered by a profusion of fine bold flowers, still there was no appearance
of fructification going on. The blossoms, after a certain time, withered,
dropped from their flower-stalks, and carried the germ, (Src, along with
them. On examining the flowers, I found the keel to all of them to be con-
sideral)ly distorteil at tiic |)art which protects the stigma ; so much so, as
to entirely preclude the possibility of the pollen being brought into action,
towards perfecting the fructification of the embryo pod. I introduced the
point of a knitting needle into the opening of the keel, and slightly pressed
upon the underside of the flower till the stigma and anthers protruded ;
and at this point, provided the flower was sufficiently mature, I found the
anthers to discharge the pollen pretty freely. When this took place, I
withdrew the needle, and had the satisfaction to find the greatest part of
the flowers so treatetl leave healthy germs behind, firndy fixed to their
respective flower-stalks : and from their present |)rogressive appearance, I
hope to have the pleasure of gathering perfect ripened poils this season. I
am. Sir, yours, &.c. — (i. C. jMasliam, Yorkshire, Juli/ 11. 1831.

A sketch of the pods, exhibiting their jjromising appearance on the 11th
of July, accompanied this our correspondent's obliging communication.
We omit the sketch, as it will be sufficient to remark that the most
forward pod was .3 in. long, and of an elegant figure. We have, how-
ever, j)rcviously known of three pods being |)roduced in a natural way by
plants of this superb pea ; but are, as our readers will be, obliged to our
corresptjudent lor pointing out a means by which they can, by a little arti-
ficial aid, be so readily obtained. Its barrenness in seeds is, however, less
a matter of regret, in consequence of its numerous, spreading, sprouting,
subterraneous suckers, by which it can be speedily multiplied to any extent.

Gcyieral Notices!. 51

Smith, and probably other writers also, seem to consider it almost an axiom
that those plants which increase numerously at the root are more or less
barren in seeds ; and this view has many facts to support it, and seems
consistent wilh our usual experience in physiology, where we witness that
a particular appropriation of energies to one part of a plant leaves the
other parts impoverished; a doctrine very familiar to the cultivators of
fruit. The view also harmonises with a beautiful economy frequently ob-
servable in nature, which, while it effects all needful ends, does nothing
superfluous.

We will name two illustrative instances, to set our young friends think-
ing. iS'^asturtium sylvestre, which increases abundantly by its suckers, has
its seeds " very sparingly perfected ; " and JV. amphibium, a plant increasing
at its roots most prodigiously, has its seed-pods usually small and abortive.
We have cited these instances from Smith's English Flora, but could supply
some from our own observation. Smith, in his English Flora, vol. iii. p. 195.,
says of the A'asturtium amphibium, " This plant is noticed by the cele-
brated M, Chateaubriand, in his account of England, for its wonderful
powers of increase by root. He observed it in the river near Beccles
[Suffolk], where he long resided as an emigrant ; and his rather florid
description has excited wonder and curiosity in many, who daily, perhaps,
pass over without regard several no less interesting works of their Creator."
Instances not a few, refractory to the above view, can also be cited : as
one, we may name the strawberry, which increases numerously by its pro-
liferous stolones, and also plentifully by seeds. It applies strictly, never-
theless, in the case of annual and biennial plants, which, being devoid of
all radical means of increase, have this defect compensated by their astonish-
ing seminal fecundity. The Canterbury bell-flower, Vii'ginian tobacco,
Indian corn, and annual sunflower, are familiar examples of this arrange-
ment.

Some plants which produce splendid flowers are more or less difficult
of cultivation. Not so Z/dthyrus grandiflorus. Almost the only condition
on which its ;perfect success depends is early removal. This should be
performed as soon as ever the herbage begins to turn yellow, which is at
the close of August, when the plant is at rest. Removed at this time,
autumnal growth has the good effect of so establishing it, as to enable it
both to resist the winter's frost, and to blossom the succeeding summer.
When removed, as it usually is, at any time between February and May,
it receives such a check to its growth, which is then going on, that one,
and sometimes two, summers are gone before it acquires sufficient vigour
to blossom. — J. D.

Horticulture.
Mr. Sei/mour's System of training Peach and Kectarine Trees. (Vol. I. p. 130.
and Vol. II. p. 295.) — We have been favoured with two communications on
this method of training the peach, &c.; and an account of the trees under
Mr. Seymour's own management, as they appeared last summer. " It is
impossible," says the writer, "for the pen to do the trees justice ; nothing
but a personal view can suffice. The health and regularity, the profusion
of flowers which covered the mother branches from the stem to the
extremities, were truly astonishing. One tree, a Bourdine peach, attracted
particular notice; it extended 47 ft. on a 10 ft. wall, and its branches were
literally covered with bloom on every part. Since the time I saw it, I have
understood from Mr, Seymour that he has thinned off from this tree 3540
green fruit, leaving an ample crop to come to perfection. As the process
has already been described in your Magazine, it is unnecessary for me to
repeat it here ; but I may add that it is entirely Mr. Seymour's own, he
never having had a hint, verbal or written, on the method, from any
one. The tree in the garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick,
said to be trained according to INIr. Seymour's system, is not a fair speci-

E 2

.'32 General Notices.

men of Ills management, nor is it a suitable tree to receive it. The main
l)ranclics are niit placed near enough at bottom, and the stem is too long;
so that tliis tree will always remain out of due form. There arc maiden
trees planted and intended for Mr. Seymour's method, with which they n)ay
succeed, es|)ecially if they attend to laying in the young shoots in proper
time. Of this I have no doubt, as the person chargetl with the execution
has a competent knowledge of, and nmch approves, the system." Though
this niethoil of training the peach, is similar in princijjle to the mother-
hrancli-traiitiii<> of the French garileners, described hi various horticultural
works published in that kingdom, and particularly by Mr. JSmith in the
T'rtinsrirfidiis of the Calahniian Jlorttcultitral Surictj/; yet originalit\' cannot
i)e denied Mr. Seymour in his car/i/ .itoppiiig the sunnner shoots intended
to bear fruit the iollowing year. His practice in this is entirely new, and
n>ay, therefore, be caileil the spur-bcarlng, with as much propriety as it has
been called the mothcr-brnnrh-hcarhig, system. — J. j\I.

Dcsfroi/inii the Apple Biiii (^A^phix /aii'igerfi). — I have found oil and soot
well mixed together and rubbeil in with a brush, an effectual ciu-e for the
A'phis lanigera on apple trees : for thougii it has appearctl again on the
same tree, it has never attacked the same parts which had been once well
saturated with the mixture. — B. B. Sept. 6. 1831.

Hardihood of hi/hrid Melons^ Sfc. — Sir, My i)ur[)osc now is to afford yoii
another instance of the greater hardihood of newly originated hybrids, in
corroboration of your remark (Vol. VII. p. Gf)().); but 1 have rather attri-
buted their aliility to resist unfavourable circumstances to the greater degree
of vigour observable, than to any s]K'cific hardihood peculiar to the indi-
vidual ; for I ilo not consiikr that they will retain the property after being
frecjucntly reproduced from seed, uninHiienccil anew by foreign fecundation.
r have this summer met with better success in my cultivation of melons, in
an un|)rotected state, from the seeds of hybrids obtained by cross impreg-
nation the season previous, than witli old varieties. The offspring of three
different hybridisations (one more especially, of which the parents were the
two mojt dissimilar varieties I could select) each yieliled more ample and
finer [)rotluce than any one of between twenty and thirty established
varieties, under no other dissimilar circumstances than that some of the
latter were raised from older seed. I send you copies of two letters
received from the secretary to our Horticultural Society, in allusion to a
melon I hail sent him, which was raiseil from seed, and grown thi-oughout
in the open air and conunon groutul. Tiic second letter was written in
consequence of my expressing a doubt as to his sincerity, and intimating
that he had been lavish of his praise merely to yiekl me gratification.

" Hurcrslcr, Sept. 27.
" Sir, I 1)PK to forw.-iril you tin- mulon Rcc<l, as. rotjiicstcd, niul to ^tate that tho melon
which you kindly |iicsoiitcil im.- was hy far the fuiu.st.flavourcil 1 cvere.it, niul tliis was the opi-
liiun of othcri wliu t:i>tc(l it. I consider it far superior to thosc grown by lieat. Yours, Sec.
" To J. C. K., Esq. J. Etans."

" Worcester, Oct. I.
" .Sir, The colour of the melon was deep oranRC ; and I assure you that what I said respecting
lt» flavour was not exaggerated ; especially when 1 inrorm vou tha< a person who had I'rcijucntly
tasted melons crown in pits, &c., but would never partake of theiu, nevertheless eat plen-
tifully of the one you favourc<t me with, and said it was far Mi]>erior to any he had ever tasted.

" Vours &c.
" To J. C. K., Esq. J. Evans."

The melon in ciuestiou weighed '.^Albs. ; the largest of that .sort weighed
a (jnarter more; but of other hybrids I cut one .>lbs. 12oz. ; anil yet others,
with tiie assistance only of a garden hand-glass, attained to 41bs., 5lbs., and
even (ilbs. On reference to the account of the meeting for September,
yon will note that I there received two prizes for such. (See p. 121 ) I
will next year, provided I am equally fortunate, send you a fruit, to enable
\()u to judge tor yourself Some that I eat myself were equal to the best
produce of my frames rij)ened in July and August; which latter, all who
tasted, and, among others, an Eastern traveller, avowed they had never

Ge?ieral Notices. 33

seen exceeded. I might add that the fruiterers were willing to give the
market price for the fruit thus grown in the open air. I am, Sir, yours, &c.
— J. C. K. Levant Lodge, near JVorcesfer, Dec. 1831.

Purple Egg Plant. — This seems to be the only variety cultivated abroad
for culinary purposes. I have never once observed even a solitary speci-
men in any of the markets of Italy of the white variety, and yet I do not
perceive why the latter should not be as good as the former. It is dressed
precisely similar to " vegetable marrow." A celebrated traveller informed
me that he was once present at an Oriental entertainment, where a growing
egg plant was introduced : and the fruit, pendent from the tree, had under-
gone various culinary processes, by the dexterous ingenuity of the Chinese :
some were boiled, others roasted, &c. — J. Murray. August, 1830.

Culture of the Tomatoes (Lycopcrsica.^ — I do not think the tomato, or love-
apple, is so much cultivated in this country as it deserves ; in some |)laces
possibly it may never ripen thoroughly, but even in an unripe state it makes
an excellent sauce, like apples or gooseberries, for roast meat, such as pork
or goose, its acidity being more pleasing than that of apples ; and, when fully
ripe, tomatoes make an excellent store sauce, for vvhich I send you a receipt
(Vol. VII. p. 698.), and I think they might be found to keep as well as
some other of our more delicate fruits. They grow easily, after being
raised in a hot-bed ; and, from the peculiar odour of their leaves, do not
so much attract that great enemy of our transplanted seedlings, the slug.
It is a mistaken notion, too, that they will only thrive in this country
against a wall : they are better away from fruit walls, the trees of which
they materially injure, and will thrive as well, when transplanted on a com-
mon bed, straggling in their devious course like vegetable marrows or any
other of the gourd tribe. Indeed, they may extend to any length, from
their propensity to strike root at every joint; and I have, even in the
confined limits which I could afford them in my own scanty garden,
gathered as many as a peck in a morning.

Having mentioned the slug as the great enemy of our gardens, I will
just hint at the mode I take to destroy them, and which I have found very
effectual ; of course, such a plan is hardly available any where but in a
small garden, except by broad-cast, which is not so certain in its results.
Every morning and evening, or after rain, I send a boy round the different
borders and beds with a small bowl of salt, a few grains of which he drops
on every slug he finds ; and it is really astonishing in how short a time
a sensible diminution of the evil is effected. The above fasciculus of
hints is much at your service. — £. B, Sept. 6. 1831.

The Scarlet-runna- Kidnci/bean was a perennial plant in my father's
garden at Kitwell House, Worcestershire, in 1810, 1811, and 1812. What
became of it afterwards I do not know, as we then left the place, and let
it for some years. — J. W. L. Bayswater, August 25. 1831.

The Scarlet Runner a Perennial. — Sir, Since you published the instances
in Vol. VII. p. 485., I have discovered another. Mr. Stephen Watts, Keur
sington Gravel Pits, about eight years ago witnessed it, as well as many of his
neighbours. His garden is bounded on the west by the blank back of a
house, which fronts the other way; consequently, the wall, which is 20ft.
high, presents its eastern face to his garden. Along this face, at a few inches
from its base, he planted a row of scarlet runners ; the haulm, herbage, &c.
resulting from which were not displaced till the following spring. The man
Mr. Watts employed in digging the ground left, by acciilent or sloven- -
liness, three root-stocks of the scarlet runner less disturbed than the rest,
for three grew again in the second year. Of these three, two were fair
plants, not much exceeding in size a strong plant in its first year's growth ;
but the third plant was a prodigy : its branches spread over a space of 0 ft.
at a few feet from the ground, and then gradually tapered off as they
ascended, and the central one or more of them actually reached the

E 3

.0 t General Notices.

summit of the 80 ft. wall. The outline fijrure of the whole plant was that
of an acuminate cone. The curiosity of his neij^hbours was highly excited
by the marvellous size of tlie plant, and by liis fretjuent use of a ladder to
gather its legiuncs ; and when informed of the plants being in the second
year of its grow tli, Mr. Watts received liberal offers from several for seeds
of his Everlasting Scarlet Runner, as they termed it.

It may be well here to notice that the term " everlasting" is, in other
instances, a|)plieil to perennials by persons unfamiliar with plants. In a
village in Cambridgeshire, known to me, and possibly in the county gene-
rally, the lleliantiius multiflurus, a well known perennial, is called the
Everlasting Sun-flower: this name, without a question, being designed to
contradistinguish it the more palpably from the annual species, Helian-
thus annuus.

The power of spreading, and extensive growth, evinced in the scarlet
runner above, exceed every instance previously known to me, and associate
instantly a recollection of tlie close affinity which the genus Phaseolus
bears to tlie genus ZJulichos. The power of extension possessed by some
species of Z)61ichos is most prodigious. I am, yours, Sir, &c. — John
Dcnxon. Baj/swater, Jit/i/ 'S\. 1831.

IVic Sea or Wild Cabbage at Dover. — Sir, Herewith I send you some seed
of the sea or wild cabbage ( J?rassica oleriicea Eng. Hot. pi. 637.), no doubt
the original [)arent of many of our garden vegetables. The plant, if not
rare, is yet, I believe, exceedingly local. Here it is evidently indigenous,
growing in the greatest profusion on the chalk cliffs, both on the preci-
pitous and accessible parts ; but I do not recollect to have seen it else-
where, save on the cliff' near the sea, immeiliately under the town of
Penzance, where it grows more sparingly ; ami in that situation its
character, as a native plant, is somewhat more dubious, occurring, as it
does only, so far as I observed, under the town ; a situation which might
lead one to suspect that the plant may possibly have sprung from seed
escaped from a garden. My reason for sending jou the |)acket of seed, is
the hope that you, or some of your friends, may try (as I mean to do my-
self) what may be the innnediate effect, if any, jiroduced on the plant by
cultivation. If (as may be expected) it be at all improved by cultivation,
or if it remains just as it is, it cannot but prove, I think, a valuable addi-
tion to our gardens ; for, even in its wild state, it is as delicious a vegetable
as I ever eat. I shall perhaps raise a smile on the faces of .some of your
blue-aproned readers, when I state that I have had the young tops of
this wiki cabbage boiled and served up at table many times this month,
gathering, of course, only the very eyes or young shoots, and that they
have affbrdeil a more delicate dish of vegetables, at least of the cabbage
kinil, than, I believe, can be purchased in the market at this season of
the year. In the spring they would [irobably be still better, as that, no
doubt, nuist be their proper season. The only wonder is that the sea
cai)i)age is not greedily gathered by the inhabitants, as well for private use
as for sale. Jiut such is human nature, that we are ever a|)t to nclect
and despise whatever is common and has always been before our eves •
and probably, had I myself been a native of this place, instead of an
acciilental visiter, I might never have thought of gathering the wild cab-
bage for the use of the table. All the productions of nature, doubtless,
liave their use, if we could but discover it; and the knowledge of this, and
the turning of any conuuon thing to good account, I alwavs consider as
a point gaineil. Such is my opinion of the excellence of tlie sea cabbage
as a culinary vegetable, that for the benefit of mankind I think its growth
ought to be encouraged, anil its seed scattered on all cliffs and waste
places, where it would be likely to succeed. I shouhl mention, that in
a native state the wild cabb;ige varies in its foliage and general appearance
almost as nuicJi as the ordinary garden cabbage differs from the Savoy or

General Notices. 55

the broccoli, which latter vegetable it much resembles in its general
aspect. Specimens also frequently occur very strongly tinged with a
purple colour. Yours, &c. — W. T. Bree. Dover, Aug. 29. 1831.

P.S. Since writing the above, I have ascertained that the use of the sea
cabbage, as a culinary vegetable, is not unknown to the inhabitants of Dover.
— W. T. B.

The seed received has been sent to Mr. Charlwood for distribution. —
Cond.

Freventing the Sprouting or Germinating of Store Onions during the Winter
and Spring. — Sir, As the season has now arrived in which most gardeners
have already taken up their store onions, or are about to do so, allow me to
suggest a plan for preventing that sprouting or germinating principle which
so often renders them inferior even at an early period, and almost invariably
useless at a later one, as an ingredient in our cookery.

As, however, it is not a plan of my own suggesting, but was mentioned
to me by an old lady who had seen it practised in Holland, it is possible
it may be known to many of your readers ; though, as far as ray own ex-
perience extends, it is practised by none.

It is simply applying a heated iron for a few seconds to the nozzle of
the onion whence the roots protrude ; and though I am sorry to say I
have no onions this year on which to try the experiment, they having
been swept from me by some petty depredator, still I can testify from my
own previous experience that it is an efficient mode of preserving them. —
B.B. Sept.Q.\^3\.

An Alternative against the Club in the Roots of the different Species of
"Brdssica. — The following may probably prove of use to some of your
numerous readers, who have their crops of cauliflowers, broccoli, &c.
annually destroyed by this as yet incurable disease. Some time ago I
had the charge of a garden that was more than commonly subject to the
club. I was of course induced to try every means in my power to find
out a remedy. I visited many gardeners in the immediate neighbourhood,
who had the same disease to contend with, but none of them could give
me the least hint of either preventive or alternative. I next searched
your Encyclopeedia of Gardening, but could find no preventive mentioned
in it ; and the only alternative I could find noticed was, to take up the
plants and cut off the clubbed part of the roots and then replant them.
In this case, however, although the clubbed part be cut off, some of the
grubs (for grubs they certainly are that cause it) still remain in the roots,
or easily enter at the wounded part, and continue to prey upon them,
so as to keep them always in an unthriving state. It is evident that
the grubs commence theii- work of destruction when the plants are young,
while the roots are tender and easily penetrable ; and, when once they get
into the tap roots (which they always begin with first), it is impossible to
eradicate them without cutting the roots entirely off, which would destroy
the plants also. I therefore resolved upon trying the following experiment: —

I procured from a sale garden some good strong healthy plants, the roots
of which had become hard and woody, so that the grubs could not easily
penetrate them. These I planted in the usual way, and kept them well
watered for a few days. In two or three weeks they began to grow most
luxuriantly, and ultimately far surpassed my greatest expectations ; indeed,
I can truly affirm that there was hardly a failing plant among them. The
sorts I planted were purple and white broccoli, Savoys, Brussels sprouts,
and cabbages.

To complete my experiment I planted on the same day, and in the same
sort of soil and situation, plants of all the above kinds, raised from seed
sown in the same garden ; and the result was, that two thirds of them
went entii-ely off, and the remaining part continued sickly, and were little
worth in the end. I regret, for the sake of the expciiiiicnt only, tiiat I

E t

56 General Notices.

hail not an opportiniity of trying it anotlitr season, to have been thoronghly
ronvinced of its utility. However, some of your readers who arc troubled
witii the chib will probably ,i,'ive the experiment a trial, and communicate
the result to your valuable Mairazinc.

In addition to the above, I should recommend that the ground intended
for plautinj; the difiL'rent sorts of 7ylas^ic•a u|)on be trenched two spits
deep in winter, and a suffuieut (juantity of manure added between tiie first
and second spits; and, previously to plisnting in spring or summer, to have
a good dressing of (juicklime and fresh loam, to be dug in, but not
deep. But 1 am afniid that I have taken a very roundabout way of
telling those who have gardens subject to the club, that, instead of raising
their own cabl)ages from seed, they must procure clean established plants
elsewhere. I au). Sir, yours, &c. — 'Rmssica. Nov. 1831.

Til produce t/ouiig Votalocx for the Table during U inter, in the open Air.
— The varieties of the potato which I [)Iant arc the early kidney, early
Ross, and early Ciraham. At the time of housing potatoes, I select a peck
of the largest of each kind, and lay them on the ground as close as they
will lie (not heaped up) one beside another, which gives me the size of the
pit where I keep them till the time of planting. I dig this pit o ft. deep,
and lay the potatoes as close as above mentioned in the bottom of the [ut,
covering them with dry saud 1 in. thick, and then filling up the pit with
earth, and treading it very firm to exclude the air. Let them remain in the
pit till tlie middle of July, and then take them up, and pick out all the
eyes except a good one in the middle of the potato. When planting, keep
the eye ujjpermost.

Tliey will answer best in a south border that has a little slope, to throw
ort" tile rain. The soil should be [)retty rich, but no diuig should be added ;
for I have found by experience that, if the soil is in good condition, it will
grow potatoes large enougli for the table, and they will have a better flavour
than they would with dung.

I'lant them 1 ft. from each other in the row, 3 ft. between the rows, and
2 in. deep. Take great care in earthing up the stems afterwards, as they
are more tender than if they were plautetl earlier. High winds are very
injurious to them if not earthed up in due time. They require nothing
more but to be covered with long litter at the end of October, to preserve
them from the frost. They are dug up for the table as wanted. 1 am, .Sir,
vours, &c. — liobert Arthur. Jnrdinr Hall, Nov. 25. 1831.

Carrots ma^ be grown in Peal [not Heath JMould]. — The garden of Sir John
Hay, Bart., at King's Meadows, Peeblesshire, is situated upon a subsoil of
cankering gravel mixed with a substance having a near affinity to ironstone.
This I detected by means of the water in the neighbourhood of the garden,
which I tested with the tincture of galls, and other chemical re;igeuts used
in analysing cluil}beate waters. Every test used showed the presence of
iron in a high degree, by the black colour given to the water upon the
addition of any of the tests. The soil is light and sandy, but produces
vegetables to e(|ual,if not excel, any in the county, carrots excepted. Mr.
Sherare (the gardener) has had the garden under his management for above
thirty-one years; and during that period he has never obtained a crop of
carrots worth any tiling, although he had tried every means which his
judgment could suggest, or otliers recommend. After so many ilisappoiiit-
meuts, he had for many years pa.st considered his soil as incurable, aiul
totally unfit fi)r the culti\ation of the carrot.

Last autuuui, being engaged in preparing a suitable soil for evergreens
and Auu-ricau plants, the tliought struck him that he might try the eflects
of peat in growing carrots. The |)eat used was that taken from what in
Scotland is called a moss hag; that is, pure decayed vegetable matter,
without any mixture of sand, I've. The ground was trenched about 2 ft.
dee[), with the addition of a little dung. The first frost was taken ad-
vantage of for the purpose of wheeling on the peat, which wa.'^ laid regu-

General Notices.

57

lal'ly on about 8 in. thick, with a slight dusting of lime. In this state it lay
till spring, exposed to the frost, when it was dug in. The seed was sown in
the usual manner, and at the proper time for producing a main crop. No-
thing out of the common routine of culture was given during the season.
I have since received a letter from Mr. Sherare, in which he states his
success to have been most complete. 1 have also received another letter
from a man of nmch experience, an eyewitness of the experiment, who
remarks, " that not only is the crop better than any in the county, but
greatly superior to any he ever saw in point of size, shape, and cleanness."
I am, Sii', yours, &c. — Eiihebiciis HorticuUor. Bedford Niirseri^y Dec. 10.
1831.

Agriculture.

Ruta baga,orYeHow Swedish Turnip. — An excellent variety is now grow-
ing on the farm of a friend of mine in this parish, which, in point of form and
quality, and, I believe, of weight per acre, as far exceeds any thing of the kind
I have ever seen before, as any cultivated vegetable exceeds the wild sorts.
You will be somewhat interested in this matter when I tell you that the seed
was procured from, and strongly recommended by your friend and con-
stant reader Mr. George Fenn, nursery and seedsman, of Beccles. A part
of the field had already been sown with Swedish turnip seed, raised from
transplanted stock by a neighbouring farmer ; but, as soon as Mr. Fenn's
seed arrived, the sowing of the first-mentioned seed was stopped, and the
remainder of the field finished with his stock. There was no great deal of
difference in the number of plants, except that Mr. Fenn's came up quicker,
and, though sown last, were first to the hoe. At the present time, a
stranger, j udging of them from the road, would see considerable difference
between the two stocks ; and perhaps, from its greater rankness and heavier

top, give the preference to the old sort. (fg. 25.) But his opinion would
change on closer examination : he would find the plants of this stock, in-

General Notices.

stead of fij)/)fin<^ (as wc say) kiiuUy, wasting tlieir strength in endeavours
to form, not a bulb, but an unsiglitly and unprofitable stalk, as shown in
fig. 25.) : in fact, bearing more the character of a cabbage than of a turnip,
and very coarse and fibrous at the root. Sucli are what I call the old stock,
the sort most conmionly grown about here, and the seed of which was pro-
duced from trans[)lanted roots selected by a careful farmer. Now, what are
Mr. Feini's ? Certainly, the handsomest turnips of the sort lever yet saw ;
and if I said oi' am/ sort, I do not know I should be very wide of the mark.
1 have in the sketch i^g-^d.) endeavoured to give an idea of their general

form ; and a comparison with fg. 25. will at once show their supc-

rioritv.

Here is no running to stalk, notliing of the mongrel about it ; but a
round handsome bulb, with a rougliish yellow skin like a melon, and of a
fine rich (|ualitv when cut into. An old labourer observed to me: —
" Lawk, Sir, wiiat beauties them new tannu|)s ilew grow, sure//V .' — why,
they look more liker a melon than a tannup. They haen't got no fifers
[fibres] at the roots, like them t'other." And the old man was right.

" Look at this picture and on that."
One is comparatively clean and free from fibres, whilst the other is like an ash
tree in miniature. Of the comparative weight of the two cro|)s I should give
a decided preference to Mr. Fenu's; but, even were the w eight C(iual, I should
certainly grow the latter on account of their superior cjuality. It may be
said that 1 have caricatured mv likenesses; at any rate, that 1 have selected
the handsomest of one stock and the ugliest of the other ; but it is not so :
from Mr. Fenn's turnips I could have chosen thousands ecjualiy handsome;
from the others, thousands eciually ugly. One of his i)lants, I must remark
in conclusion, at this time measures 2 ft. 1 in. round the bulb : nor has it
vet attainetl its full size. They are a sight worth seemg, and ;u-e very di»-
fcrcnt from anv thing of the kind I ever i,aw before. 1 give you my name,

General Notices. 59

because I think anonymous accounts of these matters are very often, and
perhaps very justly, open to suspicion ; and because, as a disinterested
person, 1 can say more of them than, perhaps, our friend Fenn vi'ould feel
disposed to do. I am. Sir, yours, &c. — S. Taylor, Gcldeston, near Beccles,
Snfolk, OcM. 1831.

From some experiments lately made by Mr. Sinclair, the results of
which are given in the Farmer^ Journal of Jan. 2. 1832, it appears that the
Swedish turnip, unlike other turnips and the mangold wurzel, produces
most saccharine matter when the roots are large : a powerful argument in
favour of its culture in preference to the plants mentioned. In the same
journal, notice is taken of the great success of Mr. G. Mills at Cranbrook,
near Ilford, in procuring heavy crops from transplanted plants ; a practice
long known in Scotland. Mr. Mills's success, however, has been so great,
that he is going to publish a book upon the subject. — Cond,

Architecture.

Bridge-building. — It appears that the New London Bridge has sunk as
much as 7 in. on the western side, and about 13 in. on the eastern side.
Mr. Savage, an architect who has paid great attention to the subject of
bridges, and who circulated a pamphlet in 1823 disapproving of the late
Mr. Rennie's plan, assigns, as a cause for the sinking, the use of too many
piles under the piers. The foundation, he says, is a bed of dense clay,
which is not mended, but injured, by piling. At the building of Waterloo
Bridge, a bed of similar clay was wholly disturbed by piling, and, instead
of being rendered more secure, was raised into a sort of puff paste ; in
consequence of which, the security of the bridge depends entirely on the
piles acting as stilts. (See Mr. S. in Examiner, Dec. 25. 1831.) We con-
sider the reasoning of Mr. Savage as perfectly just, and in accordance with
the arguments against the use of piles in Mr. Smeaton's works, and with his
practice in the case of the Perth and other bridges. The real truth we
suspect to be, that the great success of the late Mr. Rennie in all his un-
dertakings prevented any part of his practice from ever being questioned,
except by a few men of science, like Mr. Savage ; and these being generally
poor, or young, or comparatively little known, their criticisms were never
listened to. Nothing is so difficult, in this country, as for an architect or
engineer who has nothing to recommend him but a profound knowledge
of his subject to procure employment. An eminent man like the late
Mr. Rennie not only carries every thing before him during his own life,
but leaves a sort of hereditary influence to his family, which secures to
them that employment which they would probably never obtain by merit.
We could name architects and engineers of first-rate acquirements, who
have scarcely any thing to do; and others of scarcely any mind, who are
full of employment ; but time will remedy this evil, as well as many others.
As the government, corporate bodies, and monopolists generally, get
poorer, scientific men will have a better chance ; for the force of money
being wanting, the power of skill will be resorted to from necessity.

We shall probably give Mr. Savage's remarks on the design of the late
Mr. Rennie in an early Number ; in the mean time we would ask Mr. Sa-
vage and other scientific engineers whether sinking a caisson, and loading
it with three times the weight the pier was destined to bear, would not
effect a foundation as good as one obtained by even the best mode of piling ?
Suppose the loading to consist of regular layers of stone; and that, after all
the sinking which triple the weight would produce had taken place, the
courses of the loading were found not quite horizontal ; the loading could
then be taken down as low as the bed of the river, and the surface thus
exposed be hewn to a level. This done, the permanent pier, destined to sup-
port the bridge, might be commenced in the usual manner. This idea, we
believe, is expressed in detail by Smeaton, or by Belidor or some other

60 General Notices.

Frencli autlior, and it is [)ut in practice every day, on a bniali scale, and
with diftercnt materials, h\ jzardeners, who roll their gravel walks or ap-
proach roads with rollers which press on every part of the surface with
tri|)le the eflect that men, horses, and coaches can do. In conseqnence of
this, the walks are smooth, and the approach roads without ruts. — Cond.
Firc-prooJ Floor.i and Hoofs. — Mr. Frost, of No. 6. Bankside, builder
and cement manufacturer, has just described to us his mode of constructing
floors to houses of hollow earthenware tubes and cement, combined in such
a way as to form a floor as strong as one of timber, and much more imper-
vious to heat, cold, sound, or smells. The hollow tubes are scpiare in the
section, and arc made of brick earth, prepared in a very superior manner by
machinery ; they are jilaceil in strata in opposite directions, and cemented by
a new anil very superior cement of Mr. Frost's invention. We have not time
at present to enter into details ; but it may suffice to say, that the floor or
flat roof produced by Mr. Frost's process is in effect one flag stone (only
not a fifth part of the weight of solid stone) of a size sufficient for the
space to be covered. The invention appears to us of immense importance
with reference to fire-proof buildings ; and we shall have much to say on it
in our next Number, and in our Kucycloptrdia of Cottage Architecture, now
nearly ready for the press. In practice this mode of flooring and roofing will
not be more expensive than the common mode,the material costing little, and
the whole of the effect being the result of labour. Notwithstanding the im-
mense importance of this invention, especially for small and middle-sized
houses, we can foresee that it will be extreniely slow of introduction, because
it will cut deep into the trailes of the timber merchant, carpenter, and
plumber. It must, however, finally jjrevail. It is pleasing to think that,
by Mr. Frost's fire-proof houses, and Mr. Witty's smoke-consuming fur-
naces, London might become a city of flat roofs covered with ganlens of
pots. We sincerely wish some man of property would take Mr. Frost by
the hand ; he would be found a scientific builder of many years' experience,
and well acquainted with the princii)!es of mechanics and chemistry, and
their application to architecture. — Cond.

Mr. Frost's Ccnicid is thus formed : — Chalk is ground very fine! v in a mill,
and, as it is ground, mixed with water, which conveys its lighter particles to a
reservoir. Clay is grinding at the same time by the same machinery, mixing
with water, and conveying its lighter parts to the same reservoir. This coii-
bination of chalk and .'30 |)er cent of clay is drained and left to evaporate to
dryness. The stratum is then broken up, burnt in a kiln, anil after being
ground to powder, is [)iit into casks and hard pressed. It will thus keep
for aiiy period, and may be sent to any distance. It is much chea|)er than
Koman cement ; and has this great advantage for country use, that it re-
ijuires no sand to be mixed with it. It ap|)ears to us that garden walls and
cott;iges might be formed entirely of this cement, arrangements being
adopted to have what is usually built solid made cellular. It would suit
admirably for building houses in warm climates. [This and the preceding
paragraph were in type in April last, i)efore we left London on our tour,
and have, unfortunately for Mr. I'rost, stood over ever since. We hojie,
iiowever, to make amends for the delay, l)y |)revailing on some friend, who
has the money to spare, to erect a fire-proof cottage on a piece of ground
at liayswater, which we shall point out. We hojje some moneyed reader
will volunteer his assistance on this occasion.] — Cond,

Zinc, rolled into large plates, is now a good deal em|)loyeil as a substitute
for lead and slates, in the roofing of buildings, both in Britain and on the
Continent. The great advantiige of these plates of zinc is their lightness,
being onl\ about one sixth part of the weight of lead. They do not rust,
which is another great advantage, and has led to the employment of zinc
jiipes both for cold and hot water, (lircwstcrs .Journal.) No covering is
better adapted for verandas and sunnner-liouscs. — Cond.

General Notices. 61

Domestic Economy.
Cheap Beer for Gardeners and their Workmen. — Sir, I send you some
receipts for cheap beer, to which, I hope, you will give general publicity,
as no set of persons will be more benefited by them than gardeners and
their workmen. I observe, first, that West India molasses is the best for
the purpose. It is a kind of treacle, which is sold as it comes from the
West Indies, and is known by a gritty substance at the bottom of the cask,
more or less like sand, which substance is, in truth, an imperfect sugar.
Common treacle will do as well, if the quantity be a little increased, say one
pound in six or seven ; but the best article of all is the coarsest brown sugar
you can get ; it is better than the higher-priced for this purpose ; and you
may use one pound in six less of it than of the West India molasses. It is,
however, dearer upon the whole, though still much cheaper than malt. In
making beer from unmalted barley, it is necessary to take good care not to
use the water too hot, as, if it be, the barley will set, that is, become
pasty, and not allow the water to drain off. Be very particular about this ;
a little oat chaif well mixed with the barley will go a great way to prevent
this accident.

1. Raw Barley and Molasses. The use of raw grain with molasses, for
making beer, is a most valuable discovery for the middle classes. Put a
peck of barley or oats into an oven after the bread is drawn, or into a
frying-pan, ami steam the moisture from them. Then grind or bruise the
grain roughly (not fine), and pour on it 2h gallons of water, so hot as to
pain the finger smartly. Mash it well, and let it stand three hours. Then
draw it off, and pour on every two gallons nine of water rather hotter than
the last; but not boiling (say not above 180 ). Mash the liquor well, and
let it stand two hours before you draw it oflfl Pour on afterwards 2 gal-
lons of cold water ; mash well, and draw off. You will have about 5 gal-
lons. Mix 7 pounds of West India molasses in 5 gallons of water ; mix it
with the wort from the barley ; then add 4 oz. of hops, and boil one hour
and a half. When cooled to blood-heat, add a teacupful of yeast ; cover
it with a sack, and let it ferment eighteen hours. In fourteen days it will
be good sound fine beer, quite equal in strength to London porter or good
ale. The 9 gallons of beer will cost : — 1 peck of barley, I*. 3d. ; 7 lbs. of
molasses, 1^. Qd. to 2s. ; 4 oz. of hops, 3d. : in all, 3^., or, at most, 3*. Qd.

2. Malt and Molasses. Pour 8 gallons of water at 173'^ on a bushel of
malt. Mash well ; let it stand three hours ; draw it off, and add 8 gallons
more water at 196°. Mash, and let it stand two hours: add 8 gallons of
cold water to the grain, and let it stand three hours and a half. Mix
28 pounds of West India molasses in 20 gallons of water, and boil the
whole with 2 pounds of hops for two hours. When the liquor is cooled
down to 85°, add half a pint of yeast ; cover it with a sack, stir it well,
and let it ferment twenty-four hours. In proper time you will have 36 gal-
lons of good ale for — 1 bushel of malt, ds. ; 28 lbs. of molasses, Gs. to
85.; 2 lbs. of hops, 2s.: in all, 17^., or, at most, 19^.

3. West India Molasses onli/. Mix 14 pounds of West India molasses
with 11 gallons of water; boil it for two hours with 6 ounces of hops.
Let it become quite cool ; add a teacupful of yeast, stir it up, and cover it
over with a sack, to keep it warm. Let it ferment sixteen hours, put it
into a cask, and keep it well filled up ; bung it down in two days, and in
seven days it will be fit to drink, and be stronger beer than London porter.
This is the simplest of all ; a washing copper and a tub, or even a large
tea-kettle, only being requisite. Thus 9 gallons of beer can be made : —
14 lbs. of molasses, 3^., or, at most, 4*. ; 6 oz. of hops, 4|rf. : in all, 3*. 4irf.,
or, at most, 4^. 4^^d.

A small quantity of copperas, or vitriol of iron, about as much as will
lie on the point of a small knife, is in general use, to give beer a head, and
make it drink pleasant and lively. It is not necessary, but it is not unwhole-
some in any respect. — V. A. B.

62 Forei<!n Notices : — France.

Art. III. Foreign Notices.
FRANCE.

The Labouring Clauses in the South of France. — Sir, Having read in the
Gardener's M;if;azine, with much satisfaction, your descriptions of the state
of the peasantry and the working classes in various parts of tlie Continent
of Europe which you liave travelled over, I send you an extract from the
letter of a highly gifted and intelligent lady, describing the present state of
the peasantry in a part of France not much visited by English travellers.
The account cannot fail to interest many of your readers. The writer of
the letter is well qualified to form a correct estimate of the comparative
comfort of the labouring classes in England and France, having for many
yeiu-s taken an active i)art in ameliorating the condition of the poor in her
own neigiibourhood, in one of the northern counties in England, where
her husband is a most useful and benevolent magistrate. Yours, &c. — B.

" We have traversed the l)anks of the beautiful Loire, visited the various
old towns of Orleans, Blois, Tours, Saunmr, and Nantes, and are de-
lighted with the scenes; but I nuist not be topographical, when you can
have your map out in a minute, and the guide-book to tell you all about
them. Nantes was to have been the end of our journey, but then we heard
so much of the brilliant Bordeaux ; so on we came, and saw in tiie way
the towns of Rochelle and Rochefort, besides passing through previously
the interesting heroic La Vendee. Who can turn back at Bordeaux,
when the Pyrenees are so near? so we took our first view of them at
the pretty town of Audi, then to Tarbes, and the day before yesterday
brought us to their very foot.

" You, wrapt in } our fog and your smoke, may wontler what an October
course in the mountains can offer to attract; but if you could only be here
and see how perfect it is, the air clear anil bright, autl warm as in our finest
August days, the trees still in leaf, and the tints of every colour, and the
outline of the hills as finely marked as if a pair of scissors had cut it. We
were out from eight till four yesterday, seeing cascades, and rocks, and
picturesque hamlets. The heat was almost insupportable ; ami for myself,
I am sure this excursion is made as early as my constitution could
endure it.

" We have long ago left all the English, and are now really living in a
foreign land : no more loges royales, no more Eli/scc dinners or Gcnlis soirees,
as in our former visit to France ; but in their place we have the people of
the country always about us, with an opportunity of constantly speaking
their language, and i)ecoming aciiuainted with their habits, manners, and
institutions. Cold nuist be that heart that can make the tour of France
without a sympathy for the happiness that every where prevails. If you
enter a cottage, and ask how the owner lives, the answer will prt)babl\ be:
— * Mademoiselle, nous sonunes proprietaires ; nous ne sonuues pas riches,
mais nous sonunes independans ; nous sonunes contens.'* Tiie beggars are
very much diniiuished ; and it is rare inileed to see any one with that
starved and wretched look so conunon in England. This is the fruit of
their sudden leap towards liberty. Primogenitureship gone, wealth diffuses
itself; hereditary honours abolished, there is hope for tlie lowest : and
then tiie senate, how wisely it is arranged ! — to sit with the peers you
must be 40, with the connnons 30 ; and even to vote, you nuist be 25.
Soldiers are never flogged ; and the punishment of death is scarcely ever
inflicted. How far are we behind! it makes me sad to think of it." —
ft- iiout Pi/rrncc, liagncs de Bigorrc, Oct. 29. 1831."^

* " We are proprietors ; we are not rich ; but wc are independent ; we
arc content."

§ It will be .seen by the date that this letter was written a little before

Foreign Notices : — France. 63

Lower Normandy. — The situation of Bagnoles Wells reminded me
much of Matlock, as I remember it 30 years ago ; but it has the advan-
tage, as a place of retirement, of having no public road passing through it,
and on the whole it is on a less scale than Matlock, though the rock
scenery is both bolder and finer. There is a beautiful trout stream
running through the valley at Bagnoles, and abundance of fine growing
timber trees situated at the bases of the rocks, and growing out of their
crevices with great luxuriance. On the south, the Forest of Ardennes
reaches to a level with most of the tops of the rocks ; those on the north
are surmounted by thriving plantations of larches, Norway spruces,
Scotch pines, and cedars of Lebanon, in addition to the native woods.
From the midst of these rises a belvidere, having a railed gallery nearly
round it ; from which a most striking, extensive, and yet rich and beauti-
ful view is commanded of a part of the neighbouring forests, the rich
vales at the foot of the hill, and an undulating well-timbered country,
extending even into the departments of La Sarthe and Mayenne, bounded
in the distance by the magnificent ranges of hills which cross those depart-
ments.

The i?hododendron ponticum was in full blossom in the romantic
valley of Bagnoles, in the middle of May, intermixed with most of our
English indigenous and acclimated common shrubs and plants, which
have for the most part been planted adjoining to, or in view from, the
judiciously planned walks and rides ; which add greatly to the interest
of this solitary and singular, but beautiful, spot. At a distance of a
quarter of a mile, an English kitchen -garden has been begun, with
every prospect of considerable success ; but the death of the proprie-
tor has arrested its progress, and for a time injuriously affected the
whole of the establishment of Bagnoles Wells. The building of
the garden walls, which are at present completed only on the north
and partly on the east side, is about to be resumed ; and it was intended
to finish the gardener's house adjoining in the course of the summer.
The ground enclosed, which in quantity did not exceed a hectare of
land*, is divided into exact squares by turfed walks, which are again as
regularly subdivided into beds of different sizes; with their respective
paths. The main walks, bordered by dwarf apple, pear, and other fruit
trees, are of sufficient width to allow of a cart passing along them, for the
admission of which, space for an ample gateway is left at the end of one of
them ; and the south side of the north wall is well clothed with healthy-
looking peach and nectarine trees. Though situated on high land, the
garden is well sheltered ; has a gentle slope towards the south, and a
beautiful never-failing stream of water running through it in covered
drains which supplies a circular basin in its centre. From the cause be-
fore mentioned, which had paralysed every thing, the spring crops had

the abolition of the hereditary peerage in France. Much has lately been
said in the English papers, of the misery of the working classes in France;
but these accounts apply only to the manufacturers, who, after all, I believe,
are in a far better state than the manufacturers in Great Britain, the price
of provisions being much lower. A few years since, I saw several thou-
sands of the manufacturers of Lyons assembled in the fields on a jour
de fete, and was highly pleased with the courteousness and kindness of
their manners to each other; the general propriety of their behaviour
forming a striking contrast to the rudeness, boisterous violence, and drunk-
enness, which would have been exhibited by the same number of manu-
facturers in Lancashire, assembled on a holiday. — B.

* A hectare of land is equal to somewhat more than 2^ acres English
statute measure.

64- Foreign Nuticca : — Fiance.

I)pcii omitted or noglcctcd, and the 6up|)lics for the establishment Were
drawn from two gardens in the valley near the dwelJini; of tiie |>ro-
prietrcss. Adjoining the nanien is wiiat is termed the park, which con-
sists of a considerable tract of land with alleys planted in the formal
French style, some of them very \vi<le, ami others doidjle, with rows of
trees between. A <;reat part of this land has not been yet reclaimed ;
whilst other parts are under cultivation, and mostly i)re|)aring t)r xarrasin
[buckwheat], alter potatoes or lentils. The elevated site of this spot, and the
abundance of shade which must in a few years result from the growth
of the trees, will render it, in spite of the neglect and want of taste eon-
s|)icuous therein, a great acquisition, auil source of pleasant exercise
in the season, to the visiters of the baths, especially when the stones of
which the roads are made, are broken small or well covered with gravel.
The acconmiodation for visiters at the baths is extensive ; and the sleeping
ajiartments, in the new and largest part, excellent. We were assured
that at times in the season there had been 100 bathers in a day. There
are two series of baths, one for gentlemen and the other for ladies, w ith
each its dressing recess, under the same roof; and across the yard is a
large bath through which a strong stream of warm water is always running,
with pijjes for douches, &c., capable of accommodating many persons at
one time. The natural temperature of the water is about 50° Fahrenheit;
but the private batiis may be had of any warmth desireil, by means of
artificial heat. The Forest of Ardennes is the most considerable in the
north-west part of France ; its extent could not be ascertained w hen we
were there, as it had never been measured, surveyors for that purpose
being expected daily. Under the general head of this name, it is subdivided
into very extensive |)ortions, each of which has its appropriate and subor-
dinate name, as the " Foret de la Ferte Mace," &c. From traversing it
in various directions, and from the best information we could ol)tain of
resident officers of the forest and other persons, it must comprise in the
whole many thousand hectares of land : it is national property, and, like
all the rest of the national forests in France, is at present wretchedly ma-
naged. The outskirts of this forest, to the extent of six or eight thousand
English acres, were like several other of the national I'orests, to be sold ;
and in all probaliility at prices which would well repay a judicious and
capitaled speculator. The timber consists chiefly of beech, oak, and ash ;
the underwood of all these, with the alder, willow , birch, &c. In or near
the centre of the forest, and on high ground, is a large circular space cleared
of trees, from which diverge eleven s|)acious avenues or alleys, each of
which leads to some town or village in its inimetliate neighbourhood. The
views from this central point, called La belle Etoile, are very striking,
and the display of such multitudes of magnificent trees graml and impres-
sive in the extreme. < )n the northern borders of the forest ores of iron
abound, which are fluxed with the charcoal made in the forest. It is
doubtless in this |)art of the country that the chalybeate springs of Ba-
gnoles originate, though at a distance of some miles ; there is said to be
a small portion of sulphur also detected on analysis of the water. The
products of the soil, whether in the department of arboriculture or horti-
culture, much resemble those of the south of Kngland, as do the general
features of the country those of some of its richest parts. The seasons also
are iiki' those of luigland ; the winters probably severer, but drier; the
springs undoubtedly earlier, though not so early as those of Tonraine and
Poitou. Meadow grass was being cut between Bagnoles and Coutcrne on
the 28th of May, when we left the wells.

The cottage and farm gardens in the neighbourhood of Bagnoles have
nothing to <listinguish them from the general run of such gardens in France,
certainly not nuich to eulogise; but then, the greater munber of occu-
piers of land are pro[)rietors al.so, and draw a great part of tlieir vegetables,

Foreign Notices : — France.

65

and, indeed, of their subsistence, from the produce of their little fields ;
most of which have in them a full proportion of apple trees. Of the sar-
rasin, the most favourite object of cultivation, is made a great proportion
of their bread ; and, besides the potato, they have many sorts of the ^ras-
sica tribe, and haricots and other lentils in abundance. For the domestic
employ of the women, as well as for sale on a large scale, much flax and
some hemp are sown ; both of which, in the month of May, promised abund-
ant crops. This department has a large population, but it is not strikingly
visible. There is very little of distress apparent amongst the lower classes,
though it was said many young men had been allured to Paris by the offers
of employ on the public works ; and the expenses of the government were
universally complained of. The fact is, France, like the rest of the world
which has been aroused from its state of lethargy, and gotten rid of some
of its ruinous and disgraceful ignorance, wants a c/ieap government. Tim
Louis Philip promised them, under the term " republican institutions,"
when he was elevated to the throne in consequence of the revolution of
July, 1830. This promise, however, he has never fulfilled ; and France
is consequently dissatisfied, and Louis Philip's throne unstable. — John H.
Mosgridge. Woodjield, Nov.y 1831.

New Method of training Hops in the Vosges. — M. Denis, member of the
Society of Agriculture of the Vosges, has published a treatise on the cul-
tivation of hops ; in which he recommends, from experience, the substi-
tution of iron wires for poles, for the training of the plant. These wires,
formed in pieces of about 3 ft. in length, and
joined together, so as to resemble a surveyor's
chain, are suspended horizontally between two
oak posts, placed at the extremities of the
lines of hops, arid supported by wooden props
at regular intervals. The hops are conducted
by little rods to the iron chain, along which
they are trained. M. Denis computes that, by
his practice, about a fifth part of the original
cost of poles is saved. {Bidletin des Sciences
Agricoles.) We saw hops so trained on M,
Denis's farm at Roville in 1828. The crop
had been good, but it did not appear to us any
thing like the crops usually seen in England ;
nor do we think this mode of training at all
calculated to produce an equal quantity of sur-
face with the mode by perpendicular poles.
We would rather recommend a congeries of
perpendicular wires from one pole. ( fg. 27.)
— Cond.
Paris, Dec. 20. 1831. — Our markets have been better supplied with
both vegetables and fruit than I have known them for many years. The flowers
have been also abundant. A few days ago, I saw in the Marche aux Fleurs
the finest oleanders in bloom ; a thing not common at this season ; and
various species of Amaryllis, which, I was told, had not been forced.
Many trees have ripened their seeds ; such as the Anona triloba L. [Asi-
mina triloba Dunat] and ZJiospyros virginiana, in Cels's nursery ; and, what
is more remarkable, Magnol/a macrophjlla, in the grounds of M. Sculange
Bodin, at Fromont. This establishment is in a very flourishing state, and
it is quite astonishing to see the numbers of rare or showy green-house
plants (such as Azalea indica, Cunninghamk, Araucdria, &c.) which are
raised there from cuttings of the tender points of the shoots, or by herb-
aceous grafting of the same parts of the plants. As to camellias and
oranges, they are raised in quantities beyond number ; Camelh'« muta-
bilis, a seedling from the same double red as was raised in the Traversi Gar-
VoL. VIIL — No. 36. r

66 Foreign Nuflces : — Germanjt/.

den at Dcsio, near Milan, by M. Jean Casoretti, in 1824, flowered with
M. Soulanjie Bodin at Froiiiont, last si)rinsi, for the first time in France.
But this, ami other news of tlic kind, you will find in the Annalcs dc Fro-
viont ; of which M. Soulanjic Bodin informs me he sends you repdarly a
copy. Some curious discussions have lately been i;oing on in the Academy
of Sciences on the subject of vegetable physiology, which, I trust, will
attract the attention of Mr. Lindley, as his doctrine (originated by De la
Hire, and continued by Darwin, Du Thouars, and Poiteau), of every bud
which produces a shoot sending down roots untler tiie bark,<!v:c., is opposed,
and, as it is thought, proved to be false, by a committee of the Academy.
I am sorry to say, tiiat, notwithstanding the abundant crops, there is a great
deal of distress at present jirevailiug in this country, not only among the
manufacturing, but among the agricultural, class. The causes are various ;
but the chief 1 believe to be discontent at the excessive amount of taxes,
and especially at the income of the king, which is enormous ; being, as a
clever writer in one of the newspaj)ers states, about 20 francs (IGs. 8r/.
sterling) every minute ; or, as much in ten minutes as a Lyons weaver
gets in a year. — T. E.

The Sitb.icripiion Garden at Lisiciuc in Kormandi/. — The subscription
garden at this place is very extensive, containing numerous shady walks,
fine trees, beautiful shrubs and flowers, a variety of rural scats and alcoves,
a retreat in the midst for meditation, and fishponds with gold and silver
fish. At the entrance is a lawn, of an oblong form, the ground rising to
the right, and in front. I think there are twenty-four subscribers. The
people of Lisicux appear very fond of cultivating gardens ; many of which
contain choice and rare specimens of shrubs and flowers. Among other
shrubs, that called Barbe de Chevre(5'pira.'\i Aruncus) is nuich admired.
A. M. Qucsncy has a very pretty garden, laid out with grottos, arbours,
&c., and a room elegantly fitted u[) with yellow damask curtains, mirrors,
sofa, an ornamentcnl chinmey-piecc, an organ, books, chairs, &C. The walls
are painted by himself, and represent scenes in Home and Athens. I saw
in this garden a great variety of flowers ; particularly aloes and roses :
among tiie latter were a dozen sorts of roses upon one stem. — J. M.
June 10. 1831.

GERMANY.

Vtmna. — The TivoR Garden at Vienna {fg. 28.) was first opened in the
spring of 1830. It is one of those public jilaces of amusement which,
within these few years, are become fashionable in some of the large
towns on the Continent, as Paris, Naples, Milan, <S:c. It is situated on the
east side of the garden of Schonbrunn, on an eminence called the Griincn-
berg ((iSreen Mountain), about two English miles from town, and in the
fine evenings of summer is frequented by the most respectable society.
The building is sufficiently s|)acious to contain from two to three thousand
persons ; and its appearance, as well as the internal arrangements, is par-
ticidarlv striking and elegant. In the centre is a large saloon, with billiard
tables, and at each end are various rooms for refreshments. The principal
anmsement of the place is riding on little carriages, each containing two
persons, which are set oft' from an elevation of about I2(h at the one end
of the i)uilding, and i)y their own weight are proi)eiled along a descending
undulated railway, which passes in an exteniled circle to the other ex-
tremitv, where the people alight, and either ascend the steps in the front
to the refreshment rooms, or walk in the gardens. The carriages are then
drawn under the building up to the place from whence they set off", ready
for a new course. The thunder-like noise occasioned by their continual
passing along the wooden railway is agreeably softened by two i)ands of
music, which play alternately. Those persons who do not choose to ride

Foreign Notices : — Germany.

6%

may enjoy the scene from a broad terrace which is over the colonnade, and
which affords a fine view, not only of the garden, but also of the surround-
ing country. On the other side of the building are winding walks, in the
manner of a labyrinth, and the endeavours of some to extricate themselves

afford much amusement to the spectators from the terrace. In the evening
the whole place is brilliantly illuminated with various coloured lights, which
have a most pleasing effect, and occasionally the amusements of the day
are terminated with a display of fireworks. — C. R. Dec. 1831.

Mimich, — Some forcing-houses in the royal kitchen-gardens at Munich
have been heated by hot water, on the level circulation principle, from the
plan of the chief garden inspector, M. Sckell, who has published a plan of
the houses heated, and of his apparatus, in a quarto pamphlet, now before
us. He notices the mode of heating by the common German stove, to be
seen in every inn and post-house north of the Rhine ; by flues, as in hot-
houses in England ; by steam, which has been treated of by Seidl, Otto,
and Schram, in the Berlin Horticultural Transactions for 1827 ; and, lastly,
by hot water. He gives the history of this mode from facts which it is
impossible he can have obtained any where else than from the Gardener's
Magazine, which we regularly send him in exchange for certain Munich
publications ; and yet he has not once mentioned that publication, or
referred to any source from which he obtained his facts. We do not state
this in the spirit of finding fault ; because, as far at least as gardening and
agriculture are concerned, it seems to be the general practice of the German
authors, and indeed of those of the Continent generally. Hence it is that
articles and curious facts which have been stated for the first time in an
English publication, ai'e not unfrequently translated into some Continental
publication, and again translated into English, and published as novelties,
in some of our journals, with the name of the foreign paper appended as an
authority. Almost every Literary Gazette and Xew Monthly Magazine
contains paragraphs of this description, not a few of which are from the
Gardener's Magazine. We may instance the article in our first Number,
on washing salads in salt water, which was unnoticed by any paper in
England, as far as we observed, till it was retranslated from the French ;
after which, having appeared in the Literary Gazette, it made the tour of
Europe and America. One of the latest Literary Gazettes which we have
seen contains " Growing potatoes in a cellar, from a German paper," a
mode which appeared several years since in our Encyclopcedia of Garden-
ing, 2d edit. p. 394-, 395. The same article was inserted in the Bulletin des
Sciences Agricoles some months ago, and also in Moleon^s Receuil Industriel.
We find no fault with any of the parties ; we merely state the facts, to account

F 2

68 Foreign Notices : — Ifalj/.

to some of our readers for our not inserting a/l the scraps of this sort
wIulIi they arc good enough to copy out and send us from journals and
periodicals. — Cond.

ITALY.

T7ie Olive may be propagated not only by Xovoli (see Vol. VII. p. 663.),
but more expeditiously hy Buds, Cnttinss, and Grafts. — The cuttings are the
most valuable, as they soonest produce fruit. They take root so readily,
that sometimes a hrandi or even a trunk of an olive tree that has been broken
oft', if put into the earth to serve as a prop for a vine or any other tree, will
grow, and, in three or four years, bear a tolerable crop of fruit. The best
mode of propagation, however, is that adopted by the olive-growers in
Tuscany, viz. to raise plants from seed ; a method which invariably pro-
duces the largest, strongest, and best young trees.

In several parts of your Gardener's ^Magazine, you have expressed an
opinion that there is no essential difference between plants raised from
seed and those propagated by cuttings or shoots. The result of some
observation^i I have made upon the growth of the olive tree seems to
contradict this opmion.

An olive tree raised from seed throws out a leading or tap root, which
penetrates deeply into the ground, while its stem ascends in a vertical
direction. An olive tree propagated by cuttings or shoots has no leading
root; but its other roots, springing only from the circumference of the sec-
tion of the cuttings, eye, or shoot *, spread out near the surface, without
ever striking deeply into the soil. This fact is so well known, that on
the sides of the hill of Lario, where for ages past the olive tree has been
cultivated, the peasants have a common proverb, " That the roots of the
olive tree love to hear the sound of the bells." Hence arises a phenome-
non which many of your worthy countrymen who have travelled near the
Lake of Como may have observed, which is, that the olive trees that are
planted ui)on the sides of those mountains, although originally placed in
a vertical position, incline, by degrees, towards the horizon," until they
become perpendicular to the side of the mountain ; or, in other words,
until they have accjuired the same degree of inclination to the horizon as
the declivity itself has. That such should be the case appears perfectly
natural : since the roots of an olive tree raised from a cutting or shoot,
growing very wide apart and always close to the surface of the soil, form
a level parallel to its slope. According to this direction of the roots, the
stem or trunk of the tree is forced to take one which may not lean upon
any portion of the roots more than upon another ; it must therefore be
perpendicidar to all, thence perpendicular to the sides of the hill. This
mclination of the olive tree may appear, at first sight, to be extremely useful
to the economical dis|)()sition of the ground, because, upon grounil which in-
clines towards the horizon, the more the trees u|)on it follow the ilirection
of the slo|)e, the greater will be the niunber of plants which the space can
contain ; the number of trees planteil vertically being to the niunber of
those whose position is perpendicular to the slojie of the hill as the cosine
of the angle of inclination is to the radius.

Nevertheless, this inclination of the olive tree is in truth one of the
causes which conduce to its decay, as 1 have shown in a paper inserted in
the Annali Univcrsali di A;^rieollura, vol. viii., entitled " On the Decay of
the Olive Trees which grow upon the Mill bordering the Lake of Como,
the Appearance of the A/usca oletc, &c " This diversity of direction might

* Not a single root can spring from the central and inferior portion
of the section, where there is no liber, from which alone roots can be
produced.

Foreign 'Notices : — Italj/. 69

by itself sliow that there exists some difference between seedling plants and
those of the same species raised from cuttings or shoots. Further, a seed-
ling olive tree never puts forth any suckers ; it flourishes upon the edges
of mounds, upon rocks, and even upon the bare calcareous sandstone, be-
cause its roots, penetrating amongst the crevices of the rocks, meet with
nourishment to insure a vigorous vegetation ; on the other hand, an olive
tree raised from cuttings or shoots throws out from its roots a numerous
progeny of suckers, which weaken the parent tree, and very often expose
it to suffer from aridity, even when planted in a deep soil.

There is also a difference with regard to the developement of the vital
power, or mode of vegetation, between trees raised from seed and those pro-
pagated by cuttings. I have selected the olive as an example, because I
have it close at hand ; but I have no doubt that the same doctrine would
hold good with respect to other trees, and in England as well as Italy.

Mr. Sweet, in his Botanical Cultivator, first edition, affirms that " seed-
lings are not so hardy, nor so easily preserved, as plants raised from cut-
tings, and seldom make such good plants." A little afterwards, he adds : —
" Plants raised from cuttings taken from flowering plants will flower quite
young, which cannot be expected from a seedling." But mark how I shall re-
turn the argument : if they flower while yet quite young, it must make them
small and weak, because (you have yourself referred to this in Vol. V.)
the calling of the generative faculty precociously into action has a tendency
to enfeeble the plant, and to prevent the due developement of its physical
force : the plants, consequently, become weak ; and, being unable to resist
the bad effects of the external action of the atmosphere, are more exposed
to disease, and, of course, more likely to die. A stalk of oats or of mig-
nonette may live four years, if the flower-stems are cut off as they appear.
Your gardeners are aware that it is necessary to prevent the too early
flowering and fructification of fruit trees, particularly peach trees, other-
wise they are weakened, remain dwarfish, and perish young. Th3 same
thing happens to animals : a male and female silkworm (Phalae'na mori),
allowed to copulate, die in thirty-six hours ; if kept apart, or the act of
generation prevented, the two silkworms would live six days : although
provided with organs, they never eat.

I heard, some time since, that you wished to receive accounts relating
to the science of horticulture in Italy. If you should think that I can be
of any service to you in this matter, I shall be most happy to be placed on
the list of 3'our contributors, and I will send you, by the first opportunity
an account of a very beautiful variety of the Pelargonium cordatum, with
double flowers, lately obtained from seed by Sig. Giuseppe Manetti, in the
imperial and royal gardens near Monza. Other accounts shall also be
communicated to you upon the success obtained in the cultivation of the
Nelumbium flavum and N. speciosum, in the open air, in the north of
Italy ; and of the naturalisation of the Agave americana on the rocks near
the Lake of Como, where it grows spontaneously, and produces fruit
within less than sixteen years. I will inform you, in short, of the present
state of horticulture in Lombardy, and the immense improvements which
it is capable of receiving in ditFerent parts of this kingdom. The progress
in horticulture, to which your works have so greatly contributed, had
encouraged me to undertake the publication of a journal, on the plan of
your truly excellent Gardener's Magazine, which I should have called
Giornale dei GiarcUnieri e Registro degli Novanzamenli in Agricoltura (The
Gardener's Journal and Register of Agricultural Improvements). But,
occupied in employment wholly foreign from any kind of literature, I have
been obliged to postpone this undertaking. In the mean time, I have
thought it useful to begin publishing a translation of your highly valuable
Encyclop(Bdia of Gardening and EncyclopcEdia of Plants ; because, when
any improvements are to be effected in any art or science, it is requisite

F 3

70 Foreinn Notices : — Noith America.

'a

tliat tlic present state of that art or science should l)e previously ascer-
tained, in order to make known the most effectual means of improvement.
Nor would it be deemed |)rol)al)le, for instance, that the marshes of Colico,
the Lakes of C'anzo, of Pusiano, and of Oggiorno, all in Lonibardy, could
be rendered healthy ami useful, besides being embellished by the intro-
duction of the Schubert/« disticha, the 6'upressus /hyoides, the Nyssa
aquiitica, and of the dirterent kinds of nelumbiums, unless an authentic
account should first be given of what they are; of the nature and proper-
ties of the deciduous cypress, the white cedar, the tupelo, the yellow nelum-
bium, and the X. speciosum. Nor could it be hoped that the cultivation
of the pine-apple in the open air (i'ananasso all' aria aperta), on the sides
of the Lario Hills, would be attempted, without a previous knowledge of
the nature of the soil, the degree of temperature, and the methods which
are requu'ed for the growth of this plant. I am. Sir, yours, &c. — Luigi
Mcmetti. In the Office of the Imperial and Royal Gardens of JHonza, Lom-
bardi/, Sept. 8. 1830.

Olive Treesfrom Seeds or from Cuttings essentialli/ the same (extracted from
the Conductor's answer to Signor Manetti, dated Jan. 12. 1832). — With
respect to the propagation of the olive, I allow that what you state is per-
fectly natural and correct ; but I still consider a plant, whether raised from
a seed or a cutting, as essentially the same, on the following theory : — If
you were to plant one of your olive trees, raised from cuttings, on a tolerably
ricii soil when young, and a few years afterwards, when the tree had firmly
established itself, were to cut it tlown to the ground ; and when it grew the
following spring, were to leave only one of the numerous shoots which it
would send out from the stool, you would find that this shoot would pro-
duce as upright and handsome a tree as a seedling ; and that, if the soil
and subsoil permitted, it would send down a tap root as strong as that of
a seedling, unless it had already a sufficiency of horizontal roots. This
theory is perfectly consistent with the fact that a cutting or a layer will,
under ordinary treatment, and esi)ecially in poor soils, assume the habit of
a branch, rather than that of a young tree. I apprehend that you would
find, if you were to plant seedling olive trees on the sides of the hill of
Lario, that they would assume the same forms as those raised from cut-
tings. The reason why the trunks of the olive trees on the declivities of
Lario are perpendicular to the plane of that declivity, and not to the plane
of the horizon, is to be found, in my opinion, in the nature or mode of
growth of the tree itself, rather than in the manner in which it is propa-
gated. I recollect seeing very few olive trees in cither France or Italy, of
any size, that stood perpendicularly, or had heails which could be called
well balanced. . . .

NORTH AMERICA.

Pamientier't Garden, near Brooklyn. — Sir, At the request of some of your
readers in this country, I have compiled from different authorities, but
chiefly from the American Farmer, an account of one of the first botanic
gardens which has ever been established in this country, viz. that of Par-
mentier, about two miles from Brooklyn, Long Island. The following map
( fig. 29.) will serve to convey some idea of the general disposition of the
w'liole ; but I am confident that neither plan nor description can furnish
any adeejuate idea of the |)articular beauties of the place. Its establish-
ment may, indeed, be looked u|)on as an epoch in the history of American
horticulture ; as, though the various branches of that science were before
understood and practised by most of our gardeners, it had not attained its
full perfection until the arrival of M. Parmentier. The elegant villas and
country residences of many of our citizens, together with our well-supplied
markets and fruit-shops, afford abundant evidence that both the orna-
mental and useful branches of the art were successfully pursued among
us ; but the garden of M. Parmentier is, perhaps, the n)ost striking in-

Foreign Notices : — North America.

29

71

a, Dwelling-houso.
6,Labourers' (lwellings,2.
c, Toolandwork-house,2.
rf. Barn.

e. Green-houses, 2.
/, Hotbeds, 3. g. Plan
for plants in summer, 2.
h. Herbaceous plant gar-
den, f. Rustic arbour.
U, French saloon.
i, Nectarine and peach

tree alley.
m. Pear tree alley.
«, Apple tree alley,
o. Plum tree alley.
p. Cherry tree alley.

1. Vines, 10 squares, 263 kinds.

2. Rose trees, 2 squares, 250 kinds.

3. Ornamental trees, 7 squares.

4. Peach trees, 4 squares, 64 kinds.

5. Apple trees, 3 squares, 21- kinds.

6. Plum trees, 2 squares, 85 kinds. .

7. Pear trees, 4 squares, 190 kinds.

8. Cherry trees, 2 squares, 71 kinds.

9. Imported fruit trees, 5 squares.
10. Young vines, 5 squares.
Jl. Quince stocks, 1 square.

12. Monthly strawberries, 1 square.

13. Place for manure and weeds.

14. Jamaica turnpike.

15. Flatbuish turnpike.

p, i^nerry Lice anxzy . i, * i.

The other kinds of fruit are :- Nectarines, 15 kinds ; apricots, 18 kinds; walnuts, chestnuts
filbert" and hazel nuts, each 20 kinds; quinces, 5 kinds; raspberries, 5 kinds ; gooseberries,
' 20 kinds ; currants, 7 kinds ; strawberries, 17 kmds.

Stance we have of all the different departments of gardening being com-
bined extensively and with scientific skill. The rapidity with which this
earden was formed added to its effect. Nearly twenty-five acres ot ground
were originally enclosed; and the inhabitants of the vicinity beheld, with
astonishment, in the short space of three years, one of the most stony,
ruo-o-ed, sterile pieces of ground on the whole island, which seemed to bid
defiance to the labours of man, stored with the most luxuriant fruit, and
blooming with the most beautiful flowers. ,

The (^round-plan of the garden, although without any remarkable inequa-
lities, has yet some diversity of surface. The most elevated part, facing the
south and south-west, is appropriated for the purpose of a vineyard ; and
several valuable varieties of the grape, foreign as well as indigenous, are
there cultivated. The beds of the ornamental part compose broad belts
laid out in a serpentine direction, and edged with thrift (6'tatice Araeria).
These sections contain a mixture of plants and shrubs of both the Old and
the New Worid. The several species of Robinirt,thePhiladelphus grandi-
florus, the Halesiff, the PtelejB, and many others conspicuous for their
beauty, are interspersed and contrasted with the delicate Tamanx ot
Europe; the paper mulberry, now bearing its curious fruit; several species
of shrubby willows and poplars ; the splendid Jnchusa capensis, with its
azure blossoms ; the no less luxuriant ^alsamina ; and thousands of others

F 4

72 Foreign Notices : — North America.

which we might mention, ail di.s[)oscci in the most artful manner, so as
to heij;litcn the effect, ami yet to conceid too glaring an appearance of art.

In the northern parts of tlie garden are nurseries, containing young
plants of every kind of tree which is to be found in the beds. To the left
of the garden, an avenue leads to a rustic arbour, in the grotesque style,
constructed of the crooked limbs of trees in their rough state, covered with
bark and moss : from tlie top of this arbour a view of the whole garden
and the surrounding scenery is obtained ; including Staten Island, the
Bay, (iovernor's Island, and the city of New York. At some distance
from the rustic arbour is a plot of ground, called the French Saloon ; a
beautiful oval, skirted with privet (Ligustrum), kept dwarf to the height of
1 ft., and enclosing a solid mass of China monthly roses. The various
kinds of fruit trees are carefully arranged, and the alleys leading to them
are skirted with specimens of the different sorts in a bearing state, for bet-
ter exhibition, and to furnish the necessary grafts for the establishment.

The green-house department, although not so extensive as some other
parts of the giu-den, contains many beautiful plants, exhibited w ith the same
tasteful arrangement which characterises every part of M. .Parmentier's
establishment ; and which displays itself even in the groujjing of the pots,
which are all arranged according to the colour and size of the flowers : thus
showing the variety of ways in which a skilful gardener may distribute his
materials to produce a picturesque effect.

The manner of protecting the plants in this garden from the violence of
the weather or the heat of the sun is quite novel in this part of America ;
canvass covers being so managed as to be rolled or unrolled with the
greatest ease and despatch, by means of ropes autl pulleys. The necessity
of some such screen is quit,e obvious, when plants, and |)articularly tender
exotics, are exposed to our excessive sun, and yet it is too generally
neglected among our gardeners.

In short, this establishment is well worthy of notice as one of the
few examples in the neighbourhood of New York, of the art of laying out
a garden so as to combine the principles of landscapc-garilening with the
conveniences of the nursery or orchard. — J. W. S. New York,ScptcvU)fi\
1829.

The late Andre Parmentier and his son having both died within a short
time of each other, the widow of the father has determined to sell the pro-
perty ; and, as will be seen by our advertising sheet, it is now on sale. — Cond.

liailroails, we observe, are increasing rapidly in America. There is one
in progress between New York and Philadelphia, of about eighty miles ;
another between Philadelphia and Columbia, of eighty-one miles; one
between York Town (not far from Columbia) and Baltimore, of upwards
of fifty miles. Thus New York, Baltimore, and Philadelphia, three of the
most important towns in the llnited States, are brought within a few hours'
distance of each other respectively. The water communication between
them has long been complete. Our nnich esteemed friend antl correspond-
ent Mr. U. C. Taylor, engineer at Pliilipsburg, has projected and circulated
proposals for a railroad of thirty miles, from the Pennsylvania canal to
the bituminous coal district of I'hilipsburg; the |)roniised advantages of
which are so great, that we have little doubt but it will be carrieil into
execution.

We observe, liy the speech of President Jackson, delivered to Con-
gress on Dec. G., and printetl in this day's (Dec. 30.) Morning Chronicle,
that the debt of the United States will be paid off' in a year; and that,
consecjucntly, there will afterwards be no em|)loyment for the income of
that immense country but in public im|)rovcments. We wish we could im-
press on (Congress, and on the admirable person who now fills the chair of
Washington, the great advantages that would result from preventing any
roads being made in the United States of a greater slope than half an inch
in a yard. We have elsewhere (Vol. VII. p. 520., and Morning Chronicle,

Foreign Notices : — North America. 73'

Dec. 31. 1831) hinted at some of the principal of these advantages; and
we entreat some of our American readers to call the attention of the
American legislature to a subject of so much interest to a road and canal
making nation. — Corid.

Philij)sburg, Centre Coimtif, Pennsylvania, Unif-ed States, Ang. 7. 1831. —
Sir, . . . Placed, as I am, so remote from libraries, and from access to
European periodical works, such publications as yours are more interesting
to me now than ever. I have opened your TLncyclojxEdlas, with much
interest, at the passages relating to North America, and can bear tes-
timony to the general accuracy of your authorities. I am happy to report
that the climate has agreed perfectly well with myself and family, and we
have now run nearly the entire circle of the seasons. Not the slightest
illness, not even a cold, has occurred, if I remember right, to any one of
us since our arrival.

Our position here, near the base of the western slope of the Alleghany
mountain range, is one of the healthiest in the United States. The past
season has been delightful in temperature ; the thermometer averaging pro-
bably about 70° in the day, and the nights have been cool and refreshing.
We possess here an advantage somewhat remarkable, but which we prize
highly: at about nine or ten o'clock every morning, a refreshing breeze
springs up, and continues until three or four in the afternoon ; and it is this,
perhaps, which makes our situation so healthy, and enables us, without
inconvenience, to bear the warmest days of summer. These delightful
breezes appear to proceed from the north or north-west, and remind us of
the sea breezes upon the never to be forgotten shores of dear old England.

I shall not attempt, my dear Sir, to give you a lengthened description of
the place which is likel}' to be the residence of myself and family for some
years, at least, if we live. My brother has, probably, had opportunities of
informing you generally on that point. I can now speak, from professional
observation, that we are situated about 1350 ft. above the sea, and about
800 to 1000 ft. below the main ridge or crest of the Alleghany Mountains.
There is one depression, or gap, as it is called, ten miles hence, which
I have found, by levelling, to be only 600 ft. above us ; and which 600 ft. are
distributed pretty gradually along the above base of ten miles. Conse-
quently, you will observe that it is possible to descend the Alleghanies,
westward, at a very small angle ; not much more, indeed, than half a degree,
which is not a very alarming inclination, even for a railroad. The eastern
descent is more rapid ; perhaps at three degrees for the first three miles,
following the natural fall of tlie water-courses. I cannot but consider that
our climate is materially influenced by our proximity to this vast mountain
ridge, which is 1200 miles in length, I find very little variation in the
barometer from 29 in. A fall always precedes wind from the north-west.
We never suffer much from the extreme heat of summer, nor are we mate-
rially colder in winter than is observed in the cities on the Atlantic coasts.
One of my friends here kept an accurate meteorological journal during
many years, and I brought out with me two of Jones's best mountain
barometers, which I amuse myself by frequently referring to. Our prevailing
winds are from the north-west ; which winds certainly bring a vast quantity
of rain. The present summer has been more wet than has occurred in the
memory of man. Rain has fallen, on an average, I should think, every
alternate day ; yet the evaporation is so great, that but little inconvenience
has arisen, except of late, when steady dry weather is needed for the hay
and corn harvests, which occur at the same time. The farmers in the corn
districts are beginning to complain of the damage done to their crops by
the continued rains ; and serious injury has been sustained from floods.
This unusually moist state of the atmosphere has kept the air and the surface
of the eai-th unusually cool. We have had but one week of really hot
weather, and then not more than 1 have felt in England for much longer

T-t Foreign Notices ; — North America.

periods; particularly for nearly three months in 1826. To-day (Aup. 8.)
the thernionieter iius not reaclieil al)ove G4-" in the room in which I am now
writini:, and in the air it is below 00°, and we light our fires, being too cold
to sit with our windows open ; but this, I hope, will not continue. The
nights are excessively colli, and the dews arc heavy. I am assured that this
is a very remarkable year; the winter was more severe than had occurred
for thirty years preceding.

When 1 entered my present dwelling-house last fall (October), I found a
plot of ground of 4-0 or 50 perches, intended for a garden, but uncultivated,
and only occupied by enormous thistles and docks, and abundance of wild
sorrel. These it was my first business to destroy, by collecting them in a
pile, and making a bonfire. There were many pine and hemlock stumps
also sprinkled about, and which prevented any regular operations of culture.
These, also, I, with great labour, got rid of, for the most part. One sturdy
stump kept me at work three days before I conquered him ; for he seenH;d
to bid defiance to the axe and the fire, although the tree had been cut down
thirty years before. I was a young beginner then, you will observe, in
stump-moving ; and, besides, I prided myself in the design of bringing this
little plot into a good state without the aid of any boily, and without its
costing me a cent for labour. Now and then my American neighbours
would peep over the rails to see me digging and chopping, and would
guess I was not used much to handling an axe. However, by perseverance,
I got them all out, and rolled them clean off the premises, and there they
all lie around me, monuments of my first year's labour. These same stumps,
by the way, are so full of turpentine, ami are so hard and tough, tiiat they
seem to defy the power of time and the elements to decompose them : at
all events, they have been known to continue firm and sound above a
century. Having cleared off the surface weeds, I ploughed up the soil,
having first spread upon it a thick covering of manure (a thing not used or
valued nuich in tiiis country, from the expense of carrying it on the land),
and by this time the frosts began to set in, and I let it remain undisturbed
till the frost broke up in March. As there was neither tree nor shrub for
shelter or ornament around my house, and as the garden was much exposed
to the heat of summer and the coUl northern blasts of winter, I set to work
to procure young trees from the woods ; amusing myself with selecting spe-
cimens of every variety, within my reach, that the neigiibouring forests pro-
duce. You well know, my dear Sir, what a beautiful and rich series the
American forests furnish. My industry was rewarded by a very interesting
collection, serving the double purpose of a screen or shade, and of an em-
bellishment. This moist season has been much in theirfavonr, and they flou-
rish well, and remind me of our English ornamental shrubberies. In this
part of my labour, I nnist confess, I did not receive much encouragement.
My neighbours viewed it (|uite as an act of supererogation : that an English-
man should take the trouble to come and plant trees, when all other men em-
ployed themselves to cut down, was beyond all com|)rehension ; was out of
all custom and precedent, among a race whose habits and associations lead
them to view as the greatest of natural beauties a naked " clearing," sur-
rounded i)y a " worm fence" of split rails. About the 8th of March, the
snow disappeared; we once more saw the grass uj)on our " Beaver Dam
meadows," and the ice broke up from tiie INloshanuon creek at the bottom
of my garden. In the woods, the snow lingered until the 1st of April : but
at the earliest moment that I could make any imj)ression upon the ground,
I conunenced my spring operations in the garden. You will smile at my
narrative ; but I was determined to su|)ply my fiunily wholly with vegetables
of my own raising, and I have the gratification now of seeing it effected,
and producing enough, too, for the whole winter, I think. I first cut out
my walks, and sul)divided the ground into squares, then dug, and trenched,
and cleared, and weeded, and took out every stone; made a map of my
land, and arranged my crops and courses, like other great farmers, in the

Foreign Notices : — North Atncrica. 75

" old country." I had to send 240 miles for my first year's stock of seeds,
but I shall now have a good supply for future wants, and enough of the
useful products, such as potatoes, beet, parsneps, carrots, beans, celery, cab-
bages, &c., for winter stock ; all which will require some management to
preserve from our intense frosts. The radishes here grown are as large
almost as Swedish turnips, and, I think, are not so good as the kinds we
used to buy at Covent Garden Market. The lettuces, also, are very
inferior to those produced by your Bayswater neighbours. Of potatoes
I have four sorts, of peas four kinds, and of beans three sorts. I have
planted one bed of asparagus from young plants, and a bed of strawberries,
besides borders of the indigenous strawberry, which grows in the meadows,
and which is of fine flavour, and would improve much by cultivation. So
great is the profusion of these strawberries, in certain spots, that one
meadow of six acres, that I saw nineteen miles hence, in June, the owner
told me, had furnished more than twenty bushels to his neighbours,
besides his own family consumption. The wild raspberry has furnished my
wife with her stock for preserves ; the huckleberry ( Faccf nium) of our
mountains, also, is a wholesome agreeable fruit for tarts and preserves, as
is a small wild cherry (the crab cherry), which is now ripe, in vast abundance,
in our low woods. Cranberries (Oxycoccus macrocarpus) also occur, and
the blackberry (iJubus) is particularly fine, and well worth preserving for
family purposes.

I must not omit mentioning my little patch of corn or maize. This,
being planted in rather a new soil, has thriven wonderfully ; the plants
being now 9 ft. high. I planted them in rows, 6 ft. apart, and by threes, .*. ,
3 ft. or 4ft., asunder, in the row. This enables me to weed and stir the
ground at intervals ; and, not to lose room, I have transplanted a row of
parsneps between each. The arrival of your Encyclopcedia of Agricndture
enables me to refer with pleasure to the notice of planting maize, which
you have faithfully given. I cannot state what sort mine is ; but it is very
fine, and brought out of Kentucky by a friend. We are just beginning to
eat the young ears green. You have noticed, I dare say, the singular
appendages which occur at the bottom joints of this plant. Cobbett, in
your quotation, calls them roots ; but a slight observation shows that they
do not perform such an office. I should rather call them props or crutches.
They seldom appear whilst the corn is upright and uninjured ; but the mo-
ment a plant is shaken down or partly blown on its side, these offsets
protrude in the required direction, and support the stem firmly, till it
regains its original vertical position, and this, too, in a remarkably short
space of time. 1 have some singular instances of this in my garden.

I have now detailed to you my principal gardening operations, and
I need scarcely add, that, with the necessary allowance for difference of
climate and other circumstances, I have worked on the authority, in all
cases, of your Encyclopedia of Gardening. I might have added that a few
apple and peach trees, and plenty of currant trees, I put in last autumn,
promise well. There is a vast variety of apples in Pennsylvania, as
they are chiefly reared from the seed, without grafting, particularly on the
ordinary farms in our district. Occasionally one meets with very fine
kinds, whose names and quality are familiar to you. Hops are very fine
and luxuriant. I do not know if they are indigenous; but they climb up
and surround our buildings in a beautiful style. Our woods produce two
or three kinds of grape vine ; in particular the fox grape ( Fitis vulpina),
and the chicken grape. Both of these are capable of being made into wine
as good as the best Rhenish. I have transplanted a couple of plants into
my garden, for the sake of their shade. In a newly settled country like
this, gardening, of course, is only a minor consideration, and is much
neglected. It is chiefly amongst the Dutch and German settlers that
vegetables are cultivated ; and the overplus beyond their family wants is

76 Foreign Notices : — North America.

occasionally offcri'd tor sale. I oiijrht to mention tliat an Enfrlish gentle-
man, our principal proprietor here, j)o.ssesses a i^'arden equal to those at-
tached to most seats in England, anil as well attended to. Of the melon
trihe, and similar jjlants, he rears an immense quantity for himself and
friends, connnencini,' in frames, as upon the English method, to guard
against the later spring frosts.

From my preceding letters yon have no doubt derived some information
as to the geological position of this district. We are just within the verge
of what is probably by far the most extensive coal formation in the world;
the qualities of which coal are as yet scarcely known on the eastern coast
and in the great cities. It is highly bituminous ; more so, I conceive, from
the experiments 1 have tried, than even the Northumberland coal ; cer-
tainly much more so than the best Welsh coal. From it I have produced
tar and coke of superior quality. Neither of these manufactured sub-
stances are known to the Americans. The tar of this country is produced
from wood, like the Swedish, and the sniall quantity of coal tar consumed
is imported from Englantl, at a very high price. These circumstances, and
the demand for similar articles hereabouts, have encouraged me to com-
mence the manufactory of them ; and I have purchased a convenient site
for the undertaking, half a mile from my residence, and adjoining ourtiu'u-
pike road to Erie. The vein I am now working is 4i ft. tliick, of suitable
quality for ni}' purpose, and of itself will furnish a large extra-supply for
sale. 1 have traced at least four or five other veins also in the same
locality, which will yield me more than I can recjuire or raise for the rest
of my life. There is, beneath the coal, an extensive bed of fire clay, adapted
to make the best quality of fire bricks, such as are now imported into the
principal American sea-ports, from England, and sold wholesale at 32 to
35 dollars per thousand. I hope at last that I shall bring my geological
propensities to account ; that they have been useful to me in the choice
of this spot I at any rate have some satisfaction in believing. 1 turned to
your Eun/clopcedki of Agriculture, to find something about coal, coke, and
coal tar, and the apparatus requisite: but little is introduced on these points
on the first, and nothing on the others ; probably because you considered
the subjects rather too remote from the other improvements of landed pro-
perty, and not altogether belonging to an agricultural work. The great
receptacle for iron ore, and the site of its conversion into pig-iron, is inuue-
diately east from this, a few miles over the Alleghany ridge. Thence it is
brought hither and to various forges, to be converted into bars or manu-
fiictured into various forms, or conveyed 130 miles farther west, as far as
Pittsburg, increasing in value at every mile. The ore is of the hacmatitic
kind, very rich, and the iron it yielils is eijual to the best Swedish. Char-
coal alone is employed in its [)roduction and conversion. The quantity of
wood consumed in converting a ton of iron is prodigious, and occasions a
great destruction and consumption of timber: so much is this already felt,
that even in this region of forests we hear and wonder about wooil for
charcoal becoming scarce and ex|)ensive in the neighbourhood of all the
great iron-works. Sooner or later the Fjiglish method of employing coke
from coal must be adopte<l, which will then occasion a material reduction in
the cost of |)ro(lucing iron, and consc(|ueutly ilfect another great advantage,
by encouraging the native manufactures of the United States. We have at
this village an extensive manufactory of screws, which far excel in work-
manship any I ever saw in luigland. Of course those who are interested
in American manufactures are anxious for all the protection against foreign
com|)etition and importation that our government can enforce. The tariff
regulations have afibrded a vast field for jjolitical discussions and disputes,
which will perhaps terminate in the se|)aration from the Union of one or
two of the Southern States. Under all circumstances, I am ilccidcdly of
opinion tliat the true American policy is just that which she lias been

Foreign J^otices : — Australia. 77

forced to adopt. She is called upon to encourage her own internal trade,
to stimulate her native industry, to promote public improvements, to rear
up, under her patronage, an increasing community of enterprising manufac-
turers, and to bring into exercise and usefulness the unbounded natural
resources of this vast country ; thus making herself in practice, as she is in
theory and politics, independent of the rest of the world. But I must
draw to a termination. ... I remain. Sir, yours, &c. — B. C. Taylor.

New York, October 6. 1831. — Sir, I dare say the ^e\'v Alleghany acorns
which I enclose are of very small value in your opinion ; yet as they grew
upon a little estate which I now call my owji, perhaps you may not think
the worse of them, as coming from an absent friend. The small acorns
are those of the white oak ; the best of the tribe in the United States.
The largest are from the red oak ; not so good in the quality of its tim-
ber, and far less durable. There is also the black oak. With these are
some haws from our common whitethorns [these seem to be of Cratae^gus
coccinea L.} ; also some cones from the red or pitch pine [these are of the
Pinus pungens Lamb. ; specimens of the beautiful cones, and plants, of
this species are rare in England], and the white pine of the Alleghanies
[these are of Pinus (Strobus]. I would have collected others more worthy
your acceptance, but my time was too short to enable me to search. I have,
with Mrs. Taylor, taken a journey altogether of 700 miles, at twenty-four
hours' notice. ... In haste. Yours, &c. — R. C, Taylor.

We have received the packet of seeds safe, and have shared them as
follows : — In England, to Mr. Brooks of Flitwick and Mr. Donald of Wo-
king ; in Scotland, to the Rev. Mr. Carruthers of Dalbeattie, Sir William
Jardine of Jardine Hall, and Mr. Gorrie of Annat Gardens j in Wales, to
Cymro at Brecon ; and, in Ireland, to Dr. Druramond of Belfast. —
Cond.

AUSTRALIA.

Van DiemerCi Land. — We are indebted to some kind friend in Hobart
Town for the Hobart Town Courier, which has been regularly sent us for
some years. It is a newspaper which, for variety of subjects, orderly
arrangement, accurate (and, when required, even elegant or eloquent)
composition, printing, and paper, equals any, and surpasses most, of our
provincial journals. The editor is evidently a man of far more general
knowledge (particularly of natural history and of country matters) than is
usually found in the editors of provincial papers in England ; and he brings
that knowledge to bear in an earnest and effective manner on every subject
which comes before him.

On looking over the last packet sent us, containing the news up to the
end of June last, the chief thing that strikes us is the increasing prosperity
of the country, which is readily judged of by the number and kind of adver-
tisements, the formation of roads, establishment of stage coaches, &c. As
the great majority of the settlers are Scotch, one of our countrymen going
there would find himself at home at once. A gardener, and also a clever
builder, who could act as architect and surveyor, we are sure would do
well. Designs for cottages and small villas, we are told, are much wanted j
and we have seventy already engraved, and as many more drawn and in
progress, with a view chiefly to Australia and America.

Respecting the products of the country, we find in a paper dated May 28.,
that the gum kino, a hitherto neglected item, is now being gathered from
trees in abundance for the London market, as well as some other native
gums. It appears that Dr. MurtJoch and the editor of the Hobart Town
Courier pointed out the ralue of these gums five years ago, and have since
been calling attention to them from time to time. It must be highly grati-
fying to these gentlemen to find that they have at last succeeded.

The Glim Kino is an excellent tan, much superior to the best extract of
wattle or other bark, and might be very profitably used as such, independ-

78 Foreign Notices : — Australia.

cntly of its gi-cat use in medicine. It may also be used as good and dural)Ie
ink. As to the gum arabic, it is that which flows so abundantly from all
the species of acacia or wattle trees in the island. It is about one half the
value of the other, but is used by manufacturers in vast quantities, as well
as in medicine. Dr. Murdoch of Uisdon has this year manufactured, from
the produce of his garden there, a considerable quantity of excellent oil of
lavender ; a f)rofuable article of produce, which we are glad to hear that
gentleman intends to cultivate largely for export to London, where it is of
considerable value. (Ilobart Town Couru-r, June 4. 1831.)

The Fruit of Feuii/ca, cordifolia [a plant which we could wish were
introduced to Britain], Mr. E. Drapiez has ascertained, by numerous ex-
periments, is a [)owerful antidote against vegetable poisons. He |)oisoned
dogs with the 7^hus Toxicodendron (swamp sumach), hemlock, and nux
vomica. All those that were left to the poisons died, but those to w Inch
the FeulUea was administered recovered completely, after a short illness.
{Ibid., May 28. 1831.)

Roads, we observe, are advertised as open to the public in different
directions. We hope that in laying out the lines of these roads, the most
scientific views of the subject of road-making have been acted upon. We
would direct the attention of those concerned, and more particularly that
of the editor of the Ilobart Town Courier, to what we have said on the
subject in our preceding volume (Vol. VII. p. 520.), as also to what will be
found in this and our succeeding Number. (See, further, a letter on the
subject in the Morning Chronicle of December 31. 1831.)

With rcxpcct to Emigration, the editor observes that from the experience
of a long residence in a populous part of England, previous to his settling
in Australia, he can state tliat pau|)ers, who have become so in the mother
country from indolence and an indisposition to work, will continue so in
the colony ; but that industrious men will speedily, by the fruits of their
labour, remunerate the expense that may nave attended their passage.
(//>>»>/., June 18, 1831.) ;

The Swan liivcr Settlement, from all the accounts we have seen, appears
to be a failure. " Settlers are in general leaving their first locations, and
removing farther into the country ; in short, there is no soil until you get
near Darling's Kange, when some good ground will be found on each
bank of the ('anning, on which Lieut. Bull grew good wheat, as well as
Mr. Wright and Mr. Adams. The crops were very light, Lieut. Bull grow-
ing about h bushels, Mr. Wright 10 bushels, and jNIr. Adams 7 bushels to
the acre. The land was certainly very sour, having never been exposed to
the sun ; and the next season they expect a fair average crop. The expense
of clearing, &c., w as about 30/. the acre. . . . There have, however, been
some good vegetables grown even in the sand, w ith the assistance of ma-
nure, cspeci.illy cabbages, turni|)s, potatoes, and radishes. There is a radish
growing at Perth, in a shoemaker's garden (reserved for seed), as thick as a
atout man's thigh, and from 10 ft .to 11 ft. high : in fact, the radish appears
to take a diflcrent character in the deep and nioist sands of Perth. {Ibid.,
Feb. 5. 1831.)

Si/dnci/, — In looking over the Si/dnei/ Gazettes, from May 5. to June 28.
1831, inclusive, we do not find much that can interest the gardening world
in this country. The improvement of the government demesne or |)ublic
park and promenade of Sydney, seems to have attracted the attention of
government. Mention is made of the skill of the jjcrson who has planned
the walks, carriage drives, and avenues, which are said to form a delightfid
place of recreation for the citizens of Sydney. We wish our correspondent,
Mr. Thompson, would send us such a sketch and description of this park
as he furnished us with of Hyde Park, and his projected improvements in
it, for our First Volume.

A writer on the cultivation of the vine in Sydney states that blight,
alter the fruit is set, may be prevented by ringing the old wood which su«-

Domestic Notices: — Englayid. T^

tains the young branch. He says that the great enemies to the culture of
the vine in Australia are, " the rime, or white frost, which settles on the
young shoots in the first stage of their vegetation, and the light mists which
shroud the valleys and the sides of the hills before sunrise. When the
solar rays reach either of these phenomena, it becomes suddenly dissipated ;
and the young shoots of the vine and their incipient blossoms are exposed
to an instantaneous transition from extreme cold to extreme heat."

Frost he does not consider so great an enemy to the grape in Australia
as the mists, which, during the spring months, hang like a fleecy mantle
over the forests, and trail along the vales. He recommends selecting the
steep sides of declivities for the sites of vineyards, and, at the same time,
burning the forest for a considerable distance on each side of the space
intended to be planted with vines. The advice, as far as it regards situation
and free exposure, will apply to the planting of orchards in Britain.

T/ie Netu Zealand flax, which forms an important article of commerce
between Sydney and New Zealand, is recommended as a very suitable
plant for the moist lands of New Holland. More tobacco, it is stated, will
soon be grown than is required for the consumption of the colony.

We observe (^Syd. Gaz., June 16.) an advertisement for a gardener, "an
experienced person, qualified to take charge of a small garden." This is a
gratifying mark of prosperity.

Art. IV. Domestic Notices.
ENGLAND.

The Gardens of the Bmnmgham Workmen, which you noticed Vol. VH.
p. 409., were so numerous twenty years ago, that the late rector, Mr. Cur-
tis, complained to me that they covered 300 acres, and not one of them
paid any tithes. He wished me, as the bailiff of the free school, to pay
that part of the tithe which belonged to the school, but this I declined. —
W. W. C. Clevedon, near Bristol, November 18. 1831.

New Botanic Garden at Bury St. Edmunds. — On passing through Bury
I called to see the botanic garden, the new one I mean. It is certainly a
most eligible spot for the purpose. The architectural remains, in connec-
tion with their history and the uses which the buildings originally
served, and the great variety of plants with which the garden will shortly
be stored, cannot fail to make it very interesting. Mr. Hodson's new
house is in the garden, in a forward state, and is in very good keeping
with the remains of the old buildings. Considerable progress has been
made in removing the plants from the old garden ; much, notwithstanding,
remains to be done. Tradesfolk were busy in preparing to put up a cast-
iron fence on each side of the magnificent abbey gate, which is to form the
main entrance to the garden, and which so highly adorns that fine open area
called the Angel Hill. When all is completed I have no doubt the garden
will be an ornament to the town, and a credit to Mr. Hodson and the sub-
scribers. — J. D., senior.

The Choco Palms. — I hope soon to obtain plants of the famous Chon-
taduro palm of the Choco, which has never yet been examined by bota-
nists. Humboldt speaks thus of it in his enumeration of palms which he
recommends to the attention of future travellers : — "3 Chocoenses, nem-
pe, Chontaduro trunco aculeis horrido, ex fructibus succulentis escam omni-
bus (praeter unam Musam paradisiacam) prasstantem largiens." * Mr.

* " Trunk spinose ; fruit succulent, and preferable to all succulent fruits,
except that of the Musa paradisiaca."

80 Domestic Notices : — England.

Watts in his last letter, dated Carthagcna, May 1. 1830, says, " I have
five healthy plants of the C'hontadiiro pahn, whici), if they continue to
thrive, I intend sendinii you hy tlie next packet." I have not since heard
from Mr. Watts ; but, should tlie plants arrive in good condition, I have
promised one to my old friends, Messrs. Loddiges, for their magnificent
collection ; the other four are also engaged. The remaining two palms of
Choco, noticed by Humboldt, arc : — " Palma di mil pesos, oleifera ; ct
Tapara, nana, vix 2 — 3 pedalis, fructibus trilocularibus magnitudine
cocoes, albumine eduli."* This last, as being particularly well suited by
its dwarf size to our stoves, as well as being nondescript, I am also endea-
vouring to j)rocure. But there is a hardy palm growing along the Straitji
of Magellan, and spoken of in V'utii'c al Estrccha de i\Iagcl/aiics, p. 316,,
which \\ ould, no doubt, answer in our pleasure-grounds, and deserves to
be introduced, as might be easily done by some of our men of war or mer-
chant ships coming from the west coast of America through those straits.
Humboldt enquires respecting this palm, which also is a dwarf, " Cujusnain
familia; planta tripedalis, frondibus pinnatis, Hispanis peregrinatoribus
Palma JMagcIlnnica dicta, latitudine australis 53° proveniens, Phoenici
dactyliferae similis ?" f By inserting this notice in your Magazine you may
perhaps call the attention of some of our travelling botanists to this imper-
fectly known plant, and secure its introtluction as an embellishment to our
English landscape. It could hardly fail to thrive in our southern coun-
ties. — ]V. Hamilton. 15. Oxford Place, Phjmouth, Augu.st'iS. 1830.

Exuberant Bloom afa Yucca glorma at U'aiilip Hall. — This plant had
stood for some time in the gardens of Wanlip Hall, where it had attained
considerable size. In 1827 it flowered for the first time, and, as the
flower stem decayed, the old plant put forth four shoots, which have flou-
rished exceedingly since that period, and the bloom I am about to describe
is from one of them ; leaving three others which, to all appearance, will
flower another season. In the spring of this year I formed an artificial
rockwork around it of granite, which appeared to suit it extremely well,
and I have no doubt contributed to the extraortlinary fine blooms it pro-
duced. It began to flower on the 20th of July ; the height of the flower
stem was 5 ft. 8 in.; the side panicles were 3() in number, each panicle
bearing on an average 24 blooms, making a total number of 8G4- flowers.

A Cert'tis speciosi.ssimiis, which ib now four years old, began to flower on
the .30th of May, and produced, in succession, eleven very large and splen-
did blossoms, nearly of a size. The dimensions were as follows : — The
stems of the plant, which are four in number, measure 5 ft. in height ; the
petals of the flowers were 3 in. in length ; the circumference 1 ft. G in. It
had no otlier than green-house treatment, was planted in a wide-topped
32-sized i)ot, in a soil composed of sandy loam and lime rubbish in equal
parts.

Pelargonium zonule var. lilucluri succeeds better with me than any other
of the scarlets. I plantcil one in the autumn in a wide-topped 4'8-sizcd
pot, in a common green-house. The circumference of the leaves of the
jdant was 23 in. ; the flower stem 1 ft. in length, with an umbel of flowers
•10 in number, of which 32 were expandetl at one time; the petals averaged
in length 3 in. — William Matthews. Wanlip Gardens, Leicestershire, Oc-
tober 31. 1831.

♦ " From 2 to 3 ft. in height, fruit three-celled, about the size of the
cocoa, albumen eatable."

-|- " To what family belongs a plant 3 ft. high, with pinnate leaves, called
Palma Magellanica by Spanish travellers V It is found in lat. 53° south,
and resembles the /'hee'nix dactylifera."

Hints Jbr Imjprovements. 81

Nerine, crispa (as it is here called, although it is probably N. humilis of
Ciirtis's Bot. Mag,) and N. undulkta live and flower at the foot of an old
wall here, with no protection but the wall : both are very elegant. — Henry
Turner. Botanic Garden, Bury St. Edmunds, October 11. 1831,

Prodtice of a Cucumber Plant near Rochdale. — Sii', The seed of Bloor's
white spine, of last year's growth, was sown on the 30th of May, in a
frame already at work, heated by steam passing through stones ; and the
young plant growing very strong, those cucumber plants already in the
frame were cut out, as it required room; the old mould unavoidably
remaining unchanged. Not being an experienced grower, I think some of
them are large, considering this disadvantage. No. 9., in particulai", was
superior to any thing known to be grown in this neighbourhood.

No,

Inches.

Inches.

lbs. oz.

. 1.

L(

jngth 21

Girth

8*

Weight 3 6

Cut;

, Aug. 18

2.

-

22J

-

lO'i

-

5 6

-

Sept. 24

3.

.

24

_

9i

_

4 8

4.

_•

19

_

8|

-

2 14

-

Oct. 4

5.

_

21J

_

H

.

3 9

8

6.

.

1^1

_

H

_

2 8

16

7.

-

18i

-

H

.

2 5

20

8.

-

^H

.

n

-

2 8

27

9.

_

28i

_

104

_

6 9

29

10.

"

18|

"

9

Total

3 1

Nov. 12

36 10

This plant was under the care of Mr. James Lee, at Harehill Mill, near
Rochdale, who is no gai-dener ; and this is his first attempt. The girth is
the average taken at about 2iin. from each end, and the middle. No. 9.
varied less than half an inch at any intermediate place, and several of the
others are equally well proportioned. I remain, 3 ours, &c. — J. S. Near
Rochdale, November 14. 1831.

IRELAND.

Armagh Palace Gardens. — The chrysanthemums have been finer this
season than I ever remember; some flowers measured 5 in. in diameter in
the green-house ; and even now, though so near Christmas, they are beau-
tifully in flower in the open borders. Carnations and picotees are at this
moment also in flower ; not a straggling plant here and there, but by hun-
dreds. Indeed, such has been the mildness of the season, that queen
stocks, GihV/ capitata, Jnagallis grandiflora, and Medicago arborea, are like-
wise finely in flower; the last in perfect beauty. I am. Sir, yours, &c. —
J.EUes. December 2?>.\^?,\.

The hanging Gardens of Limerick are a great curiosity. An acre of
ground is covered with arches of various heights ; the highest 40 and the
lowest 25 ft. Over these arches is placed a layer of earth, of 5 ft. thick,
and planted with choice fruit trees and flowers. The arches are employed
as cellars for spirituous liquors, and will hold nearly 2000 hogsheads. The
work was commenced in 1808, and was completed in about five or six
years. The expense of the whole undertaking was nearly 13,000/. — John
Ryan. Newry, September, 1830.

Art. V. Hints for Improvements.

Prizes to young Gardeners by Horticultural Societies, — Sir, In your
Volume V. p. 713., you have given some hints to Provincial Horticul-
VoL. VIIL — No. 30. G

82 Hints for /»ij»oit'»ic)i/s.

tiiral Societies, on the subject of offering prizes. Allow me to add to
these hints, the idea of stiinulatin!,' youni; men to self-improvement. For
instance, tliere are, in the neij;hl)oiirhood of Liverpool, six public nurseries,
several market-gardens, and a j;reat number of |)rivate gentlemen's gardens,
in which are a number of young men or boys, from the age of H to 20
nnd upwarils, who are placetl there for improvement. A number of
these, I am led to think, require some stinnilus to induce them to study
diligently, and ac(iuire tiie practice of their profession in a superior manner.
Perhaps some prizes of the following description might be ofiered. At
the begiiming of the season for botanical excursions; say, for the first hun-
dred dried specimens of British plants, named and arranged according to
the Natural System, so much, or such an article. At the end of the bo-
tanising season, or in November; for the greatest number of specimens of
British [)lants, dried, named, ami arranged in the course of the 3ear. To
the best namer of plants, as they stand in the Horticultural Society's show-
room for inspection, either at one meeting or several meetings. For the
most rare British plant discovered during the season, with its name, de-
scription, &c. For the best self-educated individual in writing, arithmetic,
drawing, measuring, &c., s])ccimens to be signed by his master, or some
other respectable person. For the best design for laying out a garden or
pleasure-ground ; the competitors to be furnished with a ground plan, ex-
hibiting the outline and the variations of the surface, or to have a piece of
ground pointed out to tiiem, or described. The prizes might be catalogues
of plants, or other i)ooks, cases of instruments, boxes of colours, mea-
suring lines, &c. I shall be happy if these hints lead some more com-
petent person to take the subject into consideration and improve on it ;
and, I remain, Sir, &c. — James Ru//iiig.<;. Liverpool, Jan. 7. 18.30.

Ilorl'iciillnral Socielies in Ihe Suburbs of London. — Sir, Horticulture is
perhaps one of the most interesting and innocent sources of amusement
that can be fixed upon, to fill up those hours which most people feel it
necessary to devote to recreation, with a view of diverting the mind from
too intense application, either to business or study. From local circum-
stances, very many are precluded from the pleasure of a garden; but,
where even a small one is attached to a house, if the air is tolerably pure,
any one, with a little taste, ma\ find ample amusement in the cultivation
of" it.

It is, no doubt, a great misfortune, that builders are not more alive to the
advantages, or, [)erhaps I should sa} , that persons are not more sensible
of the pleasure, of a garden ; we should then have, instead of filthy streets,
cottages detached, with a garden to each, suflicient to employ and give in-
terest to the tenants, ('ould, therefore, means be devised to introduce
a more general taste for gardening, particularly in the vicinity of the me-
tropolis^ it would, no doui)t, contribute greatly to the health and happiness
of many iiuliviihials. To forward this taste, and to render the pursuit more
interesting, nothing, I conceive, has so great a tendency as the formation
of local iiorticultiu-al societies. In the neighbourhood of the ca|)ital, the
Horticultural Society unfortunately acts as a bar to the establishment of
local ones. Most of the principal residents having a taste for plants, (!v:c.,
are members, and therefore do not consitler it necessary to patronise the
formation of societies in their immediate parisiies. I am not ac(|uaintcd
with the regulations of the London Society, and therefore am not aware
how far it is open for the reception of plants, fruits, l'v.'c, for exhibition,
from persons not being members : but however liberal the rules may be, in
allowing the public to forward their finer s|)ecimeiis for view, and bestow-
ing rewards where any great merit is displayed ; yet it n)ust be obvious,
how very few, from distance and the inconvenience of sending, could
avail themselves of the privilege. INLiy F, therefore, solicit your indul-
gence for a piigo in your Magazine, to suggest to those gentlemen who

Uetrospective Criticism. 83

have influence, and who live in the vicinity of the metropolis, the pro-
priety of endeavouring to form horticultural societies, on a plan similar to
those in the country ; principally with a view of having a certain number
of exhibitions during the year ; to distribute rewards j and, above all, where
the funds will admit, to establish garden libraries. I reside in the neigh-
bourhood of Clapham ; in this and the adjoining parishes there are numbers
of wealthy and estimable characters, always ready to contribute liberally
to relieve the wants of their less fortunate neighbours, and to forward any
object likely to be productive of good to them ; now, I take the liberty
of calling upon them, to endeavour to found a society of the above descrip-
tion ; as I feel satisfied it will be attended with very beneficial effects. At
present, I am afraid, there is not much taste in Clapham or the adjoining
parishes for horticulture ; and I believe there are very few, even of the
higher or wealthier inhabitants, that have any fondness for plants; amongst
the middling classes, it is limited to a few horticulturists. Now, I do not
hesitate to predict, that, should a society be formed in Clapham, Stockwell,
&c., we should soon have a great accession to the number, anxious to pro-
mote this delightful art ; and I should expect to find, in a very short time,
that the accounts of the meetings would form a very prominent part of your
Gardener's Magazine. Fully relying, therefore, that some spirited indi-
viduals will take up this matter, I have only to assure you that I am, with
great truth, yours, very respectfully, — E. London^ July 22. 1831.

We have seen a proposal for a Gardeners' Joint Stock Annuity Fund,
and also for a Metropolitan Garden Society and Benevolent Fund, the
profits of which are proposed to go in aid of the Annuity Fund. We un-
derstand these proposals will soon be submitted to the profession in and
about London. They appear to us well calculated to benefit gardeners,
by teaching them how to take care of themselves, and enabling them to do
so at the same time. We have no faith in charitable institutions, but a
great deal in labour. " God helps them that help themselves." — Cvnd.

Art. VI. Retrospective Criticism.

Corrections for the Encyclopcedia of Gardening. — Sir, As you have
expressed yourself anxious to receive hints for the improvement of
your EncyclopcEd'm of Gardening, I beg to submit to your discretion two
or three, which have occurred to me, as I looked over the book in ques-
tion passim, without, however, searching for any thing of the kind.

First, in your statistic tables of the counties, you entirely omit, in this
county (Dublin), any mention of Counsellor West's magnificent gardens
and well laid out grounds on Mount Anvil Hill, within about 4i miles of
this city ; whereas, you blazon forth Mr. Bourne's, of Terenure, which are
in every respect inferior to the former.

The fact is, Mr. Bourne's grounds are ill arranged ah origine, and worse
kept, although much money is spent on them ; but Counsellor West's
place is maintained at an expense and with a care wholly unequalled in
this country. Lest you should not have any description of this place,
I shall give you an outline. The garden consists of about 4 acres, divided
into three portions by walls running east and west. It is on a gentle
slope to the south. The upper quarter, for the choicer fruits, contains a
magnificent range of stoves, metallic curvilinear-roofed, and 120 ft, by 20
and 14 high, containing a splendid collection of vines in a front border 40 ft.
wide ; pines ; and a large collection of tropical fruits, all fine specimens :
the whole finished in the most exquisite style ; walls painted in oils inside;

G 2

84

Retrospective Criticism .

liot-wat(T pipes to all. Next division, tlie finer sorts of vegetables, and
fruits. Tliiril division, pine pits on Weston's plan ; melon and cucumi)er
van!, vejictahles, ^rc. ; as[)araj;iis is in great perfection, on a beil drained
5 ft. dee|), with granite boulder stones. Below this last division is an ex-
tensive and well ke[)t nnrsery for trees and shrul)s. The garden is entered
from the house side, first through a fine shrubbery walk of great length
and beauty, and then through a large piece of ground intended solely
for flower ground, commanding one of the finest views of the Wicklow
Mountains conceivable. This piece of ground is intended to contain a
large ami splendiil conservatory and orangery. Its western boundary is
formed by the cast wall of the garden, which is about 200 yds. long, and
through its whole length covered with a rare ami thriving collection of
climbing and creeping plants, and all the most valuable tender shrubs.
The present mansion, already condemneil, is not handsome, but commands
a view of Dublin JJay of the most magnificent description ; more like an
Italian than an Irish scene. Mount Anvil Hill is the name of the place.
If you wish for more information about it, send me wonl and you shall
have it.

In your information about making artificial ponds or aquariums, I think
you are a little deficient. In gardens where worms are plentiful, an aquarium
cannot be formed merely of clay ; as the worms all collect to the water,
and pierce holes in the clay, and thus let the water off. This I found by
sad experience, only last sunnner ; and in a loamy, sanily, porous garden
soil, abounding in worms, I made an aquarium, which has ever since re-
mained [)erfectly staunch, and in which 1 have got all the Irish aquatics
thriving. The acjuarium {Jig- 30.) is an ellipse of 30 ft. by 1j. a a arc

the sections of a 9-inch brick wall, surrounding the whole; between which
and the outside 4-inch walls {h b) is a space (c r) of 4 in. for holding pud-
dle and salt to keep the worms off. The bottom is composed of H;igs
jointed with Parker's cement, and laid on a bed of well beaten mud or
puddle, so dense and dry as not to yield reailily to the foot : it is con-
tinuous with the i)udille of the walls, and under it the ground is well
salted. The pond is divided by an arched wall (the convex curve of the arch
against the shallower side) into two parts of greater and less depth. My
pond is in my rockworks, where I have a large circular one also, and is
edged with a bonier of rockwork, growing such plants as like much
moisture. It is supplied by a source which bursts u]) through the rocks
at one end, and trickles into the pond. It looks remarkably pretty, ami
answers well. I think this |)Iau admirably adapted for making small ponds
in all dressed grounds, pastures, <!v:c.

Amongst the exotic fruits, you do not mention the winter cherry
(Physalis peruviana), which I think is worth a place; the flavour of the
fruit is pleasant, and I believe it is wholesome, although it belongs to a
suspicious family.

In your chapters about gates, fences, <Iv:c., you might take notice of Mr.
Telford's gates of iron (^g. 31.) on the Holyhead road, made of flat bar

Retrospective Criticism. 85

iron ; a rivet at every intersection.
I You mil see that a better mechanical
arrangement of forces could not be
made.

I think your observations on ano-
malies of horticulture, and keeping
accounts without writing, are very
trivial, and ought to be omitted. I
am, Sir, yours, &c. — Robert Mallet.
Ryder Row, Dublin, Feb. 9. 1831.
Corrections for the EncyclopcBdia of Plants. — Sir, In the JS^ew York Farmer,
vol. iii. p. 149., and in vol. iv. p. 59., are a number of corrections. The
writer dwells, and justly, upon the apparently sneering notice taken of
",a Mr. James Logan, said to have been the author of some experiments
upon the generation of plants." As I do not suppose you were the author
of that remark, I cannot help saying that it is either a mark of the igno-
rance or the superciliousness of whoever made it, for either of which he
deserves censure. The work of Logan was written while the author was
on his travels in Europe, in Latin, and translated by the celebrated
Dr. John Fothergill, and it does honour to Logan, who was chief justice of
Pennsylvania, and one of the most learned men of the day. — J. Mease.
Philadelphia, May 16. 1831.

Gymnbcladus canadensis, the Kentucky coiFee-tree, which in your
Encyclopcedia of Plaiits, p. 842., you denominate a "tree or shrub," and
describe as " twining about the neighbouring trees and shrubs ; " is no
shrub; neither does it twine at all. It is a perfectly straight tree, 80 ft.
high, and abounds in the Western States. As Michaux has described it
fully, it is singular that any mistake was made about it. Its seeds are
used for coffee. — J. M. Philadelphia, March 6. 1831

Irish Cottages, Sfc. — Su% Mr. Howden, in the article on the mud cabins
in Ireland (Vol. VI, p. 657.), has very unjustly indulged his wit at the
expense of my country and countrymen. I believe I am correct when I
state that his services at Lord Doneraile's " did but render very indifferent
satisfaction." If he had not such a good cottage to live in, therefore, as
the one he now occupies, it is probable his employer did not think him
entitled to any thing better, — Thos. Small. Near the Church, Bexley, Kent,
Nov. 29. 1831.

Giving the Credit to Gardeners which is due to their Employers. — In
several of your Numbers, in alluding to horticultural improvements that
have been effected or were in contemplation, the gardener has had the
merit of design and execution, and the owner is confined to the mere duty
of paying for them. Throughout your pages I could quote a thousand
instances where the master and the servant are so confounded (except
possibly, to local knowledge), that something like Lear's enquiry as to
" which is the justice, and which the thief," is necessary to determine the
distinction. I will, however, content myself, for the present, in referring to
your last Number (Vol. VII, p', 540.) : — " We have strongly recommended
Ml". Dodd, gardener to Su" James Graham at Netherby, to adopt metallic
curvilinear houses and hot water in the erections which are about to be
made in the kitchen-garden there, and we trust that he will not forget cur
recommendation." In thus inviting the sei-vant to adopt a particulai* and
extensive arrangement, without the slightest even complimentary reference
to his master, are you not injuring him, by embodying against him that
natural offence which wounded pride must ever feel at unauthorised
assumption ? If Sir James Graham could for an instant consider that
his gardener encouraged or participated in your attempt to raise him
above his station, I think the baronet would be deserving the condition to
which you (perhaps inadvertently) have sought to lower him, if he did not
allow Mr. Dodd to seek for another site than Netherby for the adoption of

G 3

86 Jlc/ro.y)C(/iic Ci ilicisin.

your suggestions. In a previous Number (Vol. V. p. 510.), in report-
ing the splendid improvements iu progress at Syon House, you ascribed
all [)raisc, not to the worthy and talented nobleman who planned and paid
for them, but to the agent charged with the execution of his orders.
Your conuuendation would probably have cost the gardener liis place,
could His (Jrace have condescended to a rivalry in your coumiendation.
I am, Sir, yours, d'C. — A Friend. Dec. 1831,

The Udlhern Wallet and the leathern Bearing-Slraps (Vol. VH. p. G13,),
arc, surely, not worth engraving; they are quite eonmion about this town,
and, I think I may sav, throughout the east of England, — T. S. Bury
St. Kdmund.t, Nov. 1831.

The wallet is scarcely known in Scotland, as Mr. Hislop, who lent us
both the wallet and strap, can attest. If it were better known in that
country, there would not be so many blue aprons torn to pieces. We con-
sider articles of this sort, calculated for universal adoption, when they are
not universally known, as among the most useful articles that wc can figure.
— Cond.

Supporting newli/ tranaplnntcd Trce.i hy pegging down their Boot.i. — I beg
to inform your very intelligent but sensitive correspondent, Mr. Thorn
(sec Vol. VII. p. 4-+J.), that I put in my claim to a new method of sup-
j)orting recently planted large trees ; though I hitherto thought it of very
little consequence, having found it so well known wherever I have operated,
that I fancied every one knew it, I have practised it for upwards of thirty
years without a failure. The method is, to drive down strong hooked
pegs to secure the main roots. They must be of some kind of hard
%vood, not apt to split. I have generally used oak or elm; but various
other woods will answer. Each large root will require three or more pegs,
driven firmly into the hard subsoil, and, to prevent friction, there should be
a considerable quantity of moss put between the root and the hook. When
the hole is filled in, the hooks are completely covered, and they generally
last as long ;is they are necessary for supporting the tree. The heads of
the pegs should be left, at first, of considerable length ; but when driven
home, they should be sawed off a few inches above the hooks. The pegs
will often require to be 3 ft. long, and 3 or i in. in diameter at the head.
In most eases, it will be necessary to make holes for the admission of
the wooden pegs, by the previous insertion of an iron one. I hope Sir
Henry Steuart will approve of my method ; and I trust that your intelligent
correspondent, Mr. E. Murphy, will spread this practice, as well as many
other useful ones. Judging from his judicious practical observations, I
think there is no man more calculated to raise the science of arboriculture
from the low state in which it has hitherto been in Ireland. I fear, how-
ever, that he will fail, as 1 have often done, to induce proprietors to thin
their plantations. INIany in the county of Cork have got into the wretched
method of pruning their forest trees, especially oaks, like fishing-rods ;
and neglecting to thin their plantations till the trees become so weak as
to be unable to hold up their heads ; and, consequently, when thinned,
they require many years before they are able to bear exposure to the
weather. I am. Sir, yours, &c. — JI. Button. Lombard House, Middlelon,
Nov. 1. 1831.

The Edges of IValLt, Dotting, Grouping, Sf-e. — Sir, I have been much
gratified with your remarks (V^ol. VII. p. +()i, 540.) on the depth of
walks, and on the nakedness and s])a(le marks often visible on their edges.
I have long been convinced that this jjrevalent negligence and want of
finish have a very bad effect ; and those borders which I have laid for some
years past are much lower than the usual [iractice allows. I never had
the resolution, however, to alter the rest, till I found my own conviction
confirmed by your excellent remarks. I also agree with you in \oiu- views
respecting the prevailing mode of placing groups on lawns ( Vol- VII. p. 401.

Retrospective CiUicism. SV

fig. 72.) ; but I would like to ask whether it is in good taste, to preserve an
equal breadth of grass on each side of the walk, as you seem to suggest ?
[Not more than is necessary to maintain the principle of a whole, or of every
part fitting into its precise situation.] It appears to me that there are two
great errors in the laying out of walks in gardens and shrubberies. The first
is, that the borders are generally edged with a stiff parallel stripe of grass,^
which cannot fail to be tiresome to the eye. Now, it is evident, that if
nature (the best guide) is to be followed, the borders of walks should
be of unequal breadth, and varied ; otherwise, the uniformity, v/hich in
its due proportion is pleasing, becomes very tiresome. The second
error is, that walks and roads are very frequently twisted fantastically
through the grounds, without regard to taste and propriety ; and in viola-
tion of a very obvious rule, viz., that if any change be made in the direc-
tion of a road from the nearest line, for the sake of leading to some view,
or of taking in some agreeable undulation in the ground, it is necessary
to have an apparent or real cause to account for every turn which the

path makes in its course.
To effect this purpose, plants,
raised or lowered ground,
rock, wood, water, or any
thing that will harmonise
with the situation, may be
employed. That you may understand my meaning better, 1 subjoin a sketch.
{fis,. 32.) I am. Sir, yours, &c. — T. I). Broiighton Hall Gardens, Nov. 26.
1831.

The principle of a sufficient reason ought never to be lost sight of in
laying out walks and roads ; that is, no deviation from a straight line
should ever appear, for which a reason is not given in the position of the
ground, trees, or other accompanying objects. {Enci/clopcEdia of Gardening,
2d edit. s. 7243.

The Practice of Dotting, which you have so very properly condemned
(Vol. VIT. p. 403.), is not so much to be laid to the charge of gardeners,
as to gentlemen themselves, or to their land-stewards or bailiffs. There is
not one gardener in a hundred that is ever allowed to have any thing to do
with the single trees in the park or lawns of the residences where he is
gardener. This, and this alone, is the reason why dotting prevails instead
of grouping, and why our parks are spotted like a leopard, or checkered
like a draught-board, instead of presenting marked features, breadth,
masses, and repose. — A Single Tree. Bewdley, Kov. 30. 1 83 1.

Certain Plants alleged to be hardy in SweeCs British Flower-Garden. —
It is to be regretted that E. (Vol. VII. p. 709.) has not enumerated more
of " the very considerable number of plants " which he has lost from
having placed too much reliance on catalogues, &c. He has only named
two ; viz. Erpetion renifdrmis, and Campanula pulla : the last I have
always treated as a hardy plant; but I was not before aware that Mr.
Sweet had represented the Erpetion reniformis as hardy. Knowing
it to be a native of New Holland, I have been agreeably disappointed
to find that it has survived the last two winters here in a cold wet situ-
ation, without any protection whatever. I find it has also proved to be
hardy in the Clapton Nursery. I am, Sir, yours, &c. — T.B. Stamford
Hill, Dec. 29. 1831.

Certain Plants alleged to he hardy, Sfc. — Sii", I am sorry to see in the
Gardener's Magazine (Vol. VII. p. 709.) an attack made by E. upon
Mr. Sweet, for having represented some plants as hardy in the British
Floiuer-Garden, which had perished during the winter under the manage-
ment of E, From the endeavours of the editors of the different botanical
periodicals to give early figures of new and interesting plants, it is sur-
prising that so few mistakes occur. E. might, with equal propriety, com-

t; 4

88 Retrospective Criticism.

plain of all the other periodicals, cither for representing plants as hardy
which will occasionally perish during winter out of doors, or for puttJJig
him to the expense of building houses for others which Mr. Sweet has
proved experimentally will thrive better in the open air. If E. had occa-
sionally visitetl Mr. Sweet's g;irden at Chelsea for several years past, he
might have witnessed the different methods recommended in the liritish
Flon'cr-dardrn for the protection of half-hardy plants put into full practice,
and with complete success.

Of the two plants named as examples of serious losses, Erpetion reni-
formis is well known to be rather tender; but, with less than common care,
it ought to have been perfectly safe in a cold frame. Campanula pulla is
perfectly hardy, if planted in a suitable soil. Mr. Sweet gives very par-
ticular directions about the compost requisite for it ; and in such a mixture
T have grown it for six or seven years without care or protection, only
having occasionally to grub a part of it up when spreading too wide upon
the border. But why have said, " It does not follow that because some of
the plants in question may have survived for twelve months in the borders
at Bury Hill, &c., that Mr. Sweet can be justified in reconnnending to his
readers a practice which must inevitably expose them to serious losses ; "
when it appears, by inferring to the British Flower-Garden, that neither of
these plants was figured from INIr. Barclay's garden, which, by the by,
from its peculiar locality, would be too severe a trial for many hardy plants ?
The garden at Bury Hill, lying low in a valley, without artificial protection,
exposed to the wind from every quarter, and subjected to the very latest
frost in spring, aiul to the very earliest frost in autun)n, with the common
garden soil, must be allowed to be by no means favourable for the pre-
servation of herbaceous [ilants during winter ; and, therefore, if a plant
stood the winter in such a situation, it might safely be considered hardy,
especially when we hear of New Holland, Cape, and plants from other
warm countries, growing out of doors in several gardens in Scotland, for
years, with very little jirotcction afforded them during winter. As an
anonymous attack deserves an anonvmous answer, I shall sign myself — F.
Dec. 7. is;ji.

Erpelion rruiformix hardt/. — Sir, E., in his re[)roofs of Sweet's Flotver-
Garden (Vol. VH. p. 710.), speaks of this plant as tender: my experience
disagrees with E.'s. With me, it withstooil in pots, and without protec-
tion, the severity of the winters of 1828-9 and f821)-.*i(). Campanula pulla
is perfectly hardy, as the flower-borders here annually prove. — Henri/
Turner. Botanic Garden, Bun/ St. Ediniinds, Dec, I8.'il.

Propagation of Orchideou.i Kpiphi/tes. — Sir, Permit me to add a few
remarks to your descrij)tion (Vol. VII. p. ."j+l.) of my mode of increasing
these most iovcly plants. My first trial in this way was on a large plant
of Cattliyrt cris|)a, which had right t)ld shoots and two young shoots gone
over the side of the pot. I took a sharp penknife and cut the plant through
carefully in three places, taking care nut to disturb the |)lant, nor cut any
roots; to my great surprise, in a short time I had two fine young shoots
at the side of each old shoot where I had cat, giving me eight young
shoots in all ; and, I believe, luul I cut the |)lant through at the siile of all
the old shoots, I should have had sixteen young shoots. I should say in
this place, that the two young shoots that were on the plant before I cut it
through did not suffer by the cut. I think they grow ecpially as strong as
before, and faster, which makes me think that the old part of the plant is
of no use to the yoimg shoots after they have made their roots. I have
been informed by a botanical friend, that this method of increasing the
parasitical plants will not succeed except on large established plants;
but I have tried it on very small |)lants, and have found it to answer as
well as on larger ones: of course, the more old shoots there are, the more
young ones there will be. I have tried it on most of the species here, and

Retrospective Criticism. 89

find it to answer equally well on all. I will name two species which had
only two shoots in each pot when I divided them, viz. Oncidium papllio
and Brassirt caudata, and they soon after attained two young shoots in
each. The best time to divide the plants is just when they begin to grow.
— William Perrin, Gardener to Richard Harrison, Esq., OaJdand Cottage,
near Liverpool.

Eranthis hyemdlis. — I coincide in J. D.'s commendations of this plant
(Vol. VII. p. 564.). It would be worth J. D.'s while to go to the Grove
at Mitcham (Sir J. Fulbock's), on purpose to see them in the spring; they
cover the whole surface of the plantations, and are visible half a mile offi
making a show like our yellow crowfoots in the fields. — B. Coventry,
Nov. 2. 1831.

The Tea Plnnt. — I have been quite surprised at Mr. Main's remarks in
Vol. IV. p. 454-3., on the subject of the tea plant : his remark is as fol-
lows : — That the green (Thea viridis) and the black tea (Thca Bohea) are
distinct species of the genus Thea, there can be no rational doubt : the toitte
ensemble forms a characteristic difference between them, as marked as that
of the sweet bay and the common laurel. The green tea can by no modi-
fication whatever, either of culture or clime, be obtained from the same
plant that yields the multiform vai'ieties of black tea, from inferior bohea
through congou, up to pekoe, and padre souchong. The fact is, green
and black tea are chemicalJy different. By acting on green tea by means of
boiling alcohol, I have dissolved resin, vegetable wax, and the green mat-
ter (chlorophyle) of the leaf. The leaves by this treatment become black,
but do not unfold. An officer of high rank in India informed me that when
his camp was visited by Tartar tribes they were surprised at the black tea
then used, which they had seen for the first time, green tea being that
alone cultivated by and used among them. — J. Murray. Dec. 1828.

Censurable Names given to Gooseberries, Sfc. — I see that Mr. D. and 3'ou
are both converts to the big gooseberi'ies. As trying is, in such cases,
believing, I intend to try a few of the best of these giants, particularly
Woodward's Whitesmith, which Mr. D. speaks of so highly in the note
(Vol. VII. p. 332.) appended to my notice of small gooseberries. I also
mean to get, if only for curiosity's sake, the true Warrington. I wish they
would not give quite such low, vulgar, pot-house names to their goose-
berries ; names, too, that do not possess the merit of being any way pe-
culiarly applicable or descriptive, to compensate for their vulgarity ; e. g.
Roaring Lion, Crown Bob, Jolly Printer, Jolly Angler, Cheshire Lass,
Royal Rock-getter, and, to crown all, " Leigh's Fuddler." I cannot con-
ceive any thing more low and blackguard, unless you descend to downright
indecency and obscenity. — B. Coventry, Sejitember, 1831.

British Society of Agriculture. (Vol. VII. p. 498, 499.) — Sir, I per-
fectly agree with you, in opinion respecting the little utility of such asso-
ciations in general, and therefore cannot haU the projected one as likely to
produce the intended good. Too many, I am afraid, have either originated
as jobs, or degenerated into such, by the selfish conduct of individuals ;
and as this is the opinion of the great body of the farmers, societies like
the above cannot be of much use until this belief is removed. It may
also be doubted wl' ether the studies Mi*. Hawkins points out can be imme-
diately beneficial to society. Is it not more probable that better systems
of cultivation introduced into the more backward counties, by the examples
shown by specimen farms, would have a mucH greater effect, in promoting
the desired objects ? Though I do not deny that natural history, chemistry,
&c., may occasionally be of considerable use to a farmer ; yet, attempting
to exaggerate their utility is not the way to bring them into credit amongst
the mass of the people. The Commercial farmer has his landlord and
family to attend to, before he can afford to spend valuable time in making
experiments, of which the chance against his ever being able to profit is

90

Queries and Ansicos.

very great, besiik-.s the certainty of getting liiniselt" laughed at by ITik indus-
trious plodding neighbours. No doubt the niore general diHiision through-
out the country, by local colleges, or even periodical lectures, of those
branches of knowledge w liich are not to be ac(|uired at the common country
or day schools, may do much good, by exciting all, and enabling many, to
apply barren knowledge to the affairs of life, with a readiness and precision
which only some fortunate individuals can at present attain. Your cor-
respondent partly illustrates this; but if he had removed the beam from
his own eye, |)reviously to his attempt to'take the mote from the eyes of his
neighbours, and possessed a small knowledge of political economy, it would
have shown him the fallacy of the doctrines of Webb Hall, and have pre-
vented him from using argvmients, the errors of which every tyro must
detect at first sight, and which, in fact, caused the withdrawal oi' the govern-
ment support, and the consequent breaking up of the Board of Agriculture.
It is really melancholy to see the errors into which the most humane and
kind-hearted men fall, from overlooking or contemning the science, which
is as necessary in enabling us to view correctly those plans for benefiting
society, as arithmetic is for estimating and noting the riches of individuals.
If a society is to be established, then, to prevent its failure, Professor Mac-
cuUoch, Professor Senior, or Dr. Whately, ought to furnish or revise the
rules, and, if possible, to give a prcliiuinary lecture upon the legitimate
objects and advantages to be expected from such an association. I cannot
conclude w ithout mentioning the liberality of the clergy of this diocese, who
have offered to endow two professorships at the new provincial college to
be established at Durham, by setting aside for their support the revenues
of two or three of the stalls of the prebendaries. I am, Sir, yours, &c. — ■
A Nortlnnnbrian. Noi\29. \H'S\.

Art. VII. Queries and Answers.

Heating n Comcrvatonj and Bath from ihc same Boikr. — Your Maga-
zine has set mc, and many others of my accpiaiiUancc here, exi)erimenting
on some of the numerous inventions detailed in it. For example, I have
added to my cottage residence a conservatory, forsooth, on something like
the following plan : — 33

1 / __

~ss^~::~sit"~::rM'.K

a. Dwelling-house. b, Tarloiir. c, Congcrvatory. rf, Bath. e. Place for boiler.
/, Kntrnncc porch, Tucing the south.

The conservatory lias a glass front, and the front part of the roof is
glass, the back part being slated. Attached is a bath, sunk on a level with
the floor. Now, the cause of my troubling you is to endeavour to ascer-
tain from you, or some one of your scientific readers, the best i)lan of heat-
ing the conservatory and the bath from the same boiler; the size of the
boiler, of the pipes, of the reservoir, &c. I sujjpose the thing can be done ;
if not, I shall lay all the fault at your (\ooy.— Cymro. Brecon, Dec. 1831.

Qiieries and Ansxscers.

SI

Nothing in the waj' of heating by hot water can be easier. We recom-
mend such of our tradesmen readers as are in the habit of putting up hot-
water apparatus to write to Cymro, Post-office, Brecon, and Cymro to
apply there for letters. — Cond.

The Price of Garden Ornaments, in Stone,
at Dumfries. — Sir, Your correspondent O.
I P. Q. has ver)' properly improved your hint
I respecting our cheap and ornamental tomb-
j stones. As Mr. Newall is at present in Italy,
[ I sent the query to a very ingenious builder
] and mason, who owns a quarry of the best
; stone in Dumfriesshire, Mr. M'Gowan. A
] fountain made of that stone, similar to the
I engraving (Vol. VII. p. 724.), would cost at
j Dumfries 11/. lis., and might be sent to Lon-
1 don for 21. or 3/. more. You may recollect
I my sundial (^g. 34., scale 1 in. to 1ft.);
1 a similar one would cost here 1/. 15*. I
am. Sir, yours, &c. — Wm . Grierson, Bait-
iford, Dec. 12. 1831.

^ When we consider that the fountain re-
■^ ferred to is 8 ft. high, the price seems re-
markably low; it would cost more than
double the money, in any stone whatever, if
made about London. We have no doubt it
would pay to have columns and other
architectural members worked at Dumfries,
and sent to London, and chflerent parts of
England. — Co7id.

View of a House in Ireland. — Sir, I send
you a sketch {fig. 35.), taken from a drawing
found in the room of a late market-gardener
of this place, John MacQueen, who died in
rather a singular manner about a year ago.
The reason I send you the drawing is, to
request you will inform me, if you know
where it was erected ; and if you do, I wish also to know whether
MacQueen was the architect, as the drawing seemed to be by hrni. The
late Mr. James Brown, who has been over the whole of Ireland as an

35 -=^ _. ' -

itinerant druggist, assured me, some months ago, that such a building did
not exist in the whole country ; and I therefore conclude it belongs either
to England or Scotland, Speaking of Mac Queen's death : he was a very

92 Queries and Aiisxiers.

odd character; and, havin<; drunk rather too freely, went out, as it is sup-
nosed, to turn over some hot (hiiii; wliich was in preparation for a cucum-
ber bed ; and liaving either fallen down, or laid himself along the dnng to
rest, he was found next day on his face, (juite dead. He lived alone;
but nevertheless left a sort of will, in which he heciueathed his body to
the sur<'eons, on condition that they returned his l)ones, when they had
done witli tiiem, to be ground into hone manure for his own garden. Ob-
serve, I do not vouch for this, though it is reported among his friends,
and 1 believe it to be true. It is almost needless to say, that his relations
paid no attention to his request. He was buried in the usual manner,
but where I cannot exactly say. — Jo/m Maclaggan. LomUmdcrrt/, August,
18.3).

We insert the above query more on account of the drawing (/g. 35.)
than the notice of a drunken gardener. Notwithstanding the names at
leno-th, we cannot help having doubts as to the authenticity of the facts.
We have certainly seen eitlier an engraving or a house something like the
drawing sent ; probably in some book. — Cond.

A Machine for hcw'mg Stones hy Steam was invented by Mr. James
Milne of Edinburgh, two years ago; can you, or any of your readers, in-
form me if it continues to answer, and whether it would apply to basaltic
or "ranitic rocks ? If so, it will be of immense use in this country. —
7. W. New York, Sept. 1831.

A would-be Suburban Gardener. (Vol. VH. p. 720.) — Should no one
better able than myself furnish the information desired by A woidd-be
Suburban (iardener, I will, in a future Number, endeavour to do so. I
should, in that case, like to occujiy a page or two, to give a list of orna-
mental plants, and a few hints respecting their culture, which, if attended
to, would preserve A would-be Suburban (iartlener, ami many others,
from the frecjuent ilisappointments to which they are now exposed ; and
which, no doubt, tcntl to destroy their zest for ganlening pursuits. I am.
Sir, yours, &C. — Williani Boi/ee. Ruclianiptou, Dee. 28. 1831.

A Gru/)-worm is making sad havoc among my strawberries, intended for
next year's forcing. Can you or any of your readers inform me through
the Gardener's Magazine, how it may be destroyed ? — Jo/in Stovdd.
Petworthy Nov. 1. 1831.

History of the Lombardy Poplar {Vopulus di/atdta). — Sir, In your last
Number (Vol. VII. p. 71().), J. D., speaking of the wood of the Lombartly
poplar, observes that it " is remarkably light when dry, and is usually but
lightly esteemed: for in-door purposes it is, however, said to be excellent.
Hence the following coui)let appertaining to it : —

* Though heart of oak be e'er so stout.
Keep me dry, and I'll sec him out.' "

I cannot speak from experience of the timber, but have always heani it
represented as the most wortiiless of woods. The above couplet, or one
to the same eH'ect, I have often heard applied to the Spanish chestnut ; but
it cannot, I think, have been originally intended to apply to the Lombardy
poplar, because the coiq)lct itself is of far ni jre ancient date than the
period of the introduction of that tree into this country. .J. D. s|)caks
also, thou'di he s|)eaks donblfully, of the value of [loplar wood on account
of its "i'Miiting very slowly." (Does he say this of po|)lar timber in general,
or does he coniine the remark to that of the Loml)ardy po|)lar in parti-
cular?) [.I. D's remarks were rural traditions transcribed, wliicii his ex-
perience neither enables him to negative nor confirm : they related to the
timi)er of po|)lars generally, or rather to the British species, P. nigra, dlba,
anilcanescens.] This is the character also of other speciesof poplar,espccially
the abele (/'. :'ili)a), of which wood, or of the /Vipulus canescens (lam not
sure which), grown upon the estate, the chamber Hoors of the present man-
sion at Newbold Comyn, near Leamington, are constructed. They are of a

Queries and Answers. 93

light colour, and remarkably neat. The timber of the abele (P. alba or of
P. canescens, whichever it may be) was selected for this purpose (as I have
ofteo heard from the late possessor of the property) for the very reason
hinted at above by J. D. An abele (or P. canescens) of very large
dimensions grew, long since my recollection, upon the small narrow island
in the river immediately in front of the house at Newbold, but it has been
cut down some years.

Larch. The timber of the larch, though, like other trees of the fir tribe, it
abounds with turpentine, is yet, contrary to what we should expect, re-
markably slov/ in igniting, and may almost be said to resist fire. A friend
of mine once had occasion to cut down some old larch trees, and thinking
that they would make particularly good fi.rewood, he had them cut into
logs for that purpose, and reserved for his own use. To his utter surprise,
however, he found that they would scarcely burn ; I do not mean that fire
would not consume them, but that they burned extremely sluggishly, and
made the worst fuel that can well be imagined. The same I have found
by experience to be the case with the twigs and small branches of the
larch. Can you account for this extraordinary fact, which is so contrary
to what might have been expected ? The larch, too, I am told, has the
property of resisting the effects of water as well as of fire. The value of
this quick-growing tree as timber is, I apprehend, scarcely yet estimated
as it deserves in this country.

Birch (Belula alba). — Are you aware that the thin white bark of the
birch, which peels off like so much paper, will burn like a candle ? May
it not be applied to some useful purpose ? The wood and twigs of birch,
too, burn remarkably brisk. Yours, &c. — JV. T. Bree. Allesley Rectory,
Bee. 20. 1831.

Volygala vulgaris of different Colours. — Sir, Some apology is perhaps
due from me to your correspondent G. J. P., for having misunderstood his
meaning (Vol. VII. p. 246.), as it appears I did, respecting the varieties of
Polj'gala vulgaris (see p. 380.); and yet I know not how his words could
well be understood in any other sense than that in which I took them.
From his subsequent remarks (p. 717.), I perceive his meaning to be, that
flowers of several different colours are sometimes found on the same
individual plant of Polygala vulgaris ; and that he seeks an explanation of
the phenomenon. Now this reminds me of the old story about the hoaxing
problem once proposed to a learned society, viz. " Why a vessel filled with
water, and with a guinea placed in it, weighs no heavier than the same
vessel filled with water, but without the guinea ? " Before we speculate
on such questions, I should wish to be informed, on somewhat less vague
authority, whether the fact be really so. Your correspondent says, " he
finds on a neighbouring common the Polygala vulgaris ; the flowers are of
four different colours, viz. dark blue, light blue, red, and white." (p. 246.)
All these varieties, i. e. specimens of the plant respectively bearing flowers
of these several colours, are of frequent occurrence. In his last com-
munication he tells us that he has read in some book (he forgets the title),
that the flowers of Polygala vulgaris are changeable, and that flowers have
been found of several colours on the same plant ; " but this," he adds, " he
never saw." Neither have I; and if any of your readers have ever met
with so unusual a party-coloured variety, it may be worth recording in your
Magazine. I would not, however, be understood as absolutely denying the
existence of such a variety, more especially as a similar anomaly, 1 am
aware, is known to take place in some other cases ; e. g. I have seen on
the same plant of Geranium pratense, in the Oxford Garden, blossoms,
some of which were entu'ely blue, some pure white, and others striped, or
partly blue (the usual colour) and partly white. Centaurea Cyanus, again,
is not unfrequently to be met with in the gardens producing, on the same
plant, flowers of four or more different colours, viz. blue, white, dark purple,
or chocolate, and particoloured. And, only in October last, my attention

<> I (Queries a fid Ans-joers.

was calleil to a very liaiulsome pcor^ina in the nursery of Messrs. YouiiiJ,
at Epsom, wliicli bore two iliHcrent kinds of self-coloured Howers, as well
as a third kind which jjurtook of both colours beautifully intermixed; if
my memory serves me, I think the variety was called by the florists' name
of " William and Adelaide." How to account for these freaks of nature,
which, from the above examples, it appears, occur chiefly among plants
in ii cultivated state, is a point I nmst leave to wiser heads. Yours, &c.
— W. T. Brce. Allcslcij Reel or i/. Dee. 20. 1831.

C^elamcn pcrsieum. — Some queries on the fragrance of the blosson)s of
this species occur in Vol. VII. p. 6G2, It is known to vary into plants
whose blossoms are all purple-eyed, or others whose blossoms liave all
white eyes. I rather think that among the purple-eyeil plants, some are
fragrant and some are not ; and that among the white-eyed plants, the
case is quite the same. The finest specimen 1 ever saw was one my father
used to have when we were children ; it was high fim for us to count the
number of blossoms out at one time, which was enormous; they were very
fragrant, and of the purple-eyed kind. — li. Coventry, Xov. 2. 1831.

'I7ie late Air. Ilobsoii's Books of Mosses. — In answer to B. of Coventry
(Vol. VII. p. I2i.), the late Mr. Hobson published several copies, as com-
plete as he possibly could make them, containing each 300 species of mosses,
and Jungermann/a. If 13. wishes any particular information respecting the
2d and 3d vols., he may have it by aildressing a letter to me, ])ost paid. —
JV))i. Hobson, 3!. Clicslcr Road, Hitlmc, J\Iancltcster, Dec. 1831.

iientiixwA aeaidis (Vol. VII. p. 728.) is best propagated by seed, which
should be sown, as soon as ripe, in pots filled with loam and peat mould.
The pots to be placed in the shade till the approach of winter, when they
should have the protection of a cold frame. In the course of the next
sunnner the plants will be large enough to be pricked off into other pots,
filled, as belbre, and put in the shade. They should be kept in frames
during another winter, and in the second spring they will be fit for final
transplantation. It is necessary to observe, that if edgings are to be made
of this plant, they should be planted, at least, four or five inches within
the border or clump ; and if planted in "patches quaint," should seldom be
moved, as few plants suffer more by being disturbed. A moist rich loam is
the best soil for this plant.

The Ladi/ Bath Heartsease. (Vol. VII. p. 728.) — When I had the care
of the sj)lendid collection of plants belonging to T. Kingscote, Esq. of
Kingscote Park, (iloucestcrshirc, I procured the Lady Bath heartsease from
Mr. Wheeler, nurseryman, of Warminster, who raised that beautiful variet)',
and named it in compliment to Lady Bath. I am, Sir, yours, &c. —
Wm. Boi/ec. Roe/iaiirplon, JJee.'2S. 18.31.

AmarijlUs Jhnnosissijia seeds in ICuii,land ; in rejjly to the query of Ama-
ryllideus. (Vol. VII. |). 728.) — The Jacoba-an lily used to bloom annually
outside and in front of a conservatory in this town, but which is now no
longer standing. Once at least, in this situation, it ripened seeds, from
which plants were raised. — Henry Turner. Bun/ St. Edmunds.

Culture (if VjentilnvA acai'ilis ; in answer to S. \V. ( Vol. VII. p. 728.) —
This plant grows luxuriantly in a garden near this town, planteil in a very
strong loam. It will also flower well in heath mould ; but in a mixture of
heath mould and loam, although it will grow strongly, it will rarely blos-
som at all. — Id.

Irish Pearl Moss. — Can you tell me what lichen it is, which is sold in
Covent (iarden Market inider the names of oak lungs, carnigeen, or Irish
pearl moss, for medicinal [uirposes ? I am. Sir, yours, &.c. — I. Klles.
Palaee Gardens, Armagh, Dee. 23. 1831. [i'ucus crispus \M. 8 of Turner's
Hisloria Fitcontw, vol. iv. t. 217. f. c. See Mag. Xat. Hist., vol. iii. p. 4-83.
fig. 119]

Meltanlhtts viojor. — Arc you aware that this plant is as liardy as the
common artichoke? [Yes.] I have. a few of them in some beds in the

Qjiteries and Ansivevs. 95

lawn, where, ulong with yuccas, cannas, and Indian corn, they have a rich
Oriental appearance in summer. — Robert Redstead. HampsJiirc, Nov. 183 1.

How can I ripen Grapes by the middle of September, without Fires ? — I
want to have firm and large berries, in bunches, in time for the Doncaster
races. Your advice, or that of some of your correspondents, will much
oblige — R. W. Doncaster, Nov. 1831.

Beer from Sugar mixed ivifh inferior Malt or nnmalted Barley. — Has
any of your correspondents experience in the making of beer from sugar
mixed with very inferior malt or nnmalted barley ? There is every reason
to believe that very bad malt and sugar, or unmalted barley and sugar,
if coarsely cut in a machine, will make a beer equal to the best malt ;
and it is very desirable that this point should be clearly ascertained, as it
would afford means of giving a very cheap drink to the people, at the
same time, that it would extend the sale of barley, by giving it a chance
of escaping the malt duty, as well as by giving an additional value to the
worst part of the crop. Perhaps you would invite a discussion of the
subject.— X Y. London, Aug. 29. 1831.

Barley Bigg. — In ansv/er to the queries of your correspondent X. Y.,
Vol, VII. p. 731. respecting barley bigg, v/hich has this year been rein-
troduced, tor the hundredth time, from Tartary, and cultivated in the Cliis-
wick garden as a new grain, I would say, that the seed is usually to be
obtained from the principal London seedsmen, as Gibbs or Wrench ; but,
if not there, it may be obtained with certainty from any Scotch seedsman
at Edinburgh, Glasgow, or Aberdeen ; though I remember, in the latter
place, finding some extraordinary and unaccountable difficulties raised
against procuring it, by Messrs. Walker, gentlemen in all other articles
so intelligent, so liberal, so fair, so tradesmanlike, and so satisfactory. I
do not apprehend that, without a special order or caution, the Scotch
traders would point out or observe any distinction, or be particular in the
sample, whether of the tetrastichon or hexastichon variety. It differs from
spring barley in this particidar, that, whereas the latter cannot be grown to
advantage except in fine light soils, the former thrives very vigorously in
stiff cold clays. The grain is produced in greater abundance than that of
spring barley; it is believed to have a more nutritious farina, but the thick-
ness of the skin and coarseness of the sample render it unfit for the
maltster, though it will make substantial good barley bread, where that
article is in use, and the distiller will occasionally make liberal use of it.
But for those who need a stout nutritive grain, on clay soils, for mixture
with horse meat (for which purpose it was cultivated in Italy so early as
the time of Columella, under the name of hordeum canthcrinum), or for
fattening pigs or bullocks, the winter barley is well adapted, on account of
its hardihood, ample produce, and highly nutritive quality. Its most
esteemed property, however, especially in the south, is, perhaps, its adapt-
ation for green meat, as sheep-feed, in which use certain peculiarities are to
be attended to. I have not, in the south of England, where alone I have
tried it, found it thrive, if sown earlier than mid-September. If sown
sooner, it gets so forward as to be destroyed by frost. At no time during
the winter does it present a close or heavy burden of green meat on the
ground, like the dense herbage of rye or wheat. So soon as the plant
acquires four leaves, one or two of them deca}', and are continually
replaced by as many others. The economical use of it in that stage of
growth, therefore, is, to run your sheep and lambs over it four, five, or
six times in the winter : it agrees peculiarly well with them, never griping
or scouring them, as rye does. Treading does not hurt it, even on a wet
clay; it succeeds on the London blue clays, and on the blue lias clays of
Somersetshire ; and the sheep, at each feeding, consume only that which
within another fortnight would perish of itself. No accumulation of food
is acquired by sparing it, nor is the power of producing a full grain crop

96 Cottages and Cottage Gardens.

impaired or exhausted by the frc(]uent winter feedings, if not repeated
bevund the time wiu-n it shows a disposition to sjjindle. When it at length
rniis, in spring, if tlie soil is good and well manured, it rises, of the thick-
ness of a swan's ijuill, to the height of 3 ft. or more, and has a very broad
and Heshy flag, and a great deal of rich nutritious food, to be cut green for
the stable; and it happily supplies the interval, for that purpose, between
rye and wheat, or winter vetches. If sown in autumn, its grain ripens
early in summer : it possesses this peculiarity, that a large, and apparently
well-ripened crop is occasionally found to be destitute oi' vegetative power
(at least, in the south of England), so that any sample grown for seed, or
bougiit for seed, ought to be proved in a hot-bed belbrc sowing, in order to
determine whether it is fit for tliat purpose, or only for the pigs ; and old
seed habitually fails. I am. Sir, yours, &c. — Causidicus. Dec. 18.31.

A Machhic for jjrcparing Flax and Hemp, by a new and improved Process,
for mamifactiiring into Canvms, Cordage, S,-c. — Such a machine is spoken of
in a letter signed L., 3. University Street, Fitzroy Square, which appeared
in the Times newspaper, June 23. 1831. Can you, or any of your readers,
inform me where it is to be had, whether its advantages are really such as
that writer describes, and what is the cost of the machine ? The advantages
stated by L. to be derivable from its use are as follow: — 1. A saving of
more than one third in manual labour, and in the purchase of the utensils
and machines requisite for preparing flax and hemp for the spinner, by
the operation of steeping ; 2. An increase of one twentieth in the quantity
as well as cjualit}' of the long fibrous threads called horlc ; 3. A diminution
in the quantity of tiie tow, which is so superior in quality as to be capable
of producing the finest cloth ; 4-. An increase of one twelfth in the strength
of the thread, and, consequently, of all sail-cloth and cordage for the navy
made from it : this is proved by the thread prepared by the machine being
submitted to the test of the dynamometer; 5. The fitness of the boon(?)
[husky matter] for several purposes, particularly in the manufacture of
paper, containing its own size, which yields to none in beauty, texture,
durability, and wliiteness ; G. An increase in the value of land wherever
hemp or flax are cultivated, by reason of the increased value of the pro-
duce ; and, lastly. The cessation of the importation of these articles from
abroad, which annually draw such immense sums from this countr}-.

I have been requested by a correspondent in Jamaica to procure inform-
ation respecting this machine for him ; and as general, not partial, utility is
my object, it wUl be best attained by actjuiriug it through your Magazine. —
WiHiam llawiUon. lliford Place, l'hp)wuth,Ucl. 20. 1831.

On cncjuiring at 3. University Street, we find, that the machine in
question was a considerable improvement on that of Bundy {Enci/c.of Agr.
2d edit. p. !)l(i. fig. 987.). The inventor,'a Mr. Scwicrop, has gone to Paris;
b\it us there is a workman in Loudon who can make the machine, the
invention will not be lost ; and our correspondent, or others concerned, may
ajiply at Weir's manufactory, Oxford Street, where such information as has
transpired will be obtained. — Cond.

Art. VIII. Cottnrres and Cottage Gardens, IVnrhhoiise Gardens,
and Garaens of Prisons and Lunatic Asi/lnms.

The notices which we purpose giving under this head, from time to
time, will be chiefly confined to recording the progress made in these
departments of gardening in diflerent parts of the country. It gives us
much pleasure to observe that the great benefits which arise from adding
gardens to laliourers' cottages are every year more and more felt all over
the country. We had many proofs ol' this in our late tour, both in Eng-
land and in Scotland ; and most sincerciv do we wish that government

IVoi-khouse Gardens, and Gardens of Prisons. 97

would pass a law to oblige all builders of cottages unalienably to attach a
certain quantity of land to each as a garden, as suggested Vol. VII. p. 410.
A bill has been lately (December, 1831) brought into Parliament, which
proposes to oblige pan'shes to provide gardens for all their cottage dwell-
ings ; but the practicability of this, on the plan proposed in the bill, appears
to us very doubtful. (See our observations on this subject. Vol. V.
p. 712.) We prefer, as an artificial and temporary measure, some plan by
which abundance of labour may be created in every part of the country.
We have suggested for this purpose the reforming of the public roads all
over the island, under the direction of district engineers, the expense to be
paid out of the general taxes. (See our letter on the subject in the Morn-
ing Chronicle of Dec. 31. 1831.)

We have strongly recommended workhouse gardens (Vol. V. p. 714.)
for the aged and infirm poor ; and we had the pleasure of seeing at Co-
ventry (May 6. 1831) our ideas in great part carried into effect. The
three pai'ishes which compose the town of Coventry are under one
system of management as far as it respects the poor; and an old monastery
and its extensive garden have been turned into a lodging and working-
place. The garden is cultivated entirely by the inmates, and chiefly the
old men, as the women are supplied with in-door work, and there is a
schoolmaster for teaching the children to read, write, and count. It was
observed to us, by Mrs. Mercer, the highly respectable matron, who has
the entire management of the establishment, under the direction of a com-
mittee, that all the old men who were able to work, however little, took
great pleasure in being employed in the garden, and she only regretted that
there was not more ground. Mrs. Mercer is very fond of horticulture, and
directs the cultivation of the garden under her care most judicious!}'. It
was in the very best order, and without a single weed. She has a border
devoted to flowers, and, as it does not contain many sorts, we venture to
call on our friends in her neighbourhood, Mr. Brown, Mr. Knox, and Mr.
Oliver, to send her a few plants and seeds, and a few cuttings and suckers
of shrubs and roses.

We are persuaded that it would be a great improvement in the manage-
ment of the workhouse poor of London, and of other large towns, to
have workhouses in the country, in the midst of large gardens, for their
aged and infirm inmates, who might then be usefully and agreeably em-
ployed in the gardens in raising part of their own food. The idea of so
many aged persons spending their last days in workhouses, is indeed deplor-
able ; but it seems to be inseparable from the wretched state of society in this
country. In the great Marylebone workhouse*, which has a front that, for
length, and the size and number of the windows, might be compared to a
Russian palace (and indeed it closely resembles that of General Apraxin,at
Moscow, of which we possess an elevation), there are constantly from 80
to 120 very old men and women, who are led or carried out, one by

* We visited this immense establishment on the 28th of December last.
It covers several acres, and consists of several courts, surrounded by build-
ings, or by high walls, including a chapel, an infirmary, a girls' school and
a boys' school, and a prison. The infirmary fronts the New Road, and has
a simple unbroken elevation, with large windows on the first floor ; produc-
ing, on the whole, considerable grandeur of effect The total number of
inmates is about 1440 grown-up persons, and about 300 children. Of the
grown-up persons at least 500, we were told, are able-bodied men, who
cannot get work,; above 100 are old men and women, unfit for any kind of
employment, some of them bed-ridden. Between 200 and 300 are in the
Infirmary. The whole appeared to us as well managed as an institution ot
the kind possibly can be.

Vol. VIII. — No. 36. ii

9S Collages atid Collage Gardens,

one, every niorninc, and set down on a bench, under a shed, or, when the
weather is fine, in the sun, wlierc they remain, ahnost in a state of torpor,
being unable to 1il1|) tlitinsclvcs, and liavinn; no one to attend to them, till
they are led or carried, one by one, back again, at the time appointed for
their next meal. What a picture of human desolation I If, instead of
being placed upon benches, witli nothing to gaze at but a brick wall, these
persons were led into a garden, where they could see numbers of their fel-
low inmates at work, l)reathe the fresh air, see and smell the flowers, and
hear the birds and other rural sounds, their miserable lot would have some
little alleviation. A number of them couKl perhaps assist in some of the
lighter garden operations ; the most infirm could scare away l)irds, or pre-
pare goosclierries, and shell legumes for the kitchen. This might enable
them to measure their time as it passes, and would afford some kind of
amusement to divert their minds from incessantly dwelling on their own
forlorn and hopeless situation. Is it too much to say that something would
be gained for the happiness of the human kind, if all men were agreed that,
wherever there was a habitation, whether for an individual family, or for a
number of persons, strangers to each other, such as hospitals, workhouses,

?risons, asylums, infirmaries, and even barracks, there should be a garden,
n our opinion, a dwelling without a garden ought not to exist.
At Aylesbury, Chester, Lancaster, and some other places, we found gar-
dens of more or less extent attached to the prisons, in which the prisoners
were allowed to work, in some cases as a recreation, and in others as
labourers for the governor of the prison. We found the gardens in excel-
lent order, with abundant crops of useful vegetables, or richly ornamented
with flowers, and we were informed that the prisoners were nuich human-
ised by their culture. We have no doubt that, as a means of |)rison edu-
cation, gardens might be turned to good account by humane and pains-
taking governors and gaolers ; and we could wish they were appended to
every gaol and penitentiary.

To the large County Lunatic Asjluni, near Lancaster, which we visited
on the 9th of July, IH.'il, there is a garden of several acres attached, and
we were informed that many of the inmates took, delight, some in cultivat-
ing particular spots as their own gardens, which were pointed out to us, and
others in assisting in the general op(!rations of the garden. In the private
Lunatic Asylum of Spring Vale, near Stone, so admirably managed by Mr.
Bakewell, the operations of ganlening and farming are made to serve as
exercises and recreations for several of tlie invalids. From what we were
informed by Mr. Bakewell, we are led to consider a gartlen as even a more
im|)ortant appendage to an establishment of this kind than it is to a
workhouse or a prison.

With respect to cottiiges, we are extremely anxious to bring into prac-
tical use the two inventions of Mr. Frost before mentioned ([). GO.), by
which fire-proof cottages, of endless duration, and warmer than those of
either brick or wood, n)ight be constructed, we believe, at the ordinary
expense. We wish nuich that some imlividual, who has a few hundred

Sounds to spare, and a suitable situation for a few cottages, would take
Ir. Frost by the hand, and show what can be done by his inventions. One
great advantage of his cement and tubes is, that they are of easy transport;
and we are persuaded that, if their application were once fairly untlerstood
they would be much in demand for the West Indies, North America, and
Australia. These inventions are even still better adaj)ted for town-houses
than for cottages, the former being so much more liable to fire. The
great impediment is, that this mode of building is at variance with the in-
terest of timber merchants, carpenters, bricklayers, plasterers, paviors, and
slaters : no small proof of the in)|)ortance of the invention.

The JA-f/iiif^ of Lnnd to La/murir.t in Sujfolli- and in Cambridi^r.thirc. — Sir,
The remaiks in your last Number (Vol. VII. p. 700 — 709.) on cottage gar-
ilrns and fjardening have considerably interested me ; and, had 1 leisure, I

Lioboureri Gardem in Suffolk and Cambridgeshire. &9

would reply to those by Charles Laurence (p, 707 — 709.), whose experience
has led him to very different conclusions fi"om those to which my practice
has led me, and who seems to have been singularly unfortunate in having
only encountered labourers of the dullest capacity. Having, however, re-
corded my own conclusions in a pamphlet*, I shall not here repeat them,
but submit a supplementary instance or two of the extending application
of the system of letting land to labourers.

In Vol. VII. p. 223. you have already recorded, that, since the publica-
tion of the Peasants Voice, the forty half-acres stated in that pamphlet to
have been occupied, for the eight years preceding, by forty labourers, in
this parish, were, in the close of 1830, doubled, so as to allow each
labourer an acre; thus clearly proving that the landlord, our vicar, had
seen no cause to be dissatisfied with the system, but far otherwise. From
the date of that event to the present time, various gratifying circumstances,
some near, some distant, connected with this subject, have become known
to me ; and of these I shall acquaint you with two, even should they, as I
am personally connected with both of them, criminate me of egotism.

On the 17th of August, 1831, I received a letter from the Rev. E.
Jones of Pakenham, a village six miles from Bury St. Edmunds, on
its Norwich side, informing me that nearly 30 acres are let to the la-
bourers of his parish (one acre of arable land is the largest quantity, then
half acres, and 4 or 3 quarter acres or roods, and 4 allotments for a
cow) : that all the occupiers are highly pleased and grateful for them : and
he adds, " There are many fresh applicants for land, whose wants I am
afraid cannot at present be satisfied." Mr. Jones having learned that the
labourers in my parish occupied an acre each, requested me to communi-
cate the mode of cultivation here practised, for the benefit of the labourers
in his own parish.

On the 20th of October, 1831, I received a letter from the Rev. Edgar
Rust of Drinkstone, a village on the Ipswich side of Bury St. Edmunds, and
near Woolpit, informing me that he is the principal trustee of some charity
land; that he was anxious the poor should have the full benefit arising
therefrom ; and that he wished for my personal assistance in apportioning
some land to agricultural labourers, and offering to recompense me for my
time and expenses. I determined to wait on Mr. Rust ; and, in passing
through Bury St. Edmunds, replied there to Mr. Jones's letter, informing hini
that I was on my way to Drinkstone. My ride from Bury to Woolpit,
which is very near Drinkstone, was short, but very pleasant ; the morning
was fine. The corn in many places was full rowed ; the rising hills and sloping
vales reminded me of Surrey and Sussex, only that the hills are not so
lofty ; but the healthy whitethorn [hawthorn] fences and vigorous-growing
trees showed that it is a far better sail. I was pleased to find all the cot-
tage gardens that I saw in excellent order, many of them of a good size,
and cottages of a comfortable appearance. At Woolpit is a large pear
tree, trained to what we call a smock windmill (the}' are called smock wind-
mills, to distinguish them from post-mills), which appeared to be in a very
healthy condition. I was kindly received by the Rev. E. Rust : he is a
benevolent man, with firmness of purpose. The population of Drinkstone
is about 400 souls ; and the land is about 1800 acres, 37 of which is charity
land, and 8 of town land. The charity land, from the donor leaving it to
supply the poor with bread, has received the name of Bread Closes ; but it
has been let to the farmers for a number of years, who have of late years
expended the greater part of the rent in binding out apprentices. Mr.
Rust is desii-ous that the labourers should each of them occupy an acre
of it, at an easy rent. This a part of the farmers are against, and have

* " A Peasant's Voice to Landowners." 1830. 8vo, pp. 76. 2*. Qd.
W. H. Smith, Cambridge; John Richardson, LondoH.

100 Collages and Collage Gardens.

threatened to hire labourers from other parishes, and stop the hibourers'
head-inonev. The priec of labour at Driiikstonc, for a married man, is
9*. per week : the rest, where there is a family, is made up from the poor's
rate, anil receives the name of head-money. These threats have had a
tendency to deter some of the labourers from becoming occupiers. The
land is staked out, and some of it, perhajis the greater portion, is let.
When the labourers are convinced they have a permanent interest in the
land, anil have got over their fears, it will all be let. Mr. Rust is not
only anxious that the labourers should possess land, but that they should
be assisted in erecting cottages upon them, free from manorial dues.
The rent arising from the land the labourers occupy, being left for their
benefit, may judiciously be expended in erecting cottages. The land is,
the greater part of it, good. Mr. Rust is full}' disposed to do all the good
he can, and 1 have no doubt he will ultimately succeed to the utmost of
his sanguine expectation.

I had not been an hour at Drinkstone before the Rev. Mr. Jones arrived
(to my surprise) from Pakenham. lie went with us to examine the land ;
and we conversed with several labourers that we found working in the
field, to whom I was introduced as a friend to, and one that had had maeh
practice in, cottage allotments. One man has been in possession, for some
time, of about two acres, near his cottage; it was very foul when he took
it ; he was getting in his wheat. I could not perceive either a biennial or
perennial weed in his allotment: he has a large family; is as cheerful as
a black-cap ; and does not receive head-money. Nearl} all we saw were
invited to come to Mr. Rust's in the evening, where, after conversing with
them, they were ordered to go and make themselves comfortable in the
kitchen. Mr. Jones requested that I would spend a day or two with him,
and see what had been done at Pakenham. He came over for me the
next day to Mr. Rust's. I shall ever entertain a grateful sense of Mr.
Rust's and Mr. Jones's kindness to me, to merit which I had not done
anything l)ut eat and drink; for both these gentlemen are so well ac-
quainted with the system, and enter so heartily into it, that they stood
in no need of any advice or information from me more than they had
received from the Pcasan(\i Voice. At Pakenham the greater part of
the tenants occujjy acres ; their wheat crops were up, and looked beautiful ;
most of their land is near their cottages. Mr. Jones went with me to
all the allotments, introduced me to a niunber of the tenants, to whom
he said, they might thank me for the land they occupied ; for, if he had
not read niy book, he should not have thought of letting them have it.
There are four allotments for cows on land which, before it was drained,
was but of little value ; a river runs through it, and it is drained by a tun-
nel made undir the river, and a dike cut li or 4ft. below the bottom of
the river, at some little distance from it. Here my [)lan is realised ; and
from the inforiiuition I gained from the tenants (the wife of one of whom
said they had had 1() sacks of potatoes from a quarter of an acre), and
from nine years' observation in my own parish, I am fully confident
that it will realise all I have ever said in favour of the system. I feel
pleasure in adding, that, at l*akenham, the labourers are not pestered with
a long list of rules and regulations, or of conditions : they pay their rent
quarterly ; in every other respect they are treated the same as a person
occupying 100 acres. At Barton, also near Bury St. Edmunds, 1 hear
it is adopted. Mr. Jones read me a letter from a gentleman who is tra-
velling the country, who informs him, that, wherever the plan has been
tried, it has fully answered the end proposed. I left Suflblk, highly grati-
fied in my ])ersonal feelings, and not less so at what is doing and has
been done for the labourers in the above-mentioned parishes. I wish all
those who jiossess the means would hnitatc the praiseworthy example of
tho above-named gentlemen. By so doing they would not only raise the

*8

Metropolitan Nurseries. 101

labourer m his own estimation, and enable him to support his family in
comfort, but the " pressing temptation to crime would be removed ; a
moral feeling would be created, which exercises a more efficient control
over the actions and passions of men, than all the terrors of the most
vindictive code of criminal law. If he [the labourer] be not so cringing and
servile to the farmer in outward appearance, neither will he conceal the
dark malignant purpose of revenge within, If his sturdy independence
be disagreeable to the farmer, still more disagreeable ought that mendi-
cant disposition to be which shakes the security of his possessions, which
haunts his hours of rest with terror, and gives the gathered stores of his
granaries to the midnight flames." This quotation is from the address of
the Sussex Association to the Agricultural Labourers. I am. Sir, yours,
&c. — J. Densoiiy sen. Waterbeachy near Cambridge, Dec. 20. 1831.

Art. IX. Metropolitan Nurseries.

Under this title we intend in future to include such notices as we
may give from time to time of the nurseries and florists' gardens withm '<iO
miles of London. The notices which we are most desirous of giving are
those which respect the introduction of new plants, and the flowering or
fruiting of such as have been lately introduced. We are more parti-
cularly anxious, now that the Horticultural Society has published a se-
cond edition of its Catalogue, to record the names of those nurserymen
who may plant collections of stock fruit trees correctly named, accord-
ing to it, for the purpose of supplying themselves with scions and cuttings
for propagation. We are convinced that this is the only mode by which
a nurseryman can keep his trees always true to their names; and, therefore,
we are desirous not merely of naming the nursery in which this mode is
adopted, but of giving lists of the kinds planted as stock. We are also
desirous of noticing all the arboretums which may be planted in nurseries,
with a view to showing purchasers the great variety and beauty of the
trees and shi-ubs which will endure the open air in this country.

We feel confident that we shall render both the London nurserymen
and their country correspondents an essential service by this plan, and
that there can be none better for acquainting gardeners and our readers
generally, with what is going on in the gardening world. The metro-
politan nurserymen who plant fruticetums and arboretums may not only
supply the trade in the country with plants, but we do not see why they
should not also sell scions and cuttings both in the grafting and budding
seasons. It is a mistake to suppose that this would lessen the demand for
young plants ; if that effect were a likely result, it would have taken place
long ago, in consequence of the thousands of cuttings given away annually
by the London Horticultural Society ; but, so far from this being the case,
we believe that the attention which has thus been directed to the new
kinds of fruits has greatly increased the sale of fruit trees. The truth is,
that, in these days, when every article of commerce is sold at the very
lowest rate of profit, no private gentleman could raise fruit trees so cheaply
as he can purchase them from a nurseryman. The cuttings given by
horticultural societies to private gentlemen are generally grafted on trees
already existing, with a view of substituting a better sort. This is a prac-
tice highly to be commended, and as it will undoubtedly continue to
spread, we recommend nurserymen to assist in it, and profit from it, by
offering scions for sale. They may rely on it, that the greater number of
country gentlemen, even of those who are members of a horticultural

H 3

102 Metropolitan Xurseries.

society, wouUl rather purchase cuttings than have the trouble of applying
for tlicui, or the fcdinj: of receiving them as a favour. Besides, nine tenths
of those who would be happy to have good sorts of fruits grafted on
trees of bad or iiuiilfcrent kinds are not F.H.S.s, and therefore pot
entitled to apply to any horticultural society for scions or cuttings ; and
to these it would be highly acceptable to be able to purchase them from
nurserymen.

Why not sell cuttings of every kind, as well as seeds, bulbs, and tubers?
Depend on it, as horticultural skill increases, this will be done ; and the
wisest nurserymen will be those who fall into the [)ractice, instead of inef-
fectually attempting to oppose it.

Rec]uestiug our readers to favour us with whatever they think will con-
tribute to the value of this portion of our work, and also to that of the
article on Provincial Nurseries, we proceed to lay before them such notices
as we have received, or have ourselves had time to |)repare.

Brown s liedfard Xurscri/, IIa)ii]>stcad Road. — Xov. 19. 1 83 1 . Mr. Brown,
a pupil of the late Mr. Don of Forfar, occupied, for several years, the
Bedford Nursery in the New Road, now no longer in existence. A few
years ago, he commenced this establishment, and has built a number of
very excellent green-houses and pits, and one or two forcing-houses. In
a bark-stove for pines and exotics, with grapes under the rafters, he has
introthiced a very good method of withdrawing the vines for the purpose
of wintering them. The front glass is in sashes, about 3 ft. long and 2 ft.
high. The uprights which support the rafters are alternately fixed and
movable ; and when it is desired to take out the vines, the movable upright
is knocked out, the sashes and the sill removed, and thus a space, 6 ft.
6 in. long, and 3 ft. 4- in. wide, is cleared, through w hich each particular
vine may be withdrawn. The advantage of the plan is the abundance of
room, by wliich the oldest and most rigid-stennncd vines may be taken out
with ease, and without injury. Mr. Brown has built himself an excellent
house, with a detached seed-shop. His business is chiefly local; and, being a
man of considerable taste, he is nmch employed in laying out and keeping
in order suburban gardens. In his seed-shop we observed a few gardening
and botanical books for sale, which we think highly conunendable.

The Aldii/laud Poini Nurxcry, Sfrafford, Hsxt-x, lately occupied by Mr.
Garraway, has recently been taken possession of by our frieml and corre-
spondent Mr. Thomas ('orbett, who is devoted to botany and gardening,
and, we have no doubt, will raise the character of this or any other esta-
blishment which he may take in hand. As soon as we can find leisure,
we shall call and report on it.

lili.sotn NiiisLTi/. — New or rare plants which have flowered last year
in the luirsery of Messrs. Young, at Kpsom.

I adopt Professor Lindley's arrangement of the natural onlcrs, ad-
mirably illustrated in his Introduction to the Natural Si/stcni of Botany ; a
work which will amply repay the careful perusal and attentive study of
every gardener.

Hybrid plants will henceforth stand at the end of the systematic list,
in order to point out the propriety of distinguishing between legitimate
species and "artificially created forms." I retain, however, the Latin
s|)ecific appellations for the [irescnt, as the most efficient means for dis-
tinguishing the particular kinds, or until a preferable mode may be pro-
posed. ISee Lindley's observations, in Botanical Register, t. 1387 [For
the amount of the observations alluded to, sec p. 12.]

DICOTYLEDONOUS,

Umhcllifcra' Juss., Lindl. Introd. p. +. Trachymenc Rudg. linearis
Sprcng. A neat green-house shrub, with white flowers in August and
September ; strikes readily in a cold frame.

Metropolitan Nurseries. 105

Vapaverdcece Juss., Lindl. Int. p. 8. Papaver Toitrn. pyrenaicum Willd.
In foliage resembling the equally elegant P. alpinuni Lin., but more
robust. The flowers are golden yellow, produced from May to October.
Dry situation, or rockwork ; seeds. The root-stock will rarely admit of
division without injury.

CrucifercE Juss., Lindl. Int. p. 14. Trib. 2. klyssineee Dec. Ano-
dontea (sect, of Jljssum) Dec. tortuosa Ledeb. ? A. obovata Ledeb. ?
Charming little rock plant, with yellow flowers all summer. — i>raba
Dec. repens Bicb. A stoloniferous jellow-flowered species. — Tribe 12.
^rassicecB Dec. 5'inapis Tuurn. frutescens Ait., Hook. Bot. Misc. vol. i.
t. 28. An interesting shrubby species of iSinapis ? with pale yellow flowers
in July and August. Frame.

VumaridcecB Dec, Lindl. Int. p. 18. Corydalis Dec. *bibracteata Haw.
hied. Closely affined to C. bulbosa Dec.

Magnolikce?e Dec, Lindl. Int. p. 2+. Talauma Juss. Candollei Blume.
This noble plant, a congener of the beautiful Magnoh'rt, flowered, for the
second time (I believe) in this country, in July last. The odours of one
blossom suflTused a large hot-house with a fragrance the most delicious
imaginable. The flower began to develope about 9 o'clock in the morn-
ing, by 1 1 was fully expanded, continuing till noon, when it began to close
and to decrease in fragrance. By 4 in the afternoon it was finally closed,
and not the least fragrance remained. The flower is straw-coloured, of a
rich yellow on the inside, about the size of Magnob'ff pumila. It thrives
vigorously in loam and peat plentifully supplied with water ; is propagated
by ripened cuttings plunged in tan, or engrafted on the Magnolia obovata
Thunb., or perhaps some of the stronger-growing kinds might be pre-
ferable.

Berbendeas Vent., Lindl. Int. p. 30. Berberis L. dulcis Sweet, B. F.
G. t. 100., B. empetrifolia Lam. Exceedingly rare species; quite hardy.

M.alvdce(e Juss., Lindl. Int. p. 33. il/alva L. purpurata Lindl., Bot.
Reg. t. 1.362., M. miniata Cnv., Sweet's B. F. G. t. 120. Beautiful herb-
aceous plants. Frame. — //ibiscus L. Lindleyii Wallich, Bot. Reg,
t. 1395. Admirably adapted for planting in the open border in the sum-
mer months, where it grew to the height of 4 ft. ; and produced its
splendid purple blossoms in August and September. Stove in winter.

SterculidcecE Vent., Lindl. Int. p. 36. Hermann/// L. glandulosa Link ?
An elegant yellow-flowered species, flowering in the open border from
June to October.

^axijrdgece Dec. and Duby, Lindl. Int. p. 49. iS'axifraga L. altifida
Haw. A rare species, resembling in habit S. granuliita L. ; but the roots
are not granulated. — S. tricuspidata Retz. A white-flowered species, not
a coordinate of S. wizoides Sm., as was doubtingly supposed by IVIr.
Haworth when he framed his genus Leptasea from them.

CdctecB Dec, Lindl. Int. p. 34. Peresk/a Plum. B/eo H. B. et Kunth.
An elegant and rare ally of the common P. aculeata Mi//.

Onagrdria: Juss., Lindl. Int. p. 56. Gaura L. angustifolia Mich. Suf-
fruticose. G. tripetala Cav. Pretty plants with fragrant white or pink
flowers. Frame. — ffinothera L. anisoloba Sweet, B. F. G. t. 105. A
beautiful erect species, from 2 to 3 ft. high, with flowers resembling
CE. /araxacifolia Sweet. Frame; easily increased by cuttings of the root.

Sa/icdri<E Juss., Lindl. Int. p. 59. Ciiphea Jacq. Llave«, Llave et Lexarc.
Bot. Reg. t. 1386. It is a lovely border shrub for the summer months,
enlivened with beautiful crimson blossoms from July to October. Cuttings ;
frame. It is erroneously called a herbaceous plant in the work above
quoted. — G. Penny, A.L.S, (Jieretofore Alpha).

(To be concluded in next Ntimber.)

H 4

104 Proviiuial Nut

Art. X. Provincial Nurseries.

It is our intention in future to liave a standing article on this subject, at
least till we can notice all the country nurseries of Great Britain and Ire-
land. We shall conuucnce with a few particulars of some of those which
we visited durinj; our late tour ; arranging tlieni under their respective
counties, as we do the Provincial Societies, omitting all those w ithin twenty
miles of London as Metropolitan Nurseries. To complete our intention,
we must request of our readers to semi us accounts of all the nurseries,
large or small, long established or recent, in both (ireat Britain and Ireland,
of which statements have not already a[)pcared in this Magazine, or of
which the statements have been incorrect or incomplete up to the present
tiiiie. We request —

1. The name of the place.

2. The date of the foundation of the nursery, and by whom it was
founded.

3. The name of the present proprietor.

4. The extent in statute acres.

5. Whether seeds are dealt in.

6. The quantity of glass and buildings.

7. The general scope and puq)osc of the nursery ; the articles in which
it excels; those which are chiefly cultivated, and similar particulars.

8. Whether, and to what extent, the new fruits, esjiecially pears, which
have been introduced by the Horticultural Society, have been propagated.

9. Whether, and to what extent, there are stock plants of fruit trees,
from which to take grafts and cuttings.

10. Whether, and to what extent, there is an arboretum j that is, speci-
men plants of trees and shrubs.

1 1. Whether seeds are grown, and what kinds chiefly.

12. Whether there is a garden library, and, if there is, the number of
volumes, &e.

We have particularly to request, whatever botanic names may be made
use of in giving the notices wanted, or in sending lists of rare plants in par-
ticular nurseries, either that the names made use of may be those of our
Hortus lir'ddnnk-us, or that the authorities for the names may be given
after them.

Every account should be accompanied by the real name (which will be
kept private, if desired) of the writer.

The good cfl'ects which we think will result from such an account of all
the provincial imrseries as we coutem|)late are various. It will facilitate
conunercial exchanges among the nurserymen, botii provincial and metro-
politan ; and it will show country gentlemen \\liat they can get in their
inmiediate neighbourhoods, and thus enable them to encourage local lun--
serymeii ; who, in order to preserve the patronage thus obtained, will neces-
sarily be more anxious to [)rocure the newest fruits, trees, ami plants from
the nurserymen of the metro|)olis. The result of the whole will be a more
rapid and extended circulation of every new and valuable jjroduction and
improvement in gardening, with more profit to conunercial men, and less
expense to purchasers. The jjrofit will be more, because, more articles
!)eing made known to country gentlemen, and being at their hands, more
will be purchased by them; and the expense to purchasers will be less, not
only because a country nursery can grow articles cheaper than a metropo-
litan one, but because articles sent from a distant nursery have always the
additional charges of package and carriage ; and because a certain per
rentage of all plants subjected to distant carriage never fail to die.

Cheshire. 105

There is a notion very general amongst country gentlemen, that every
thing is got of better quality from the metropolis than it can be had from
any little place in the country. If this is true in some things, it is at all
events false in regard to plants; for it is obvious that any species or
variety of tree is the same thing, wherever it may be grown. The indivi-
dual plant may, no doubt, be stronger or weaker when obtained from one
nursery than from another ; but that will depend upon the soil and culture,
and not on the locality ; and, so far from the chance of town plants being
the best, they are likely to be the worst, from the dearness of land and
labour, and the temptation, in consequence, to crowd plants together.
Unless, therefore, it can be shown that local nurserymen misname their
plants, trees, or seeds, it must, for various reasons sufficiently obvious, be
the interest of persons living in the country to purchase garden articles
from their neighbours, rather than to send to a distance for them.

In short, as a general principle, it is the interest of landed j)roprietors
to encourage local tradesmen and local merit of every description. It is
only in an early stage of the improvement of a country, that wealth and
talents are necessarily concentrated in the capital. As improvement be-
comes general, trades, manufactures, and skill of every kind, become com-
paratively equalised over a whole state. We recommend, therefore, not
merely the employment of local labourers and tradesmen, but of artists
and scientific men j provided always that these scientific men and artists
have travelled, and spent some time in the study of their profession or art
in some capital town. Reading and extensive travel will, indeed, almost
supersede the latter means of improvement in engineers, architects, and
painters ; and, if gardeners could afford it, it would have the same effect
on them. As they generally cannot, however, the next resource is their
serving as journeymen in some garden in the neighbourhood of the metro-
polis ; within 20 miles of which are concentrated more species of plants,
and a greater variety of other garden productions, and modes of garden-
ing, and more gardeners of every description, than are to be found in any
other circuit of equal extent in any country. While we recommend gen-
tlemen, therefore, to purchase their plants, trees, and seeds, as much as
they can, from local nurserymen, we would not recommend them to em-
ploy local gardeners who have never been from home.

But the metropolitan nurserymen will ask how this doctrine is to be
reconciled with their prosperity. We answer, that whatever contributes
to the prosperity of country nurserymen will produce a corresponding
effect upon those of the metropolis and other capital cities ; since the
former must necessarily depend on the latter for their wholesale pur-
chases, of seeds more especially, and of all new things. The London and
Edinburgh nursery and seedsmen, therefore, must, in conformity with the
natural progress of things, prepare themselves for living by the country
nurserymen as wholesale customers, and depending upon their immediate
neighbourhoods for their retail business.

In the present Number, we can only spare room to notice such of the
nurseries as have made good their promises to furnish us with lists.

ENGLAND.

Cheshire.

The Baclie Pool Nursery, near Chester, Messrs. F. and J. Dickson,
containing upwards of 50 acres, was commenced in 1816, by the present
occupiers. It was formed by breaking up some pasture fields of sandy
soil, and lajang them out in parallel strips, and small squares, sheltered by
privet, thorn, hornbeam, yew, and holly hedges. Every description of
hardy article is cultivated on an extensive scale. There are some green-

106

Provincial Nurseries : —

houses, and a considerable extent of pits ; but house plants are considered
as only secondary objects. Mr. Francis Dickson is a most enthusiastic
lover of plants, and a good practical botanist ; he has accordinjily col-
lected together an excellent assortment of herbaceous ()lants, including a
great many rare and good articles, a number of them not to be tound any
where else. The following select list has been sent us, at our request.
Before introducing it, we shall only mention, that when looking over the
nursery on the 4-th of July last, we were much struck with the largeness
of the stock of some of the more rare and difficultly-managed species.

y^con'itum volubile.
Auemine pMens.

ranuiiciiluliles.

narcissifl6ra.

/balictriVides.

pli-no [ Tlialictrum /inc.
uioncVides and v. pLJ

palmkta.

vetnklis.

Hallcri.

baldi'nsis.

ochutensis.

virginica.

tuJi/iifibra.
ylntirrhlnum pilusum [L'ma-
ria pilb.-a].

triornitli.'.i>li(>rum [I.iiii-
ria trioriiithophora].
A^ium triph^^llum.

tenuil'6lium.
AquiUgia canadensis.

can. piiuiiUi.
purpurea.

alpliia.

alplna var.

atropurpCirea.

glanduK'itHi.

glaiidul6!>a v.ir.

atropurpurca.
yf ster aljjlnus.

alp iilhus.
in"ijor.
diclintomui.
dit'li. Albus.

gravrolons.

tutiiriciis.
Arnopngon Dalechampi'/.
jiiMpt&s tubcrdsa.

pCilchra.

nivca.
y^strugalus iiral^nsis.

alopccurdUlc'S.

niuM!>pesi>uli\nus.

vimineus.

Onobr^cliiB.
v<p6cynuMi venfetum.

Aypcricifblinin.

<ii)di<iv,i'inif ilium.

riilirinn.
yfMthyUiii niont'ina.
.ildiantuin peilatum.
vlndn'isacc Chamirj&gmc.

Kictea.

villbsa.

lactillbrn.
A'juga pyramid&lil.
Ainar5'lli.« liitea.

Atanidxco.
Amini)biuni al^ktuni.
Alfetris farin6sn.
Aiutrynla lanftU.
Antciiii&ria triplini^rvis,
ylpargia alplna.

diibia.
A'rnica moiitfvna.
Arcnftria hilVMia Q?]

graudiflura.
Artti/i alplna,

Vitalidmr.
ApliylUnlhcs munipcliensic.

Arethdsa bulbbsa.
Adennphora coronupifblia.
Wnchiisa |>aniculata.
Hlel/Vi fl6rid.i.
Botrycliium virginicum.
Campanula piiUa.

punctata.

styirisa.

lactitlbra.

/iliifulia.

thyrsofdea.

barbita.

percgrma.

iiilundibulum.

l)ulcherriina.

vorsfcolor grandifl6ra.

apgrcgata.

niullis.

latifolia marrantha.

gloinerMa |):illida.
riisca.
Cineraria Aissilapinoldcs.
Clielbne ohilqua alba [glabra].

lU'inorfisa.
Cimicit'uga palmckta.
Convallfkria japonica [Opliio-

|)5gon japonicus].

racemSsa [Smilaclna race-
nif>sa].
Calceolikria rotlicrgilli.
Calophyllum /halictruldc.'! [?

/sop^rtim.]
Cistus Tuheraria [Hclianthc-

muni TuberariaJ,
Claytniurt grandiriura.

virginica.

caroliniflna.
Chrys.'inthemum AcYdW^iC.

iircticum.
Cornus canadensis.

sut'-cica.
Cri.sthria coccinca.
CuroiiiUa curunata [muntitna
I,.].

ib(!rica.

mtniin.1.
Cortiisrt Matfhloli.
C'otyli-don liitea.
Cypriprdium C'alc^olus.

arlctlnum.

spiTtiibilc.

jiiilu'srcni*.

Iiuuiilc.

vcntricbsnra.
Ciinlla niari.'ma.
r<ilcliicutn liinense.
(li'matis I'-iIUm'/'.
Di.'inthu.s barb&tus pdmilus.

alplnus.

arbiiKculn.

Fisclitrii

ItaUiisu.
Digit.Mi8 laciniata.

grandiHbra.
Dodccatheon Mcudid.

Mc. ftlba.
(legana.
pigantt'-a.
Z)r>tba nizoldcs.

Draba androsicea.

>4iz6oii.
Dracoc&phalum iotryOldeg.

grandifliirum [D. altaV-
ensc].

arguniJnse.
Diphylleia cymbsa.
Dentaria diph^lla.
Dryas octopttala.

intermedia.!

DrummondjY.
£chlnops dahiiricus.
Epilbbium Dodoiia.-Y

latifulium.
ZJelphiniuin dictyocarpuiq.

Harliiw/.

sinense i'llbuic.
paHidum.
pUnum.

cheilanthum.
J?pipActis ensit'dlia.
Krythraj'^a aggreg"it.t
Krythroiiiuni anieric'inum,
ErylhrolaMia cons^picua.
Kriophyllum ca?>p;tbsum.
Kschsoholtz/./ calil'urnu-a.
/•'umJiria m'lbilis [Corydftlis
nobilis].

canadensis [DiiMytra cana-
dciisis],

Cucullaria [Di^lytra Cu-
cuUiriaJ.

cava.

cava iUba [forydJllis tu-
bcrbsa alliiHora].
GJilax aphjlla.
Galium gra'Vum [.\spcrula

arcauiensis].
Gaillard/a bicolor.

bicolor var.

arist^ta.
GenUdna gelida.

alplna.

vcrna.

bavArica.

Pneumon^nthe.
pnmlla
gutt'ila.

incarniil.a.

oclirolcuca.

v^rna pallid.1.

vcrna luillida lilba.

nsclepiftrfcn alba.
Gcrikniuni argenteum.

\Vallicliii/nu;/i.

sangulneum cocclncuin.
Gerard/n 7ucrcit'blia.
Cierikmia virgfnica [?]
tierbi-r/Vi creiiikta.
6'cum sanguineum.

potentilKi'idffi [Coliiria po.
tentLlluldc's].

Pt'ck/i [.Sievtrsi'n Pi'ckii].

inontanurii [S. mont&na].
CladloluK psittaclnus.

cardin^li.'^.
blandus.

byzantlnui.
Globul&ria vuls^iris.

Cheshire.

107

Globularia cordif61ia.

nudicaulis.
Glycine /I^pios [J^ios tube-

rt)sa].
Gymn:idN,' ! ronupsea.
Gypsi'.phiiu itpens.
Goiiulobus macrophyllus.

hirsiitus.
Nelknium califdrnicum.
Habrinthus robtistus.
fledysarum obscurura. ,

rbseum.

alpinum.

canadense.

acuminatum.
Heluiiias buliita.

dioica.

asphodelij'ides [Xerophfl-
lum nsphodeloldesj.
Hermfnium monurchis.
Hippocrepis baleirica.

grandiflbra.
Houstbnirr cieriilea.

purpiirea.

jrerpyllifblia.
HeuchJirn! americ&na.
/fyacintlius iotryoides var.
alb;!.

amethystinus.
HunnemannM/umariEefblia.
7/yoscyamus orient&lis.
Hypoxis er<!cta.
Piis hungArica.

verna.
/'xia Eulbocbdium [Tricho-

n5:ma Bulbocbdium].
Jeffersun;« diplij'Ua.
JusticM amerieina.
iathyrus latif.'.lius albus.

calitVirnicus.

venosiis.

iiicijrvus.
ieuciijum vernum.

autumiiale [A'^cis autum-
nal) s].
J.iatn's clegans.
iilium canadense.

philadelphicum.

pennsyl vanicuin.

japunicum.

loiigitidrum.

spectabile.

pyreii&icum. ^

monadtlphum.
Lophlola aurea.
Lubin«a arropur))urea.
iupinus polyphyllus.

poly, albus.

iittor^lis.

tomentbsus.

ornatus.

plumbsus.

kpidus.
i^chnis fulgens.

chalcedunica double white.
LobtUVr cardin^lis.

specidsa.

splcndens.
Malaxis /iliitblia.
Matricaria grandiflbra [Pyr^-
thrura inodbrum flbribus
pifenisj.
Melissa pyrenMca.
Mitella diphylla.

nuda.
3/elanthium virgfnicum.
Michai'ixia decandra. ,
Monard« Russell«d«a.
JV/yosbtis suavfeolens.
Neijttia ctrnua.
Nuttall/rt digitkta.

pedSita.
ffinothera albicaulis.

taraxacifblia.
On6sma aren^rium.

tauricum.

Onosma tinctbrium.

cchio'ides.
Ophiopr>gon spicatus.

japonicus.
Orobus Fischen.
hirs Vitus,
versicolor.
PaebniK htimilis.
humilis cEe''sia.
albiflbra Whitlfeyj.

tatarica.

Ceindida.

unifliira.

fragrans.

Hiiraei.

vestMls.
officinalis albicans.

bl^nda.

Sabln/.

atrorubens.

rubra.

jbsea.

carnesc<nis.
peregrlna Grevfllei.

compacta.

byzantlna.
paradijxa timbriata.

simpliciflbra.
tenuifblia.
anumala.
decura el&tior.

Pallasu.
arietlna Andersbnj/,

oxoniensis.
mollis,
corallina.

daiirica [triternita].
Kussi.
pdbens.
villbsa.
muUip^tala.
prteVox.
Pancratium maritimum [il-

lyricum].
Pap^ver nudicaiile.
nu. lilteum.

coccineum.
alpinum.

croceum.

coccineum.
Pachysandra prociimbens.
Paris quadrif'blia.
Parnassia caroliniana.
Pentstfemon pubtscens.
campanulcltus.
ca. ruber,
lasvigatus.
digitalis,
rbseus.

atropurptireus.
pulch^llus.
diffasus.
ovatus.
angustifblius.
Richardsbnij.
Scoulfer^
speciosus.
procerus,
glaucus.
gracilis,
glandulbsus.
acumin^tus.
venustus.
Colvillj.
atrorubens.
PJinax quiuquefblia.
Phlox pyramidalis riibra.
pilbsa.
amoe-na.
caroliniana.

fimbriata,
suffruticbsa.
bimaculita.
pendullna.
reflexa.

Phl6x reflexa rosea.

decussata kVOa.

tarditlbra.

virna.

odbra rbsea.
Pinguicula grandiflbra.

alplna.
PSrrya cheirifhWa.
Podophyllum peltatum.
Potentilla splcndens.

Cliisij.

pedata.

RusselUana.

Hopwoodwwa.

Mackayuren.

Sibbaldra.

r^ptans plena [? Tormen-
tilla reptans plena^.
Pothos foe'tida.
Pogonia ophioglossbides.
Primula cortuso/rfes.

longitVilia.

helvetica.

villbsa.

nivalis.

sc(jtica.

Integrifblia.

minima.

ciliata.

Pallas//.

hirsuta.
Pulmonaria maritima.

depreckta. [?]
Pyrola rotundifulia.

minor.

asarifblia.
iJani'inculus Th^ra.

alp^stris.

parnassifefulius.

FicJiria alba.

pedatus.
.Rhexia marikna.

virginica.

ciliata.
iZubus arcticus.

saxatilis.
Sarractn/a purpurea.

flava.
Satyrium repens.
SaxxTraga oppositifT.lia.

oppositit'olia pallida.

retbsa.

cristata.

daiirica.
Scabibsa Weblwdnn [Astertv

ceplialus Webbicniw].
Serapirts latifulia [i'pipactis ■

latifblia].
Sibbald/a procumbena.
Sibthuipia europje^a.
5ida »«alv£eflura.
Silfene pennsylvanica.

regia.

incarn^ta.

fruticbsa.

corapicta,
Smilacina umbell^ta.

borealis.
SoldaULlla CluSiV.

alpina.

alpina var.

montkna.

montana var.

minima.

cristata.
Spigclia marilandica.
6'pira;\T tritbli^ta. TGUlenia tri-

foli^ta.]
5tJichys Corsica.

Cur. rosea.
Sttv/« yio'acea.

purpurea.
Str^ptopus j-6seu3.
Salvia nubicola.

rubra.

108

Provincial Nurserit'S : —

Sanscviferu c.'irnea.
Tagitf fl6rida.

Itirida.
Taxuiithema s|H'rit) a.

flcxii6>.i.

jtlobulariiL'fblia.
Tigridia I'axbii/a liKci 'I

coiicliiflora].
Tratlcscaiit/a rbsca.
Trientaiis aiiicricana.
Trillium alroiuirpureum.

graiulitlOrura.

cerrium.
' sessile.

pictum.
Tulipa corntita.

Clusiii7»n.

oculus sblis.

ptrsica.
Tragopiigon riibcr.
Uvularia grandiflbra.

fliTX

Eessilifblia.

perfoliMa.

iaiiceolkta

puberula.

chincnsis [Dfsporum ful-
vuin].
Kcrbascum Mycuiii [Ka-

mi'inda pyrenaica].
rerbiiia Lambert/.
Veronica multifida.

^ellidiMdcs.

corjrmbosa.

aphylla.
J'iola priinulxfblia.

I>alni'ita.

pedita.

/"lola laiu'colikta.

)x.'iiii.<vlvaiiica. \

Habcll'iR)lia.

blaiida.

rcnifunnisCEnictioii reiii-
formc].

sagittata.
\Vc<lrl/rt a urea.
Whitlfeyn stramonifVilia.
WulCfeiiin cariiitliiac.i.
Yucca filameiUiisa.

fil. variegMa.

rcciirvifblia.

plorib-a.

«l:.itV,lia.
Zigadiiius glabcrriinus.
Zephyraiitlies ;-6sea.

Candida.

grandiflbra.

carnata.

CfcEEN-IIOUSE PLANTS.

Alstrcprnfrr/d pulcliOUaj

trfcolor.

I'ilciirina alba.

hirtella.

acutiCblia.

psittacina.
Andruineila Auxifblii

~ialicift>lia.
Azhlca iiidica pliCDiiicea.

sinensis.

Smlthji.
Anpeldnia salicarisfolia.
Heslferj/i pulchclla.
lUionapirtert _;niu'Pa.
Cactus Jeiikiiisbnu.

CalceolJirla fiTrugiiicfl.

)>urpurea.

plcta.

fMjlifblia.

ad.'icOndens.

strfcta. J

Gilliun/i.

insignis.

Herbert/<ina.
Cyprip&dium insignc. ^

veiu'istuni.
Chorizima rliomliOidea.
C ypi'lla Herbi'rtf.
C^'cliimcn rcpaiiduRi.

neapulitCiiuim.

europa?"um odorutLin.

pi'rsicum odorituin.
Dioiiie^« Muscipula.
Kcrraria undulKta.
Grevillert conciiina.
Herbrrt/rt pulchella.
A'epiiithcs ilistillatoria.
O'xalis cariii'isa.

lanata.

Deppe/. "

flabellifblia.

floribuiida.

rosacea.
Primula verticillita [involu-

crataj.
Tfhododt'ndron arbiireum.

arbbreum album,

cinnambmcum.
Septas capensis.
Salvia Graham/.
.Saxifraga ligulata. ' J\'
Sparaxis triciilor.
lurnira spk'ndens.

The above selection from our very extensive catalogue contains only the
more rare .species, and such as are particularly worthy of cultivation for
their beauty. — Henry Turnbull. Foreman of the Bache Pool Nursery,
Nov. 23. 1831.

Messrs. F. and J. Dickson have a seed-shop in Chester, and deal exten-
sively in seeds both wholesale and retail. They have a .small garden
library, and lend out the Gardener's Magazine to such of their customers
as do not take it in.

Lancashire.

T/ie Nurscri/ of j\fessr.i. Conolly and Suns, at Lancaster, is chiefly noted
for florist's flowers and of these, more especially carnations and auriculas.
Of the latter they have jOO pots of the best sorts known. We found the
carnations in very vigorous bloom; and were rather surprised to learn that
the large wild bee, when it fixes on a flower bud, and pierces it with its
proboscis for the honey at the base of the |)etals, addles it, and prevents
Its perfect ex|)ansion. Messrs. (lonolly were (July 5^0.) laying their carna-
tions, with pegs of the fronds of Aeris acjuilina, and leaving every other layer
without cutting oft" the points of the leaves, for the piu'pose of ascertaining
whether layers with cut or those with inicut leaves rooted sooner. Wc
found a niunber of new herbaceous |)laiits, and some of the i"arer shrubs;
and, ill two green-houses, some good pelargoniums, camellias, fuchsias, C 'acti,
and other articles. Mr. Conolly, at our reijuest, gave us the following
Ii.st of what he considers the very best carnations grown in Lancashire: —

Scarlet liizarre.i: Wild's I\Tfection ; Lee's Latly Nelson; Ely's Mayor
of llippon. I'ink Jilzarrcs : Cartwright's llaiiibow ; Wakefield's Paul Pry;
Gregory's King Alfred. Scarlet Flalces : Faulkner's Salamander; Potter's
Chanipion; Pearson's Mailame Mara. Purple Flakes: Turner's Princess
Charlotte; Leighton's lk'lIero|)hon; Hall's Major Cartwriglit. Pink
Flakes : Faulknl-r's Eliza ; Pearson's Lady Essex ; Plant's Laily Ilood.
Purple Picotee: Lee's Cleopatra. Pm/al 'Piirpic : Faulkner's Earl Wil-
ton. Tied Picotecs : Lee's Will Stukeley ; Pearson's Childwell Beauty ;
Faulkner's Salamancn.

Lancashire.

109

The Walton Nursery, near Liverpool, Messrs. Shirking and Co., was
founded by the late by Mr. Bannerman, about 1810, and, on the unfor-
tunate decease of that much-respected gentleman, it came into the posses-
sion of the present occupier. It contains fifty acres, admirably laid out,
divided by main walks and alleys, and sheltered by beech, hornbeam,
thorn, privet, and holly hedges, and by lines of 6'6rbus hjbrida (Pyrus
pinnatifida), torminalis, &c. ; trees which, unlike most others, have the habit
of growing perfectly erect in the most exposed situations, and even in
places where the winds blow from one quarter the greater part of the year.
All hardy articles are cultivated in this nursery, and forest trees to a great
extent. Seeds are dealt in, and some sorts are grown. There are two or
three green-houses, and a number of pits. We refer to Vol. VII. p. 556.,
for what we have said, both of this nursery and that at Bache Pool, The
following are the notes we took on the spot : — " July 13. Observed a fine
plant of Escallon/a rubra, first introduced by Mr. Shepherd, a rather ten-
der evergreen, which flowers all the summer season ; hibiscus /iliiflorus in
the green-house, which continues beautifully in flower all the year; Co-
liimnea scandens; J^ibiscus pulchellus; Corrae''a pulchella, a very large
specimen ; a singular speckled variety of balsam, first raised by a person in
the neighbourhood; Hunnemann/a; Stenochilus maculatus ; Calandrinia
grandiflora; Pergularia odoratissima ; Solandra grandiflora; Passiflora
incarnata, with large I'ound fruit; Cuphea Melvilh'i; a new species of Cal-
ceolaria, from Lima, not yet flowered. Catananche bicolor ; Simsz« Z«ysi-
machia (Lubini«) atropurpurea ; Alstrcemen'a Pelegnnn, very fine; two
new spiraeas; Smilacina umbellata, Planera sp. Fine georginas, the tall
sorts tied to three stakes joined at top ; saw one grafted by inarchino-.
German stocks, forty-eight varieties from Holland. Rhododendrons, grown
in quantities, to supply the demand in that neighbourhood for them as
underwood shrubs. Messrs. Skirving and Co. grow an improved variety of
Swedish turnip for seed ; one of these turnips weighed 27 lbs. Roses
propagated by cuttings of the root. Different species of elms and Planera.
Fine evergreen oak from Mr. Hodgins of Wicklow. Mr. Smith, the botanic
foreman, who has been some years in France, Spain, and Portugal, says
he never saw any place where things grow with such luxuriance as in Hod-
gins's Wicklow Nursery : even cuttings of holly, a foot long " laid in by the
heels," in bundles, strike root almost immediately. Mr. Smith has tried
herbaceous grafting on various things with success. Lucerne is grown
here for the horses employed for the nursery, and three good cuttings of
it have been obtained in one season.

The following List of a few Shrubs arid Trees in the
out for us hy Mr.Dall.

Walton Nursery was made

^cer pennsylvanicum.
vi;'sculusHippocastanuin, gold-
striped and silver-striped.
jl'Inus crispa.
Aralia spimNsa
Aristotfelia Mdcqui, striped,
^etula populifblia, grows very

large.
BignonM radicans major.
Carpinus .B^tulus, cut-leaved

variety.
Castanea vesca, gold and silver

striped.
Cytisus.many good sorts.graft-

ed as standards.
Crats^gus, or thorn, thirty

good sorts.
Cotoneaster, different sorts.
//ippophae canadensis and si-

birica.

/''lex ^quifblium, or holly,
rec6rva, balearica, opaca,
Hodgins's large green, Hod-
gins's long-spined, Davies's
seedling light green, serrati-
fblia, and forty other gold
and silver varieties of holly.

J^Iex Perado.

Jasminum pubigerum.

/-aurus nobilis var. marginSl-
tus, and willow-leaved.

JV/espilus ChamEemespilus and
grandiflora.

Philadelphus grandiflbrus and
gracilis.

P6pulus macrophylla, hetero-
phylla, and candicans.

Planferrt Richardi and Gmelln;'.

Cerasus piSndula, a broad-
leaved variety, fruiting in
August.

/"^rus elaeagniftlia, bacckta,

spilria, pr<B''co,\, nmygdali-

furmis, «alicifulia,'and PoU-

\iria [Bollwyller/a«« Dec.].
Qiiercus gramuntia, Hodgins's

large evergreen, and Lu-

coinbe's.
flibes coccineum [? sangui-

neutn], triste, album, and

procurabens.
libsa rfepens [or ? repanda] and

six choice double varieties,
/'yrus nivalis, thorn-leaved,

canad(5nsis, hybrida, and

twenty varieties.
SpirsE^a biJlla, n6va ta6rica,

alplna, trilobata, incarnata,

and lob&ta [lobata is ^ ^ ],
t/lmus p^ndula, camptstris,

and fastigiata, the Devon-

shire or screw elm.

110 Provincial Nurseries : —

The Walton Nursery Garden Library we believe to be the most exten-
sive in the kiiigdoni, and also the best managed. The articles of manage-
ment, wiiicii are now before us, appear worthy of being taken as a model for
similar institutions. A particular account is given of the origin of this
library in our Vol. II. p. 2+6. We sincerely wisii every nurseryman would
imitate the conduct of the late Mr. Bannerman, according to his means
and his situation, and establish a library of some sort in his seed-shop, if
only of half a dozen volumes. We are sure the result would be for the
benefit of nursery and seedsmen, by spreailing a knowledge of, and taste
for, gtu-dening, and by increasing the obligations of gardeners to them.

Warwickshire.

T/ie Handsworth Kitrsery, near Birmingham, JMexsrs. John Pope and
Sons, lias been established only a few years in its present situation ; but
Mr. Luke Pope, the father of the present Mr. Pope, sen., was the founder
of a nursery in the neighbourhood of Birmingham in the last century. The
extent of the Handsworth Nursery is not great, but there are several acres
belonging to it in other situations, where fruit and forest trees are grown
extensively ; Messrs. Pope being in the habit of contracting largely for
laying out grounds and |)lanting them. There is one hot-house, several
green-houses, and a number of pits. The articles grown at Handsworth
are chiefly of botanical and floral interest; and the list which we are en-
abled to present will show what a valuable assemblage of rare articles has
here been collected. Mr. Pope's father was long famous for his tulips, and
he declared on his deathbed that he had spent upwards of .SOOO/. on them.
The collection is now at Handsworth, and made a very splendid display in
the first and second weeks of May last : we were shown some sorts for
which 50/. a root were given by the father of the present Mr. Pope, and
others valued even now at •20/. a root: many of the finest sorts are beauti-
fully drawn by Mr. L. L. Pope, for the inspection of purchasers. Mr. Pope,
sen., has travelled through the greater part of the United States, and has
introduced a number of American plants. Among these is /^osa palustris,
the flowers of which are double, and the leaves scented like those of the
sweet briar. All the wild roses in America, Mr. Pope informed us, iiave
scented leaves. Every part of this nursery is brimful of interest, from the
number of its rarities ; but, instead of enumerating them, we refer to the
list below, noticing only a seedling 7/osa odorata, which flowered within
three months from the time it appeared above ground, when not higher
than t in., and with the seminal leaves still attacheil. The flower was
odoriferous like the parent. In the hot-house there is a large cinnamon
tree, ami a fine specimen of Ornithogalum caudatum. Among the hardy
shrubs, a tree |);i'ony, received direct from China, single-flowered, and ilif-
ferent from any pu-onyyet introducetl. Calceolaria Fothergf 11/7, kept through
the winter in the open border ; a small hand-glass i)eing first put over the
plant to keej) a portion cjf air round it, to prevent injury from ilamp, and
over the hand-glass a (piantity of moss for warmth, the whole being covered
by turning a flower-pot down over it to keep out the rain and snow.
/Rhododendron arboreuin has stood several winters in a sheltered border,
without any protection whatever. On the 'dh of May, last year, the young
shoots on the top of the plant were killed by the frost, while the young
shoots on the layers, and all the old leaves on the plants, esca[)ed unhurt.
A tree [):eony grafted on the root of a common pivony has always produced
flowers larger than tlujse propagated in the connnon way. The American
ground is laid out in winding walks, in the manner of a labyrinth. For
some other particulars, sec Vol. VII. |). HO. The following lists being
nearly a year old, Messrs. Pope could, no doubt, add to them, were they to
revise them up to the present time ; but one use of our article " Provincial

Warmickshire.

Ill

Nurseries " will be, to publish, from time to time, the more remarkable
articles introduced by this nursery, the Bache Pool Nursery, the Walton
Nursery, the Ayr Nursery, and other provincial establishments.

List of Plants ivorthi) of mention cultivated in the Handsworth Nurseiy.

^chill^n Gerberj.
^conUum cEerCileum.

rubellum.

macrophyllum.

moldavicum.

sibiricum.
>41}'ssum saxatile variegi-
tura.

tortuusum.

cr^ticum.

savranicutn.

micropetalum.
ylnemone Popefinn. [One of
De CandoUe's seven varieties
of ^. alpina.]
j4nthemis maritima.
^^pucynum riibrum.
Aquilfegia atropurpiirea elita.

canadensis var.
ji'rabis liirsuta.

liicida variegkta.

Marshallidna.

leptocarpa.
Arenkria balearica.

fascicul&ta.
yf'ster alplnus mkjor.

cyaneus.

TVipblium.
Adenopliora reticulata.
Blet?a flurida.

JSuphthrtlmum heliantho'ides.
[Helic'ipsis Pers. heliantho.
Ides Sivt.^
Calceolaria arachnmdea.
Calystfegia dahurica.
Campanula glomerSlta alba,
gl. pallida.
j-6sea.
alba elata.
csertilea elkta.

gummifera.

cephalbtes.
Card&mine hastulJlta.
CelsiVi sublan&.ta.

arcturus.

occidental is.
Centaurfea cinferea.
Chelbne m&jor.
Clematis Pallas;'/.

viornoldes.
Coronflla Candida.

coronita [montina i.].
CorydSilis tuberusa albifldra.
Cynanchuin fuscktum.

er^ctum.

acutum.
Cynogl6ssum pictum.
Cytisus calycnius.
Z>elptn'nium interraMium fibre

plfeno.
Dianthus colUnus sup^rbus.

hirtus.

punctktus.

s(culus.

Balbis«.
JOrkba androseicea.

alp~ina.
£chinops exaltatus.

hum ills.
£pil6bium alpt5stre.
Erythr6nium longi folium Sui.
Eupatbrii/JM punctatum.
Erysimum crepidifolium.

odor&^tum.
Fickria v^rna alba.
Fragaria indica.
Fritillkria raelfeagris fl. pifeno.
Gaillardid aristata.

Gentionn Pneumon^nthe gut-
tata.
Gfeum ranunculdides.

Quellyon.

grand iflorum.

aitiicum.

strictum.
GrindelM nitida.
Helianthus pub^scens.
Houstiima albiflora.
//ypL-ricum marilandicum.

Geblferj.

yJndros2e"'mum p^rsicum.
/'nula alpina.
i^ris halophila.

pomeridiana.

missouriensis.

Iiexagbna.

prismatica.

pumila lutea.
iMs jiphioldes &lba.

pavbnia.
/.amium album variegatum.
iilium lancoEEfbliura.
iiniim tenuifulium.

album.

marginatum.

quadril'blium.
Lob^lm unident^ta.

Tiipa.

rhizuphyta.

triquetra.

campanuloides.

arenaria.
XJ'chnis suecica.

pyrenaica.

chalcedonica carnea.
41ba plfena.
Mit^Ua reniformis.

diphylla.
Monardn aristata.

virginica.

canadensis.
.Narcissus moschatus plfenus.
A'epeta citriodora.
Onosma rupestre.

simplicissimum.

Gmelln/.

tincturium.
Ornithopus campestris.
Patnn/a nudiuscula.
Psebnia multipetala.

lliissM.

officina.lis fol. variegMis.
Pentstfemon glandulbsus.

specibsus.

veniistus.

triphyllus.

gracilis.

procerus. =

glaucus.

acurainatus.

confertus.
Phl6x acuminata alba.

reflexa rbsea.

odorata rosea.

VVheeleri purpilrea.

panicuKita rubra.

carolini^na nbva.

pyramidklis rubra.

pCimila.

suffruticosa mkjor.

new French.

philadelphica.

Coldrya?ja.

hybni.

fimbriata.

hS'brida.

verna, or crassifolia Lod.

Phlox bimaculat.i.
Ingram's,
marilandica.
intermedia prjeVox.
corcinta.
prociimbens.
glomerita.
ambigua.
Thompson!a/»«.
eiegans.
formdsa.

pyraniidilis elkta,
Briice^.

acuminata nikjor.
Phyteiima virg^tum.
Potentilla /upiniiides.
strigbsa.
sulphiirea.
pilbsa.
c&ndicans.

rcptans fibre pl^no [? Tor-
mentilla rcptans fibre
plcno].
marikna.
ornithopodoldes.
Primula Auricula fli.re Ibteo
plfeno, variegato pleno, liMea
multiplex, the last two raised
at the Handsworth Nursery.
Pru>it>lla ilba.

vulgaris ?bsea.
Tianunculus StevemV.
tuberbsus.
cr^ticus.
pennsylvanicus.
villosus.
Kudbeck/rt Kewm.'.nni [Cen-
trocarpha dirysomelaj.
moschata.
S&lix herbacea.
Salvia hsmatbdcs.
multifida.
Hallferi.
Lybn/.
Saxifiaga Gmelini.
Schradt:r/.
spathulita.
Scabibsa dahtirica.
Scrophiiliria trifoiiita.
mellifera.
rivularis.
Scutellaria viscbsa.
Senfecio aftreus.
Serratula pr^alta [Vernbnia
pncalta].
xeranthemoldes.
alata.
Sil^ne saxatilis.
noctiflora.
paradi!ixa.
StevenfV.
tatarica.
pubrscens.
5tatice, Pope's hybrid, or Pope-

tana.
rhalictrum nigrescens.

trisptrmum.
Tradescantjn crassifblia.
Trifblium canescens.
b.idium.
armfenium.
alpestre.
TrilUus flconitifblius.
Uvuiaria sinensis [DIsporum

fulvum].
^'erbascum australe.
condensatum.
monttmum.
lioloth^rsum.

ll'i

Provincial Xiirseries :

;crl)Asciim Ti»c(dulum.

ninjMc.

Klftbrum.
rcrbeiia chamaHlrirblia.

Lisl of lime

AlstroDinferwi Simsij, or pul-
cliclU.

tricolor, or Flos Marfini.

Hooker/, or rosea.

hirtt'lla.

|isitcacliia.
/<ncnibiic HalKr/.

/halictrn'i(li-s fibre pl^no

. [TTialictrum nnemonO.
ules Hore pli-no].
AquiK-gia glaniiulbsa.
Adeiiophora denticulata.

marsupiiflbra.
Calceolaria purpurea.

Fothergilli.

thyrsiflbra.

plantaginea.
Campanula rotundifblia flbro
pitno.

grandiflbra.

macrantha.
Catan&nchc Mba.
Cincr&ria sibfrica.
Cypripcdium Calceolus.

pubi'sccns.

fc(>ectAbile.
Dent iria digit&ta.
Diaiithus I'iscliOri.
yjoHec'aheoii Mcad/Vi albiflbra.
Drarori phaluiTi altait-iisc $u:

altMcum.
Erytlirolae^na consplcua.
//emcrocAllis fulva variegJita.
//yacdithui amethystinus.

ferbfena puU-hclM.
}'cri'micn ripens.

argentea.

niontana.

Plants in the Ilandsivorth

/Ayosc^anins orientiilis.

physaKiVles.
Hvpi')Xis erecta.
/>is tul>erb.sa. ^

Jeflersbnirt diph^lla.
Lfithyrus calitornicus.

venbsus.
/^eucojiim v^rnum.
IJdlris spha;ro(dea.
Allium lonpiflbrum.

pennsylvanicum.

japi'iiiicuin.
iuplniis tomentbsus nivcui.

ICpidus.
Mariia bermudiana.
<Enothfera tetragbna.
Oiibnis spinbsa alba.
Oii6sma arenirium.

tauricum.
O'robus sylvaticus.

variegMus.
Pxbnia lob^ta.

])iiben5.

villbsa.
i'ap&vcr alp'mum.

crbceum.
Pcntstimon Richardsbnii.

ovMus.
Phlbniis tuberbsa.

nungcns.
Phli.x caroliniana.

longiHbra, or tardiflbra.

canadensis.
Potentilla Russell/tlna.

I'erdnica pinnatlTula.

canesccns.
ricia Onobrjcliiii.'
/"lola su&vis, &c

Kursery.

Potentilla coocfnca.

Brienn/fl.

taiirica.
Primula minima.
I'ulmon&ria deprccMa [?].

mollis.
Sagitlaria latifblia plOno.
.Salvia campestris.
Slda wjalvaeflbra.
SilOne marftima fibre pli no.

]>ennsylvftnica.
SoldaneUa m(nima.
.S't.acliys Corsica Alba.

CO. riibra.
Streptopus rbscus.
Statice tatSrica.
Tagkles florida.
Tigridia conchiflbra.
Tradescanurt cong^sta.
Trillium granditlurum.

sessile.
TrAllius americknus supi.'rbus

p&tulus.

europai^us nanus.
Tulipa sylvfstris.
Uvularia pubcrula.
/' iola pcd^ta.

pennsylvAnica.

diL'itata.
Wliitlevrt stramoniifbli.i.
Zepbyninthes granditlbra.

carinata.

Andcrsbni. ,

List of some of the Grccn-hotise and Hot-house Plants in the Ilandsworth

Ktirsery,

Calceolaria sp. Lima.
Cussbnm spicikia.
Cymbidium rcflt^xum.
Cypripfedium veniistura.
DaviOsm ulicina.
Dendri'ibium specinsum.
DionieV Muscl])ul.i.
EscallbntVj riibra.

bifida [montevidinsisj

multiflbra.
Eutaxia pi'ingens.
Flemdig/n semiaUta.
Oardi'ii/n amu'^na.
C.-istrolbbiiim bilobum.
(iloribsa siiperba.
(tloxfnm liirsiita.
Ilbven Cil««j.

lanceol^ta.
Jack»bn/Vi icopiiria.
Kenurdyn coccinca.
LambOrtfVi ecliiiiMa.

y<c^cia vcrniciflua.

lanigera.
yfnagallis Marryatt^.
Androinciln fcuxil'blia.
Anthoci'rcin viscbsa.
Astrap;i-\-i WalKch/i.
Azalea siiu'nsis.

(ndica phcentcea.

b^brida.
nignbnf'o xquinoctiMia.
liitlbcrg/Vi t'asci.Ma.
liorbnin denticulikta.

serrulftta.
Bossia-^n /inlfblia.

Auxiriilia.
Bruiisv(g>Vi falc&ta.

toxichria.
Buonap.'irte/i Ji'incca.
Cactu* .lenkinsbnjj.
Calaiilhe iieratrifblia.
Calceoliiria bicolor.

I-opliospermum erubi'-sceni.

Magnbli'n Soulangednn.

Mirbfel/rt specibsa.

Kanil'ina dom^'stica.

OxylMiium retusum.

Passiflbra racomr.sa coccinca,
cicrulea pftllida, two seed-
lings raised at the Hands-
worth Nursery.

Pens^n inibricfita.

Phycella fgiiea.

Podolbbium stauroph5^11um.

Po\fKn\a grandillbra.

Pultena-'^n stipuliiris.

rthododi^ndron arbbreum.

Strelitzm roglnte.
ov.'ifa.
liumilis.
parvil'blia.
Jflncea.

&C. &c &e.

P\nm Pichla.

.S'trbbus nhna.
Ahododvndrun pi'mticum pyg-
mic'um.

clirysi'inthum.

fragrans.

Chamxcfstus.

IVtbes Diki'iscba.

sangufneuni.

viscosissimum.
Weeping Prune.
Weeping Oak.
Wbite-llowered Laburnum,
&c. &c. &c.

List of some of the more rare hardy Trees and Shrubs in the Handsiuorlh

Nurscrt/.

><rbutiis procera.
AzMea, Po|)e'8 supi'Tlja.

p6ntica alba, 'J varielici.

procftml>ens.
rjlisiis puriiiireus filbus.
Ciaultlt<if«.S7«l//on.
jP'inus dahi'irica.

inlernit'dia.

To the above lists, made out at your desire, we may add tliat we grow
njnvards of eighty sorts of phloxes, and more than fifty sorts of paconies.
Jiilin Popcaud Sons. JIandsirorlh Xursrri/, ]\I<ii/20. 1831.

The i:arden library at the Ilandsworth Nursery ranks among the most
complete, and the books are freely lent out to whoever will make a good
use of them.

Ayrshire^ Siirliugshire. \\^

SCOTLAND.

Ayrsiiirk.

The Krtrseries and Botamc Gronnds of Mes.':rs. Smith and So7i9, at Ayr,
Monkwood, and Co/roi/, were founded by Mr. Smith, sen., about IsSo.
They contain several acres, with a green-house, pits, and frames; and are
devoted to a general collection, and more particularly to rare and curious
herbaceous plants, and to trees and shrubs. There is a seed-shop in Ayr, and
a few seeds are grown. We have already (Vol. VI. p. 713.) given a select
list of these; and, in one of our earliest Numbers (Vol. II. p. 129.), a list
of North American plants, with remarks on their culture, derived from
observations made in America by Mr. Ooldie, Mr. Smith's son-in-law, and
one of his partners. Mr. Goldie has a small garden at Colroy, in which,
in the summer of 1831, he flowered the following species : —

Primula pusfUa, sibirica, amce~- Niittall/a digitata. Scorxonera hhmiVis.

na, and PalinCir/. Habenaria spectaljilis, orbicu- Fiola miribilis and camp^s-

Cfclamen *ibericum. lata, dilatata, and fimbria ta. tris

C61chicum umbrbsum and Lyclinis chalced6iiicd fibre Ti'lipa tricolor, biflbra, and

*bulbocodi6ides. albo ♦pUno. Ce\sid.na.

Galftnthus plicatus. P?ei>\\ia tenuifblia *fl. pit-no. Fritillaria leucantha, and ml.

Ixiolirion (Amarj'llis W.) ta- Corydalis bracteata. nor.

taricum. Malaxis ophioglnssiildrs Houstbn^n serpyllifblia.

Panax tiiftilia and quinque- Tlmuriculus *longicn'ilis, fri'- XJelphlnium grandiflbrura var.

fblia guius. cardiophjillus, and *Barlbw«.
Ornithogalum ciliatum H. R. chjerophyllus.

In his collection are also the following : —

/*ris parad6xa, *l!)evigata, and MalAxis *unifblia. Scheucliz&rm palfistris.

puniila lutea. /Rhododendron lappbnicum. Anthtriciim serutinum.

Colchicum *te^tuin. Ur>>a.s integrit'blia and Drum- SiUneregia.

Merendha caucasica. ni6i:il«. Trillins caucAsicu.s.

ieiintice altaica and vcskJiiia. TJodccatheon integrifulium. Lamp. inula *Palla.<;i(5Ha and

Fritill.aria ruth^nica. Gerard;a juercitoha. .S'axifraga.

In the nursery at Ayr, we noticed strong plants of Ribes sangufncum,
Wistaiv« Consec]ua«rt!, C'aprifolium flexuosum, japonicum, and pubesccns,
Piptanthus nepalensis, and a number of other shrubs reckoned rare and
valuable in the London nurseries. At the Monkwood nursery we saw a
curious collection of herbaceous plants, many of them very rare, growing up,
not altogether without weeds, " in a friendly manner," as expressed by Mr.
Smith, sen., an enthusiastic botanist, and a most benevolent, kind-hearted,
and apparently happy man. With respect to the mixture of weeds with rare
plants, the former iiy no means do the injury to the latter tliat at first sight
one would be apt to imagine. Plants which would soon lie lost in the
loose dug earth of a garden are preserved from extremes of temperature,
and from mechanical changes in the soil, by the shade, shelter, and firm
and consistent texture given by weeds, especially perennials ; for it must
always be recollected, that the object in a botanic garden is not to cultivate
plants, but to preserve them. The botanic garden of the late eminent bo-
tanist, Mr. Don, at Forfar, is said to have been managed in the same style
as that of Mr. Smith at Monkwood.

There is a small garden library kept in the nursery at Ayr; but the great
resource of the Ayrshire gardeners is the Ayrshire Horticultural Library.

Stirlingshire.

Tlie Stirling Kurserymen, Messrs. IV. Drummond and Sons, held an agri-
cultural and horticultural exhibition at their premises during the first and
second weeks in December, which reflects the highest credit on these
gentlemen, by whose spirited exertions it was got up, more especially as
there is no agricultural society in the county. It was held in a large
room on their premises, 70 ft. long and 15 ft. wide, with ample light. Their
correspondents and customers in all parts of the country were invited to
send in field and garden articles ; and, accordingly, extensive collections of
turnips, carrots, field iieet, potatoes, wheat, barley, oats, beans, peas, tares,
rye, groats, malt, pot barlev, oatmeal, barlevmeal, peasemcal, linseedmeal,

Vol. VII I. — No. .3r,. " i

1 1 4- Provincial Xttr<.cru-^.

whcatcii flour, potato Hour (Vein t'rostetl ami Iroin tlamagcJ potatoes, flax
(Ircsscil ami iimlrcsscd, leil clover plants in flower, maize with ears fully
ripened, cattle cabbajre ; iron ploughs, harrows, and wheelliarrows ; a barley
hunnneller, a turnip rammer, ilraining tiles, linseed oil cake; hone dust,
coarse ami fuie ; sea weed, ilittereut sorts, named ; dried specimens of
grasses, named ; forty-two speeiniens of grass seeds, named ; a collection
of rare and valuable agricultural seeds, named. Messrs. Drunmiond them-
selves, amongst other things, cxhibiteil Jstn'igalus bcc'ticus, the seeds of
wiiich are used as a substitute for coftee ; //emerocallis fulva and 5yni-
phvtmn asjxjrrimum, which have been recommended in this Magazine as
herbage plants; and the Irish whin, with a view to its trial as green food.
[As this, perhaps, mere variety of the conmion whin seldom, if ever,[)roduccs
seeds, its projKigation would be too expensive.] Among the turnips cx-
hibiteil were two of the white globe variety, weighing 2'^ lbs. each ; of the
green-topped yellow, one weiglied 17 lbs. ; of the Swedish, one 14- lbs. ; and
several specimens of each kintl weighed nearly as much. The heaviest
field carrot weighed 3 lbs. 3 oz., and the heaviest field beet 8 lbs. 8 oz. An
acre of carrots, on mossy soil, weighed 22 tons ; on trenchetl ploughed
soil, 29 tons ; and on a medium loam, 24 tons. Among the garden pro-
duce were the following: —

From Castle Toward (Mr. James Sinclair, gardener), a green-topped
Swedish turnip, 21 lbs. 8 oz.; one ditto, 17 lbs., manure, bone dust and
sea weed ; Altringham carrots, some of which were 24 in. long, and weighed
4 lbs. 12oz. ; early horn ditto, 1 lb. 8oz. each; parsncjis, 22 in. long, and
weighing 3lbs. ooz. each; leeks, Gin. in girth, and well blanched; also
Brussels sprouts, parsley, beet, and onions. From Mr. John Rankine,
gardener, Kilsyth, an Altringham carrot, weighing fully 9 lbs., ami measur-
ing 22 in. in circumference ; four others, same variety, weighing in the
aggregate 20 lbs. 2 oz. ; soil, light; manure, cow-dung. From Airthrey
Cattle ( Mr. Cathie, gardener), turnip-rooted celery, golden beet, ti lbs. 1 3 oz.,
and otlier specimens. From Boquhan (Mr. lleid, ganlener), three globe
gourds, respectively Gl lbs., 37 lbs. 8 oz., and 29 lbs. 8 oz. From Mount
Stewart, Bute (Mr. Smith, gardener), Altringham carrots, one of wliich
was 4 lbs. 4 oz., and 24 in. long; one Portugal onion, lib., and loin, in
circumference; one Dcptford ilitto, 13 oz.; flag leek. Gin. in girth, and
well blanched; one white stone turnip, 14 lbs., and other specimens. From
Blair- Drmnmond (Mr. J. Drummond, gardener), one reil beet, 12 lbs. G oz. ;
green-.spotted edible gourd, l.j lbs., taken from a single plant which pro-
duced 44 fruit, weighing altogether 4j8 lbs., and j)roducing fruit at the rate
of 3 lbs. 3oz. per day ; silver beet, and black-seeded scarlet running beans.
From Dunmore }*ark (Mr. Taylor, gardener), red beet, 9 lbs. 8oz. From
Airth Ca.stle, two drumhead cablniges, respectively 3G lbs. ami 31 lbs.
From Kippenross (Mr. William Sonierville, gardener), drumhead cabbage,
20 lbs. ; Savoy, 14 lbs. ; new Spanish gourd, 20 lbs. ; tall (ierman green,
nearly .5 ft. high, and 2o ft. round. From Craigforth (Mr. Hugh ^I'ColI,
gardener), rock gourd and fruited egg plant. From Touch House, silver
beet, red beet, ami leeks of great size. From Mr Morrison, Connnercial
liank, Stirling, imperial tiunip. From Mr. (Jeorge Chalmers, Stirling, a
red onion, 12oz. ; leeks, .5 ,\ in. in girth. Mr. M'Nab, Cowie, very large
onions. Mr. A. Allan, Stirling, red beet sown in July. Mr. Kay, Ship-
haugh, Bath beet, seed own saving. Coney Park Nursery, drumhead
cabbage, 20 lbs. ; eggplant; pumpkins, 29 lbs. each ; (ierman greens, iSrc.
Mr. Colin Wright, Manorsteps, a I'ortugal onion, 1 lb. Mr. Sawers,
writer, Stirling, a Portugal onion, 1 lb. 3.\ oz. (foreign growth). Mr. Afileck,
Newhaven, Musselburgh leeks, (i in. in girth.

The best standard works, and all the periodicals, both of agriculture and
horticulture, were also exhibited.

For more am[)le details, many of which are of great interest to the

provincial Ilorticultural Sorit/ics. ] 15

larmer, and for a very ably composed introductory address, we refer to the
Sfirling Advertiser of Dec. 9. 1831.

We consider this exhibition of great intei'est, as it shows what may be
done by any nursery and seedsman of spirit. Were such exhibitions
attempted generally, the result, we are sure, would be not less advantageous
to tradesmen than to their customers, and, we believe, would do much to
counteract that general notion among country gentlemen, that seeds and
plants are obtained of better qualities from London and Edinburgh than
from local nurseries, of which, in the introduction to this article, we
have endeavoured to show the fallacy.

Art. XI. Provincial Horticultural Societies.

We are much gratified to observe, from the lists of prizes given below, that
the newest and best fruits and flowering shrubs are spreading rapidly through the country. Of
these, we may advert particularly to the Flemish pears; some of which, such as the Marie Louise,
Passe-Colmar, Beurre Spence, Glout Morceau, &-c., cannot be too often or too greatly recom-
mended. Of the old pears, it will be seen that GanstU's Bergamot has most frequently gained
prizes. Of the apples, the Downton, Kibjton, and Ingestrie Pippins have been more successful
this season than any of the new varieties. We refer, for the other fruits, to the lists. In the
flower department, attention may be directed to the numerous varieties of georginas, phloxes,
salvias, and calceolarias which have been lately introduced. Of the carnations, Paul Pry seems
the most general favourite ; and of the pinks, the varieties introduced by Mr. Bow, near Man-
chester, particularly his Suwarrow. The erythrinas and cacti have been most successful among
thegreen-house and hot-house plants ; and the Calampelis scibra and Lophospermum erubescens
among the climbers. The latter, though quite new, is found every where ; and we hope, in the
next spring shows, to find that our favourites, Rlbes sanguineum, Wistar/a Consequk/m, and
Chimonanthus fragrans, are become equally well known and generally distributed. — J. W. L.J'or
Cond.

ENGLAND.

BEDFORDSHIRE.
Betlfordshire Horticultural Society. — The show of auriculas was very fine, and
the colours very splendid, particularly those of the green and grey edges ; no fewer than O; pots
were exhibited for prizes. The cacti of Mr. Bundy and Mr. Clarke excited universal admir.
ation : tliat of Mr. Bundy had six varieties worked into one plant, by means of an incision beitig
made in the plant, and the grafts of five varieties being pointed and pegged in ; when, in four or
five days, the oozing from the plant firmly cemented the whole together. The apples shown by
IWr. C. Clarke were of most excellent flavour; they were gathered when dry, and immediately
packed in a wine hamper, having hay at the bottom, sides, and above the fruit, of which there
were about three busliels. They were placed in a dry situation, and not disturbed till a week pre-
vious to the Show, when only three apples were found decayed. {Cainbrulge Independent Press,
May 7. 1831.)

LANCASHIRE.
Mancliester Botanical Socicli/. — Oct. 5. 1831. Owing to the genial season
which we have experienced, the garden fruit was generally much finer than that exhibited last
year, and commanded the admiration of all who saw it. The most remarkable part of it consisted
of the pears and apples shown by Mr. C. J. S. Walker of Longford. There was also a very large
apple, the name of which was not attached to it, but which was no less than I.t in. in circum-
ference, and 18f oz. in weight. A Suttontown pear was also exhibited, measuring 15i in., and
weighing, we understand, upwards of 1^ lb. Neither of these fruits, however, belonged to mem-
bers of the Society ; and they were, consequently, not entitled to any of the prizes. The Meet-
ing was held in the botanic garden. The green and hot-houses of this establishment are receiving
fresh acquisitions every week ; and, within the last one or two weeks, very considerable collec-
tions were received from the royal botanic garden at Edinburgh, the Caledonian Horticultural
Society, and the botanic garden at Glasgow. The good arrangements and cleanliness bear strong
testimony to the taste and assiduity of the curator, Mr. Mowbray. Among the prizes were : —

Pines : 1. Globe, G. Scholos, Esq. ; '2. Montserrat, E. Lloyd, Esq. ; 3. Otaheitan, G. Scholes,

Esq. Grapes: 1. Black Hamburgh, R. Potter, Esq. ; 2. White Tokay, and 3. Lombardy, G.

Scholes, Esq.; 4. White Frontignac, R. W. Barton, Esq. — Plums: 1. Golden Drop, Kev. J.
Clowes; 2. Imp^ratrice, Thomas Markland, Esq. {Country Times, Oct. 17. 1831.)

Rochdale Floral and HorticulLaral Society July 6. 1 631 . The named prizes

awarded at the Third Exhibition were as follows : —

Plants. Stove or Green -house: 1. C^reus speciosissimus, G.Priestley, Esq.; 2. Erythrlns
Crista galli, I. Lee, Esq. : .3. Pimelta iinifblia, G. PriesUey, Esq. ; 4. Calceolaria thyrsiflbra, and
.'). iilium longiflorum, Mr. James Tate ; 6. Pimelt'a ?-6sea, G. Priestley, Esq. ; 7. Petunia nyctagini-
fl6ra, C. Royds, Esq. — Herbaceous : 1. Gaillardin bicolor, Mr J. Ecroyd ; 2. Pentstfrraon pul-
chelltis, Mr. James Tate ; 3. Dianthus Fischfer?', G. Priestley, Esq. ; 4. Chelbne digitalis, Mr. J.
Hoyle; 5. Lychnis fiilgens, Mr. H. Mirigley ; 6. Dianthus formosus, Mr. James Tate ; 7. Pent-
stJ;mon ov^tus, Mr. H. Midgley ; 8. Delphniium grandiflbrum, Mr. John Whitworth ; 9. Cam-
panula macrftntha, Mr. H. Midgley ; 10. Lychnis chalcedonica, Mr. J. Taylor. — Hardy Shrubs :
1. Andr6raed« pulverulenta, and 2. Lonchocarpus rbseus, Mr. R. Schofield ; 3. Calophaca wolga-
rica, Mr. R. Robertson ; 4. Calampelis scabra, Mr. J. S. Lancashire ; 6. Helianthemum vulgkre
flore plfeno albo, J. Starkie, Esq. ; 6. Escall6nz« rubra, Mr. H. Midgley.

F/oivers. Pinks. Premier Prize, Bow's Suwarrow, Mr. J. Ecroyd. Purp'e-laced : 1. Bow's
Suwarrow, Mr. J. Ecroyd ; 2. Bow's Lustre, Mr. T. Smith ; 3. Fryer's Brilliant, and 4. Sir John,
Air. W. Lodge ; 5. Bow's Claudius, Mr. James Whitworth ; 6. Newall Hero, Mr. J. Ecroyd ;

I 2

1 1 (i Provincial Horliinllural Sociffifs : —

5 ataMf do riora, Mr. T. Travis; 3. Bow's Cicero, Mr. W. I.odpc"; 4. Bang Kuropp. Mr. J.
CIrcff- -I Viikcr's Duchcssof Kutlaml, Mr. J. nnlton ; 6. Duchess < fManrhei-tiT, Mr. \V. Lodge;
7 Bow's Queen of June, Mr. J. Asliton ; 8. Partington's I^ M^ro Brune, Mr. J. Ktchcs. — Ranun.
I'uluscs StriiM-il : 1. QuiVn filla, ;5. Gunner, 4. Melange des Beautes, and 5. Hose Blanche, Mr.
James Tate Yellow.edgoU Spotted : 1. Orange Brabanijon, 2. Dr. Franklin, and 4. Bouquet
Sanspareil, Mr. James Tate. Grey or purple-cdged : 2. Hosier, and 5. Queen Harbeker, Mr.
James Tate- 4. Tendresse, Mr. Joseph Tate; .">. Mirror, Mr. J. Ktches. \\ hite edged Spotted :
1 Darius, 2 T<;meraire, and ■> Mignon, Mr. James Tate ; 4. Nutmeg, and fi. Cnndorcct, Mr. Jo-
seph Tate Dark .'^elf : 1. fas.^andra, and 4. Defiance, Mr. Josej.h Tate ; '>. Scarkt and Gold,
Mr James Tate. Light Self: l Cecil, ■>. .\niaranth, and 4. Carmme, Mr. James Tate.— Pelar.
goniums Grown with Green-hou.«e : 1. Ixird Combermere, and 2. Dc Vcre, Mr. James Tate;
a Spe<tabile, L Entwisle, K.s(|. ; 4. Anne Boleyn, G. Priestley, Rsq. ; .">. Lady I-:ssex, I. Entwiile,
Esq Grown without Green house : 1. Mount Etna, Mr. H. Midglcy ; 2. DaveyaiiKm, Mr. J.
Tavlor ; :>. Anne Bolcvn, and 4. Dennis's Rival, Mr, J. S. Lanca.'ihire; 5. Fcronia, Mr. J. Cheet-

ham Roses. Red Moss, Mr. R. Robertson. White Moss, Mr. Joseph Tate. Red or Blush,

I. Entwisle, Esq. Marbled or Striped, I. Entwisle, Esq. Dark : 1. Tuscany, Mr. M. Greenlees ;
*. Atlas, Mr. R. Robertson. White : Unique, Mr. R Robertson. Monthly : 1. New climbing,

and 2. Crimson, Mr. James Tale. „ „ , „

Friiif. Grapes : 1. Lombardv, I. Entwisle, Esq. ; 2. and .3. Black Hamburgh, C. Royds, Esc}.

— Strawberries: 1. Keen's Seedling, L Starkie, Esq.; 2. Keen's Seedling, L Entwisle, Esq.;
a Keen's White, Mr. J. Holland.

Culinary I'egetablcs. Potatoe.s. Kidney : Unwin's Kidney, Mr. A. Fothergill. Round : \.
Golden Dwarf, and 2. and .5. Fox's Seedling, Mr. J. Ecroyd.
Extra-Prizrs. Cladinthus arabicus, Mr. A. Fothergill. Red Kii ney Potatoes, Mr. J. Ecroyd.

— Alex. Fothergill, Secretary.

Aiirrust 10. 1831. Tlie named prizes awarded were as follows: —
Plattln. Stove or Greenhouse: 1. Roi'lln ciliita, Mr. J. Tate ; 2. Crassula cocci'nca, Mr. J
Heath ; .J. Calceolaria bicolor, and 4.Alstra"mfer/<i/V/('^;-/nn, Mr. J. Tate ; 5. HedJ'chium aurantU
acum, I. Entwisle, Esq. F.H.S. ; 6. /.ilium longiflbrum, Mr. J. Tate; 7. Spigfelid marilindica,
Mr. J. Ashworth. — Herbaceous : 1. tfi'nothtra specibsa, Mr. R. Schofield ; 2. Campanula pyra-
midhlis, I. Lee, Esq.; 3. rhl'^x formosa, Mr. J. Tate; 4. Potentdla Hussell/<}/j(i,.Mr. U. Robert.
«on ; a. Pentstfemon angustifMius, Mr. R. Schofield; fi. Phlox Wheeler/rt, and 7. Dianthus for-
mbsus, Mr. J. Tate ; H. Chelbne barbata, Mr. R. Robertson. — Hardy Shrubs : 1. Calumpelis scMira,
Mr. U. Schofield ; 2. Escallor.m rubra, G. Priestley, Esq. ; 3. Tolutea arbor&sccns, Mr. R. Robert-
son ; 4. C^tisus capit!ltus, Mr. W. Newall ; .O. Po'tentilla floribumla, C. Royds, Esq — Annuals
or Biennials : 1. ClArk/n pulchi'lla, Mr. A. Fothergill ; 2. Gili« capitata, I. Entwisle, Esq. F.H.S. ;
.'i. CollInsM grandiflora; and 4. Schiz.'mlhus pinnitus, Mr. R. Schofield ; 5. CEnoth^ru sp., Mr. R.
Robertson.

Flowers. Carnations. Premier Prize, Wilde's Perfection, Mr. J. Whitworth. Scarlet Bizarres:

1. Wilde's Perfection, Miss Jane Clough ; 2, Friday Night, .". Lee's Lord NeLson, and 4. Davey's
Sovereign, Mr. J. Whitworth ; .j. Walmsley's William the Fourth, C. Lee ; 6. Waterhouse's
Rising Sun, Mr. J. Whitwr>rth ; 7. Duke of Leeds, and 8. Robv's William the Fourth, George
Priestley, Esq. Pink or Crimson Bizarres : 1. Alfred, Mr. J. VValmsley ; 2. Rainbow, Mr. C.
Lee; 3 I'aul Pry, Miss Jane Clough ; 4. Mcmnon, Mr. J. Wild; .'>. Woodhead's Spitfire, G.
Priestley, Esq.; fi. Butcher's Jolly Tar, Mr. J. Wilde; 7. Potter's Sir William, Mr. J. Clegg ;
8. Bang Europe, Mr. H. Thomas. Pun>Ie Flake : I. Lcighton's Bellrrophon, Mr. J. Walmsley ;

2. Woo<rs Commander, \V. Turner, E.s(i. ; 3. Hall's Major Cartwright, Mr. C. Lee ; 4. Ijidy
Wilton, Mr. J. Dalton ; .'>. 'iiirner's Princess Charlotte, and R. Bates's Wellington, Mr C. I^ee ;
7. Othello, Mr. J. Walmsley ; 8. Godfrey Mutuly, Mr. J. Hardman. Scarlet Fl;:ke : I. Madame
Mara, and 2. Potter's Champion, Mr. C. Lee; .!. Woodhead's Superior, Mr. J. Wilde; 4. Ste.irn's
l)r. Barns, Mr. T.Travis; 5. Rowton, Mr. J. Wiliie ; (i. Pearson's Ri-singSun, Mr. J. Whitworth;
7. Queen Adelaide, G. Priestley, F..sq. ; 8. Orson's Rob Roy, Mr. J. Hardman. Rose Flake :

1. Duchess of Devonshire, Mr '1'. 'I'ravis ; 2. Faulkner's Eliza, Mr J. Whitworth ; 3. I^ncnshire
I.a«s, Sir. C. Ix'C ; 4. l^dv St^mley, Mr. J. Dalinn ; 5. L.idy Hood, Mr. J. Whitworth ; iT Su.
preme, Mr. J. Hardman ; t. Clepg's Beauty, Mr. J. Walmsley ; 8. Ruler of England. Mr. C. Lee.

Picotee«. I'remier Prize, Ia'c's Cleopatra, Mr. C. Lee. lied Feathered : 1. Miss Bacon,

Mr. J. Whitworth ; 2. Will Stukeloy, W. Turner, Knq. ; 3. Hird's Alpha, Mr. A. Fothergill ;
4. Que>n Anne, Mr. T. Smith ; .O. Mrs. Roy, Mr. J. Clegg ; li. ( hildwell Beauty, Mr. J. ( heetham.
lietl-striped : 1. Lady Nelson, Mr. T. Travis j 2. Bright Star,' Mr. C. I^e ; .). Seedling, Mr. H.
Thomas ; 4. Phcpnix, Mr. J. Dalton ; ."i. England's Defiance, Mr. J. Whitworth ; fi. Conductor,
Mr. C. Ix-e. Puiple-featliered : 1 Cleopatra, 2. Princess Vitlori.i, and .;. Miss Emma, Mr. C.
Lec; 4. i/)vely Ann, Mr. J. Hanlman ; .'> I.ord Wellini;ton, ^Ir. J. Tavlor; (i. Fair Helen, Mr.
C. Lee. Purpfe.striped : I. Albion, and '.'. Dalton's Molly, Mr. J. Wilde'; 3. IjotA Nelson, Mr. C.
Ix!e; 4. Fair Helen, W. Turmr, Esc]. ; .'>. Royal Purple, Mr. II. Thomas; 6. Beauty of Burv,

Mr. 'J'. Travis, Georginas. Double: I. Scarlet Turban, Mr. J. T;ae ; 2. Black Turban, Mr. W.

Li)dge; 3. Blush Lilac, Mr. J. Tate ; 4 Crimson (ilobe, Mr W. Ixxige. Single: 1. .Seetlling,

2. Middleti'.nin, and 3, 4, and H Seedlings, Mr. J. Ashworth, — Pelargoniums. Grown with
Greenhouse: 1. Spe<:t(ibile maculfttum, Ci. Priestley, F.sq, ; 2, Cli(Ii)rd/.}»/H»i .!. Hrtme/, and
4 Seedling, Mr, J, Tato. Grown without Green-house: 1. ^'ihnorill;()HH»l, 2. Defiance, and
,•). Deimis's Rival, Mr. J. S. I.«incashire : 4. Macrftnthon, Mr. .1. Cheetham.

Fruit. Cirapes: 1. Black Hamburgh, J. Ix-e, Esq.; 2. 'i'okay, L Entwisle, Fsq. F.H.S.—
Melon: Succadn, \. Entwisle, Esq. F. H .S. — GnoselK-rries. Red: I. Roaring Lion, 22dwt8. 2grs.,
Mr. T. Gee: 2. Sir John, 18dwts. eOgrs. Mr. T. Clegg; .3. Prince Regent, l7dwts. 7gr,«,, Mr. T.
Gee ; 4. Briton, Ifidwts. 21 grs , and ^. I-ancashire Lad, Mr. E Elliott; (i. Huntsman, Mr. C. I.,ee.
Green: 1. Jolly Angler, IJidwts. lOgrs., and 2. Favourite, Isdwts.. Mr. E. Elliott; .3. Green,
wood, l.^iUvts. Hgrs., Mr. W. 'I'aylnr ; 4. Ocean, 1.5<lwls. Kigrs., Sir. S.Wilde: ,5. Emerald,
J3dwts. 3;{r«., Mr, J, Clegg; f>. Lord Byron, l.i dwts, 4 grs., Mr. W. Crossley. Yellow: 1. Gun-
ner, 18dwts. 12grs., and 2. Duckwing, liidwti. 22grs., Mr. E. Elliott; .3, Husbandman, Ifidwts.
Hgrs, Mr. W.Taylor; 4. leader, If.dwts. 4gr» , ."i. Toazer, 1.5 dwts. 7 grs., and fi. Bunker's
Hill, Mr. S. WUdc. White : 1. Eagle, 17 dwts. 18 grs , C JIo.mIj, E.(|. ; i. Fir»l-r»te, 16 dwts. 1 gr.,

Ncn Ihanipt'.jushire, 117

Mr. \V. Tavior; 3. Nonpareil, IGdwts., Mr. R. Crabtree; 4. Queen Caroline, liidwts. ISgrs.,
C. Uoyds, Esq. ; 5. Nailer, 14 dwts. ICgrs., Mr. W. Crosslev ; 6. Bomiy Lass, ISdwts. U grs.,
Mr. J. Smith. Heaviest plate of twenty : 1. Roaring Lion, 20 oz 15 dwts., Mr. E. Elliot ; 2. Uoar-
iiig Lion, 2Uoz Sdwts., Mr. S. Wilde. —/. Ecroyd. Aug. 18')1.

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Norlhamplonsldre Untied Horticultural Society. — April 19. 1831. Prizes
were awarded as under : —

Plants. Stove : 1. Cfereus spcciosSssimus, Mr. J. Atkins ; 2. Epipliyllum speciosum, E. Bou-
verie. Esq — Green-house : 1. Azalea indica alba, 2. AzSilea Indica purpdrea'plena. 3. Canielli«
Sasd/iqua rt)sea, 4. CavniUia atrorObens, 5. C. alba plena, and 6. ^Jckcia armata, Mr. J. Atkins. —
Hardy Herbaceous: 1. Blood Wallflower, Mr J. Hollidav ; 2. Lancashire Green-top Wallflower,
Mr. P. Cornfield ; 3 Dorunicum cauci'isicum, Mr J. Atkins. — Hardy : 1. itdum ihyinitolium,
2. triex europs^a plfena, and 3. Cy't'^^s sessilifblius, Mr. J. Atkins.

Flowers. Auriculas. Green .edscd : I.Wood's Lord Lascelles, Mr. R. Orson ; 2. INIetcalf's
Lancashire Hero, Mr. S. Bryan ; 3. I>ee's Colonel Taylor, Mr. J. S. Smith ; 4. Warris's Blucher,
and 5. Duchess of Oldcnburgh, Mr. J. Atkins. G'-ey-edged : 1. and 2. Lancashire Hero, 3. Page's
Lord Hill, 4. Blagden's Duke of Wellington, 5. Grimes's Privateer, and 6. Kenyon's Ringleader,
Mr. J. Atkins. White-edged : 1. Popplewell's Conqueror, Mr. J. HoUiday ; 2. Hughes's Pillar
of Beauty, Mr. S. Bryan ; 3. Taylor's Glorv, and 4. Kenyon's Lord Chancellor, Mr. R. Orson ;
5. Butterworth's Lady Wellington, Mr. J. Atkins. Selfs: 1. Dixon's Apollo, Mr. J. Atkins;

2. Nelson's Funeral Car, Mr. S. Brv.in ; 3. Scholcs's Ned Lud, Mr. J. S. Smith ; 4. Oddy's Lady
Milton, Mr. S. Bryan. Alpine : 1. "King of the Alps, Mr. J. S. Smith ; 2. Polycarp, Mr. S. Bryan ;

3. Alpine King, Mr. J. Martin. — Forced Flowers : Jlignonette, Mrs. Kerr.

Fruit. Apples : 1. King of the Sauce, L. liokeby, Esq. ; 2. Northern Greening, H. Terry,
Esq. — C. i\orthampton, April, 1831.

June 23. Prizes were awarded as under : —

Plants. Stove : ]. Cereus .speciosissimus, and 2. (iloxinio speciusa, E. Bouvcric, Esq — Green,
house: 1. Fiichs/a vir^ikta (a standard 8 ft. high), Mr. J. Aikins; 2. Fuchsw gracilis (8 ft. high),
E. Bouverie, Esq. ; 3. Lophospermum erubt'scens, Mr. J. Atkins; 4 Vallota purpurea, E. Bon -
verie, Esq.; S. Salpiglussis atropurpilrea, and 6. Gladiolus cardinklis, Mr. J. Atkins. — Hardy
Herbaceous: 1. Psehniu Whitlfey?', 2. Spanish Irises, 3. Bouquet of cut fiowers of I'sch-
schcMtzia califurnica, AquiU'gia glandulCsa, 7'nula gU-.ndulusa, iuplnus pol) phallus albus, /delphi-
nium azureum, and GaillArd/a bi'color, Mr. J. Atkins. — Hardy Shrubs : 1. Kalm/a latif 51ia,

2. K&lmm angustifblia, and 3. Sulphur-ccloured Broom, Mr. J. Atkins.

Flowers Ranunculuses : 1. Queen of Wurtcmberg, and Black Turban, Mr. J. Atkins ; 2. An-
drew's spotted Seedling, Thest'e, La Favorite, Condorcet, and Cedo Nulli, Mr. J. Martin ; 3. Nax-
ara. Princess of Wales, Tartar, Thompson's Queen, Pretiosa, Princess of Wurtemberg, and La
Carnation, Mr. J. HoUiday; 4. Naxara, Janus, A'hododendron, Melange des Bi;'autes, Nariett [I-*],
La Carnation, and Golconda, Mr. R. Orson, — Pinks : 1. Cheeses Champion, Davey's Victory,
Uickins's Sir Francis Burdett, Maltbv's Apollo, Patrick's Eclipse, and Pigott's Aurora Borealis,
Mr. J. HoUiday ; 2. Mallby's Apollo,' Looker's Oxonian, Bexlsy Hero, Pittman's Rising Sun,
Cheese's Miss Cheese, and Davey's Standard; 3. Knight's Lady Ackland, Matley's Apollo,
Cheese's Miss Cheese, Barralt's Conqueror, Dickens's Sir Francis Burdett, and Bcxley Hero, Mr.
John Atkins; 4. Westlake's Hero, Davey's Britannia, Turner's Regent, Bates's Wellington,
Barratt's Conqueror, and Stephens's Harefield Hero^Mr. J. Martin ; .0. Bates's^WelHngton, Hum^-

ber's Hero, Stephens's Waterloo, I " . k. ^.

HoUiday ; 6. Knight's Lady Ackl;

Queen Elizabeth, ISates's Wellingti , , . ,

Perpetual, Mr. J. Atkins. — Roses : ]. Margin Hip, I ndica major. Grand Purple, Burning Coals,

and 2. Globe \\ bite Hip, Favourite Purple, Crimson Moss, Brown's Superb, Pa;ony, Tus.

cany,Wellington, and Unique, Mr. J. Atkins ; 3. Unique, Blush Monthly, Crimson Moss, Rivers's

George the Fourth, Lee's Crimson Perpetual, and Globe White Hip, E. Bouverie, Esq.

Fruit. Grapes: White, Muscat of Alexandria, W. Hanbury, Esq. ; Black, Black Hamburgh,
W. Hanbury, Esq. — Melon, Green-fleshed, E. Bouverie, Esq. — Strawberries : 1. Keen's Seed,
ling, Hon. Mrs. Cockayne ; 2. Wilmot's Superb, Mr. T. Barry. — Cherries, May duke, E. Bou-
verie, Esq.

Culinni-i/ Vegetat}ls. Lettuce, Bath Cos, E. Bouverie, Esq.

Cottagers' Prizes. Cut Flowers : Pinks, J. J. Ward, Floore. A'cgetables : Now Potatoes, S.
Masters, Northampton. — C. 'Northampton, July, 1831.
July 29. Prizes were awarded as under : —

Plants. Stove: 1. Hoya carnbsa, Mr. (J. Osborn ; 2. Acrcstichum alcic6rnc, Mr. J. Atkins ;
— Green-house : 1 Calceolaria Atkins/aHC, Mr. J. Atkins ; 2. Fiichs/« c.nica, Mr. G. Osborn ;

3. lAgapanthus umbellatus, W. T. Smith, Esq. ; 4. Lophosiieniium erubescens, Mr. J. Smith ;
5. Fuciisin microphyUa, E. Bouverie, Esq. ; 6. Crassula cocciiiea, Mr. J. Atkins. — jHardy Herb-
aceous : 1. /.ychnis chalcedoiiica plena, and 2. ffinothera missounc^nsis, and Pascalw glai.ea,
E. Bouverie, Esq. ; 3. Yucca flaccida, Mr. J. Atkins.

llowers. Carn;itions. Scarlet Bizarrcs (Premium, Martin's British Monarch, Mr. J. Martin) :
1. Wilde's Perfection, 2. Thompson's Cartvvright, 3. Orson's Rolla, 4. Roderick Dliu, and 5. Sir
Robert Peel, Mr. R. Orson. Crimson Bizarrcs (Premium, Sir Robert Gunning) : 1. Gregory's
Alfred, Mr. J. HoUiday; 2. Orson's Duke of Clarence, Mr. J. Martin ; 3. Orson's Lord Lieute-
nant, Mr. R. Orson ; 4. Orson's Apollo, Mr. J. HoUiday ; 5. WakefieUl's Paul Pry, Mr. R.
Orson. Seedling, Martin's Lord John Russell, Mr. J. Martin. Scarlet Flakes ^Prcmiinn, Ma-
dame Mara, Mr. J. HoUiday; : 1. Thornicroft's Blucher, and 2. Orson's Rob Roy, Mr. J. Martin ;
a Holliday's Sir C. Knightlcv, Mr. J. HoUiday; 4. Potter's Champion, Mr. J. Mai tin. Seedling,
HoUidav's Dr. Terry, Mr. J." HoUiday. Purple Flake (Premium, Turner's Princess Charlotte,
Mr. J. HoUiday) : 1. Layton's Belierophon, Mr. P. Cornfield; 2. Turner's Princess Charlotte,
3. Martin's Defiance, 4. Miss Wake, and 5. Nott's Alfred the Great, Mr. J. Martin. Seedling,
Lord Brougham, Mr. J. Martin. Rose Flakes (Premium, Fletcher's Duchess of Devonshire,
Mr. J. HoUiday) : 1. Fletcher's Duchess of Devonshire, Mr. J. Martin ; 2. Smalley's Wonderful,
3. Strong's Princess Augusta, 4. Plant's Ladv Hootl, and 5.\Villiner's 'I'imandra, Mr. P. Cornfield.
Seedling, Orson's Sylvia, Mr. P. Cornfield. — Picotees. Purple (Premium, Wood's Countess of
Sandwich, Mr. J. HoUiday) : 1. Lee's Lady Chatham, Mr. J. HoUiday; 2. -Queen Adelaide, Mr.
J. Martin ; 3. Orson's Rowena, Mr. R. Orson ; 4. Martin's Doctor Syntax, and 5. Linnaeus, Mr. J.
HoUiday. Seedling, Lady Isham, Mr. J. Martin. Red (Premium, Princess Victoria, Mr. J. Martini :

r .'3

1-18 Pruriiuicil lluil. Sociclics : — Nuiihumbctiaml,

1. Rus»oir« Iiicompar.ilile, Mr. J. Ilulliclay; '.'. I'lirclias's Graiita, Mr. P. Cornfield ; 3. Earl of
Etliiigli.-iin, ami 4. Munon'.s Will Stukely, Mr. J. Ilolliduy. Seedling, Martin's liiiiinent, Mr.
J. Martin — Hoses: 1. White Moss, Ia-c's Crimson I'erpctual, New Crimson Noisette, Yellow
China, Hizarrc do la Chine, Odorhta, and 'i. Noisette, Watt's China, Paipic Noisette, l-"ragrans,
Stephens's China, and (ireville/, Mr. J. Atkins.

Fruit. Grapes. White: Chassclas de Kontaincbleau, V.. Pouvcrie, Esq. IJIark : 1. Black Ham-
burgh, E. Bouveric, lUq. ; ii. Black Hamburgh, Earl Spencer. — Melons: Land i.'. Green-flcshed,
E. Bouverie, Esq. — C. Sorlhaniplon, Atipist, ISJl.

NORTHUMBEKL.\KI).

Norlhiimbcrluiul and Durham Botanical and Ilnrliculliiral Socicli/. — Sept. 15.
Among the prizes awarded were gold medals to Mr. Wm. Kelly, gardener to A. Donkin, Esq ,
Jesraond, for the iK'st-flavoured pine-apple Black Antigua; ; and to Mr. J. M' Queen, gardener
to S. \V. Parker, Esq., Scots House, for the best double carnation (Sherwood's Corinthus) ; and
silver medals to Mr. W. Kelly, for the best melon Siarlot-flcshcd Kock^ ; to Mr. J. Scott, gardener
to E. Charlton, ICsq , Siindhoe, for the second b^■.^t double carnation (Highland Boy) ; and to
Mr. J. Ismay, gardener to C. Attwood, Esq., Wjckham, for the be.st di.sh of jargonelle pears.
The only prize ;thc variety gaining which is named) among the ilowers is for the best exotic
plant in flower (Erythrlna Crista galli), to Mr. J. Clark, gardener to Mrs. Bewicke, Close House.
The following articles were likewise exhibited : — A bouquet of anemone-flowered georginas,
from the garden of J. C. Anderson, &q.. Point Pleasant ; Calceolaria intcgrilT.lia, from the gar.
den of M. Anderson, Esq., Je.^mond ; and a dish of Morello cherries^ from the garden of Captain
C. B. Grey, Styford Hull. [Sfwcast/e Courant, Sept., 1831.)

Nov. 4, The bouquets were deservedly worthy of attention, and muc-li credit
is due to the cxhibiters of them, for the production of so many elegant flowers at this late season
oftheyear> the fruits and vegetables w.-re consideretl to be in the highest perfection, and the
number of splendid exotics gave the whole a rich and most pleasing appearance. Among the
prizes were the following : —

To Mr. James Scott, gardener to E. Charlton, Esq., Sandhoe, for the best exotic plant in flower
(Epiphvllum truncitum . To Mr. Jas. Scott, gardener to H. Lamb, Esq., Ryton, for tlie best six roots
of kohl rabi. To Mr. Jas. Scott, gardener to E. Charlton, Esq., Sanahoei the best dish of succory
(Cich.'.rium /'ntybus); and to Mr. T. Cook, gardener toT.W. Beaumont, E.sq. SLP., Bvwell Hall, for
the best six lieads of purple broccoli. 'I'he followingexotics were exhibited, viz. :— .SViiviasplciidei^s,
Pichard/n athi6pica, Gloxtnm s|)eci6sa, Treviraro cocclnea, and Epiphvllum trmiciltum.by Mr.
Wm. Kelly, from the garden of A. Donkin, Esq., Jesmond ; Chrvsantheinum indicum, by Mr. J.
WOueen, from the g:.rden of S. W. Parker, Esq., Scot's House; .Salvia spl.'ndens, by'Mr. A.
Hedley, from thegar<!en of John Hodgson, Esq. MP., Elswick Hall ; Lopliospermuni erubiScens,
by Mr. J. Ireland, from the garden of W. Donkin, Esq., Sandhoe; .Silvia spU-ndens, and a fine
single white camellia, by Mr. A. Simpson, from the g.irden of W. Losh, Esq., Little Benton.
The following articles were exhibited gratuitously, viz. : — A fine dish of white nniscadine and
black cluster grape.-, from the open wall, by Mr. Thomas Watson, from the garden of J. Kirsopp,
Esq , Spittal, near Hexham ; and a dish of very large cadilhc pears, by Mr. T. Cook, from the
garden of T.W. Beaumont, Esq. M.P., Bvwell Hall. {Xewcastle Courant, Nov. 12. 1831.)

OXEOUDSHIIIE.

Oxford Horticultural S/uni' jiuf; 4. Prizes were awarded as tinder : —

Flowers. A prize for a seedling georgina was awarded to J. P. Burnard, Esq., architect, of

Formosa Cottage, HoUoway, near London.
Fruit. Gooseberries. Kid [the heaviest 12 berries of each sortl : I. 12oz. i2dwt.s., Mr. J.

Fardon, Woodstock ; 2. 1 1 oz. 1 ') dwts. Cgrs., Mr. Samuel Pain, Woo<lstock. Yellow: 1 9oz.

Kdwts., Mr. J. Pardon, Woodstock ; 2. yoz. I'-' grs., Mr. Edward Bennett, Woodstock. Ciroeli :

1. l()oz.ndwts., Mr. J. Pardon; 2. 'Joz. 1+dwt.s. 2grs., Mr. P. Pain. White: 1. lloz.Gdwts.,

Mr. J. Fardon ; 2. 10 oz. 10 dwts , Mr. Tliomas Lucas, Oxford.

A handsome seedling cucumber, perlectly sir.iight, and measuring upwards of 2 ft. long, pro.

duccd by Mr. Burnard, was recommcndea to notice by the judges. {Of/uril Herald, Aug. la. 1831.)

.SOMEUSETSHIUE.

Ilristol liotanical and Horticultural Socitti/, — Juli/2\. Among the planis
exhibited at the Fourth Show we noticed Koclln ciliita, and Ka'losAnthes cm-cinca, from Chris,
topher (ieorge, Esq. ; Loohospermum crubesccns, from the Uev. Dr. .Swetc ; Arlca viridiHf)ra and
Walktri, from Henry NuKcnl, Esq. ; fluml.ilgo capensis, and Thunbi'rg/n alMa, from Mr
M.ackay. Mr. Miller exhibited two beautiful new planis. Gladiolus natali'nsis from the
Cape, and Habrfmthus from Chile, both of which he has sent to be figured in the liotauical
Register. The f/l.idlolus, being as hardy as the t/ladlolus cardinfilis, will prove a great acqui.
tition to the flower-garden. Amongst the nurserymen's rollerlion we noticed a beautiful new
Calceolaria from Mr. Wheeler of Warminster, and a large Yucca gloriiYsa and .■\lstra-mcrm
J'elcurhia from Mr. Maule. Some very fln<- spcH-iinen.< of leaves of the green tea were exhibiti'd
by Mr. Kootsey, gathered from a plant that stood the severity of last winter, on the hills of
Breconshire, without any shelter ; and Mr. Jtootsey inlorms us that it is as hnrdv as the common
lilac and Chimonaiithus fragrans, and will prove n great acquisition to our !iar Jy evergreen planis
The prizes were awanled as follows : —

Plants. Stove: 1. 'I'hunbifrg/a alMn, Mr. MacLay; '.\ Un\a carnbsa, and a libchcrt falcita
Mr«. Isaac Elton. — tireen-house . 1. Erythr'uia /auril'blia, John Hiirle, Kstj. ; 2. LophospCrmum
crubiscens, Hev. Dr. Swete ; 3. Hoella cdi ita, C. tJcorge, lOsq. — Hardy Perennials : I . Campanula
pyramidilis, Mr. Elbury ; 2. Fiinki/i ca?ridea, Mrs. VV. Fripn; ;). AgrostCinmn coron3ri.i, Mrs
W. Fripp.— Hardy Annuals: 1. ClarkiVi pulchi'lla, Kev. T. H. Walker; 2. '/.iimia ilegans, Hev.
Mr. Hichards.

Fruit. Pineapples: 1. Enville, and 2. Black Jamaica, Mr. Pillnns ; 3. Queen, and ■». Envillc,
W. P. Jillard, Exj —Crapes. Black : I. Black Hamburgh, Mrs. Cartwright ; 2. Grizzly Frontl-
gnac, John New, jun., Esq. ; .i. Black .St, Peter, .Nlrs. Cartwright. White : I Mnwat of Alexan-
dria, Mrs. Cartwright ; V. Aluscat of .Mexaiidria, and .S. Nice, John New, jini , l-lfq Apricots •

L Moorpark, C W. R .wilcii, l^iq. ; 2. Moorpark, .Mr. Hcli>.s. — Cherries : J. May Uukc Mr? H

Oxfordshire, SomersetsJiiir, Suffolk, 119"

Vaughan ; 2. Morello, Thomas Cole, Esq. — Pears : 1. Citron des Carmes, Mr. R. Fry ; 2. Green
Jennett [?], Mr. Sealey. — Gooseberries. Red: 1. Roaring Lion, Thomas Cole, Esq.; 2. Crown
Bob, Mr Z. Cartwright; 3. Sportsman, G. W. Hall, Esq. Green: 1. Angler, Mr. Z. Cart-
wnght; 2. Ocean, Joseph Parker, Esq. Yellow: 1. and 2. Rockwood, Mr. Z. Cartwright; 3.
Golden Gourd, Rev. Mr. Richards.

Culinary Vegcfaltles. Celery. White : 1. Mr. Sealey. — Lettuces : I.Brown Cos, and 2. White
Cos, Mr. Gerrish. — Carrots: 1. Altringham, Mr. Maynard, sen.; 2. Orange, Mr. Gerrish. —
Turnips : 1. White Stone, Mr. Gerrish ; 2. Maltese, Captain G. I^ngfnn.

Kuyserymcn's Prizes. Green-house Plants : Calceolaria W'heeleri, Mr. G. Wheeler ; Cleroden-
drum fragrans, Mr. Allen. Hardy Plants: Yucca glorif)sa, Mr. Maule; Hydrangea ^uercifblia,
Mr. Allen. Hardy Perennials : .S'edum spClrium, and Luilris spiciita, Mr. Maule. Hardy An-
nuals : Coreupsis tinetbria, Mr. Maule.

Brixtol (iiid Clifton Horticullural Society. — Sept. 13. The exhibition of flowers
and fruit was beautiful and attractive. The georginas and China asters were particularly .splen-
did. A large imperial crown, and two baskets formed of flowers, were suspended on a wreath of
hops in fuM lilossom ; and the letters W. A, a crown, W. R., and an anchor, formed of the
same materials, were placed at the top and bottom of the room, and added to the efll(?ct. At the
dinner, when the health of Mr. Miller was drunk, that gentleman stated that the Society con.
sisted of upwards of 6(t() members ; that ,500 specimens of different productions had been sent
that day for exhibition ; and that H/. had been taken for admission. Mr. G. W. Hall, who
returned thanks on behalf of the committee, drew the attention of the company to the admirable
specimens from the kitchen. garden, which were, indeed, worthy of all commendation, and noticedi
Avith great gratification I he cottagers' prizes. Mr. Donald, one of the umpires, who is a member
of the London Horticultural Society, bore his testimony to the display of fruits, flowers, and
vegetables, exhibited that day, which, he said, could only be excelled by the beauty, elegance,
and fashion of the assembly who had in.spected it. He also complimented the company on pos-
sessing in the neighbourhood an establishment matured by Mr. Miller, which he pronounced
equal to any in England or in Europe.

Among the plants exhibited were : — Fuchsjrt gracilis, from J. Hurle, Esq. ; Alstroemt^nVi ovata,
and Plectocephalus americilnus, from Miss Bright ; Gros kijhl ralii, from W. \V. Capper, Esq. ;
Zingiber officinale, .Salvia splendens, Fvichsw gracilis, and Mangold Wurtzel, from Mr. Alder-
man Daniel ; A'erium splendens, from O. Fedden, Esq. ; Mangold Wurtzel, from H. Sheppard,
Esq. ; Calceolaria integrif6lia, from John Acraman, Esq. Prizes were awarded as under : —

Plants. Stove : 1. Gloribsa sup^rba, P. J. Miles, Esq. ; 2. Papy'rus antiqubrum, J. Hurle,
Esq.; 3. Trevirann cnccinea, Mrs. W. Fripp. — CJreen-house : 1. Lagerstroe^mia indica. Miss
Bright ; 2. R6che« falcita, Rev. M. Richards ; 3. Hfemanthus tigrlnus, W. P. Taunton, Esq. — .
Hardy : 1. GentiaHO Catesb<i''<', Rev. H. T. Ellicombe ; 2. i'hlox suffruticusa, Mrs. W. Fripp ;
3. Prenanthes alba. Rev. H. T. Ellicombe.

Fruit. Pine-Apple, Otaheite, Mr. Mackay. — Apples. Early Dessert, Kerry Pippin, Rev. Dr.
Swete. Late: 1. Yellow Ingestrie, MissSwete; 2. Crofton Pippin, George Sawyer, Esq. Culi-
nary : 1, Catshead, Mr. Cartwright ; 2. Kentish Pippin, H Myers, Esq. Cider, Devonshire Red-
streak, Miss Player. Seedling, J. Fisher, Esq. — Pears. Dessert: 1. Gansell's Bergamot, Miss
Powell; 2. Ambrosia, Captain Langton ; 3. Autumn Bergamot, Mrs. M. Phillipps. — Peaches:
£ Double Montague, Rev. Dr Swete; 3. Galandc, Geo. Sawyer, Esq. — Nectarines: 1. Pitmaston
Orange, Mrs. Cartwright ; 3. Scarlet, Mrs. Clark. — Melons, Netted Rock, Miss Bright. — Fil-
berts: I.White, Mrs. H. Vaughan ; 2. White, Mr. R. Fry. — Nuts, Cosford, Mr. R. Fry.—
Grapes. Black : 1. St. Peter's, and 2. Hamburgh, R. Strachey, Esq. White : \. Muscat of Alex-
andria, C.'G. Harford, Esq. ; 2. Muscat of Alexandria, .Mr. Clark. Out-door : 1. Syrian, C.
G. Harford, Esq. ; 2. White Muscadine, Mrs. Sheritfe. —Cherries, Morello, T. Cole, Esq.

Culinary Vegetables. Celery, Red and White, Mr. Maynard, sen.

Nurserymen's Prizes. Pines : 1. Enville, and 2. Black Jamaica, Mr. Maule. — Plants. Stove:

1. Gloxinia maculata, and 2. Cactus, Mr. Maule. — Green-house: 1. ir'ica^asminiflbra, and

2. Grevlllea ncanthifblia, Mr. Maule. — Hardy, //ibiscus syrlacus, Mr. Allen. — Hardy Peren-
nials, Erythrolaj^na conspicua [not hardy, surely], Mr. Maule Hardy Annuals, Zinnia

f legans, Mr. Maule. (Bristol Mirror, Sept. 17.)

Taunton and West Somerset Horticultural Exhibition. — Sept. 9. The decora-
tions of the room were very elegant ; at the western end were placed two finely covered hop.
poles, in profuse bearing: the hops were singularly large and healthy. These were kindly
presented by Mr. R. Ham, from the grounds at Orchard Portman, near this town. A star of
splendid georginas, of almost every possible diversity of colour, from Young's nursery, suspended
over the doorway of the room, attracted great notice, and was certainly very beautiful. Another
star of georginas, of different formation, but of singular richness and variety of colour, from
Mr.Veitch of KilkTton, appeared over the card-room door ; and near it was a large crown, also of
georginas, supplied by the same nurseryman, in which were some superb flowers. Some German
asters were much admired ; and some baskets of georginas, from Dymond's, and from Lucombe's
of Exeter, displayed admirable specimens of that delightful pageant of our garden.s. The grapes
were magnificent. There were but few melons, but those shown were capital ; a small green one,
of exquisite flavour, was honoured with the prize.

A number of prizes were distributed ; but the names of the varieties which gained them are
not mentioned. (Taunton Courier, Se^t. \i,)

SUFFOLK.
Bury Hortiailtnral Society. — Sept. 6. The georginas were remarkal)Iy fine.
Mr. Nunn's collection of seedlings was excellent, and so were Mr. Buchanan's of Stowmarket.
Of the flowers not now first produced Mr. Lord bore off the prize, but others approached very
close to him in merit. Mr. Barrett's Susanna and William the Fourth were surpassed by few of
the flowers exhibited. Of the exotics, the most curious was the Calceolaria Yoi'ingii, exhibited
by R. Bevan, Esq. Of the fruits, the most remarkable was a noble dish of black Hamburgh
grapes, from vines only three years from the eye, trained on Mr. Crawshay's plan, and exhibited
by Mr. Cj. Thurtell, of Mile-end Cottage, near Norwich, a non. subscriber. Mr. Marriott showed
some very fine seedling nectarines. Mr. C. Thurtell of Brandon sent some onions, which sur-
passed the growth of the Portugal in size, but they were too late. There was a curious variety of
capsicums. The celery was of immense size, but not sufficiently blanched. The honey (obtained
by deprivation) was very beautiful : it was exhibited by E. Sparke, Esq.

In the course of the afternoon the Rev. E. W. Matthew called the attention of the cempany tu

I 4

4 20 Piuvincial IIoi licultiual !Sucielics : —

the plan of the A)>ini'i:iii Society ; and Mr. I'ayiic, the secretarv, reported several caset in wliicll
i-otlager* hail received from .*/. to .')/. for the proiluee of their hives this year. It \va» slated
th:it a market could readdy be found for the pure honey ill the comb, as obtained by depriva-
tion, at the price of '2s. a pound. A liberal subscription was com'.neuced for the puriHise ot car-
yinjj the design into elfect, which requires a sum of money in tlie lirst instance for the purchase
of be—, but will afterwards be kepi up, it is expected, by the repayments of the cottagers, 'i he
CullowinR is the only prize of which the name of the variety gaiiuiiR it is given : —

Tender plant in bloom : Ci'rbera Iruticbsa, Mr. Wright, gardener to l^rd Calthori)e. {Vuiy
and S'orwich Pusl.>k-\>t. li.)

jVor 27. The fruit was remarkably fine, anrl very ahtiiuLtiU. The varieties
of table pears, from the garden of the IJev. Sir T. G. C'uUum of Hardvick, were very justly
objects of admiration ; a collection of table and kitchen apple.*, with a dish ot (rerinan medlars,
and French crabs of 181?9, .'iO, and .'31, from Mr Kay of Tostock, were also worthy of notice. The
chrysanthemums were very tine, and the bouquets of tender llowers were greatly admired. Among
the prizes were the following: —

Plant. Tender, in bloom ilia pot, AmarVUi.' psittacina. R. Hevan, Ksq.

Fruit. I'lums, Imperatrice, Mr. Jiarrett, gardener to Sir I", (i. Cullum. — I'ears. Table:
1. Passc-C'olmar, and 2. Beurri- van Mons (Heurre Diel\ Mr. Harrett. Kitchen, Cadillac, Mr.
Stacev. — Apples. Dessert: 1 Koval Nonpareil, Mr. Stacey ; 2. Braddicl's Xnnpareil, Mr. Rar.
rett; Seedling, Mr. Jiarrett Kitchen, Uoyal Uusset, Mr. Barrett; Seedling, Mr. Steed. {Bury
and Siiffilk lUrald, Nov. M. IHJI.)

I/iswicli ffurliciillinnl Socif/i/. — Sept. 1.'^. The asseuibhige of choice fruit and
flowers was the mo.st abundant ever before exhibited in that town. The Ueporter of the Sv^ffii/k
Chronicle, however, complains that the ladies were excluded from the dinner and dosert
provided for the male subscribers. " Why," says he, " are we not permitted to obtain the
benefit of their judgment ou the horticulturist's labours ? " Among the prizes awarded were the
following : —

Plants. Green-hoii>c v'in bloom in a pot) : 1. A'erium spl^nden,'*, Mr. ^lills, gardener to Wil-
liam Rmlwell, Eso. ; '2. Calceolaria rug.'.sa, Mr J. Smith. — Hardy : Ipom6psis elegans, Mr.
Ch.irlcs (iarrod, gardener to C S. Collinson, Esq.

Fruit. Dish of Grapes : 1. Black Hamburgh, Mr. George Thurtell ; 2 Svvcelwatcr, Jlr. James
Smith, gardener to D. Alexander, Esq. — Melon : 1. Gr.en-flesh, Mr. J. Smilh ; 2. Scarlet-fiesh,
Mr. W. Tiiriier, Ipswich — I'lums: Coe's Golden Drop, Jlr. W. Allen, gardener to the Uev. M.
Edgar. — Table Piars : GanseM's liergamot, Mr. Allen — Table Apples : Ribston Pippin, Mr.
Garnul, gardener to R. N. Shawe, Esq. Kitchen Apple : Hawthoniden, Mr. P. Jackson,
Ipswich.

Ctilinani I't-pi'tfih/fs. White Celery, Mr. Allen, gardener to the Rev. J. B. Wilkinson. Red
Celery, Mr G.irrod. — Peas, Knight's Marrowfat, Mr. Milborn.

Cut'lancrs' Prizes Savoys, Mr.'W. Mason, Ke.sgrave.

The grapes produced by Mr. Thurtell attracted particular attention ; the bunches were of enor-
mous size, and the berries exceedingly fine. We understand that his system of cultivating the
vine is different from what is generally practised, and is the same as that so successfully pursued
hy Mr. Crawshay of Honniiigham, Norfolk, who is allowed to be one of the first grape-growers
ill Eng'and. Of kitchen apples there was a fine display. The most remarkable were, Mr. Jack-
son's Hawlhornilen; Mr. Bow's Emperor Alexander ; and Mr. Dunning of Whittun's Seek-no-
further. 'Siijfii/k Chronicle, Sept. 17.)

Ucl. C. With tin- exception of the gearj];inas, tiic exhibition of flowers was not
«o good as usual ; but the fruitsand vegetables were equal, and in some instances superior, to any
hitherto produced. 'I he fruits, particular!) the grapes and apples, which gractnl the table appro-
priated to the cottagers, attracle.l general attention, and were much and justly admired. -Among
the spcciiiieiis worthy of notice were, black Hamburgh grapes, and white ("ape broccoli, sent by
G. St. Xiiidiit, Msq. ; several varieties of aiiples and pears, by Messrs. Hcdnall and Bircham, nur-
serymen from Holton, near Halesivorth ; some excellent out-rioor grapes, by the Kev. Temple
Frere, H. Browne, Esq., and T. Lombe Taylor, E.sq. ; and a dish of raspberries from Mr. Shipp.
We cannot oiiiil to iiuiition how much it .•ij>pears the wish of the committee to give encourage,
ment to the coHimc iMrdener ; and, as the founds of the Society are in a healthy state, we hope to
find the rewanls oU'ered to the industrious poor man iiicreaseti in a twofold degree before another
season is terminated.

The following is the onlv subscriber's prize which has the name of the variety given : — Tender
Plant in bloom in a pot, .Salvia spli'ndens, Hev. T. Frere. Among the cottagers' prizes were the
following : — Very curious CdlalKish, William Caterinole, lloydoii .Skep of Honey (.il lbs), Susan

Hanton, Palgrave; o('2H lbs , Flatinan, Burgate. [Ihiry unit SiiJJiitli Herald, Oct. 12 )

Nov. S. The following paper on the (iestnictioii of caterpilhirs on gooseberry

bushes, from Mr. .Smith, was read, and ordertni to be forwarded to the Metropolitan .Society :

" Provide two semicircles of wood, sheet iron, tin, or paper, of a dianicter equal to the biishet
to 1)C cleanseil, in the centre of the straight line of wiiich make a notch for the reception of the
»tem of the plant or plants when nut under them ; which being done, take of .Scotcli snufV one
fourth, of white hellebore in powder one fourth, of lime dust one half; mix them well together,
and with a common spring powiler.pull'apply the dust from the lower |Kirt of the bush info the
Iiabitations of the caleipillars, the slreigth of which will so overpower them, that Ihey will
almost instantly fall from their strongholds, apparently lifeless, into the semicircles beneath your
liiuh ; to assist which, give the stem of the bush a smart tap or two Having cle.ired vour bush of
the enemy, take up ttie two semicircles, shoot the intoxicated calerpiUam in a Jieap on the
ground, crush tlieni beneath your feet, ami the work is done, except that it is advisable to
rieanse the bu«hes afterwards with clear lime water. The above is not an ex|>eiisive application ;
for I supiKi.se that fiftv or sixty fonr.yi-ar-old bushes may be cle.inst d in about two or three houis,
and at an expense not exceeding 2.v. I recommend the opiTation to be done while the caterpil-
lars aic young; for in that slate their powers of defence are weak, and con.sequently the dust
come» in easier contact with their vital jiarts, whicli causes their destruction to be more easv and
iflecliial."

.Among the prizes were the following ; —

Plants, tireen. house : 1. In bloom in a pot, MaurAiidyd semperflorens, Mr Block, gardener
to Archileacon Ilerners ; 2. /'crbascum, Mr. W. Allan. ( hrysjiithemums in bloom iu n pot,
Tasseled Vell-.w, Mr. fleo. Mills, gardener to W. llrKlwcll, Esq

Frtiil Oiit-door Grapes: I .Muscadine, Mr W. Allen, gardener to Ihc Rev W M. Edgar;
2. Black I'liiicc, Mr. J. Smith, gardener to I). Alexander, Esq — Applet. T.il.k-: I. Margil,

Worcestershire. 121

Mr. W. Allen ; 2. Golden Pippin, Dr. Beck ; 3. Ribston, Mr. Milborn. Kitchen : 1. Frencli
Crab, Mr. J. Smith ; 2. Beaufin, Mr. Bird ; 3. Beaufiii, Mr. W. Allen. — Pears. Table : 1. Cras-
sane, Mr. W. Allen ; 2. Chaumontellc, Mr. Bird. Kitchen : 1. Black Worcester, Mr. Milborn ;
S. Cadillac, Mr. J. Smith.

Culinary Vegetables. Broccoli : White Cape, Mr. Milborn -, Brown Cape, Mr. J. Smith.

Cotlnfreri:' Prizes. Fruit: Blenheim Orange Apple, Wm. Vince, Elmsett. Vegetables: Savoy,
John Barker, We.sterfield.

Mr. TliurtPll of Norwich exhibited a plate of remarkably fine Uvedale's St. Germain Pears;
but was not entitled to a prize, because the number was less than the rules specify. {Suffolk
Chronicle, Nov. 12.)

WORCESTERSHIRE.

Evesham Horticultural Society. — Oct. 13. 1831. The show of georginas and
other autumnal flowers was larger and more splendid than we recollect having witnessed at this
time of the year, since the establishment of the Society. The autumnal fruits of everv description
were so abundant, that the space on the tables was insufficient to contain them, and forms were
obliged to be set out on each side of the room, as well as on each side of the centre table, for their
display. After the list of prizes that had been awarded was read, the president, Edward Rudge,
Esq., read a paper of Mr. Charles's of Harrington Mill, on his method of cultivating the straw,
berry and l)roccoli plants, to whom, for several years past, prizes had been awarded for the largest
and best-flavoured strawberries, produced by his mode of manuring the plants, and dressing them
with malt dust, as described at large in his communication to the Society. The following were
among the prizes : —

Plants. Stove and Green-house : 1. Fi'ichs/n; macrophylla, Edward Rudge, Esq.; 2. ErScaJaf-
minitibra, Mr. Clarke ; .3. Mim6sa sensit'iva, Edward Rudge, Esq. — Hardy Annuals : 1. BrowalUVi
elata, Mr. Clarke; 2. Centaurfea americana, Mr. Hodges — Perennials : Astrantia major, Mr.
Balls.

Flowers. Georginas. Crimson : 1. Well's Reaute Supreme, Captain Holland ; 2. Lord
Brougham, Mr. Hodges. -Deep Orange : Aurantia specibsa. Sir Charles Throckmorton. Lilac :
Royal Lilac, Mr. Balls. White : Mountain of Snow, Sir Charles Throckmorton. Yellow : Le
Bri'llant, Mr. Hodges.

Frv't. Apples. Dessert: I. Wick Pearmain, Mr. Hodges ; 2. Downton Pippin, Mr. Ti. Crnper ;
3. Ingcstrie Pippin, Mr Hunt. Seedlin.gs : 1. and 2. Mr. Hignall : 3 Orange Rennet, Mr. Mount-
fort Culinary : 1. Hawthornden, Mr. .Savage ; 2. Blenheim Orange, and .3. Morocco Codlin,
Mr. Cooper. Cider: Black Taunton, Mr. J. Smith. — Pf-ars. r Dessert : 1. Gansell's Bergamot,
Mr Balls ; 2. Brocas's Bergamot, Mrs. Ashwin ; 3. Marie Louise, Mr. Cooper Seedlings :
1 New Moorcroft, and 2. New Meadow, Mr, J. C. Wheeler. Culinarv : Cadillac, Mr. Mum-
ford Perry Pears: 1. Oldfield, Mr. Smith ; 2. Red Lonedon, Mr, J. C. Wheeler. — Grapes, Out-
door: 1. Miller, Mr. Barnes; 2. Black Cluster. Mr. Balls. Red : Frontignac, Mr Burlingham.
White: Sweetwater, Mr. Dav ; 2. Muscadine, .Sir Charles Throckmorton.— Walnuts : Early
Oval, Mr. Mnmford. — Cherries: Morello, Mr. Balls.

I Culinary Vesefnhles. Carrots: 1. Earlv Orange, Mr. Charles; 2, the Altringham, Mr, Paine.
— Onions- l.'White Spanish, Mr. W, Havnes ; 2. Deptford, Mr. Charles; .3. Blood Red. Sir
CharlesThrockmorton. — Red Beet, Mr. Paine. —Celery. Red: 1. and 2. Mr. Balls. White:
1. and 2. Mr. Balls. — Cape Broccoli, Mr. Paine.

Extra. Prizes. 1. Seedling Nut, Mrs. Ashwin; 2. Georg\;if/ variegSta, Mr. Cioodall ; 3. Ash-
leaved Potatoes, 16 pots on 10 square vards of around, Mr. Wood : 4, C^reus triangularis, Mr.
Clarke ; .5. Black Rock Melon. Mr. Balls ; 6 Noblesse Peach, Col Davis, M P. ; 7. Spanish
Gourd, 131 lbs, weight, Mr. Fulton. {Worcester HernUt, Oct. l.'i. 1831.)

Wnrceslershire Horticultural Society. — Sept. 6. Tlie following were among

the prizes : — ,..>,„ ^

PlavU. Stove: ]. Gloxinm macnlata, Mr. Beach ; 2. Thnnb^rg/Vr alata, Mr. Tapp. — Green-
house : 1. Polygala Heistf:r;V?, Mr. F. Brown ; 2. Fuchs^n gracilis, Mr. Cooke. — Hardy Annuals :
1 Schizanthus pinnkta, R. Berkelev, Esq.; 2. Lemon African Msrigold, Mr. Cooke. — Peren-
nials : 1. I-obfelin fulgens, Mr. Wood ; 2. Physostfegia virginica, Mr. Fuller. —Tender Annuals :
1 Amaranlhus, White Globe, Sir O, Wakeman, Bart. ; 2. BrowalbVr, Mr. Beach.

Plovers Georginas. Maroon Colour : 1. Tapp's Seedling, Mr Tapp ; 2. Roval Duchess, and
S Black Turban, Mr. Beach ; 4. Tapp's No. .'i", Mr. Tapp; ?i. Magnificent, Mr. Beach. Crim-
son • 1 Kuzzilbash, Mr. Tapp; 2. Hodges's William the Fourth, Mr. Hodges; 3. Tapp's Seed-
ling and 4 Tapp's Supreme, Mr. Tapp ; 5. Jupiter, Mr. Beach ; 6. Nutter's Apollo, Mr, Tapp.
Purple- 1 Langlay's, Mr. Shuard ; 2. Isabella, and 3. Helen, Mr. Tapp; 4. Augusta, Rev. T.
Waters. Scarlet • 1. Scarlet Turban, and 2. Royal William, Mr. Tapp ; 3. .Sol, R. Berkeley, Esq.;
4 Aur&ntiaspeciosa, 5. Morning Star, and 6, Countess of Liverpool, Mr Tapp. Sulphur: 1. Sul-
phiirea J Taylor Esq ; 2. New Dwarf Yellow, R. Nuttall, Esq. ; 3. Douglas's New Yellow, Mr.
Tapp 'Light- 1. Theodore, Mr. Tapp ; 2. CameWicpfldra, Mr. Shuard ; 4. New Orange, Mr.
Tapp- 5 Aur&ntia superba, Mr. Shuard; fi. Philip the First, Mr Boach. White : 1. Pra?cellen-
tissima Sir A Lechmere ; 2. Mountain of Snow, Mr. Tapp ; 3. Mountain of Snow, J, Taylor,
Esq —'Anemone.flowering Georginas. Quilled: 1. Purple Globe, Mr. Beach ; 2. Crimson Globe,
and' 3. Dwarf Blood Globe, Mr. Tapp. Flamed : 1. Large Crimson, Mr. Tapp; 2. Scarlet, and
3. Painted Lady, Mr. Beach ; 4. Spectabilis, Mr. Tapp. , ^ - ^,

Fruit Pines: 1. Montserrat, and 2. Queen, Mr. Wood. — Peaches: 1. Sprmg Grove, and
« Royal George A Skey. Esq. ; 3 Old Newington, Mr, Beach — Nectarines; 1, Red Roman,
J Taylor. Esq ; 2. Scarlet, Mr. Wood; 3. Elrusie, Mrs. Turner. —Grapes. Black: 1. Black
Hamburgh, Mr. Wood; 2. Black Haml.urgh, Mr. Beach. White: I. Muscat of Alexandria,
J Taylor, Esq,; 2 Cochin Chi;ia, Mr. Cooke. —Cherries : 1. and 2. Morello, Mr. Wood. —
Plums: 1 Magnum Bonum, R. Nuttall, Esq. ; 2, Green GaiiC, Mr. Cooke.— Apples. Dessert:
Paradise, Mr Cooke, Seedling: Victoria Pippin, Sir .\ Lechmere, Bart. Culinary: 1. Blen-
heim Orange Mr Beach ; S. Catshead Codlin, Mr. Turner. — Pears. Dessert: 1. Jargonelle,
R. Nuttall, Esq, ; 2. Autumn Bergamot, Mr. F. Brown. — Nuts, Filberts : I. and 2. Cob Nuts,
Sir O. Wakeman, Bart. „, . ,, ,„ , ^ „, ,

Cidinarii Veaetahles Onions: 1. White Spanish, and 2. Silver Skui, Mr. «ood; 3. Blood
Red, Sir O Wakeman, Bart. — Celery : Red, R. Nuttall, Esq. ; White, Sn- O. Wakeman, Bart.

Extra Prizes. French Crabs, in beautiful perfection, of the growth of 1830, PI. Newman, Esq.
Honfleur Melon, grown in the 0|)cn ground, under hand-glass ; and Le Melon Trompe, or Trum.
pet Jlelon, from a ridge under hand-glass a foot square, J. C. Kent, Esq. ( Worcester Herald
Sept. IJ. 1831.)

I '22 Prov. Hurt. Societies : — A/n'rc/trns/tirc, Ayrshire.

YOUKSIUUE.

Hull Floral (Hid Jlvvticidturtd Society. — Sept. 29. Tlic flowers and fruit
wore juclgcil hv Messrs. Laiiibirt and C'arr, Mr. Ely of Rothwcll llaigli, and Mr. Hinslcy of
Ilenwell. The reporter observes that a taste for horticulture is daily iiiereasing in that neigh-
bourhood ; and that the emulation excited by the Society aflbrds a strong stimulus. Among the
fruit, the apples are mentioned as particularly fine ; and, among the flowers, the georginas. The
following varieties are mentioned as having gained prizes : —

Gcoriiinas. White: 1. and i.'. Naine IJlanche, 3. rriccellcntissima, and 4. Mountain of Snow,
Mr. VVoollev. I'nrple : 1. Iinperii.sa, Mr.Woollev; '-'. Daphne, Mr. IJell ; j. Ljingley's Purple,
and 4. Uoniin Maria, Mr.Woollev. Scarlet: 1. Hnhemia, Mr. liurinan ; 'i. Scarlet Turlian, Sir.
Norman ; y. Seedling, Mr. Cankfien ; 4. Striped Turban, Mr. Dobson. Yellow : 1. Squibb's Pure
Yellow, Mr. Caiikrieii ; 'i U'ells's Dwarf Yellow, Mr. Dobson j J. Superb Y'ellow, Mr. Smithson ;
4. Wells's Dwarf Y'ellow, Mr. IJcecrolt. J.ilac : I Purpdrea alata, Mr. D. Brown ; H. Royal Lilac,
Mr.Woolley ; .i. Queen of Kose.s, and 4. Koyal I.ilac, Mr. Percy.

.ipples. liakiiig : Newtow)i Pippin (weighing In oz.), Mrs. Williamson of Kirkella. luting:
Uibiitun Pippin, Jlr. Jones. l^Ilull, liuckin^/tam, and Liiicolnshifc (juzdU; Oct. 1.)

SCOTLAND.

Caledonian Horticullund Societi/ ^'Ing. 31. A considerable number of

competitors ajipearcd, and the articles in general were of the first-rate quality. Alter a careful
examination, which occupied nearly four hours, the prizes were awarded as follows : —

I-'ruil. Three sorts of Peaches (from the open wall) : New lied Magdalene, lioyal Cieorgc, and
Noblesse, Mr James Macdonald, gardener to His Grace the Duke of Huccleudi. Two sorts of
Peaches (from Hued walls) : Ualande and Noblesse, Mr. George Shiells, gardener to the Right
Hon. Lord Blantvre, Erskine House. Two sorts of Nectarines (either from open wall, hot wall,
or peach-house) : EIruge and Scarlet, Mr. John Robeitson, gardener to the Right Hon. Lord
Gray, Kinfauns Castle. Two sorts of Plums tnot generally cultivated) : Ciiledonian Plum and
Red Diaprce, Mr. James Anderson, gardener to John Bonar, Esq , of Ratho House. Three sorts of
Summer Pears ^Jargonelle, late Citron des Cannes, and White IJeurre) : Mr. James Stuart, gardener
to Sir John Hope, Bart , of Pinkie. Largest Bunch of Grapes ^of any variety, with the name) :
Nice Grape, weighing (i lbs., Mr. G. Shiells, gardener to the Right Hon. Lord Blantyre, Erskine
House. ( riie Committee having cxiKJrienccd considerable difliculty on this article, recommended
tliata second prize be awarded for a very large and fine bunch of "the white LomUirdy grape, to
Mr. Daniel Cunningham, gardener to Sir Archibald Campbell, B:irt., Garscube.) I«irgest and
highest-flavoured bunch of any of the Frontignac Grapes, .Mr. Archibald Reid, gardener to the
Hon. Robert Lindsay, Balcarres. Largest and highest-Havourcd buncli of White .Musc.Ht of
Alexandria, Mr John Kinment, gardener to Miss Spence Yeamen of Muric. Best Otahcite
Fine-apple, Mr. Alexander Lauder, gardener to Colonel Harvie, C.istle Semple.

CiiUnari/ f't-^ctiMrs. Three dilllrent kinds of Melons [Melville, Lspahan, and Iiminn), Mr.
William Oliver, gardener to the Right Hon. the Earl of Roslin, Dysart House.

The Committee on home-made wines reported tli.it several kinds had been produced, of excel-
lent quality, and that the medal had been awarded for a white currant wine, made by Miss Rus-
sell, y(». Aberrromby Place, Edinburgh.

The splendid exhibition of fruit, comprising two hundred and seventy-seven dishes, was in the
course of the forenoon examined by a great number of persons ; and among others by several of
the members of the ex-royal family of France. JIademoiselle remarked, that, though it was said
liie sun did not shine in Scotland, there was no occasion for it, for it seemed that fruits ripened
tiicrc without its rays. {Scutsman, Sept. 3.)

ABERDEENSHIRE.
Aberdeenshire Horticultural Society. — Xov. '2. The following; were among
the prizes : To David Chalmers, Esq , of Westburn, for the best twelve Apples, Ribston Pip-
pins, very fine. Robert Burnett, gardener to George Forbes, Esq., of Sprin.ehill, for the second
best twelve Apples, Downton Pippins, very fine. William Wales, gardener to Colonel Diiir, for
the best twelve Pears, Swan's Egg, very line. John Davidson, gardener to I..ord Kennedy, Dun-
nottar House, for the second best twelve Pears, Autumn Bergamot, very fine. William Eraser,
nurseryman, Ferryliill, for the best six sorts of one-year and for the licst six sorts of two-
year, .Seedling Forest Trees. Alexander Diack, nurseryman. Mile end, for the l)est Seedling
Apple, grown liy himself. An Extra-Prize to the Rev. Dr. Morrison of Disblair, for twelve
Walnuts : the tree on which they were produced was planted upwards of forty years ago. 'J'he
Society's large silver medal was awarded to James Wright, Wcstlield, for his various superior
vegetables. All the specimens at this competition were ol very superior excellence, and the Show
l(u\e great satisfaction to the visiters, who generally expressed that the Aberdeenshire Horticul-
tural Society had done more good than any other association formed within the period since it
was instituted. {Aberdeen .Journal, Nov. 9. IKJl.)

AYRSHUIE.
The Ai/rsldre Horticultural Society held an exhibition of flowers, fruits, and
vegetables," for the first time since the establishment of the Society, at Ayr, on the Hth and !Hh of
.September, under the patronage of Lady Lilias Oswald of Auchincruive. From an amnleaccount
given of this exhibition In the .li/r Adrerlisi-r of the I;jth of September, it appears tiiat all the
first gardens in the county contributed on the occasion. There were many fine exotics in pots,
very superior pine-apples,' grapes, and tigs ; tomatoes, ripened without a wall, from Craigie gar.
dens ; raisin des Carmes grapes, from Culzean Castle ; a beautiful specimen of /''Icus eUi.stica,
from Eglinton Castle ; two very large red cabbages, weighing about '2u lbs., from Blairqiihan gar.
dens: some fine anemone and globe flowereil georginas, and the I|>(ininpsi8 I'legans, a splendid
North American hardy biennial, from the nurseries of Mr. James Snuth and Son, Ayr ; a dish
of fine cimianioii jiears, from a tree suppose<l to be upwards of two hundred years old, presented
by I)r. Mitchell of .\yr ; three of the largest cockscombs ever exhibited in thecounty ; and white
cucumber and melonella from .\nnick IxMlge. In nil there were between four and five hundred
dishes of fruit " of the principal and most esteemed varieties cultivated in Britain."

East Luthian, Foi for shire, Mid-Lulhiuii. 123

Among the agricultural articles exhibited were, large mangold wurtzel and bullock yellow tur.
nips, raised from bone manure, at FuUarton, by Mr. Alton ; and large Swedish turnips, also
raised from bone manure, at Hohnston ; and mangold wurtzel, Swedish turnip, and a very large
globe turnip, raised by Mr. Tennant, at the Shields farm.

The exhibition took place in the County Hall, which was decorated in the most tasteful man-
ner, and lighted up in the evenings, a band of m.usic attending. Want of time prevented the
practicability of a formal competition, and no prizes were of course awarded ; but, as the exhibi-
tion is to be continued annually, the arrangements for next year will doubtless be more mature.
{Ai/f Advertiser, Sept. 17.)

[Knowing as we do the excellent spirit which exists among the gardeners of Ayrshire, we
have no doubt that these exhibitions will be continued with increased splendour and usefulness,
and we shall be haiipy to give them every publicity in so far as they put it in our power, by com-
plying with our wishes, as expressed in Vol. V.II. p. 6'26., relative to the names of the species or
varieties for which prizes are given.]

EAST LOTH I AX.

East Lothian Horticultural Sociiity. — Sept. 6. A very fine Show of the most
choice and rare fruits and flowers, and an excellent competition for the following premiums : —

Flowers. Six Double Georginas, Messrs. Dods, nurserymen, Haddington. Second Double
Georginas, Mr. Pearson. Two best Anemone-flowered Gforginas, Messrs. Dods.

Fruit. Three sorts of Peaches (from open wnll) : Moittauban. E:irly Anne, and Red Magda.
lene, Mr. Mathieson, gardener to Sir David Baird of Newbyth. Green Gage Plums, Mr. Arthur
Calder, gardener to George Sligo, Esq., of Seacliff. Two sorts of Summer Pears : Jargonelle and
Summer Auchan, Mr. George Fowler, gardener to Sir Alexander Hope of Euffncss. Largest
bunch of GrapL'S : White Raisin, Mr. George Brown, gardener to the Earl of Lauderdale, Dun-
bar House. Largest and liighest-flavoured buiicli of VVhitL- Muscat of Alexandria Grape, Mr.
Brown. Largest and highest-flavoured bunch of Black Hamburgh Grape, Mr. Brown. Six
Moorpark Apricots, Mr. Gray, gardener to Lord Ruthven, Wmton House. Melon : 1. Black Cock
Melon, Mr. Alexander Cunningham, Haddington; 2. Spanish Melon, Mr. Matthicson. Cireen-
fleshed Melon : Cephalonian Melon, Mr. Brown. Six Nectarines (ofany sort): Murray Nectarines,
Mr. M'Intyre, gardener to Mrs. Houston of Clerkington. Six Peaches (of any sort) ; Noblesse
Poaches, Mr. Brown. Six Figs : Brown Ischia, Jlr. Pearson, gardener to the Countess of
Hopetoun, Ormiston Hall.

Besides the articles sent for competition, the Society was particularly gratified with a collection
of various sorts of grapes and stone fruit, sent from the garden of their president, the Earl of
Lauderdale, and from Mr. Balfour of VVhittin^'ham ; and also by a superb assortment of georginas,
both common and anemone flowered, from "ilr. Handyside, Fisherrow. {Scotsman, Sept. 17.)
Dec. 7. Prizes were av)'ar(led as under : —

For the highest-flavoured Seedling Apple, raised by the exhibiter, to Mr. John Ferme, Had-
dington. For the greatest variety of Pears rf the best quality, fit for the dessert at this season,
to Mr. Fowler, gardener to the Hon. Sir Alexander Hope, Luffiiess, for his Doyenne Gris,
St. Germain, Chaumontellc, Marie Louise, Crassane, Beurre de Arcmberg, Beurre d'Hiver,
Beurre Blanc, Beurre Kouge, Bezi de Quesnoi, Poire d'Auch, Passe-Colmar, and Swan's Egg;
thirteen sorts. For the greatest variety of Apples of the best quality, fit for the dessert at this
season, to Mr. Brown, gardener to the Earl of Lauderdale, Dunbar House, for his Rarabour
d'Hiver, Astracan, Calville Blanche, Court pendu Gris, Reinette Rouge, Reinette IJlanche,
Royal d'Angleterre, Pomme de Violette, Pomme de Neige, Baltimore Pippin, Paradi.se Pippin,
(rolden Pippin, Crofton Pippin, Kentish Pippin, Nonpareil, Collector Lorimer, Downton Pippin,
Ribston Pippin, Princess Noble, Kerry Pippin, Kirk's Golden Reinette, Canada Pippin, Knight's
Pearmain, Woodstock Pippin, Sir Walter Blacket, Lisbon Pippin, Reinette Franche, Reinette
Rouge, and Reinette Grise, thirty sorts.

Mr. Fowler also obtained a prize for the three best Pears ofany variety, Marie Louise, Beurr^
d'Aremberg, and Brown Beurre ; and Mr. Brown one for the six best heads of Celeriac, or turnip-
rooted celery. A prize was awarded to Mr. Gray, gardener to Lord Ruthven, Winton House,
for the best six heads of solid celery. {Edinburgh Observer, Dec. 1.3. 1831.)

FORFARSHIRE.

Dundee HoriicuUural Socielij. — Sept. 9. Among the successful competitors
were the following : —

Several Fruits, the varieties not given, and also for second Muscat Grapes, Seedling Picotees,
and Georginas, Mr. James Kidd, gardener, Rossie Priory. First Muscat Grapes, second Black
Hamburgh Grapes, and first Muscadine Grapes, Mr. John Dick, gardener, Ballindean. Seedling
Apple, and Seedling and Anemone-flowered Georginas, Mr. John Walker, gardener, Airlie
Castle. Green-flesh Melon, Mr. William Brow, ganiener, Meigle House. Green. flesh Melon
and Georginas, Mr. -W. Anderson, gardener, Cortachy. Seedling Georginas, Mr. James Kettle,
gardener, Glendoick. Green Gage and White Magnum Plums, Grizzly Frontignac Grapes,
Syrian Grapes, variety of Grapes, Jargonelle Pears, and Seedling Carnation, Mr. Thomas Spal-
ding, gardener, Arthurstone. Yellow Gage Plums, Black Hamburgh Grapes, Grizzly Frontignac
Grapes, White Muscadine Grapes, Syrian (irapes, and variety of Grapes, Mr. Alexander Smith,
gardener, Connaquhie. White Magnum Plums, Mr. Thomas Greig, gardener, Melville House.
Fotheringham Plums, Mr. David Mitchell, gardener, Carolina Port. Jargonelle Pears, Mr. Greig,
Leven. Seedling Georgina, Mr. James Smith, gardener, EUangowan. Seedling Carnations, Mr.
John Hampton. Anemone-flowered Georginas, Mr. J. Kellock, gardener, Kirkcaldy.

Mr. Yeamen's prize for mangold wurtzel was gained by Mr. David Mitchell, Carolina Port.

Some fine georginas were exhibited from the Scouringburn and Lilybank nurseries ; a fine
variety of apples from Mr. Mitchell's garden, Perth Road ; some beautiful apples and pears from
Glencarse ; some seedling apples from Cleppington ; and a large beet, weighing 7 lbs., from Caro-
lina Port. {Dundee Courier, Sept. 13.)

MID-LOTHIAN.

The North Britain Professional Gardeners Society. — Edinburgh, Sept. 14.
The greatest number of competitors appeared for the pear premiums, ail of them exhibiting very
fine specimens of the jargonelle, which is uncommon! v large and beautiful this season. The first
prize v.as given to Mr. William Watt, gardener to Lady Carnegie, Dairy House : the peaches

IE* Ptux\ Hurl. Suciciics: — Stirlingshire, Anlrini.

kliowii were aUu very tine fruit, though fewer were exhibited ; but tliere were neither |>luuii iiur
apriruts scut iu couipetitiou.

In the flower <le|)artment the dhow of georgiuas was the finest ever exhibited in F.iliiiburgh,
Imth as regarded the quahty of tlie specimens and the rareness of the varieties. A moi.f exten-
sive and splendid eiilleetion of georginas was sent for exhibition by the Messrs. Dickson of Leith
Walk nurseries. Two plants of the scarlet cockscomb, sent from \Voodliou>elee garden, also
attracted much attention, from the uncommon size and extreme beauty of the flowers ; and a
basket of the ne>v hybrid alpine white strawberry, sent from the garden of Uysart House, had its
due share of admiration, as showing that this new variety of the plant is calculated to yield that
most wholesome fruit in abundance, at a [>eriod of the year much beyond the ordinary strawberry
season. {Scotsman, Sept. 17.)

STIRLINGSHIKE.

Stirling Horticullnral Socicli/. — Sept. S. Tlie fruits an J vegetables excited
the admiration of the visiters, and in the flower department nothing couM exceed the l.cauty and
variety of the georgauK ; the nauK-rous rare specimens of which evinced that the cultivation of
that highly ornamental plant is r.ipidly t;aiinii(; ground in Stirling and ifs vicinity, i'hc varieties
of flowers, fruit, and vegetable. « iidt Ixiii;; t:\\ en, we omit the names of those who gained prizes ;
but among tl)e many well assorted collections j>roduced in addition to lheconi|>et.tion parcels, the
following are noticed as the most prominent and attractive : —

I'rom Blairdrummond : Stove and green-house plants, inrluding a beautiful specimiii of
HOmea elegans, standing upwards of Tft high. Trom Tullyallan Castle : Stove and green-house

£lants, comprising particularly splendid specimens, correctly named. From Keir : Seedling
touble Georginas, universally admired. From ISuchanan gardens : superior Figs, Onions, and
Mangold wurtzel, some of the latter roots weighing upwards of Jo lbs. From Craigforth :
f'acti, Fruited Kgg Plants, and Gourds of uncommon size. From .Mr. Christie, Causewayliead :
a A'erium spli-ndcns. From Ii(K{uhaii : Squashes and Gourds, oneof whicli was remarkable for
gize, having weighed 5i! lbs. ; and there is little doub: that, if it had not been cut so early, it
would have added considerably more to its weight. It is a c; rioiis fact, that it was ascertained to
have grown, for seven weeks, at the rate of 8 lbs. per week. Tliis t,<uir<i w as of a globular sliaiic.
From Airthrey Castle : some immense Tomatoes and very superior Peaches. From \Vooiilands,
near Glasgow : a Netted Melon, weighing l:"i lbs. From bollar IJotanic Gardens : a bouquet of
named Kricas, &c. From Caildcr 1 louse : a box of peculiarly rich Double Georginas. F'roui
Powis : a basket of Fiiiit, iiicUurnig ^olne liaiidsome Cui umbers, 5 lbs. each. From Callander
Park: Green-house and Herbacenus Plants, conipreht ndiiig six new varieties of Pentstcinons ;
four beautiful hybrid varieties of SalpigV'.ssis ; Passifliira al.'ita ; Cockscombs ; also very large hot-
house Peaches, &c. From Mr. Neilson, IJuchlyvie: a plant of Cobbitt's Corn in full ear. F'rom
Ardoch House: Double Scarlet Xasti'irtiuin and Fi'ichsm microphj'lla. From Messrs. Drum,
mond's nurseries : Double named Georginas, fifty select varieties, chieHy new dwarfs ; a Stirling
C'astlc Api le Tree, lately raised from seed, and loaded w ith large linely formed fruit ; also Pump-
kins, Vegeta ile Marrow, Green-house Plants, Sec. From Mr. Kay, Shiphaugli : a Tree or Cow
Cabbage, 5 ft. high and IS ft. in circumference: this giant succulent being stationed on the ter.
race of the adjoining bowling-green, and surrounded by enormous competing savoys and Ger-
man greens, formed a most im|)<)sing group. {Stir/iiin Ailvciiiscy, Sept. !l.)

Dec. y. Tlie circular of articles to be coinpcted for, and prizes to be awarded,
for the year ]8:!2, which has been sent to us, proves this Society to be in a very flourishing slate ;
and of the competing gardeners, it has been stated to us, that, though the prizes are small, the
spirit displayed in contending for them is great. All that is wanting is a little more encounige-
mcnt from the country gentlemen. We observe that a prize is oflered to apprentices for the best
plan for two ranges of |melon pits. This is good. We should also like to see prizes oftered to
apprentices for the liest written article on any professional subject. Gardeners are by no meant
aware how much of their success in life depends upon the sort of letter which they can write to
a gentleman, when they either apjily for a situation, or answer an application made to them. Wc
ran assure llicm, that, in nine cases out of ten, their success deiicnds entirely on the sort of letter
they may wrili-. 'J'heir after success depends on their coiuhict ami professional kiiowUilge ; but
we repeat, tli.a Iheir having an oiiportuiiity of displaying lliat comhict and knowledge depends
on their talent in letter.writing. We wish young gardeners were as fully aware of this fact as we
are ourselves. They would then give their best hours of leisure to English grammar. Wc
earnestly recommend to them what Cobbett has s.iid on this subject in his Aiii'icc to Yt/Uiif; Mm,
\ 4-V. & ♦.0. No ninsler, worthy of respect himself, ever treated a servant disrespectfully who
could write well, and converse sensibly.

IRELAND.

ANTRIM.

Bt'lfasl Horticiiltiirnl Socirli/. — Sfjil. 6. Tlie display of fruit, flowers, niid
vegetables was truly grand, embracing some of the finest specimens, and in the greatest variety,
we have ever witnessed in this part of the country. It is truly gratilying to (Ind that this Society,
to recently established as lo be yet almost in its infancy, has arriveil at such a degree of perfec-
tion ; and we understami it is greatly on the increase. 'J'he room was decorated in the most
tasteful and elegant manner with flowers, evergreens, Jve At one end of the room there was a
beautiful flower-woven arbour, in which was iijaced a chair of state for the Marchioness of I)o-
negall ; and at the opposite end was the orcncstra, occupied by the Marquess of Donegall's line
Ixind.

Prize for the best (Jeorgina (seedling, from Irish seed, saved in 18:;0), to Mr. .7ohn Scott, gar-
dener to the Marquess of Donegall, at Urmeau. The other prizes, not mentioning the varieties,
arc not inserted. (]>. (i^'(i.)

IIo) I'/fiilli/ral Soriiltj and Garden, 125

Art. XII. Horticultural Socictij and Garden.

Nov. 1, 1831. — The following medals having been awarded to successful
competitors at the different public exhibitions to which contributions had
been invited by the council, the list was read : —

The Banksian medal to Mr. James Young, for his exhibition of upwards
of 400 sorts of roses, on June 21. The large silver medal to Mr. Joseph
Wells, for a collection of Georginas exhibited on Sept. 6. The Banksian
medal to Mr. C. Brown, for (ieorginas exhibited on Sept. 6. The
Banksian medal to Mr. John Wells, for his exhibition of Georginas on
Sept. 6. The Banksian medal to Edmund Tattersall, Esq., for Grapes
exhibited Sept. 20. The Banksian medt-.l to John Allnutt, Esq., for Grapes
exhibited Sept. 20. The Banksian medal to the Earl of Caernarvon, for
Azaleas exhibited June 7. Banksian medals, it was announced, had also
been awarded to Mr. Joseph INIyatt, for strawberries exhibited July 5. ; to
Mr. Hugh Eraser, for various fruits, and particularly for a very fine speci-
men of the Gerger melon, exhibited Sept. G.; and to Mr. James Veitch, for
(reorginas exhibited Oct. 18.

Read. An account of the Black Constantia grape ; by the Earl of Tyr-
connel. An account of the Muscat Eshcollata grape ; by Mr. Daniel
Money.

Exhibited. St. Germain pears, from Mr. G. Watson, gardener to Lord
Palmerston. White Corinth grapes, Alfriston and Reinette de Canada
apples, from H. Pownall, Esq. Beurre Diel pears, golden pippins, green
or royal nonpareils, from T. Hunt, Esq. Specimens of the Muscat Eshcol-
lata grape, from Mr. D. Money. A very fine specimen of Cypripedium
insigne from Messrs. Roliisson.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Flowers. Terbena chamaedrlfolia,
Stev/a purpurea, Caelestina sufFruticosa, Potentilla nepalensis ; Salvia pseudc-
coccinea, (xraham/, splendcns, fulgens ; Euchsi« virgata, microphylla; Chry-
santhemums, Parks's small yellow, Early blush, Tasseled yellow. Old purple,
BiifFor orange; Georginas. — Fruit. Pears: Duchesse d'Angouleme, Na-
poleon, Beurre d' Arembcrg, Bezi de la Motte, Glout morceau, St. Germain ;
Doyenne blanc. Doyenne gris ; (Tcndeseim, (.'rassane, Beurre diel, Berga-
motte cadet. Most of these were put in sand, and it has had the effect of
ripening tiiem sooner than those left on the open shelves. This must be
a counted for by the temperature of the sand at that early period be ing
warmer, and still retaining the summer heat better than tlie external air.
The reverse is the case when the sand once becomes thoroughly cooled in
winter; and, by its steadily remaining so, the fruit then keeps longer. —
Eighteen sorts of apples from Mr. John Whiting, Weoblej-, Herefordshire;
those named the King of the pippins, but called in that place the Orange
pippin, were very fine specimens.

Xov. 15. — Read. A paper on the Result of some Experiments upon
the Growth of Potatoes, tried in the Garden of the Society in the year
1831 ; by J. Lindley, Esq. F.R.S. &c., Assistant Secretary.

Extiibited. Fruit of the Service tree, from Sir H( nry Willock. Specimens
of ^'rbutus t^'nedo, with fruit in different stages and blossoms, fi-om
Edmund Storr Haswell, Esq. The Antigua queen pine-apple, from Mr.
G. Mills.

Also, from the Garden of the Societ I/. Flowers. Chrysanthemums: Small
yellow, Park's small yellow. Two-coloured red, Tasseled yellow. Buff or
orange. Rose or pink. Pale buff, Spanish brown. Golden yellow. Golden
lotus-flowered. Old purple, il/alva purpurata, Alstrcemcr/« acutifolia. —
Vegetables. Kohl Rabi : Transparent or glass (purple), do. (green), Lou-
don's Kale, Artichoke-leaved (purple), do. (green). — Fruit. Pears:
Chaumontel, Napoleon, Gendeseim, Doyenne gris, Bezi de Montigny,

12fi I Toyticjlliiral Stjcic/ij and iiaxlcii.

ISIcssire Joan, Diuliesse d'Aiinoiik-nic, Pussc-t'olmar. From T. lluiit,
Es(|. : Uciinv did pi-ar, Hunt's ro.al nonpareil apple, (ioMen pij)pin apple.
From T. A. Kniglit, K.^q. : Seedling pear, No. H. (from a wall and Irom a
standard). From Ilarry Doiiree, Esq : ISecdlin<; .swan's cgi; pear; scareelyso
goovl as the swan's ejiir. Chile Peppers: Yellow tree ca|)sicnm. Red Chile,
Small rcil Chile, Tree eapsionm, Piment lonizne i)etit tardif. Long Chile, from
the East Indies, Long Ciiilc, Long red Chile, Black Chile, Piment violet,
Lulian sniall red, Cayenne pepi)er. Cai)siemr.s : Long small yellow, Long
yellow, Woolly-leaved; l^iment long petit a fenllle etroite, do. cornn, do.
cafe; Cajjsicum annuuin, Large long yellow, B.ll pei)per, Piment gros long
about, do. de pimentos, do. ordinaire, Capsicum pa[)rika, Short red, Piment
cerise, do. de pimentos, do. carrc doux, do. gros long about, do. cerise petit ;
Tall cherry red, Small cherry yellow, I'pright yellow. Unnamed, Boston
pepper, Oval yellow, Small yellow, (."crise gros, American bonnet pepper.
Red tomato.

Dec. 6. — Read. A Report from tlie Garden of the Society upon the
Propagation of Cabbages by Slips; by John Lin.Uey, Esq. F.K.S. &,c.. As-
sistant Secretary. The second edition of the Catalogue of Fruits cul-
tivated in the Society's (iarden having issued from the press, it was
announced as being ready for deii»'ery to the Fellows of the Society, at
the price of ox. per co[)y.

Exliibllcd. Very fine two-colourcil, incurved, and brown pur[)le chrys-
anthemums, from William Wells, Esq. A remarkably well-blown plant of
the double yellov. Indian chrysanthemum, from L. Weltje, Esq. A potiron
jaune [large yellow mammoth gourd], weighing Ij.'Jlbs., from the garden of
the Rev. II. Wise, Oftchurch, near Leamington; presenteil by Mr. Car-
penter. This was one of a crop weighing altogether 555 lbs. from the same
vine. Forbidden fruit, from the West Indies, presented by 11. M. Dyer,
Esq. A pear, Uvedale's St. Germain [?], weighing .3 lbs. 2 oz., from the
garden of Mrs. Chambers of Feversham, communicated by J. R. Neame,
Esq. Newtown pippins, from the garden of William Ilaldimand, Esq. :
the.sc, on examination, proved to be the Fall pippin. Seedling pears and
seedling potatoes, from John Harrison, Esq., Snelstone Hall, near Ash
bourne.

From the Sorir/i/'s (iarden. Flowers. Chrysanthemums : Park's small
yellow, Seniidouble (juilled white, Tasseled white. Pale buft". Pale pink.
Changeable white, Tasseled yellow. Two-coloured red, Golden lotus-
flowered. — Fruit. Pears: Bon Chretien Turc, Passe-Colmar, Crassanc,
(iloux morceau, Napoleon, Gendeseim, Chaumontel, Josci)hine, Beurre
diel, Bergamotte cadet, Saint (iermain, Easter lieurre. Seedling t'hau-
montel pear and Swan's egg do., from H. Dobree, Esq. Duchesse d'Angou-
Icnic pear, Be/i ile la Motte do., and Poire dc Na[)les, from M. Langelier.

l}cc. 20. — Read. A Pa|)er on the beneficial I^tfects of the accunmlation
of Sap in Annual Plants; by T. A. Knight, V.si\. F.H.S. ^.c., President.

E.vliiliitcd. Chrysanthenuuns, Camellias, and a Hower of Banks/V/ le'mula,
from William Wells, Esq. Among the Camellias were some fine flowers of
the (iriyille red. Nine sorts of Camellias, from Messrs. Chandler. Genuine
Newtown pippins, and a specimen of a Chinese |)runing-knife from John
Reeves, Es(j. Two baskets of very fine Camellias, from John Allnutt, Esq.
Double Indian yellow Chrysanthemums, and do. white, from Mr. James
Young.

Also, from the (iarden of the Soeirti/. Flowers. Double white Indian
C!hrysaiithenMnn; Chimonanthns fragrans var. granditlorus. — Fruit. Pears :
Beurre d'Arembcrg, Bon Chretien turc, Dowler's seedling, Nelis d'lliver,
(rlout morceau, Beurre diel, Easter beurre, Passe-Colmar.

jf„i, ;{. — Read. An account of the Horsfortli seedling Vine; by Mr.
Thomas Appleby.

Exhil>ited. itorsforth seedling Grapes, from Mr. Thomas Appleby.
A seedling Pine-apple, from Mr. D. Money. Some flowers, and the fol-

Ccivent Garden Marld.

127

lowing kinds of CamelhV?, from Messrs. Ciiandler and Sons, Vauxhall ;
Chandler/, r/lthaDiflora (two plants), conclnna, Gray's ^osa mundi, Press's
single white. Press's striped, and Aitoni.

Also, from the Garden of the Societi/. Fruit Pears : Bon Chretien
Turc, Passe-Colmar, Gloiit niorceau, Bezi Vaet, Colmar Josephine, Easter
Beurre. — Flowers : Chiniondnthus fragrans var. grandifloriis.

Art. XIII. Covent Garden Market.

The Cabbage Tribe.

Cabbages, per dozen :
Red

Plants, or Colewoits

Savoys
Brussels Sprouts, per J sieve
German Greens, or Kale
Brnccoli, per bunch :

White

Green - -

Purple

Legumes.
Kidneybeans, forced, per
hundred

Tubers and Boots.

r per ton
Potatoes . < per cwt.
C per bush.

Kidney, per bushel

Scotch, per bushel
Jerusalem f per half sieve
Artichokes \ per dozen -
Turnips, White, per bunch
Carrots, per bunch :

Old - - -

Horn
Parsneps, per dozen
Red Beet, per dozen
Skirret, per bunch
Srorzonera, per bundle
Salsify, per bunch
Horseradish, per bundle
Radishes :

T, , f per dozen hands (24

^«'rto30each) -

Tl>e Spinach Tribe.
o • I, V per sieve
Spinach J |,er half sieve -
Sorrel, per half sieve

The Onion Tribe.

Onions, Old, per bushel -
For pickling, per | sieve
Green (Ciboules), p. banc.

Leeks, per dozen launches

Garlic, per pound - .

Shallots, per pound - -

Asparaginous Plants,

Salads, i^c.

Asparagus, per hundred :

Large ...

Middling

Small ....
Seakale, per punnet
Lettuce, per score :

Cos

Cabbage
Endive, per score, -
Celery, per bundle (12 to lo)
Small Salads, per punnet
Watercress, per dozen small

bunches ...

From
£ s. d.

0
0
0
0
0

2 6
2 0

0 fi

1 0
0 9

0
0
0

1 0

1 0

1 0 1

0

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To

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0 4 0

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Pot and Sweet Herbs.
Parsley, per half sieve
Fennel, per dozen bunches
Thyme, per dozen bunches
Sa{>e, per dozen bunches
Mint, dried, per doz. bunc.
Peppermint, dried, per doz.

bunches
Marjoram, per doz. bunches
.Savory, per doz. bunches
Basil, dried, per doz. bun.
Rosemary, Green, per dozen

bunches
Lavender, dried, per dozen

bunches ...
Tansy, dried, per dozen

bunches . .

Mint, forced, per bunch .

Stalks and Fntits for Tarts,

Pickling, SjC.
Rhubarb Stalks, per bundle

Edible Fungi and Fuci.
Mushrooms, per pottle ■.
Morels, dried, per pound
Truffles, per pound :

English . . -

Foreign

Fruits.
Apples, Dessertjperbusliel :

Nonpareils

Reinette grise
Apples, Baking, per bushel

American

Irene h

Royals

Pearmains . - -
Pears, Dessert, per | sieve

Colmar, per dozen

St. Germain

Bon Chretien

Chaumontel
Baking, per half sieve : j

Eudet St. Germain, per
dozen

Cadillac
Almonds, per peck
Cranberries, per gallon -
Walnuts, dried, per bushel
Chestnuts, French, per pock
Pine-apples, per pound -
Grapes, Hot-house, per

pound
Cucumbers, frame, p. brace

Onnf?p<! ^V^^ ''°^'^" "
uranges ^^^^ hundred

Bitter, per hundred
T „™„v,> f per dozen
Lemons | J^^,^ hundred

Pomegranates, per dozen

Nuts, per peck :

_. Spanish ...

Barcelona - - -

Hiccory - -

; From

' £ s.

d.

0 1

6

0 1

0

0 2

6

0 2

6

0 1

6

0 2

6

0 1

0

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0

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if.

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128 Coven t Cuirdcii Markrf.

Ohservaliom. — Up to the presfiit period we have had so little frobt as
to occasion no interruption to the lull and regniar snppiy of the market
with evcr\ article in its nsnal season, and very little ciiange in price has
taken place. On the whole, a i^ooil, but not a large, supply has come to
hand, at a very nioilerate rate.

The same depression which has so mnch affected business generally has
liad great influence on the prices in onr market. Additional eficct has been
produced, and continues to prevail, respecting salads and other raw vege-
tables, as tending to dispose to cholera, &c. ; but as the apprehension is
decreasing, it is much to be wished that the usual demand may exist as the
spring ai)[)roachcs, otherwise the most serious loss to the cultivators will
ensue.

Broccolies, of many varieties, and of excellent quality, have been furnished
in large quantities, and at very moderate prices. Brussels sprouts are
getting generally into use, and are sought after : in a few years thej' will, I
have Tittle doubt, supersede the coarser but more prevalent varieties of
borecoles and (xerman greens. Coleworts have been of excellent quality
and in good supply, not having as }'et been affected by frost. Savoys have
been plentiful and good, at a moilerate price. The larger variety of cabbage,
called drumhead, or, vulgarly, cow or cattle cabbage, has been occasion-
ally brought, and met with ready sjxle, not from any scarcity of other sorts,
but, from having been persevered in, the public are better acquainted with
its good qualities. Onions have maintained a uniform price throughout
the season : the sup|)ly ample, but not abundant. Turnips are of excellent
quality, and moderate in price, with a steady and as yet a regular supply ;
and, as there is no a|)pcarance of frost setting in at [ircscnt, no doubt
the su|)ply will continue good throughout the winter. Carrots have been
plentiful and good ; and, from the recent introduction of the Altringham
variety, with an extensi\c growth of the long orange or fSurrey carrots,
a large suj)ply is eonstantlv kept up. By the means of the short orange
and the early horn, carrots are to be found in our markets in good con-
dition throughout the year. Notwithstanding the supply, fair prices have
been obtained. All other vegetables have been funushed liberally, but I
fear the prices are not such as to afford encouragement to the growers, w ho
are materially affected by the total failure of their winter fruit crops in the
last season.

Despite of the very general, in many places total, failure of the apple
crop last season, we have had an ample supply from the ("ontineut at very
moderate prices. Some of the better varieties, which are scarce, are dear;
but in the ordinary run of goods, which are alone calculated to meet an
extensive demami, the duty ami charges of" import nmst operate very
seriously on tiie jjrofits accruing to the ini|)orti'rs. Some few American
ap[)les have also been imported ; but, in consequence of the delay in tiie
vessels getting into the river, they seldom reach us in good condition. The
favourite variety, the Newtown pii)pin, is almost the only one which will
bear the temperature of the voyage for four or six weeks, which is usually
the time occupied. The better varieties of pears, which are seldom pleuti-
fid, have this season (with all other sorts) i)een scarce and dear. But few
of the newer French sorts are as yet in such general culture in the gardens
as to sn|)ply the market ; and few of them will, 1 think, be ecpial in flavour
to our old establisheil fa\ourit('S. [This opinion of our corresj)onilent is
at variance with that of Mr. Thonq)son, the snpcrintendant of the fruit
department in the Horticultural Society's garden, and with our own.] —
G. ('. Jan. 17. 1832.

THE

GARDENER'S MAGAZINE,

APRIL, 1832.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. General Results of a Gardenins; Tour, during July,
August, and fart of September, in the Year \'^S\, from Dum-
fries, by Kirkcudbright, Ayr, and Greenock, to Paisley. By the
Conductor.

[Continued from p. a.)

In the introduction to the preceding portion of our tour, we
strongly recommended to young gardeners to prepare them-
selves for filling the situation, not only of a head gardener, but
also that of a general manager on a gentleman's estate. We
see every day more and more occasion for giving this advice ;
and we are happy to find it followed up by two very intelli-
gent correspondents in the present Number (p. IS-i. and
p. 137.). Mere gardening, whether as a commercial pursuit
by nurserymen and florists, or as a personal and professional
service, never was, at any time within our recollection, at so
low an ebb as it is at present. Nurserymen are becoming
bankrupts all over the country, and there can be no doubt
that many of them, whose names are not gazetted, have been
obliged to compound with their creditors. So many master
gardeners out of place, and journeymen in want of employ-
ment, we have never before seen about London : in the nur-
series, which formerljr used to be a sort of asylum for them,
they cannot now find employment even at 125. a week. That
this state of depression will be followed by a reaction, and that
at no distant period, is to be expected, because action and reac-
tion are always reciprocal ; but that either the nursery busi-
VoL. VIII. — No. 37. B

ISO General Results of a Gardening Tour:

ness, or the profession of a gentleman's gardener, will ever
be again what it has been, appears to us clearly impossible.

In the first j)lace, with respect to nurserymen, the know-
ledge of all the best methods of jn'opagation is now so gene-
rally diflused, and thereby rendered so easy, that every
gentleman's gardener, having once obtained a new plant,
propagates it for himself, his neighbours, and his master's
friends. This reduces the business of the nurseryman, as far
as new plants are concerned, to tiie profits which he may
make during the first three or four years after the new plant
is come into his possession. Let a new plant once find its
way into twenty or thirty private collections, and unless it is
one of extraordinary popularity, such as the pelargonium,
the camellia, and a lew others, the nurseryman may discard it
for ever from his stock. For fruit trees there will always be
a demand ; because, as long as houses are built or repaired,
gardens will continue to be made or altered: but the propa-
gation of fruit trees is now become so general, that it affords
very little profit, except to nurserymen in the country, who
pay low rents for their land. Tiie rage for forest planting,
which prevailed some years ago, when corn and timber were
at war prices, and gentlemen consequently full of money, has
subsided; and hence the millions of seedling larches, and of
Scotch pines, which are raised in the nurseries in Aberdeen-
shire, at Perth, and at Kilmarnock, are either butned on the
spot, or sold at little more than sixpence a thousand. A\"ell
dried, and made into small bundles, these seedlings would
bring more money in London for the purpose of lighting
fires. In short, capital employed in the nursery business
returns at present perhaps less than capital employed in any
other trade. It once returned more, but the reason why it
did so no longer exists ; viz. the enjoyment of a monopoly by
the nurserymen in the article of skilful propagation of plants.
That monopoly is now gone for ever, as other monopolies
have gone, and as all will go.

The profession of a gentleman's gardener will never be
what it has been, lor tiiis simple reason, that his employer is
no longer, and never will be again, what he once was.

Tiie higher classes, feeling themselves obliged to retrench,
though they will never be able to do without gardeners, will
yet learn to dispense with those departments of the prolession
which are more especially luxuries ; and the gardener will be
recjuired to extend his management to the woods, or to the
farm, or to both. He will, at the same time, while acting in
the united capacity of gardener and bailiff', find it re(juisite to
possess more botanical knowledge than he does at present;

Prospects of Gardening and Gardeners. 131

because, as the higher classes get poorer, they will live more
upon their own estates, and enter more and more into country
pursuits. They will give up forcing various sorts of fruit and
vegetables, so as to have them ripe at unnatural seasons, when
their only value consists in the difficulty and expense attending
their attainment ; but every country seat will have its arbore-
tum, and herbaceous ground, and there will be no end to the
number of representative systems of hardy plants. As the
attention of landed proprietors, and particularly that of their
wives and daughters, will be now more exclusively directed to
botany, and other branches of natural history, they will ob-
viously require from their gardeners more knowledge in these
sciences. That they will find persons possessing this know-
ledge, and, at the same time, obtain from them a more varied
and more extended description of service, we have not a
doubt ; because the situation of head gardener, or general
manager of an estate, is too comfortable a one not to produce
abundance of candidates, with whatever degree of skill for
which there may be a demand. In respect to wages, though
these may be nominally smaller than at present, they will
always be such as to command at least as many of the com-
forts and conveniences of life as gardeners now enjoy; most
probably more.

Our object, in making these remarks, is to prepare the minds
of, gardeners for the comparatively new state of things which
they will find gradually coming upon them. The young and
scientific have nothing to fear ; every year their value will be
better and better understood : but the young, wiiose education
has been neglected, and the grown-up gardener, who belongs
to what may be called the old school, may henceforth both
lav their account with falling rather than risinjr in the world.

We have always strongly recommended to gardeners, whe-
ther informed or uninformed, to emigrate to America or
Australia, rather than remain in this country ; but we more
especially recommend this measure to the last class. If they
can only raise as much money as will pay their passage to
New York (5Z. per head, the party providing food and
clothes), or to Sydney (30/. per head, including food on
the voyage), they will be certain of finding employment,
as common labourers, at from 4s. to 5s. a day in both these
parts of the world ; while the price of excellent food and
lodging does not exceed a shilling a day in either. After
working a few years, as much may be saved as will enable the
party to retire to the back woods of the United States, or
the bush of New Holland or Van Diemen's Land, and to
purchase a farm of 200 or 300 acres. Let no gardener, how-

K 2

1S2 General Results of a Gardening Tour : —

ever, emiirratinir to either America or Australia, reckon on
beiiif^ cinployeil in any other capacity than as a connnon
hibourer; aiul let him make up his mind, in the former coun-
try at least, to work much harder than he has ever been
accustomed to do in Britain, and to meet with fellow-labourers
who will generally be found his superiors in every description
of knowledfTc except that of gardening. — But we are forget-
ting the title to this article.

in our last (p. 5.) we concluded with some general remarks
on the gentlemen's seats of the west of Scotland, and we
shall now offer a few observations on some of their details.

The Fences in the Parks and Plcasure-Gronnds of the JVest
of Scotland are in many cases very offensive to the eye, from a
variety of causes, but chiefly from having been treated as
objects to be looked at, rather than as temporary barriers ; in
short, from being considered as the end, instead of being only
the means. We do not speak of permanent fences, such as
the outer boundaries of parks, but of those formed round
young plantations in their interior, to protect the trees till they
are laiae enouuh to be no lonijer in danijer from cattle. The
fence is, in all such cases, obviously a temporary expedient,
and should nevei", therefore, exhibit the appearance of having
had much labour bestowed upon it. It should not be of
a kind very conspicuous to the eye, or even seemingly very
impenetrable as a barrier, or of a very durable material.
There are other principles which enter into the consider-
ation of the subject of fences, such as their outline, and the
influence upon the fence of the manner of treating the trees
enclosed by it.

The two prevailing fences in the district in question are the
hawthorn hedge and the stone wall ; both the very worst
that could be employed in a jiark or pleasure-ground, as pre-
senting all the opposite (jualities to those which are desirable
in a temporary fence. The thorn hedge, when left to itself,
grows too large, and when carefully clippetl, as it most com-
monly is, it exhibits an appearance of care and labour not in
accordance with the idea of temporary purpose. Bad as the
stone wall is, it is, however, when built of loose stones, with-
out mortar, not so ollensive as the clipped hedge; because it
is neither so large, nor so lum|)ish in form, nor so monotonous
in colour. Still, both these fences arc utterly inadmissible, in
our opinion, as temporary enclosures in a park; nor can tiiere
be any occasion to resort to them, now that the thinnings of
plantations maybe had all over the west of Scotland at a very
low price. These thinnings, or small fir trees, cut in lengths
of 5 or 6 ft., inserted in the ground with their bark on, and

Tenipormy TenceSi and Mmiagement. 1 33

connected together by a rail, also with the bark on, within
a foot or 18 in. of tiie top, form one of the cheapest and best
temporary barriers, and one which can only be surpassed by
hurdles, or by a light iron fence.

But the evils of hedges or walls, as temporary fences, in the
district alluded to, are greatly aggravated by the manner of
managing the trees within, and by the outline or ground plan
of the plantation. The outline is not sufficiently varied of
itself, and the clump or mass is most frequently isolated, and
unconnected with any thing else. The otitline of the belt is
generally not less formal than that of the clumps ; and what
we particularly object to in both is, that they are crowded
with trees, so as to present one lumpish opaque mass of foliage,
without any appearance of trunks or branches. The trees
enclosed ought not only to be thinned every year from the
time of planting, as they advance in size, but those left ought
to stand in groups, leaving large blank spaces within the fence,
covered only with grass, or with furze, ferns, or such like low
growths. This would lessen the deformity of clumps, or belts,
with formal outlines, whether of hedges or walls; but with
suitably varied outlines much less trouble would be necessary
in breaking the masses into groups, and none, or very kw,
naked spaces need be left within the enclosme. Fences of
pales, laid out in irregular lines, with the trees within grouped,
but not crowded, the trees retiring from the fence when recesses
occur in its line, and boldly advancing to it when the line
stands forward, the trees every where so thin as to show their
trunks, arms, and branches, will never produce a disagreeable
effect ; on the contrary, the apparent cooperation of purpose
between the fence and the trees will be felt as a species of
positive beauty. Judging from what is almost every where
met with in the west of Scotland, however, there is very little
feeling for any kind of beauty connected with park scenery.
We ought to except Munches, Closeburn, and perhaps some
parts of St. Mary's Isle : but who could tolerate the hedged
clumps, and lumpish imconnected masses of thick heavy plant-
ation, in the otherwise fine park at Cally ? What has been
done at Munches evinces the greatest judgment ; and, indeed,
we met no man in Scotland so entirely of our own mind, in
matters of taste, as the Reverend Mr. Carruthers of Dalbeattie,
by whose assistance Munches was laid out.

If the same money which has been spent in planting hedges,
and clipping them afterwards, had been laid out in trenching
the ground previously to its being planted, and in thinning
out the trees in due time ; instead of clumps and belts of the
most offensive formality, in many cases so crowded with trees

K 3* .. -

I34f Depressed State of the

as to be alike devoid of beauty and utility, as at Culzean Castle,
for example, we should by ibis lime have had open, airy
groups of large trees, without fences, in the interior of parks ;
and round them marginal woods of trees, twice the size they

now are.

(7\) he continncd.)

Art. II. Hemnrks on the depressed State of the Nursery and Gar-
dening Professions, more especially in Scotland. By J. G.

During the last twenty years, nurserymen have increased
with a rapidity never before equalled. Even in the most re-
mote districts of Scotland, where only the shadow of a living
presented itself, nurseries have been established; and they are
actually to be found scattered over the whole land. They
arc, however, at present, very badly encouraged. Of the
many millions of seedlings raised annually, very few are
transplanted to permanent situations ; and this is more to be
regretted, when we look upon the state of the country, and
see how much might be effected by planting. There are, in
Scotland, many thousands of acres of land well adapted for
growing any species of hard wood lying idle ; and there are
many places that might be particularly pointed out, which,
if planted, would not only beautify but enrich the country.

Perhaps there is no district, possessing such a limited degree
of commerce, in which nurserymen are so thickly situated,
as in that line of country which embraces the shires of Aber-
deen, Banff, and Elgin. About twenty years ago, the trade
in this quarter was profitable, because it was in the hands of
a few; but no sooner had the number of nurserymen in-
creased, than the prosperity of the profession began to wane-
Year after year they have been anticipating a favourable
change; but, instead of any occurring, during the last ten years
particularly, their business has been gradually decreasing, till
it is now reduced to a degree never before known. It miffht
be thought that nurserymen must prosper as long as the
country in which they reside presents ample room for the
operation of the planter ; but the present state of things
shows that their increase has not been attended by a corre-
sponding quantity of waste land being jilanted, and that it is
quite possible the profession may almost cease to exist, though
the half of the country remains wild and bare.

The causes of this depression are manifold : nurserymen, as
I have said, have become more numerous, without a correspond-
ing increase of traffic ; the times generally are in a state which
forbids landholders to invest much capital in planting; and

. Nursety and Gardening Professions. 1 35

those noblemen and gentlemen who do continue to improve
their grounds in this manner, have very generally adopted
the plan of forming nurseries for themselves. This last cause
affects nurserymen most; and, if upheld, will ere long render
them useless. To remedy this, it is only necessary, I think,
that proprietors should keep a minute account of the expense
of their nurseries : for I am persuaded such departments are
kept up at a considerable loss ; and the reason why this prac-
tice has not been discontinued is, because no correct notice
is taken of the expenditure. They imagine, that, since they
pay no rent, their gardeners or foresters can rear plants
cheaper than they can purchase them : but if they take into
consideration the time expended in sowing, weeding, trans-
planting, &c., which should be appropriated by those who
hold either of these offices to employments more closely
connected with their respective businesses, they will find that
(especially in these times, when the multiplicity of nurserymen
is a pledge against their being overcharged) it is quite super-
fluous to keep up nurseries for themselves.

In the northern districts of Scotland, the trade consists
principally in growing the leading kinds of forest trees ; and
of course it is easier injured than one more varied. The first
dependence is upon landed proprietors, for no one else re-
quires any quantity of hardwood ; and so soon as they with-
draw their aid, the nurserymen are left with a useless stock
upon their hands. In this respect, they are much more de-
pressed than their brethren in the more populous districts ;
the trade of the latter being more general, and consequently
less dependent upon a few patrons.

Whether or not there will ever be a revival in this useful
profession, is a question highly problematical. Past expe-
rience knew not such a stagnation. If we look upon the
increasing mortgages on land in Scotland, weighing so heavily
upon the spirit of improvement, the future becomes gloomy.

The gardening profession is likewise at a low ebb : but not
so low as to prevent those who have a proper degree of in-
formation from finding comfortable situations. A majority
of the gardeners of the present day rest contented with the
acquisition of mere horticultural skill ; and hence their many
ineffectual attempts to obtain such situations as afford a toler-
able living. I would have them consider that a change has
taken place in the minds of their employers ; and that, in the
person of a gardener of any note, it is now required to unite
many important offices. To widen the boundaries of their
knowledge is therefore indispensable; since, without a thorough
understanding of rural affairs in general, they can scarcely

K 4

136 Depression of Nurserymen and Gardeners.

rise superior to common labourers. It is useless to expect the
generality of gonllenien, in the present times, to engage gar-
deners to devote all their attention and time within the walls
of their gardens ; and as useless for the latter class of men to
imagine tliat they will better their profession by persisting in
refusing situations, which have annexed to them something
more than the mere work of growing fruit and vegetables. It
is beyond a question that gentlemen now meditate a retrench-
ment among their servants ; and that, instead of keeping up
individuals to preside over every separate department, various
offices are now frequently merged in one person, who receives
a competent salary. Now, since this is the case, it would be
wisdom in gardeners to be doing all in their power to make
themselves what they are required to be. They should em-
ploy all their time and talents in making themselves acquainted
with country affairs generally, so as to be able to transact
business with accuracy, to give a report on the state or value
of plantations, 8:c. ; and, in short, to write, talk, and act
sensibly.

For the furtherance of this end, extensive reading, not only
upon gardening, but upon all those subjects which are even
indirectly connected with the profession, is highly commend-
able. I by no means wish to depreciate gardeners, yet I must
say, that, considered as a botly, they are, in knowledge, a step
or two behind some of the working classes around them.
They must, therefore, in their leisure hours, betake themselves
to some important study, which measure can alone qualify
them for rising to eminence in their profession. It may be
observed, in general, that all those gardeners who hokl the
highest places, possess a degree of knowledge above those
who have inferior situations ; and that, according to the ratio
of inlbrmation each possesses, his older in society is fixed. If
young gardeners would consider this important fact, instead of
indulging in useless pastimes, much good would be the result.
However, they have uot as yet become so singularly luke-
warm to the real interests of their calling, as to forbiti us to
expect much sludv and application li-om them, as soon as
a proper method of instruction is jjointcd out. I have thought,
that, in those districts where their number would permit, it
would be an advisable plan to form themselves into societies,
for the })urpose of writing upon and discussing such topics as
might be thought likely to interest them afterwards. If such
a thing were instituted, its beneficial results could not fail to
be manifold. It would inijuove its members in what is ac-
counted the trifling, but with gardeners the material, art of
penmanship, and it would also materially improve their die-

Necessity for professional and general Knoijoledge. 137

tion ; their ideas, which are too often hastily formed, would,
by the ordeal which they would necessarily pass through, be
refined ; and, lastly, a taste for books and study would be
instilled, which, in itself, is quite argument enough for the
establishment of sucii an institution. If it were necessary,
I could adduce actual proofs of the expediency and advan-
taofeousness of such societies. Thou<jh as vet rare amon";
gardeners, many of them exist among mechanics ; and, so
far as I know, they have always been attended with success.
A library forms a useful accompaniment to them; for the
formation of which, a few shillings only would be required
from each.

The diffusion of knowledge has of late become so jreneral,
that such a medium of improvement as I have stated must be
resorted to by the younger branches of the gardening profes-
sion, to enable them at least to keep within sight of those who
are rapidly approaciiing to perfection.

Feb, 1832. J. G.

Art. III. On the Necessity Jbr increased Exertion on the part of
young Gardeners to store their Minds with professional and
general Knowledge. By Scienti^ et JusTixiiE Amator.

Sir,

I HAVE frequently enjoyed much pleasure in reading your
sentiments upon education, and the many advices and in-
structions you have imparted for the purpose of inciting young
men to pursue the acquisition of knowledge, as necessary to
their filling the station of head gardener with honour to
themselves and satisfaction to their employers.

If ever there was a time when young men ought to bestir
themselves, and pay particular attention to the cultivation of
their intellect, it is surely now, when knowledge is majestically
traversing the length and breadth of our land ; not only visiting
the splendid mansions of the great, but condescending also
to enter the clay biggins of the humble poor ; exerting its
beneficial influence upon man in every grade of life ; removing
the veil which delusion had cast over truth ; dispersing the
mist and vapour which had obscured the mental landscape ;
and triumphing over ignorance, when seated most securely in
her fortresses and strono-holds.

The enjoyment which results from' the acquisition of
knowledge is so delightful, that this circumstance ought to
operate as a sufficient inducement to the prosecution of it.
The man who has a well-cultivated mind possesses a treasure

138 Professional a}id general Knomled^c

so purely his own, tliat all the devices of designing men
will be insufficient to deprive him of it. It is a mighty
resource, which will give an elevation and a sublimity to
his concojitions ; enable him to perceive the true nature of
things; raise him above those deep-rooted prejudices which
he had cherished as positive truth ; and, fixed upon a found-
ation too secure to be ever swept away by the force of reason-
ing or the strength of argument, deliver him from many an
unnecessary fear, and prove a great source of comfort and
consolation to his mind, when forced to contend with the
trials and adversities of life. Although it is clearly the duty
and the interest of all to exert themselves, in order to keep
pace with the march of intellect ; it is peculiarly imperative
upon the young man who aims at filling the situation of head
gardener. As then he will be under the necessity of con-
versing or corresponding with his employer, it is requisite he
should possess a scientific as well as a practical knowledge
of his profession, and that his attainments in general infor-
mation should be such as will enable him to act and conduct
himself in a manner consistent with the sphere of life in
which he must move.

Although it may be deemed the height of presumption in
one, who is but young in years, and consequently has had
only limited observation and exjicrience, I cannot but say
that, notwithstanding the many examples we possess of in-
dividuals who, in spite of the difficulties they had to con-
tend with, on account of the wages of journeymen gardeners
being so unaccountably and vexatiously low, have yet risen
to respectability, if not to eminence, in the attainment of
knowledge ; there are still many who idly, uselessly, if not
criminally, spend that portion of time which ought to be
devoted to mental imj)rovement. I have conversed with many
upon this subject, and have frequently been told that the
acquisition of knowledge was attended with no advantageous
result; that interest was the only thing now-a-days ; and that,
since a jK'rson of considerable influence had promised to do
something for them, they would not deprive themselves of
enjoyment, and destroy their eyesight and constitutions with
poring over books. I wish there were no truth in their
statement, and that true merit woukl be sufficient to work its
own way. I should not have adverted to this, if I were not
fully convinced that it is by the attainment of knowledge
only, that gardeners will maintain theii" place in society, and
because I consider that to ignorance and indifterence many
of the evils of which we complain may be traced. I have
frequently heard it made a subject of complaint, that in some

necessary to ijoung Gardeners. 139

t^Uces the wacres of gentlemen's gardeners have been con-
^:Sbl?UuSed ; bu^ iron, what lltt^ h. come n^^;.y

t:=^:^ ^12^1^^^:^^^^ a gardene.
fe Ixpec"s r find a man whose knowledge is commensurate
trr station he is to fill; and when 1- f^/^^.^rof;
nerience, that his attainments scarcely exceed those oi a
Lmmon labourer, the question will v-y -t-%
why should I give the one so much more ^ ^"].""^'^^'°"/"^.'^
the o her? When 1 see instances of men fi hng fiist-iate

tlipmselves it would not be so much ; but it tills me minu
themselves, ^^ wou carelessness and ignorance

poor journeyman must come m also tor h,s share Here .s

sneers, and direet de«P°'''™/^'''t.''Lrof thrcertlty of
word of discontent escapmg from h.s l.p , oi ^he "«« y

losing his place in -•^-^ ^e r.no ance' anl presLp-
:Sro7\h:^4s:er^''KouW fl beifeve that there^are few
t^tfo^dl-iuformed men «ho use Aeir y-S a-un
in «o discrraceful a manner. Knowledge, leal knowieu^e,
bee. ts con Sension, affability, and kindness. !§"---'
• " 1 w h nrosoeritv. very often generates pride, vanity,
joined with P^^^P^^';^ ,^ /^ ^^ easy matter to show proofs

"hilst .ndividuals of very moderate attamments w,ll be p.o-
"TLe no spac. to say any thing about the V^^f ^^

1 iO Gardenitig liccrca/iojis,

must be taken, so as to make it apparent that it will be
impossible to j^ain j^ood situations without proportionate quali-
fications. I should be much gratified if either you, or some
of your correspondents, would bestow a little attention upon
this subject. ]f societies were formed where young gardeners
could be examined, by unbiassed comj)etent judges, jireviously
to tiieir obtaining situations, and certificates of character
awarded to them as first, second, or third, according to the
extent and depth of their abilities and knowledge, then igno-
rance would receive a mighty shock, every excuse foi" idleness
would be thrown aside, and the principles of knowledge make
rajiid progress amongst us. If something of this nature were
fairly commenced, there would be little doubt as to its success.
Gentlemen would naturally apply for gardeners where they
would run the least risk of being disappointed. There is
scarcely a class of men that, in general, are in j)ossession of
so many means and opj^ortunities for mental improvement as
gardeners ; and the necessity of such improvement being
once made clearly apparent, and absolutely indispensable,
the ]irosecution of it will not fail to follow. The advantages
resulting from the formation of such a society would be very
great. Then we should see few of those pretended gaideners,
who are a disgrace to the name; then merit, unaided by
patronage and favour, would work its own way; then care-
lessness and idleness would see that something else was
necessary besides the influence of a Sir this, or a Lord that;
and then every assemblage of gardeners, instead of exhibiting
scenes of idleness or nonsense, would be converted into
debating and literary meetings, classes of experimental philo-
sophy, and mutual instruction societies.
I am, 8ii", yours, &c.

SCIEN'JI.E ET JuSTITl.li AmATOU.

Near Londo7i, Feb. 7. 1832.

Art. IV. On Gardening Recreations, as a Substitute for Fox-
hunting, Ilorsc-racing, and other brutalising Sports. V>y Mr.
Thomas Clakk, Jan.

Sir,
It must be a source of great pleasure to every virtuous
and reflecting mind, to observe how generally a taste for
rational pleasures, as exemplified in the growing partiality
for the study of natural history, and in tlie encouragement
given to all the various branches of horticulture, is superseding
the more hardy sports of the field, and the brutalising amuse-

a Substitute for Field Sports. 141

ments in which our ancestors were prone to indulge. Even
the highest and the noblest of the land now seem to vie with
each other in their desire to obtain an intimate knowledge
of the varied productions of the animal, mineral, and vegetable
kingdoms ; and more especially with regard to the latter, by
bringing them to the utmost perfection which they are capable
of attaining. As this noble emulation seems to be gaining
ground every day, I trust the time is not far distant when
fox-hunting, horse-racing (and its concomitant vices), with
the more vulgar (but, in the Elizabethan age, equally fashion-
able) sports of bull-baiting, cock-fighting, &c.,will be banished
from the land. The " march of intellect," within the last
thirty years, has, indeed, been most rapid ; and, so long as it
continues its present pace, an increased desire for becoming
more intimately and practically acquainted with the works of
nature will be its inevitable consequence.

The increased attention now given to the science of horti-
culture is, in no instance, more apparent than in the establish-
ment of Botanical and Horticultural Societies in all parts of
the kingdom, and in the liberal encouragement afforded to
the constructors of horticultural buildings in general; and,
in confirmation of the latter fact, it may not be improper to
observe, that, being myself the proprietor of an extensive
metallic hot-house manufactory in Birmingham, there have
been constructed at my establishment, during the last fourteen
years, no fewer than two hundred metallic conservatories,
forcing-houses, fruiting-pits, &c. &c., of various dimensions,
which, supposing them to be placed side by side, so as to
form a continued line, would extend to the amazino" lenofth of
5000 ft., or nearly an English mile. Yet, notwithstanding the
decided superiority of the metallic houses over those con-
structed of wood, the prejudice in favour of the latter is still
so great, that, where one metallic house is erected, there are
at least fifty of wood. It is gratifying, however, to know
that this prejudice is fast declining, under the influence of the
acknowledged fact, that, in all cases where a fair trial has
been afforded to the metallic hot-houses (constructed upon
their present much improved principle), so uniformly superior
have they been found in all respects to those of wood, that
whole ranges of the latter have been entirely swept away, and
I have myself, within the last two years, been employed to
replace some of them with metallic houses, to the extent (in
two gardens alone) of 450 ft. I am. Sir, yours, &c.

Thomas Clark, Jun.
Metallic Hot-house Mcnmjhctory,
55. Lionel Street, Birmingham, Feb. 15, 1832.

14>2 Circulating Sj/s/cm of Plants.

Art. V. On the Sap-vessels, or Circulating System, of Plants. By
the Author of " Tl)e Domestic Gardener's Manual," C.M.H.S.

Sir,

I HAVE, for a considerable period, felt assured that physio-
logists have not as yet attained satisfactory evidence of the pre-
cise nature and construction of the vessels, by which the sap
is conveyed into, and distributed throughout, the vascular
system of vegetable organised beings. A\^hoever shall have
attentively {)erused the excellent compendium of vegetable
physiology, commencing p. 160. of the Pncijclopccdia of Gar-
dening, edition 1827, can scarcely fail to be convinced that
the most eminent phytologists* have employed very discord-
ant mechanism in their endeavours to establish, each one, his
own favourite theory of what has been termed the ascent, or
course, or circulation, of the sap.

I am induced, at the present time, to make this communi-
cation, in consequence of having met with a notice, in two news-
papers, of a lecture recently delivered at the Medico-botanical
Society, by Mr. I3urnett of King's College; in which notice
it was stated (I quote from memory) that that gentleman
had produced a microscopic apparatus by which the motion
of the sap was rendered as apparent, without the possibility
of optical illusion, as the circulation of the blood in a frog's
foot. Struck by the force and conclusiveness of the terms in
which this notice was conveyed, and being desirous to ascer-
tain the exact truth, also to what extent the lecturer had car-
ried Ins observations, I addressed a letter to Mr. Ikunelt,
and was almost inmiediately favoured with a polite and candid
reply; before proceeding to state which, I am sorry to be
constrained to observe that the })ublic are but too often mis-
led by these ciu'sory notices in periodicals, which cither an-
nounce too much, or so mutilate and distort simple facts as
to produce much subse(jucnt disajipointmont.

To tliose readers of your valuable Magazine, who arc not
aware of the precise nature of the discovery announced in the
lecture referred to, it may be gratifying to be put in posses-
sion of the following facts. I solicit attention to the passages
and words in italics, because they will be lound to refer par-
ticularly to the remarks with which I conclude this paper.

In a lecture delivered in December, 1831, Mr. 13urnett
alluded to the experiments of Amici, Schultz, and others, by
which the motion of the sap of certain i)lants hail been made
ocularly demonstrable : a I'act which he had convinced him-
self was no optical illusion, by rcj)eating and varying the

* From phyloHy a plant, and tcgo, I read, discourse of, or logot, a dis-
course; i. e. one who discourses of, or describes, plants.

Circulating System of Plants. 143

experiments. On the 17tli of January last, he exhibited
with a good microscope (in which too great a glare of light
was avoided, by interposing Varley's dark chamber,) several
specimens o^ Chm'ti previousli/ dissected ; and the motion of the
sap was demonstrated to the satisfaction of the then chairman,
Sir J. M'Gregor, and was seen by almost every one present.

It is admitted that the visible motion of the sap has, by
recent observations, been verified only in three or four plants,
Chara, i^icus elastica, ^lisma Plantago, and perhaps Chelido-
nium : therefore, that the nature of the sap-vessels, in which it
generally moves, cannot, as yet, he determined. The course of
the sap in Chara is so far ascertained, that Mr. Burnett thinks
himself justified in declaring that each joint or limb has an
individual circidation ; and although it may have a communi-
cation with other joints, yet that its motion is complete in
itself. A section of a I'ootlet, or of a joint, shows it to con-
sist of two lateral, simple, semilunar ducts, each being the
channel of a current that traverses the root or joint in an
opposite direction to the other; the course of the one being
up, the other down.

" These ducts, although not spiral in their structure, that is,
not spiral vessels, are spiral in their disjwsition ; being twisted
as it were round a central axis, and forming two separate
scalse, much in the same way as the wild worm is often scored
round the stems or branches of unfruitful trees."

Having thus stated the exact and determinate extent of
this important observation, so vaguely and yet imposingly
announced in some of the public prints, it becomes a duty to
solicit the attention of those of your readers who do not see
the Philosophical or the Horticultural Transactions, to the
luminous hypothesis of Mr. Knight. It has ever been the
practice of that great man to keep no discovery concealed :
he has published what he has discovered, and that in a manner
which, as you. Sir, justly observe, in your JLncyclopcedia of
Gardenings " renders all the papers of this eminent horticul-
turist so truly valuable," namely, " by being accompanied
with a rationale of the practice."

Wishing to obtain all the information within my power, I cor-
responded with Mr. Knight on the subject of the sap-vessels ;
particularly, as I was confident, as slated at p. 324. of the
Domestic Gardener' s Manual, that the late Sir J. E. Smith had
formed an erroneous opinion concerning Mr. Knight's view
of the office of the spiral vessels; and I was favoured in the
first instance with a reply, the substance of which I now add,
in order to furnish a concise idea of the hypothesis that re-
iterated and conclusive experiments have finally led him to
advocate.

lit Circulating Sj/stem of Plants.

Mr. Kniglit had long since proved that the specific gravity
of the sap of trees increases in the spring, in proportion to its
distance from the ground ; and that saccharine matter is formed
at that season in the alburnum (the young sap-wood) of trees
which contained none in the winter. From these and other
i'acts, Mr. Knight arrived at the conclusion, " tliat it is
through the cellular substance of the alburnum, and not
througii its tubes, that the sap ascends."

The celebrated French philosopher, M. Dutrochet, visited
]\Ir. Knight at Downton, and spent nearly three weeks with
him. Before they parted, the opinions of tlie two gentlemen
became perfectly in unison. " We both agree," Mr. Knight
says, "that the water and nutriment absorbed from the soil
ascend through the cellular substance of the alburnum, and
pass through vessels, cellular in structure, which surround the
bundles of spiral tubes; that the nutriment absorbed becomes
the true sap, or living blood, of the plant, by exposure to light,
in the leaf; that it descends by the bark (wherever plants
have bark), by which the matter that forms the layer of albur-
num is deposited ; and that whatever portion of the true sap
is not expended, sinks into the alburnum through the mis-
named medullary processes, and joins the ascending current.
As autunni, however, approaches, the expenditure of sap
diminishes, and it then accumulates in the alburnum, to be
employed in forming the young shoots and leaves of the ensu-
ing sj^-ing. I am in possession of a thousand facts to support
this hypothesis, and not in possession of one fact in opposition
to it."

From another very recent communication with which
Mr. Knight has honoured me, in consequence of my urging
the assured fact that fluids are at times discoverable in vessels
of a tubular structure, I select the following passage, because
it tends to throw light upon, as well as to confirm, the theory
just adduced : —

"The tubes of the sap-wood (alburnum) are often, in the
spring, (|uite full of sap ; and trees then, such as the vine, the
sycamore, and the birch, bleed. These may be called sap-
vessels; but they are not the vessels through which the sap
rises ; because it will rise, and freely too, when all those are
intercepted ; and in the middle of summer, when the sap is
rising most rapidly, in dry hot weather, those tubes are always
dry and empty. They are reservoirs, which fdl before the
leaves are prepared to throw off the acjueous part of the sap
which has ascended.

" It is most certahily through the cellular substance that
the sap ascends.

Circulating System of Plants. 145

*'The medullary processes (as they have been misnamed) are
formed convergently from the bark, not divergently, as I have
demonstrated in the Philosophical Transactions. They are
permeable to fluids ; for when the bark is taken off in spring,
a fluid is seen to exude from them, which, under favourable
circumstances, will become perfect bark. The spiral tubes,
when full grown, certainly contain no fluid ; that is, nothing
but air."

When I wrote the three treatises on vegetable physiology
in the Domestic Gardcjier's Manual, I was impressed by the
weight of some of the authorities that I had been perusing;
and, combining the facts stated with others derived from my
own microscopic observations, I became partially convinced
that in the tubular system of plants were to be found the real
channels of, at least, the ascending sap. 1 had, indeed,
detected fluids in the longitudinal tubes of some herbaceous
plants, as, for instance, the tulip, wild hyacinth (5cilla nutans),
and the like. In these, 1 clearly observed one or more bub-
bles of air interposed between portions of fluid, by which the
latter was rendered more distinctly apparent. I had also
noticed the partial ascent (or rather the diifusion) of coloured
liquids through those portions of the longitudinal, semi-opaque
masses, that physiologists had stated to be the ascending sap-
vessels ; but I was invariably disappointed in every attempt
to introduce such colouring matter into the vessels of the
leaves, by placing the lower extremities of young shoots in
coloured infusions ; although they remained therein for twenty-
four, or thirty-six hours, and even, at times, exposed to the
stimulus of a moderate heat. Facts and reiterated observ-
ations led me, therefore, to doubt the accuracy of many re-
corded experiments ; and to question the philosophy of any
inference, however plausible it might appear, which had been
drawn from the investigation of mutilated parts of an organised
being, that previously had been actuated by the vital principle.
These doubts, and also a variety of queries that naturally
suggested themselves, I stated in a paper which was read at a
meeting of the London Horticultural Society, Jan. 18. 1831.

We ought not to deceive ourselves in our researches after
truth. A detached dissected portion of a plant may exhibit
apparent motion in the fluids it retains, it may also absorb the
colouring matter of an infusion ; but, surely, it would be as
unreasonable to expect that an anatomist should demonstrate
the natural circulation of the blood through the arteries and
veins of a limb, deprived by amputation of the propulsive
energy of the heart, as to believe that a detached and lacerated
joint of a root or stalk could furnish undoubted evidence of

Vol. VIIL — No. 37. v

14G Circulating System cf Plants.

the real natural course of the vc'<rL'tal)le fluids. It may be
said that the analogy does not hold good throughout, because
some cuttings of plants will grow, and become plants; therefore,
that the circulating principle is not destroyed. I admit the
objection, but maintain, that, although the vital principle may
be retained, it is only in the buds, or parts allied to buds in
their nature, each of which is, as it were, a separate system of
life ; and that the interruj)ted motion of the vital fluids is never
really restored, till one or more of these vital germs developes
itself in the protrusion of leaves and roots. This would form a
most interesting subject for a future paper.

I would finally suggest, that if we ever expect to determine,
beyond a question, the channels of the vegetable currents, we
must operate upon living subjects ; and to do this, a course
of experiments, something like the following, might be under-
taken : — Two or more young plants with very transparent
stems, the balsam for instance, might be selected. Let one of
these, growing in a small pot, be watered on all occasions with
an infusion of Brazil-wood, logwood, or of the skins of black
grapes or currants ; and let another plant be taken up, and
its roots kept in any similar coloured infusion. If upon in-
spection (by the microscope) of the stems uninjured, or even
after cautiously removing the epidermis (cuticle), or a portion
of tlie stem longitudinally, any of the colouring matter be
found within the tubes or cells, and especially if it pervade any
determinable j)art of the ramifications of the leaf-stalks, then,
a conclusive result may be anticipated; and other experiments,
repeatedly varied and accurately noted, may lead to a general
theory founded upon facts.

But till some such exj)eriments be carefully instituted and
recorded (I purpose to make the foregoing experiments my-
self during the a))j>roaching spring), we must, I fear, be con-
tent to avow, with Mr. Burnett, that " with so few facts as we
at present possess, it would be dangerous to generalise ; and
when we consider the very minute ))ortions that can be sub-
mitted to examiuation, I do not tliink that the whole theory
of the circulation is a point that will leadily be settled."

It is but just, however, to add, that ]\Ii-. Knight (judging
from one or more of his tlirect statements to me) has micio-
scopically investigated many living growing plants; and, with
the most patient assiduity and miuute accuracy, has dissected
their integuments, and laid bare their internal structure : and
I now avow, that IVom his statements, couipared with my own
observations, I see no suflicient reason to doubt that tlie real
and regular conduits of the ascending sap are the cells (a part
of them at least) of the alburnum; that the elaborated fluids

Performance of a Hot-tioater Apparatus. 147

are carried to, deposited, and further prepared in, the cells of
the bark; and there become the origin of the new layers, and
of the "convergent" (formerly the divergent or medullary)
processes. Finally, that other portions of the elaborated fluids
are carried down through the cellular tissue of the bark, by
the agency of the descending electric current, and form those
rootlets which are always protruded at a period coincident
with tlie developements of the buds and foliage.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.
Feb. 1832. G. I. T.

In the Magazine of Natural Hislori/, vol. iv. p.5'i2., a theory is exhibited
which attempts to account for the ascent and circulation of sap in the follow-
ing manner; — " The sap, in its ascent in the stem, becomes deprived of
some of its constituents, more especially of its aqueous part : this deprivation
is effected by the vital principle of the plant decomposing the aqueous parts,
and assimilating the resulting gases to its own contituents. As the assimi-
lation takes place, a partial vacuum is formed by the change of gases to a
solid form ; and this vacuum is immediately filled with sap rushing into it,
according to the well-known law of the tendency of fluids to rush into any
cavity deprived of the presence of air."

In a subsequent number of the Magazine of Natural History (No. xxiv.,
or vol. V. p. 197.) this theory is thus criticised by a correspondent: —
*' As the sap must have ascended once before this theory can come into
operation, I want the author to explain what is the cause why the sap
rises in the first instance into the upper part of the stem. What impulse
forces or drives it up primarily, in order that, when it has ascended, the
process of assimilation, &c., vacuum, and renewed supply, may take place
in the manner the above theory supposes ? When the author of the theory
has given this explanation, I shall rest satisfied ; but in doing this, he will,
I apprehend, be under the necessity of subverting his own theory, as it
occurs to me, that the cause which produces the first rise of sap will
suffice to account for its subsequent ascent."

Art. VI. Observations made on the Performance of a Hot-tvater
Apparatus inaPinerj/at the Earl of Egremont' s, Peixvorth, Sussex,
during the severe Weather in January last, by Mr. Harrison, the
Gardener there. Communicated by Mr. Cottam.

The pinery is 60 ft. long, and 12 ft. wide. It is 12 ft. high
at the back, and 5 ft. in front ; the boiler is 2 ft. in diameter ;
the quantity of water in the boiler and pipes is 160 gallons.

A small fire was made each day at three o'clock in the
afternoon ; a little more fuel was added at six and nine o'clock ;
and nothing more was done to the fire until the next day, at
three o'clock in the afternoon. The quantity of coal con-
sumed is less than one third of what was used when the com-
mon flues were employed. According to the present system,
the whole of the water (160 gallons) is in circulation twenty-

L 2

148

liecijiesfor dcslroi/ing Insecls,

five minutes after the fire is put under tlie boiler. There are
nine houses at the Earl of Kgrenionl's heated on exactly the
same plan, all of which act remarkably well. Upwards of 20°
more of heat could have been kept up during the severe wea-
ther in January last, had it been found necessary.

London, March, 1H32. G. C.

18.JI.
Jan.

14.
15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

Time of
Observations.

4- P.M.

10

7 A.M.
3 P.M.

10

7 A.M.
.3 P.M.

10

7 A.M.
3 P.M.

10

7 A.M.
3 P.M.

10

7 A.M.
3 P.M.

10

Temperature ol

External Internal

Air. Air.

7 A.M.

29^

28

28
34
32

30
32
32

32
34
32

27
25
21

14
23
31

35

52°

70

64
59

180
1)7

71

212

e>b

194

58

150

59

212

64
60

77

70

Water in
the boiler.

96'
212

168
159
212

70

190

64

167

76

212

68

160

60

1.54

78

212

171

W

S.E.

Art. VII. Various Becipcs for destroi/hig Insects, restoring the
Dark of Trees, preparing Compost for Pines, S{C. By Mr. Peter
Maiitin, Foreman in the Nursery of Messrs. Murray and Coss,
near Leeds.

To dc&troif Ants and Woodlice, or Crickets, or Black Beetles,

Take one pound of oatmeal, and half a jiound of coarse

brown sun'ar, and mix them well tt)getht!r; aiUl to it two
ounces of pepper, ground as fine as possible. Lay the mix-
ture upon white earthenware for woodlice and beetles, where
thoy resort ; and for ants cover it over, so as to prevent its
getting wet.

Another Way to destroy Ants. — Toast the fleshy side of
tlie outside skin of a piece of bacon, till it is crisp; then lay it
on the <n'ound at the root or stem of any fruit tree that is in-
fested by ants. Put something over the bacon to keep it dry ;

and restoring the Bark of Trees. 1 49

the ants will go under it, and fasten to it; lift it up quickly,
and dip it into a pail of water.

All ejfecttial Method of destroying Slugs, Sfc. — Take a quan-
tity of cabbage leaves, and either put them into a warm oven,
or hold them before the fire till they get quite soft; then rub
them with unsalted butter, or any kind of fresh dripping, and
lay them in the places infested with slugs. In a few hours
the leaves will be found covered with snails and slugs, which
may then, of course, be destroyed in any way the gardener
may think fit. [We have tried this at Bayswater, and found
it attended with complete success.]

Woodlice and Earwigs, wherever they exist, will also be
attracted by leaves thus prepared, if placed in the sheds they
frequent.

To destroy the Black and Green Fly. — Take some strong
yellow clay, such as is used for grafting, put it into a tub, and
fill the tub up with water ; then make a man work it with his
hands, till it becomes like thin paint. Fill a pan, such as
flower-pots stand in, with it; and, as only the points of young
shoots are infested with the fly, dip them into the clay and
water : in ten minutes it will dry on the leaves, and will com-
pletely desti*oy the flies, or any other insects that may be upon
them. The clay will look dirty upon the trees for a few
days, but the first shower of rain washes it clean off", and the
shoots will then look more healthy than before it was laid on.
There is no fear of the return of the insects that season.

The Scale on Pines may be destroyed by the same mixture
of clay and water. Mr. Wm. Murray, late gardener to the
Earl of Maxborough, and Mr. Taylor, present gardener to
the Marchioness of Hertford, lately tried the experiment on
a pine or two covered with scale ; and finding it answer com-
pletely, wished me to let you know.

To destroy the Bug {_Americayi Blight, A''phis lanigera'] upon
Fruit Trees. — Take clay, as I directed for the fly, and work
it till it becomes of the consistence of whitewash ; mix with
every 6 gallons of it 2 lbs. of cream of tartar, 1 lb. of soft
soap, and half a peck of quicklime. When you think the
weather is likely to continue dry for some time, take a bucket-
ful of this mixture, and with a large brush wash over the bark
of the trees, wherever you think it is or has been infested with
the bug. A man will do a number of trees over in a few
days, with a whitewash brush and this liquid. Five years ago,
I had some young apple trees that were completely covered
over with the bug; I washed them with this liquid, and I
have never since seen the least sign of the bug upon them,
I have practised the same method repeatedly on other trees,

L 3

1 50 Compost fm- the Pine-apple, ^-c.

■wiUi the same success ; and find it is only necessary to be care-
ful to do it in dry weather, so that the rain may not wash off
tiie mixture for some time.

To destroy Flics and JVasps. — A mixture of pepper, sugar,
and water will do this effectually.

To make the Bark grow over Jlmmds and diseased Places in
Forest or Fruit Trees, xmthout fail, and xisiih speed. — When
a branch is cut off a tree, or otherwise wounded, make the
place smooth with a sharp knife; and if the tree be cankered,
either cut away the part affected, or scrape it out initil you
come to the sound wood. In all cases, make the surface as
smooth as possible ; then put half a pound of tallow into 2 lbs.
of tar, and warm it over a fire, till the tallow is just melted
in the tar ; when 1 oz. of saltpetre should be added, and the
whole stirred well togetlier. The composition must then be
laid on the parts that you want to heal : and I have found it,
by long experience, to be an effectual cure, and superior by
far to any thing yet practised.

To piirifi) Soil or Farth to gro'ao Pines or any other Plants
in, so as no insect will infest either root or leatj and in which
all plants do much better than in any compost commonly
used : I do not mean to say the pines only, but all plants
without exception. — For pines, 1 take four barrowfuls of
good rich earth out of a pasture field, one of leaf soil, one
of sheep and one of cow dung Iresh, and mix them all well.
About a month before I want to use the compost, I lay it 1 ft.
deep in a circle, and then lay some old pea rods, or old rasp-
berry or gooseberry prunings upon it, and set fire to them ;
when they are burnt down I lay another foot deep of earth on
the mixture, and then some more weed, and set that on fire,
and so on, till I think I have as much as I want. I then turn
it all over whilst it is hot, mixing it well together, and it is
fit lor use in one month. • Pines will grow nuich stronger
and larger, and be better flavoured, in this than in any other
soil or compost that I am ac([uainted with, and neither bug
nor scale will ever infest them. French beans will do well in
this compost, or indeed plants of any sort. I was first in-
duced to try this plan by seeing ground where there had been
fires, in general grow vegetables of all soits very strongly. I
cannot tell what it is that is in the earth tliat the fire purifies;
but I assure you that it is the best and easiest plan of keeping
nil insects off the pines. I have planted pines that had the
bug and scale on them in abundance, and the plants were
all quite clean in a very few days after I had potted them in
my com|K)st,

I should like very much for you, or some of your readers.

Defects m Pleasure-GroimJs. "IS^

to try all the things I have mentioned as soon as possible,
and to let me know what you think of them. There are
twelve practical gardeners of us in this neighbourhood trying
every experiment that we can think of; and if we find any
thing worth notice, I shall take the earliest opportunity of
letting you know. I remain, Sir, yours, &c.

Peter Martin.
Leeds, Feb. 28. 1832.

Art. VIII. On certain Dejects in Pleasure- Grounds, and the Mode
of avoiding them. By Mr. Robert Errington.

Sir,

It sometimes happens, in viewing the grounds connected with gentle-
men's seats, that we do not derive that complete satisfaction which we
think the thing capable of giving, and which, the expense and other things
considered, they might be expected to afford. I believe that this happens,
in no small degree, from the want of connection in the several parts of
which such scenery is necessarily composed; every improvement, as it is
called, which takes place, not possessing sufficient relation to the other
parts, and of course causing those blemishes which generally attach to
after-thought. However, much depends on the way in which the orna-
mental department is planted and conducted ; and as a desii-e of improving
the present style seems general, I venture to offer a few loose thoughts on
the subject. Although I have nothing new to offer, and am not so much
of the painter as some of your clever correspondents, still I hope some-
thing in my paper may be found useful, as I have practised considerably in
these matters, for the last four years especially. However, I invite honest
criticism, without which truth would scarcely get fair play.

I will suggest, in the first place, that intricacy and elegance of outline
are not sufficiently attended to either in the formation of shrubbery masses
and of groups, or in the style of planting. How frequently we see fine
specimens of timber and ornamental trees as studiously concealed by long
tiresome tufts of shrubberies, as though they were considered deformities,
and the shrubs in front as lumpish as though they had been clipped I The
chief cause of that insipidity of form which shrubs too frequently present
is owing, no doubt, to an improper disposition of them at first planting, and
to the want of proper under-growths.

It appears to me that, in the first planting of trees and shrubs, nearly ail
the ornamental kinds, and those which possess peculiar character, should
be kept just behind the foremost rank in an ever-varying outline, and that
the front rank should be principally composed of evergreens, which should
be allowed to spread, and become as irregular as possible on the grass.
Immediately behind these would also be a good situation for the beautiful
tree roses, instead of sticking them about singly on grass, where, as Mr.
Spence justly observes, '* they look just like a May-pole," and have a poor
and desolate appearance. When their stems are supported by under-
growths, they have, on the contrary, a gay and at all times a comfortable
look ; and, by towering here and there among the other ornamental trees,
&c., do away with the squat aspect of the mere shrubs, and give a grace to
the whole. To plant shrubberies which should possess charms all the year,
I think that there should be two evergreens for one deciduous shrub j and
all roses, azaleas, honeysuckles, and other scented or handsome deciduous

L 4

152 Notices of large Trees

plants, should be placed in the small recesses formed between the ever-
greens; so tiiat the general outline eventually should be lormcd chiefly or
entirely by tlie evergreens.

As to the outline of shrubberies, in a majority of cases we find them
com[)osed of nothing l)ut tiresome belts, running parallel to the walk ; and
if we meet with any thing like a mass or grouj) detached, it must of course
be an oval or a circle : indeed, these ovals, circles, and parallel lines arc
" the sins which most easily beset" a ganlener. lie is so much accus-
tomed to them from his first entrance into horticultural life, that it is a
miracle if he escape their trannnels. Surely a continual play of outline,
without adhering to any jjarticular figure (except in the case of parterres
anil works avowedly artificial), is more in accordance with natiu'e, and at
the same time more graceful. The margin of grass also (whilst it must
remain an edging), cut ofi" by this st\le, adds to the elegance of the scene.

However, I protest against the continuance of formal edgings to shrub-
beries after the i)riucipal object is attained, of well covering the soil with
elegance of form and beauty of tints; and I enter fully into the spirit of
your observations to that ctiect, as expressed in your INlagazine (Vol. VII.

f. 5+3.). In planting the banks of water, if picturesque effect is desired,
am satisfied that the readiest way to obtain it, as far as trees and shrubs
are concerned, is by thick planting; for pendulous forms are, beyond doubt,
indisi)ensable in this situation. I wonder much that such other accompani-
ments as Uvedalu Price recommends are not more frecjuently attempted.
Surely there are tasteful hands engaged in our profession, which could
accomplish such matters. I own it would be rather daring : but whilst
such materials as ponderous fragments of stone, and large roots or mossy
trunks of trees are at hand, with a fine variety of rock plants and climbers,
to effect a partial concealment ; whilst the soil can be undulated, and trees
be made to grow in almost any position, surely the difficulties should not
be considered as insurmountable.

In the formation of walks, I have generally found that those which area
trifle below the level of the grass which bounds them always look most
graceful to the eye ; and then, by levelling the turf, and causing the margin,
as it were, to die into the walk, those stiff', deep, i'ormal eilgings, of which
you so justly complain, will be tlone away with. There should be no
perfect levels longitudinally, if they can be avoided. The wet will of
course hang sluggishly on such walks ; whilst, by gradual undulations length-
wise, a very slight convexity of surface will be sufficient.

I remain. Sir, yours, &c.
Oullon Park Gardctm, Xuv.8. 1631. Robert Erri.ngton.

Akt. IX. Notices of large Trees in iheUnited States atid in Canada.
Communicated by James Mease, Esq. JNI.D., Philadclpliia.

TnK «;rcat elm of Boston Common is 22 ft. in circum-
ferencc. The Charter oak, in Hertford, Connecticut, 22 ft.
An elm at Northampton, Massachusetts, is 21 ft. ; another
22 ft. ; and a third, 28 ft. in circumference. An ehn at Spring-
field, Mass., is 22;j ft. and one 25^ It. in circumlerenee. A white
j)ine[/'inus^'trol)us] on the Kaalskill Mountains, New York, is
'M-1 ft. long. (Dr. Dwight's Travels, vol. iv. p. 21.) On the
Unadilla, Dr. Dwight mentions pine trees 3 ft. in diameter,

in the Untied States and in Canada. 155

and 200 ft. high by estimation, p. 26. A button-wood (Pla-
tanus occidentahs), in Jefferson, Cayuga County, New York,
on the Montezuma estate, is 472 ft* in circumference; the
diameter of the hollow upwards of ] 5 ft., 2 ft. above the
ground. (Med. Rep. Nets) York, vol. iv. p. 427.)* A live
oak at Dr. Rhode's, Beaufort, South Carolina, has a stem
32ft. 5 in. in circumference; distance to a branch, 14ft. : it
is nearly of the same thickness the whole length of the tree.

An elm at Johnstown, near Providence, Rhode Island, at
2 ft. from the ground, is 24 ft. in circumference ; at 4 ft.,
21 ft. : it has eight main branches. In Aurelius, New York,
there is another elm 33 ft. in circumference. At Raleigh,
North Carolina, theie is an oak which, sixty years ago, was
so small, that the owner bent it down, and cut off the top :
in 1817, at the ground, it measured 25 ft. in girth, but as
high as trees are usually cut, 15 ft. At noon, the tree covers
with its shade a circumference of 333 ft.

A weeping elm ( U. americana), before the door of Thad-
deus Burr, Fairfield, Connecticut, a few years since, was
24 ft. round, at 1 ft. from the ground. A man, alive in 1807
(then 97 years old), planted it.

On the plantation of Mr. Adams, on the river Schuylkill,
is a button-wood tree, 27 ft. in circumference.

Michaux mentions that " SQ miles from Marcetta, in Ohio,
on the right-hand bank of the river, he measured a button-
wood, at 4 ft. from the surface, and found it 47 ft. in circum-
ference. It appeared to preserve the same dimensions to the
height of 15 or 20 ft.; and it then divided into many limbs
of proportional size." His host offered to show him others,
equally large, two or three miles off. He quotes his father's
journal, for another button-wood, which he saw in an island
in the Ohio, fifteen miles above the mouth of the Mushingum,
which, at 5 ft. from the ground, when the bark was smooth,
measured 40 ft. 4 in. in girth. {Journal, p. 92. Paris, 18.)
In his Memoir oji t/te Naturalisation in France of the American
Fruit Trees, Paris, 1805, he gives a large table of the heights
of various trees in North America.

In the first volume of the Memoirs of the Philadelphia
Society for promoting Agriculture is a paper, by the late John
Pearson, Esq., Senator of the Pennsylvania Legislature, on
the dimensions of numerous American trees, principally taken
by himself. This work is in the library of the British Board
of Agriculture, and of the London Horticultural Society.

Philadelphia, Sept. 20. 1829. J. M.

* Certified by eleven citizens.

154-

Tree Guard.

A paper published in Gore, Upper Canada, mentions a
pine tree now [1829] growing in that vicinity, which, about
a yard from the ground, measures 20^ ft. in circumference,
and appears to be but little less at the height of 60 or 70 ft.
Its whole height is estimated at 200 ft. It is known by the
name of the " Johnny Martin Pine," from the circumstance
of a Scotchman of that name, who once lived near it, always
stopping for a considerable time as he passed that way, and
viewing it with mute astonishment.

Art. X. Description of n Tree-Gnard in Use at Thainston, in
Aberdeenshire. By W. Taylor, Gardener, &c., to D. Forbes
Mitchell, Esq., of Thainston.

Sir,
This tree-guard {Jig. o6.) is made of Scotch pine, spruce,
or larch spires, sawn down the centre. The four upright

posts arc cliarred at the lower end, and sunk in the ground
15 in. or 18 in. Scotch pine lasts seven or eight years; larch
or spruce, ten years. The expense of each is from 2^. 6d.
to 3s. This tree-guard also answers for a stay to a newly
transplanted tree, which should be wound with straw rope
opposite the top of the guard, whcic the tree can be fixed hy
two cross bars and soft rope. I am, Sir, yours, &c.

Thainstoji, Sept. 15. 1830. Wm. Taylor.

Design f 07- a Fl&iver- Garden.

US

Art. XI. Design for a Flotver-Garden, intended for a particular
Situation near an old Mansion, xmth a List of Plants for Summer
Display. The Plan by C. D., and the List by Mr. George
Wood, Gardener to Thomas Hope, Esq. M.P., of Depedene,
Surrey.

Our readers, on turning to Vol. VII. p. 298., will find a
plan of a flower-garden in the ancient style, adapted to a very
peculiar situation, by C. D., with a list of plants by Mr. Baillie
of Dropmore. The plan now presented {fo^g. 37.) is by the
same artist, and for the same situation, but in a different style.
The mode of planting is also different; being calculated to
make a summer and autumnal display only, and not a display
during the whole year, like Mr. Baillie's list. Mr. Wood
having had great experience and success in this kind of flori-
culture, as the splendid groups in the sequestered valleys of
Depedene testify every summer, we consider this list likely to
prove generally useful to gardeners who have lawns to de-
corate. As it was made upwards of three years ago, it does
not, of coui'se, contain the newest things.

List of Shrubs and Plants to be trained against the Wall ( fig. 37. (/).

Bign6n?« grandiflora

radicans major

capreolata

capensis
Clematis flammula

florida

florida double
Passiflora racemosa caDruIea
-ffubus rosajfoliiis
^osa Banksia alba
lutea

yellow China

Boursaulti

Bengal florida

microphjlla

sanguinea

Barclayana

Watts's seedling

Champneyawa

animating

Drummond's seedling

Indica major
Acacia Jidibrissin
Chimonanthus fragrans
Piptanthus nepal^nsis

Magnolicr grandifldra

obovata

purpiu'ea

conspicua
Wistar/a Consequa?za

frutescens
Robinf« hispida

rosea
Sutherland/a frutescens
Berberis ^quifolium
Calycanthus floridus
Piinica Granatum
Cydonia j aponica

japonica alba
Rlbes sanguineum
iupinus arboreus
Bouvardi'a triphylla
^ristolochia sipho
Celastrus scandens
Z)aphne coliina

hjbrida
Salisbiin'a adiantifolia
Kern« japonica
Aucnba ya.'^omca.

Chrysanthemums, different sorts
Alstroemeria hirtella.

156

Design for a Flcfwer-Garden.

{ \

"0 4H -I'l ■-•1 x-i 11 A U

h— I 1 1 \ H^^^

Culture of Nelumbiums.

15%

Explanation of the letters on the plan. {fg. 37.)

a, Library. Z>, Music-room. c. Conservatory.

d, Kitchen-garden, enclosed by a wall with battlements.

e. Group of" one kind of plant, no matter what, separated
from the groups in the same compartment by lines of garden
pinks ; which plant is preferred in order that the division-lines
may be green all the winter.

J\ Lawn. g. Stokehole, with a pedestal and vase over.
h, A collection of i^^sa semperflorens, Noisetteawor, &c.
z, Arcades of trellis-work for creepers.
k, Sloping ascent to terrace-walk. /, Terrace-walk.

1. Ferbena Aublet/a

2. pulchella

3. Lamberti

4. chaniffidrifolia

5. Herbaceous plants

6. Calceolaria rugosa

7. Lavender

8. i?hus Cotinus, pegged down

9. Stock, red ten-weeks'

10. Fuchsia gracilis

11. Stock, white ten-weeks'

12. Delphinium grandiflorum

13. (Salvia splendens, pegged down

14. Fuchsffl microphjlla

15. Herbaceous plants

16. iupinus polyphy'Uus

17. polyphyllus albus

18. Lobeh'« cardinalis

19. Collection of varieties of hearts-

ease

20. ^sclepia? tuberosa

21. Herbaceous plants

22. Carnations

23. French marigold

24. Red Chinese aster

25. African marigold

26. Clarkk pulchella

27. Petunia nyctaginiflora

28. Jnchusa paniculata or italica

29. Calliopsis bicolor (Coreopsis

tinctoria)

30. ^nagallis Webbiawa

31. fruticosa

32. 77eliotr6pium peruvianum

33. Scarlet pelargoniums

34. i/eliotropium corymbosum

35. Herbaceous plants
iy'chnis fulgens
Mignonette, i?eseda odorata
Georginas, dwarf varieties
Jgeratum mexicanum
Lobelift fulgens

syphilitica

42. Lupinus mutabilis

43. Variegated pelargoniums
44'. (Salvia fulgens, pegged down

45. Eschscholtzfa californica

46. Pseonia, all the species and va-

rieties of

47. Herbaceous plants

48. Herbaceous plants.

Art. XII. On the Culture of Neliimhiums. By C.

The Nelumhium speciosum should be planted about the
beginning of May in England. The seeds should have a small
hole filed in the shell at the end opposite to the point, and
should be then put into a basin of water, and kept warm for
a few days, either by putting them in the sun, or near a stove.
In about ten days the seed will have made its first leaf, which
comes out some days before the root fibre ; it may then be
planted in a tub of mud, and placed in a green-house, from
which the plants have been removed. The tub should be about
3 ft. wide by half that depth, filled with mud to within about

15a

Cullttre of Nelumhiiims.

5 in, of the top of tlic tub, the remaining space to be occupied
with water. The ))art of the tub covered with water should
be painted, to prevent the growth of conferva^ which are very
destructive to the young phxnts. As confervas grow rapidly
in still water in any warm place, the top of the nuid should be
covered with fine sand for about an inch ; and when the water
is changed, which it should be twice a week, this sand should
be slightly moved about, and the inside of the tub, as far as
the water goes, rubbed ; fresh water should be poured in from
a pot with a rose. This should be done early in the morning.
As the voung leaves appear they should be bent down with
a stone to the surface of the sand, till tlie stalk has extended
itself long enough for the leaves to remain on the water ; for
if this were not done, as the plants grow naturally in water
several feet deep, the young leaves would soon rise through
the few inches of water at the toj) of the tub, and would get
withered by the sun. The nelunibium has two sorts of leaves ;
one weak, which rests always on the surface of the water, and
the other much stronger, which rises above it. The weak
leaves are those first })roduced ; after about a month, when the
tub is covered with these, the stronger leaves appear, and rise
out of the water 2 or 3 ft. high. {Jig. 38.) The plants then

require much less care, as the
green slime (confervae) does
not grow readily when the
water is shaded by the leaves.
They should be kept as nearly
as possible in a temperature
of from 75° to 80° of Fahren-
heit; that is, by day: but at
night the house should, v.hen
the weather is not very cold,
be left (juite open, also some-
times in the day, during rains.
It would be as well to white-
wash the inside of the glass,
as any knots in it would burn
the tentler leaves. Towards
the middle of September they
shoukl be iimred gradually lo
^ the open air ; and by the end

-"^^^^ of the month the tubs may be
ail-, and left there without any covering till
'1 he frost has no effect on the roots.
The following spring they should be jnit into another tub
newly painted inside as before, with one half fresh earth. The.

phiccd III llic (>j)iii
the followiiiir spring

Culture of BrugmansiQ, arhbrea. 153

nelumbium grows and flowers abundantly when planted in
tubs in Italy, care being taken with the young plants as
above. From the want of some such care in England, the
young plants are generally lost, and the plant is seldom seen
in collections, though probably any one possessing a green-
house might rear it to perfection. The rose-coloured nelum-
bium and the yellow nelumbium flower and seed abundantly
in Italy, and are both fragrant and beautiful. It is to be re-
gretted, that, as there are many varieties of nelumbium in
China, more of the seeds are not sent to Europe. The double
white and double crimson varieties appear of surpassing beauty,
from the drawings made of them in China. The seeds will
keep fresh any length of time.

Mila7i, 1831. C.

Art.'XIII. Oti the Cultivation of Brngmans'm arboren {siiaveolens^
in a Conservatory. By Mr. James Arnold, Gardener at Grove
House, Cheshunt.

Sir,

Mr. Gibson having treated of the cultivation of small
plants in pots (Vol. II. p. 145.), I now send you my man-
ner of managing large ones planted out in the conservatory.
In June, 1829, I had a plant of brugmansia given me, struck
from an eye, as Mr. Gibson recommends. I took it home,
and planted it in the conservatory, and the same summer it
had on it 54 flowers at one time. Early in the sprirjg of
1830 I cut it down before the sap was in motion, about
6 in. from the ground ; and in June following it had on it
4 flowers, in August 74 flowers, and by the latter end of
September 200 flowers ; though I had the misfortune to get
a branch broken off' through the weight of flower buds on it.
In the spring of 1831, I cut it down as before, but about 2in.
hio-her ; in June the plant had on it 7 flowers, in August
86 flowers, and in October 355 flowers. This plant was
greatly admired by all who saw it.

I attribute its flowering so profusely to cutting it down,
and keeping it well supplied with liquid manure; for if this
plant get once dry, so as to flag, it very much retards its
growth, and injures its flowering. As the conservatory at
this place is attached to the house, the family used to set the
door open to admit the fragrance of the flowers into their
apartments. I have been told that the brugmansia cannot be
kept clean ; but I have always kept it clean by sprinkling it
about twice in the summer with tobacco water: keep the plant

1 60 Volt/gala cordif., Eiilaxia mipilf., Pliren6coma iiroVif.

in a flourishiiiir state, aiul it will take but little trouble to
keep it clean. It deliirlits in a rich soil, with plenty of room
for its roots, and as no plant bears the knife better, it can
always be kept within bounds. No plant strikes more freely
from eyes, cut like those of the vine. I do not state this for
professional men, but for those who, like myself, liave to
•rather our knowledge by bits and scraps from your Magazine,
and such publications as come in our way. The Cineraria is
an almost neglected genus of plants, though they make such
a gay appearance in the early months of spring, with other
spring-flowering plants. I am, Sir, yours, &c.

Grove House, C/wskunf, James Arnold.

Feb. 19. 1832.

Art. XIV. On the Propagation and Culture of Volygala cordi-
fulia, Eutaxia myrtifuUa, and Phcenocoma prolifera. By Mr.
J. NicoLLES, Gardener to R. Pettiward, Esq., Finborough Hall,
Suffolk.

Sir,

The following remarks relative to the propagation of tlie
above-named plants may be of service to amateurs. Prac-
tical gardeners may also find them useful with regard to other
plants, which, like these, are subject to damp oil' in a frame
with dung heat; and which, therefore, will alone succeed under
the following treatment. The method I adopt is, as soon as
the parent plants make shoots about three (juarters of an inch
in length, say about the middle of February, I take off
cuttings, and insert them in white sand, placing them under a
bell glass, in a house kept usually at GO^ or 65° of heat ; taking
care to put the cuttings in as soon as they are made, ancl
watering them as they become dry : in course of six weeks
they will be fit to pot off, and will, by the end of summer, make
good plants, which will {)robably begin to flower in autumn.

Eugcin/a australis deserves a place in every collection of
green-house plants. I planted one in the bed of a conserva-
tory three years ago, which grew, in two years, to the height
of 11' ft., when I was obliged to stoj) it, as it reached the roof.
It has ever since been loailed with fruit, which, varying in
colour from a deep crimson to a pure white, and contrasting
with its deep green foliage, renders it a beautiful object during
winter, particularly by candlelight. The plant grows faster
than the conunon myrtle in loam and peat mixed, or in either
of these soils and leaf mould. I am, Sir, yours, &.c.

Finborough lloll, Dec. 22. 1831. J. Nicolles.

Culture of Pelargoniums. 161

Art. XV. A Method of cultivating Pelargoniums, as practised at
Horsforth Hall Gardens. By Mr. Thomas Appleby.

Sir,

In describing new methods of cultivating fruits, vegetables,
or flowers, it may very probably happen that different persons
may at the same time have made the same discoveries, and be
using the very same means with equal success; yet, as it must
be allowed that a great many cultivators follow the same
beaten track of gardening that their forefathers have done,
without once thinking it possible to improve it, I think it
advisable for every gardener to communicate the results of
his own experience. It is for this reason that I ofi^er you the
following remarks on growing pelargoniums ; for though there
may, no doubt, be many (especially in the nurseries near Lon-
don) who practise the same method as myself, I can only say
that, as they have not described that method in the Gardener's
Magazine, I hope they will not be offended if 1 attempt to do
so, and by that means make it more generally known.

The sorts I subject to this peculiar treatment are those
splendid garden varieties of Pelargonium, quinquelobum,
zonale, and cucullatum, so generally known, and commonly
called geraniums. About the 1st of Julv, I take cuttino-s with
three joints, from the sorts I wish to increase ; and with a
sharp knife I pare off" the bottom leaves quite close to the
stem, and finish preparing the cutting by a clean cut across
the bottom joint. The pots to receive them are then made
ready : they should be about 9 in. in diameter, and be filled
within an inch of the rim with a compost of rotten leaves,
loam, and peat, in equal parts ; and the remaining inch with
pure virgin loam, which, if it be not naturally light, may be
made so by the addition of some clean pit sand. The cut-
tings are then put in, close to the pot side, with a small dib-
ber, and are pressed pretty tight, giving a good watering, and
placing them in a frame facing the south. The size of the
frame, of course, should be in proportion to the number of
pots. In sunny weather my plants are shaded from nine
o'clock till three, or as circumstances require. When they
have been in about ten days, a little air is given to them, by
propping up the lights behind ; any dead or mouldy leaves
are carefully picked off*, and, if they require it, a little water
is given, without wetting the leaves. As soon as the cuttings
are rooted, they are potted into large 60-pots, in pure light
loam, and replaced in the frame, which is kept close for a few
days, and shaded until they have struck fresh roots, gradually
inuring them to the open air. The lights are then drawn off"

Vol. VII I. — No. 37. m

162 Culture of Pelargoniums.

every mild da}', until it is necessary, on account of frost, to
place tliem in the green-liouse ; after which, regular atten-
tion is given as to watering, ])icking ofl" decaying leaves,
smoking with tobacco when needfid to destroy aphides, and
admitting as much air as possible every mild day.

The plants are now of short stunted growth, and in March
some early sorts will show flower-buds. Towards the latter
end of the month some rich compost is prepared as follows;
viz. take equal parts of vegetable mould, good loam, and v.-ell
rotted cow dung, at least a year old, aiul mix the whole well
together, but do not sift it, and put it under cover a few days
to dry. The plants are then brought into the potting shed,
and are shifted into pots 6 in. in diameter. While they are
out, the green-house is well cleaned, white- w\ished, &c. The
plants are then arranged as widely as possible; a little extra-
heat is given, with abundance of water, and air, as the season
advances.

The progress they now make is quite surprising ; and fine,
stiff, bushy plants, covered in profusion with large bunches
of finely coloured flowers, richly reward the cultivator with all
their beauties, for his care and attention.

When the bloom, or most of it, is over, they are turned
out of their pots, and planted in the flower-garden or shrub-
bery, in clumps or irregular masses, where they ornament the
scene, during the summer and autumnal months, until the
frost kills them.

The essentials in this mode of treatment are, — striking
cuttings in July every year, which prevents the plants getting
too large; potting, when struck, in small pots and poor soil;
shifting in spring into large })Ots and very rich compost ; and
planting out or throwing away in summer.

I am. Sir, yours, &c.
Horsforth Hall, Nov. 1. 1831. Tiios. Appleby.

Art. XVI. On the Culture of Ptlar<roniums. By Robert Elliot,
Gardener to William Hartley, Esq., llosc Hill, near Wliite-
liaven.

Sir,
Tin: pelargonium is one of the greatest ornaments of the
flowiM-'farden ; and when ihe length of time it continues in
flower is considei'cd, the endless variety now cultivated, and
the many new and beautiful kinds annually raised from seed;
it becomes a subject well worth eiujuiry, iiow this plant may

Culture of Pelargoniums. 163

be raised in the best and clieapest manner possible. Durinj^
a period of many years, it never occurred to me that pelargo-
niums could be preserved during the winter months, in this
northern climate, without the assistance of artificial heat ; but
liaving now discovered a means of conquering this difficulty,
I take the liberty to lay before you a statement of the method
I have practised for the last three years with complete success.
It is necessary, in the first place, to be provided with a
light garden frame, which may vary in size, according to cir-
cumstances, or the number of plants required. The one I use
for this purpose at present is 4'|ft. by 2|, 20 in. deep in the
back, and 18 in. in front; which will contain seventy or eighty
plants in small pots. — The most common method of raising
the plants is by cuttings. In Ma}', June, or July, I take the
cuttings off' at the third joint, and pot them in small pots one in
each, in rich loam, mixed with about one third of vegetable
mould ; I then place the frame on a south border, in a free
open situation, on the common soil, and put the pots in it,
sliading them with a mat for a few days, and giving little or
no air for a week. I afterwards increase the quantity of
water gradually, giving a little more every time till they are
able to stand the sun without flagging in t!ie leaf. I con-
tinue watering them gently until they are well rooted, and
then remove them into the open air, to stand, during sum-
mer, on a good gravel walk, or an open space covered with
coal ashes, to prevent worms from getting into the pots.
When the plants begin to grow freely, I pinch off* the top
shoots, by which means they send out side shoots ; otherwise
each plant will invariably send up only one, which looks naked
and unsightly ; whereas, a plant low and full of foliage lias
a handsome appearance, and flowers freely. — Some of the
more tender and delicate kinds of pelargonium may be
propagated by cuttings of the roots an inch long. Plant these
round the side of the pot an inch apart, leaving the eighth
of an inch of soil above them. Set them in the frame, and
when they have pushed a little, plant them in separate pots,
giving air and water regularly ; when they have grown a few
inches, remove them into the open air, and treat them in the
same manner as plants raised from cuttings. — Seeds may be-
ripened well in the open air, from plants kept in pots ; but
those transplanted into the borders (growing very vigorously)
seldom produce good seed. Sow the seed in March, in soil
similar to that recommended for the cuttings, adding a little
sand to it ; place the pots in the frame a {q\\ inches from the
glass, and, when about 2 in. high, plant them in separate
pots; let them remain in the frame till well rooted, and

M 2

164 Culture of Pelargoniums.

then remove them into the open air to remain during sum-
mer. Plants thus raised will flower well the second year, and
many new and beautiful varieties may be obtained.

Plants ke|)t long in pots "row naked and stunted, and require
to be headed down to within a few inches of the pot ; when this
is done, set them in the shade, and give no water for a week
before and one after the operation; this prevents the plants
from bleeding, which often destroys them altogether. About
the latter end of October, or on the first appearance of frost,
the plants raised from seed, from cuttings, or from roots, and
kept in small pots during summer, should be j^laced in the
frame, with a few inches of coal ashes below the pots to j^re-
vent the plants from suffering from damp during winter.
Shut up the frames closely at night, and give air freely
during the day. As the winter advances, give water sparingly;
and pick off' all decayed leaves as they appear. Cover all
round the frame with about a foot of soil pressed close, and
nearly level with the glass; sloping a little, to carry off the
wet. When the frost sets in, cover with mats at night ; and
when the weather is very severe, use a straw mat, and over
all a wooden shutter, a little larger than the frame. Give air
every day when mild, and in severe weather uncover the
frame when the sun's rays fall upon it, taking care to cover
when the sun leaves it in the evening. As the spring advances,
give air more freely, by sliding down the sash altogether in
the daytime, to prepare the plants for being tiu'ned out of
the pots, and transplanted into the flower-garden ; which
may be done about the beginning of May, if the weather is
seasonable. Let them be planted about '2 ft. apart. They will
come into flower by the latter end of May, and continue to
flower with great beauty and splendour until the latter end of
October.

In IS.'jO, at Rose Hill, the pelargoniums continued to
flower until the middle of November. IJy this method a con-
stant supply may be kept up, at a very moderate expense.
When large i)lanls are wanted, such as have been transplanted
during summer may be taken up carefully about the be-
ginning of October, and planted in large pots. I'lu^'y should
then be set in the shade for a week or two, and given water
plentifully. Plants treated in this way fre(juently flower all
the winter, but generally come into flower by the beginning
of March. Uobert Elliott.

Roie Hill, near WJtitehavcn,
March 31. 1831.

Apples near Kilkenny. 165

Art. XVII. A Descriptive List of such Apples as have been found
to succeed in the Neighbourhood of Kilkenny* in Ireland. By
Mr. John Robertson, F.H.S., Nurseryman there.

Sir,
Your call on your friends in the different quarters of
the United Kingdom, to supply you with lists of the fruits
most in esteem there, was well conceived, and, if attended to,
would render a valuable service to that branch of horticulture,
by pointing out to others placed under similar circumstances
the sorts most likely to succeed in their own situationsf ; and

* Fynes Moryson, secretary to Lord Deputy Mountjoy, in his Itinerary
written 1598, says of Kilkenny: —

" It is a pleasant town, the chief of the towns inland ; memorable for
the civility of the inhabitants, the husbandman's labour, and the pleasant
orchards." Some of these orchards were planted by the monks previously to
the year 1500, in the abbey gardens. These have all perished, or have been
destroyed ; the last tree was blown down in a storm a few years hence, and had
only the bark of the stem remaining to support its head, and yet bore abund-
antly ; it was the smaller Summer Bon Chretien. Others which were planted
on the banks of the Nore, and are nearly of the same standing, still remain
in all the vigour of a healthy old age. One of them, about three quarters
of an acre, is leased at 50 guineas a year rent; a tree in it, of the Sad-
ler's Jack Pear, bears one year with another 20,000 fruit. These orchards
mostly consist of pears: Chisel, Cuisse Madame, Bon Chretien, the Old
Catherine, and Autumn or Kilkenny Bergamot, which in this place is
famous for its superior flavour.

Kilkenny lies in north latitude 52° 35', west longitude 7° 25'; about 40 miles
from the sea coast, and 500 ft. above its level. The soil in its neighbour-
hood is calcareous, for the most part gravelly, and seated on a gravelly
subsoil, or one of gravelly loam, under which in most directions limestone
rock may be met with. It possesses, also, strips of rich alluvial soil on the
banks of the Nore, on which some of its best orchards are to be found,
though planted two or three hundred years back.

These soils are upon the whole eminently favourable to the flavour of
fruit ; but the climate, like that of the rest of Ireland, is adverse. High
winds and heavy rains are frequent, and its cloudy skies and moist
hazy atmosphere permit the direct radiant rays of the sun to penetrate
them but feebly. From the observations which I made in the year 1828
(and the heat of that year may be taken as an average), I found that the
mean of maximum heat, taken at 1 P. M. in the shade, during the months
of April, May, June, July, August, and September, which are the most
influential on the ripening of fruit, was 62° Fahr. ; while that of the radiant
sun heat taken at the same period in an open situation was but 67° ; an
excess of no more than about -^. The mean heat of the earth, 2 ft. deep,
was 57° ; and though only about one degree more to the north than Lon-
don, our fruits ripen a fortnight later, a month later than those of Paris, and
about a week earlier than those of Edinburgh. The grape, which ripens
on the open walls much farther north in England, though it sometimes
colours, yet, to my recollection, never ripened in the same situation but in
the years 1825 and 1826. Of the apple (though not numerous) we have
some fine old Irish varieties, not excelled by any of modern introduction.

t Fruits transferred from their favourite situations to a warmer cli-
mate usually degenerate towards the extreme of mealiness ; to a colder

M 3

16G List of Apples found to succeed

experience has proved that every variety of fruit has a j)e-
ciiliar locality of soil and climate, in which it arrives at its
hiLjliost perfection, and that if removed to another (even
tlioiiirh siijK'rior in fertility, if it be less suitable) it often de-
generates and becomes worthless, and its former high charac-
ter proves but a source of disappointment. This 1 have found
to be the case in numerous instances of fruits which were in
the highest repute in France and England, and I have
spared neither trouble nor expense to procme such from every
quarter as might prove an accpiisition to this country. Dis-
appointments of this nature, such local returns as you require
would go far to remedy, if accompanied by accurate notices
of the circumstances under which the fruits are placed ; and
I here endeavour to redeem my pledije iriven to that effect,
by sendmg you a list of such sorts of apjiles as I have found
by experience to answer best in this neighbourhood, uniting
tlie essential requisites of good (lualily and abundant pro-
duce, and purpose a continuation of the other kinds of fruit,
until the series shall be complete.

As a dry enumeration of name"?, in the present confused
state of fruit nomenclature, would be of little avail, I shall
add to them such descriptions as may serve to identify the
variety, by selecting its most striking characters ; and, to avoid
occuj)ying your space uimecessarily, shall omit such others
as are of minor importance. In order to facilitate that object,
I have also divided these apples under three distinct heads;
and each variety will follow in succession, according to its
order of ripening, so as to form an assortment of the choicest
kinds for each season, suflicient for every useful purpose * ;
but as a greater number may be desirable, I have added a
sup{)lementary list of such as 1 conceive next in (juality ; and
shoidd far! her exj)erience enable me to enlarge it to advan-
tage, I shall be anxious to counnunicate the result.

It would be liighly desirable that an effort should be made
to renovate the very useful dwarf stock called the Dutch Para-
dise, or wliat the French call the Douciii, as it appears to be
fast degenerating to old age and canker. This individual variety
existed before Miller; it niay be renewed from seed, and, 1
am persuailed, with all its former, and perhaps with new, good
(jualities. A|)ple trees raised from the seetl often |)resent a
striking resemblance to the parent stock, both in their habits
of growth and in their fruit.

cliiDiitL', towards that of" acitlity or insipidity ; and, vice versa, when re-
moved to such as arc more fittini;, they improve.

* Should a .still narrower selettiou of the l)est hearing apples be required
for a very suiall garden, tlit-y arc marked with a star.

in the Neighbourhood of Kilkenny. 167

Early Apples, f

1. * Scarlet Eve (Early Margaret of the London Hort.
Soc. Catalogue). — A middle-sized oval fruit, flattish at the
eye and stalk. Eye shallow and wrinkled. Stalk short, in-
serted in a shallow cavity. Sides slightly angular. Ground
colour when ripe, a yellowish green in the shade, to the sun
a bright crimson marked with darker streaks and some russet
about the stalk. Flesh whitish, sometimes tinted with red
next the skin; crisp and juicy; flavour saccharine, pleasantly
acidulated, and accompanied by a perfumed odour. Ripe
the earlier part of August. The tree is middle-sized, grows
erect, and bears well. One of the earliest, and the best
apple of the season : we reckoned it an Irish fruit, but it
has been so long and universally known, that its origin is
doubtful.

2. *Oslin Apple. — A middle-sized roundish oblate fruit.
Eye wide and shallow, its calyx often prominent, and a little
wrinkled. Stalk short, inserted in a wide and shallow cavity.
Sides sometimes slightly angular. Surface when ripe a
bright yellow speckled with russet, which is also clouded
about the stalk. Flesh yellowish, crisp, and juicy; flavour
delicate, sugary, and aromatic. Ripe the end of August. An
excellent fruit, of Scotch origin. The tree is dwarfish in its
growth, makes erect shoots of a light grey colour, has leaves
of a light, green, and is an abundant bearer.

3. Red Astrachan. — Above the middle size. Roundish, a
little flatted at the ends. Sides irregular. Eye broad and
deep, but closed by the calyx, and uneven on the edge.
Stalk short, and deeply sunk in an angular cavity. Surface
of a deep cherry red to the sun, covered with a purplish
bloom, and yellowish mixed with a lighter red to the shade.
Flesh very white, tinted with red next the skin, firm, juicy,
and well flavoured. A beautiful fruit, originally from Russia,
and ripe the end of August. The tree grows strong and erect,
and is a good bearer.

4. Peach Apple. — An Irish fruit, somewhat above the
middle size ; its transverse diameter greatest. Sides irregular,

\ The selection given is classed under three heads : early fruit, which
ripen on the tree from July to the end of October ; middle season fruit,
which are in use from October to the end of January; and late keeping
fruit, from January to the return of the season. I term those fruits small
which do not exceed 2 in. in diameter; middle-sized, between 2 and 3;
and large, such as are 3 in. and upwards. The terms designating the shape,
must be understood with some latitude: precision cannot be attained; and
in this, the most uncertain of all uncertain climates, one season often
proves a fortnight Or three weeks earlier or later than another.

168 List of Apples found to succeed

and ol)tiisely aii<;ular. Kyc wrinkled and hollow. Stalk
short, and planted in a shallow cavity. Skin of a bright red
to the sun ; yellowisli, marbled with a duller red, from it.
Flesh soft, juic}', and sugary, llipe the end of August, some-
times in use to the end of September. One of the best ap-
ples of its season. The tree grows flat-headed, and makes
slender declining wood ; it is very healthy, and bears abun-
dantly, but principally on the extremities, which renders it
fitter for an untrained form than for a trained espalier.

5. * Kerry Pippin. — A roundish oval apple, about the
middle size, with smooth sid^s, sometimes warted, often
nippled at the stalk, which is slender, about 1 in. long, and
set in a moderate cavity. E^'e broad, shallow, and wrinkled.
Ground colour a bright yellow pi})ped all over, and lightly
tinted with red to the sun. Flesh yellow, crisp, and juicy.
Flavour sugary and delicate. Ripe in September, and in
use to the end of October. An excellent and much admired
Irish fruit. The tree makes erect shoots, downy, and, when
vigorous, full of spurs; is healthy, and a great bearer.

6. * Aromatic Russet ( Spice Ajiple of the Hort. Soc.
Catalogue). — A middle-sized conic fruit, broadest at the
base. Sides obtusely angular. Eve wide, shallow, and
mucli ribbed. Stalk long, slender, and set in a deep cavity.
The skin, when ripe, a greenish yellow in the shade, to the
light a dull red or cinnamon colour, interspersed with much
russet throughout. Flesh white, soft, and juicy. Flavour
rich, saccharine, and highly aromatic. Ripens in September,
and continues in use throughout October; it is one of the
best ajiples in the season, and is here a universal favourite.
To its other good qualities it adds those of being a bearer
that rarely fails, and a tree healthy in every situation; it
makes slender declining shoots.

Kitchen Apples of the same Period^ in Succession, as they
ripen. — * Keswick Codlin, Manks Codlin, Kilkenny Scarlet
Codlin, and *IIawth()rnden ; all well sized, and great bearers.

Suj)plrmenlanj Table Fruit. — Juneating, early in August;
Sununer Golden I'ipjjin, end of August ; Sugarloaf Pippin,
August and Se[)tember ; Bell's Scarlet, or Scarlet Pearmain
of Horticultural Catalogue, but not of Ireland, September
and October. Orange Apjile of the Isle of Wight, Septem-
ber and October.

Middle Season Apples.
1. White Russet. — A large fruit of an irregular shape, ap-
proaching to oblate rotund. Sides unequal, obtusely angular.
Eye large and furrowed. Stalk short, inserted in a large

in the Neighbourhood of Kilkenny. 169

cavity. Ground colour greenish yellow, clouded with russet
and whitish blotches, often delicately tinted with a light
blush to the sun. Flesh pale yellow, soft, and mellow;
flavour rich and saccharine. In use in October and Novem-
ber, sometimes in December. A fine Irish apple of the first
quality, and in great esteem here. The tree grows erect,
makes strong shoots of a light giey colour, and has leaves of
a pale green ; it is rather a tliin bearer, but makes ample
amends by the size and richness of its fruit.

2. Scarlet Qiieening. — About the middle size, conic,
broadest at the base. Sides irregular. Eye small, deep,
and wrinkled. Stalk long, set in a large cavity. Ground
colour yellow, blotched, and streaked with red. Flesh firm
and juicy ; flavour saccharine and aromatic. A good fruit ;
in use in October and November. The tree bears well.

3. Scarlet Crqfton. A middle-sized flatted apple with
circular sides, and a wide and shallow eye, wrinkled and
sunk in the head. Stalk short, and set in a shallow cavity.
Skin of a bright red to the sun, and yellowish green from it,
streaked with russet. Flesh yellowish, tender, crisp, and
juicy, never mealy ; flavour sugary, vinous, and often aromatic.
An excellent Irish fruit, which has no superior in its season ;
it is in use from October to the end of January, and makes
a choice cider. The tree grows flat-headed, with rough,
speckled, slender shoots, which bear towards the extremities:
this habit, which has a tendency to render the centre of an
espalier bare, fits it rather for a standard ; as such it bears
abundantly.

4. *Sain Young. — This is a small flattish apple, with an eye
remarkably wide, from which the remains of its calyx project;
its stalk is short, and inserted in a small cavity. Ground
colour yellow, reddish to the sun, mixed with russet, and
interspersed with ruddy specks. Flesh yellow, firm, and
mellow ; flavour rich and saccharine. In use from October
to Januarj^ An Irish fruit greatly in esteem, but subject to
crack from overbearing, unless thinned out. The tree grows
dwarfish and spreading, and is very healthy ; its leaves are
more lucid than ordinary on the upper surface.

5. Margil. — A middle-sized conic apple, slightly angular
on the sides. Eye wrinkled and small. Stalk slender and
deeply set. Surface bright yellow, striped and marbled with
red to the sun, sprinkled with darker specks, and a little
russet about the stalk and eye. Flesh yellowish, firm, and
juicy; flavour vinous, sugary, and piquante. A fruit of the
very highest rank in this period of good apples. In use from
October to February. The tree grows healthy, and bears

1 70 List of Apples found to succeed

well ; makes delicate diveri^injij wood, very downy and
full of spurs, and has small lanceolate leaves with long foot-
stalks.

6. *Court\i:iclc Pippin. — On oval fruit, below tlie middle
size; head flatted. Sides smooth, and soineiinies warted.
Eye lar<fe, shallow, sunk, and a little indented. Stalk short,
set in a wide cavity, and olten oblicjue. Skin yellow, mixed
with russet, and ruddy to the sun. Flesh of a rich yel-
low when ripe, crisp, and juicy; flavour saccharine, relieved
by an agreeable acid. An excellent apple ; in use from Oc-
tober to February. The tree makes slender and erect wood,
is healthy, and an abundant bearer.

Kitchen Apples. — Leixlip, in use to December; Alexander,
to January; * Beauty of Kent, to February; Cathead, to
March ; Scarlet Admirable and Golden Noble, to March : all
large fruit and good bearers.

Supplement a nj Talde Fruit. — Yellow Ingestrie, October to
November; \\\jrmsley Pipj)in, October to November ; Down-
ton Pippin, October to January; Bradtlick's Nonpareil,
November to February; Golden lleinette, November to
February ; Scarlet Nonjiareil, November to February.

Latest Keeping Apples.

1. Ross No7ipareil. — A middle-sized roundish apple.
Sides smooth, sometimes warted. Eye shallow. Stalk about
1 in. long, deeply inserted. Surface when ripe yellowish,
nearly covered with russet, and a deep red with darker stripes
to the sun. Flesh whitish and firm ; flavour sugary and
perfumed. In use from November to jNIarch. An Irish
fruit, in great request here. The tree makes slender wood,
spreads in its head, grows healthy, and is a great bearer.

2. Ribston Pippin. — A large, oblate, rotund apple; with
angular sides, and eye deeply furrowed and closed by the
calyx. Stalk short, sometimes elbowed, and deeply inserted.
Skin yellow, spotted and stripetl with bright red to the sun,
and blotched with russet, jiarticularly at the eye and stalk.
Flesh yellow and firm, sometimes coarse; flavour saccharine
and aromatic. A valuable fruit, that maintains its good
qualities in almost every situation. The tree grows spread-
ing ; its shoots are strong, and very downy at the extremities.
This apple is in use from Noveiiil)er to April. It possesses
so many features in common with the Margil, that it seems
most probable that it derives its origin from it; but though
it has the advantage in many other respects, yet 1 think that
hi flavour it is inferior.

Beaucliampxvcll Seedling. — Below the middle size, oval.

in the Neighbourhood of Kilkenny. 171

Eye prominent, but placed in a shallow basin. Stalk short,
I)lanted in a deep, but narrow, cavity. Surface uniform.
Ground colour yellowish green, reddish to the sun, inter-
spersed with darker spots. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, saccha-
rine, and high flavoured. Keeps to April, and bears abun-
dantly. Wood erect, brownish, and downy ; leaves small
and oblong, with footstalks long and slender. A choice
apple even in bad seasons.

4. Green Nonpareil. — A middle-sized, roundish, oblate
apple. Sides smooth. Eye shallow. Stalk slender, inserted
in a wide and shallow cavity, sometimes elbowed. Surface
a yellowish green and dull red to the sun, clouded with rus-
set, and marked with dark specks. Flesh ciisp and juicy ;
flavour saccharine, aromatic, and piquante. The tree makes
slender erect shoots, striated or furrowed at the extremities;
leaves long oval, with long footstalks. A good bearer, but
apt to canker in old garden ground ; yet it is a fruit of such
superior excellence and high repute, that it cannot be omitted
here. In use from December to May.

5. *Sijke House Russet. — Below the middle size, in shape
flattish. Eye wide. Stalk short, inserted in a shallow cavity.
Ground colour yellowish green, much clouded with russet,
and of a dull red to the sun. Flesh yellowish and firm, but
mellow ; flavour sugary combined with a pleasing acid. An
excellent apple, that is in use from December to May. The
tree grows spreading, makes gross wood, is healthy, and a
great bearer.

6. * Prickly Seedling. — A small round fruit with smooth
sides, sometimes nippled at the stalk, which is thick and set
in a wide cavity. Eye large and deep. Ground colour a
bright yellow, with a bright red superadded next the sun,
and russet about the stalk. The flesh yellow, juicy, and
mellow ; flavour saccharine and rich. In use in January,
and keeps to June. The tree grows erect, is very healthy,
and a great bearer.

7. Reinette Franche a Cotes. — A large oblong apple, with
obtusely angular sides. Eye very wide and deep, irregularly
furrowed. Stalk long and slender, deeply inserted. Skin
green until quite ripe, then yellowish, with some light reddish
stripes to the sun, and specked with russet about the eye and
stalk ; shrivels a little when perfectly ripe. The flesh is then
yellowish, juicy, firm, and mellow; flavour rich and sac-
charine. In use from Jamiary to July. A choice fruit,
placed by the French at the head of their best apples. The
tree grows very strong and erect, with shoots of a greenish
tint and a silky pubescence at their extremities ; it bears

172 Mode of fore in ii Cabbage Lettuce^

leaves of an oblong oval, with remarkably j^arallel sides, and
is an abundant bearer. There is another variety ot" the
R. Franche more round and fiat, and of the same quality;
but it has not yet borne fruit with me. The merit of these
latest fruits is very variable, being in a great degree depend-
ent on the fineness of the latter season, vviiich is naturally
inclement.

Kitchen Aj>j)h's. — Alfi'eston to May, very large and a
good bearer; * Northern Greening, a great bearer, in use to
May ; Royal Russet, a great bearer, to May ; • Hanwell
(Souring, a great bearer, in use to June ; French Crab,
Millmount Beanfin, and Norfolk Beaufin, great bearers,
that keep to August, and longer.

Supple men tnrij Table Fruit. — Dutch Mignonne, in use to
April ; Calville Blanche, to April ; Martin Nonpareil, to
May; Golden Harvey, to June; Lamb Abbey Pearmain,
to May ; Beauchami)well Seedling, to May ; all good
bearers. I remain, Sir, yours, &c.

KilkeniiTj., Jan. 16. 1831. John Robertson.

I have just received the last number of the Pomological
Magazine., in which the editors announce their intention of
suspending the publication. It is nuich to be regretted that
a work which has been so long a desideratum, and has been
so ably conducted, should even momentarily cease. If not
speedily resumed, it is to be hoped that the Horticultural
Society will in some shape supply the loss, if not by a con-
tinuation, it may at least by publishing a Catalogue taisonnee
of such varieties of fruit as have been proved in their garden.
Though the fruit de|)aitment has been held up as the most
important of the establishment, it, as yet, has been but lightly
touched on in the Transactions ,- but as a great proportion of
the collection must by this time have shown its merits, surely
our reports on the subject will in future be fuller and more
satisfactory. — J. If. [See the Catalogue, Skv. noticed p. 212.]

Art. XVIII. On a Mrthnd of forcing Cal)bage Lettuce, practised
for many Years at Long/eat, bif the late Mr. Rutger, Gardener
there. Communicated by his son, Mr. T. Hutgeh.

Sir,

The perusal of M. Lindegaard's article, inserted in

Vol. VI., p. 689., on the forcing of cabbage lettuce in

Holland, brings to my recollection the method taken by my

father, who lived five years in the neighbourhood of Amster-

practised at Longleat. 1 73

dam, where he gained the pi'incipal part of his knowledge in
gardening, and that of framing in particular. The only sort
he grew was the Hammersmith hardy, which, under his
treatment, far exceeded its usual size when grown in the open
ground. Other sorts were tried, but none found to equal
this: which perhaps may be accounted for by its being less
succulent than most of the other sorts, and thereby better
calculated to resist the ill effects of damp, or steam, which
might occasionally take place, although the greatest possible
care was always taken to endeavour to prevent the latter.
His method was as follows : —

In the early part of September the seeds were sown either
on a warm south borxler or in some sheltered situation. As
soon as the plants were sufficiently grown, they were pricked
out at 3 or 4 in. apart in a cold cucumber frame, where they
had the advantage of being covered with the lights, more or
less according to circumstances, particular care being taken
not to draw the plants by keeping them too warm.

About the time of pricking out the plants, a sufficient quan-
tity of leaves, with one sixth part of long dung from the
stables, was well mixed, and thrown together in a heap to
ferment, and while in a state of fermentation a six-light bed
was made of about 3 ft. in height, and well beaten while
making, so as to make it as compact as possible, which pre-
vented the heat from rising to more than milk-warm. The
compost used wsfs a mixture of old melon and cucumber
mould, one half of each. This was introduced into the frame
to about 10 or 12 inches in depth, and beaten down during
the operation so as to make it tolerably compact. As soon as
the heat rose, which was always of the most gentle kind, the
surface was covered with tolerably dry sifted mould, about an
inch thick, and smoothed down as level as possible. This
being done, a rod or straight-edged piece of v-ood was used
so as by pressure to make lines on both the long and cross
way of the bed, so contrived as to intersect .each other exactly
under the middle of each pane of glass. Great care was then
taken in making the best selection of strong healthy plants
from the nursery bed, and also in taking them up with good
balls ; and after carefully displacing any decayed leaves that
might be found at the bottom of the plants, they were planted
at the intersections of the lines in the bed prepared for them ;
thus presenting, when the lights were on, a plant under each
pane of glass. This operation took place in the first week
of November. Another bed of nine lights long was in the
mean time preparing to be planted out, in the last week of
November. It was an every day practice, for several weeks

174 Culture of the Tomato.

after plantiiiir, to observe if any of tlie plants suffered either
from steam or the wire-worm, to replace such plants as had
been injured, and to remove decayed leaves, &c. ; but, as the
least steam is injurious, great care was taken in giving a tlue
proportion of night air, even after it became necessary to
cover with mats, which was done by tilting the lights, and
letting the mats hang over, and tacking them to the frame
below the ojiening where the air is given.

At the latter end of December a stiff lining was added of
tlie same proportions of dung and leaves as the bed was made
of, by which means a very gentle heat was kept up, dui'ing the
two following months.

About the middle of January the lettuces began to come in,
generally to the admiration of every one who saw them ; and
it was scarcely believed, even by gardeners, that they were
of the sort above named.

Before I close this aiticle, I would further observe that the
plants were only once watered, viz. at the time of })lanting, and
then not over the leaves; and that the mould was raised just
so high in the frame as to give sufficient room for the growth
of the )ilants without their coming in contact with the glass.
A free circulation of air was admitted in dry mild weather;
and great care was taken that they should never get injured
by frost.

A crop for cutting in November and December was also
grown in a manner somewhat similar to the method described
by M. Lindegaard, the seeds were sown in August.

The above practice was carried on at Longleat, by my
father, who lived in the service of the late Marquess of Bath
for, I believe, nearly thirty years.

1 remain. Sir, yours, &c
Longleat, Dec. 1830. T. Rutger.

Art. XIX. On n Mode of cultivathip; ihr Tomnto, so os to male
sure of ripening the Fruit ivithout artijicial Heat. By E. S.

Sir, ... .

It having fallen to my lot to be placed m situations requir-
ing a good supply of love ajiples, I have been induced to try
a variety of methods to bring them to the greatest degree of
perfection. I have no doubt you are aware that it is very
difficult to persuade some persons to forsake their old mode
of culture to practise a new one; nevertheless, if you think
what I am about to commimicate worth insertion in your jiext

Abridged Communications. 175

Number, I am certain there are some among your numerous
readers, who, seeing it there, will not hesitate to try it; and
that, in a short time, we shall not (at least in this part of the
country) hear of people being obliged to cut the fruit, and hang
it up in a warm room to ripen. Sow the seeds thinly, either in
pots or pans, about the 1st of February, in a warm frame, or
house ; and as soon as they appear above ground, let them
have as airy a situation as possible, to prevent their drawing
up weak. When they have partly made two leaves, besides
their seed leaves, let them be pricked into pans about 2 in.
apart each way; and, when they begin to get crowded, pot
them into 60-sized pots, one in each pot ; afterwards shift-
ing them, so that their roots may not become matted in the
pots, and giving plenty of water. When the weather is warm
enough, plant them out in the garden, one in each place (if
against a wall or broad fence the better, but they will succeed
as espaliei's). Train the stem of each plant upright (without
stopping), and the side shoots horizontally, about afoot apart,
using the knife as little as possible. By growing the tomato
plant as large as possible before planting out, they have
the advantage of the summer for ripening their fruit, and by
planting only one in each place, the small space usually left
between the fruit trees may be used for them. Whereas by
growing them three in a pot (as usually practised) they take a
great deal of room, and require continual cutting, which causes
them to push afresh, instead of blossoming and ripening their
fruit. By training the plants horizontally at the above dis-
tance, they enjoy plenty of sun and air, and do not grow so
strong as when too much pruned. I am. Sir, yours, &c.
Tottenham, December 24. 1831. E. S.

Art. XX. Abridged Communications.

Brick Tallies printed upon before they are baked. — I have
seen flower-pots made, upon which numbers were marked, in
regular succession, from No. 1. upwards; and they were, of
course, as lasting, and as imperishable from wet or weather,
as the material upon which they were impressed. The stamps
for this purpose were cut on wood ; and, consequently, as far
as numbering alone is required, they were done cheaply and
readily enough. Now, it appears to me that even the print-
ing of the names of plants might be executed in a similar
manner, at as small an expense as is now incurred for paint-
ting or marking upon the tallies at present in use. It would

176 Abridged Coinmunicatiom.

only be necessary to have some sets of letters, of the size
wished, cut \\\)o\\ blocks of wood ; and the sole additional
requisite would be, that the blocks should be of one length,
antl straiyhl on the sides : the letters could then be picked
out as readily, and placed as evenly, as the present printing
letters are; and mi"ht be held together, during the tin)e of
marking, by any of the well known modes of compression.

Allow me, also, to suggest that all the iron punches made
in future, with either letters or numbers, should be made
straight-sided. It would then be easy to put two or three, or
more, letters together, side by side, and to make impressions
upon lead or copper with them, in a neat and even manner;
whereas, at present, from the bulging sides of the punches,
they must be used one at a time ; and, when thus used, it is
difficult to make the letters of the same depth, or even in a
straight line. — 11. Feb. 17. 1S32.

To repair and improve Laivfis voifJiout the Aid ofTtiif. — In
the metropolis and its neighbourhood, the turf laid down in
small gardens seldom lasts more than one season ; and re-
quires to be renewed at an expense, including the purchase
of the turf and laying it down, of from Sd. to 4r/. a scjuare
foot. Instead of being at this expense, if the ground to be
turved were to be stirred up to the depth of 3 in. or 4 in.
every spring, in the last week of March or the first week of
April, and thickly sown with the following seeds, it would
soon become green ; and, if regularly sown, will remain as
close and thick as any turf whatever during the whole sum-
mer ; dying, however, in the succeeding winter, and requiring
to be renewed in the spring.

The grasses used for this purpose are: — ^grostis vulgaris
var. tenuifolia, Festiica duriuscnla, Festhca ovina, Cynosiirus
cristatus, 7V)a pratcnsis, yivena flavescens, and 7rifolium
minus. These seeds are mixetl together in equal portions,
and are sown at the rate of from 4 to 6 bushels per acre.

In lawns and shrubberies in the country, the turf frequently
fails under large trees and in various other places. There is
no cheaper or better mode of making good these defects,
than by sowing the above mixture as early every spring as
the situation and the soil will admit. Of this there is a proof
at Clarence Lodge, RoclunnptiMi : where the very iiUelligent
gardener, Mr. Henderson, at the suggestion of Mr. Sinclair
of the New Cross Nurseries, has practised this mode with the
greatest success for two years. — R. S. B. March,, 1832.

177

REVIEWS.

Art. I. Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London,
Second Series, Vol. I. Part I. 4to. London, Hatchard.

1. A Report upon the Varieties of the Pine- Apple cultivated in the
Garden of the Horticultural Society. By Mr. Donald Munro,
F.L.S., Gardener to the Society. Read Dec. 7. and 21. 1830,
and Jan. 4. 1831.

In the year 1828, the collection of pines in the Chiswick
Garden, procured from home and foreign correspondents,
had increased to 450 names ; but so great a number of these
were duplicates, that Mr. Munro has reduced them to 52 dis-
tinct sorts. In order to facilitate their discrimination, he
says : —

" I have first separated the kinds reputed to be species, which are readily
known by their peculiar habit, and I have then distributed the varieties
oi Ananassa sativa, orthe true pine-apples, in classes and divisions, charac-
terised by such distinctions as have been found, by experience, the most
permanent. After much consideration, it has been determined to employ
the diiferent degrees of serrature in the leaves, as the primary mode of
division, because it is they that cause, in the greatest degree, that natural
habit of the varieties, by which a practised eye will recognise them without
an inspection of the fruit. The groups, so formed, are the least artificial
that could be discovered, for the form of the fruit and colour of the
flowers, although excellent marks of distinction, separate varieties which
are almost identical in their general habit ; for this reason such characters
have been admitted as only of secondary importance.

" The whole of the means employed in drawing up this paper have
been derived from notes made at the garden, during the last five years,
upon plants and fruit, in all cases carefully and repeatedly compared in
every stage of their growth.

" To Ml-. James Duncan, the present under-gardener in the forcing de-
partment, a young man of extensive practical knowledge, I am much
indebted for assistance in arranging and drawing up the descriptions."

Classification. — The species are Ananassa bracteata, the
scarlet; A. debilis, the waved-leaved; A. lucida, the shinino-,
or king -, and A. sativa, the cultivated, which includes forty-
eight varieties ; which, with the four species not cultivated
for their fruit, make up the fifty-two distinct sorts before-
mentioned. We do not think it worth while to give their
names, which, with their characters and synonymes, will be
found in the Society's Catalogue., second edition, noticed
p. 212. ; but Mr. Munro has very judiciously given at the end

Vol. VIII. — No. 37. n

178 Memo/ IS (>J'the Caledonian Horticultural Society.

of his paper a selection of the best sorts for cultivation, with
short notes upon their comparative qualities, and this we shall
lay verbatim l)efore oin- readers, as of much practical utility.

" The Queen is one of tlie best varieties at present known for general
cultivation. It grows freely, fruits early, and, although not so high
flavoured as some of the larger kinds, is still the most valuable for a small
family. Exposed to a very high temperature in the months of June, July,
and August, it is liable to become hollow near the core; but early or
later in the season it is not subject to that defect. It is the sort gcne~
rally grown by gardeners for the London market. The liip/ei/s Qneen, a
slight variety of tlie common queen, is probably the best ; the leaves are
greener and broailer, and it does not throw up so many suckers.

" 77/e J\[osc()w Queen is an excellent variety, but is rather a slow
grower; the fruit is about the same size as the common queen, but
superior to it in flavour.

" I'/ie Blaek Jamaica is an excellent fruit at all seasons of the year, but
particularly in the winter months, when pines rarely come to perfection ; it
cuts firm to the core, is highly flavoured, keeps some time after it is fully
ripe, and bears carriage better than any other. It is, however, rather a
slow grower, and the fruit seldom attains a large size.

" The Brown Sugar-Loaf is the best of the sugar-loaf kind : it is a large,
handsome, and highly flavoured fruit, swells freely in the winter months ;
its flesh is firm and juicy.

" T/ie liip/ei/ is large, handsome, and high flavoured; it is a good sum-
mer fruit, and swells freely in winter.

" T/ie Sf. Vincent. The fruit is not large, but highly flavoured, par-
ticularly in summer, and it is said to swell freely in winter.

" 7'/i'e Black Antigua ia an excellent and highly flavoured pine, if cut
when it begins to turn from green to yellow; but, if allowed to remain on
the plant until it is quite ripe, it loses all its richness.

" The Enville is deserving of a place in collections, as one of the hand-
somest pines in cultivation ; although it is neither rich nor highly fla-
voured.

" The Lemon Queen is of free growth ; the fruit is rich, juicy, and high
flavoured.

" T/ic White Providence, when grown to a large size, is generally deficient
in flavour, but it is a very handsome showy kind. It may sometimes bear
prematurely; and, if in that case the fruit be allowed to become perfectly
ripe on the plant, it is equal in flavour to a queen."

( To be continued.)

Art. II. Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.
Vol. IV. Part II.

(Continued from Vol. VII. p. 593.)

52. Hints on the Managcweiit of tlie Grape, and particularly in
Peach-houses ; and on propugatins; Vines by Layers and Cut-
tings. By Mr. John Martin, (Jardencr at Kirkton Hall. Read
March 8. 1814-.
*' Any one that is curious to have vines in pots full n;rown,

should, at the time of pruning, take the stem through the

Memoh's of the Caledonian Horticultural Society. 179

hole in the bottom of the pot, and lay the rest of the vine
from the bottom of the pot in the ground : they thus shoot
much sooner. For such pur[X)ses, I take the old shoots that
are to be cut out that season. For the pots, I use the same
compost as for the border. I always keep rotten dung about
the pots, as it makes the vines strike much sooner than keep-
ing the pots dry. I have had twenty-six good bunches in a
pot, and could have had more but for thinning. When the
fruit is at maturity, I cut the old bunch by the bottom of the
pot, and remove the plant at pleasure for ornament.

" I have often taken notice that, in some sorts of vines, the
foliage turns brown, just as if it had got a little frost. Such
vines are generally on a clay soil, or on a bottom tliat does
not let the roots push freely, so causing a stagnation of the
sap."

53. Notice of a Hatvthorn Hedge, damaged hi/ JEcidium laceratum.
By Mr. Wm. Don, Hull. Read June 14. ISU.

The hedge which surrounds the Hull Botanic Garden was
planted in 1812 ; and, in the summer of the same year, " sin-
gular brown swellings " were found on the young shoots.

" Those protuberances, for the most part, occur in the mid-
dle of a young shoot, but sometimes towards the end ; and
vary in number from one to three, or more, on each shoot ;
frequently, even the leaves are similarly affected. Their most
usual shape is oval ; but they are often singularly curled and
distorted. In size, they vary from that of a bean to that of a
walnut. Exteriorly, they are sometimes smooth, but com-
monly present a brown shaggy appearance; which, when
examined with a magnifying glass, is found to arise from
numerous minute and thickly set orifices, each surrounded
with many leaves, and containing a brown powder, which at
one time was so abundant as to make a visible cloud when the
hedge was shaken. Interiorly, they are sohd ; but of a less
consistent and more brittle substance than the rest of the
shoot, without any appearance of being inhabited by insects
of any description.

" With respect to the nature of these protuberances, there
seemed every reason, from the brown powder, to believe them
to be fungi of some kind ; and specimens having been sent to
Mr. Sowerby, that celebrated artist and botanist stated them
to be ^cidium laceratum of his English Fungi^ table 318.;
adding, that ' JE. cancellatum (t. 409. of the same work)
attacks pear trees, and often prevents valuable crops.'

" Though I have made diligent enquiry, I have not met with
any one who has before observed the disease in this neigU-

N 2

180 Memoirs of llic Caledonian Horticultural Socieii/.

bourhood ; and, m li;it is leniarkable, thoupjh the quick wood
was all from the same mirserVj and planted at tlie same time,
it is entirely confined to the hed<^e on the west side of the
garden, and chiefly to about 100 yards in the middle of it.
On the east and south hedge, 1 have never discovered a
single protuberance."

£!•. On the Curl in Potato, and on the Transplanting of Onions.
By Mr. Peter Lowe, Gardener at Torwood Lee. Read March 8.
1815.

Curl. — Keep the tubers intended for seed free from wet
or damp, either in a house or in pits. " Generally, at the
root end of the potato, or what some call the waxy end,
almost close by the feeding string, there is an eye, which, cut
by itself, mostly produces a curl, unless it has another eye in
the cut or set ; which other eye generally springs first, and
stops the former from growing : except in the foresaid cut, I
recommend only one eye. By attention to this, this season I
could iiave shown a whole break, and scarcely a curl in the
wliole break : they were early potatoes, which are more given
to curl than the late sorts."

Onions. — Sowed for the ensuing winter in the end of July ;
transplanted from them, where too thick, next April ; and had
a good middle-sized crop, which kept through the year better
than those sown in March in the usual manner.

55. Some Account of the Fruits groivn in Gonrdie Hill Orchard,
Carse of Goivrie, tvilh Remarks. By Patrick Matthew, Esq.
Dec. 3. 1827.

Winter apples, 77 sorts ; winter pears, 5 sorts.

56. On the Means ()f Renovating Plantations oj^ Asparagus, and on

the Utilili/ of Top- Dressings. Read Sept. 7. 1816.

Take off the old surface between the rows, and substitute
a new one of light rich soil. " I am convinced that top-
dressing is as essential to asparagus, as the preparation of
the ground for its reception either at the time of sowing or
planting."

57. Account of a Collection of Gooseberry Bushes, contained tvithin
an Enclosure in the Nurseries at Perth. By Archibald Turn-
bull, Esq. Read April 20. 182G.

Very extensive, and " not a bad sort in the collection."

58. Account of the Mode nf making various Liqueurs, S)-c. By Mr.

Lewis Pedcrana. licad Dec. 6. 1827.

Mode of making Home-Brandij. — Take 20 pints of fully
ripe gooseberries, and 20 ])ints of white or red currants ;

Memoirs oftJie Caledonian Horticultural Society. 181

bruise them, and mix with 20 pints of soft water, and 2 gallons
of port wine ; and if you choose to make the brandy of Scotch
production, instead of port wine make use of whisky ; but
the port wine is preferable, as it gives the flavour of French
brandy. Put these ingredients into any open vessel to fer-
ment for a fortnight ; then put the mixture through a press,
or cloth of any kind, that will exclude the refuse; distil this
liquid twice, and you will have the brandy colourless. From
every 20 pints of the mixture you may draw ] 0 pints of good
brandy. I need scarcely add, that, to colour it, a little brown
sugar, burned, may be made use of. This spirit, in the ma-
nufacture of liqueurs, I liave found superior to mixing with
other spirits.

Mode of making Goosebeny Wine. — Take 40 pints of fully
ripe white or yellow gooseberries ; bruise them M^ell ; add 20
pints of soft water, and 60 lbs. of loaf-sugar. Put them whole
into any open vessel (say, a cask without the end) ; stir them
together, until the sugar be entirely dissolved. Let the whole
ferment for a fortnight, and the refuse will separate. Then
make a perforation or hole within 2 in. of the bottom ; draw
off the liquid, which you will find as pure as water. Put the
liquid so drawn off into a cask large enough to admit of the
spirits; and to every 20 pints of wine add three pints of the
distilled spirit or brandy. Let it stand in the cask for five or
six months, then bottle it ; and, in half a year, you will find
it similar to Mosellas, and far preferable to many of the sweet
made wines.

Mode of making Creme de Hose. — Put 4 lbs. moss-rose buds
into 10 pints of good whisky; let them stand for six weeks,
shaking them twice every week ; then squeeze the rose leaves
from the spirits. Put the leaves thus squeezed into six pints
of water, wash them well, and squeeze the liquid into the spi-
rits : pass them through the still once, and, if it is not strong
enough, put it through again. Then take a preserving-pan,
put into it 6 lbs. of bruised loaf-sugar, 2 quarts of water, and'
the white of an egg beat up to a froth ; mix them thoroughly ;
put it over a stove fire, taking off the scum as it rises, imtil
it becomes quite clear. Then let it boil slowly, until reduced
to a pretty thick shrub, taking care not to boil it so long as
to colour the sugar; pass your shrub through a jelly-bag, and
put it into any open earthen vessel to cool. Then, to every
quart of shrub thus prepared, put a quart of spirit of rose,
mix them well together, and, if clear enough, bottle it ; if not,
pass it through the jelly-bag till it becomes so, and you will
have Creme de Rose.

> 3

189 Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Socie/i/.

Mode of making Crane de Mola. — Take 1 lb. of the best
Mocha cofTee, f^rouiul ; put it into 4- pints of" water ; let it boil
in a goblet or pan, over a slow fire, lor ten minutes, to draw
out the essence ; then pass it through a flannel bag. Then
put it into a small still, with a pint of gooseberry brandy ;
pass it until it becomes strong enough. Make a shrub for it
as for Crcme de Rose, and, when cold, mix in the same pro-
portioji, and you will have Creme tie Moka.

Mode of maki)i<^ Kirsc//'d:(is.se): — Take any (juuntity of fully
rij)e geans [wild cherries] and cherries, and, in a mortar or
wooden tub, bruise kernel and pulps. To every 20 pints of
bruised fruit add 5 pints of water and 2 pints of gooseberry
brandy; mix them, and let it ferment for a fortnight; squeeze
out the li(|uid, put the refuse under a press, to express the re-
mainder, which is the best. Then put the whole into a still ;
jiass it twice ; and, if it is not strong enough, again ; and you
will have it as good as Swiss Kirschwasser.

Mode of making Cassi. — Take two pints of raspberries,
two pints of black currants, two pints of red currants, two
pints of water, and 20 lbs. of brown sugar; put them into a
preserving-pan, without bruising ; let them boil for half an
hour, taking ofl" the scum as it rises. Then put it into any
earthen vessel, until next day, or till cold ; then add four pints
of gooseberry brandy ; and, after being mixed, put it into a
cask or large jar, for six weeks. Then pass it through your
jelly-bag, when you will find it clear as claret ; bottle it, and
in six months it will be })erfect.

Mode of making Nonpareil. — Take a fully ripe pine-ajiple,
and pare off the outside skin; bruise it in a mortar, add one
dozen and a half of sharp ripe white magnum bonum plums,
and one dozen of jargonelle pears in the same state, (juar-
tered ; then to every 4 lbs. of fruit add Gibs, of loaf-sugar,
and 3 English pints of water. Put the whole into a jireserv-
in[T-pan, and boil them for three quarters of an hour, taking
off the scum as it rises. Then put it into a can or jar until
cold, add three quarts of goosebeny brandy, and let it stand
for six wei'ks ; then pass it through your jelly-bag, and you
will have the above fine li(jueur.

Mode of making Admirable. — Take the outside skin from
two dozen of fully ripe peaches ; quarter them, and take out the
stones ; add to this the pulp of two dozen of ripe green gnge
plums, and one dozen of white magnum plums ; then to every
4 lbs. of fruit add Gibs, of sugar and two quarts of water.
Put the whole over a slow fire for half an hour, taking ofl" the
jfcum ; cool it as formerly, and mix with spirits in the same

Memoirs of the Caledojiia?i Horticultural Society. 183

proportion. The li-
queur which results
will be found to de-
serve the name of
Admirable.

Mode of maJcing
Sublime de Variete
• — Take equal quan-
tities of Noyau, Creme
de Rose, and Ad-
mirable ; mix them
through a silk sieve ;
then bottle, and you
will have an excel-
lent variety.

The following is a
description of the still
( fS' ^^') used in the manufacture of these liqueurs : —

a b c dy Tinned-iron stand for the cold water, and fitting
closely on. efg //, Copper, or boiling-pan. ij k, Con-
denser. / mj k, Receiver of condensed spirits, k h, Rod
for conducting off the spirits, o, Cock for shifting water in
the stand.

59. Account of Fruit Trees trained to a Wall inclined to the Hori-
zon, at an Angle of about 10°, in a Garden at Portobello. By
Wm. Creelman, Esq. Read Nov. 6. 1828.

This garden being of an uneven surface, advantage was
taken of a spot highest in the centre to form two sloping or
almost horizontal walls. The trees planted on these walls
were chiefly apples and pears : in 1828 they had been planted
four years, and were singularly productive. " The apples are
of uncommon size : this, I think, is owing to the sun's rays
being earher received, and retained to a later hour, than on
perpendicular walls. The bricks lying on their bed, get more
heated than in upright walls ; and, by this means, contribute
more to the size and quality of the fruit."

60. Postscript to Dr. Wm. Hovoisons Paper on the Cidinary Ve-

getables of the Russian Empire. By Dr. Howison.

To salt the Russian Cucumber. — " Wash the cucumbers
clean, put them into a keg, pour a pickle of salt and water
upon them, till the keg is full. The general quantity of salt
is about 4^ oz. to each gallon of water. The universal season-
ing is dill tops, before the seeds are ripe, with black currant
and oak leaves. People of more refined taste add some gar-
lic, horseradish, and even sweet herbs ; but the last very sei-

N 4

184 Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultnral Society/.

dom. The keg must be hermetically secured, to exclude the
air ; and must not be too large, as, the sooner used alter being
opened, the finer are the cucumbers.

PrcsoTiug CuUnari) l^c<ictahlcs i/nough the IVintcr. — Cab-
bages are preserved in the gardens (set close together, to save
room), by building a roof over them of old boards, covering
them witli the old dung of the hot-beds, or the cleanings of
the fi;«»i'dens, and then shovellinir over all the eai'th from the
adjacent beds. If the ground is dry, and it is })ossible to dig
downwards, the house (if so I may call it) will be warmer ;
but the best situation is the brow of a hillock. Two tubes or
chimneys are adapted to let out the confined air, when it thaws,
or towards spring. Leeks, celery, in short all similar vege-
tables, may be jireserved in the same way. The chimney
must be stuffed up when it freezes.

The following is the mode of preserving French beans,
parsley, celery leaves, and spinach, through the winter : —
Gather the leaves or beans without washing them ; jnit
them into a barrel without a head, alternate layers of vege-
tables and salt. Then put a board uj)on the vegetables, and
a weight upon the board, which will now be covered with the
juice of the vegetables. When wanted for use, take out the
quantity required, and wash it carefully, retaining the board
and weight. Tiie best weight is a clean water-worn stone,
tolerably heavy. The watery juice toward the board excludes
tlie action of the air, and prevents putrefaction.

Parsley, celery, and spinacii leaves, carefully diied and kept
from moisture, are excellent for soups, isLC.

61. On the Kinds of Grape Vine best suitcdjbr Hot house Walls in

Scotland. Read Nov. 2. 1 827.

Mr. Shields reconunends the White Muscadine and Black
Hamburgh, and, next to these, the early July Black Cluster,
for a fined wall. A medal was awarded I'or the specimens of
fruit sent.

62. On the Use of Hop Tops as a Ctd/nan/ I'ffrctablc, and an
Account of different Modes of dressing; (iourds for the Table.

By Mr. Lewis Pccleraiia, Ihiiyburloii House. Jltad Sept. 18.
1 828.

The hop forms an excellent substitute for asparagus, and
the tops may be had the whole year round. " Hop tops also-
form an admirable ingredient for a variety of dishes, sucli as
soups, omlets, i>cc. Long experience in the practice t»f cookery,
both in this and in n)y native country, foi- uj)wards of forty
years, niakes me bold in reconnnending hop tops. 1 was for
some time in the kitchen of the king of Sardinia, where the

Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society. 185

art was practised in all its branches. I was afterwards thirty-
four years with the Hon. D. F. Halyburton as cook and house-
steward. He being of delicate constitution, and eating no sort
of animal food whatsoever, I was, on his account, obliged to
study varieties of vegetable dishes. Hop tops formed one on
which I by chance stumbled, and of which he very highly
approved, finding it agreeable and very Avholesome."

To cook the Potiron \_Ma7nm0th j Gawd \ahen fresh and
Jidly swelled. — Cut the gourds into slices ; and, after paring
off the skin, put the slices into a panful of gravy, and, on the
fire, boil them down to rag ; then pass them through a hair-
sieve, and season with white pepper and a little salt ; put over
the fire again, and boil slowly for half an hour. Then, in a
tureen, put a handful of grated Parmesan cheese, upon which
pour the soup ; mix tliem well together, then serve up. It
will form an excellent dish, and give great satisfaction.

Onfrijing nnij hind of Gourd. — Slice them thinly half an
inch broad, and eight inches long ; put them, so sliced, into a
sieve or cullender ; sprinkle a little salt over them, and let
them drop for three or four hours to drain the juice ; then put
them on a cloth to dry ; and, when a little dry, sprinkle some
flour ; and, a few minutes before dinner, fry them in hog's lard
until they get brown and crisp : then serve them up. When
scant of other vegetables, this will supply a good dish.

To make a Soup of Gourds, similar to Soupe a Loraine. —
When the gourds are young and tender, slice them as above
for gravy soup ; take two quarts of new milk; put the milk
and gourd, so sliced, into a stewpan ; and, on the fire, boil
them so as they would pass through a sieve. Then, if too
thick, add a little more milk ; boil slowly over the fire for half
an hour ; then, just before using, take a mutchkin [pint] of fresh
cream, and the yolks of six eggs ; mix them all well for a few
minutes over the fire ; then season with nutmeg, and serve up.

To make Maigre Soujy of Gourds. — Take a dozen of fish-
heads ; and, if you are boiling fish, keep the liquor ; put all
the heads into it, with a small bunch of celery, parsley, and
onions, with a carrot and turnip sliced. Let them boil down
to rag ; then pass through a sieve ; add a small quantity of
the gourd, sliced as before. Put them over the fire, and boil,
so as the soup may pass through the sieve again ; put it into
your pan ; and, on the fire, season it with a little Cayenne and
white pepper, and you will have a very fine soup, equal to
gravy soup.

To make Soup of Gourd Tops. — Take a quantity of fresh
tops of the shoots oi' stems ; cut them in short pieces ; par-
boil them, and drain ; then, half an hour before dinner, put

186 Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society.

them in a stewpan full of gravy over tlie fire, and boil them
slowly for lialfan hour. Put in a few dice of toasted bread,
and you will find this an excellent dish.

Another useful Dish iinth Gourd Tops. — Collect enough to
make your dish ; give them a half blanch ; then put them in
a sieve or drainer, with a sprinkling of salt. After the first
course goes up, lay them in a good batter, fry them in hog's
lard, and serve them up.

A good Dish ivith ?ie-jilj/-sct Gourds. — Gather a dozen of
very young gourds when thoroughly set ; take out the pulp
from one end with the turnip-cutter ; give them a parboil ; fill
the shells with good forced-meat, such as you would put in
pates ; take two ounces of fresh butter and a little flour in a
stewpan, and dissolve them on the fire ; then add some gravy,
and make pretty thick with the yolks of two eggs, and a little
Harvey sauce. This will form as fine a corner dish as can be
produced at table.

To preserve any hind of Gourd. — Cut off the top and bot-
tom of the gourd; then cut it in rings, and pare off the skin,
and, in thin slices, cut the rings longitudinally ; dry them in
the kitchen, on sticks, or on the skreen: when dry, they will
keep for years. When you wish to use them, steep in milk-
warm water for three or four hours; then dry tliem on a
cloth : when dry, put them in a sieve or drainer, and sprinkle
some flour over them ; sift out the flour ; then fry them in hot
hog's lard. This makes an admirable second-course dish.

To dress young Gourds ; another of the same. — Take young
gourds, the size of cucumbers; cut them longitudinally in
four ; clear them of any pulp ; if very tender, give only a
parboil, and, if hard, blanch tliem with a little salt: then take
2 oz. of fresh butter, and a tablespoonful of flour, which
brown in a stewpan, and pour on good gravy imlil j)ietty
thick. Put the gourds in this mixtiu'c; season them with
white pepper, and a little salt, and serve up. This makes an
excellent centre or corner dish for the second course.

'1 ake young gourds, as above, and likewise butter and flour
as above; dissolve the butter in a stewpan, but do not blown
it; then take thiec yolks of eggs, mixed well with half a
mutclikin of cream and half a mutchkin of sweet milk. Stir
this before the fire until it becomes thick as custard : if not
thick enough, add one or two yolks of eggs more ; season it
well with pepper and nutmeg. Then put it neatly on the
dish, with all the sauce ; strew over it a handful of grated
l\n'mesan cheese ; then put it in the oven to brown, or sala-
mander it. This dish is one of the best of vegetable luxuries.

Transactions of the Pmssiati Gardenmg Society. 187

and will defy the person who eats to say of what it is made,
unless he has previously known it. This is likewise a second-
course dish, and may be placed opposite the above.

(Zb be continued.^

Art. III. Verhandlungen des Vereins zur Berforderung des Gar-
tenbaues in den Koniglich Preussischen Staaten. Transactions
of the Society for tlie Advancement of Gardening in the Royal
Prussian States. 4to. Vol. II. Berlin, 1826.

{Continued from Vol. IV. p. 252.)

1. On the Making of Fruit Wines. By M. Nathusius, at Alt-
Haldensleben.

After several years' experience, M. Nathusius recom-
mends to add a quantity of sugar to the juice, so as to bring
it equal in specific weight to the grape wine, which is about
7 or 8 per cent heavier than water; while the juice of any
other fruit is only from 5 to 6 per cent heavier. The must
begins to ferment in an open tub very soon without yeast,
and ought to remain there until its specific weight is half
diminished, when it is put into a cask, where a little ferment-
ation continues more than a year. Every five or six months
it must be drawn off. In the second year it begins to be-
come clearer, and in the third year it will be quite clear,
and may then be kept for one hundred years, when properly
preserved. It has an advantage over grape wine, as it does
not mould, even when in a bottle, and exposed to the air.
He observes, that, when the juice of apples ferments without
the addition of sugar, the acid of the apples generally turns
to a kind of vinegar, which is not only unpleasant, but also
unwholesome. The juice of apples, even when sugar has
been added, is not equal to that of grapes in flavour ; but, by
adding a due quantity of wine-acid, the cider will be very
similar in taste to wine, though without the aroma which is
peculiar to grape wine.

8. Extract fo-om the Transactions oj' the Meeting of Feb. 8. 1824.

Twelve bottles of different sorts of fruit wines were ex-
hibited by M. Nathusius, and it was generally allowed to
be the best ever made in Germany.

9. Extract from the Transactions of the Meeting of March 7. 1824.

A field bean was exhibited by M. Tenke of Karisch,

which had produced seven stems, eighty-six legumes, and

188 TraJisac/ions of the Prussian Gardening Socteti/.

two lumdi-cd aiul eighty-six beans. Two of the stems were
5 ft. hi<j;h, and the rest from 2 to 4 ft. A sort of protuberance
was formed above the roots, which was occasioned by the
phmt having been broken, or bruised, when quite young.

JO. On ilic Vegetal io)i in the Neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro.
By M. Beyricli.

Though tlie country in (jucstion is now generally culti-
vated, it may be still seen that a foi"cst originally covered
the whole. Loam is the principal soil, in which the various
trees of those forests flourish luxuriantly ; and whilst some are
clothed with leaves and flowers, others appear to be in a
state of rest. M. Beyrich mentions the singular circum-
stance, that, when one of those original forests is hewn down
and burnt, the succeeding vegetation consists of quite dif-
ferent kinds of plants from what formerly existed ; but he does
not attempt to account for this occurrence.

11. Extract from the Transactions of the Meeting of May 4'. 1824.

M. Otto proved, on M. Host's authorit}', that maro-
schino (a kind of cherry brandy) is made from the fruit of
Priinus bis-florens (twice-flowering plum), which grows wild
in the neighbourhood of Zai'a, and not, as it was generally
believed, from Prunus Mahdlch (now Cerasu.s Mahdlcb).
M. Lenne gave an account of the improvement of the
National Nursery, which contains 'j40 sorts of apples, 236 of
pears, 98 of plums, and 100 sorts of cherries; and promised
to give a more particular account at a future time.

12. Observulions on the Culture of the Genus /bnarj/llis.
By M. Otto.

When the bulbs begin to grow, more water is given them,
and, if recjuired, larger pots. If they flower before the leaves
appear, they must be repotted after they have ceased flower-
ing; but no roots should be cut ofl", except those which are
dry or rotten. The size of the pots depends entirely on the
size and growth of the bulbs ; and some of them may
remain several years in the same jiot. Suflicient moisture
can be supplied to the roots, by putting the jiols in a pan,
filled occasionally with water, which gives the bulbs more
strength, and is more likely to save it from rotting, than
when the water is put, as usual, on the toji. The soil in
which ihey are planted is composed of one part of loam,
which does not contain oxide of iron, and two parts of leaf
mould. Small stones must be put in the bottom of the pot,
to facilitate the jiassage of the water.

Transactio7is of the Pnissia7i Gardening Society. 189

M. Otto disapproves entirely of the practice of taking up
the bulbs, and drying the roots, as they not only become
weaker, but are more liable to rot; neither will they flower
sooner, as some believe. Amaryllises cultivated in this
way will sometimes flower twice in a year, and the bulbs
are always found to be very healthy and strong.

14. Opinion of the Coynmittee on different Papers.
M. Bouche, nurseryman at Berlin, gave an account of a
i?osa turbinata, in his garden, which produces four thou-
sand blossoms : it was trained on an espalier frame, of which
it covered 112 sq.ft.; and he recommends this species par-
ticularly for making rose water, on account of its strong
scent. [This is one of the most vigorous-growing kinds of
rose which British collections yet contain, and is fit for
coarse shrubberies. It bears a profusion of flowers, but
these are usually one-sided and misshapen. Many possess
7?6sa turbinata, perhaps, unconsciously : it is remarkable for
its large turbinate (that is, top-shaped) calyx, and the English
name for it is the Frankfort Rose. — J. D.~\

16. A Method oj" protecting the tender Kinds of Rhododendrons^
Roses, and other Shrubs, in the open Ground, from xiery severe
Frosts. By M. Bosse, at Oldenburg.

Stakes are fixed round the plants, and willow rods loosely
woven among them ; on the outside of this basketwork
another must be made, at about 8 or 10 in. distance, and
the space between the two circles filled up with leaves
or moss. A cover is made like a straw roof; and, by being
larger than the external basket, serves to keep the wet from
it. The bottom, in the inside, must be covered with leaves.
In fine weather air may easily be given, by taking off" the
straw cover, and the plants will remain green and healthy.
Tender climbing plants may be protected, by fixing them
round the inside of the basket.

17. On Ainar^llis gigaiitea, and its Cidture. By M. Schneevogt,

at Haerlem.

This plant flowered first in the year 1805, in Holland,
where it had existed for sixteen years without being known,
in consequence of its not flowering. M. Rosenkranz was
the sole proprietor of this Amaryllis ; from which only a
few were propagated, till, in the autumn of 1820, several
English nurserymen armounced it for sale, but at a very high
price. After this M. Schneevogt i-eceived some of these
bulbs from the Cape, in a season when it was too late to
plant them in what is called in Holland a Cape frame ; he

190 Transactions of the Pnissian Gardening Societt/.

therefore planted them in pots, and placed them on tan in a
pinery, where they soon began to vegetate, and flowered
beautifully ; while those which were kept colder did not
flower at all. This caused M. iSchneevogt to think that this
species of Amarylli<; does not come direct from the Cape,
but is brought from the interior of the country, where the
climate is considerably warmer ; and he was confirmed in his
opinion by conversing with several of the inhabitants of the
Cape, who, upon seeing the figure of the plant which had
flowered in HoUand, did not remember to have ever seen it
before. M. La Brousse, who travelled over a great part
of Southern Africa, never saw this plant, until he purchased
some bulbs from the CafFres, who informed him that they
were found ftir in the interior. The supply of water given
to these plants depends entirely on their growth, and other
circumstances; as season, warmth, &c. M. Schneevogt also
cultivated several other bulbs from the Cape, as Brunsvig/a
falcata, nmltiflora, &c., in the stove with equal success.

18. On the Zizcinia aquatica. By M. Otto.

This plant has been cultivated in the botanic garden at
Schoneberg, near Berlin, since 1818. The seeds were re-
ceived from North America, in a bottle filled with water ;
which is the surest way for transporting seeds of bog plants
safely. A correspondent of M. Otto made the following
remarks on the culture of this plant. If the seeds are dropped
into the water of a pond or bog, they will vegetate at the
proper season, and their produce will be particularly satis-
factory to those who now collect the Glyceria fluitans ; as the
grains are not only larger, but they have also more nourishing
qualities in them, and have an excellent flavour. They are
))articularly good to fatten fowls with, ^^izania aquatica, or
Canada rice, grows in Canada, in boggy places, where it
sows itself plentifully (although a great tieal is gathered for
use), as the least agitation of the stem causes the seeds to
fall, even before they appear to be ripe. [I^izania aquatica
is successfully cultivated in some British gardens ; as formerly
nt Sir Jose))h Banks's, and now in the Cambridge Botanic
Garden. Waterfowl, as ducks, are so very fond of the
herbage of this plant, as to render the establishment of it in
ponds where ducks visit a matter of difliculty : tliis was
j)roved in an attempt to establish it a few years ago, in water,
on the estate of Lord Calthorpe, at Amjiton, near Bury St.
Edmunds. — J. /J.]

23. Observation qf M. Lenne on the Opinion of M. Manger relative
to the Formation qf a Nurseri/ for each Province, to serine as a

Transactions of the Prussian Gardening Society. 191

Standard, from tvhich to procure good sorts of Fruit Trees to
plant on the Road Sides.

24'. Meeting of the Society of June 11. 1824.
Robinm Pseud-^cacia is recommended to be planted on
poor sandy soil, where no other tree will prosper ; also for
its very durable wood, which, in France and on the Rhine,
is preferred to any other for stakes.

25. Observations on the Slope of the Roofs of Hot-houses.
By Professor Link.

M. Link says that the direction in which the rays of the
sun fall upon the roofs of hot-houses is of less consequence
than is generally supposed, provided the plants have as much
light as possible, particularly from above.

26. Germination of the Seeds of Tcctona grandis.
Dr. Kielmayer, from Wurtemberg, who has sent seeds of
Tectona grandis (teak-wood) to the Society, gave the follow-
ino; account of the method used at Stuttgardt to make the
seeds germinate. The external covering, as well as the nut,
must be carefully opened, and the small seeds which are con-
tained in the four cells of the nut taken out, and sown in
pots, which are then placed in the bark bed, when the seeds
will come up very soon.

30. Descriptions of Txvo Sorts of Melons. By M. Seitz.
One of these, Cucumis serotina, from Constantinople, is a
winter melon ; the second, Cucumis ilf elo //ersicodorus, from
Rio de Janeiro, has a flavour which resembles that of a peach.

31. On the Arrangement of a Public Garden for the Toxxin of Mag-
deburg. By M. Lenne.

M. Lenne presented to the Society plans and descriptions
of this garden, which was begun under his direction: — 1. A
finished vertical profile serving to show the ultimate effect.
2. A descriptive explanation of this profile. 3. A correspond-
ing outline, or working plan for planting the trees. 4. Level-
ling plan of the ground (Nivellemento Profile). 5. A list of
trees and shrubs, with numbers aofreeinff with those in the
outlme, to show the different kinds with which the groups and
masses are planted.

The trees in the profile {fg. 40.) are beautifully disposed,
and the bare inspection of the engraving is full of instruction
to the young landscape-gardener. We recommend him to
study every part of it with great care, and more particularly
the disposition of the masses relatively to the roads and
walks, and of the scattered trees and small groups relatively

1 92 Trarisadions of the Pfussiati Gardening Society.
40

a, Road from Magdeburg to Schocnbcck.

b. Part of the fortifications of Magdeburg.
e. The river Elbe.

Transactions of the Prussian Gardening Society, 193
40

s n 20 so iTj

d. Public Assembly Room and Coffee-house.

e, Offices to ditto.

/, Temple commanding a remarkably fine prospect.

g. Public Hotel, with gardens and bowling-green attached.

Vol. VIII. — No 37. o

194 Transactions of the Prussian Gardening Society/.

to the masses. The natural surface not being nuich varied,
the merits of the (Hsposition of the trees may be, in a great
measure, estimated ^vithout reference to the locality. The
only references that will interest a stranger are given under
the ensravinir.

On a future occasion we shall give the two working plans
of the public garden of Magdeburg, witii the list of the trees.

32. On the Manner in ivhich the Mngdcdtirg Garden is laid out.
By M. Linne, Garden Inspector at Sans Souci.

The ground intended for the garden original ly contained only
57 acres, but was subsequently extended to I'iO acres, which
is not considered too large for a town like INIagdeburg, contain-
ing 30,000 inhabitants. The highest spot on the ground is only
32 ft. above the usual level of the river Elbe; but as there is
no higher ground in the neighbourhood of the fjarden, the
views from this s})ot (where a temple ( /') is placed) extend
along the Elbe to a great distance. Certain parts of the
town, not considered handsome, are concealed, and certain
other parts are partially exhibited through a framework of
trees. A bridge over the Elbe is made a conspicuous feature,
as are the clun-ches of certain neighbouring villages. The
fortifications of the town are studiously concealed, by sinking
the walks which ajipioach nearest to them, and interpo.^ing
trees, which being planted above the level of the walk, on
artificial hills and banks, produce an innnediate effect ; the
thickest plantations are made in places where protection is
required from high north winds. A small stream is widened
into a river, and varied by islands and groups; some of the
groups near the river, and also in other })arts of the grounds,
are jjlanted with shrubs w liich never rise above 6 or 7 ft.
high, in order not to interrujit the contiimity of particidar
views, and the effect of certain combinations. It is proposed
to })lace in different parts of the garden monuments to the
memory of gieat men. Some, of the walks are narrow,
shady, and solitary; others broad and ojien, lor pi'omcnades;
and others still broader Ibr public drives, 'i'he cost oi' the
whole, M. Liime says, will not exceed 18,000 dollars,
(4000/.?) exclusive of the buildings. The rent that will be
given for the public coffee-house {d) and its ofhces will
more than pay for the annual keeping up of the garden.
The total number of species of trees and sliiubs planted in
t'lis garden is 192, and there are placed among them 193
varieties of fruit trees, which bear as standards. It is not
stated whether one individual of each species and variety of
tree is named ; but we hope they are.

Transact io7is of' the Prusskm Gardening Society. 195

34'. Observations on the Culture of some ornamental Plaints. By
M. Sinning, Botanic Gardener at Poppelsdorf, near Bonn.

M. Sinning plants Brugmansm suaveolens in spring, in
the open ground, on a south aspect, where the plants flower
beautifully and abundantly. Ahey are repotted again in
autumn, and kept in a dry green-house during the winter. By
this treatment a four years old plant produced 153 flowers
in July, 79 flowers in August, and several more afterwards
in the greenhouse. Caladiwii bicolor is not taken out of the
pot and kept dry, as is usually the practice, but is allowed to
remain in the pot. When the plants are not in a growing
state they are taken out of the bark bed, less water is given
them, and they are always repotted after flowering. By this
method a plant produced nine scapes, from 1 to lift, in
height. Caladium viviparum also treated in this way grows
very vigorously. — Gloriosa superba. The bulbs are kept in
the pots, on a shelf, in the back part of the stove, but not on
the flue. Only a very little water is given them, to prevent
the shrivelling of the bulbs. In the end of February or
beginning of March they are carefully taken out and re-
potted in fresh mould, which consists of one part turf, two
parts leaf mould, one part sand, and one part loam. The
size of the pot should be such that there is only I in. between
the side and the bulb, which should be covered an inch.
After repotting they remain on the back shelf from four to
six days, where the bulbs begin to swell; and after this they
are placed in bottom heat, where they soon begin to grow
very vigorously. They are allowed to remain there till the
stems become too high for the pit, whence they are then
taken into the bark bed of a stove. When they have obf
tained the height of from 2 to 3 ft., they must be again very
carefully repotted, in the above-mentioned soil, with the
addition of one part of well rotted cow dung. During their
rapid growth they require an increased supply of water and
syringing. By this method they will flower abundantly, not
only on the main branches, but even on the weaker laterals.
This culture is also applicable to all those Scitamineai whose
stems die down during the winter.

35. On different Species ofQuercuS'
Tlie following species of Quercus were recommended to
be cultivated in consequence of the size and forms of their
leaves :

Q. alba velutina, ^cerifcMia? aquatica, Castanea, falcata,
imbricaria, macrocarpa, nigra, palustris, rubra, tinctoria, and

o ?

196 Trajisadions of the Prussian Gardenmg Society.

triloba ; for useful timber, Q. Prinos monticola and Q.
Prnios pennsvlvanica; and for colour, Q. alba and linctoria,
and Phellos angustifolius.

39. On the Germination of Seeds.

M. Otto states that he uses oxalic acid to make old seeds
germinate. The seeds are put into a bottle filled with
oxalic acid, and remain there till the germination is observ-
able, which generally takes place in from twenty-four to forty-
eight hours, when the seeds are taken out, and sown in the
usual manner. Another way is to wet a woollen cloth with
oxalic acid, on which the seeds are put, and it is then
folded up and kept in a stove; by this method small and
hard seeds will germinate equally as well as in the bottle.
Also very small seeds are sown in pots, and i)laced in a hot-
bed ; and oxalic acid, much diluted, is applied twice or
thrice a day till they begin to grow. Particular care must
be taken to remove the seeds out of the acid as soon as the
least vegetation is observable.

M. Otto found that by this means seeds which were from
20 to 40 years old grew, while the same sort sown in the usual
manner did not grow at all.

42. Account of the Experiments made in the Veterinary College at
Berlin, for ascertaining what sort of Wood tvill remain longest in
the Ground ivitkout rotting. By M. Hartwig.

Stakes of firs, oaks, and of Robinm Pseud-^cacia were,
after being five years in the ground, not the least altered ;
while, after two years, almost all others, as 7"ilia (lime wood),
^etula alba (white birch), C'arpinus (hornbeam ),^'cer (maple),
&c., were more or less rotten. 6'alix, Juglans, 7'agus,
Castanea, and Platanus, lasted four years. He also ob-
served that those stakes which had their bark left on, or
were, as usual, oiled or tarretl, did not keej) any longer than
those without either bark or preparation; but that those
which were burneil a little way above and below the ground
stood well, particularly when tarred. This being the cheapest
method, it will be more in use than the following, which,
however, is the best way for preserving wood. It must
first be painted with oil colour, and, alter it is dry, a sheet
of iron, about 1(3 in. long, nuist be put rouiul it, so as to be
as much in the ground as above it, and then the whole
should be painted again.

Stakes or posts treated in this manner will remain perfectly
sound for a long time.

Transactions of the Prussian Gardening Society. 197

48. On the Culture of Nelumbium speciosum. By M. Liibeck,
Director of the Gardens of Comte Karrach, at Bruck on the
Leitha.

After the points of the seeds are carefully opened, they are
put into a glass of water, where they soon germinate; they
should then be planted in pots, half-filled with loamy soil
(taken from places where iVymphae^a alba, &c., grow), and
filled up with water. This being done in spring, the plants
will be very strong-grown against the winter, when no water
should be allowed to remain in the pot, but only given
from time to time. When they begin again to grow, in the
following spring, they are to be shifted into other pots, and
treated as in the former year. In the third year they will
require a large jar of about 2 ft. high, and IJft. wide. The
water must be occasionally changed, but without disturbing
the plant, which is easily effected by a tap in the jar. The
plants will then grow very vigorously, and flower beautifully.
A plant treated in this manner produced a scape 6 ft. high,
and also ripe seeds. M. Liibeck recommends this plant,
and its varieties, as an ornament in a water basin in conser-
vatories ; which basin should, however, not be square, but
circular, to allow the roots to run freely round it, which the
strongest roots of this plant always do.

49. On Cleft-Grafting the Vine. By M. Linne.

This has been practised with perfect success at the royal
gardens at Potsdam. The grafting is done as near the
ground as possible, and grafts are chosen to be equal in
diameter to the stock, so that both sides of the bark of the
graft and of that of the stock may fit exactly together. After
being tied, the. soil must be raised to cover the graft, and
when the stock is too high this may easily be accomplished
by a flower-pot filled with earth. By this way of engrafting,
grapes were obtained the first year as large and plentiful as
on any other vines.

54. Extract from the Transactions of the Society at the Meeting of
October 10. 1824.

The gardens in Riga, M. Zigra stated, are chiefly laid out
in the English and Dutch styles, and consist principally of
fruit and kitchen gardens. In several private gardens are
large glass-houses, in which pines, peaches, and grapes are
grown plentifully. The extensive forcing-houses of the Rus-
sians supply abundance of asparagus, melons, cucumbers,
and other vegetables, very cheap, and at a season when they

o 3

198 Qiiartcrly Journal of Education.

can hardly be seen in other parts of the country. — IVf. Fin-
tehnan exhibited tViiit from sweet cliestnnt trees, wl)ich hatl
been grafted on oaks [both bekini^ to the same or<ler, Cupuli-
feroe], and a plant of Chionanthus virginica grafted on /'raxi-
nus excelsior [both Oleinae]. It was also mentioned that at
Schumegh, in Hungary, a 7?osa semperflorens jiroduced 1680
blossoms in the year 1820, 2765 in 1821, and 2183 in 1823.

59. On the Floiveriiig of Vines. By M. Keller, at Freiburg in

Breisgau.

It is often observed in vineyards that healthy plants, even
hi favourable seasons, never produce any fruit. This is
sometimes occasioned by the plants producing only male
flowers ; and in these cases the anthers are sessile, or, if the
filaments are present, the anthers are wanting. A second
cause of this failure is when only female organs are developed,
which, however, are sometimes impregnated by insects with
the pollen of other plants, and therefore produce berries only
very sjiaringly. A third and very prevalent cause is, when
the calyx opens on the top, and forms a basin, which retains
water about the organs of impregnation, and thereby hinders
them from performing tlieir respective functions ; although
plants of the above description grow^ very vigorously and
healthily, in consequence of their not producing any fruits,
they should be either destroyed, or reingrafted from a plant
that flowers perfectly.

The above comprise all that is interesting to the British
gardener, in Vol. II. of these Transactions, with the exception
of a plan for laying out n fcrmc orncc, by M. Linne, and the
working plans of the public garden at iVIagdeburg, which
we shall give on some future occasion.

We have just received the second part of the seventh
volume of this work.

Art. IV. Catalogue of JVurkx on Gardening, Agriculture, Botany^
Rural Architecture, S^c, published since Januart/ 1831, mith some
Account of those considered the most interesting.

The Quartcrlt/ Journal of Editcnlion. In Quarterly Niunbers, 8vo-
Commencctl Jan. 1. 1H31. Kniglit. Numbers I. to IV. 5.v. each.

\Vc have been disappointed in this [)uI)lication. Educatbn is, no doubt,
a word tluit includes a j;rcat deal ; and for this reason, we su|)posc, the
editor of the work before us feels justified in reviewing such books as
Plutarch's Lives, A Description of Home, ConJer's Itali/, Williams on '/'/;<

Moggridge's Popular Education in France. 199

Geograpln/ of jlnc'tent Asia, Herodotus, Lempriere's Dictionary, &c. We
should have thought that the straightforward way of improving the school
education of the country would be to examine the merits and defects of
all the different systems employed, comparing them witli those of all
other countries, and suggesting improvements. All this might have been
done in a monthly sixpenny pamphlet, which would probably have cir-
culated as extensively as T/ie Library of Entertaining Knowledge, and
might have done as much good as that deservedly popular work. But
even as a quarterly review of books on education, this journal is deficient,
inasmuch as, while it has gone out of the way in search of books of
travels, descriptive works, and dictionaries, it has neglected almost all the
works which treat on education specifically ; such, for example, as Ensor's
National Education, Lasteyrie's works, and a great many others in the
English, French, and German languages. It was not till the fourth number
of this journal appeared, that any account was given of the New England
free schools, and of their effect on the population of that portion of the
United States (see Vol. VII. p. Gi-i. note.). But we cannot occupy more
room with the subject; and conclude by observing, that, highly laudable
as are the objects of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge,
their method of endeavouring to attain them is singularly defective and
oblique. There is evidently a want of moral courage.

Moggridge, John IL, Esq. : Popular Education in France, its present
State and future Prospects ; with Suggestions for its Improvement
and Extension in Great Britain and Ireland. Pamphlet, small 8vo.
London, Longman, 1831. 1*.

This is an important little tract, by our enlightened and liberal-minded
correspondent, Mr. Moggridge. We could wish it were in the hands of
every man who has any political influence, however small ; for sure we
are that there never was a time when the necessity and advantages of
educating the great mass of society were so great and obvious as at present.
Surely it is impossible that we should long continue to neglect what has
been so earnestly set about by a neighbouring people. For what they
have done, let the reader lookat the following extract from the analysis
of Mr. Moggridge's pamphlet : —

"Education in France, neglected before 1789. — Law for the establish-
ment of Primary and Central Schools — perverted by Bonaparte — frowned
on by the Bourbons. Schools of mutual instruction supported by indivi-
duals— opposed by those of ' the Missions.' — Infant schools intended to
form part of the National System. — Education begins at the birth— neces-
sity for early attention, supported by Bacon, Locke, Dugald Stewart — able
article thereon in the supplement to Encyclopcedia Britannica — a necessary
part of good government — best prevention of scenes of bloodshed and
disorder. — Education not confined to schools — happiness the object and
end of education — good and bad education — exemplified in Ireland. —
Misgovernment carries with it the seeds of its own dissolution — when
that arrives, the peace of the country, and safety of persons and property,
depend on the prevalence of education. — Population of Paris in 1792
prepared for being converted into savages — the people of that city in 1830
merciful and generous, amidst the greatest provocation — why ? — ' marked
feature of the Revolution' — character and happiness of the people, and
the peace, welfare, and stability of society, dependent upon sound, liberal
and extended education. — Education coexistent with life itself." »

Anon. : Sussex Association, for improving the Condition of the Labouring
Classes. 12mo, London. No. I. To be continued occasionally.

p 4

200 Qiiarterli/ Repwt of the Sussex Associaiion

Anon.: Quarterly Report of the Sussex Association for improving the
Condition of the Laliouring Chisses. 8vo. London, 1831. No. I,

We feel great satisfaction in giving publicity to the benevolent efforts of
this Association ; for though we look upon tiiesc efforts merely as pal-
liatives, till some radical measures of improvement shall be adopted by
government, we still think they will do good. We wish we could see, in
addition to the reserve of labour, which it is the object of this Society to
procure for every man in his own garden, a national reserve, in the im-
provement of the public roads and rivers, and a national system of edu-
cation, high, equal, and universal. Mankind will never have a fair chance
till they are placed upon a perfect level in respect to useful education,
agreeable manners, and civil rights. When this shall be the case, every
part of society will be able to take care of itself, without depending on the
patronage of any other part ; and services and goods will be exchanged
with as little sense of obligation on either side as men now give shillings
for sixpences.

At a meeting held on the 17th of March, 1831, at the house of J. Smith,
Esq. M.P. Grosvenor Square, Westminster, to consider of the expediency
of lorming an association for improving the condition of the labouring
classes in the county of Sussex; John Smith, Esq. M.P., in the chair; the
following resolution, among others, was unanimously agreed to : —

" Resolved, That we now present do form ourselves into a Society, to
be called the Sussex Association, for improving the Condition of the Labour-
ing Classes, and that the following declaration be adopteil as the general
outline of its objects : — The proposers of tiie Association have observed
with regret, that the state of the agricultural labourer in Sussex and the
adjoining counties has of late years been gradually tleteriorating; the
extraonlinary political circumstances of the country having induced a
very general misapplication of the poor's rate, and the adoption of a rate of
wages inadequate to the due encouragement of provident industry, and too
often to the necessities oi' life. The peasant being unskilled in any mechanic
art, has only his labour to sell, and is compelletl to take market jjrice for it.
If one labourer will not work for what is ofiered, another will ; and the
consequent depression of wages is a proof that there is too nuich of the
article labour in the market. The obvious remedy for this is, to enable the
peasant to sell, at least, a jiortion of his labour to himself; ami this may
easily be effected by |)rocuring for him, at a fair rent, as nuich land as may
emi)loy that portion of his labour for which he cannot obtain from the,
farmer a renuuierating price. This all-important remedy for the miseries
now endured is easily ap|)licable in every place by the proprietors of land.
The experiments which have been carried ow fur some years [)ast on the
(iravely estate, at Liutlficld, near Cuckfield in Sussex, prove, that by allow-
ing an acre of land to the labourer, at a fair rent, and making him cultivate
one half of it in potatoes, and the other half in corn, proper attention being
paid to the preservation and application of manure, he will be enabled,
while earning fair wjiges from the farmer, to su|)port his family in comfort
and inde|)endence, and to avoid the ilegrading necessity of being a burthen
to the parish. Deeply impressed with tiie value of the labouring class to
the community at large, and fully aware of the strong claim that it has to
the sympathy and protection of the classes above it, and with the necessity
that exists for enquiring, more minutely tlian has yet been done, into the
nature of the privations and sufferings of the peasant, with a view to pro-
pose me.nsures for his relief by all lawful and practical means, we have
formed the Association for the accomplishment o( the following object : —
We will endeavour to obtain connect information relative to the circiunstances
of the agricultural and other labourers in the different parts of the county
of Sussex, also details of all measures and i>lans which may have proved sue-

for imp-ovmg the Condition of Labourers. 201

cessful in bettering his condition in any part of the kingdom. We will,
from time to time, give publicity to the information thus obtained, by
printed reports, as otten as a sufficient quantity of interesting matter shall
have been received. An agent or secretary shall be hired, at a suitable
salary, to be employed under the direction of a committee, to obtain
information, and give advice and assistance, in diiFerent parts of the county,
and to promote every where the allotment of land to the labourer, and to
suggest such improvements in the construction and economy of cottages as
may conduce to the comfort and advantage of the cottager. The Society
shall endeavour to obtain the cooperation of as many gentlemen of expe-
rience and influence in the county as possible, and will establish a corre-
spondence in the different towns ancl villages. A subscription shall be
immediately raised to defray the expenses of the agent's salary and travel-
ling expenses, and the printing of the Society's reports. The Society shall
consist of subscribers of 1/. per annum and upwards. The business of the
Society shall be conducted bj^ the committee ; three of whom shall form a
quorum for the transaction of business, and they shall have power to add
to theii- number in the intervals between the general meetings. The sittings
of the committee shall be held at such times and places as may hereafter
be agreed upon. A meeting of the members shall be annually held, at
which a report shall be read of the state of the funds and the progress of
the Society for the last year. At this meeting the conmiittee and officers
shall be appointed for the ensuing year."

The second publication, of which we have given the title, seems to be a
repetition of the former, with additions, chiefly by Mr. Allen. The most
important fact which we find among these additions is, that at Lindfield,
Sussex, a cottage with three sleeping-rooms, a sitting-room, a pantry, a
privy, and a pigsty, may be built with substantial clay walls, and covered
with thatch, with suitable drains, stoves, sink, and manure pits, for 70/.
Edward Constable, builder, of Lindfield, will engage to build by contract
any number of cottages of the same description at the above price. The
benevolent author thus concludes: — "If, as I have shown, a good and
sufficient cottage can be built for 70/., and that standing on an acre and a
quarter of ground, it might be let for 2s. 6d. per week, or G/. lOs. per annum,
who that has land, and the means, would hesitate to provide for the hap-
piness of his labourer ? Do not the facts which I have brought forward
prove to demonstration, that landowners have it in their power to diminish
most materially that mass of misery under which many parts of the coun-
try now groan ? Let us then perseveringly employ all the influence we
may possess, to endeavour to prevail upon the public-spirited among them
to adopt measures in which they, as well as the poor, are deeply interested.
Let them see that every cottage has a sufficient number of sleeping-rooms,
three at least ; and above all, that it has an acre and a quarter of land
attached to it. Let them see in their respective parishes that wor/i, and
not money, be given to able-bodied labourers who may apply for relief;
that the rate-payers be furnished from time to time with a printed account
of the sums received from the rates, and the names of all the parties upon
whom the money is expended, together with the amount paid for each ;
let them, to the utmost of their power, discourage and put down every
thing which tends to the demoralisation of the poorer classes. In propor-
tion as these patriotic and Christian exertions are multiplied, in that pro-
portion will the strength and happiness of our country be increased. We
do not so much want legislative enactments, as a union among the rich
and powerful in the promotion of the objects now stated." (p. 33.)

Several quotations are made from Denson's Peasant's Voice; and we
agree with Mr. Allen in strongly recommending that work to every person
interested in bettering the condition of the agricultural labourer.

202 Works relative to the Labouring Classes.

Anon.: An Address to the Labouring Classes; being intended to explain
some of tiieir Duties as Members of the Community, Pamph. 8vo.
Edinburgh, IS.'Jl.

The advice here given is grounded on the principle of self-preservation;
the only true [irinciple, in our opinion, as ap|)licable to any class of society.
Cheap newspapers, in which the fundamental princi|)les of morals and
politics are sparingly introduced among ordinary news and other topics, in
order that the former may be slowly but surely imbibed, are reconnnended
for the adult population, and a high ilegree of school education for their
offspring. The evil effects of early marriages are noticed, in producing an
excessive competition for labour, and consequently a fall ot wages. In
his remarks on the choice of a wife, he observes : — " It is not onlv the
qualities of the body which are transmitted, the qualities of the mind are
so also. \Vc sec an honest, economical, prudent couple have honest
economical, and prudent children." Cleanliness, ventilation, and benefit
societies arc reconnnended; and the whole of the pamphlet breathes an
excellent feeling of benevolence and sound practical sense. It forms a
very fit comi)anion for the Scotsman's Advice to the Labouring Classes,
published about two years ago ; and from which we have (pioteil largely,
in the section on the " Conduct and Economy of an Agriculturist's Life."
in our Enct/clopa'dia of Agriculture.

Anon.: Facts and Illustrations demonstrating the important Benefits
derived by Labourers from possessing small Portions of Land. INlonthly
Numbers. London, Dean and Munday, 1831. Nos. I. to X. 3(/. each.
The Society issuing this work has already been noticed (Vol. VII.
p. •224'.): it seems to be patronised by the king, queen, and a number of
the nobility ; and these cheap tracts will, w^e trust, ilo nnich good. The
great and ultimate object of all such societies ought to be, to enable the
labouring clashes to take care of themselves ; and for this purpose a
national reserve of labour at a n)inimum price for the grown up poor,
and useful education for their children, are the requisites. How easy for
the government to effect both in one session of i)arliament .' We have
elsewhere shown (^Morn. Citron. Dec. .'il. 1831) how much the territory of
Great Britain would be improved by the application of the reserve labour.
Anon.: Time's Telescope for 1832; or a complete (luide to the Alma-
nack ; containing an Explanation of Saints' Days and llolidavs, with
existing and obsolete Kites and Customs, Sketches of contemporarj'
Biography, <)v:c. &c. Astronon)ical Occinrences for every Month ; com-
prising Remarks on the Phenomena of the Celestial Bodies. Notes of
a Naturalist, explaining various Appearances in the Animal and Vege-
table Kingdom, (."vrc. 8vo, nearly K)0 pages, and numerous Engravings.
London, Sherwood and Co. 1832. ds.

Of the three divisions of this book, the first ami last are likely to be
most popularly pleasing: the last, or Notes of a Naturalist, is by
Professor llemiie, and is in great part a compilation, divided into 12
monthly chapters. The middle part, on astronomical phenomena, may
delight the scientific, but seems too abstruse for the mass of readers.

Anon.: Arcana of Science and Art; or an Annual liegister of Useful
Inventions and Improvements; abridged from the Transactions of Public
Societies, ami from the Scientific Journals, British and Foreign, of the
Past Year. With several Engravings. Fifth Year, 1832. Small 8vo,
pp. 300. London, Limbird. hs.

Any young gardener, who, besides prosecuting his particular profession,
wishes to be apprised of what is passing in the great world of human
action generally, cannot [)ossibly spend o.v. more efficiently than in the
purchase of this book. Its title, attentively perused, will show him this.

Don's Gardening and Botany. 203

He would even do well to apply the first spare sovereign he may wish to
spend to the acquisition of the four back volumes, and then, subsequently,
continue the work annually. In the present volume there are upwards of
100 pages on natural historv, and 30 besides on rural economy and garden-
ing. — ./. D.

Bryan, James Butler, Esq., A Barrister in Dublin, and a landed Pro-
prietor : A Practical View of Ireland, &c. 12nio, Dublin, 1832.
This is a work of immense labour, and of sound practical views, well
deserving the attention of the legislature, and of all who take an interest
in Ireland. The author recommends the establishment of poor laws, and of
grand juries for the purpose of creating employment on public works, to
be paid out of county rates. If these are not granted, he says, there will
be a demand for the repeal of the Union from one end of Ireland to the
other. Mr. Br3an is also a powerful advocate for a National System of
Education, neutral with respect to religion, and consequently open to all
sects and parties. This we consider the only mode which can strike at
the root of all the evils which now affect the labouring classes in England,
as well as Ireland, by enabling the next generation to take care of them-
selves. The palliative for the evils which aflect the present race is em-
ployment-; and this Mr. Bryan provides for in Ireland by his grand juries,
as we would in England bv our National Road System. (See p. 97. and
Morn.Chron. Dec. 31. 183L)

Braidwood^ James, Master of Fire Engines in Edinburgh : On the Con-
struction of Fire Engines and Apparatus, the training of Firemen,

• and the method of proceeding in Cases of Fire. Svo. Edinburgh,
Bell and Bradfute, 1830.

The firemen of Edinburgh are allowed to be the most efficient corps of
the kind in Britain, perhaps in Europe ; and this is the first and only work
on fire engines and firemen in the English language. It deserves the
attention of all insurance companies and the heads of municipal police
throughout the world. Being only indirectly connected with our subject,
we cannot spare room for details.

Don, George, F.L.S.: A General System of Gardening and Botany j con-
taining a complete Enumeration and Description of all Plants hitherto
known ; with their Generic and Specific Characters, Places of Growth,
Time of Flowering, Mode of Culture, and their Uses in Medicine and
Domestic Economy. Preceded by Introductions to the Linna^an and
Natural Systems, and a Glossary of the Terms used. Founded unon
Miller's Gardener's Dictionar}', and arranged according to the Natural
System. In 4 vols. 4to. London, 1830. Vol. I. pp. 840, with nume-
rous wood-cuts, 3/. 125. ; or in Monthly Parts, 6*. each.
A book that has been long wanted, will be hailed with joy by numbers,
and will create a host of botanists in Britain. Of those who admire plants,
and who does not ? numerous are they who have hitherto been prevented
acquainting themselves botanically with plants, both by reason of the mul-
titude of books in which the required information existed, and of the unin-
telligible language in which these books are written. These inconveniences
are, by the book before us, now abolished. The amount of information
on technical and systematic botany previously existing in numerous books^
in various languages, is here concentrated and exhibited in familiar English.
We hail the book, therefore, as a valuable instrument for promoting the
extension of botany, and the rapid and essential improvement of all those
already possessing some rays of botanic knowledge. It will be even valu-
able to proficients, for we are told that it comprehends, " besides all the
genera and species which have been published up to the present time,
descriptions of numerous jilants never before published, and derived chiefly

so* Honlcei's Botanical Miscrllajii/.

from the T.nmhniian Jfrrfinriin)!,'" and that " the characters of all the
peiicra and spocii's arc derived either from the ])Iant.s themselves, or from
the original authorities where authentic specimens could not he procured."
The scope and oliject of the hook are, as its title declares, to enable us to
accjuaint ourselves with the names of plants, their uses in medicine and in
<lomestic economy, and with the best modes of cultivating them. These are
deliuhtful objects, and only inferior to the volumes of sentimental associ-
ations which plants are ever suggesting. They address, and irresistibly ad-
dress, evcr\' passion and capacity of our souls. If, however, these latter
considerations are by some more esteemed than the detailed technicalities,
and even beyond the systematic combination of those technicalities, it is
right to assume and assert that the former will be most sensitively felt, and
their force and power most fully appreciated, by those best versed in the
latter, which arc the objects the l)ook includes. (.)ur inference is, then, that
to all who love plants, whatever be the grounds of their affection for them,
the book is valuable and indispensable.

The book must and will be widely spread, and deserves to be, on every
account but one ; this is, its price. We think the publishers have erred in
naming it " A General System of (iardening; " this it is not, but rather a
directory on vegetable culture. We feel constrained also to remark that
the etlitor might, after Loiidoii's Ilorfii/; Jiritdjiiiicnx had passed through his
hands, have introduced, both profitably to himself and readers, the more
discriminative signs and characters of that work, or others ecjuivalcnt to
them : these would have concisely expressed several minor points, which
now, for the sake of avoiding circumlocution, are here and there left unde-
termined. — J. D.

Hooker, J. W., LL.D. F.R.A. and L.S., and llcgius Professor of Botany
in the University of Glasgow : The Botanical Miscellany ; containing
Figures and Descriptions of such Plants as recommend themselves by
their Novelty, Rarity, or History, or by the Uses to which they are ap-
j)lied in the Arts, in Medicine, anil in Domestic Economy ; together with
occasional Botanical Notices and Information. Illustrated by numerous
Engravings. Lonilon, Murra}. In Qnarterl} 8vo Parts, lOs. Qd. each.

Parts V. and vi. are each accompanied by ten coloured plates in quarto
additional to the usual supply of octavo j)lates in Part v. These twenty
coloured quarto plates are by Richard Wight, M.D., and are illustrative
of articles by him, in the Miscellany, on the botany of India, princii)ally
of that of the southern parts of the peninsula, The (juarto form was
chosen for these ex(|uisite |)lates, in order to do the plants figured more
perfect justice, but thecjuarto form [)roving objectionable. Part vi. informs
us that " in future the i)lates illustrative of Indian botany will be published
in a form so as to bind u|) \Nith the volinni-, instead of forming a separate
one of a larger size."

We cannot now give any analysis of the contents of the late numbers
of the llolfimvfil Miscrllmii/, but venture to assert that it maintains the
character of originality which characterised the first number; and that
in conseijui'uce of the niw and important inl'ormation it iniparts ; the good
sup|)ly of letter-press, each part averaging more than 'iW) jiages ; and the
lil)eral sup|)ly of plates, mostly uncoloiired it is true, but drawn and en-
graved in a style of superior excellence; the work is, notwithstanding its
price, half a guinea, really a cheap one. — ./. J).

Siucfair, Sir Jo/iii : Hints on Vegetation, the Agents necessary for the
Production of Plants, and those which are injurious or destructive to
them.

This little pamphlet is a remarkable one, not so nnich for the inform-
ation it communicates, as for the republican manner and feeling in which

Sinclair's Hints on Vegetation. 205

it asks information from every body who is conversant with the subjects
expressed in its title. It states, in a brief and explicit manner, the amount
of what has been hitherto ascertained on the relative and comparative
agency of earth, air, water, light and heat, manures, and cultivation, in
influencing vegetation : we perceive nothing new in what is stated. Of
the agents destructive to vegetation, " minerals or noxious substances in the
soil " and " vermin " only are enumerated. Then follow hints on " raising
new varieties of plants and vegetables," the amount of which is hybridising,
a mode now as familiar to the majority of gardeners as the alphabet.
To these succeed " hints on the culture of potatoes." To all these
succeeds an appendix, containing "queries, addressed to farmers, gardeners,
and nurserymen." There are 2:2 queries concerning the influence of
the earth on vegetation; 15 queries on the influence of air; 10 con-
cerning water; 18 concerning light and heat; 12 concerning manures,
or dead organised matter; 9 concerning culture; 8 concerning substances
in the earth injurious to vegetation; 12 concerning vermin noxious to
vegetation; 14 concerning the improvement of plants, by the introduction
of new varieties, or crossing different species of the same kind of tree or
plant ; and these last (|ueries, it is remarked, are peculiarly recommended
to the reader's attention. It is added : — " Any other facts on the subject of
vegetation, not included in these questions, will be extremely acceptable.
Answers are requested to be transmitted to Sir John Sinclair, Bart.,
133. George Street, Edinburgh ; T. A. Knight, Esq. ; or P. Neill, Esq.,
Edinburgh." This remark is appended to the queries : — " It is quite unne-
cessary to go through the whole of these queries, but only to refer to those
points with whicli the writer by whom any answer is sent happens to be
peculiarly conversant." This is the most comprehensive scheme we have
ever seen for amassing a vast stock of particular facts, out of which to
elicit, by cautious induction, safe conclusion. We wish the queries, which
seem clearly enounced, may be copiously answered. — J. D.

Memoirs of the Caledonicni Horticultural Society. 8vo. Edinburgh,
Maclachlan and Stewart, 1832. Part 1. Vol. V. ?,s.

This Part of 128 pages of large type, rather loosely printed, contains
six articles by as many practical gardeners, and five by amateurs. From
a hasty glance at these papers, there does not appear much in them that
we have not already laid before our readers, in this Magazine, or in the
Encychpa^dia of Gardening ; but we shall examine it with care, and in due
time give the essence.

Leigh, Peter, Esq. M.A. : The Music of the Eye; or. Essays on the Prin-
ciples of the Beauty and Perfection of Architecture, as founded on and
deduced from Reason and Analogy, and adapted to what may be traced
of the Ancient Theories of Taste in the three first chapters of Vitru-
vius ; written with a view to restore Architecture to the Dignity it had
in Ancient Greece. Royal 8vo, 42 plates. London, Walker, 1831.
1/. 10*.

The author's chief reason for calling architecture the music of the eye
is, that certain Greek lexicographers considered the words music and art as
synonymous. " It is the object of these essays to investigate the principles
of architectural beauty, and to form them into a system." At the same
time, the author is " not so confident as to anticipate, nor so vain as to
imagine," that his work is any more than " an outline, to be completed by
the finger of time and experience." He claims, however, " some title to
originality and system," and considers it wrong " to conceal these attempts
from the public, though they should be pursued by all the virulence which
sometimes accompanies modern criticisms."

206 Leigh's Music of the Eye.

Our criticism shall not be virulent ; tlioiit,')! we arc bound to say, that,
after havini: peniscil the work with attention, we have risen from it con-
vinced that the author is altogether unfit for the task which he has under-
taken. There is no evidence that the author untlerstood his subject ; if
he liad, he would have adopted a clear and obvious arran<;ement, instead
of a series of unconnected essays, in each of which the style is most desul-
tory and obscure. His great stumbling-block is Vitruvius. If, instead of
scekin;: for the principles of architecture in this author, he had had re-
course to the conunon principles of human nature, he would have arrived
at far more satisfactory conclusions than those which follow ; and, in order
that we may not misrepresent him, we shall give them, as nearly as po.ssible,
in his own w ords, from his ninth and concluding essay : —

" All architecture must be divided into foundations, supports, and shel-
ter."

" Architecture is divided into styles or schemes, depending on ditFerent
modes of distributing forms, and a])|)lying them to diflerent uses. These
different styles or schemes are the following : — "

" 1st, The Arrectarial {(irrectaria, upright supports in buildings), which
embraces the most beautiful specimens of (ireece. "idly, The Fulcimental
( fulclmcn, a prop) or buttress style, which is divided into the heads of
riying, finial, ami intermediate buttress. 3(lly, The Archi-columnal, com-
posed of arches and colunnis, diviilcd into two kinds, one with a trabea-
tion (/rabs, a beam) between the arch and the column, and the other
without. 4thly, The Monotrabeal (moiw.s, one, /mis, beam), which is the
simplest scheme, and of which there might exist numberless varieties.
5thly, the Pariefcne.^tral (jiarics, a wnW, J'ciicsha, a window), which is as
multifarious almost as the cor.ibiuation of forms themselves, of which wc
have ample proof in the variety of Ciothic specimens alone. And, Gthly
and lasth, tlie Sectional scheme, which has the faculty of being as multi-
farious as the last."

Taxis embraces the consideration of the finishing touches of tlie design.
" Ornament may be comjjrised untler the heails formal, diffused, simple,
and mixed, in which it is desirable to aim at utility as nnich as in the
bolder features of the design. The brightest perfections in taxis are dis-
tinctness, efficiency, and relationship, which should pervade the design."

" The 5th essay enters upon the subject of proportion. Without reca-
pitulating what others have said on this subject, it is only necessary to en-
force the importance of Vitruvius's division into euritinn and synunetry :
unless we have a clear idea of this, it is utterly impossible that any good
effect can be |)roduced. We know that eurithm respects the proportion of
one whole, whether that whole be the whole building, or any whole mem-
ber oi' which that building is composed; the symmetry is the relative pro-
portion of two or more such wholes."

'• The di>.p()sition of form in a style according to the principles of
contrast and relief, which in the Athenian period may have borne the nanjc
of diathesis, forms the subject of the sixth essay. The contrast ami relief
which is to be aimed at in diathesis will be exhibited in the position, form,
proportion, and projection; and as form is divided into the heads of simple
and ornamental, and proportion into eurithm and synunetry, we get other
divisions of diathesis under those h'.-ads. The contrast of position lias
least existence in architecture, though it occurs repeatedly in ornament.
What is most to be noticed in the diathesis of form and proportion is, that
as they are often very nuich blended together, it is desirable to get a dis-
tinct idea of their separate existence, in order to use them with more
force ; the diathesis of projccturc belongs to parts only displaying
shelter."

The greater part of the work is written in the above style. The plates

Sinclair on the Planting of Forest Trees. 207

are outlines from copper, and would have been" much more convenient if
given as woodcuts along with the text. The book might then have been
sold at a third of its present price.

As we are desirous of introducing all the best works on rural architecture
to our readers, with a view of improving their taste, so we have considered
It right to guard them against a work which, in our opinion, only mystifies
the subject on wliich it professes to treat.

Anon, [presumed to be by Mr. Sinclair, of the New Cross Nursery, F.L.S.
and H.S., Author of Hortus Gramincits Wuburnensis, &c. &c.] : Four
Numbers on the Planting of Forest Trees, forming Nos. 19, 20, 22, and
23. of the Farmer's Series of the Library of Useful Knowledge. 8vo.
London, Baldwin and Cradock. Noo. 19, 20, 22. 1831 ; No. 23 1832.
6d. each.

A glance through these numbers has enabled us to aver confidently that
they form an important present to every one possessing predilections for
planting. " Present," we have said, and this is proper ; for, thanks to the
Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, so valuable a body of
information on planting has never before been attainable for the incon-
siderable sum of two shillings.

The writer divides planting into forest-tree planting, ornamental or gar-
den planting, and orchard or fruit-tree phmting. The four numbers here
noticed only relate to the planting of forest trees; the other tv/o divisions
will be treated of in numbers to be subsequently published. Forest tree
planting is treated of in eight chapters. The first exhibits the personal and
national advantages resulting from judicious planting; and this subject is
incidentally resumed in the beginning of the fourth chapter, where are some
such striking remarks on, and selected proofs of, the profitable application
of human labour to soils far from the best for purposes of planting, as
will lead the political reader to exclaim, Heavens ! why are our poor
suffering for want of employment and comforts ? The second chapter is
on physiology, the third on the modes of propagation, the fourth on the
fittest soils and sites, the fifth on the preparation of soils, the sixth on the
culture and management of plantations, the seventh on the statics of the
products of plantations, and the eighth and last consists of " an enumer-
ation of tlie different species of forest trees, as well those of large growth,
as those of under-grow th for coppice wood, ornament, or shelter. Their
generic botanical characters, their natural soils, mode of propagation, and
the uses to which their timber is more generally applied."

This last chapter, which occupies four pages of No. 22. and the whole of
No. 23. is, in our estimation, the more popularly useful one, because it
places before the planter desirous of variety, rich lists of hardy trees and
shrubs eligible for his purpose, of which he has hitherto, through ignorance
of their existence, their characters and attributes, been unable to avail him-
self. This part of the Treatise on Planting becomes, in consequence, what
has long been wanted, a means of informing those not already familiarised
with the contents of our British nurseries, of what numerous appropriate
species and varieties of hard}' trees and shrubs await them, as the progress
of planting shall arouse them to procure and apply them.

Notwithstanding our preference of this part of the treatise, as being the
more popularly tangible portion of the work, it is but justice to assert that
the seven preceding chapters are rich in information on their respective
subjects. The positions advanced and facts supplied seem to have been
well considered and appropriatel}' disposed. We commit, however, nearly
all these to the attentive perusal of some able correspondents, severally
versed in the respective branches of the subject, and who may feel disposed.

208 Arhoricultural Jlor/cs.

through our papcs, to fjivc the writer and the public the benefit of their
animadversions, be they coinniendatory or critical.

Tile writer's remarks on soil are admirable, as teaching persons con-
cerned in planting the necessity of greater tlefiniteness in their frequent
mentions of soil. " He ilistinguishes " heath soil," p. +8., and " peat soil,"
p. 51.; and exiiibits the constituent ingredients of each, as learned from
chemical analysis. He discusses ten prevalent kinds of soil in the same
manner ; but we notice the above two kinds for the sake of remarking, that
what he has done in a scientific manner, we had had the pleasure to do a
few weeks before the appearance of his book, in an empirical one : see the
remarks " On Heath mould and Peat," Vol. VH. p. -inj.

At p. 71. a list of the insects which are most injurious to forest trees is
uiven. Among these, 8c61ytus destructor occurs, and in the remarks sub-
Joined to this list is denominated " a formidable insect." The writer deems
this pretty little animal guilty of the murder of healthy living trees, and
decries it accordingly ; but remarks, " It has been supposed to be the effect
of the disease, rather than the cause of it." In viewing the historical cir-
cumstances appertaining to the Scolytus destructor, the writer refers to the
well known case of the trees in Camberwell Grove, all the circumstances
relative to which will be found detailetl in Vol. I. p. 378., and some anno-
tations on those iletails are presented p. 383., which go to " suppose " the
Scolytus destructor the " effect rather than the cause" of the death of these
trees. Since that period, a writer in the JMagazinc of Xalural Ifis/oiy
(Vol. IV. p. 152— 150., published March, 18.31) stoutly contends, and
exhibits ar<niments deriveil from experiment ami patient research to |)rove,
that " the Scolytus destructor is altogether guiltless of causing the death
of healthy urowing trees." Which of the two opinions is the true one,
future observation must determine.

The kind of tree, whether living or dying, in which Scolytus destructor
is most usually found, is elm ; but in the Treatise on Planting before us,
p. 73., is this remark : — " The pine is liable to be injured by the insect
before mentioned, in the same manner as the elm." Is not this a mistake ?
Are not the erosions in pine bark effected by Hylurgus piniperda ? and are
not this insect and the Scolytus destructor essentially distinct ? Of the
Hylurgus piniperda under the name of Bostrichus piniperda, see a figure
and a short notice in Vol. II. p. 355. — J. D.

IIor/(»i, Richard, Land Steward and Surveyor : Tables for planting and
valuing Underwood and Woodland; also Lineal, Superficial, Cubical,
Wages, Marketing, and Decimal Tal)les : together with Tables for con-
verting Laud Measiu-e from one denomination into another, and Instruc-
tions for measuring IJound Timber. Small 8vo. Saffron Waldcn, and
Longman and Co., London, 1832. Gs. lid.
A most useful work for bailiffs, foresters, stewards, &c.

A Woodman of Arden [n War wick shire Clcr<iipu(in, wc believe] : The Mid-
land Forester. 12mo. Birmingham, Wrightson, 1829. G</.

Concise, judicious, and practical. The author wisely answers the ques-
tion. Which is the most profitable employment for cai)ital, planting for
timber, for shelter, or for ornament ? by reconunending ornamental planting
as the most profitable for a populous and increasing neighbourhood. " It
often adds, in a very few years, cent per cent to the value of an estate."
(p. 31.)

HemUm\ Rev. ./. S., M.A., Professor of Botany in the University of
Camiiridge: On the Examination of a H\brid Digitalis. A quarto
|;amphlet, being a detached copy of the article published in the Trans-

Henslow^s Examinaticm of a hybrid Digitalis. 209

actions of the Cambridge Philosophical Societi/. The pamphlet has no
publisher's name affixed to it, and is probably not for sale.

Hybridising is the art of imbuing the ovules of one plant with the
additional or distinct properties of some other plant. From Digitalis lutea
impregnated by D. purpurea, Professor Henslow obtained a decided
hybrid, " obviously having most of its characters exactly intermediate
between those of purpurea and those of lutea." This is the fact which
forms the theme of the professor's most able pamphlet; for although in the
fact itself there is nothing surprising, now that hybrids in various genera
are familiar to all gardeners, the inferences the professor draws from this
fact, and the modifications in structure which he shows the hybrid to have
undergone in almost every one of its parts, render the pamphlet a most
important contribution to physiological botany. We hope our gardening
friends will be stimulated by the following polite reproof so to change the
state of things as never to merit a second such. " Although," the professor
remarks, " the propagation of hybrid plants has been much attended to of
late years by several horticulturists in England, their experiments for the
most part seem to have been undertaken tor the sole object of increasing
the forms of beautiful flowers, or of modifying the flavours of delicious
fruits. But the more curious and important physiological facts, elicited
by the phenomenon of hybrid productions, do not appear to have received
a proportionate degree of attention from those who have been engaged in
these experiments."

" Chance having favoured me with a hybrid Digitalis during the summer
of 1831, in my own garden, I employed myself, whilst it continued to
flower, which was from June 19. to July 22. in daily examining its cha-
racters, and anatomising its parts of fructification. I was careful to com-
pare my observations, with as much patience and accuracy as I can com-
mand, with the structure of its two parents. It seemed to me not unlikely
that something interesting might result from a rigorous examination of this
kind, or at least that its recorded details might serve as a point of depar-
ture for future observations."

Something indeed interesting has resulted ; a stock of facts of the
highest importance to physiologists has been elicited ; and the details have
been elaborated, described in words, and illustrated by engravings, to an
extent marvellous for the patience and the industry they must have de-
manded. This will be clear to our readers when we remark that the
detailed descriptions of, and observations on, the various parts of the
plants, not omitting the most minute parts which very high magnifying
powers could elucidate, occupy twenty quarto pages ; and the various
figm'es of parts, some whole, some dissected, some of the natural size,
but the majority highly and some very highly magnified, occupy three
quarto plates ; and there is, besides, a folio plate exhibiting the raceme and
a leaf of the hybrid, the subject of the book. We shall not further notice
all these than as to their amount, which, as stated above, is that the hybrid
participates equally all the external characters of its two parents ; as slight
exceptions, however, the stigma in its shape resembles that of neither, and
the corolla in the hybrid falls off before the anthers vyhich it bears have
parted with their pollen, and the hybrid is, in consequence, barren of seed ;
this, in both parents, is not the case, which are consequently sufficiently
fertile of seeds. In examining the internal organisation of the three plants
in their various parts, the professor has been unable to detect any differ-
ence ; but his researches have enabled him to show the high beauty and
admirableness of the anatomical details of these parts. We shall only
notice further the ingenious and convenient mode in which Professor
Henslow has displayed his descriptive details for the sake of prompt
comparison. It is this : —

Vol. VIII. — No. 37. p

210 M'Nab's Cape Heaths.

(The male parent.)
I.,arge, reriuioue.
More spreading.

Broader.

More hairy
Purple.

D. iiv'BBin.v. I n. li'Vea.

Narrower.

Less hairy.
Yellow.

(The oftspriiig.) (The female parent.)

Flowers, medium .size, nearly horizontal. Small, more drooping.

Cali/r, mo<leratcly spreading in flower, after- • Less spreading, at length

wards coiinivent. more closed.

.S'c/in/i, ovato-lanceolate, the odd one mucli nar-

rower.

, hairy on the margin.

Curo/lii, yellow ground, tinted with red.

Alul in thi.s iiKuiner tlirotii,'h all tlie parts : and the parts anil ilis.scctions
on one of the [)late.s are clis|)laycil in tlie .same threc-colnnined conspective
manner. Likenesses and differences are by this mode of arrangement ren-
dered instantly and palpably obvions; and it was anxiety to attain this
point which led the able author of Dcndrologia Biitdiiuica to ado})! the
peculiar and remotely similar mode of describing in detail which that
really meritorious work exhibits. In conclusion, we have only to say, we
have had the jileasure of cultivating a hybrid, very similar to that which
forms the subject of Professor Ilenslow's pamphlet, and that that hybrid,
like his, was altogether barren of seeds. — ./. 1).

M'Xab, William, Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh,
A.L.S. C.M.n.S. &.C. : Author of " Hints on the Treatment of Hardy
Evergreens : " A Treatise on the Propagation, Cultivation, and general
Treatment of Cape Heatlis, in a Climate w here they retjuire Protection
during the Winter Months. 8vo, pp. 44', with a beautiful coloured en-
graving of i!,'rica aristata. Clark, Etlinburgh ; Treuttel and Wiirtz, Lon-
don ; 1832. '2s. Gd.

We have read through this pamphlet, and shall offer no analysis of it ;
for this, besides occupying more space than we can spare, would be only
acceptable to cultivators of this charming genus, ant! every one of these
should procure and possess the work. It contains no specious theorising,
but is a straightforward narrative of the results of the writer's long ami
extensive practical experience in his remarkably successful cultivation of
this most charming genus.

]NL\ M'Nab deserves the hearty thanks of all who are interested in the
promotion of floriculture, for having shown so clearly by what simple
means the Cape heaths can be grown healthily ami vigorously, and there-
fore satisfactorily. A feeling of misery is ever associated by a sight of sickly
exotics; antl one tuft of native heather, luxuriating in health and beauty,
is a far more pleasing object than a house full of such; but how delightful
must be the sight of Mr, M'Nab's collection when the majority of species
is in bloom ! They seem unaftiictcd by sickness and debility. " There
are," says he, "in the Botanic (Jarden, at lulinbin-gh, heaths 8 ft. high, in
tubs .'J ft. over; ami the plants are both liiishy in proj)ortit)n to their height,
and in great vigour; and these, when in flower, are covered with blossoms
from the edge of the tubs to the top of the plants. These are, however,
the fieer-grovving kinds, such as A'rica Ewerw//«, BonplanihV/<;«, wbietina,
vestita coccinea, grandiflora, <!vc." The book is indeed cheap. — ./. I).

(Since the |)receding notice was written, a valued corresjjondcnt has sup-
plied the following remarks. They corroborate oiu" own, ami also take
additional views : —

It may justly be said of Mr. M'Nab, " that he is a man of that stamp
that would not write on any department of gardening, unless he coidd
show the good effects of it in his own practice;" a compliment which he
is pleased to pay (p. 7.) to Mr. Waltir Henderson, gardener at Woodhall.
To the justice of this remark the beautil'ul heaths at the Uoyal Botanic
(Janlens of Edinl)urgh bear ample testimony. From some su|)i)osed dif-
ficulty in the |)roper treatment of heatlis, that beautiful family of plants
has certainly not met with the general encouragement which their .splen-
doiu", and simple and cheap mode ol" cultm-e, seem to warrant. The
excellent little treatise now belore us will, we doubt not, soon prove the
ineanii of exciting a taste for, and of extending the culture of, the heaths

Chandler a7id Booth^s Camelhhas. 21!

of the Cape, " every species of which is beautiful throughout the 3'ear,
and at every period of its growth, in flower or out of flower, and of every
size and age." (p. G. ; quoted from the Gardener^s Magazine, Vol. I. p. 366.)
Mr. M'Nab's method of striking heath cuttings is nearly the same as prac-
tised in the Leith Walk Nurseries about the commencement of this cen-
tur}', with this difference, that Mr. M'Nab " very seldom uses bell glasses."
These, we recollect, were uniformly then used in striking heaths, and re-
quired much attention in " wiping, to prevent any damp from injuring the
cuttings." For the directions given as to the general mode of propaga-
tion we must refer to the work itself. The soil which Mr. M'Nab " has
found Cape heaths thrive best in, is a black peat soil, taken from a dry
heath or common which is never overflowed with water. In general it
should not be taken off more than 5 or 6 in. deep. It frequentl}' happens
that peat earth has sand mixed with it in its original state ; but where this
is not the case, a quantity of coarse white sand should be procured, and
mixed with the earth in the compost ground, to the extent of one fourth
or one fifth of the whole." (p. 16.) His mode of shifting, and of raising
the plant above the level of the pot, is illustrated by a woodcut, and
merits attention by the cultivator of green-house plants in pots. What,
however, will have a tendency to extend the culture of heaths more than
any thing in this excellent little treatise is, an assertion from such high
authority, that " heaths require but little fire heat during winter." " I have,"
he says, " several times had the heaths here in winter without fire heat, when
the thermometer out of doors stood at 1 6° below freezing ; but in these cases
the house was always shut close ; and I have never seen the heaths sufter
from this cold. I have had the whole heaths in the house frozen, for days
together, so hard, that the pots could not be removed from their places
without breaking them, and fresh air constantly admitted at the time, and
I have never seen one of them sufter in the smallest degree from it,"
(p. 31.) We think we do our horticultural readers a service in noticing
the merits of this most unassuming and practical treatise. The ladies will
observe an elegant drawing of the T^rica aristata, at the beginning, by Mr.
James M'Nab, the son of the intelligent author, well worthy of the price
of the book. — G. Perthshire.

Chandler and Booth^s Illustrations and Descriptions of the Catnellihse. In
Imperial 4to Parts, every three months. T^. plain; 10,?. coloured; and
18s, extra-size.

Part X.for Kovember, contains
37. Camell/rt japonica R6ss», Ross's Japanese Camellia. This desirable
variety is well described in our Vol. I. p. 21 1., under the name of " Ross's
CamelhVi! gloriosa ; " and an interesting biography of the late Mr. Ross him--
self is given Vol. I. p. 95. " The flowers are generally very large and showy,
often measuring 4 in. in diameter." In form they nuich resemble those of
C.japonica elegans, see Vol. VII. p. 343., but in colour they are of a much
deeper and darker red. — 38. Camell/rt japonica Alton/, Alton's large single
red Ja|)anese Camellia. This, " and four others, were raised at the Vaux-
hall Nursery from seeds contained in a capsule of the Pompone Camellia,
and sown in November, 1819. It was named in compliment to Mr. Alton,
the king's gardener, and " is, unquestionablv, a very striking variety, and a
most vakiable one to the cultivator of camellias, on account of its produc-
ing seeds more freely than any other kind whatever." — 39. CamelL'«jap6-
nica crassinervis, Thick-nerved Japanese Camellia, conventionally Kenfs
hexangular Camellia, both from its having first blossomed w ith William Kent,
Esq., when he resided at Clapton, and from its " having been supposed, on
its first introduction," which is believed to have been made by Captain
Rawes, about 1820, " to be the hexangular variety so much esteemed by
the Chinese." In its blossoms only diftl-rent from the Warratah in its

P 2

212 Fntit Ccttalogue of the London Horlicultural Socict

outer petals beinj; paler, and more cupped ; in " habit and foliage," how-
ever, " the two kinds are perfectly distinct." — 40. (Janicll/V/ jajjonica ep-
soniensis, Epsom Japanese, or yoiiii^.s KcDii-dauhlc red, C. Raised by Mr.
Yonni; of l-lpsoni, |)rcvi()iisly to 1824-, as in that year he presented it to the
London llort. Soc. Itobnst in habit; its flowers jnuch like those of the
.senii-doui)lc red, i)ut of a deeper colonr and more petals; but is very prone
to vary in the number of the petals. " When the petals hajipen to be nume-
rous, the cu|) of stamina is partly transformed into small, roundish, spathu-
late, sti'iped reil petals, all of \\hich, as well as the large outer ones, are
pretty evenly arranged over one another, and distinctly marked with dark-
coloured veins. The usual colour of the flowers is a deep rcil, ap|)roach-
ing to scarlet," and the}' are about ."3 in. in tliameter.

The present part concludes the first volume, and contains titlcpage, pre-
face, table of contents, introduction, and remarks on soil, |iroj)agation, and
culture. " All these," say the authors, " it is hoped, will make the first
volume complete in itself, and render it indepemlent of the second one ;
the publication of which, from several unforeseen events, we are reluctantly
obliged to [lostpone for the present. We cannot, however, allow the pre-
sent opportunity to pass, without acknowledging our obligations to those
who have honoured the work w ith their patronage and support. At a future
time, we trust again to ai)pear before the public, and hope our labours will
meet with the same flattering encouragement."

Of the forty kinds of Camell/« figured and described in this first volume
tlie authors denominate as

Species : Camelh'rt japonica, jwaliflora, oleifera, reticulata, and Sasonqiia.

As Chinese varieties oi V-Mw\\in japonica: alba semiduplex, lilba flore

pleno, «nemoniflora, atro-riibens, rosea, crassinervis, fimbriata, imbricata,

incarnata, 7«yitifdlia, pmoniceflora ?-usea, Pom])o)U(i, rubra plena, speciosa,

variegata, Welbankii.

And as English varie/ies and ht/hrids of Canu'llw japonica, the following :
flore albo, Aiton/, rtlthaeiflora, wnemoniHora alba. Chandler/, concirna,
corallina, ecHpsis, elegans, cpsomensis, exlmia, florida, insignia, punctata,
/("osa sinensis, Ross//', splendens, Wilton/', W'ootls'/.

The figures of all these kinds " have, with only two or three exceptions,
been made from |)lants in the splemlid collection of Messrs. Chandler, nur-
serymen, Vauxhall." The remarks on the propagation and culture of the
Camel l/'c<y are very good.

Ilawnrth, A. II., F.L.8. U.S. &c. : A'arcissincarum Monogrhphia. The
2d edition with adilitions and improvements, 8vo, pp. 30. llidgway,
London, IK} I. 2s.V>d.

To the notice of this useful J\Iiiiiograj)h of the Xarcissiiieaii Plants, given
in Vol. VII. p. ITf)., the only addition necessary is, to say that the second
edition excels the first, in being free tiom many typographical errors whicli
liaste occasioned in the first ; in having some of the descriptions rendered
more |)erfect ; in having receiveil the insertion of " many material new
varieties, four of which may prove new species;" and in having four
pages of preface on the history and culture of narcissinean plants prefixed
to'it. — ./. 7>.

Catiiliigiie of the Vruits eullivnted in the (iardrn of the Ilorliciiltitral Soc'wttf
(f London. 8vo, p|).81, 2il edition, llatchard, London, 183L Hs.
We noticed the first edition of this catalogue (Vol. II. p. 208.), and
blamed the aljjhabetical arrangement as half scientific and half |)opular.
Tile present edition is entirely popular ; the fruits being arrangcil accortl-
ing to the names in common use, and not according to those ol' botanists.
But this is not the only im|)rovement ; " by columns and ablireviations
the meaning of which is explained under every different kind of liuit, a
large number of the most important characters by which the varieties are

Calloxo on the CuUio'e of Mushrooms. 213

distinguished has been compressed into a very small compass. Thus, in
apples, the following line —

846 Osliii p.y roundish 2 T 1 Aug. Sept.

signifies that the Oslin is a pale yellow apple, of a roundish figure, of a
middling size, used for the dessert, of the first qualit}', and ripening in
August and September. To these abbreviations a few useful remarks have
often been added in a separate column.

In the former edition, a number of fruits, both of hardy and of tender
kinds, were comprehended which are here omitted ; such, for instance, as
bilberries, hawthorns, brambles, oranges, guavas, and the like. They have
now been left out for several reasons. By far the greater part, although
eatable, are not fit for cultivation as fruit ; such as hawthorns, brambles,
and whortleberries, which ought only to be found in an enumeration of
trees and shrubs ; others can scarcely be considered eatable at all, as
viburnums and many of the American grapes ; and a third class is cul-
tivated in this country for the flowers rather than the fruit, as the orange
tribe. But what has chiefly caused the omission of the latter, and of
other tender fruits, has been that in the present state of the gardens
there are no means of cultivating them, with a view either to fruiting or to
distribution. To this there is only one exception in the purple guava,
or /-"sidium Cattleyc/H;;;;?, which occupies a permanent situation in one of
the vineries, where it bears abundantly.

In conclusion, it is due to Mr. Ro'bert Thompson, who has the charge of
the fruit department in the garden of the Society, to state that the value
of this catalogue, whatever it may be, is pi'incipally due to his assiduity
and pomological knowleiige."

We have no hesitation in saying that this is by far the most valuable
work which the Society has published ; indeed, we should not be far wrong
if we were to say that it is worth all their other works (seven 4to volumes
of Transactions) put together. It is, in short, the attainment of the most
important office for which the Society was called into existence. As the
Society gives away scions and cuttings of fruit trees and shrubs freely to
all nurserymen, it will now be their fault, or that of their customers, if the
best varieties of every hardy fruit are not soon substituted for the bad or
indifferent sorts now in general use, all over the temperate climates of both
hemispheres.

Callow, Edward, Gardener upwards of thirty years to the late Lord
Glastonbury, and afterwards to the Hon. and Rev. George Neville
Grenville : Observations on the Methods now in use for the artificial
Growth of Mushrooms, with a full Explanation of an improved Mode
of Culture, by which an abundant Supply maj' be procured and continued
throughout every Month in the Year, with a degree of certainty which
has in no instance failed. 8vo, pp. 46, 1 pi. Fellowes, London, 1831.
7^. 6(/.

It is cas}', the author observes, to grow nuishrooms in the autmnn, when
the atmosphere is congenial to their growth ; but for summer and winter
produce, the delicate habits of the nuishroora require a nicety of manage-
ment which few have been a,ble to attain. That they have hitherto been
found delicate things to force, and that to obtain them at all seasons has
been a matter of some uncertainty, those who are best acquainted with
raising them well know. Mr. Callow, having succeeded in obtaining
winter and summer supplies of mushrooms in great quantity, at little
expense, and subject to no uncertainty, " is induced on that account to lay
before the public the result of his experience." The uncertainty in cold-"
beds has arisen from the want of bottom heat, and from damp ; and the
uncertainty in houses warmed by fire flues, may be attributed to the ai'id

p 3

21 4- Calloxc on the Culture of Mmhrooim.

state of the atmospliere. As mushrooms disappear in the fields for the
season, after a single sharj) frost, so it will !)e found difficult to recover
a bcil after it has uuce siitiijrcd any severe check. From adverting to the
causes of the frecjueut failures in obtaining crops, and from attentively
cousiileriug the habits of the vegetable in its natural state, Mr. Callow
abandoned " the most uncertain ilung-ridge culture," and also the use of fire
iieat, and substituteil the steam of hot dung in the nmshrooui-housc; thus
forming an atuu)>j|)here " somewhat resembling that of those close foggy
mornings, which even the uneducatetl husbandmen, irom observing etiiicts,
call 'mushroom weather.' " A damp heated atmosphere seems to be the
desideratum to insure luxuriant cro|)s throughout the year.

Thus much for the principle of Mr. Callow's improvement : to describe
its application will be unnecessary to those who are in the practice of
growing mushrooms in houses heated by flues. The inexperienced w ill feel
themselves amply repaid by the purchase of Mr. Callow's w ork ; or they
may proceeil on the follow ing outline : —

Let a house for sunnner use face the N. or N.E. ; for winter use the
S. or S.W. If the soil be wet, use the proper means to render the floor of
the house perfectly dry. Build the back and ends of stone or brick, the
front of inch boards, plastered inside ; and cover the roof with a thick coat
of thatch. Leave an opening in each end for the admission of air at plea-
sure. In the roof, form two or more windows of small size, for atlmitting
light, when watering or doing other work. Form a small doorway in the
centre of the boarded front. From the doorway to the back wall there
should be a trench 18 in. wide and 2 ft. deep, to be filled with hot dung
whenever it may be necessary to increase the heat and moisture of the
house. Shelves may be placed against the back and end walls, and flues
formed across the floor -^ ft. deep by 18 in. wide, covered with boards or
flat stones for receiving the steam of the dung; and other flues or vacuities
may run along the ends and sides of the house at jileasure, by simply
placing, in an inclined jiosition, boards or flat stones against the wall.
The bed in the floor of the mushroom-house, and those on the shelves,
are to be made of properly prepared dung in the usual manner ; and the
same as to the |)hmtiug the spawn, &c. A uniform temperature is to be
kept up in the house, by outsiile linings of fresh dung, leaves, or grass ;
raised either only a few feet in height, or as high as the eaves of the roof,
as the season or other circumstances may recjuire.

It must he evident, we think, to every gardener, that this is a very cer-
tain and economical mode of raising nuishrooms ; and it may be proved in
any connnon [)it, or even frame, substituting thatched boards for the glass
sashes.

Long after writinij the above notice, we received the following from
Mr. Elles, one of tlie most scientific, and at the same time successful,
practical gartleners in either Britain or Ireland: —

" Sir, III the last Number of the (iardener's Magazine, no mention is
made of Mr. (.'allow's Tivat'tsc on llicdruirlli ti/'AIiis/irooiiis ; which treatise,
I think, not only deserves to be mentioned, but likewise to be strongly
recommended, so that it may become as generally and as universally
known as its merits justly entitle it to be. These merits will be tbund
both in Mr. Callow's practice aiul theory. In the lormer, his directions
are .so plain and clear, that I slu)uld think it almost impossible to mis-
apprehend his meaning; while in the latter, if any other guarantee besides
the high and well known respectability of his character, both as a man
and as a first-rate gardener, w ere wanted to prove the correctness of it,
confirmation would be found in the partial ai)j)lication of hot steaming
dung, either for heating mushroom-houses or filling tluin with moisture,
by many excellent mushroom-growers ; who, although they could in some
Dieosure appreciate the value and utility of this kind of moist heat, yet had

Lambert's Rural Affairs of Ireland. 215

not so full}' and practically developed the theory as Mr. Callow has now-
done ; for whicli, I think, he deserves the thanks of gardeners generally.

However, notwithstanding the very great credit due to Mr. Callow, for
a book which every gardener ought to possess who has mushrooms to
grow (and who has not ? ), yet there is still a desideratum to supply in this
department; namel}', a method by which mushrooms may be grown during
the summer and autumnal months in the open air. Does any one of your
readers or correspondents know of any person who has succeeded in this
way besides Mr. Cunningham of the Comely Bank Nursery, Edinburgh ?
He, I believe, objects to a public disclosure of his method, for which, in
a commercial point of view, he probably may be justified; but, as no such
objection applies to a gentleman's gardener, I hope some one or other of
the brethren will come forward and give us the required information. If
not, after having augmented my " little modicum of learning," by a perusal
of a few more of )'our publications, and another season's experience, I will
endeavour to accomplish the task. I would indeed now very readily give
you the particulars of my proceedings during the late season, had it not
been so extremely favourable to the growth of mushrooms, that to attribute
the crops I grew from the middle of June to the middle of November, in
the open air, entirely to previous management and preparation, would, I
think, not be fair. However, be that as it may, many gardeners vvitnessed
my crop with astonishment. From a space 40 ft. in length, and 7 ft. in
■width, I have frequently gathered 4, 8, 10, and even 12 pecks of mushrooms
in a morning. — J. Ellen. Palace Gardens, Armagh, JDec. 23. 1831.

Lambert, Joseph, Esq. : Rural Affairs of Ireland, &c. 1 2mo. Curry, Dub-
lin, 1830. [Previously noticed G. M., Vol. V. p. 540.]
This is really an excellent little volume, admirably adapted to the present
circumstances and exigencies of Ireland. The author is evidently a clear-
headed practical agriculturist and rural improve)', for there is scarcely a
single page which does not contain some useful rule, or some valuable
practical information ; indeed, the book altogether is nearly an epitome of
all that is essential to the well-being and well-doing, under ordinary cir-
cumstances, of the peasant, the farmer, and the landlord ; and no Irishman
who has a spark of pride in, or patriotism for, his own or his country's weal,
should be without it.

His chapters on the Profits of Farming, System and Regularity, Roads,
Draining Land, and Manure, clearly show that the author is thoroughly
acquainted with these important subjects, by the manner in which he
appreciates the immense advantages the farmer will have who may carefully
attend to these matters. In his chapter " Lime as a Manure," he says,
" an experienced writer on this subject states, that he has had many oppor-
tunities of observing total barrenness produced by a too liberal use of it ;
but, if introduced with judgment, it will produce very useful permanent
changes in the soil to which it is applied." Now, after such an observation,
surely the author, without risking the charge of introducing useless verbi-
age, might have been a little more explicit on the subject ; for there is
no manure, stimulant or alterative, whichever it may be called, so univer-
sally employed as a manure on arable land ; and the least hint insinuating
the possibility of mischief arising from its use, might cause the indolent
or injudicious to abstain entirely from using it. He ought, where a positive
evil had occurred by its application, to have submitted a remedy, and in-
formed his readers that a dressing of peat-earth would have almost imme-
diately corrected the evil, by offering a medium through which the caustic
properties of the lime might become a source of fertility instead of bar-
renness ; and, above all, the different quality of lime made from magnesian
limestone, which is common in Ireland, and that which is made from com-
mon limestone, should have been pointed out. Quicklime of any kind,

p 4

216 iMmhcrt^s liwal AJfairs of Ireland.

a|i|)lied to land (Iffuiciit in vti:ctal)lc and fibrous matter, will most assuredly
prove injurious; witiiout sneii matter, the lime will retain, lor a long time,
its caustic properties. It is this fii)rons and vegetable matter which yields
the carbonic acid, with which the quicklime combines and ultimately be-
comes mild, or carbonate of lime; and it is diuing the process of this com-
bination that the >;reater part of this vegetable and fibrous matter which
was insoluble is converted into soluble or fertile matter. Afterwards the
mild or carbonate of lime operates, as a manure, in a directly contrary way
to (|uicklime : (|uicklimc, by rendering matter which was inert, nutritive;
mild lime, i)y retarding the too ra])id decomposition of those very sub-
stances which, in its conversion from (]uick to mild lime, it had decomposed.

If, then, it should appear that some judgment is necessary in the proper
a|)piication of common lime to agricultural purposes, and every farmer will
admit that he is frequently puzzled liow to apply it ; must not the difficulty
be infinitely greater when he has to ajiply lime made from magnesian lime-
stone, in which the afTuiity for carbonic acid is considerably less? Thus, in
the application of lime made from this stone, while any, the least i)art, of
the lime remains caustic, it attracts carbonic acid from the magnesia, con-
sequently the magnesia must and docs continue caustic and poisonous for
an indefinite period ; at least luUil |)cat or some other vegetable matter is
applied to afford a proper supply of carbonic acid, by which alone it can be
rendered beneficial or fertilising. It may be considered that these observ-
ations, if not irrelevant, are, at least, too minute on such a subject ; but,
as the use of lime as a manure is so general, perhaps they may not be
altogether out of place. The chapters, iSalt as a INlanure, Burning Land,
Fallowing, Top-ib'essing (irass Laml, Ploughing, Rolling and Pulverising
Land, are short, pithy, and useful ; but, under the head " Weeds," the
author has unfortunately substituted Sir II. Steuart's method of extir-
pating rushes instead of following the dictates of his own good sense. Sir
Henry's scheme for banishing rushes it seems, is nothing more or less than
deep-trenching the wlu)le of the ground producing ru>hes. " It is by deep-
trenching to the depth of 18 or 20 in. that the tenacious clay at bottom is
broken up, and the cause removed, when the subsoil is renilered porous for
the surface water to pass freely downwards. The bottom of the trench
should be carried on a hanging level, and the sanily or stony parts of the
soil thrown towards the bottom, which will be a sufficient drain, and ren-
der the land dry."

Now, it may not be always [)ossible to find this " hanging level " (which,
by the by, soimds like a Ilibernicism) ; and sujjposeit were found, can any
idea be more prepo>.terous than that trenching a pasture, say from 10 to 30
acres, no less than from IH to -20 in. deep? Judicious draining will effect
the same object, at a fiftieth part of the expense. Rushes may be kept under,
if not entirely eradicatetl, by mowing them either in the spring or autumn
in fro-,ty weather, mornings or evenings : even Hooding*, as in water-
meadows, will destroy them ; as rushes will not grow in either very wet or
very dry ground, but delight in ill-drained land with a strong retentive
subsoil.

The remainder of this little volume, which relates exclusively to farming,
includes the most ap|)roved modes of rotatory cropping : indeed, nothing
useful seems to be omitted; even the " prognostics ot" the weather" are
liappily introduced, with many iisefid and intelligent remarks. The breed-
ing and rearing of cattle, and the treatment most conducive to their health
in a wet climate such as Ireland, lorm no inconsiderable portion of the
work. An excellent plan of a sheepfold is given, which the author has
proved to answer well the cud for which it is intended. However, there

* The reviewer j)lainly means ./uncus glaucus ; for ./uncus efliisus, a
species prevalent in some places, loves water too well to be ever killed by

irrigation. — J. D.

Lamherfs Rural Affairs of Ireland. 217

is one remark respecting the management of sheep, which may be excep-
tionable ; it is this : — " Ewes should, if possible, have some green food
before and after lambing." Now, to give green food before lambing is in
England considered a dangerous practice. The ewes, under such treat-
ment, yean well, but soon after are taken with a heaving, as if about to
yean a second time ; twenty-four hours, or less, usually puts a period to
their existence, and nothing hitherto discovered will effect a cure. The
only preventive is to put the flock on dry food.

We now come to " Observations on reclaiming Bogs and Wastes." In
this important chapter the author has shown what portion of bogs may
with propriety be attempted, and with certainty be reclaimed. With a per-
fect knowledge of the nature of these bogs, the habits, wants, and industry
of the numerous peasantry, he has, in addition to these, brought all his
experience on rural affairs to bear on this subject, and made it one of the
most interesting chapters in the volunie. As an improver of wastes, he
equally avoids the vapid declamatory nonsense of enthusiastic theorists,
and the indolent admirers of things as they are : he proceeds in a business-
like manner; like one who is aware of the difficuUies with which the sub-
ject is beset, but is, nevertheless, confident in the resources of his own
mind, and the almost boundless resources which Ireland afibitls. He
shows what immense improvements might be effected in Ireland, by the
proper application of capital. On this subject his work should be con-
sulted by every man who may have an acre of bog. It is not a little
curious, likewise, when on this subject, to observe with what ease and most
perfect sangfroid he exposes the utter ignorance of those Katerfeltos who
send their nostrums by dozens across the Channel, each of which would,
as they profess, if properly administered, insure not only the regeneration,
but the complete salvation, of Ireland. Nor does even honest John Bull
escape a sarcasm or two about his " frothing tankard and fat bacon," — (May
he ever have plenty of both !) — and when his condition is contrasted with
that of the labourer of Ireland, the author, with national pride, claims some
degree of happiness and comfort for his own poor des[)ised countr} men,
who dwell in cabins as foxes in holes; and such a claim is both just and
commendable, for they certainly are neither so unhappy nor so wretched as
their appearance would seem to indicate : but that the poverty of the
Irish peasant is great, his privations numerous, and, to an Englishman, un-
bearable and maddening, no one acquainted with his condition will deny ;
yet his native good-humour and buojant spirits enable him not only to
prolong and enjoy his existence, but in some measure to compete in point
of happiness with his better fed English neighbour. But an Irish peasant's
happiness is that sort of happiness which may Heaven ever avert from the
shores of Britain ! it is that sort of happiness under bondage, which is de-
scribed in Don Juan as being exhibited by the blacks, in contradistinction
to the whites, in the slave mart, where the noble author says : —
" The negroes more philosophy display'd.

Used to it, no doubt, as eels are to be flay'd."

And used to oppression he is indeed; for, although the maxim " live and
let live" is understood and acted upon by many kind and benevolent resident
landlords, yet the sentiment is exotic, and a grasping overreaching dispo-
sition is the general characteristic of this grade of society. The absentee
landlords exact exorbitant rents from the small farmers (and if a man rent
but half a dozen acres of ground, he is called a. farmer in Ireland); while
the middleman, or large farmer, with from 50 to 100 acres, or upwards,
acting, as in many parts they do, upon the con-acre system, oppresses the
peasant, and injures the land for years, to enrich himself. By these and
such like grinding and oppressive means, the intellects of the peasantry are
whetted to a degree of acuteness in fraud and deception unknown in Eng-
land. If it is possible, an Irish peasant will cheat or overreach a customer

218 Lanibn/'s JRiiral Affairs of Ireland.

in making a bargain, and tliat, too, without the least misgiving or com-
punction ; liowcvcr, as example is more impressive than precept, it is pos-
silile tliat lie iiiav iiave Ik'l'm instructed by Ills superiors : l)c tiiat as it may,
that tlie <kliiH|uVntv is general, will admit, if not of positive proof, at least
of illustration, however ludicrous, that maybe considered tiintamount to
it. A Yorkshire horsedealer is generally considered a shrewd clever man
in his calling; but let him once set his foot on '• this first flower of the
earth, and fust gem of the sea," and his " occupation 's gone;" in fact, he
■would soon lose his teeth ! Again, a ilescendant of Abraham is not to be
met with iietwecn the Giant's Causeway anil Cape Clear; he is indeed a
nondescript : he who peregrinates every region of the globe, " to buy
and sell, and get gain," cannot exist in this country ! However, St. Patrick
may have included these wortiiy personages in his denunciation against
venomous rejjtiles, and that will account for their absence.

Let us take another view of the inmate of the cabin, for he may be found
of all tints. Observe the half-clad |)easant, breasting the storm with wiry
sinews, his ragired coat streaming in the wintl, travelling to some neigh-
bouring market with a load on his shoulders. This load is a web of linen
cloth, for which, should he be fortunate enough, he may obtain from Grf. to
lOr/. a yard.

And this trifling sum is all that tiiis man obtains for a yard of cloth,
after having grown his own flax on lautl, for which he nuist pay from thirty
to eighty shillings per acre; after the labour attending the pulling, watering,
drying, crigiiing, dressing, spinning, weaving, anil taking to market. Then,
with the proceeds of the sale of this cloth, together w itii the sale of his corn,
for these men generally rent three or four acres of ground, he contrives to
pay his rent ; while himself and family live, or rather drag out a miserable
existence, entirely on potatoes ; for his ducks and fowls, geese and turkeys,
are all brought to market to enable him to purchase something to cover
his nakedness with ; nor will his utmost exertions enable him to procure
better fare.

Here, then, is degradation I Here is debasement ! A fellow-creature,
gifted by the Almighty with all the essentials of manhood ccjual to the
proudest sons of earth, is thus bowed down to, and made to bite, the very
dust. Is it surprising, then, that such a man, smarting under the ertects of
such brutalising wretchedness, his " passions wild and strong," — is it mar-
vellous, then, that such a being should equal the Imlian in artifice and
cunning, or in ferocity, when his passions are tunudtiiously excited by
designing deniagogues, who, by and through the grossest superstition, have
obtained such a mastery over his attcctions, that even in tiie very whirl-
wind and tcMupest of his passions they can control and mould him to their
will ? Nor does there appear any hope of amendment, unless the benevo-
lent resident gentry coml)ine with the couunercial people, as they are now
beginning to do, to extend the i)eiu'fits of education : fi)r it is the latter
class of men that will eventually operate as a lever to raise their humble
brethren from such a state of thraldom and degradation ; for the great
majority of this class are well educated, kind, open-hearted, high-minded,
hospitai)le, generous, and charitable. They possess iu)t only a high sense
of honour and integrity, but a proper and an exalteil sense of the relative
duties of man. Let then but such a class of men earnestly set their
shoulders to the wheel, and the work is luilf done; for until there is an
improvement in the moral condition of the peasantry, English capital will
flow but tardily into Ireland, and without it the reclaiming of bogs and
wastes will proceed but very slowly.

" ( )bservations on Forest Trees in general." It would anu)uut to an almost
positive injnstice to (|uote a single passage from this portion of the work.
Tiie author inuler each head has given plain and practical directions re-
specting the culture of the various forest trees ; and besides he has in-

Lambert's Rural Affairs of Ireland. 219

terspersed numerous historical notices of fine old trees in various parts
of the empire, which are extremely interesting and valuable: and, what is
of more consequence, no idle ftmtastic theories, or pompous passages de-
scriptive of trifling details in daily operations which are self-evident to a
labourer of the meanest capacity, are introduced to swell the number of
pages ; but plain common sense pervades each chapter. He writes as if
he considered his readers sentient beings; and, when he has pointed out
the principle upon which each operation ought to be conducted, leaves the
manipular part to the " ignorant and self-sufhcient gardener," or forester,
as he very properly ought to do. This brings us to the chapter " Trans-
planting Large Trees," and the praise-bespattered " Allanton method."
Our author warmly eulogises Sir H. Steuart, and says, that " he has
brought about a new era in this department of arboricultural science." It
is charitable to suppose that he merely echoes the sentiments of the
northern reviewers, who, of all men, are the most accommodating to each
other's wants and wishes. " Caw me, caw thee," has worked well for the
booksellers for many years, and is now as proverbial in criticism as it for-
merly used to be, when it afforded a ready and convenient mode of intro-
duction to a mutually useful interchange of civilities. So that, we pre-
sume, even under the fearful responsibility of dissenting from the opinions
of such " learned " men, to say, that, if this " new era " means any thing
new in forestry, we are at issue with them, and will very soon put this
claim to originality to the test, by asking one plain question : — Has Sir H.
Steuart developed, by this supposed new method, one new, or rather any
one imperfectly understood, principle in vegetable physiology ? New prin-
ciples there are none; they ever remain the same: let his panegyrists
answer the question. When the first man and the first gardener sprang
from the hands of his Maker, it is reasonable to suppose that he was en-
dued with a sound mind in a healthy body ; and if so, he practised the
" Allanton method : " for every gardener with common sense, whether in
Paradise, Ciiina, or Japan, England, Scotland, or Ireland, has practised, and
must of necessity practise, upon principle, the identical method which has
given so much celebrity to Sir H. Steuart; a " learned author," forsooth,
who has written a book setting forth as new that which is old, and endea-
vouring to raise his character for intelligence by the basest of all means,
namely, by slandering and depreciating that of the humble and comparatively
defenceless gardener. This is " the unkiudest cut of all." What ! shall
such men as M'Nab, Gorrie, Howden, Milne, Munro, Plimley, Burn,
Forest, M'lntosh, and a host of others, b^ stigmatised as " ignorant and
self-sufficient gardeners ?" If such a foul aspersion had not come from so
high and " learned " a quarter, it were too contemptible for notice. What !
and we reiterate the exclamation, shall a race of men be falsely branded
with the vulgar epithets of " ignorance and self-sufficiency," who are pro-
verbial for intelligence and virtuous integrity ? — a race of men unequalled,
in any other profession, for self-denial, and the most unconquerable per-
severance in overcoming difficulties, which only men with such indomitable
spirits and unwearied industry can surmount; is it meet, is it just, that
such men should be scandalised by such a calumny ?

Awa}', then, with such vituperative and malignant aspersions ; or let them
recoil on the head of the original promulgator. Why, we ourselves assisted,
some twenty years ago, in transplanting some very large trees in the old
Botanic Garden in Leith Walk, under the above-named unassuming, but
excellent man, Mr. M'Nab, without ever once thinking that there was any
thing wonderful or even surprising in the operation ; for we had frequently
seen the same thing done in England before. But Sir Henry and his re-
viewers, it seems, not being satisfied with the just renown which the "sons
of the mist " have most meritoriously acquired, they must arrogate to
themselves the discovery of nearly every improvement, or improved mode

220 Clegliorn^s Sj/sfon of Agriculture.

of nianafjement, in rural affairs, and even go so far as to call in to their aid
some hukadaisical peripatetics from the IIi<;hland Society to bolster up
the monstrous alisiiniity, %vlio sapiently and profoimdly aj;ree that the
" Allanton method " is to supersede all other modes of " economical
plantinj:," and that it is to produce a new era in " ornamental planting."

Shailes of Pope and Shenstone! could ye but for once " revisit the
flimpses" either of the sun or " moon," how would jour beatified spirits
mourn! — ye who,

" Looking through Nature up to Nature's Ciod,"
emplo\ing nature's simjjle instruments, realised beauties which could only
previously exist in the " mind's eye " of such heaven-born souls, — how
would ye mourn (being ignorant of the " Allanton method," as in good
truth ye needs n)ust), — how would ye mourn to find your own sylvan
scenes' — your own poetic fairy lands — neglected, despised, and depicted
but as " possessing things rank and gross in nature merely." Even the
maiinificent and hallowed conceptions of England's own blind bard must
vanish into " airy nothing" before the Ithuriel touch of these magical
arborists. But enough, and more than enough, of this matter.

We will dose these observations with a short extract from the chapter
on prunini;, to show our fellow-labourer Mr. Howden,and others, that our
o[)inions respecting the management of tiie pine tribe arc not singular.
Tile author says : —

" 1 am deciilediy averse to pruning any of the fir tribe, except decayed
branches, to prevent useless knots in the timber. It is much better to
leave all firs to nature, as their sap-vessels are larger than those of hanl-wood
trees, and they conse(|uently bleed n)ore when wounded ; besides, it makes
a ridiculous and unsightly appearance to [)rune a parcel of fine larch and
other firs, as I have fre(|uently seen them, three parts of the way to the
top. TJie branches of the larch are weak and tender when planted in
mass, and therefore do not cause large knots in the timber; in no case,
therefore, should they be touched. The silver fir, the next in value, and
in every way one of the noblest of the pine tribe, I have seen primetl, and
bleeding from the numerous wounds whicii the ignorant and injudicious
hand had inflicted on it. — T/iin out ijourfirs rc^ularhi ; but, no far as re-
gards pritnhii!;, hang up t/oiir saw, and lock up i/our pruuiug-knifc. litgular
tliinning is more to he recommended for all trees than loo liberal an aj>j)licalioti
of the saw or j^runing-knife." — J. Elles. Palace Gardens, Armagli, Jan. 5.
1831.

Clcgliorn, James, Es(|., an Accountant in litlinburgh, late Editor of the
" Farmer's Magazine :" System of Agriculture, from the " Encydopiedia
]Jritamiica." Ito, p[). lOG, 7th edit., 13 quarto plates. 1-Alinburgh,
1831, Adam Black.

We have great pleasure in noticing this work, written and |)ul)lished by
highly esteemed friends. It may be considered as a s|)ecimen of the new
edition of the J'^ncj/cloprrdia JSrilaunica, now |)ublir,hing by INlr. Black,
which is un(inestionai)ly far superior to tiie prjcetiing one, in paper, print,
and engravings, as well as in matter. We regret chiefly one thing : viz.
that instead of engravings on plates separate from the text, and which,
being troni)lesome to refer to, are generally not referred to at all, wood-
cuts in the body of the text have not been used. \Ve should have preferred,
also, a systematic arrangement, somewhat in the style of the Enci/rlnjucilia
MetropoUtana. A quarto encyclopa'dia, of twenty or thirty volumes, in
which the subjects are systematically arranged, and all the engravings,
except those of maps, anil a few views in which aerial |)erspcctive is
essentially necessary, done on wood, is a {lesitleratum in English hterature,
which we trust will l)e supplied as soon as government reduces the tax on
paper.

Literary Notices. 221

Dewhurst, W. H. Esq., Surgeon-Accoucheur, Author of a Dictionary of
Anatomy, Physiology, &c. : Practical Observations on the New System
of warming Dwelling-houses, Cathedrals, Churches, Theatres, and other
Public Buildings, with Hot Water ; together with a Description of the
dangerous and uncertain Effects produced by the Employment of heated
Air; to which is added, some Remarks on the Importance of an equa-
bility of Temperature, and Cure of Cholera and other Diseases. Lon-
don, 1832. Printed for the Author, 8. Gower Place, Euston Square. 2s.

Mr. Dewhurst is warm in his recommendation of hot water as a means
of heating. He quotes Dr. Arnott, whose Elements of Physics every
gardener who can afford it ought to possess, to show that " a fourth f)art
of the fuel generally expended in English houses, if more skilfully used,
would better secure comfort and health than all which is now expended."
Mr. Devvhurst speaks of a Major-general Viney's boiler, as if it were the
lie j)Ius ultra of perfection, and as affording sufficient room for the "perfect
combustion of the fuel." We should wish Mr. Dewhurst to explain to us,
in a few words, how the combustion of fuel can possibly be perfect, imme-
diately under or beside any hot-water or steam boiler whatever; the
thing is impossible, for reasons which we have given in page 2(i. Mr.
Dewhurst's tract deserves to be read, if it were only for his remarks on the
abodes of the poor.

Art. V. Literary Notices.

Cr

tectiire to these Kinds of ^

nected with Buildings gencmllt/. — It will be seen from our Advertising Sheet
that we have commenced this work in Numbers, to be continued quarterly.
We have no doubt of rendering it one of the most readable books on
Architecture in the English language; and one which, more than any other
on the same subject, will diffuse" a knowledge of the principles of Architec-
ture, and a taste for its productions among general readers. The following
are extracts from the introduction : —

The main object of this Encijclopccdia of Cottage, Farm, and ^ Villa
Architecture is to improve the dwellings of the great mass of society, in the
temperate regions of both hemispheres : a secondary object is to create
and dilFuse among mankind, generally, a taste for architectural comforts
and beauties. The means by which we propose to accomplish these objects
are the following : — 1. By submitting a Series of Designs for human dwell-
ings, embracing the greatest variety of comfort and beauty ; and accom-
pa'nying these "designs by analytical and critical remarks, pointing out in
what this comfort and beauty consist, and on what principles both are
founded. 2. By a General Survey of the present state of Cottage, Farm,
and Villa Architecture throughout Europe, in which the forms and arrange-
ments adopted in different countries will be traced to the climate, materials
of construction, and other circumstances, of each particular country ; and
conclusions drawn respecting those arrangements and forms, with a view
to the improvement of architectural design. 3. By an Analytical and Criti-
cal Examination of the principal works hitherto published on the subject
of cottage, farm, and villa architecture; pointing out what we consider the
defects, deformities, or beauties, in the engraved designs of those works ;
and what we think erroneous or right reasoning, in their dissertations on
taste and beauty, -i. By a developement of the Grammar, General Principles,
and Technical Details of Architecture, in such a manner as to render them
familiar to the general reader, and subservient to the purpose of educating
young persons in Architecture, especially the female sex.

We have commenced our work with Designs, rather than with Principles;

222 LoudoJi^s Encyclopiudia of

because, in tlie analytical and critical remarks, with which we mean to
accompanv tluso Desijiiis, we intend to devclo|)P, as it were, incidentally,
and l)v little anil littlf, all tlie j)rincii)lcs of Arciiitcctnrc ; anil also those of
Landsca|)c-(iardL'nin!;a.s coimectcd witii hiiildinjis. We consider this mode
of instruction as best calculated for those practical men who have not had
a sufficient e<iucation, or have not pursued such a course of reading in early
youth, as would enable them to encer at once on the perusal of discussions,
which must necessarily be, to a considerable extent, metajihysical. We
also consider this mode as by far the best adapted for initiating the general
reader in the principles of architectural taste; and for enabling young per-
sons, and especially ladies, to educate themselves in Architecture, as an
elegant art.

The improvement of the dwellings of the great mass of society through-
out the world, appears to us an object of such vast importance, as to be
well worth attempting, even though we may not all at once succeed to our
utmost wishes. In ameliorations necessarily involving considerable ex-
pense, much cannot be expected to be performed innnediately ; yet, by
making known the various particulars in which these ameliorations consist,
to those who are to derive important benefits from them, we may rest cer-
tain that, sooner or later, they will be effected. The efforts of Architects,
in all ages and countries, have hitherto been, for the most part, directed to
public buildings, and to the mansions of princes, noblemen, and men of
wealth ; and what have hitherto been considered the inferior or<iers of
society have been, for the most part, left to become their own architects.
Hence the tardiness with which the improvements made in the accommo-
dation, arrangement, and exterior beauty of the mansions of the wealthy,
have found their way to the d\.ellings of the poor. The great object of
this work is, to show how the dwellings of the whole mass of society may
be e(]ualised in point of all essential comforts, conveniences, and beauties.

After studying with care all the various opinions delivered by different
architectural writers on the subject of the principles of their art, and
divesting ourselves, as nuich as possible, of all accidental associations and
temporary prejudices, we have arrived at the following conclusion : — that
the leading principle of Archifcture, as a useful art, is fitness for the end
in view; as an art of design, expression of the entl in view ; and, as an art
of ta.ste, exjjression of some particular architectural style. Those beauties
or effects which arc the result of the first and second prinei|)les, are in their
nature permanent; those which are the result of the third principle, are in
their nature temporary and accidental.

All the various principles which come into operation, in the design and
construction of buildings, easily range themselves under these three fumla-
mcntal princi|)les. 'I'he fitness of a design for the end in view compre-
liends not only the fitness of the si/e, shape, number, relative |)osition,
and other particulars of the interior divisions of a building, for tlie uses for
which thev are intended ; but the fitness of the materials and construction,
with reference to the strength and durability which may be reijuired ; and
the fitness of tlie expenditure for the means at the connnand of the builder.
In like manner, the principle of the expression of tiie purpose, or end in
view, applies not only to unity of expression in a building as a whole, but
to the separate expression of all the diffl-rent parts of a imilding of the
l)urposes for which they are intended. So also the expression of archi-
tectural style applies not only to the building taken as a wht)le, which
must be in the same style tln-oughout, but to all its component parts, which,
even to the most minute details, must belong to that style, ami exhibit its
characteristics.

Thus, as there arc various uses to which buildings are devoted, so are
there various kinds of beauty of which they can be reiulered expressive.
But, as all the uses to which buildings can be applied, all the arrangements
which are re(iuisite for convenience or luxury, and all mechanical or che-

Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture. 223?

mical processes which enter into their construction, are referable to the
principle of fitness ; so all the different kinds of beauty of which they are
susceptible, are referable either to the expression of purpose, or to the
expression of style. A cottage or a barn, which are recognised to be such
at the first glance, are so far perfect, as to the expression of purpose; but
they may also be specimens of Grecian or (xothic Architecture, in which
case, to the expression of purpose is added the expression of style.

As fitness and the expression of purpose are principles applicable to all
buildings whatever; so fitness, the expression of purpose, and the expres-
sion of architectural st}le, comprehend all the beauties of which buildings
are susceptible.

The principle of expression of purpose is of universal application in
Architecture ; and whatever building will bear the test of examination
according to it, cannot but prove satisfactory to every unprejudiced mind,
though it may not possess any of the beauties of architectural style. The
minds of all men, however, are more or less subject to the prejudices of
the age and country in which they live ; and the prejudices of European
Architects and their employers seem long to have been in favour of
the expression of architectural style in building, rather than of the
expression of use or purpose. This circumstance has influenced the
general taste; and hence it is, that the critical observer, when looking at
what is considered a fine building, instead of first examining whether it is
expressive of the purpose to which it is aj)plied, considers only whether it
is intended to be in the Grecian, Roman, or Gothic style ; and, having
determined to which of these styles it belongs, he next examines whether
the details of the building are in strict conformity with the best practice
and precedents in that style. But according to the principles we have laid
down, it will be seen that the Grecian and Gothic styles arc mere accidents
in Architecture ; and are nothing more than the language which the Archi-
tect makes use of to convey his ideas. The expression of the purpose, for
which every building is erected, is the first and most essential beauty; and -
should be obvious from its Architecture, altogether independently of any
particular style ; in the same manner as the reasons for things are altoge-
ther independent of the language in which they are conveyed. As in lite-
rary compositions, no beauty of language can ever compensate for poverty
of sense; so, in architectural composition, no beauty of style can ever
compensate for the want of expression of purpose. Every reasonable
mind must feel this ; for, as we have said before, the foundation of all true
and permanent beauty is utility.

These principles we shall gradually developein the four following Parts,
into which this work is divided.

Part I. Designs for Dwellings in various styles of Architecture, and
with different tiegrees of acconnnodation, from the cottage of two rooms
to the villa of the English gentleman of wealth and refinement in the nine-
teenth century ; accompanied by analytical and critical remarks, illustra-
tive of the principles of Architectural Design and Taste on which these
designs are composed, and of Landscape-Gardening with reference to their
accompaniments.

Part II. The Geographical History of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Archi-
tecture.

Part III. TheLiterary History of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture.

Part IV. The (irammar and Principles of Civil Architecture generall}'.

Glossarial Index. Every technical term and professional expression
made use of in this work will be, the first time it occurs, exj)lained and
illustrated, if necessary, by an Engraving; and in the Glossarial Index,
not only will all these terms be brought together alphabetically, but other
terms of Architecture, and such terms of engineering, and of the fine arts,
as are connected with Architecture and Landscape-Gardening, will be
explained and illustrated in a similar manner. The study and comprehen-

224 New or interesthig Planfs

sion of these terms, by young persons, will serve to increase the interest
which they will take in architectural reaclin<r,nnil will contribute materially
to their proiircss in ai'cliitcctural taste and iriticiMUi.

A (iencral hulcx, in alphabetical order, will aH()rd an easy and detached
reference to the whole work.

Su])])lt)iicnl to Ijuiiduns Ilorlus liiii'uiiiiiciix, in 2+ pages 8vo, appears
with the present Number. It is a work of great labour, for the materials
of which we are under the greatest obligations to almost all the botanists
and nurserymen about London.

Praciical Jliiifs on Landscape-Gardening, with some Remarks on Archi-
tecture, as connected with Scenery, with Plates, by W. S. Gilpin, Esq., are
preparing for publication. This work, we are sure, will be peruse<l with
interest; we hope it will not be published at such a price as to preclude its
falling into the hands of practical ganlencrs.

The jMusliroom and Champignon illnxiratcd, compared with, and distin-
guished from, the Poisonous Fungi that resemble them. Containing five
plates, with their descrii)tions. By J. Sowcrby, Jun. In small quarto ;
price \s. (id. plain, or -^.v. (id. highly finished in colours. This work will
possibly have been published ere this notice of it meets the light. The
reasons assigned for undertaking it are the following: — " As accidents
are frequently occurring by mistaking the poisonous for the eatable fungi,
particularly the ylgaricus virosus, one of the most ])oisonons and most com-
mon, for the champignon ; and as many people, not knowing the distinc-
tions, are afraid of using any, it has been suggested that a work pointing
out the diflerences, in a manner that shall be intelligible to every one,
would be generally useful, it is therefore hoped that the little work just
offered to the public will be productive of good ertects."

Art. VI. Notices of new Plants, or of interesting old ones, derived
from the British monthly Botanical Periodicals for February and
March, 1832, viz.—

CiHcs's Botanical Magazine ; each monthly Number containing eigiit plates ;

3a-. (id. coloureil, 3.y. plain. Edited by Dr. Hooker, King's Professor of

Botany in the University of (ilasgow,
Edwardn's liolanical licgisler ; each monthly Number containing eight

plates; J.v. coloured. Edited by John Lindley, Esq. F.R.S., Professor

of Hotauy in the London University.
Sweet's liritish Floiccr-darden ; each monthly Number containing four

plates; .•i.v. coloured, 2.v. .'W. plain. Editeilby Robert Sweet, F.L.S.,

author of several botanical works.
Loddiges's liolanical CahincI ; each monthly Number containing ten plates;

bs. coloured, )is. (id. partly coloured. Eilitcd by iSIessrs. Loddiges.
Maiind's Jiotanic (iarden ; each montlily Number containing one plate,

bearing pictures of four |)lants; l.v. 6d. coloured and large paper, l.v. small

paper. Ivlited l)y Jienjamin Maund, I^sq.

The reader will find the few abbreviations used in the following extracts
expiaitied in p. 12.

DlCOTVLEDONOLS Pol.VnCTALOLS Pl.ANTS.

IX. Cnicifera'.
'"*-*"'l'LVi6sa ,SV/. showy Jf A "f i ap Ho.l' Siberia 1829. S s.l.ru. Sw.ll gar.2.s.l35

A beautiful little |)lant, which Howered in A])ril, 1830, at Rury Hill, where
Mr. Cameron had raised it from Siberian seeds. Mr. Sweet's researches
have not enabled him to identify it with any already described species.
( j\Iarch.)

Jigured in the Botanical Periodicals. 225

XI. CappandecB § Clebmeee. CleSrae gigantea is figured in the Bot.
Mag. for March, t. 3137. Its "flowers are perhaps among the largest of
the genus ; but they are less conspicuous than many others, on account of
their almost uniform pale green colour."

XXIX. Tiliacece. " Brownlovvk elata blossomed in September, 1831, in
the stove at Wormleybury, and then measured 9i ft. in height, and the
stem 10 in. round, and some of the leaves lOjin. in length by 8 in breadth.
It is a grand tree in India, being, according to Mr. G. Don, 100 ft. in height ;
and, according to Roxburgh, the trunk at 4 ft. from the ground is 15 ft. in
circumfirence. Dr. Wallich says, in the Calcutta Botanic Garden it forms
at all tmies a beautiful spectacle, and especially when covered with its
numerous grand panicles of yellow flowers : it is a stove plant in Britain.
(Bot. Beg., Feb. 1832, t. 1472.)

XXXII. Ternstr'6m\&.ce2e.

2038. CAME'LL/^ 18166. jap6nica.

var.Svieeti&na Swt. Sweet's *| | or 10 ja Ro.Va Eng. hyb. ... I l.p Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l33

" Flower bearing a strong resemblance to a beautiful variegated rose;
generally very double, more spreading than that of many varieties, and ele-
gantly marked and variegated with white blush and deep rosy red." Mr.
Sweet thus speaks of his camellia, the English name assigned to which is
" Sweet's painted-flowered Camellia." The present variety we believe to
be one of the most splendid that has ever been raised ; at any rate, it is the
finest that we have seen. It is of hybrid origin ; the produce of the double
striped fertilised by the pompone variety : the foliage.4Jartakes most of
the latter variety, but is larger ; and the plant, if not seen^i flower, might
be mistaken for a strong-growing single one. It is another of the numerous
hybrid varieties that we fertilised and raised from seed, at the nursery of
the late Mr. Colvill, several years ago, but it has now flowered for the first
time." This is the variety mentioned as seen at Colvill's in our last floral
report, p. 24.

XLV. Grossuldce.ce.
719 nrsEs.

5910a inehiians Lindl. intoxicating 31 cu 3 ap Gsh. W. N.Am. 1827. Ceo Bot. reg. 1471
Received by the Horticultural Society from Messrs. Floy of New York
by the name of " the intoxicating red currant." Professor Lindley pre-
sumes " its berries possess some narcotic property, although such a cir-
cumstance has been hitherto unheard of in the order. The fruit has never
been produced in this country." The lobed leaves have an odour like
that of the leaves of R. floridum. ( Feb.)
XLVI. Cdcfece.

1476. PERE'SK/.4.

Blio K.&Kth. Bleo • Z] or 3 ja.ap Ro Mexico 1827. C si Bot. reg. 1473.

A native of the hottest parts of America. It is a very handsome plant,
producing beautiful rosy blossoms freely in Januai'y and the succeeding
months : it will bear more water than many succulent plants. Drawn from
Mr. Tate's nursery. (Boi. Beg., Feb. 1832.)

XL VII. OnagrdricE. § 2. Ftichsiese.

1188. VU'CUSIA.
28204a bacilliris Lindl. toA-branchcd 36 i | or 5 su Ro Mexico 1829. C p.l Bot. reg. 1480

" An elegant deciduous shrub, apparently more hardy than any other
species that we cultivate : " this, however, remains to be proved. " It
blossoms all the summer long till November, grows freely in any kind of
light soil, and is propagated by cuttings as readily as other fuchsias." Is
most nearly related to F. microphylla, but from that quite distinct. {Bot.
Beg., Feb.)

OnagrdricE. § 3. Ondgrcce. ffinothera anisoloba is figured in t\\e. Bot.
Beg. for March, t. 1479. It is described as requiring some covering through
our winters, and as increasing by seeds, which ripen readily. " It grows to

Vol. VIII. — No. .37. a

22() AVl* or inlrresting Planfs

2 ft. lii?h, funiiinjj a neat, brijlit green, very erect, herbaceous hush, which

putfl forth iVoni its sununit beautiiul white blossoms of an unusually large

size, tliat c\pund at the close of day, and fill the evening air with their mild

fraj^rance."

LIV. j\IcInsto))i(tcc(C.

1181. OSBF/CK/.-* P'.CS ncpalensis //ooA-.'

S albifl6ra 7.;W/. wliitc-Hwd. a. O or 1| nu W Nepal 1829. C p.I Bot. reg. 147.5

This whitc-rtowcred variety is a very pretty plant, and was raised by
Messrs. Whitley and Co., with whom it flowered for the first tune in August
last. It grows freely in a mixture of peat, loam, and sand, and may be
increased, without diffieulty, by cuttings. {Bol. Beg., Feb.)

» ARTHHOSTE'MMA. {Art/iron, a joint, sinnnia, a crown ; anthers jointed upon filaments.)
nllida GcaA. glossy./w/. a. i_J or iJ jl I'a. Li Uuen.Ay. 18J0. S p.I Hot mag. 3412

From seeds sent to Mr. Neill, Canonmills, in 1829, by Mr. John Tweedie,
now of the Ketiro, ]iuenos Ayres. The packet was marked in Mr.
Tweedie's handwriting, " Herbaceous Melastoma, from dam|) woods of
the Banda Oriental." The plants came up freely in 1830, hut did not
blossom tiUJuly, 1831, when several flowered equally well in the cold frame
and in the green-house {Graham). Flowers collected at the cxtreniities of
the shoots; corolla pale lilac, petals distant, somewhat oval, and faintly
nerved.

LX. Protcixcex.

316 GRKVl'LI.E.f
8610a Calfevi R. Br. Caley's • i_J or 5 jn.g Brsh.K. N.S.W 1830.~ C p.l Bot. mag. 3153

61echiufi)lia Cun. MSS.

Leaves pinnated, with many alternate, linear-oblong, obtuse segments.
The young foliage and young branches are beautifully tinged with red,
giving the whole |)lant a great richness of colour. The flowers are of
a brownish red, and are semilateral or seeund on axillary racemes that
are somewhat shorter than the leaves. Styles very long and bright red.
This lovely plant is published from Kcw, whither it was sent by Mr. Cun-
ningham, in ]H2-\; under the appropriate name of G. ilechnilolia ; but
Brown, in his First Su}iplc)ncut (p. "22.), has applied to the species the
name Caley/, adding Mr. Cunningham's name as a synonynie, because, in
Caley's herbarium, Mr. Brown had discovered a specimen of the same
species gathered by Mr. Caley as early as 1805. {Bot. j\Ifig., Feb.)

LXXIII. ll(i.sdce(e. § \. 'PotnitUlcw. Potentilla laciniOisa JT. o/k/ A', is
figiu-etl in the Bot. Beg. for March, t. 1478. A species with blossoms
yellow, and sufficiently large and showy to render the plant somewhat or-
namental : it is in affinity rather near P. stipidaris L.

Ccrasus sph;croear|)a. This kind of cherry inhal)its Jamaica, St. Do-
mingo, and the Antilles generally. The drawing |)id)lished was made in the
Island of St. Vincent, and received from Mr. (iuilding. It is not so beau-
tiful in its blossoms, which are produced in axillary racemes, as our
English bird-cherry; but Dr. Hooker publishes the figiu"e because no good
one has yet been published, anil because of the economical merits of the
species. Mr. (iuilding ol)serves, "that the hark, leaves, and kernel [the
round drupe, or cherry, is blackish purple in coloiu', and about as large as
that of the connnon bird-cherry] have the smell and taste of those of the
peach, and are employed by the French colonists in the manufacture of
noyau." In the same article, these additional remarks on plants used for
flavoiaing noyau are also presented: — *' In the preparation of noyau, pro-
bably several different vegetables arc employed which contain prussic
acid. A species of bindweed, Ipomcc'a dissecta, abounds in prussic acid ;
and to that degree, as Dr. Nicholson of Antigua informs Dr. Hooker, that
•if this medicine shall be found deserving of the high character which some
physicians have bestowed on it, the Ipoince'a dissecta may become valuable
m a country where the prussic ucid cannot be preserveil many days in a
pure state. Hence this plant is a frequent ingredient in the preparation

Jigured in the iBotanical Periodicals. 227

of noyau.' " [In one of the stoves of Messrs. Young, a plant of Ipomoe^a
dissecta was shown me by Mr. Penny, Jan. 20. 18.32; and its foliage, when
bruised, effused powerfully and abundantly a bitter almond flavour.] " But
we are naturally led to expect prussic acid in plants of the plum tribe;
and Dr. Swartz assures us that the bark of the Cerasus occidentalis of
the West Indies, on account of its peculiar taste and smell, is used instead
of the ^mygdalus Persica; and of the Cerasus sphagrocarpa he says, that
the kernel of its nut resembles in taste that of the bitter ahnond. {Bot.
Mag., March, t. 3141.)

LXXIV. Pomdccce. Pyrus ^alvifolia, sage-leaved pear, is figured in the
Bot. Reg. for March, t. 1482. " It is a small, inelegant tree, with short
crooked branches, and grey leaves, and is gay with blossoms in the spring,
and laden with greenish, hard, austere fruit, ripe in October, and the flesh
of which, when it has arrived at that state of decomposition in which we
eat the medlar, is sweetish, and rather pleasant." (Bot. Reg.) This species,
or, as it is hinted, possibly hybrid from P. nivalis, may do well for coarse
shrubberies. Increasable by grafting.

LXXVIl. Legii»iinds(B. Gorapholobium tomentosum Lab, is figured in
the Bot. Reg. for Feb. t. 1474., as raised at Knight's from Baxter's seeds.
It flowered in August last, at the age of fifteen months from the germination
of the seed, and has reproduced seeds freely. Highly curious from the
linear subulate pinnae of its winged downy leaves, and in its blossoms,
which are small, and produced in pairs or threes at the end of the branches :
and the corolla is internally yellow, externally dark olive colour. Pod the
size of a large pea. The plant is found to require a good elevated shelf in
the green-house during winter ; light soil, and not to be over-watered.

CY III, \Com2}6sitcB. Dorbnicum caucasicum {Bot. Mag., March, 3143.)
Appears to be the first British figure of this elegant yet showy vernal
flower. No mention is, however, made of the fragrance of its roots. It
is very easily increased by division.
CXXIII. Oxalidece,

1414. O'XALIS.
11932a mauritiana .B. C. Mauritian tf lA) or J s.o Pa.Ko. I. ofFr. 1810. O s.p Bot. cab. 1780

A pleasing little plant, increasing freely by offsetts.

O'xalis Bowie«Ha, or Bowii as it is in Hbrt. Brit., No. 1 1928., is figured
in the Bot, Cab. for March, t. 1 782, and there it is observed of this large
and showy-flowered, and most desirable species : — " Its flowering stems
are upwards of a foot in height, and are produced in succession for a con-
siderable time during summer." Rich loam and the green-house are recom-
mended for it. The foliage of this species is large and vigorous.

CXXIV. TropcBolecB. Tropae^olum peregrinum, the hooked-spurred
Indian cress, or Canary-bird flower, is figured in Sweet's Floiver-Garden for
March, t. 134. By the remarks there presented by Mr. D. Don, we learn
that T. aduncum of Smith in his Tour, of De Candolle in his Prodromus,
and of G. Don in his System of Botany and Gardening, vol. i. p. 746., is not
distinct from the T. peregrinum of Linnaeus. This interesting climbing
plant was blooming in a green-house in the Chelsea Botanic Garden,
through the month of October last. It is remarkable for the footstalks of
its leaves performing the clasping office of a tendril, as the leafstalks of
other tropffiolums do, and also those of several species of Clematis, and
of all the species of Jtragene, Maurandyc, and Lophospermum. The
name Canary-bird flower is apposite, the expanded yellow petals with their
cut margins resembling the opened wings of this bird, and the hooked spur
closely simulating the head and neck. The common columbine may be
cited as another ornithological flower ; the larkspur another. In odour
and flavour, T. peregrinum is described as exactly resembling the common
cabbage: this is remarkable, when the common nasturtium (T. majus) has
in its fruit and foliage a very high degree of pungent acrimony. Mr. D.

Q 2

228 New or interesting Plants

Don thus remarks on its duration : — " It is a hardy annual, but, like many
other Soutl) American plants, if kept in the green-house, it will Hourish
for several years. In all the really perennial species of this genus, the root
is tuberous."

CLVI. Vuli/gbnccr. Coccoloba uvifera, the round-leaved sea-side grape,
is figured and described in Bot. Mag. for Feb., t. 3130. The flowers, fruit,
and description presented are from the Rev. L. Guilding, at St. Vincent ;
for it appears neither to have flowered nor fruited in British stoves, although
introduced to them in 1690. The flowers are racemose, small, white tinged
green, and fragrant. As the fruit advances to maturity, it becomes enve-
loped by the enlarged and fleshy perianth, and thus forms an obovate
reddish purple berry, resembling a small pear. In the West Indies and
warmer parts of South America, the roots of this tree, which attains a
height exceeding 20 ft., penetrate into the sands of the sea-shore, and
are washed by the waves : hence, in conjunction with the racemes of
pulpy fruits, arises its usual English appellation, " Sea-side grape." These
fruits have a sweetish acid, and rather iigreeable flavour, but are not much
esteemed, though generally sold in the markets. The wood, when boiled
in water, gives out a red colour : it is also employed for cabinet work.

CLXIL ViperucecE. Piper ^e7/e is published in Bot. Mag. for February,
t. 3132., from drawings executed in St. Vincent, at which place the plant
flourishes as well as in its native country the East Indies, where, and
especially in the Malay Islands, the inhabitants have, almost from time
immemorial, considered it as a necessary of life : and this not by itself, but
with the use of lime and the areca nut, together constituting a masticatory
employed by either sex, and at all ages. Raised in India by slips and
cuttings, which are carefully planted in a rich moist soil, well enclosed
and shaded, so as to be protected, in a great measure, both from sun and
rain.

Piper nigrum, the common or black pepper of the shops, is figured in
the Bot. Mag. for March, t. 3139., and from the interesting information
there sup|)lied, we have deduced the following abstract : —

The long slender stems of this shrub have their numerous joints swollen,
and from these joints often emit radicles which adhere to bodies like those
of ivy, or become roots striking into the ground.

This very valuable spice is a native of the hotter parts of India, where
it is most extensively cultivated, and where it constitutes a highly
important article of commerce. Common pepper, the fruit of this plant,
is an article in general use throughout every part of the civilised world.
Still, it is in Asia, where the stomach is weakened by excessive perspiration,
produced bv the heat of the climate, by a humid atmosphere, and by a too
general addiction to vegetable diet, that it is employed as a powerful
stimulant. Thus, in a medical point of view, pepper proves an excellent
tonic, calculated to create appetite, and to promote digestion.

Pepper of the shops is the fruit of this plant; and it is called black
pepper while it is, in the state of nature, covered by its external coat. White
pepper is merely black pcpncr deprived of its external coat ; which is
effected by macerating the fruit or grains in water, imtil the coat swells
and bursts. The fruit is then dried in the sun, and by friction and
winnowing cleared of the coat. It is then of a paler colour, and consti-
tutes white pepper; but as the husk or bark contains a powerful principle,
it is evident that the white pepper loses nuich of its stinmlating property,
and is inferior to the black.

" In the cultivation of the vines of Z^ipcr nigrum, the pepper plant, moist
situations, along the banks of rivers, are preferred, where pe|)per |)lantations,
or pepper gardens as they are termed, are formed. The pejiper vines are
planteil Oft. asunder every way. After lining out the ground, ami marking
the intersections by slight stakes, the next business is to j)lant the trees

Jigured i?i the Botcmical Periodicals. 229

that are to become props to the pepper vines. These are cuttings of
Erythrina Corallodendron, usually called chinkareens; put into the ground
about a span deep, and sufficiently early to allow time for a shoot, arising
from this cutting, to be strong enough to support the young pepper plant,
when it comes to twine about it. The cuttings of the Eryihrina are com-
monly 2 ft. in length, but sometimes a preference is given to the length of
6 ft., and the vine is then planted as soon as the chinkareen has taken
root : the shorter cuttings are usually the more satisfactorily successful.
The circumstances which render the Erythrina peculiarly proper for this
use are, first, its readiness and quickness of growth, even after the cuttings
have been kept for some time in bundles, if put into the ground with the
first rains ; and, next, the little thorns with which it is armed enable the
vine to take a firmer hold. It is a common and useful practice to steep
these bundles in water, and afterwards reject such of them as do not, in
that state, show signs of vegetation."

The pepper vines come into bearing in the third or foiu-th year after
being planted. They are reckoned to be in full bearing at the end of five
or six years, and they continue so till they are fourteen years old. The
labour of cleansing the vines, throwing up earth about their roots, and
collecting the produce of a plantation of 4G,000 plants, has been performed
by sixteen workmen. Two crops of pepper berries are usually produced in
one year. As soon as any of the berries or pepper-corns redden, the
entire bunch is reckoned fit for gathering, the remainder being then gene-
rally full grown, although green : nor would it answer to wait for the
whole to change colour, as the most mature would drop off. The crop of
berries is collected in small baskets slung over the shoulder, and with the
assistance of women and children conveyed to a smooth level spot of
clean hard ground near the pepper garden, or the village, where the berries
are spread, sometimes upon mats, to dry in the sun ; but they are exposed,
at the same time, to the vicissitudes of the weather, which are not much
regarded, nor thought to injure them. In this situation the berries become
black and shrivelled, as we see them in Europe ; and, as they dry, are
hand-rubbed occasionally, to separate them from the stalk of the bunch.
They are then winnowed in large round shallow sieves, and put in large
Vessels under the cover of the houses, until the whole crop is gathered,
or at least a considerable quantity, when they are conveyed, usually
by water, to the Eiu-opean factory. (^But. Mag.)

Dicotyledonous Monopetalous Plants.
CLXX. Ence<s § verce.
2192 jrRrcA.

t Cclseawa Roll. Cels's il i | or 1 my.jn Bt.Ro C. G. H. 1810. C s.p Bot. cab. 1777

" It is a delicate plant, and bears its beautiful flowers in May and June."
(^Bot. Cab.) When the Horhis Britdnnicus was first published, it was not
known to which section this species (see No. 9887.) was referable ; by the
figure it belongs to the third, which includes the species whose corollas ai-e
narrowed upwards, and have a spreading border.

^rica Linnae«wa superba. In the Bot. Cab. for Feb. 1832, t. 1778., a
heath by this name is figured, with corols tubular, villose, and white, tinted
with pink. The description states: — " This was raised about 1806, and
is believed to be a hybrid plant. It is, without exception, the fastest in
growth of all the heaths, shooting sometimes 3 ft. or more in a single sea-
son. Its beautiful flowers are produced in summer." Increased easily by
cuttings, and likes large pots. The above plant appeai-s to differ from the
E. Linnaea«a superba of the Woburn Heaths, which Mr. G. Don has, in
Loudon's Hurt. Brit., No. 9477., denominated E. Bedforditaia.

^rica reflexa is figured in the Bot. Cab. for March, t. 1787., where
ai-e these remarks : — "A very elegant species .... It flowers in summer

Q 3

230 Xcxc or intcresti)ig Plants

and autumn, commonly growing to about the height of 2 ft." — Encz
elata is figured in the hot. Cab. for March, t. 1788.; whence we learn, " It
grows very freely, and rarely flowers till it has attained the height of o ft.
or 6 ft. ; wliich, i)y giving it pretty large pots, it will do at about the age of
three years. The flowers are very large and s|)lendid ; they are produced
during the summer months." The tubular corols seem lA in. in length.

CLXXV. 7/oZ»r/iaccie. Lobelw robusta, given hi our last list, a figure of
which is published in tlie Hot. Mag. for March, t. 3138. The stem is very
stout, which robusta is meant to express, and almost woody. The leaves
are large, the lower ones being 6 in. in length. Tiie flowers are disposed in
a terminal raceme, which, by grailual expansion, becomes considerably
long. They are large, very numerous, turned to one side, and crowded ;
the corolla is of a deep and dull purple. The leaves are decurrent : so,
in affinity, this species may be near L. decurrcns. This is not, however,
stated in Hut. Mag.

CCV. Olcaccce. O'lea fragrans is figured in Loddiges's Botanical Ca-
binet for March, 1832, t. 178G. " This most odoriferous plant is cultivated
in Japan, Cochin China, and China, wiiere it is greatl}- esteemed ; and the
flowers are said to be used for scenting tea. With us it requires the green-
house, in which it should be constantly preserved. It is increased by
layers or cuttings, and flourishes in loam and peat, with a portion of vege-
table earth : the flowers are produced at various seasons. When their
small size is considered, the scent is astonishing; and so diffusive, that
we distinctly noticed it when in bloom on the back wall of our green-house,
at consiiieraiily more tiian 100 yards' distance."

" Tiie variety of fragrance in flowers is a most wonderful proof of the
power of our Almighty Creator, and of his unspeakable goodness in form-
ing such things for our pleasure and delight. While we are partaking of
these cnjo3nients, how much are they enhanced and multiplied if we are
blessed with hearts sensible of the favour, and rising up with constant gra-
titude and adoring love to our most benign and most merciful Father ! "

CCVII. Primiil(icc<T. Primula Auricula, Fletcher's Mary Anne, is
figured in the Botanic Garden for March, fol. 345. According to Mr.
Maund, the requisites for a superior compost are, fresh loam, which has
been prepared from turf by lading it together till its grass and roots are
decayed; well-rotteil hot-bed manure; decayed leaves, or the vegetable
powder from the inside of a hollow tree ; witii drift sand and bone dust."
Mr. Maund reproves the use of " a multifarious medley of anomalous in-
gredients," but admits " that a rich, wholesome, porous soil should be
used." In allusion to blood, &c., occasionally used in forming compost
for auriculas, he remarks: — "It is most likely that all tiie properties of
animal matter which can be turned to good account in the excitement of
auriculas are conveniently obtained in bone dust."

CC X I. Scroj)linlurina;.

fi.1 CALCKOI.AMUA.
.ITTa chilot-nsia Liiidl. Cliiloc U. | or 2 an Y Chiloe I8,;0. . C p But. rcg. 147fi

This will, probably, prove one of the most valuable species in our gar-
dens, not only on account of its intrinsic beauty, but because of its being
more hardy than others of the half-shrubby kind. tStem about 2 ft. high ;
leaves oblong lanceolate ; inflorescence, a many-flowered axillary or terminal
cyme ; corolla yellow, whole-coloured, the lower inflated lip pressed close
to the upper one. Drawn from Low's Clapton Nursery. i^Bot. Beg., Feb.)
i-8<i WhcUcri Swt. Wheeler's £ j!H or 1 my.o V Kng. liyb. 1831. D p.l Sw.fl.gar.2. «.130
Mr. (j. Wheeler of Warminster raised this plant : his account of it to us
was, " that it is a double hybrid, raised from the seed of a hybrid that was
produced from C. purpurea fertiliscil with C.corymbosa ; this was again fer-
tilised by C. purpurea, which has brought it a stage back again." It
flowers and seeds free! v. Mr. Wlicclcr " has raised several other hand-

figured in the Botanical Periodicals. 2 Jt

some hybrids from the same parent, which are very diftereat from C.
Wheeleri J it appears that there will soon be as many hybrids in Calceolaria,
as there are in Geraniaceae. . . . The whole, or the greater part, of the
herbaceous species will bear our winters in a warm border ; and if a col-
lection of them were planted together, and a flower-pot placed over each
in severe frost or very wet weather, and single mats thrown over the pots,
they would thrive well, and make a fine appearance in spring and summer;
and in such a winter as the present has been, many would stand well without
the least protection : when the weather is fine and mild, the pots and mats
must be all removed, to give them light and air, and even when frosty, if
the sun shines warm on them." (il//-. Sweei.)

Calceolaria bicolor is figured in the Botanical Cabinet for March, t. 1783.,
and of it Messrs. Loddiges say : — "It is necessary to keep it in an airy green-
house in winter." We notice this, because this pleasing species seems
especially prone to die.

STEMO^DIA.
lo9S9u chilt^nsis jBctiM. Chilean r* A or li au.o B Chile 1829. D l.p Lot. reg. i70

Appended to the picture of this species is a valuable communication by
Mr. Bentham ; in which, besides a detailed generic character and detailed
description of the species mentioned (S. chilensis), he gives a synoptical
view of all the species of Stemodia hitherto known. These are thirty;
and Mr, Bentham supplies specific characters and other [larticulars to at
least twenty of them, and indicates the sources whence he has obtained a
knowledge of the existence of the remainder. Seventeen are natives of
India and the contiguous isles ; and the remaining thirteen of Brazil,
Jamaica, and Mexico. S. chilensis is a hardy frame plant ; increasing by
suckers, which trail on the face of the soil, or by what is usually but
erroneously (although so in the Botanical Register) denominated " creep-
ing roots." Its angulated, downy, viscous stem, a foot or more high, bears
lanceolate, serrate, downy, clammy leaves, which are disposed usually in
threes, sometimes in pairs, and occasionally in fours. In the axil of the
upper whorls of these are produced whorls of purple (blue lilac) funnel-
shaped corollas ; which, from their tubes being short, and their limbs not
broad, are not extremely conspicuous. The plant, I conjecture, would
show its capabilities of magnitude and ornament more fully than it has
hitherto done in Britain, if planted in May in heath mould, in a shaded
moist northern border ; and I am led to this opinion, fi-om the trailing
suckers and general aspect of the plant at Knight's, and from a remark by
Mr. Bentham, that S. sessilis Benth., another radicant species, inhabits a
marshy situation. Stemodia chilensis was raised in 1830, by Mr. Knight,
from seeds presented to him early in the spring of the same year by Robert
Bevan, Esq., banker, Bury St. Edmunds, who, very early in 1830, had
received them from Mr. Thomas Bridges, collector and vender of the pro-
ductions of nature, now residing at Valparaiso. With seeds of Stemodia
he also received and presented to Mr. Knight seeds of several other plants :
and from them Mr. Knight has succeeded in raising Cephalophora glauca;
a species of Lobelia which, judging from its habit, is rather nearly allied
to Lobelia decurrens of Sweet's Flower-Garden ; a plant with somewhat
of the foliage of .Erjngium ; a curious plant in Compositae ; and several
others.

Sa GRAXrOLA.

tetragona //ooA. sqaaxe-stmd. ^ ^ pr 1 au B Buen.Ayr. 1830. D p.l Bot. mag. 3134

Agrees in habit, calyx, and corolla with Gratiola, but differs in havino-
four fertile stamens. Seeds of it were received at the Glasgow Botanic
Garden from Buenos Ayres, by favour of Mr. Tweedie. Cultivated in the
stove, it produced its small but bright blossoms in August, 1831. (Bot.
Mag., Feb.)

Q 4

232 Ncii- or in/nesting Planis

CCXIV. Acanthdcctp.

1785. DARLE'R/y<.

lup.iliiia LitidJ. UnpAfadrd • □ or 2 au Y Mauritius 1824. C p.l Bot. ri-g. 14SJ
Dicliptcra spiiibsa, LuJ. liol. Cab. li;44. ; Ilort Brit. No. i.'7ll87., p. 4C8.

A compact leafy shrub, very handsome, ahnost always in flower, and
particularly remarkable for its rich deep green leaves, marked with a bright
red midrib. The imbricate bracteas of the ovate spike form a head like
that of tlic hop. Flowers fugitive, but produced in long succession. At
the axil of each leaf (the leaves are all opposite) are two stiff" prickly spines
near an inch in length. These, Professor Lindley states, arc nothing but
transformations of the first leaves of an abortive bud : there arc, he
remarks, two buds in the axil of every leaf, of which one produces foliage,
and the other is abortive of them j and from this latter the spines arise. Is
easily cultivated and multiplied. {Bot. licg., Feb.)

Aphelandra cristata, a magnificent specimen of, figured in the Bot.
Beg. for March, t. l+TT. In the plant at Alton Towers, from which the
figure was taken, the branches of the inflorescence were at one time
densely covered with blossoms, so that the inflorescence was a compact
mass of crhnson, forming a tuft which measured 8 or 9 in. every way. In
this state it was a most splendid object for several days; between 800 and
> 900 flowers contributing to its brilliancy. The plant should be grown in
peat [heath mould], loam, and sand, in a high temperature, with an atmo-
sphere well filled with moisture. (Liiidlci/.) In the above place, Aphelandra
cristiita is stated to be com{)aratively scarce out of botanical collections:
this should not be the case with a plant so beautiful, antl increasable witii-
out much difficulty by cuttings. A plant of A. cristata was blooming in a
stove at Knight'.s Exotic Nursery, October, 1830; and, on ceasing to flower,
was succeeded in November by the plentifiilly proiluced blossoms of the
equally beautifully and closely allied Geissomeria longiflora. The latter
seems free of growth and blossom too ; and the season at which both plants
flower, added to their beauty, renders both exceedingly desirable.

CCXXI. Labintcc. Westring/a longifolia is figured in the Bot. Beg.
for March, t. 1481. It has narrower leaves, which are obliquely directed,
and somewhat twisted occasionally, im[)arting to this species perfect dis-
tinctness of aspect from the old W. rostnarinifurmis. The latter, I think,
blossoms not while small; but W. longifolia, at 2 ft. high, was, from No-
vember, 1831, to the end of January, 183"^, (|uite pretty, with its rather
numerous grey blossoms, in a green-house at Knight's Exotic Nursery.

76. SA LVIA. „,-r

607o strictillbra //oo*. :crcct.flw(i • □ or 3d Bt.R Peru 1831. Clt Bot mag. 3135

Assimilates closely to S. biflura B. and P., but that is described as being

superlatively villous ; S. strictiflora is glabrous every where except the

corolla. It* is a pretty s[)ecies, with rather bright rcil tubular blossoms

[and apparently .something of the habit of .V. s|)lenilens, but its leaves are

broad and cordate] : its connectivum is remarkably long. The whole plant,

on being touched, yielils a strong but not agreeable scent. {But. Mag.^

Feb.)

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

CCXXVIII. Amar^mdex.

'■^■''p"milus'/AC'., dwarf tf lA) or Jau U Chile 18;31. O s.lJJBot. cab. 1771

Lately introduced. The flowers seem large in proportion to the stature

of the plant, and are often followed by seeds which ripen in this country.

The plant is readily nuiltii)licd by these, and also occasionally by oflsets.

(Bot. Cub., Feb.)

7537ii!.tdUlIr\V//lf./'.''starry.y7<r,/. tf A or 1 my W.c ... Ifi29. O co .Sw.fl.Kar C.s.132

We have Vol. VII. p. i79. noticed the narcissinean genera of Mr. Ha-

Jigurcd in the Botanical Periodicals. 233

worth, who restricts the old generic title iV^arcissus to the poets' narcissus
group. Of these he describes twelve species, besides varieties. The N. stel-
laris, above, is one of the rarest of these, and was observed, in May last,
in flower, in the Apothecaries' Company's garden, at Chelsea, and from spe-
cunens which then flowered there the figure published was derived.

-A"arcissus gracilis of our Hurt. Brit., No. 7563., is a species of Mr.
Haworth's genus Helena, and is figured by the name of Helena gracilis by
Mr. Sweet in his Flower-Garden for March, t. 136.

CCXXXIX. IridecB.

i22. SPARA'XIS.

XincUa. Swt. rerf-ljned ? lAl or J sp W.Pk C.G.H. ... Os.pl. Sw.fl.gar.2. s.131

Drawn from Colvill's, where several plants of this species flowered in
the spring of 1831. They were neat and pretty, and appeared to flower
freely. Mr. Sweet's researches have not enabled him to find a recorded
description which will agree with them, and he has consequently constituted
them a species, and applied to it the epithet lineata, in expression of a
pink-coloured line or stripe, with which every segment of the whitish
perianth is marked down its centre. (Sweet's Flower- Garde)i, Feb.)

CCXL. Orchidece.

2532. ZYGOPE'TALUM.

maxiliaris B. C. jawed ^ E] or 1 au V. spot. Rio Jan. 1829. D p.r.w Bot. cab. 1776

The lip is very broad, and on its disk, surrounding the column, is a fleshy
production resembling the lower jaw, beset with teeth, which has suggested
the name. Almost every importation from South America contains
something new in this increasingly interesting family. A few years since
only two or three species were in cultivation, and now they are almost
innumerable; while each newly discovered kind is as diversified from every
other, and as marvellous in its form, as the very first. (Bot. Cab., Feb.)

CCXL I. Sdtaminece.

6. HEDY'CHIUM.
urophyllum Wal. ? tailed-lvd. £ El fra 5 s Y India 1829 ? D, r.l Bot. cab. 1785

A showy species. The blossoms are pretty large, and the yellow ground
is, according to the drawing, here and there streaked and tinted with
orange.

CCXLVII. Asphodelecs.

*1073a GEITONOPLE^SIUM C«». (Geitore, a neighbour, p/e«on, near ; to Efistrephus.) 6.1.

cymbsum R. Br. cyme-Jtwd. $. i | cu 1 ... G N. S.W. 1825. C p.l Bot. mag. 3131

Luzurikga cvmbsa Brown in Prod. 1. 282., and Loudon's Hort. Brit. No. 8966.
montanum R. Br. mountain if tAl or 1 ... G N. HoU. 1820. C s.p

Luzuriiga montina Brown in Prod., Loudon's ifori. Brit. No. 8967.
asperum Gun. rough-angled £ tAJ cu N. HoU. 1831.

In Lo2ulorCs Hort. Brit. (p. 137.), two species of New Holland plants
will be found referred, after Mr. Brown, to the Peruvian genus Luzuriaga.
With this genus they do not agree, and they are now to constitute the
genus named above. Mr. Cunningham, who has devised the word Geito-
noplesium, designs by it to express, not only the intimate affinity of the
plants composing it to the genus Eustrephus, but also to express the fact
that plants of both genera occupy the same habitat. He observes, " The
greatest quantity of Geitonoplesium cymosum I have ever seen in New
South Wales, where it is, comparatively speaking, a rare plant, was in the
same dark shaded wood where Eustrephus latifolius was equally abun-
dant, and where they were to be seen climbing up the same tree."

Geitonoplesium differs from Eustrephus, the " orange vine of the
colonists," in having its sepals equal and beardless ; but more especially in
its indehiscent fruit, which is a berry, containing sometunes but a single
seed; while the fruit of Eustrephus (which has its three inner sepals
bearded) is distinctly a three-celled, hard, baccate capsule, which, when
bursted, exhibits many large black seeds.

'2'Ji New or interesting Plant &

The G. cyindsum was found by Mr. Brown about Port Jackson, and
also within tlie tropical parts of New Holland. The plant has l)een
introchiceii to the royal jjarclen at Kew, from New Holland, by Allan (.un-
nin<;hain, Es<|., late colonial botanist there, who has recently returned
from tiuit country, after many years' residence, which have been wliolly
and most enthusiastically devoted to the natural history and geography of
it ; so that science cannot fail to derive great benefit from his researches.
Mr. Cunningham observes (x. cymosum to inhabit dense subhumid woods
on the sea coast, in which ('orypha australis (the Alsophila australis, or
tree fern of the colony), Eustrephus latifolius, ^I'chras australis, Trocho-
c6rpa /aiirina, Cedrela Toona, Field/a australis, Cargill/« australis, and
several parasitic epidendruras, with the more splendid Australian ferns
and mosses, luxuriantly grow ; on the belt of a mountain bounding the
lUawarra, or Five Islands' District, in lat. 3-ii°, on the west, and elsewhere,
in like shaded situations, on the extended shores of New South Wales.

Besides the two species of Mr, Brown, G. cymosum and (i. montanura,
Mr. Cunningham has discovered a third, which he has also introducetl at
Kew. From G. cymosum it difiers in habit, and Mr. Cunningham dis-
tinguishes it as " G. asperum ; ramulis membranaceo-angulatis asperis "
[branchlets membranaceously angulate and rough].

Lachenal/ff nnitabilis. Mr. Sweet, in figuring this curious and interesting
.species in his Fhwcr-Gurden for February, has some useful suggestions for
the more successful culture of this lovely spring-flowering family ; they are
these: — " The genus Lachenalia contains numerous handsome species,but
a great many of them frequently disappear from the diflerent collections :
we believe this effect is chiefly owing to the bulbs being exposed to the
heavy rains after flowering; and, being grown in pots, they sometimes
become sodden ; and as the bulbs are very succulent, and scarcely any of
them covered \Nith a dry scaly bark for protection (so different to most
other bulbs), this causes them frequently to rot. The better method of
treatment would be, to take them out of the ground as soon as they have
lost their foliage, and keep them dry in as cool a place as possible, that
they may not begin to grow too soon : by this mode of treatment they may
be cither planted in a warm border in spring, or in pots in a frame or
green-house. We have always observed that dry imported roots from the
(Jape flower nmch finer than ever they do after." Sand) loam is the soil
recommended for all the species in Luudon's Jloit. Brit. I have seen them
grow and flower vigorously, annually potted in heath mould alone.

Succulent Plants. — The following remarks appertaining to the physiology
of these plants are offered by Mr. Maund in his livlanic Garden for Martwi,
I8.'ii, under descrij)tion of .S'edum Jizoou, No. 348.: — " It would appear
as though many species of A'empervivum, i'eduni. Cotyledon, Cactus, and
also other plants in the order Crassulacea', grew independently of the
grosser elements, earth and water. It is true that some of them will exist
ibr months in the absence of both. Natives, as many of the Ciicteie are, of
the rocks of South America, they meet a .scanty su[)ply of either ; and,
indeed, our own tVempervivum tectorum, or conunon house-leek, attached
to a cottage tiling, furnishes a familiar example of fleshy or succulent plants
withstanding the ettects of drought.

" This economy, wisely bestowed on such as arc natives of hot countries,
is effected by a peculiar formation of their skin or cuticular covering;
which, as Sir J, E. Smith expresses it, constitutes ' a fine but essential
barrier between life and destruction.' The cuticle of leaves is, in general,
so formed as to admit of absor[)tion and very ready exhalation; the ujmer
surface of the leaf performing the offices of the former, and the lower surface
of the latter. How frequently do we see plants, not of the succulent kind,
faint under the heat of summer ! But witli the succulent tribe this cannot

figured in the Botanical Periodicals.

235

so easily ocur ; for, independently of their greater quantity of fluid, their
cuticle does not admit its ready evaporation : it is protected as in a bottle.
But although these juices are prevented by so thin a membrane from
escaping, still that same membrane easily admits the admission of moisture ;
a gathered leaf will remain long before it becomes flaccid and withered ;
but when it is in that state, if put into water, it quickly regains its wonted
plumpness : which yields a clear proof of the peculiar properties of its cover-
ing, or of the internal organisation of this curious tribe."

Tm tuberosa, a Native of Ireland and England ; with a successful Mode of
cultivating it. — Our very valuable contributor, the Rev. W. T. Bree, shows,
in a communication to the Mag. Kat. Hist., vol. iv. p. 28., that this plant
{Jig. 41.) grows wild in two situations in the neighbourhood of Cork, one

of which is a dry old hedge bank, at about
the distance of a quarter of an hour's walk
from that city. He likewise remarks, that
in his own garden this plant blossoms but
rarely, irregularly, and, on the whole, unsa-
tisfactorily. As this case may be compara-
tively general, I hope to be forgiven citing
here the remarks I have elsewhere pre-
sented. To blossom Pv'is tuberosa satisfac-
torily, do thus ; — " Let it stand two or
three years in succession in the same spot ;
then, and oftener if you wish to increase it,
dig up its tubers as soon as its leaves, by
turning yellow, indicate its growth finished
for the season : this will be usually in July.
Divide the tubers all you please, for even
small fragments of these will produce plants ;
but just in proportion to the smallness of
the divided portions will be the time occu-
pied in their acquiring a sufficient vigour to
produce blossoms. The tubers are shrivel-
led and weakened by being dried, being very
far less patient of di'ying than bulbs of crocus, tulip, and hyacinth. Divide,
them, therefore, as soon as dug up, and replant them immediately 6 in.
deep, in a compost formed of half friable loam, and half leaf mould, or
old hot-bed dung rotted to the consistence of soil. Let the situation be a
dry bed or border at the base of a wall, with a southern aspect, and plant
the tubers close to the wall, or only at a few inches from it. Thus treated,
/'ris tuberosa, in the Botanic Garden at Bury St. Edmunds, every spring
exhibits its peculiarly coloured and constructed and delicately fragrant
flowers, and occasionally also produces seeds : these, if sown the moment
they are ripe, produce plants which flower in the fourth year of their age.
One observance in the cultivation of this plant should be absolute ; never
to stir the soil within a foot of it, after the 1st of September; for it will
by this time have commenced the emission of roots for the imbibition of
the requisite energies for its next year's flowering, although it may not
send its foliage above ground to tell you so until even November. This
last remark applies to most, perhaps all, hardy bulbous plants, and to
many hardy tuberous plants. The figure presented above is admirable in
its general outline, but does not portray the peculiar four-edged character
of the foliage ; and the plant has, I believe, never such a scaly creeping
sucker at its root as is there represented. Plants are now growing in the
Botanic Garden, Cambridge, raised from tubers found in some wild situ-
ation near Plymouth. The propriety of considering /Vis tuberosa a Bri-
tish plant seems therefore now quite established. — J. D.

'236

MISCELLANi:OUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

■ Mr. Perkins's Mode of healing hy Hot Water. — This is one of the most
extraordinary improvements tliat have yet been made in lieating by this
fluid. The advantages wliich are expected to result from it are, great
economy in the first erection, as there is no boiler, and the pipes in which
the water is circulated are not thicker than a man's thumb ; a power of
conveying heat to a greater distance than by any mode hitherto in use ;
of producing a much higher temperature than has hitherto been done by
either water or steam, even to the extent of 400° or 300° ; lastly, a more uni-
versal applicability of hot water as a medium for conveying heat. The words
of Mr. Perkins's patent are : — " The object of my im|)rovements is to obtain
considerably higher degrees of temperature to the water circulated ; and thus
I am enabled to ajjply my apparatus to a variety of purposes w Inch require
the heating medium to bc^ at a degree of temperature higher than that of
boiling water. And my improvements consist in circulating water in tubes
or pipes which arc closed in all parts, allowing a sufficient space for the
expansion of the water contained within the ap[niratus, by which means
the water will at all times be kept in contact with the metal, however
high the degree of heat such apparatus may be submitted to, and yet,
at the same time, there will be no danger of bursting the apparatus, in
consequence of the water having sufficient space to expand." (Rep. of
Patent Inventions, vol. xiii. p. 130.) Mr. Perkins has employed his mode
of heating in the Bank of England, in his own manufactory in Fleet Street,
in some other houses and manufactories in London, in the elephant-house
at the Zoological Gardens in the Regent's Park, and in a range of hot-houses
at Mr. Palmer's, Parson's Green, Fulham. We have seen the apparatus
at work, both ni the Zoological (Jardcns, and at Mr. Palmer's ; and we
are so highly satisfied with the [ilan, that we shall have our small hot-
house and green-house heated by it before this Magazine sees the light.
It was our intention to employ Witty's smoke-consuming furnace, to
heat water, which we intended to circulate by the si[)hon mode ; but
Perkins's method will not cost above a third of the expense which this
would have led us into ; and, what is an object in all small green-houses,
it occupies very little room. Perkins's fireplace is iilso calculated to con-
sume tiie greater part of the smoke; not perhaps so completely as Witty's,
but still nnich more so than by any other mode, hitherto brought into
notice, which can be applied upon a small scale. To gentlemen residing
in the country, Perkins's mode of heating presents an additional advantage
in point of economy; and this is, that the pipes, being small, and conse-
quently light (in comparison with the cast-iron |)ipes of 4- in. or G in. in
diameter usually employed), can be sent to any distance by coach; while,
the mode of joining them being entirely mechanical, tliey may be put toge-
ther by any [)erson who can use a screw-wrench. But we shall have a
great deal more to say on the subject in our next Number, when we shall
be able to speak from ptTsonal experience. In the mean time, it may be
useful to inform our readers, that Mr. Perkins has made an arrangement
with Messrs. Walker and Co., of St. John's Square, Clerkenwell, for.
manufacturing and putting up his apparatus. — Cond.

Genei'al Notices.

237

Mr. Austin's Works in Artificial Stone. — Our attention has lately been
directed to the many beautiful garden and architectural ornaments which
are now on view at this establishment ; and to an important improvement
which Mr. Austin has made in the composition of his cement, by which
the articles formed in it, he says, become as durable as Dumfries stone
(Vol. VII, p. 529. 724.), or indeed, any stone whatever. Mr. Austin par-
ticularly excels in his designs for fountains. He has lately erected a very
handsome one, supported by dolphins ; and is now engaged on one, a Gre-
cian tazzaof no less than 15 ft. in diameter, supported by lions {fig. 4'2.),

which would form a noble ornament on a lavra in front of a house. Mr.
Austin's flower-stands and mignonette boxes are excellent articles, and ought
to come into general use in balconies ; but what we admire most is the
almost innumerable variety of his ornamental chimney tops and pots, for
cottages of every description, and for Gothic or old English villas. Nothing
is more wanted in our rural architecture, than to remove the commonplace
appearance of chimney tops. One of the great errors of omission in builders
lies in not displaying these characteristics of human dwellings, and one of
their commonest errors of commission consists in vulgarising them. If our
new Encyclopcedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture does not effect a
great improvement in both these particulars, we shall be very much dis-
appointed.— Cond.

The Camera liicida, the invention of the late Dr. Wollaston, and
much improved by Mr. Dollond, is one of the most valuable instruments
that can be used by travellers, or tourists, or indeed any persons desirous

238

Goieral Xotices.

of makinji perfectly correct outlines of landscapes, or any other objects
whatever, who have never been taui^ht to draw. The sketches drawn
by Captain Hall in North America were made l)y this instrninent ; and
the very lines, traced on the spot, were transferred to the |)lates ; " in
order," as Captain Hall observes, " to preserve, as far as possil)le, the
character of truth which the mechanical accuracy of the camera lucidu
communicates to its work, even in hands but little familiar with the manage-
ment of the pencil."

Varleys Graphic Telescope differs from the camera lucida in acting l)y
reflection, whereas the camera acts by refraction. The graphic telescope
is capable of being used as an ordinary telescope. Some ideas of its won-
derful powers in assisting correct delineation may be formed, from the
circumstance of its having been employed by Mr. Horner, in making the
original sketches for the panorama of London, from the sunnnit of the
cross on the dome of St. Paul's, now exhibiting in the Colosseum.

We have thought it advisable to direct the attention of young gardeners
to this instrument, and the preceding one, in order that such of them as
are sent out as collecting botanists may not fail to take one with them,
and make sketches of whatever they see interesting. Had a certain young
man, that we could name, recently returned from South America, had one
of these instruments, and made use of it, he might have sold his sketches
and his notes for what would nearly have paid his expenses. We trust
this hint will not be lost. — Cond.

Shcdx for Stone-breakers. — A correspondent in the Scotsman suggests
the humanity that would be evinced, and the advantages gained in addi-
tional labour, by movable coverings being provided lor men who break
stones on the roadsides. This might easily be effected either by a tent
of simple construction covered with Edington's waterproof cloth, or by
four frames of straw matting, three for sides, and one for a roof. (See also
Vol. V. p. G78. fig. 156.) He should likewise be furnished with sabots for
his feet. — Cond.

The Normandy Wheelbarrow. — You should strongly recommend this to
market -gardeners. I send you a sketch of one which I saw in daily use for
two years during my stay at Honfleur and Lisieux. There is a subscription-
garden at the latter place, of which a friend of mine intends to send you
some account [given p. 66.]. In the mean time, as to this barrow, it has very
long handles or shafts, the advantage of which is, that, when the barrow is
loaded, nearly all the weight is thrown on the axle; so that the barrow -man
has almost nothing to carry. From the view of the upper side of the barrow
(^Jig. 43. a), the side-view (/>i), and the given length of the shafts, any wheel-

43 tr^ n. raf

TTSr

lM

Wright may be able to construct one. A shoulder-strap, of a very simple
construction (c). is useful in saving the operator's array. — /. M. Lisieux,

Getieral Notices. 259

Juli^, 1830. We have described a barrow of this sort in oiir Enct/chpcedia
of Agriculture, 2d edit. p. 380.; but as the engraving there given is very
small, we have deemed it advisable to introduce another here, of so very
useful a machine. — Cond.

To poison Rats and Mice. — Mix a pound of plaster of Paris powder
thoroughly with an equal quantity of oatmeaL Place this in a dry place,
within reach of the rats ; they will eat of it eagerly, and by the humidity
contained in their stomachs, the plaster of Paris will " set," and form an
indigestible hard mass, which will occasion death. (Co/. Macerone in
Mecli. Mag., vol. xvi. p. 14.)

Furze Tops as a Manure, — "Farmers are cutting large quantities of
small Irish furze for manure. It is found that furze, well trodden under
the feet of cattle, and mixed with straw, or other materials of the kind, is
excellent manure, especially for potatoes, as it keeps the ground open.
(Lish Agr. Report in Scotsman of Feb. 20. 1830.)

Tar used as a Manure. — Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, who wrote A Trea-
tise on the Virtue of Tar-water, carried his predilection for tar so far as to
use it as a manure ; for Bennett, one of his successors, describing the epis-
copal residence at Cloyne, in a letter to Dr. Parr, says, " There is a pretty
winding walk of nearly a quarter of a mile long, adorned for great part of
its length by a hedge of myrtles 6 ft, high, planted by Berkeley's own hand,
which had each of them a large ball of tar put to its roots : the evidence
of this fact is beyond contradiction." — G. M. Lynn, Sept. 5. 1828.

The Profession of a Gardener, and the natural Love of Gardening. — " On
observing the pale-faced mechanic hurrying away to his morning labours,
we almost regret, with Rousseau, that great cities should be so numerous ;
that mankind should be congregated in such mighty masses ; and think, not
without pain, of the many long hours the artisan must pass in the tainted
atmosphere of a crowded manufactory. But how different are our feelings
on seeing the gardener resuming the badge of his trade, or the ploughboy
harnessing his well-trained team ! The toils of both may be hard, but they
are, at the same time, surrounded with every thing that is rural and in-
viting. The grass springs and the daisy blossoms under their feet ; the sun
tells them by his shadows how the day waxes or wanes ; the blackbird sere-
nades them from every hedge or tree ; and they enjoy, moreover, the
inexpressible pleasure of seeing Nature, in her fairest forms, rewarding most
munificently their skill and industry. How does the citizen sigh for such
scenes ; and how soon, when his fortune is made, does he hurry away from
the confines of a second Babel, to sink the merchant in the gentleman
farmer ! Few who are so fortunate strive to rival the handicraftsman by
making their own shoes, or any other needful article of dress ; but all, yes
all, who are able, strive to trim their own gardens, and supei'intend the
cultivation of their own property." (^Dumfries and Galloway Courier^
Nov. 18. 1822.)

An American Lady Gardener. — When Lafayette called at Fredericks-
burg previously to his departure for Europe, in the autumn of 1784, to pay
his parting respects to the mother of Washington, he found her working in
the garden, clad in domestic-made clothes, and her gray head covered by
a plain straw hat. The venerable matron saluted him kindly, observing, in
reply to the encomiums which Lafayette had lavished upon his hero, and
paternal chief: " I am not surprised at what George has done, for he
was always a very good boy." (North American Review.)

Botany and Planting. — A correspondent of the Bristol Mirror (G. C),
in speaking of Mr. Miller's liberal plan for a botanical garden, says, in proof
of the advantages of a taste for planting, accompanied with and assisted by
botanical researches, " Mr. Robertson, formerly Surveyor of the Woods
and Forests, has often declared to me that he knew of no surer way oC

240 Genei'al Notices.

ncqiiirinp wealth wilhoiit care than that of phinting; to which he aiKlcd
spade labour, in (lifr^inj;, for seven years ; and always planted so as to make
the thinnings pay tor the labour, till all were safe and thriving." Among
other instances of successful planting, this gentleman says, " Colonel
Johnes, of Ihifod, was offered 100,000/. for woods he iiad planted for his
amusement." (Caiii/)ri(ni, July 9. IBIil.)

T/ic Pita dc Guatacn, a Plant affording a vahcahle Fibre for Cordage, Sfc. —
Sir, Having been applied to for information as to where an account of the
plant which produces the valuable fibre known in ISouth America by the
name of the Pita de Guataca is to be found, I beg leave to send jou such
imperfect information as I possess upon the subject, for insertion in your
Magazine, as the fitting depository of every thing rare and valuable con-
nected with botany and horticulture.

The Pita ])lant, of which the only specunens in Europe, of whose exist-
ence I am aware, are those in the possession of Mr. Pontey here, and one
which he exchanged with Mr. Lambert, of Boyton House, Wilts, was raised
in 1827 from seeds received from His Britannic Majesty's consul, Edward
Watts, Esq., at Carthagena, after a number of unsuccessful attempts ; suc-
cess being at last obtained by macerating the seeds in water for a week pre-
vious to sowing. The fruit of the plant is a head of capsules formed like
a small apple, and consisting of a number of capsules, shaped in a triangular
form, with the apex upwards, and enclosing from four to five seeds, of a
somewhat reniforni shape, and mostly hollow and abortive. Each capsule
is fortified by a strong coriaceous bractea, spinous at the margins, and w ith
a sharp point at the apex ; being, like the capsule, of a triangular shape.
These are clustered round a central receptacle, forming what is not inaptly
termed the Pita pine. From a specimen which I received in 1827 from
Carthagena, with about 6 in. of the scape adhering to it, I was able to
observe that the scape, which appeared to be a compact mass of fibres,

Ijroduced more pines than one; evident marks remaining of a second pine
laving grown on the same scape, but removed, whether by accident or
design, I cannot say. The flower I have never been able to procure, and
my description of the pine, or fruit, is from recollection, the original
specimen having been sent to Dr. Hooker, who, I fear, never received it,
as he has never noticed it in his letters. I enclose, however, one of the
bracteaR, which I accidentally found in the b;ig in which I originally received
it. From the seed, however, it is evident that it can neither be a Pourr^t/n,
the seeds of which are winged ; a Pitcairnw, the seeds of which are cau-
date ; an Acanthospora, the seeds of which are cauilate ; a Tillandsw, the
seeds of which are pappose; a Guzmannw, the seetis of which are acumi-
nated ; a Bromi;h'a, the fruit of which is a berry ; nor an Anaiiussa, the fruit
of which is fleshy : differing, indeed, from almost the whole of these, in
having a iniilocular, not a trilocular, capsule. Neither do I imagine it to
belong to the genera Bilbtrgw or yEchma^'a, both of w Inch have berried
capsules Hence I am led to believe it belongs to some nondescript genus,
whose i)lace ought perhaps to be between (luzmanuffl (Spreng. Linn. Gen.
Plant, ed. 9. 1830, gen. 1297.) and Pourret»V/ (gen. 1298.); and I look with
anxiety to the flowering of some of our plants, which are now in their fifth
year. The plant grows wild, in the greatest abumlance, in the vicinity of
the vilhige of Guataca, in the province of C'arthagena; where its leaves
attain, as my intelligence from that (|uarter accjuaints me, a length of from
9 ft. to 12 ft., and a thickness of from .'Jin. to 4 in. These are linear lan-
ceolate, with recurved spines along the margin, and in appearance resemble
what I recollect of the Bromel/fl Penguin and Bromeli« Kardtas, both
plants connnon in the West Indies, and aHbnling, the latter especially, a
valuable fibre from their leaves ; but, in |)oint of length, the I'ita exceeds
them. It is from the leaves that the fibre is extracted by the barbarous

General Notices, 241

process of malleting, and occasionally separating the parenchyma by ablution
with water; an operation so tedious and so laborious, that one man can barely
manufacture 2 lbs. weight a day. Another defect in the process appears to
me to be the late period of cutting the leaves, which are allowed to attain
their full maturity ; by which their fibre becomes coarser, more rigid and
ligneous, and less adapted for use. Its strength, therefore (as may be seen
by the table in next page), is, in its present state, inferior to both Riga
and Italian hemp; but when the manufacture becomes improved, as I trust
it will, now that it has been introduced at my solicitation into Jamaica,
and the leaves are cut at a proper age, its strength, as well as its other pro-
perties, will, I am confident, be found superior both to flax and hemp. In
point of wei'dit, it has the advantage, being -^-^ lighter; and, in point of
ofFal, the advantage is enormous, the quantity produced from as much as
made two log lines, and a pound of line twine, amounting, according to a
report in my possession, only to | lb.; while the same quantity of Italian
hemp gave 2i lb., and of Kiga hemp 2\ lb. : from which data I have esti-
mated that 3 tons' weight of Pita is capable of yielding as much cordage,
sail, or other cloth, as 14 tons, 19 cwt. 1 1 lb. 10 oz. and 6 drs., or, in round
numbers, 15 tons, of undressed hemp. The weight of two bundles of cord-
age, of equal lengths, of Pita and hemp weighed, the Pita 1 lb. 14 oz., the
hemp 2 lbs. 1 oz., exactly y^ more, or 3 oz. This fibre is preferred to hemp
in the places where it grows, from its superior durability, and superior
power of resisting the action of wet. Hence it is used for fishing-nets,
cordage of all sorts, packing bales, and even shoes, being even preferred to
leather. As a corroboration of this latter fact, I find, in Mr. Worsley's
highly ingenious little volume, entitled A View of the American Indians,
2Join/ing out tlicir Origin, published in 1828, at chap. x. p. 146., an account
given of the journey of Aaron Levy, a Portuguese Jew, in South America,
with an Indian guide; in which it is stated that " having travelled two days,
the Indian made him put on the canvass (Pita?) shoes, take a staff, and
follow him." Hence there can be little doubt that if its strength should
be made to approximate in any degree to that of hemp, and, still more, if
it should be rendered superior, as I think probable, it will be found an
important acquisition both to our nav}' and our colonies.

Pifa being unfortunately a term indiscriminately applied in South Ame-
rica to all fibrous plants, however distinct their genera, as BromebV/, Agave,
Yucca, &c., it becomes important to determine the genuine characters of
the Pita de Guataca, which I hope will, before many years more, enable us
to do this, by flowering in Pontcys stove. The plant admits of easy pro-
pagation, like the BromebV?, I'rom suckers, and ought to have a place in
every collection. Regretting my inability to furnish more accurate details,
I remain, Sir, yours, &c. — JT. Hamilton. Pli/munih, August 5. 1831.

P.S. I send you a specimen of the leaves and fibre, and of the cordage
made from the fibre ; also a specimen of one ol' the bracteae. A prize was
awarded to Mr. Pontey at Easter, last year, for this valuable plant, —
W. H.

The leaf, which was cut off one of the plants in Mr, Ponte3''s stove,
is 2 ft. long ; and, to the extremities of the short prickles, about 3^ in. broad
in its raitklle part, where it is widest : it is of a thin texture, and therefore
renders it possible that the " thickness of three or four inches," ascribed to
it in the preceding communication, is a mistake for so much in width. The
bractca is sufficiently described above. ^\\e fibre is similar to that of hemp,
but harsher to the touch, and of a silvery hue. The cord, or log line, made
from the fibre in His Majesty's dockyard at Plymouth, consists of three
strands, as log lines usually do, and appears to possess all the requisites of
the very best cordage. — Cond.

Vol. VIII. — No. 37, r

242

General Notices.

Result of the comparative Trials of Strengtli, &c., of the following Fibres.

1

a

3

c

If
k. «

u

i

2:

Si

si

go
1 =

Diflercnre of Strength, expressed in Pounds Avoir-
dupois, between each of the four Substiinccs em-
ployed in the preceding Kxperiments, calculated
from the Heport of the Master Kupcniaker in His
Majesty's Dockyard.

^Vright of OH'al from

Hemp dressed,

Log lines 2 No. \ of each

Seine twine 1 tti j sort

Master Uopcmaker's Kep.

|-6

Italian.

Riga.

Pita A.

Pita B.

c c

.5 c

9 =

c c

SI

^ =

Seine
twine

Log
line.

Seine
twine.

Log
line.

lbs. dccim.

Italian.

1
2

3

56
46
49

186
207
307

+ 14
+ 14

+ 1.;

+ 10
+ 121

+ 24 1 +49

+ 1(1 { +.-,i;

+ 1J +1.J1

+ 20 1 + 7
+ 21 +42
+ 24 +170

2-353

Sum

151

700

+ 41 +124

+ 47 +2.;6

+ (u i + 219

Mean

50^

2);i.i

+ U 1 +4H

+ 15^. +7.SS

+ 21 1 +73

RiS^i.

1 1 4'J

2 32

3 1 3G

193
197
186

—14
—14
—13

'+'7

—10

—121

+ 10
— 4

+.).i

+ 4<3
+ 10

+ 6
+ 7
+ 11

+ 14
+32
+49

5 •50

Sum 110

576

—41

-124

+ <i

+ 112

+ 24

+ 95

.Mean .^l

192

—14

— *I5

+ 2

+ :>-7^

+ 8

+515

File A.

1
2

3

36
30

i;7

I'.l
176

— i.'4
—10
—13

—19
— 56
—131

— lu

+ 4

— 4

+ 14
+ 11

—42
—14
+39

0-625

Sum

104

464

—17

— 2.J6

-'■> !

+ IS

—17

.Mean M],

1.-.+1

-InJ --H}

—'J

+ 6

-.51

Pita B.

1 1 M

2 2.->

3 25

179
137

—21
-24

—42
— 170

— 7
—11

+ 114
—49

+ 4 +42
—11 +14

—11 — ;;9

0-G25

Sum 1 8(1 481

— 6i

—219

—24 1 —95

—IS +11

Mean 1 28| IGOJ

—21) —73

- 8 ' -31ll _ 6 1 + 51

Weight of equal lengths of

Riga hemp, 21 or., or 2000,5.^8 lbs.
:- Pita, . l-U oz., or 1-007,812 Iba.

W. HAMILTON.

Dr. Hamilton, in a previous letter, mentions also the Pi/a dc Tohi. This,
he observes, " f^rows in larj^e quantities at Tolu, is probably a species of
Ai^ave, and yields a fil)re coarser and browner tiian that of the Pita de
(iuataca, and inferior in quality. The value of the fil)re of Pita de Tolu
is, in (^artiiajjena, from ten to twelve dollars for 100 lbs. Spanish; that of
tlie Pita de (iuataca, more.

We undeffitand that a plant or two of the Pita de Gnataca arc now
prowiui; with Mr. Auikr.son, in the Apothecaries' Botanic Garden, Chelsea;
tliey haviuii been received there Iroiu Mr. Lambert.

Dr. Hamilton, in a letter dated Dec. '^1. 1831, has sent lis the following
extract fiom a letter he had lately received from Jamaica, bearini!; date
Sept..'}. IS.'J1 : — " The Pita plants, I am happy to inform you, are thriv-
inj;. They are too few, however, and still too youni; (they were only in-
troduced from Carthajiena last sprini: i)y the packet Kimdous) to afford a
supply of the leaves for any experinieuts. There can be no doubt, how-
ever, that it admits of being cidtivated in our dry sandy savannahs, which
are at present uncultivated and unproductive. Shouhl you observe any
further information respecting the improved machine which has been pro-
I)osed for the preparation of licmp, I shall feel obliged by yoiu- conumuii-
cating it. There is a great number of plants in this country from which a
texture of the hemp kind may be obtaiuetl, the trouble of the preparation

Domestic Notices : — England. 24S

being the great objection." In Lindley's Introd. Nat. Orel., p. 257., the
following remark is quoted from Prince Maximilian's Travels : — " Ropes
are made in Brazil of a species of BromehV/, called Grawatha."

On the Pniiiiug of the Oak. — Amongst the many cultivators of forest
trees, some are advocates for it, and some are against it : I am of the
former class. In pruning forest trees, particular regard should be had to
their health and vigour, and not to their particular size or age ; for it is
evident that a vigorous tree, and full of sap, twenty years of age, may be
pruned with more safety than a stunted one fifteen years old, because the
parts cut over would heal sooner in the former one, from its being full of
sap, than in the latter, which was deficient in sap : indeed, the whole art
of pruning consists in thinning out the branches according to the size,
health, and vigour of the tree ; to have the tree as well poised with branches
as circumstances will allow ; and leaving those branches on the tree which
will assist the general circulation of the sap. Hence the great necessity
of a knowledge of physiology in pruning; and it would be well if pro-
prietors of plantations would duly consiiler the subject. It would not only
tend to theii- advantage, but would give satisfaction and pleasure to the
person having charge of the plantation. I am glad to see a contemporary
advocate of my opinion in Quercus Secundus, in Vol. III. p. 285. I short-
ened the roots of some hundreds of transplanted Turkey oaks two years
ago, and those I have taken up have answered my ex|)ectations in making
fibrous roots. I am. Sir, yours, dtc. — Quercus. Feb, 2. 1828.

The Double Vdcunia officinalis jxroduccs Seeds. — Sir, In Vol. VII. p. 477.
you allude to a remark, made by Professor Lindley in a late lecture, that the
double Pseonia officinalis is capable of producing seeds ; in confirmation of
this opinion, I beg to observe, that, in nij' garden, last year, a plant of Patonia
officinalis rubra seeded, from which I have got three plants; the remaining
seeds are still in a sound state, and I am in great hopes will yet vegetate.
This year I endeavoured to effect the same object in Pxonia officinalis
carncscens ; but I did not succeed, owing, I apprehend, to the buds having
been injured by the severe frosts which we had in the beginning of May.
I am, Sir, yours, &c. — S, London, Aug, 20. 1831,

Art. II. Domestic Notices.
England.

The Species of Plants which thrive in the smoki/ Atmosj)here of London
and its immediate Neighbourhood, — In Vol. VII. p. 352., in our notice of
Dennis's Nursery, we remarked that a list of the plants which thrive in
the smoke of London would not be without its use ; and we there instanced
with what perfect success illorus nigra, Aiicuba japonica, guelder rose,
Siberian and other lilacs, broad-leaved ivy, and Gantidna acaulis throve
in such an atmosphere. To this list we are now able to quote the follow-
ing additions, from the first number of the Treatise on Planting, published
as No. xix. of the Farmer^s Series of the Library of Useful Knowledge.
At p. 19. of this number the writer remarks: — " The elasticity of the
constituents of atmospheric air is so powerful, that when, from local
causes, one ingredient is generated in undue proportion to the others, the
most perfect analysis of the general air in the immediate neighbourhood of
the spot where this circumstance happens, cannot detect any difference in
the proportions of the proper constituents from that of the air of the most
healthy regions. The atmosphere of a crowded city, and that of an open
or moderately sheltered alpine region, afford by analysis the like number
and proportion of ingredients or elements ; but notwithstanding this, the
influence of the au" of these two situations on vegetation is very different.

R 2

2 it JRetrospective Criticism.

There are certain plants whicli will not grow in the atmosphere of a
crosvded ritv, ami tlierc are others wjiich thrive in the former, and will not
continue long in that of an alpine air. Some of the following plants grow
freely in the atmosphere of the crowded parts of the city of London : —

" Plants that iiroiv frceh/ : — Sycamore, elms, niuiberries, ivies, Virginian
creepers, vines. Oriental planes, and hiilhoiis and tuberous rooted plants,
except snowdrojjs. [The ekler might be added to the trees.]

" Plant that twists for on/i/ a few Years in pcrfcet Health : — Laburnum.

" Plants that exist inllcaUh onlt/ a limited Time: — Privets, andChina roses.

" Alj)ine plants scarcely ever produce flowers."

]\Ir. Hitehe?t\s celebrated Collection of Succulent Plants at Norwich is
al)out to be broken up. — We are sorry to learn this fact, ami should hope
that some individual, or some scientific society in Norwich, will be found
spirited enough not to allow so great a botanical treasure as this collection
of succulents, to be carried away from them, and scattered abroad by non-
residents. Besides the fine and old specimens of rare and curious species
with which inspectors of this collection are familiar, numerous novelties
from abroad, many of them nondescripts, have, by the well known enter-
prise of Mr. Hitchen, been recently added to it. — Cond.

Mushrooms grown by JStr. Callow. — Sir, I send you a few mushrooms,
part of the produce of a bed, made after the method I have recommended
in my work (seep. 213). I flatter myself that you will find the quality
of them equal to any that are grown in the neighbourhood of London.
The bed from which these were gathered came into bearing about the
last week in October; it has yielded an immense crop, and bids fair to
last yet for a month or six weeks longer.

Cider from the French Bitter Scale. I also send two bottles of cider
made, in 1829, with a sort of apples which are known in this neighbour-
hood by the name of French bitter scale. I am sorry that I cannot
now send specimens of the fruit.

The favourite Sorts of Apples for via/cing Cider, in Butleigh and the ad-
joining parishes. The Old Jersey, Royal Jersey, Horner's bitter scale,
French bitter scale, Devonshire red streak, (iin apple, and Sweet pijipin.
I think the Horner's bitter scale would be well adapted for the climate of
Scotland, as the trees never attain a large size ; the branches are pendent,
like those of the weeping ash, and the tree blossoms at least a month later
than the other sorts, yet the fruit is ripe as early as the Jersey, and the
Devonshire red streaks. lam Sir, yours, &c. — Edward Callow. But-
high, Jan. 27. 1832.

The mushrooms were fine, fleshy, and equal to any we ever tasted in
point of flavour. Cider we arc no judge of, but that sent appeared very
good, and was certainly very strong. — Cond.

AuT. III. Retrospective Criticism.

CoRIiKCTinss to the preceding Number, (viz. p. 1. to 128.) — Under the
notice of hybrid salpiglosses, date the genealogy of S. l^arclayr/w from
S. stramineii and S. atropnrpurea : not from S. pkta and S. atropurpurca,
as there stated. This ct)rrection has been since |)ublishe(l by Mr. Sweet,
whose error we had followeil. Make, in conseciuence, the same correction
in Vol. VII. p. .in?, line 20. from the bottom. In Ime 32., also, of the
last-named page, for " Adem')|)hora stylosa," read " Adenophora inter-
media;" this being a second error into whith Mr. Sweet had been led, and
which he has sul)se(iuently corrccteil. The synonyme " Liparis priochilns
B. ('.," p 23. line 17. from the bottom, belongs not to " IMeurothdllis
Lanceff«»," but to " Microstylis versicolor Liudl." in the line above it: a
shifting of the type occasioned this error. In p. 47. lines 2. and 3. for

Retrospective Criticism. 245

"ton," read "tree; and for "tons," read "trees." P. 89. line 9. for
Eranthis hyemalis " at Sir J. Fulbock's," read " at Sir J. Lubbock's."

Remarks on the Encyclopaedia of Plants of Loudon^ Lindley, and Sowerby.
— At the request of Dr. Mease, I have read with great attention and plea-
sure the whole of this work : I consider it very valuable, embodying so much
usetid and practical information. In such an immense compilation of mate-
rials, it is no wonder that some errors have crept in ; and, as I am quite fa-
miliar with our North American plants, I have been particularly struck with
those relating to them. I |)ropose to notice some of them, in order that Mr.
Loudon may correct them in his new editions, supplements, or journals.

This work appears to consist of three parts, by different hands : the
botany b}' Lindley, the figures by Sowerby, and the history by Loudon.
Each of these has peculiar excellence and defects. I have been delighted
to see botany returning to the good old plan of wood-cuts, which I have
long desired, and done also in some of my works (^Medical Flora, ScJiool of
Fiora, &c.). The given figures are mostly excellent or good, but some in-
different or bad; and, in a few instances, they do not represent the intended
species. Mr. Lindley shows himself an acute botanist in his part; but, as
is too common among the practical botanists, he appears to be led partly by
whim rather than principles, in his nomenclature, genera, and species. If
this should be mattdr of mere taste, it would do; but when justice is
required towards the founders or detectors of genera and species, an
adherence to priority is needful. If so many new genera or subgenera are
needful in Crjptogamia, Orchideae, Pelargonium, &c., why not in Scabiosa,
iVarcissus, is'rica, &c. ? He quotes Willdenow instead of Linnaeus ; Pursh
instead of Michaux and myself, &c. I found only one genus (Adlumia) of
mine adopted, and another (Lobadium) quoted. My numerous works
appear totally unknown. I am called a writer on botanical matters. I have
been writing, indeed, for twenty-five years, and published fifty works or
pamphlets, some of which I now present to Messrs. Loudon and Lindley,
through Dr. Mease, in order that my labours may be a little better known
in England.* I have already published or indicated 500 new genera, or sub-
genera, or species presumed new, of plants, many of which are yearly pil-
fered by others.

Mr. Loudon's historj' of plants is excellent : I have found in it many
novelties and valuable matter. If he had known my Medical Flora of the
United States, where 600 genera are mentioned, and even their economical
properties indicated, he could have added some other peculiarities.

Without further preamble, I enter upon the course of my remarks : —

L The good genus Centranthus of Necker and Decandolle is called
Fedia ; and the Fedia is called Valeria nella. Is it oversight or whim ?

2. Tritonia of Ker is inadmissible : there are two genera of that name
already ; this is the third. 1 have called it Belenden/a.

3. Oryzopsis Mx. is erroneous ; Dilepyrum Raf, 1808. The same
with Airopsis, Arundinaria, Portulacaria, Erucaria, Testudinaria, Cucur-
bitaria, &c. : all these are inadmissible. Arundinaria is Miegia of Pei'soon.

* The works presented are three. First, " Medical Flora, or Manual of
the Medical Botany of the United States of North America." 2 vols. 8vo,
500 pages ; with 100 woodcuts printed in green. Atkinson and Alex-
ander. Philadelphia, Vol. I., 1828; Vol. IL, 1830.— Second, " Principes
fondamentaux de Somiologie ; ou les Loix de la Nomenclature et de la
Classification des Corps organises." 8vo, 52 pages. Palerme, aux depens
de I'Auteur, 1814. — Third, " Precis des Decouvertes Somiologiques, ou
Zoologiques et Botaniques." Palerme, aux depens de I'Auteur, 1814. The
last work represents that the author had, as early as 1814, discovered and
described 190 species of animals and plants. Of these three works, we have
made some mention in the Magazine of Natural Historic, vol. V. p. 76.

R 3

246 Retrospective Criticism.

4. Iinpcratrt' : the etymon is stated to l)e unknown. The genus was
dedicated by Cyrillo to Iniperati, an Italian botanist.

5. C'fssus qninquerolia and Ainpelopsis quinciuefolia, mentioned twice
under these two names : and it is neitlier, l)ut my Quinaria. See my AIo-
noiira])li on Vines, and my Medical Flora, vol. ii. [). 1:^0 — 180.

G. Nicot/V/«ff. Etymon of Tobacco : it is the name of |)ipe in Hayti lan-
guage ; and not from Tobago nor Tobasco. See Aiiglina, 1 o2o ; and my
Medical Flora, 1830.

7. Ipoma'^a Qi((hnoelit. False etymon given. Qiidmoc/il is the Mexican
name ; it grows i'rom Florida to Mexico.

8. Gymnema. " Vaccine ichor," for " milk or vaccine liquor."
9 i/eta, a substitute for coffee. Sugar ought to be said instead.

10. 7i?hus aromuticum I called Tur|)in/rt; but I changed it to Lobadium,
on finding another genus Turpln/«. 1 did not know it was called SchmaltzJa
(after me or my mother's name) by Desvaux. It is also il/yrica trifoliata
of Linnaeus.

11. i\"arcissus, " from narlce." Ovid and all other authors derive iV'iircls-
sus from the name of a man.

12. Drosera filiforuiis liaf., 1808. Pursh, in 1814, stole this plant
from me.

13. Smilacina. Bad name. It forms my genera Ciinton/« and Styrandra.
The Dracaj^ia borealis of Aiton is the type of my beautiful genus Clin-
tons (dedicated to (Governor Clinton, philosopiier, naturalist, and states-
man), with bilocular berries. 1 have found six species of it: those culti-
vated in England are il. muitiflura and nutans.

14. Polygonatum, same as /Vlygonum. My Sigillaria or Axilliiria.

\b. Virgilirt liitea, so called from the yellow wood. You say it has
yellow flowers. Miciiaux's figure has white flowers; and so had the spe-
cies I saw in bloom. Is a yellow-flowered species cultivated in England ?
The virgilias of North America ami Mexico form my new genus Cladras-
tis ; very different from the Virgilir-c of Africa.

IG. VVhy is Cydonia adopted, while Morbus and ^1/alus arc united to
Pyrus ; nay, also, Aronia united, far more removed?

17. A'pine^i corymbosa of Loddigcs is mine; published by me in 1814.
See Precis des Dccourerles, No. 11 o.

18. ActiKii racemosa and Cimicifuga seipentaria, twice mentioned in two
places. It is my new genus B6tro[)his, 1828 ; Macrotys, 1808.

1 9. Asii)ii>ia, stated to have no mciuiing. Wrong : name of Indians of
Louisiana.

20. DionreV/, Jert'ersonw, Pod()ph>Ilum, <!v:c., stated to be genera with
solitary species. Wrong: I have seen and tiescribed tiiree species of each,
DiouiiV/ corvmbosa, sessiliflora, and luiiflora ; .leffersuuw liartun/, odorata,
and lobata; Podopliylluin pL'ltatum, montanum, anil callicarpum. See
Medical I'lora., &C.

2 1 . Erucaria, same as £ruca. It is my Pachila.

22. Adliunw. A false etymon given. It was dedicated by mcto Adlum,
an American cultivator and writer on vines, a friend of horticulture and
botanv; yet living, and making good American wine.

23." Caniell/V/, Cameliua, and ('amclus among (|uadru|)eds; three genera
of the same name nearly. 1 have calleil the tea shrub Theaphylla (mean-
ing divine leaf) : a good name, wliellur a peculiar genus, or Camell/a to be
united to it.

24. Liipinaster. Horrible name ! /-upinus and /I'ster. My Dacti-
phvlbnu, 1817.

2.J. //ypericum virginicum, with " yellt)w flowers." W' rong : always
purplish." it is my Triadenum purpurascens, 1808; different from Elodea.

2G. Marshalba. Marshall was an American botanist, not an Englishman.

27. C'acrUia. All the American species of this genus are different from

Retrospective Criticism. 247

the African ones ; they form my genus Mesadenia ; five florets round a
central gland : but Cacalia suaveolens and reniformis constitute another
genus, Synosma Raf.

28. Rudbeck/rt purpurea. The description and figure different. The fact
is, ten species are blended under that name, and form a peculiar genus,
which I call Helicroa ; others call it Rafinesqu2«. [Mcench has denomi-
nated this genus Echinacea, from the hedgehog-like appearance of the
paleae ; but whether his genus be earlier or later than those cited by Pro-
fessor Rafinesque, I must leave to others to determine. — J.D.]

29. E^ria. Bad name : root of Erianthus, and ten other genera. Would
not Erioxantha, meaning yellow wool, be better ?

30. Microstyhs P«?-s^, 1815. I called it Achroanthes, 1808. The Llparis
of Lindley is my Anistylis, 1825.

31. ylristolochia. This genus is a large tribe of plants : I have established
in it the genera or subgenera Glossula, Pistolochia, Endodeca, Siphidia or
Niphus, Einomeia, Dictyanthes (A. labiosa), and others. Three or four
species are blended under A. serpentaria. Your description and figure are
two different plants. The figure has large broad cordate leaves ; and very
different from our common kind, with oblong leaves. See my Medical
Flora,

32. ^iixus. We import boxwood into, and do not export it from,
America. You mean Armenia in Asia : misprinted America.

33. Maclur« Nuttal, 1818. My Toxylon (bow-wood), 1817 : a previous
and better name. We have two other genera of Maclur« in zoologj^ and
mineralogy. The fruit is not esculent. Kunth and Torrey have commit-
ted the absurdity to deem this tree the itforus tinctoria, which has oblong
edible fruits, Ayac, in Louisiana.

34. Cocos. Etymon wrong : comes from Coco, palm trees, in the Haytian
language. Introduced by Columbus in 1494 : see Acosta. Having re-
stored the Haytian language, by collecting 300 words from early travellers,
for m}' History of American Nations, I have found many etymons ; I shall
mention a few : — Yam, from Niames ; Potatoes, Batatas ; Manioc, Juco ;
Mangrove, Mangle ; Ceiba or cotton tree, Ceiba ; Guava, Guayava ; Pi-
mento, Pimento ; Guiacum, Guayac ; Mancenilla, Manzinila ; Cassava,
Cazabi ; Mahogany, Mahy, Cacao, t!opal, Mani ; and many more.

35. Two genera, ^ellis L., and Bclis Salishiirif. This last my Jacularia.

36. .4M)ies and jLarix. Why Salisbury quoted instead of Tournefort,
1700; or Adanson, 1750; or Jussieu, 1789?

37. Gymnocladus. Our [Kentucky] coffee tree, 80 ft. high in the west;
quite straight ; seeds used for coffee. This fine tree called a tree, a shrub,
and a vine at once.

38. Juniperus virginiana. The figure has large round berries ; ours has
small ovoid warty berries. The figure of .7. bernuidiana more like ours.

39. Teratrum virginicura is Melanthium virginicum, by description and
figure.

40. The asters of North America are a chaos as yet. We have 100 spe-
cies : you have increased the confusion. Your ^rigeron carolinianum is
certainly an J'ster by figure, with few rays. A. Tradescantz is different
from ours, yl'ster argophyllus, three rays in description; five rays in figure.
I have prepared a work on this genus for Decandolle, divided into many
subgenera by simple or double rays, entire or toothed, seeds smooth or
villose, &c. [Mr. D. Don has already grouped J'ster argophyllus and the
closely related species into a genus named Haxtonia. See p. 19. for ety-
mon and species. — J. U.^

41. Solidago. The species of North America are in the same confusion as
those of J'ster. The figures of your S. bicolor, odora, mexicana, flexicaiilis,
do not correspond with the description, nor with our species. S. flexicau-

R 4

248 Retrospective Criticism,

lis is our S. Iatif61ia. I am preparing also a work on tliis genus, by seeds
smooth or hairy, rays few or many, (!v:c.

+-i. yrisihidiiiM anifricanum Dcratidollc is my Xcgumlium (1808)/raxi-
ucum. \\ c have a second species in the west.

4-3 Nyssr/. All called shruhs : they are all trees with us.

44. C'iiciirl)itaria, name too like (^'nci'irhita. It is my Phial<')spora.

4.5. My ficniis Phorima, 1814, for 7/oletiis, with irreiinlar cells, omitted;
and niany other genera of my pam[)hlet, 1814. [I'lccii dcs Dicoiivertes

40. i'iper. " None out of tropics." Wrong : a species, P. leptostu-
chyum, found in Florida, lat. 28", by Mr. Ware; describetl by Nuttall.

47. I have discovered and described thirty-four species ot Trillium (see
my Medical Flora) ; also

48. .30 species and 100 varieties of native North Ameriean.grapas, in my
J\Icdical Flora and my monograph of our American vines.

49. Many of our American botanical authors appear unknown to you,
Elliott's Flora of Sotithcrn Slates, Torrey's Flora of Xorthcrn Slates, Bige-
low's Flora liostoniaisis, Eaton's j\Ianual of American Botany, my Flora of
Louisiana, 1817; and many more.

.50. At the conclusion of the work, nine genera are stated as not re-
ducible to natural orders. I iiave long investigated this subject, being a
follower of natural orders, and never could find yet a genus that I could not
refer to them ; because, whenever a genus cannot be united to others, it
must form the type of a family by itself. Thus, you have many orders in the
book with only one genus : these nine could have been used so just as well.
Indeed, DecandoUe has made an order of Cerato[)hyllum. 1 coulil state
the affinities of" all those mentioned, and the many errors in joining genera
to wrong orders, but this would leail too far. I merely invite your atten-
tion to my article Uniseina in Jlfedieal Flora, wherebv you will see that a
single species (rontederirt cordata of Linnieus) may happen to be the type
of not oidy a new genus, but a new family and new order, when the seed
and fruit are totally different from the genus to which the plant is wrongly
referred by the copyists of errors. Botany will never be |)ermanently fixed
until all errors are ex|)loded and corrected. I am, Sir, yours, &c. —
C. S. Haftnesqne, Professor of Botany and Xatnral JIistorj/,i.fc. Philadelphia,
Jan., 1831.

Our very best thanks are due to Professor Rafincsquc for the above
most valuable corrections, additions, anri snguestions. — Cond.

Afr.IIowden's I{e/)li/ to Air. Small (V'ol. VIII. p. 8,j.); with Remarks on
the Aletliod of training Vines at Doneraile. — Sir, I ()l)serve that a corre-
spondent, yclept Thomas Small, near the Church, Bexlcy, Kent (p.8o.), has
indulged his Irish wit, by giving me a raj) with his shiliela. lie hints that
my services at Doneraile gave l)nt iuditfcreut satisfaction, and that " the
cottage allowed me was probably as gooil as 1 deserved " Very good
logic this, at least very good Iri^,li logic; observe its counterpart: when
Thonuis Small worked journeyman garilener at Doneraile, in 1813, iiis
services gave but very indiHereut satisfaction, and the tenth part of a two
pound note, per week, was probably as much lus he deserved. Shanie,
shame on such wagis! From the same logic it mav be inferred that I
richly deserve the superb cottage which I now occupv, with all its internal
blessings ; but this, 1 think, wouhl be the height of presumption, as I
should never have thought of l)uilding such a grand one lor myself: but as
it is an ajipendage to a mansion residence, I feel iiighly honoured in the
occupation of it. 1 never meant to insult the Irish peasantry ; 1 should
be sorry to insult the Hottentot in his hut : but 1 shall always endeavour
to make the Irish aristocracy ashamed of themselves. I have nothing to
say disrespectful to the present Lord Doneraile : according to Mr. llay-
croIVs account he gives the average wages of Ireland or England; viz. bs.

Metropolitan Nurseries, 249

per week, a free house, and turf fuel, with as much potato ground as can be
spared, at a light rent, or what they can find dung for. I repeat, that I
have nothing to say against the present Lord Doneraile ; I merely wish to
expose the system prevalent in Ireland, of feeding good Catholic Christians
on pigmeat, as being unlawful and unconstitutional. I had once nearly
ruined two teams of horses, by feeding them on pigmeat ; it is true the
horses became as fat as pigs, but, at the same time, they became no more
fit for hard work than pigs. The system has also the tendency of inun-
dating the English gardens with Irish labourers ; thereby lowering the
price of labour, till the Englishman is reduced to live on potatoes, the same
as the Irishman. It is very natural, it is very laudable, for every man to
endeavour to mend his situation in life; but it is very hard, and very humi-
liating, to come down in the world. When Lord Doneraile's men come
over to England they mend their wages 30 per cent, if they get but three
half-crowns per week instead of two half-crowns; but the Englishman finds
that his income has diminished in a similar ratio. His 15^. per week is
reduced to 10*., and he has only the consolation of knowing that he has
half a crown per week more than the Irishman. I am no advocate for
keeping up the price of hibonr, where machinery can be employed to better
advantage; but there are very few things in gardening in which machinery
can be employed to advantage. The training of peach trees, or the striking
of young heaths, for instance, can never be done by machinery; and I may
add, that tiiey cannot be done by the connnon Irish laboui'er. Just such
common labourers were all I had at Doneraile, and a Thomas Small
among the rest. Should your corresponilent, Thomas Small, near the
Church, Bexley, be the same Thomas Small, I congratulate him on having,
as the song says,

" Tipp'd the captain six thirteens, to ferry him over to Parkgate."

I am also happy that he lives near the church, as he was a good Pro-
testant ; the only Protestant I had of all the ten men. The Protestants
in Ireland are, however, but very little better than the Catholics; they
have nearly as many superstitious notions, though of a different kind from
those of the C!atholics. They are, however, proud of their superiority, and
despife their Catholic brethren ; ay, and oppress them too most shamefully.
I might give you a long description of the Irish customs and manners, but
it would not suit the (iardener's Magazine ; suffice it to say, that, from
Mr. Haycroft's letter, a member of the House of Lords, at this moment,
])ays his gardeners with 5s. per week. If this be the maximum for all
Ireland, what must be the minimum ? Mr. Haycroft says, in a former
letter, that many of his young men have gone over to England, and proba-
bly brought over his new system of training vines. 1 can only say, that the
system was practised by Mr. Stuart, at Blackheath, thirty years ago ; and
that several of Mr. Stuart's pupils have been head-gardeners to Lord Done-
raile, so that the system was as likely to be carried to Doneraile as brought
from it. I would strongly recommend the horizontal system of training
vines, in preference to taking them either directly or indirectly up the rafter.
By the horizontal system, each vine enjoys its own element ; thus : — Hot-
house grapes may be trained across the upper part of the roof; green-
house or vinery grapes, along the middle part ; and hot or open wall grapes
along the lower part. Yours, &c. — John Howden. February 2(i. 1832.

Art. IV. Metropolitan Nurseries,

The Mile End Nursery. — This long established nurserj^, which was at
one period considered among the first in London, is now likely to be dis-
posed of. Our readers will observe in our Obituary the death of its late

250 Mctropolitaji Nurseries.

proprietor ; and Mr. Thomson's son and successor, being in a very bad
state of licaltli, we believe he intends shortly to retire from business.' We
have before directed attention to the fine old specimens of interesting^ trees
and shrubs contained in this garden, and we have lately ai)|)lied to Mr.
Thomson for a list of their names and dimensions, wiiich we subjoin. Wc
have done this, because we were anxious to record tliem in our jjages ; lest,
in ease of the inirsery not being disposed of as such, the ground on whicii
they stand should be let for building, &c., and the stock sold, and dis|)erscd
throughout the country : —

Aldgintiniccx. Magnol/'a Thomsonwwfl ; height, IG ft. ; and circumference,
at the extremity of the branches, 28 ft. — M. glauca ; height, IK ft. ; and cir-
cumference, at the extremity of the branches, .'JO ft. — M. glauca semper-
virens ; height, 17 ft. ; and circumference, at the tip of the branches, 27 it. —
M. acuminata; height, 2G ft.; gu'th, at 0 ft. from the ground, 1 ft. 11 in. —
M. tripetala ; height, 20 ft. ; girth, at 1 ft. from the ground, 1 ft. 4- in. — M.
conspicua ; height, 9 ft. — M. auriculata ; height, 12 ft.

hai'iriiuc. /.aurus Stumafras ; height, 21 ft.; girth, at 1 ft. from the ground,
2 ft. 7 in. ; at G ft., 2 ft. 2 in,

Tcriistr'ihmiicex. 77/(V/ viridis; height, 7 ft.; circumference, at the ex-
tremity of the branches, 20 ft.

VomdccfV. Pyrus spectabilis ; height, 22 ft.

'L.cgiimiwscc, Sophorn japonica ; heiglit, 3.5 ft. ; girth, at 1 ft. from the
ground, 5 ft. 7 in. ; at 8 ft., 3 ft. 11. in.; at 16 ft., 3 ft. — Gynniocladus
canadensis; height, 31 ft.; girth, at 1 it. from the ground, 3 ft.; at G ft.,

2 ft. 'Mi in. ; at 12 ft., 2 ft. 2 in. — Gleditsclwa horrida ; height, 38 ft. ; girth,
at 1 h. from the ground, 5 ft.; at 10 ft., 4- ft. 2 in.; at 20 ft., 3 ft. Gin. —
Virgllirt liitea ; height, 18 ft.; girth, at G ft. from the ground, 1 1 in.

Professor Rafinesque has well remarked (see p. 24G. of the present
Number) that the Virgilir/ of America is botanically distinct from the
virgilias of the Cape of Uood Hope.

CnpuliJ'irte . Leucombe's oak (Quercus Leucombefl»j«) ; height, 45 ft. ;
girth, at 3ft, from the ground, 5ft. Gin.; at 10ft., 4ft. 3 in.; at 20ft.,

3 ft. 3 in.

Willow-leaved Oak (Q. /^hellos ?) ; height, 34 ft.; girth, at 1 ft. from the
ground, 4 ft. 2 in. ; at 8 ft., 3 ft. G in. ; at 17 ft., 2 ft. G in.

Cork-tree Oak {Q. .Vuber); height, 28 ft. ; girth, at 1 ft, from the ground,

4 ft. 4 in. ; at G ft., 3 ft. 1 1 in. ; at 12 ft., 3 ft.

Purple-leaved lieech (7<agus .sylvatica 2. atro-rnbens) ; heiglit, ,35 ft.;
girth, at 1 ft. from the grounii, G ft.; at 10 ft., 5 ft. 10 in. ; the circumference
at the extremity of the branches is 135 ft. — Curylus 6'olurna ; height, 15 ft.

Vhi/fiiira: Li(|uidi'imbar styracifiua; height, 27 ft. ; girtli, at 1 ft. Iroiii the
ground, 2 ft. 8 in. ; at G ft., 2ft. 5 in. ; at 12 ft., 1 ft. 7.\ in.

Li(|uidambar imberbe; height, 15 ft. G in. ; girth, at 5 ft. from the ground,
1 ft. 8 in.

Ifi/)p()cns/fiiiccr. yTiJ'sculus discolor; lieight, 20 ft.

Tt-rrhinl/ifirra: yl//«H///.v glandulnsa ; height, 3Gft.; girth, at 1 ft. from
the ground, 5 ft. 7 in. ; at G ft., 4 ft. 2 in. ; at 1 2 ft., 4 ft.

JLriccfC. Scarlet Arbutus (//'rbutus t"nedo 2. rubra) ; lieight, 14 ft.;
circumference, at tiie extremity of the branches, 45 ft.

Loruniliva-'^ Ativuba ]n[)6n\ca. ; heiglit, 8 ft.; circumference, at tiie eiul of
the branches, 27 ft.

l/iciiirfc. Daiioon holly (/'lex Ihihoon); lieight, 20 ft. ; circumference, at
the extremity of the branches, 38 ft. — Smooth-leaved holly (/Mex yl(|ui-
folium var. probably) ; one tree is 45ft. in circumference at the extremity
of the branches, and forms from the ground a beautiliil [lyramidal tree,
27 ft. in height.

JJi,1>i()miiccx. Catalpa si/rn)[ia:^6\\a ; height, 35 ft. ; girth, at 1 ft. from the
ground, G ft. 10 in.; at 8 ft., 5 It. 7 in. ; at IG ft., 4 ft. 2 in.

Provincial Nurseries and Horticultural Societies. 351

ConifcrcE. Pimxs Cembra ; height, 14 ft. — Hemlock spruce fir (^^bies
canadensis), 14 ft. high.

We have recommended Mr. Thomson to offer all the above trees, and
a number of others of the same sort, but of less size, at very reduced
prices. The soil of the Mile End Nursery is particularly favourable for
the removal of trees of a large size ; and gentlemen in the neighbourhood
of London have now an opportunity of placing on their lawns objects of
beauty and interest, such as they may probably never have again. We
hope, both for Mj*. Thomson's sake and theirs, that they will not let it be
lost. — Cund.

Art. V. Provincial Nurseries.

HoLTON Niirseiy, near Halesworth, Si(jfulh. — This pretty little nursery,
so well situated for the accommodation of the neighbouring gentry, is just
reviving, and rising into notice, and, for a country nursery, is likely to be
not a little v/orthy of patronage. We say this in confidence of the pecuniary
spiritedness and the industry of one of its proprietors, joined to the same
qualities in the other; who, moreover, possesses high professional ability.
Messrs. Rednall and Bircham are now the equal partners in this nursery,
which, till lately, under other hands, exhibited but an irregular, ill-
managed, and imperfect croppage of principally forest trees. Much of the
ground has been recently cleared and trenched, and laid out anew. Heath
mould is very conveniently attainable in the neighbourhood, and as Ame-
rican shrubs and plants are greatly in request thereabouts, it is the in-
tention of the proprietors to cultivate these rather extensively : they find
them grow freely and finely with them. Fruit tree culture will be
here a prominent object of attention ; Mr. Bircham, we know, has had
the first of experience in this department, and is no stranger to any of
the best varieties ; and we have, in consequence, no doubt that he will
render the Holton Nursery fiimous for the supplying of these, which will
be an immense advantage to that corner of the country. Standard roses
are also to be objects of great attention. A choice assortment of
georginas is already in cultivation there, and the blaze of blossom last
autumn was most superb: these were inspected by those profound judges
of georgina excellence, Messrs. Chandler, Buchanan, and Rivers, who
unanimously declared the blooming of them excelled any they, in their
extensive circuit of inspection, had elsewhere witnessed ; except only the
far-famed collection of Mr. Widnall of Grantchester, near Cambridge.
The new borders at Holton Nursery are now ready for as many of the
choice and the newer ornamental herbaceous plants as the proprietors
can procure. This attention to flowers, on their part, has already excited
the admiration and proportionate patronage of the ladies in the neighbour-
hood, accompanied also by an encouraging degree of that of the gentlemen
and noblemen residing in the vicinity. The skill, emulation, and industry
of Messrs. Rednall and Bircham must insure success. — J. D.

Art. VI. Provincial Horticultural Societies.

The season for exhibitions of show flowers is scarcely yet arrived ; but
we are glad to find from the papers sent to us, containing lists of prizes to
be contended for at the exhibitions for 1832, rules for new societies, &c,,
that our provincial horticultural and botanical friends are preparing vigor-
ously for the ensuing campaign. England, Scotland, and Ireland seem

252 London Horticultural Societj/ and Garden.

entering warmly into this amical)lc rivalsliip ; and \vc have no doubt of
their iiniteil ctfuits prochicing the most hcneficial effects. It gives us great
phnisure to find tlie number of cottagers' prizes increasing. — J. ]V. L.fur
Cond.

England and Wales.

Xcircaslle Bolaniral and Horticulliiral Socichj. — Feb. 3. Mr. Modcrill,
gardener to J. C. Anderson, Esq., Point Pleasant, received a prize for the
best exotic plant in flower, Cameliw japonica ( liandler/. A fine double
white camellia was exhibited gratuitously by the same gardener; as was
Riclii'ird/V/ a'thiopica, by Mr. William Laini', from the garden of N. Clrace,
Esq. ; and a dish of unconunonly large Kibston pip|)ins, by Mr. Robert Tel-
ford, gardener to George Hartley, Escj., Middleton Lodge, Yorkshire.

The G/cniiorgnn and Aloninoulh Iloriirnlhiral Soeic/i/ voted the silver
medal, sent down by the London Horticultnral Society, to Mr. Laidlaw,
gardener to John Moggridge, Esq., at Gabalva.

Scotland.

Caledonian Ilorticidtural Sociefj/. — March 1. Medals were adjudged, for
the best new hardy plants in flower, to Mr. Alexander Forrester, gardener
to David Falconar, Esq., of Carlowrie, for (Talanthns plicatus, ZJiiphne
Danph'n/7, and two .A'arclssi, A^jar pumilus and A'jar nanus, and for the
best six hyacinths, of different colours or varieties (Howard, Ninirod,
Pourpre Sujireme, Hercules, Vain(]ueur, and Canning), cultivated in hypnum
moss, without earth, to Dr. Adol|)hus Ross, Abercromby Place.

The Society has tiie merit of bringing into notice this metlujd of flower-
ing hyacinths in hy|)iuun moss; which is lemarkabie lor its elegance and
cleanliness, and for producing stronger flowers than are obtained by using
the connnon water glasses. Three new camellias (//nemoneflora alba,
Gray's Invincible, and Camellw Rawes/7) were sent from the conservatory
of Profes.sor Dunbar, at Rose Park. A splendid and lofty pyramidal Cape
heath, 7!,"rica Uimxdidcn, sent by Mr. iNI'Nab from the Royal Botanic Garden.
Two very large plants of Azalea /edifolia, covered with a profusion of white
blossoms, from the garden of the secretary, Mr. Neill, at Cauonmills.
fr'enista canariensis, /^ris susiana, and early Van Thol tulijis {TiiH]>a sua-
veolens), from the garden of Colonel Wauchope, at E .monstoue. Blet/rt
TankcrvfllM', sent from the Society's experimental garden by Mr. Baruet.
A side-table exhibited specimens of the Bassano and Neapolitan turnip-
rooteil beet ; and also red and white kohl-rabi ; all of which were the pro-
duce of the Society's garden. The Society's silver medal was voteil to
Mr. John Wilkie, gardener to J. A. Wardrop, Esq., of Dalmarnock, for
his well conducted experiments on the subject of emplcning the fruit of
ylstn'igahis ba.''ticus, or Portuguese vetch, as a substitute lor coffee. The
astragalus was stated to be nearly on a par with succory root, but recpiired
an adilition of genuine coflee to give it the rc(]uisite aroma. ( lidindiirg/i
Advaiiier, March 3.)

Iki:land.

Belfast lloitirutlural Societi/. — Jan. By the Annual Report, this Society
appears to be in a very flourishing state ; and praise was particularly be-
stowed on John Montgomery, Escp, for his auriculas, and for having raised
the first Irish seedling georgina.

Akt. VII. London Horticultural Society and Garden.

Jan. 17. 18.'i2. — Read. A note on the Cannon Hall Muscat grape; by
J. Lindley, Esq. F.R.S. &c. The meteorological journal kept in the
Society's Garden.

London Horticultural Society and Garden. 253

Exhibited. Charlsworth Tokay grapes, from Mr. R, Buck of Black-
heath. Seven sorts of apples, from Mr. Joseph Kirke, and wood and
leaves of the Flat peach of China, from the same. Specimens of the Swedish
turnips, fi'oui Mr. (1. Mills.

A/so, from the Garden of the Society. Twelve sorts of Apples, two sorts of
Pears. Flowers of Chinionanthus fragrans, and the C. fragrans var. grandi-
florus, i?heam undulatum.

Feb. 7. — Read. On the sowing of the Shirag tobacco; by Dr. Riach,
medical officer in the service of the Hon. East India Company : commu-
nicated by Sir Henry Willock.

Didril)uted. Cuttings of the Elton and Choisey cherries.

Exhibited. Six sorts of Camellia, and Cypripedium venustum, from
Messrs. Chandler of Vauxhall. Enkianthus quinqueflorus and reticula-
tus, from Wm. Wells, Esq. F.H.S Pears, unnamed, from Sir W. W.
Wynn, Bart., M. P. These proved to be a sort called the Russeting in the
London market. Seedling Camellia, raised between Middlemist's and the
double-striped ; and an Enville and a green pine-apple, grown without fire
heat; from Mr. Fielder, gardener to Wm. Linwood, Esq. These two pines
were excellent specimens of winter-grown fruit; the Enville weighed
2k lbs., and was well-flavoured ; the Queen weighed something less than
2 lbs., but was rather acid. Two sorts of Apple, unnamed, and seedling
Apples from the Knobby russet, from Wm. Nicol, Esq. Lemon pippins,
from Mr. Hooker, F.H.S. Flowers of Astrap^'a Wallich/i, from Mrs.
Marryatt. Camellias from John Allnutt, Esq.

Also, from, the Garden of the Society. Flowers. Chimonanthus fragrans,
Gray's Invincible Camellia (or punctata of Bot. Beg.), i?heum undulatum.
— Fruit. Pears : Easter Beurre, Bon Chretien Turc, Epine d'Hiver.

Feb. 21. — Bead. A description of various modes of heating by steam
for horticultural purposes ; by Mr. Henry Stothert of Bath.

Distributed. Cuttings of the Washington, and Reine Claude violette
plums, and of Knight's early black cherry : these three articles were from
the Society's Garden.

Exhibited. A tree-pruner, from Robert Francis, Esq., Ivy House, Can-
terbury. Redding's camellia (a new seedling), Newtown pippins, Strelitzia
reginse and ovata, Bryopliyllimi calycinum, ^axifraga ligularis, Daphne
hybrida, from Mrs. Marryatt of Wimbledon. Camelhw japonica Vandes/?,
and Vandeszi sujjcrba, from the Comte de Vandes. Camellias, from
Messrs. Chandler and Sons. Gray's Invincible cameUia, and Ailnutt's
seedling camellia, from John Allnutt, Esq. Specimens of netting, glasses
for preserving fruit while growing, &c., from Mr. Griffinhoofe.

A/so, from the Garden of t/ie Societi/. Flowers. Gray's Invincible camel-
lia (C. punctata, Bot. Beg.), Red, Blush, and White paeony-flowered ca-
mellias, i?heum undulatum. — Fruit. Easter Beurre and Ne plus Meuris
pears. Golden Harvey, Hunt's William Shakspeare, and Hunt's Duke of
Gloucester apples, from T. Hunt, Esq. Poire d'une livre (the Catillac),
Poire Leon Leclerc, Pomme de fouillet, Pomme de Range, from M. Leon
Leclerc.

March 6. — Bead. A j^aper on the cultivation of tobacco for garden
purposes ; by Mr. John Wilson, one of the under gardeners in the Society's
Garden.

Distributed. Grafts of the following pears, from T. A Knight, Esq. :
Monarch, Belmont, Downton, Rouse Leuch, Wormsley Grange, Moccas ;
also cuttings of his sweet red currant.

Exliibited. Josephine pears, from John George Fuller, Esq. F H.S, A
sprig of coffee with fruit, ground coffee, roasted coffee, raw coffee, and fruit
of allspice, from Mr, J. Oliver, gardener at Coombe Abbey, near Coventry.
14 sorts of Apj)les from Mr. Stephen Hooker, F.H.S. Flowers of Glox-

254

Cc/cent Garden Market.

Newtown Pippins, from Jaraes

Inja candiila, from Mr. J. Young, F.H.S
Webster. l',s<i. 1-MI.S.

Also, from the (ifirdrn of the Socic/i/. Flowers, Eclievc.ri« gibbiflora. —
Fruit. Winter Bon C'liretien pear, Kaster Berjiumot pear. Newtown Pip-
pin ap|)le, from Mrs. Marryat. — Tobacco, a large-leaved var, of Virginian.

Art. VIII. Covent Garden Market.

The Cabbage Tribe.

From
£ s. d.

£

To
s. d.

Cabbages, per dozen :

White

0

1

0

0

1 3

Red

0

8

0

0 10 0

Plants, or Coleworts -

0

•i

(i

0

3 6

Savovs

0

0

9

0

1 6

Brussels Sprouts, per | sieve

0

1

G

0

2 0

German Ureens, or Kale,

per dozen

0

0

6

0

0 9

Broccoli, per buncb :

White

0

2

0

0

3 6

Oreen . .

0

1

0

0

1 6

I'urple

0

1

0

0

2 0

Legumes.

Peas, forced, per pottle -

0

5

0

0

7 0

Kidneybeans, forced, per

hundred

0

3

0

0

4 0

Tubers and Roots.

rpcr ton

2

r>

0

2

10 0

Potatoes . -J per i-wt.

0

2

3

0

2 fi

1. per bush.

0

1

3

0

1 6

Kidney, per bushel

0

1

9

0

2 0

Scotch, per bushel

0

1

6

0

1 9

Jeruaslein Artichokes, per

half sieve

0

1

0

0

: 3

Turnips, White, ner bunch
Carrots, per bunch :

0

0

2

0

0 3

Old . ...

0

0

4

0

0 C

Horn - - -

0

0

6

0

0 8

Parsneps, per dozen

0

0

9

0

1 6

Red Beet, per dozen

0

1

0

0

1 6

Skirrct, per bunch

0

0

0

0

I 6

^)corzonera, |)er bundle -

0

0

0

0

1 6

Salsify, per bunch ■ •

0

0

0

0

1 C

Horseradish, per bundle -

0

2

G

0

3 0

Radishes :

r per dozen hands (2+

Red i to .30 each)

0

1

6

0

2 6

C per punnet

0

0

10

0

1 3

The Spinach Tribe.

spinach [l--;Xieve:

0
0

T

0
3

0
0

3 6
2 0

Sorrel, jkt halt sieve

0

1

6

0

2 0

The Onion Tribe.

Onions, Old, per bushel .

0

4

n

0

.1 0

]M)r pitkhnK, per i sieve

0

.•3

0

0

5 0

(ireeri (jlxiiiles), p. biinc.

0

0

3

0

0 4

J^eeks, per dozen bunches

0

1

0

0

1 (i

Garlic, per pound - -

0

0

0

0

0 8

Shallots, per pound . .

0

0

8

0

1 U

Aspnrnpinous Plants,

Siiltuls, Jjic

Asparagus, ])er hundred :

Large

0 10

0

0

12 0

Middling

0

4

0

u

(J 0

Small ....

0

2

(i

0

3 0

Scakale, i>cr punnet

0

1

f>

0

3 0

Cardoons, per bunch (3) -

0

4

(i

0

6 0

Lettuce, per score :

Cos

0

1

3

0

2 0

Cabbage

0

0

6

0

0 9

Endive, per score

0

4

0

0

4 6

Celery, per bundle (12 to 15)

0

0

6

0

1 C

Small Salads, per punnet
Watercress, per dozen small

bunches ...
Pot and Sweet Herbs.
Parsley, per half sieve
Tarragon, per dozen bunches

Dried

Forced - - .

Chervil, per punnet
Fennel, per dozen bunches
Thyme, per dozen bunches
Sage, per dozen bunches
Mint, per dozen bunches :'

Dried

Forced . - -

Marjoram, dried, per dozen

bunches
Savory, per doz. bunches
Itasil, dried, per doz. bun.
Rosemary, per doz. bunches
Lavender, dried, per dozen

bunches ...
Tansy, dried, per dozen

bunches - - -

Stalks and Fruits for Tarts,

Fielding, SjC.

Rhubarb Stalks, forced, per

bundle - - -

Edible Fungi and Fuci.
Mushrooms, per pottle -
Morels, dried, per pound
Trutlles, j>er pound :

Knglish ...

Foreign

Fruits.
Apples, Dcssertj per bushel ;

^3onpareils

Ueinette grise
Apples, linking, per bushel

French

Court-pendu
Pears, Dessert^ per dozen :

Beurre ranccc*

Nouveau lise d'Hivcr .

Bon ChriJtien
Almonds, per peck
('r.inberric.<, jier gallon .
.StriiHljirries ilorced\iieroz.
Walnuts, |>er bushel
Chestnuts, I- rcnch, per peck
Grapes, per pound :

Hot-house

.Sp.iiiish ...

Black Portugal . -
Cucumbers, frame, )>. brace

O-^onSCS ),„,M,undred

J per dozen
{per liundr
jper dozen
X pi'r lunxlr

L"'"""" \ j.,.r hmxlreil
Sweet Alnion<ls
Nuts, per peck :

.Spanish

Barcelona
i Messina

Brazil, per bushel

From I To
£ s. d. £ s. d.

0 0 2 0 0 3

0 16

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 3 0

0 2 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 6 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 1 3

0 0 0

0 2 6

0 3 0

0 8 0

0 6 0

0 4 0

0 0 0

0 3 0

0 1 6
0 8 0

0 1

0 1 0

0 1 9

0 1

6

0

0

0

0 0

0

0 12

0

0 0

0

0 12

0

0 0

0

0

12

0

2 10

0

3

0

0

1 0

0

0

4

0

0 15

0

1

0

0

0 6

0

0

8

0

0 12

0

0

14

0

0 0

0

0 18

0

0 0

0

0

12

U

0 0

0

0

6

0

0 4

0

0

6

0

0 3

0

0

4

0

0 3

0

0

4

0

0 16

0

0

0

0

0 (i

0

0

12

0

1 15

0

2

0

0

0 1

0

0

0

0

0 2

0

0

0

0

0 8

0

0

16

0

0 0

9

0

3

0

0 3

6

0

18

0

0 0

9

0

2

0

0 6

0

0

14

0

0 3

0

0

0

0

0 6

0

0

0

0

0 6

0

0

0

0

0 2

6

0

3

0

0 14

0

0 16

0

Obituary. 255

Observations. — Having been favoured by open moderate weather
throughout the winter months, our supplies at market have been very
regular, and the prices consequently moderate. From the present state of
the soil, which has been kept cold by the general absence of solar heat, the
spring may be expected to be late ; and as the winter supplies of vegetables
have been regularly consumed, it is highly probable that the prices for the
ensuing month will be higher; and that the forced vegetables will be
more in demand, such as asparagus, sea-kale, radishes, rhubarb, &c. &c.
Cabbages of excellent quality have been already furnished in good supply,
and at a moderate price ; broccoli of the fine early white variety has been
abundant, and as the whole crop remains uninjured by frost, it may be ex-
pected in still farther quantity, which, with the purple and brimstone
varieties, so extensively cultivated, will make up for the late coming in of
the general crop of spring vegetables. Onions still support a uniform price,
contrary to a general impression that they are dearer in frosty weather.
Turnips still continue to be excellent in quality, owing to their not having
run off so readily to tops, which have not been so abundant as usual, and
have been disposed of freely, and to advantage. Our supply of foreign
fruit has been very limited, and at rather high prices, as may be observed
on referring to the list. Apples, the produce of our own soil, are extremely
scarce, a few bushels only from time to time coming to hand ; as the growers
can realise more for them in the countr)', the prices here being much re-
duced by the importation of foreign fruit.

Our stock of winter pears is very small ; indeed, we are, in the market,
altogether wanting a supply of the better varieties. As yet the culture of
the new French sorts has not become general, nor do the growers feel
justified in holding them over, in the fear of a supply from abroad. Pota-
toes are extremely abundant and cheap ; a supply could be obtained equal
to any demand, did the prices afford remuneration to the growers and
shippers ; but the expenses of freight, &c., from the distant counties, and
from Scotland, from which we now obtain the most extensive supplies, is
so high as almost to insure a total loss of price to the cultivator. — G. C,
March 20. 1831.

Art. IX. Obituary.

Died, on the 16th of July, 1831, Johann Martin Fle'ischnann, chief su-
perintendent of vineyards, and the Nestor of the writers of Saxony. He
was in the eighty-fourth year of his age, fifty-seven of which he had passed
in official service. He was born in 1747, at Schwarza in the Grafschaftof
StoUberg-Werningerode, where his father was a merchant. He devoted
himself to gardening, and received instructions in that art from Putmann,
court-gardener at Meiningen. He afterwards travelled over a great part of
Germany, and in 1775 was appointed court-gardener of what is called the
Japanese garden at Dresden. The extensive information respecting the
cultivation of the vine which he had acquired in his travels, especially in
the districts of the Rhine, induced the Electoral Prince, in 1793, to appoint
him superintendent of vineyards. In 1799 he founded the Meissen Society
for the Cultivation of the Vine. His writings are chiefly on botany, the
cultivation of the vine, the growing of wood, and the rearing of the silk-
worm. That insect, he conceived, might be naturalised in Saxony. He
also published several treatises on the mulberry tree ; and, conjointly with
Nicolai and Riem, translated the celebrated work of Count Landriani on
the rearing of the silkworm, accompanied by notes. {From a German
Paper.)

256 Obituary.

Died, at Mile End Nursery, on the 5tli of January last, ^^r. Archibald
Thomson, aged 7f> years.

This eminent nurseryman, who was rehited to tiie eelehrated poet of tiie
same surname, received the rutliments of his horticultural eiiucation under
his father, in the vicinity of Edinburi;li ; and afterwards, in Enjjland, im-
proved iiiinself so much, tliat he was appointetl i)otanie ijardcner to the
Earl of Bute, at Luton IIoo, in Bedfordshire. In this, at that time, first-
rate situation, his abilities as a practical botanist, and his conduct as a man,
not only i^aincd for him the approbation and patronage of liis noble master,
who was a distinijuished lover of plants, but also the tiicndship of Messrs.
(xordon and Dermer, seedsmen in Fenchurch Street, and nurserymen at
Mile End, near London, by whom he was invited to superintend the latter
department of their business; and was admitted a partner in that lespect-
able firm upwards of 50 years ago.

The Mile End Nursery was at that time one of the first about London;
and it was much extended and improved by Mr. Thomson. Tiie collection
of hardy trees and shrubs was unrivalled; and very many of our finest
American and other exotics were introduced through, and their cultivation
determined in, that nursery. Mr. Thomson was excessively fond of fine
specimens of his various stock ; and, no doubt, had nuich personal gratifi-
cation in their preservation : but he lived to see that, though this was a road
to fame, it led not to the reward it merited Many of these specimens arc
now on sale, in the possession of his son and successor, and aie well worth
the attention of collectors who are forming arboretums or public gardens.
Magnoh'rt ThomsonwH«, amongst other estimable plants, is commemo-
rative of Mr. Thomson's skill and assiduity ; and his moiles of practice in
the propagation and nursery culture of plants will ever remain, as they
have long been, the guide of his numerous pupils and brethren in the pro-
fession, by whom he was always highly respected. — J. M.

Died, at Woodliall in Lanarkshire, the seat of W. F. Campbell of Shaw-
fiekl, on Monday the IGth of January, Mr. Waller Hfiidcrsuii, aged 73.
lie hail filled the situation of gardener at Woodliall for 47 years, justly
esteemed as a first-rate practical and scientific horticulturist, and com-
bining with strict integrity of character an amiability of manners which
endeared him to all who had the |)leasure of his acquaintance; while his
unostentatious kintlness, and facility in communicating professional inform-
ation, will be long remembered with gratitude, not only by a numerous list
of gardeners educated under him, but by n)any in the profession who were
within reach of benefiting by his friendly instructions and advice. — S. JI. G.

Died, January 'io., deeply lamented by his fiunily and a numerous circle
of friends, Mr, James Culvill, nurseryman of the King's Road, Chelsea, in
his 5.jlli year.

Died, in London, February 4., the Comtrsse des Vandcs, who, for many
years, was a patroness of |)ractical botany, as maybe seen by the numerous
plants which have been figured, in the botanical perioilicals, from her
well-known botanic garden at Bayswater. We regret to learn that the
collection is to be sold; as we were in hopes that the count would have
retained it, or that some arrangement might bo made to keep it up as a
subscription botanic garden.

THE

GARDENER S MAGAZINE,

JUNE, 1832,

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS,

Art. I. General Results of a Gardening Tour, during Juli/f
August, and part of September, in the Year 1831, Jrom Diwi'
Jries, by Kirkcudbright, Ayr, and Greenock, to Paisley. By the
Conductor.

{Continued from p. 134j)

Tn our last fragment, we offered a few remarks on fences irt
parks and pleasure-grounds, and our present article was
intended to be devoted to plantations; but, as there is now,
happily, a great spirit in the country for the improvement of
cottages, we shall give that subject the preference. The
depressed state of the agricultural population in England, the
consequent pressure of the poor-rates in some places, and the
outrages of incendiaries in others, have forced the attention of
the landed proprietors to the means of ameliorating, or at
least quieting for a time, their territorial population ; and, in
consequence, we have heard, for upwards of a year, of cot-
tages being repaired, and land allotted to cottagers at mode-
rate rents, throughout most of the English counties. Within
the last six months the alarm occasioned by the cholera has
caused increased attention to be given to the subject of com-
fortable cottages for agricultural labourers, and to that of the
condition of the poor generally ; cleanliness, warmth, projjer
ventilation, and wholesome food being found the best prevent-
ives of that disease.

The dwellings of the working classes, and especially those
on the country residences of landed proprietors, and in the

Vol. VIII. — No. 38. s

258 General liesulis of a Garde7iing Tour : —

nianufactuiinpj villages in ihe west of Scotland, have been cer-
tainly somewhat improved since the last time we passed leisurely
through that country, in 1805; but they are still lamentably
deficient in several important particulars. 7'he causes of
these deficiencies may be partly traced to the landlords, who
generally build the cottages ; but principally to the habits of
the occu})iers. For, on taking an enlarged view of the sub-
ject of social improvement, it will be found that the state and
condition of every class of men depend chiefly upon them-
selves. If the working classes, as a body, determined on
bettering their condition, maturely considered the means of
doing so, and united in setting about carrying these means
into effect, most assuredly they would attain their end. At
the same time, something is to be expected from the benevo-
lence of the wealthy ; more especially from the employers of
gardeners, bailiffs, and other resident servants in country
seats ; and it is chiefly to these enlightened and liberal pro-
prietors, and their agents, that we now address ourselves.

The cottages in the west of Scotland may be divided into
three classes : —

1. Those built by small tradesmen, mechanics, or other
workmen, for their own occupation, on feued land ; that is,
land held on very long or perpetual leases, at a rent of,
generally, from 10/. to \5l. an acre.

2. Cottages built by proprietors, for their servants, as gar-
deners, bailiffs, gamekeepers, &c. ; for their mechanics, as
carpenters, smiths, &c. ; and for their field labourers, &c.

3- Cottages built by farmers for their yearly servants.

We shall notice what we consider to be the faults and de-
ficiencies of each of these classes in succession ; and conclude
by hinting at an unpardonable defect in the whole of them.

1. Feuars'' Co//a<!;cs. — The chief objections which we have
to these are the two folloNsing : — first, the forming of sleeping-
rooms in the roof, and making them so small, and with such
diminutive windows, that they never can be well ventilated ;
and, secondly, the not raising of the ground floors 1 ft. or 2 ft.
above the level of the surrounding suiface. The importance
of a continual sujiply of fresh air to health, and of dryness to
warmth, is not at all understood by the dwellers in cottages
generally; otherwise we should not have so many of these
buildings with small window-frames fixed in the wall, so as
not to admit of opening them for ventilation. A low damp
floor is doubly injurious, by the evaporation of its moisture
carrying off' heat, and by the vapour in the atmosphere of the
room diminishing the proportion of oxygen in every mouthful
of air inhaled by the lungs. The windows should always be>

Feuars^ Cottages^ Servants' Cottages. 259

made large, and their sash-frames contrived to open, either
by having hinges, or by being suspended and balanced by
weights. The floors should not only be raised, but on all
moist soils the material used in raising them should be loose
stones, rendered level at top by smaller stones and gravel,
and finished either by pavement, or a composition of lime,
smithy ashes, and clean sharp sand. Where fuel is very
scarce and dear, flues might be formed in these floors, and
these might be heated occasionally in winter by fires of brush-
wood. The feued cottages in the village of Catrine, in Ayr-
shire, are exceptions to most others which we have seen in
the west of Scotland, in dryness, light, ventilation, and, in
short, in all other respects.

The radical cure for these evils is to be found in the scien-
tific education of the rising generation at the parochial schools.
Once render men fully aware how essential pure air is to the
human frame, and how much dryness contributes to warmth,
and they will take care not voluntarily to live in dwellings
deficient in these important particulars. In the mean time,
something may be done towards opening the eyes of the read-
ing part of the adults, by cheap tracts, and by essays on the
subject in the newspapers and magazines.

2. Cottages built by Landed Proprietors for their Serva^its. —
The principal fault which we have to find with this class of
dwellings is, that the taste which they affect to display is too
often at variance with the principles of utility and convenience ;
and yet nothing can be more certain than that utility is the
fundamental principle of all permanent beauty.

The beauty of wliich cottages are susceptible is of three
kinds; and must result either from their actual fitness for
being human dwellings, from their being outwardly expressive
of that fitness, or from their style of architecture. The first
of these beauties is technically called the expression of design,
or fitness ; the second, the expression of purpose ; and the last,
the expression of style. Every cottage whatever ought to
display the two former qualities ; and what are called orna-
mental cottages, or such as gentlemen who possess parks or
pleasure-grounds generally erect in them as entrance lodges,
or as dwellings for their servants, ought to display the latter.
Gothic cottages belong to the ornamental class; but if they
are examined with reference to the principles of fitness, or of
expression of purpose, they will commonly be found wanting.
For example, their windows are low, and do not reach to the
ceilings of the rooms, which must always render the venti-
lation of the apartments imperfect. Their window frames are
filled in with lattice-work ; and these frames shutting against

260 General Resulls of a Gardening Tour: —

mullions, or broad upiiglit and cross divisions of tlie window,
must impede the entrance of li^lit. Ciotliic windows are also,
as tliey are generally constructed in cottjiges, less air-tight,
and the mode of giving air by tiiem is much less convenient,
than that by the common suspended and balanced sasli win-
dows. The reason of these sins against fitness, in cottages
pretending to the beauty of architectural style, may be thus
given: — The general character of a cottage, as distinguished
Jiom that of dwellings of a higher class, is considered by
arciiitects to consist in low walls, and, of course, low ceil-
ings; small windows, broad rather than high; and conspi-
cuous loofs, generally with windows in their sides. We
admit, that, taking cottages as they are usually constructed,
these features may be said to constitute their character ; and
lience they would be employed by a painter, or poet, or a
descriptive writer, who wished to portray a cottage of the
present day.

Thus, a certain degree of coarseness and homeliness of dress
and manner may be said to have hitherto characterised the
]>ritish labourer, as contradistinguished from the British gen-
tleman. A romantic writer would, therefore, make use of
these characteristics; and a poet or a sentimentalist would
probably regret their disappearance, and the gradual assimi-
lation of dress and manners between the labourer and the
gentleman. The fault of the architect is, that he has too
closely followed the painter and the man of literature ; forget-
ting that his art, being founded upon and guided by utility,
ought to embrace all improvements, not only in architecture,
but in the uses of buildings, as they are brought into notice.
The fault of the landlord is, that he has thouiiht of little ex-
ccpt the outside show of his cottages; but it is surely as much
his interest to encourage whatever will raise and elevate the
character of the people who live on his land, as it is the duty
of the architect to consider, not what a cottage has hitherto
been, but what it is capable of being made. Putting a servant
into a handsome Gothic cottage is like putting him into a
handsome suit of livery: but there is, unfortunately for the
servant, this difference, that the faults of ihu dwelling, if it
does not fit, cannot be so readily perceived as those of the
coat; and nobody may know, but the occupant and his family,
liow little comfort sometimes exists imdcr a gay cxteiior.
For our own part, we have seen so many ornamental cottages
and lodges on gentlemen's estates, both in England and in
Scotland, small, damp, and badly contrived within, that we
ai'e compelled to consider them as nnich badges of slavery
as a suit of livery. Let us hope that another generation will

Farm- Servants' Collages. 261

effectually simplify and improve the former, and entirely
abolish the latter.

We are aware that there is a great prejudice in favour of
Gothic buildings of every description, from the cottage to the
palace ; arising from the associations of reverence, antiquity,
and chivalry, which are connected with them. Maturely
considered, however, we cannot help sometimes doubting
whether the existing prejudice in favour of Gothic architec-
ture does not reflect more discredit than honour on human
nature; at all events, it is a prejudice unworthy of an age of
rapid improvement like the present. We freely acknowledge
that we do not expect many converts to our views in this
respect; because simplicity is one of the last refinements, not
only in the progress of the arts, but in the jirogress of opinion.
Believing, as we do, that this principle is undeniable, we have
little doubt but that much of what is now considered beauty,
both in art and in literature, will by the next generation be
neglected, and, as the French characteristically express it,
*' reduit au merite historique."

However, as a superabundance of wealth must find means
of displaying itself, let there be Gothic or other fanciful cot-
tages and lodges ; but let not fancy be exercised on them at
the expense of the health and comfort of the inhabitants.
Let architects and their employers begin by such dimensions
and arrangements as will insure commodiousness, and every
requisite convenience; let there be lofty ceilings for a large
volume of air ; large windows for abundance of light, and for
ample ventilation ; a raised floor, and thick walls, to insure
dryness and warmth ; and fireplaces, flues and chimneys al-
ways placed in the interior walls, and never in the outside
ones.* Having fixed these points, superadding sound found-
ations, materials, and workmanship, there can be no objection
to the exercise of such taste, or no taste, as the parties may
possess. A little of the absurd, indeed, sometimes does more
for general improvement than the good, because it calls forth
criticism.

3. Farm-Servants' Cottages. — The cottages erected by farm-
ers for their yearly servants cannot be expected to be either
commodious or substantial; because in Scotland they are built
with a view to the duration of a nineteen or twenty-one years'
lease, by a party who never can have much capital to spare
for such a purpose. It is true, the landlord generally makes
a certain allowance for the erection of such cottages ; but, not-

* Further remarks on this subject will be found in our Enct/clopaidia of
Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture, Part I. p. 8.

s 3

262 General licsiiUs of a Gardening Tour : —

withstanding this, we believe they will invariably be found
the worst description of dwellings in Scotland. Perhaps it
will hardly be credited in a future age, that while Scotch
farmers, confessedly the most enlightened agriculturists in the
world, are not intrusted with the erection of stables and
buildings for lodging cattle, and for the other purposes of the
farm-yard, they are yet permitted to erect dwellings for
human beings. The farm-yard is usually built from the plan,
and at the expense, of the landlord, under the superintendence
of his architect and factor; but a sum is generally allowed to
the filmier, for the erection of such cottages as he may require
for the lodging of his yearly servants ; and these cottages he
plans and executes, uncontrolled by any other powers or prin-
ciples than those suggested by his own feelings of propriety
and justice. That these are often low in the moral scale,
there are but too many examples to prove. It is a well
known fact, that no Scotch manufacturer ever ventures to
erect such cottages for his workmen as a farmer does for his
labourers. If he did, he would only have tlie very lowest
description of Irish to live in them, as is the case with certain
cottages along the west coast ; for example, at Stanraer and
Girvan. With the progress of things, we have no doubt that
this practice will be done away with ; and that the farmer's
yearly servants will, at least, be placed on the same footing
as his horses and cattle. It is now the interest of the farmer
to lodge his servants as cheaply as possible ; and the interest
of the landlord to get as high a rent for his land as he can,
with the least outlay of capital for repairs and new erections:
but men's views of interest change ; and, with a superior de-
gree of human cultivation among all classes, a more refined
description of self-interest will require to be gratified. To
some landlords, to see and to know that all who live on their
estates, and especially the poorest class, who, isolated and
ignorant as they now are, cannot help themselves, are com-
fortable, and possessed of the means of happiness, is a neces-
sary of life. As society advances, this class of landlords will
become more numerous, and this is one source I'rom which
we look for the amelioration of the lowest description of
human habitations in Scotland.

Another source, however, and the one cm which we chiefly
depend, is the growing iiUelligencc and taste of the cottagers
themselves. The agricultural population of no part of Britain
is yet sulficiendy enlightened to act by cooperation ; but,
with a proper system of national education, and the free cir-
culation of political and moral knowledge, both of which we
hope soon to sec established, the operative agriculturists,

Furm-Strvanls' Collages. 263

like the operative manufacturers, will be enabled to command
such dwellings, and other means of subsistence, as their supe-
rior condition will require. At present, what are called the
lowest class in Scotland, and especially the agricultural la-
bourers, consider themselves as living by the sufferance of
those who are above them ; and nothing but knowledge can
eradicate this degrading idea, and relieve them from the
numerous privations which they undergo in consequence.

We are persuaded that many absentee landlords are igno-
rant of the sort of cottages which already exist, and still con-
tinue to be erected, on their estates. It is difficult for us to
persuade ourselves that the wives, who are perhaps mothers,
of these men of wealth, are aware of the large ftimilies that
are born and live together in one square room, open to the
roof, with no division but that formed by wooden bedsteads,
and with no floor but the earth. We cannot believe, for ex-
ample, that the Duchess of Buccleugh, whom we know to be
highly cultivated, and who has the reputation of being kind-
hearted and charitable, ever entered any one of the fourteen
cottages lately erected on one of her husband's estates, not
far from his magnificent palace of Drumlanrig, in Dumfries-
shire. On crossing the country from Jardine Hall to Close-
burn, Aug. 9. 1831, we passed the farm of Cumroo. The
farm-house and farmery are ample and most substantial-look-
ing buildings. The dwelling-house is more than usually
large, with two rooms in its width ; a part of its exterior wall
is covered with large well-trained fruit trees ; and there is an
excellent kitchen-garden, well stocked, and apparently in
good order, in which a professed gardener (judging from his
blue apron) was at work ; so that the whole, had it not been
for the farm-yard behind, might very easily have been taken
for a mansion residence. Passing this house, and advancing
about a furlong, we came to a row of fourteen cottages occu-
pied by yearly servants of the farmer and occupant of the
large house, who, we were told, came from the best cultivated
district in Scotland, East Lothian. Observing that to every
door in the row of cottages there was but one window, we
entered one of them, and found a woman sitting at a table,
w^riting a letter (which seemed in a very good hand for a
person in her rank of life), while she rocked the cradle with
her foot. The room, which comprised the whole cottage, was
about 14 ft. square, without a ceiling, and open to the roof; the
floor was of earth, and the walls were left rough, just as the
stones were put together in building, but whitewashed : there
was a fireplace, but only one fixed window of four small
panes. In this room there were two box beds, placed end to

^. i

264 General Results of' a Gardening Tuitr : —

end, and beliind iheni a space of about 2 ft. in widtli for fuel
and lumber. The furniture and utensils, though scanty, were
clean and neat ; more especially when contrasted with the
floor, wiiich, underneath the beds, was of earth, quite loose;
though, near the fire, were laid some flat stones, which the
woman said her husband had picked up and i)ut down him-
self. The cottage window, as already observed, was fixed,
and incapable of opening to give air. There was no back
door, and no opening either in the roof or walls for ventila-
tion, except the entrance door and the chimney. There
was no appendage, or garden ground of any sort, behind these
cottages ; but, across the road, in front of them was a narrow
strip of ground, divided so as to allow one fall {S6 yds. square)
to each cottage. In these gardens there was no structure of
any kind.

We repeat, that we cannot believe that the Duchess of
Buccleugh is aware that there are such cottages on her hus-
band's iScotch estates : probably even the duke may be
equally ignorant ; and, in that case, the blame must be con-
sidered as attaching to his managers; and these, again, may
very probably excuse themselves (for there are always plenty
of excuses for every thing), on the ground of not feeling jus-
tified in departing from what is (leemcd customary in like
cases. This confirms what we have alwavs stated ; viz., that
the reform and amelioration of any class of society, to be ef-
fectual and permanent, must proceed from that class itself.
When the labouring classes have a decided taste for an im-.
proved description of cottages, and for larger gardens, they
will, as we have said before, never rest satisfied till they have
procured them.

But, though we maintain this doctrine, we hold also that
something is to be expected, in favour of the poor and ignorant,
from the generous I'eelings of the enlightened and wealthy ; and
therefore we consider it to be the duty, as we are certain it
would contribute to the happiness, of all proprietors who can
afford it, to endeavour to raise the character of the human
beings on their estates, by improving their dwellings. No
man can compel the Duke of Buccleugh to issue an order
that no cottaffes shall be built on his estates with less than
three rooms, and other conveniences, and a garden of at
least the fourth j)art of an acre unalienably attached; but all
who are aware of the inunense extent of the duke's posses-
sions expect more from him than they do from less wealthy
proprietors.

Havin<r described the sort of cotta<jes erected for farm-
labouicrs in Dumfriesshire, wo shall now notice those erected

Cottages. 265

for the same class in the Rhinns of Galloway, on the estate of
Mr. Macdouall of Looran. These erections, for which the
name of hut or hovel would be more appropriate than that of
cottage, are built of turf, or mud, or stones, or of a mixture
of all these. They are commonly covered with straw, though
sometimes with slates. The interior of each contains but one
apartment, open to the rafters (which, as may be expected,
are blackened by smoke), and having no floor but the earth.
The fire is made on the ground, at one end of the room ; and,
by way of chimney, a quadrilateral structure of straw rope,
warped around a frame of wood, is projected from the wall
over the fire, and continued upwards through the roof, ter-
minating about 1 ft. above it. The windows are very small,
and fixed. Mr. Macdouall receives sixpence a week for cot-
tages of this kind, from labourers to whom he pays tenpence
a day, the common wages of the district. A gentleman re-
sident in that part of the country told us that he knew one of
Mr. Macdouall's labourers, who, in one of these cottages, and
on the above wages, from which all broken time is deducted,
has to support a wife and six children. Rags, filth, cutaneous
eruptions, and sometimes atrophy, in the children; emaciation,
debility, and })remature old age, in the adults, are the inevi-
table effects of this state of existence. It is but just, however,
to add that Mr. Macdouall grants, by way of indulgence to
his labourers, land on which they may grow their potatoes,
provided they manure and clean it.

Having pointed out the separate faults of these three classes
of cottages, we shall now state what appears to be their greatest
defect, and which is common to them all.

Every one who has lived any time in England is aware that
the humblest cottage in that country has an appendage to it,
essential not only to cleanliness, but even to decency. It is
hardly credible, but it is nevertheless a fact, that these append-
ages are scarcely ever to be met with throughout the west of
Scotland. There are even new and substantial farm-houses,
and first-rate gardeners' and bailiffs' houses, without them.
Some gentlemen who have built themselves handsome man-
sions, and erected elegant lodges at their entrance gates, have
altogether neglected to add this necessary convenience to those
lodges. Not far from Ayr, we found a new village, consist-
ing of about a hundred houses, all feued; and we ascertained
from one of the inhabitants, that there were only three of
the houses to which this appendage was attached. It is not
to be wondered at, therefore, that the outskirts of all the vil-
lages and of all the towns, and the immediate neighbourhoods
of all the cottages, in the west of Scotland are most offensively

266 Horticultural Notes : —

disfinrured. Tliat the general absence of the conveniences
alluded to, in this district, is clearly owinjT to the general want
of a taste for cleanliness and decency (in the particular alluded
to) among the inhabitants, and not from want of means to
procure them, is evident from the circumstance, that every
house in the above village is the property of its occupant,
who might have built upon his ground whatever he chose. It
appears, also, that this want of cleanliness and decency is not
inconsistent with a high degree of cultivation in other parti-
culars ; for, the same village being at a distance from the
parish school, the inhabitants have joined together, built a
school-house, and hired a teacher, to procure for their children
the benefits of education. This neglect of minor comforts,
and attention to important advantages, is characteristic of our
countrymen ; and is, no doubt, in some points of view, highly
honourable to them ; but, to place them on a par with their
southern neighbours, in point of domestic comfort and refine-
ment, the improvement which we hinted at is essentially
necessary. Proprietors who have lived in England ought to
set the example in all the cottages and farm-houses which
they build on their estates ; and, when they arrange with their
farmers to build dwellings for their yearly servants, it ought to
be a condition tiiat this appendage should not be wanting.

Though we were aware of the state the country was in, in
this respect, twenty-six years ago, we did expect to find it
somewhat improved at the present day. We hardly think,
however, that any improvement has taken place, and would
most earnestly recommend the subject to the attention of
proprietors, and to their factors, architects, gardeners and
bailiffs.

(Tu be continued.)

Art. II. Horticultural Notes on a Jonrneij J'rom Rome in Naples,
March 1 — 6. 1832. By William Si'ence, Esq. F.L.S.

Sir,

Having employed a rainy morning or two in writing out,
and occasionally expanding, a few pencil notes relating to
horticulture, made during our late journey from Rome to
this place, I send them for your Magazine ; in the hoj)c that,
though necessarily slight and superficial, they may interest
some of your readers who have not hatl themselves an oppor-
tunity of passing by the same road ; and who will, perhaps,
excuse tlieir assuming here and there an agricultural com-
plexion. I am, Sir, yours, kc.

Naples, March 10. 1832. W. SriiNCE.

Market-Gardens at Rome. 267

Market-Gardens. — These are not numerous without the
gate of Rome leading to Naples ; indeed, by far the larger
portion of the market gardens of Rome are within the walls,
which are twelve or fourteen miles in circuit, without having
more than one third of the enclosed space covered with
houses. On the Naples road, as within the gates, they pre-
sent the same general features : industrious though not very
neat cultivation, and the soil kept constantly cropped under
great breadths of lettuces, endive, leeks, broccoli, superb cau-
liflowers ; and especially two articles which occupy more space
than all the rest, viz., gobho and fennel. Gobbo (hunchback)
is the appellation which the Italians, in their well-known love
of nicknames, have given to the gibbous footstalks of the first
set of leaves, just as they branch from the ground, of a
variety of artichoke ; which are blanched by hoeing up the
earth against them, and of which a far larger quantity is
consumed than of the heads of the plants. Fennel is cul-
tivated to a great extent for precisely the same part of the
plant, namely, the blanched footstalks (and roots) of the first
set of leaves ; and both it and gobbo, when stewed in the
Italian method, form excellent dishes. These fennel roots
and footstalks are eaten also raw, as a salad, with oil and
vinegar. What most distinguish Roman (and, indeed, Ita-
lian) gardens from those of Northern Europe are the shed,
and wheel which it covers, for drawing up water, by means of
an ass or ox, from the adjoining well, for the purpose of irri-
gation ; and the clump of fine reeds (^rundo /)onax), each
15 ft. or 20 ft. high, and 1 in. in diameter, and as strong as a
bamboo of similar thickness (which they resemble), which
are employed as props and trellises for vines, and for fences,
garden-sticks, and various other uses.

Albano. — Viewed the lake here, and that of Nemi near
Gensano, which occupy the craters of two extinct volcanoes :
pretty, but too exactly circular to be very picturesque ; and
the want of bays and indentations of margin not compensated
(at least, as far as could be judged at this season) by any
striking masses of large trees ; the wood which clothes the
surrounding hills seeming chiefly coppice. Indeed, the ab-
sence of fine full-grown trees is the great defect of landscape
scenes in Italy, where you sometimes travel a hundred miles
(as in Lombardy) without setting eyes on a tree that has not
been pollarded or lopped ; and though, on the hills, the
chestnut is allowed to expand at will, it seldom attains there
that luxuriance of growth which adorns the natives of the
moister mountains of Switzerland. Great part of the apples

268 Hotticultwal Notes : —

aiul other I'ruit consumed at Home are brought from Albano,
Velletri, &c.

Pontine Marshes. — The desolate aspect attributed to these
tweuty-ibur miles of the road to Naples is one of the many
exa<ruerations which prevail with remird to Italv. The view
is boundeil to the left, at a short distance, by the Apennines ;
and to the right, at the distance of some miles, by a line of
extensive woods ; the intermediate sjiace being partly under
cultivation (but chiefly in grass), with vast herds of horses
and buffaloes feeding : and though the dead-flat surface, and
the occasional (but not very frequent) occurrence of portions
covered with reeds, or overflowed with water, give the whole a
fenny character, yet, as, happily, there are no polhud willows,
and the road (a great rarity in Italy) runs the whole way
between two rows of tall elm trees (now in flower, and thus
taking at a distance a tinge of green, as if breaking into leaf),
the general effect to the eye is not at all offensive, and far
less repulsive than some parts of Hollantl or Lincolnshire.

Terracina. — The change, on arriving here, is like enchant-
ment. The whole way from Rome, for upwards of forty
miles, presents few Italian features, and, least of all, the
Pontine Marshes ; immediately on leaving which, you burst
at once on lofty rocks, close to the ^Mediterranean, clothed
with vines and flg trees, and orange and lemon trees, superb
cactuses (Opiintia vulgaris), £uph6rb?flr dendrbides in full
flower, and palm trees (Phoe^iix dactylifera) 20 ft. to 30 ft.
high ; all giving quite a new and southern aspect to the scene.
Struck with this sudden change, some travellers have said
that here is strictly the gate oi" Italy, jiroperly so called; and
that what is usually understood by an Italian climate and
productions must be confined to the region south of Terra-
cina. This, however, is an error, originating in the want of
more comprehensive observation ; for every one of the pro-
ductions found at Terracina, with the addition of aloes
(Agave americana), of which few or none hap))en to grow
there, may be seen as far north as Geneva and Nice; where
palm trees are cultivated, to sell their leaves to the Romish
churches for Palm Sunday. The fact is, that the true Italian
climate is confined to a very small portion of Italy, namely,
to some favoured spots on the western coast ; and that along
its whole extent, whenever the approximation of the Apen-
nines to the sea, at once keeping oif the north and east winds,
and reflecting the sun's rays, affords the temperature which
the orange and lemon, 8:c., require. The moment you recede
from the coast, especially if a very trifling elevation of ground
takes place, farewell to oranges and lemons, at least in any

Pontine Marshes, Terracina, Mola de Gaeta. 269

perfection. Even at Caserta, the King of Naples's country-
seat, though but fifteen miles east of Naples, and not above
from 150 ft. to 200 ft. higher, the oranges, we were told, are
very indifferent, and that the great canal in the garden is
frozen over every winter, and the cascades converted into
masses of ice; and, wherever aloes are planted at Naples in open
and unsheltered situations, they are constantly cut and stunted.
Mola de Gaeta. — Between Terracina and Mola, numerous
carob or locust-bean trees (Ceratonia (Siliqua) grow, inter-
mingled with the olives; and being also evergreen, but with
leaves of a lighter green somewhat resembling those of the
common acacia ; and the hedges being mostly composed of
laurustinus, sweet bay, and myrtle; while the banks were
covered with Enca arborea, yisphodelus ramosus, E'chium
italicum, Zyycopsis [None«] bullata, &c. &c. ; all, like the
laurustinus and sweet bay, in full flower; it needed an effort
of recollection to recall to mind that it was still the first week
of March. The carob trees, however, though more abundant
here than we had before observed them, are also cultivated as
far north as Genoa; where, as here, their long, compressed,
and very sweet pods are both eaten by tlie common people
and given to horses. At Mola, our inn, which had formerly
been the villa of an Italian nobleman, was delightfully situ-
ated in the middle of a garden, and commanded the finest
views of the Bay of Gaeta (second in beauty only to that of
Naples), and included in its bounds the supposed ruins of one
of Cicero's villas (his Formianum), close to the water's edge.
These ruins were shown to us by the gai'dener who rented tlie
garden in which the inn stood ; which seemed altogether about
two acres in extent, and was chiefly occupied with orange and
lemon trees, to the number of 700, now laden with fruit. For
this garden, he told us (and the landlord confirmed his state-
ment), he pays 600 scudi or crowns (about 120/.) a year rent;
a sum which may give an idea of the high value of these
favoured spots of land suitable to the orange and lemon.
The price of the largest oranges, which are of excellent qua-
lity, on the spot, to be sent to Rome, &c., is 3 paoli {15d.) a
hundred ; and he pointed out one of the orange trees, of mid-
dle size, which had this year borne five hundred. He gave us
some sweet lemons, not differing in appearance from common
lemons, except that they were extremely more rugged, but
with juice of an insipid sweet taste, and without the slightest
acidity.*

* At Naples another curious variety of lemon is exposed in the streets
for sale, having externally the exact colour and shape of an orange, except
that at the stalk end is a depression, and on this a prominence, as in
the lemon, but within having the pale pulp of the lemon, and sweet juice.

270 Ilorticultnral Nolcs .- —

Capua. — Our rooms at the inn at Capua, where we slept,
oj^ened on a terraced garden, with orange trees, vines trained
on arched treUises, marble fountains, 8:c., which, for ten
shillings' expense, might have been made very gay and attrac-
tive ; but all was forlornness and tlisorder, the beds untrimmed,
and the walks littered with dirt. Two magnificent plants of
Opuntia vulgaris, which flanked one of the w indows, the waiter
said, were ))lanted there ^^ per j^ompa'" (for pomp's sake); a
motive, unfortunately, so ol'ten the leading one in Italy, with-
out any regard to the humbler ones of neatness and order.
On the opjiosite side of the street, however, we espied, on the
ramparts, what is a great rarity in the small towns of Italy,
a public garden; which, though disfigured by a profusion of
ugly temples, grottoes, &c., was of tolerable extent, with
handsome parterres of flowers, and trees of sufficient growth
to give shade; the whole kept very neatly, and forming a
great ornament to the town.

Caserta. — The gardens of this vast and magnificent country
palace of the King of Naples are not a very favourable speci-
men of the old style of gardening. There are no trees of the
luxuriant growth of those which adorn the Boboli garden at
Florence, or that of the Villa Borghese at Rome ; and the
row of evergreen oaks on each side of the great canal, being
kept clipped to the height of only about 15 ft., have a very
stunted and jialtry look. On the whole, this is among the
iew old jjardens which one would not rcffret to see converted
into a jardin Anglais [English garden], as far as practicable;
and, })erhaps, all the old gardens would be much improved,
without losing their distinctive character, by one simple alter-
ation, the substitution of the pruning-knife for the shears;
and, while the vistas and alleys were preserved, permitting at
least their upper branches to assume a natural mode of
growtli. Turf, extremely rougli, as it always is on the Con-
tinent, yet without bare patches ; and so lar proving, like the
scores of plots of grass to be seen in Italy (as in front of the
cathedral at Pisa, and the church of S. Giovanni in Laterano,
at Rome, &c. &c.), with as short and fine a turf of white
clover, 8cc., as most village greens in England, that the notion
of the heat being an insuperable obstacle to having fine grass
in the south of Europe is erroneous ; and I am persuaded
that, if due attention were given to having a proper soil, suf-
ficiently retentive of moisture, it would be easy to have grass
plots in Italy, if treated in the same way as to rolling and
mowing, very little inferior to w hat are seen with us. Bundles
of green lupine plants pulled up by the roots, and of the
roots of couch grass which we burn but which the Italians

Capua, Caserta, Campagna FelicCf Naples. 271

%

more wisely give as a saccharine and grateful food to horses,
are exposed for sale in the square of the town of Caserta.

Campagna Felice is the title given to the extensive level
tract of land which lies between the mountains to the north-
east of Caserta and Naples, and the Mediterranean ; perhaps
to distinguish it from the Campagna of Rome, so much the
reverse of " felice." But why should the Neapolitan plain,
which is a dead level, be free from fever, and the Roman
Campagna, which has a much more undulated surface, and is
130 miles farther north, be the prey of malaria? This is a
mystery of which no satisfactory solution has been offered; for
the supposed noxious influence of volcanic substrata exists
here in as great a degree as around Rome. The whole of the
Campagna Felice is cultivated like a garden, precisely on the
same general plan as the plain of Lombardy, which it resem-
bles alike in fertility and insipid sameness to the traveller.
Rows of lopped elms or poplars intersect the fields, at the
distance of 40 or 50 ft. between each row, to which vines are
trained : and the intermediate space is occupied by luxuriant
wheat, in some fields of which, parties of twenty or thirty
men and women were weeding ; lupines, pulled green for
fodder; garden beans, now mostly in flower; or ground pre-
pared for ploughing by two oxen, without a driver, for Indian
corn, .&c. This is one of the grand advantages of the climate
of Italy, that, while in northern Europe vast tracts of land are
devoted to the exclusive growth of barley for beer, the Italians
obtain a far better beverage from the very same land that
supplies their bread corn, and without materially interfering
with its produce : for both the vines and the trees that support
them are planted so deep as to consume only the manure,
which, in any case, would be washed away ; and their slight
shade is rather beneficial than injurious to die crops below.

Naples. — Vegetables in the markets of the same kinds as at
Rome, with an equal abundance of gobbo and fennel roots,
and green peas in greater plenty. Grapes, of several varie-
ties, kept through the winter, not much shrivelled, and quite
free from mouldiness. Two or three sorts of apples, but only
one of winter pears, as is the case also at Florence, Pisa, and
Rome ; and apparently the same variety, which is good, but
hardly so superexcellent as to deserve to exclude all other
kinds. Oranges, in glorious profusion (chiefly from Sorrento,
fifteen miles distant), and so cheap as to allow the poorest of
the poor to enjoy (what Dr. Johnson complained he had
never had of peaches but once) their fill of them, and that
daily. The middle-sized ones (which are the best) sell at four
for a grano, which is at the rate of ten for a penny English ;

272 Nurse)y Gardens and HorticuUure

and the poor get twice as many of those beginning to decay.
A brilliant display of flowers at the flower-stalls in the Toledo,
consisting of roses, ranunculuses, anemones, carnations,
stocks, livacintlis, asphodels, 8:c. &c. Vegetation not fartlier
advanceti than we left it at Rome. Horsechestnut trees in
the botanic garden with leaves one third expanded (March 6.),
and on the same day a few buds of the common acacias in
the Villa Reale unfolding.

Art. III. Some Account of the Nursery Gardens and the State of
Horticulture in the Neighbourhood of Phitade/phia, ivilh Remarks
on the Subject of the Emigration of British Gardeners to the
United States. By Mr. William Wynne, Foreman in Bar-
tram's Botanic Garden, Philadelphia. •

Sir,

According to my promise before I left England, I proceed
to give you some account of the nurseries and gardens in the
neighbourhood of Philadelphia, after having seen all of them
worth looking at.

I shall begin with Bartram's Botanic Garden ; the prece-
dence being due to it, botii for anti{]uity (it having been
established 100 years), and iVom its containing the best col-
lection of American plants in the United States. There are
above 2000 species (natives) contained in a space of six acres,
not including the fruit nursery and vineyard, which comprise
eight acres. The handsomest and largest tree I have ever
seen is here ; it is a Cupressus disticha L. [Schubert/rt dis-
ticha of Mirbcl, Taxodium distichum of lUchard'], and is
120 ft. high : at 18 ft. from the ground it is more than 28 ft.
in circumference, and it averages 28 ft.: it is 91 years old.*
A Gymnocladus canadensis, or Kentucky coffee tree, is here
80 ft. high; an y/cacia Ji///brissin, 35 ft.; an Andromeda
arborea, 75 ft. ; an Aralia spinosa, 25 ft. ; a Gordon/V/ })ubes-
cens, 50 It., this tree is now in flower ; and a /^iospyros
virginiana is 80 ft., and lias a fine crop of ripe fruit on it,
which tastes pretty well. The Americans distil an excellent
brandy from this fruit. There are also two trees of Magnol/a
acuminata 80 ft. higii, and six other American magnolias,
from 4-0 to GO ft. in height ; with species of Quc'rcus and
Phuis, &c. 8cc., in great variety. Indeed, the most remark-

* 1 have seen an oak tree in Wynnstay Park, North Wales, that had
a tliicker trunk tluui the decicluons cypress described above, but was much
inferior in height and symmetry.

ill the Neighbourhood of Philadelpliia. 273

able feature in this nursery, and that which renders it su-
perior to most of its class, is the advantage of possessing large
specimens of all the rare American trees and shrubs ; which
are not only highly ornamental, but likewise very valuable,
from the great quantities of seed they afford for exportation
to London, Paris, Petersburgh, Calcutta, and several other
parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. This garden is the regular
resort of the learned and scientific gentlemen of Philadelphia.
A committee of the Horticultural Society closes an account
of this nursery as follows: — "Mr. Carr, who deserves so
much credit for the classification of his nursery, is no less
entitled to praise for the admirable order in which his tool-
house is kept ; a place that, in most gardens, instead of pos-
sessing regularity, is made a mere lumber room. The best
order is likewise preserved in the seed room, in putting up
our native seeds. That apartment, moreover, contains a
library of 400 volumes, in M'hich are all the late works on
botany and horticulture."

The next nursery, in extent and variety, is kept by Messrs.
Landreth. Here are a good stock of green-house plants,
orange and lemon trees loaded with fruit, and a remarkably
fine Champney's rose. A good deal of the business of this
nursery consists in growing vegetables for seed. They keep
a seed-store in the city.

A Mr. Hibbert keeps a small nursery, in which he grows
roses and other plants in pots, which he sells chiefly in the
city market. I understand Mr. Hibbert has taken a piece
of ground formerly occupied as a nursery by Mr. M'Mahon,
and has taken into partnership Mr. Buist*, a gardener in the
neighbourhood.

There is another class of gardens, very distinct from any I
have seen before : those of plant-growers, who, to a small nur-
sery, and green and hot houses, add the appendage of a tavern.
The two principal ones of this description are kept by Mr.
Arran and M. d' Arras : the first has a very good museum
in his garden ; and the latter possesses a beautiful collection of
orange and lemon trees, very large, but tiimmed after the
French fashion. These places are the resort of many of the
citizens; Philadelphia having no parks, or national gardens,
for the purpose of recreation.

There are many small places in the environs of the city
hardly worth noticing at present.

* Mr. Buist has recently visited England and Scotland, for, I think he
said, the first time since he emigrated from Scotland, 14 or 15 years ago.
He called at Bayswater in June, 1831, and evinced himself a man of much
intelligence and professional ability. — J. D.

Vol. VIII. — No. 38. t

274 Kiirseri/ Gardens and Horticidturc

Peaches, pears, aiul apples, are the fruits most grown in
this and the neighbouring states. Apricots and nectarines
do not succeed, excejit in very fine seasons; the fruit being
punctured by a species of Curciilio, and dropping off about the
time of stoning. Gooseberries do not succeed except in some
few shady places ; currants do very well. What surprised
me most was the short duration of the peach trees, which
seldom bear longer than from three to five years: they are
attacked by woims at the root, and die soon alter. The best
remedy found out yet, is to keep a large stock of young trees
always ready to plant in the orchards, when the others die.
The inconvenience resulting from the short life of these trees is
in sreat measure obviated bv the facility with which a nursery-
man can procure a young stock. There is now in this nursery
above 2000 young and healthy peach trees, which will bear
fruit next year : the stones were sown eighteen months ago ;
they were budded the following August, and are now from 6
to 10 ft. high, and are well branched and formed for standards.

Before 1 left London, several young gardeners begged of
me to let them know what encouragement there is for such
persons in this country. I know there are very erroneous
opinions entertained by many regarding the subject of emigra-
tion to America. Some come here (I mean gardeners) with
an impression that, although they know but little, they can
easily impose themselves as "finished hands" on the Ameri-
cans, who have not yet reached that high pitch of refinement
which the British have. Now, Sir, I dare say you are aware
that the Americans are a very matter-of-fact sort of people; and
wiiat with " guessing, calculating, thinking, and reckoning,"
they soon find out the pretendci", and despise him accordingly.
It is but justice to add, that the very best gardener may find
some little diiliculties in his way at first, from the spirit of
rivalry which every thing British creates among the vulgar
here. A great number of the American workmen's anec-
dotes are directed against the aristocratical bearing of English-
men ; nothing gives greater delight to the rustics than to
hear of the Honourable 1). S. or Lord John P. having been
the last served, or badly served, at an inn, for being surly to
the waiters, &c. &c. On the other hand, if the American
workmen can drive a nail, or sjilit a log, or row a boat, or
shoot a bird with a rifie, a little more expertly than a Euro-
pean, they think they are superior in every thing; but they
are nnich mistaken. They are, it is true, very active at de-
sultory jobbing; but for constant and well-finished work, and
gardening work too, I believe an American is as nmch in-
ferior to an Englishman, as a Choctaw Indian is to the former.

171 the Neighboiirhood of Philadelphia. ^*75

Some Englishmen, who might be denominated good gardeners,
are too sanguine of making a rapid fortune in America: they,
of course, are disappointed. There are numbers who, from
an aversion to study, and from other causes, affect to despise
all "book learning" (as they call it), who, by dint of plodding
the same round for a number of years, manage to scrape to-
gether a scanty knowledge of the routine of forcing, nailing
wall trees, cropping ground, &c. &c. : to them I would say,
if you want employment as a gardener, you had better seek
for it at home, at least not here. Peaches are as cheap
as 25 cents [about a shilling] per bushel ; pine-apples from the
West Indies from 5 to 15 cents [2^. to 6rf.] each, and water
melons cheaper: so that you perceive a mere forcing gar-
dener would be like a fish out of water; the climate anti-
cipates him in almost all the art he knows. A man who can
procure a good situation in Britain, if he is fond of his profes-
sion, should not come here; except he can set up in business
for himself, where he can find a ready market for any thing
he can grow ; but to the young gardener, who has studied the
principles of his profession, who is not afraid of work, and
who has not sufficient interest with the principal nurserymen
to procure a situation worth his acceptance at home, to him
I say, this is the country in which you can have plenty of
employment, at wages on which you can live well.

Colonel Carr told me (with regret) that most of the Eu-
ropean gardeners turned farmers soon after they came here.
This speaks volumes. There are no American gardeners
except amateurs.

I have not seen any princely palaces, and nearly as few
wretched cottages. I have, it is true, seen one of the latter ;
but, being very free from prejudice, I will not, like Mr. How-
den (Vol. VI. p. 657.), magnify it into thousands, neither will
I insult its unfortunate inmates. By the by, I cannot help
remarking that the law of primogeniture is (with all its mon-
strosities) the best friend of gardening. No such law exists
in this country (the laws being here [as they ought to be, and
finally will be, every where] all made for the benefit of the
greatest number); and I know of nothing that feels the loss of
this so much as horticulture. There is more than one instance,
in the vicinity of Philadelphia, of fine houses and gardens going
to wreck, from the individual of the family to whom they were
left not being able to support the expense.

You have expressed a determination, in one of your last
Numbers, to visit this land of freedom and plenty : I can assure
you, that your readers here are highly delighted with the
hope of seeing you. ....

T 2

276 riorlicuUurc near Philadelphia.

Slioukl you docni tlie foregoing remarks worthy of a place
in your much respected Magazine, you would oblige me by
inserting them: and I shall from time to time furnish you
with an account of the progress of gardening in this and the
nei<rhbouring states.

I am, Sir, yours, Sec.
Bart ram Gardens, Nov. 1831. William Wynne.

Of Bartram's Botanic Garden on the Schnylkill, noticed in the preceding
remarks, we have previously (Vol. VII. p. GGo.) presented some interest-
ing historical particulars. The above mention of the j)roili<;ious magnitude
which the deciduous cypress attains in America, will render interesting
some particulars to which we have access, on the characteristics of this
majestic tree in its native forests; they are these: — "The cypress (Cu-
pressus disticha L., Schubert .■'« disticha JMirbcI, Taxodium distichum
Hichard) is an important tree. It begins to be seen on the wet lands
near the mouth of the Ohio, and is, with the swamj) gum, the most com-
mon tree in the deep swamps from that point to the (lulf of Mexico. It
is a tree of a very singular character. Under its sluule arises a multitude
of curiously shaped knobs, called cypress knees. These arc regular cone-
like protuberances, in height and circumference not unlike tall and taper-
ing bee hives. The tree itself sprijigs from a knob or knee of this kind,
of an enlarged sijce, and, at the surface of the ground, of thrice the circum-
ference of the proper trunk. This conical foumlation of the tree rises of
the height of from G to 10 ft. ; and from its apex towers the main trunk of
the tree, with scarce any diminution in its circumference, for a length of
60 or 80 ft." But we must leave Mr. Flint to pursue the account in his
own words : —

" * Very near its top, it begins to throw out nuiltitudes of horizontal
branches, which interlace with those of the adjoining trees; ami, when
bare of leaves, have an air of desolation and death, more easily felt than
described. In the season of vegetation, the leaves are short, fine, and of a
verdure so deep as almost to seem brown ; giving an indescribable air of
funereal solenuiity to this singular tree. A cypress forest, wiien viewed
from the adjacent hills, with its numberless interlaced arms, covered with
this dark brown foliage, has the aspect of a scaflolding of verilure in the
air. It grows, too, in deep and sickly swamps, the haunts of fever, mus-
quitos, UKJccasin snakes, alligators, antl all loathsome and ferocious ani-
mals, that congregate far from the abodes of man, and seem to make com-
mon cause with nature against him. The cypress loves the deepest, most
gloomy, inaccessible, and inuiidateil swamps; and south of a-'i"^ is generally
found covered with the sable festoons of long moss, hanging, as it seems,
a shroud of mourning wreaths almost to the groiunl. It seems to flourish
best where water covers its roots for half the year. When the water rises
from 8 to 10 ft. from the overflow of rivers, the apex of the tree's buttock is
just on a level with the surface of the water. It is then, in many places,
that they cut it. The negroes surrouiul the tree in prriof^uci, and thus get
at the trunk above the huge and hard buttock, and fell it with comparative
ease. Thev cut ofl'the straight shaft, as suits their purpose, and Hoat it to a
raft, or the nearest high grounds. l'n|)romisiug as are the |)laccs and the
circumstances of its growth, no tree of the country where it is found is so
extensivelv useful. It is free from knots, is easily wrought, and makes
excellent planks, shingles, and timber of all sorts. It is very durable, and
incomparably the most valuable tree in the southern country of this valley.
It is a fortunate circumstance, that it inhabits the most gloomy and inacces-

Hoi'ticulture in the United States. 277

sible regions, which will not come into cultivation for ages. It will, of
course, have a better chance, not to share the fate of the most useful tim-
ber on the valuable uplands. The improvident axe soon renders timber
difficult to be procured, in a country in the centre of forests. All the
cypress forests, however, that are easily accessible, on the Lower Mis-
sissippi, and its tributaries, have been stripped of their timber by the Mis-
sissippi lumberers, who have floated to New Orleans millions of feet of
this timber, from the lands of the United States, and who have already
created a scarcity of this species on the margin of the Mississippi. There
are, however, in the vast swamps of the Mississippi, Arkansas, Red River,
and Florida, inexhaustible supplies of cjpress still remaining.' " (^Flbifs
Geography and History of the Western States, vol. i. pp. G2, 63.)

Cypress trees, the roots of which present similar appearances on a less
scale, may be seen in the Duke of Northumberland's grounds at Syon, at
Blenheim, and various other places in England, and in the grounds of the
Petit Trianon, in the neighbourhood of Paris. — Cond.

Art. IV. Notices of some of the principal Nurseries and private
Gardens in the United States of America, made dtiring a Tour
through the Countrij, in the Summer o/'1831 ; •with some Hints on
Emigration. By Mr. Alexander Gordon.

Sir,

Having performed another trip to the United States of
America, I beg leave to offer a few remarks on the state of
gardening in that dehghtful country. During my tour in the
years 1827 and 1828, it was impossible for me to visit so
many of the horticultural establishments as I wished ; but I
have, during my last visit, extended my observations much
farther : and, in the hope that they may be gratifying to the
readers of this Magazine, I now avail myself of a few leisure
hours to arrange them for their perusal.

Gardening, in the United States of America, can never
arrive at that degree of perfection which it has done in Eng-
land : tl>e nature of the American government makes this
utterly impossible. The abolition of entails, and the repeal
of the law of primogeniture, naturally break down into small
portions the estates of even the greatest landholders. It is no
uncommon circumstance in America to find lands, formerly
held by one proprietor, now divided into forty or fifty parcels,
belonging to as many different persons; so that gardening,
to any considerable extent, by individuals, cannot be carried
on in the same manner as if those possessions were concen-
trated in the hands of one person. The moment the proprietor
dies, his land is equally divided among his children; and, by
thus falling into many hands, no one has the means, if he
had the inclination, to keep a garden in the manner, and
to the extent, which is done by English noblemen and gen-
tlemen. Still, this may be remedied, by uniting, and forming

T 3

278 Principal Nurseries and pivate Gardens

public gardens ; the only method by which gardening can
arrive at perfection in the United States. I will liere add,
it follows as a natural consequence, that America is not the
proper field for one of our first-rate serving gardeners ; and
the individual who emigrates to that country nuist prepare
liiniself for a life of the most strenuous exertion, if he hopes to
succeed. But, although this may retard the higher branches
of iiardeninfj, God forbid I should be considered for a moment
as objecting to the system ! No : I have seen too many proofs
of its efficacy in rendering a whole people independent,
comfortable, and hapjn'. Having alluded to these drawbacks
to gardening, justice compels me to state, that its progress,
under such circumstances, is most astonishing, and wonderful
in the extreme. The many flourishing establishments now in
existence in the United States are a convincing proof, if proof
were wanted, of its wonderful rise and progress. Having
visited the greater ])art of these establishments, I shall now
proceed to make a few remarks on each; oidy premising that
I by no means mix myself up with some angry discussions
among the American nurserymen, formerly inserted in your
Magazine. I leceived a kind and generous rece})tion from
all, and can, therefore, have no reason to deviate i'rom a true
statement of facts.

The followiufj establishments are arranged in the order I
visited them : —

The Messrs. Thorhurn, Seedsmen^ in the centre of the city
of New York, have much imjiroved their establishment since
my last visit, and made considerable additions to their exten-
sive collection. The first circumstance which attracted my
attention, on entering their gate, was the wonderful luxu-
riance of the georginas. Those marked in our lists as grow-
ing only 3 ft. and 4- ft. high, 1 found there 6 ft. and 7 ft., and
proportionately large and fine in every respect; chrysanthe-
mums equally luxuriant. To the interior of Messrs. Thor-
burn's seed-store I feel myself incompetent to do justice : its
admirable arrangement and most extensive collection of seeds,
and its library and most numerous decorations, connected
with its great extent, render it decidedly the most complete
seed-store or seed-shop I Iiave ever seen. 'J'he spacious
green-house in front of the stove was remarkably well stocked
with a splendid collection of )ilants, which would have dt)ne
our first-rate plant-growers the greatest credit. The local situ-
ation of this establishment, its display of a regular succession
of the choicest beauties of Flora, and the free access to it by
the ))ublic at all hours, have, in my opinion, done wonders in
accelerating the progress of ganlening in the I'nited States.
It cannot be expected that the senior of this firm, when he

in the United States of America. 279

first establislied it [see Vol. IV. p. 275.], was a good judge of
seeds; but he has, by his industry and application, arrived at
a thorough knowledge of the subject : and his exertions are
M^onderfully seconded and forwarded by his son, Mr. George
Thorburn, whom I found every gardener and botanist in
America to speak of in the highest terms.

Mr. Smith, Mr. Wilson, and Mr. Kenny have seed-stores
in New York. Mr. Wilson's I did not visit; but I was in-
formed that this gentleman has also an extensive nursery and
garden for the growth of fruit trees and culinary vegetables,
though my arrangements prevented me from visiting it : an
omission which I shall rectify, this summer, on my return.

The Establishment of Mr. Hogg, at Bloomingdale, had un-
dergone a most material improvement since my last visit;
particularly in the extensive addition made to his hot-houses
and pits, and in the vast number of new, rare, and valuable
exotics he has added to his admirable collection. Those who
were acquainted with this gentleman's superior knowledge of
plants when in this country, may rest assured there is no
falling off since he has ci'ossed the Atlantic ; and I was truly
happy to find he stands high in the estimation of every gen-
tleman with whom he is acquainted.

Mr. Floy's Nursery. — The rage for building about New
York has considerably circumscribed the grounds of this
establishment in the vicinity of the city ; but Mr. Floy has
purchased a piece of land at Haarlem, which he has con-
verted into a nursery; and which, from the different soils it
contains, is peculiarly adapted for the various tribes of fruit
trees and plants with which his establishments are so richly
stored. Mr. Floy has been very successful in originating
some most splendid varieties of new camellias, of which I
saw the figures ; I believe the different varieties have been
sent to this country, and will therefore soon find their way
into the English collections.

Mr. Bridgeman has a small nursery and seed-store in this
vicinity; but not having sufficiently examined it to make my-
self fully acquainted whh its details, I decline giving a partial,
and probably unjust, statement of its contents.

The Linncean Botanic Garden is the property of the
Messrs. Prince, at Flushing, Long Island. Of this establish-
ment much has been said, and much has been written. Its
extent, the great variety it contains, the multiplicity of agents
employed for collecting and disseminating plants for and from
it, and the assertion of Mr. Prince, jun., to myself personally,
that no man in England, with the exception of yourself and
Mr. Robert Thomson of the London Horticultural Society,

T 4

280 Principal Nurseries and private Gardens

were at all competent to do his estahlisliment justice, of course
makes me approacli the subject with some degree of diffidence.
Tliat this establishment contains a most various and extensive
collection of plants is beyond all question; but most certainly
it does not warrant the statement [Vol. II. p. 90.] that it is
more extensive than all others in America combined tO(relher.

I spent several hours in going over the establishment; and
certainly candour demands the statement, that, taking it as a
whole, it is not equalled, most certainly not surpassed, by
any other nursery which I visited. In particular depart-
ments it is excelled by several; in others, it sur})asses any;
but I must acknowledge the green-house plants are not near
so well grown as when I had the pleasure of seeing them in
December, 1827. I hope Mr. Prince will view with indulg-
ence this statement, because I am conscious I am correct.
I earnestly begged of Mr. Prince to visit the European nur-
series; it would dispel a delusion, under which he evidently
labours, as to their extent, and the variety they contain. Hav-
ing said thus much, it is but fair for me to state that I saw
much, very much, to approve; and, no doubt, had my visit been
prolonged, I should have seen much more. Mr. Prince's
collection of vines is most extensive* ; and his American plants
are numerous and various, including splendid specimens of
magnolias and various other forest trees. The Messrs.
Prince are most indefatigable in their exertions to procure
all foreign and native plants ; and my intercourse with difiereut
gentlemen, in various parts of the United States, ailbrded me
ample proof of this fact. By the by, if 1 found a falling off
in the cultivation of the green-house plants, I found an equal
impiovement in the arrangement of the grounds ; and I hope,
when you visit America, that you will devote as much time as
you can spare to exploring this garden.

The l']slahli slim ait of ^^ James lilood^food and Co." is about
a mile from Flushing, and contains a good collection ol' orna-
mental trees, evergreens, flowciing shrubs and plants ; with
decidedly the best-grown fruit trees I saw in America. This
remark I made to many of the nurserymen when there;
and as I never before, nor since, have had any conmumica-
tion with these gentlemen, my observation cannot be guided
by any partiality. The extent of their nursery is, I think,
about 12 or 15 acres, closely ci"opped with fruit trees, &c. ;
and, it being an oblong rectangle, the trees arc so arranged
that they plough between the rows, from side to side, directly
through the dillerent quarters, several timesduring the simimer;
thus savin*! a great deal of manual labour. One point which

* He has pulilishtd a work on tlic vine.

in the United States of America. 281

Messrs. Bloodgood and Co. practise, I think, deserves general
imitation in America ; viz. I saw a cellar, in which were a great
number of fruit trees that had been recently taken from the
ground, and closely planted in sand (laid in by the heels, as
it is called in the London nurseries), which enables the pro-
prietors of the nursery, during the severest frost, to execute
foreign orders, and orders for the Southern States.

The original Tree of the Newtown Pippin, — On leaving
Flushing, I called at the residence of Mrs. Col. More, 3 miles
nearer New York, to see the original tree of the celebrated
apple called the Newtown pippin. I found it growing in the
centre of an old orchard. The tree divides itself about 1\ or
3 ft. from the ground ; but, although the estate has been in
the possession of Col. More's family for two centuries, they
were unable to give me any account of its origin ; consequently
the tree must be of very old standing.

These are the principal nurseries about New York, with the
exception of Mrs. Parmentier's, at Brooklyn, also on Long
Island, of which you have recently [p. 70-72. of the present
Volume] published a particular account : a repetition by me
would therefore be useless ; so I proceed to Albany. A son
of Mr. Thorburn's of New York has recently opened an esta-
blishment here in the seed line ; but, being only in its infancy,
it would be premature to form an opinion of it.

The Albany Nursery. — About 3 or 4- miles from Albany,
your most enlightened and scientific correspondent. Judge
Buel, some years ago commenced the nursery business, in com-
pany with a gentleman of the name of Wilson, who is a very
superior practical gardener ; and, for the short period which
has elapsed since their commencement, they have done won-
ders. There is a great diversity of soils in this nursery,
which the proprietors are turning to good account; by plant-
ing the different species of trees to be propagated, in the soils
most suitable to their respective habits. No expense is spared
in procuring every desirable novelty from Europe ; and, when
we take into consideration the scientific knowledge of Judge
Buel", and the practical experience of Mr. Wilson, with the
local advantages they possess, and their spirited exertions, we
may presume the Albany Nursery will at no distant day be
among the very first establishments of the kind in the States.

From New York to Albany, 1 found on the banks of the
beautiful river Hudson (a noble stream, accompanied by
scenery of the most sublime, picturesque, and romantic cha-
racter, not surpassed for variety and grandeur by any in the
world) the remains of some ancient manor houses formerly
possessed by great proprietors, chiefly by the Livingston family,

282 Principal Nurseries and private Gardens

Avliich name still predominates in that quarter. The mansion
of John KSwift Livingston, Esq., is situated in one of the most
beautiful locations on the Hudson. Attached to the splendid
brick mansion of 11. L. Livingston, Esq., is a large hot-house,
Avell stocked with choice plants. Captain Brown, of the
United States' army, has also a neat delightful residence in
this vicinity : there is a small grove in front, which is deco-
rated with a beautiful arbour; and a number of rustic seats
are placed around the trees in the ground.

There is an immense number of gentlemen's seats situated
on the banks of this beautiful river; but, as it respects gar-
dening, every thing about them is on a confined scale, for the
reasons stated at the beginning of this article; and although
the remains of the possessions of the old aristocracy were
visible, yet the ancient manor houses were falling to decay ;
the trees of the parks and pleasure grounds were all neglected ;
and rank grass and weeds covered the walks, &c.

ILjdc Parle, on the Hudson. — As an exception to this forlorn
state of former greatness, or rather former extent, I can, with
the greatest propriety, mention the splendid mansion and seat
of Dr. David Hosack, a gentleman well known in the literary
and scientific world [the Sir Joseph Banks of America].
The doctor has lately retired from business and the city, to
this delightful spot, Llyde Park. Our Hyde Park, on this
side the water, can bear no comparison with its namesake on
the other side of tiie Atlantic ; its natural capacity for im-
provement has been taken advantage of in a very judicious
manner ; every circumstance has been laid hold of, and acted
npon, which could tend to beautify or adorn it. The park is
extensive; the rides numerous; and the variety of dclighlful
distant views, embracing every kind of scenery, surpasses any
thing I have ever seen in that or in any other country. I
had the pleasure of riding roimd the whole with its most
amiable owner, than whom a more condescending and afllible
gentleman is not in existence. The pleasure grounds are laid
out on just principles, and in a most judicious manner; there
is an excellent range of hot-houses, with a collection of rare
plants ; remarkable for their variety, their cleanliness, and
their liandsome growth. The whole of this department
is under the care of Mr. Ilobbs, an English gaidcner, who
well understands his business; and it was most gratifying to
me to find Dr. Hosack so justly appreciating his merits. Tiie
farm buildings have been recently erected; and their con-
struction and arrangement deserve the strongest praise ; but
in fact, every thing connected with Hyde Park is performed
in a manner unparalleled in America ; at least, as far as my
observations extended.

in the United States of America. 283

I miglit enumerate a great many more places here ; but, as
I found nothing particularly remarkable, I proceed at once to
Philadelphia, making only an exception of the seat of the
Count de Survilliers, elder brother of Napoleon Bonaparte,
and formerly King of Spain. His seat is near Bordentown,
in the state of New Jersey, where he has effected great im-
provements, and is now actively employed in others ; conse-
quently, the place is in an unfinished state at present. It is
most gratifying to see this amiable nobleman withdrawing
himself from the busy scene of politics into retirement, and
expending his princely fortune in rural improvements.

When at Philadelphia, I had an opportunity of attending
the meetinfj of their horticultural society. A regular routine
of business was gone through, and several things exhibited ;
various foreign communications were read, one of which, from
the East Indies, was soliciting, in the strongest terms, a re-
ciprocal exchange of plants, &c. The whole of the proceed-
ings were conducted in a manner which, if persevered in,
must be highly conducive to the furtherance of gardening and
botany. The secretary. Dr. Pickering, to whom I was in-
troduced, is, I understand, a most scientific and enthusiastic
botanist, and uses the most strenuous exertions for the advance-
ment of that science. I first called at the nursery of Hibbert
and Buist. The latter-named partner had visited England
and Scotland during the summer of 1831 [see p. 273. note],
and had taken back an extensive collection of plants from
both countries ; which, in part, went tolerably well, though a
great many died during the voyage. He and myself sailed
from London on the same day, but in different vessels. I
allude to this, with the intention of directing the attention of
those who are in the habit of sending plants abroad. We
both had large collections of Chinese, Cape, and Botany Bay
plants, principally packed in matted baskets; and the voyage
being long (seven weeks), they suffered severely, notwithstand-
ing our most assiduous attention and care. I had with me a
basket of choice pelargoniums, of which I expected to save
very few, but I did not lose one. For the sake of experiment,
I took from a respectable London nurseryman, Mr. Dennis,
King's Road, Chelsea, a quantity of the same tribe, with
the mould shaken completely from the roots, and packed them
with dry ASphagnum in a fish basket, which I placed at the
mizen-mast head : after we had been six weeks at sea, I was
desirous to examine the result ; when I found every one alive
and health3^ In repacking them, I suppose I was not suf-
ficiently careful ; for, a week afterwards, I found them all
dead: but I highly approve of the plan. As it respects sending

284- Principal Nurseries and private Gardens

plants generally, I consider, that, if packed in clean boxes,
and in moist Npliai«niun, tliey have decidedly the best chance of
going safe. I have had the most convincing proofs of the
efficacy of this plan. [See Judge Buel's suggestions for pack-
ing plants destined for America, Vol. VII. p. 41'1 — ilS.]

The Nursery of Hibbcrt and Buist is in the city of Phil-
adelphia, and is principally dedicated to the cultivation of
exotics and free-flowering shrubs and plants in pots; but
they have recently jiurchased the grounds formerly occupied by
-M'Mahon (I believe the first American writer on gardening);
and I have no doubt, with their practical knowledge, and
strict attention to business, they will meet with amjile en-
couragement from the spirited inhabitants of Philadelphia.
The plants looked remarkably well, wiUi the exception of those
whicli Mr. Buist had, only a few weeks previous, brought over.

The Nurscrij of Messrs. Landreth <$' Co. — The grounds are well
stocked with a most excellent collection of fruit and forest trees,
all grown in the greatest perfection. There are some very fine
tree!?, Magnol/V? niacrojihylla, and other choice American forest
trees, with a good range of glass houses, containing some very
rareexotics, andall grown in thegreatest perfection. Tiiese gen-
tlemen have an extensive seed-store in the city of Philadelphia,
from which they send a great many seeds into the northei'n as
well as into the southern states. It is vei-y common, throughout
the Union, to see on signs, and at the heads of advertisements,
" Philadclj)hia and English Secds.^'

The grounds of Colonel Carr, called Barfram's Botanic
Garden, have been described in a recent Number of this Ma-
gazine [Vol. VII. p. (^65.'], by your talented correspondent,
J. M. ; but I think he has not ilwclt sufficiently on the most
superb specimens of the various American trees to be found
in this garden. [See p. 272. of the present Number.] I declare
I shoulcl consider a journey of 500 miles well spent, solely
to see them, and I sincerely regret having mislaid my memo-
randa made of their names and sizes: but, if I live, six months
shall not expire before I have furnished you with all particu-
lars rcs])ecting them. They deserve to be recordi'd as nn
eternal memento of the spirited exertions of the elder Mr.
Bartram, they being the fruits of his researches and exertions.
The collection of American jilants will equal any in the States.
There is a most excellent collection of the genns Cactus in
this nursery, among which are many new species recently
imported from South America, and not yet described. The
liouse plants were well grown ; there were some very fine
fruit trees; and the whole concern seems to be carried on in a
spirited manner by the present proprietor, who, I understood

in the United States of America. 285

from many gentlemen during this and my former tour, is a
most honourable-dealing man. He showed every attention to
me during my stay at his nursery, which I regret was so
limited, as I am conscious many rich gems must have escapecl
my observation.

The gardens round Philadelphia are apparently neatly
kept. I saw some which were laid out with great taste, and
well stocked with choice plants. That of Mr. Pratt, about
four miles from Philadelphia, has long been noted for its
choice collection of plants. It was there Pursh made his
first attempt at collecting the American flora ; and his exer-
tions were amply rewarded. I trust it will not be deemed
presumption in me to state, that, although I consider his work
of the greatest utility, as it respects American botany, still it
abounds with errors, particularly with regard to the plants of
the southern states, part of which Pursh never visited ; Georgia
(although so rich in plants), for instance. I will not say more
upon the subject; but at some future day, when I have reaped
more experience, I may send you some corrections.

I returned from Philadelphia to New York, and thence again
to Albany ; but, on the 1st of December, hoary winter appear-
ing in his rigorous hue, I bent my way to the south, and landed
in Charleston, South Carolina, on the 7th. The last fevv
years have wonderfully changed the features of gardening in
Charleston ; and the number of botanists to whom I was in-
troduced was a convincing proof that this delightful science
is duly appreciated in that beautiful city, while the surround-
ing country furnishes them with ample resources for their
exertions. There are two seedsmen in Charleston, Mr. James
Wilson, and a relation of the Messrs. Landreth of Philadel-
phia. The only nurseryman is M. Noisette, brother to the
celebrated nurseryman of that name at Paris. But for me to
describe the beautiful specimens his ground contains would
occupy a whole magazine. Camellias 16 and 20 ft. high, and
20 ft. in circumference ; a most splendid Cycas revoluta, at
least 20 ft. in circumference, in the open ground, with all our
plants of the same nature and habits in equal proportion. I
cannot pass over some beautiful specimens of the Noisette
rose. I venture to assert that few, if any, ever saw s-uch
beautiful specimens of that excellent variety of that delightful
genus as are in this garden : but I must drop the subject ; I
am not competent to do it justice. This garden must be seen
to be duly appreciated. M. Noisette has a most thorougia
knowledge of the plants in the southern states ; and there are
many varieties, strangers to our gardens, which it would be
highly gratifying to possess, and which few but himself can
furnish. His indolence in this respect is most unpardonable.

286 Prijicipal Nurseries and private Gardens

Were not jNI. Noisette my warmest friend, I would not be
so severe, but I am confident he will attribute my severity to
the real cause.

Mr. Lr<rarL', the editor of the Sunl/tcrn Agricullurist, is
most indefatigable in his exertions, and has done much by ex-
ample, and by his most useful publications, in forwarding the
science of horticulture in the southern states. Mis corre-
spondence with INlr. CharKvood of London will, I am con-
fident, be the means of introducing many new vegetables to
that part of America, where they are much wanted ; for I
have met with gentlemen in the south who never saw a cau-
lijlower. 1 was most happy to find the gardens around Charles-
ton in a very flourishing state : many new vegetables have
been introduced since my last visit; and, considering the short
period which has elapsed, the j)rogress made is wonderful.

At Savannah^ State of Georgia^ as before, I found the gar-
den of Thomas Young, Esq., to surpass all others in the
south. It is rich in the most choice and most expensive plants
that can be obtained. This most worthy gentleman spares no
expense in obtaining every plant which will succeed in that
climate; and, in a few years, his garden will surpass even his
own most sanguine expectations. The genera Amaryllis,
Pancratium, and Ciinum succeed admirably in the open air
here; and Mr. Young has commissioned me to bring him
from England as many of those delightful plants as 1 think
proper. Mr. Young's garden is as numerously fre(|uented as
that of our great national Horticultural Society at Chiswick.
As it respects gardening, he is a host within himself; his ex-
ample is doing wonders; he is a purchaser of all your works,
and wishes anxiously to see the author.

Mr. Oemler of Savannah is a great amateur in gardening,
and a most excellent botanist ; the late ]Mr. Elliot of Charles-
ton, the editor of the Botanij of South Carolina and Georgia,
frequently mentions the kind assistance of this gentleman;
and also of two other gentlemen, Lewis le Conte, Esq., and
his brother, Major le Conte, of the United States' army :
than whom there are not two more scientific gentlemen in the
United States of America. The assistance I received from
these gentlemen, in making my collection of jilants, 1 cannot
give you the most distant idea of They are most excellent
botanists, and naturalists in every branch of science; and I
hope to prevail on Major le Conte to become a contributor
to your Magazine of Natural Ilistort/. He is now publish-
ing a work in Paris on the lepidopterous insects of North
America, which I hope you have seen.

The Garden of Lewis le Conte, Esq., near Iliceborough, in

iji the United States of America. 287

Liberty County, Georgia, forty miles south of Savannah, is
decidedly the richest in bulbs I have ever seen ; and their
luxuriance would astonish those who have only seen them in
the confined state in which we are obliged to grow them in
this country. M. le Conte has discovered many new plants ;
and through his kindness I have been enabled to enrich our
collections with some splendid treasures. This gentleman has,
for above thirty years, given his attention to the successions
of the different species of timber, as alluded to by your ex-
cellent correspondent, J. M. of Philadelphia [Vol.V. p. '121.].
As I consider M. le Conte's ideas on the subject highly de-
serving of attention, I insert them verbatim^ as I noted them
down when on a visit to him in January last : —

" The pine lands in the southern states have generally old
oak grubs, which, by reason of the periodical fires, are pre-
vented from becoming trees ; notwithstanding, they still con-
tinue alive : and when land is turned out (that is, when the
cultivation of land is relinquished), pines, being by nature
unproductive of suckers, are consequently killed in toto ,- while
the oak, now sole possessor of the soil, starts up, and grows
vigorously. On the other hand, land which had been solely
occupied by oaks previously to its cultivation, is invariably of
a superior quality to what is termed ]ji?ie lands, and naturally
is a longer period under cultivation before it is turned out;
by which means the roots of the oaks are completely eradi-
cated while it is in a state of cultivation. The pine seeds
being winged, and thereby easily carried by the wind to a
considerable distance, if the ground is free from the roots of
other trees, are the first to establish themselves; and, being
of a free and rapid growth, they take the lead of all other
species of timber, and become the principal occupiers of the
land : but when the roots of the oaks are 7iot destroyed, they
will take the lead, and resist the pine and other trees. All
pine lands which originally had no oaks will invariably pro-
duce pines again, whether they have been under cultivation
for a long or a short period."

These remarks are the result of thirty years' close observ-
ation, and, consequently, are correct ; but I find, on referring
to my notes, that M. le Conte adds, as a hypothesis respect-
ing the succession of wild cherries to beech, &c., " that birds,
being naturally fond of the cherry, eat them with avidity, and
swallow the stones of the fruit, which do not suffer, in their
germinating qualities, while in the bowels of the bird ; and
as these frequently resort to beech woods, it naturally follows
that they void these cherry-stones there ; which either lie
dormant (as they retain their vegetating powers for a length
of time), or germinate and remain in a diminutive state : but

288 Horticidlurc in the United Stales.

when the beeches are cut down, they advance rapidly* and
become the principal occupants of the soil." (Jan. 29. 1832.)

I have a vast fund of information on many interesting sub-
jects, obtained fi'om M. le Conte; but must let the above suf-
fice, as I find I am extending this article to a great length.

I must, however, inform you that this gentleman tho-
roughly convinced nie of the existence of the MagnobV/ pyra-
midata ; for on Thursday, the 27th of January, we took a
journey of fifty miles, and crossed the Altamaha river, to look
for a tree of that species which M. le Conte had seen there
eighteen months previous. We found it ; and it evidently
differs from the M. auriculata, the leaves being only from
5 in. to 6 in. long, and the sinus at the base more abrupt and
angular ; with the buds more elongated and more acuminate :
to all appearance the leaves were glaucous underneath, though
when we saw them they were withered. Elliot's description
of the tree is (juite correct. Pursh's is as follows: —

M. foliis rhomboideo-obovalibus, abrupte acutis, conco-
loribus, basi subcordatis, auriculatis, lobis divaricatis, petalis
lanceolatis, sensim acutis. But it ought to be, " Foliis ob-
ovatis, abrupte acutis, subtus glaucis, basi subcordatis, auri-
culatis, lobis non divaricatis, petalis — of course, I did not sec.*

Before 1 conclude this sketch of the gardens of America, I
must assure you that I sincerely regret 1 never have had the
opportunity of visiting Boston in the State of Massachusetts;
where, I understand, the science is in a more forward state
than in any other part of the Union. I liope soon to be able
to satisfy myself, and also your readers, on this subject.

1 have, early this morning, read and re-read your article in
the April Number of the Gardener's Magazine, wherein you
reconunend gardeners, in the strongest terms, to emigrate to
the United SttUes; on which subject I beg leave to advance
a few observations.

Emigration is attended with many inconveniences, which
few are competent to appreciate but those who have expe-
rienced the trial : leaving t])eir native countries, their rela-
tives, and their former homes, to go to a foreign country,
where every thing is strange, and where they inwe to adopt
new manners. A new system is of itself a severe trial ; but,
Sir, I am sorry to add, too many emigrants are of a class not
calculated to do well in any country ; and, for them, America
is the worst country in the world, as you will find no individual
there, however high or exalted his station, who is not actively
engaged in some pursuit, f No man can hope to jirosper who

* Since writing the above, I have seen tlic M. pyraniidiita in Mr. Lee's
nursery at Haninicrsmith.

•j- Your assertion respecting tlie price of living in the United States is

Frauds of Correspondents. 289

does not exert himself to the utmost. Fine gentlemen had
better stay at home ; but, on the other hand, any individual
may do well who goes there, and who is sober, industrious,
and persevering. If he purposes remaining in the Stales, he
should by all means enrol himself a citizen as soon as he
arrives, as otherwise he can hold no landed possessions : he
should on no account remain long (unless he be a mechanic)
about the city where he may land. I speak from experience.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.
Leicester, May 7. 1832. Alexajsjder Gordon.

Art. V. On certain Frauds imposed hy Correspondents upon the
Readers of Transactions pf Horticultural Societies, and of the
Gardeners Magazine, S^c. By An Enemy to Deceit.

Sir,

I HAVE been intending, for some time past, to write to you
concerning a species of fraud, imposed to a considerable extent,
by correspondents, upon the readers of Transactions of horti-
cultural societies, and those of the Gardener'' s Magazine. I
have deferred writing to you upon this subject, expecting that
some one better qualified than myself would come forward,
and bring it before the attention of you and your readers. In
this, however, I have been disappointed ; no one, so tar as I
know, has so much as hinted at its existence ; and, from the
importance of the subject, I feel myself compelled to perform
«, duty, which should have been, and I truly wish it had been,
discharged by the correspondents themselves. As I do not
approve of a caviling disposition, I would much rather join
in congratulation, or remain altogether silent, than expose
faults ; but there are some things about which to say nothing,
amounts to nothing less than crime.

There are some, and I trust many, of your correspondents
who really deserve the commendation and gratitude of your
readers. 7'he bumble and candid, yet expressive, manner in
which they have disclosed their sentiments, fully evinces these
to be dictated by the best of motives, as well as to be the
result of much experience and investigation : for my own
part, I have been, and I hope still shall be, delighted and in-
structed by their communications. But there are others, who,

perfectly erroneous : no man can board and lodge there under 2^ or 3 dol-
lars per week. — A. G.

Our statement was made on the authority of Mr. Benjamin Poor, of
New York, who lately, with his family, passed some months in Europe,
and several weeks in London. — Cond.

Vol. VIII.— No. ;i8. u

290 Frauds of Correspondents upo?i Readers of

judging from their present practice, seem not to have been
actuated by such huidable intentions. These persons, appa-
renllv from an ostentatious desire of bringing themselves and
tlieir plans before the public, or from some other mean design,
have set forward, as a great acquisition to the horticultural
world, the result of some experiments intended to set aside
established methods of practice ; but, being unable to substan-
tiate their discoveries by reason, they are often obliged to
appeal to their own success, or to what they choose to call
undisputed facts. The language, too, is sometimes peculiar,
and savours not a little of presumption. You may observe in
almost every instance, the participles " convinced " and " con-
verted," preceded by determinate adverbs in the superlative
degree, such as " most fully," " most completely," or
*' most decidedly." These practices, although bad enough, are,
I am sorry to say, only precursors to one infinitely worse;
for the communications, not being fixed upon solid bases,
must give way to after experience : and accordingly we often
find the very projectors themselves returning to the plans
their ingenious communications were intended to supersede.
I know several whose present practice actually gives the lie
to their self-sufficient papers. Some persons with whom I
have conversed upon this subject, assert their knowledge of
similar cases ; and from this I conclude that such instances are
by no means uncommon. But have any of them had the
honesty to pul)lish their discontinuance of practices which
they have found untenable, in order to prevent others from
adopting their plans, at the risk of much trouble, expense,
and disappointment? No: not a single instance has ap-
peared. To speak about the impropriety of such conduct
would be useless; its inconsistency and injustice must be evi-
dent to every one.

I do not wish you to suppose that I write in this manner
without sufficient facts to prove my statements. I could give
you several; but one example will suffice at this time, and I
will leave the rest to some other opportunity : in the mean
time hoping the authors will save me the trouble, by confess-
in<r it themselves where their plans have failed : as, if they do
not, I shall take the liberty to do it for them. For the ex-
ample I refer to, I must iirst invite you to turn to Vol. I.
p. 70., where you have abriilged a paper from the London
Horticultural Society's Transactions, on the growing of pines
without bottom heat, communicated by Mr. Stewart, gardener
to Sir Robert Preston, Bart., N'alleyfieid, near Culross, Perth-
shire. Mr. Stewart says he is " fully convinced of the effi-
ciency of his method, after three years' experience." He wishes,
also, that his experience may in some degree lend to establish

Hort. Trans, and the Gardenei'^s Magazine. 29 1

Mr. Knight's theory. Without passing one remark upon his
paper, 1 shall briefly state what is his present practice, leaving
your readers to judge for themselves.

At Valleyfield there are two fruiting pine-pits, one wrought
with leaves, with as much tan as will allow the pots to be
plunged in it, and a fire flue ; the other by leaves, and dung
linings. The succession pit is wrought by leaves, dung lin-
ings, and a fire flue. The remaining pits are those in ques-
tion. They remain still of the same construction ; but, instead
of setting the plants on sand, Mr. Stewart now plunges them
in 15 in. of good tan, by stirring, watering, and often renew-
ing which, he fails not to keep up as strong a bottom heat as
the most rigid advocate for bottom heat pine-growing could
desire. These pits are chiefly used for small succession
plants, crowns, &c. 1 can also assert that Mr. Stewart never
raised a pine worth any thing during the time he adhered to
his own method ; and that he was obliged, from absolute
necessity, to return to the old system. I assert this upon
good authority, and without any fear of contradiction.

To do justice, however, to his improved mode, I must not
omit to mention that it is excellent for producing, and rearing
to full perfection, that friendly neighbour of the pine, the
white scale. Mr. Stewart was, at any rate, " fully convinced "
of this, before he relinquished it. Mr. Stewart, for changing his
practice, cannot urge the plea of convenience, for he has plenty
of coals within half a mile, and sand in abundance within a hun-
dred yards of the pine pits ; whereas he has to drive his tan
a distance of seven miles. Any of your readers who, from ex-
perience or observation, may have discovered similar cases of
discrepancy, would do well to make them known ; as by this
means only we possess the power of limiting the extent, and
neutralising the effects, of these deceptions.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.
Staffordshire^ April 17. 1 832. An Enemy to Deceit.

Knowing the author of the above communication, and that he worked
for some time in the gardens of Vallejfield, and believing him to be candid
and honest, we have inserted his " instance." As to the principle on which
his paper is founded, its correctness is undeniable ; and we have said so in
one of our earlier volumes. (Vol. II. p. 439.) A magazine has this great
advantage over collections of papers in what are called Transactions, that
it admits of controversial discussion, which the latter do not ; and there-
fore false doctrine, once admitted into such collections, stands there as true.
In this respect, the Transactions of societies, in their present form, and in
their present manner of publication, are behind the age. Fortunately the
bulk and expense of these works prevent them from being generally read ;
for, if they were, they would, in cases similar to that referred to by our
correspondent, often do more harm than good. — Cond.

V 2

299 Perkins's Improvements in the

Art. VI. Plan for heating Hot-houses by the Circulation of hot
Water in hermetically seated Tubes of small Diameter. By Mr. A.
M. Perkins.

Sir,

I BEG leave to submit to your judgment my plan for heat-
ing hot-houses by circulating hot water in hermetically sealed
tubes of small diameter. In the infancy of this plan, in con-
sequence of my successful aj^plication of it to the heating of
the printer's plates in the Bank of England, John Horsley
Palmer, Esq., the governor, very liberally proposed to erect
an apparatus in one of his hot-houses, with a view to ascer-
tain its powers for heating it. I therefore put up an ap-
paratus, consisting of a series of pipes, of only an inch in
diameter, so connected together as to form a complete circuit
round the house ; one fourth part of these pipes, in the form of
a coil, was placed in the flue of a fire-brick furnace, of a
peculiar construction [see Jigs. 44. to 46.]» and the other
three fourths were exposed to radiation within the house.
The result was a gradual rise in the thermometer, in the
house, from 45° to 90^ in four hours, without once stoking
the fire from the time of lighting. The fuel was coke. This
experiment effectually proved the power of my apparatus, with
respect to the transmission of lieat. Subsequent experiments
have proved its capability of sustaining an equality of temper-
ature for ten hours together, without the attendance of the
stoker.

Mr. Palmer has since had three other houses heated in the
same maimer, which, he assures me, give him unqualified
satisfaction. With respect to the economy of fuel, tiiere
appears a great gain over the ordinary' flues. When the fuel
used by my apparatus is compared with that consumed in
Mr. Palmer's conservatory, lie says, there is a saving of two
thirds.

These focts completely refute the objection raised by some
persons against the use of small tubes lor heating hot-houses,
&c., as they incontestably prove the power possessed by my
apparatus, notwithstanding the small (juantity of water used,
of absorbing the heat from the furnace, in such equal and
constant quantities, as to compensate for the greater quantity
of water used upon the old system of large cast-iron pipes.
There is an advantage also in the small pipes employed in the
hermetically sealed system, which does not belong to the larger
pipes ; and that is, from the furnace being the magazine of
heat, and situated outside of the house, the heat can be
reduced in much shorter time, by simply opening the flue-

Apparatus Jhr heating Hut-houses. 293

doors ; and, on the other hand, the temperature, in the same
proportion, can be as quickly raised in case of sudden frost,
or discovery of the neglect of the gardener.

I beg to observe, that, from notes taken for a month to-
gether, by Mr. Palmer himself, on a Sikes's self-registering
thermometer, there did not appear, at any one time during
the night, a variation of more than 2^°, and very often not one
degree, although there were at times 7° of frost out of doors.

This furnace will burn the hardest stone or Welsh coal.
I am. Sir, yours, &c.

A. M. Perkins.

London, 21. Great Coram Street,
Brunswick Square, March 15. 1832.

The gardening world are much indebted to Mr. Palmer for his liberality
and public spirit in risking the application of this new mode of heating, on
an extensive scale, in his hot-houses, at Parson's Green, near Fulham,
Middlesex. We have before noticed (p. 236.) that we examined these
hot-houses, talked with the gardener on the subject, and were much
satisfied with the plan. Mr. Perkins has since applied his mode of heating
to our small hot-house at Bayswater, and to a green-house connected with
it, with the most complete success. The great advantage of the mode, as
applied to hot-houses, is the economy in the first erection. Messrs.
Walker, who, as we before observed, are the manufacturers of Mr. Perkins's
apparatus, state that this, in most cases, will amount to one third of the
expense of heating by hot water, according to any of the common modes.
Wrth respect to the power of the one inch tubes, it has been demonstrated,
by a mathematician and chemist of the very first authority, that as much
will be effected by one of Mr. Perkins's one-inch tubes, heated to 300°, as
by one of the three-inch tubes, employed in any of the ordinary modes of
heating by hot water, when heated to 180°. A second advantage of Mr.
Perkins's mode, for hot-houses, is the small space which the pipes occupy ;
and this, for houses which have not been built expressly for being heated
by hot water, is no small matter. A third advantage is, that the water
may be circulated, without regard to whether the tubes are below or above
the level of the fire-place.

But, however favourable this plan may be for heating hot-houses, the
advantages for that class of structures are as nothing compared to those
which it offers for heating dwelling-houses, and all kinds of manufactories.
This will be understood at once, when it is stated, that the water may be
circulated, under ordinary circumstances of attention to the fire, at from
300° to 600°; and, with extraordinary strength of pipe, and application of fuel,
to a still higher degree. It is found that 400° will roast meat. The work-
men in the bank-note printing-office of Messrs. Perkins and Bacon have
dressed a beefsteak at the farther extremity of the pipe of hot water used
for heating the steel plates ; and Mr. Perkins is constructing for himself an
oven for roasting by water. It is easy to see, that, in a very short time,
this will lead to extraordinary and most beneficial changes in domestic
arrangements ; and that, if we could get rid of our prejudices in favour of
open fires, the smoky atmospheres of our great towns would be got
rid of at the same time. Water at 300°, or, at least, water at 300°, for
the purposes of cookery, and for heating reserve cisterns of cold water,
or masses of metal or masonry, for various domestic purposes, including

u 3

294

Perkins's Impiovements i7i the

wanning rooms, heating baths, laundries, &c., may, at no distant time, be
circulated bv companies, in the same manner as gas ; and, in London,
instead of one fire tor every room, as at present, there may be only one in
a parish, or in every square of an acre in area. For tlie present, however,
we shall not indulge in further speculations as to the uses to which this
invention may be ap[)lied, but conclude by giving a description of Mr. Per-
kins's apparatus; and this we shall do, partly by copying, in his own
words, a part of iiis specification, as given in the licpertori/ fur Patent
Jnventivns for March, 1832, and by engravings made from drawings fur-
nished us by himself.

" A {fig. 'i-i.) is a vertical section of the description of furnace I prefer,
and B is a plan or horizontal section: in each of these figures the same letters

of reference indicate similar parts, and such is the case in the other figures
in the drawings. The description of tubes wiiicli I have used, and find to
answer, are what arc called drawn gas tubing; and the size I most com-
monly employ is about 1 in. outside diameter, and the diameter of the
inner area is about five eighths of an inch ; but I do not confine myself to
the use of this size tubing.

Apparatus for heating Hot-houses.

295

" a a a {fig. 44'. a and b) is a coil of tubing, which is placed within thd
furnace, as shown in the drawing ; ^ is a tube by which the water passes
from the coil a, when in a heated state ; and c is the tube by which the
water is returned to the coil, after having given off the heat, to effect the
object to which the apparatus is applied, whether for heating the air in
buildings, evaporating fluids, or heating metal, as will be more fully
described hereafter.

" The furnace consists of two compartments, d and e ; the compartment
d is that in which the fuel is burned, and the compartment e surrounds that
at d, and is a sort of hot chamber in which the coil of tubes (a) is placed,
and the water therein becomes heated by the heat which is generated in
the compartment d, the smoke and heated air passing from the ignited fuel
at /into the compartment e, and thence into the chimney (g).

" The description of fuel which I prefer is coke or stone or other coal, as
free from bituminous matter as possible, which is put into the compartment
dy at the upper part at h, over which there is placed at all times a cover, to
prevent any draft passing in that direction ; by which means, when the fire
is lighted, and the fuel is filled up to the top of the compartment d, and
the opening at h covered, the air which produces the combustion will pass
up through the fire bars at /, and the fuel on such bars will in a short time
become an ignited mass : j is an opening or door in the front of the furnace,
by which the same may be stoked, or the fire lighted.

" c, D, E {fig. 45.) show the manner in which I construct the joints of the
apparatus, which are shown on a larger scale, for the purpose of making
them more clear, c {fig. 45.) shows in section the manner of connecting

u 4

296 Perkins's Improvements in the

two tubes, k ami / : it will be seen tbat tbe end of the tube k is tapered
off both inside and out to a sharp edge, which buts against the straight
surface of tlie end of tlie tube /. On the ends of these tubes are cut
screws, the one having a riglit-liand screw, the other a left-hand screw,
and by means of the coupling piece vi, which has a female screw cut right
and left, the two ends of the tubes /.• and / are brought together, and by
this means a strong water-tight joint is made ; and in this manner I connect
any number of tubes together, according to the purpose to which the
apparatus is to be applied,

" 1) and K {fig. -ij.) are two views of the connections of other parts of
the apparatus, and also of the part of the ajjparatus which is intended for
the expansion of the water; n is an upright tube, closed at the top, having
a small screw hole to let out the air when the apparatus is fiUeil with water,
but which is kept perfectly closetl when the aii- is driven out. This tube
11 is usually made of a larger size than those in which the circulation takes
place, and in this tube there should be an area e(|ual to the quantity of
expansion which will take place in the water contained in the outer tubes;
anil, as water expands to about one twentieth without being converted
into steam, 1 leave at least double that quantity of capacity in the tube or
vessel n. o o are short tubes formed into cones at their two ends : these
cones enter into holes perforated in the tube n, and into the ends of the
tubes p and 7 ; the tube p being the one by which the hot water is conveyed
from the coil a, after it has become heated, and the tube or pipe q is the
point at which the apparatus is filled with water, and by which the height
of the water is regulated; and this tube q is to be placed in such a posi-
tion, tiiat there shall be sufficient space above it, in the tube «, to allow for
expansion.

" On the tubes p and q arc two collars (;■) formed, and by means of the
two plates s s, and the screw bolts and nuts / /, there will be a strong
water-tight joint formed to all the parts. At the top (r) of the pipe, there
is a collar (?) formed, and by the plates w, and screws and nuts x, the cone
1/ is strongly held in the opening of the tube 7, by which the same is made
water-tight when the ai)paratus has been filled with water. To the bottom
of the expansion tube n is connected the pipe i, by coupling similar to that
dcscril)C'd in c {Jig. 45.).

" Having now descril)ed the manner in which 1 conceive it best to con-
struct the various parts of the apparatus, I shall now proceed to describe
some applications of the same, v {Jig.\V>.) shows a longitudinal view, and
(; shows a plan of an arrangement for ap|)lying my improvements to hot
plates which are iuteiule<l to be used by copper-plate aud other printers,
for the purpose of heating the plates from which impressions are to be
taken. I have not thought it necessary to show tiie presses, or any other
parts of the machinery used for printing. The plates (a a) being intended
to l)e used in place of the charcoal fire-grates heretofore em|)loyed for
heating the |)lates at the time the ink is rubbed in, one of these heated
plates (a) is placed in the proj)er position at each j)ress, if more than
one is to be heated ; and it will be evident that a large number of presses
may have their plates (a) heated by one set of tubes. The tube^j is the
one which, as a!)ove described, conveys the heated water from the furnace,
and the tube c returns it l)ack to the coil after it has given oft' its heat.

" The manner in which I construct the plates (a) is as follows. 1 make
a rectangular mould to the si/e reiiuired, aud |)lace therein the bent part of
the tube /), and then fill the mould with melted lead, or other metal, accord-
ing to the degrees of lu-at such plates are intended to bear, by which
means I produce metal surfaces, which become heated by the passiigc of
the heated water through the tube p ; and it is evident that such heated
plates may be applied in a variety of ways, and for a variety of pur-

Jppa7'atiis joy heating Hot-Jwiises.

297

poses such, for instance, as hot plates for cooking, h {fig. 4-6.) shows the
manner of applying the apparatus to a rectangular boiler, which boiler
is shown in plan, and is applicable to the boiling of syrup in the making
or refining of sugar ; by which it will be seen that the heated water is
made to circulate through a series of tubes, and give off its heat to the
fluid contained in the boiler ; or these tubes may be made to pass into
steam or other boilers in a similar manner, and will cause the fluid con-
tained in such boilers to become heated and evaporated.

" In heating the air of rooms of buildings, the tubes p and c may be
made to pass around the flooring of such room, and where a large quantity
of heat is desired, it will sometimes be desirable to have more than one pipe
passing to and from the coil of pipes contained in the furnace, whereby a
larger quantity of heated surface will be presented, which, being heated to
a high degree of temperature, will give off the same to the air contained in
the room or buildings, and warm the same ; and T have found that when
the circulating tubes present a surface equal to three times that of the
coil of tubes in the furnace, I have not been able to burst the tubes.

" Having now described the nature of my invention, and the manner of
carrying the same into effect, I would have it understood that I lay no
claim to the various parts of which such apparatus is composed ; neither
do I claim the application of the circulation of hot water to the purposes
above described : but what I claim as my improvements in such apparatus
or method of heating the air in buildings, heating and evaporating fluids,
and heating metal, consists in circulating water in tubes or pipes, which are
closed in all parts, and have sufficient space allowed for the expansion of
the water as above described."

We hope the time may soon arrive, when one of those working men's
colleges, which an enlightened, spirited, and most benevolent author,
Junius Redivivus, has recommended in the Mechanic^ Magazine, will be
erected and peopled, and be supplied with heat, for all the purposes of
domestic economy, comfort, and enjoyment, by Mr. Perkins's apparatus.
Notwithstanding what has been said against the college of Junius Redi-
vivus, and also against our own college {Mech. Mag , vol. xvi. p. 332.),
we are convinced that such arrangements, in the present state of society,
would contribute uncommonly to the comfort of the working classes in
London. — Cond.

298 New Trap for catching Moles.

Art. VII. A neiv Trap for catchhig Moles, xvith some Remarks
illustrative of its Superiority over the Traps noiv generally in Use.
By A. F.

Sir,

About two years ago, I had the management of a small
garden in Aberdeenshire ; and, being very much annoyed
with moles, I had recourse to different schemes in order to
destroy them, always trying to find out some sort of trap that
would require less time and trouble in setting than the com-
mon wooden ones : for, as is too often the case with gentle-
men's gardeners in that part of the country, I had enough in
the keeping and care of the garden and its produce to occupy
all my time and attention, without mole-caiching. It gene-
rally took me an hour every day, for several weeks, in the
spring and autumn, to keep about a dozen traps at work ; for
the wooden springs soon take a set, and lose their power,
when they are not attended to and tightened. I tried cast-
iron traps, made in the form of forceps, and found that they
answered very well when the tracks were through any sort of
firm mould : but, when the tracks were through loose mould,
the iron traps were every bit as troublesome as the wooden
ones ; for then they required to have a piece of stone or slate
along each side, to prevent the mole from getting through
without displacing the trigger ; and they required also to be
particularly covered, so as to be close enough to exclude the
light, and prevent the free action of the air, yet so open as to
allow the handles of the trap to extend freely as soon as the
trigger should be displaced. All these inconveniences, how-
ever, I got rid of by using this very simple kind of trap,
which I invented ; and which possesses one particular advan-
tage over any other kind that I have tried or seen, and that is,
that it will catch two moles at one set.

It consists of a block of wood {fg. 47. a, upper view, with
one end set; and fg. 48., under view) 10 in. long, 3 in. broad,
and 3i in. deep ; with a hole {h\ 2^ in. diameter, bored length-
wise through both ends. In the inside, half an inch from the
extremity at each end, a groove is cut for a wire loop to fit
into, as in the common wooden mole-trap; only that the grooves
on the upper side of this one are cut (]uite through, having a
small nail or pin of wire driven in through the middle, to
keep the wires from rising above the wood. In the upper
side of the hole, close by the grooves, three blunt-pointed
pikes of wire (r) arc fixed, so as to stand a quarter of an inch
out of tJie wood. The holes for the triggers are bored in the
centre of the upper side, 3 in. from each end ; and in tlie

New Trap for catching Moles.

299

lower side, opposite each trigger-hole, is a small piece cut
out, as in the common trap. The springs are made of iron

wire, of about one eighth of an inch in diameter {d and e);
and are exactly of the same form as those of
the common mouse-trap, having a cross wire
fixed IJ in. from the top of each spring (/and
g) ; from which the catches, which are likewise
made of wire (Ji), are suspended. These catches
are retained by the plug or trigger (?) till it is
displaced by the mole. Fig. 49. is the trigger,
of the full size.
I saw, hi your Magazine (p. 36.), the description of a new

SOO On planting and Inijing out Groiauh

kind of mole-trap ; which, I am of opinion, would require so
large an opening, to allow it a chance of catching both ways,
as to occasion great inconvenience, and render it of but
trifling use. My traps might be made by gardeners them-
selves, in bad weather, when little else could be done. The
materials of each trap did not cost above 3c/. in Aberdeen-
shire. I am, Sir, yours, &c.

Kensingto7i, April 24. 1832. A. F.

We have had one of these very superior traps made under
the direction of A. F., and we have sent it to Messrs. Cottam
and Hallen, Winsley Street, Oxford Street, who will supply
them to the public at l5. each. — Cond.

Art. VIII. On planting and laying out Grounds. By IVI. Herman
Knoop Klinton, Landscape-Gardener, Ghent.

(^Continued from Vol. VII. p. 561.)

" We must remove those ash trees," said my employer;
" because they are out of all proportion to the oak and elm."
This, you will recollect, was the ipse dixit of my worthy
patron, the burgomaster of Haailem ; and I promised to tell
you how I prevailed on him to let them remain, in spite of
his notions of proportion. " What you say would be very
true," said I, " if trees were architectural columns ; but, as
they are only trees, we must have recourse to the landscape-
painters of Italy, rather than to Vitruvius." " Why the land-
scape-painters of Italy?" said the burgomaster. "Why
Vitruvius?" said I. We agreed, that if \'itruvius was entitled
to be considered an authority in architecture, the landscape-
painters of Italy were entitled to be considered as authorities
in landscape-painting.

My next step was to convince iny patron, that the beauties
of landscape-painting might be referred to as a test of the
higher beauties of landscape-gardening. This was not so
easily done. " What is tliere in the rough foregrounds,
rugged trees, broken branches, and objects in a state of de-
cay, in pictures, which can aj)piy to a garden and grounds?"
said my employer. This, I confess was rather a home-thrust
[grand coup) ; but I began, as usual, by agreeing that to
a certain extent he was right. " But," says I, " the rough
foreground, rugged trees, &c., are only inferior details, or
subordinate means of the artist, for the production of certain

On planting and laying out Grounds. 301

effects. Thus, the rough foreground is generally made use
of to aid in producing the effect of distance in the more light
and delicately painted parts of the picture. As to the rugged
trees, they are not in all pictures ; if you find them in almost
every piece of Salvator Rosa, you will seldom or never see
them in Claude or Poussin. But, even if they were to be
found in the paintings of these artists, it does not follow that
you are to imitate them in garden scenery. Do not forget
that the beauties of landscape-painting are to be referred to
as tests, and not as subjects of servile imitation. The pro-
portion or connection of one part with another is to be tried
by the proportions or connections which are imitated from
nature by landscape-painters. In short," continued I, " it is
principles that we are to adopt from the great landscape-
painters, and not mere forms, which have often nothing to
do with gardening."

After expatiating on Girardin's fundamental principle, of
the unity of the whole, and the connection of the parts, till,
I believe, my patron was bewildered, he at last asked me
whether these principles were generally acknowledged by
those who had employed me in France and Germany. Now
is my time for a victory, thought I ; and I told him, " Cer-
tainly, in both countries, by all the men of rank and of
reputation for taste." This reconciled him immediately to
my dictum ; and I had not only the group preserved, but
every thing else my own way. The scene of my operations,
however, has been since sold, and my patron laid on the shelf
{mit hors de combat).

Thus, Sir, you see that there are at least two ways in
which a professional man may carry ideas into effect: by
establishing from precedent his authority as a man of taste,
after which he becomes an autocrat in his profession ; or by
reasoning upon each particular part of his plan, and carrying
conviction on each separately to his employer. The last may
be fitting for a young man ; but, I can assure you, it is nei-
ther an easy nor an agreeable task, at least in this country,
which is far behind yours in matters of taste. * I shall con-

* Not so very far. We could point out places in the neighbourhood of
London, displaying the same sort of crudities as those mentioned in this
paper, and even greater ones. As to the absurdity of placing a statue
on a square and round column, it is not greater than may be seen in one
of our suburban squares, where two half columns, bought at the sale of
the front of the old Opera House, support a Russian eagle. For other
absurdities of a like kind, we refer our readers to the notice, in the Tour
of a German Prince, of a certain Stanmore Villa, as laid out and decorated
by a retired printseller, now a Middlesex magistrate. — Cond.

302 On planting and laj/ifig out Grounds.

elude this letter by detailing an example, which I shall bring
forwartl as a proof of this last assertion.

There are many wealthy merchants in Amsterdam, and all
of them have gardens and country houses at a short distance
from the town. At the very time [in 1826] when our mutual

friend l)r, IT showed me, for the first time, your Gai-

dener's Magazine, I was called on to lay out an approach
road, or rather to correct one already laid out, to a residence
in a small park about ten miles from Amsterdam. The owner
of this residence had some pretensions to taste, but more to
a heavy purse; and he had in his emjiloy a (jerman officer,
who knew something of architecture, and thought that he also
knew something of gardening. To do this architect justice,
however, he was obliged to conform to the will of his patron
in every thing; for he was too near him to command sufficient
respect to be considered as an authority, and reasoning was
out of the question. Unless a man of taste has to deal with
reasonable people, he has no chance of becoming an autocrat
at home.

Well ! I arrived, and was first shown round the grounds
by my German friend. I found almost every thing wrong ;
but I said little ; making it my business, as I always do on
like occasions, first to hear the reasons for what is before me.
In one part of the shrubbery a square column, joined to a
round one, supported a figure of Flora. " Why not both
square, or both round ? " asked I. " These," returned my
German friend, " formed part of the portico to M. van

B 's house, which was taken down two j'ears ago, and

sold in lots." Directly in front of the house, there was a
rustic fountain on a naked piece of turf; the fountain pro-
fusely covered with shells, and spouting water from a gilt
dolphin. I soon recognised this as an imitation of a fountain
in the park at Enghien ; but in that park it is in a low shady
situation, covered by trees, and moreover the dolphin is not
gilt. " Why no bushes or trees about this object?" asked I.
" If any were placed between it and the house, they would
hide the dolphin from the windows," says the architect ;
" and, if any were placed on the other side of it, they would
conceal the distant scenery." " Pass on," said I; "and let
us see what comes next." A short crooked walk led from the
house to an orangery, which we entered ; and I could not help
being struck with the size and beauty of the orange trees,
and other exotics : they occupied my attention so nuich, that
I neglected the indications of my guide, who directed my
eyes to a picture, painted on the wall, at the further end of
the structure. It was a view of mountain scenery, rocks, and

On pruning Forest Trees. SOS

cottages, imitated from a diorama some time exhibited in
Paris [and also in London], and it was painted by an Am-
sterdam artist of merit. I was asked, whether this had not
a good effect with the orange trees, and handsome Cape and
Chinese plants in the foregronnd ; for, you must know, Sir,
we are very much in the habit of painting landscapes as ter-
minations to walks and vistas, both in the open air and in
green-houses. " The taste is vulgar," said I; " and fit only
for the garden of a guinguette." Just as these words escaped
my lips, the proprietor came up. " And why may not a
painted picture form a termination to a natural view, when
there is nothing better ? " asked he. " I see no reason why
it may not," said I, " except that I consider it in very bad
taste." " Why so ? " " Because the two objects are incon-
gruous, and the first principle in any composition is unity of
expression." " And yet we see landscapes of this sort in

Baron H 's gardens." " I cannot help that," said I :

" the force of my reason remains. Do you find them in
England or France?" continued I. "Yes, in M. Boursault's
garden." This is true, as you probably know; for M. Bour-
sault's garden is bounded on one side by the gable ends of
high houses, and he has obtained permission to paint trees on
these, to render them less unsightly. I should have painted
weather stains only, had I been M. Boursault; but, fortunately
for my opponent and his arguments, M. Boursault preferred
trees. I thought it prudent to yield quietly, but, at the same
time, without compromising my opinion ; and I found I gained
by this, for my patron soon after acknowledged that he had
never seen painted landscapes in any English garden but
that of Vauxhall. " What would you recommend for a ter-
mination ?" he enquired. " Cover it with orange trees, trained
on a trellis," said I; "or, if you will lengthen your perspec-
tive, let the end be entirely of looking-glasses, formed into
doors and windows." " A capital idea ! " said he ; " it shall
be done; but, in the mean time, let us dine, and I will show
you the remainder of my improvements afterwards."

H. K. K.
Ghent, Sept. 1831.

Art. IX. On pruning Forest Trees. (From " Essays on Vege-
table Physiology," preparing for the Press.) By J. Main, A.L.S.

. The pruner should be a good vegetable physiologist ; for
unless he has an intimate knowledge of the components of the

SO^ Ofi priming Forest Trees.

plant, and their tendencies and functions in the system, his
operations will always be performed in tlie twilight of uncer-
tainty.

If we exce})t the failure of the lowest branches of trees,
tliere are few indications in nature showing the necessity of
pruning. In natural forests, trees generally grow closely
together ; of course, their lower branches, being deprived of
air and light, quickly perish ; but when, by accident, they
stand singly, the lower branches are as permanent as those of
the top, nay, even more so ; and, moreover, they appear to
be as necessary a part of the system. When, however, trees
are taken under the care of man, they are subjected to con-
trol, and are trained to answer the purposes for which they
are cultivated, whether that be for the timber they supply,
the shelter and ornament they afford, or for the fruit or
flowers which they yield. For these different objects trees
undergo various manipulations of the pruner, which may be
considered under different heads.

Forest Tree Prunmg. — Forest trees are regarded either as
objects of ornament or of profit. Ornamental trees require
no assistance from the pruner. Natural forms cannot be im-
proved by art, even when directed by the most refined taste.
It is only in woodlands, raised or maintained as sources of
profit, that the skill and exertions of the forest pruner are
available. In such cases the special object is toobtain the
greatest quantity of marketable timber. With this view the
pruner endeavours to form stately, straight, and clean-
grained boles, standing as closely together as is consistent with
allowing every tree a sufficient share of light and air. The
interdistances, and the desired form and length of bole, can
only be obtained by giving attention to the trees in the early
stages of their growth. To have timber of the finest grain or
quality, no lateral branches that grow within the convenient
reach of the pruner slK)ukl be allowed to arrive at any con-
siderable size ; such branches act as rivals of the principal
stem, and, if they remain to act injuriously before they are
cut off, the wound thereby made is so large, that a defect in
the timber is the certain conse(|Ucnce. The soundness of
timber is not deteriorated by pruning, provided the wounds
made in the execution be no greater than will be healed
during the following sunnner. A scar made by the axe, bill,
or chisel, if exposed longer than twelve months, will always
remain a flaw; for, though it may be afterwards covered
smoothly over by the new collapsing wood, it is impossible
that any perfect union can take place between a surface of

On pruning Forest Trees. 305

limber which has been exposed to the air for several months,
and that which is subsequently formed over it.

Forest pruning is generally performed in winter ; all wood
work (except oak felling and peeling) is done in that season,
chiefly because the leaves are off, and the growth has stopped.
It is necessary to observe, however, that pruning performed
in the beginning of summer would be a better practice for the
good of the trees. The reason is, because wounds made in
winter do not begin to heal till after the summer growth takes
place. That principle of the tree which is alone capable of
closing a wound is dormant in winter, and the wound made
in that season is too long unprotected ; whereas, if branches
are cut off when the vital principle is every hour extending
itself, the incision is sooner closed, and, if not very large, it is
completely covered before the growth ceases in the autumn.
It should be a rule with the pruner never to make a wound
that cannot be healed in the course of six months : but he can
only attend to this by a timely application of the knife or
chisel. A handsaw * should never be used in pruning forest
trees ; because, if the irregular branch be so large as to re-
quire this tool, it had better remain where it is ; and because,
though it may injure the columnar form of the bole externally,
and the regularity of the grain internally, the place where
it joins the main body will always be found sound, which it
would not be if cut off. Very tall handsome boles may be
formed by the assistance of long ladders, handsaws, and
jack-planes ; but, though these large and carefully polished
scars will be in a few years covered with healthy wood and
bark, the marks of the tools will always remain a defect in
the timber when it comes to the saw-pit.

These circumstances show decidedly the necessity of early
pruning, as well to secure quality, as desirable forms of tim-
ber ; for though all trees have a specific character of growth,
with a more or less branched head, which they naturally
assume when at liberty so to do, yet they submit to the hand
of skill ; and many trees of bush-headed character may be
trained into a light aspiring shape, and well proportioned
length of bole.

To take care that every tree has a principal leader is a
material object of early culture, and to maintain its superiority
in after growth, a chief point to be attended to. All laterals
that show a rivalry, so as to divide or deform the axis, should
be displaced. Very small branches, or spray, need not be

* A stout turning or keyhole saw may be used for small branches, as
being more convenient than either knife or chisel.

Vol. VIII. — No. 38. x

30G On pruning Forest Trees.

taken from tiie stem : whctlier they live or die, they cannot
deteriorate the timber.

Forest tree pruning should be done gradually, and conti-
nued till tlie business becomes inconvenient, or too expensive;
and, it judiciously done during the first ten or fifteen years,
suiliciently fine forms will have been given, and proper lengdi
of bole secured. A great deal has been written relative to
the projniety of reducing the head of a tree, as a means of
increasing the bulk of the trunk. The question lies in a nut-
shell : the larger the head, the larger must the trunk be also.
The diameter of the latter is increased by tlie number of
brandies which are, or have heen^ produced by the former.
In proportion as the roots are increased and extended, in like
proportion are the stem and head. Severe mutilation of the
head paralyses the energies of the roots, and vice versa. Re-
ducing the number of branches, to give magnitude to the
stem, is ridiculous. Regulating the growth of the branches,
by stopping or cutting out such as are over-luxuriant, gives
supremacy and direction to the leader, but no addition to the
stem or any other part. Every indivitUial twig of the head is
a j)art of the stem, and the former could not be developed
witiiout the assistance of the latter ; which, while it conveys
support, is itself enlarged by this very function. In fact,
every member of a tree depends ofi, and, in its turn, lends
assistance to, every other, when all are in perfect health. The
only exception to this is an accidental luxuriance, sometimes
exhibited by a single branch, and a certain division of the
root, which progress together for several years before the rest
of the tiee. For such irregularity, however, no good reason
can be assigned.

The foregoing remarks are ajiplicable to deciduous trees
only : on them if the forester bestow timely attention for a
few years, by properly directing the juvenile vigour, he will
seldom fail in raising valuable timber.

As the different kinds of forest trees are used for various
purposes, the forester endeavours to supply the various de-
mand. It is wrong that any advantage derivable from wood-
lands should deiHMid on, or be left to, chance. Oak of the
straightest and cleanest grain is re(]uire(l for planking, beams,
posts, &c. ; but, besides this description of oak, in the dock-
yards, cross-grained buts and knee-timbers are in request,
and consecinentiy valuable. The former quality of oak, beech,
and other kinils of forest timber, is obtained in the shortest
time by rather close jjlanting, early and carehd |)runing, and
timely thinning, if necessary ; the latter, by open planting,
and partial pruning, i. e. not by aiming at a tall smooth bole.

0)1 prufling Forest Trees. 307

but by leaving the branches in sets of three or four (as it may
happen), diverging from one place, and clearing the trunk of
all intermediate branches and spray between these sets. This
style of pruning, though it has perhaps been never or but
rarely executed, is, nevertheless, quite practicable : it is only
pruning the oak, so as to make the disposition of its branches
resemble those of a fir tree, but with greater distances be-
tween the tiers. But in all ordinary cases, if a sufficient
length of bole be gained, the branched head may be depended
on to furnish knee timbers. Pine and fir timber, for the use
of builders and mast-makers, cannot be too free from knots,
and it is impossible to have it so, unless planted and trained
up as closely as possible. When so standing, no lower
branches can live to distort the longitudinal structure of the
axis. The centre of such stems, when cut up for use, only
shows the diminutive bases of the first laterals ; but every
concentric layer of wood imposed after these first branches
decay is uniform in longitudinal arrangement, and is uninter-
rupted by knots. A single fir tree requires a large space,
and produces the worst timber ; its first branches continue
to enlarge and extend themselves, sweeping the ground as
long as the trunk continues to rise; and though the latter
arrives at a great size, its quality is of the most inferior de-
scription. In fact, fine-grained deal cannot be produced,
unless the trees are planted, or chance to stand, as those in
Norway from which battens and ladder poles are cut for
exportation, so closely together as to prevent all extension of
branches. All the pine and fir tribe intended for profit should
be planted to grow up, and be all cut down, together, like a
crop of corn. They do not admit of being partially drawn.
They may be called, on this account, social trees, thriving best
in congregations ; for, so soon as the unity of the assemblage is
broken, the exposed trees, losing their wonted protection, not
only cease to thrive, but often die. Firs planted for ornament
should stand at considerable distances, otherwise they never
show the grandeur of their forms. The pruner must not
touch them ; his interference only tends to make them the
most ugly objects in the vegetable kingdom. Planted as
nurses in young plantations of deciduous trees, they are easily
kept within due bounds, by a very simple method of pruning,
practised by Mr. Billington ; viz., by pinching off, from time to
time, the leading buds of the branches. This induces a spray-
covered rather than a naked stem, and prevents the encroach-
ment of the branches on the nei<)!;hbouring trees, without
destroymg then- own character and usefulness as nurses. By
the sam.e means, fir trees may be formed into impervious

X 2

•JOa On pruning Forest Trees.

screens, or sheltering hedgelike boundaries, higlily useful
in many cases of rural itiiprovement.

Ash timber is jiroduced of superior quality, by being
planted and trained up in close order : its toughness, and its
cleanness of grain make it a desirable material for the coach-
maker. Straight smooth sticks of ash 50 ft. in length, and
from Sin. to 12 in. scjuare, are highly prized by all machine-
makers. \\"hether for timber or underwood, this tree should
always be grown in plantations by itself, not only because of
its greater rapidity of growth, but because it is a most noxious
tree in hedgerows, or when standing singly in cornfields or
meadows.

Oaks and elms are best suited for hedgerows. It is in-
credible how much elm timber can be raised in hedgerow
order ; and as the superiors are cut down, a constant succes-
sion of young stems keeps rising from the old roots. No tree
bears pruning so well as the elm. So severely is this per-
formed in Middlesex and elsewhere, that, in many cases, a
very small branch only is left at the top every time the tree
is shredded. This property, of being unhurt by wholesale
pruning, is owing to the remarkalile vitality of the tree, which,
being in every part studded with latent buds, throws out a
numerous spray over all the stem. This, though unequal to
increase the diameter of the trunk as a large branched head
would do in the same time, yet gives the timber a gnarled
character, particularly useful for tlie naves and fellies of car-
riage wheels, and other purposes where liability to split
would be a defect.

In countries where fuel is scarce or dear, hedgerow trees
are pollarded, and periodically lopped for domestic purposes,
and for fencing stuff. Oak, elm, and ash are chosen for this
barbarous purpose. The boles are preserved, as being the
property of the landlord, while the loi)pings are considered
that of the tenant. The trunks soon become hollow, and,
conse(|uently, useless as timber. Willow pollards are exten-
sively planted in low meadows, for tlie purpose of growing
poles, stakes, and headers for fencing. \Villow holts, for
supplying basket-makers' I'ods, are generally cut every year.
Under this management, it is observable that every new crop
of shoots is perfected by a new growth of fibrous roots.
The centre of a willow pollard and that of a stool soon de-
cay; and, in the rotten mass roots from the superior buds are
seen to strike and luxuriate. The spectacle of a hollow wil-
low tree being partly filled with roots, which from time to
time had descended from the shoots of the head, gave the
late Dr. Darwin, it is probable, the first idea of the wood of

On pruning Forest Trees. 309

the stem being formed by descending radicles from the buds.
But this example of the willow is no corroboration of the
doctor's idea, when duly considered. The shoots of the wil-
low, like those of all other trees, it is perfectly true, are pro-
longed by the assistance of radicles simultaneously produced.
The doctor's idea was, that these two members are imme-
diately connected, and that the latter are actually thrown out
by the former, as in the case of a single eye of a grape-vine
struck as a cutting. But that acute philosopher forgot that
in the case of a pollard willow, or, indeed, any other tree,
there exists an intermediate vital member which connects the
extremities, and which is constitutionally calculated to allow
intercommunication between them, without any portion of the
shoot descending to the root, or any part of the latter, except
fluids, ascendinff to the former. The intermediate channel is
the seat of vitality, formed of cellular matter and a vascular
apparatus, which, while it conducts, is itself increased by the
impulse and qualities of the rising current.

An argument in support of heading down young, and
judiciously pruning old, deciduous trees, may be drawn from
the natural history of many sorts of willows. They are not
constituted to be permanent. So far from their bulk, num-
ber of branches, and quantity of foliage being incentives to
increased vegetative power, an exactly contrary effect is the
consequence. As they increase in size, the more feeble is
their growth, till at last all vitality ceases ; whereas, were
they repeatedly cut in, new power would be imparted, by
calling forth latent principles of life, and their existence would
be prolonged to an indefinite length of time. The common
furze ( C7"^lex europse^a) requires to be frequently cut, or eaten
down, to keep it alive. The alder tree is comparatively short-
lived ; but may be reproduced successively, for ages, from the
same stool.

The preceding remarks show that it is quite practicable to
obtain a fair length of sound bole, say, on an average, of
20 ft. or 25 ft., without much sacrifice of time or money, and
without fear of checking the growth by pruning. All branches
which appear contending with the leader, and threaten to
divide or divert it from its perpendicular course, should be
taken off close to the bole, and before they are more than
about one inch in diameter. This being attended to, no wounds
will be made but what will be nearly healed over before the
growth ceases in the autumn.

The annexed figures represent the grain or structure of the
wood, as it appears on a perpendicular section supposed to be

mo

On pruning Furcsl Trees.

cut through the pitli and opposite branches of a pine or fir
tree, to bliow the ellects of pruning.

Fig. 50. Section of a tree of wliich the branches had cUctl, or been cut

off in tiic tliirJ year [irogrcssivcly.
Fig- 5 1 • Section of" a stem of sixteen years' growth, showing the remains

of branches pruned in tlie tenth and twelftli years.

Fi^. 52. Section, showing the effects of irregular pruning at different

times.
Fig. 53. Section of a stem which has never been pruned.

It may be observed of pine timber in general, that it is less
liable to be deteriorated by dead stumps of branches than the
timber of deciduous trees; the resinous quality of the sap
))revents decay, and, being concentrated in the closer texture
of the knots, renders them even harder than the other parts
of the wood. But the sap of oak, ash, elm, and most other
forest trees, has no such preservative qualities ; a rotten
stumpof a branch will often cause the destruction of the finest
trunk. It may be added, in conclusion, that cutting close to
the bole, provided it be done in time, is the only way to
obtain clean-grained timber, as the above figures show.
Stopping or cutting off' the branches at some distance from

On p}uning Forest Treet. SI I

the stem, deforms the tree ; and though it may not affect the
soundness of the timber, it certainly deteriorates its quality
for many purposes of the builder.

Chelsea, Feb. 20.

The foregoing article we consider by far the most valuable that has
appeared in this Magazine, on the subject upon which it treats, and it may
be considered as an earnest of the value of the work (great part of which
we have seen in manuscript) from which it is taken. Mr. Main, as a practical
man, and whether exercising his talents and taste as a landscape-gardener,
or his science and skill as a forest-pruner, has the great advantage of
possessing a thorough knowledge of vegetable physiology, and, at the same
time, of having had very extensive practice in every department of garden-
ing and rural affairs. We request those interested in the subject of his
present paper, whether gardeners and foresters, or their employers, to fix
firmly in their minds Mi*. Main's concluding direction, that branches should
be cut off close to the bole before they are above 1 in. in diameter; and
also to observe his remark, that, if this is done in spring, or just before
midsummer, the wound will be entirely or nearly healed over in the same
season (p. 309.). Let it also never be forgotten, that all wounds which are
not healed over in the first season leave defects in the timber (p. SOi.).
Had forest-pruners forty years ago been aware of these facts, and acted
on them, the trees pruned about that time, and now felling, would have sold
at a very different price from what they are now selling for.

Great advantages have resulted in Fifeshire, from the employment of
Mr. Sang (the editor, or rather author, of the last edition of Nicol's
P/aii/er's Calendar, and a correct physiologist) as an inspector of plant-
ations. We could wish to see our much-esteemed friend, Mr. Main, add
to his profession of landscape-gardener, that of inspector of plantations in
England ; for certain we are, that there is no man in the kingdom better
qualified for the office. Did we possess extensive plantations, we should
send for Mr. Main (whose charge, we believe, as a landscape-gardener, is
two guineas a day and expenses), and employ him for two or three days
to instruct our forester in the proper methods of thinning and pruning.
We would afterwards arrange with him (say for 10/., 20/., or 30/. per
annum, according to circumstances), to pay us a professional visit, at least,
once every year in the pruning season. We know there are some foresters
who would object to this sort of interference, and we know also that there
are some who understand their business so well as to render it unnecessary;
but the owners of plantations may rest assured of this, that those foresters
who understand their business best, will rather feel pleased than otherwise,
at the idea their works being subjected to the examination of a scientific
man who can duly appreciate their merits.

In conclusion, we repeat what ought to be the forest-pruner's golden
rules : — No branches to be cut off which do not interfere with the leader;
no wound, thus or otherwise made, to be larger than an inch in diameter ;
and no pruning in autumn. ■ — Cond.

X 4

312 CuUurr i)/' Mushrooms

Akt. X. On the Culture of Mushrooms in Melon Beds. By Mr.
John Collieu, Gardener to Edmund Woods, Esq., Shopwick,
near Chichester.

Sir,

Having seen, in Vol. VII. p. 731., a letter from Brighton,
signed J. S., in which allusion is made to a mushroom of un-
usual size raised by me, I beg leave to state that the mush-
room in question measured in circumference 3 ft. 7i in., while
its weight was 2 lbs. 1 oz. ; nor was this the only large mush-
room on my bed, as many measured the same in circumference
as the above, though none of them were of exactly the same
weight. As J. S. expresses a wish to learn some particulars
regarding the process pursued by me in raising this mush-
room, I am induced to trouble you with the following brief
account of my method : —

The bed in which my large mushrooms were raised was
an old melon bed, in a brick-built pit. About the middle of
July, a bed of long and short stable dung (fresh from the
stable), which had only gone through a slight course offer-
mentation, was made in the above pit, for the twofold purpose
of raising melons and mushrooms ; the bed was spawned in
the usual way, but not till about a fortnight after the melons
were ridged out ; as, if done earlier, the bed would be too hot
to receive the spawn. As soon as the bed was spawned, a
quantity of stiff" yellow loam, mixed with a little half-decayed
leaf mould, was laid on it to the depth of 1 2 in., for the melons
to grow in, and gently trodden down : this I have always found
to be the best compost for mushrooms. The melons ripened
about the end of September; and when all were gathered,
which was about the end of October, the whole of the bed
was cleared of the old plants, and about 3 in. of the mould
removed from the surface, thus leaving mould to the depth of
9 in. for tlie mushrooms. The bed was then well watered,
and again at the latter end of November : but no more water
was given all the winter, save a little which might drain from
a quantity of potted geraniums, which were placed on the bed
for protection during the winter months. About the middle
of the ensuing February the mushrooms made their appear-
ance in the part of the bed next the wall. The geraniums
were immediately removed, to allow tiie nuishrooms space to
grow all over the entire bed, when several pots were found
lying on their sides, being pushed aside by the mushrooms
boldly protruding through the earth underneath them.
Though some of the mushrooms had only just made their
appearance, still manv measure<l 9 in. in circumference. In

in Melon Beds. i 1 3

the middle of March the entire bed was completely covered,
and in many parts they had thrown themselves up in large
hillocks, some growing out of others. Thirty-five button
mushrooms were gathered from some of these hillocks at one
gathering ; the bed still continuing to bear equally well up to
the month of May ; and it would, 1 think, have borne up to
June, but it was necessarily destroyed to make room for ano-
ther melon bed. By this mode of culture, the thickness of
the mould, and hot atmosphere of the bed, necessary for the
growth of melons, will prevent the mushrooms from appear-
ing before Februaiy. After the month of March the bed
should be shaded from the mid-day sun, and plenty of air
given, and water occasionally. Too much care cannot be be-
stowed on a mushroom bed, when first made ; for if it is 2 or
3 ft. high at first (which is the height I recommend for a
mushroom bed), it heats too violently, thus destroying the
fungous quality of the dung. To avoid this danger, when I
make a bed for mushrooms alone, whether under sheds or
glass, I make the bed 18 in. high at first, letting it remain so
for five or six days, and examining it every day, to see that
the heat does not exceed 100°; and when I find the heat
decline, I again add 18 in. more on the bed, making, on the
whole, 3 ft. high, of long and short stable dung, quite fresh.
The bed should still be examined every day ; and, when the
heat is on the decline, spawned in the usual way. The bed
must be then covered with the before-mentioned loam to the
depth of 3 in., and never less. To insure a good crop of
mushrooms, both in quality and quantity, I am quite con-
vinced that it is a very bad practice to reject long litter in
the formation of the bed ; for this reason, beds made with
horse droppings only soon decay, and consequently the spawn
must perish, after producing but a middling crop of mush-
rooms. Such beds as these, which are usually made only
about from 9 to 12 in. high, and generally on shelves, will,
I believe, never produce a plentiful crop in the winter
months, unless there are fires kept to heat the atmosphere of
the sheds where they are grown ; but, if I am not correct in
this opinion, I hope some of your able correspondents will set
me right. In my beds there is a steady and a lasting heat,
and they do not decay so soon by at least six weeks as those
made by horse droppings only. I have each bed bearing gene-
rally from ten to thirteen weeks ; and when I have taken them
down, I have always found them a solid mass of spawn from
top to bottom.

I never cover my beds close on the mould. When made
in a shed, I have the litter which I cover with supported from

3 1 1- Abridged Communication.

the bed bv props and boards laid across, and at the distance
of about S in. from the surface. This will prevent the woodlice
from attacking them ; and the muslu'ooms will not be drawn
up weak, but will be firm and of a good flavour. In beds
under glass, the glass is covered in cold weather, and not the
bed inside, by which means the produce will be much greater,
and of better flavour.

In conclusion, 1 beg to inform your corresj)ondent, J. 8.
(Vol. VII. p. 731.), that my success in the growth of mush-
rooms entirely depends on the quality and quantity of the
dung used : together with the depth of loam, which should
never be less than 3 in. It matters not whether the beds are
made under glass, or in pits without glass, provided they
are covered with something to keep out the wet and frost;
they will bear plenty of mushrooms either way. The only
motive I had for growing mushrooms under glass was that of
economy, by first having a crop of melons, and afterwards a
crop of mushrooms, on the same bed. Should any doubts
arise in the minds of any of your correspondents as to the
size and weight of the above mushrooms, I can I'efer them to
gentlemen in this neighbourhood who have seen them mea-
sured and weighed, and who have also seen the bed. [See
Vol. VII. p. 731.] I am. Sir, yours, &c.

John Collier.
ShojrjDick, Chichcsla-y Jan. 30, 1832.

Art. XI. Abridged Communication.

To avoid the Danger of rank Steam from Dung Linings
iyijuring Plants in Frames. — Having seen, in your Magazine
(p. 39. and 40.), a plan suggested by a correspondent, to
prevent the rank steam of the outside dung from entering the
vacuity left to admit air by night into the frames of early
forced cucumbers, I beg leave to offer to your notice a very
sim})le remedy, which I find has the desired effect, and which
may be applied to any common lights. Instead of filling the
lights with glass in the usual way, I have two blank scjuares
of wood in the top of the lights, in the centre of which is a
hole cut 1 in. in diameter, and covered with a piece of tin
or lead, so fastened as to turn with ease : these I open, as
air may be recjuired, either by day or night. — JVilliam
Prcstoe^ Gardener to G. Butler, Esq. I Jill Place, Draxford,
Hants, March 29. 1832.

315

REVIEWS.

Art. I. Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London.
Second Series. Vol. I. Part 1. 4to. London, Hatchard.

(^Continued from p. 178.)

2. An Account of an economical Method of obtaining very early
Crops of new Potatoes. By Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. F.R S.
&c., President. Read May 4. 1830.

This paper, Mr. Kniglit believes, will be found to point out
the means ot" obtaining new potatoes at much less expense
than by any method now practised, and in a state of great
perfection.

Potatoes, which have been buried sufficiently deep in the
soil to render them secure from injury by frobt, usually
vegetate very strongly in the succeeding spring ; and Mr.
Knight was thence led to hope, that, by planting in Septem-
ber large tubers, which had ripened early in the preceding
summer, and had by a period of rest become excitiible, he
should be able to cause roots and stems to be emitted, to some
extent, in the autumn ; and thiit these, by being well defended
from frost through winter, might operate so as to afford a
very early produce. The experiment was not successful.
The tubers vegetated almost immediately, and the stems just
reached the surface of the ground, when they were destroyed
by frost ; and, although the ground was immediately so well
covered as securely to exclude frost from it, not a single plant
appeared in the following spring. Mr. Knight, therefore,
concluded that the experiment had totally failed, and that the
tubers planted, after once vegetating, had perished.

In the following summer, Mr. Knight found that the tubers
had not perished, but had formed young ones under the soil.
The experiment was, therefore, repeated in the autumn of
1828, and an excellent crop of young tubers was found to be
produced by them in the June following, without a single
plant appearing above the soil. The tubers planted were of
the largest size that Mr. Knight could obtain of the ash-
leaved kidney.

Our readers will observe, that what Mr. Knight states to
have taken place, is precisely similar to what happens when

3 1 8 Trmisadions of the London Hortiadtiiral Society.

potatoes are laid between layers of earth, in boxes, and })Iaced
in any dry covered place free from frost. It is evident that,
as there are no leaves formed, no new vegetable matter can
be generated ; but merely the transformation of the vegetable
matter in the old potato into the form of new tubers. All
that is obtained is a small quantity of a delicate article, for a
large quantity of a useful one. Half a dozen modes of doing
this will be found given in the Encijclopiudia of Gardening,
2d edit. p. 5&4. ; and a mode practised in Scotland, very
similar to that of Mr. Knight, will be found described in our
present Volume, p. 5Q.

The remaining part of Mr. Knight's paper describes his
economical method of obtaining early potatoes ; but we really
cannot see in what the economy consists, or in what respect
his mode of procuring potato sprouts is better than that de-
scribed by our correspondents R. W. (Vol. I. p. 405.), Mr.
Saul (Vol. II. p. 47.), and a Denbighshire gardener (Vol. II.
p. 171.). Our opinion is, tliat it is nothing like so good ;
but, that our readers may judge for themselves, we shall give
the remainder of Mr. Knight's paper verbatim. We are the
more anxious to do this, because Mr. Knight has charged us
with misrepresenting a former connnunication on the same
subject (Vol. V. p. 718.)} and even threatened us in no very
measured terms (Vol. V. p. 719, 720.). It is not, however, on
account of Mr. Knight's threats (to " bear us down," &c.),
that we give his communication at length ; but because we
really do not fully understand his paper, are most solicitous
to avoid misrepresentation.

" Similar experiments were made in the last autumn ; but the tempera-
ture of the ground was so low, owing to the excessive coldness of the pre-
ceding summer, that not a single tuber vegetated. A part were therefore
taken up, and made to vegetate by artificial heat, till they hail emitted
stems about .'i in. long ; when they were taken from the soil, and the further
progress of vegetation arrested. In the middle of January, these were put
into a pot with some barren sandy soil, and placed in the pine-stove, and
supplied moderately with water, till the middle of Marcii. At that period
I discovered that small new potatoes had been abundantly generated, and
water was not subsequently given till the middle of April; when 1 found
the pot to contain very well grown young potatoes, which were without
any other defect than that of not being, to my taste, sufficiently mature.
The requisite degree of artificial heat to insure success in experiments
similar to the preceding, may, of course, be obtained from a variety of dif-
ferent sources, which 1 need not point out ; antl not improbably, I think,
by means of a temperate hot-bed, the surface of the mould of which might
be a|)plied to other purposes ; but I should prefer clean and barren sand
for the tubers to be placed in, as those could not receive early benefit from
a rich soil, and their produce might be injured in quality.

" The largest crops of early potatoes will usually be obtained from tubers
which have ripened late, and somewhat imperfectly, in the preceding year ;
but it is quite essential to the success of^ the preceding experiment, that

Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 3 1 7

the tubers, which are planted in autumn, should have ripened early in the
foregoing summer; for otherwise they will not be found sufficiently excit-
able in autumn. It is also necessary that they should be of large size,
otherwise the young potatoes which they afford will be small ; and it will
be advantageous, if the tubers to be planted have been detached from their
parent plants, upon their having just attained their full growth.

" I believe, but 1 am not prepared to speak upon the evidence of experi-
ment, that the best and the most economical mode of treating the old tubers,
after their progress of vegetation has been arrested by cold, will be to put
them into such heaps as are usually seen in the gardens of cottagers, and
to cover them with mould; as a very large quantity would occupy only a
small space, and their produce would there probably acquire a more early
maturity, and might be collected at any time with little trouble.

" A writer in Mr. Loudon's Gardener'' s Magazine [Vol. II. p. 171.] has
recommended the exposure of such potatoes as are intended for planting
to the sun, as soon as they acquire their full growth, till they attain a green
colour ; and I am inclined to think the process may prove in some degree
advantageous, for the action of the sun and air certainly causes chemical
changes to take place in their component parts ; and chemical changes are
the precursors and concomitants of excitability, if not the cause and source
of it. I am also inclined to think that similar treatment would be bene-
ficial in the culture of all those varieties of potato which do not naturally
vegetate till late in the spring.

" I am not prepared to say what weight of new potatoes may be ob-
tained from any given weight of ok! ; but I have reason to think that the
young will be equal to the weight of one third at least of the old ; and
(as I have shown in a communication two years ago) [given verbatim,
Gard. Mag., Vol. V. p. 721.] that more than 35,000 lbs. of our best and
earliest variety of potato, now cultivated, may be obtained from an acre
of ground, the mode of culture recommended will not be found expensive
(where artificial heat is not employed), comparatively with the usual price
of new potatoes early in the season. Hogs, if hungry, will eat the old
tubers when the young have been taken away ; but those probably con-
tain but little nutriment, and their value, therefore, may not be worth
calculating.

" Two early varieties only of potato have been the subjects of the above
stated experiments ; but there does not appear any reason to doubt that
similar success may be obtained with all other early kinds."

3. Oyi raising Apple Trees from Pips. By the Rev. Janties Ve-
'nables, C.M.H.S. Read Dec. 1. 1829.
Mr. Venables says, he has never found any satisfactory rea-
son " why the pips of our best apples should produce most
frequently trees little better than a crab." We will answer him
by stating that this is not a matter of fact; the pips of our
best apples will most frequently not only produce good apples,
but apples more nearly resembling the parent variety than any
other variety, and never to be mistaken for the seminal produce
of the crab. Let any one take the pips of a golden pippin, a
Ribstone pippin, a nonpareil, and a Hawthornden, mix them
as he will, and sow them together; and, when they have come
up, rear them till they shall all have borne fruit ; and we will
engage that any person, who knows the apples named, will be
able to refer every seedling to its parent. Any one who has

318 TraJisnctiuns of the Loiuhm TTorficultwal Socic/t/.

had a little experience in raising ap})le.s from seed knows this
to 1)0 lact ; and, indeed, if it were not so, the general analogy
between apple trees and other vegetables wonld not be
conijik'te.

" It would seem," the author observes, "that much of the
peculiar flavour of fruit depends upon the leaf; and whatever
determines the first organisation of this member of the tree,
must have considerable influence on its produce." The
naked ap])le pip, he thinks, contains too little of the saccharine
pabulum for the future tree. It was intended that the de-
caying apple should supply this pabulum ; and it is, there-
fore, suggested that the pip, when it is sown, " should be
inserted in fruit of the same kind, or in mould enriched by
an admixture of decayed apples." The advice is rational, and
it would be very desirable to institute an experiment to deter-
mine the comparative results of the practice. The reverend
author states, that, a i'ew years ago, he put some apple pips
into the same furrow with a quantity of decayed apples, and
that the fruit of the seedlings thus raised has been of good
flavour; but this may be from the parentage of the seedlings,
independently of any other cause.

4. Upoit the Cidlivation of Epiphytes of the O'rchis Tribe. By
John Lindlcy, Esq. F.R.S. &c., Assistant Secretary. Read
May 18. 1830.

This class of plants is comparatively new to Europe,
liaving been generally speedily lost after their introduction.
The Vanilla seems to have been almost the only species that
was known in England in the time of Miller, and little more
than twenty were to be found in the Kew Garden during the
last ten years of the last century. Not more than twelve or
fourteen species had been added to the same garden, in the
first thirteen years of the present centui-y ; and only nineteen
species are mentioned as in the Berlin Botanic Garden, one
of the richest in Europe, in 1822.

It was suj^posed that this want of success was owing to
some peculiai- difliculty in their cultivation; and it was there-
fore resolved that an attempt should be made to overcome
this difliculty, in the Chiswick Ciarden. Similar attempts,
before or about the same lime, were made in the stoves of
Messrs. Loddiges of Hackney, Messrs. Richard and Arnold
Harrison of Liverpool, Mr. Cattley of Barnet, and others;
so that the total number of species of this family of })lants
found in Britain at the time Mr. Lindley's paper was read,
was not less than 200; while the cataloiiue of the Paris Gar-
den, made up to 1829, enumerates only nineteen. W'e may

Transactions of the London Horticultural Societj/. 319

add that Messrs. Loddiges have now (Dec. 1831) above
300 species.

The result of various experiments to ascertain the best soil
and climate for these plants may be said to amount to this : —
" That a well-drained soil, shade, a very high temperature, and
an atmosphere nearly saturated with humidity, are the con-
ditions that are requisite to insure their successful cultivation,
and that soil itself is of little importance to them. We have
used common garden earth, lime rubbish, gravel, decayed
vegetable matter, and moss, and all with equal success, pro-
vided the drainage was effectual ; and we have found all these
equally useless when the drainage was not attended to ; a cir-
cumstance which is, no doubt, clue to the succulent nature of
the plants, and to the very imperfect means that most of them
possess of parting with superfluous moisture: in consequence
of the compact nature of their cuticular tissue, and of the
minute size, or small number, of stomataor evaporating pores.
We have found that no soil or temperature would nourish
them in drought, and that any soil was good when the tem-
perature and atmospheric humidity were carefully regulated.
To speak very accurately upon these points, I should say,
that the mean temperature of the day ought to be 87° or
thereabouts, and that its humidity should be at the point of
saturation, or nearly so. We have found that the same plants
which refused to grow when placed upon the stage of a hot-
house, the air of which possessed the necessary conditions of
heat and vapour, flourished with all their native luxuriance,
if the pots, in which they were planted, were suspended freely
by wires from the roof; a difference which, no doubt, de-
pended essentially upon drainage ; and we have seen that
moss alone would, under these circumstances, maintain in
perfect health plants which the most carefully managed soil
appeared to kill, if the humidity of the air and the drainage
were unattended to.

" Having originally taken great interest in this enquiry, I
have for some years been collecting information relating to it,
and I find that if we had had, in the beginning, the same
knowledge of the native habits of orchideous epiphytes that
we now possess, those conclusions, that are now the result of
many years' careful and expensive enquiry, would have been
obvious inferences prior to any experiments whatever having
been instituted. The facts that I have collected are the
following : —

" Orchideous epiphytes grow naturally upon trees, in the
recesses of tropical forests : they establish themselves in the
forks of branches, and vegetate amidst masses of decayed

320 Transactions of the London Horticultural Societj/.

vegetable and j.nimal matter. In consequence of tlieir position,
there cannot possibly be any accumulation of moisture about
the roots. They will also grow equally well upon roc;ks and
stones in similar situations. Mr. W. Harrison of Ilio Janeiro
is mentioned by one of the Society's collectors, who visited
liim, to cultivate, with the most jierfect success, above seventy
species upon a wall in his garden at Boto Fozo.

" We see some of them germinate and grow most luxuriant-
ly in damp places, in the stove, upon the sides of the garden
pots, and among gravel ; and Dr. Wallich found them in all
cases growing equally well upon trees and stones, provided
the latter had a certain quantity of mould and moss adhering
to them.

" In the Botanic Garden at Calcutta they are cultivated
with success in raised beds of solid brickwork, so contrived
as to secure the most perfect drainage ; the soil being rich
vegetable matter, mixed with at least two thirds small peb-
bles, and covered with a dense layer of moss.

" Shade seems essential to them ; their natural situation
being in deep forests, or among the branches of growing trees.
In Brazil they exclusively occupy damp woods and rich val-
leys, among vegetation of the most luxuriant description, by
which they are embowered. In Nipal, I learn from Dr.
Wallich that orchideous epiphytes grow in company with
ferns ; and the thicker the forest, the more stately the trees,
the richer and blacker the natural soil, the more profuse the
Orchidea? and ferns upon them. There they flourish by the
sides of dripjiing springs, in deep shady recesses, in inconceiv-
able quantity, and with an astonishing degree of luxuriance.

" In the Botanic Garden at Calcutta it is found that they
thrive best under the shade of trees with dense but airy
foliage, such as mimosas, especially the y^cacia stipulata, the
huge stem of which is the more remarkable when compared
with tlie myriads of minute leaflets by which it is formed.

" High temperature and excessive humidity are together
the other conditions essential to the well-being of these plants.
The hottest countries, if dry, and the dampest, if cool, are
destitute of them ; while there is no instance of a country,
both hot and damp, in which they do not swarm. This/can
readily be shown."

They are most abundant, in India, in the Malayan Archi-
pelago, the mean temperature of which is between 77° and 78° ;
and the air is damp to saturation. In Nipal they are only
found upon the sides of the lower mountains, where they
veiietate amonjj clouds and constant showers. On the con-
linent of India they are almost unknown ; because there,

Txinsactions of the London Ho r tic all and Society. 321

though the mean temperature is 80°, the air is dry. In the
Calcutta Garden, they grow vigorously in the rainy season, and
perish in the hot season. In the hot humid climate of the
Isle of France and Madagascar, they exist in vast quantities.
In Africa they are rare, except at Sierra Leone, where the air
is moist as well as hot; at the Cape they are wholly unknown.

" In America, their favourite station, according to Hum-
boldt, is in the gorges of the Andes of Mexico, New Granada,
Quito, and Peru, where the air is mild and humid, and the
mean temperature GS° to 67° Fain-. ( 1 7° to 19° cent.). In these
localities they are so abundant, that, according to the authors
of the Flora Peruviana^ above 1 000 species might be found in
Tarma, Huanuco, and Xanxa alone. They are not seen far-
ther north than Florida, where a single species, Epidendrum
conopseum, is found on the Magnol/a; but it is well known
that the vicinity of the Gulf of Mexico, and the effects of the
Gulf Stream, give the vegetation of Florida a tropical rather
than extra-tropical appearance. In that country this solitary
representation of tropical Orchideae exists in the same region
as myriads of Tillandsm iisncoides, which usually vegetates
beneath the influence of the dampest tropical atmosphere."

In the West Indian Islands, particularly in Jamaica and
Trinidad, and on the lower ranges of hills more especially,
they are abundant. At Rio Janeiro, where the woods are so
damp that it is difficult to dry plants, orchideous epiphytes
are found in inconceivable multitudes ; but at Buenos A^res,
where the air is dry, they are unknown. In the high dry
land of Mendoza, the aridity is still greater ; and there the
whole order of orchideous epiphytes almost entirely dis-
appears. On the west coast of South America, they are
unknown as high as Lower Peru ; the whole of that region
being extremely arid, with the exception of a few valleys.
There are two species of Orchideae found in the Mexican
Andes, which are exceptions to the general conditions for
the growth of the order ; two species in Japan, which will
grow in a low temperature ; and some in New Holland, which
thrive in a mean heat of 66° 6'.

From these facts, Mr. Lindlej^ thinks those conditions of
culture might have been safely deduced a priori, which were
arrived at in the Chiswick Gardens experimentally. Lie is
persuaded " that if these facts are carefully borne in mind,
we shall no longer experience any difficulty in the cultivation
of orchideous epiphytes, and that the time is not distant when
the beauty of the dendrobiums and bolbophyllums of India, of
the oncidiums of the West Indies, the aerides of China, and
the cpidendrums of Peru, will add a charm to every hot-house."
( 7 y be continued.^

Vol. VIII. — No. 38. v

322 Memoirs uj the Caledunian Horticultural Socicti/.

Art. II. Memoirs of i/ie Cah-dnninn Iluriiculturnl Socieli/.

Vol. IV. Part II.

(ConlhtucdJ'rnm p. 187.)

63. On heating Hot-houses hij Sleanu By the Rev. James Armi-
tage Kliodes, Horslbrth Hall, near Leeds, Sept. 22. 1825. Head
Dec. 7. 1826.

TnLS paper, modified a little, appeared \\\ tliis Magazine
(Vol. IV. p. 330.).

64. Account of a Mode of training Vines on the Outside of the
alternate Sashes of a Hot-house, hy lohich means excellent Grapes
tvere produced. B\ James Macdonald, Dalkeith Park. Read
Dec. 7. 1826, and Jan. 4. 1827.

These grapes are from vines which were trained over the
sashes of a glazed hot-house ; they were well swelled, and of
the ricliest flavour, the summer and autumn of 1826 having
been peculiarly favourable for ripening fruits.

The vines had been " planted about fifteen years, outside of a small
stove for the cultivation of tropical plants. The vines have generally been
l)rought into the stove every spring, and traincti u|) to the rafters to pro-
<Uicc their fruit ; and in the autunni, when the fruit was matured and cut,
the vines were turned out to the open air to winter.

" But for these two or three years past, in the sj)ring, when the vines
were introduced into the house tor a crop, I left some of the short wood
on the vines outside in the open air ; and I found that they maturetl their
fruit every year, ecjual, both as to size and cjuality, to those within the
house. This year (182G), all the rafters in the stove being covered with
choice ornamental creepers, I was imluced to make a trial of my whole
vines in the open air outside. Accordingly, in the s|)ring, when the buds
began to swell, I laid the whole vines down on the ground ; and, to preserve
them from the sjjring frosts, I covered them over with mats ami s|)rucc fir
boughs, till the end of May. I then trained all the shortest vines on the
front ashlar wall [a wall made of freestone as it comes from the quarry],
whicli is about 2. J ft. higii, filling in as many as it coidd contain. I then
took the longer shoots, and trained them up the front upright rafters,
keeping the upright front glass clear. I next procured sonie very thin
Jaths, and tacked them on each alternate fixed light on the sloping roof, so
as not to prevent the running lights from giving the usual air for the house
and i)lants. We tied the vines to the laths as we went along. They
remaineil in this state till the end of August ; when I found that those
vines on the sloping glass were not making such progress as those on the
front ashlar building, or on the front ui)riglit rafters, the fruit not swelling
(■(|ually well. With a view to remedy this, I and one of my young men
got a lew blocks of wood, .'iin. high and 1;^ in. in width, and nailed them
upright on the centre of the long rafter, -2 ft. .Sin. apart, on each alternate
light ; we got long laths, and stretched them along these blocks, in the direc-
tion and according to the slo[)e of the sashes, nailing the laths to the l)locks.
Then we i)egan at the bottom of the light, and got some small laths to
reach across the light; we nailed our stretchers on the top of the laths,
and then lifted up the vines anil grapes on the top cross- stretchers, tying
and rcgidating iheni as we proceeiliil. The cross laths are placed about
18 in. asunder : thus placing them about 7 in. above the rafter, anil about
10 in. above the glass. This finished the operation.

Memoirs of' the Caledonian Hortiailtural Society. 323

" In a short time, the progress made by the grapes in swelling was quite
visible ; and, at the same distance from the glass, they remained till ripened
in October and November.

" The kinds of grapes are. Black Hamburgh, Black Burgundy, Green
Chasselas, White Constantia, White Muscat of Alexandria, and Black
Gibraltar."

65. Another Hit at the Caterpillars. By Mr. Mackray, Annat.
Read June 5. 1828.

Insulate the trees or bushes by surrounding them with a
small moat of water, retained by an annular canal of tempered
clay. This will prevent the spread of the caterpillars from
one bush or tree to another.

Q6. Of the Disease in Turnips called Anbury, or Fingers and Toes.

Queries were circulated for information on this subject, in
1819 ; and five communications in answer were received.

Mr. Sinclair, formerly of Woburn Abbey, now of the New
Cross Nursery, has observed the galls or tubercles on turnips
since ever he had any knowledge of the culture of the plant.
He has observed the effects of the disease upon plants about
seven weeks old, but not earlier. When the plant is taken
up, and the gall opened, it is found to contiiin the larva of an
insect, sometimes not large enough to be distinguished by the
naked eye. As soon as the larva becomes in a fit state, the
gall begins to putrefy.

" The excrescence becomes soft and spongy, the rind bursts, and a fetid
smell, peculiar to decomposing vegetable matter, exhales from it. Par-
tridges appear to be very fond of the larva : whenever they are seen to con-
gregate among affected turnips, the galls are found perforated, and the
insect taken out. Several insects are now attracted to the putrefying
mass; a species of ilf usca [fly] deposits its egg on the surface. The larvze
burrow in the mass ; these are followed by different species of Staphylinus,
Pifi'derus, &c. The former of these seem to live on the larvaj of the
ilfusca ; for two of these lived three months, while supplied with these
larvae, but died soon after the supply was discontinued. They did not
appear to touch the matter of the turnip, on which the larva; of the fly
lived. Under these circumstances, when moist weather occurs, the mass
affected soon wastes away, and frequently a large root is found a mere
shell. The larvee are found solitary : how great a number soever inhabits
a root, every individual occupies a distinct cell. It appears to be a species
of the Cynips of Linnaeus; and the Diplolepariae of Leach, Geoffroy, &c.
In the head, mandibles, jaws, &c., it is similar to the larvEe which live on
the root of the cauliflower, broccoli, and other varieties of i?rassica i\^apus
and oleracea. The colour of the larva varies according to the colour of
the root : it is white in the conmion field globe turnip, and in cauliflower;
yellow in the root of rape, and Swedish turnip, Scotch yellow, &c. The
latter appear to be less subject to the disease than the white globe and
tankard varieties. In two instances where I collected specimens of severely
affected roots, and also of the soil, for chemical examination, I found the
roots had been in contact with a portion of tree leaves, which, probably,

Y 2

324 Memoirs u/' the Caledonian Horticultural Socieij/.

had conie with tlie manure; but, in other iiibtaiiccs, 1 found roots equally
diseased to which no manure had been applied. In some experiments
instituted by his (Jrace the Duke of Bedford, which 1 have liad tlie iionour
to conduct, on the nature of salt as a manure, simple, and combined with
other substances, as stable-dung in ilifterent states, lime, soot, oil-cake,
&c., applied in different modes, and in various proj)ortions, to soils differ-
ing essentially from each other in their natural pro|)erties, as loams, sili-
ceous sandy soils, clayey soils, peats, and heath or moor soils, for the
growth of the different useful species of agricultural plants; the results, as
it immediately regards this particular affection of turnips, have not been so
ilecisive in favour of salt or lime as I had anticipated ; for the disease
appeared in every case, though in different degrees. Combinations of salt
and lime were evidently the most effecual, as no instance occurred of the
bulb being affected below the surface of the soil. That portion of it, how-
ever, which was above the surface was affected with galls, the same as in
the bulbs grown on soils of the same nature, to which no application of
manure had been applied. On a space of the same soil, to which salt
simply had been applied the preceding spring, and from which time the soil
remained fallow, the crop was good. One plant in ten, however, was
affected with the disease below the surface as well as above it. The salt
in this instance had been applied at the rate of 86 bushels per acre, and
mixed with the surface -iin. deep ; it was applied in the first week of May,
1818. On one portion of it barley and turnips were sown, but they did
not vegetate, the dose being too great. The season following, however,
the crops were good. On the same soil lime was applied at the rate of
120 bushels per acre, and the disease was not less general than in the
former case. Lime was applied to a clayey loam, and to siliceous sandy
soils, at the rate of 120 bushels per acre to 25, and salt from 80 bushels to
o per acre, but without any decisive effects in the prevention of this dis-
ease of turnips. The maximum and minimum of salt were here nearly
ascertained. In every distinct soil, the quantities applied were the same,
and the trials made imder the same circumstances. With regard to the
mode of applying salt and lime for turni|)s, that of niixing it with the soil,
previously to sowing the seed, or applying it to the surface alter sowing,
proved best ; for, when salt and lime are mixed, and deposited with the
seed, vegetation is retarded from two to twelve days, and more, beyond the
natural period. This fact was proved on the seed of eight different spe-
cies of plants, sown on four different kinds of soil. However beneficial,
therefore, salt or lime, in other respects, is to the soil (a subject not within
the j)resent enquiry), and though they seem, when combined, to modify
this disease, yet it appears they are not, either in a simple or combined
state, a specific remedy for this disease in turnips

" I have procured seed from roots perfectly free from this disease, sowed
in a situation excluded from the neighbourhood of any other species or
variety of 7/rassica; which, when sown on land that, to niy knowledge,
never was sown w ith turnip seed before, and on old garden land, in both
cases produced bulbs more or less affected by this disease. Whether the
reverse of this takes place, I have not had an opportunity to obtain satis-
factory proofs ; and until the minute particulars of the economy or natural
habits of the insect, which is doubtless the innnediate cause of the disease,
is intimately known, it will be difficult to proceed in devising any plan of
prevention, with a hope of certainty of success. One point is clear and
evident, that whatever increases the vigour and rapid growth of the tiu-nip
plant, in its early stages of growth, checks with considerable force the pro-
gress and bad effects of this formidable disease

" This disease appears to lessen the nutritive powers of the turnip, in
various degrees, according to its violence."
13

Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Societjj. 325

Aitliur Young, Esq., the secretary to the Board of Agri-
culture, states, of his own knowledge, that the disease in tur-
nips called fingers and toes has been known in Suffolk about
fifty years. He has no idea of the cause, and never heard of
any remedj^

Messrs. D. and A. Macdougal of Cessford, near Kelso,
affirm that the disease has been known in their neighbour-
hood nearly twenty years. They think that the disease ori-
ginates in the bite of some insect upon the fibres, &c.

The Rev. George Jennings, Prebendary of Ely, states that
the disease in turnips called anbury has been known in the
eastern part of England as far back as forty years. He con-
ceives it to be caused by a grub forming its nidus in the bulb.
" I have not traced the progress of the larva so as to ascer-
tain the species of insect ; but a small maggot or grub is visible
in every excrescence upon the turnip which I have examined ;
in some instances, three or four very near together in the
same lump. If it results from the punctures made by some
insects, eggs must be deposited at the same time. I know
of no remedy which has been tried to prevent this disease in
the turnips."

Sir John Sinclair, having " found some notes on the sub-
ject," sends a recipe for a liquid, containing salt, tobacco,
soap, soot, and lime, to be poured round the roots of each
plant ; and which " has been found useful in destroying the
insect, if applied early, that is to say, before it has eaten its
way deep into the root." We have no faith in recipes of this
sort : what would penetrate to and kill the insect would un-
questionably destroy the plant.

The editor of the Farmer''s Journal has observed the
anbury, or ambury (the word is borrowed from farriery, in
which art it is applied to small knots or excrescences, warts
or wens, on the loins or flanks of horses), only in very dry
seasons. He says, it is doubtless occasioned by insects ; per-
haps, piercing the roots near the surface, and depositing their
eggs, which, as in multitudes of other cases, produce knobs,
and intercept the ascent of the vegetable nutriment (sap). If,
when the disease has taken place, plentiful rains ensue, the
bulbs put out other roots (or, more properly speaking, other
fibres enlarge) to supply the places of those which are
wounded.

67. An Account of some Seedling Apples and Plums xxihich have
been raised at Coul, iti Ross-shire. By Sir George Stuart Mac-
kenzie, Bait. Read Dec. 26. 1826.

See the Horticultural Society's Catalogue of Fruits, 2d edit.

V 3

^26 Memoirs (f the CalcdoHian Horfjcul/urnl Societi/.

68. O/i Canker in Fruit Trees, dej)cn(Iing npcn bad Subsoil. Hy
Mr. Peter Campbell, Gardener at Coulston, East Lothiaii.

JNIr. CainpboU agrees witli various other gardeners in
" tliiiikiiifj that canker is owinjj to a stintiness that takes
place in the trees from a bad subsoil." He found tiie trees
under his care rootinjj doAvn into a sand mixed with some
cla}' of a reddish colour, and interspersed with veins of saml
as black as ink. He found the roots that went into this
black sand quite swelletl and overgrown; and, on examining
the inner jiart of the wood of the root, he found it of an iron
colour, and very hard. He then set about removing the sv»r-
face soil to the depth of 1 S in., and for the space 3 ft. all
round the tree; lie tlien cut the tap roots that went right
down.

" I then made two cuts opposite each other, as low as the under part of
the triuik, so as to place a beam of wood across below the trunk, and to
prevent it from sitting down or sinking, owing to its being so nnich hol-
lowed out below. 1 then cut off all the roots I thought diseased, and
cleared the mould out another foot's distance, which was 4 ft. out from the
trunk ail round. Having no Hags, I floored the pit I made below the roots
with bricks and large slates laid close together, so as to prevent the roots
from entering into the black sand again; and formed the flooring of a con-
cave form rather than even or level, so as to make the roots or young
fibres incline upwards, which is a great means to prevent the roots from
entering so soon into the sut)soiI. I mixed good mould with very rotten
cowdimg, and fdled u]) the pit with it; at the same time beating in every
course below the trunk of the tree with the end of a beater made for the
purpose, so as to prevent the tree from sliding down too iiard on the beam
of wood

" The second operation is the pruning of the tops of the trees. I com-
menceil on one side of the trees, and pruned regularly round, cutting ofJ'aU
the cankers, not leaving one branch or bit of wood that had a canker in it
on any of the trees. In some of the trees I primed two thirdsof the wood ;
others I pruned, leaving only one fifth part of the wood; which operation
was executed according to the state tlie tree was in.

" By tills treatment, the trees are become (piite healthy, and free from any
moss or lichen ; and not tiie least appearance of a canker, where formerly
every year's growth cankered the second year, and had done so, as far as 1
could observe by numbering tiie growths or shoots, for ten years back. 1
have done espalier, wall, and standard apple trees in the moile before stated ;
and it is to be observed that all the trees, excejjt one, are above forty
years old."

(jy. 0)1 tJic Gcrniiiialion of Seeds, a>id subsequent Vegelnlion. By
.John Murray, Kscp' F.L.S. &c. Head June 7. 1827.

There is no philosopher of the present day more active in
his researches tiian Mr. Murray, and many of these liave ended
in impoitant practical results. JSIr. Murray has the great ad-
vantage of being, or having been, a practical man.

" Mustard and cress were sown on black woollen cloth kept constantly
wet. The germination was tardy, the growth exceedingly dwarfish, and

Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Societij. 327

the vegetation altogether sickly. Seeds from the same packets, grown on
patches of white and of red woollen cloth, were luxuriant and beautiful. . . .
The retardation and final suspension of the vegetation are, no doubt, to be
ascribed to the iron, the base of the colouring matter in black.

" Mustard and cress seeds were sown in powdered alum, sulphr.te ol
iron, sulphate of soda, sulphate of magnesia, muriate of soda, and muriate
of lime, in small glass capsules, and duly watered ; with the exception of
the last, which, being a deliquescent salt, did not require it. Two cress
seeds only germinated in the powdered alum, but no vegetation appeared
in the others.

" Mustard and cress seeds were partially roasted, by being projected on
ignited iron ; yet a great portion of them afterwards grew on wetted flan-
nel. Seeds were likewise submitted to the action of boiling water, and
the temperature suddenly reduced : all these grew. Hence, some seeds can
sustain an elevated temperature without the destruction of their vitality.

" Peas and beans, with boiling water [)oured on them, and suffered gra-
dually to cool, sprouted in a i&w hours, and grew remarkably well, having
been transferred, when cold, to wetted flannel. This experiment furnishes
a very easy method of ascertaining, in a sufficiently prompt way, whether
the vegetative power is suspended by age or other causes.

" 1 put sprung peas into alcohol, of specific gravity 1812; but little pro-
gress was made in ten days : those placed in naphtha and ammonia decayed.
Peas placed in alcohol, naphtha, and sulphuric ether exhibited no evolu-
tion of incipient germination.

" Mustard and cress seeds were sown in iodine, dilute sulphuric acid,
dilute muriatic acid, and dilute nitric acid ; chlorate of potassa, hydriodate
of potassa, muriate of iron, sulphate of iron, and caustic potassa : they
gave no evidences of germination whatever, though they were regularly
supplied with water.

" Cress sown on carbonate of magnesia, and attentively watered, gei'mi-
nated freely: hence there must be some error with the late Mr. Tenant's
conclusion, as this experiment is completclj' opposed to his deductions. It
is one of first-rate importance, as many farmers have been induced, from
Mr. Tenant's experiment, to discard n)cignesian limestone, as injurious to
vegetation ; though they had a supply of it at iianJ, and bring from a dis-
tance limestone of a different character.

" Mustard germinated freely in the tinctureof iodine, and the vegetation
was fine.

" Tufts of mustard and cress, growing on different parcels of sponge,
were placed in capsules with the following solutions : —

Sulphate of iron (copperas): vegetation here fell the first victim.
Sulphate of copper (blue vitriol) : this fell the second in succession.
Acetate of lead (sugar of lead) : this fell the third.
Muriate of mercury (corrosive sublimate) was the last survivor.

" Some younger plants, though nearer the surface, sustained the green
colour after the tallest had fallen; but cress seemed to be the last to suf-
fer. The vegetable matter, in each instance, was duly tested by the neces-
sary reagents. That with sulphate of iron, after the stems had been
macerated with distilled water, became decidedly blue with hydrocyanate
of potassa ; that with muriate of mercury was rather equivocal on being
examined by caustic potassa. In the specimen destroyed by sulphate of
copper, the lower parts of the stems and transverse portions, where they
were cut, became of a violet tint with ammonia. The vegetable matter
that had been destroyed by acetate of lead, tested with hydriodate of po-
tassa, was not appreciable; but on being crushed in solution of chromate of-
potassa, the capillary vessels were beautifully dyed by the new-formed,
chromate of lead.

Y 4

328 Mi'inoiis oj the Caledonian HorlicuUural Society.

" These last cx|)frimeiits prove that vegetation is affected by the metal-
lic poisons, sulphate of copper, acetate ot" lead, and corrosive sublimate,
and perish umkr their inHuence. They also prove that ferruiiiuous matter
holds the first rank in these deadly |K)isons ; and, in this respect, there is
a difference between animal and vegetable life. When iron obtains in any
soil, there is an enemy to contend with ; and sand and lime, in due pro-
portions, appear to me to be the only reniedy : the lime decomposing the
salt of iron, and the silica combining, in the character of an acid, w ith the
oxide thus separated. Such a combination we find in the baths of Lucca,
<S:c. Tile experiments also show the comparative fatality, and yield decided
evidence of the passage of the substances into the system of vegetable
being, and, of necessity, their consequent absorption b}- the roots j the
young stems having been always cut above the surface of the sponge, and
apart from the roots. It is not, therefore, the mere root that is aiiected,
but the entire plant in its higher organisation.

" Tufts of vegetation, similar to those already described, were placed in
capsules with the following solutions : — Dilute nitric acid, hydrioilate of
potassa, and chlorate of potassa. These are arranged in their relative
order as to their comparative permanence ; the tuft placed in dilute nitric
acid having fallen first, and that in chlorate of potassa remaining longest
unaffected. The stems of that with nitric acid slightly reddened litmus
paper, when maceratetl in distilled water ; that in hydriodate of potassa
gave an abundant yellow precipitate with acetate of lead ; and that from
chlorate of potassa deflagrated like nitre, on an ignitetl disc of platinum.

" I would not, however, be supposed as inferring, from the last experi-
ment, that, though chlorate of potassa does in quantity injure vegetation
when thus applied to the roots, a small portion in solution might not occa-
sionally be beneficial, and act (in some [)lants, at least) as a stimulus to
vegetation. Last season, when all my carnations seemed rapidly proceed-
ing to destruction, in consequence of the arid summer (182G), and many
had already perished, I succeeded, by a few waterings with solution of
nitre (an analogous salt), not only to save the remainder, but to impart to
them a beautiful luxuriance of growth. The effect was very manifest, and
remarkably prompt ; and 1 now possess a hundred very beautiful plants."

"^O. Account of the Mode of Culture adopted at Cunnoqnhie in
raising Pine-apples and Melons in a Pit heated by Steam, ivith a
Description of the Pit and Steam Apparatus. By JNIr. Alexander
Smith, Gardener to Colonel George Paterson of Cunnoquhie.

The pit was erected in 1824, on a plan fin*nished by Mr,
Hay of Edinhm-gh, foiuided on n principle of heating devised
by Mr. I lay more than twenty years previous to that time. The
pit contains a bed, 2 it. in depth, of small water-worn stones,
or pebbles, which are healed by pipes of steam. Over the
bed of pebbles is placed a cover of Arbroatii pavement, sup-
ported on brick |)illars. The boiler is of copper, with a large
iron pipe, which lies in the bottom along the middle of the
bed of stones, and is jicrforated at certain distances with holes
for diflii.sing the vajxnn- among the stones. The bottom of
what is destined to be the ))lant-bed is paved; but "intervals
are left between the edge of the pavement and the wall, in
order to allow the steam to communicate with flues which are

Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society. 329

filled, like the bottom of the floor, with small round stones.
At short distances, on the top of these flues, are fixed small
iron tubes, with caps which are removable at pleasure, to
admit or exclude the steam of the flues and floor from the
atmosphere of the pit, as occasion may require. The outer
wall, on each side, adjacent to the flues, is built double,
with a small interval between the parts ; which prevents un-
necessary waste of heat, and allows any heated air or steam
which may escape through the interstices of the bricks to
pass into the atmosphere of the pit.

The pots of pines are placed on a layer of cinders 4 in. in
depth, which rests on the pavement; and the interstices around
them are filled as high as their edges with tanner's bark. The
pots are never moved except for repotting. The temperature
of the air of the pit, in winter, is kept at 50° or 55°. About
February, it is raised to 65" or 70°; in May, to 75° or 80^;
and in autumn, while the fruit is ripening, it is kept at 65° or
70°. The plants generally fruit in the second year. The
steam required to produce the winter temperature is about
an hour and a half in 24 hours; that to maintain the autumn
temperature, an hour or an hour and a half in 48 hours. In
all cases, fire is applied to the boiler about six o'clock in the
evening, and steam is procured a little before seven.

In cultivating melons in these pits, a bed of proper soil is
placed over the stratum of ashes. " When the plants are
put in, steam is to be applied once in 48 hours, an hour and
a half at a time. A very little watering is necessary till the
fruit be set; after which it is to be applied more freely. From
the time when the plants appear, to the setting of the fruit, the
heat is kept near 60*' ; and afterwards about 65°. In warm
weather, steam is required only about once a week."

Melons and pine-apples raised in this pit were exhibited to
the Caledonian Horticultural Society, and very much ad-
mired ; and the silver medal was awarded to Mr. Smith.

71. Account of a glazed House, adapted for the Culture of Peach
Trees, Grape Vines, and ornamental Plants. By Mr. R. F. D.
Livingstone, Planner.

The only peculiarity in this house, deserving of notice, is,
that the vine-border is placed at the back wall, and within the
house, in order to separate it from the peach-border, which is
placed against the front wall, and without the house. The
house is 40 ft. long by 16 ft. wide, and heated by one fire.
On the whole, the plan seems not unsuitable for what may be
called a hot-house of all work. The following is a desci ip-
tion of its section {Jfg. 54.) : —

330 Memoirs (>f the C'dlcdoiiian Ilorticullurdl Soc/r/ij.
1, J

a, Stage for plants. b. Arched wall for support of stage. r. Arched wall and back flue.

*/, liaised walk, or gangway, in front of stage. <-, Arche«l wall for sui)i><)rt of walk.

/, Arched wall and front flue. ir, Peach trellis. A, Stone for support of peach trellis.

i. Made border for vines : it is 14 ft. wide, ,0 ft. deep at back, and 3 ft. at front. Here the vines

arc planted against the back wall, and trained down the rafters, one branch to each, on the

spur mode of pruning.
k. Peach border within and without the front wall. •

* Front shelf, for forcing strawberries, &c.

72. Account nf a Mode of 'producing a steady and uniform Bottom
Heat in Pint-apple or Melon Pits, or in Stoves for Exotic Plants,
by means of Steam introduced into a close Chamber jilled ivith
iVater-ivorn Sto7ies. By Mr. John Hay, Planner, Edinburgh.
Read March 5. 1829.

We liave already (Vol. V. p. 443. and A50.) noticed this
important improvement in exotic cnlture ; anil stated that
the first idea of applying steam to the heatin<>- of hot-house.s
occurred to Mr. Hay about the year I79t. In 1807, a pine-
stove was designed and executed for the Duke of Northum-
berland, at Alnwick Castle, by Mr, Hay, in which a chamber
below the bark-bed was filled by stones heated by steam ; but,
as the pipes and supply of steam were too small for the mass
of stones, the use of this mode of heating was in this instance
not long continued. Mr. Hay did not, however, lose sight
of the principle; and accordingly, in 1818, applied it in small
jnnc-pits at Castle Semple, and in pine-stoves at Bargany.
About the end of the year 1820, Mr. Hay .says: —

Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Societij. 331

" I caused the chamber of the steam-pit, which I had erected at Castle
Semple two years before, to be filled with stones, those of the larger size
below, and the smaller above. About this time I entertained the idea, and
suggested it to the late Mr. Harvey, that in such pits, prepared with
suitable compost, the pine-apple might be cultivated in the earth without
pots, as in the West Indies, by growing the plants for one year in the pit,
and bringing them to fruit in the next ; and so on alternately. With this
in view, experiments were instituted to ascertain the difference of teinpei'-
ature communicated to the soil above, by the chamber without stones, and
by the chamber with stones, and its duration. The result was decidedly
in favour of the latter method, as it was found to retain the heat much
longer than the other, as indicated by the steam-pit thermometer. So far
1 was satisfied with the application of the principle which I had long had
in view ; and, in order further to try its effects, I caused the gardener to
make up a bed of suitable compost in a part of the pit, and desired him to
plant in it some of the smallest pine-apple plants he had, such as the
suckers from the bottom of the fruit, only a few inches high. On my
return to Castle Semple, the following autumn, I was surprised to find
that the plants had made far greater progress than I expected, being more
than double the size their treatment by the old method warranted me to
look for. I may here observe, that, if the plants will grow freely under this
treatment, in such pits, I have strong hopes that, by keeping the fruiting
plants under a moderate degree of bottom heat, during the winter months,
and raising it considerably higher in spring, they would start regularly into
fi-uit; and if this were found to be the result in practice, the views I origin-
ally entertained on this point would be realised. I now became fully con-
vinced of the value and importance of this method of applying heat for the
cultivation of ananas, and resolved thereafter to adopt it in all practicable
cases."

Sixty feet of pine-pits are now erected at Castle Semple; and the
gardener, Mr. Lauder, states " that the pines are as successful in the
steam-pits, as in those wrought with leaves, and with only one tenth part
of the expense ; as, in the one case, the plants never require to be removed
during the whole year, for the purpose of renewing the heat, while, in the
other case, viz. the pits wrought with leaves, they require, he says, to be
turned over, and new leaves added five times in the year ; and it takes
seven men, for two days each time, to perform this operation, that is, on
the two pits. He states, also, that it is his intention this spring (1829),
as I recommended two years ago, to plant one half of one of the steam-
pits with plants, not in pots, but in a bed of soil made up for them, and to
fruit them the summer after the next. The steam, he says, is admitted
into the chamber, among the stones, only an hour and a half every forty-
eight, which he finds to be quite sufficient to keep up the bottom heat as
high as is necessary. During the winter, he has not admitted the steam for
so long a period, having only kept the heat to the bottom of the pots from
75° to 80° ; but now, as he wishes to start the plants into fruit, he intends
to raise it to 90°."

The following description of a plan and section of a set of
pits, erected, in 1824, for Colonel Paterson, Cunnoquhie, for
the growth of melons, but which will serve equally well for
that of pines, or other hot-house plants, is dated March,
1829: —

" The same letters of reference apply to the corresponding parts, both
in the ground plan (^g. 33.) and the section (Jtg. 36.).

332 Memoirs of the Calcdoninn llorlicuUnral Society.

" A B c u, The external walls of the pits, built of droved ashlar, 8 in.
thick. In the upper course of ashlar, on both sides, arc gutters for carrying
ort" the rain-water from the roof sashes. The drawing is 10 ft. over the
walls.

" E, An elevated walk, with steps, on which the gardener may stand with
case, and do any work in the pits, v, a step for the same purpose, g, a
paved or gravelled walk.

" u I K I,, Wall of stoam-chamlicr \\ in. thick, of square stock bricks,
closely jointed with Roman cement.

Memoirs oj the Caledonian JJorticuUural Soc'uiij. 333

" a a. Open space U in., between theinsideof the external wall and that
of the steam-chamber ;" the projecting parts {h) in the section being the

3^h Memoirs of Ihc Caledonian Horticiilliirai Societij.

ciuls of brick built out of tlic walls of the cliamber in an irreiriilar luanncr,
so as to touch the outer wall, for the purpose of strengthening the inner
one ; but these must not be so numerous as to prevent the heat from
rising ami difllising itself freely through the pits.

" r c. Brick jjillars, 9 in. square, supporting the cover of the stcam-
ehainber, S:c.

" d (I, Pieces of rough flags, 6 or 7 in. broad, and .3 thick, linteling
over the open space between the brick pillars, and supporting the inner
wall of the steam-flue c c. This wall is 3 in. thick, built of stock bricks,
and closelv jointed with Roman cement. The depth of the plant pit is
20 in.

"//, A course of bricks, 9 in. broad, for the seat of the steam-pipes.
On each side of this is a gutter 3 in, broad, and the same in depth ; the
floor of the steam-chamber has a rise of 3 in. on both sides, from the edge
of the gutters to the outer walls ; and is paved with hard conunon bricks
Jaid in lime. The upper bed of the lintel (d d) is '2 ft. 10 in. in height,
above the floor of the pit at the wall.

" M N o. Cast-iron steam pipes, of 3 in. bore (in some cases they are
3;\ in.), on the opposite sides of which, a line of half-inch holes (g g) are
I)ored at 2ft. distance from each other, in quincunx order: there is thus
one hole for every foot of pipe in length.

" /i h h. Cisterns cut out of solid stone, 6 in. square, and 6 deep, liaving
grooves a quarter of an inch deep on the top of the oi)positc edges at the
gutters. As the ground on which the pits are built falls from east to west,
the condensed steam in the east division of pipes returns into the boiler ;
but, as on the west it cannot do so, pieces of pipe three fourths of an inch
bore, and 4- in. in length, are cast on the under side of the steam-pipe at
h h It, in the west division. The condensed steam passes through these
j)ipes into the cisterns, and flows over into the gutter, as does also the con-
tiensed steam from the chamber, and is carried ofl'by the small drains / /.

" Ic k. Cast-iron rollers in frames, on which the pipes rest, the under
|)art of the pipes being 2};'m. above the brick seat.

" / /, in Jig, 55., and in fig. 57., are sliile valves or cocks, by w Inch the
steam is admitted at pleasure into the pipes of the
melon-pit. The draw-rod passes through an oblong
opening in the cover /«, which is of polisheil Ar-
broath pavement, and the opening is covered over
with an oblong piece of brass about five eighths of
an incii thick, secured to the stones by bats and
screws. This piece of brass has also an oblong
opening, through which the rod of tlie valve passes
to the outside of the plant-jjit, and is of sucli lengtli
as to allow for the elongation of the iron pi|)es when
heating, and their contraction in i)ecoining cold.
On the surface of this piece of brass is placed an-
other, furnished with a stufliug-box, through which
the rod passes, and kee[)s it in its place, lioth yre fitted close to each other,
and k«-pt down i)y a leaden weight; and thus the escape of steam from the
chamber below into the atmosphere of the pit is prevented. After this
simple apparatus has been adjusted, the cross handle of the rod is fixed on
with a screwed nut.

" H, A stuffing-box, made of two pieces of sandstone, batted together,
with a circular cast-iron cover bolted to the stones ; the box is stuft'ed with
lint and a little tallow, to prevent the heat and steam from passing from
the one pit into (he other. The pipes lieing laid, sniall brick pillars (n o)
are iiuilt on each side, aliout .j in. higher than the upper side of the steam
Jiijic. These pillars support pieces of rough Hags (/>) in the section, cross-

Memoirs of the CaledoJiicm Horticultural Society. 335

ing the pipes, with openings left between each piece. Tlie pillars must be
so placed that they shall not intercept the steam issuing from the blow-
holes. This cover prevents any pressure of the stones upon the pipes.
Were this not attended to, the repeated motion of the pipes among the
stones, in expanding or contracting, would soon shake or rend the whole
building. The first three layers of stones at the bottom of the steam-
chamber arc 4A to 4 in. in diameter ; they are then gradually reduced from
4 to 3i, 3 to 2i and 2 in.; the layers near the top are about the size of
hen's eggs, those above about the size of pigeon's eggs, and the levelling
rows at the top that of large marbles.

" The covers (r) of the steam-chamber are of Arbroath pavement, 2^ in.
thick, half-checked on each other, and laid down so as to rest upon the
top of the pillars c c, pressing gently on the small stones below, and closely
jointed with Roman cement. Where proper flags cannot be procured,
some of these pits have been covered with checked bricks made of fire claj',
18 by 9 in., and laid on cast-iron rafters.

" The covers of the steam-flues (r r) are laid in the same manner; they
are 2^ in. thick, and let into the sides of the flues with a half-inch check.

" s s. Cast-iron steam-tubes, with lifting covers ; the tubes are 2^ in.
diameter, by the same in height. On the bottom of the tubes, a square
piece is cast, which is sunk into the top of the cover of the steam-flue, and
fixed with lead. By lifting the covers of the tubes, the steam, which is
greatly modified before it reaches them, will emit a moist heat to the plants,
and even raise the temperature; and, by replacing the covers, the heat will
be immediately withdrawn.

" s. Represents about 4 in. of furnace ashes.

" 1 1, A movable piece of wood, to raise the bed of earth for the plants
near the glass, if required.

" T, Boiler, with gauge cocks and safety valves, &c.

" n u. The alarm pipe dipping in the boiler a little below the lowest
gauge cock. Should any accident prevent the regular supply of the -boiler
with water, as soon as it has evaporated to this level, the steam rushes up
the pipe, producing a loud whistling noise, and giving notice to the gar-
dener that his attendance is required to the boiler.

" u, Feeding cistern, with hydrostatic balance and valves. I may mention
Tiere, that steam, at a moderate pressure, of from 1 lb. to 2 lbs. per square
inch, is, in my opinion, better adapted for the purposes intended by these
pi-:s than steam at a higher pressure.

" v. Cistern and ball-cock for supplying the boiler, having a waste-pipe,
about three fourths of an inch higher than the water stands in the boiler,
with a cock which drains both the cistern and the boiler, when it is neces-
sary to clean them. It was first designed to supply the boiler of the steam-
pits at Cunnoquhie by a feeding apparatus ; but it was afterwards thought
that the gardener would manage it with more ease, if it were supplied witli
water from a small cistern connected with it on the same level, and the
cistern fed by a properly constructed cock, and half globular ball ; the
steam being thus blown upon the stones in the steam-chamber at the
atmospheric pressure.

" / /, on the ground plan. Slide valves or cocks. The case of the valve
is of cast-iron, with a brass slide fitted into the inside, and a stuffing-box,
and cross-headed handles. These valves admit the steam into either of the
pipes at pleasure, or into both at the same time ; and when this is the
case, that there may be a sufficient supply of steam for both, the bore of
the pipe (x) is made 4 in.

" The furnace being finished, and the pipes laid, the passages for the
fiipcs into the pits w w are firmly stuffed with dried moss, and two pieces
of stone are prepared to fit the circumference of the pipes, leaving no more

3i}() Mrnioiis of the {\dcdu)iiaii I luiiicuUnral Society.

tlian room tor tlicir cxpaiibion. Tliesc being \n\l in, the openings left for
introdncini: the pipes arc built uj).

" The section of that [)art of the pits to be used for the culture of pine-
apples is 10 in. liigher, both on the south and north, than that for melons.
The ghiss roof consists of two sashes, with a riiliie-trec lietwecn them 1^ in.
thick, to wliich tlie rafters are fixed, and tlie upper ends of the sash-stiles
lunged. Tlie hinge crosses the top of the ridge at the height of the sash,
having a joint on each side, with movable pins ; the middle part is screwed
to the ridge, and the tails to the middle of the sash-stiles, before the cope
or upper part of the ridge-tree is fixed on. The front or south sash is
made more than double the length of the north one, that the influence of
the sun's rays may reach the back of the plant-jjit. The sashes are 2 ft. 3 in.
broad.

" The rafters are l^in. thick between the sashes, and continue at this
thickness for fully a quarter of an inch above the sides of the sashes. They
are then reduced on both sides three eighths of an inch, the remainder
being six eighths of an inch thick, and ^ in. high, with a cope on the top of
it, which is mitred into the cope of the ridge-tree. This forms a place for
receiving wooden shutters to cover the glass at night in winter. To the
under part of the rafters, at the height of the wall-plates (which are 2 by
4.\ in.), arc nailed pieces of deal l^in. thick, and broader than the rafters
by 1 in. on each side. At the bottom these are checked into the wall-
plates ; and, together with the wall-plates, form the rest for the under side
of the ashes. On each side of the rafters, near the bottom, and to the
edge of the sash-rest, an iron stay is screwed, having a hook at the upper
end, and moving on the screw-nail with which it is fixed. An iron eye is
screwed into the edge of the rest for the hook to enter. On the under
side of each sash-stile other eyes are screwed, and so placed, that, when
the sashes are opened and the end hooks of the stays placed in them, the
gardener may have headroom to do any work in the pits. All the sashes
at the bottom are furnished with iron handles. Air is given by tilts in the
conmion way.

" It will be found that there is a sufficient degree of bottom heat in the
plant-pits either for the culture of ananas or melons, and other plants; the
flags at the bottom (/•) and the sides (c c) of the plant-pits, being all in con-
tact with a mass of heated matter, wliich is excluded from the action of
the external air. It will also be seen that there is a sufficient degree of
heat for the atmosphere of the pits. Take, for instance, the end division,
or meloii-[)it : the depth of the steam-chamber is 3 ft., the plant-pit is
I ft. H in., and the breadth of the cover of the flue is 1 ft. 2 in. ; making
together 5 ft. lOiii. : the length of the chamber wall on both sides is
Oft. Gin.; together equal to l!)ft. This, multiplied by 5 ft. 10 in., gives
111 superficial feet nearly. The end of the chamber wall is H ft. 4 in.,
which, multiplied by 3ft., the de|)th of the chamber, gives 25ft; both
together making nearly 13G s(|. ft. of surface in close contact with a mass
of stones heated to about 170"^. liut should this be found to give out too
little heat, a considerable increase may be obtained by making the steam-
flue return on each end of the pits as some of them have been built ; or, if
a drier and greater degree of heat be required than that given out by the
brick wall of the chamber, this may be easily accomiilished by constructing
the chamber wall either of Arbroath |)avemeiit, or the kind fouiul in the
neighbourhood of Dundee, which is still better adapted for the purpose, as
it is not only very hard, and impervious to moisture, but may be got of any
suitable dimensions. In constructing the chamber of these materials, two
flags, of l- ft. 10 ill. long and .3.1, in. thick, may be set up on end, the height
of the chamber and flue, and two others of any length laid hori/ontally
between them, and so on, till the chamber is completed. They will reciuire

Memons of the Caledonian Horticultural Society. '62>1

KQ no other work than to be properly Jnggled into one another,

and jointed with Roman cement. This will give out more

■ heat, and less moisture, than the brick walls, but will not re-

isodeg. ^^'" ^'ic 'i^'it so long. The open space (a a) round the pits
must be kept clear of rubbish, which may be done by the

110 covers of the steam-flue being made broail enough to cover

it, and neat oblong cast-iron lifting ventilators, m frames,

9Q 10 in. long, and 2i in. broad, inserted at every foot's distance,

into the cover of the flue above the open space. In this

70 manner, the heat from the sides of the chamber may then be

given or withheld at pleasure.

50 " It is of importance, in the management of steam-pits, to

have a thermometer so constructed as to render it easy to

30 * ascertain the temperature at the bottom of the earth, or
pots, in the plant pit. An instrument adapted for this pur-
pose is represented in fig. 58. : the ball and stem are pro-

16 tected by a brass case, the upper part of which is composed

of two tubes, cut open wide enough to show the scale ; the

u outer one turns round by the hand, and encloses the scale,

to protect it when the plants are watered with the syringe."

12

The Caledonian Horticultural Society voted to
'0 Mr. Hay the London Society's me<lal for 1828,

J for this improvement. It may, unquestionably, be

considered as the best mode of applying steam
5 as a bottom heat ; and when it is considered that,

instead of the large pipes of " 3 in. bore," em-
ployed by Mr. Hay as mains or conductors, gas
pipes of half an inch in diameter will do just as
well, this may be considered as perhaps the very
\7 cheapest mode of heating hot-houses, or pits on a

large scale, hitherto devised. It has also the gi'eat
advantage of conveying the heat to any distance from the
boiler or source, more especially if the latter be placed in the
lowest pai't of the grounds on which the different houses or
pits are arranged. For a single house, or two or three houses
on one and the same level, the circulation of hot water from
an open boiler, by tlie siphon or level mode, will consume
less fuel ; and Mr. Perkins's mode will occupy less space ;
but neither of these modes will equal in economy the circu-
lation of steam in small pipes. As a proof of this, we may
refer to the extensive arrangement of pits in the Bristol Nur-
sery, all heated on this principle ; and to Messrs. Cottam
and Hallen of Winsley Street, and Messrs. Walker of
St. John's Square, Clerkenwell; both of which firms employ
this mode of heating, where circumstances render it the most
advisable. Indeed, it is one of the most creditable circum-
stances connected with these firms, that they are not wedded
to any particular mode, but adopt whatever they consider
best suited to the particular case.

We may just observe that we saw, in the summer of 1831,
Vol. VI II, — No. 38, '/.

338 'J)u/isaiii'jfis of llic Prussian Gardening Sociclj/.

Mr. Hay's mode in operation for early cucumbers, at Mr.
Roskell's, at Gatacre, near Liverpool ; and at Bar^any J^ihI
Castle Scmple, lor piue-apples ; anti we were perfectly satisfied
of its efficiency. Tiic j)inc-apples which were planted out in
the soil at Castle Semple did not appear to show fruit so soo:i
as those in pots; but that was to be expected, and has nothing
to do witli the mode of heating.

Art. III. Verhamllungen des Vereins zur Dcrjorderung des Gar-
tcnbaues in den Koniglich Preiissischen Staaten. 2'ransnctions
of the Sucieli/ Jur the Advancement of Gardening in the RoyaL
Prussian States. 4to. Vol. III. Berlin, 1827.

The present volume contains a number of translations from
the London Horticultural Society's 7)-a7isacfio?is, which we
shall pass over, as well as all the papers of local interest, and
those containing nothing but what is already' generally known
among British gardeners.

1. On the Construction of Hot-houses. By M. Otto and M. Schrani.
Houses for keeping plants, such as green-houses, pits,
stoves, and conservatories, are first treated of; and, next,
forcing-houses. '1 ne article is of great length, very elaborate,
and illustrated by numerous figures. Transportable forcing-
houses are recommended for forcing cherries, plums, peaches,
apricots, &c. ; because these fruits are found better-flavoured,
when maturetl on trees that have not been transplanted the
same season, as is the general practice in Holland, Germany,
and Denmark. (See our account of the mode of forcing at
Hylands, Vol. III. p. 385.) The fruit trees designed for
being forced arc directed to be planted close together, that
they may be covered with more facility. When the trees
have been forced once, they are allowed at least two years of
rest. The houses are of the usual British Ibrm, with boarded
backs instead of walls of masonry, and with cast-iron fire-
places, and sheet-iron flues.

3. On Hibiscus yiigax Mart. By M. Seitz.

This is a herbaceous plant from Brazil. The stems die
down during the winter, when the roots, being tuberous, must
be kej)t rather dry. It grows well in leaf moidd and sand,
and is easily propagated by cuttings and layers of its angular
stems.

Transaciions of the Prussian Gardening Society. 339

4. On the Use of Camphor in Horticulture. By M. Droste.

Camphor is dissolved in alcohol until the latter is satu-
rated ; the alcohol is then put into soft water, in the propor-
tion of two drops to half an ounce. Withered or apparently
dead plants, put into this liquid, and allowed to remain there
from two to four hours, will revive, if they have not been
completely dead before being put in.

15- On the Propagation of Vines. By M. Fintelmann.

Cuttings are made from 1 h ft. to 2 ft. in length, and all the
buds removed from them except one at the upper extremity.
The shoot is then laid in the soil, to the depth of 6 in., the
end having the bud being brought up to the surface. A vi-
gorous shoot is made in the first year ; and in the second year
the plants, if not removed, will bear fruit,

16. On the Preservation of Grapes and Plums.

At Berlin, grapes are preserved by cutting the bunch when
ripe with about 1 ft. of the wood, above and below the foot-
stalk. The ends of the wood are dipped in hot pitch, to
keep in the moisture, and the bunch is then hung up in a dry
place. The Quetch plum is preserved till March by the
following method : — Gather them when perfectly ripe and
dry ; put them in a glass jar or bottle, closely tied wp, and
pitched so as to exclude the air, and then bury them in dry
soil 7 or 8 ft. deep, so as to be out of the reach of any change
in temperature or moisture. When taken out, they must be
used immediately.

18. On shortening the Tap Roots of Trees. By Dr. Schlechtendal.

The following principles are laid down : —

1. An injury to any one part of a plant occasions a change
in the natural developement of the other parts.

2. Roots and stems are always in a certain degree recipro-
cally proportionate to each other.

3. The tap root does not form a part of every plant ; but,
where it does so, it is an essential part of that plant.

4. By shortening the tap root, one or other of the follow-
ing consequences will result: — tender plants will be more
easily destroyed by severe weather ; all sorts of plants by dry
weather, from their roots not being so deep in the soil : the
wood of the timber trees will be le?s durable, their trunks
shorter, and their heads broader and less high ; and fruit trees
will blossom earlier and more abundantly, and their fruit will
be larger and better-flavoured.

5. To transplant trees, without injuring their roots, is diffi-

34-0 7'raNsac/iuns of the Prussian Gardening Society.

cult in proportion to the age of the tree, and the extent of
the roots.

6. All transplanting ought to be done when the trees are
younf, and then only can the roots be cut without injury.

7. \\'hen the tap root descends into a bad subsoil, it brings
on diseases in the tree.

The general conclusion which tiie writer draws is, that
where the largest and best timber trees are an object, the
seeds should be should be sown where the plants are to remain,
and, consequently, the tap root never injured ; but that, in
fruit trees, it should always be shortened, to cause them to
spread out horizontal roots near the surface, among the nutri-
tive soil.

25. On the Fffed of the Frost during the Winter of 1822-3. By

M. Bosse.

Peaches and apricots were destroyed by from \5° to 20°
below zei'O of Reaumur (2^ to 13° below zero of Fahrenheit).
Vines, particularly the oldest plants, were much injured.
Cherry trees exuded gum more than usual the next season.
Apples and pears were not generally much hurt, though some
of the more tender sorts were killed. Walnuts and chest-
nuts were less injured than might have been expected; but
Robin/a Pseild-^cacia was killed, and even some oaks on the
exposed side of the forest were split. The ground was frozen
from 3 to 4' ft. deep.

28. Extract from what passed at the Forty fo7irth Meeting of the

Society, which look place on Sunday, Aug. 6. 1826.

A disease is often observed in peach trees, which occasions
the shrivelling up and dropping off of the leaves in spring.
This is supposed to be caused by the sudden changes in the
weather checking the sap ; and therefore retarding the vege-
tation of the tree is said to be an effectual j)reventive. The
retardation is effected by laying bare part of the roots during
the winter.

29. On 'P)-unus ccrasifera [^thc Mi/robalan Plum'], as a Stock for

Phnns and Peaches. By M. Borchmayer.

After twenty years' experience, this vigorous-growing stock
is confidently recommended. 'One of its advantages is, that
it produces no suckers. It may be propagated either by
layers or cuttings.

31. On the Use of a Mercurial Ointment in preventing the Ascent
of Insects up the Stems of Trees. By Dr. Kitaibel.

A cord is smeared with the ointment, and tied round the

The Penny Magazine. Sil

stem, and over this it is said the insects will not cross. To
prevent the ointment from benig absorbed by the bark, tar
and turpentine, melted together, may be thinly spread on a
cloth, that cloth cut into shreds, and of these a fillet formed
round the stem, on which the mercurial cord may rest.

(Zb be contiiiued.)

Art. IV. Catalogue, of Worlcs on Gardening, Agriculture, Botany,
Rural Architecture, 8^c., lately published, 'with some Account of
those considered the most interesting.

Anon. : The Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful
Knowledge. London. Published every Saturday in Numbers, \d. each,
consisting of 8 quarto Pages of Matter, illustrated by Woodcuts.
4>oo\e apt Kvovv (Bai \ooKivy ovirre.

This is, in many respects, a singular production ; and, if any copy of it
shall be preserved, it will give future generations a very extraordinary
notion of the state of literature at the present time. If, indeed, we could
imagine that every other impress of the mind of England, at the commence-
ment of the year 1832, were to be obliterated, and this Magazine to stand
alone as our only literary memorial, why, what would our great-great-grand-
children think of us V Here is a Society, aggregated for the express pur-
pose of '* diffusing zisefid know/edge;" having a central committee of some
threescore names ; the head of it the first temporal peer in the realm j
a dozen more senators ; many with literary and scientific additions ; and
the very humblest writing " Annigero." Furthermore, there are twoscore
and upward of local branches, which share (upon the paper) the very
" pick and wale " of provincial talent. Surely, if ever old Dulness and
Ignorance are to be made to " rue the day," this is the wherewithal to
vanquish them.

And what is the mighty engine in the hands of those giants of the earth ?
A Penny Magazine, published every Saturday, in sixteen small and sparse
columns, which, in point of quantity, the humblest solitary scribbler who
drudges in a garret could produce any day or every day in the week. Ay,
but the quality ? Well, the quality : it is bis coctiis ; nay, more nauseous
still. It is like a "joint-stock quid," after it has run the gauntlet of twenty
pairs of jaws in a back-wood wigwam ; or an acorn, after passing through
the same tale of hogs in a Westphalian forest, in the course of nature. It
is a mere melange of patches ; many of them published before, by the same
Society, in what they call their " Library of Entertaining Knowledge ; "
and in other conglomerates, for which, again, they have been picked up or
pirated. How often have the Society (for they are answerable to the in-
sulted talent of the country for the conduct of their tools) paid hush-
money to those from whom they have pilfered, rather than have the bubble
blown up in a court of justice ? Did they eVer hear of Dr. G. or Mr. R. ?
They are worse than the " soul-curer and body-curer " in Shakspeare ;
they have " stolen the scraps," without having been at " the leash of lan-
guages."

A " full-moon " of their pennyworth lies before us ; let us see for what
it is that they go about to chouse the poor out of their pennies : —

z 3

31-2 The Penny Magazine.

No. 1. Clmring Cross; Beer; Van Diemen's Land ; tlie Zoological Gar-
dens; Des Cartes; Harvey; sundry scraps (many of them forgotten, and
none original) ; Poland. Take the concluding sentence of the last : —
" In tlie suniMier the heat is very great, the forests obstructing the free cir-
culation of air." Tiuit short sentence is a constellation of falsehoods :
false as regards the forests of Polaml ; false as to the general effect of
forests; and betrays equally utter ignorance of the facts of geography and
of [)hysics.

No. 2. Pompeii ; Van Diemen's Land (hyaenas and cats falsely said to
be natives of it); Scraps of the "Entertaining;" twaddle about a la-
bourer's house.

No. 3. Somerset House; Scraps from the Colonial Ofiicc, from an
American Newspaper, from Locke, from a dead compilation by the pub-
lisher, and from others; but none of any use, or affording any amusement.

No. 4. Sugar (the Entertaining) ; Population (Parliamentary Papers);
Deaf and Dumb (tiieir other journal); Rooks (the Entertaining); the
Week (anybody) ; Walks, and the Essayists (nobody).

No. 5. Tea (the Entertaining); American Almanac; a Burgess; Po-
verty ; Price of Corn ; an Australian Scribbler.

Supplement. London Bridge ; Travels in Africa ; Scrap from Captain
Hall ; Transit of Mercury ; Home Colonies, by Rowlanil Hill, esquire antl
schoolmaster, a committee-man. On the last of these tlicre are some ob-
servations, which are really amusing; but we fear they will be lost upon
the penny readers. In substance they are these : — There are, say,
100 labourers in a parish, all well employed and well paid; but admit one
new-comer, and the whole are ruined. It comes thus : — The new man
underbids one of the old, and turns him out ; he turns out the second ; the
second the third ; and so on, till Hob 99 works for the same wages as the
new man, and Hob 100 is out of work. He comes as a new man, and the
whole are again reduced ; and so on, ad iujinitiim.

That piece of ratiocination must be their own ; for, silly as some of the
books of" single men " are, there are none that can come up to that : still
it contains the essence of all their feeling and all their philosophy. They
never suppose that there can be any affection between master ami man, or
between one labourer and another; and, by the theory, there is no inven-
tion. Necessity, the once all-prolific dame, is barren ; and every aiUlitional
man is additional misery. Need we wonder that there is neither inform-
ation nor amusement in what emanates from such a quarter ?

Why should it go down to posterity that the Lord Chancellor of Eng-
land, and fifty-nine mighty men, and forty societies, had to leave their public
duties in order that eight senseless and heartless p:iges shoulil be published
every week ; and to save every man from perishing for " lack of know-
ledge,"— knowledge that the mightiest mountain of promise has brought
forth the smallest mouse of performance? If our moniuncnts are to shame
Cirub Street, in mercy to the great ones of the nation let us have the
shame of making them upon our own heads!

Is it possible that all or any of the men whose names stand surety, in
drab, upon the cover of the " sixpenn'orth," had any part or lot in the
matter? Heaven forefend ! If our judges, our senators, our D.D.'s, our
F.K.S.'s, nay, even our esquires, were to be guilty of any thing so luili-
crously absurd as that which we have analysed, why

" The girdling flood had changed to a strait jacket.
And all the isle gone mad."

In justice, or in mercy, to the committee of sixty, and the twoscorc of
provincial branches, we nuist acquit them of the actual sin of this piece of
paste-and-scissors work. Then, how came their names on the cover ?

The Penmj Magazine. 343

Why is it " The Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Use-
ful Knowledge ? " What " enemy " has " sowed tares " while those
zealots in the cause of instruction slumbered ? If we acquit, as we must
acquit, their understandings, we must fasten the charge upon their " easy
virtue." Why will they, by the sanction of their names, give currency to
the most vapid trash that ever stained paper? It is dull, but it is borrowed
dulness : it is cold, bloodless, and heartless ; but it is cold, bloodless, and
heartless at second hand; the merest scraps, by the most ignorant com-
pilers, put together in the most tasteless manner, and impudently and
cruelly fired at the poor from a sixty-pounder of mere names. The books
were bad enough : the " Useful," without use ; the " Entertaining," with-
out entertainment : the first not adding one idea to the mere lesson of
the schoolboy J and the second, as cold and heartless as the " Penny Ma-
gazine," and having an error in every page.

How could it be otherwise ? What writer, even of a third rate, — of
•any rate at all, — could stoop to such brazen quackery? Those who have
talents have feeling ; and what man with the least spark of that could aid
in butchering, in cdd blood, the intellect of all the humbler classes in
England. When the fetters of ordinary tyranny are on the limbs, the
mind is free, and it " bides its time," and the fetters are burst asunder ;
but here is a mental bondage, under the prostituted name of " the dif-
fusion of knowledge," and rendered available by a muster of names
which no ordinary man could resist. Had there been talent in the case,
such a monopoly would have been cruel : there being none, it is most
monstrous.

If they have any writers of name among them, why are they not heard
of? Is not fame — honest fame, won from the public, — the fuel that
feeds the lamp of genius ? Why then put the extinguisher of those names
upon it ? But they have it not ? — The books — those dumb witnesses

— cannot lie. Sir Richard Phillips never ushered worse compilations
into the world, under the names of the doctors that he had dubbed, even
when he had the score of drudges locked in the garret at seven shillings
and sixpence a week. The notion of the juggle, for it is a juggle, was
purloined from Sir Richard ; the modus operandi is his too ; but they
want even his tact. They should have taken him as their director-general;
and then, though the books would not have been good, they would have
been much — very much — better than they are.

The Society for the Diffusion of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge,

— where and when does it meet, and who attends it? Does Lord
Brougham attend ? Does Lord Althorp ? Does Lord Ashley ? Does
Lord Dover? Not one of them. There are names on the covers of cer-
tain tracts, and there is a brass plate on a door in Lincoln's Inn Fields,
and these are — The Society ! Yet by these are the public deluded,
and the poor cheated out of their pennies ; and for what ? — for setting
forth as the fountains of knowledge and amusement those who, in their
own persons, had formerly, for bad verse and worse prose, been

" Banish'd from the footstools of the gods."

A Single Gentleman,

Such are the opinions of our reviewer, in many of which, any more than
in his language, we do not concur. Nevertheless, the article having
come to us through the hands of a highly esteemed friend, we have given
it publicity. Our readers will judge for themselves. When the Society for
the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge was first instituted, we hoped much
from it, thinking that its object was to spread amongst the people the most
useful knowledge ; viz. that by which the working classes could soonest
better their condition. It soon appeared, however, that the Societv was

z 4

314 Enajdopcedia of ArchitvCliirc.

nothing moro than a piihlishini; monopoly, doinj,' more effectnallywhat I.ad
been l)et'ore bej;un by Constable and by PhiUips ; that is, Icsscninj; the price
of all books. We differ from our reviewer respecting tlie Library of Eii-
tertaiiiiiii' Kuowlcil^r, which we think has i!onc much good, and more esj)e-
cially the natural history volumes. Our objection to the Pnnij/ Magazine
is, that it seems studiously to avoid the subject of bettering the moral and
political condition of the people, contenting itself with simply amusing
them. Were the good of the people the main object of the I'citiii/ Mdgazlnc
there is a very clear and straight-forward road for eflccting it ; but, if this
road were once to be taken, the woik would no longer be patronised by
the Useful Knowledge Society. A penny magazine of knowleilge, really
suited to the people of this country, remains to be produced. In short, in
tliis, as in all things else, those who want help must help themselves; and a
magazine, for the good of the people, must emanate from the people. — Cond.

Loudon, J. C.y F.L S. &c., with the assistance of J. Robertson, J. Perry,
R. Varden, S. Thomson, J. Rowe, and other Architects: An Encyclo-
paedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture, &c. Part I., containing
twelve lithographic plates, and upwards of 100 engravings on w ood. 8vo.
London, 1832. Price 10*. To be completed in 8 additional Parts, at
5s. each, so as to form one 8vo volume, similar in page and type to the
Encyclopaedias of Gardening and Agriculture. Price 2/. 10*.
We insert the title of this work in our Catalogue, more for the sake of
recording the period of its appearance, than for either entering into the
details of its contents, or recommending it to our readers. Having said
thus much, were this Eucyclopaulia entirely our own production, we should
stop ; when, however, it is consideretl that we arc only one among several
who are engaged in it, we may be perhaps permitted to adil, that, to the
general reailer, and to the lover of landscajie scenery, it will be found by
far the most interesting work of the kind that has ever been published ; at
least we and our coadjutors are ambitious to render it so. We have
j)erfect confidence in the beauty of the designs furnished by them, and we
hope not to be behind in the literary department. One great object that
we have in view is, to instruct ladies in the study, of architecture, and
especially in the improvement of cottages ; well knowing what they have
effected for floriculture and landscape gardeuiug, as noticed in our intro-
duction to the work before us. They will find, from this work, that the
study of architecture, as an art of design and taste, is as suitable to them
as the study of floriculture or landsca|)e-gardening ; and, being of a more
definite nature than the latter, is nmch easier.

To our American and Australian friends we hope to furnish a most
valuable book ; and to all country architects, surveyors, builders, and land
stewards, one which they will find as indispensable to them as the Knci/-
clopa-dla of Gardoiiiig anil the (iardrHtr's Magiizinr are to the gardener
who wishes to keep pace with the progress of improvement in his lu-t.

8uch are the objects of our ambition : it is for the readers of the woik
to say how far we have succeeded in Part I , ami to send us their criti-
cisms, hints, and assistance in every form, w itli a view to Part II., and the
succeeding Parts.

Kay^Jas. J'lnUipn, M.D, Manchester: The Moral and Physical Condition
of the Working Classes cm|)l(>yed in the Cotton Manufacture in Man-
chester. 8vo, pp. 74. London, Kidgwjiy, 18.'i2.

This is a most interesting pamphlet ; and it has been duly appreciated by
tlie most philosophical of newspaper editors, and, in truth, the master-spirit
of the daily |)ress, as far as fundamental principles are concerned, — the
editor of the Morning Chronicle. We notice the work, to reconnncuil it
to those who have leisure to attend to such subjects ; and because it has

15

Literary Notices. 34-5

delighted us to learn, from its perusal, that the evils now suffering by the
manufacturing population of Manchester are not necessarily inherent in
the manufacturing system adopted there, but are to be traced to the influx
of population from Ireland, and to other causes, all of which admit of
remedy. The whole of these may be included under injudicious legisla-
tion, restricted commerce, and general ignorance. We are satisfied, with
the enlightened and benevolent author, that the evils he has " unreservedly
exposed, so far from being the necessary consequences of the manufac-
turing system, have a remote or accidental origin, and might, by judicious
muTiagement, be entirely removed."

Art. V. Literary Notices.

An Introduction to Botany, by Professor Lindley, is in a forward state
of preparation, and will shortly be presented to the public.

An Introduction to tlie Knowledge of British Birds, for Young Persons^
by R. A. Slaney, Esq. M.P., is in the press, and will soon be published.

Art. VI. Floricultural and Botanical Notices ofneixs Plants, and
of old Plants of Literest, supplementary to the latest Editions of
the " Eyicyclopcedia of Plants," and of the '■'■ Hortus Britannicusy

Curtis' s Botanical Alagazine ; each monthly Number containing eight plates

3s. 6d. coloured, 3.?. plain. Edited by Dr. Hooker, King's Professor of

Botany in the University of Glasgow.
Edwards's Botanical Register; each monthly Number containing eight

plates; 4s. coloured. Edited by John Lindley, Esq. F.R.S., Professor

of Botany in the London University.
Sweet's British Flower-Garden; each monthly Number containing four

plates; 3^. coloured, 2s. 3d. plain. Edited by Robert Sweet, F.L.S.,

author of several botanical works.
Loddiges's Botanical Cabinet; each monthly Number containing ten plates ;

5s. coloured, 2s. 6d. partly coloured. Edited by Messrs. Loddiges.
Maund's Botanic Garden; each monthly Number containing one plate,

bearing pictures of four plants ; \s. 6d. coloured and large paper, Is. small

paper. Edited by Benjamin Maund, Esq.

The reader will find the few abbreviations used in the following extracts
explained in p. 12.

DiCOTYLEDONOL'S PlANTS.

in. Tianunciddcece. iJelleborus purpurascens JV. ^- K. is figured in
the British Flower-Garden for May, t. 142. It much resembles H. viridis
L., but has a degree of pubescence on its radical leaves, which are pal-
mately divided ; its sepals (calyx leaves) are rounilish, and tinged with lurid
red on their exterior surface, and along the inner margin of their tips. H.
viridis has its radical leaves perfectly smooth, and pedately divided ; its
sepals roundish, ovate, and perfectly green. H. purpurascens very probably
exists, in some gardens, confounded with i/. viridis. Mr. Sweet's figure
and these remarks may lead to their being distinguished. H. viridis, as
usually seen in gardens, scarcely attains to more than half the stature
which descriptions in books ascribe to it in its native chalk woods; and
this defection may result from omitting to accommodate the plant with the
soil and shade congenial to its native habits. Mr. Sweet is of opinion
that the best situation for H, purpurascens will be " a warm sheltered
wood, where the dead leaves with which it might be covered in winter-

3 K) F/oiicuI/mal a?id Bolanical yo/iirs^

woiiUl protect it from the cold, and cause it to grow luxuriimtl} in spring,
and to produce larger and better-coloured flowers,"
XXIV. Ma/vdcca;. § Calyx double.

COU. //tBISCL'S.
lli^Ma GciKv/V Hoj. Gcnfeve's • □ spl 15 jn.jl Ho Mauritius ... C l.p Bot. mag. 3U4

Of this superb //ibfscus the corolla is spreading, and 5 in. in diameter;
the petals are of a white or pale rose colour, but are of a deej) ro.sy lilac
hue at their base ; and this latter colour forms a conspicuous and admirable
eye to each blossom. J)r. Hooker remarks : — "If tiiis shrub be not already
in our collections, as I suspect it is, througli tlie influence of Mr. Telfair
autl the late Mr. Barclay, cultivators should haste to procure so great an
ornament to the stove." The specific name compliments M. (ieneve, a
zealous cultivator, who conducted Professor Bojer, who first named and
described this s|)ecies, to many trees of this //ibiscus in the forests con-
tiguous to the Riviere Noire (Black river) in the Mauritius. (Hot. J^lfig.,
April.)

Malvdcccc. § Calyx single,
cnes. .9PDA.

ISOO'Ja rbsca Lk. S; O. rmy-flivd • □ or 5 o Ro Brazil 1820 C l.p Bot. mag. 3150

" Petals rather large, showy, broadly ovate, nerved, reddish, somewhat
inclining to purple, very concave and erect, so that, taken collectively, they
almost form a globose corolla; stamens numerous; anthers yellow, very
compact ;" therefore contrasting pleasingly with the rosy red petals. The
leaves arc on long petioles, are cordate, acuminate, nerved and serrated.
This species " is evidently allied to the iS'ida globiflora of Bot. ]\Iag. t. 2821,
and is ccjuallv remarkable for the globose flowers and inflated calyx."
{Bol. Ma-i., April.)

LVI. Mi/rtacca'. Myrcirt acris is figured in the Bof. Mag. for May,
t. 3I0.3., and there described to be a very elegant tree, of slow growth anil
considerable size, native of several of the West India islands, ami called
in (ireuada hois d'liidc. The timber is very haril, red, and ponderous,
capable of being polished and used for mill-cogs and other purposes, where
nuich friction is required. The tree fills the woods with the fragrant smell
of its leaves, nearly resembling that of cinnamon, but its bark has none of
the warmth of that of cinnamon, though the berries much resemble cloves,
both in form and flavour. The leaves of the young branches are from
li to 4- in. long, of a very sweet aromatic smell, and, on accoiuit of their
agreeable astringency, often used as sauce. The flowers are small, white,
with a slightly reddish tinge; the berries round, as large as peas, having an
aromatic smell and taste, which render them ;igreeable for culinary pur-
poses: they contain seven or eight seeds. Myrciw acris is commonly called,
in its places of growth, wild cimuunon, or wild clove tree ; and it is said to
be the bayberry of Hughes. The foliage is neat and pleasing.

hX. I'loUiiccx. Hakcrt linearis is figiu'cd in the 7A>/. 7i'rij. for April,
t. 1489. II. linearis, " in this country, forms a very beautiful evergreen
bush, remarkable for theglos.siness and rich deep bright green of the leaves."
The white flowers are slightly fragrant, and produced in great abundance
in axillary corymbs, and usually in August.

LXV. T/ii/)iicicic. Uaijhne Cncorum is figured in the Bot. Cdb. for
April, t. 1800., where it is remarked: — " Admirers of these charming
l)Iants [the elaphnes] may easily enjoy their sweetness for several months,
by giving some of them a little gentle stove heat, from Jaiuiary in succe.s-
sion till the natural sea.son ; for they will bear forcing extremely well."

LXXVII. Lcguminoscc. § 2. Vtotcw.
sofis. /.(rrus.

arc•ll^^ills Brot. sand Jk Q or J ap Y TfiicriflV 1831. .S 8.1 Bot. rog. 1488

A showv-flowercil annual species, presumed to be hardy. {Bot, Beg.,
April.)

siqjplemcntary to E?ic. of Plants and Hort, Brit. 317

LXXVII. LegiimindscB . ^ 5. Vhaseolece.

28i{iy(i .Maisliall/artas Swt. Marshall's J* or 5 jl.o B Eng. hyb 1830? C s.l Sw. fl. gar. 2. s. 139
Raised by C. Marshall (gardener at Mrs. Langtey's, Southborough,
Kingston, Surrey), from seeds of L. lepidus. From the suffrutescence,
habits, and foliage, Mi-. Sweet judges L. tomentosus to be its male parent.
Mr. Marshall states thus of the hybrid : — " It continues in bloom till the
sharp frost sets in, and it had thirty spikes in flower on it at one time,
from 12 to 18 in, in length, although the plant which produced all these
had been moved late in spring." Mr. Sweet remarks : — " This plant,
when dormant, produces a knot at the end of each shoot and joint, and up
the stem, clothed with leaves ; and there can be no doubt that these wouiil
all soon make plants, if taken off, and planted in the ground ; so that it wiil
soon become plentiful." [Lupinus polyphyllus, last autumn, exhibited, in
Dennis's Nursery, many of these leafy knots, on flower stems which had
risen too late in the season to flower fully and freely.] " We have seen
flowers of several other curious hybrids of this genus, sent to us at
the same time as the present, and others in some other collections,
particularly in that of Messrs. Allen and Rogers, nurserymen. King's
Road, Chelsea, and also at Battersea ; in their nursery at the latter place
they are chiefly grown. Some of these are very beautiful, and might rea-
dily be taken for real species, if their origin were not properly determined."
XCVI. Hhanmece.

3311. SOULA'NG/A
5ii66a rubra Lindl. ■ red-Jlwd « i_J or 3 d R C.G.H. 1827? G pi Bot. reg. 1498

Received, a few years since, from the Cape, by Messrs. RoUison of
Tooting. It is a hardy green-house plant, extremely neat in its foliage, and
rather pretty when its brick-red flowers, nestled in down, make their ap-
pearance. Very near Soulangi« [Phylica that was] /hyinifolia, h-om which
it differs chiefly in its branches being more downy, and its flowers much
larger and more woolly. (Boi. Reg.^ May.)

CXXXVI. Sarracen\Q3£.

1555. SARRACE'N/,^.

minor Nut. smaller £ ^ cu J mr.my P.G. Carolina 1829. D. bog Sw.fl.gar. 2.s. 138.

A distinct and pleasing species of this pecidiar and most interesting
genus ; " but it will be most likely a long time before it will be for sale in
this country, except some person go to Carolina oi- Creorgia [the native
countries of the species] and send home a quantity of it." (^Flower-Gar-
den, April.)

CLVI. Yolygonece.

1210. POLY'GONUU
f 10274 aiipressum R Br. a\^x>ressed.styled %_\ 1 cu fiO my.au. W N.HolL 1822. L l.p Bot mag. 3145

This plant has been found in Van Diemen's Land, as well as in New
Holland ; but, in the former country, at present only about Macquarie's
Harbour, and is by the colonists called Macquarie's Harbour grape; but,
although its axillary racemes of fruit at first sight resemble grapes, and
although the stems of the plant ramble like those of a vine, and even to
the extent of 60 ft. in a single season, the likeness does not hold fartlier.
The seed of all the polygonums, which is a small hard nut, is known to be
wholesome (as buckwheat) ; but in P. adpressuni, the seed is invested with
the enlarged and fleshy segments of the calyx ; which gives to each fruit
the appearance of a berry : some acidity in these fruits renders them avail-
able in tarts. About Macquarie's Harbour, the fruits of this plant are ripe
in December and January. (Bot, Mag., April.)

CLXIX. Sapotece. Mimusops dissecta Brown is figured in the Bot.
Mag. for May, t. 3157. The peduncled white pink-tinted monopetalous
corolla is cut into eighteen segments ; these are arranged in a double series,
and iiave suggested the specific name. Fruit, a large oval, or nearly ob-

3 i8 F/on'cnllural and Bo/aju'cal No/iccs,

ovate, by abortion onc-sccded, at first green, at length bro\vnisli-j)nri)lc,
bcrrv nearly of the fignre and size of a muscle plum. The leaves are
elliptical-ovate, about the size of those of the apple tree, penninerved,
dark green above, and of a silvery grey beneath, and on petioles about
an inch long. The cultivation of this plant, which is considered to be
a small tree, is, as its fruit is esculent, too much neglected in our colo-
nies, yl'chras dissecta of Forster is presumed to be identical with Miniu-
sops dissecta of Brown; and from yl'chras dissecta an unctuous fluid is said
to exude : the fruit is of an agreeable acid, and, on account of it, the plant
is extensively cultivated in China, Manilla, and Malabar. The leaves,
pounded, and mixed with the roots of Curcuma (turmeric), and with ginger,
are used as poultices for tumours. {Bot. Mag., May.)
CLXX. Ericece. ^ Vine.
1173. i:RrcA.

t iii. undulata A C. vavci-tubej « lJ or 1? jn. Ro. C.G.H. 1827? C s.p Bot. cab. 1792

" This was raised, a few years since, by Mr. Ilollison ; it grows low and
bushy. The waving outline of the flower gives it the appearance rather
of something blighted or imperfect ; but this seems constantly to prevail,"
and the specific name undulata is expressive of this waved formation.
(Bot. Cab., April.)

liLricccc. § lihodoruccar. — T/ie la/hrid Azaleas at Highclere. Of these we
have made mention (Vol. VII. p. 'g-2. 135. and 471.). Mr. Sweet, in his
British Flou'cr-Gardcn for April, t. 137., figures four of these, and includes
them all under one specific epithet, namely, ornatum ; and, as Mr. Sweet
deems the genus Azalea not botanically distinguishable from the genus
i^hododendron, they arc called /ifhododendron ornatum. The main sub-
ject of the plate is B. ornatum 1 speciosum ; and to this are added a flower
of R. ornatum 2 incarnatum, one of 7^ ornatum 3 luteum, and one of B.
ornatum 4 ?oseum. Each kind is very handsome, and therefore desirable,
especially the showy variety B. ornatum speciosum. The corymbs of this
are many-flowered, and the corollas are mainly of a deep orange red colour.
The colour of the other varieties is indicated in the names applied to them.
The specimens of all these kinds were sent to Mr. Sweet in tlic latter end
of May, 1830. The following is the history of them, supplied by J. 11.
(iowcn, Esq., to Mr. Sweet : — " The seeds were raised by Lord Caernar-
von's gardener, from Azalea viscosa var. rubescens, fertilised by A. pontica,
under Mr. (wowen's own inspection. The gardener is very clever at raising
these seedlings ; but they have always been under Mr. (.iowen's observation
till the present time. There are also many of the same age from A. coc-
cinea by the same male parent [A. pontica] ; and it is difficult to say which
uport the most, and produce the most brilliant colours. I am inclined to
think that A. calendulacea would l)o a better plant to supply pollen than
A. pontica, biing a later flowerer, more disposed to .sport, and more ele-
gant in its habit ; but its progeny would not possess that delightful fra-
grance which belongs to the crop from A. pontica, and which is very fine in
some of the varieties wliicli are now [latter end of May, 183l»J flowering
here.

" I should observe, that when the foliage of the seedling follows closely
that of the male parent, A. pontica, the flowers also approximate to the
male type; on the other hand, when the foliage follows the female, so do
the flowers. I think there is about an ecpial proportion preserved in tlie
seedlings." (Fhwcr-dardcu, April.)

CLXXI. Kpacrulea'. Lissanthe sapida is figureil in the Bot. Mag. for
April, t. 3147. It has racemes of pendulous greenish white tubular corol-
las, which are succeeded by red globose drupes as large as a black currant,
and which have something of the consistency and taste of the Siberian crab.

CLXXXVI. CoDipositu'. yl'ster roridilblius, Coris-leaved starwort, is
figured in the Bot. Rrg. for April, t. H87 j where Professor Lindley states,

supplementary to Enc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 349

that, until by comparison with an authentic specimen he had identified it
with the A. coridifolius of Michaux, he had deemed it a distinct and unde-
scribed species, and had called it A. intricatus; " under which name a few
plants have been distributed from the Horticultural Society's garden, the
only collection, as far as we are aware, in which it exists."

The stems of this perennial species attain the height of 3 ft. ; and the
pale flesh-coloured flowers, not larger than a sixpence, are produced in Oc-
tober. From America, and presumed to be from the vicinity of New York.

A'stev cyaneus Hoffman is figured in the i?o^. Reg. for May, t. 1495., and
the following synonymes are referred to it : — A. Novi Belgii /3 glaucus
Alton, glaucus and cyaneus of Nees, Aupleuroides of the Montpelier Gar-
den, and mutabilis of the Berlin Garden. On this identification it is
remarked, " There can be no doubt that these synonymes are certain
ones : if we have not increased the list, it is because, although we can
scarcely doubt that several more reputed species are also reducible hither,
we have not at present the same absolute certainty in regard to them. In
the gardens, this ( J'ster cyaneus) is sometimes called A. phlogifolius, A.
mutabilis, and even A. concolor ; while Pursh has evidently confounded it
with A. Novae A'ngliag, a totally different species." The above remarks are
quoted in exemplification of the bewildering confusion in which the asters
are involved, which will be uiformation to those not already aware of the
fact ; while those who are, will rejoice to observe that they are receiving
Professor Lindley's Ariadne-like attention.

CCXIV. A.canthdcecB.

61. ERA'NTHEMUM.

fecuiidum L/nrf/. ever-blowing H. □ or Ji all sea Li Brazil 1829? C. p.l Bot.reg.U94

Few species of Eranthenaum deserve the title of love-flower, which
Eranthemum signifies, better than this. It possesses an unusual disposition
to form flower-buds instead of leaf-buds. If its growth be checked by a dry
atmosphere, repotting, or exposure to sudden cold, it is directly thrown so
abundantly into flower, that young plants will often commit a sort of vege-
table suicide, and kill themselves by their excessive fecundity. In the heat
of the stove, and a good deal of atmospheric moisture, it increases readily
by cuttings ; and if encouraged to form leaf-buds by being maintained in a
steady and uniform rate of growth, it forms a neat little bush ; and the
ends of all its branches are covered by short spikes of lilac-coloured blos-
soms, which are displayed almost all the year round. (^Bot. Reg., May)

CCXXI. LabidtcE. Scutellaria lupulina L. is figured in the Bot. Reg.
for May, t. 149.3 , as a variety of S. alpina; Mr. Bentham conceiving S. lu-
pulina not specifically distinct from S. alpina. To the remarks on this
point is appended an enumeration of all the species of Scutellaria hitherto
known, and these are 58 in number : it will furnish useful clues to the
student of scutellarias.

Melittis Melissophyllum L, is figured in Maund's Botanic Garden for
May, t.356., where these remarks, besides others, are expressed concerning
it: — " The whole plant, in a fresh state, has not a peculiarly agreeable
smell, as its odour approaches that of some species of ^rnthemis ; in its
dry state, however, it becomes pleasantly odoriferous, and this quality it is
said to retain for many years."

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PlANTS.

CCXLVII. Asphodelecs.

1053. ORNITHO'GALUM.

bifbliumAC. two-leaved tf lAI cu J au W Chile 1831. O s.l Bot. cab. 1803

" The flowers are of a delicate white. We have kept it in a green-house,
but it will probably bear the winter in a sheltered place out of doors,"
(Bot. Cab., May, 1832.)

350 Floricnltttrol and Bolajiical Notices,

5cilla pra2^cox W. is fi^nircd in the Flowcr-Gardcn for May, t. 14-1., from"
the rich collection of hardy bulbs possessed by A.H. Haworth, Esq., who
received a bulb of the i'cilla prae'cox, alioiit four years airo, from the bo-
tanic garden at Bury St. Edmunds, under the name of .S\illa bifolia gigan-
tea ; a name bv which the |)lant has been sent out from that garden to the
garden of the Loudon Horticultural Society and to other places. It is
every way larger than 5'cilla bifolia ctrulea itself; and this is the readiest
distinction between them. It probably exists in other gardens, confounded
with i-Scilla bifolia ca;rulea, as it did in the Bury St. Eilmunds one, until
observed by the very discriminating eye of one of the supporters of that
garden, the Rev. (ireorge Reading Loathes.

CCXLVII. Asphodilea:

♦ 1064(J CA^IA'SSIA I/imll. [Qunmnsh or Camass, native n.ime in N.W. America.) 6.1. ksnhodilc/e. 1—
esculenta ijHrf/. esculent tf A or liJ' D.P Columbia 18J7. O p Bot. reg. 1+Slj

Professor Lindley quotes from Pursh as follows: — " This plant is called
quamash by the native Indians ; and the bulbs are carefully collected by
them, and baked between hot stones, when they assume the appearance
of baked |)cars, and are of an agreeable taste. They form a great part of
their winter stores." This fact it has been usual to attach to the AYllla
esculenta, well figured in the Botanical Magazine, t. l.)74'. ; but Professor
Lindley remarks, that the Camu'mia esculenta " is the real cjuamass or
camass root of the North-west American Indians, we know upon the
authority of Mr. Douglas, who found it in the greatest profusion on
alluvial, grassy, and partly overflowed soils on the Columbia, in 1825.
Professor Lindley thus contrasts ^Vcilla esculenta ant! Camdssin esculenta :
— " In 6'cllla esculenta, the leaves are glaucous ; the flowers pale blue, and
much smaller ; the segments have a uniform direction and expansion ; the
stamens are shorter, and spreail equally round the pistillum, which is
straight. In Camassia esculenta, the leaves are bright green ; the flowers
deep purple; five of the segments have a direction upwards, while the
sixth is bent down ; the stamens are ascending, and the style is declinatc.
No doubt, therefore, can exist of their specific, or even of their generic,
difference." The flowers of this very beautiful plant are almost 2 in.
in diameter, and were produced, for the first time in Britain, in July,
18:J1, in the Horticultural Society's garden. Professor Lindley " scarcely
remembers to have seen a more strikingly handsome bulbous i)lant : no art
can do justice to the rich colour of the flower, which, although of the most
intense purple, yet is so relieved by the satiny sparkling lustre of the
cuticle, as to have quite a light and elegant efl'ect. It has been hitherto
cultivated in a peat border, under a north wall, where it grows freely,
proving perfectly hardy ; a few seeds were produced, and it is probable
that when the bulbs are stronger [they are now about the size of a filbert],
it will increase readily by seeds. Mr. Douglas also met with a white
variety, or rather perhaps species, of which .specimens arc in his herba-
rium." (Hot. Itrg.y April.)
CCXXXVni. Amarj/lMcx.
33.33. convnciA.

S8152n fdlva //f)6. tawny.JliuH tf lAJ or 1 f. Taw S. Amer. 1829? O l.r.m. Bot reg. 1497
A beautiful species, nearly allied to the splendid C incarnjita of Sweet's
Flowcr-dardcn. The bulbs of this genus are hardy green-house plants ;
they may be kept dry in the winter, and planted out in the spring ; but
they will not endure the winter out of doors, exccjjt near the wall of a
stove. They produce an abundance of oflsets, which is probably the cause
of their rarely flowering with us. Perhaps a strong and richly manured
loam would promote their flowering." {Herbert in Hoi. lieg.y May.)

* Sprekehrt llcixtcr formos{ssima Herbert, Amarylli.? formosissima L.
" Hcister first constituted this plant into a genus, and named it Sprekel/.'/,

mpplemenlarij to Enc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 351

in honour of Baron M. de Sprekelsen, sometime secretary to the republic
of Hamburgh, and a great promoter of botany." Figured to exhibit two
flowers on one scape, a sport of rare occurrence. Besides the present in-
stance figured from Dennis's Nursery, Dillenius has recorded one, Mr.
Herbert two, and Martyn's Miller's Dictionaiy alludes to others. (Flowei--
Garden, May.)

CCXXXIX. Iridece,

128. GLAOrOLUS.
28893 1173n cochlektui A'li'A spoon-lipped tf lAJ or 1| mr W.r C.G.H. 1829. O s.p.l Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l40

A species nearer G. debilis Bof. Mag., 2585., than any others ; the
flowers of G. cochleatus, as well as of G. debilis, are of a snowy white,
except the coloured marks on some of the segments of the perianth (petals
in popular language). In these coloured marks, red predominates, and
they give the flowers, which are not small, and produced two on a stem in
the specimens figured, an eyed appearance. Cochletitus is expressive of a
spoon-like form, exhibited by the lower segment of the perianth (petal); and
G. cochleatus is published from the collection of H. B. Page, Botanic
Garden, Southampton, who received the bulbs from the Cape of Good
Hope more than two years ago. {Flower-Garden, April.)

CCXLIX. Smildcecs.

2783. SMPLAX.
§i. §^ii. sagittiEfMiai?. C. arrow-Ivd «i | or Uaut. W. China 1820? D l.p Bot. cab. IT'iO

" The leaves are evergreen, of pleasing form and colour, and the plant is
seldom more than a foot in height." (^B:}t. Cab., April.)
CCXL. Orcliidecc. $ Vandeee.

2537. MAXILLA^RIA.

picta 7/ooA-. paiiited-^wrf .£ [23 or J d O spot. P Organ Mtns. 1830 ? D p.r.w Bot. mag. 3154

This is another of the many new orchideous plants received by Mrs.
Arnold Harrison, from her brother in Brazil, where it was gathered in that
spot, so fertile in vegetables of this family, the Organ Mountains. It
eminently deserves a place in every collection, from the size and beauty of
its blossoms. These are borne one on a scape, and the segments of the
perianth (or petals) are all of them of a rich and deep orange colour
within, spotted with purple; externally almost white, with spots and
blotches of deep purple. (^Bot. Mag., May.)

2565. AE'RIDES.

coxnhtnm Rox. \\oxn-flivd ^ E] fra ljl.au. F Rlndies 1820. D p.r.v>r. Bot. reg. 1485

Described as a most lovely plant, which, although recently imported by
Dr. Wallich, had blossomed in the Kew collection as early as 1822. In
its native localities it grows upon trees, and blossoms in June. In the
Calcutta Botanic Garden, where it is cultivated successfully, it has gained
the name of the Jamaica pomatum plant, from the resemblance of the
rich fragrance of its flowers to that of the unguent so called. Professor
Lindley thinks it rather comparable to the odour of the blossoms of the
tuberose, Polianthes tuberosa. The part of the flower which is horn-
shaped is the labellum; this is three-lobed, with the margins of the central
lobe, which is rather long, met together, so as to produce a conical spur,
that is incurved, and green at its tip. The species " is certainly the most
interesting of its tribe that has yet been introduced, whether we consider
the great mass of its blossoms [these form a pendulous raceme Sin. in
length], their curious form, or delicate colour, or long duration, or delicious
perfume. It flourishes in a very damp hot-house, planted in moss, in a pot
suspended from the rafters ; but, as it branches rather unwillingly, it is
slow of propagation." (^Bot. Reg., April.)

Orchidecc. § EjndendrecB.

2,558rt. PHA'GUS.
2276O maniUitus B. C spotted./ci/ £ [23 or 2 ja.jn Y Noiial lo/'3. D p r.w Eot, cab. 1803

Blel((i Woodf6rdja Hort, Brit. No. 22760.

352 New or if liar sting Plants.

Piil)lislieil hv Dr. Hooker, in the Hut. Afag., as a native of Triniilad; but
Professor Liiuiley >itates it to be from Nepal. Few orcbiiicous plants are
more attractive tiian this. The leaves are scattered over with fjoltlen
spots; the Howers are eminently beautiful. (Bot. Cab., May, 1832.)

£554. EI'IDE NDRUM.

varicgvitum Uiiuk. var.lud.SiJId _^ El or 1 ja Vsh g.spot P Rio Jan. 1830. D p.r.w Bot.mag. 3151

Two or three leaves terminate each i)seuclo-bulb : these leaves are
8 to loin, long, strap-shaped, obtuse, striated, of a yellow green dashed
with deeper spots ; so that they have a variegated appearance. The raceme
consists of eight or ten flowers. The perianth has six spreading, somewhat
leathery, segments, of a yellowish green colour, yellower towards their tips
which are obtuse, and their upper or inner side is sprinkled almost all over
with blackish purple spots. Dr. Hooker says of E[)idendrum variegatum,
" It is extremely unlike any other species of the genus with which 1 am
acquainted, and the flowers are very beautiful. The leaves, too. being
spotted with a darker colour, have a remarkable appearance." (^£ol.
Mag., May.)

Seasonable Hints on Floriculture. — By the first day of June the night
frosts of spring may be fairly considered as past; and, consequently, imme-
diately after this date, [)reparation may be matle for transplanting into
vacancies, in the compartments of the hardy flower-garden, whatever
superfluous duplicates or multiplicates of ornamental plants the green-
house or the hot-house may contain. As eligible plants for out-door
summer decoration large plants of the fuchsias may be named, not forget-
ting the new species Fuchsw bacillaris, described |). "2"ir)., as soon as it can
he obtained. Salvia splendens, fulgens, involucrata, Ciraham/, and even
Formosa, are particularly splemlid; and .S'. fulgens, planted in rich light
soil, at the base of a warm-aspected wall, anil traineil over the face of that
wall, forms, in autunm, an especially splendid object ; the numerous spikes
of scarlet flowers, produced at the extremity of its branches, having the
effect of marking the plant's outline with a gorgeous wreath of scarlet.
I'ctiinia nyctaginiflora, whose large white flowers arc very fragrant by
night, treateil in the same way, is surprisingly improved, and rendered a
very ornamental subject. (See Mr. Sweet's account of the result of this
treatment in Vol. HI. p. 297.) Pelargoniums may be copiously planted
out; and the trailing-stemnied ivy-leaveil kimls, traineil oxcx the surface of
little beds set apart for them, and pegged into the soil at their joints, cover
the earth with their glossy leaves charmingly, and flower beautifully and
ubiuidantly in autumn. Maurandy« lJarclay««cr and M. semperHorcns are
well known sununer climbers of great elegance and beauty; and although
there is u coarseness of aspect in that frc'c-growing ti^ecly increasing
novelty, Loj)hos|)erm:un ernbescens, it is a climbL-r whose copious wreaths
of rosy blossoms excel in beauty and ornamental eflcct many other jjlants
the habit of wliich is more delicate. (See a more iletailed notice of it in
Vol. VH. p. 201.) Besides these, numerous house |)lanls, which it is super-
fluous to enumerate, may be made conducive to the fl(jral decoration of the
hardy garden ; and while thinking of the beauty of the blossoms of plants,
it will be well not to forget tlie beauties of foliage also, /mcus elastica
is a beautiful object in its leaves during summer and autumn, when plunged
over the rim of its pot in the soil of a sunny border ; so also are the ex-
(juisitely leaved New Holland acacias, and numerous other plants. In the
plants named above for the beauty of their blossoms liouvarihVz triphylla
should really have been mentioned, and our readers referred to the excel-
lent article by Mr. Mearnsin Vol. VII. p. IH., for a mode of cultivating this
beautiful plant in the summer beds and borders most successfidly, and also
for a mode of so propagating it, as to have [)lauts of it in abundance. — /. D.

35H

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

Horticultural Syringes. — The admirable improvement made in this
instrument, by Mr. Reid {Euci/c. of Gard., 2d edit., § 1419.), the origin of
which, we have been informed, was the circumstance of a cannon ball hav-
ing accidentally served the jjurpose of a valve in a ship's pump, has, as
might be expected, led to subsequent improvements. One of these, by
Mr. MacdougalJ, we have described in detail, Vol. VI. p. 305. : another,

59 -a

by Messrs. Warner, is figured and described in the Registei- of Arts,
part XXXV. p. l-i. The general form {fig. 59.) is the same as that of
Mr. Macdougall's but, instead of the valve employed by the latter,

the rose head {fig. 60.) is in
itself a valve, " which," says the
editor of the Register, " renders
the apparatus infinitely simpler,
more durable, and not so likely to
get out of order." The price by
retail, we believe, is 275. We have
tried one of Warner's syringes
against one of Macdougall's and
one of Reid's, and we have con-
versed with those who have had
some experience with them. The
result is, that both Reid's and Warner's are, from the nature of their con-
struction, more liable to draw in such extraneous matters as may be in the
water; and consequently the rose is more liable to become choked up in
the action of syringing. Now, Macdougall's valve is guarded by a wire
grating (Vol. VI. fig. 58. c and g), expressly for the purpose of excluding im-
purities ; we are therefore of opinion that it must necessarily be preferable,
and we are certain that the workmanship is better at least than Warner's.
A still more perfect syringe than any that has yet appeared has just been
invented by Mr, Siebe, late of Holborn, but now of Denmark Street,
Soho, whose rotatory garden engine and water cock we have before
commended in this Magazine (Vol. VII. p. 84.); and whose rotatory pump,
one of the very best of his inventions, we have described and figured in
Vol. VIII. — No. 38. a a

35t

General Notices.

our Enci/c. of Cottage Architecture (p. 16., figs. 10. and 11.). Mr. Siebe's
syrinjie, w liich he denominates

Sudc's Universal Garden Syringe (/g. 61.), consists of only one appa-

ratus, which can instantly, by turning a pin, l)e applied so as to serve the
purpose of four different caps. The inverted syringe of Mr. Macdougall is
imitated by a universal joint (at «),by which means the cap or head (A) may
be turned in any direction, anti to any angle (c). The pin by which the
alterations in tlie rose head are effected works in a groove (</) in the face
of the rose ; and by it, a very fine shower, a coarse shower, or a single jet
from one opening (e), may be effected at pleasure. The valve, by which the
water is admitted to the syringe, is in the side of the rose (/). We have
seen one of these syringes ; and it is certainly an elegant instrument, most
accurately fitted together; and, from a few minutes' triixl, it appeared to
work admirably. It will form an excellent instrument for the amateur
gardener, male or female. The price is only two guineas, and the demand
is so great that it can hardly be supplied. — Concl.

A detached Fumigaior (j?g. 62. a), which wiU fit any pair of conunon

bellows (i), is manufactured by Messrs. Warner, and sold to the trade at
a very moderate rate.

A j)orlablc Mangle has lately been invented by Mr. Saul of Lancaster,
which, it is expected, will not cost more than 5/. ; another portable mangle
has lately been exhibited to the Society of Arts, at Edinburgh, the inven-
tion of Mr. Catleugh, a journeyman millwright, at Haddington. Both these
machines arc substantial, take up very little space, and arc well suited to
small families.

The Famili) Washing- jlTachiiie lias rccentlj' undergone an important im-

t)rovement, by the addition of rollers for the purpose of wringing. We
uivc seen one of tiiesc machines at Weir's manufactory, Oxford Street;
and we nnist say that it aff()rdc'il us sincere pleasure, to see an obvious and
easy medium !)y which the labour of women, in washing, may be very
greatly reduced.

A j\farinc Jiai/wai/, for the purpose of conveying vessels overland, has
been projectetl by llenry Fairbairn, in the I'nilid Service Journal for May,
18.'j'i, p. 7(). The vessels are to be raised from the sea by machinery,
placed in slips, and draggeil along the railway by locomotive steam-engines.
Tiio plan is contemplated not only with ril'erence to Britain, but to every
other country in Europe. The same author proposes, in this paper, and
in one in the |)receiling number of the same journal, to connect Ireland with
Scotland, l)y means of a bank between Port[)atrick and Donaghadee; and
England with bnmce, by means of a ciiain iiridge, causeway, or tunnel, from
Dover to Calais. Over all the lines of marine railways he proposes to

General Notices. Z55

fomi suspension railways, resting upon arches, in the manner of our
friend Mr. Dick's (Vol. VI. p. 477.), for the conveyance of passengers,
mails, and merchandise. We notice this scheme chiefly for the sake
of exciting new ideas ; and because it is always safer to introduce in our
work what will tend to expand the mind, rather than to contract it. We
perfectly agree with Mr. Fairbairn, that the world has yet obtained only
a glimpse of the " revolutionary wonders " of the railway system, and that
it will at no distant period efi^ect important changes in every nation on the
globe. — Cond.

Hybrid Poppies (Papdver nudicaule alpmum). — A strong plant of Pa-
paver alpinum grew in the open border in the Edinburgh Botanic Garden
last year. In the same spot this spring (1831), three very strong plants
arose, with leaves precisely similar, though, perhaps, a little less finely
divided. The flowers, on expansion, however, were found not white, as in
Papaver alpinum, but deep and bright yellow, with a greenish tinge in the
heart. For several years, many plants of P. nudicaule have blossomed
freely in the open borders. The plant of Papaver alpinum had been im-
pregnated by these, had died, and been succeeded by its hybrid progeny.
The three plants are precisely similar ; the flowers are as large as in P. nu-
dicaule, and resemble that species in colour ; tlie leaves, as I have said
above, are almost exactly those of P. alpinum. A remarkable monstrosity
appears this year among some of the plants of Papaver nudicaule. The
flowers in some are semidouble ; but in others, a k\v of the outer stamens
only remain, the filaments in general assuming the form of fragments of a
capsule, having hairs on their outer and ovules in their inner surface ; the
anthers are wanting, and their place is supplied by fragments of stigmata.
(^Dr. Graham, in Edin. JVew Phil. Journ., June, 1831, p. 192.)

Seedlings of Papaver bracteatum have been raised, from seeds produced
in an English garden, whose petals had lost much of the usual crimson of
P. bracteatum, and acquired nearly the scarlet of those of P. orientale. A
large black spot occurs in the base of the petals of P. bracteatum and P.
orientale ; but, of the latter species, a variety exists in some gardens, the
petals of which are spotless. This spotlessness is, however, possibly not.
constant. — J. D.

The Thistle of Scotland. — Sir, The late Rev. INIi-. Lambert, the senior
fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, during a tour in Scotland, amused
himself by endeavouring to ascertain what particular species of thistle was
the prototype of the national emblem. He found the inhabitants not at all
agreed on this point ; and that the thistle of the seal of the Edinburgh Bo-
tanic Garden, that of the national insignia, and that of the Order of the
Thistle, were apparently all different thistles ; while such botanists as Mr.
Lambert had opportunities of consulting on the subject could furnish no
satisfactory historical clue respecting the species. The curiosity of Mr.
Lambert hereupon began to subside, when it was once more excited by a
bill from a silversmith, sent to his lodgings with some articles he had
ordered, on the head of which bill a thistle, unlike the other thistles he
had seen, was engraved as an ornament. On paying his bill, he remarked
to the silversmith the dissimilarity of his thistle to those he had seen
adopted in other places. The silversmith professed himself regardless of
what others had adopted, maintaining that his (the Cnicus acaulis) was the
true Scottish thistle ; and that it was proved to be so by the following nar-
rative : — " At the time," said the silversmith, " that the Danes invaded
Scotland, it was not the practice to commence an attack by night ; but of
this clandestine mode the Danes on one occasion resolved to avail them-
gelves ; and, to insure success, went barefoot. By this means they had
approached unperceived near to the Scottish camp, when a Dane, havino-
his naked feet pricked by a thistle which he trod upon, instinctively uttered

A A 2

y5G Foreign Nu/icrs : — France.

an ejaculation ; and tlius soundeil an alarm to the Scottish soldiers, who
instantly rose as one man, and slew the Danes with a great slaughter : and
in foinmcmoration of this signal service of C'nicus acaulis, it was adopted
into our national insignia." The above account was communicated to me
bv W. C. Oldham, Esq., the nephew of Mr. Lambert. Soon after the
kind's visit to Scotland, some seeds were presented to the botanic garden
at Bury St. Edmunds by a relation of the I3ishop of London, who received
them as seeds of the identical thistle, or kind of thistle, carried in the
processions that attended on His Majesty in Scotland : these developed
Onoportlum .^canthium. I am, Sir, yours, &c. — Ju/tii IJenson. Botanic
Garden, Bury St. Edmunds, Nov. 1. 1829.

When Potatoes are exposed in the time of Frost, the only precaution ne-
cessary is, to retain them in a perfectly dark place after the thaw. In
America, where they are sometimes frozen as hard as stones, they rot if
thawed in open day ; but, if thawed in darkness, they do not rot, and lose
verv little of their natural flavour and properties. ( Hobart Town Courier,
Julie 11. 1831.)

Notable discovery ! Dear brother-gardeners, henceforth toil not to
collect and pit your potatoes for the winter ; but, allowing them to re-
main in the rows where they have grown, treat them with a thin coat of
mould, to keep out the light ; heed not the frost, aiul dig out potatoes for
use " fresh and fresh," as your wants require, and thaws permit. — J. D.

Art. II. Foreign Notices.
FRANCE.

The vegetable Productions of the Neighbourhood of Bagnolles Wells, and
of the whole of the Department of rOrne, are numerous and excellent, in-
cluding every kind of grain, and an immense proportion of sarrasin (buck
wheat), flax, and hemp, all of which latter are cultivated with great care;
and in the month of May, with a sprhig much forwarder than in England,
were remarkably free from weeds. Considerable quantities of potatoes are
planted ; but, in point both of culture and productiveness, they are gene-
rally not ecjual to those grown in this country ; their quality is also infe-
rior, though the inhabitants have every requisite but knowledge and expe-
rience to produce potatoes in the highest perfection. The country abounds
in all sorts of leguminous |)limts ; and, in particular, with haricots (kidney-
beans), and other excellent garden beans, which arc brought to table dressed
in a variety of ways, aiul are eaten both separately and as accompaniments
to various nieats. Most of these are subjects also of extensive field cul-
ture. The department is said to contain ()i.'},j28 hectares of land (more
than l,.'iO(),00() English acres), and4-2;J,..)0() inhabitants. But notwith.stand-
ju" their numbers (and the general disappointment expressed that the
revolution of July had not been followeil up with that reiluction of tax-
ation which it ought to have been), apart from a very few habitual beggars
to be met with in .some of the towns, there is no appearance of abject po-
verty any where. The country is fully enclosed ; and small properties, in
the hands of their owners, abound every where, and exhibit symptoms
of comfort and independence, though they do not manifest such signs of
improvement and pro.sperity as the major partoftlio.se observed in the
department of La Sartlie. The neatly cultivated cottage gardens of the
neighbourhoods of Le Mans and Alen<,on are wanting; but most of the
poorest-looking houses have their patches of flax and their half dozen of
apple and pear trees. There arc neither tithes, taxes, nor poor rates to pay ;
and the stvic of living even amongst farmers of 130 or 200 acres being

Foreign Notices : — France. Sol

simple and unexpensive, there is very little distress experienced by any one,
and consequently very tew crimes committed. The English style ot gar-
dening has made less progress in a district of country in many respects
analogous to our own, than might perhaps have been expected, especially
when its former connection with England, and the constant intercourse
which then must have taken place, is considered. The raised terraces and
straight walks, with other formalities now commonly discarded in England,
are generally retained about the French chateaus. There is a forest resi-
dence of Marshal Grouchy, situated in the Ardennes Forest, in a more
natural style; and M. de Conterne obligingly showed us walks in his
magnificent woods ; and over and along the beautiful stream running
through them, which would do no discredit to the taste of an English land-
scape-gardener. Wherever it can be consistently indulged, this style seems
to be greatly on the increase in different parts of France ; and, besides
various other instances in addition to those already mentioned in your
Magazine, the garden of the Minimes at Tours, and the grounds of Les
Ornes, on the banks of the river Vienne, the seat of M. d'Argenson, in
Poitu, are favourable specimens. From BagnoUes to Domfront, and
thence by Conde to Falaise, the country is highly interesting. This latter
place, we were repeatedly told, with something more of complacency than
we heard it, was the birthplace of William the Conqueror. Its immediate
vicinity is picturesque and beautiful ; and before reaching Domfront (as
between Falaise and Caen), 1 found the most magnificent crops of wheat,
growing in a woodcock-coloured loam, on a broken oolitic subsoil, that I ever
remember to have seen. From Caen (one quarter, and some of the outskirts
of which city are very handsome) all the way to Honfleur the country is
delightful, with very little exception ; it is every where enclosed, and though
not highly is yet tolerably well cultivated. In the hedges by the roadside,
acacias in great numbers exhibited their delicately white pendulous blos-
soms, and diffused their fragrance in great profusion. In the neighbourhood
of Honfleur (which is situated nearly opposite to Havre at the mouth of
the Seine, where it is seven or eight miles broad) there are many gardens
in the English style, partaking largely of the superiority of the best Eng-
lish cultivation ; but this district is chiefly famed for the production of
melons, superior sorts of which are cultivated on a large scale in enclosures
of the size of small fields, for the supply of Paris, to which city they are
sent in vast quantities. Great part of the department of L'Orne, and the
whole of Calvados, of which Caen is the chief place, are celebrated for
their apples and pears ; and, in favourable seasons, immense quantities of
cider and perry are made, which, as in Herefordshire and Devonshire, con-
stitute a great proportion of the drink of the country, besides supplying the
neighbouring departments with the superior kinds. The vegetable produc-
tions of Calvados are similar to those of L'Orne, with the addition of tur-
nips, mangold wurzel, &c., all of which might be cultivated to advantage in
the latter department. Landed property is there also much divided ; the
country looks cheerful, and the people want nothing to enable them to
develope, in common with the rest of France, the immense resources of
their country, but the natural unsophisticated operation of the genuine
principles of the Revolution, through the medium of a free and cheap go-
vernment, in the extension of education, the total abolition of remaining
monopolies, the unrestrained freedom of personal intercourse, and a really
free press. — John H. Moggridge. Woodfieldy Dec. 183L

Destruction of the Ajyple Bug, and of Lichens on Fruit Trees, hy Fire. — »
Sii-, The Royal Society of Agriculture at Caen, in Normandy, proposed a
prize for an essay on the best mode of destroying the " Puceron lanigere." *

* A new genus has been established, called Myzoxylus; from myzo^ to
suck, and xylon, wood.

A A 3

358 Voreign Notices : — German i/.

The Society published the memoir ecnt in by M. Blot, and the followlrig
is an extract : — " Pass rapiilly, and repeatedly, over tiiose parts of the
apple trees attackcil by tlie insects, wisps ofburninjr rye straw. The trees
Buffer no injury, ami the insects are instantly destroyed, before the epiderniis
of the tree is even heated. The insect is protected by a cottony down,
of a very inHannnable nature, and its body is covered by a kind of powder
which is consumed by the fire the moment it touches it ; tiie time for
using this method is the end of autumn, winter, and, above all, spring. It
is seldom necessary to repeat the operation, as the fire penetrates the
galls, and destroys the eggs of the insect which are lodged witiiin them.

Destroying Liclictis by Fire, A custom prevails in Normanily, about
Christmas time, for chiklren to go about with torches of rye straw {i)ro-
vincially termed coulines), for the purpose of burning the lichens, mosses,
and dead leaves on the ajjple trees. — A Reader of the Gardener^ Alagazine
at Caen. March 3. 183-2.

GERMANY.

Sfutfgardt, Feb. 16. 1832. — Sir, I have finished a plan for a new
kitchen-garden here, and shall soon send you a copy of it. I received,
some time since, three cases of pine-apple plants, and know only by
the handwriting of the names in two of the cases, to whom I am
indebted for the plants contained in those cases, not having received any
letter, either witli them or i)y post. Tlie third case has tlie plants num-
bered, but not named; and as 1 neither found any letter in the case, nor
have received one by post, 1 am at a loss to whom I ought to address a
letter of thanks, to request, at the same time, a list of the names. Perhaps
you will make known my gratitude to the givers of these plants tiirough
your INIiigazine, and add, that I should much wish to hear from the parties,
either by letter or |)arcel, directed to the care of Mr. Nebnnger, at Messrs.
Charles Burket and Co., l-iT. Fencinu-ch Street, London. All my pine
plants are locking remarkably well, and I hope to get, in the course of the
sunnner, as large fruit as is generally grown in England. M. Salucci is
very anxious to know when you intenil publishing his designs for the
palace of llosenstein, and I am very curious to see your engraving of the
park. There is a wonderful change for the better in this country since I
left it. I am, Sir, }ours, &c. — IV. Ilerlz.

M. Salucci's plans are engraved, and proofs will be sent him shortly. —
Cond.

Munich, March 1. — We have had a remarkably niiUI autunm, and, as
usual, when that is the case, every thing is late. Our hot-water system of
heating has succeeded perfectly, and there is some intention of ajjplying;
it in our hospitals, and other ])ublic buildings; but the country is too nuich
agitated for improvements of this description. The spring of our long-
frozen country is about to connnence, ami we shall soon have the breaking
up of the rivers, and a general debacle. — R. B. S.

Preservation of Seeds. — At a meeting of the Horticultural Society of
Berlin, a discussion took place res|)ectiug the |)roper method of jjreserving
seeds. It was suggested that they should be enclosed in a vacuum. But
all the practical men who were jjresent objected, on the ground that it
would tend to dry the seeds more (piickly. They considered the influence,
at least partial, of the air essential for the maintaining of the proper state of
humiditv necessary for the preservation of the seeils. M. Otto stated, in
confu'mation, that seeds sent to him in tin cases, hermetically sealed, never
germinated, whilst those sent in boxes lightly covered with cloth generally
arrived in a good state. Professor Link also stated that a vacuum (piickly
destroyed the genuinative qualities of seeds. He mentioned an instance

Foreign Notices ; — GermaJiy. 359

of wheat having grown, after being kept UO years, without having been
excluded from the air.

I remember it being mentioned some 3'ears ago, by a gentleman who
had been in North America, and present during the excavations made for
a fortification, that he had observed that the soil thrown up from under
a number of layers of limestone produced a variety of plants unknown in
the neighbourhood ; the inference is evident, that the seeds must have
remained alive during the formation of the layers of limestone, and cer-
tainly excluded from the air. Dr. Darwin mentions an instance of mustard
seed producing a crop, on soil being dug up where it had been at rest for
ages. Seclusion from light and heat in the bowels of the earth appears
to be the most certain method of preserving seeds. In such a state the
temperature does not vary ; and to the want of this uniformity we may
perhaps attribute tlie failure of M. Otto, when using tin cases hermetically
sealed. If the case containing the seeds were placed in a box lined with
a layer of dry charcoal, or any non-conductor of heat, might we not thus
artificially produce a uniforniitv of temperature ? I am, Sir, yours, &c. —
Charles M. Willich. London, Feb. 27. 1832.

TIte Prussian Horticultural Societi/, — At a Meeting held Feb. 5. 1832,
among various other papers noticed, were the following : — A new method
of removing moss from fruit trees, by paring the trunk as far as to the inner
bark, successively employed by the Arch-priest Masselli of Breslau; and
a note from the commercial gardener, Herr Gottlieb Friedrich Seidel of
Dresden, in which he extols the sea-kale (Crambe maritima), as forming
an excellent fodder : in this opinion, however, the Society did not concur.
Several printed papers were transmitted to the Association ; among them
were the Proceedings of the Economical Society of Dresden i^26th delivery),
from which the director read an extract, describing a method (completely
successful on the first trials) of laying up fruit after the manner of pota-
toes, by placing them in heaps upon a layer of straw in a dry place, and
overlaying them with a thick covering of straw and sandy earth ; likewise
by sinking new flower-pots, containing the fruit, several feet underground,
and covering them with straw and earth. The director also referred to
an essay, equally worthy of attention, upon the storing of fruit in Pohl's
Intelligence concerning Domestic Affairs (4th number). The second volume
of Herr Freidherrn v,on Hammerstein's recent publications on agriculture,
transmitted by the Agricultural Society at Felle, was the occasion of a
discourse from Professor Link, private medical counsellor, who spoke
with reference to that part which touches on the supposed origin of amber.
Professor von Schlechtendal called the attention of the Meeting to the work
announced by Professor Nees von Esenbeck, in Breslau, viz. The Natural
Groups of Asters, illustrated hi) Figures, for which Griison, the bookseller,
of Breslau, receives subscriptions. The professor further communicated
some interesting articles from Loudon's Gardener'' s Magazine (No. xxxii.}.
There were, besides, presented by Dr. Cranz, the landed proprietor of
Brusenfelde, near Fiddichow, an interesting letter upon the labouring
agriculturists in the province of Hither Pomerania and of the Island of
Rugen; by the counsellor of justice, Herr Burchardt of Landsberg, a very
scarce work, viz. Les remonstrances sur le default du labour et culture
des plantes, et de la cognoissance d'icelles, contenant la maniei'e d'nffranchir et
apprivoiser les arbres saiivages, par Pierre Bellon du Mans (Paris, 1558,
8vo). This work, according to the statement of Herr Link, possesses a
high degree of interest, not on account of its rareness alone, but because
it gave occasion to the establishment of the first botanic garden. The
chamberlain. Count von Hagen of Mockern, near Burg, gave information
to the Meeting respecting the experiments made upon the cultivation of
the seeds, sent from America to the Society, of a species of grass, very

A A 4

3G0 Foreign Notices : — North America.

much vaunteil in that country under the name of crab-{:rass ; but, from ilie
dried specimens presenteil at the same time, it is conjectured to be no
other than Digitaria filiformis. — G. R. March, 1832.

NORTH AMERICA.

yew )'(i)7i, Jan. 10. 18.32. — It may £;ive you some idea of the rarity
of caniellias, and the abundance of piiic-apples, in this city, to inform you
tliat the hitter are now selHng at 3(/. and Id. eadi, and the former at a
doUar for an expanding bud. Almost the only nurserymen who have
tlicse flowers to cut for sale are the Messrs. Thorburns ; and so great is
the demand, that they have always a list of persons desirous of purchasing
flowers, who are supplied, in the order in which their names stand on the
list, as the buds successively expantl. The flowers arc worn by young
ladies in their hair at parties. — B. P.

E.vtra(t from a Letter lately received from North America. — [The follow-
ing extract is from the letter of a journeyman gardener, whose employer
in the United States is a respectable nurseryman. We give it chiefly with
a view of showing the extreme imhistry of the young man, and the kind-
ness of his employer.] I arrived safe here on the 22d of September, hav-
ing been a month and twenty-two days crossing the Atlantic, that is,
from land to land. I have been very well received here, and have been
well trcatetl ever since. I live in the house, and sit at my employer's own
table ; I have access to a very good library ; and, upon the whole, I anti-
cipate a very good situation. .... . .

I study a part of every night at my English and French grammars ; and

Mrs. has promised to teach me to draw and colour fruits. I take

a lesson on the (ierman flute every night from the junior Mr. ; and

as 1 have already learnetl gynniastics, such as swimming, boxing, riding, and
fencing, I entertain a strong hope of attaining all that 30U recommend in

vour Knci/elopci'dia to be learned by gardeners. Mr. has got your

three Euci/clo})(cdias. . . . Tlie weather, ever since I came, has
been di-lightful. These two months past we have had but three wet days^
and these two or three last mornings a little hoar-frost : the thermometer
ranged from oO° to 7.5^ of Fahrenheit, out of doors, in the shade. 1 will
not pretend to describe the richness of the scenery around this city, be-
cause I know you have fancied it all before this time; I shall only say
tiiat I am delighted wherever I turn. The taste for plants and gardening

is spreading very ra[)i(lly in this country. Mr. told me that he now

sends more nursery .stiitf west of the Alleghany INIountains, than he for-
merly sold altogether. The nuu'ket increases annually. Mr. Alexander
iiordon lately called here, on his way to Florida and .South Carolina: he
looked in good health and spirits. lie admired the apple trees in the
nursery, and declared there were not any like them in North America.

A horticultiu'al society exists in this city, I may say in embryo ; but
the members appear to be (juite enthusiastic, and of course it will succeed.
A new member will be admitted without paying the regular subscription,
if he has written any thing lor the advancement of gardening knowledge.
I have been proposed, and balloted in already. — W. Xov. 2.j, 1831.

A lioolc on America has lately been produced by Mrs. Trollope. It is
of the same character as Captain Hall's : but, as it relates chiefly to man-
ners, we think it is calculated to do much more good than the former.
Both writers will be found cleverly (lis.sected in Tail\s JIagnziiic for May,
18.'J2, and an admirable criticism on Mrs. Trollope will be found in an article
entitled Asmodeus, tSrc, in the Xew JMonthli/ j\la<iazine for the same month.
The Americans, in the case of Mrs. Trollope, will do as the Scotch did in
the case of Dr. .Johnson, after the publication of the doctor's tour in
Scotland. They will profit lioni the remarks of their enemies. " They have

Domestic Notices : — Englayid. 361

generous feelings, sound sense, and, above all, a rising literature — the
only true sol'tener antl purifier of manners. The diffusion of high and
equal knowledge, and a taste for art, should be the great and unremitted ob-
jects of the labours of the American patriots." (^Taifs Mag., vol. i. p. 234.)

Art. III. Domestic Notices.

ENGLAND.

Pain's Hill near Cobham, Surrey, that celebrated and most beautiful
seat, which we have long admired both for its actual beauties and the as-
sociations connected with it, has lately been purchased by W. H. Cooper,
Esq., of South Villa, Regent's Park ; whom we understand to be a
liberal and enlightened man, and, as well as his lady, warmly attached
to botany and horticulture. We are informed that great alterations are
making in the house, to which a conservatory is about to be added by
Mr. Burton.

The Ilot-Jiouscs at Bretton Hall, including the magnificent dome, figured
in Vol. V. p. G81., and all the plants, with the museum, and many other
articles, the property of the late munificent patroness of gardening and
botany, Mrs. IJeaumont; have lately been brought to the hammer, and sold
for a mere trifle. The domical hot-house, which cost Mi's. Beaumont in
all upwards of 14',000/., brought only 560/. : it was bought on a specula-
tion, and is now to be sold. The sale of these hot-houses, and other arti-
cles, we have been informed, has not taken place in consequence of any
pecuniary difficulties, but, from a dislike on the part of Mr. Beaumont, the
present possessor, to the general arrangement. In this respect, indeed,
Bretton Hall was very unsatisfactory ; and, though it contained a great
many magnificent objects, it failed in producing, at least on us, and we have
seen it frequently, one grand and harmonious impression. How different
the effect of Wentworth House ! The approach road to Bretton Hall is
pitiable, and indeed there is not a single grand line of road or walk, as far
as we could observe, about the demesne. — Cond.

Temple Newsham, near Leeds, is a pretty place ; and Mr. Taylor, the
gardener there, grows some of the finest pine-appI^s in England. He
grew there last June a Providence pine which weighed upwards of 12| lbs.
— Peter Martin. Leeds, April 9. 1832.

The Bayswater Botanic Garden, and its extensive collection of hot-house
plants, so admirably managed by Mr. Campbell, are still unsold. We
earnestly hope they will be purchased bj' some person who will keep up
the establishment, which has long been considered as one of the finest
private collections in the country, ranking with those of Bury Hill and
Bretton Hall.

Seeds of the Palo de Vaco, the milk tree, have been sent home by Sir R.
K. Porter, and distributed by his sister. Miss Jane Porter : one to Her
Royal Highness the Duchess of Gloucester ; one to Lord Powis ; one to
the Royal (iardens at Kew ; one to Messrs. Loddiges ; and the remaining
one to ourselves. Some of these seeds we trust v/ill vegetate. A tree of
so much interest in its native country ought to be better known in
England; and, through the patriotic zeal of Sir R. K. Porter, and his
amiable family, we have no doubt that this desirable end will be accom-
plished. — Cond.

New Seedling Cactus. — A new seedling cactus, between speciosa and
speciosissima, is now in flower in this garden. The plant consists of one
shoot 2 ft. liigh, with three large flowers on the top, of a deep scarlet
colour. — Thomas Prcsslcy, Plaistow Lodge, Bromley, Kent, April 20). 1832.

36*i Domestic Notices : — Scotland.

A new Variety of Hawthorn wilh Carmine'Crimson Blossoms. — This thorn,
of which you have requested some account, was received here by the name
of " new scarlet tliorn" from Rivers's Nursery, Sawbridsicwortii, Herts ;
whence, as T. Rivers, jun., told me, it lias been widely spread. It certainly
deserves to be spread ; for it is one of the most lovely of trees, and niucli
more ilesirable tiian the old [)ink thorn, or, as it is often calleil, scarlet thorn.
One of the plants of the new kind, received here from Rivers's, is about
5 ft. high and bushy, and last year displayed several corymbs of blossoms.
The flowers were from twelve to twenty in a corymb, and each individual
flower of two thirds of the breadth of a sixpenny piece ; the petals were of
a most beautiful carmine-crimson, except in their claws, which were white,
and thus constituted a white eye surrounded by a broad crimson orbit.
It is a most charming variety, and richly merits an immediate place in
every garden. — Henri/ Turner. Botanic Garden, Burt/ St. Edmunds,
Feb. 28. 1832.

This account made us anxious to acquire so ornamental a shrub ; and
Mr. Rivers, jun., in a reply to our application, remarked : — " What a
sweet mass coulil be formed by grouping this bright-hued variety with other
varieties, which would supply together gradations of colour. From the
carmine-crimson of the blossoms of the new variety, we could descend to
the pink hue in the blossoms of the old pink thorn ; from this to a pale flesh
colour in the flowers of the double thorn, for these are of a pale flesh colour
when fading; and from this to pure white in the blossoms cf the common
hawthorn,andthoseof the other species and varieties of 6Vatae''gus." — Cond.

SCOTLAND.

A General Cemetery for Edinburgh is in contemplation, but the site is
not yet determined upon : one party, it seems, proposing to place it in
alow wet piece of ground, called the Meadows; and another in the King's
Park, that is, in part of the royal domain of lIol}rood Palace. Mr.
Neill " suggests one of the slopes at the south-western base of Arthur's
Seat, near the stile at Gibraltar House." This place, he says, would
afford great variety of surface, " cajjable of every sort of embellishment,
architectural and arboreous." We arc glad to hear that the idea of orna-
menting a cemetery is acceptable to the inhabitants of Edinburgh ; and we
hope, if such a burial-place should be formed there, a regular garilener
will be appointed, so as to combine with it (as far as practicable), an
arboretum and botanical garden. This seems to be Mr. Neill's idea : we
have thrown out one on the same subject, in the Edinburgh W'cekli/ Chro-
nicle for Jan. 21. 1832. Our [)lan embraces the whole centre or cone of
Arthur's Seat, with a view of combining a public park or promenade with
a cemetery, ami with various other objects, hinted at in the following
extracts from the news()aper alhideil to : —

" My plan does not include Salisbury Craigs, nor the east of the hill,
but only the centre or cone, from its base at the park of llolyrood, ou
the one side, to the foot-path leading to the village of Duddingstone on
the other. If this space were obtained, the main entrance might be made
from the King's Park, connecting it with the end of the Canongate by a
broad road. From this main entrance let a carriage road be conducted
u|) the hill, ascending it at not more than an inch in a yard (the slope of
the road over the Simplon), and following all the irregularities of the sur-
face, to which a rigid adherence to this slope might lead, till it reached
the sununit. Let the road then terminate in a level circular platform, with
the naked rock, which, if I recollect right, forms tiie apex of the conical
iiill, rising up in its centre. From this circular platform let another
carriage road, departing at a point of the circumference opposite to that
at which the other entered, descend the hill, winding round it at the isaine

Domestic Notices : — Scotland. 363

degree of slope as the ascending road, and, like it, following all the irregu-
larities of the surftice, to which an adherence to this degree of slope might
lead, till it reached the gate of entrance at the King's Park. These two
roads would, of course, cross each other at a number of places. Where
they did so, let the one always cross the other over or under a bridge; not
narrow architectural bridges, with parapet walls, like the viaducts of
public roads, but simple rustic tunnels, like those which conduct (or did
conduct thirty years ago) the eastern approach to Duddingstone House
over the canal in the park. The length of the three arches of that viaduct
is three or four times the width of the road, so as to admit of the latter
being bordered by grass and trees, in such a way as to prevent the persons
on the road from discovering that they are on a bridge. In laying out
the roads, convenience and economy might lead sometimes to the ascend-
ing road passing under the descending one, and sometimes to a contrary
arrangement. This, and a thousand details which will occur in practice,
would be easily adjusted.

" These two roads, being laid out, would probably give five miles of
ascending, and five miles of descending road; which, judging from the road
over the Simplon, might be trotted up and trotted down with ease. When
the roads were newly made, the hill would have the appearance of being
cut into winding terraces; but if the hill were properly sprinkled over
with trees and shrubs, not to speak of tombs, monuments, and chapels,
the effect, in a few years, would be totally different.

" In arranging the ground on each side of the road, I should propose
that the flat and comparatively inconspicuous places round the base of
the hill should be thinly planted with trees, in the park style ; and, as
being nearest the town, this part might be devoted to the burial of those
who did not choose, or who could not afford, to purchase their lair, or
erect grave-stones. Happily, in Scotland these are but few. Then, on
the rock which forms the summit might be erected, as a crowning orna-
ment to the whole, an open circular temple, the basement story of which
might be occupied by tea-rooms, reading-rooms, &:c. The whole of the
space between the base and the summit, not occupied by what I would
call temporary public burial-places, might be sold to different parishes for
the purpose of building churches or chapels, with burial-grounds attached
to each ; or to any of the different sects of religion in Edinburgh, for
the same purpose. The space not occupied in this manner would, of
course, be let out to individuals for private burial-places, and for the
erection of tombs or other monuments to the memory of their friends,
or of great men of the past or present age ; and I do not see why the
spaces not wanted for the purposes mentioned might not be let out for
a number of years, for the formation of small fancy gardens, or even sum-
mer houses, or ornamental cottages. Among all these objects, trees,
flowers, and plants would be introduced, according to the taste of the
occupant ; care being taken, by a superintending committee, that the roads
were kept in perfect order, and nothing erected or planted that was
glaringly absurd.

" Such is the general outline of the style in which I would lay out
Arthur's Seat as a public cemetery and park. Perhaps there would not
be many parishes or sects who would choose to build their churches or
chapels on it ; but I cannot help thinking a number of both would do so
in time; and the objection of distance would be readily got over by Sunday
omnibuses, which, for a few halfpence, would convey those who could
not walk to and from the hill. At all events, by sprinkling the whole hill
over with trees, as soon as the roads were laid out, one of the most sin-
gular and interesting promenades in Europe would be formed.

" It has long appeared to me (and I suggested the idea in the Enci/do-

364! Domestic Notices: — Ireland.

j)(C<Ua of Gardening ten years ago) that if every part of Arthur's Scat were
rendered of easy access to carriages, by laying out roads in the manner
whicli I liave [)roposed above, it would be an admirable situation for villas
and ornamental cottages. Perhaps one part of the hill might be devoted
to this pur|)ose, another to a zoological garden, and another to a general
cemetery ; but I confess I should prefer to see the whole a hill of churches,
monuments, tombs, fancy gardens, and trees, witli only a few intervening
dwellings."

Mr. Neill, in a postscript to his pamphlet, says: — "Were Arthur's Seat
as near to London as it is to Edinburgh, Mr. Loudon's plan would be good:
but he seems to forget the difference between the two ca|)itals. His scheme
is too niiignificent, and would prove too costly, for us : mine, I think, is
moderate and practicable." This is no doubt true, if we limit our views
to a cemetery ; but if we extend them, so as to include churches, chapels,
and other public buildings, and also private buildings, we should think the
speculation likely to be a good one in a pecuniary point of view. — Cond.

j\Ir. NcilPs Garden at Canonmills. — The rage for cleanliness and puri-
fication which lately existed in Edinburgh, in consequence of the cholera
alarm, induced the magistrates to attempt to drain the loch or lake of
Canonmills, on the margin of which tiie ancestors of Mr. Neill have
enjoyed a small j)roperty ever since the close of the seventeenth century.
This loch has become of more importance to Mr. Neill than it can have
been to any of his ancestors, from the number of plants which lie has in
his garden. In a printed statement laid betbre the magistrates, he informs
us that his garden, " though very limited in extent, contains a cool green-
house, a warm green- house, and a stove or hot-house, with a double
pit, and two large frames, all of them filled with flower-pots. The
number of flower-pots requiring a supply of soft or river water daily
[which can only be procured from the loch ; all the other sources being
impregnated with salts of lime, or of iron, and incapable of dissolving soap]
is 2004'." Mr. Neill farther observes, that "when the rarity and costliness
of many of the plants are considered (the value of the collection
amounting, according to the estimate of most competent judges [Messrs.
M'Nab, senior and junior, of the Royal Botanic Garden], to .^600 it must
be admitted, it is to me a concern of no little interest and importance, laying
altogether out of view the pretinm affeetionis [their keepsake value] ; and
the existence of my garden depends on my having access to the loch." We
can sympathise with the feelings of Mr. Neill at the prospect of losing the
soft water for his garden ; and we heartily congratulate him and his
friends about Edinburgh, and these include all who know him, on the suc-
cess of his remonstrauie, ami the preservation of the loch. We have long
wished for a plan and bird's-eye view of Mr. Neill's suburban retreat,
which all who have seen it allow to be unique ; but our countrymen at
Edinburgh arc difficult to move. — Cond.

IRELAND.

Dnhlin, Feb. 21. 1832. — Our weather here is unnaturally mild. The
winter has been a perpetual spring. At this moment, on the north siile of
this city, in my garden and elsewhere, laurels are in flower. Kerr/a
japunica, and many others, are also in most i)lentifid flower; and peaches,
(ftc, will lie in blossom, if the weather continues the same, in another week.
C!urrants and gooseberries are expanding their leaves. Many green-house
plants have stood out safely with me the whole winter. 1 shall, I hojic,
send you a list, ere long, of plants wiiich have stood out more than one
year with me, amongst which you will find many not hitherto attempted
to be acclimatised in this countrv. — li, Mallet,

Domes/ ic Notices : — Ireland. 365

Rural Improvement. — Our correspondent, Mr. Murphy, we are glad to
find, is making arrangements for being supplied with agricultural seeds ; and,
as he has had nuich experience in rural affairs, he proposes affording to
" such gentlemen as honour his establishment with theii* orders, any in-
formation which they may require, and which it may be in his power to
give, as to the best means of reclaiming lands ; the prices, age, and kinds
of trees suited to particular soils and situations ; the kinds and proportions
of grass seeds adapted to particular circumstances, &c.; subjects, for want
of an acquaintance with which, he has reason to know that large sums are
annually misapplied in this country [Ireland]." A man of Mr. Murphy's
science and experience might render immense service to the agricultural
interest in Ireland, if there were enterprise enough among the country
gentlemen to consult him, and take his advice. — Cond.

Improvement of the Labouring Class. — In the county of Clare, about ten
miles from the city of Limerick, Mr. Vandeleur resides on his estate ; and
has employed on it between sixty and seventy people, all the year round, at
the rate of eight-pence per day. About one third of this number are women
(there are no children employed) ; but the greater part of the labourers are
young and strong men, between 18 and 30. Some live in single cottages
of long standing ; the remainder are boarded and lodged, under Mr. Van-
deleur's inspection, in large but comfortable rooms newly built for the
purpose, which admit of many economical arrangements of fuel, cookery,
attendance, and arrangements, which obviate the necessity of the young
labourer marrying merely that he may have some one to cook and bring
him his meals. Mr. Vandeleur's ultimate object is to give the peasantry
an opportunity of elevating themselves to comfort and independence by
their own exertions, and, if they please, obtaining a permanent interest in
the land which they till. The working plan is this : — The labourers have
well arranged committees of cultivation amongst themselves, who not only
examine the localities, and determine what is best to be grown upon each,
but assist in doing the work themselves. An exact account is kept of all
the expenditure and produce. The labourers are credited to the full with
all they can bring to the barn or the market, for Mr. Vandeleur's use : and
are debited with their wages for present support ; with the rent of the land
under cultivation, at an average of about 25s. per acre ; with the county
rates thereon ; and, lastly, with the interest of Mr. Vandeleur's stock and
capital employed for their use. If they can produce a surplus on these
necessary expenses, they are, by agreement, fully entitled to it, and may,
if they think fit, become the purchasers of the land, at a fixed rate; or,
having acquired stock of their own, they may remain on it as perpetual
lessees. In its present early stage, this undertaking can only be considered
as an experiment : it is, however, a most interesting one to the philanthro-
pist; especially in the present state of the empire, when the oldest institu-
tions are crumbling away before novel necessity and the growing spirit of
reform in all things.

Another undertaking, on a smaller scale, but which promises to be equally
instructive as an example, has occurred in the county of Cork, a few miles
from the coast, at Tullig, near Skibbereen. Mr. Thompson of Cork has laid
out a model cottage farm, of five acres, for the instruction of a numerous
tenantry, strongly attached to old modes of cultivation and old habits of
all kinds. He has stocked one acre as a garden, with fruit trees, roots, &c. ;
fenced, cultivated, and laid down the other four with the most improved
rotation of cottager's crops ; built a cottage, with its addenda of cow-
house, bee-house, pigst}', dairy, &c. ; and placed a peasant of good cha-
racter, and his little stock, on the little farm, with full powers to consume
and enjoy all he can produce, but strictly bound to cultivate every perch
of it by spade, and in the manner which RL-. Thompson has laid down as
most exemplary. Failing in this, the tenant will fail also in his right of

366 Hints for Imprcwcments.

possession, and must give way to one more docile ; so that he has every
mdiiccmcnt to persevere in orderly industry.

Near this is another buildiiii:, \\hich INIr. Thompson is fitting up for
a sciiool of industry for tlie children of his tenants, without any intention
to interfere, directly or indirectly, with their notions on religious topics.
Around it, Mr. Thompson has marked out five acres more, which the chil-
dren are to be taught to cultivate with spades, as a fiekl garden, on the
most approved Flemish plan. The produce, great or small, is to be their
own. The school does not open till spring, but the cottage-farm is fully
stocked, and the tenant in possession. This Mr. William Thompson is
the author of the Inquiry into the Distribution of IVcalt/i. (^Timcs of
Feb. 22. 1832.)

By a Report of the Agricultural Cooperative Society in the county
of Clare, in The Crisis (edited by Robert Owen, anti advocating co-
operation and the other opinions of his party, published in quarto weekly
numbers, at a penny each), it appears that the above establishments are
prospering. Every married man has a cottage to himself, and can either
have his food cooked in the public kitchen, or dressed in his own house.
The bachelors and spinsters sleep in separate dormitories. There is an
infant school, in which every male youth is taught a trade, besides a
thorough knowledge of agriculture. The childi-en have a lecture three
times a week, and two concerts, accompanied by dances. (Crisis, No. vii.
p. 27.)

Ire/and resemllcs the Continent, where every proprietor of a park or a
garden, from the king to the humble country gentleman, enhances his own
enjoyment by sharing it witii the public. (Tour of a German Prince.)

Art. IV. Hints for Improvements.

The foUoioing Trees and Plants would be well worth acquiring for Culti-
vation in Britain, viz. : — T^gus ietuloides (the birch-like beech), an ever-
green tree, 30 ft. high ; jPagus antarctica (the Antarctic beech), a deciduous
tree, 50ft. in height; and the Winters aromatica (Winter's bark tree) : all
found in the severe climate of the Strait of M;igellan. [T-agus ietuloidcs
and antarctica were both introduced to Colvill's Nursery in 1830. Wintera
aromatica (called now Drlmys Forsten) was introduced to Britain in
1827, but is as yet kept in the stove: it is an evergreen tree. — J. I).]
At Zurich, apples of curious kinds are sold, some as white as snow. The
inhabitants are particularly famed for tiic cultivation of How crs, and excel in
China asters. At Lausaime, the red ciuTants are of an extraordinary size.
In Russia, a variety of rice is used, whicii grows in Siberia, and is n)orc
succulent than that of America. Enquiries should be made about this ;
because, possibly, in it our bog soils might gain the acquisition of a new
production.

Tamarish planted by cuttings in the spring, in driving sands on the sea-
shore, will inunediately take root ; and the falling leaves, in a few years,
will fix the sand. Sea-weed may also be coUectetl and spread over the
sand, which the stems of the tamarisk woulil hold in their place. Tamarisk
may be cut every spring, and thus yield an annual profit : the wood is heavy,
and good to burn.

WUd Cabbage. The Rev. W. T. Brce having called your attention to the
wild cabbage of Dover, allow me to pt)int out a use to which it may be most
beneficially applied, viz., covering acres of sea-beach ami driving sands.
Plants shouKI be put in in Se|)tember or October ; and iu the spring, just
as they were bursting into blossom, the crowns only should be cut to iced

Retrospective Criticism, 367

cattle, and the stems left to seed, and possess themselves of the beach or
sand. They would thus render these barren wastes most useful to the
farmer ; and fix the sands, which now drive, and cover all before them.
Sand, this very sand, is the best of all possible manures for clay and heavy
land ; and, where it can be obtained, no other manure would be required
during a man's life for such soils. If he could, in time, carry 500 loads per
acre, it would work well at all seasons, and be the richest part of his farm.
Pray call the attention of your readers to this fact. — A. X. Feb. 8. 1832.

Art. V. Retrospective Criticism.

Corrections to last Number. — In Dr. Hamilton's notice of the Pita
de Guataca, p. 240. line 21., for " a small apple," read " a small pine-
apple."

Mr. Toivard's Mode of having Volumes prepared for dried Specimens of
Plants. — Sir, Your description of this mode occurs in Vol. IV. p. 436.,
and not p. 468., as you have wrongly indicated in Vol. VII. p. 133. —
A Porer.

Tlie Writings of Gardeners. — The following reason why the writings of
gardeners " are not rendered so instructive as they might be, and as they
ought to be, by those who pretend to teach," is given in the Repertory of
Patent Inventions for May, p. 310. : — " There are professional arcana, whicli
writers may never intend to reveal ; and, in fact, it is scarcely reasonable to
expect that they, who have a living to earn by their professional pursuits,
should lay open to public view all the secrets of their art, particularly
those more delicate minutiae upon which chiefly depends the success of an
important operation. The blame, in reality, attaches to the insincerity
of the pretence, not to the pmdence of the writer."

Our contemporary was never farther from the truth than in the foregoing
professional charge, which may justly be considered a libel on the whole
race of modern gardeners. There is not a British horticultural writer, from
Abercrombie (the author of Every Man Ms own Gardener, in 1766) to
the present day, whose works do not contradict our contemporary's asser-
tion. Gardeners may have described the processes of their art imperfectly,
from not being in the habit of writing ; but our contemporary must know
very little, indeed, either about gardeners or their art, or he would never
have allowed himself to indulge in the strain which we have quoted. He
grounds his observation on a passage in the introduction to Cobbett's Eng-
lish Gardener, very well calculated to sell that book, because it promises to
tell all that is known, and that has never been told before; but if any pos-
sessor of Cobbett's work will turn to Mawe's Every Man his own Gar-
dener, even to any of the earlier editions, he will find all that Cobbett has
done (and, as he would insinuate, for the first time) done better half a cen-
tury ago. What Cobbett undertakes is merely to describe minutely the
mechanical processes, which Abercrombie had done long before. Cobbett
knows as little of vegetable physiology, or of the science of gardening, as the
editor of the Repertory of Patent Inventions evidently does of the practice
of gardening, or of its professors. If a further proof of this were required,
the paper the editor has quoted to illustrate his observation would prove
his ignorance of the subject, as, though very good in itself, it does not
contain a single fact that was not previously well known, and that had not
been as well told before. — Cond.

Correction of an Error in the EncyclopcBdia of Plants. — " Diclytra,"
instead of Dielytra. The same error also occurs several times in the
body of the book. Di*. Hooker, in his Botanical Magazine, No. 3031.,
remarks : — ** Dielytra is from dis, twice, and elyiro7i, a cover ; in allusion

368 Rrfroxpcclivc Cri/ic/siii.

to the two petals termiiuiting in a hag or pouch. It is hy mistake often
spelleil Dielytra." Your youtliiul correspondent. — C. T. W. Dcrhy-
shirr, Januari) 11. 1832.

We have already alluded to this correction, Vol. VII. p. GO., at hottoni ;
but admit C. T. W.'s with thanks, because it is more in detail, and to evince
our respect for our " youthful correspondent's " lucid correction. — J. 1).

SweeCs British Flower-Garden. — Sir, In the reply of F. (p. 87.) to my
observations on SwccCs Brilisli Fhwcr-Garden, inserted in Vol. VII.
p. 709., he appears to have wholly mistaken my object: it was certainly not
with a view of attacking the gentleman who conducts that work with so
much ability, that I animadverted upon it; but merely with the intention of
reconunending to your readers not to be too hasty in transferring to their
flower-borders new and scarce plants, until they had first obtained dupli-
cates. When the publication of the linlish Flower 'Garden was first
announced, it was proposed to figure only iiardy plants, or such as would
endure the winter in the open Hower-borders : this was its professed
object. Now, I will only a.sk F. camlidly to state, if all, or even many, of
the plants figured, are calculated for tliis pur]wse. That many of them arc
very beautiful, I am reaily to admit ; consequently, a great proportion of the
readers of the work would probabl}' be anxious to possess them ; but if
they were, on purchasing them, innnediutely to transfer them to their
flower-borders, would they not be doomed to disappointment and loss?
They must effectually keep the frost from some ; others would perish, by
being exposed to too much wet ; and there are some that wouUl never do
any good in open borders, under any circumstances. If, therefore, artificial
means are absolutely necessary to preserve them, is it not a misapplication
to call them hard}"? Would it be desirable to have the flower-garden
(which jou, Sir, very properly recommend to be, in every case, near the
rooms most immediately in use) studded with pots, mats, litter, &c., for
five or six months in the year ? I have no objection, individually, to the
plan of the work being changed ; but I do protest against tentler plants
being figured in a work professing to give only hanly flowers and shrubs ;
and at the same time recommending them as calculated for open flower-
borders. It is certainly very proper to attempt to acclimatise as many
exotics as possible, and it is an object worthy the attention of every cul-
tivator; because, in effecting it, you procure in many species far more beau-
tiful and splendid flowers than you can do by growing them in pots. It is,
therefore, not with any intention of dejirccating these experiments that
I have mooted the question, but solely with a view of reconunending caution
in the application. To the skilfid and experienced, this advice is unneces-
sarv; but to those who, like myself, only cultivate plants for anuisement,
it may be of some use. I need not take up your space in enumerating
such plants as I consider not calculated for the Hower-gardon, because it
must be obvious that my observations api)ly principally to the Cape bulhs,
&c., and to such herbaceous and alpine plants as are liable to be killed by
frost or wet ; also to some of those that are so exceeilingly diminutive,
that they are little calculated for the bonlers, although very necessary in a
collection as pot plants. Whether any of the above ought to have a
place in a work such as the publication in (juestion ])rofesscs to be, 1 have
great doubts; but I have none as to their unfitness for the flower-gi\rdcn.
E. London, Fehruftri/ 18. 1832.

T/ic A^ririd/ural and Ilorlictdtiiral Exhihition held at Stirling (p. lU.),
atid pro/)fd)le Oiigin of lite Term " Wliinxtonc:' —These exhibitions,
juduing from first appearances, must, if persevered in, be attended
with the most beneficial results to that part of the country, and reflect
infinite credit on their promoters. Von mention that the Irish whin
was exhibited as an article of green food for cattle, anil properly re-
mark, that, owing to the difficulty of propagating it, it is not likely to
answer the end. The common variety of L'Mcx cnrop.nc'a is that used for

JRdrospective Criticism. 369

feeding horses in this country. Every small farmer, in districts where-
whin abounds in the north of Ireland, has a stone trough, in which the
tender shoots are beaten to a pulp, with a wooden mallet. This trough is
generally formed of granite, and always of the hardest rock, whence, pro-
bably the term whinstone, as commonly applied to every very hard stone.
I have seen the Irish whin very extensively employed in this manner, and
only wonder that the use of it is not still more general. — E. Murphy.
Dublin, February 1. 1832.

The Irish furze is cultivated in the nursery of Messrs. Whitley and Co.,
Fulham, and is named by Mr. George Don, in our Hortus Britdnniciis,
p. 280., " JT\ex hibernica." In some collections it is named C/'lex europae^a
var. stricta ; but Mr. J. T. Mackay considers it a distinct species, and no
variety of either f/Mex europag^a or nana, and names it, in his Catalogue
of the Indigenous Plants of Ireland, tTlex stricta. The principal, perhaps
only, stations for it are the park and shrubberies of the Marquess of Lon-
donderry, at Mount Stewart, county of Down ; and of its origin there no
one knows any thing. It has been stated to grow readily from cuttings, and
to be a ver}' valuable plant to the agriculturist. Mr. Stewart Murray states
that it has been planted in dry hilly pastures in the north of Scotland, and
that in the early spring it throws up a copious crop of succulent shoots,
which are greedily eaten by sheep, when the supply of grass is insufficient.
— Cond,

Mr. HowderCs Answer to Mr. M. Murphy's and Mr. Haycrofi's Criticisms
on his Remarks on Irish Cottages and Irish Labourers. — We have received
a long letter from Mr. Howden, in answer to Mr. M. Murphy (Vol. VII.
p. 505.), and to Mr. Haycroft (Vol. VII. p. 710.); we cannot insert it in
full, but the following are extracts : — Mr. Howden says, he is happy to
hear that Mr. Haycroft is well, and that the wages of the men at Doneraile
have been raised from Sd. to lOal. per day ; he hopes that the women's and
boys' wages have also been raised from \d. to 5d. ; " a mighty sum truly,"
says he, " when we consider that the Irish pennies go (like the baker's
rolls) thirteen to the dozen. If these be the wages given by the first-rate
noblemen, what can be expected from the farmers ? The journeymen gar-
deners in my time, viz. 1813, I acknowledge (as Mr. Haycroft says),
were %d. per day; but what with sickness, and saints' days which were
numerous, together with stoppages for back debts, the subsisting money
for eighteen human beings was no more, and often less, than 40.y. per
week. I remember one of my men stopping the whole of his wages for six
whole weeks to pay 2-tj. for a hat. The poor fellow had some thoughts of
going to England, and he thought the hat would make him look respectable.
Every good thing in Ireland (except whisky) is dearer than in England.
I tried to buy some Irish linen at a shop in Doneraile, and found that 3*.
per yard was the lowest price ; for, as the draper said, he dealt with the
very first house in London for his Irish linen. This seemed rather like an
Irish bull."

In another part of Mr. Howden's letter, he says, " With respect to Mr. M.
Murphy's remark (Vol. VII. p. 505.) on my comparing my wife to a Venus,
he must know that all lovers, and particularly poetical lovers, compare
their mistresses to Venuses, &c. ; and, after a fifteen years' trial, I am as
fond of my wife as

" ' When I first show'd her the ring, and implored her to marry.' "

Mr. Howden adds, " that he never meant to say that the Irish peasantry
were afraid of any thing : the man is no coward who dares to marry, and
get a family of children, knowing that 5^. must feed and clothe them all
for seven days." Still he believes "that children fed entirely on potatoes,
and not half clothed, with quite naked feet, must give the features a different
cast from that stamped on them by the hand of their Creator. The grass

Vol. VIIL — No. 38. "b b

370 lielrospeclive Criticism.

land given to the poor in Ireland, for potatoes, is no favour at all, but quite
the reverse : it saves the landlord, or farmer, the trouble of cleaning and
nianuriu!^ a naked summer fallow ; yet this privilege is estimated at Done-
raile as one fourth of a man's wages. The farm-labourers, in 1813, had no
more tiian 6^. per day, and the gardeners 8rf." — .7. H. Heath Home,
Janitari/ 8. 1832.

Collecting Slugs and Snails hij Cabbage Leaves ivhich have been heated and
greased (p. 149.). — Sir, In clearer explanation of my plan, as described
p. 149., I may say the cabbage leaves are not to be daubed all over with
grease. I warm the leaves until they become quite soft, and I then rub a
little bit of any sort of fresh grease between my hands, and this done rub
the most of it off on a cloth, and then give each leaf a clap between my
hands, but very softly indeed, and then lay them in the places where the
snails occur. — Peter Martin. Leeds, April 9. 1832.

To put a stop to the Ravages ivhich Caterpillars commit on Gooseberry
Bushes. — In this neighbourhood, several gardeners use the powder of
black hellebore, wetting the bush first, then shaking on the powder through
a dredging-box. I use, with great success, the flour of mustard seed in the
same way, which is less expensive and less dangei'ous than the powder of
hellebore. — Id.

Siebe^s Cocks. — You have in Vol. VII. p. 84., been very laudatory
of Siebe's cocks. He is not the inventor of them ; as you may see by
looking at the Repertory of Arts for 1800 (vol. ix. p. 37-89), where you will
find Mr. Joseph Bramah's original specification of a patent for them ; so that
Mr. Siebe cannot possibly maintain his [jatent. My maternal granilfather and
Bramah were fellow-apprentices, and warm frientls while both were alive ;
and my father has frequently heard the former sa}-, that, however well the
cocks seemed in hypothesis, they never answeretl in practice. Now, you.
ought to publish this, because a monopolv for an old invention is intoler-
able. — Robert Mallet. Dublin, Feb. 2 1 . "l832.

Filtering Machines. — There was much noise made some time ago, about
a supposed new filtering machine, made by some one in Oxford Street (I
forget the name). The water was to be forced through a stone disc, at
one end of an iron cylinder, by a small pump, on the principle of the
hydraulic press. Bramah was also the inventor of this ; and the descrip-
tion of it is contained in the specification of the patent above alluded to.
{Repertory of Arts, vol. ix. p. 378.)— /^ Mallet. Dublin, Feb. 21. 1832.

Annnoniacal (ras. — I know that I am an inventor, but I perceive by
your February Number (p. 41.) that I am not the first inventor, of the
application of anunonia to the destruction of insects. — Id.

Leathern IVallrt, S^c. — As a reader of your Magazine, I nuist enter my
protest agaiust the decision of T. S. (p. 8G.), that it is frivolous to intro-
duce figures and descriptions of implements, &c., because, forsooth, they
may be common in any given portion of the United Kingdom. I should
be glad to be informed, whether, previously to the appearance of the figure
(Vol. VII. p. 613.) to which T. S. objects, any thing so well adaj)ted to the

puqiosc was used, or even known, in this part of the world E. Murphy.

Du/jlin, Feb. 2. 1832.

Cot tain and Hallen^s Iron Slakes for supporting Plants. — Sir, Your corre-
spondent, E. S. (Vol. VII. p. 7 1. J.), objects to what he calls the poker-like
shape of my iron stakes (Vol. VI I. p. 284.); but lean assure him the sight
of them would convince him the compari.sou will not hold. As he agrees in
their economy, beauty, and safety, I woulil advi.se him to order a lot from
Messrs. C'ottatii and ll:illen,an(l I would almost engage to say he woidd be
satisfied of their superiority. I have one now in sight, 0 ft. high when in the
ground ; a clean cast-iron rod tapering from an inch in diameter at the surface,
to three eighths of an inch at top. The foot is 20 in. long, tapering down-

RetrospecBve Criticism. 371

wards, \\ inch square at the shouldering, and slightl}- grooved. A plant
with any weight of head, attached to a rod such as E. S. prefers, would be
laid flat on the ground by a few hours' wind and rain : not that the rod
itself would either bend or break ; but unless the soil in which it is inserted
were iron, as well as the rod, it could not, in such circumstances, maintain
its position. I am, yours, &c. — J. Hisloj). Ashtead Gardens, Feb. 6. 1832.

Certain Gardens near Dnblin. — Sir, I notice in the February Number of
your Magazine (p. 83.), under the head " Corrections for the EncyclopcEdm
of Gardening,'''' what I cannot avoid considering a very invidious compa-
rison, instituted by my respected fellow-citizen, Mr. Mallet, between the
gardens of Frederick Bourne, Esq., and those of Counsellor West, both in
the vicinity of this city ; and as I, in common with all who have witnessed
the expense Mr. Bourne has incurred, and the interest he takes in diffus-
ing a taste for the more elegant branches of gardening, should be sorry to
find the observations to which I allude perpetuated in a future edition of
the Encyclopccd'ta, I will, with your permission, endeavour to set you right
upon the subject.

In the first place, then, I conceive that Mr. Mallet is not correct when
lie states, that, in the short notice of the garden at Terenure, which appears
in the EncyclopcBdia of Gardening, you either emblazoned or exaggerated
its deserts ; on the contrary, I think it is evident that the information you
were enabled to obtain regarding this, and other gardens on this side the
Channel, did not afford you sufficient datafor doing justice to them. When
I inform you that 60,000 of the finest ranunculuses, almost an equal number
of the choicest h3'acinths, 1700 varieties of roses, many of them no where
else to be seen in this country, together with a splendid collection of georgi-
nas, flower annually in the gardens of Terenure ; and that these dazzling exhi-
bitions are, with unexampled liberality, thrown open to every person of
respectable appearance* ; whilst Counsellor West's garden is not accessible
even to gardeners and amateurs; you will easily decide which of these gardens
merits the more flattering notice. Nor is it in floriculture only that the
garden at Terenure excels every other in the vicinity of Dublin : the exotic
department is highly respectable, and the collection of trees and shrubs
can only be equalled in Ireland by that in the Botanic Garden, Trinity
College.

Neither are you, Mr. Conductor, liable to censure for having omitted
to notice Ccrfoisellor West's garden in the Enct/chpcedia of Gardening; as
I doubt whether that garden was, at the time your work was published,
(as Ml". Mallet would say,) in rerum natura: but be that as it may, that it
is well deserving of notice at the present time I am most ready to admit,
and we feel obliged to Mr. Mallet for his description of it. He must, how-
ever, pardon me for thinking his account would have been more valuable,
if, instead of noticing vine borders 40 ft. wide, and "asparagus beds drained
5 ft» deep with boulder granite" (i. e. round granite stones found on the
surface of the ground, the advantage of which, in preference to brick-bats,
gardeners have yet to learn), he had favoured us with an account of the
tropical fruits it contains, viz. guavas, mangoes, mangosteens, &c. ; in the
cultivation of which, I believe. Counsellor West has been very successful.
— E. Murphy. Bublin, Feb. 7. 1832.

Choice of Situation. — Sir, I have been much gratified by perusing the
" General Results " of your " Tour ; " abounding, as they do, in every page
with excellent philosophical and practical remarks. I was more particu-
larly struck with what you say (Vol. VII. p. 644.) of building and plant-
ing in hilly countries, in preference to level ones, which reminded me of an

* 1400 persons, principally shopkeepers and artisans, have been known
to visit these gardens in a single day last siuiimer.

B B 2

37ti Queries and Aiisrjoeis.

eloquent passage in your own favourite newspaper, tiic Scotsman^ which I
extract, thinkiiifi it well worth a place in your Magazine: — " 1 sometimes
wonder how ricli men, who can live where they please, after having once
enjovcd tlie glories of mountain scenery, should choose to live in the
interminable flats of Lincoln or Cambridgeshire. To dwell in a plain,
witlioiit visible boundaries, affects me as if I were left at large in the world
witiiout a home; and to nestle in a wooded spot, where the eye cannot
penetrate a mile in any direction, gives me a feeling of being imprisoned
or smothered. This, 1 own, is a matter of taste ; but the sujjerior advan-
tages which a mountain oHcrs for exercise are great and palpable." (Scots-
man, Aug. 1. 1829.) I am, Sir, yours, &c. — Jo/in Hubert Lawrence
Aberdeen, Dec. 30. 1831.

Art. VI. Queries and Anstoers.

A CERTAIN Irish Mansion (fig. 35. p. 91.). — The singular edifice of
which a drawing is given in p. 91., stood at Ballyscullion, in the county of
Londonderry, and was erected by Lord Bristol, then bishop of that diocese.
A figure anil description of both the interior and exterior, but which I do
not consider of sufficient importance to occupy your pages, will be found
in the Rev. Mr. Sampson's Statistical Survey of the Countif of Londonderry.
The situation of this house was extremely ill-chosen, and notwithstanding
the immense sum that was expended in erecting it, and that it was
furnished in a style of Oriental splendour. Sir Harvey Bruce, to whom it
was beiiueatheil, wisely abandoned it for a less imposing but more rational
mansion. The portico of Ballyscullion House is now the portico of one
of the churches in Belfast; and some splendid foreign marble columns and
chinmey -pieces, which were brought from it, may be seen in the Bishop
of Meath's house at Portglenone. In this way the whole has been trans-
ported to one place or other, and not a vestige remains to mark the spot
where, like the builders of the tower of Babel of old, the Bishop of
Derry fondlv imagined he was establishing for himself a name. " Sic transit
gloria nuindi l" — E. Murphy. Dublin, Feb. 7. 1832.

Sir, Lord Bristol's mansion, Ickworth, near Bury St. Edmunds, is upon
the plan indicated in your engraving (p. 91.), though it does not agree with
it in all its details. When I saw it in 1821, the body of the house only
was erected ; but the foundation of the wings indicated a plan as nearly as
possible agreeing with that in the drawing. The history I then learned
respecting it was tiiis, that it was built in imitation of an Italian villa,
after a plan sent over from Italy, by the late Lord Bristol, who was
bisho|) of Derry, and who, residing almost entirely abroaii, spent a great
part of the revenues of the see in works of taste ami fancy. I was told
also that he had had two other mansions erected in Irelanti, upon exactly
the same plan ; that Ickworth wjis the last of the three ; and that he
himself hail never seen any of them. Ickworth was intendeil to be the
principal of these three mansions ; but a vessel, containing rich marble and
other ornaments, purchased in Italy, and intemled ibr it, having been
taken by one of Napoleon's shi|)s, the building itself was not proceeded
in beyonil the erection of the walls aud roof, till the present Lord Bristol
tonuuenced fitting up some of the rooms a few years since. What pro-
gress lias been made since the visit I i)aid it in 1821, J have not learned. —
.V. ]{. ]}. Feb. 1832.

Salt as a Destroi/cr of Weeds. — I should be glad to know if any of your
readers has tried what (juantity of salt will destroy all the perennial-rooted
weeds, and how long it will be l)efore the soil can be cropfjcd with safety ?
Also, what vegetable or fruit will be most suitable for the first crop ? I
tim, Sir, yours, c*v:c. — // Friend tu Enquiry. Alarch 20. 1832,

Queries and Answers. 373

A short criticism, which we have too long neglected, and although on
another subject, bears sufficiently on the question just asked to merit in-
sertion here. — Co?id.

Salt as Manure. (Vol. II. p. I.) — There are many conflicting opinions
on the merits of salt as a manure, and whether it is a manure or not- Has
there not been a want of discrimination in the different experiments? Ave
there not some plants and flowers, say hyacinths, tulips, and several other
bulbous-rooted flowers, and many others, which thrive and grow more
luxuriantly near the sea, with a soil and atmosphere impregnated with saline
matter ? It is said that Portsmouth and Portsea produce the finest
broccoli : perhaps a judicious application of salt would, for these plants,
be found beneficial, more particularly on chalky soils, and an inland situ-
ation. Does not experience show that it is improper to manure light land
with light compost, and vice versa .^ The farmers in the hundreds of Essex
manure with chalk, to neutralise the saline qualities of the soil. K so,
would not a proper application of salt on chalky lands be of essential
benefit, and even on some other lands ; and should it not be applied some
length of time previous to the plants being planted, or the seeds sown ? for
I think it will be found evident, that salt applied after the foliage appears,
will be prejudicial, if not destructive : I have used it, but never to any
advantage. — Charles Baron. Saffron Walden, Feb. 7. 1827.

In relation to this subject, it merits notice here, that, at a meeting of
the Cupar Horticultural Society, on the 25th of April last, a prize was
given to Mr. William Smith, for leeks. These leeks, according to the Fife
Herald of May 3., in which the show is reported, " were of an uncommorl
size ; indeed, none of a similar size had before been shown at the meetings
of this Society. Mi\ Smith mentioned that the ground upon which the
leeks were produced had been manured with common salt. The salt must
be strewed upon the ground when the seed is sown ; for, if applied after
vegetation has commenced, it will destroy the plants." — ./. D.

Thinning and Pruning Plantations. — In Mr. Alexander Gordon's in-
teresting remarks ^on some gardens and country residences in Leicester-
shire (Vol. VII. p. 421.), mention is made, in high terms of commend-
ation, of the system of thinning and pruning successfully adopted in the
management of the plantations at Prestwould. Practical facts, such as
these, are what are still much wanted, and your correspondent would
confer obligation on many of your readers, by giving them, through the
medium of your Magazine, full particulars of the " regular and systematic
method of thinning and pruning, from the original planting to the full
perfection of the timber, to which he alludes." — J. H. M. Woodjleld,
Dec. 183 1.

What is the best Work on laying out Villa and other small Residences, a7id
its Price? — W. Seyvionr. Palace Gardens, Bishopthorj)e, March 26. 1832.

Answer. — Hints for laying out Toivn Gardens and Suburban Villas, from
one Perch to a Hundred Acres in Extent. London, 181 1, 4to. The price,
we believe, was originally 48s., but the work is now very scarce. We shall
begin a series of designs for laying out gardens and pleasure-grounds, in
our next Number. — Cond.

A Catechism of Gardening. — I wish you would draw up a small work,
to teach the schoolmaster gardening ; and also another elementary one,
to put into the hands of the school children. — J. S. M. Dumfries-shire,
April 20,. 1832.

In Bavaria, there is Hazzi's Catechism of Agrictdture and Horticulture,
which is taught in the public schools to the whole of the population. We
do not see why there should not be, not only a similar catechism in this
country, but one for every particular trade. This was attempted some
years ago by Sir Richard Phillips ; but his Catechism of Agricultm-e was
ten times too dear. Works of this kind should be as cheap as religious

B B 3

37i (Queries a?id Ansivcrs.

catechisms. Whenever any bookseller shall be found willing to undertake
such publications, we shall i)e ready either to write them, or to get them
written in tiie very best manner. — Coud.

Afiirrm/s 'I a/lies (fig. IG. Vol. III. p. 29.). — I can get none of these
tallies about Lomlon ; and knowing no one about Glasgow, I apjjly to you
for advice, &c. — R. S. T. Exmmth, Feb. 20. 1832.

These tallies may be had of Messrs. Cottani and Ilallen, of Winsley
Street, London, in quantities under a cwt., at 2*. Zd. per dozen, with
the iron only ; or 3*. per dozen w ith the iron and small pieces of deal for
writing the name on, and of glass to fit. In quantities above a cwt.
the price will not exceed 18.v. per cwt. for the largest size, or 22a-. for
the smallest. We recommend purchasers of these tallies, or any others of
the iron kind, to pay a trifle extra to the manufacturer for putting them
when nearly red hot into train-oil or gas-liquor. We also rcconnnend
gardeners, when they send for only a dozen or two of small articles of this
sort, to pay the postage of their letters. Of all the tallies which we have
seen, Murray's are by far the cheapest and best for herbaceous plants in
the open air. For large trees and shrubs, brick tallies (figs. 11. anil 12., p. 33,
of our present Volume) are preferable, on account of their durability, and
the more fixed and permanent character of their appearance. — Cond.

Weights and Measures in Covent Garden Market. — Sir, It was observed,
Vol. VII. p. 255., that the lists of prices in Covent Garden Market are
deprived of half their utility to country readers from many of the terms
being used only in London. I perfectly agree in this opinion ; and hope
that the objection may soon be removed, by having such terms as punnets,
sieves, &c., explained in such a manner as to be intelligible to your country
readers. — J. IV. L. Birmingham, Sept., 1831.

The indigenous Flowers and Fruits of the State of Ohio. — Mrs. Trollope,
in her Domestic Mannrs of the Americans, vol. i. p. 87., says, speaking
of Cincinnati : — " The flowers of these regions were as bad as the fruits.
Whether this proceeds from want of cultivation, or peculiarity of soil, I
know not; but, after leaving Cincinnati, I \Vas told by a gentleman who
appeared to understand the subject, that the state of ()hio had no indi-
genous flowers or fruits." As Mrs. Trollope is considered to have given
way to her prejudices on other subjects connected with America, and as I
intend, notwithstanding all she has said to emigrate thither, as soon as I
ran raise money to pay for the passage of myself and a large family;
I should much wish to know what truth there is in this information of" a
gentleman, who ap[)eared to understand the subject." Perhaps some of
your readers who have been in America, or some American correspondent,
can solve my diiTiculty. I am the more anxious to have it solved, be-
cause, assureiUy, if there be no indigenous flowers and fruits at Cincinnati,
it is the very part of America that 1 would emigrate to in preference. It
will be Hither odtl if I do not find some of the fruits and flowers of corre-
.sponding latitudes that will flourish there, whatever may be the "peculiarity
of soil." — 7^ .S". 7'. Jlolderness, April 15. 1832.

The Tree iMig/ionette. — in Jesse's Gleanings in Natural Ilistort/, just
published, it is stated (|). I(i5.) that, " in trenching for a plantation in a
j)art of liushy Park which had probably been undisturbed by the s|)ade or
plough since, and perha[)s long before, the reign of Charles I. ; the ground
was turned up in the winter, and in the following sununer it was covered
with a [)rofusion of the tree mignonette, pansies, and the wild raspberry."
Now, Sir, on turning to your Ilortus Jhitannicns (p. lf)().), 1 fiuti that
/?eseda odorata var. frutescens was not introduced till the year 1752,
upwards of a century after Charles I. was beheaded. In the same page it
is stated, that, so comi)letely is the ground impregnated with seeds, if
" earth is brought to the suriace at the lowest depth to which it is found,
some vegetable matter will sjiring from it." This last is by far too in-
definite an assertion to be made in a scientific work. Will the author

Qiieries and Answers. 375

affirm that the London clay, for instance, at the depth of 100 or 200 ft.,
contains seeds, which, when the clay is exposed to the surface, will
vegetate ? As to the tree mignonette, I should really be glad to know
what plant is meant by it. Surely Mr. Jesse cannot mean the British
iZeseda lutea or Luteola ? Perhaps some of j our readers in the neigh-
bourhood of Bushy Park will be good enough to examine the spot, and
to send you the result. — A Loiter of AccuracT/. Hereford, April 14-. 1832.

HutsJi's Beehive. — Sir, In your Encyclopcedia of Gardening, 2d edit.,
§ 1743., you have given a description of Huish's beehive. I, having come
to this part of India, was much delighted to find bees cultivated by the
mountaineers ; who, instead of hives, use the hollowed stem of a tree, and
shut it up at each end with a bit of plank, closing the joints with lime
mortar. The box thus made is preserved from the heat of the sun by
being placed under the eaves of the thatch of the cottages, which extend 2 ft.
or 3 ft., and come down very low, to exclude the heavy rains that fall here
for seven months ; or is protected at a distance by a few mats. The honey
is excellent. I have often tried to cultivate bees in the plains of Hindoo-
stan;and, though I have repeatedly caught and hived swarms, I could
never retain them. Once, indeed, I kept one for a fortnight, which began
to make a comb. I believe the reason is, that the heat of the hive is too
great, being frequently 120° to 130°, or perhaps more : the air is often 1 10°
to the westward.

The object, however, of my now addressing you, is to enquire whether,
in Huish's Treatise on Bees, there is not a misprint, which you have copied.
He says : — " Having obtained eight pieces of well-seasoned wood, about
Sin. broad." Now, this would be 24 in. for the breadth of the hive, with-
out any interstice for his net ; whereas in his engraving [fig. 295. b, of
Encyc. of Gard.] (I have his book), the interstice is three times the breadth
of the piece of wood : perhaps it should be three quarters of an inch.
Pray do me the favour to consider this ; and, if you know Huish, enquire
from him the height and breadth of his hive, and how his eight pieces of
wood are placed. I am. Sir, yours, &c. — W. Craa-oft. Kossya Aloim-
tains, 4500/i;. high, Nov. 15. 1831.

On application to Mr. Huish, he kindly sent us the following; which we
hope will be satisfactory to our correspondent, — from whom we shall be
happy to hear frequently. — Cond.

In reply to your Indian correspondent on the Kossya Mountains, request-
ing some information relative to the construction of my hive, I beg leave to
inform him that he is perfectly right in supposing that the dimensions, as
stated in the first edition of my Treatise on Bees, are incorrect ; and I
regret to state that the error has been the occasion of many persons being
deterred from adopting the hive, on account of the difficulty attending its
construction, arising solely from the inaptnessof the dimensions as printed
in the book. When the first edition of the work was printed, I may say
that the hive was then in its infancy. The form was originally ciixular;
but the disadvantages of that form soon presented themselves : the prin-
cipal of which was, that the side combs, which are always the largest, and
contain the finest honey, were reduced to a very small size, on account of
the segment of the circle allowing the bees very little scope in which to
form a comb. By the aid, however, of some skilful workmen at Datchet,
I succeeded by degrees in bringing the hive to an almost perfect square ;
and as such it is now in use : and your Indian correspondent will find it
to be his interest to adopt that shape, as nearly as the skill of the workman
can accomplish it. Seven bars will be found quite sufficient ; although it
must be taken into consideration that I am here alluding to an English
climate. The bars should be three quarters of an inch, or an inch, in breadth,
and made of oak or elm : deal is in its nature too frangible, and too apt to
warp. The distance of the bars from each other should be from l^in. to

B B 4

376 Cottage Gardens^

2 in., particularly observing to give a greater space between the side bars
than between those in the n>icldlc. The bars arc fastened at each end to a
projectini: band of the hive by means of a wooden peg, or by nails known by
tlie name of clouts : the latter are, however, a])t to rust, which sometimes
impedes the extraction of the comb. In regard to the lieigiit and breadth
of the hive, they are entirely a matter of option; it is, however, a mistaken
notion that the larger the hive the greater the produce of honey. Too
uuich space is as injurious to the bees as too little ; but, in adopting the
medium, the apiarian must be guided by the climate in which he lives, and
by the fertility of the district in which his apiary is situated. My hive is
now generally made of about IG rands of straw, and averages about 20 in.
in height up to the projecting rand on which the bars rest. The breadth
should be nearly equal to the height, observing particularly that the upper
j)art of the hive be broader than the lower, in order to prevent the falling
of the comb, as no sticks are ever to be used in one of my hives.

I believe I have now answered the difterent queries of your Indian cor-
respondent ; and I take the opportunity of informing you, that, in a very
short time, I will transmit you an article on the power of the common bee to
generate a queen; which fallacy has been lately industriously circulated
by the Society for the Diftlision of Useful Knowledge, on the mere autho-
rity of Huber, whom I hesitate not to designate the JNIunchausen of api-
arians. I am, Sir, yours, &c. — Robert Huish. May 18. 1832.

Art. VII. Cottage Gardens, and Gardens to Worlhouses, Prisons,
Asylums, Sfc.

I BELIEVE there is no nation that thinks more of its poor, or is more
alive to charity, or more anxious to relieve the distresses of the wretched,
than the people of this country. I think, however, that some of the
best-intentioned philanthropists are deceived in their exertions to be of
service to mankind. At this moment wealthy and liberal landlords are
apportioning to cottagers an acre of land, more or less, hoping and be-
lieving it will afford the greatest benefits to the liumbler classes. Your
Magazine, and the public press generally, are caught with the good it will
do ; and I am therefore less confident in my opinion upon that subject than
I otherwise might be : but, anxious, as a landlord, to do gooil to those
around me, I would most willingly give my labourers ami cottiigcrs land, if
by such a system I could persuade myself it would be for their benefit. Sup-
posing a nobleman or gentleman luul fifty day labourers, each having his
acre of ground. As a gardener, I need not state to yi)u at what season, or
what time during that season, it would be re(juisite that the labourer should
work upon it. 1 think 1 have read in your publications, and in other
works, that an acre of garden ground is sufficient to occupy tiie entire of
a man's time; but, for argument's sake, suppose 1 say that two months'
labour would suffice. To do justice to his ground, the labourer would be
engaged just at those moments his master would recpiire his work on the
farm to be going on ; and it could hartlly be supposcil that a lamllord could
employ such a peasantry on his estates, taking only half days and quarter
days of his men's coming to work; four days in this week, three in another,
one in another, and so forth ; the remainder of the man's time being re-
quired to manage liis own acre.

This, in my mind, is the first objection to the plan ; but there is another,
which appears to me as powerfid, that I wish an answer to. I am really
seeking information, to follow the steps of others (if |)crsuaded), anxious
to ameliorate the condition of the poor in my own parish.

How would you recommend the cultivation of the said acre ? Potatoes,

and Gardens to WorJchouses, Sj-c. 377

the best and most useful crop, you are aware, cannot be planted year after
year on the same ground. Land should be laid down, and be in repose, at
times, unless it is a garden well manured ; and how is that to be supplied
to the labourer ? The ashes, the manure of the pigsty, and other et ccetera,
which the labourer could heap together, would be too trifling. Cabbages,
onions, &c., are such things as the little garden, whicii every man should
have about his cottage, would give him ; though how seldom is it used for
such purposes ! lu France the peasantry have commonly a pot on the
fire, with a pound or more of meat in it, with cabbages, turnips, onions,
and other herbs, making an excellent pottage for a numerous family. Such
is not the mode of living of our peasantry, and more particularly in this
part of Wales ; for, from habit, they prefer butter-milk and potatoes, and
butter and barley bread, to meat. I state to you, from my own knowledge,
that butter is considered by the labourers here almost an essential j and
that, when good meat was threepence a pound, few purchased it, paying
rather a shilling a pound for butter. Whether there is a prejudice against,
or a supposed degradation in the poor living upon, brotli, I cannot say j
but I have seen and eaten charitable soups, which the poor have scarcely
been willing to take. I cannot but think, that, by giving a man labour
the year round, his time or wages would be more valuable to him than
the acre of land; but for poor-houses, lunatic asylums, and prisons to
have lands attached to them, I am clearly of opinion would be a great
benefit in many ways.

I have followed a system here, whether of profit or loss I do not stop to
enquire, which is as follows, and which appears to me as good a method
of giving a helping hand to my labourers and poor neighbours as any I
have heard of being practised : —

My farm is about 230 acres, and every year I plough and prepare a large
field for potato ground, inviting all to plant in it who choose. 1 bring their
manure for them, leaving my bailiff to see fair play as to the quality and
quantity they put in the rows, so that the land may be left sound and good
for the wheat crop that is to follow. The peasant has but to plant the
potatoes, hoe them, and keep them clean ; and he is permitted to take off
the entire crop without any pa3'ment whatsoever. By this arrangement he
loses little or no time : the planting operation is soon performed ; and
when the ground is to be hoed the days are long, and the labourer can
employ himself on it during after-hours, instead of going to the beer house
or political shop, a rendezvous more inimical to the interests of the
country and the wellbeing of the poor peasant's family, than any thing that
has been adopted for the last half century.

I am not one of those who think well-intentioned people act wisely in
extending education as it is now progressing. When labourers finish their
master's work, I would have them, as in times of yore, go home to their
wives and children ; and should like to see them save their money, instead
of spending it at political clubs, or card parties, or dominoes ; or wasting
their time in listening to, or reading, the publications that are laid before
them, religious, or rather anti-religious, and political. I may be asked.
Would you deny them luxuries and comforts, if they could afford them ?
No : I would let them have their beer at home ; but chattering about pro-
tocols, discussing new constitutions, troubling their heads with the affairs
of Europe, or reading the slander and calumnies too often heaped on the
magnates of our land, I believe to have changed the nature of our
peasantry, I regret to say, most materially. — H. Wales, March 8. 1832.
We have never recommended any definite quantity of land to be at-
tached to cottages : we are clear that no cottage ought to be without a
garden of more or less extent ; and this is as far as we can say that our
ideas are absolute. All the extent of ground attached to a cottage, beyond
such a garden as can be cultivated dmung the leisure hours of the cottager,

378 London Horticultural Socidij and Garden.

must depend on how lie can make use of the jjroduce, and on a great
variety of other circumstances. In general, let the cottager have a good
cottage ami garden, constant work, and sufficient wages, and the rest may
be left to him and his employer. Our correspondent's mode of lending
labourers prepared land for planting potatoes is good, auil has long been
practised in Scotland.

We differ from our correspondent on the subject of education ; but do
not the less resj)ect his good intentions towards the poor, so far as he has
expressed them. We would no more reconnnend tlie poor man to seek
his happiness in political clubs, in gambling, or in public houses, thau he
would; and if the labouring classes had wherewithal to be happy at home,
they would be found there, in their gardens, and with their families. Etlu-
cation we regard as a means to this end, and to every other which is con-
ducive to human happiness; and the time, we trust, will soon come, when
the right to ciication, useful practical education, at the public expense
(as in some states of America), will be acknowledged by the constitution
of the country, as belonging to all. The transition state in which we now
are must unquestionably lead to the political discussions deprecated by
our correspondent ; and the evils which it produces no one can regret
more than we do : but this effect can only cease with the causes that
have occasioned it ; viz., ignorance on the part of the people, and mis-
government on the part of their rulers. — Cond.

Art. VIII. London Horticultural Society and Garden.

March 20. 1832. — The chairman, Dr. Henderson, announced the
second part of Vol. I. of the Society's Tranadionxy new series, to be ready
for delivery to the fellows. Notice was also given that the exhibition of
camellias vvoidd take place on the 3d of April, and that Banksian medals
would be bestowed on the best collections.

Read. Considerations upon some of the more important vital functions
of plants ; by the Rev. Levison Vernon Harcourt.

Distributed. Catalogues of the trees in Bartram's Botanic Garden,
near Philadelphia; Robert Carr, proprietor. Cuttings of the Beurre
Diel, Easter Beurre, and Beurre ranee, kinds of pear; and of the Reinette
de Canada, and Boston russet, kinds of apple.

Exhibited. CamelhV/ japonica rosea, from J. AUnutt, Esq.

A/.w,fro7n the Garden of the Societi/. Crocuses, Camell/« reticulata, and
a hybrid azalea originated between Azalea indica and A. imlica var.
phcenicea.

April 3. — Read. A paper on the manufacture of Indian rubber from
the common garden fig tree ; i)y John Osborn, Esq. Another paper on the
cultivation of the garden grounds at Evesham, in Worcestershire ; by
Edward Rudge, Esq.

Distributed, (irafts of Bequene musque, and Passe-Colnnir, kinds of
pear; and of the (iolden Harvey and Dutch mignonne, kinds of apple ;
and seeds of a hybrid Gladiolus.

ExIMted. Hovert ilicifolia, from Mr. 11. Lowe of the Clapton Nur-
sery. CVmna iridiflora, and Enkianthus quinciucHorus, from VVm. Wells,
Esq. Maxillaria IIarris6n/'«', from Edwanl (iray, Esq. Wax flowers,
from Mr. Cornish, y/cacia pubescens, I'rom Messrs. Roilisson. Oranges
and lemons, from II. M. Dyer, Esq. A sentinel thermometer, regulated
by the expansion of air acting upon a delicate mercurial balance, invented
by Mr. John Lindley. Drawings of camellias, from John Allnutt, Esq.
The Council having announced that there woulil be an award of a large
silver medal and Banksian medals for the best exhibition of camellias at
the Meeting of this day, collections were received from Messrs. Chandler,

hondon Horticultural Society and Garden. 379

Loddiges, Smith, Rollisson, Wells, Allnutt, and Gray. It was decided
" that Messrs. Chandler and Sons are entitled to the first prize of the
large silver medal ; and that Messrs. Loddiges and Mr. Smith are entitled
to the Banksian medals;" and it was further recommended that the same
medal be given to Wm. Wells, Esq.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Camellia reticulata, Justfc/a
coccinea, Hgemanthus coccineus, Jmygdalus communis var. macrocarpa,
Primula verticiliata, O'xalis cernua, and a species of Eupat6r/M?H.

It was announced from the chair that six lectures on botany, applied
to horticulture, would, be given on the following Wednesdays, at three
o'clock ; namely. May 9. 16. 23. and 30., and June 6. and 13. ; and fellows
desiring tickets for ladies were requested to apply for them in writing.
(Seep. 380.)

April 17, — Read. A description of a double range of forcing-pits,
heated by hot water ; by R. H. Roundell, Esq. : and a paper on the
grafting of the walnut tree ; by T. A. Knight, Esq.

Exhibited. Very beautiful specimens of Magnoh'a Soulange«?ia, from
Messrs. Brown of Slough. 100 species and varieties of Aiircissus,
.Anemone hortensis superba, Anemone hortensis purpurea, and the High
Admiral variety of /Inemone coronaria, from Mr. James Young. A new
and very handsome species of jSolanum, from Chiloe, from Mr. H. Low of
Clapton. A small plant, with two very fine bunches of flowers, of a
hybrid iiihododendron arbfVeum, Magnol/a conspicua, and Wistaria Con-
sequa?2a, from Mrs. Marryat. Camelh'a japonica imbricata, japonica
RossH, japonica Welbankio««, and two seedlings, from J. Allnutt, Esq.
Magnolia conspicua, and twenty sorts of Camelh'a, from Mr. Richard
Chandler. Fine specimens of Hunt's Duke of Gloucester apple, and of
Beurre ranee or Hardenpont pear, from Thomas Hunt, Esq. A hybrid
Cactus, and Camelh'a Sasdtiqua rosea, from the Comte de Vandes.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Four sorts of Ribes, two sorts of
Pyrus, double-flowering peach, white-flowering peach, double-flowering
furze. Azalea indica phcenicea and indica alba, Erythrina herbacea,
Frunus sinensis, Hsemanthus multiflorus, yellow Chinese rose, Magnolia
Soulangeawa.

Alay 1 . — Read. A paper on the construction of a hot-bed, to be heated
by means of hot water ; by W. H. Nash, Esq. A paper on the construc-
tion of a perpetual hot-bed ; by John Osborn, Esq.

Exhibited. A hybrid Cactus, from Walter Boyd, Esq. ; raised by his
gardener, Mr. Pressley. Beaumontia grandiflora, from Alderman Cope-
land. jErica arborea and mediterranea, from Mr. Wood, of Maresfield.
Clivea ntibilis, and a narrow-leaved variety of Hovea Celsii, from Messrs.
Rollisson. Two sorts of litchis, from J. Reeve, Esq. Azjdea sinensis,
Templetonia retusa, Erythronium luteum, and auriculas, from W. Wells,
Esq. Young's seedling apple, from Mr. James Young. A sowing-ma-
chine, from Lord Vernon.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. Flowers. Calceolaria bicolor and
integrifolia angustifolia, Gesneria bulbosa and macrostachya; O'xalis flori-
bunda (of Lindley in the Botanical Register^ O. rosea var. of others;
Prunus domestica flore pleno, and serrulata ; Ameldnchier ovalis and Botry-
apium ; Ribes aureum prae^cox, aureum serotinum, aureum sanguineum,
sanguineum, cereum, and tenuiflorum; double-flowering furze, tulips. —
Vegetables. Leeks, Flanders spinach. Knight's protecting broccoli.

May 15. — Exhibited. Seedling Camellias, from Mr. Wells. Tulips,
from Mr. H. Groom. Lettuces, from Mr. Hunt. Erythrina Crista galli,
from Mr. Mills ; a fine specimen, 6 ft. high. jPaeonia Moi'dan rosea, from
Messrs. Chandler. Cucumber, from Mr. F. Turner, Eton College. A
beautiful collection of varieties of heartsease, from Mr. James Young.

Also, from the Garden of the Society/. Paeonia MoiUan /'apaveracea,

580 London Horticultural Society and Garden.

rdsea, and Banks/Vi;;^; Lu[)inns nootkatensis, and a species from Mr. Driim-
mond. Calceolaria bicolor and intcf^rifoiia angustiiblia, /'niniis CapuUiu,
Pynis spcctabilis and nivalis. Hibcs aiirciun scrotinuin, floriduni parvi-
fl6riim, tcnniHornni, and inehrians. Hales/rt tetra|)tcra macrociirpa, I{6si\
Banks/<r liitea, WistanVi Conseqiia««, douhle-Howerin;^ Airzc, azaleas, Pit-
maston seedling lilacs, CVatas^gus oxyacanthoidcs, Cjtisus ruthenicus and
elongatiis, Telia Psei'ido-C'ytisus, /'ris susiana, tulips, a species o{ Amelun-
chier from Mr. Douglas, seedling paeonies.

Professor Lindley's Lccfin-es. — To increase the popularity of the Horti-
cultural Society, and for this purpose to attract the attention of the ladies
(in all things, where men are concerned, the most powerful agents), the
Council last year engiiged Mr. Lindley to deliver three lectures on the con-
nection of botany with horticulture. Being on a tour at this time last year,
we had no opportunity of hearing these lectures ; but this year we have
heard two, and mean to attend the remainder of the course, which, we
understand, is to extend to six. We must say that we have been highly
gratified, not only with Mr. Lindley's philosophic views, but with the
unaffected, clear, distinct, and, in short, admirable manner, in which he
delivered himself. A [)roof of Mr. Lindley's success in making himself
understood will be found in the notes which we intend to give of these
lectures : those of the first, subjoined below, were written entirely from
recollection, by one of his female auditors, before totally unaccjuainted with
the subject. We sincerely hope that the Council will prevail on Mr.
Lindley to enlarge these lectures, by treating of vegetable geography, and
some other matters ; and then to publish them, at such a low price as
would permit them to find their way into the hands of every apprentice and
journeyman gardener. The Society ought to purchase the INIS. ; and then
print the lectures, and sell them at cost price. — Cond.

Lecture L Relation of Botany to Horticulture; General View of the
Subject; Nature of Plants; Vegetable Tissue. — Mr. Lindley began with
stating that he had been induced to give a second scries of lectures on the
subject of botany, as connected with horticulture, because, in those which
he gave last year, he had only touched on a few of the most striking points,
and did not follow a regular system, as it was his intention to do at [)rc-
sent. His object now was, to give his hearers a general view of the whole
subject; but, in doing this, he had many difficulties to encounter: he had
no elementary book to refer to, as all such that he was accjuainted with
either treated on botany as a science, and, of course, entered into its details
more deejjly than was suited to his purpose ; or related solely to the
practice of horticulture, to which he meant only slightly to advert. He
intended to treat of botany merely as connected with horticulture ; but it
was difficult to draw a line to decide how far he ought to go. Botany
was generally divided into three parts: one related to the structure of
plants, another to their fiuictions, and the third to the terms employed to
designate them. The two former were intimately connected with horti-
culture, as he should show hereafter; and it was even diffuult to dis|)cnse
with the latter, as it was scarcely possible to speak of botanical facts with-
out using the terms usually applied to them. The professor, however,
assured his auditors that he would endeavour to explain himself in language
that would be easily understood by all ; and that he woulil avoid, as much
as possible, entering into any minute or wearisome details.

Botany ought to be studieil by every horticultiu-ist. Some horticultural
operations are so de[)endent on a knowledge of vegetable physiology, that
it is impossible fully to comprehend them without reference to that science.
Among these may be reckoneil the usual means of propagating plants by
buds and cuttings ; of procuring improved varieties by hybridising ; of
multiplying them by grafting ; and of rendering them fertile, or of checking
their excessive fecundity, by the choice of situation, or by regulating the

Lofido?i Horticultural Society and Garde?i. 381

degrees of heat, light, and air, to which they are exposed. To know how
to effect these ends, the horticulturist ought to understand something of
the nature of plants generally, to be aware of their natural affinities, and
to know the climates in which they are indigenous. At the same time, it
is perfectly true that an excellent theorist may be unsuccessful in garden-
ing, from a want of that dexterity which can only be acquired by practice ;
and also that a man may be a good practical horticulturist without know-
ing any thing of botany, as he may have learned all that is necessary for
the well-doing of the plants under his care empirically, from habit and
experience. Knowledge founded only on experience must, however, neces-
sarily be extremely limited ; and it is always safer to recur to principles,
which must, if sound, be applicable to every possible emergency.

As a popular instance of the utility of a knowledge of the natural affini-
ties of plants, to the practical horticulturist, the professor mentioned the
impossibility of grafting a lilac on an apple or a currant tree, notwith-
standing the apparent resemblance in shape between its flowers and those
of some varieties of the latter genus; while the lilac might be grafted upon
the a'Sh : both belonging to the same natural order, and, of course, an affi-
nity existing between them. No union can ever be effected by grafting one
plant upon another, unless such affinity exists between them; and the
vulgar notion, that it is possible to produce a black rose by grafting a rose
on a black currant, Mr. Lindley assured liis auditors he considered almost
too ridiculous to be mentioned. He added that hybridising was subject
to the same laws and limitations as grafting. With regard to the import-
ance of a knowledge of the natural climates and habits of plants, the pro-
fessor mentioned the fact, that some plants were fertile only on a north
wall, while others requu-ed the south ; that some would not live in iron
hot-houses, while others grew more vigorously in such a situation than in
others ; and that these results might have been confidently anticipated,
before the experiment was tried, by any one acquainted with the habits of
the plants referred to.

Having thus demonstrated the importance of at least a slight know-
ledge of the principles of botany to the practical horticulturist, Mr. Lindley
proceeded to take a general view of those principles; and began by
considering the nature of plants. All vegetable substances consist of an
immense number of atoms, or small parts, held together by the principle
of adhesion, and called by the general name of tissue. This tissue is of
three kinds : cellular, fibrous, and vascular. Cellular tissue is composed of
a great number of small cells or bladders, each formed of a thin imperforate
membrane, through which, however, the sap contrives to circulate by
means of invisible pores. These cells are of various shapes, and are
characterised by their facility in breaking, or brittleness. Numerous
vegetable substances are composed entirely of cellular tissue, but others
only partially : as an instance of the first, the professor mentioned the
fungus which, by Captain Ross and his companions, has been termed red
snow. Cellular tissue forms the pith, or medullary substance, of trees, the
flesh of fruits, &c. &c. To exemplify the brittleness of cellular tissue, Mr.
Lindley exhibited a specimen of Chinese rice paper, made from the
medullary substance of the ^schynomene palud6sa Roxb. [See Gard. Mag^
vol. V. p. 309.] Fibrous tissue is composed of a number of hollow tubes,
tapering at both ends, each not more than the twelve-hundredth part of
an inch in diameter, and yet having the vacancy in the centre much larger
than the sides. The albumen and inner bark of trees are formed of this
substance; the toughness of which the professor illustrated by exhibiting a
piece of Russian bast mat, made of the inner bark of the lime. Vascular
tissue comprehends the spiral vessels and cylindrical ducts, for conveying
air and sap.

Plants are provided with roots, stems, leaf-buds, leaves, flowers, fruit,
and seed; all performing important, though distmct, functions, and all

382 London Horticultural Society and Garden.

more or less csscntiiil to the process of vegetation. Roots arc of various
kinds and shapes ; but their use is always the same, viz. to extract mois-
ture from tlie i^round, and to serve as a channel for conveying it to other
parts of the plant, where it is afterwards converted into sap. Roots, properly
so called, can seldom be i)ropagated by division ; and when bulbs i)roduce
offsets, each is complete in itself, and not a part of the old root. The mere
circumstance of part of a plant being buried in the earth does not make it
a root. The tubers of potatoes, for example, partake more of the nature
of branches than roots, jjroducing buds or eyes, each of which is capable
of forming a perfect jjlant ; and bearing to be divided without destroying
the vital principle, which ordinary roots will not. Stems or trunks are
highly important, both as being the channels to convey nourishment to the
leaves, flowers, and fruit, and as being, in trees, the part convertible into
timber for the purposes of profit. Leaf-buds (so called to distinguish
them from flower-buds) in trees are, in fact, trees in embryo, and ailbrd
the only certain means of multiplying varieties. The brown scales that
envelope these buds, when they first burst from the tree, are diminished
and imperfect leaves of the preceding season's formation, and generally
drop off as soon as the inner leaves expand. Leaves may be called the
lungs of plants, as through them the sap is exposed to the influence of the
atmospheric air. They are furnished with pores, which can imbibe nourish-
ment as well as throw off' superfluous moisture. Petals are coloured
leaves, useful for protecting the parts necessary for the fructification of
seed. There is no essential difference, in the eye of the botanist, between
the calyx and the corolla. Every flower is provided with one or more
threads or filaments, called stamens; each of which is loaded with a case,
or anther, containing a kind of dust called the pollen. This powder, which
is necessary to the fecundation of seeds, is conveyed to the seed-vessel
(a thick cell or protuberance containing the seed, and growing in the centre
■of the flower) by means of a tube-shaped body that usually surrounds it,
calleil the style ; the stigma or head of which is the only part about the
whole plant which is not covered with a niembrane, and which, conse-
quentlv, admits the free passage of the pollen. Plants having only stamens
are called males, and those having only styles female; while the majo-
rity of plants, possessing both, are called bisexual. This system was deve-
loped by Linnajus. Varieties of plants cannot be propagated unvaryingly
by seed ; as every plant thus raised is a distinct inilividual, often differing
considerably from the parent plant. Dovible-blossomed plants very seldom
bear seed ; and Mr. Lindiey mentioneil the double-blossomed cherry, as an
instance of a jilant which could only be propagated by cuttings. Some
exceptions, however, occur to this rule. Mr. Lindiey concluded his ob-
servations on the sexes of plants by quoting some verses from Dr. Darwin.
The sap is the nourishment of plants. Various theories have been broached
respecting its circulation, which Mr. Lindiey promised to explain in a future
lecture. It is tbrmed from aqueous particles imbibed by the root, and
forced up the stem to the leaves ; where it ac(]uircs an additional portion
of oxygen from the atmospheric air, ami returns to the root, imparting
nourishment to all the different parts of the tree in its progress, it rises
in the sjjring, and sinks in the winter: during this season, plants are gene-
rally in a dormant state. Contrary to what might be exj)ecteil, the sap
appears first in motion at the extremity of the branch. Air, light, and
heat arc indis|)ensable to plants ; and, according as one or more of these
important iigents are deficient, the plant is imperfect. If there were not
enough light, the i)lant would not attain its proper colour ; and without
a due proportion of air and warmth, fruit would be deficient both in
flavour and appearance. In conclusion, Mr. Lindiey (juoted a passage from
" an elegant and enlightened author," remarking on the cou.stant change
which pervades all nature ; and that all things after death sink into cor-
ruption, only to rise again in new forms of beauty and vigour. — J. W. L.

Covent Garden Market.

383

Art. IX. Covent Garden Market.

The Cabbage Tribe.

Cabbages, per dozen :

White

Plants, or Coleworts -
Cauliflowers, per dozen -
Broccoli, per bunch :

White

Purple

Legumes.
Peas, per half sieve
Kidneybeans, forced, per
hundred

Tubers and Roots.
rp-'
Potatoes . -^ p
tp

From
je s. d.

£

To

s. d.

0 0
0 2
0 6

9
0
0

0
0
0

1 6
3 0
12 0

0 1
0 1

0
0

0
0

2 0
1 6

3 3

0

0

0 0

0 2

0

0

2 6

3 10
0 3
0 2
0 2
0 2
0 0

0
6
0
0
6
6

'0
0
0
0
0

0 0
5 0
2 6
2 6

0 0

1 6

0 1
0 1

0
0

0
0

1 6
I 6

0 5
0 0
0 1
0 1
0 3

0
9
0
0
6

0
0
0
0
0

6 0
1 0
I 3
1 6
5 0

0 0
0 0

4

1

0
0

0 6
0 0

0 0
0 0
0 1

6
0
0

0
0
0

0 9

0 6

1 6

0 6
0 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0

0
4
6
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0

7 0

0 6
2 0

1 0
1 0
1 0

0 5
0 3
0 1

0
0
6

0
0
0

6 0
4 0
2 6

0 1
0 0
0 0

6
4
9

0
0
0

2 0

0 6

1 6

0 10

0 0 6
0 0 0

0 1 0

0 12 0
0 14 0

1 0 0
0 8 0

0 1
0 0

0 0 0

r per ton
J per cwt.
L per bush

Kidney, per bushel

Scotch, 'per bushel

New, per pound
Jerusalem Artichokes, per

half sieve
Turnips, White, per bunch
Carrots :

Old, per bushel

Young, per bunch

Horn, per bunch
Red Beet, per dozen
Horseradish, per bundle
Radishes :

■p , f per dozen hands (24

^^^ I to 30 each)

White Turnip, per bunch

The Spinach Tribe.

SP— -^[^li^LTf^sieve:
Sorrel, per half sieve

The Onion Tribe.
Onions, Old, per bushel -

Green (Ciboules), p. bunc.
Leeks, per dozen bunches
Chives, per dozen roots -
Garlic, per pound - .
Shallots, per pound - .

Asjiaraginous Plants,

Salads, Sfc.

Asparagus, per hundred :

Large ...

Middling

Small ....
Lettuce, per score :

Cos

Cabbage
Celery, per bundle (12 to 15)

Observations. — I have delayed sending the list some days, in conse-
quence of the lateness of the season, from which circumstance the prices
of many of the leading articles have not been sufficiently settled to enable
me to determine their range ; consequently, those attached to the list
must be considered as for the last few days only. Asparagus, which at
this season is generally a leading article, has, as yet, been furnished in
very small quantities, and by no means of good quality ; the absence of
solar heat, and the prevalence of cold winds and frosty nights, have pre-
vented it from coming to size, colour, or flavour. Peas are as yet only
spoken of, only two half sieves on Saturday in the market ; consequently,
the price attached to that article in the list must be considered as exclu-
sively confined to the day ; but, as the season is likely to be still further
retarded by the continued prevalence of northerly and easterly winds, no
supply can be immediately looked for, and, as it is an article in demand,
'good prices may be confidently anticipated. Cauliflowers begin to be
brought rather freely for the season : as yet they have been small, and not

small Salads fP-5^„>f^;ff

Watercress, per dozen small

bunches ...
Burnet, per bunch

Pot and Sweet Herbs.
Parsley, per half sieve
Tarragon, per dozen bunches
Fennel, per dozen bunches
Thyme, per dozen bunches
Sage, dried, per dozen bun.
Mint, per dozen bunches -
Peppermint, dried, per doz
, bunches
Marjoram, dried, per dozen

bunches
Savory, dried, per doz. bun.
Basil, dried, per doz. bun.
Rosemary, per doz. bunches
Lavender, dried, per dozen

bunches ...
Tansy, per dozen bunches

Stalks and Fruits for Tarts,

Pickling, Sjc.
Rhubarb Stalks, per bundle
Angelica Stalks, per pound

Edible Fungi and Fuel.
Mushrooms, per pottle -
Morels, per pound
Truffles, per pound :

English ...

Foreign

Fruits.
Apples, Dessert, per bushel :

Reinette grise
Apples, Baking, per bushel
Peaches, per dozen
Almonds, per peck
Gooseberries, per half sieve
Strawberries (forced), per oz.
Pine-apples, per pound -
Hot-house Grapes, per lb.
Cucumbers, frame, p. brace

O-"^- [p^e^;:i!rd"red-

i^— [!^:::^=ed-

Sweet Almonds, per pound
Nuts, per peck :

Spanish - - .

Barcelona

Brazil, per bushel - .

£ s.

0 1
0 0

0 0 6
0 0 1

0 0

0 6

0 5

0 1

0 0

0 4

0 0

0 4

0" 5 0
0 6 0
0 14 0

To
£ s. d.

0 2 0
0 0 3

0 0 0
0 0 0

0 2 6

0 0 0

0 3 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 2 0

0 3 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0

0

0 0

0

2 10

0

1 0

0

0 0

0

0 0

0

0 6

0

0 1

0

0 14

0

0 12

0

0 2

6

0 3

0

1 0

0

0 2

0

0 16

0

0 3

0

0 0

0

0 0

0

0 16

0

384. Obilumy.

very good ; the stock in growth is said to be small, the supply through
the' season will necessarily l)c limited, and may realise good prices. Cab-
bages of excellent (luality have been in good supply, at moderate prices.

Broccolics have been very abimdant, and of good quality, owing to the
mildness of the winter, the frost never having materially affected the
crowtii : the varieties principally furnished have been of the later sorts; and
periiaps in no other instance does the improvement in gardening become
more apparent, than in the sorts of late broccolies now produced, almost
each indiviilual gardener having a good variety of his own growth.
Rhubarb, which has for some years past been largely cultivated, is still a
subject of increasing interest, and more extensively in demand than ever :
on the 3th May no less than eight entire waggon loads packed in bulk,
with an ecjual quantity in smaller proportions, were brought in and sold in
this market alone: one cultivator, Mr. INIyatt, of New Cross, Deptford,
had three waggon loads ; he has, I believe, nearly twenty acres in culture.
(Jf broccoli, on the same day, were sent five waggon loads, and of broccoli
sprouts three waggon loads.

Gooseberries are now coming in abundantly, the crop said to be good ;
and, from the extensive breadth under culture, a very full supply may
be expected : the prices of these and other ordinary fruits will, of course,
be moderate, but the quantity will compensate the growers, who have for
the last two seasons suffered severe loss, from short crops of fruit,
middling [irices, and the general depression arising from many other causes.

Strawberries (forced) have been very plentiful and excellent. Grapes
are now coming more freely to market, as yet they have been in short
supply, and in very limited demand.

Our stock of apples is now confined to some fifty or a hundred barrels
of reinettes grises, the holders of which keep them at a high price ; the con-
sequence of which is, they are in little demand, although we have little
prospect of early fruit to supersede the use of them. The stock of winter
onions is almost quite exhausted, hitherto it was customary to keep over
a supply until Midsummer ; but, in consequence of the introduction of
earlier spring varieties of onions, the practice is discontinued; more par-
ticularly as the prices lately obtained would not warrant holding over any
(juantity.

Potatoes, the still leading article of supjily in the metropolis, liave been
very low in price since Christi.ias ; so much so, tiiat the growers in tiie
distant districts have given up sending tliem ; in consequence of which
the stock on hand is very short, and, as the spring is very backward, no
immediate supply can be expected. A rapid and considerable rise in value
has taken place, particularly in Scotch reds, which, during one week, rose
23*. per ton. — G. C. May 21. 1832.

Art. X. Obituary.

Dim, March 21 ., Mr. Archibald M'Xau<ihton, formerly of Hackney, but,
at the time of his death, residing with some relations of his wife, in the
parish of Monij^ill, in Perthshire. INIr. M'Naughton was an occasional
contributor to tliis Miigazinc, and the author of the Life of a Jobbing Gor-
doirr, which appeared in our First Number. (Vol. I. p. 24-.) A cojjyof his
will has been sent us, together with a number of papers, which we have
not yet had time to examine.

Died, April 7., at his residence in the New Road, j\fr. Jnifdn-i, of the
Marylebone and Regent's J'ark Hurscries. He was a man of the greatest
industry and perseverance ; and, beginning with nothing, he acc.imulated
considerable |)ro])erty. Some account of his life is promised us for our
next Number.

THE

GARDENER S MAGAZINE,

AUGUST, 1832.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I." General Results of a Gardening Tour, during July,
August, and part of September, in the Year \S'i\, Ji'om Dum-
Jries, by Kirkcudbright, Ayr, and Greenock, to Paisley. By the
Conductor.

{Continued from p. 266.)

From the subject of cottages, the transition to that of towns
and villages is easy and natural; but we shall enter no farther
into it, than to supply a few materials for thinking to head-
gardeners, and young men who aspire to (what in these
transition times, every young gardener ought to aim at) the
general management of a demesne, or of a landed estate.

The toimis and villages in the west of Scotland have par-
taken of the general improvement of the country, and more
particularly the seaports, and the manufacturing districts of
Kilmarnock, Paisley, and Catrine. The inost stupendous
public work which we have witnessed, in any of the places
alluded to, is what is called Shaw's Waterworks, the con-
trivance of that most inventive engineer, Mr. Thom of
Rothsay.

Greenock is situated at the bottom of a sloping hill or ridge,
the top of which is upwards of 500 ft. above the level of the
Clyde. To the top of this ridge Mr. Thom has conducted,
along the summits of other ridges, from a distance of six miles,
a copious supply of water, not only for all the ordinary pur-
poses of the town, but for driving machinery. The water is
collected into reservoirs, at the distance of several miles from
Vol. VIII. — No. 39. cc

386

General licsiilts of a Garden i7ig Tour

Greenock ; and each of
these reservoirs is capa-
ble of containing a sup-
ply for the consumption
of the inhabitants, for
more than six months ;
" so tliat not only the
surplus waters of one
wet season may be re-
tained for supplying the
dry season of the same
year, but the surplus of
several wet years may
be stored up to supply
a drought of several
years' duration, should
such ever occur." The
water is brought to the
summit of the hill in
such a quantity as to
supply 1200 cubic feet
per minute, which Mr.
Thom estimates, on a
fall of 30 ft., as equal to
a Bolton and Watt's
steam-engine of fifty-
horse power. In what
manner the water is ap-
plied in succession to
the mills, will be easily
understood by the in-
si)ection of ^fg. 63.,
which is an imaginary
section from the sunnnit
of the hill [a), through
all the water-wheels, to
lii<;h watermark on the
Clyde (b). The line
of wheels doited, shows
that there are two series
of situations for mills.
The same aqueduct sup-
plies water for the in-
habitants at the rate of
2 cubic feet per head
per day.

Sharv's Waterworks, Sewerage. 387

The filtration of this water is effected in 3 filters, invented
by Mr. Thorn, which are thus formed : — " Each filter is
50 ft. long, 12 ft. wide, and 8 ft. deep. The water is made to
percolate through them, either upwards or downwards, at
pleasure. When it percolates downwards, and the supply of
fiUered water becomes sensibly less (which, after some time,
must happen to every filter, by the lodgement of sediment),
then, by shutting one sluice and opening another, the water
is made to pass upwards with considerable force, and, carrying
the sediment along with it, to fall into a waste drain made for
that purpose. When the lodged sediment is thus removed,
and the water begins to run clear, the direction of the sluices
is again changed, and the filter operates as before."

Among the most ingenious arrangements connected with
these works are, the self-acting sluices to the different reser-
voirs, by which both the reception and the delivery of water are
regulated to the greatest nicety, with a view to the most rigid
economy of the fluid; but it would be deviating too far from
the direct objects of our work to describe them. * What has
been effected by Mr. Thom should encourage gardeners,
and others connected with the improvement of landed pro-
perty, never to think any end, which is at all desirable and
possible, too difficult of attainment.

The system of drainage, or sewerage, in these towns, is as
bad as in most English ones. All towns situated on rivers or
streams drain into them, instead of into main sewers con-
structed parallel to their sides. This is a most important
point in the system of town arrangement ; and though it has
been utterly neglected in the case of London, and the waters
of the Thames have become, in consequence, unfit for use,
yet this ought rather to have served as a warning beacon for
provincial towns, than as an object of imitation. The omis-
sion of such sewers in Scottish towns is the more remarkable,
as the inhabitants are fully aware of the value of liquid
manure, a great quantity of which might be thus saved from
waste. If the evil be not checked speedily, it will be found a
very serious nuisance at no distant period, when, in addi-
tion to contaminating the air, it has polluted the only waters
accessible to the poor.

To render these sewers efficient for all the purposes for
which they are calculated, they should be commenced farther
up the river, and be continued farther down its banks, than

* We have sent the pamphlet (A brief Account of SJimv^s Water Scheme,
&c., Greenock, 8vo, pp.88., 1829),in which these works are described, to the
editor of the Mechanic's Magazine, in whose most valuable and widely cir-
culated work they will probably be recorded for the benefit of engineers.

c c 2

388 General BcsuUs of a Gardening Tour : —

the town readies; ami their lower extremities should deliver
their contents into a pond, for evaporation, at least a mile
from the town. In many situations, instead of evaporatir){^
the water in the pond, it might be employed, as it comes from
the town, to irrigate adjoining grass lands, or pumped up into
water-carts, to be used, in various ways, as licjuid manure. In
some cases, it might be worth while to erect a small steam-
engine and scoop-wheel, like those in the fenny districts, for
the purpose of raising the comparatively thinner waters of the
sewer to an elevated channel, which channel might convey
them to a distance, for the jiurpose of irrigation. By having
two ponds for the de}>osit, the dense mud of the one jiond
would be drying, while the other jiond was filling and the
mud being deposited, as in the case of the ponds near l*aris
employed in evaporating the material which forms the pou-
dretfe. Weje a sewer of the description alluded to carried
down the London and Southwark sides of the Thames, at a
short distance from its banks, going on a level round the
docks, and under the canals, &:c., the (juantity of most valuable
manure that might be deposited on the meadows of Essex,
and the shorelands of Kent, almost exceeds calculation. The
water of the Thames, being thus left pure, might be pumped
up by steam-engines, for the sujiply of the metropolis. This
is an arrangement that must sooner or later be adopted, even
in London, and in all old towns ; and it ought to be one of
the first objects of attention, in forming new congregations of
houses, in every part of the world.

A second nuisance in Scotch towns arises from the absence
of certain conveniences to which we alluded in our preceding
article (p. 265.), as being generally wanting in cottages. It
is difficult for a stranger to the suburbs of the towns of Scot-
land to imagine the state in which he will find the banks of
the NiUi, within watermark, at Dumfries; those of the Clyde,
at (ireenock ; and the seashore, at Ayr. The latter town
has just completed a very handsome spire to the town-hall
from the design of an architect of" great taste, Mr. Hamil-
ton of Edinburgh ; and the inhabitants are now occupied
in rebuilding Wallace Tower, and placing in it a gigantic
statue of Wallace, by the celebrated sculptor Thorn. Surely,
therefore, they might spare funds for jmhlic water-closets,
so much wauled, of which we here suggest two forms {Jigs.
64-. and 65. and Jigs. 66, 67, and 68.). The former would
be a good substitute for the hovel on the quay at Greenock.
The contents of the tanks of these buildings might be drawn
ofl'by one of Shalder's pumps, placed at some distance from
them, and connected by a drain. At Ayr, these contents

Public Water-ClosetSi Churchyards.

389

might be conveyed in deep close carts, and, at Greenock, in
steam-boats, to the farmers. For details on this subject see
Encyc. of Cottage^ Farm, and Villa Architecture, § 37, 38, and
39.

20 a

a, a, a, a. Aquariums.

b. Cistern of water, which, by means of a contrivance connected with the door of each closet,
supplies a jet of water to the basin, every time the door is opened, and every time it is shut.

With the increase of population in these towns the church"
yards have necessarily become too small ; and this, we trust,
will, at no distant period, lead to general cemeteries, which
may, at the same time, be rendered very ornamental. The
churchyards of the villages and country parishes are also
almost every where too small ; and, as the author oi Necropolis
Glasguensis (Glasgow, Svo, 1831) observes, they are generally
in a neglected state. We regret that the resident clergy do
not seem to partake in our views on this subject ; otherwise
they might do much, with very little trouble or expense :
for we are sure thei'e is no gardener or nurseryman who
would not supply such trees as might be wanting, and even
plant them ; and the expense of mowing the grass, if the parish
could not afford it, we doubt not would be volunteered by the
resident ploughmen or other workmen belonging to the
parish. A litde smoothing of the rougher parts of the sur-

0 c 3

390 Goieral ResuUs of a Gardening Tuitr : —

6G

ft-lO 5 0 10 Mft.

!— '-^i-i-J— La I I I . I (_ ^

r, Cistern of wafer.

rf, Lines to plURS of supply, acting by the opening anil shutting of the drors.

e, lank. /, Ventilating drains. f. Veranda. A, Inclined plane.

Churchyards, Villages, -391

face ; a walk, or walks, judiciously led round and through the
area, and neatly gravelled or paved ; and a few trees and
shrubs, by no means two of a sort in the same churchyard,
are all that is wanting. We are justified by the general cha-
racter of gardeners for liberality and patriotism, independently
of what they did in the case of Burns's monuments at Dum-
fries, and at Kirk Alloway, and in Kirk Alloway churchyard,
in concluding that these articles and labours would be readily
supplied by them ; and masons, we are certain, would not less
willingly assist in repairing the walls or tombs ; and I'oad-
makers in bringing in gravel, or in Macadamising or paving
the walks.

The editor of the Scotsman observes (29th of June, 1831)
that the neglected state of the churchyards in Scotland is a
disgrace to the country ; and we agree with him in thinking
that this originates chiefly in the " deficiency of sentiment
which belongs to the national character." We would there-
fore strongly recommend the improvement of churchyards,
for the sake of cultivating a feeling, in which it is thus publicly
acknowledged by a Scotsman, that (we) his countrymen ai'e
deficient.

The villages are proportionately defective with the towns;
but there are still evidences of improvement. That of Dal-
beattie, ornamented as it is with its chapel of St. Peter's, and
its fine garden, bears a slight resemblance to an English vil-
lage. Catrine is decidedly the most regular in all its arrange-
ments, and the cleanest. There are in this village four
libraries, a school, and two chapels, independently of the
parish church, supported entirely by the villagers. The ma-
nufactory of Mr. Buchanan, here, is a grand and admirably
regulated establishment ; and the overshot water-wheel, 40 ft.
in diameter, constructed of cast-iron buckets, with wrouo-ht-
iron rods as arms, and, like Jones's patent carriage-wheels
{Ency. ofAgr,^ 2d edit., § 2749. fig. 382.), acting on the suspen-
sion principle, is alone worth going many miles to see.

The most prosperous villages are those on the Clyde, of
which Largs may be given as an example ; but, as the inhabit-
ants are chiefly men of property, who have retired from busi-
ness, it cannot be classed with Catrine, Dalbeattie, and other
agricultural or manufacturing places. The great deficiencies
in the Scotch villages, when compared with the English ones,
are, the want of general cleanliness in the streets and houses,
and the want of flowers and of flowering shrubs in the gardens.
To these points, and especially the first, all that have any
influence ought to direct their attention.

{To be continued.)
c c 4

392 Horlicnltnral Tour in the Netherlands.

Art. II. Extracts from Notes made during a Horticultural Tour
in the Netherlands, and Part of France, in June and Julij, 1830.
By INIr. T. Rivers, Jun.

{Continued from Vol. VII. p. 279.)

Mr. Chantrei,l, the Eiiirlisli frentleman whom I men-
tioned, in my hist, ns benig married to a Flemish huly, and
having a country seat at tSt. Croix, near Bruges, I found a
most agreeable companion, and an enthusiastic iiorticulturist.
He is indefatigable in the culture of the species of 7u«ca, and,
having to contend with a soil rather inimical to that interest-
ing family, deserves great credit for his pretty collection,
selected from the nurseries round London, to which place he
makes annually a horticultural visit. His mansion, he in-
formed me, was formerly the residence of a bishop, and with
the grounds, it forms a perfect specimen of a Flemish country
residence, surrounded by a moat of clear, dark, stagnant
water, with long straioht avenues diver<riuo; from the hou.se,
like the rays of a circle. The grounds are quite flat, and the
paths a soft black sand ; but these soft paths and shady ave-
nues, though so completely at variance with my English
would-be-picturesque ideas, felt most exceedingly agreeable
in a sultry July day ; and as the Flemings, from the nature of
a great part of their country, must have tame gardens, I ad-
mire their solid taste in consulting their comfort more than
their eyes. A Flemish country house is also, it must be ob-
served, merely a summer residence, as the inhabitants lock
up the doors at the end of September, and, leaving their fur-
niture, &c., to its fate, without the pmtection of even a single
servant (a fact which certainly gives a very favourable itiea
of the honesty of the Belgians), resort to the town till the
heat in spring reminds them of their cool avenues. Mr.
Chantrell is generally fortunate in gaining prizes from the
Horticultural Society of Bruges. In Juik-, 1830, the })rin-
cipal prize was awarded to him for 7'.'rica rcflt-xa alba, a fine
specimen, and honourable mention was made of Dryi'uidra ner-
vosa, Alstrocmer/a |)ulchella, Jatropha pandura'folia, Ery-
thrnia /aurilolia. These specimens 1 saw, and admired their
superior growth. In the grounds was a fiole, perhaps 25 ft.
high, closely covered with the twining stems of the y/ristolochia
si[)ho, which formed the most beautiful verdant column 1 ever
beheld. In the kitchen-gardens, the pear treies were, as
usual here, flourishing; but the apples were sadly cankered
and unhealthy; lettuces, in successive crojis, were the prin-
cipal vegetables; the cabbage tribe did not flourish, especially
the cauliflower, which will not head in this neighbourhood.

Horticultural Tour in the Netherlands. 593

In the afternoon we visited the garden of the Comtesse
de Carnert, at Nalde. No place could be more at variance
with the taste of an English gardener ; the orange trees and
green-house plants were placed in straight single lines in a
square, enclosed with tall thin edges, each plant fastened by
the stem to a small painted rail, and all trained with naked
stems as standards. The effect was curious, and it did really
seem quite ridiculous to see the poor myrtles, laurustinuses,
bays, pomegranates, oleanders, arbutuses, and aucubas, with
numerous oranges, looking more like mops than plants, with
some of the stems of the myrtles not larger than a reed, and
from 4 ft. to 6 ft. high ; the heads of all being cut as round as
a ball. The gardener appeared to think them the summit of
perfection, and his eyes glistened at the praises which I gave
him for the ingenuity and perseverance he had displayed ; but
when I explained to him, that with us they would all have
been left in a state of nature, which we thought most orna-
mental, he shook his head most significantly, and seemed to
pity us for having no taste. Common thyme is used here
extensively as an edging for the borders, and the gardener
said that it was the only aromatic herb known, or in use, in
this part of Flanders, French cookery being general here, I
was surprised at the dearth of what we call potherbs ; but
salad seems to be the staple article of vegetable food, for
both rich and poor eat it most abundantly with every meal they
take. The orange trees were for sale, and the gardener gave
me the prices of some; for plants about 3 ft. he asked 155'.
each, and standards about 5 ft. were 20^. each. The heads
of these trees, however, had been so carefully formed into the
ball-like shape, that, in England, they would have been ridi-
culous. A very high value was set on the large trees. The
taste for orange trees is much more general in Flanders than
in England. They were all in the finest healthj but were
grown in a compost that would puzzle an English cultivator,
viz. black, moist, soft, peaty soil, mixed with cow dung and
sheep dung in equal quantities.

A taste for rare and good plants is here generally diffused,
and, I believe, it extends all over Flanders, as they have their
societies and " expositions " at Bruges, Louvain, Courtrai,
Brussels, Ghent, and every town of any importance in the
country^ The number of exhibitors here (Bruges), the last
" exposition d'ete " [summer show], which took place in
June, was upwards of 100, and at Ghent it was nearly 300;
almost all exhibited some good or rare plants. These facts more
.than any thing will show the diffusion of a refined taste for

394 Horticultural lour iu the Netherlands.

horticultural productions ; for in wliich of our cities, with the
population of Ghent (80,000 to 90,000), sliall we fnid 300
pKant amateurs? At the Aigle d'Or [Golden Ka<fle] at IJrufres,
in a small garden not 60 ft. scjuare, was the finest double
Altha?a frutex I ever saw, formiufr quite a tree; also a fine
Salisburm «diantif61ia ; Clelhra arborea variegata, y/^cer pal-
mala, and numerous oranges : these, with many other rare
plants, were arranged very prettily in the gardens, for the
customers to admire while smoliing their cigars; the landlord
seemed quite aware of their value, and appeared to have a
great taste for plants. To English gardeners, who are used
to see evergreens in such profusion and perfection at home,
it appears strange to find large bays and laurustinuses in tubs,
and as carefully attended to as oranges. The want of our
best evergreens, such as the above, and common and Portugal
laurels, in the gardens and pleasure grounds of this country,
is much felt by an English eye. It seems that the winters are
too dry and sharp for them, and the soil too loose, being
much like our sandy peat.

Walking in one of the streets of Bruges, I saw, through an
open window, what appeared to be a very pretty garden in
the heart of the city, and, upon enquiry, I found that it be-
longed to an opulent brewer, M. Buschacrt. I obtained an
introduction to him, and, as " un fleuriste Anglais," was most
politely receivetl. I was highly gratified with finding one of the
sweetest town gardens possil)le to conceive, with serpentine
walks and glades, and thickly planted with shrubs and trees,
many of them rare. The effect was delightful and striking, and
it was increased by my having but a moment before turned
from the frequented streets of a populous city. Among his
hardy trees, M. Buschaert pointed with evident pride to a
beautiful specimen of the rare i'agus cristata, and to one of
the i^opulus grandidentutus : a clump of hybrid azaleas
seemed also to have his especial care, and his favourite varie-
ties were named Ne phis ultra, Morterii Genio, Tricolor
Jacobs, Morteriana, Ivegina Belgica, isic. i^c. He had also
some rare stove plants, and an extensive collection of pears
en qneuouille ; all in the best order, and the place gene-
rally as neat as possible. I should think (from memory)
between two or three acres were occupied by these gardens and
a small orchard ; but so surrounded by houses, that, had I
not seen the garden through the open window, I shoulil not
have imagined such a place existed.

I next visited a pear amateur, M. Boukhout, and perhaps
never felt more amused with an enthusiast. Nmnerous stocks
were grafted (in the cleft manner) with new varieties for trial.

Horticultural Tour in the Netherlands. 395

One that he called the lion, but which seemed to be the poire
milon, o. melon pear, he told me, with all the lively gestures of
a Frenchman, was " tres-grande," tres-superbe," " tres-deli-
cieuse ;" in short, that it was " the devil of a pear." I nar-
rowly scrutinised the shoots of this ^'^ poire fameu&e" ?a\di felt a
strong conviction that it was the pear known in England as
Uvedale's St. Germain, or pound pear, recorded in your
pages as being sometimes of great weight. I may here re-
mark, that I am now exceedingly sceptical when 1 hear our
Continental neighbours give descriptions of fruits or plants ;
experience has told me that what to their warm imaginations
seems so grand and beautiful, to our business-like ideas
assumes quite a differen^aspect.

In the neighbourhood of a city like Bruges, with a popu-
lation of 40,000 inhabitants, we should suppose that, at least,
one nursery would be found; but nothing of the kind exists,
and the few plants exposed in the flower-market (prefectoire)
are supplied by the small gardeners. Trees are cultivated
in different gardens by amateurs*, and sold to help to pay
the gardening expenses : economy is the order of the day ;
and an Englishman, unless an eyewitness, can scarcely form
an idea to how great an extent it is practised.

Mr. Chantrell, to give me a thorough view of rural affairs,
took me to spend a day with one of his tenants, who held
a farm of 200 acres, and which, as all the Flemish farms
are very small, was equivalent to a 500- acres farm of good
land in England. The tenant, indeed, ranked as a large
farmer ; but the contrast between his mode of living and
that of an English farmer of the same class was so striking,
that, at the risk of being tedious, I will give you a short descrip-
tion. A long, low, brick building, with a thatched roof, the
counterpart of many of the cottages in the fens of Cambridge-
shire (by the way, the self-same method of building exists
here generally ; the farm-houses and cottages are all brick, the
roofs thatched, and the gables raised a little above the roof),
contained, at one end, two rooms (a parlour and kitchen),
inhabited by the farmer and his family ; the other end con-^
sisted of the stable and cowhouse ; round the living-room,
which was neatly paved with bricks and clean in the extreme,
were three or four berths (I can call them by no other name,
as they were round the sides of the room in the exact manner
of the berths of a ship), and in these, containing neat beds,
slept the farmer, his wife, eight children, and a female ser-
vant ! I In answer to my enquiry, why they did not sleep in

* All cultivators of plants, whether for sale or not, are here called
amateurs.

396 IlorticuUiirnl Tour in the Nethcrlundg.

the upper rooms, wliicli, tlioiif]jh very low, were still habitable,
they said they wanted them for a granary and for the men-
servants. After a plentiful breakfast on coffee, eggs, and
wheaten bread (a luxury here, for rye is in general use), in
the parlour, which also contained the spare bed, i. e. berth,
and the best images of their patron saints, we visited the farm-
yard, to look at the implements and stock. The ploughs and
harrows were such as we find in Essex, among what are
called old-fashion farmers, but much more clumsy ; the gear
and harness, instead of iron traces and leather thongs and
straps, were of wood and i"ojies, and manufactured in a man-
ner that would make one of our English ])loughmen laugh,
and exult in the superiority of old England. The horses
were fat in the extreme, and the cows a fine short-horned
breed in good condition ; but the pigs, heaven save the mark !
made me laugh heartily, in which the farmer most good-
naturedly joined : and when I gravely told him they would
form a valuable article of export to England; and then, in
reply to his earnest interrogatories, " Why?" told him that
they would supersede our most valuable breed of greyhounds,
for the purpose of catching hares, he jierfectly understood the
joke, and enjoyed it much. A friend had imported some
good bred English pigs, for the purpose of crossing and im-
proving their breed; but the Flemish farmers did not like to
spoil their long-legged ones, and would not listen to him ; the
sheep were also in wretched plight, badly bred, and toothless.
The land was, however, of fine quality; I saw red clover
(YVifolium pratense) drying for hay, tied in sheaves, the
stems of which were more than 4 ft. long; horse beans still
in full growth, being partly off bloom, 6 ft. to 7 ft. high ;
wheat and rye also very fine ; but that beautiful croji, Hax,
gave me most jileasure. I have not seen it growing in Eng-
land or Ireland ; but some fiekls between Bruges and Ghent
seemed exceidingly luxuriant, also more jiarticularly one or
two on the OudLMiarde road from Cihent, some plants of which
I measured, and found the stems from 3^ ft. to i ft. long : the
flax, I had previously seen in France, was perhaps not more
than from 1 ft. to l^ft.

After a survey of the crops on the farm, we returned,
and saw the lamily at dinner; and here, again, the contrast
with England was most striking: the chiltlren were dining
on flour and water, a sort of thick gruel, jiotatoes, and
salad; and when 1 asked the mistress where they procured
their meat, she immediately said they never ate any but
" swine's flesh," unless a sheep fell ill, and was obliged to be
killed.

Horticultural Tour iu the Netherlands. 397

It appears, the farmers here, partly owing to two or three
wet seasons, and a failure of crops, are badly off; being be-
hind in rent, and, though not tithed or rated, being heavily
taxed by the government and priests. I noticed a curious
anomaly, in the farmer's wife wearing heavy gold cheek plates
to her cap, though the children vvere in the coarsest clothes,
with sabots, and no stockings.

After a pleasant voyage from Bruges on a fine canal, I
reached Ghent, and paid an immediate visit to Van Cassel,
the father of the Ghent nurserymen : I think he said he was
ninety. He is still devoted to plants, and regularly takes in
a few of the English periodical botanical works: he is a good
Latinist and botanist, and has so much enthusiasm for plants,
that I was delighted with him : he has a most valuable botani-
cal and general library. Among many curiosities, he showed
me a rare edition of the Bible (I think in French), in 8 vols,
folio, with the most curious illustrations. His nursery con-
sisted of but one acre, chiefly planted with roses and azaleas,
the latter growing in the most superb style. His newest
varieties of these were Azalea lacticolor, A. mimica, A. pul-
cherrima, and A. spuria amabilis, for which he asked the
moderate price of from twenty to forty francs each !

From this I visited Verschaffelts's nursery. Rue Caverne,
where I found the largest stock of Cactus speciosissima I
ever saw ; the camellias were neatly arranged by the sides of
the walks, and numbers were inarched ; as were also the
azaleas. M. Verschaffelts particularly recommended Camell/a
marmorata, and C. colorata,'which he said were "tres-grandes:"
the grave importance with which he eulogised these camellias,
the first of which he priced at fifty francs, and the other he
said was so rare that it was not for sale, and his enthusiasm,
made him with me a very amusing personage.

At M. Hellebuyck's nursery, I was much gratified with
his magnificent plants of hybrid azaleas, generally inarched
(called here " plaque"). They seem to grow from seed with
as much facility as the common pansy with us, coming up
spontaneously in the borders. His camellias were in a reed
enclosure, so neatly arranged in rows, and inarched in such a
business-like and ingenious manner, all in the open air, that,
so far from desiring it to be a hidden operation, as it generally
is with us, they formed a very gratifying spectacle; the stages
on which the pots with the stocks were placed were very
cleverly arranged, and showed that extreme attention to
minutiae which we are so apt to forget.

At Van Damme's, the lion was Magnol/a maxima, which
seemed a variety of M. acuminata, with rather a broad leaf.

398 Hoi-ticidiural Tour in the Ncthaimuh.

I found from liiin tliat, instead of using the muscle stock for
peaches, nectarines, and apricots, they always bud on " la
prune mirabelle." The soil generally, in this part of Flanders,
appeared unfit for peaches, &c., owing to its extreme light-
ness ; but as they do better on this stock than on any other,
and I thought this a hint which some of our light gravelly
land districts might profit by, I liave imported some of the
stocks this season for trial. Upon calling at M. Lanckman's,
he was urgent for me to purchase three new " grandes"
camellias, viz. " Imperatrice," " Duchesse de Parma," and
"Giema belgica," 130 francs the three; his fertile descrijnion,
in French phrases, would have given n\e a high idea, had not
a friend at my elbow, used to their high-sounding terms, pre-
viously told me to listen, but not always to believe : therefore,
with all due courtesy, I told him that one day 1 should come
and see them in bloom, and then buy if they pleased me.

After visiting several other nurseries, we adjourned to the
prince of the Ghent " pepinieristes," M. 13uyck Vander
Marsh. What was to me most amusing in these calls was,
that all 1 called upon doflfed their sabots and working-dress,
made themselves smart, and then joined me in my visits to the
other nurseries without the least jealousy ; though, of course,
all were e(|ually anxious to sell their own goods. M. Buyck
Vander Marsh was, as the others liad told me, a first-rate
amateur, and knew all the novelties among plants well: he
told me he was in communication with Messrs. Loddiges and
Monsieur " Neet." Who this well-known English nursery-
man was, for a long time I could not tell; at last Mr. Knight's
name came to my relief, and after modifying the pronunciation
gradually, so as to make " Neet," Knight, I made him com-
prehend that the name in English was what I pronounced.
After looking over his rarities, of which he had not a few for
so small a garden (about the third of an acre); I noticed
MagnobV; " speciosa," " M. Alexandrinr/," and a collection of
libaii indica, among which he named Itbsa. strdmbio vera as
very fine, also the Lafayette rose.

Our party, which had increased to several, all florists and
cntliusiasts, adjourned to a tavern ; and, when the wine had
warmed their fancies, never did I see such a scene. Most of
them sj)oke French, some a little English, and at times all
Flemish ; the praise of favourite plants, and urgent entpiiries
after novelties, were the themes. I should have liked Mr.
Loudon to have been a looker on, and to have heard some of
the many pleasant extravagances uttered respecting plants. 1
was astonished at the number of nurseries in this town; the po-
pulation is, I think, not more than 90,000, yet I visited twenty

Horticnltnral Tour in the Netherlands. 399

nurseries, all containinsf more or less what we call " good
things : " they told me Germany was their principal mart, and
the support of their trade. Almost all had one or two pretty
good green-houses. A few were built in the manner of those
in the London nurseries : these were pointed out to me by the
owners with pride, as in " la maniere Anglaise." The pro-
prietors of these nurseries seemed generally very industrious;
they were all clad in their working-dresses, with sabots and no
stockings, and dining, as I more than once witnessed, on coffee,
rye bread, and butter, they gave me no very high idea of their
wealth, though I afterwards understood that these appearances
were more owing to economy than poverty.

Before I leave Ghent, I must mention the botanic garden,
which is open to the public as a promenade, and contains
some fine specimens of the following hardy plants : — Celtis
cordata, Magnolm auriculata, Quercus Phellos, Gymnocladus
canadensis, Z.arix pendula, Robinm viscosa. Several of the
finest exotics in boxes, placed in different parts of the gardens,
were dedicated to botanists of eminence. Some venerable
bays, from 8 to 9 ft. high, in boxes and pots, so old that their
stems were hollow ; also some old myrtles and oranges, all
shorn into ball-like heads and naked stems, attracted my no-
tice. For a botanic garden the collection was meagre, and
the herbaceous borders were very bare ; of many genera not
a single species existed. There were numerous promenaders,
who seemed to enjoy the garden, and carefully to abstain
from injuring the plants.

I must be allowed here to introduce something not particu-
larly appertaining to gardens and gardening ; viz., that pretty
assemblage of the sweetest whitewashed cottages, with green
window-shutters and neat gardens, I ever saw, the " Be-
guinage." Sterne's tale of the " Fair Beguin " came forcibly
to my memory, and made me enchanted with the spot and its
associations.

In the market at Ghent I saw but few flowers or plants
exposed for sale, and nothing among vegetables deserving,
particular notice ; but some baskets of fine apples in the fruit
market merit a few words. At the table d'hote at my hotel
(de Vienne), I saw every day a few plates of these apples,
quite flat, and streaked with red, which were preferred to the
strawberries and cherries ; surprised at this, I tasted them,
and fonnd them delicious, quite plump, juicy, and fine-fla-
voured. They were called the Cour pendu.*

* 1 think known in England as the Court pendu plat.

400 Horticultural Tour in the Ncthalands.

Having exhausted my horticultural curiosity at Ghent, I
took my departure for Brussels. The fine avenue of planes,
sycamores, elms, &c., made travelling delightful; but nothing
remarkable in the crops occurred till we reached Alost, near
which place are grown large quantities of hoj)s and onions.
It is said that so many of the latter are grown, that the air is
imbued with the smell ; however, this season (July, 1 8 JO) they
have totally failed : a small worm had attacked both the young
onions and those for seed, and totally destroyed most of the
crops. At Brussels my first visit was to the botanic garden,
though quite by chance ; for, as I was walking in the Boule-
vards, 1 was delighted with the view of a most magnificent
garden ; thinking it must belong to royalty, I enquired how
I could gain admittance, and was soon informed it was the
Jardin des Plantes, and open to all. I was surprised and de-
lighted ; for never had I seen so beautiful a public garden,
the situation so conmianding, the prospect of the distant
country so fine, and its noble plant-houses so well arranged.

[A view of the Brussels Botanic Garden is given Vol. V.
p. 327. ; and our correspondent, C. llauch of Vienna, now in
the Chiswick Garden, has obligingly lent us plans {Jigs. 69,
70.) of the garden and hot-houses.]

They had here fme healthy sfjecimens of most of the rare
stove plants, in excellent condition : — Crhium j)cdunculatuni
and C. amabile were superb plants ; Yucca conspicua was 1 2 ft.
to 15 ft. high. The hardy department seemed rather in its
infancy ; the herbaceous plants were arranged after the Lin-
naean system, in beds diverging from a circle, each radiating
bed being devoted to a class, and being svl divided trans-
versely into smaller beds for the orders.*

Some of the Linniuan classes were very meagre, particularly
Monadelphia and Poiyadelphia. I did hot observe any thing at
all rare in this department, and in hardy shrubs the garden was
still more deficient: but, considered generally, it is a most de-
lightful spot, and, as a healthy promenade lor ihe citizens, nnist
be invaluable. A powerful steam-engine is at the lower part
of the garden, near a piece of water, to raise it for a magnifi-
cent foiMitain. In the area in front of the range of houses,
all was jireparation for a grand nmsical festival, and exhibi-
tion of plants, to be held shortly; anil a large circular room,
behind the largest plant-house, was jirepared witii seats as an
amphitheatre, in the centre of which |)rize })Iants were to be
arranged, all in such fine taste and magnificence, that our

* Tliis seems a very bad plan ; for some classes have only two orders,
and a dozen or two oV hardy plants ; while others have a dozen of orders,
and several thousand plants. — Cvnd.

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Vol.. VIII. — No. 39.

Structure of halsamma horteusis. 405

horticultural shows seemed to shrink into insignificance be-
fore it.

At the flower market at Brussels some pretty standard
Cytisus nigricans in pots, Punica nana, and oranges were
exposed for sale. Of flowers, I saw nothing worth my no-
tice.

I visited several nurseries, and found most of them in the
Rue de Capucin, but of very small extent, perhaps from a
quarter to half an acre. The plants they cultivated were prin-
cipally the dwarf pomegranates (Punica nana), camellias,
oranges, neriums (of which they say they have '20 varieties),
Jasminum odoratissimum, bays, and laurustinus, all in pots;
the last with pruned heads. The nurserymen at Brussels
seemed much behind those of Ghent, both as to know-
ledge of plants, and in the value of their stock. I did not
hear of any novelties ; and their plants, I suppose, were gene-
rally of that description required at the Catholic fetes, &c.
All the vegetables I saw exposed in the difl'erent markets
were most decidedly inferior to what are sold in the English
markets : they did not seem to have had that care and capital
devoted to them, which almost every one who cultivates them
in England bestows.* I must now conclude these hasty and
imperfect notes, and I really have written much more than I
intended, at the risk, it" you insert and they read, of sending
some of my brothers of the pruning-knife to sleep. Some other
winter evening, I may perhaps give them another compos-
ing draught on the subject, in a neighbouring country.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.
February/, 1832. T. Rivers, Jun.

Art. III. Investigation of the Structure of the Balsam {Balsamlna
hortensis Desportes). By the Author of the " Domestic Gar-
dener's Manual."

Sir,
In my former paper (p. 142.) I suggested that, if we hoped
to ascertain beyond a doubt the precise channels of the vege-
table currents, we must operate upon living subjects ; and I
proposed to inspect, microscopically, the stems of young
balsams, whose roots had been either immersed in, or regu-
larly watered with, coloured infusions. That I might leave
nothing undone which could tend to assist in an enquiry

* It will give an idea of the severity of the winters, when I say, that in
Vertenven's nursery were some very large old mulberries, with all their
principal branches killed by the previous winter.

iOl- Investigation of the Structure

that I myself had proposed to others, I determined to com-
mence several experiments ; and the detail of two of these,
with their results, will form the subject of the present com-
munication.

A few fine seeds of the balsam, which had been ripened at
Madras in 1830, were sown early in March last, and kept in
a pine-stove during the course of their growth. Two of them,
about 2 in. in the clear stem, were selected : one of these
was pale, the other was tinged with red ; they were planted
in separate small pots, in light soil, composed of heath mould
and decayed leaves chiefly. Tlie plant with the pale stem was
watered almost entirely with a strong solution of logwood ;
but it received, two or three times, a slight refreshment of
pure water, when, by oversight, and the great heat of the
house (occasionally above 100°), the soil had become quite
dry. During three weeks that I carried on this process, the
plant, although it lived and stood erect as long as the soil was
in a moist state, made little or no progress in growth. I men-
tion this fact, because it shows that watery coloured infusions,
though highly impregnated with carbonaceous matter (and
therefore, as might be supposed, abounding with vegetable
aliment), furnish, in reality, no appropriate food to some
plants; to the balsam in particular.

The other plant, that with the red stem, was supplied with
pure water only, for about a fortnight; and it grew much
better than the one that was treated with the infusion. It
now was taken up, its root cleansed from the soil, and placed
in a glass vessel, containing a deeply coloured infusion of log-
wood. Both the plants were kept in the stove, and there
they remained for another week ; at the end of which they
were carefully investigated.

1st, The plant with the white stem, the soil of which had
been watered with the infusion, was removed from the pot,
and its roots washed ; it was then supported by tweezers, so
as not to injure it, and its stem was examined by the micro-
scope, under every situation, with respect to light, that could
be commanded. Not a particle of colouring matter could be
discerned under the cuticle (epidermis), and even when a
portion of that exterior integument was removed, there was
not the least discoverable appearance of colour among the
exposed cells. A small strip was next cut with a lancet along
the stem, so as to discover and detach some of the longitudinal
vessels. I mean those which were formerly believed to be
the tubular sap-conduits, whether, in their texture and con-
dition, they be spiral, annular, reticulated, or punctuated ; and
which corresponded with the tracheae, small and mixetl tubes

of Balsamina hortaisis. 4-05

of Grew, Mirbel, and others. The wounded surface of the
stem, as well as that of the detached strip, was examined with
and without immersion in water ; still, not a tint of colour
was afforded; nor could any be obtained on inspecting a
small slice cut horizontally across the stem.

2d, The plant with the red stem, which had grown in the
coloured infusion, was next investigated ; but it was void of
tint in any part of its organisation, except on the epidermis.
Hereon, indeed, a most interesting spectacle was exhibited ;
for the natural colouring matter which afforded the red tint to
the skin, was found to be deposited in the most fanciful and
beautiful forms imaginable. As a splendid object, when
viewed under every different degree of light, from complete
shade to the glare of full and condensed sunshine, I cannot
conceive one that can surpass it ; and I earnestly recommend
your readers who possess, or can command the use of, good
microscopes, to devote strict attention to a careful observance
of so wonderful a combination of colours. As far as my testi-
mony may go, it can be compared only to a tissue, or net-
work, composed of threads of brilliant crimson foil, fancifully
and irregularly spread over a surface of glittering and greenish
silver.

To return from this digression to the subject of my com-
munication: I have already observed that the exammation
detected no traces of the colourinor matter of the logwood in
any part of the subjects investigated ; consequently, no light
has been thrown, by these experiments, upon the mystery which
involves the enquiry concerning the proper channels of the
two saps. Sir H. Davy observes, in his sixth agricultural
lecture {Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry, edit. 1 827, p. 24-3. ),
that " the pores in the fibres of the roots of plants are so
small, that it is with difficulty they can be discovered by the
microscope ; it is not, therefore, probable, that substances can
pass into them from the soil. I tried an experiment on this
subject. Some impalpable powdered charcoal, procured by
washing gunpowder, and dissipating the sulphur by heat, was
placed in a phial containing pure water, in which a plant of
peppermint was growing ; the roots of the plant were pretty
generally in contact with the charcoal. The experiment was
made in the beginning of May, 1805 ; the growth of the plant
was very vigorous during a fortnight, when it was taken out
of the phial : the roots were cut through in different parts,
but no carbonaceous matter could be discovered in them, nor
were the smallest fibrils blackened by charcoal, though this
must have been the case had the charcoal been absorbed in a
solid form."

D D 3

406 Structure ofBahamlna hoiiensis.

From the foregoing experiment of Sir H. Davy, we may
conclude that the most impalpable powders can by no means
be taken up by the vascular absorbents of i)lants; and my own
observations upon the two balsams lead to the conclusion,
that colouring matter, even in a state of solution, cannot be
introduced to the vegetable vessels through the spongioles or
porous fibrils of the roots. These consentient evidences tend
to throw considerable doubt upon the justness of those deduc-
tions that have been drawn from observing traces of colour
within cuttings of })lants, and young stems or twigs, that had
been immersed in coloured infusions of any kind. Cuttings
and slips are merely mutilated portions of the subjects from
which they have been detached. They retain, it is true, a
vestige of the vital principle ; but that lies dormant, and would
soon become extinct, were it not excited, and brought into
activity, by the stimulus of some appropriate medium, into
which, when so placed, other circumstances being propitious,
it may protrude roots.

Thougli no positive evidence of the exact nature or site of
the vessels of conduction has been afforded by my experi-
ments, they have tended to confirm the ideas I had previously
formed. In the first place, the cells, those little vesicles or
bladders which constitute the pulp of the stem, were replete
with fluid : hence, if not conductors, they are at least depo-
sitories of the vegetable juices. Again, the fibrous organs
(that is, those bundles of more opaque tubes which pass longi-
tudinally along the whole stem, and give out branches to the
leaves and leaflets) seemed to be dry; no vestige of fluid
appeared to be in them, as a passing current; if any were dis-
cernible, it seemed to have been let or forced in by the
violence of the dissection. The fibrous texture, and prodigious
elasticity, also, of the organs, demonstrate that they are in
every way better adapted to regulate and support the varied
motion of the plant, than to act as conductors of its fluids.
However, I shall not enlarge further at this time, but content
myself with observing, that the fibrous organs of the balsams
I examined appeared to me to be placed not far within the
epidermis, in small equidistant bundles, and to consist almost
entirely of purely spiral fibres, of those more compound
organs that have, by some, been styled annular vessels, from
the circumstance of their being constructed of a simple mem-
branous tube, distended by rings, which lings are separated
from one another by a space little exceeding their own breadth.
These spaces are discernible by a microscopic power not
exceeding one hundred and fifty times. I designate all these
iippendages to the true sap-vessels fibrous organs; and I

Bmningham Botanical Horticultural Garden. 407

conceive that the old term tracheae (windpipes) is much more
expressive of their nature and offices, than the modern appel-
lation of conducting vessels. In fact they may, and probably
do, convey air to the internal parts of the whole plant; but
the functions which they are chiefly intended to perform
appear decidedly to be those of mechanical action and reac-
tion: perhaps, also, they may be employed as conductors and
distributors of the electric fluid ; for, as every part of the
plant, to the remotest termination of its leaves and flowers, is
more or less furnished with these fibrous organs, it is not
unreasonable to suppose that they are the channels of those
ethereal currents, which perhaps primarily sustain, if they do
not actually constitute, the principle of vegetable life.

June 15. 1832. G. J. T.

Art. IV. Description of a Design made for the Birmingham Hor-
ticultural Society, for laying out a Botanical Horticultural Garden,
adapted to a particular Situation. By the Conductor.

Before describing this design it will be proper to state
shortly, the nature of the situation, the wishes of the Birming-
ham Horticultural Society, and the other given data on which
it was composed.

The situation is at Edgbaston, about two miles to the S. W.
from what is esteemed the centre of Birmingham ; the extent
is considered to be about sixteen acres, the form of which is irre-
gular ; and the surface consists of about an acre, nearly level
at one corner, from which the ground spreads out like a fan,
in a steep and varied slope ; the lower boundary being u})-
wards of 60 ft. below the entrance of the garden. This will
be easily understood by a glance at the ^\a.v\,fg. 71., and the
section a b. The aspect of this slope is to the IS. W. and
S. E. The soil is singularly advantageous : the greater part
is a sandy loam ; but there is an acre of peat, and three acres
of good medium loam. It is highly probable that there is
also gravel at a short distance beneath the surflice. There
are two perpetual springs in the ground, and a small water-
course forms a part of the boundary.

The committee, in mentioning to us the objects they had in
view, stated that they wished to combine a scientific with an
ornamental garden ; and these, to a certain extent, with a
nursery and market-garden ; so as, by selling superfluous
plants, fruits, and culinary vegetables, to lessen the annual ex-
pense of keeping. It was further stated, that, whatever plan
might be adopted, it could only be executed by degrees ; as

p D 1

408 Descripfioji of a Design for the

the riiiuls available for that purpose did not then exceed three
thousand pounds, though a considerable addition to this sum
was expected to be obtained, when the garden should be com-
menced, antl the public had an opportunity of inspecting it.

With these data and desiderata, we set about devising a
suitable design. The first point which we determined on,
was that of surrounding the whole sixteen acres with a holly
Jiedge, to be planted inmiediately within the existing boundary
fence of hawthorn : being convinced that, if the ground in
the line of the liedge, were trenched and manured, in order to
increase the growth of the plants, the holly, in the given soil,
situation, and climate, would produce leading shoots, ave-
raging 12 or 14 in. a year for several years. The next point
which we determined on was, to place the hot-houses on the
level area which forms the highest part of the surface. As
the entrance to the garden must necessarily be from the only
road which passes it, and that road is on the north side, it
follows, that, if the hot-houses were built in the usual manner
against a wall, they would be approached from behind, and
the first object that met the eye would be the back sheds :
this is the case in the Liverpool Garden, and must necessarily
be so in all gardens in which the hot-houses are placed near
the main entrance, without there being a space sufficiently
ample to admit of making a circuitous approach to their front.
As there is neither an ample space in the case of the Birming-
liam garden, nor a fitting situation for the hot-houses any
where else in the given area, than this, which is close on what
must necessarily be the main entrance, we determined to form
these hot-houses on a circular ground plan, because it is the
only one calculated to look e(jually well on all sides.

A fourth point necessarily resulting from the shape and
slope of the grounds, was the zigzag direction of the main
walks ; in order to descend with ease from the high to the
low grounds, and to ascend in like maimer from the latter to
the former. This point determined t)n, led to another; viz.,
the distribution of the arboretum around and throu<;h the
garden, along one side of the main walk, instead of around
the garden only, as is most frecjuently the case.

'I'hese leading features being determined on, we made out
the details of what the gartlen should be, when finally coni-
j)lefed, as exhibited in //if. 7-.

JJut as, from various economical I'easons, the garden could
only be completed by degrees; and as some parts of oin* plan
might, from the expense required, never be executed at all,
we so contrived all the exjiensivc parts of the details, as to
allow them to be omitted, or have others substituted foi- them

Birmhigham Botanical Horticultural Garden. 409

of a more economical character. The garden was thus con-
structed, that it might, from the beginning, ^nd at all times
during the progress of our plan, form a whole, which, though
not so perfect as it is contemplated finally to be, would still
be complete and perfect in its kind. How this is to be
effected will best be shown by describing the working-plan
and section, 7%. 71.; the vertical profile, ^^ 72.; the plans
of part of the arboretum, yJ^5. 73. and 74. ; and the plans, sec-
tions, and elevations of the hot-houses, y%5. 75, 76, 77, and 78.

Fig. 71. Working-plan for the general distribution of the
Birmingham Botanic Garden. The contents of the whole
are thus dis})osed of: — Botanic garden, (i) 7 acres ; pleasure-
grounds (k), 2^ acres ; American garden, (l) | of an acre ;
flower-garden (m), ^ of an acre; orchard and fruit-tree nur-
sery (n), IJ acre; kitchen-garden and agricultural ground
(o), 2 acres; reserve garden and experimental ground (p), \
of an acre; space on which the hot-houses stand, gravel
walks, &c., 1| acres : in all, 16 acres.

The section a b, taken on the line a b in the plan, shows
the inclination of the surface in the plan. In this section
are seen the entrance lodge, 1 ; circular clump of variegated
hollies, 2 ; hot-houses, 3 ; tower, with steam or hot water ap-
paratus under, water cistern over, and surrounding under-
ground carriage way, 4 ; basins, with jets of water, 5, 6, 7 ;
large basin, and grand jet at the bottom of the garden, 8 ;
overshot water wheel, supplied by a pipe from 7, for raising
water to the cistern in the tower, 9 ; and water-closets, 10.

The details of^y^. 71. are as follow : — -

A, Main entrance from Birmingham.

M, c, D, Lower parts of the grounds : the fall from a to b is nearly 70 ft ;
from B to c the rise is about 10 ft.; from b to d the fall is about 3 ft.

E, Circular range of glass ; the darkest shaded part, viz., the entire outer
circle of pits, and one hot-house, and a green-house, being that which is
proposed to be first executed.

F, House and offices now existing, and proposed to be retained for the use
of the curator, the council, &c.

G H, A tunnel for communicating by carts, &c., between the road and the
engine for heating the hot-houses, and also with the curator's house and
offices.

1, Botanic garden. The general surface is turf, on which the herbaceous
plants are placed in dug groups, for the most part circular, and limited
to one genus each ; and the ligneous plants are planted singly on the
turf, with the exception of the lowest of the under-shrubs ; which, like
the herbaceous plants, are placed in dug groups. The finer varieties of
roses, azaleas, and some other shrubs, are not understood to be included
in this collection, but only the species and more hardy varieties.

K, Pleasure-ground ; consisting of lawn varied with groups of the most
ornamental flowers and shrubs, with some trees; including a rosary,
an open alcove or covered seat, and a variety of sculptural and archi-
tectural ornaments. On this lawn various structures for birds, monkeys.

410

Dcscriji/iun oj a Design for the

1 1111 1 II 1 nil

Birnmigham Botanical Horticultural Garden. 411

In this plan, reduced from one three times its size, it has been found impossible to get in all
the figures representing the different orders and tribes of trees and herbaceous plants, as they
are to stand in the botanic ground. Sec the references to h and /, in p. 413.

4«12 Description of a Design for the

and other animals, niii^ht be introckiccd, should it ever be deemed ad-
visable to conil)iiie a zoological establishment with this {jarden.

L, American garden. The surrounding border is for a collection of single
specimens of American and other peat-earth shrubs, trees, and herba-
ceous plants, and the interior compartments are for propagating plants
for sale.

M, Flower-garden. The surrounding border for a collection of single
specimens of roses, dwarfs, and standards, and of the most showy com-
mon garden-soil border flowers ; the interior for bulbs and other florists'
flowers, georginas, stocks, &c., and other annuals for sale.

N, Orchard. The surrounding border, and the margins of the alleys, for
a complete collection of single specimens of fruit trees and fruit shrubs ;
and the interior for propagating them for sale. Among the specimens
in the border may be interspersed the collection of strawberries.

o, Kitchen-garden. The surrounding border for single specimens, or small
beds of every kind of culinary vegetables, and herbaceous fruit plants,
such as gourds, &c., annual or perennial, grown in kitchen-gardens, and
the interior for propagating them for sale. The plants of agriculture
and arboriculture, not grown in gardens and parks, will occur in the
botanic garden ; but if it should be thought fit to exhibit these col-
lected together, more especially the different varieties of corns and
cultivated grasses, that may be done in one of the compartments of the
kitchen-garden.

I', Experimental and seed garden, into which the public are not admitted.
In this is a range of pits or frames, for raising seeds and annuals for
transplantation into the borders; the composts and manures are also
kept in this garden.

Q, Hollow wall, for being heated by hot water, for the growth of peach
trees, nectarines, figs, &c.

R, Gravelled walk from the forcing garden to the tunnel, so as to connect
it with the hot-houses.

s, Dotted lines, including between them a space which is not to be planted
on, in order to admit of walking through the botanic garden, and con-
sequently round the whole garden, on turf, for those who may prefer
a grass walk to one of gravel. These dotted lines, it must be recol-
lected, are entirely imaginary ; and, in reality, the glade of turf will
have a most irregular boundary, formed by the ever-varying position of
the trees of the arboretum. The use of the lines on paper is to show
that, in [jlanting, the space between them must on no account be en-
croached on from cither side.

T, (/Ottagc already existing, which may either be let, or occupied by the
curator's foreman, and the workmen and ajjprentices under him.

u I', Situation of two |)erpetual s|)rings, the water supj)lieil by which it
is proposed to collect in the basin v,and thence to convey it to an over-
shot wheel at w, which works a forcing-pump, for the purpose of raising
the water to the cistern in the tower x.

X, This tower supplies water to the hot-houses, and to all the fountains.

V V, The two roads from Birmingham to the garden gate.

z. Road to llarborne.

a. Mass of variegateil hollies, shown in the section a n at I.

6, Circular terrace walk on a perfect level, and 12 ft. broad.

c c c. Circle of pits to be immediately erected, and backed by a temporary
fence of pales or brick, of the exact height of the front glass of the hot-
house and green-house, d d, as in /fg. 77. Within this wall a border may
be formed, for fruit trees to be trained on it ; and, by leaving holes through
the wall, innnediatcly over the upper part of the pit, the stems of orna-
mental shrubs planted in the border behind may be brought through

Bir7ni7igham Botanical HortiatUural Garden. 413

these holes, and their branches trained on the outside ; thus covering
the wall, so as to render it both ornamental and useful. These pits
may be used for any or all of the purposes for which hot-houses are
erected ; because, the soil being perfectly dry, thej' may be made of any
depth. We propose using them in four divisions : one for hot-house
plants in pots ; one for green-house plants in pots ; one for a collection
of pine-apples ; and one for forcing fruits and culinary vegetables in
pots, such as cherries, peaches, strawberries, figs, vines, kidneybeans,
&c. In summer, when the green-house plants are placed out of doors,
their place may be supplied by melons, and melons may also occupy the
forcing department. To save labour, however, in the case of the green-
house plants, the sashes may be removed, and the plants exposed to the
weather as they stand in the pit.

d d. Hot-house and green-house, proposed to be first erected. The back
wall may be of bricks, set in clay instead of lime mortar ; in order that
it may be easily taken down, and the bricks readily cleaned. It may be
whitewashed inside, and covered with a trellis for creeping plants, &c.
It is intended that the outer circle of hot-houses, as far inwards as this
wall, shall be completed, before any part of the inner circle is com-
menced ; still the whole will be complete, as far as it goes.

e e. Area, in which the green-house plants in pots may be placed during

the summer season.
f ff. Semicircular basins, with jets in the centre, all on one level.

g. Circular basin, with a jet in the centre, on a level platform, 23 ft. lower
than the level of the terrace walk, b. The fountain (v) is 15 ft. lower
than/; and av is 20 ft. lower than v. The latter has a jet in the centre,
which, when played from a pipe, communicates with the cistern x, and
will raise the water to a maximum of height, according to the diameter
of this jet.

h. Commencement of the main walk, having the arboretum and collection
of herbaceous plants on the left hand, and the pleasure-ground on the
right. On the walk (in this plan) are indicated in figures, the different or-
ders which contain hardy herbaceous plants, and the spaces which it is
calculated they will respectively occupy, when planted in groups limited
to one genus in a group, in the manner to be hereafter described. The
course in which this walk ought to be followed by the botanist, in order
to take the different orders and tribes in their proper succession, is
indicated by the direction of the arrows (a> >). Whoever wishes to
examine the whole of the plants and trees composing the botanical
collection, in the order in which they are given in Part II. of our Hortiis
Britannicus, must not cross the straight north and south walk, except
at i, in the bottom of the garden.

k. Termination of the natural arrangement.

/, Vase, indicating the commencement of a grass walk, or rather glade,
through the arboretum, which, it will be observed, passes through and
around the garden, till it regains the terrace walk at m. Along these
dotted lines are marked the numbers of the natural orders, as given in
the Hortus Britannicus, which contain hardy trees and shrubs, with the
spaces they will occupy when planted according to a certain rule, which
will be hereafter given.

7j, Statue, or sculptural ornament, or sundial.

o, Rosary, with a covered seat in the centre.

p. Small circular groups, for tender annuals and tender plants in the sum-
mer season.

g. Groups of choice hardy perennial and annual plants, with roses and
other shrubs, and some trees,

r, jj. The extreme points of hedges of box placed for the purpose of sepa-

41i

Dcsci'iption oj a Drsigtijor the

A, Tlic main entrance. n, Circular terrace walk surrounding the hot-house*.

C, Pleasure. ground. n, Florirultural ganlcn. e, American garden.

r, Kililien-gardon, and agricultural garden, <;, Orchard. ii, Experimental g.Trden.

Birminsha7n Botanical Hortimltural Garden. 415

The remainder of the ground is occupied with the arboretum and the herbaceous arrangement,
as before explained, commencing at i, and ending at it.

416 Description of a Design for the

rating the bonlcrs {t /) from the orcliard, the kitchen-garden, the Ame-
rican, and the Horist's {garden.

/ t, Border of flowers arranged for a perpetual succession during tlie
greater part of tlie year.

«, Dotted lines, representing the proposed holly hedge within the existing
hawthorn hedge.

V, Double lines, dotted, representing the situation of the main pipes for
conducting the water from the cistern x to the ditterent fountains, and
also of another pipe for conducting the water from the forcing-pump
at w tax.

w IV, Pipe-drains from the springs u u to v.

X y. Space in which the arboretum is omitted, in order not to shade the
peach wall u ; but in which the herbaceous arrangement is continued.

z. Pits or hot-beds in the experimental garden.

Fiij,. 72. is a vertical profile of the garden, on the supposition
that all the hot-houses are executed, and that the trees and
shrubs have had 10 or 12 years' growth.

Fig. 73. is a working-plan of a small portion of the botanical
arrangement. In this plan, the situations for the herbaceous
plants are shown chiefly as circles ; each circle having marked
beside it the number of the genus for which it is intended,
agreeably to the enumeration of the Hurtus Britamiicus. The
size of the circles is also proportioned to the number of hardy
herbaceous plants given in that work ; and, according to the
calculation of the space dug, will occupy as indicated under
each natural order in Part II. (See Hart. Brit., Explanatory
Introduction to the Natural Orders, p. 491. ; and Illustrations
of La7id scape-Gar dc7ii7igi &c., Part II. plates vi. and vii.)
The small crosses (X), with the numbers attached to them,
show the positions of the trees and shrubs; the numbers in-
dicating the species or variety in the Hortus Britanniciis. The
dotted lines, a b, are in":aginary lines, to be drawn on the
ground when planting, in order to preserve a clear space of
the width of a walk, c c. The dotted lines, d d, are also
imaginary ; and must be drawn on the ground, when planting,
to prevent any of the trees or shrubs from being i)lanted
within a certain distance (5 ft.) of the groups of herbnceous
plants. It will be observed from the enumeration, that both
herbaceous plants and trees proceed in the order indicated by
the arrows); and that the herbaceous orders are distinct from
those of trees: this being unavoidable, except in gardens many
tiujcs the si/c of the botanic ground before us.

In executing this botanic ground, the first process is,
to drain, level, trench, and smooth the surface. Then to
put down the groups of herbaceous plants, none of them
nearer to the walk than, say 3 ft., or nearer to each other
than, say 2 ft. ; always preserving 3 ft. between the last genus
of one order or tribe, and the first genus of that which

Birmingham Botanical Ho7iiadiural Garden.

417

, 23421

o \

O

(J2.-3 ,

/^^sT^ /-1 23421

/A 2342

l?'23421

5 X 234 22

leae ^

d

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I r ^^ ^s 2721 B. PhylMntheie

Vol. Vm._No.39.

418

Dcsoiptiun of a Design fur thv

follows. Where there is abundance of room, the groups may
all be made circular, and may proceed in one line along the
margin of the walk, their circumferences being all at one
uniform distance from it, as in Jig. T^. ; but where the space is

limited, the line for the small groups will require occasionally
to be made circuitous, and the form of the large groups to
be made irregular, or, at all events, of greater length than
breadth, for the sake of adjusting the whole collection of
plants to the extent of the ground and its outline. Thus, in
Jig. 73., something is gained by the circuitous direction of the
groups at Cy and by making group f of an elongated shape ;
for, if group f had been made circular, it would have inter-
fered with tlie coMtiimlty of the arboretum. The position of
all the groups of herbaceous plants being fixed on, and their
boundary lines being cut out with a spade, the dotted lines
which bound the arboretum are then to be traced on the
ground, according to the rule before mentioned ; and the po-
sitions of the trees are to be found by the following rules.
Keep within the boundary lines ; let no tree or shrub be
nearer another than 5 it., anil hit every species be at least 2 ft.
in advance of the other ; that is, measuring on the lines a b.
The reason for placing one tree, or shrub, somewhat in ad-
vance of the other, is, that a guide is thus given to the posi-
tion of any species or variety which may come the next to
any other species or variety ; thus, if we have ibund Carpinus

28383, we know that the variety —.£— will be in advance of

the species to which it belongs ; whereas, if we did not know
this, we might be seeking it either on a line to the right or

Birmingham Botcmical Horti cultural Garden, 419

left, or behind it. The advantage of these rules being acknow-
ledged, the planter has only to make the most of his space,
zigzagging the trees from one imaginary line to the other, but
never going beyond either. As the positions of the trees and
shrubs are found, a pin, or stake, having the number of the
plant marked on it, should be driven in, there to remain till
the plant is got, and a proper name and number affixed to
it, either in Murray's manner (described Vol. III. p. 29.), or
in that of Allardyce (p. 33.). The temporary numbers may
be either notciied on the stakes, or marked with a pencil on
white lead rubbed on a part of the stake or pin, previously
cut smooth with a knife. In the centre of every group in-
tended for herbaceous plants, a numbered stake should also
be put down ; for which is allerwards to be substituted a tally,
containing simply the name of the order or tribe, and its
number; and the name of the genus for which the group is
intended, with its number. Each species, as it is added, will
only require the specific name, with or without the initial
letter of the genus. It is almost unnecessary to mention, that,
where groups of water plants occur in the herbaceous ar-
rangement, small basins {[fg- 73. e e e,) must be made for them,
proportionate to the spaces which they will occupy, as indicated
by figures in the Hortus Britannicus, and by circles in plate
vii. of Illustrations of Landscape-Gardening. All the groups
and basins for herbaceous plants being notched out, and
stakes put in at the proper places for inserting all the trees
and shrubs, the surface not occupied by the groups may
next be sown with a proper mixture of grass seeds, (p. 176.)

As the plants and trees are introduced in their places, it
will become necessary to introduce with them their appropriate
soils ; but this will not interfere with any of the foregoing
operations : neither will the circumstance, that with some
species of shrubs it may be necessary to prevent the grass
from growing within a few inches of their stems ', and with
others, to place a bed of small stones round the stems, to
prevent them from damping off with moisture.

Fig. 75. shows the plan, section, and elevation of the pro-
posed circular range of hot-houses, the construction of which
is so simple, that very little description is requisite. The
ground plan (a b c) is exhibited in a dissected state ; one
part (a) showing the foundations; another part (b) represent-^
ing the steam or hot-water pipes laid down ; and the remain-
ing part (c) exhibiting the beds as filled with earth, and the
walks as completed with pavement or cast-iron grating. The
details of this plan are as follow : —

E E 2

430

Description of a Design for the

n n a a, The niiiin entrances from the surrounding terrace.
b b b b, Corresponding entrances from the interior area.
c c c c, &c., Beds for large specimens to grow in the free soil.
d d d, &c., Shelves for plants in pots.
e e e e, The exterior |)it, in four divisions.
fj'ff, Tiie interior pit, in four divisions.

g, Central tower, in vvhicli is containe<l the steam or hot-water apparatus
in the cellar story, a potting-shcd on tlic ground floor, ami in the upper

Birmingham Botanical Hortiadtural Garden. 421

part a supply cistern for the hot-houses and jets. Round the base there
is a A^aulted passage, by which carts may pass round, unless it is consi-
dered preferable to ascend the inclined plane h, and drop the coals,
through man-holes on the surface, to the cellars below.

hf Inclined plane to the tunnel.

i. Tunnel, which communicates with the base of the tower, the interior
area, and the public road.

ky Mains of the steam or hot-water apparatus.

The section, which is taken across an imaginary line from
z, through g and k, to a, exhibits the following details : —

/ /, Exterior pits. m m. Interior pits. n. Tunnel.

o. Archway, forming the entrance to the inclined plane which leads from
the tunnel to the surface of the central area.

2) j)i Two steam or hot-water apparatus : either of these will supply heat
to the whole range ; but two are recommended, in case of accident.

q, Potting-shed. r. Cistern.

s s. Walks within the hot-houses.

/, Walk over them, in which, during winter, rolls of matting may be kept,
for letting down over the glass to exclude the frost.

u u u u. Situation of pipes pierced with numerous small holes, for wa-
tering all the hot-houses, in imitation of a shower of rain, as at Messrs.
Loddiges's.

V, Steam-pipes shown under the pathways.

tu w IV IV, Benches for pots.

.r jc. Surface of the terrace walk.

t/ z. Elevation, taken opposite the centre of either of the four entrances.

The cheapest and best mode of heating these hot-houses,
we think, will be by steam : cheapest, because, by this method,
they can be better heated from one common apparatus than
they could by hot water ; and best, because the supply of heat
by steam can be more rapidly withdrawn than either by hot
water or smoke flues. It is true, excessive heat can always
be reduced by the admission of air, and by watering; but it
is not desirable, in point of economy, as well as for other
reasons, that such an excess should be produced. As the
simplest mode of conducting the steam, we would suggest
carrying it out by main pipes and branch pipes, all sloping
from the apparatus, with returning branch pipes and mains
for the condensed water, all having an inclination to the
apparatus. There ought to be two steam-boilers, each of di-
mensions to heat the whole structure, and each connected with
the same main tubes ; so that, if at any time one of them
were out of order, the other might instantly be set to work.
Under the pathways there might be cast-iron cisterns in
different places, to receive the rain water from the roof; and
these cisterns might be heated by the steam-pipes. At the
same time, the water in the central cistern over the steam
apparatus will never be very cold, and might easily be raised
to a sufficient temperature for immediate use in the hot-houses,
by the introduction of steam from a pipe below.

E E 3

422

Descrij:fiv>i (j' a l)t'sig)ijhr the

Fig. 76. is a desiirn whiclx might, if expense were not an
object, be substituted hvfg. 75. In it the wliole of the area

(about an acre) is covered with a conical roofofghiss, 200 ft.
in diameter at the base, and 100 ft. hi^h in the centre. Tiie
plan shows the area laid out in concentric beds and walks:
with radiatinjr walks, and four radiating partitions to separate

Birmingham Botanical Hortiailtural Garden. 423

the four climates. In the centre is a circular partition of
glass from the bottom of the roof, the interior of which is
30 ft. in diameter. Here might be planted the most rapidly
growing and tallest of the tropical trees ; their trunks and
branches being clothed with epiphytes and climbers, and the
ground covered with ferns : hi all probability the Rafflesm
might grow in such a situation. Round the inner side of this
glass partition it is proposed to conduct a windmg mclmed
plane from the ground to the upper gallery of the structure.
In the section {Jig. 76.) this inclined plane is shown at a a, &c.,
together with the galleries radiating from it, b, c, the inside
concentric walks, d d d, &c., and the outside ones, e e, &c. It
can hardly be necessary to state, that all the railings to the
inclined plane, and to the radiating and circular passages, are
proposed to be covered with creepers of different kinds ; and,
in the tropical division, to be hung over with epiphytes. In
the outside galleries mattmg or oil-cloth might be kept for
covering the glass every night during the winter season ; and
immediately under the glass there might be pipes for watering
the whole, water being supplied from a steam-engine ; while
over the glass there should be a system of conducting rods, for
guarding against the effects of electricity. In this design, as
in the preceding one, all the glass of the roof admits of being
taken off, being constructed in separate gores, resting on
rafters, in the manner practised by John Jones and Co. of
Birmingham. The removal of all the glass of the roof, for
two or three months during summer from the hot-house, and
for three or four months from the green-house, will add
greatly to the strength of the vegetation of the plants contained
in both houses.

There would be no difficulty in erecting such a building,
and it would be much more easily heated thanj'g. 75.; but
the expense would be too great, except for a very wealthy
association. When towns and their suburbs are legislated
for and governed as a whole, and not, as they are now, in
petty detail, by corporations and vestries ; and when the
recreation and enjoyment of the whole of society are cared
for by their representatives ; public gardens, with hot-houses of
this sort, or even of far greater magnificence, will be erected,
for the general enjoyment, at the general expense.

Fig. 77. shows the ground plan and elevation of that part
of the hot-houses which is proposed to be immediately
erected, and the temporary arrangement of the area within.

Fig. 78. Plan, elevation, and section of the hot-houses,
with the arrangement of the interior area, on the supposition

E E 4;

424?

Dcscriptivn of a Design for the

O-e

M

M

H

%mMfmmH)y^imm^'^m^KKKmkmm)k^m

^

1 — I — \ — I — r

1 — I — I

n, The conservatory. i, The lioHiouse.

c. Steam a|)i)aratii8, with the iin(lcr-gro\ind roadway rouml it.

ri, tlousc for the curator and council-room. <•, Inclined plane to the tunnel.

/, IJorder for trees to be trained on both sides of the fence, as shown in the north elevation.
p, Horder for seedlings and rare plants, \c.

7/ h. Situation for hot-beds, and beds for seedlings ; for rare or tender plants ; and for setting
out the green-house |>lanl.s, &c. Sec.
I »', &c., 'J'he four main entrances across the outside pits from the circular terrace.
k. The pits in four divisions, as mjig. Id.
vi z. South elevation. y z, North elevation.

that only the zone of |iits, and the outer zone of hot-houses,
were erected, together with the cistern tower.

Having described the various phuis submitted. Me shall

Birmingham Botanical Horticultural Garden. 425

a, Back wall of the hot-houses.

b, Interior area for setting out the green-house plants, &c. &c.

c, Curator's house retained. d e. Elevation from any of the four entrances. .
/ g. Section across the centre.

now offer such suggestions as occurred to us on the spot,
respecting the mode of carrying these plans into execution,
and the annual expense of managing the garden. We may-
premise, however, that we did not think it necessary to
enquire very minutely into the last of these subjects ; because
the committee of management and the curator, from their

1-26 DescrijUion (fa Design for the

local knowledge, must necessarily understand them much
better than any stranger.

With respect to execution, it is not to be supposed for a
moment that the fountains, or the whole, or even one half of
the hot-houses are essential to our plan ; the whole of the
former may be omitted, and no more of the latter need ever
be erected than what are shown in//)f. 77. Indeed, if no more
glass were ever erected than what is shown in^. 77., still, by
means of the extensive circle of pits, as good a collection of
house plants might be kept, as is to be found in most British
botanic gardens.

The following particulars are essential to the effect of our
general plan : 1st, that no deviation be made from the circu-
lar plan of the hot-houses, however small a portion of that
plan may be executed ; 2d, that the entrance for garden
materials, fuel, &c., to the interior area of these hot-houses,
be concealed by a tunnel, as indicated in the plans^y^'-s. 71.
75. and 77- ; 3d, that in the botanic garden (i, in fig. 71.)
no duplicates be admitted, and not a single plant be intro-
duced for the purposes of shelter or immediate effect'; ^th,
that no hot-beds, frames, or pits, mushroom beds, or dung-
beds of any sort, be permitted to be made any where, except
in the interior area of the hot-houses, or in the experimental
ground {fig.l\.v)\ 5th, that the situation of none of the
frravel walks be altered, and that no new walks be added;
and 6th, that walls or buildings of any description be placed
in tiie interior of the kitchen, fruit, flower, or American
garden.

For carrying the working-plan [Jig. 71.) into execution, the
first operation is, to form the outline of the circle of hot-
houses, and the terrace walk around it, on a perfect level, with
the straight central walk in three inclined planes, having per-
fectly level circles in the situations destined for the fbiuitains,
as illustrated by the section a n wjig. 71. The next thing is,
to form the tunnel [Jig. 71. oh) for the entrance of carts, &c.,
with manure, fuel, soil, &c., and for the private entrance to
the curator's house. The third operation is to form the
main walks, 1 2 ft. broad, round the hot-houses and pleasure-
n-round, "-radually narrowing them to 10 ft. in breadth at the
further extremities of the garden, as done in the working-
plan. These things being accomplished, or in progress, a
section of the hot-houses, amounting to one sixth part, or
100 ft., and the whole outer circumference of pits, GOO ft.,
may be commenced. The expense of the pits is estimated at
700/. ; and of 200 ft. of hot-house and green-house at 1000/.

It is suggested that only a part of the walks near the hot-

Birmimham Botanical Horticultural Garde^i. 427

'to

houses need be gravelled in the first instance ; not only on
account of the expense, but because, as the soil under them
will in many places have been loosened to a considerable
depth, one whole year, at least, will be required for its con-
solidation.

The hollow wall for peaches, &c., forming the south-east
boundary for the experimental garden, may be deferred till
the second or third year ; because the circular walling or
fencing {Jig-^1 'Jff)^ at the back of the pits, will supply
all that can be wanting for some time. The holly hedge
round the wall should be planted without delay. The surface
of the pleasure-ground and of the botanic garden should be
trenched, smoothed, and otherwise pi-epared for marking out
the situations of the beds and trees, and for sowing those
parts not occupied with beds with a proper mixture of grass
seeds.

The planting of the botanic and ornamental gardens, as
there are to be no duplicates, will amount to a very trifling
expense ; and it is supposed that almost all the plants will be
received in presents, or in exchange, from other public esta-
blishments.

With respect to the expense of management, much will
depend on the use made of the interior of the kitchen, fruit,
flower, and American gardens : if these are to be kept as
nurseries for the propagation and culture of young plants for
sale, they will require the labour of at least three men the
greater part of the year; but if the orchard be occupied as
an orchard, and the surface of the ground among the trees
only kept clear of weeds by hoeing, the kitchen-garden
cropped with the commonest crops, and the American garden
occupied with large single specimens, then the whole work of
these four gardens, exclusive of the walks, may be done by
one man ; that is to say, for 40/. a year one man will under-
take it, and will accomplish it. For the same sum, another
man may be found who will undertake the surrounding hedges,
the walks, and (furnishing him with a mowing machine) all
the gi'ass of the pleasure-ground and botanic garden. There
will remain for the curator, the hot-houses, the beds in the
pleasure-ground and in the botanic garden, and the expe-
rimental garden ; and this, we think, he might accomplish
with the assistance of one man and an apprentice.

It is to be particularly observed, that this calculation is
made on the supposition that the whole of the open garden
is made and planted, and that there is nothing whatever to
do but to keep it in repair. It is also supposed in this guess
estimate, that there are no pits or frames in the reserve garden,

428 Historij and Culture of the Caniatiofi.

ami no more glass erected than what is shown in^g. 77. It is
further to be observed, that so few hands will only serve for
keeping the garden in order on the princii)le of the division
of labour, and on that of letting the greater part of the work
by the job. It is astonishing what may be done in this way
in a })rivate gentleman's garden, provided such terms are
given as will enable the jobber to earn a few more shillings
per week than he could do by ordinary day's wages. For all
the more difficult or nice operations of gardening, however,
this mode of proceeding is by no means to be recommended ;
but it might, with great advantage, be introduced for certain
portions of work in every garden whatever. In some of the
cleanest and best kept nurseries that we know, great part of
the work is done in this way.

When we contrived the foreo^oinff designs of the Birmingham
garden, in May, 1831, we left copies of ^^-^5. 71, 72, and 7-1',
and thought that we had sufficiently explained these designs
to the committee and the curator. To our surprise, however,
on returning i'rom Scotland, in September of the same year,
we found that a straight range of hot-houses had been deter-
mined on ; and a plan and elevation of this range have been
subsequently shown to us. We entirely disapprove of it, and
of its position in the garden; and we have no hesitation what-
ever in saying that we consider the whole of our design
completely spoiled, as the general eifect depended entirely on
the glass-houses being circular in the plan. We only regret
that the committee have adopted our circuitous line of main
walk (which, indeed, we staked out when on the spot), because
we dislike exceedingly the idea of having our name associated
in any degree, however slight, with a garden which, though it
might have been one of the most perfect in its kind existing
anywhere, and altogether unique in some of its arrangements,
is now bungled, and never likely to reflect credit on any one
connected with it.

Art. V. On the History and Culture of the Carnation. By
Edward Uudge, Esq. I'Ml.S. F.S.A. F.L.S. and Fli.S., Presi-
dent of the Vale of Evesham Horticultural Society. Read
at the Meeting of the Society, July 2i. 18'28.*

Undf.ii the genus Dianthus of Linnaeus are classed the car-
nation, the pink, the picotee, and the sweetwilliam, with all

* The papers of the presiilcnt were not written for competition for the
medal, but for tlie purpose of induciu!,' other members of tlie Society to
give conuminicitions on such subjects of improved modes of culture as, by
experience, had been proved to be successful and preferable.

History and Culture of the Carnation. 1.29

their various species and varieties. No genus, except, per-
haps, that of roses, has been so httle understood, or so inac-
curately described, by our earliest writers ; and this obscurity
does not seem to have arisen, as in the geranium tribe, from
a casual intermixture of the species, either in a wild or culti-
vated state ; nor from the great number of the species, as in
the genus i?6sa, very nearly resembling each other ; nor from
the great difficulty of defining, by methodical characters,
their specific differences ; but the principal source of confu-
sion has been occasioned by the hicorrect attention of early
writers to a just discrimination of the respective species, and
their almost infinite varieties.

Gesner and Csesalpinus, by their genius, first dispelled this
cloud of ignorance ; while the scrupulous fidelity and accu-
racy of the botanical figures of Clusius marked with precision
the line of discrimination, and settled, with a more faithful
delineation, the distinction of the species both of this and of
many other genera. Parkinson, in his Paradlsiis, published
in 1629, has given figures, and a particular account, of such
carnations as were cultivated in his time. He divides them
into two sorts, large and small : to the former he gives the
name of carnations; and to the latter, gilloflowers. He sup-
poses the old name of gilloflower to be corrupted from July-
flower ; and Rea, in his Flora^ has adopted the same idea.
But in this respect they are both mistaken ; for the name is
evidently derived from the French word girofle^ a clove, from
the smell of the flower resembling that of a clove.

Many of the celebrated varieties of the carnation, in o-reat
esteem in former times, are figured in Parkinson's Paradhiis,
in Besler's Hortus Ei/stettensis, in Swcrtiiis's Florilegium, and in
several other celebrated authors of that time. Rea, in his
Tlbra^ published in 1676, gives a catalogue of 360 good sorts
of carnations. Parkinson recites 19 principal sorts of car-
nation and 30 varieties of gilloflowers. Gerarde informs us
that the yellow or orange tawny gilloflower, which had then
been but lately introduced, and at this time is in little esteem,
had been procured from Poland by Master Nicholas Lete, a
worshipful merchant of London; who gave it to him for his
garden near London, situated on the spot where Holborn
now stands; and which flower, before that time, was never
seen or heard of in these countries.

Although the catalogue given by Parkinson has been sup-
planted by modern flowers, and new ones are continually pro-
duced by the indefatigable florists of the present time in con-
siderable numbers, one gardener in the Vale of Evesham havino-
raised this season upwards of 2000 seedlings ; it may not be

'V30 Hislojy and Cul/nrc of ihc Canintion.

unacceptable to the curious, to enumerate the list of those
carnations which were most in esteem two centuries ago : —

Grey, red, and blue IIulo Oxford carnation

Griinclo, or Prince carnation King's, or great Bristol carnation

White or tlolicate Greatest granado

French carnation Granpere

Great Harwich Canibersine

Strijjcd, tlie Blush, and the Red Great Lombard red carnation,
savage

Amongst the 30 sorts of gilloflowers, or second class of
carnations, given us by Parkinson, particular mention is made
of various sorts raised by Master Tuggy of Westminster, par-
ticularly his princess carnation, of which Parkinson has given
a figure. In referring to this work, Johnson, in his edition
of Gerarde's Herbal^ published in 1636, says: — " If any one
requires further satisfaction, let him, at the time of the year,
repair to the garden of INIistresse Tuggy (the wife of my late
deceased friend Mr. Ralph Tuggy of Westminster) ; which,
in the excellence and variety of these delights, exceedeth all
that I have seen ; as also he himself, whilst he lived, exceeded
most, if not all, of his time, in his care, industry, and skill in
raising, increasing, and preserving of these plants, as well as
others ; whose loss, therefore, is the more to be lamented by
all those that are lovers of plants."

From the time of Parkinson till the establishment of so-
cieties for the encouragement of the cultivation of flowers and
fruits, few, besides the varieties of the carnation known in his
time, continued to be cultivated by the professional gardeners
for sale; but, about the beginning of the last century, the first
florists' society was established, comprising many of the most
eminent gardeners residing near London; who, in 1730, pub-
lished a volume, with coloured figures, of such rare trees and
plants as were then first introtliiced into this country. In
their preface to this work, they declare that they were asso-
ciated for the purpose of comparing such new kinds of plants
as were annually introduced into the English gardens; to
correct thereby former errors ; and, by comparison, to guard
against new species being confoinided with such as were
already in the English gardens. For the better carrying on
of this design, and presuming that they possessed as great a
variety of all the different kinds of trees, shrubs, plants,
flowers, and fruits, as any set of gardeners of their number in
England (or perhaps in Europe) can boast of, they came to a
mutual agreement to meet together, monthly, at some conve-
nient place, where each member of the society brought va-
rious kinds of plants, flowers, and fruits, in their seasons ;

History and Culture of the Carnation. 431

which were there examined by all the members present, and
their names and descriptions registered from time to time.
From this origin, in 1730, societies were afterwards established
in several places, to enconrage by prizes, and such honours
as they were enabled to award, the cultivation of such fruits
and flowers as were considered most generally useful and
ornamental ; amongst which the carnation has always been
considered as a most prominent object.

Modern florists divide the carnation into four classes : —

1. The Bizarre: the flowers of which are striped or varie-
gated with irregular spots and stripes ; the colours of which
are scarlet or crimson.

2. Flakes, which consist of three colours, with large stripes
going quite through the petals : the stripes are scarlet rose,
or purple.

3. Picotees (a French word, signifying spotted or dotted).
These flowers have always a white ground, [picotees with a yel-
low ground are now extant,] and are spotted or pounced with
scarlet, red, purple, or other colours.

4. The fourth class, little noticed by florists, are called
Painted Ladies. These have their petals of a red or purple
colour on the upper side, and are white underneath.

Of each of these classes there are numerous varieties, espe-
cially of the picotees, which, some years ago, were in most
esteem with florists ; but, of late years, the bizarres and flakes
have been more attended to, and in greater request. To
enumerate the varieties would be endless, as they are not per-
manent ; and new flowers are produced from seed every year,
which at first raising are very highly valued, but become so
common in a few years as to be little regarded, especially if
they prove to be defective in any one essential property, when,
by the fickleness that prevails amongst florists, they are, at
the next selection of seedlings, to make room for new comers.

The following are what the florists call the good and re-
quisite properties of a carnation : • —

1. The stem of the flower should be strong and straio-ht,
not less than 30 in., nor more than 45 in. high, and able to
support the weight of the flower without hanging down, which
flower should at least be 3 in. in diameter.

2. The petals should be long, broad, and stiff, easy to ex-
pand and make free flowers, the lower or outer circle of petals,
commonly called the guard leaves, should be particularly sub-
stantial ; they should rise perpendicularly, about half an inch
above the calyx, and then turn off" gracefully in a horizontal
direction, supporting the interior petals, which should decrease
gradually in size as they approach the centre, and with them

432 History and Culture of the Carnation.

the centre should be well filled. All the petals should be regu-
larly disposed, and lie over each other in such a manner as
that their respective and united beauties should meet the eye
altoo-ether ; they should be nearly flat, or with only a small
degree of" inflection at the broad end ; their edges should be
perfectly entire, without notch, fringe, or indenture ; the
calyx should be at least an inch in length, sufficiently strong
at the top to keep the bases of the petals in a close and cir-
cular body.

3. The middle of the flowers should not rise too high
above the other parts.

4. The colours should be bright, and equally marked all over
the flower, perfectly distinct, the stripes regular, narrowing
gradually to the claw of the petal, and there ending in a fine
point. Almost one half of each petal should be of a clear
white, free from spots.

5. The flower should be very full of petals, so as to render
it, when blown, very thick in the middle, and the outside
perfectly round.

These flowers are propagated either by seed or by layers :
the first is the method for raising new flowers ; the other is
the way to preserve and multiply those of former years.

To raise them from seed, that from the best double flowers
should be selected, which will produce the strongest plants, and
should be sown in AjM'il, in pots or boxes of fresh light earth
mixed with rotten cow manure, exposed to the morning sun,
and occasionally watered. In a month the plants will appear,
and in July should be transplanted into beds of the same
earth, in an open airy situation, at 6 in. distance, and there
left to flower. When in flower, the finest kinds should be
marked, and all the layers that can be, should, during the
time of flowering, be laid down from them; these will have
tiiken root by the end of August, and are then to be taken off
and planted out in pots in pairs.

[Carnations are grown remarkably well in the neighbour-
hood of London, more especially by Mr. Hogg at Padding-
ton, whose catalogue, in a folio sheet for being sent by i)ost,
is worth having by all florists. They are still better grown
at a distance from the London smoke, even so near it as at
Hammersmith, by Mr. Weltjie. They attain still greater
beauty at Ipswich, with Mr. Woolard : but more especially
at Northampton, with Mr. Cornfield, who is generally con-
sidered the first grower in England.]

433

REVIEWS.

Art. T. Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London.
Second Series. Vol. I. Part I. 4to. London, Hatchard.

(^Continued from p. 321.)

5. On the Cultivation of the Vine on the open Wall at Croxdale.

By W. T. Salvin, Esq. F.H.S. Read Nov. 17. 1829.

The vines are planted against a common flued wall, without
glass, or any other kind of covering, and trained and pruned
in the usual way. Vines have been grown on the open wall
at Croxdale ever since 1725; and under Mr. Salvin's direc-
tion for the last twenty-nine years. The fireplaces are made
in the form of ovens, in order that wood may be burned in
them ; that fuel being preferred, though Croxdale is a coal
country. The reason is, " wood produces a more steady
heat, by the management of the fires in the following manner:
— After an accumulation of ashes is produced in the oven,
they should be used to cover the embers at night, or at any
time when those who attend the fires retire to rest, and also
to regulate the fii'e during the day when less heat is required.
The red-hot charcoal, so covered, will continue to give out
heat for several hours, and is ready to rekindle a fresh supply
of wood ; whereas coal requires more constant attendance, or
it will soon go out. I begin to light the fires in the ovens as
soon as the buds begin to break in April, and continue them
night and day till the fruit is perfected, except a few weeks in
July and August, if the season is hot."

6. An Account of a neiv Variety of Plum. By T. A. Knight, Esq.

F.R.S., President. 'Read July 6. 1830.

liaised from seeds of the purple Imperatrice, fecundated
with the pollen of Coe's golden drop.

7. A Report upon the Varieties of Apricot cultivated in the Garden
of the Horticultural Society. By Mr. Robert Thompson, Under-
Gardener in the Fruit Department.

[Who is the //<?c^-gardener in this depai tment ? If there is
none, why is Mr. Thompson called under-gardener ? We
suspect this to be a remnant of the ancien regime of the

Vol. VIII. — No. 39. ff

434 Transactions of the London Horticultural Society.

garden. (See Vol. I. p. 31 4-.) At all events, it ought to be
done away with.]

The classification is as follows : —

I. Kernels bitter. 1. Fruit small, round, early; flowers
small; red and white masculine. 2. Fruit large: a. chan-
nel of the stone closed up, and flesh parting from the stone ;
Roman, Royal, Brussels, 8cc. b. Channel of the stone closed
up, and flesh adhering to the stone ; Montgamet. c. Channel
of the stone pervious; Moorpark and Ilemskirke.

II. Kernels sweet. 1. Flesh parting fi-om the stone.
Breda, Turkey, &c. 2. Flesh adhering to the stone ; Orange.

8. Upon an Improvemeytt in the Mode of raisino; annual Floxvcr
Seeds. By Mr. Joseph Harrison, Gardener to the Lord Wharn-
clifFe. Read April 20. 1830.

*' After sowing the patch of seeds, and covering it with
fine moist soil, I place a garden pot inversely over it : this
remains till I discover that the seeds have struck root, when
I raise the pot up two or three inches ; keeping it thus sup-
ported for a few days, and then remove it entirely. I find
that the pot not only keeps the soil moist, but, by the sun
heating the pot, the seeds come up much more quickly than
otherwise they would do : in consequence of which, I do not
sow the seeds so early by a fortnight, or upwards, as I used
to do previously. The young plants are therefore less ex-
posed to injury from cold, or late spring frosts. I have used
hollow tiles instead of pots, which answer equally well ; ex-
cept that where mice are, they have access at the ends."

9. On the Destruction of Snails. By Mr. James Corbett. Read

Sept. 15. 1829.

Quicklime is sprinkled lightly over the places infected,
about 3 o'clock in the morning. This is a very inferior mode,
and much more expensive and troublesome, than that of
watering in the evening with limewater ; repeating the oper-
ation on the same ground, at about a quarter ol" an hour's
interval.

10. An Account of a Method of obtainins; very early Crops of
Green Pens. By T. A. Kiiiglit, Esq. F.li.S., President. Read
May 18. 1830.

The peas are sown in pots of about 9 in. in diameter, and
placed in a hot-bed about the middle of January. Two
dozen peas are placed in each jiot in a circular row, and a
circle of twigs a ft)ot high is stuck in beside them. About
the middle of March the peas will be 14 in. high, and may
then be transferred to the open border.

Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 435

11. On the Management of Camellias xvlien forced. By Mr. Thos.
Blake, F.H.S., Gardener to the Lord Rolles, F.H.S. Read
May 19. 1829.

" Most shrubs and plants will force, but there is an excep-
tion in the camellia. It struck me that I could bring
the varieties more regularly and quickly into flower by forc-
ing them into bud. I take the plants as soon as they are out
of flower; I shift them by taking some of the old mould off
the bulb, and adding some rich compost, such as I use for
pines. I then place them in a plant stove ; the sudden trans-
ition from cold to heat causes them to throw out young
wood directly ; and as soon as I can perceive flower-buds, I
remove them back to the green-house till July : I then put
them out as much in the shade as possible. By this simple
pi'ocess, I am enabled to keep a succession of flowers from
November to the following May. Plants, when once early
excited, appear to look for it the same season again. People
in possession of a quantity of pots should not wait for many
together, but shift them progressively as they go out of flower.
This communication more immediately concerns gardeners
than others, as there are few places but where the lady wishes
to have a succession of flowers through the year for her
sitting-room. I think they cannot do better than attend to
the three following varieties of plants : — Chrysanthemums,
camellias, and Azalea indica; the last-mentioned plant I treat
nearly the same as camellias."

12. Some Remarks on the Cultivation of the Straivberry. By Mr.

John Fairbairn. Read June 1. 1830.

Flat tiles, painted black, are laid down round the plants,
just as they are going out of flower. The tiles seem to be
formed on purpose ; for they are described as having at least
half a circle cut out of each tile, in order that they may fit
closely to the plants. " The tiles during the day will not
only prevent the exhalation of moisture from the soil, but
also collect a great body of heat from the sun, and conse-
quently form the fruit early, large, and well flavoured, as well
as clean from sand."

13. Upon the Cultivation of the Persian Varieties of the Melon.
By T. A. Knight, Esq. F.R.S., President. Read May 1. 1831.

Pots 16 in. wide, and 14 in. deep, are filled with rich soil,
and in each is placed one plant. The pots are set alono- the
front flue of a forcing- house, and the plants trained up a
trellis under the glass, and only one melon allowed to swell
on each plant.

436 Trartsactions of the London Horticultural Society.

14. On the Cnllivntion of the Horseradish, as practised in Den-
mark and German//. By M. Jens Peter Petersen. Read No-
vember 6. 1827.

" In the autumn, when tlie roots are taken out of tlie arountl, select all
the small side roots from 9 to 12 in. in length, and as thick as a quill, or
thereal)outs ; tie them in bunches, and preserve them in sand in a place
protected from the frost, during the winter. The planting is connnenced
in the beginning or middle of April. In dry weather, divide the ground
into beds 4 ft. wide (some make them only •> ft. wide). These beds arc
with me raised a little with the mould out of the alleys, so that they are
about a couple of inches higher in the middle than on the siiles next the
alleys. With a woollen cloth rub off all the lateral fibres from the roots
above described, and also pare off each extremity, so that the wounds
may be fresh ; then plant them, by inserting them horizontally into the
sides of the elevated beds, about a foot apart, and in aquincuncial manner,
so that the bottom part of the root is about 6 or 7 in. below the surface,
and the top, or crown end of the root, stands a little out of the side of
the bed, remembering that the roots are to be inclined a little, so that
their lower extremity is rather deeper than their up|)er. In the latter
end of June, or some time in July, cut off with a sharp knife all the
lateral fibres of each root, which is done by jjlacing the foot on the lower
extremity, and carefully lifting the root out of the ground as far as may be
necessary. This operation is performed two or three times every summer.
When the operation is over, replace the roots as before, and cover them
with mould. The roots or fibres which are left at the end of the main
root, and not disturbed (for the operation must be done cnirefully), are
sufficient to nourish the plant. In the third year the roots have attained
their full size. Laying the roots horizontally has this advantage, that they
are easily taken out of the ground without breaking ; while cutting off' the
side roots makes the main root grow straight and thick. It is advisable
to plant a bed every year. To keep the ground clear of weeds need not
be mentioned."

15. On the Potato. By T. A. Knight, Esq. F.R.S., President.
Read Feb. 1. 1831.

Mr. Knight is convinced by the evidence of experiments,
" that the potato phmt, under }n"oper nianagcnient, is ca-
pable of causing to be brouglit to market a much greater
weiglit of vegetable food, from any given extent of ground,
than any other plant which we possess." There is no crop,
he says, " so certain as that of potatoes ; and it has the ad-
vantage of being generally most abundant, when the crojis of
wheat are defective ; that is, in wet seasons." The following
observations are extremely interesting: —

" I think I shall be at)le to adduce some strong facts in support of my
o|)inion, that by a greatly extended culture of the potato for the purpose
of supplying the markets with vegetable food, a more abundant and more
wholesome supply of food for the use of the labouring classes of society
may be obtained, than wheat can ever afl'ord, ami, I believe, of a more pa-
latable kiml to the greater number of persons. I can just recollect the
time when the [)otato was unknown to the peasantry of Herefordshire,
whose gardens were then almost exclusively occupied by different varieties
of the cabbiige. Their food at that period chiefly consisted of bread and

Transactions of the London Horticultural Soctefj/. 437

cheese, with the produce of their gardens; and tea was unknown to them.
About sixt3-six years ago, before the potato was introduced into theii*
gardens, agues had been so exceedingly prevalent, that the periods in
which they, or their families, had been afflicted with that disorder, were
the eras to which I usually heard them refei' in speaking of past events ;
and I recollect being cautioned by them frequently not to stand exposed
to the sun in May, lest I should get an ague. The potato was then cul-
tivated in small quantities in the gardens of gentlemen, but it was not
thought to afford wholesome nutriment, and was supposed by many to
possess deleterious qualities. The prejudice of all parties, however, dis-
appeared so rapidly, that within ten years the potato had almost wholly
driven the cabbage from the garden of the cottagers. Within the same
period, ague, the previously prevalent disease of the country, disappeared;
and no other species of disease became prevalent. I adduce this fact, as
evidence only, that the introduction of the potato was not injurious to
the health of the peasantry at that period ; but whether its production
was, or was not, instrumental in causing the disappearance of ague, I will
not venture to give an opinion. I am, however, confident, that neither
draining the soil (for that was not done), nor any change in the general
habits of the peasantry, had taken place, to which their improved health
could be attributed. Bread is well known to constitute the chief food of
the French peasantry. They are a very temperate race of men ; and
they possess the advantages of a very fine and dry climate. Yet the
duration of life amongst them is very short, scarcely exceeding two thirds
of the average duration of life in England ; and in some districts much
less. Dr. Hawkins, in his Medical Statistics, states, upon the authority of
M. Villerme that, in the department of Indre, " one fourth of the children
born die within the first year, and half between fifteen and twenty ; and
that three fourths are dead within the space of fifty years. Having
enquired of a very eminent French physiologist, M. Dutrochet, who is
resident in the department of Indre, the cause of this extraordinary mor-
tality, he stated it to be their food, which consisted chiefly of bread ; and
of which he calculated every adult peasant to eat two pounds a day.
And he added, without having received any leading question from me, or
in any degree knowing my opinion upon the subject, that if the peasantry
of his country would substitute (which they could do) a small quantity of
animal food, with potatoes, instead of so much bread, they would live
much longer, and with much better health. I am inclined to pay much
deference to M. Dutrochet's opinion ; for he combines the advantages of a
regular medical education with great acuteness of mind, and I believe him
to be as well acquainted with the general laws of organic life as any per-
son living : and I think his opinion deserves some support, from the well-
known fact, that the duration of human life has been much greater in
England during the last sixty years, than in the preceding period of the
same duration. Bread made of wheat, when taken in large quantities, has
probably, more than any other article of food in use in this country', the
effect of overloading the alimentarj' canal ; and the general practice of the
French physicians points out the prevalence of diseases thence arising
amongst their patients. I do not, however, think, or mean to say, that
potatoes alone are proper food for any human being : but I feel confident,
that four ounces of meat, with as large a quantity of good potatoes as
would wholly take away the sensation of hunger, would afford, during
twenty-four hours, more efficient nutriment than could be derived from
bread in any quantity, and might be obtained at much less expense."

Mr. Knight then proceeds to give an account of the result
of his experiments in raising new varieties of potato from

F F 3

438 Transactions of the London Horticultural Society*

seed, and in orowin^ crops in difTerent soils and siUiations.
He raises new varieties irom seetls, chiefly by the aid of arti-
ficial heat, by which means he obtains, within the first year, a
specimen of the produce.

" III raisini; varieties of the potato from seeds, it is alwavs expedient to
use artificial heat. I have trained ii|) a yoiniii seedlinj,' plant in a some-
what shaded situation in the stove, till it has been between 4 ft. and oft.
high, and then removed it to the open ground in the beginning of May,
covering its stem, during almost its whole length, lightly with mould; and
by such means I have obtained, within the first year, nearly a peck of
potatoes from a single |)lant. But I usually sow the seetls in a hot-bed
early in March, and, after having given them one transplantation in the
hot-bed, I have gradually exposed them to the open air, and planted them
out in the middle of May : and, by immersing their stems rather deeply
into thegroimd, I have within the same season usually seen each variety in
such a state of maturity, as has enabled me to judge, with a good deal of
accuracy, respecting its future merits. I stated, in a former communication,
two years ago, that I had obtained from a small i)lantation of the early
ash-leaved kidney potato, a produce equivalent to that of GGo bushels,
of 80 pounds each, per acre ; and my crop of that variety, in the pre-
sent year, was to a small extent greater. By a mistake of my workmen,
I was prevented ascertaining, with accuracy, the produce, per acre, of
a plantation of Lankman's potato : but one of my friends having made
a plantation of that variety, precisely in conformity with the instructions
given in my former communication to this Society, I requested that he
would send me an accurate account of the produce ; which I have
reason to believe he did, for its amount very nearly agreed with my calcu-
lation ujKin viewing the growing crop about six weeks before it was col-
lected. The situation in which this crop grew was high and cokl, and the
ground was not rich ; but the part where the potatoes to be weighed were
selected was perfectly dry, anil afforded a much better crop than the
remainder of the field, wiiich was planted with several different varieties.
I calculated the produce of the selected part to be GOO bushels per
acre ; and the report I received, and which I believe to have been per-
fectly accurate, stated it to be G28. If this proiluce be eaten by hogs,
or cows, or shee[) (for all are e(|ually fond of potatoes), I entertain
no doubt whatever that it will afford twenty times as much animal food
as the same extent of the same gronml woulil have yielded in permanent
pasture ; and I am perfectly satisfied, u[)on the eviiJence of facts, which
I have recently ascertaineil, that if the whole of the manure afforded
by the crops of potatoes above mentioned be returned to the field, it will
be capable of affording as good, and even a better, crop, in the present
year, than it did in the last; and that as long a succession of at least
equally good crops might be obtained as the cultivator might choose, and
with benefit to the soil of the field. Siiould this conclusion prove correct,
a very interesting (]uestion arises, viz., whether the spade husbandry might
not be introduced ujion a few acres of ground surrounding, on all sides,
the cottages of day-labourers, to and fiom every part of which the manure
and the produce might be conveyed, without the necessity of a horse being
ever cm|)loyed. A single man might easily n)anage four statute acres thus
situated, w ith the assi>tance of his family : and if nothing were taken away
from the groimd, exce|)t animal food, I feel confiilent that the ground
might be made to become gradually more and more productive, w ith great
benefit to the possessor of the soil, and to the labouring classes, wherever
the supply is found to exceed the demand for labour."

Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society. 439

16. On a Method of forcing Cherries. By Mr. Benjamin Law.

Read June 1. 1829.

" I put the cherry trees into my houses, giving them but very little
water at the close of the year, by which I find them better prepared for
blooming strongly in the spring. Their pots have a capacity of from two
quarts to two gallons, according to the size of the plants ; but the soil in
which they are planted is by no means rich ; for I have observed that
highly manured soil is apt to make the shoots too luxuriant, and to cause
them to gum. When 1 begin to force, I continue to water but sparingly,
and take care to admit, both by night as well as by day, as much air as
the weather will permit : this is particularly necessary ; for there is nothing
which is so much calculated to render the cherry impatient of forcing, as
alternate ventilation in the day and confinement at night. I open my
back lights, in almost any weather, close to the trees. In frosty weather,
I increase my fire as much as may be necessary to enable me to continue
to give air without actually allowing the temperature to fall to 32°. In
this manner I proceed very slowly, until the blossoms are all set ; at
which time, if the forcing has been well conducted, the foliage should be a
deep green, firm, and perfectly well formed. I subsequently raise the tem-
perature, at first, to 65'^, and afterwards gradually to 70° j increasing the
moisture of the atmosphere at the same time, and always taking care to
keep the ventilation as abundant as I possibly can. By this means I find
the crop of cherries certain and abundant, without the use of tan, leaves,
or any bottom heat."

17. A Report upon some fjeto Seedling Pears raised hy Thomas
A. Knight, Esq. F.R.S., President. Read March ]5. 1831.

The names of these pears will be found in the Society's
Catalogxie of Fruits. Some of them are good, others indif-
ferent.

{To be continued.')

Art. ll. Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society. Vol. V.
Part I. 8vo. Edinburgh, Maclachlan and Stewart.

1. Account of the Mode of transplanting Evergreens, and also large
Deciduous Trees, practised at Pinkie for upivards of Thirty Years.
By Mr. James Stuart, Gardener to Sir John Hope, Bart. Read
March 3. 1831.

Evergreens. — The pits are to be prepared from 5 ft. to
8 ft. in diameter, and from 2 ft. to 3 ft. in depth ; rather wider
at the bottom than at the top ; and the earth, taken out and
placed in two heaps : the one, surface, or good soil, fit to put
about the fibrous roots ; and the other, subsoil, to be partly
used, and partly carried away. Before removing the plants,
tie up their lower branches, and draw a circle on the earth,
round each plant, in proportion to its size. Plants of 6 ft. or
7 ft. in height " will require a circle 3 ft. in diameter ; and
taller plants a proportionally larger one. Next, carefully
dig a trench about 2i ft. on the outside of the circle, and to

F F 4

440 Memoirs of the Caledonian HoriiatUural Socicti/,

such a depth that its bottom shall be G in. below the roots of
the tree ; carefully paring round the circle, so that the ball
of earth may be preserved entire. When the ground is of a
sandy or gravelly nature, it will be necessary to begin at the
bottom of the bulb, and wrap it closely round with hay ropes
till you come within 3 in. or 4 in. fiom the surface. As sandy
or gravelly ground has a tendency to fall from the roots, it will
be necessary, in order to prevent this, to raise the plant gently
on one side, to place under it a little straw, and to bind this
with hay ropes ; and then to raise it on the other side like-
wise, and secure it in the same manner. In order to lighten
the ball as much as possible, pare off' a little earth from the
top of it, to the depth of the surftice roots. That the plant
may be safely conveyed to the place intended for it, you must
be provided with a deal-bottomed handbarrow and truck.
The mode of getting the plant on the barrow is, by raising it
on one side, pressing in the edge of the barrow, and sliding
the plant gently on till it be fairly balanced."

In placing the plant in the pit, " lay the steels of the bar-
row 15 in. or 18 in. over the pit," in which there should be
two men ready to receive the plant ; and then " let one or two
persons raise the other end of the barrow to such a position
that the plant may slide gently into the centre of the pit."
Being placed upright, fill in round it the best part of the sur-
face soil ; and when within 3 in. of the surrounding surface,
put in decayed leaves to the depth of 3 in. After this, cover
up the whole with the inferior or subsoil taken from the bot-
tom of the ])it, forming a basin round the plant for retaining
water. Tread in the soil a little, if it should be found neces-
sary; but depend chiefly upon watering, for consolidating it
about the roots. From ten to twenty large pots of water
should be immediately given, according to the size of the
plant and the (juantity of loose earth in the pit. If the wea-
ther should prove dry afterwards, the leaves should be watered
in the evenings. ]\lr. Stuart has ))lanted eveigieens with suc-
cess at all seasons; but he considers the last three months of
the year best, when the weather is mild.

Forest Dees from 10 ft. to 25ft. /iii:;/i, and the Trunk mea-
siiriii^, Ijreast-high, from 5 in. to 1 8 ///. in Cirenmferenee. —
Proportion the |)its to the trees. For trees 10 ft. high, the
})its ought to be 5 ft. in diameter ; for 15, G ft., antl I'or 25, 9 ft.
in diameter. The depth should be from 2 ft. to 3 ft., and the
width at l)ottom 1 ft. more than at top. 8cj)arate the soil as
before directed. In taking up the trees, describe a circle of
4 ft. in diameter round those which are 10 ft. high ; of 7 ft. or
8ft. round those which are 25 ft. high; and so on in propor-

Memoirs of the Caledonian HoHicuUural Society. 441

tion. Around the outsides of the ch'cles dig trenches 2\ ft.
■wide, and so deep as to be 6 in. below the general run of the
horizontal roots. Use a fork, so as to presel've the roots
which may be met with in the trench as entire as possible.
" When we have got completely under the tree in one quarter
of the circle^ it is necessary to tie those roots together which
have been cleared of the earth, and to cover them with a mat,
lest they should be injured by being exposed to the air before
we have got round the rest of the tree. If the ground happen
to be of a gravelly nature, a short-handled pick will be necessary
in undermining the roots. In this manner we proceed till the
whole of the I'oots be completely cleai'ed. If the tree have
several contending tops, cut off all except the most promising;
and if the branches be very numerous, thin them moderately
in proportion to the number of the roots."

In planting, place the leading top of the tree in that direc*
tion from which the strongest winds are found to blow. " The
position being fixed, we then proceed to fill in the best earth
for 1 ft. around the tree, up to the place from which the roots
first strike off, taking care to pack it firmly with the hands
under the tree, and to fill closely up all the vacuities between
the roots. During this operation, the person holding the
tree must be cautious that it be not shifted from its upright
position. The planter must keep his feet fixed in one position,
proceeding to lay out the undermost set of roots, as far as he
can reach with his hands, in a horizontal directions covering
them with 3 in. of earth ; and so proceed until he arrive at
those on the surface. We might have mentioned, that all
injured or broken roots must be cut out ; that the others
should be made smooth at the end as they are laid out ; and
that, if the smaller ones be numerous, a portion of them
should be cut off, and the rest carefully combed out. When
the roots are covered to within 1 in. of the level of the ground,
spread the whole with rotted tree leaves to the depth of 3 in. ;
over these again lay 2 in. in depth of the inferior mould, form-
ing a basin, according to the size of the circle, in the same
manner as for evergreens. In watering the trees, observe to
pour upon them from ten to twenty large pots of water, in
proportion to the size of the tree and the moistness of the
earth in the pit.

" In the mode now described, I have, for thirty years pastj
been occasionally in the practice of transplanting forest trees
of various sizes, frequently more than 20 ft. high, and with
stems 1^-ft. in circumference; and I have diane so with per-*
feet success. I need scarcely add, that this was long before
I heard of the transplanting of trees at Allanton Park.

41-2 Transactions of the Pnissiayi Gardening Society,

" My experience enables me to say, that forest trees in ge-
neral may be planted with success, in mild weather, from the
time that they throw their leaves till the bud be again consi-
derably swelled."

]\Ir. JStuaJt prunes at all seasons, but prefers summer for
that operation. We give the following part of this valuable
paper in the author's own words, because it has reference to
the unmerited and ill-natured attack made by Sir Henry
Steuart upon practical gaideners : —

" In ISIarcli, 1804', I transplanted a tree, whicli, by actual measurement,
is now, at breast-height, Gf't. 2 in. in circumference, above 70 ft. in height,
and the branches extend over a space lUO ft. in circumference. In 1808 I
planted several, which now measure above 70 ft. high, and 5 ft. in circum-
ference, at breast-height. In 182:^ I planted, I think, above 100; some of
which are now 40 ft. high, 2 ft. 10 in. in circumference, at breast-height;
others 2 ft. G in., and so on. I cannot ascertain the exact number of trees
I have transplanted ; I may, however, say w ith safety, tliat I have trans-
))lanted upwards of a thousand large ones. They are of tlie following
kinds: — Oaks of different sorts, elm, beech, Spanish chestnut, walnut,
plane or sycamore, ash, birch, thorn, horsetliestnut, woolly-leaved poplar,
black Italian poplar, and some fruit trees occasionally. The following arc
the different kinds of evergreens w hich I have planted : — Evergreen oak,
evergreen cypress, Virginian cedar, yew, arbutus, Portugal laurel, laurus-
tinus, laurel bay, holly, and evergreen privet. Some of those which were
planted in 178.3 now stand 20 ft. high, and measure upwanls of 100 ft.
around the branches. Two of the evergreen cypresses are very old, being
above 20 ft. high, and with stems nearly 2 ft. in circiunference. Perhaps
this paper may attract little notice; coming, as it does, from one of those
whose ignorance in this mode of planting has lately been held up to the
ridicule of the public; and whose labours, in the estimation of some, are
now supersedeci by the introiluction of the machinery system. I humbly
submit it, however, to the consideration of my professional brethren : and
if, in their experience, it be followed, in one instance even, by the same
result as in my own, I shall think that I have gaineil a successful triumph
over all these ill-groundeil insinuations, ami shall reckon myself amply
recompensed for my labour. I may, perhaps, be excused for here mention-
ing the names of some of the young men who were employed in the trans-
planting operations at Piukie, under niy directions; viz. John Stewart, now
gardener at (ialloway House; Alexander Melville, now gardener to George
lleriot's Hosjjital ; .John Murray, now gardener at C'hapel; James Crib-
bace, now a gardening undertaker for making |)onds, &c. ; Peter Clcphanci
Nicol Cathie, Hugh Litster, John King, anil (Jeorge Anderson."

(7b be ronliiiticd.)

Am. III. Vcrliandlnnfrcn dcs Vereins ziir Bcfordcrung des Gar-
tcnbaues in den Ko/ii^/ich Preussischen Stnaten. Transactions
of the Socicli/ Jor t/ic Advancement of' Gaidcning in the Royal
Prussian States. 4to. Vol. IV. Berlin, 1828.

Tins volume does not contain much information applicable
to the gardens of Britain, with which our readers are not

Transactions of the Prussian Gardening Society. 4i3

already familiar ; it abounds, however, in local notices of
productions, new or remarkable, raised in different parts of
Prussia and other German states ; which show the very gene-
ral taste for gardening and plants in that part of the Conti-
nent, and the rapid progress making in their culture.

1. Notices of what passed at the Meeting of Jan. 7. 1827.
M. Hartweg, inspector of the grand-ducal gardens at
Carlsruhe, sent a packet of celeriac [turnip-rooted celery]
seeds, with some remarks on their culture. Less care is re-
quired in bringing celeriac to perfection than is generally
believed : the soil should be light, rich, and sandy, rather
than loamy. The seed should not be sown so early as that
of the common celery, otherwise the root-stock grows too
large, and becomes hollow. The time for sowing it at Carls-
ruhe is the beginning of March ; and, for transplanting, the
beginning of May. Water must be supplied liberally during
the whole season ; and about the end of summer the roots
will be found from 18 in. to 22 in. in circumference.

2. On the Effects of Frosts on Fruit Trees during the Winters of

1823 and 1826.

3. Extracts and Translations from the London Horticultural

Transactions.

Upwards of fifty pages, chiefly on the culture of the straw-
berry and the pine-apple.

4. Notices of what took place at the Meeting of Feb. 4. 1827.

Professor Link made known to the Society a communi-
cation which he had received on the growth of the truffle
( Tuber cibarium Sibth.) in West Prussia. The truffle is found
in all the islands of the Vistula on which oaks or elms grow.
The soil in which the truffle abounds consists of the mud
■which remains after the overflowing of the river. This mud,
however, often contains sand ; and in that case the truffles
are smaller, and not so plentiful. Moisture is essential to
their growth, as proved by their abounding on those islands
which are often inundated ; while on others, which the water
does not reach, they do not grow. Li dry weather, they are
found almost on the surface of the ground ; but their usual
position varies in depth from 3 in. to 12 in,, in proportion to
the moisture. Pigs are employed to discover truffles ; and
they may certainly be expected in the same place where they
grew the preceding year. Under favourable circumstances,
they will be fit for use in August ; but, for exportation, they
should be gathered in October and November, which is their
proper period of perfection ; although, in good weather, their

i-H Tra7isactions of the Pinissian Gardejiing Society.

season will be prolonged until December, or even till February.
ISI. Link observed that the truffle has a number of whitish
arteries, which, seen through a magnifying glass, appear to
consist of small cells containing kernels. It is, however, not
yet known how these kernels or seeds come forth, and occa-
sion the multiplication of the root. Another fungus, growing
under groimd, the substance of which becomes, after it is
decayed, like powder, is sometimes mistaken for the truffle ;
but in quality they are very different.

[Dogs, not pigs, are employed in England to scent out
truffles. The man, who obeys the dog's indications, sometimes
rewards him for every discovery by imparting to him a por-
tion of some })reparation of cheese ; at least, this was the
good fortune of a little dog expert at hunting truffles, which,
some years since, was kept on the estate of Lord Braybroke,
at Audley End, Essex. — J. /).]

5. On the Culture of shifting Sands.
The usual creeping roots are recommended, including
broom, restharrow, and Genista tinctoria. Sowing the Scotch
pine is also recommended.

6. Proposal for establishing a Floxcer School, or Florists' Society,

for the Instruction of Young Men in Floricidture, to be connected

iviih the Gardener s Institution for the Instruction of Young Men

' in Botany, Chemistry, and in the Science of Gardening generally.

— 7. Notes on the Meeting of March 11. 1827.

8. On the Horticidture of Erfurth.
This paper is chiefly of historical interest, and will be made
use of in a future edition of our Encyclopccdia of Gardening.

9. On Qu(;7-cus Coccinen and Q. riibra. By M. Sclioch, Head-
(Jardener at Worlitz.

The first of these trees has been known for upwards of
fifty years in the park at Worlitz ; and specimens are there
to be found upwards of 100 ft. in height. There arc also four
distinct varieties of the species coccinea, differing in the colour
of their leaves, and in their greater or less productiveness
of acorns. All of them ai-e remarkably ornamental, from
the deep red of their very late falling leaves, especially in
autunm, and when the trees appear among the dark foliage
of j)ines. The timber is extremely firm and tough ; and so
suitable for furniture, that, when varnished, it becomes as dark
as mahogany. Quercus rubra does not form so large or so
hantlsome a tree as the scarlet oak ; but it is still very beauli-
I'ul, and deserves a place in every jilantation. It recjuires
rather a moibt soil.

TransactioJis of the Prussian Gardening Society. 445

10. On the Culture of Heaths. — 11. Report on the Gardeners
Institution. [See Gard. Mag., Vol. III. p. 93.]

12. Notice of certain Plantations made at HarbJce.
These plantations are of from fifty to seventy years' stand-
ing, and some of the trees produce a good many seeds. A
purple beech produces 20 lbs. of mast yearly, which sells at
2 dollars {9s.) per lb. The tree is nearly 70 ft. high, 2^ ft. in
diameter about 1 ft. from the ground, and has been planted
57 years. [The high price at which the seeds of the purple
beech sell is, probably, on account of its being a fact that
about half the seedling plants from the purple-leaved beech
will also be purple-leaved. • — J. Z).] A Salisbur/a «dianti-
fcMia, of seventy years of age, flowered for the first time sIk
years ago; but, of course, only produced male blossoms. It
is only about 20 ft. high, and its trunk is not more than 1 ft.
in diameter. [It may be worth the recollection of such of our
readers as may desire to possess the female Salisbury, that
a plant of this sex exists in the king's botanic garden at Kew,
and that grafts of it take freely on the male plant. — J. /).] There
are specimens of Populus ialsamifera, alba, tremula, nigra, and
italica[acladescaZy?wc//.], ninety years of age, from 70 ft. to 80ft.
high, with trunks 3 ft. in diameter, which have produced no
seed. P. italica [acladesca Lindl.'] grows from 100 ft. to 120 ft.
high, and 4, 5, and 6 ft. in diameter. Tilia alba seeds freely,
as do a number of other trees. The whole are the property
of Count Weltheim, whose grandfather was one of the first to
introduce hardy exotic trees and shrubs into Germany, about
the middle of the last century. The ground occupied by these
trees is upwards of 400 acres, over which they are scattered
in the manner of an English park. Harbke is near Helm-
stadt, a town in the states of Brunswick ; and we recommend
such of our readers as are likely to be in that part of Germany
to pay it a visit.

13. Notes on "what passed at a Meeting of the Society, held April 8.

1827.

M. Bosse finds that the germination of seeds is accelerated
by moistening them with the malic acid; and also that cover-
ing seeds with the pulp of rotten apples causes them to ger-
minate sooner than usual.

14. On the Use of Chloride of Lime in Agriculture.

Unless spread very thin, it will do harm : spread thin, and
intimately mixed with the soil, when the latter is in a dry
state, its effects are similar to those of the common carbonate
of lime.

4- 1-6 Transactions of the Pjtissiaji Gardening Society.

1 5. On manuring Fruit Trees.
Some trees over-nianiired having died, a prejudice was
created against the practice; and this short paper, which is
chiefly a quotation from Christ, is to show that it is useful in
moderation.

16. Notes on the Botanic Garden of the Prince de Salm-Di/cIc, xvith
some Ideas on prixmte Botanic Gardens in general. By M. Funke,
Garden-Director at Sahn-Dyck.

M. Funke recommends private persons wlio form botanic
gardens to set out with some definite object in view; and this,
he thinks, ought to be the cultivation of only one or twofiimi-
lies, such as Camellm, ^'ster, jErica, 7?osa, &.c. This, he
says, would enable each garden to excel in some one parti-
cular thing ; and he cites, as examples, the garden of Her-
renhausen, near Hanover, which is celebrated for ericas ; that
of the Pfaueninsel, for georginas ; that of the seedsman Dreys-
sig, near Erfurt, for stocks, &c. By this species of what he
calls monocultural gardens, he says, we should produce more
monographical botanists, such as Willdenow, DecandoUe,
Haworth, &c. A general collection of plants, he thinks, is
only necessary in those gardens which are kejit for public
instruction. The monocultural garden of Salm-Dyck, we are
informed, was, from the first, intended to be devoted to only
two or three orders and families of plants ; and, in consequence
of confining itself to certain genera of succulents, it has now
the finest collection of them in the world. The genus ^'loo
in that garden consists of 121 species and 50 varieties; among
which are plants of the A'\qq ferox and abyssinica, 8 ft. high,
which attract the attention of all strangers. Tiiere are ] 7 species
and varieties of Agave, 13 of YiiccGy 33 of Crassula, 18 of jSeni-
pervivum, 10 of Caciilia, 40 of £uph6rb/V/. Of the Cacteae,
there are 10 Mammillariic, 12 Mclocacti, 83 Ccrei, 5 Ilhip-
salides, 3 Epiphylla, 4 Peruski^r, and 1-5 Opuntito. Of Mesem-
bryanthemum it contains 228 species and 16 varieties, and
99 Stapcli<^c. The above-mentioned sorts increase from year
to year; and make, with the addition of the i'^icus and Scita-
mineoc, the families which are cultivated in houses. In the
open ground, the collections of /Rosacea', Coniferai, and Lef^u-
minoste are very perfect, and are grouped systematically
round the castle, /ridea^, Labiata*, i^anunculacea, and the
genus Piiionia of which there are at present 80 species and
varieties, are also cultivated. Though the botanic garden at
Salm-Dyck is confined to the orders and famihes mentioned,
yet, in the pleasure-ground and jiark scenery, all the more
ordinary, and even the more rare and expensive, showy flowers,
shrubs, and trees, are introduced.

Transactions of the Prussian Gardening Society. 447

17. On Vtnus Strobus and Cupressus ihy'oides. By M. Schoch,

Head-Gardener at Worlitz.

The Weymouth pine grows to the height of about 60 ft.
at Worlitz, and will live there for various periods between
twenty and seventy years. It dies soonest in poor dry soil.
The wood is of little use, either as timber or fuel. Cupressus
/hyoides, the white cedar of the Americans, is one of the
handsomest trees at Worlitz. There are specimens there
from 70 to 80 ft. high, though of not more than fifty years'
standing, and growing in very middling soil. The gi'eatest
cold does no injury to this tree. The wood is very light, and
it is fragrant and durable. [The white cedar is to be ob-
tained in the English nurseries : but, owing, as I suppose, to
its growing more slowly, and less compactly, than the red
cedar of the Americans, Jiiniperus virginiana Z/., it is far less
often asked for, or met with on lawns or among other decor-
ative applications of shrubs. — J. Z).]

18. To 'preserve Grapes for the Table during the Winter Months,

•which have lieen ripened in the open Air.

In the spring, before the buds have begun to swell, take a
healthy well-ripened shoot of the preceding year, and draw it
up through the bottom hole of a flower-pot of about 15 in.
in diameter ; then fill the pot with rich soil, and cover both
the soil and the outside of the pot with moss, to keep in the
moisture. Water now and then, according to the season.
By the end of August, cut the shoot half through, just below
the pot, so as to increase the number of roots, which will
be formed about this time in the soil contained in the pot.
In the course of the month of October, according to the sea-
son, cut the shoot quite through, and remove the pot, with
the vine, laden with from twelve to twenty bunches of fruit,
to a dry airy room, with a northern exposure ; here water
occasionally, till the leaves di'op off, but no longer. Thus
treated, the fruit will keep good on the vine till the end of
February, preserving its natural flavour. The best sort for
this purpose is the white sweetwater.

19. On the Culture of Hibiscus attenuatus of Bosse.

This superb species, of which a splendid quarto coloured
figure is presented, is some very near ally of the beautiful
i/ibiscus palustris, already in British collections, and of
which mention is made in p. 13. Its herbaceous stem is
from 5 to 7 ft. high ; its leaves are smooth and elliptic, but
attenuated (whence the specific epithet) into a long acu-
minate point. The flowers are pedunculate, and placed one

41-8 Transactions of the Prussian Gardening Society.

in an axil ; the corolla is 3 in. lonjr, and 5 in. across, and is
of a lovely rosy hue. This beautiful plant can scarcely be
propagated but by seed. Being herbaceous, it dies down to
the soil every year; it should be kept dry, and free from
frost tkn-ing the winter, and repotted in light rich soil, mixed
witli river sand, in the spring. It should be placed in a frame,
and abundantly watered during summer ; but in autumn,
when the plant begins to lose its leaves, watering must be
gradually left offj till it is in a state to have the stem cut
over, and the pot containing the root placed in the back-
shed of a stove.

20. to 24. Notice of the A7i7iiversari/ Dinner held on Sunday,
June 17' ; of the State of the Socicti/s 'pecuniary Affairs ; and
of the Prizes given, or to be given, Sfc.

25. Report on a Plant of Cycas revoluta, a Female, tvhich had blos-
somed in the Garden of Count ffnrrach at Bruck on Leithe. By
M. Lubeck, Head-Gardener at Bruck.

This plant, which had been in the same tub for upwards
of twenty years, was found not only to have sent its roots
through the bottom of the tub, but 3 ft. into the stump of an
old tree on which it had been placed, to raise it a little nearer
the light. It stood in a stove, had not been shifted for many
years, and grew very vigorously. At last it produced its
female flowers, and ripened fruits, consisting of a dry fleshy
substance, with a thin and beautiful red skin, covered with a
curly wool. The number of the fruit was about a thousand,
and each contained a stone, or nut ; but without a kernel, in
consecjuence of the want of fecundation. [The female Cycas
revoluta has fruited also in a stove, at Wentworth House,
near Ilotherham, Yorkshire. — J. D.']

26. Notice ofx^hat took place at the Meeting held May 6. 1827.
Grass land in the neighbourhood of the Rhine is improved
by covering it to the depth of 2 in. or 3 in. witli loamy soil.

27. On the Horticulture of Venice.
The principal melons are, the Malamocesini, easily known
by the stem, being from 2 to 3 in. thick, and very knobby ;
the Cantaloups, with yellowish or whitish flesh ; the liham-
paghini, which climb on trees and shrubs, and have their
fruit closely covered with a whitish net ; and the Buchari
(Bucharian melon), much cultivated on the islands of the
Levant. These latter melons are of an elliptic form ; their
skin is smooth, and of a whitish yellow ; the flesh is sugary,
of a white colour ; and, in the centre, w here the seeds are
contained, it is hollow. They are sometimes li ft. in length.

Transactions of the Prussian Gardening Society. 449

and several pounds in weight; their principal merit, however,
is, that they vi'ill remain good till Christmas, if kept in a dry
and cool place. It is remarkable, that pieces of this very
sweet fruit become intensely bitter when rotten. The seeds
of the melons are generally put in good wine a short time
before they are sown, which is done in April. Holes of 1^ ft.
in diameter are made, 5 ft. apart ; they are nearly filled with
dung; and five or six seeds are sown in each, and covered
with light soil. Two of the strongest plants only ai"e left after
they come up, and during their growth the most luxuriant
shoots are cut out. Particular attention must be paid to
observe the time of ripening of the fruit, which generally
occurs at mid-day, and is known by the aromatic smell thrown
out. The melons must then be cut, and kept in a cool dry
place, as they lose their flavour entirely when left a few hours
on the plant after their ripening. Not only the flesh of these
melons is employed for food, but also the seeds, which, when
bruised, and put into water with sugar, make a very agree-
able liquid (semuda). The water-melons are also very
extensively cultivated, much in the same way as the others.
The seeds of the common sort are black, and those of the
better variety (Angurie zuccarine) brownish yellow, with
black spots. The fruit weighs from 10 lbs. to 50 lbs.; and
a criterion of its ripeness is, when, on being struck, it gives
a hollow sound ; or when it cracks on being squeezed. Cu-
cumbers are cultivated, but not much esteemed. Pumpkins
are principal articles in Venetian horticulture ; and several,
particularly Cuciirbita JVfelopepo and moschata T)uchesne^
are grown to great perfection : the last of these sometimes
attains from 3 to 4 ft. in length, and 100 lbs. in weight.
iSolanum Melongena and Lycopersicum, artichokes, carrofis,
radishes, spinach, and purple broccoli, arevery fine; cauliflower,
and several species of asparagus which are there used, are
plentiful : but kohl-rabi and common winter cabbage are not
known. Celery grows wild near the sea. Fennel forms an
eatable bulb above the root, for which it is much cultivated,
as well as for its aromatic seeds. [See Spence's Notes on
Italian Gardenings p. 267.] Lettuces are used only when
young plants ; they never form a head, in consequence of the
heat of the climate.

28. Notices, 8)^c. — 29. On planting Trees by Roadsides and in

Hedgeroivs.

30. On planting Fruit Trees by the Roadside Jr-om Grunberg to
Massertvitz.
The number of plants was 3671 ; chiefly apples, and sour
Vol. VIII. — No. 39. gg

450 Transactions of the Pnissia?i Gardening Society.

cherries ; the hitter, no doubt, with a view to kirschwasser
(see p. 182.).

31. On the Propagation of Heaths. By M. Faldermann, Head-
Gardener in the Botanic Garden at Petersburg. — 32. Notices,

33. Notice of the Growth of hflniis glutinosa in light sandy Soil.
It appears to grow more rapidly than birch in the same
situation.

34. Remarks 07i Answers to Prize Questions.
Flower-seeds, when a few years old, are said to produce
more double flowers than those which are sown the year
after their ripening.

35. Notices, Sfc.

The wood of the horsechestnut makes very durable stakes
for vines.

36. to 39. Notices and Papers of local Interest.

40. On the Cidture of the Melon. By M. Ebers, Market-Gardener,

Berhn.

Seeds ten years old are preferred : they are sown in
February, and the plants are several times transplanted in a
moderately warm frame, before they are put into a hot frame
for fruiting. This is done when the shoots are about a foot
long, and they are then shortened to three e^^es. The suc-
ceeding shoots produced by those so shortened will flower
abundantly ; and, during their flowering, air must be freely
given, otherwise they will not set well. Water-melons must
not have their shoots shortened ; and, when swelling their
fruit, they require more water than the otliers.

41. On forcing Asparagus.
We are informed in this paper, that the luitd-gowinn7ids of
Berlin prefer green asparagus during winter, and blanched
asparagus during spring.

42. Extracts from the Speech of Dr. Mitchell to the Netv-York

Horticultural Society.

43. On raising Ferns from Seeds. By M. Seitz, Botanic Gardener

at INIunich.

The seeds were formerly sown by him nmch in the same
way as is usually practised with other very small seeds ; they
were sown on the surface of heath soil in pots, and moistened
through the bottom hole from a vessel filled with water, in
which they were occasionally i)laced ; they were kept in the
tan-pit of a stove, and each pot, during the day, was covered

Transactions of the Prussian Gardening Society, 451

with a piece of glass. In this way they grew tolerably well;
but M. Seitz soon found that this method was attended by
many disadvantages, to which very small seeds, and parti-
cularly those of ferns, are subject. He therefore procured a
porous kind of stone, called tophus, which he divided into
flat pieces of from 3 to 4 in. in diameter, and 2 to 3 in. in
height; after being cleaned and washed, these pieces were
covered with well-sifted soil, which was partly squeezed into
the pores of the stone, to the thickness of two or three lines.
The seeds were then sown on the surface, and the stone
slightly immersed in a basin of water, when moisture was
required. They were kept in a stove on a tan-pit, and glass
put over them. In the mornings and evenings the sun was
allowed to act upon them ; but during the rest of the day they
were well shaded. Regular temperature, and a moist atmo-
sphere, were given, and the glasses were taken away during
the night. This mode of treatment succeeded so well, that
in about twelve days the germination was visible ; and after
a month's time the young plants were fit for transplanting
into small pots. By this method the growth of the plants
was not interrupted by worms, different mosses, or any of the
other evils which generally occur when ferns are sown in the
first-mentioned way ; but the regular application of moisture,
and the even temperature to which the stone was subjected,
occasioned a vigorous growth. The best time for sowing
ferns is from February to May ; but they are not propagated
by seeds alone, and many species may be increased by sepa-
rating the fronds : a few may also be increased from knots,
which detach themselves from the mother plant, and soon
strike root. [We may mention Woodwardm radicans iSioz.,
and Aspidium bulbiferum Sisoz.^ as increasing by these frond-
borne deciduous buds. — J. Z).] The soil which M. Seitz uses
to grow his ferns is heath or leaf mould, mixed with sand ; and
for hardy plants he approves of adding one fifth part loam.
He plants some in the hollow stems of oaks, birches, and
lime trees, which he considers not only proper to their na-
ture, but also to present a true picture of the tropical world
of plants. The situation for these ferns in the open air
should be shaded, like that in the houses ; and, if possible,
be near the water, where they may be syringed during dry
weather.

44'. On the Construction of the Aquarium in the Botanic Garden at
Munich. By M. Seitz. [SeeHort. Trans., vol. iv. p. 395., and
Encyc. of Gard.]

452 Catalogue of flwh on Gardening,

45. On an hnproved Mode of heating Ilot-houses, practised hy

M. Seidel at Dresden.

Beds of sand are heated by flues placed in a vault under-
neath, and the pots are cither sunk in the sand, or placed on
it, according to their respective natures and conditions.

46. to 52. are Notices, Extracts, &c., of local Interest, and com-

plete the volume.

Art. IV. Catalogue of Worls on Gardening, Agricidtitre, Botany,
Rural Architecture, &;c., lately published, ivith some Account
of those considered the most interesting.

BRITAIN.

JRlLFA', IV. E.: Remarks on the Importation, and Result of the Introduc-
tion, of the Cachcmire and Angora Goats into France ; and the extra-
onhnary Properties of the new Race, Cacliemire- Angora; with its
Capability of also rendering the Connnon Goat of value to the Colonists
of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. Paniph. 8vo. London,
1832.

A great variety of information is here brought tc^ether on the subject
of the Angora goat, its introduction into France, to England (at Weald
Hall in Essex), and of an attemj^t to carry it out to Australia. Mr. Riley
made two journeys to Paris, and each time brought over several of the
goats ; which we had the i)leasure of seeing in perfect health, in April last,
and which have been subsequently shipped to Sydney.

T/ic Cashmere Shawl Goat has been successfully introduced into England
by C. T, Tower, Esq., of Wealil Hall, Essex ; and as that gentleman, by
this time, must have some of his fiock to dispose of, wc think their intro-
duction among cottagers, for their wool and also (as suggested Vol. V
p. 5.'32.) for their milk, a fair subject for some of our female readers to
Bpeculate on. This variety of the connnon goat (or, probably, it may be
a distinct species) is a fine-looking animal, ami woultl be very ornamenta*
in a park, on a ruin, on the side of a rock, or in a churciiyard. It would
also l)e very pleasant to have a home-maile Cashmere shawl. We shall,
therefore, give all the information we can on the subject, from INIr. Tower's
account, as published in the last volume (xlvi.) of the Traiisactioiis of the
Society of Arts. The Cashmere goat was brought from Persia to France
during the time of Napoleon, and under his patronage, by the celebrated
M. Ternciiux. In lH-^:i, Mr. Tower, happening at that time to be in I'aris,
purchased four of them, two males and two females, and succeeded in
conveying them safely to his residence in Essex. The soil of the park at
Weald liall, where they have been kept ever since, is moist, and the situ-
ation is much exposed. The animals have, nevertheless, continueil in health,
and nniltiplied rapidly; so that his present Hock consists of twenty-seven,
including the four original ones. Of these latter, a polled female, which
was old when |)urchased by him, has every year produceil at least one kid,
and has twice had twins. Those indiviiluals of which the horns cross are
in Persia esteemed the best ; and one of Mr. Tower's la.st year's kids hau
this peculiarity. They show no im[)atience of cold, and are very healthy;
requiring only the occasional shelter of a shed in \k:Y\ rough weather. In
spring, sunmier, and autumn they graze like sheep; and, during winter,
have been fetl with hay, and refuse vegetables from the garden ; but their

Agriculture, Botany, S^c. 453

favourite food is gorse (f/Mex europse^a), which they devour eagerlj^, with-
out being annoyed by its prickles. They damage young plantations, but
not more than other goats or deer will do. They breed very early : three
of Mr. Tower's goats this year produced kids before they were themselves
a twelvemonth old. A few produce brown wool ; but that of far the greater
proportion of the goats is white, and this latter is more valuable than the
other. The coat is a mixture of long coarse hair and of short fine wool :
this latter begins to be loose early in April ; and is collected, easily and
expeditiously, by combing the animals two or three times with such a comb
as is used for horses' manes. A good deal of the long hair comes off at
the same time, but the manufacturer has found no difficulty in separat-
ing it. The produce of a male is about 4 oz., and of a female 2 oz. : 2 lbs,
of wool, as it comes off the goat's back, may be estimated to make one
shawl 5-tin. square. It will, therefore, require ten goats, male and female,
to furnish materials for one shawl. Mr. Tower has this year had three
shawls made of his wool, one of which was examined by the committee
of manufacturers. The yarn was spun by Messrs. Pease of Darlington,
and was woven by Messrs. Miller and Sons of Paisley. Mr. Tower's
shawl was compared with one made in Scotland, of French shawl-goat
wool, to which it was evidently far superior. It was also compared with a
shawl of M. Terneaux's own make ; and was considered by very competent
judges to be superior to this also. (^Trans. Soc, Arts,vo\. xlvi., as quoted
in Ency. o/Agr., 2d edit. § 7340.)

Mr. Tower's goats were visited by Mr. Riley this present summer, and
he declares them to be the most interesting specimens of the pure breed
he has ever seen. The flock, consisting, in 1823, of two bucks and two
does, now (1832) consists of 51 animals. Mr. Riley found them "grazing
promiscuously with other stock in the park, and appearing extremely
docile. The climate of England renders it necessary that, at night, they
should be protected in sheds ; and, in winter, fed with hay," &c. " The
down was at this time taking from them by a girl, with a common horse-
comb ; and, on comparing it with some specimens I had procured in France,
received through Russia, I found not the slightest degeneration : but, on
the contrary, from its very clean state, and the small proportion of hair, I
should say, it would realise in Paris a much higher price than any I had
seen. Mr. Tower has had some shawls made from the produce of his
flock, one of which he presented to his late Majesty. It was greatly
admired, and considered to rival those of Cachemire. Mr, Tower states
that his flock produces an average of 2^ oz. of down annually from each
animal." (p. 42.)

FRANCE.

Poiieau and Vilmorin: Le Bon Jardinier : Almanach pour I'Annee 1832.

Paris, 12mo.

We are here presented with an entirely new edition of this most valu-
able work, which, for a resident in France, forms a complete encyclopaedia
of garden culture. We have spoken of previous editions of the same work
highly, and more at length (Vol. II. p. 52.).

Jacqidn, M., sen.. Member of many French and Foreign Horticultural
Societies : Monographic Complete du Melon. 8vo. Paris, 1832.

This work is to be completed in six numbers, each of which is to con-
sist of two sheets of letterpress, and of five or six plates of coloured
engravings. The price of each number is 9 frs. or 6 frs., according to the
paper. The writer introduces his subject by stating that the melon is
not cultivated in the private gardens of the French gentry so perfectly, so
generally, or so successfully, as it may be. The cause of this defect he attri-
butes to a mistaken devotion to economy; many of the French proprietors

G G 3

45i F/oricnltural and Botanical Notices,

conccivini; it diciipcr to purchase their melons in tlie markets, than to supply
their fjardeners with the requisite means to produce them in their <;ardens;
and that even those who have them grown at home, actinj; on this parsi-
monious feelini;, are much too nigLtardl} in the conveniences they place at
their gardeners' disposal. One object of M. Jacqnin's monograph is to
show that the impression which tiie French gentry entertain is an erro-
neous one ; and, consequently, to induce them to apply their best |)atron-
age to the promotion of the culture of this most estimable fruit. Wlien the
work is completed, we shall be able to estimate its value as a monograph,
and to give a more detailed opinion of it to our readers.

AMERICA.

Anon. : Our Neighbourhood : or. Letters on Horticulture and Natural Phe-
nomena. 8vo. New York, Bliss, 1831.

The object of these letters is to excite a taste for rural pursuits
and especially gardening. The letters are dated, and enter into de-
tails of what is going on in the garden and farm of tlie writer, and in
other gardens and farms in the neighbourhood, at the time they are writ-
ten. So far the work may be considered almost an American gardener's
calendar; but, in addition, we have remarks on natural phenomena, on
every department of natural history, and, in short, on almost every sub-
ject : there is even a love story. The author shows a slight general
knowledge of the riu'al economy both of Britain and America, and some
acquaintance with the natural history literature of both countries. The
writer assumes the character of a man, but is, in all probabilit}', a woman.

The book has a [uirticular charm, from the correct and detaileil view
which it gives of country life in a newly settled state ; and, if it could be
read by the intelligent part of the sons and daughters of farmers in Britain,
it would tempt many of them to emigrate.

Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Sociefi/, at their Third Annual
Meeting, with the Address delivered by William Darlington, M.D.
8vo, pp. 24-. Philadelphia, 1825.

Although the /«//iof this INreeting was of bullocks, \t was sensible, philo-
sophic, and in good taste; if we may judge from the address of Dr. Dar-
lington, who was before known to us by an excellent Flora of West
Chester, which we can recommend to thoseof our readers who are anxious
to trace the range of some of our British plants in the United States. — q;^*

Art. V. Floricultural mid Botanical Notices of niiu Plants, and of
old Plants of Interest, supplement art/ to tlie latest Editions of the
" Encijclopi'edia of Plants," and of i lie " Ilortns Britanniciis"

Curlis's Bolnmrnl Mngazinc ; each monthly Nmnber containing eight plates ;^

:i». G(/. coloured, '.h. plain. Edited by Dr. Hooker, King's Professor of

Botany in the University of (ilasgow.
Edwards's liolmiicnl Iir<iistcr ; each monthly Number containing eight

plates; 4.?. coloured, '.is. plain. iMlitcd by .Tohn Lindley, Esq. F.ll.S.,

Professor of Botany in the London University.
Sweet's British Flower-dnrdcu ; each monthly Number containing four

I)lates; .3.v. coloured, 2.?. .'W. plain. Edited" by Robert Sweet, F.L.S.,

author of several liotanical works.
Loddiges's Botanical Ca/nnct ; each monthly Number containing ten plates;

5s. coloured, 2?. (hI. iiartly coloured. Edited by Messrs. Loddigcs.

supplementary to Enc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 4^55

The reader will find the few abbreviations used in the following extracts
explained in p. 12.

III. ^xinunciddcecB. § Helleborece.

Delphinium speciosum is figured in the Bot. Reg. for June, t. 1503.
It is " a hardy and handsome perennial, native to high elevations of the
Caucasus." It produces its large deep blue blossoms, from June to
September, and seems a very desirable species for decorating the hardy
flower-garden.

XXII. Ternstromikcese.

2037. THE^A 18160 vfridis

Slatifblia^.C. broad-leaved « i_J or 4 f.n W China 1825? C p.l Bot. cab. 1828

It is surprising, that in plants so much cultivated as the teas are in
China, no more varieties have yet been noticed. The above one was
introduced, some years ago, by the late Mr. Bassington. It is principally
distinguished by its leaf being so much broader than the ordinary kind j
the flowers differ but slightly. {Bot. Cab., July.)

2038. CAME'LLZ^ 18166 jap6nlca

Reevesjnna Lindl. Reeves's it i_| spl 10 sp C. Wsh China 1829 ? I l.p Bot. reg. 1501

" This is certainly one of the most striking camellias hitherto imported ,
its richness of colour far surpassing any that we have yet seen." Camelh'o
japonica Reevesirma is published from the nursery of Mr. Tate, who
imported the plant from China, and who " states that the flowers are very
variable." The foliage has a remarkably curled appearance. This variety
is named in compliment to Mi*. Reeves, ** to whom this country is under
the greatest obligations for the zeal and liberality with which he devoted
himself, during a long residence in China, to the collection and transmis-
sion to England of all [he could procure] that is rare, beautiful, or useful,
in the flora of the celestial empire." (Bot. Reg., June.)
XLV. Grossuldceee .
719. nrBEs.

5928(1 specibsum Pft. showy 31^ or 5 my.jn. C California 1829. C co Sw.fl.gar.2s.l49

stamrneum Striith in Rees's Cyclop, and Dec. Prod. 3. 477., and also specibsum Dec. Prod. 3. 478.

An especially showy species, having the entire habits of the gooseberry,
yet vying in the form and brilliancy of its flowers with the elegant Fuchsia.
A single plant was raised by A. B. Lambert, Esq., in 1829. The plant
was, .shortly after having been raised, planted in the open ground, where it
is found to thrive luxuriantly, it being now (June, 1832) a large bush, five
feet in height. It blossomed, for the first time, in the beginning of May,
1832, and continued in flower for more than six weeks. Its profusion of
large, crimson, glittering blossoms, contrasted with its bright green glossy
leaves, renders it one of the most beautiful objects imaginable." (Mr.
David Don, in Sweefs Floiver Garden, July.)

Specimens of this fuchsia-flowered gooseberry were exhibited at a Meet-
ing of the Linnaean Society, held on June 19., from Mr. Lambert's garden
at Boyton House, Wilts ; and a description of the plant, by Mr. D. Don,
was read. Mr. Don presents the following concise and expressive specific
character of R. speciosum : — Branches bristly ; prickles three together ;
leaves smooth ; calyxes four-cleft and tubular j stamens and pointal pro-
jecting far beyond the flower ; berries hispid.

LVI. Mi/rtdcecE. § JEulej^tospennece.

Bae'ckia saxicola Cun., given in the Supplement to the Hortus Britdnnicus,
p. 476., is figured in the Bot. Mag. for June, t. 3160., where it is stated, from
Mr. Cunningham, that this neat little white-flowered shrub is prostrate on
the bare granite rocks which it inhabits on the south-west coast of
Australia ; but that, under cultivation, at Kew, with more nutritive food,
it has become a perfectly erect shrub. At Kew it flowers in March.
{Bot. Mag., June.)

'M.yrtdcecB. $ Lecythidece. Couroupita (the name of the plant in Guiana)
guianensis, the Guiana Couroupita, or cannon-ball tree, is elaborately

G G 4

456 Floviciillurnl and Botanical Notices,

figured and dcscnbcd in the Bolanical Magnzhu- for June, t.3158. and
3159. It is a tree from 50 ft. to GO ft. liij^Ii, and with a trunit often njorc
than two fett in diauieter : the w ood is soft. Tiie l)ranches are spreading,
and covered witli a sniootii hark ; the leaves, which are alternate, from
8 in. to 10 in. long, and broad!)' lanceolate, are the most copious at the
extremities of the branches. The racemes of flow ers are from 1 ft. to 3 ft.
in length ; produced on the former year's branches, ami u|)on diti'erent parts
of the trunk, bearing a great many, sometimes a hundred, How ers, of a very
large size, and very splendid in colour ; and, moreover, are entlow ed with a
most delicious odour. The flower-buds, shortly before expanding, are of
about the size of a medlar : the exjiauded flowers, accoriling to the figure,
arc from -tin. to 5 in. across. They are yellowish on the outside, with a
tinge of red crimson-lilac within, and spread out horizontally. The petals
to each flower are six, rarel\' seven, leathery in texture, unequal, somew hat
orbicular, and much waved and concave. The details of the structiu'c, and
arrangement of the stamens and pistils, seed-vessel and seeds, are highly'
interesting in a botanical i)oint of view ; and for these we refer the reader
to the original article, just remarking that it j)rcsents a most extraordinary
arrangement of its stamens, tliesc being seateil on the face of a flcsiiy
strap-like disk towards its extremity, which grows out from beside the
germeu, and would project the stamens quite away from the stigma, but
that a fold in the centre of the stamen-bearing strap brings the stamens
in direct contact with the surface of the stigma. Although a raceme con-
sists of 50 to 100 flowers, it produces but one or two fruits. The fruit is
round, reddish, rough to the touch, and from 4 in. to 8 in. in diameter,
and, from its size and form, has procured for the tree the name of the
cannon-ball tree. The fallen pericarps, or fruits, which strew the ground
beneath this tree, in Cayenne, and exhibit the scar or hole by which they
were attached to the fruit-stalk, so nearly resemble the bomb-shell, that
one might easily, at first sight, imagine that a company of artillery had
bivouacked in its shade. The fruit, or pericarp, is occupied internally by
pulp, which, when ripe, is of the colour of wine lees, and through which
are scattered an indeterminate number of seeds, each larger tiian a pea,
and invested with a leathery membrane, which is woolly externally. The
shell of the fruit is used, in South America, for domestic j)urposes, as the
calabash. The pulp contains sugar ; gum ; malic, citric, and tartaric acids;
and is employed to aflbrd a refreshing drink in fevers; but, in the perfectly
ripe state, it exceeds whatever is filthy, stinking, and abominable in nature;
yet the scent is remarkal)ly vinous, and so durable that the Rev. L. (iuilding,
on examining some portions of the fruit that had been preserved in rum
for two or three years, found the native odour of the plant so strong, as
to reniler a continuance in the a])artmeut almost insupportable. Insects
revel in this disgusting and putrid pulp, (.'oleoptera and Forficuhr (ear-
wigs) feed u[)on it, whili: the i-brmicie (ants) fuid a shelter in the hollow
of the shells. Dr. Hooker, for much of the material out of which he lias
elaboratc;d the luminous figures and dcscrii)tions of this tree and its parts,
professes himself indebted to liis friend the llev. Lausdown (iuilding of
St. Vincent. It appears that a living specimen of the tree does not exist
in any European collection of j)lants ; and Dr. Hooker despairs of seeing
it flourish in any region beyond the tropics. The tree is an inhabitant,
and one of the greatest ornaments, of the dense forests of Cayenne, w here
it flowers at all seasons of the year, and where its trunk and branches are
not unfrec|uently concealed from view by an investing mass of the Spanish
longbeard (Tilhuulsia v/.vHn'iidcs Z..). From Cayenne, the tree has been
introduced into the Island of St. Vincent, Dr. Hooker believes, by
Dr. Anderson, (i/o/. J/r/i;., June.)

At page 'J+1. of the current volume, Dr. Hamilton informs us that Pita

supplemefitarij to Ejic. of Plants mid Hort. Brit. 4- 57

is a term indiscriminately applied, in South America, to all plants yielding

a fibrous substance, and especially to plants of the pine-apple family, or

Bromel/ftcefZ", as the leaves of these plants are eminently endowed with

fibre. As the beautiful tree just described is frequentl}' more or less

invested with tiie Tillandsia nsncoides L., and as this plant is included in the

fibrous-leaved family of Bromel/rtcfiX', it is not unfair to infer the possibility

of its being one of the plants called pita in South America ; and I have been

led to this remark by the two terminal syllables of the native name of this

tree, Coitroiqiita, and the fact of the tillandsia's growing upon it. — J. D.

LXXVIl. LegumindscB § Sophorese.

1246. CHORO'ZEMA.
10i99a triangulare Xmrf/. o-angled pnc/i/erf tt. i | or j ap S N.Holl. 1830. C"s.p Bot. reg. 1513

Another of Mr. Knight's exquisite treasures, raised out of the stock of
New Holland seeds purchased by him of Mr. Baxter. It is closely related
to C. nanum, but Professor Lindley enumerates several points of specific
distinctiveness : it is a delicate plant, and requires a very airy dry shelf in
the green-house in winter. (^Bot. Reg., July.)

Professor Lindley adopts Smith's spelling of this generic name, and
quotes Smith's etymon, which is as follows ; — " M. Labillardiere origin-
ally discovered this genus upon the south-west coast of New Holland, at
the foot of the mountains, in a loamy soil, near the spot where, after
having been tantalised with finding man}' salt springs, his party had just
met with an ample supply of fresh water. This welcome refreshment, of
which he speaks feelingly in his book, seems to have suggested a name for
this genus. He called it Chorozema, evidently from choros, a dance,
or joyous assembly, and zema, a drink, in allusion to the circumstance just
mentioned."

LegumindscB ^ 'LotecB,

1940. HO^VE//.
172840 villbsa Linrf/. shaggy * i_J el 3 ap Li N.Holl. 1829? C s.p Bot. reg. 1512

Figured from the nursery of Messrs. Rollisson of Tooting. It differs
from H. purpurea Swt., its nearest relative, in being excessively shaggy,
instead of being merely covered with a ver}' short dense pubescence ; the
reticulations of the leaves are also much larger and more distinct in
H. villosa than in H. purpurea. {Bot. Reg., July.) It seems a pleasing
and desirable kind. Is not its affinity to H. pannosa also very intimate ?

CXXI. Pittosporece.

679. PITTO'SPORUM.

cornifblium C«/J. l)og\vood-Ivd. Sk \ | cu 3 mr Br N.Zeal. 1827. C p Bot. mag. 3161

This is a curious, but not handsome, species. INlr. Cunningham met
with it, in 1826, in dark humid woods, by the rivers in New Zealand,
producing flowers in September, and ripe fruit about the close of the
year. He uniformly found it growing parasitically on tufts of Asteliae
(Astelia Banks«), and upon the trunks and branches of the larger timber
trees, particularly upon the kackatea, or Dacrjdium /axifoliura of Lambert.
{Bot. Mag., June.)

CXXIV. TropcEolecB. That very elegant, perennial, herbaceous, green-
house, climbing plant, Tropge^olum tricolorum, is figured in the Bot. Mag.
for July, t. 3169., where the following admirable etymon of the generic
name is quoted from Smith ; — " Tropae^olum, from trojjaion, a warlike
trophy, from the shield-like leaves, and the brilliant flowers shaped like
golden helmets, pierced through and through and stained with blood,
which might very well justify such an allusion."

CXLVI. GalacinecB. Francoa Cav. (Don Francisco Franco, a physi-
cian of Valencia, who flourished at the commencement of the sixteenth
century. He was the author of several medical works, and an ardent
cultivator and promoter of botany.) 8. 1. Sp. 3.

n458 FloriaiUural and Botanical Notices,

appcndirul'ita Cr:i'. appcniliclcil jg j^J or 3 my.jn Ilo.C Chiloc 1831. S p.l Sw.fl.par.2. «.151

A very ornamental, and tlierefore very desirable, novelty. It was
raised at Low's Nursery, Clapton, from seeds collected by Mr. Anderson,
near the port of San Carlos de Cliiloe. Mr. Amlerson accompanied
Captain King, in the capacity of botanist, in his recent voyage of survey
on the coasts of South America. Francow appendiculata appears to
succeeil well in England, in the open border of a garden, where its tall
clusters of rosy blossoms, marked with deep crimson, render it a conspi-
cuous object. Two other species, F. .sonchifolia IV., also \vith rosy
blossoms, and F. ramosa 1). Dun, which has white flowers, have been
recently introduced from seeds collected by Mr. Hugh Cuming, in Chile.
( J/r. 1). Don, in SwceCs Flowcr-Gardcn, July.) A plant of Franco«
appendiculata, in full flower, was exhibited at the Linnacan Society's
Meeting on June 19., from Low's Nursery, Clapton; and a description of
it, by Mr. D. Don, was read.

CLVL VolygmecE. Coccoloba (/co/ckos seed, and tobos, a lobe ; from the
lob'ed seed, not fruit as stated in Horl. Brit.) pubescens L. is figured in
the Bot. Mag. for July, t. 3166. This is a plant of much interest in
British stoves, on account of the very large size of its cordately based
orbicular leaves, which sometimes attain to an expansion of two feet in
diameter. I once saw a leaf almost of tiiis size produced on the plant in
the stove of the Cambridge Botanic (iarden. This plant produced a
single raceme of flowers, for the first time (and it had never been pre-
viously known to flower in Britain, although introduced in 1690), in the
beginning of February, 1832 : but, owing to the bad condition of the hot-
house, which seldom allow s of its retaining a temperature of more than a
few degrees al)ove 60°, none of the flowers appear to have expanded
properly. Of them, however. Professor Henslow has availeil himself as
fully as he could, and contributed to the Bot. j\I(ig. the result of his
researches : these arc of botanical rather than of gardening interest.
According to Jacquin, the Coccoloba pubescens becomes an inelegant
upright tree, between 60 ft. and 80 ft. high. It is a native of the West
Indies, and very common in the mountain forests of Martinique. The
wood is hard, iieavy, deep red, and almost incorruptible. When used for
posts, the part in the ground becomes as hard as stone. The fruit is said
to be eatable. (^Bot. Mag., July.)

CLXX. ^riccce ^ vcrce.

4173. /rnrCA. l I. Xubiflbra?.

dichr.'pmata //f. two-colourcd Hi | or 3 aut.w Y.Pk C.G.H. 1800. C s.p Bot. cab. 1813

The flowers are beautiful, tiie tubular corols being pink at their base

for about one third of their lengtii, and the remainder yellow. The shrub

is usually two feet higii before it begins to flower. {Bot. Cab., June.)

Tubiflbrtp.
vcrcci'inda Z7.C. r\xMy.fliud Hi | or 3 Bu.aut Ro C.G.H. 1820. C ».p Bot cab. 1857

This, according to the figure, is quite an ornamental kind : its tubular
red corols seem luimerously produced, and have a |)endulous direction.
" It grows vigorously, and attains a cousiilerable si/e." (7/o/. CV/A., July.)

E/v'tva.' (J \{lto(l(iracc(r.

In Sweet's British Flowrr-dardcn for June, t. 148., the white-flowered
tree rhododendron is figured from tlie Chelsea Botanic (iarden. This has
hitherto iieen named y^hododcndron arbureum 2 tilbum ; l)Ut Mr. D. Don
concurs with Mr. Sweet in considering it a perfectly di.stinct species, to
which Mr. Sweet has applied the .specific name of lillnun ; a name which
cannot Ik- retained, because previously occupied l)y the B. album of Pursh,
the second species in both the Iloiiii.s Brilainiirus of Sweet and that of
Luudon. This white tree rhododendron, be the specific name hereafter
agreed upon for it what it may, " diflers from B. arboreum by its rigid

supplementary to Enc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 459

leathery leaves, and their rugged dark-green surface, and bright cinnamon
or rusty colour underneath ; it also differs essentially in the bracteas that
surround the flowers being straight and erect, not reflexed, as in R. arbo-
reum ; but the most distinguishing character is, its bearing an appendage
on every alternate filament, a little above the base, sometimes one on each
side. (Sweet's Flower-Garden, June.)
CLXXI. EpaciidecB.

504. E'PACRIS.

variabilis ^.C. variable « L_J or 2 ja.f Pk N.S W. 1829. C s.p Bot. cab. 1816

Messrs. Loddiges raised this, with several others, differing in form and
colour of flowers, in 1829, from seeds sent home by Mr. MacLeay to
Mr. Dyer, who kindly communicated the seeds to them. The picture
represents it an ornamental species, as the pendulous tubular corols are
thickly placed on the branches, and are of a pinkish colour. (Bot. Cab.,
June.)
nivalis .B.C. snov/y-flivd •( lor 3 mr W N.HoII. 1829. C s.p Bot. cab. 1829

Raised from seeds presented to Messrs. Loddiges, in 1829, by H.
M. Dyer, Esq. The plants, in two years, grew to the height of two
feet, and flowered in great abundance in the month of March. {Bot. Cab.,
July.)

E'pacris onosmagflora is figured in the Bot. Mag., July, t. 3168., and is
stated to inhabit peaty bogs at Blackheath, on the Blue Mountains of
New Holland, at an elevation of 3400ft. above the sea's level. It beau-
tifies the green-house with its blossoms in March.

Acrotriche ovalifolia is figured in the Bot. il/fl-g-. for July, t. 3171., where
it is stated of it, " As an ornamental plant for the green-house, it cannot
boast of much beauty, until the flowers are examined with a microscope,
when the delicate structure of the corolla, the singular tuft of hairs at the
extremity of the segments of the corolla, and the rich orange-coloured
anthers, lying in the sinuses of those segments, become apparent." This
species inhabits, at least as one situation, the exposed summits of sandy
ridges in New Holland, and bears white drupaceous fruit. It may be
added, that the subfaces of the leaves of Acrotriche cordata are especially
elegant objects, being scored lengthwise with parallel and alternate stripes
of green and glaucous, ciliated at the margin, and tipped with a short
prickle.

CLXXXVI. Comj)bsit(e § Ksterecs. ^'ster laeVis L. is figured in the
Botanical Register for June, t. 1500., and there stated to differ from A.
cyiineus (noticed in p. 349.), in being totally destitute of glaucousness ; in
having its leaves more acuminate, and rougher at their edge ; in the radical
leaves being narrower (these are either serrate or entire) ; and in having
the involucres obconical, not campanulate, with the bases of their scales
much less pale than the bases of those of A. cyaneus; and in the florets
of the ray being of a pale blue colour.

Composites § Knlhem'ulecE. Chry.santhemum indicum var. plenum, the
double yellow Indian chrysanthemum, is figured in the Bot. Reg, for June,
t. 1502. This variety " is not much cultivated, because of its not flowering
except after very hot and dry summers, such as that of 1831 ; but when its
blossoms are produced they are extremely neat, and form a striking addi-
tion to the few flowers that December produces." (Bot. Reg., June.)

CCXXI. Labidtce § ^epetete. Phlomis tuberosa L. is figured in Maund's
Botanic Garden for June, t. 360., where the following interesting specula-
tion is offered on the tubers of this vigorous-growing and comparatively
showy herbaceous perennial : — " The presence of these tubers does not
seem to be of primary importance to the existence of the plant, it being
furnished with an ample portion of fibrous roots from its crown, whence
offsets, and consequently increase, are afforded. Its fibres descend deeply.

40*0 FloriciiUural and Botanical Notices,

mul mostly pcrpciulicularly, into the eartli ; and at various distances, witln'ii
1 ft. of the surface, a tuber is formed on many of tiieni, of the size of u
small potato or less, not terminally, or principally so, as in the potato
plant, l)iit l>y the enlargement of the fibres at some distance from either
extremity. It is a simple mass of alburnum, resembling in ajipearance the
kernel of a cocoa nut, but softer, and of a taste rather bitter ; w hich fla-
vour is not reduced either by boiling or drying. It is |)rol)able that a
regidar supply of moisture, in accordance with the requirements of the
plant, would altogether prevent their formation. We know that some
species of grass which are strictly fibrous-rooted, |)articularly the i-'hleum
pratense L. [and, perhaps, the yivi,na elatior L., //ordeum'bulbosum L.y
Jlopecurus bulbosus L., /-'halaris bulbosa Cav., and i-'halaris nodosa Bieb.],
produce tubers in situations where they are exposed to the occasional want
of fluids necessary for their luxuriant or healthy increase. When suffering
under such privations, it may be easily conceived that the stems and roots
ot a plant become less flexible ; and its vessels, being constringed by
drought, would be incai)able, when subsequently supplied with a ilue por-
tion of fluids, of ready and I'rcc dilatation. In this state, the fluitls col-
lected by the extremities of the roots may be prevented, by the rigidity of
those parts near the surface of the earth", from freely ascending. At "this
point, an accumulation of the juices occurs; and, somewhat analogous to
a tumour in an artery arising from dilatation, a tuber is produced. These
tubers, gradually increasing, subsequently become reservoirs, to meet
any deficiency of supply that may casually occur. Thus we see Infinite
Wisdom make the very existence of a want the means of its remedy."
" A projier distinction must be observed between such tubers as are
mere reservoirs of un|)repared fluids, and those which are dej)ositorics of
elaborated juices from the plant, in which the vitality of a future individual
of its species exists." The above views merit the consideration of the
young gardener ; and, should i-'hlomis tuberosa L. not be one of the plants
cultivated in the garden in which he is employed, I may mention O'robns
tuberosus L., iyithyrus tuberosus L., pasonies, and georginas, as plants
possessing tubers, all, I believe, but certainly those of the georginas, desti-
tute of buds or eyes; and yfpios tuberosa ]\[ivn., the common potato,
Helianthus tuberosus, and Wedelia aiirea, exemplifying tubers beset
with buds. It may be well to examine if Mr. Maund's theory will at all
conduce to account for the granulations, or minute tubers, which are inva-
riably strung on the fibres of every leguminous plant : the laburnum, the

connnon false acacia, and the white clover, are familiar instances. /. D.

CXXV. Cordlkccsc.
563. CO'XirHA.

grandi fl6ra Z.i»r//. large-Bwd •□or... au W S.Amcr. ? 18C7. C l.p Hot. reg. 14p.

A very fine species, with large white broadly fimnel-shaned corollas,
which now, it is feared, is not in this country. It flowered ni 18-^8, in a
stove in Lee's Hammersmith Nursery. That it l)elongs to the genus
C6r<l/V< is not positively known, for no specimens have been preserved, and
conse(|uently the semblances of the drawing have been the only guides to
referring it to any genus. {Boi. Reg., figured in May, described in June.)

MoNorOTYLEDONOUS PlANTS.

CCXXXVIII. Amaryllidcx.

9^^. "AVA-X .Sal. (A'nrcfssiis /,.)

Albicans //ni(>. uhitish tf A or 1 aj) W Spain ... O s.l Sw.fl.gar.C 8.145

Ik'autiful and rare, but possessed by Mr. l'1Hicoml)e of Vicarage I3itton,
near Hath, and Mr. Haworth of (^helsca. Mr. .Sweet has seen it also " in
other collections about London, introduced from Holland this year, under
the name of iVarclssus moschatus ;" but the N. nioschJitus of the Linnxan

sup2)lementa7'y to Enc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 461

herbarium, Mr. Sweet remarks, " is a very different plant." Mr. Haworth,

in his Monograph, assigns to A. albicans the English name of " the greatest

Spanish white." (^Flower-Garden, June.)

937. EU^RYCLES.

Cunningham/i Lindl. Cunningham's tf lAI el 1 mr.ap W N.HoU. 1830. O p.l Bot. rcg. 1506

A very interesting bulbous plant, of the general appearance of which
/femerocallis japonica L., Funkia subcordata .Syj;-., will give a pretty exact
idea. The white flowers of the Eurycles are, however, smaller, fewer, and
produced in an umbel ; while those of Funk/a subcordata are in a spike or
raceme. The flowers of the Eurycles are neat and pretty, and its foliage
beautiful ; altogether, it is an elegant plant. It is figured from the nursery
of Mr. Knight, who received it from New Holland of Mr. Baxter : at pre-
sent it is extremely rare. Mr. Lindley states that Eurycles is derived
from " eurys, broad, and Jdeid, to close up ; in allusion to the dilated state
of the [filaments of the] stamens, which close up, as it were, the opening
of the tube of the perianthium." This etymon is here recorded, on
account of its distinctness from that given in Loudon's Encyclopaedia o
Plants and Hortus Britdnmcits.

CCXXXIV. Bromelikcedd.

957. BILLBE'RG/-^.
77520 bicolor^.C. two-coloured ^g E] or f ... Ro.B RioJan. 1829? Sk s.p Bot. cab. 1819

This species differs from B. nudicaiilis in its obtuse petals, its much nar-
rower leaf, and its spines being green in lieu of black ; the leaves also are
green at their base. It grows in the forests of Brazil, upon trees, rooting
into the rough bark. The luxuriance of vegetation in that immense country
is prodigious. In some parts the woods are wholly impenetrable, the verV
trunks of the trees almost touching each other, and the number of plants
of this order (BromehVxcfts), also of Orchuleae, ferns, and many others,
growing upon them, is most astounding. The difficulty of access to them
is so great, as almost to preclude the possibility of ever discovering the
greater proportion of them. {Bot. Cab., June.)

CCXXXIX. Iridecs.

123. TRITO'NIA.

odorata jS.C". fragrant tf lAJ or J su Y C.G.H. 1829? O s.p Bot. cab. 1820

This " flowers early in the summer, and is very fragrant." Messrs.
Loddiges " have preserved it safely in a narrow border, close to the wall,
in the front of a stove, where the ground is scarcely ever frozen in winter,
in which this, as well as most of the Cape plants of the same family,
flowers, and grows much better than when potted, and kept in a green-
house." (Bot. Cab., June.)

Yris tiiberosa, and intimately related Species. At p. 2.35. we, unneces-
sarily perhaps, bespoke the affection of our floricultural readers for that
lovely spring flower, the Pr'is tuberosa L., and detailed the means by
which it may be readily multiplied, and so cultivated as to blossom with
satisfactory freedom every spring. As shown in p. 235., it appears this
charming plant grows wild, both near Cork and Plymouth. Mr. Sweet,
in his Flower-Garden for June, t. 146., figures another tuberous-rooted
species, with quadrangular leaves, and describes a third, and suggests that
even more than these exist, but all confounded under the name of Pr'is
tuberosa; and that this confusion has arisen from " the leaf four-edged"
having hitherto been taken as an absolute characteristic of /^ris tuberosa,
and all the irises possessing it having hitherto, in consequence, been re-
ferred to this name. That distinguished botanist, Mr. Salisbuiy, many
years ago, proposed the restoration of Tournefort's genus Hermodactylus
for the reception of the /"ris tuberosa. Hermodactylus, from Hermes, Mer-
cury, and daktylos, a finger, expressing the resemblance borne by the tubers
of this plant to the human fingers. This genus and generic name
Mr. Sweet has adopted, and the one new species which he figures and

462 Floficidtural and Botanical Notices.

describes, lie (ienomiiiates Ilermodactyluslonsjifolius. That the species is
distinct cnoiiuh from Pv'ia tubcrosa, which Mr. fSweet dcnoininatcs Iler-
niodiictyhis hispathaccus Cpassiii<; l)y iSalishury's name of H. tuberosus in
the //()/■/. TrfDi.t., probably as deeming it not sufficiently distinctive, now
that other tuberous species are known), there cannot l)e a question. It
is possible, how ever, that questions will arise on the propriety of forming
these species into a new genus; and, until these questions are affirmatively
answered by the consent of a majority of botanists, we shall retain the
species in the genus /^ris.
142. rRl.s.
iy05a loiigiftlia 5iu/. long-lvd. A A or J ap P.Gsh Naples 1829. D It Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l46

7Yis longifolia has some of its radical leaves a yard or more in length,
and but one flower in a spathe ; 7. tuberosa has much shorter leaves, and
has two flowers in its spathe : these are the obvious points of difl^erencc,
and there is a sufficiency of minor ones. Mr. Sweet's species of Ilermo-
dactylus, then, are these: — I. H. longifolius, Stv. Fl. Gar. 2. s. 146.
2. H. repens (creeping-rooted), of which the /Vis tuberosa of Sibthorp's
Flora Grccca, 1. 41.; of the JMagnzine of Xatiiral Hktori/, vol. iv. p. 29.,
and Gardene/s Alagazine, vol. viii. p. 235., the cut in both these places
having been copied from that in Flora Grceca, 1.41.; and of Redoute's
LUiacecs^ t. 48., are synonymes. It will be remembered that, in p. 235.,
we remarked that the figure there (copied from that in Flora Greeca)
differed completely in its " scaly creeping sucker (propago) at its root,"
from the /Yis tuberosa we had always known : the truth of this remark is
now corroborated by the experience of Mr. Sweet ; the /Vis tuberosa we
had all along previously known being his third and following species. 3.
II. bispathaceus, of which the />is tuberosa of Jiot. j\Iag. 531., of Link's
Enumeratw, and of Smith's Herbarium, are synonymes ; as well as Hermo-
dact\ lus tuberosus of Salisbury, in Ilort. Trans., vol. i. |). 304. In addition
to our remarks (Vol. VIII. p. 235.) on the culture of the last-named species,
this observation by Salisbury may be of interest : — " In a border of deep
rich loam, at Chapel Allerton, it flow ered every year : at Mill Hill, on a dry
gravel, it never flowered." It has again flowered finely, this spring, in
the Bury Garden, under the treatment described p. 235. ; and the plants
from the wild station near Plymouth have, this s|)ring, flowered in the
Cambridge Botanic Garden. Should the specific ilistinctness of the three
kinds above named become admitted, of which there is probably very
little doubt, the geogra[)hical station of each species w ill then be desirable
to be known. Salisbury says of H. bis])athaceus Swt., " it grows in the
Peloponnesus ;" but the fact of II. rejicns being the species figured in
Flora Grccca, excites a doubt whether Salisbury's habitat does not apply
rather to II. repens than to II. bispathaceus. After all, may it not be
purely by error that so peculiar a creeping-root shoot has been affixed to
the |)lant figured in Flora Graca, 1.41.? If it be by error, II. repens is in
consequence a nonentity: nevertheless, shoulil such be the case, Ilermo-
dactylus longifolius SwI. and II. bispathaceus Swl. are without a doubt as
satisfactorily distinct as any two species need to be.

The /Vis biflora of Linniciis is pu!)lished in Sweet's Flower-Garden for
July, t. 152.; where numerous technical details respecting it, which will
avail the studier of this genus, are presented : living plants of it are in the
Chelsea Botanic (ianlen, and in thegarilen of Mr. Sweet. /' ris reticulata
Biel). is figured in the Hot. Cab., July, t. 1829. Its leaves appear not to
attain a greater height than G in.; its flower is borne at 3 in. from the
ground, and is large and higidy beautiful. The .species is yet rare in
Britain.

CCXL. Orchidccc § Ophr^dccr.

sago. HE mWN JVM. [mag. 316*

rordalum /,in<«. hearUlvd. ^ lAJ fra J inr.n Vsh.G N.W.Af. S.W.E. 1830. D p.l Bot
HabcniUria cord&ta Hooker, Bot. mag. 3161.

Literary Notices. 463

This plant has no attractive beauty ; but its small greenish flowers are
highly fragrant, especially in the evening. It grows well in the green-house ;
but, when about to bloom, is benefited by a removal to a cool part of the
stove. Professor Lindley appends to the description of this species nu-
merous valuable remarks on its structure and that of allied plants : these
appertain to systematic botany. {Bot. Beg., July.) The exquisite fragrance
in the evening, and by night, of the common two-leaved orchis of English
woods, Platanth era bif61iai?ic/«. has been already declared in Vol. VII. p. 203.

OrchidecE § Vandeae Lindley.

2537. MAXILLA^RIA.

viiidis Lindl. gteensepaled £ E] cu | my G.P.Li Rio Jan. 1829? D p.r.w Bot. reg. 1510

The flower is radical, solitary, and globose ; the sepals green ; the petals
purple ; the lip lilac. The plant in the Horticultural Society's garden is
rather a weak-growing one ; requiring shade, much moisture to its leaves
and little to its roots, together with a high temperature, and decayed
vegetable mould. It seems to have no tendency to form those pseudo-
bulbs which are generally so characteristic of the genus. (Bot. Beg., July.)
CCXLVII. KsphodUecE.

i 1053. ORNITHO GALUM.

alliaceum.S.C. Allium-like IJ lA) or | au W Cliile 1821. O s.l Bot, cab. 1818

Only two white blossoms are exhibited in the umbel figured, but this may
be the effect of weakness. The plant was sent home in the beginning of 1821
(query 1831) by Mr. Cumming. Messrs. Loddiges havegrown it in thegreen-
house, in a mixture of loam, peat, and vegetable earth. {Bot. Cab., June')

1061. v^SPHO'DELUS 8869 luteus.

2 sibiricus imrf/. Siberian ^ A or 2 ap.my Pa. Y Siberia 1829? Deo Bot. reg. 1507

The seeds of this kind were received from Dr. Fischer, under the name
of A. sibiricus. Tt differs from A. luteus in its dwarfer stature, earlier and
paler flowers, more glaucous leaves, and shorter bracteas: Professor
Lindley cannot, however, on these accounts, consider it more than a
variety of that species. It is a perfectly hardy perennial, and requires to
be treated precisely in the same way as A. luteus. (Bot. Beg., July.)

Art. VI. Literary Notices.

Outlines of the First Principles of Horticulture, in one small volume,
18mo, are in preparation by John Lindley, Esq. A work which will be
hailed with delight by every gardener throughout the world.

Tlie Apiarian's Guide, containing Practical Directions for the Manage-
ment of Bees upon the depriving System, is in prepararation by J. H. Payne,
of Bury St. Edmunds, author of " The Cottager's Guide, for the Manage-
ment of his Bees," a work distributed gratuitously among cottagers by the
Suffolk and Norfolk Apiarian Society. The Apiarian's Guide, the result of
thirty years' experience, will comprise useful and authentic information
relative to every department of apiarian science, and will render the most
inexperienced in the art capable of managing his bees at a trifling expense,
so as to obtain from them an annual supply of honey without destroying
them, leaving a sufficient quantity for their support throughout the winter.
Amongst other matter, an immediate remedy will be given for the sting.
The author has under his care a stock of bees, a swarm of May 1831, which,
in July of the same year, produced a glass of the finest honey weighing
19Jlbs., leaving, at the same time, upwards of 30 lbs. in the hive; and it
has already this year filled a glass of JO lbs., and is now filling a box which
will contain nearly the same quantity. The work is to be published by
subscription.

4-61

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

EMIGU.4TI0X. — As we have lately been strongly recommending gardeners
to emigrate to the United States, several persons iiave since sent us
jniblications, with a view to show that the C'anadas offer still greater
ad vantsigcs. We have lookeil over three of" these works. Tiie first is entitled
UV/c CdiuidaSy as t/itj/ at j)rr.scnt ronimc^ud thewsclves to the Entcrprhc of
Emigrants, Sfc, compiled fi-om documents furnished by John (ialt; by
Andrew Picken. This work abounds with practical details, topographical,
agricultural, and commercial, antl must therefore be of very great value
to those who are in doubt in what part of the country to settle. The next
book is Pickering's Emigrant's Guide, 4th edition. In this work the
author has given a comparative statement of the prosjiects held out by
the United States and Upper Canada, as the best for British emigrants j
and he endeavours to show the superior advantages of the latter country
to farmers, farm-labourers, and the most useful description of tradesmen.
We have little doubt he is correct ; but, for gardeners, we should prefer
the United States; because, there they have at least u chance of getting
professional employment, in addition to the certainty of getting employ-
ment as connnon labourers. A thin! work is, Slatixlical Sketches of tapper
Canada, for llic Use of Emigrants ; hy a Bark-Woodsman. This lias the
merit of being a concise and chea]) work. The author prefers Canada to
the United States, and principally because Canadian corn is admitted
into both British and West Indian ports on. more advantageous terms
than that of America j and that the articles required for the consumi)tion
of the inhabitants, and British gooils generally, |)ay one twelfth only of
what they do in the ports of the United States. We admit the full weight
of all these reasons; and, having recommended emigration to gardeners,
have thought it our duty to state them.

Preserving the Purity of the Thames Water. — In our Fifth Volume,
p. 090., we mentioned several plans for saving the manure at present
carried into the Thames by the London sewers, and at tiie same time
maintaining the jturity of the water of the river. We have since seen a
4to pamphlet, entitled. Outlines of several new Inventions for JMaritime and
Inland Purposes, by .John Martin, Es(|., the celebrated artist, 4-to, 1829,
not published, containing a second plan for supplying London with pure
water ; and Aingcr's plan for preserving tiie purity of the Thames,
noticed in the Aleeh. j\iag., vol. xiv. p. 82. Mr. Martin hail before pro-
posed a plan, in a work not |)ul)!ished, aiul of which we have ne\er been
able to see a co|)y, for supplying London with water from the river Colnc,
and this he considers the best ; but, lest it should be found insuperably
objectionable, he submits this second plan, which is that of " preventing
the discharge of any sewer into the Thames above Millbank, or, perhaps.
Neat House (.iardens, ami by keeping back the a^^ccnding tide at the same
spot. The water above will then be the pure river water; and from this the
metropolis may be sup[)lied by engines in the usual way." The ascending tide
he proposes to keep back by a strong dam or weir, which might be built
of cast iron, in Deeble's maimer, across the river, and have, at each end
of it, two locks for the pa.ssage of vessels. To prevent the foul tide water

General Notices. 465

from overflowing above the weir, the following ingenious contrivance, on
the principle of the common ball-cock, and that of the self-acting sluice
invented by the late Mr. Bramah, is suggested. " There must be contrived
a strong leaf, suspended by proper hinges, and made buoyant, as soon as
the water rises to it, by means of a copper tube, air and water tight,
affixed to its lower edge. The tide, in ascending, will begin to raise this
leaf as soon as it attains a higher level than that of the wear, and will
thus be the means of barring itself out. The leaf, when raised quite up,
will be supported against the weight of water by leaning against the pillars
which rise from the weir and sustain the bridge above it, should such
bridge be thought a desirable addition to the plan. As the tide ebbs, the
leaf will, of course, fall gradually with it ; and the waters which have been
accumulated meantime above the weir will discharge themselves over
the dam. By thus diverting the sewers from the river above Chelsea, and
preventing the foul tide water from rising beyond that mark, the river, for
miles up, might be considered as one grand reservoir of water, which, if
not so pure as that of the Colne, would assuredly be far purer than any
with which London is at present supplied."

Mr. Ainger's plan is as follows : — The drainage on each side of the I'iver
is to be received within " a wall extending along each shore, from about
Vauxhall Bridge to the Tower, at a distance varying between 20 ft. and
200 ft. from the present wharfs or banks. The places so enclosed would
constitute two main sewers, north and south ; and they should be arched
over at a height of from 3 ft. to 6 ft. above high-water mark, forming an
extensive and very valuable quay or wharfage, wholly reclaimed from the
useless, or worse than useless, part of the river; the usual width of which
would, in fact, be increased by the deepening of the channel, which the
contraction of the upper surface, and the consequent increased velocity of
the current, would quickly occasion."

Of these two plans, Mr. Martin's would be much the easier Vo carry
into practice ; but Mr. Ainger's is certainly the more complete. We agree
with the able editor of the Mechanics' MagazinCy in thinking that " it
must, sooner or latter, either in its present or in a modified shape, be
adopted." Such works, including the sewers, and the supply of London
with pure water, ought to be intrusted to a general commission, or under-
taken by government. It is true, they might give rise to jobs, &c., in a
corrupt government ; but, when we make use of the word " government "
without explanation, we are always to be understood as meaning self-
government. Mr. Ainger, who is an architect, concludes the account of
his plan with the following words ; — " Plans of improvement, even the
most reasonable and obvious, require to be made public many years before
their advantages and difficulties are fully and generally appreciated. I
submit this, therefore, in a somewhat immature condition, for the purpose
of eliciting that discussion by which, if it be worth notice, its usefulness
and practicability can alone be determined, and its ultimate success
promoted."

A Plan for filtering the Water of the Thames, and supplying it to the
metropolis and its suburbs, by L. W. Wright, Esq., engineer, has been
communicated to the Royal Society, and is thus noticed in the Fhilosophical
Magfkine for May, 1831 : — " The author, after giving extracts from the
report of the commissioners appointed by his late Majesty to enquire into
the supply of water to the metropolis, in support of the practicability of
affording a supply of filtered water from the Thames, adequate to the
demand, and within reasonable limits in point of expense, proposes his
plan of forming a filter under the beil of the river for each company. He
states that the deposit of mud on each side of the Thames does not reach
below the low-water mark, and that the bed of the river throughout is

Vol. VIIL — No. 39. ii h

466 General Notices.

generally a clean and strong though porous gravel. Tiic mad, thcrefone,
will piiikllc in, and dose the jwres of the hed of gravel on which it lies
above low-water mark, so that the filtration into tlie neighbouring wells,
the waters of which are ren)arkab!\ pure, must take place below low-water
mark; and Mr. Wright proposes to construct a filtering chamber below the
bed of the river; from which chamber a main pipe or tunnel must be made
for conducting the filtered water into a well on the river side, whence it
is to be drawn up by steam power, and distributed to the houses to be
supplied, by the mains and branches at present existing. . . . The filtering
chamber and ap])aratus are to be prepared by erecting a cotler-dam in the
river, of sufficient size to enclose the whole of the area required for that
purpose. This cofter-dam will re(|uire \>\\qs of 4o ft. in length. The bed
of the river, thus laid tlry, is to be dug out, ami a bed of brickwork,
set in cement, laid down : a floor must then be constructed in the form of
an inverted segment of an arch. On the top of the walls of this floor
plates are to be laid, and in tiie enclosed area, granite blocks placed ; upon
these, again, the girders are to be laid, and over these the joists, which are
to support a first layer of large flints. Upon thc^c, successive layers of
smaller flints are to be arranged, decreasing in size as they approach the bed
of the river, l^'pon the uppemiost of these, a stratum of clean shingle is to
be deposited, ami then a bed of fine and very clean gravel ; thereby form-
ing a filtering bed of 8 ft. in de[)th,the top of which will still be 4 ft. below
low-water mark. So that, allowing 7 ft. for the timbers anil brickwork,
and 18 ft. for the rise and fall of the tide, the total depth, at high water,
will be 37 ft." We have no doubt of the practicability of tliis (ilan ;
though we do not believe it would free the water entirely from impurities,
or remain many years in repair. To render the plan completely eflective,
it appears to us necessary to form a general sewer on each side of the
Thames, and running parallel to it, for some miles above the river and for
some miles below it, into which all the other sewers ami drains of impure
water might empty themselves. This would render INIr. Wright's plan
complete. — Cond.

A Tub for measuring, and ivcig/iiiig Corn. — I have lately invented a tub for
measuring and weighing corn, which, I think, j)romises to be very useful.
Corn of all kinds is here sold by the coomb, of four imperial bushels ;
but though nominally l)y measure, yet reference is always had to weight as
well ; and, accordingly, in buying grain, some idea is always formed, by the
buyer, of its weight i)er cooi\ib. If, on delivery, it falls short of this
estimated weight, recourse is hml to the bushel, to ascertain whether the
tpiantity contracted for has been delivered. The measuring and weighing,
being separate processes, take up a good deal of time ; a vessel, therefore,
by means of which the two operations might be combined in one, became a
desideratum. The main difficulty con.>isted in the emptying after weigh-
ing, &c. To this end, a movable bottom appeared re(|uisite ; ami, taking
a hint from the water-balances in coal-pits, the valve b, in /i'^'. 78., was
devised, as best adapted, by its conical form, to penetrate the body of the
grain in the tub, and to allow of its free egress from the same when raised
for that purpose. The next (juestion was, as to the liest nioile of raising
the valve. An ingenious mechanic of this place, of tlie name of Robinson,
iuis effc'ctuallv removed all my difiicnlties on this head, or, I should rather
sav, foot, by the ajjplication of the lever d, which is put in action by the
pedal r, as shown by the dotted lines in_/iX'. 78. When the foot is a|)|)lied
to this |)edal, the valve is raised, as shown in the figure, and the corner.s
of the tub being rounded (see the section, y/^'. 78.), the tub is emptied in
<|uick time. ()f com'se, the tub should be snspeuiled high enough above
the floor to allow the corn sufficient room to escape. To this end, a
platlorm/, something like what is here called a horsing-block, is ncces-
j.ary. Up this platform the man bearing the sack of corn walks ; and, the

General Notices.

467

H H 2

468

Geiienil No/ices.

mouth of the sack being previously untied, shoots the contents, very gently
and gradually, into the tub. I say gently and sradually, because, without
this precaution, there will not ajjpear to be full measure, although, pro-
perly delivered, there may be no actual deficiency. The mode of weighing
may be either by Marriot's dial engine, or by a steelyard beam. The
former is, perhaps, the most correct, certainly the most simple, and the
most scientific ; though three out of the four we have put up at the
Whittington malt-houses, near this place, are on the latter plan. — Samuel
Taiflor. Sloke Ferry, Korjhlk, June, 1832.

A Lapland Lock, which may he uxeful to Gardeners. — Sir, In looking
over some papers the other day, I accidentally found a pen-sketch of
a La|)land lock, made some years ago, whilst attending the lectures given
by Professor Parish, on experimental philosophy, at Cambridge. The lock
in question was presented to the professor by the late Dr. Clarke, upon
his return from his travels in the north of Euroi)e, and is now, I believe,
annually exhibited at the lectures of the worthy professor, as an ingenious
piece of mechanism made by the poor Laplander. The way in which the
celebrateil traveller became possessed of the said lock it may not be unin-
teresting to know ; I therefore quote his own words : — " After leaving
Kilpala, to avoid the passage of a cataract, we landed, ami walked by the
side of a river, until we came to a farm destitute of its inhabitants. Upon
the door of their steam-bath we found a wooden lock, with a wooden key
left in it; the whole being so singularly and ingeniously contrived, that
we connnitted a theft for the benefit of the proprietors, and left a small
sum of money, for the said lock ami key, \\\w\\ the house table." (^Tra-
vels in Russia, vol. v. p. 466. 4to edit.) Might not this lock be used for
the tloors of tool-houses, rustic sununer-houses. Sec, for the purpose of
excluding outlandish folk, who connnit thefts, but in a diH'erent manner to
that of Dr. Clarke : and might not, also, the leisure hours of the gardener
be agreeably employed, ami his ingenuity exercised, in its construction ?
These being my objects, I venture to send it. The lock is made of oak,
about loin, long, 6 in. broad, and l.\in. deep : three loose pieces of wood
{fig. 81. o) each 6 in. long, and three (jiuu-tersof an inch scjuare, with a notch
] ^ in. wide, and half an inch deep {fig. 79.), are placed in the three grooves.

as may be seen in fig, 79. or 80.

81

The key {m) \\'m. wide, and half
an inch deep, with corresj)onding
teeth, about three quarters of an
inch in depth, is to be placed
across the notches, as in fig. 79. :
When the key is slided upwards,
the several loose |)ieces of wood
tiL-nid tU" ~->^^ are also raised at the same time :
the bolt («) is then set at liberty.

^'Hj^v \ '>•'* "1 fig- H'^-, «"d may be drawn
^IkJ owt, and thus the door unlocked.
iT The bolt is about l^in. wide, and

General Notices, 469

three quarters of an inch deep, with teeth similar to those in the key. By
observing the figures, the construction may perhaps be made out more
easily than by any bungling description of mine. Yours, &c. — E. W.
jun. Nem- Leeds, March 15. 1832.

The different Modes of heating Hot-houses, by hot water, steam, and
common smoke flues, are frequently adverted to in your Magazine, and as
often remind nie of a steam apparatus for forcing, or rather for assisting
the growth of peaches, which I had to attend to as far back as the year
1790-91. At that time there was "a rage" for steam-kitchens; and
Mr. W. Slack, ironmonger, of Cheapside, was extensively employed in
erecting them. Among others, he was employed by the late Gilbert
Slater, Esq., of Low Layton, in Essex, a gentleman as I'emarkable for his
hospitality as eminent for his love of every branch of gardening, who
conceived the idea of having steam generated from pure water, instead of
the then common mode of raising it from the flues of hot-houses. Mr.
Slack was engaged to furnish the apparatus ; which he executed, by placing
a shallow cast-iron boiler over the common furnace of the peach-house,
whence he led a main tin steam-pipe along behind the trellis at the bottom
of the back wall. This main pipe had branch pipes of a smaller diameter,
inserted at about 4 ft. distances along its whole length, which, by having
additional and movable joints to fit on, brought the steam to any part of
the middle of the house. ]3y these means the trees could be copiously
steamed at pleasure ; and great vigour of growth, with perfect cleanness
and freedom from insects, was the consequence, together with fine crops of
fruit. I know not how long this apparatus was used, but probably not
after the lamented death of the proprietor, about the beginning of 1794.

It will readily occur to your horticultural readers, that this contrivance
could only be useful during the first three months of forcing ; and, as the
house was not entirely heated, but only moistened, by steam, it was, in
fact, an unnecessary refinement of cultivation, which might have been
dispensed with. This very attempt, however, may have led to the great
improvements, since accomplished, in the management of steam for garden-
ing purposes. — Senex.

In the Gentleman'' s Alagazine for 1740 is a scheme, by Mr. Cook, for
heating the whole of a house from top to bottom, by small steam-pipes
from one boiler. The scheme must have been thought of some importance
at the time, as it is illustrated by a woodcut. — Cond.

Charms of the Peacock Iris {Vris -pavdnia Lin.), Vieusseiix'ia glaucopis of
De Candolle). — Do tell all your flower-loving friends to layout l.s. 6rf. at
Noble's shop, in Fleet-street, or elsewhere, in the purchase of a bulb of
Pv'is pavonia L. (See Curtis's Botanical Magazine, vol. v. pi. 168.) I
bought a bulb at the above shop, last autumn, and it is now in blossom,
and the most lovely thing in the shape of a flower I almost ever saw.
The three large petals are streaked with blue underneath, and above are
pure white, with a most vivid eye-like spot at the base of each : one
might almost fancy that Nature had at first intended to make the petals
blue (as in so many others of the same tribe), but afterwards changed her
plan, and reserved all the colouring matter to be concentrated, as it were,
in one glowing spot of small dimensions, but intense brilliancy. — IV. T.
Bree. Alleslcy Rectory, June 6. 1832.

The Peach and Nectarine Trees distinguishable when in Blossom, by a Dif-
ference in their two Germens. — Sir, I have frequently found it useful to be
able to distinguish peach and nectarine trees from each other, at an early
stage of their growth, when both first produced their blossoms, before
fruiting. To etlect this, I dissect a few of the flowers of the trees about
which I feel a doubt ; and a tree which produces villose germens always
proves a peach tree, and a tree producing germens smooth and shining

H H 3

470 Domestic "Notices : — England.

proves a nectarine tree. I am, Sir, yours, &c. — John J^Tilchcll, Gardener.
Slaptoii, near Dartmouth, Devonshire, April 21. 1832.

A neic/i/ invented " Cooking Alembic " has been sent US by Mr. Groom,
of Bury St. Edmunds. The inventor originally intended it for cooking
potatoes ; but, after " repeated trials, he finds it may, with equal eftect, be
apjjlieil to every kind of vegetable." It differs from other potato steamers,
in draining oft' the condensed steam without allowing it to return upon the
potatoes, " so that no possible impurity can remain among them. When
we have tried it a little longer, we shall probably give a figure and descrip-
tion of it, together with our opinion of its merits, which, we may observe
in the mean time, is highly favourable. Those who imderstand how to
boil jjotatoes in the manner directed by our correspondent A. W.,
Vol. VII. p. 369., need not, however, have recourse to any description of
steamer for cooking them.

Art. II. Domestic Notices.
ENGLAND.

A BOTAyncAL and ornamental Garden is proposed to be established in the
neighiiourhood of Regent's Park. A very interesting site is fixed on, in-
cluding that well-known beautiful green knoll, Prinu'ose Hill. The ground
selected contains about 20 acres. It is proposed to lay this out so as at
once to exhibit a highly ornamental pleasure garden, and a strictly scien-
tific and systematically arrangcil botanic garden.

(ireen-houses, conservatories, and stoves w ill be erccteil ; and to these it
is intended to add anuiseuni,a theatre for lectures, and a library to contain
the principal works on botany, horticulture, and agriculture, both British
and foreign. In the theatre, through the spring and sunnner months, occa-
sional courses of lectures will be given on botany, vegetable physiology,
and agriculture.

It is proposed that this undertaking should be carried into effect by a
ca[)ital to be raised by such as are willing to become proprietors. The
sum necessary for laying out and enclosing the grounil, erecting the
various pul)lic buildings, &c., has been estimated, in round numbers, at
3(),()()0/. This it is intended to raise by GOO shares of 50/. each. The
garden and stock to l)e vested in trustees for the proprietors, and the
whole arrangement to be under the management of a conmiittec, to be
annually elected i)y the sharclioldtis from amongst themselves, with every
provision, Sec, so as to give the proprietors that real and substantial con-
trol over the management and affiiirs of the society, which is so necessary
to the scientific conduct of undertakings of this nature.

It is proposed that each sliarelioldcr, and (upon payment of one guinea
annually) the wife of each sliarcholdcr, should have the per])elual right of
access w ith their friends to the gardens, library, and lectures : tliat the
owner of two shares (and in the same pro|)ortion for every additional
share) sliould iiave the power of intro hieing four persons, and of giving
two perpetual |)ersonal admissions to the gardens, c'vrc. : that he should have
the power of nominating friends to be annual subscribers to the gardens
and lectures (this, it is considered, will he jiarticularly desirable to fiunilies) ;
and that the public i)e admitted on the same plan as the admission to the
Zoological (iardcns, and upon such terms, and untler such restrictions, as
the committee for the time being may direct. It is presumeil that a revenue
may be easily obtained from annual sul)scrij)tious, and from the public at
large, sufficient, after payment of the rent, to answer the current expenses

Domestic Notices : — Eiigland. 471

of keeping up the gardens, &c. &c. Such surplus as may arise, after paying
the expenses, will be paid to the shareholders, as interest on their capital,
to the amount of 5 per cent; all beyond this sum to be sunk as a perma^
nent fund for the future improvement and maintenance of the garden.
It is proposed that the society should have a complete collection of plants,
to be added to by exchanging with other societies, by purchase, and by
one collector or more to be sent into foreign countries ; and that surplus
plants be distributed to the proprietors and donors, as the committee may
direct.

A bird's-eye view of the garden, on the supposition that the hot-houses,
&c., have been erected, is now exhibiting at Somerset House 5 and an en-
graving from it has been published by Priestley and Weale, the eminent
architectural booksellers, in Holborn. This design, we understand, is by
an ingenious young architect and beautiful draughtsman, Mr, W. B, Clarke,
9. Chapel Street, Bedford Row, who, the printed prospectus informs us,
will give every information, by letter, to those who are desirous of becom-
ing proprietors or subscribers.

We sincerely hope that this most laudable project will be realised, and
we see no reason whatever to doubt that it will, and that it will pay the
proprietors handsomel}'. Nay, v/e will go farther, and say that there is
room, in the neighbourhood of such a metropolis as London, for half a dozen
of such gardens, all of which would pay. The public taste only wants
direction in this way. There is also a great v.'ant of good rural coffee-
houses. Let any one who has spent any time at Berlin, Vienna, or indeed
any large town on the Continent, reflect on the difference between them
and London in this respect. Comparing the size and the population of
London with those of any of the Continental towns, it will be found that
in general we have not a tenth part of the rural coffee-houses or tea-gar-
dens which they have. We know to a certainty that these gardens pay
well ; we have a scheme for one of a description altogether new in this
country, but we have no leisure to attend to it. The essence of it consists
in covering two or three acres with a glass roof, and laying out the interior
as a tea-garden. We have a spot in view, and know a contractor who
would put up the roof, and complete it, at 5*'. per square foot. — Co7id.

The Garden of the Horticultural Society is looking remarkably well ; and,
considering the small number of hands (compared with what there was
seven years ago) allowed for keeping it up, it is in astonishingly good
order. It is found that since visiters have been allowed to walk round the
garden unattended, and the flowers and fruits as it were committed to
their honour, as is done in all the gardens, public and private, in France
and Germany, not an article has been touched. We are certain that the
same result would take place in every case, even in that of what are com-
monly called the lowest rabble, were similar confidence manifested. The
moment you place confidence in a man who has been hitherto treated as a
machine, and guided by the principle of fear, you call into action a new
principle, that of honour. The " rabble" would not show this all at once,
because habits long persisted in cannot all at once be shaken off; but that
they would do so, sooner or later, those who know human nature best will
least doubt. To show a man that you have confidence in his integrity, is
to call forth at once all that is good or noble in his nature ; and to show
him that you suspect him of evil, is to rouse all the worst passions in his
breast. No man is either all goodness or all wickedness ; and it depends
almost entirely upon the treatment he receives, which principle shall predo-
minate in his actions. Even in the most depraved characters there is gene-
rally some spark of goodness still remaining, which may be fanned into a
flame by judicious management. Some years ago, one of the worst sub*
jects of Van Diemen's Land, a runaway convict, who had taken up his
abode in the bush, and afterwards committed about a dozen murders whili?

H H 4

472 Domestic Notices : — England.

seizing and carrviiiK oft' the cattle of tlic settlers, was at last caught, and
among his papers was found a meinoranduin of flower-seeds which he
wished to obtain for his garden. Had this man, before he left England,
been in circumstances that had placed him above temptation, there can be
no doubt but that he would have been a lover of horticulture, and a good
man. And here, though it may be considered a tleviation from the sub-
ject, we cannot help observing on the admirable fitness of the cooperative
system, when mankind shall become in a meet state for adopting it, for de-
stroying all temptation to crime, and calling forth only, or chiefly, the bene-
volent feelings of human nature. But we had almost forgotten our sub-
ject, and must return to the garden, for the sake of noticing that a great
improvement has been made in it, by laying down the flower-garden with
grass seeds for turf, and varying the surface by groups. This will dimi-
nish the labour of keeping, afford plcasantcr walks, and be more agreeable
to the eye. As to improving tlie garden in a scientific point of view, that
is next to impossible ; the whole, as we have often said, would need to be
remodelled.

T//C " magnificent Ttiumphal Arch^'' erected at the west end of Picca-
dilly, and intended as a gateway to the palace gardens at Pimlico, has
lately been made a public entrance to the carriage-road leading to St.
James's Park and Whitehall, and the apartments intended for the
keeper have been turned into a station-house for the police. " Sic transit
gloria niundi !" The immense reservoir, which we have before (Vol. VII.
p. 99.) spoken of, is |)lanted out by large evergreens, and may now be
reckoned not only useless in reality, but without even the appearance of
either ornament or utility. Eoth the pond and the arch, with its gorgeous
bronzed gates, we consider as monuments of the folly and extravagance of
the government under which tiiey were executed, and of the bad taste of
the architects who designed them. The bronzed railing to the Duke of
Wellington's house opjwsite, is another instance of extreme bad taste; as
is also the marble triumphal arch in the front of Pimlico Palace. We
shall show at once that we are correct in asserting this, by recurring to
first princij)les, caring nothing for the authorities that may be found for
placing similar arches ami railings in similar situations. Every thing must
be brought to the test of principle, otherwise there can be no solid found-
ation for right and wrong. Good taste is nothing more than sound sense
applied to matters appertaining to ornament and luxury. One of the first
principles of sound sense or good taste is order, or that disposition of
things which, by their being seen one after another in succession, contri-
butes to the grand end or i)urpose in view. Now, one of the first jjrinciplcs
oforderisto proceed in regular gradation from less to greater, or from
greater to less. Without tliis, it is evident there can be no order; for,
unless there be a reason for what was to go before, or come after, any par-
ticular |)oint in the series, the result n)ust necessarily be confusion. To
apply the |)rincij)le of gradation to the external and internal ornaments of
a house, we should say that an ascending series is re(iuired liom the orna-
ments on the exterior walls and leiices to those on the furniture and finish-
ing of the hall, staircase, and rooms within. Now, taking the highly
enriched bron/ed railing of the Duke of Wellington's boundary fence as
the lowest point in the scale of ornament, the rails lor his staircase ought
to be of gold and filigree work ; and lor his grates, fenders, and fire-irons,
no metal that we know of would be sufficiently precious. Apjjly the same rea-
soning to the marble triiunphal arch at Pimliio, and what shall we finti costly
enough for the cliinmey -pieces of rooms of the |)alace to which it belongs ?
We say nothing of the unsuitableness of such materials, and such a style
of ornament, to ourclimate,but have merely confined ourselves to the prin-
ciple or order or gradation. The Duke of Wellington's gorgeous railing, and
his meagre, clumsy, and paltry-looking outside Venetian blinds of unpainted

Domestic Notices : — England, 473

iron, show forcibly the want of the principle for which we have been con-
tending. As to the palace at Pimlico, it is altogether beneath criticism, and
may be considered as the last act of a reign of extravagance and folly
scarcely to be paralleled in the annals of nations. Attempts are making
to complete this palace as a royal residence, but it would show much bet-
ter sense, in our opinion, to rase it to the ground, and throw the gardens
open to the public.

Kensington Gardens are now undergoing a system of draining and plough-
ing up the grass land, to the great annoyance of the public, more especially
as, along with these operations, about 120 cows and bulls have the run of
the gardens. The ploughing and paving ought to have taken place early
in spring, when it would have been done with much less labour, and much
more effectually. It is worthy of remark, that these gardens have been
drained by small brick arched drains, the bricks being set in mortar; and
that, partly for this reason, and partly because the tops of the drains have
been made rather too far below the surface, they do not seem to have an-
swered the end proposed. Common rubble drains, brought to within 6 in.
of the surface, would have been much more effective, and might have been
formed with the screenings of the gravel, which might be dug from certain
parts of these gardens. These extravagant and nearly useless brick drains
must have been a capital job for the king's bricklayer at some former
period.

The Pleasure-Groiind at Keiv has lately been enlarged, by an addition of
several acres behind the palace. The surface is smoothed, and sown
down with grass, and it is supposed that the arboretum will be extended
in this direction. We were rather disappointed at seeing that a very bad
mixture of grass seeds had been employed, which will of course retard
the process by which that beautiful, deep green, smooth, velvet-like
surface, almost peculiar to England, is at last acquired. In the stove of
the botanic garden we observed a number of orchideous epiphytes bear-
ing seeds, a thing hitherto scarcely known in this country. It is effected
by the artificial removal of the anthers, and their being brought in con-
tact with the stigma ; a fact which will go far to destroy the doctrine of
fecundation by internal absorption. The king is said to be attached to
Kew, and to be desirous of improving both the botanic garden and the
pleasure-ground ; news which we are very glad to hear ; for they have both
suffered much during the last two reigns, from the want of that soul of all
gardening, and, indeed, of every other kind of improvement, money.

Mr. IVeltJie's Collectmi of Pclargoninms, near Hammersmith Bridge, was
this season most superbly in bloom. We have never seen any thing like
them for vigorous growth, and profusion of flowers. There are near a
hundred sorts, the greater part of which were raised by Mr. Weltjie from
seeds. The father of this gentlemen is well known to the floricultural
world, by the very fine varieties of carnations and tulips which bear his
name. — Cond.

Magnificent Pceony. — A Paeonm Moutan, now growing in the garden
of Lady IStapleton, at Gray's Court, Henley on Thames, was turned out
of a small pot in the open air, about fourteen years ago. In May, this
year, it was measured, and found to be 5^ ft. high, 27 ft. in circumference,
and bearing 230 flowers, each averaging 6 in. in diameter. Should you
publish the above, I should be glad to know if there are any of a larger
size in the country, and if so, where they are to be seen. — Hugh Miil-
holland. Gray's Court, May 28. 18.32.

Calceolaria Alkins'ikna, sent us by Mr. Atkins, the nurseryman, at North-
ampton, who raised it, is a beautiful hybrid, very much like C. Young«.
It is perfectly hardy, and has been in flower with us ever since we re-
ceived it.

A Hybrid Laburnum, with purple, or rather lilac. Flowers, mentioned in a

4-74' Domestic Notices : — Scotland.

former Numhcr (Vol. VI. p. .335.), as having been brought to this coun-
try by M. Vallct of Rouen, flowered in our garden at Bayswatcr, this year,
for the first time. As it is a vigorous-growing phint, it will be a great
acquisition to the ornamental scenery of the country. —Cond.

SCOTLAND.

Your Article on Scotch Cottages will, I trust, not be lost on your country-
incn here, as well as in Ayrshire. I know not that we are quite so bad as
they are in that coimty, but we are bat! enough, and worse than I can
tell you. I wish you had said more about their gardens ; for, though the
professional gardeners of Scotland are the first in the world, the kail-yards
of the peasantry are, I do believe, the worst-managed, and the most
tasteless, in Europe. With the exception of a very few places, they grow
nothing in them but greens (called open kail in some places) and potatoes.
Look at the cottage gardens in most parts of England, how they are deco-
rated with flowers, and enriched w ith shrubs. Even some of the vegetables
cultivated are ornamental, such as the scarlet runner, and the vegetable
marrow : but talk to a Scotchman about these plants, and he will tell
you the first is a poison, and the second nothing but water. The Scotch
are, no doubt, in many respects, a very superior people ; but they arc far,
very far, behind the English in generosity of character generally, and in all
matters of cleanliness and taste. Can you find me a parallel case in Eng-
land of a wealthy proprietor, like the Duke of Buccleugh, suffering his
fiirmers to erect whatever sort of cottages they choose for their labourers ?
The thing is monstrous. Look at the cottages on any of the great estates
in England ; the Duke of Northun)l)erland's in the north, the Duke of
Newcastle's farther up, and the Duke of Devonshire's in the south and
west. I could write volumes on the difference between the two countries
— but * * * * — An Englishvian. Jul i n /j ii rg/i, Mrn/ 28. 1832.

J small Xurseri/, or rather Botanic Gardoi, for very rare plants, has been
commenced by our esteemed correspondent, Mr. Uoldie, at Wrightfield,
near Ayr. We have seen a priced list of very rare and beautiful articles,
entirely hardy, and chiefly herbaceous, cultivated by him; and, knowing
Mr. (ioldie to be remarkably correct in his botanical nomenclature, and
worthy of the greatest confidence, both as a botanist and a man, we cannot
but strongly recommend him to pul)lic patronage.

A Hardener distinguishing hiuisdf in any honourable way is always to ns
a source of satisfaction, and wc have seldom been more gratified in this
manner than by the perusal of a speech of Mr. Finlayson, gardener, at
Haddington, as reported in the Scotsman of May 5. Mr. Finlayson spoke
figuratively of plants and flowers, and applieil his metaphors to the passing
subject of the day (Keform), in a mamier which did credit to his fancy,
taste, and judgment. A man may be a very good gardener, without
troulding himself with any thing else ; but, if he knows nothing else, he
may as well be a slave as free. — Cond.

IRELAND.

Gardening, notwithstanding our political connnotions, and the dreadful
state of uncertainty that this country will be in for some years to come,
appears to be pr()s|)ering. Seven years have elapsed since I saw the
gardeners in the neighbourhood of Dublin, and I certainly know some dif-
ference in them. The exertions of Mr. Mackay, both in his own garden,
and in promoting a taste for plants wherever he goes, have had no small
influence in producing the present state of things ; but by far the most
scientific and enthusiastic young gardener in the neighbourhooil of Dublin
is your corres|)oudent, INlr. Mallet, juu. If this \oimg man were consulted
by the Dublin architects, he would teach them what they know very little
of at present, how to apply the mo.lern improvements in heating and ven-

Domestic Notices : — Ireland. 475

tilating both to private and public buildings. I have seen the first part of
your Cottage Architecture here on one or two tables. Were this country
in a state for building cottages, I am persuaded it would do much good, by
teaching the masons and carpenters this part of their business; for, as to
architects, no Irish gentleman would ever think of employing one, unless
he were going to build a mansion, and then he is sure to send for an
Englishman. You shall hear from me again from Belfast. In the mean
time, I am, <&c. &c. — R. S. Dublin, June 1. 1832.

The Garden of the Bishop of Cloi/ne. — " You ask me to explain, at length,
the particulars of my situation at Cloyne. This place, which is a dirty
Irish village, lies in a valley that seems evidently to have been formed, in
some distant age, by the waters of Cork harbour in their way to the sea ;
a branch of that harbour still reaching a considerable way up the S. W.
part of it, and the Bay of Ballicotton encroaching on it towards the N. E.
On every other part extends a chain of hills well cultivated, but without
trees. In the middle of the valley, about three miles from the harbour, and
as much from the sea, rises a small insulated hill, or rather hillock, on
which lie the village, church, and house ; and as this spot has a few toler-
able trees about it, and is ornamented by a fine round tower, I do not
wonder that an Irishman coming from Dublin through a naked country, for
a hundred and fifty miles, should think it a beautiful spot ; or that an Eng-
lishman landing in Cork harbour, anfl comparing it with his own rich and
well-cultivated valleys, should wonder at Berkeley's liking it. The church
is large, but not handsome, with one bell only, a very good organ, and its
proper appurtenances of vicars choral and singing boys. The episcopal
house is at the east end of the village, a large irregular building, having been
altered and improved by different bishops, but altogether a comfortable
and handsome residence : the side next the village has a very close screen
of shrubs and trees, and the three other sides look to a large garden, and a
farm of four hundred acres. This farm constitutes what is called the glebe
lands, is generally close to the palace, and was intended for the corn and
cattle consumed at the bishop's table. The bishop is therefore not al-
lowed, by act of parliament, to lease it out, but may let any part of it
from year to year. I keep about fifty acres, enough to supply my stable
with hay, and my dairy with milk, in my own hands ; and these fifty acres
compose three fields immediately contiguous to the house. The garden is
large, four acres, consisting of four quarters, full of fruits, particularly straw-
berries and raspberries (which it v.'as soon found his lordship had a predi-
lection for), and is separated, as well as surroundetl, by shrubberies, which
contain some pretty winding walks, and one large one of nearly a quarter
of a mile long, adorned for great part of its length, by « hedge of myrtles
6 ft. high, planted by Berkeley's own hand, and which had each of them a
large ball of tar put to their roots : the evidence of this fact is beyond contra-
diction. At the end of the garden is what we call the Kock Shrubbery, a
walk leading under young trees, among sequestered crags of limestone,
which hang many feet above our heads, and ending at the mouth of a cave
of unknown length and depth, branching to a great distance under the
earth, sanctified by a thousand wild traditions, and which, I have no doubt,
sheltered the first wild inhabitants of the town in its gloomy windings ; and
gave rise at last to the town itself, cluain being the Irish name for a cave
or place of retirement. Caves were, you know, till lately, places of retreat
in the Scotch Islands, to which the natives fled in the time of invasion ;
they were the fortresses of the first savages, and gave birth naturally
to towns in their neighbourhoods, as the Iloman camps and Saxon
castles did in England at a later period. I have enclosed this place, which
is a favourite spot of mine, with a low wall, enlarged its limits, and planted
it with shrubs which grow in this southern part of Ireland (where frost is
unknown) to a luxuriance of which the tall myrtles I have mentioned may

476 Walk round the Garden of

give you some idea. Here I always spend some part of every day ; some-
times with the mistress of my affections, with her arm in mine, I plan
little schemes of future amusement; and, at other less playful hours,

' Walk thoughtful on the quiet solenm shore
Of that vast ocean I must sail so soon;

and wait the wind

That silent wafts me to the world unknown.'

On a Sunday, too, the gates are always thrown open, that my Catholic
neighbours may indulge themselves with a walk to the cave. A saint, I
forget whether male or female, presides over its recesses : —

' Nemus, et nigra formidine collem,
Quis Deus inccrtum est, habitat Dens, Arcades ipsura
Credunt se vldisse.'

On all other days of the week, no one ventures to intrude upon my
retirement, not even the prebendary in residence : —

* Pavet ipse saccrdos

Accessiun, Domin unique timet deprendere loci.'

At least so I found the rule established; but, as I hate the insolence
of wealth, I have been employing the carpenters some time past in making
that sort of gate which cannot be left open for cattle, or shut against man.

" Of Berkeley little is remembered, though his benevolence, I have no
doubt, was very widely diffuseil. He made no improvement to the house ;
yet the part of it he inhabited wanted it nuich, for it is now thought only
good enough for the upper servants. My study is the room where he
kept his apparatus for tar water. I wish he Inul |)lanteil, instcail of build-
ing; if, indeed, he built any thing, for I cannot find any trailition of it.
Crowe, one of his jjredecessors, and Johnson, one of his successors, ap-
pear to have contributed most to the comfort of the place; but had there
been a venerable oak or two nursed by the care of this excellent man, with
iiow nuich respect should I have rested under its branches ! and in no spot
of earth do trees grow with more vigoiu*. There is no chapel in the
house; i)ut a private door from the garden leads to the catheilral. The
bell is in the round tower, the gift of Davies, dean of Ross.

" 1 have thus, I tiiink, run through every tiling relative to the situation of
Cloyne. The neighboiu-hood is gooil ; the barony of Imokilly, which sur-
rounds it, particularly fertile. Two lords are near me, (Shannon and
Longueville, hostile to each otiier, but vying in civility to me. The com-
mon people getting rich, iioni the money spent by the large detachments
of the army and navy occasionally detained in Cork harbour ; and giving
any price for fresh provisions. Protestants, comj)aratively, none. We are
twenty English miles from Cork, which lies much farther from its own
harbour than we do. On the whole, if you survey this place with an
English eye, you would fiuti little to reconnnend ; but with an Irish one,
nothing to blame." {llcnmll, Jiixlmp ofClni/nc, lo Dr. Parr, in July 16.
Vim {Works of Dr. Purr^ by Johndonc.)—G. M. Li/nn, Dec. 1828.

Art. III. A JVcdk, on the 30/A of June, round the Garden of the
late Comtcsse de Vandes. By J. D.

Tnis garden delights and surprises one the more from the situation in
which it is found. The approach to it is through Lavender Mews, which,
though far from scentless, effuse nought of lavender odour. On opening
the closely boarded gate of the garden, fixeil in the boundary wall which

the late Comlesse de Vandes. 477

encloses the garden from the disagreeable mews, a prepossessing display of
floral splendour instantly bursts on the eye. A broad, straight, longish,
gravelled, well kept, box- edged walk, conducts you from the entrance-gate
up to the stove, one end of which just juts into view at the end of the
walk, and to the gardener's residence behind it. This fine walk is sup-
ported all the way, on the right hand and left, by a broadish border, richly
stocked with the more showy and comparatively choice herbaceous plants,
all receding, in the order of heads at a theatre, from the walk, according to
their relative heights, and supported in the rear by a liberal supply of vvell-
established, large-headed, tallish-stemmed, standard rose trees. Two banks
of flowers are thus formed, which slope to the walk ; and the numerous
plants now blooming, with their flowers in form and hue almost as various
as the species which produce them, constitute a richly variegated scene,
which cannot be viewed in any jiart of this walk, and from either end
especially, without the spectator's being enlivened, refreshed, and gratified.
The rose trees, although abounding in buds, had, as yet, scarcely expanded
any of their blossoms, except the Boursault's and the crimson Chinese :
Boursault's seems to branch too diffusively and droopingly to become an
elegant standard rose tree. When the end of this walk and the corner of
the stove are reached, you perceive that the stove forms but part of a
range of houses which traverses the garden directl}- across its centre, and
that the first-named walk divides itself, at the stove's end, into a walk in
front and a walk behind this range. Walking along in front of the range,
you have dwarf pits covered by lift-up lights hinged into the front wall of
the houses on your left hand, and a lawn on your right. The lawn is the
length of this range, is in figure the segment of a circle, and without great
depth, but is occupied by the choicer herbaceous plants, and some shrubs,
grouped in beds, and by various ornamental shrubs placed singly. Among
the latter is a fine Ribes sanguineum, bearing numerous oblong berries,
which, in their present green state, are even more astringent than are the
black and ripened berries of the fragrant-flowered Rihes aureum. A
Chionanthus virglnica, a bushy broad-leaved shrub 6 ft. in height, is now
abounding in panicles of blossoms, which are cut into linear segments, and
so may justify tlie appellation of fringe tree, as their snowy whiteness does
that of C!hionanthus. A very fine Althaea frutex, whose multitudinous buds
are just now perceptible, and promise how superbly showy it will be some
weeks hence, is another of the single shrubs. A cincture of flowering
plants and shrubs encircles the back or bottom of the lawn, and separates
it from the horticultural quarters situate beyond, which, by these shrubs
and flowers, are partly concealed from view. Leaving the lawn, you have
reached the other end of the range of houses, and there behold the exact
counterpart of the opposite side of the garden, that up which you passed
on entering, namely, a similar broad walk, skirted on its two sides by two
borders of the same capacity as those beside the first-named walk, and,
like them, beautified with the lovely furniture of blooming herbaceous
plants, and standard rose trees, for the most part yet in bud but very
partially in blossom. Between the back of the outermost of the flower-
borders, on both sides of the garden, and the boundary wall or fence, a
short space intervenes as a border for the fruit trees, with which the
boundary walls are fruitfully occupied. The inner two of the above-
named four flower-borders, and the cincture encircling the back or bottom
of the lawn, enclose three sides of the central part of the garden, which is
in figure a rectangular oblong, and appropriated to the growth of vege-
tables and fruits ; but even here the love for decoration manifests itself in
some standard rose trees and other objects of ornament planted beside the
cross walks. It should have been remarked, that the two outer of the
four flower-borders mentioned are led round, past the end, and one of
them to the back, of the range of houses, where they terminate. The

478 JVallc rowul the Garden of

wall of the gardener's eottaj^e Is ornamented with shrubs trained over it ;
a licaltliv Bour.sault's rose, bein>; one of them, is now finely in flower: a
very narrow border at the wall's foot is occupied Inafew species of plants
which have been found adaptat)le to that situation. Sheds wing the
gardener's house to the right and left, and, w ith a room for the accommo-
dation of tlie men (see Vol. VII. p. 617.), make up the whole back of the
range. This being a northern aspect, here, during summer, is kept a
limited but select collection of potted alpine plants, among which that
tiny exquisite, Linaria alpina, was about to bloom profusely, and Litho-
spermnm maritimum (Pulmonaria maritinia tiiat used to be) was display-
ing its strikingly glaucous foliage, and Mitella diphyila was exhibiting its
glistening jet black seeds in its opening capsules, shaped precisely like
diminutive mitres, whence the generic name. In this collection stands a
plant, not now blooming, but well deserving mention here, i^anunculus
bulbosus var. ochroleucus ; it was j)icked up in some neighbouring mea-
dow, b} that observant and original botanist, Mr. David Bishop, curator of
the Botanic (iarden at Belfast, and has, for three seasons in succession,
produced its blossoms of the palest yellow* : it is a very cognisable and a
permanent variety, and, as such, is insertetl in the just published Additional
Supplement to Loudon's Hortus Britannicus. It was remarked that the
range traverses the garden across its centre, but the half behind the
range is much the smaller, and wholly occupied by vegetables and the
forcing-frames and conveniences, except a sunk pit, with a walk along its
back, inside, for the culture of the more showy tender OrchidciE and
AmaryWidcce.

To have done w ith the borders, I will name some half a dozen indivi-
duals, which, on this occasion, happened most particularly to arrest my
attention : — A species of Yucca gloriosa was densely in bloom, too
densely to make the most of itself; G^eum coccineum and Quilli/on;
P3?6nia edulis Whitley/, edulis fragrans, and edulis Ilumcv; Campanula ma-
crantha, very fine; ylVum iJracunculus, especially so, one clump of it had not
fewer than five extremely large spathes expanded together, ami more yet
to be expanded; ylnchusa italica, C'entaurea macrocephala, Pr'\s ochro-
Icuca, the French white double rocket, and numerous others, which I must
omit to n)eution. This French white double rocket thrives far better about
London than the old kind, has a longer and laxer raceme, the flowers,
individually, being farther apart, and, I think, larger, and quite as fragrant
in the evening as those of the olil kind. Of a gigantic variety of the
Norman candytuft (/beris umbellata) numerous plants, |)laced singly, at
intervals, along the border, were in blossom. This is a valuable ornament;
it attains the height of 2 ft., and sometimes beyoiul this ; and the usual
colour of the species is, in many of the plants, nuich increased in intensity :
the efl(L'ct of the large corymb of umbels, which each plant forms, is a mass
of colour of the greatest value to the piu'poses of the decorative gardener.
Among curious plants was an admirable clump of the yJ'llium nigrum,
displaying not fewer than six or eight fine umbels of flowers; Phlomis
tnberosa ; .Spira-'a Filipendula, double-flowered, which is conunon about
Bayswater; ylsphudelus creticus, which seems as if a more elegant edition
of the prevalent //. Intens; and two fine j)lants, copiously in blossom, of
that hybriil Digitalis obtained from seeils of D. anibigua, which had been
artificially im|)regnated with the pollen of (iloxin/w speciosa, as already
noticed in this iNIagazine ( Vol. VII. p. oH-i., in the note). The flowers
of the hybrid difl'cr from those of D. ambigua in being slightly larger, more
fleshy in texture, and in having the yellow ground almost obliterated, or
coloured over with a reililish one, the colour being now, |)erhaps, a biiflred
one; the leaves are those oil), ambfgiui, nnuh increased in ^ize, anil, I think,
in pubescence and pcrhajis in succnlency. //Uthyrus latifolius var.albiflorus,
which flowered so finely in this garden last autumn, is now rising strongly.

the late Comtcsse de Vandes. 479

with numerous stems, to do the same this autumn, or, perhaps, rather, end
of summer. The mandrake is abounding in green, almost globular, berries,
the size of half-grown oranges, and which they will, when ripe, further
resemble in their colour, and in their pulp being fragrant, although the
odours of the two kinds of pulp are different enough.

The range of houses consists of a stove of twelve lights, a tea-room, and
two green-houses of six lights each ; so that the tea-room occupies the
centre of the range. On passing through the stove, which is richly stocked
with a choice collection of species, the following objects most obtained
attention : — Combretum comosuni had been blooming profusely and
vigorously, and a few last lingering blossoms yet remained; Combretum
purpureum was also now in blossom, but past its best : these two species
are now referred to the genus Poivre«. Erythrina Crista galli was superbly
splendid, in a vigorous raceme of its well known glorious blossoms ;
Erythrina carnea, almost without foliage, was about to flower ; and
Erythrina caffra promised to succeed it. Brass/a maculata was adorned
with a raceme of six flowers, the three exterior divisions of each of which
are linear lanceolate, of a very pale yellow sj)otted with purple, and 2a in.
long, so as to render the extreme expansion of each flower equal to 5in. :
the flowers are fragrant, and supported on an erect axillary peduncle,
which reached to just above the leaves. Cereus grandiflorus, the night-
blooming cereus, was about to flower profusely. On the night of June 25.
three flowers had opened ; as many as ten flowers, now, June 30., appeared,
of equal age and forwardness, and as if they would all expand on the 2d or
3d of July, [of the ten mentioned, 9 flowered on the evening of the 2d, and
one on the evening of the 3d,] and there were, besides, two buds so back-
ward, that a week or two more must elapse previously to their opening. Of
the genus Xylophylla, very remarkable for bearing its flowers on the edges
of its leaves, two species, latifolia and longifolia, were in blossom; and the
flowers of X. latifolia are fragrant : those of X. longifolia, the plant not
being conveniently accessible, I did not smell to. Two plants of Cerbera
Mdnghas were displaying numerous flower-heads, but would not flower for
two or more weeks to come. Lippiw dulcis was now abounding in its
very sweet liquorice-flavoured leaves, which remind one of those of another
stove plant, the wild liquorice (A^brus precatorius), as well as those of the
almost hardy Terbena pulchella ; but they far exceed in sweetness those
of the last. A second plant of the most interesting Billberg/« zebrina
(zebrina, in expression of the transverse bands of white formed at intervals
across the back of its dull green leaves) was indicating the rising of a
scape of flowers. A plant of this species, which bloomed about three
weeks previous, here, was a gratifying object. The scape reached the
height of 2 ft. from the top of the pot, and bore thirteen bracteas, from
4 in. to 5 in. long, and of the exquisite colour of the innermost segments
of the blossoms of Cereus speciosissinuis, which contrasted most strikingly
with the dull green leaves and yellow green flowers. The flowers were
forty in number, and, from their base to the tip of their long projecting
stamens, 2 in. long. The sepals, of a yellow-green colour, at first cover
these stamens; but when once they separate at the tip of the flower, where
they had met, they roll themselves back into a scroll, and lie snugly beside
the tip of the germen, like an unexpanded curl.

On quitting the stove, you pass through glass doors into the tea-room ;
and, on the opposite side of this tea-room see corresponding glass doors,
which admit you to the green-house ; and also enable the inspector in the
tea-room, whether sitting or standing, to see therefrom part of the contents
of the stove on one side, and of those of the green-house on the other.
This room is a rectangular oblong with its corners cut off, making in effect
an octagon with three unequal kinds of sides, the longest of which are
formed by the stove and green-house ends; of the remaining sides, three

480 JVal/c ronnd the Garden of

are at the back, and tlirec project in front sonic feet beyond the line of the
rantje of ghiss houses. In tlie central or larger of the three siiles in front,
a glass door with foKling halves is placed ; and, in the lateral sides, windows
of the like construction, all opening to the ground, and enabling egress to
be inaile at once upon the gravel-walk which traverses along the front, and
from thence to the lawn, all the beauties of which are seen through the
glass iloor and side windows, or to any part of the garden. This room is spa-
cious ; and from having no glass in its roof, and from its ceiling being lofty,
is a luxurious place of retreat from the heat of sunnner. In it, on stands,
a few select potted |)!ants in fiower are successively ilisplayed, but not so
numerously as to encumber. A fine iieaithy plant of the fan aloe (J'loe
plicatilis) is now blooming there, and the plant is thought to be from
twenty to tiiirty years old : it is j)ossibly not more, as it seems by its wood
never to have been checked in its growth ; but, for its age, this is a very
fine specimen. I have only seen one finer specimen, which is in the con-
servatory of the Cambridge Botanic Gartlen, and is very much older. In
this tea-room, during winter, is kept one of the finest plants of /fcacia
arniata I have ever seen. Its stem, at the surface of the soil, is 5 in. in
diameter; its topmost boughs are at least 7 ft. from the surface of the tub,
which is of itself 3 ft. or -i ft. ileep. being a cube of about this gauge. The
branches of the plant are mostly on one side, and ()roject 5 ft. or G ft. from
the centre of the tub ; and, in early spring, are headed abundantly w ith
balls of golden blossoms, wiiich, besides rendering the plant a glorious
object to that floodgate of our delights, the human eye, effuse an agreeable
odour very obviously perceptible on entering the apartment.

Leaving the tea-room for the green-house, you enter its end through the
glass doors mentioned; and find it (the first one) occupied by a judicious
selection of the more beautifully blossomed plants, which, though quite
gay two months or more ago, are not now numerously in Howcr. The
body or back part of the second green-house is occupied by a choice col-
lection of the superior varieties of CamelhV/, admirably grown; and among
their gorgeous display of blossoms which, each spring, they make, few
excel in splendour the C. japonica Vandes« and \'andes« superba, two
varieties obtained from seeds in this truly delightful garden. The pits in
front of the green-houses are occupied by plants in i)ots of the frame-plant
class. Dianella ca^nilea and Arthropodium cirratum are now blooming
finely here ; as is the beautiful Dietes bicolor, recently publisheil in the
Botanical lic^hter, t. l-K)+., as /Vis bicolor.

It should iiave been remarked, that, in front of the tea-room, this
range of pits is interrupted ; and as it was remarked that the tea-room's
front projects some feet, it will he perceived that a recess is formed, which
receives this range of pits, witliout reiulering thcni obji'cts too consjiicuous.
The pits in front of" the stove arc now occupied by bloomingpelargoniiuns,
which have j)assed the heyday of their this year's beauty ; aiul by nume-
rous seedling plants raised from seeds purchaseil of Mr. llugii Cunnning, a
recent importer of a copious Huj)ply of the natural prt)ducts of Chile into
England. From the seeds [)urchased, ami which must have been judiciously
selected by the |)urcliaser, nnuiy matters of promise have been raised. Of
these, I collected notices of the following: —

Calceolarias, five shrubby kinds, all with foliage diflering from those in
connnon cultivation; one of these shows yellow blossoms. (.)f herbaceous
species, one has purple flowers, anil its lower li|), or slipper-front, is laid
in plaits : this is a beautifid kind, and clearly distinct from C. pur-
purea; it has lanceolate toothed leaves, suffused with a very slight degree
of whiteness. Another herbaceous species has leaves somewhat plantain-
like, stems nearly 2 ft. high, branched in the u|)|)er part, and bearing nume-
rous-flowered corymbs of blossoms of a rich full yellow colour. A third
iierbaccous kind has stems about 1 ft. high, bearing corymbs of blossoms

the iale Cojntesse de Fancies. ■iSl

which are all of a red-brown colour on the exterior upper portion of the
corolla; in the lower part, yellow. A fourth herbaceous kind has its
younger leaves quite shaggy, the flower-scape about 6 in. high, the flowers
largish, deep yellow, and the slipper internall}- striped with orange. In
Leguminosse, two plants of the LoudonzV?, noticed in Vol. VII. p. C90., are
up, and 5 in. or 6 in. high ; the leaflets of the pinnated leaves, and the leaves
themselves, draw together on the approach of night, and evince what is
termed " the sleep of plants" as sensitively as many plants of this order.
Of Adesmia, two or three kinds are up ; one of them bears branched thorns.
In Compositae, there is a Mutis/«, probably /licifolia, with a deeply-winged
stem, and oval, toothed, undivided leaves, each terminated by a long tendril ;
a plant with opposite, stalked, hastate, toothed, smooth leaves, and at pre-
sent with but one, three or four flowered, corymb of whits rayless heads of
flowers, resembling, as seen glancingly, those of a Eupatdviuni. Of Tripti-
lion, there are two kinds. One with prickly foliage, and with branches tipped
with numerous minute heads of whitish flowers ; this is about G in. high,
and will probably be but annual ; the same kind has been raised in the
Chelsea Botanic Garden. The second species has not flowered; but, from
Mr. Cuming's specimens, bears blue blossoms. There are two species of
Chaitanthera with yellowish blossoms. Besides these, there are several
species of Compositae, some in bloom, of which I have no names to call
them by. Of Schizanthus, three kinds have been raised. One is thought
to be but a variety of S. pinnatus, as it differs chiefly in having two con-
spicuous spots on the upper part of the flower. A second kind has a
compact form, stiff' straightish branches, and very neatly pinnated leaves ;
in its flower, the whole upper part is of a very faint blush colour, the lower
part of a kind of an intense red lilac, and in the centre of the flower is a
yellow spot, itself spotted with minute spots of this lilac colour, which
some would call a purple. The third kind is very pubescent, with gland-
tipped clammy hairs. Of ^Stachys grandidentata, there were five or six
plants in bloom, their flower-stems near a yard high ; among these plants
were two or three strongly marked varieties. An herbaceous species of
Zyinum, with small leaves, has borne a large yellow flower, the remains of
which 1 saw : the plant seems perennial. Of Terbena, there is a species
with creeping stems, which emit roots from their joints, as the glorious V.
chamaedrifolia does ; but this has faintly blush blossoms, not showy, and
borne in axillary-stalked heads. There is a Campanula with numerously
branched stems, about 1 ft. in theii' greatest height, and bearing linear
leaves and numerous small white blossoms. Of Lobel/a, three kinds are
up; one of these seems an ally of L. Ti/pcr. Of Escall6ni«, there are two
or three kinds ; of Ribes, one kind ; of Francos, one kind, which is expected
to prove the white-flowered species, F. ramosa ; three species of Salpiglos-
sis, one of which is very beautiful, and considerably resembles S. plcta ;
another will, I suspect, prove near akin to the S. integrifolia, lately figured
in the Botanical Magazine, t. 3113.; and the third is considered to be S.
straminea. A species of *S'chinus ; a species of iSolanum, the leaves of
which call to mind those of S. Pseudo-capsicum, although they are more
glaucous and succulent ; a ilialva with trailing stems, lobed toothed leaves,
and axillar}-, red brick-colovired, peduncled blossoms ; Tropae^olum tri-
colorum, that vneofthe most elegant of green-house climbers. Calampelis ;
perhaps distinct from scabra, perhaps not. A plant under the name of
jE'phedra, which is possibly Retanilla £'phedra, since figured in Loddiges's
Botanical Cabinet, t. 1830.; a CoWhtia, which is possibly but scrratifolia,
previously in our collections; Acee^na, two or three species; one species
of Umbelliferae ; Aldea circinata ; two species of Alstrcemen'a ; two spe-
cies of Macrae' a ; and one little thyme-like plant, whose leaves, on contact,
effuse the pleasant odour of pennyroyal. — J. D.
Vol. VIII. — No. 39. i i

482 lieh'ospecfive Criticism.

Akt. IV. Retrospective Criticism.

The Gardens of Frederick Botirne, Esq., and those of Counsettor West
(p, 83. 371.). — Sir, From some observations which occur in your last
S'unibcT, upon certain " corrections " which I lately sent you for the
Enci/ilojKcdia of Gardening, I feci it necessary to recur to them, and will
feel nuich oblijied by your publishini;; the following, of which I doubt not
you will perceive the propriety : — The writer of these observations, who
IS wholly unknown to me, says I have instituted an invidious comparison
between the gardens of Frederick Bourne, Esq., and those of Counsellor
West. I proposed no comparison of any kind : what I have said may be
erroneous ; but I deny that it is invidious. I am sorry to say, Mr Con-
ductor, that you are, I think, to blame in this matter. 1 sent you correc-
tions for a new edition of the Encijctopccdia of Gardening in a letter, part
of which was not intended for publication any where, and the rest cer-
tainly not in the Gardener's Magazine, but in the work which it proposed
to correct ; and there, altered, divided, and properly allocated, by you.
What I said of Mr. Bourne's gardens was intended to remove the im-
pression which its standing noticed in nearly " solitary grandeur " was
calculated to produce, and not with any view of decrying its intrinsic
merits, which are many. The communication was confidential, and I
must say you ought not to have crudely published it. I feel deeply con-
cerned that it has ever met the public eye; the more especially, as I am
honoured with Mr. Bourne's acquaintance; from whose memory, I have
no doubt, should this " amende " meet his eye, the observations alluded
to will be wholly effaced ; and as you, Mr. Conductor, are not guiltless in
the transaction, you cannot better show your contrition, than by giving
with your usual candour the earliest possible insertion to this. 1 am.
Sir, yours, &c. — Hol)crt Mallet. 94-. Capel Street, Dublin, June 13. 1832.

We hold ourselves perfectly guiltless. The communication (p. 83.) was
evidently intended for being made public, as any one may perceive by turn-
ing to it. If it were not, why was it sent without being marked " private,"
like a postscript, for example, in the letter now sent, which, of course,
we do not print ? We consider it our duty to the i)urchasers of the
next edition of our Encijclopccdia of Gardening, to publisii the correc-
tions sent us for it first in the Gardener's Magazine, in oriler that their
accuracy may be tested, and tiie necessity of this precaution is proved by
our correspondent's letter. — We have received (this July Gtli) certain iron
rtower-stakes invented by Mr. Mallet, which we shall be happy to figure in
an early Number. — Cond.

The CHrciilation of the Saj) in Clidra, discovered hy JMr. Varley, not by
j\fr. liurnett. (p. 142.) — Sir, in the Gardener's Magazine, in the article
" On the Circulating System of Plants^' p. 142 — 147., my name is mentioned
so as to leave an inference that 1 was in no way connected with the snlijcct
there treated of. I will therefore restate it, with such addition of my
name, as those persons who know the facts have reason to expect. " On
the 1 7th of January last, he (Mr. Burnett) exhibited with a good micro-
.scoi)e, in which too great a glare of (it should have been, all lateral) light
was avoided, by interposing Varley's dark chamber, several specimens of
t'hara previously dissected (by Mr. Varley, that gentleman having suc-
ceeded in preserving the plant, and numerous young seedlings, in a thriving
state all through the winter, and having obliged those who applied to him,
with samples prepared and pat up ready for microscopic exhibition) ; when
the motion of the sap was demonstrated to the satisfaction of the then chair-
man, Sir J. M*(iregor, aiul was seen by almost every one present

The course of the sap in Chara is so far ascertained, tliat Mr. Burnett
thinks himself justified in declaring (in the words of INIr. Varley) that'

Retrospective Criticism. 483

each joint or limb has an individual circulation ; and although it nia}- have
a communication with other joints, }'ct that its motion is complete in
itself. The section of a rootlet, or of a joint, shows it to consist of
(the plant consists chiefly of tubes, which are somewhat tough and
flexible : when any of these arc cut, that length is killed, and nearly all
the contents run out, therefore its true section cannot be seen ; but, from
careful and repeated examinations, Mr. Varley has ascertained that, sup-
posing the section could be obtained, it would consist of) two lateral
simple semilunar ducts {fig. 8;2. : this fact Mr. Varley discovered, and
told to Mr. 13urnett, who ought not to have used it without
acknowledging whence it came), each being the channel of a
current that traverses the joint in an opposite direction to the
other ; the course of the one being up, the other down." And
from the great similarity exhibited by all parts of the 6'hara,
we may safely infer that such a section will serve for each
portion even of the root ; for although the}' are no thicker
than the finest cobweb, yet, when highly magnified, they exhibit the same

kind of circulation.
The extremely thin in-
ner cellular membrane
which divides the sap
from the central fluid,
is attached to the tubes their whole length at two ojiposite sides, which
lines of attachment take a spiral course around the tubes, {fig. 83.)

Now, Sir, 1 send the following statement, that you may know the
facts. Because Mr. Burnett found it difficult to manage the Chara, he
requested me to favour him by exhibiting it for him, at his opening lecture
at the King's College, and I have since supplied him with an apparatus of
my contrivance, by which it may be kept growing, and ready for instant
inspection during many weeks (which machine he has never recharged
with Chara himself, but always sent to me to be replenished) ; and it has
so happened, that nearly all the Chara that has been publicly exhibited
during the winter, was of my providing and fitting for microscopic use. I
have repeatedly exhibited it at the Royal Institution at their Friday even-
ing meetings ; and at the Tuesday evening meetings of the Society of Arts,
&c. ; and have in the 48th vol. of the Transactions of the last-mentioned
Society, given a tolerably full description, accompanied by engravings, of
the plant. I believe, if Mr. Burnett had attempted to dissect the Chara,
he would never have said that " a section of a rootlet, or of a joint (see
p. 143.) shows it to consist of lateral ducts," &c. ; for it shows no such
thing : nothing is seen but a tube, somewhat like a quill, dirtied by some
of the broken up membrane that had been on it. I have washed short
lengths of this membrane out in two ribands, and also as a whole tube.
It consists of minute cells united by a membrane so extremely thin as not
to be touched without damage. Leaving these facts entirely at your dis-
posal, 1 have only to add that I shall be happy to show you my con-
trivance for preserving such objects alive, and quite ready for placing under
the highest power of a microscope. I remain. Sir, 3'ours, &c. — Cornelius
Varley. Charles Street, Clarendon Square, Somers Town, June, 1832.

Corrections for this Magazine, and for the Encyclopcedia of Gardening. —
Sir, As you appeared to consider my contributions to your Magazine to
be of little importance, and to treat me with indifference, I withdrew my
attention from it altogether from June, 1830, and should not have troubled
myself further about it, had not a joung nurseryman, on inspecting my
trees, observed that he had seen my method of training my reversed
dwarfs, published in your Magazine, Vol. VIII. p. 437., which he took in. I
borrowed it of him, and also your 'Encyclopccdia of Gardening, which I
had not before seen ; and, notwithstanding you published mv paj)er of

I I 2 " '

4&4 Relrospaihe Criticism.

Ft'l)riiarv, 1830, in your Number for Auiiust, 1831, I perhaps should not
have amiiii obtruded upou you, if 1 hail uot eousidercd myself as publicly
treated with jjreat illiberality aud iujiistice, iu both your Majjaziue aud
F.uct/clojHcdift ; but, as this is the case, I trust you will eousider nic en-
titled to a public explauatiou, and afiord nie an o|)portunity to defend
myself, by giving this address an early insertion in your iMagazine.

On cxamiuing the index of your Enn/rlupa'dia, I coulil not find my
name; but observing that of" lleywood," I referred to the page directed,
ftnd there I fountl that you had given my name correctly, but described nie
as having been a Yorkshire clothier ; \s hereas I never w as a Yorkshire,
but was a Wiltshire, clothier.

In your descri|Jtion of the practice of gardening, under tiic head Ptacli,
you say (§ 4503.), " Hay ward suggests the umvi/-fait manner, as likely to
answer better than the common mode of fan-training;" thus treating
it as a mere theory ; but if you (|uote my book (Science of Horticti/liire)
at all, why not ([uote correctly? I do not merely suggest that mode
(IS likcli/ to answer, but give it as the result of demonstrated experi-
ment, and sni/ jxisiliir/i/ that it is better than the common mode, but not
equal to the mode by two stems (which I have described and elucidated
by sketches), except on a low wall, because it does not produce so equal
a division of saj). I have also described the principles and laws of
nature upon which my dirt'erent methods of training are grounded ; and
have proved, not only that the peculiarity which you term (he wavjj is
essential to the regular extension of the tree, but also (by a reference to
the sketches), that, this mode being more conformable to those laws of
nature, a tree by it may be brought to cover a greater space of wall, and
to produce more fruit, in a less time, than can be done either by Hitt's,
Forsyth's, or Knight's methods of training ; and that the sjjace of wall
allotted to each tree may be more regularly covereil with bearing wood,
and be thus continued for a greater length of time, than can possibly
be done by other methods : but you do not explain tliose laws. The
sketch with two stems you have in another place given correctly ; but
there you say, " lleywood considers," &c., instead of giving my name, and
explaining it to be a mode which 1 had successfully practised for many
years, and found it in ever}' way i)ossessing advantages su|)erior to any
other mode of training the [)each, because it promoted a more complete
division of the sap, and produceil a greater equality in the growth of
branches. You also give a correct sketch of my mode of training from a
single stem ; but again treat it as a mere theory, by siiying, " lleywood pro-
poses," &c. And in another place you give correct sketches of my mode
of training spiral dwarfs, but do not name me i-s the author. On training
the vine, you treat me with great injustice: in ^ 2979. }ou give my name
correclly, but the sketches you give are not mine, and such a.s neither
resemble n)ine, nor fairly exhibit the advantages of my mode of training
on the |)rinciples I have explained ; which |irinci|)les you do not explain,
but you give sketches of iVIr. Main's moile, which, although they nearly
resemble mine, are but a bungling representation ; and the merits of this
mode rest entirely on my principles. Mr. iSeton's plan, also, is grounded
on my principles, and the success of his method nuisl di|)cnd entirely upon
their being strictly c()nt()rmed to. Then, as my principles and moiie of
training the vine were |)ul)lished in vol. i. p. 17:^. of the llorticitllttral
Tiunsdcitons, am I not entitled to the merit of their first publication ?

In your INIagazine, Vol. VII. |). 687., you say, " The peach tree,
trained as a .specimen of Seymour's method, already covers a .space of
.30 ft. in length. Mr. Thompson, as we have before observed, considers
this mode ilecidedly the best for |)eaches and nectarines, and we therefore
are very desirous of repeating our reconunendations of it. // is the only
decided sc'u nlijic method that has ever been proposed, because there is a spe-
rijic reason for the j'osition of evny brtiuch and shoot of which the tree niai/

Rtirospcctivr Criticism. 1-85

coRsisC^ Undoubtedly, both you and Mr. Thompson are at Hbsrty to
prefer, and recommend, whatever system you think best ; but my mode of
training by two stems is also exhibited in the Chiswick garden ; and you
know that 1 have, in my book, not only given specific reasons for the posi-
tion of every branch, but have explained the [jrinciples and laws of nature
which render the position of the branches, as 1 have directed them to be
placed, absolutely necessary, to produce that equal division of the sap
which is essential to make the most of a tree trained within a given
space. Then, how can jou, who have quoted my book, feel justified in
making such a public declaration as that above quoted in italics ? Is it
that your understanding of the term science is different from that which I
have explained in your Magazine, Vol. V. p. 394'.? You say, Mr. Sey-
mour's mode is most scientijic, because a specific reason is assigned for the
position of every branch ; but may not any person assign a specific reason
for what he does, however absurd ? And may not any one suggest a
theory of the cause of an effect, however unfounded and erroneous ? Now,
I have not only assigned a specific reason for the position of every branch,
but have explained the principles and laws of nature which constitute the
cause of the effect desired to be produced: then, how can Mr. Seymour's
method be more scientific than mine ? You refer to Mr. Seymour's mode,
published in your Magazine in the years 1825, 1826, and 1830; but my
mode of training was published in a treatise in 1818, and laid before the
Horticultural Society of London long before that time : it must be clear,
then, that I could not have benefited by Mr. Seymour's mode and prin-
ciples; but he possibly may b}' mine. The fair question, then, is, are the
principles and laws of nature such as I have explained them ? Or, has
Mr. Seymour, or any other person, proved my notions to be erroneous, and
his correct ? If I am correct, it must result that Mr. Seymour can have
obtained no advantages, by his mode of training, over mine, or any other
method; but inasmuch as he has established the principles and con-
formed to the laws of nature (which I have explained) more correctly
than I, or others, have done; and, if Mr. Thompson, or others, who have
adopted my mode of training by two stems, have failed in perfecting my
plan, it must have been occasioned by their having neglected, or not under-
stood, those principles and laws of nature.

Although you and I may differ as to what constitutes science, it surely
cannot be a matter of indifference to your readers whether they possess a
knowledge of the science of horticulture, as defined by me, or not. How-
ever, to settle this, we will refer to Mr. Herschell's definition of science, as
given in Lardner's Cyclopcedia. He says, " The great, and indeed the only,
ultimate source of our knowledge of nature and its laws is experience.
But experience may be gained in two ways : either, first, by noticing facts
as they occur, without any attempt to influence the frequency of their
occurrence, or to vary the circumstances under which they occur; this is
observation : or, secondly, the putting in action causes and agents (over
which we have control), and purposely varying their combinations, and
noticing what effects take place ; this is experiment. To these two
sources, then, we may look as the fountains of all natural science." Now,
how does this apply to the subject before us ? This author also says,
" Arts cannot be perfected, until the whole processes are laid open, and
their language simplified and rendered universally intelligible. Art is the
application of knowledge to a practical end. If knowledge be merely accu-
mulated experience, the art is empirical ; but if it be experience reasoned
upon, and brought under general principles, it assumes a higher character,
and becomes a scientific art." He further says, " The whole tendency oi
empirical art is to bury itself in technicalities, and to place its pride in
particular short cuts and mysteries, known only to adepts ; to surprise and
astonish by results ; but to conceal processes. The character of science is

1 1 3

486 Jietrospectivc Criticism.

directly the contrary. It tlelights to lay itself open to enquiry; and is not
satisfied with its conclusions, till it make the road to tiiem broad and
beaten : and in its application it preserves the same character ; its whole
aim being to strip away all technical mystery ; to ilhnninate every dark
recess ; and to i^ain lice access to all processes, with the view to improve
them on rational principles." Accorilinfj to tiiose explanations, then, it
cannot be supposed that cither yourself or your readers can be indifferent
to the difiiision, or the obtaininir, of a knowlecii,'e of science ; or that you can
prefer cm[)irical to scientific knowleilge. i3ut if you agree with me in
thinking that what an ingenious author has said is just, viz., " That all
discussion is the touchstone of truth, and is constantly necessary to pre-
vent indifference, and to shake the overgrown influence of authority ; ami
that by it whatever falsehood there may be in doctrines will be made to
disappear ;" you will give this an early insertion. In that case, as many
of your readers may not have seen my book, or it may not be convenient
to refer to it, I will, in your next, state certain principles, with exemplifi-
cations for discussion. I beg to add that I am the more desirous of thus
establishing the truth, because I am confirmed in the opinion, that my
notions of the principles and laws of nature, which constitute the science
of horticulture, are correct, by the repeated experiments and constant ob-
servation of the thirteen years which have elapsed since the publication of
my book ; and because, believing that my former publication was neglected
from its not being sufficiently intelligible for the generality of practical
gardeners, I am about republishing the substance of it in a more simple
form ; that is, by question and answer, so as to form a Ilort'tculliiral Cate-
chism. Tills being the case, as I should be sorry to publish any thing as
true that I did not believe to be incontrovertibly so, if it can be proved
that I am in error, I will willingly submit to correction. I am, Sir, yours,

&c. Jascj)ti Hat/ward. U'ci/iitout/i, liadipolc, Maij 11. 1832.

rianthig KnolU in preference to HolUma. (Vol. VII. p. 413.) — 8ir, If 1
am not nuich mistaken, you have laid down a rule in regard to planting
knolls, in preference to hollows, which will not be found agreeable to the
rules } on profess to follow, viz. those of nature ; wood being nuich more
likely to establish itself in moist and sheltered hollows, than on dry and
exposed elevations. But I do not mention this merely because I consider
it a deviation from your general principles, but from the authority which it
would seem to give for defacing one of the most beautiful objects under
heaven, the green knoll. I will not say that knolls should in no case be
planted ; because where they arc numerous, a darker covering to some
would make the beauty of the others " beautiful exceedingly;" yet, with
that exception, I would submit it as a rule, to spare

" The rapturous charms of the bonnie green knowes,
Ilk spring to be deckit wi' bonnie white yowes."

I am aware, however, how impossible it is to lay down minor rules, which
would not in some instance of practice be subversi>e of the general
principle that ought always to be observed in any attem|)t at ornamental
planting, viz. to heighten llic character of the scenery. However poor
the situation may be, great in)|irovemcnts may be made in it by strictly
I'ollowing this principle. Are the dells insignificantly shallow ? They may
be deepened to the eye, if not in reality, by clothing their sides and sum-
mits with lofty trees ; but remember to spare any little grass-green emi-
nence which half bestrides the dell. Are the ridges ami luululations tame V
You may give them a bolder character by crowning them with wood : but
take especial care that it shall not ajipear to have been set on, like an ill-
uKule wig, upon the head of its owner. With regard to the outlines of
woods, those most adapted for pictures(]ue eflect may be foimd in sinuous
bays and jutting peninsulas, in isles and islets, with their coves and creeks.
You will olycct to a single tree forming an islet ; but 1 could not forego the

Retrospective Criticism. 487

pleasure of seeing a magnificent tree fully relieved on a sea of pasture, for
the sake of closely adhering to some fancied rule of nature, though I might
and should observe your advice by not placing it in the centre of the ocean.

Before entering upon another subject, I cannot forbear to mention how
very injudiciously the pruning-hook is made use of in ornamental plant-
ations. By improper pruning they are made to appear more like groves
of poles than masses of wood ; and thus you may see though them, and
into the clear daylight beyond, discovering, at the same time, the narrow-
ness of their Umits, which ought always, if possible, to be jealously con-
cealed. Such poor substitutes for trees look miserably on a flit «urface ;
and why their owners should be at such pains to lUar nature I canr ot
conceive, since I am of opinion that perfection in plantations so situated con-
sists in presenting to the spectator a mass of foliage, receding in gradation,
with bat partial variation, from a twenty feet tree to the loftiest of the
forest. Shrubs and flowers ought not invariably to recede from the point
of view in regular gradation of height, but should have, here and there, one
elevated above its neighbours, differing both in colour and kind ; and I ap-
prehend it would be found practicable to arrange herbaceous plants, so that
the decaying stalks of those gone out of flower might be concealed from
view by those coming, or yet to come, into flower. This plan might be
very successfully adopted towards paeonies, and many bulbous plants ; and
I would strongly recommend the [)ractite to such as are in the habit of
cropping their crocuses, or other bulbous plants immediately after flower-
ing, without considering that leaves are as necessary for the preservation
of a plant, as lungs are to the existence of a man. A flower-bed on a
lawn, if studded with a variety of plants, should always have something
throughout the flowering season, to which the eye will naturally revert,
and not be so confusedly planted as to leave no impression either of indi-
vidual beauty or harmonious assemblage. In aid of this, little bays or re-
cesses, formed by the taller-growing plants, might be furnished with those
of the procumbent or dwarf species, which would flower at a season dif-
ferent from that of the higher ; for, if both were in flower at the same time,
the dwarf species might very probably be overlooked, or suffer materially
by comparison.

But, whatever plan be followed, let it be formed on the principle of
plants rendering mutual assistance in exciting admiration ; let each add to
Its neighbour's beautj', and not attempt a rivalship. I am partial, however,
to the recess system, and would introduce into shrubberies, here and there,
a little glade of dazzling splendour, to be approached through an interval
of gloom. What admiration one of these would excite in early spring, if
profusely gilded with crocuses, and surrounded with beautiful Cv^ergreens !
Such a scene, when all around was bleak and comfortless, would make the
heart leap up, and the eye moisten with joy ; if that eye and heart belonged
to one who prized flowers, and had a soul capable of appreciating the
charms of nature. *

In laying out a shrubbery, its effect hi winter ought always carefully to
be kept in mind ; and it would be well, therefore, that evergreens should
have the first preference of place ; that such deciduous shrubs as are beau-
tiful in spray or bud should have the next ; and that these two should be
placed in close neighbourhood, by one who has a painter's eye. I have
already alluded to having early flowers beside evergreens, and would re-
commend such a disposition, not only on account of the addition?.', beauty
which each gives to the other, but for the sake of surprising and cheating
the beholder into the idea of a more advanced season of the year. In
shady situations, the crocus and the snowdi'op might be greatly relieved by
being planted in a bed of fleecy moss, which, besides being beautiful in it-
self, would have the advantage over grass of neither requiring the scythe,
nor robbing the bulbs and shrubs of nourishment. There are two or three

1 I 4

•t88 Udrospcctivc Criticism.

tilings frequently to be met with in gardens, which arc not exactly agree-
able to Miy taste. The green-house, outwardly, presents an unsightly
aspect, owing to (he want of" blank wall and ornanifutal shape; whilst,
within, it is so crowded with plants, tliat you must walk sideways to pre-
vent your arms from brushing down some of the pots to your feet, as you
pass through its confined alley ; and, should you wish to see the topmost
plants of the stage, it can only be done with eyes painfully strained. Now,
in buildings of this kind, economy should not be the first consideration ;
and, therefore, though some slight inconvenience might arise from three
detaclied houses, sucii a number, formed on architectural principles, with
intervening blank walls, adorned with evergreens, woidd amply compensate,
h\ their ornamental appearance, for any disadvantage of separation. Very
small greenhouses might be conveniently and ornamentally attached to
cottages, so that the parlour window might command a view of the gay
interior, which, from its smallness of scale not allowing of an alley, might
always be viewed from without. Then, the long painted sticks, to whose
tops the neighbouring plants have yet to climb, have an unsightly <aj)pear-
ance : this might be remedied by procuring tubular sup])orts, to be inserted
in each other, as the growth of the plant required. Last of all, I will men-
tion box-edgings, and all other too scrupulousl}- defined border-lines, as
not agreeing with my taste ; preferring rather an occasional encroachment
on the path by some recumbent * plant, such, for example, as the Esch-
scholtz/V/ califurnica, which would ofler its golden goblets to the sun with
great effect in such a situation. — R. T. F Cottage, Oct. 31. 1831.

Jsnrch, Pine, and Fir Timber will resist Fire while green, or full of Sap. —
I find it stated (p. 93.) that " the timber of the larch, though, like other
trees of the fir tribe, it abounds w ith turpentine, is yet, contrary to what
we should exjK'ct, remarkably slow in igniting, and may almost be said to
resist fire." Is not the timbLT of all the fir tribe equally difficult to ignite
before being dried ? In my humble opinion it is. The settlers in America
know from ex[)erience, that there are no logs so difficult to burn as those
of the fir tribe : I have had some experience of this, myself, in Upper Canada,
where the hemlock spruce (./"bies canadensis //. A'.) ami white pine (/'inus
iS'trobus LJ) iU'c not uncommon.

With regard to the American black larch (Larix ytdndnX-A Lambert), when
dry, it is greatly in demautl as fuel for the steam-boats on the St. Lawrence.
I recollect en(juiring of the engineer of a steam boat why he used tanuu'ac,
the ('anadian name for larch, in preference to majile, liiccory, or beech.
He replied, that it gave out more flame, and burned (juicker, and was for
these reasons preferred; yet, li'om what 1 have experienced, there is no spe-
cies of timber in (Canada which will give out more heat, or last longer as
common fuel, than beech, liiccory, or maple. The two last-mentioncil burn
as well when green as when dried. I am, Sir, vours, <!v:c. — 7'. Blair.
Stamford Hill, Mureli 7. 1832.

The wood of the common ash ( /-'raxinus excelsior />.) is said to burn
freely in a green state; and there is an adage to this effect in worils like
these : — " Ash while green, Is fit to burn before the queen." Does it
burn so freely V — /. !)■

The Common and Highland Pines. — Sir, In .1. (l.'s very useful ami inter-
esting account of the common and Highland [)ines, fouiul in Scotland
(p. 10.), 1 regret that he has not pointed out more precisely the botanical
characters of each, so as to enable your readers to distinguish the one
from the other. After noticing the superiority of the " new sort," as tim-
ber, " in size, i|uality, and durability," the chief points he sjieaks of, in
which it diHers from the " old," and less valuable kind, are " its long tufted
leaves, and the horizontal direction of its branches ; " and these, he informs

* The word is here used to signify a jiostnre betwixt standing up and
lying down; and not, therefore, in the sense of procumbent. — R. T.

Retrospective Ciiticism. 489

us, are sufRcient, in the opinion of Mr. Don of Forfar, to " constitute a
distinct species, which might with propriety be termed Pinus horizontalis."
An accurate knowledge oF these two species or varieties (be they which
they may) is of the highest importance to all engaged in the pleasing occu-
pation of planting, and must also prove interesting to the mere botanist.
As J. G. intimates his intention of recurring to the subject at a future
period, I would suggest that his next communication should be by all
means accompanied with botanical figures of the two kinds of Scotch
pine, and with a more full and detailed account of their distinctive differ-
ences. Yours, — B. Coventry, Feb. \ 5. \S32.

One of our most intelligent correspondents, A. G., Perthshire, speaking
of the article referred to by B. on the Scotch pine, in a provincial news-
paper, says : — " Of the Scotch pine, like the other species of forest trees,
there are numerous subvarieties ; and the timber, as well as the external
appearance, of what some term Pinus horizontalis is different from that of
the commonly cultivated Scotch pine ; but, as this variety or species bears
little seed, its culture has hitherto been limited, compared with other more
prolific seed-bearing varieties, of which a practised eye can easily detect
several in every Scotch pine plantation." {Dundee, Perth, and Cupar Adv^
March 8. 1832.)

Mr. Pearson's Treatise on the Fig. (Vol. VII. p. 325.) — Mr. Pearson
says he has seen very little about the cultivation of fig trees in your Maga-
zine : now, I ask him if he thinks what he has written about them will give
what he terms a sluggish or ignorant gardener the least information about
figs. I think what he has written on figs is like washing without
soap ; as he has said nothing from which the reader will be able to draw
any general information on the subject. Mr. Pearson takes no notice of
the management of fig trees in a hot-house, but makes a great din about
some trees that he has on an old stable wall : the one part of his writing
also contradicts the other, as he first says that the fig is an aquatic, and in
the same sheet tells us he lost a crop in a wet season. His method of
pruning is simple enough, as every cabbage gardener would know that he
should take out wood which was getting above the wall. I can guess the
reason Mr. Pearson's fig trees require so much water. From the descrip-
tion he gives, I should suppose them to be a hundred years old ; and in
that case, the root of the fig being very tenacious, the soil must be so com-
pletely exhausted, that his trees will have little other nutriment but water.
The trees, from being old, and covering a great space of wall, will be natu-
rally of humble growth, making short-jointed wood, which is always most
fruitful in fig trees. If, however, Mr, Pearson had trees eight or ten
years old, planted in a well-prepared border, under his management, and
gave them the quantity of water he gives the trees at Ormiston Hall, he
would have no fruit, as the trees would send forth luxuriant, spongy, and
unfruitful wood. I have seen trees of this description which required to
be kept very dry, and ringed in the bark, to humble their growth, and
bring them into a bearing state. With regard to fig trees in the open air,
after the winter covering of fern or spruce fir branches is taken off in April,
I would prune them ; examining the branches closely, so as to leave in
the wood which has most fruit in it, which is known by the leaf and fruit-
bud being seen at the same joint; and would never shorten any but where
bottom wood is wanted. Fig trees in hot-houses, however, require different
treatment ; as what fruit they show on the last year's wood they drop ofl^
and only ripen their fruit on the wood made the same season ; the object
in pruning them is, therefore, to leave such branches as are most likely to
push forth fruitful wood, which invariably springs from short spurs of three
or four joints. I am. Sir, yours, &c. — John Smith, Journeyman Gardener.
Beaufront, near Hexham, Jan. 21. 1832.

Many years since, a fine old fig tree occupied one face of a tall wall in
the garden at Hardwicke House, near Bury St. Edmunds. Parallel to the

4-90 Retrospective Criticism.

|Wall, Init at tlie distance of about 20 ft. from it, was a pond of water, the
space lu'twecn beiiii; occupied by al)order and walk : the soil a stiff" or even
sli;.'iitl y cla\ ev, loam. Mr. liarrett, the gardener there, a man celebrated in the
neighbouriiood for bis skilful culture of wall and other fruit, has informed
nie that this fig tree used amuiallyto bear a copious crop of delicious fruit ;
and this fecundity Mr. Barrett imputes to the contiguity of the pond, into
the nnul and water of which the roots of the fig tree had made their way,
as bv duly scrupulous examination he had fully'satisfied himself. In tran-
scribing this fact from my memory, I will not vouch for having remembered
tiie width of the border with accuracy ; but the broad facts of the fig
tree's fecundity, and the connection of its roots with the water in the pond,
may be fully relied on. The fig tree has long since been displaced, and the
pond filled up ; but the facts are still fresh m the memory of Mr. Barrett,
who ever cites them when the culture of figs is conversed on ; because, as
Mr. Barrett remarks, they oppose the commonly received opinion of the
fig's affection and j)reference for a dry border and calcareous soil. The
remarkable vigour evinced by 2mcus stipulata Tlnuihcrg, when its roots had
access to a cistern filled with water, as w ill be hereafter described, may also
be a fact more or less relative to tlie question at issue. — J. D.

The Tea •"lant. — Mr. Murray (p. 89.) may rest assured, that whatever I
may have written relative to the mauufactuie of tea was derived from the
best authorities, viz. Messrs. Duncan and Arthur, the former physician to the
Company's officers, and the latter inspector of tea at Canton in 1794. But
lest these gentlemen may have been mistaken, I present the following ex-
tracts: — " The Chinese all agree there is but one sort of the tea tree;
and that the difference in tea arises from the soil and manner of curing."
(F. Pigou, Esq., in Asiatic Rcsiistcr, 1809.) " This fact is farther confirnied
by Lord Macartney and Sir George Staunton." ( See Macartiiei/'s Em-
bassy to China, vol. iii. p. 296.) As to the Tartars knowing little of black
tea, this may be accounted for from another remark in Mr. Pigou's paper,
viz. " The tea sent into Tartary is mostly green, in the proportion of seven
to two." — ./. Alain.

Tina viridis is figured in the Botanical Magazine for April, t. 3148. ;
where it is well remarked, and reasons why are adduced, that Thca viridis
must be specifically distinct from T. Bohca : the only astonishing fact is,
tliat a contrary opinion could ever have prevailed. Almost two |)ages of
text are offered on the interesting (|uestion. From how many or how few
distinct species or varieties of tea plant aie the teas of commerce derived ?
But, although contributions towards an answer are adduced, no positive
answer is presented : in fact, Mr. Main's excellent article (Vol. IV. p. 454.)
anticipates all that is adduced j except that, in the article of the Botanical
Magazine, Mr. Hooker's informant ((Iharles Millett, Escj., of Canton, who
holds a high official situation in the East India Com[)any's factory there)
states that tlie teas are derived from two species of tea plant, but that all
the varieties can be made from either sj)ecies. Dr. Hooker ciuotes Dr.
Abel in corroboration of this view ; and, from the cpiotation, it appears
that Dr. Abel deems the two kinds of tea plant spoken of to be tlie Thca
Bohca and the That viridis. The words cjuoted from Dr. Abel are these :—
" From persons conversant with the Chinese method, I learned that either
of the two plants will afford the black or green tea of the shojis ; but that
the broad thin-leaved |)laut (our T. viridis) is preferred for making the
green tea." Dr. Hooker follows these quoted opinions, by remarking that
" K;jcmpfer's figure of the Japanese tea plant, which is evidently the plant
in general cultivation in that en)pire [in which Kicnipfer travelled], is of
the Thai liohca, not the Thca viridis." After stating that the geographical
range of the tea districts in China is very extensive, and showing that sixty
cognisable kinds of tea are manufactured, Dr. Hooker remarks : — " All
these dillerent kinds of tea may be distinguished, by the cx|)erienced mer-
chant, merely by the taste. The situation of assayer of teas, at Canton,

Retrospective Criticism. 491

requires this sort of talent ; and the individual who holds it enjoys a salary
of 1000/. a year for tasting teas only,"

" The quantity of tea produced in China must be enormous ; for, with
the exception of Japan, a province of China, it has not been found prac-
ticable to cultivate it to advantage any where but in China Proper ; and
there the tea plant is spread, and not very thinly spread, over a square area
of 1,372,450 square miles. It is now a common beverage throughout the
whole civilised world ; and its use in China reaches to a very high antiquity."

The frequent attempts to cultivate the tea plant in Brazil and elsewhere
(see Gard. Mag., vol.i. p. 332., and Vol. IV. p. 276.), Dr. Hooker repre-
sents as having been found impracticable ; that is, to an extent adequate
to the purposes of commerce, " mainly on account of the higher price of
labour."

" Little more than a century ago, according to Lord Macartney, the
English East India Company did not sell more than 50,000 lbs. of tea, and
very little was smuggled. la 1784, the consumption of Great Britain was
estimated at 1.3,3.38,140 lbs. Now [1832], that of Great Britain and Ire-
land, exclusive of the dependencies, amounts to 28,000,000 lbs. America
carries on a vasi, trade in this article ; but Russia is stated to rank next to
Great Britain, inasmuch as 25,200,000 lbs. of tea are yearly imported and
consumed by the Russians. In consequence of the contiguity of Russia
and China, the Russian imports of tea are by land ; and tea obtained thus
promptly is said to excel in quality that subjected to a long voyage." — ./. D.

The Culture ofTrevirmia coccinea,or Ct/ril/a pulc/iel/a. (Vol. VII. p. 570.
and 605.) — Sir, At Vol. VII. p. 570., you recommend to my regard
Trevirana coccinea : but I beg to tell you that this charming plant has
long exercised its lovely fascinations on my sensorium ; and its attractions
are, it appears (Vol. VII. n. 605.), also felt by " An Amateur." I, never-
theless, differ in opinion from the Amateur, who deems it objectionable to
plant the tubers separately, and advises that every old ball of tubers should
be cut into four quarters, and that each quarter should furnish one pot. In
proof of what the individual tubers are capable of, planted one in a pot, in
one season, I send you an account of a plant now blooming here in a pot
5 in. wide, produced from an individual tuber : it is 1 ft. 8 in. high, and 2 ft.
in diameter, and forms a complete pyramid. The flowers now open are
in number 257 ; they are in great perfection as to colour, and in size are
generally three quarters of an inch in diameter. I am. Sir, yours, &c. —
Thomas Applehy. Horsforth Hall Gardens, Nov. 4. 1831.

Cidt'wation and Cure of Tobacco. — Sir, The attention of your readers is
directed to the subject of the cultivation and cure of tobacco, by E. S., p.42.
Its efficacy in destroying various insects, without injuring vegetation, is well
known, when properly applied; but I think, by the method recommended
by E. S., the tobacco must burn too freely, and the smoke will be conse-
quently hot, which I am sure is injurious. The object should be, to pro-
duce the greatest quantity of smoke from the tobacco used ; and this, I
believe, is what is generally aimed at. It is a subject, however, deserving
the attention of gardeners, on account of its usefulness, especially as the
cultivation of tobacco is very simple. It requires, indeed, nothing more
than to be sown in a little heat, about the middle of March, and to be pro-
tected during the continuance of frost, or until about the middle of May,
when iL should be planted in good rich soil, leaving plenty of room to grow ;
say C ft. fi-om row to row, letting the plants be at least 2 ft. apart. It
is very essential that the plants should not be crowded, or the leaves will be
thin and weak. Before the plants blossom they should be topped, and the
side shoots kept broken off as soon as they appear. As soon as the leaves
come lo maturity, I prefer cutting the plant down, and letting it wither and
dry in the shade before stripping off the leaves, which should be dried
carefully, but not too slowly. The process of heating by fermentation
should, I think, be only sufficient to destroy the greenness of the leaf (the

492 llclro$pcclive Criticism.

greatest dancer of spoiling it bcinii l)y licatinu), and after this o|)eration
has been perforined it sliould be again well (h"ied. The best way to keep
the tobacco, when i)roperly prepared, is to press it closely into a box where
it will be exchuled from the air, and which should be placed in a dry situ-
ation. jNIanaged thus, it will answer the general purposes of fumigation
required in horticulture; but will certainly not be equal to that imported.
— A.X. Jfrtz-f// 3. 183-2.

Ilalinn Practices with respect to the Culture of Sweet and Bitter Oranges,
and of Lemons. (Vol. VII. p. 308 — 310.) — Permit me to rectify some of the
notices on sweet and bitter oranges conuimnicated by W. 8pencc, Esq.
F.L.S,, and inserted in Vol. VII. p. 308— 310. That gentleman, after
having said that on the shores of the Lakes Maggiore and Garda, the
orange and lemon trees, although planted in the open ground, are co-
vered in the winter with wooden tents, which, in very severe frosts, are
warmed with artificial heat, aimounces as a fact that there is no place that
he knows of, in the north of Italy, where the sweet orange can remain
uncovered in the open air during the winter, beyond the neighbourhoods of
Pisa, Massa, (lenoa, &c. I can certify that, on the shores of the Lake of
Como, which is more northerly than the Lake of (ianla, and particularly
at Varenna, in the garden of Casa Isambardi, not only bitter oranges,
but sweet oranges, are left uncovered in the open air all the winter. They
onlv take the precaution, when they expect a fall of the thermometer to + '
of ileaum. (2.3° of Fahr.), to gather the oranges, because, being exposed to
4° of cold, they freeze, and become unfit for food ; and being gathered, if
they are not speedily sold, they are placed in cellars in wine vats, where
they are preserved fresh till spring. I have also happened to see, that,
in winters even colder than i°, when some oranges have accidentally
escaped the notice of the gardener, they have remained uninjured through-
out the winter on the tree.

What Mr. Spence relates of covering lemon trees on the shores of the
Verbano and of the Benaco is, however, practised on those of the Lario ;
though this caution is more useful for the preservation of the fruit than
of the plants. I, who am a native of Varenna, and have lived there for
many years, have seen lemon trees planted in places exposed to damp
winds, standing the coldest winters (relative to that country) without any
shelter. Their fruit, however, was a little withered by the frost, ami the
leaves and the uppermost twigs were discoloured or blighted j but they
suffered in no other respect. This particular hardiness, in my opinion,
arises from the circumstance of these plants having been from their infancy
exposed in the winter w ithout covering of any kind. If, on the contrary,
they had been accustomed from tiie l)eginning, like their sister plants, to
be sheltered from the cold, 1 think that, if exposed afterwards in such
situations, they would have been blighted or injured by the frosts. Thus,
in my present neighbourhood, at Monza, the vine .stands very well the
severity of the winter, without being laid down and covered with earth, as
is proved by a number of old vines climbing round the trees, the vine
arbours, and the vines trained on espaliers, none of which are ever buried.
On the contrary, all the vines planted in rows are buried ; and, if these
should by chance be left erect during the winter, they grow unhealthy or
die, either from the cold or the fogs. The late director of the ganlens and
park at Monza, Sig. LuigiVillaresi, procured from iJordeaux and Burgundy
some vines which he j)laced on a hill in the park : during his lifetime these
vines were never laid down under ground, notwithstanding which their
vegetation was always flourishing and their vintage co|)ious. At his death,
through the obstinacy usual in ignorant jjeasants, and m stewards not better
instructed than the [)easants, these vines were buried like the rest ; and,
would you believe it ? they have now become so sensitive to the rigours of
winter, that, if they are not well covered, they look yellow and sickly the

Retrospective Criticism. 493

next summer, and, what is worse, their berries are neither good nor abun-
dant. But let us return to the first subject.

On the Larian hills, in frosty nights, the wooden houses, or rather tents,
which enclose the lemon trees, are heated; but do you know how ? One,
two, or more fires are lighted, according to the size of the orangery (agru-
miera). The fuel is either wood or charcoal, and it is lighted, not in a
stove brought for the purpose, but on the floor of the orangery ; and thus
the plants are all more or less exposed to the smoke ; which, being composed
of carbonic acid, acetic acid, carbon, water, and oil, and coming in contact
with the leaves, the cellular tissue of the fruit and the tender buds and
leaves are so disorganised by the action of these acids, that they fade and
fall off.

Considerable profit is made by the cultivation of lemons on the Larian
hills. A single plant in the open air, well grown and well cultivated,
yields every year not less than 200 lemons. I have even seen one, the
trunk of which was a foot in diameter, which produced no less than 500
lemons every year. The lemons were sold at from Gs. to 10*. per hundred,
according to their size and the quantity of juice that they contained, and
according as the harvests on the shore of the Lake of Garda and in the
neighbourhood of Genoa were more or less abundant. Bitter oranges are
sold usually at about 2s. the hundred. The sweet at the same price as the
lemons, and sometimes less ; their sweetness being, as Mr. Spence observes,
less exquisite than that of the oranges of Malta. The use that is made of
the bitter oranges, in this part of Italy, is to make a pickle of them with
mustard.

If the proprietors of the warmer declivities of the Larian hills understood
their interests better, they would raise plantations of bitter oranges, to use
them as stocks for grafting for the various species of lemons ; because the
lemon grafted on the bitter orange resists the cold better than in its natural
state: like the medlar of Japan (Eriob6tr3a japonica L««rf/.), which, when
grafted on the whitethorn (CVatae'gus Oxyacantha L.), acquires additional
strength, and the true pistachio (Pistacia vera jL.), which, when grafted on
the turpentine tree (Pistacia Terebinthus L.), resists the cold of 8° Reaum.
( 1 4° of Fahr.) ; while, if grown from the root, it dies at 3° (20J° of Fahr.).
(See Sageref, Pomologie Physiologique, pp. 16, 17.) The constitution (so
to speak) of the lemons being strengthened in this manner, the tree may
be left standing in the open air, even in the depth of winter. The cul-
tivators of Nerva and of Monaco, in the Genoese territory, understand
this method of cultivating the lemon. Originally even they covered the
trees in winter with wooden sheds, and they raised the plants from the
root, propagating them either by seed or by layers (see Observations of an
Associate of the Academy of the Giorgofili Fiorentini, on the Cultivation of the
Jgrarni, Florence, 1767); but, by dint of observation, they were aware that
it was necessary to try other means, and the result of their experience led
to the method of treating the orange and lemon trees which Mr. Spence
has pointed out to you. It is true that some of the fruit would probably
be frozen on the occurrence of a very severe winter : but this evil would
be trifling, compared to the advantages derived from the method of cul-
tivation practised by the Nervans and Monacoans ; and the loss sustained
might be cUminished by gathering the frozen lemons immediately, and sub-
merging them in water at 0° Reaum. (.32° Fahr.), by which, their tissues
thawing gradually, they would become as good as at first.

Cultivation of the Pine-apple in the oj)en Ground, in the North of Italy.
(p. 70.) — lean as yet say nothing satisfactory on the cultivation of the
pine-apple in the open ground. For two years I have sent some crowns
to a gardener on the Lake of Como, confiding to him the care of the
experiment ; and though these plants perished, I think it was from having
been watered too often and too much. Still, however, I am convinced
that, if treated carefully, and perhaps even if left to themselves, pines

19 1- lletrospective Criticism.

would, in nianv warm |)arts of tlic T.arian hills, succeed well iu the open
•ground. The urnunieuts uj)ou which I ("uund this opinion are, 1st, That in
the stoves of Count Mellcrio's garden at Ciernetto, near Monza, the ther-
mometer is suffered to fall in the winter to 1° Reauni. {'M\^ Fahr.), without
the pines sutFerinj; in the least. 2dly, That the pines being planted in the
open ground would become more hanly anil strong fas may be inferred
from what happens to other plants under similar circumstances), ami con-
sequently better able to resist the cold. 3dly, That on those declivities of
the Larian hills where I think the pine-ajjple mi^ht be cultivated in the open
ground, the thermometer of Reaunuu', even in the middle of winter, rarely
descends lower than 3° i2b\° Fahr.); and 4-thlj', Because my late father,
having planted a pine-apple [)lant in a court open to the sun, in a garden
at Varenna, it continued growing for two years, although ex|)osed conti-
nually to the open air ; and it only perished through the carelessness of a
mason, who threw a large slate on it from a roof, by which it was broken.
Many will laugh at hearing that I propose to cultivate the pine-apple in
the open ground, at 46° north lat. ; but I ask them, in return, if they
have never heard that they cultivate figs in the Shetland Islands ; and
remind them of a fact observed by St. Pierre: — " J'ai vu en Finlande,
pres de Vibourg, au-dela du 6 1 degre de latitude, des cerisiers en plein vent,
quoique ces arbres soient originaires du 42°. ( Etudes de la Nature, vol. ii.
p. 485, 480.)

Culture of the Pine-Apple in the Garden Stoves of the Neighbourhood of
Monza. — Since I cannot give you any satisfactory account of the culti-
vation of pine-apples in the open ground, I will inform you, at least, of
the manner in which they are grown in the stoves of the gardens in this
neighbourhood. I have already mentioned that some of our gartlcners let
the temperature of their stoves fall in the winter, sometimes a.s low as 1°
lleaum. (.'341° Fahr.). Do not suppose that by this want of attention the
pines suffer ; for it is with these very gardeners that I saw the finest pines.
But what must give you pleasure is, that, from notices taken from your
Magazine, pines have been planted for the last two years in the open
ground in the gardens of C'asa Traversi, at Desio, three miles' distance
from Monza. I mean to say, however, in the open ground of the stoves,
where they are disposed in rows about 2 ft. apart, the j)lants being about
l^ft. distant from each other. Would you believe it? after this treat-
ment, the |)lants grew so vigorously, that they fruited pines of the weight
of nearly 4 lbs., while at first the greatest weight was scarcely three
quarters of a pound. The variety here cultivated is the pyramitlalis ; though
its dimensions increase so much when it is cultivated out of the pots, that
it appears one of the larger varieties : it is sufficient to say that one of its
leaves has attaineil the length of not less than C ft., displaying a proportion-
ate thickness.

Flowers and "Pips of the Branches of Gourd Plants excellent Food. — In
some part of your M;igazinc, you have mentioned that gourds not only
produce useful fruit, but that their tops also afford excellent food. This
fact agrees exactly with tiie custom of our jjcasants, who, after having
eaten the fruit, or having employed them as forage for their cattle, pick off'
and cook tiie tops, whicii taste better than the fruit itself; but the flowers
are even better and more delicate than either the fruit or the tojis. My
father, a Florentine gardener, told me that it is the custom in Tuscany,
particularly in the families of the country people, to gather the male flowers
of the gourd, with a little of the stalk, before they are fully blown ; and,
having clipped them in paste of wheat flour, to fry them in butter or oil.
This is considered so excellent a dish in Italy, that it is usual to say, speak-
ing metaphorically of a thing which is not particularly good, " Non c fior di
zuche." ( It is not the flower of a gourd.] In Lombardy, also, several varieties
of gourd are known ; and one is now spreading itself in our gardens, called

Retrospective Criticism. 495

zucca santa, or zucca di Gerusalemme, and vulgarly zucca boniffa, which
exceeds in goodness all the others. The fruit of the Jerusalem gourd
assumes, in ripening, a deep yellow tinge, like the colour of a brick ; in form
they might be compared to the zucca lagenaria (bottle gourd), if they were
not bent; the pulp is thick, and slightly watery. When ripe, they maybe
easily preserved in a dry place, not colder than 2° Reaumur (36^° Fahr.),
during the whole winter. Cut in pieces, and fried with butter, they have a
very sweet and delicate flavour.

Size of the Fruit of some Kinds of Gourd in Italy. — The size to which
the fruit of some of the Cucurbitaceae arrive in our country, when they
are well cultivated, is enormous. If you have read our 105th Agronomo^ il
Tanara, the following account must have astonished you : — " It is better
to cultivate two plants of this species (speaking of the creeping melon,
2)opone i-ampichino), than twenty of the others that are on the ground. First,
because one plant produces more melons than ten of the ground species; and
I have had one plant which had grown twenty-five to such a size that it was
necessary to support them with sticks put under them, besides the boughs
upon which they were trained ; and on another plant, near to this, I had one
which a large tub (bigo7icio) could not contain ! I sent it to the palace, carried
on an ass," &c. How astonished I have been at the immense mass dug up
from the batata (Convolvulus Batatas L., Ipomoe^a Batatas Poiret), about
which Mr. Hall has written to you from the country of the Illinois (Vol. I.
p. 329.) ; and which, when carried to the fire, was scorching at one end,
while a man was seated on the other extremity, flourishing his legs about
at his ease.* However, I can assure you that, even in Lombardy, when
all the circumstances are favourable to the developement of the gourds, it
is not unusual to see them so large as to weigh each 120 lbs. (207 lbs. avoir-
dupois). Fruit of this size is produced almost entirely from a variety of
gourd called vulgarly zucca marina. The cultivation of gourds deserves to
be more extensively and carefully practised than it is at present by us (for,
to say the truth, it is very limited), on account of their abundant produce,
especially of one variety with cylindrical fruit, and yellow pulp and skin.
In fat and loamy soils, the fruit of this plant affords an excellent forage for
cows in the winter. The seeds, which in every gourd of the above-men-
tioned variety generally exceed 500, yield a sweet oil, excellent for the uses
of the kitchen; and the stems and overplus leaves make a manure which
would much improve our soils. The soils desirable for the cultivation of
gourds should be planted with Indian corn ; because the gourds being cul-
tivated with that plant in alternate rows, afford sufficient shade to defend
it from the heat of summer, which, in dry grounds, often proves fatal to
the Indian com. All these advantages are overlooked by our stewards,
even as they overlook, from ignorance, many others of the greatest moment.

Since I have mentioned the batata (Ipomce^a Batatas Poir.), tell me, I
beg of you, what success attends its cultivation in England. I tried to
grow this plant on the banks of the Lake of Como : the produce was
tolerably abundant, although, aiming to introduce it into the agriculture of
that district (similarly to what has been doing in Portugal), I had treated
it like the potato (5oIanum tuberosum L.). I was very anxious to force
it to flower and fruit, imagining that, from the seed, I should have obtained
varieties which might be more easily naturalised to our climate than the
parent plant ; since, so long as its roots are so delicate as only to be kept
in the winter, by being packed in cases, between layers of very dry sand,
and placed on the cappa of the kitchen chimney, its cultivation in Lom-

* Dr. Maurelle also saw, in the Island Latte, batatas as thick as a man's
thigh, and 15 ft. long. ( Voi/ages of La Peyroitse, vol. iv. p. 230. Italian
transl.)

4.06 Retrospective Criticism.

banly will be always limited to the gardens of ricli noblemen.* Unrortu-
nately for the success of my experiment, I was appointed, exactly at that
period, to tlie em|)loyment which I now fill ; and I was therefore obliged
to fjive up my trials, which I have never since been able to resume.

In my attempts to flower and fruit the batata, I intended, first, to
prevent as much as possible, or at least to retard, the increase of the
tubers ; it being known that, in bulbous or tuberous roote.l [jlants, tiie
devclopement of the flowers and fruits is in inverse proportion to the
developement of the roots: -iilly, to stimulate as nnich as possible the
vegetation; placing the plants in calcareous and half-burned soil, and ma-
nuring them with seasalt, the grounds of grapes pressed for wine (vinaccie),
and dried blood ; knowing, not to mention the ert'ects of the sea-salt, which
has been treated of in several Numbers of the (lardener's Magazine, that the
sediment of wine, if usotl in the cultivation of vines, will excite them so
much to fructification, that, if the dose be not moderate, in a short time
they are weakened; and also that manuring of gillyflowers with it acceler-
ates the flowering beyond measure (see Conte Fili|)po, On Manure, 2d
edit, p, 90.) ; and not bein;^ ignorant, with respect to drieil blood, that its
fertilising property is superior to that of the urine, dung, or even the mus-
cular flesh of dead animals : 3dly, to graft, after the inanner of Tschudy,
the buds or young shoots ; remembering that Cabanis {Essnis sur Us Prin-
dpcs dc la Grcffe), by grafting peacli trees 2^ months old, obtained fruit
from them only 24-a months from the time of planting them : 4-thly, to keep
the plants from the ground, training them against a wall i)ainted violet
colour; the influence of the violet rays being remarkably favourable to
vegetation (Vol. IV. p. 451.): othly, to bind them at diflerent heights with
bands of wool or other material, to stop the current of the descending sap :
6thly, to prime them till they were only about one half or two tliinls of
their natural length ; for it is by such an operation that, with us, camellias
are flowereil, and that the i'haseolus Camculla L. is made to jiroduce
copious flowers and legumes -)• : 7thly, to deprive the plants of water till
the leaves fade, and are almost dr}', and then to water them abundantly;
this being the method we take to flower the Alstrcemer/V/ Liglu : and, Hthly,
to take the cuttings in autunm, that is, when the shoots or stalks are full
grown, since it is a remarkable fact, that plants raised from such cuttings
sometimes flower sooner than the mother plant f ; and to treat them, during
the winter and the ensuing year, in the same manner as I had previously
done the parent plants. By the last means alone it is said that M. Vallet
has already obtained flowers from the batata, but not seeds. No doubt you
have long since tasted the tubers of the batata ; I have only tasted those
of the white variety, which are reckoned inferior to the others ; however,
cut in pieces raw, and fried with butter, what a delightful dish it is!

Cultivation of the Mulberry Tree, and the Breeding of SUkworms in

* M. Vallet, mirscryman, of Rouen, |)reservcs the roots of this j)lant in
any sul)stance, providcil it be dry, and kept constantly at a temperature
between 8^ and 12° Reaun). (j(/' and 59° Fahr.).

-j- A serious objection to the cfTicacy of this process might be deduced
from the censure of Bosc on the practice of decimating the creeping
French beans (see Nouvean Cours coniplet d^ Agriculture Theoretupie et
Prati(/ue, art. Jfaricot); but on this subject permit me to state my justifi-
cation, when I hall sj)eak of the cultivation of the i'haseolus Caracdlta in
the gardens of Lombardy.

\ The first flower of the /rhododendron arboreum, seen in Lombard}',
was observed at Desio, on a |)lant grown from a cutting. Close by was
the parent i)lant, which had never flowered, nor given any symptom of
being likely soon to do so.

Retrospective Criticisin. 4-97

England. — I am also curious to know what progress the cultivation of
mulberry trees and silkworms is making in England. In Lonibardy there
has been lately introduced a new species of mulberry, which is said to be
originally from the Philippine Islands. The leaf is 9 in. long, and Gin.
broad ; it is sometimes called il/orus cucuUata, from the leaf itself being
formed like a cartoccio [papers used by grocers], and sometimes Morus
multicaulis, from the number of stems which rise from one root. It
increases more vigorously than any other species, the shoots of one year's
growth attaining the height of 7 ft. As plants which increase very rapidly
are scarcely ever injured in a damp and humid soil, I am of opinion that
this would be the sjiecies of mulberry most suitable to England : the colds
of England would not injiu'e them ; as, when at Turin, they stood in the win-
ter of 1829-30, a cold of 16° Reaum. (7° Fahr.) This species of mul-
berry is especially adapted for forming hedges. It yields, in a very short
time, a greater quantity of leaves than any other species; it scarcely ever
fruits, but is pretty easily propagated by means of cuttings, of which, if
you desire any, let me know, for 1 shall have much pleasure in serving you.
[We thank our correspondent, but have seen them at Messrs. Loddiges.]

The silk harvest was very scanty this year in Lombardy, on account of
the lasting rains which fell in the spring, and made the leaves of the mul-
berry trees wither. On the contrary, the olives yielded an extraordinarily
abundant crop. While I am writing, I have received an account from
I^ario, that the gathering of the olives, which commenced in the beginning
of December, is now scarcely finished. Well-cultivated olive grounds will
produce, for every perch (one fifth of an acre), not less than fifteen bushels
of olives, and these, at the mill, will yield 105 pounds avoirdupois of oil,
which is worth no less than 30 soldi (about a shilling) per pound. The
cause, in my opinion, of the unusual fertility of the olives this year was
the same that occasioned so much havoc to the silkworms ; I mean, the
abundant and frequent rains which fell after June, that is, after the flower-
ing of the olives.

Cobbeft's Indinji Corn, and a Kind grown In Lombardy, — I have read in
your Magazine, and also in the Political Register of Mr. Cobbett, of a sort
of Indian corn, named after the celebrated politician who introduced it
first into England. Two years ago, a variety or species, originally from
California, was introduced into Lombard}', which is very early, and pro-
duces two ears on each stalk, each containing 700 or 800 grains, small,
but more transparent than I have ever seen in any other kind of maize.
In the mill it makes very little bran, and yields a great deal of flour, which
is said to have more flavour than the other sorts. Its distinctive charac-
ters were thus defined by Signor Bonafous of Turin : — " Zea, foliis hirtis
et dependentibus ; spiculis masculis sessilibus, diandris triandrisve : antheris
subaureis." Can this variety or species be the same as Cobbett's corn ?
If it is not, I will send you the seeds of it, that you may distribute them
to different cultivators in England, from whom I will receive, with grati-
tude, some seeds of Cobbett's corn.

Mr. Gauen^s Alode of I/eating Air by Lenses, for j^romoting the Processes
of Vegetation. (Vol. III. p. 10.) — I was much interested in Mr. Gauen's
idea (Vol. III. p. 10.) of heating with lenses, mounted on a suitable
frame, which should continually present to the sun immense masses of
air, or, as you propose, water. The late professor of natural philosophy
(fisica), in the Lyceum of S. Alessandro, in Milan, Signor Antonio Cri-
velli, had contrived a cone or trunk of brass, or I should rather say a cone
terminated in a calotta [?], with which he so concentrated the rays of the
sun, as to carbonise a diamond. By varying the relation between the
height and the length of the cones, he varied also the distance of the focus ?
so that he could inflame an object at the distance of 40 or 50 ft. BufFon,
having constructed a system of burning glasses, supposed that it was the same
, Vol. VIII. — No. 30. kk

498 Retrospective Criticism.

contrivance as tliat adopted by Archimedes for setting fire to the Roman
fleet ; but Professor Crivelli, arguing that it would require half an hour to
adjust a set of glasses like those described by Buflbn, so as to carry fire
to the spot where the Roman fleet was placed, showed that it was much
more probable that Archimedes had rather made use of an instrument like
that invented by himself, which he denominated a conio ustorio, by which
the burning of the fleet might have been effected in a moment. Passing
over these hypotheses, you will perceive that the cono ustorio of Pro-
fessor Crivelli might be efficacious in attaining the object that you have
proposed, in the remarks you have appended to Mr. (iauen's communica-
tions. Professor Crivelli, in dying, divulged to one of his friends the
secret, or rather the rules, for constructing these cones ; but I ajn sorry
to state that the invention is still jealously concealed. — Luigi Manetti,
Monza, Feb. 26. 1832.

Fingers and lor.i. (p. 325.) — I observe, in your extracts from the
Memoirs of the Caledonian Horlicnltnral Society, a notice of this injury
to which most of the cal)bage tribe is subject. The insect that causes these
malformations is called by entomologists Nedejus contractor. Its attack
can only be averted by making the plant offensive to the parent fly ; and
this, it has been lately discovered, can be done by incorporating with the
soil soapboilers' waste, or any other substance of similar alkaline quality.
Since this discovery has been made, the price of this waste has risen, in
the neighbourhood of London, I am told, from Gd. to 5s. per cart-load.
Besides partridges preying on the larva?, I have often seen magpies, crows,
and, if I mistake not, even rooks, doing this useful service. — J. M.

Leaves, which should be deciduous, remaining, although dead, through the
Winter, oh Fruit and other Trees. — At p. 358. it is stated that, in Nor-
mandy, children go about with lighted torches of rye straw, " for the pur-
pose of burning the lichens, mosses, and dead leaves, on the apple trees."
Without offering an opinion on the merits of any mode for removing the
persisting dead leaves, it may be safely remarked, that to remove them is most
judicious and desiral)le. Such dead leaves, on examination, will commonly
be found to be but the envelopes of so many chisters of eggs or [)upas of
insects, which the sunshine of spring will excite to life and voracity, just
at the time that the expanding leaves of the trees have become eligible
food for their sustenance. — .7. D.

The Power of the Ilonei/ Bee to produce a Queen. — Sir, Having seen, by
Mr. Huish's ren)arks(p. 375.), that the Society for the Difl'usion of Useful
Knowledge has published an account of Iluber's experiments on the power
of the honey bee to [)roducc a (jueen from the maggot of a working bee, I
wish, for the sake of the memory of llubcr, whom I hesitate not to desig-
nate the prince of apiarians, to set my humble seal to the truth of that
wonderful experiment, having done it, more than once, in the presence of
a young man, my then pupil, who was a witness, and assisted me in all my
experiments, and who will corroborate all that 1 shall here advance. It
was in the month of May, in the year 1828, that 1 rendered a stock of
bees insensible (so that, for half an hour, 1 couUl do what I wished with
them) with the puff-ball recommended by Keys, ami took from the hive two
|)ieces of comb, filled w ith the brood of the working bee only, in all its stages,
from the egg to the young bee just ready to come forth. These pieces,
with a third containing honey and bee-bread, I fixed in a small box w ith glass
sides capable of holding about a quart ; the brood comfis being fixed
outside next the glass, and the honey-comb in the middle. I then put
ai)out half a pint of working bees, only, into the box, and conveyed it to a
distant garden for a few days, till the bees had forgotten their old hive. I
visiteil them daily, and then brought them back to n)y own apiary. The
bees had, in the mean while, begun to make a queen, by enlarging a
cell till it hung down from the surface of the comb; and, at the usual time,
they closed it up. I continued to watch them, I may say, almost hourly ;

Queries and Ans\xiers. ■iQO

and at the end of a fortnight the queen came forth. The bees always did
cluster thick over the cell where the queen was, to keep it warm, or, as
Huber justly remarks, to hatch it : but I could at any time see what was
going on, by tapping the box, which made the bees run about, and leave
the royal cell clear for a time. The day after the queen was born, I
fumigated the bees, and took her out to show my family. I have also seen
the queen bee strike silence on the common bee by making a peculiar
noise. I have also had the queen frequently in my hand, but never felt her
attempt to sting. My method of keeping bees was after Mr. White's
plan, as mentioned in the EncychpcEdia Britannica. I sincerely regret that
circumstances obliged me to give up the keeping of bees, as it was my
intention to repeat all Huber's experiments. I am. Sir, yours, &c. —
Stephen Watts. Loughborough Road, North Brixton, July 3. 1832.

Art. v. Queries and Answers.

Trafficking m Gardener's Situations. — Sir, I hope you will excuse
my encroaching upon your valuable pages with the present complaint ; but
I am desirous to know whether it is generally understood among gentle-
men, horticultural architects, and gardeners, that the situations (in the
capacity of gardener) of the former are to be purchased by the latter from
the second party, when the gentleman has intrusted him with the charge
of procuring him a servant in that capacity. I am sorry to say that the
practice is becoming common in Yorkshire, an architect there having
lately sold some situations to the best bidder; and, for one place that he
now has to procure a gardener for, he is asking the sum of 20/., having had
I'O/. bid, but that was refused. I hope gentlemen will look into this affair,
and not allow themselves to be imposed upon in this manner, to the great
detriment of their gardens and gardeners. But some of your readers will
perhaps throw a little more light on the subject than I can do. I am. Sir,
yours, &c. — An Enemy to Bribery.

The particulars of this case are given to us by our correspondent in a
private letter. The architect alluded to is a Mr.' B., of Y. ; and the situ-
ation is that of C. S., of B., near South Cave. We are surprised that any
man professing himself an architect, and, of course, having pretensions to
education, and the character of a gentleman, should take such obvious means
of bringing himself into contempt as a man. — Cond.

Uses of the Red Spider. (Vol VII. p. 218.) — Has not Mr. Godsall, in his
plea for the red spider, on the ground of its usefulness, confounded two very
distinct insects ? A " beautiful insect, of a rich crimson velvet appearance,"
is frequent in gardens, especially in spring, and is, I believe, the Trombi-
dium holoseraceum of entomologists ; but this is quadruple the size of, and
otherwise very distinct from, " the red spider " so prevalent on hot-house
plants, and so troublesome to gardeners. — J. D. October, 1831.

The IVire-iuorm, E'later segetis. (Vol. VI. p. 500.) — I ask whether you
are quite sure that the beetle figured comes from the chrysalis, fig. 93. c.
If you have actually bred the insect, and reared up the E'later from the
chrysalis, I have nothing more to say, and must submit ; but if you have
not, I cannot believe, and must remain of opinion that the chrysalis in
question would produce a very different insect. — W. T. Bree. Sept. 1830.

We certainly did not rear it ; the drawing was sent to us by a corre-
spondent, who, when he sees this, will probably give some further explan-
ation. — Co7id.

Preparation of Tobacco. — What is the best mode of preparing tobacco
grown in England ? What is the best mode for gardeners to adopt
respecting it ? Is there not a liquid sometimes used in the preparation
after fermenting ? And arc wc not under some restrictions in growing

K K 2

500 Queries and Ansruocrs.

it? — A. X. Man.'i 3. \b'A2. [Answers, in part, to some of A. N.'s queries,
will be foinul at p. i2. oftlie current volume. — Cond.]

StciUilii of hiibrid Plants . — (.)n the I9tli of May, M. Dutrodiet aii-
dresseil a letter to the Academy, in whicii he attributed the sterility of
hybrid plants to the imperfection of their sexual organs. In tiie flowers
of some hybrid cherry trees (derived from the imion of the Primus
CY-rasus and the Primus avium) the stamina have no pollen ; and their
anthers form a compact mass, which does not divide into pollenic or fer-
tile dust, as is the case with fruitful cherry trees. {Jour. U. In.st., Aug. 1831.)
AgcHci/ of Electrwili/ in jiroynotiiig the liootirg of Cuttinfix, and the other
Procesxes of Vegetation. — In reply to the (juery of J. R. (Vol. VII. p. 379.),
I would remark, that, in ni} opinion, it is undoubted that electricity pro-
motes the dcvelopemcnt of plants ; and I consider it certain that, if gar-
deners w'ere to electrify their cuttings, they would find them grow much
more easily than at present. One of our countrymen (the iiict is regis-
tered, I think, in the interesting tracts of the Cavalier Amoretti) sowed
turnips in two pots; when just through the ground, he electrified the
plants in one pot, but not tho.se in the other ; in the course of fifteen days
they were further electrified ; and the effect was, that in three weeks, or
thereabouts, the electrified plants were 4 in, higher than the others. Fur-
ther, in an orchard were placed electrical conductors of iron among the
branches of a I'ruit tree : the tree produced, in proportion, a much larger
crop of fruit than the other trees in the neighbourhood. According to the
experiments tried by Signor Brunodi Sazzi, a branch of Gleditsch/V/ triacan-
thos, 2 ft. long, furnished with a single thorn, attracted as much electricity
as a brass point ; from which it may be inferred, that the rapid grow th of
this plant is owing, in a great measure, to the electricity which it has the
power of absorbing from the atmosphere. It is known that by electricity
water is decomposed ; and that its component jiarts, oxygen and hydrogen
gas, are both highly nutritive to plants ; also, that electricity increases the
action of oxygen, and that it stimulates the irritability of living beings.
The experiments of Sir Humphry Uavy, who put grain to germinate in
water absolutely charged from a voltaic battery, is well known. It is
thus clear that electricity must act on cuttings in a very useful manner.

A Querij in Electricitt/. — Having thus answered J. U., let some one
answer a (|uestion for me. It is known that a mixture of two parts
of oxygen gas, and of one of hydrogen, (the initial temperature being
comnumicated to it,) will inflame, and develope sufficient caloric to
burn the diamond. It is also known, that, by means of a voltaic battery
to each pole of which is united a thread of platina, the electric fluid, being
forced to enter a glass tube full of water, produces a developement of
gas in both the ends of the tu!)e ; that connecteil with the negative pole
being hydrogen gas, and double in quantity to that produced by the posi-
tive pole, which is oxygen. Now, my (jiiery is, may not an apparatus
fiimilar to that of the voltaic pile, or some other mechanism, be fouiul,
which, acting on a mass of water, may decompose it ; ami may not the
oxygen and hydrogen gas, thus disengaged, be collected in inunense re-
ceivers; some (those for the hydrogen gas) double the size of the others
(for the oxygen gas) ; thus procuring for any one, economically and at will,
in any part of the earth, volumes of combustible materials and (combu-
rente) eminently calorific? — Luigi Jlfanetfi. jMonza, I'ch. 'iit. 1832.

Fountain Wells. — The facility in many, and the certainty in all, cases,
with w hich fountain wells may be obtaineil, promises very great advantages.
Iksides the water of the clouds, rivers, and lakes, it is had from two
other sources ; viz. land springs and main spring. The first are liable to
fail w hen most wanted ; the second never. Land springs are often found
upon, ami always at no great distance below, the surface of the ground.
The\ are collections liom exhalations ever risinu from the interior of the

Queries caul Aiistvers. 50 i

'earth, and from snow, rain, and other condensations of water from the
atmosphere. On these last resources, land springs depend for their exist-
ence and supply. What is not quickly carried away by rivers, brooks, and
drains, sinks into the earth ; but, l^eing intercepted in its downward
course, by horizontally placed strata of rock or clay, reposes thereon, and
from there graduallj' oozes away at the lowest point of the impervious bed
which prevented its sinking perpendicularly. Any shaft or opening sunk
into this bed readily admits a flow into it from the saturated soil around,
which is then easily obtainable by the pump or bucket. Water, so pro-
cured, always partakes more or less of the predominating qualities of the
soil through which it percolates. Hence the different mineral springs;
^nd hence the various degrees of brackishness, commonly called hardness,
of domestic wells.

Main springs are sometimes seen gushing out from the sides, but much
more frequently from the bases of high hills. Sometimes they are reached
by the common well-digger; but, in general they are located at a depth far
beyond his reach by any ordinary means. The water of main springs is
known by its high temperature; this being always more or less, according
to the depth from v/hich they flow: those nearest the surface are about
42° Fahr., increasing to 36° or more. They are also known by their qua-
lity ; being, in almost all cases, freei* from impregnation of salts, and are
•consequently called soft water.

Whether the main springs are supplied from the same sources as the
iand springs, and that they are less impregnated with salts or other quali-
ties, in consequence of their receiving greater filtration in their passage
to the depths at which they are found, is a question deserving consider-
ation. But that they do possess the qualities of high temperature and
purity is undeniable, and with these qualities water is invaluable. For the
kitchen, sideboard, dairy, and still-room, how necessary; in the bath and
dressing-room, how convenient-; in the brewhouse, how suitable; and, in
the laundry, how profitable I To the gardener it is a useful auxiliary, and
to the dyer, &c., most important. In short, the art of forming fountain
wells, by which may be gained a constant supply of soft water, without
labour or expensive machinery, presents extensive l)enefits, which are not
yet even apprehended. At present, we are still ignorant how high such
fountains may be carried above the surface of the earth; and how copious
such jets may prove. The ascent of water from such considerable depths
is, in itself, a mystery. When the auger is passed down into a subterra-
nean current or reservoir in a vallej', and the water flows up, it is ac-
•counted for by saying that the outlet is below the principal source. But
when such perforations are made on the highest ground, and where th.ere
appears no inclination or fall of surface to the spot, it is difficult to ac-
.count rationally for such a phenomenon. The natural law for water finding
its own level does not, apparently, appl}'. Is it the pressure of the at-
mosphere ? the subsidence of the superposited earth ? Is it from the
expansive power of subterranean heat, or from the temperature of water
itself? or what ? — M. Chelsea, Jan. 1829.

hilium Martagon. — This plant never produces petals with me, though
three or four other species of iilium, growing in the same soil (a strong
loam) and situation, do. The stamens and anthers are large, fleshy, and
green ; and, instead of petals, I can see nothing but very minute green
scales. Is this a common case, and is it to be cured ? If so, how ? —
John Trotter. Fid/iam, .Time, 1832.

What are the best Means of preventing the Dry Rot in Oak Timber? — It
appears from the newspapers that government has advertised for 10,000 loads
■oi oak timber for ship-building, and that some gentleman (I believe, at
Portsmouth) has written an essay to prove that the government ought
.always to stipulate for its being winter-felled, although they would in that

K K 3

.102 Queries and AnsiKers.

case sacrifice the bark, and thus be conipelletl to give as mucli more for
the timber as woiilil cover tlie price of the bark to the seller. Tlie advan-
tage he anticipates from this stipuhition is, that it wouM put a stop to dry
rot, whicli now makes sudi raviiges in ship timber, and is the cause of
such enormous expense in the king's dockyards. In consequence of the
dry rot, instead of a ship's lasting forty or fifty years without needing
much repmr, it scarcely lasts more than four or five. I am afraid that tiie
cost of the bark vs ould prove so serious an addition to the expense, that it
would deter government from adopting the advice offered. I know little
or nothing of dry rot; it is perhaps presumptuous in me to say any thing on
the subject ; but as great wiseacres seem somewhat puzzled to account for
it, and still more at a loss to find a remedy, I may perhaps be excused if I
offer a few suggestions on the subject, though they may be (like many
which have been already offered) perfectly useless. The general opinion
seems to be, that the dry rot is owing to a fermentation which is produced
in the timber by the sap which it contains in consequence of being felled at
an improper time of the year; and the desideratum is, how shall we get the
bark for the tanner's use, and at the same time preserve the wood in a
.state fit for naval purposes V

It appears, from the experiments of Darwin, Mr. Knight, and several
others, that the sap flows from the root through the sap-vessels in the al-
burnum into the leaves, where it is elaborated ; and then, descending again
between the bark and the wood of the previous ye-ar, it deposits another
layer of new wood, which the year afterwards serves as a channel for the
ascent of the sap. It is the practice of the peelers in this neighbourhood
to lop off all the branches of the trees, that they may bark them more con-
veniently, as they peel boughs of less than 2 in. in diameter ; and it ap-
pears to me that if, instead of this plan, they were to allow them all
to stay on, and peel as far as they could go, without much endangering
their safety, say until they came to where the branches are 4 or 5 in. in
diameter, the value of the b<u"k they would lose would be comparatively
small, both from its lightness^ and the extra-labour recjuircd to procure it.
All the leaves of the tree being left on at the same time, the sap would
rise through the alburnum, and be elaborated by the leaves : Iwit as there
would be no bark for it to descend by, it would be retained by the brandies
above where they kept on their bark. I am no physiologist, and therefore
my theory may be as absurd and injurious in practice as another theory I
have had on the same subject. I had once an idea, that if the sap-wood
were sawed through all round the tree, early in the spring,, this operation
would effectually i)revent the rising of the sap, and the tree would be fit to
fell any time of tiie year. On mentioning, however, my plan to an intelli-
gent I'riend of mine, he assured mc that it was the very worst that could
be adopted, as it was exactly what was done by the backwoocLsmen of
Canada and the United States, who, when the trees are just coming into
leaf, saw through the sap, and decomposition takes place so ra])idly, that
in a very few weeks the branches drop oH^ and shortly after the tree falls
to the ground quite rotten. I'erhaps some cturcspoiulent versed in vege-
table physiology will do me and others the favour to elucidate those points
of the subject, which the vague notions I have expressed involve. I am.
Sir, yours, &c. — T. G. CHllicioi\ Lancoiliirc.

American Sii<^ar obtained from the Sap of Maple. — Sir, I send you a cake
of American sugar, made from the sugar maple ; it is w hat the settlers use.
Why cannot we grow the tree, and make the like. Is the tree to be ob-
tained from the English nurseries ? — li. Covcntri/, June 23. 18.'i2.

\Vc have tasted the sugar, and think it, as far as we can judge, in no
respect inferior to that soKl in the shops as brown or moist sugar. Whe-
ther it is ever likely to become worth growing in this country, we are
more than doubtful; but we shall give what information wo can on the
subject, for the use of those who may be disposed to try.

Queries cmd Ansxi^ers. 503

"^^ The American sugar maple will grow to the height of 40 ft. It has
some resemblance to the Norway maple when the plants are young. The
flowers are yellow, disposed in short compound corymbs, composed of im-
perfect hermaphrodite and perfect male flowei-s, the anthers being abortive
in the first, and perfect in the last. From this tree the inhabitants of
North America make a very good sort of sugar in large quantities. It is
very probable that the Americans make sugar from many species of maple,
particularly A. rubrum and iVi?gw?zrfo /raxinifolium. The juice is obtained
by tapping the trees in spring : warm days and frosty nights are most
favourable to the plentiful discharge of the sap. A hole is made in the tree,
in an ascending direction, with an auger, and a spout is introduced about
half an inch, which projects from 3 to 12 in.; it is generally of sumach or
elder. The sap will sometimes flow six weeks, according to the tempera-
ture of the weather. Troughs are placed under the spouts, to receive the
sap, which is carried every day to a large receiver, from which it is con-
veyed, after being strained, to the boiler. Lime, eggs, or new milk, is added
to the sap, in order to clarify it ; but clear sugar may be made without any
of these ingredients. The sugar, after being sufficiently boiled, is grained,
clayed, and refined, in the same manner as the cane sugar in the West In-
dies. The sooner the sap is boiled the better. It should never be kept
more than twenty-four hours. The quality of maple sugar is superior to
that which is made in the West Indies from the cane, and it deposits less
sediment when dissolved in water. It has more the appearance of sugar-
candy. . . . The sugar prepared from the sap of this tree is one of the
greatest conveniences to the inhabitants of the western countries, is equal
to any other sugar, and procured with little trouble." (Pursh, as quoted
hy George Don, in his Millo-'s Dictionary, p. 650.)

Of these three kindsof maple, we believe that yi^cer saccharlnum can be
obtained from Messrs. Loddiges, and A'cec rubrum and A'egMHr/o/raxinifo-
lium (^Ver Negiindo L.) can be procured from any nursery where shrub-
bery trees are cultivated. — Cond,

The Spruce Fir does not seem to thrive in England. What can be the
reason ? You never see it growing well in a clump. The case is different
on the Continent: the whole of the Hartz Mountains in Germany are
covered with it, and it affords both fuel and timber for the mines and fur-
naces of that district. It is planted or sown, and cut down, in masses, like
our coppice woods ; and self-sown seedlings supply the vacancies created
by every cutting. In some other parts of Germany, in Bavaria, and part
of Prussia, lines of the spruce fir are used very extensively as hedges, pro-
ducing at once shelter and abundance of very durable timber. In like
manner, both in France and Germany, hedges, or rather lines of trees,
serving as boundary fences, and at the same time as sources of shelter and
shade, are used in the same way as thorn hedges are in England. They
produce an enormous quantity of timber for fencing and fuel every twenty
or thirty years ; and, every year, the fall of their leaves supplies manure.
They require no expense in weeding after planting, or in training, pruning,
or clipping, as thorn hedges do ; but remain untouched from the day they
are planted till the day they are cut down. They are 10 ft. high or upwards
when planted, and are put in about 1 ft. apart. — A Traveller, London,
June 5. 1832.

Polygala tvith variously coloured Floiuers. — This plant is as com-
mon in some places (for example, on Killiny Hill, near Dublin), as the
self, or uncoloured, variety. Numberless analogous instances will occur
to every person at all conversant with plants. To assist Mr. Bree in
investigating some of the phytological arcana of nature, I would take the
liberty respectfully to recommend to him the perusal of Causal Botany, by
ray friend, Mr. David Bishop, Curator of the Belfast Botanic Garden. —
F. Murphy. Dublin, Feb. 7. 1832.

K K 4

;oi-

Cwent Gmdni Mat/crf.

Art. VI. Covent Garden Market.

The Cahhagc Trihc.

CabbaKCs, White, per dozen
Cauliflowers, |)cr dozen -

Lrj^uvics.
Peas - [per sieve .
( per sack -
Windsor Beans, per sack
Kidneyljeans, jier j sieve

Tubers and Roots.

rper ton
Potatoes, New ^i)erc'Ht.
d per bush
Cornish Kidneys, per b.sh
New, per pound
Carrots :
Young, per bunch
Horn, i>er bunch
Red Beet, per dozen
Horseradish, per liundle -
Radishcs,White Turnip, per
bunch

The Spinach Tribe.
Sorrel, per half sieve
The Onion Tribe.
Onions, Green (Ciboules),

per bunch
Leeks, per dozen bunches
Garlic, per pound . .
Shallots, per pound . -

jisparnginous PI tints.
Salmis, ti'c.
Asparagus, per hundred -
Artichokes, per dozen
Lettuce, Cos, per score -
Celery, per bundle (I'i to 15)
Small Salads, per punnet ■
Watercress, per flozen small

bunches ...
Burnet, i>er bunch

Pol and Siucrt Herbs.
Parsley, per half sieve
'l'arragon,per dozen bunches
I'ennel, pur dozen bunches
Thyme, per dozen bunches
Sage, per dozen bunches .
Mint, per dozen bunches .
Peppermint, per doz. bun.
Marjoram, per dozen bunch.
Savory, pel dozen bunches
Basil, per dozen bunches

Ohscrvtition.i. — U|) to the present (since the last report), the supplies
have been good and re;;itlar, hut ten days or a fbrtnij;lit later than last
year. Prices have l)een nioilerate, and are at present very low, in conse-
quence of the limited demand occasioned by the prevailing alarm that fruits
and vegetables are conducive to derangement of the stomach, and, conse-
quently, likely to lead to the present prevailing illness. The mischief
arising from this impression is very serious, and should be fearlessly met,
and refuted if possible. Strawberries have been very abiuulaut, and in the
early part of the season the growers o!)tained good prices for them ; but
the later sorts or varieties have not at all repaid the ex|)enses of bringing
them to market. While on this subject, 1 must introduce to your notice
three new varieties of the season : — I. Myatt's New Pine-ap|)le Straw-
berry, possessing every requisite quality; size, colour, flavour, firm and
fleshy, a prolific bearer, succeeding the seedlings, and carrying, with the
old pine, the period of this delicious fruit full ten days longer in the season.
2. Kncvett's New Seedling Fine, also a firm fine-flavoured fruit, and a good
bearer. .S. Faulkner's New Seedling Pine, a large-fruited variety, erect
in stalk, and of excellent flavour ; very closely resembling the old (."arolina.
Raspberries, a good crop, and of excellent (juality. Ciooseberries, most

i From

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Apples, Dessert, per J sieve

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Plums, Dessert, per punnet

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Cherries, per pound

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Black ....

0

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Strawberries, per gallon

(2 pottles) about 3 pints

0

0

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Myatt's New Pine-apple,

per gallon

0

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0

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Pickling Walnuts, per bush.

0

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Pine-apples, per pound -

0

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Hot-house Urapes, per lb.

0

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Melons, each ...

0

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Nuts, per peck :

Spanish ...

0

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0

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Barcelona

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Brazil Nuts, per bushel .

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0 16

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London Horticultural Societij and Garden. 505

abundant, large, and fine. Currants, a fair crop, and excellent. Cherries
have not been so abundant as expected ; but the supply has been quite
equal to the demand : in consequence of the prevailing dry v/eather, they
have come to market in excellent condition. Apples are reported to be a
partial crop, the earlier sorts being rather plentiful. Pears are generally
an excellent crop in all the varieties. Plums are partial in crop, but, no
doubt, as plentiful as may be required, Peaches and nectarines have been
furnished in tolerable abundance, and excellent in size and flavour; with
pine-apples, grapes, and melons : of the latter, we have already had several
importations from Holland. Vegetables have been plentifully supplied,
and, as usual, of excellent quality ; except lettuces, which have been much
injured in their early growth by the prevalence of cold nights. — G. C.
Covent Garden,. hityld. 1832.

Art. VII. London Horticultural Societij and Garden.

.June 5. 1832. — ExJiibiled. Magnolias, yellow Chinese rose, and sweet-
scented Chinese rose, from the Rev. Thomas Garnier. Yellow Banksian
rose, sweet-scented Scotch rose, Caprifolium flavum, and MagnohV/ obovjita,
from Mr. Robert Donald, nurseryman, Woking. /Rhododendron Smith?'/,
fron) Messrs. Loddiges. C!alceolarias, from Mr. J. D. Parks. Hybrid cactus,
and hybrid calceolaria, from Mr. Henry Groom. Hybrid calceolarias, from
the Rev. W. H. Roberts. Azalea Indica white-flowered, and Cotoneaster
microphylla, from W. Wells, Esq. C'ombretum comosum, and two kinds
of Schizanthus, raised from Mr. Cuming's Chilean seeds, from the Comte
de Vandes. A species of Alstrcemer/rt, sent from America by Dr. Nuttall,
from C. Barclay, Esq. A species, with its fruit, of Tacsonia, from
Chile, from Mrs. Marryatt. Fuchs/a bacillaris, and Cereus Jenkinson//,
from Mr. W. Dennis, Chelsea. [This lovely Fuchsia bacillaris, wand-
branched fuchsia, is really a very charming species. Many will consider it
more beautiful just before its blossoms are expanded than after they are
expanded, as, previously to expansion, they form so many pendulous
crimson globes ; in expression of which characteristic, some, it appears,
have applied to this species the epithet globcsa, which, although very
expressive, must, according to the laws of botanists, give place to that of
bacillaris, as by this latter specific name the species has been published,
with a figure of it, in the Botanical Register, t. 1480. The above plant, as
exhibited by Mr. Dennis, well exemplified his extraordinary powers of culti-
vation. The plant exhibited occupied a pot of about the size No. 8, was
a yard in height, its longest branches so spread as to form a circle 2 ft.
or more in diameter, and the up[)er ones becoming successively shorter,
so as to render the plant conical in figure; all the branches were bear-
ing flowers; and the plant had been, by Mr. Dennis's skill and atten-
tion, rendered in this state in the short space of a few weeks, from that of
a starved but healthy plant, growing, or rather living, in a sixty-sized pot,
and being scarcely more than a foot in height, and almost destitute of a
single branch. Besides thus altering the condition of this individual
plant, which I saw in both states, Mr. Dennis has also struck numerous
cuttings from it. — J. D?\

Atso,from tlie Garden oftJie Society. Flowers: Azaleas, rhododendrons,
Scotch roses, i?6sa Banks/<z? lutea and alba, Bignonirt capreolata, Cratce^gus
Oxyacantha rosea superba [This is the most exquisite variety described in
our last (p. 362.) under the denomination of " A new variety of hawthorn,
with carmine crimson blossoms. — T.D.}, C heterophylla. Wistaria Con-
sequawa, Tellinia grandiflora, CoUinsia grandiflora ; Pentstemon procerus,
Scouleri; iupinus polyphyllus, polyphyllus albus, and nootkatensis ;
Mimulus moschiitus, Quisqualis indica ; ^'sculus flava, humilis, Pavia^
Paviff parviflora, neglecta, and rubicunda; Gloxinia caulescens.

50i) lA})i(lon Ilorliciiltinal Sociclj/ and Garden.

Exhiblliun uf Azaleas and lihudodendrons. The Council of the Society
haviiiL,' annoimced that a hirjie silver medal and Banksian medals would be
awarded for tiie best exhibition of azaleas and rhododendrons at the
Meeting of this day, collections were received from the foUowinp; persons:
— The Rev. Thomas (irarnier, Messrs. Waterer, Mr. James Thompson,
Messrs. Chandler and Sons, The Earl of Caernarvon, Mr. Robert Donald,
Messrs. Loddiges, Mr. John Lee, Messrs. Rollisson, William Wells, Esq.,
and Mrs. Marryatt. The large silver medal was adjudged to Mr. Waterer;
the first Banksian medal to Mr. Lee ; the second Banksian medal to the
Rev. Mr. Gamier; and a third Banksian medal was recommended to be
given to Mr. James Thompson for iiis rhododendrons ; and a fourth to
William Wells, Esq., for his azaleas.

Distributed. Seeds from the tiarden of the Brussels sprout to the
Fellows of the Society.

June 19. — Head. A paper entitled Theory on Rockworks in Botanic
Gardens (First Part) ; by the late Franz de Paula, Chevalier de Schrank.

Exhibited. Ranunculuses, Spanish irises, anemones, from Mr. Henry
Groom. Sarracen/a purpurea, from Mrs. Marryatt. Seedling Psebnia albi-
flora and seedling Pae6n/« Richardson/, from Mr. Chandler. Thirty-two
liybrid calceolarias, Pelargonium Barclay«H?»M and a seedling, Calceolaria
HopeoHrt, £rica ventricosa superba, two cauliflowers 6 lbs. 1 1 oz. and
3 lbs. 1.3 oz., from Sir Edmund Antrobus, Bart. Kalm/fl latifolia new van,
seedling Scotch roses, from the Rev. F. Beadon. Azaleas, from the Earl
of Caernarvon. Calceolaria Fothergilli and corymbosa, from Miss Mar-
tineau. Calceolaria species from Chile, Pectis species from Chile, and
Brass/a maculata, from the Comte de V^andes. MagnohV? Thompson/flna
andglauca, .Vpartium virgatum, azaleas, and rhododendrons, from Mr. James
Thom[)son. Erythrina /aurifolia, Cereus Jenkinson/, a seedling cactus,
Gloxin/« caulcscens, SpigehVi' sp. nova, hybritl calceolaria, and Georgiwrt
ZeHnda, from Mr. W. Dennis. Cattleyw species, Feeonia var. from P.
edulis Whitley/, from Messrs. Rollisson of Tooting.

A/so, from the Garden of the Sociefi/. Flowers : BignoneVz capreoliita,
Wistaria frutescens, Calampclis scabra,./asminum revolutuni, Phiiadelphus
hirsutus; Robi'n/'a macrophylla, hispida 2 varieties of; Chinese roses, rose
dc Lisle, Drummond's thornless rose; Scotch roses, double; Z>upinus
arboreus, ornatus, and polyphyllus; Pxuiva albiflora Whitleyi ; Azaleas;
Calceolaria arachnciidea ; I'entstemon speciosus, pubescens, glandulosus,
and ovatus ; Brodite^fl grandiflora, li^schscholtzw califurnica, il/Imulus mos-
chsitus, /'ris A'fphium, /Vis .ri])hioides, il/alva purpurata, Clarkw pulchella,
Colllnsirt grandiHora, and /^ris Iusit6nica.

./«/j/ .'}. — E.vhibited. Pine-apple strawberries, from Mr. Myatt, Manor
Farm, Deptfortl. Hybrid seedling cactuses, from W. Wells, l'>sq. Fruit-
gatherers of a new construction, from Mr. John Dobson, I.'}. Newington
Causeway. iSeniiiervivum sp. fron) the Cape, from John Reeves, Esq.
Magnoh'rt Thomsonww/, from Mr. R. Donald. Oncidium fiexuosum, from
the Countess Amherst. Hybrid (^/ladioli, from ^\'m. Wells, Esq. Hybrid
calceolarias, from Messrs. Young of l''.psoni. Stiu'irt/rt Malachodendron,
Yellow Chile strawberry, and Andromedrt cri.i.sinHoWa, from the Rev, J,
Beadon. Black Hamburgh gra|)cs, IMack Frontignac grapes. White Con-
stantia grapes. Old pine strawberries, and Wilmot's superb strawberries,
from Mr. G. Leslie, gardener to (i. Fleming, Escj. WistanV/ frutescens,
and Sophora velutina, from Messrs. Whitley. A collection of Pinks, from
Mr. T. Hogg of Padilington. i/hododendron maxinumi, Magnol/V? glauca,
M. Thompsonw///-/, and late azaleas, from Mr. Thompson of Mile End.
Habenaria finibriata, from Messrs. Chandler. The (.'onncil having an-
nounced that a large silver medal, and lianksiau medals, would be awarded
for the best exhibitions of roses at the Mcetingof this day, collections were
received from Messrs. Wells, Lee, Donald, Burn, Wood, Yoimg, Beadon,
Smith, Thompson, Malcolm, and Mrs. Marryatt, Miss Martinoau, and

Londoyi Horiicnlhiral Society and Garden. 507

Lord Grenville. The large silver medal was adjudged to Mr. John Lee ;
and Banksian medals to Lord Grenville and Mr. James Young. A Banksian
medal was also recommended to be bestowed on Mr. Wm. Smith, gardener
to the Earl of Liverpool, for his yellow Noisette rose.

From the Garden of the Society. Flowers : Berberis aristata, Suther-
landia frutescens, Paeonia albiflora friigrans, Brodiaj'a congesta, and the
following Roses : — Drummond's thornless, Rose Clare, Perp^tua Lindleyi,
Champney«?j«, I'ndica sanguinea, Seven sisters, Celestial China, I'ndica
ci^.rnua, Countess of Leven, Perthshire, Ayrshire, Moschiita nipalensis.
Double velvet. Ornament de Pare, Pluto, Pourpre de Tyre, Feu amou-
reux, Prince, Flos ex flore. New mottled. Rose du roi, Blush monthly.
Rose Sophia, Blond de Angleterre, Violette brillante, Grandesse royale,
Manteau rouge, Majesteuse, Hollyhock, Grandesse royale. Carmine offi-
cinal, Grand pivoine, Hollandica major (fl. pi.), Pivoine, Rose bifera var,.
Old damask, A'lba carnea, Duchesse d'Angouleme, Spineless virgin. Red
Belgic, Centifolia nova de Nancy, A'lba unica liirida flavescens, Carnea,
Coronation, Aimable rouge, Damascena rosa nova, Fraser's Noisette,
Boursault, Watts's climbing China, Hybrid de la rose de Bengale, Hybrid
de Bengale a fl. carnee. Bizarre de la Chine (fl. rouge). Rose de Lisle,
Octavie Coerelle, Baron Fabert, Parny, Belle de Vernier, Agathe singu-
liere, Gabrielle d'Estrees, Gracieuse, Duchesse de Montebeilo, Mordaunt
de Launay, Delicatesse bizarre, Oberkampf, Mademoiselle de Bordeaux,
Belle Helene, Charles Auguste, Daphne, Hybrided'Ecosse, Belle Th^rese,
Rien ne me surpasse, Hybride du Luxembourg, Rose Cramoisie grand feu,
Proserpine, Constance, Felicite, Enchanteresse, Double burnet. Prince de
Galles, Bifera grandiflora, Eliza Descemet, Rose carteen, Georgienne de
Lafay, Belle Auguste, Belle Henriette, Ducis, Arethuse, Grand cramoisie,
Ninon de I'Enclos, Rouge admirable, Nouvelle favorite. Brown's superb.
Mademoiselle Mars, White de Meaux, Ranoncule rouge. Grand Henriette,
Rose Nannette, Beau regard,Cordon bleu, Fanny Bias, La Baronne de Stael,
Cumberland, Poniatowski, Due d'Orleans, Rose vandail, Stephanie, Belle
Fabert, Miaulis, Rose pirole,Umbellata, Lodoiska, Lucille Debours, Rouge
de paradise, Andromaque, Caroline Michel, Palmyra, Davoust, and Italian
evergreen. — P'ruit : Early purple griotte cherry.

July 17. — Read. A paper on the cultivation of the Camellia, by John
Allnutt, Esq. A paper on the Black Corinth grape, by Mr.Robt. Thompson.

Exhibited. Bigarreau cherries. Black Tartarian cherries, and Red mas-
culine apricots, from Henry Pownall, Esq. Grosse mignonne peaches.
Royal George peaches, and Black Hamburgh grapes, from Mr. J. W.
Thompson. A Cucumber, from Mr. T. Allen. Fuchsia globosa, from
Mr. Bunney of Kingsland. Hybrid Calceolaria, from John Wells, Esq.-
Marigolds, from George Bangley, Esq. ; and a model of an Orange-box,
from John Allnutt, Esq.

Professor Lindleys Lectures. — In continuation of these, we give the
notes taken of the second and third lectures ; and shall give those of the
remaining three in our next Number. In the meantime, as Mr. Lindley
has published the essence of these lectures in a two-shilling tract, entitled
Outlines of the First Principles of Horticulture, S^c, we strongly recommend
that work to our readers, and more especially to every young gardener.
There can be no doubt of this, that even the very best practical gardeners
might be rendered still better, by receiving a fresh infusion of science, to
neutralise the prejudices engendered by a long course of empirical practice.
There is no man in Britain so able to effect this object as Mr. Lindley ;
and we sincerely hope he may persevere in this new line which he has
chalked out for himself, confident that success and great public good will
be the result.

Lecture II. Principle of Adhesion; Cuticle; Axis of the Seed; Stem;
Nodes and Inlernodes ; Axils of Leaves ; Scales; Buds formed on Leaves;

.'"JOS Jjmdon Unrtinillural Socictij and Garilrn.

ICmlnrrnwiis mid Kxognwits Trees. — After hricily recapitulatiiis; tiic heads
of his former lecture, Mr. Lindley ohserved that the principle of adhesion
mav be termed the hinge of vegetable structure, since, perhaps, no other
science exhiliits in a more striking manner its effects. Besides its regular
operations, this principle often produces monstrosities ; two gourds, two
apples, or two peaches, growing close together, become united from
pressing constantly against each other. The flowers of the cockscomb
owe their singular shape to this princij)!e, as, in cases where it has been
prevented from acting, they liave been found to spread out into branches.
A similar monstrosity has been observed in the common asparagus ; and in
several other plants.

Every plant is covered, except at the extreme points of its roots and
the upper surface of its stigma, with a membrane or cuticle, which, though
so extremely thin and fine as to be generally invisible to the naked eye,
is yti composed of parts adhering so firmly to each other as to admit of
its being peeled off. When viewed through a powerful microscope, this
men)brane is found to consist of cellular tissue studded with stomata; and
to appear streaked with a number of parallel lines, formed of rectangular
or irregular network.

Every seed contains within itself a vital point, or axis, consisting of
two cones, which, in the process of germination, elongate themselves in
opposite directions ; one producing tlie stem, and the other the root.
These two parts being essential to all [)lants, Mr. Lindley proposed to
consider them separately.

All stems, whether of herbaceous plants or timber trees, are subject to
the same general laws, and are all provided with leaf buds, by which only
varieties can be propagated. Buds are sometimes considered in the
nature of seeds, as they also possess a vital point from which both a stem
and a root will |)roceed ; but there is this essential diilcrence between
them, that from the one is raised a new plant of the parent tree, and from
the other a distinct individual. Leaf buds spring from nodes, or knots,
of which there are always several on every branch, at regular intervals.
^Sometimes these nodes are placed exactly opposite to each other, and at
others at various distances, but always on alternate sides of the stem.
Whenever two leaves are foimd together on the same side, without one
occurring on the op[)osite side, it may be safely concluded that the missing
leaf hjifi been removed by some accidental circumstance. The spaces be-
tween the nodes are called internodes, and these intervals are of irreguhir
length; generally, however, becommg shorter towards the extremity of the
branch, liuds are sometimes I'ound on the internodes, but, when they
are, the circumstance must be considered as a kind of lusus naturae, and
not as a general law.

Each Iciif forms with the stem an axil, in which is found an axillary
bud. Buds are covered with scales, generally dry and brown, which
drop off" as the leaves unfold themselves. There is sometimes a second,
and even a third and fourth, set of scales, of various tinges of white, brown,
and red, fount! enveloping the inci[)ient leaves. All, however, no sooner
expand, than they drop olf.

JJuds are sometimes loinid upon leaves. The fragments of a leaf of a
species of Ornithngalnm, laid upon moist ground, produced buds, not only
on the edge of the leaf, but on its siu'face ; ami a few plants produce buds
on tlieir leaves naturally. Among these may be mentioneil the Maliixis
pahidosa, and the Bryophsllnm calyciiuun.

I'laiits are irivided into two classes, with regartl to the internal structure
of the stem : viz., the endogenous, or such as increase inwardly ; and the
exogenous, or such as increase outwardly. The former do not enlarge
their bark, or outer circiunference, after a certain point, but gradually fill
up their interior by successive dej)ositions of fibrous matter, which, in the

London Horticultural Society mid Garden. 509

Centre, is so loose, that it may be pulled out in strings ; but vvbich, near
the outer bark, becomes by compression a dense substance, nearly as hard
as ebony. As the centre fills up, this dense substance gradually increases;
till, at last, it will admit of no farther addition, and the whole trunk is
changed into an almost impenetrable mass. After this period the tree
begins to decay ; and, consequently, endogenous trees rarely attain any
great age. Nearly all the timber trees of this class are natives of tropical
climates.

Exogenous plants are those which increase by concentric layers, de-
posited between the inner bark and the alburnum, or outer surface of the
soft wood. The substance enclosed by the bark being thus enlarged, the
outer bark frequently cracks, and Hies off in flakes, its place being supplied
by a new bark formed beneath it. The diameter of exogenous trees thus
increases every year ; and as, under favourable circumstances, this process
may continue an indefinite length of time, no certain period can be fixed
lor their decay. When creepers twine round the trunk of an exogenous
tree, they are frequently found, in the course of a few } ears, buried in the
bark, and they thus often destroy the tree which supports them, by pre-
venting the proper circulation of the sap. This, of course, is not the case
with endogenous trees, v/hich are never injured by the tropical climbers,
though these frequently attain the thickness of a man's wrist, and are
sometimes found with their folds growing together, from the principle of
adhesion, so as to form a complete shell.

The centre of exogenous trees is called the heartwood, and is, in conse-
quence of the solidification of its vessels, unfitted for the circulation of
sap, like the other parts of the tree. It is always the first to decay ; and
instances are often seen, where the trunk of a tree is completely hollow,
and yet the branches thrive, and bear leaves, flowers, and fruit.

It is generally supposed that the age of exogenous trees may be counted
by the number of concentric layers which they contain ; but this rule Mr.
Lindley declared to have many exceptions. Sometimes two zones form
in one year, and sometimes, from the situation of the trees, or other acci-
dental circumstances, the zones are nearer together on one side than on
the other. Thus, calculations made by comparing the diameter of the tree
with the distance between the two outer zones, and thus endeavouring ta
estimate the number of zones in the interior, have been often found erro-
neous : and there is little doubt but that the enormous age attributed to
some trees, especially the baobab and the deciduous cypress, may be ex-
plained in this manner.

Mr. Lindley concluded by saying that want of time obliged him to
postpone the consideration of roots till his next lecture.

Lecture III. On tlie Roots of Plants, and on the Formation of Timber. —
In the present lecture, the professor observed, he should commence with
that portion of his former lecture which he had been obliged to postpone,
for want of time, viz., some description of the structure and functions of
the root. The distinction between roots and stems appeared at first sight
so obvious as scarcely to need definition ; and yet it was difficult to dis-
tinguish, by mere external appearance, between detached portions of the
two. A piece of old root, sawed in two, and polished, strongly resembled
a piece of stem tunber; and a detached root of the screw pine might easily
be taken for the trunk of some kind of cane. Potatoes and other tubers
were also often called roots, when they were, in fact, as he should explain,
hereafter, only portions of buried stems. It was necessary, therefore, for
the botanist, or rather the physiological horticulturist, to look beyond mere
external appearances for the true difference between roots and stems.
These might be found in the position, structure, growth, colour, mode of
extension, power of propagation, and functions of the root, all of which
were essentiall\ different fi'om those of the stem.

510 TjOH(1u)i llurticuUiiral Society and Garden.

The Position. Witli regard to this, Mr. Lindlcy observed that he had
already stated the fact, tliat both the root and stem of a bud or seed pro-
ceeded from one common centre ; which elongated itself at the same time
in opposite directions, the upper shoot producing the stem, and the lower
one the root. This was when the seed or bud was placed in its natural
position : if, however, it were reversed, and the part destined to produce
the stem were placed downwards, the tendency of the stem would still be
to ascend, and of the root to descend, in spite of the obstacles opposed to
this natural inclination. There is an extraordinary power possessed by
plants of acconnnodating themselves to circumstances; and this power
was shown strongly in the case in question : the fibrils of the root might
be compelled by heat and moisture to germinate, and, finding no opening
in their natural direction, might be forced to expand upwards, but it was
only unwillingly and by mere compulsion ; and they would always be found
trying to overcome the difficulties opposed to their resuming their original
position. Many curious experiments have been tried with a view of ascer-
taining this fact, particularly by Du Hamcl and several French physiolo-
gists. One of these experiments consisted in placing a bean, with the root
uppermost, in a bottle of water ; of which the bean exactly covered the
whole bottom, leaving no room below it. The root germinated, and, being
unable to insinuate itself between the bean and the glass, proceeded
u[)wards, but in a spiral manner, and making various efforts to find an
opening by which it could descend. Another experiment was, sowing buck
wheat on a surface oi' quicksilver ; and then, by means of heat and water,
forcing it to germinate : m hen the roots, being unable to penetrate the
quicksilver, ran along its surface, sometimes assuming a hooked appear-
ance, and, when near the edge of the pot, extending themselves over it,
and running down its sides. A third experiment was, filling a ffower-pot
with fine, rich, moist earth ; and, having placed a seed close to the
bottom, suspending it in the air : the seed would soon begin to germinate,
but the root, instead of expanding itself in the nourishing soil prepared for
its reception, would turn over, and contrive, if possible, to force its way
out of the hole at the bottom of the pot into the open air, where, of
course, it nuist soon perish for want of n)oisture. It is a vulgar error to
suppose that the roots of a tree always extend as far as its branches.
That they do extend a considerable distance from the centre is certain ;
and it is a wise provision of nature that they do so ; as otherwise, from
the dense foliage of some trees keeping the rain from wetting the ground
for a considerable circle round their trunks, the roots, and consequently
the tree, would soon perish for want of moisture.

The Stntcfiirc of roots is essentially different from that of stems. Those
portions nearest the trunk of timber trees are, in fact, only elongated por-
tions of the stcM), stretching into the ground for the jjurpose of giving sta-
bility to the trees. The roots necessary to vegetation are slender threads
called radicles, or fibrils, comjiosed of fibrous tissue, embedded in cellular
substance; the centre of the fibres being abundantly proviiled with ducts,
for the purpose of conveying the moisture extracted from the ground to
the plant. At the extremity of these fibrils is a portion of spongy mucus,
composed entirely of cellular tissue, and easily distinguishable to the
eye by its yellow tinge, as the professor demonstrated by exhibiting the
roots tiirown out by the eye of a vine kept in water. The points of the
fibrils, as far as they are composed of mucus, are called the spongioles ;
and it is found, that, if they become dry, and lose their spongy (jualities,
the tree must perish. They are, in fact, the mouths of the plant.

T/ie Growth of roots is different from that of stems. Stems increase by
the progressive developement of their parts, every bud containing within
itself the germ or embryo of the perfect plant : roots, on the contrary,
possess no power of self-elongation, but increase by successive depositions

London Horticultural Society and Garden. 5 1 1

of mucus at their extremities, concentrated by the power of adhesion, and
gradually acquiring the consistency of tissue.

The Colour of stems differs from that of roots. Stems, till darkened by
exposure to the atmosphere, and other causes, are generally green ; but
roots, except those of two or three plants, never assume that hue.

The Mode of Extension is also different. Stems throw out their branches
from nodes placed at certain intervals, and their position may always be
ascertained by some fixed rule : roots are always irregular, their fibrils
crossing and recrossing each other in every possible dii'ection, and the in-
tervals between them being referable to no kind of calculation.

The Power of Propagation possessed by stems is altogether deficient in
roots properly so called. It is barely possible that a radicle might, under
peculiar circumstances, produce an adventitious bud, in the same manner
as a leaf has been already shown to possess the power of doing ; but, when
such cases happen, they must be considered as exceptions from the general
rule, and must be regarded as a species of monstrosity.

The Functions of the root, the professor observed, he had already men-
tioned, and it would be foreign from his purpose to dilate on them at pre-
sent, as it was his intention to recur to the subject in a future lecture.

After thus enumerating the points of difference between roots and stems,
the professor proceeded to speak of the nature of the different kinds of
substances called by the general name of roots. He first observed that
though roots, properly speaking, are incapable of propagation by division,
several substances commonly designated as roots have that property.
Most of these substances may be classed under the names of tubers and
bulbs. Tubers partake greatly of the nature of stems ; and may be con-
sidered as prolongations of the stem under ground, containing accumula-
tions of fecula, formed from some unknown causes, as in the potato and
the Indian arrow-root ; probably intended by nature for the nourishment
of the young plant before the fibrils of its root have become sufficiently
strong to imbibe food for themselves. In all cases, tubers are furnished
with buds or eyes, which each possess a separate vital principle, and are
each capable of throwing out roots and a stem; in short, of producing a
perfect plant. The tubers of the arrow-root are oblong, and are attached to
the base of the stem by a slender ligament, which, as they advance towards
maturity, decays. The powder called Indian arrow-root is made from the
fecula contained in these tubers. Elongations of the stem of other plants,
partially thickened, often bury themselves in the earth, forming buds, and
throwing out stems and roots, so as to form new plants, as in the case of
the couch grass.

Bulbs are, properly speaking, buds ; each containing in itself the embryo
of a new plant, and having roots proceeding from its base. Bulbs consist
of a number of laminae or scales, each scale being either the rudiment or
the residuum of a leaf. As new leaf-buds are formed in the axils of leaves,
so new bulbs or cloves (as in a root of garlic) are formed in the axils of
scales ; and though not always developed, they exist in an inert state, and
are always capable of being called into action. Destroying the stem, and
affording an excess of nourishment to the parent bulb, would assist in
calling this dormant power forth ; and it has been said that this method is
sometimes employed in Holland, for propagating new or rare species of
hyacinth. The propagation of a valuable species of Zamia, under pecu-
liarly adverse circumstances, affords a striking proof of the practical use of
a knowledge of the physiology of bulbs. The Zamia is a plant with a large
bulbous stem, distinctly marked with dry hard scales, the bases of decayed
leaves, and crowned at the apex with a circle of large fern-like leaves, with-
out any other stem than the bulb from which they spring. A valuable
plant of this genus was sent to the botanic garden at St. Petersburgh ; but,
from want of care, or other incidental causes, it was found, when it arrived.

512 Londun ITurlicuUiual Society and Gcndcii.

to be completely rotten at the core. Many persons, seeinj? it in this
state, woulil liave thrown it away as useless; but Dr. Fischer, who has
the ilirection of the {garden, bcini; well acquainted witii the laws of vege-
table phvsiolocy, was deterniineil to try to force the hard outer covering of
the Zaiiiia to devclope its incipient buds. He had the core carefully
scoo|)ed out, every particle that was in a state of decomposition being
removed, and then filled the cavity with fine rich soil. The bulb was
afterwards placed in a moist warm atmosphere ; and he had soon the satis-
faction of fintling the theory above detailed beautifully illustrated, by the
germination of a great niunber of young plants.

The manner of the formation of timber (though a subject of such im-
portance in a national point of view) is yet involved in considerable
difficulties. Many hypotheses have been started, anil supported by tlilier-
cnt physiologists, but no one has yet been found to which all able men
are willing to agree. Professor Lindley owned that he hail formed his own
opinion on the sulijcct, but, as other o])inions were still supported by
very scientific botanists, he deemed it his duty to state the principal
conflicting hypotheses as clearly and as impartially as he could. He said
lie had shown in a previous lecture that all trees are either endogenous
(•r exogenous ; that is, that they increase either internally or externally.
The timber trees of England, and of most temperate climates, belong to
the latter class; and they increase by concentric layers, formed, one every
\ear, between the inner bark and the alburnum, or surface of the young
wootl. The manner in which this layer is deposited is the point respecting
which botanists do not agree. Of the various opinions that have been
' roached on this subject, Mr. Lindley said, he should only state two, which
he considered the principal: viz. 1. That the increase in diameter of timber
trees is eftected by the annual transformation of the inner bark into
alburnum; the former alburnum hardening into wood, and a new inner
bark being formed by the exuding juices of the tree : ami, 2. That fibres
are being constantly sent down by the leaves, which imbedding themselves
in the cellular tissue, formed by the descending sap, make a new layer
between the inner bark and the alburnum.

Various ex[)erimcnts have been tried by the supporters of the first of
these opinions ; one of which seemeil almost conclusive. A portion of
the outer bark having been removed, and a thin plate of silver having been
bound on the outside of the inner bark, this plate of silver was, in a few
years, found burieil in the tree. On the other hand, the advocates of the
second hypothesis, viz., that the layer of new wood is formed by deposi-
tions from the leaves, assert, that, if a tree be ringed to such a de|)th as to
cut off' the communication between the alburnum and the leaves, the stem
below that ring will not increase in size, but that the part above the
division will exhibit an extraordinary swell, as though the nourishment
intended for the whole trunk were concentrated to that point. In fiu'thcr
support of the same hypothesis, it had been observeil that trees planted
on the eilge of a wood, in such a situation as to have only one side
exposed to the full benefit of the sun and air, and which, of course,
have partially developed their leaves and branches, are found invariably
to have their concentric layers of wood broader on the vigorous than on
the stunted side. After stating these opinions, Mr. Lindley observed that
many objections had been raised to the second of them, because its first
supporters had asserted that each individual leaf, or rather bud, sent down
fibres through the whole body of the tree directly to the ground. This
appeared to be carrying the iloctrine rather too far.

THE

GARDENER'S MAGAZINE,

OCTOBER, 1832,

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. General Results of a Gay-denhg Tour, during July,
August, and part of September, in the Year \^^\, Jiom Dum-
Jries, hi) Kirkcudbright, Ayr, and Greenock, to Paisley, By the
Conductor.

{Continued from p. 391.)

In this fragment of our tour, we shall mtroduce a few words
on the agriculture of the west of Scotland ; and take next in
order field hedges, plantations, edgings of walks, lawns,
kitchen-gardens, and the construction of hot-houses. In a
succeeding fragment, which will appear in our Number for
December, we shall criticise the palace, mansion, villa, and
cottage residences, of this part of our route, and thus conclude
our tour.

In the Agriculture of the West of Scotland, the cultivation of
turnips in rows has been carried to a very high degree of
perfection ; insomuch, that thirty tons per statute acre of
Swedish turnips are usually calculated on, when the soil and
weather are tolerably favourable. Carrots and mangold
wurtzel produce generally within one or two tons of the
same quantity, and common turnips and potatoes from two to
five tons more. One principal cause of this enormous pro-
duce is unquestionably the moisture of the climate ; but, at
the same time, much is owing to the culture, which is very
perfect. The rotation, on most soils, is, 1st, turnips, potatoes,
or other herbage or i-oot, crop drilled, the dung being buried
in the drill, or naked fallow ; 2d, barley or wheat, with

Vol. VIII. — No. 40. ll

514- General Results (tf a Gnrdenhig Tovr : — >

clover and rye-grass; 3(1, clover and rye-grass fed off, or
the first crop mown for hay; 4th, pasture; 5tli, pasture;
and, 6th, oats. Round Kilmarnock, a great quantity of
annual and perennial rye-grass seed is raised, and this ci"op
is reckoned on a par with one of oats, in point of exhausting
the soil. Iron ploughs have almost every where been sub-
stituted for wooden ones, and the saving is considered great,
on account of their extreme durability. They were intro-
duced about twenty-six years ago, and there is not a single
instance of one of them being worn out. Finlayson's harrow,
invented in the neighbourhood of Ayr, by a farmer of that
name, a most ingenious and excellent man, who, unfortu-
nately, did not live to see the effects, and reap the fruits, of
his invention, is also very generally used ; and we have been
informed by several farmers, and particularly by our esteemed
friend, Mr. Tenant of Shields, that, in consequence of em-
ploying this implement, they never plough their turnip,
potato, or other fallows more than twice ; viz., in preparing
the ground, to break up the stubble ; and, before sowing or
planting, to form the drills. In naked fallows, the plough is
only used at first breaking up, and in turning in the manure
before sowing. Stall-feeding is general, both for fatting
cattle and for milch cows ; but tlie latter are always turned
out to pasture a portion of every day. Under-draining with
tiles, in what is called the Essex mode (that is, putting drains
in every furrow, or in parallel lines from 12 to 20 ft. apart,
in order to carry off" the water from soils having retentive
sub-strata), has been introduced, and most extensively em-
ployed, by the Duke of Portland, on his large estate, reaching
from the sea-shore, at his harbour of Troon, to and beyond
Kilmarnock. The same principle of draining has been prac-
tised by Mr. Buchanan at Catrine : but the drains there,
instead of being laid with tiles, are filled with small stones
within a foot of the surface ; in our opinion, a much more
effective and more durable mode. Mr. Buchanan has also
turf-drained moss, or peat bog. The covering turf, or sur-
face spit of the bog, is dried in the sun during one summer,
previously to using it, till it has become charred, and insolu-
ble in water; and this turf being broader than the bottom of
the drain {Encij. ()/' Agr., 2d edit. fig. 651. p. 709.), is rammed
into it, so as to form an arch. These drains are cheap,
require no carting on the moss, are effectual for the end in
view, and ore found to last for a long time.

T/ie Field and Roadside Hedges, in most places in the west
of Scotland, particularly in Ayrshire, are exceedingly well
managed, being trained so as to form a body of verdure from

Hedges and Plantations. 5 1 .5

3 to 4 ft. broad at the base, from 5 to 7 ft. high, and from
6 in. to one foot wide at the top. When pruned, they are
always cut upwards with a knife or bill, and are never clipped
or cut downwards. The estate of Mr. Oswald, at Auchin-
cruive, is, in this respect, as in most others, a perfect model
for landed proprietors. In Dumfriesshire and the stewartry
of Kircudbright, the hedges by the roadsides are frequently
planted in dwarf walls, which are backed up with earth (as
the caper plant is about Marseilles and Toulon), so as to
spring up from the face of them, and form hedges over their
tops ; a jiractice suitable for districts abounding in stones,
because it saves all expense of cleaning the hedge when
young, and insures a close-bottomed fence.

T/ie Plantations^ which have so much improved the general
features of the west of Scotland, have three defects, more or
less conspicuous. These are, too great a sameness in the
mixture of trees, a want of variety of character in the outline
of the masses, and a general neglect of thinning. The mix-
ture consists almost every where of larch, firs, common pine,
and round-headed trees : whereas, in low situations, with the
exception of spruce firs, and some sorts of poplar and willow,
round-headed trees only, or chiefly, should have been planted;
and spiry-topped trees only, or chiefly, in very elevated
situations. At all events, this may be considered as a sort of
general rule, suitable for those who cannot apply a principle.
We are quite aware that a great deal may be said in defence
of the present practice : it may be alleged that the larches and
pines are merely intended as nurses ; that all of them will
ultimately be removed ; and that, whether the situation be
high or low, no trees can be more beautiful. We shall not
stop to enter into the details of both sides of these and similar
arguments, but observe that the birch, the alder, the willow,
and the poplar will be found of as rapid growth, and the
latter, at least, fully as profitable, in many situation, as the
larch and the pine. The spruce fir, also, in cold, low, and
wet lands, forms one of the most rapid-growing and profitable
of trees. In all situations, neither very high nor very low,
trees may be safel}' and profitably planted in masses, almost
entirely of the same sort, without any nurses. With a
knowledge of these facts, and some taste for general effect, a
variety in the aspect of the plantations, on any one estate,
may be easily produced, without any loss of profit, in bulk or
value of timber, being sustained. Every considerate gardener
will allow this ; and we remind gardeners of it, much less in
the way of finding fault, than as affording hints for their
future guidance.

L L 2

516 General Besulls of a Gardening Tour: —

The direction oftlie boundary lines of plantations made on
the sides of hills is of <rieat importance, in respect to the
effect of these plantations when seen from below. There is
a character of greatness as well as of littleness, even in lines,
though it would be diihcult, in a few words, to describe in
what that character consists. Lines which express gran-
deur are always simple; graceful lines are always varied. In
order to produce a harmonious whole, the lines of a plantation
should, in general, bear some relation to the lines formed by
the surface of the ground on which it is placed. We say
in general ; because there may be surfaces, the natural lines
of which it may be desirable to counteract by those of plant-
ations ; for example, the outlines of lumpish forms of surface,
or dead flats. Straight lines, or lines gently curved, are more
suitable for a flat country, than for the sides of hills ; an un-
dulating country should obviously have more undulating lines
than straight lines ; and a rough abrupt country more an-
gular lines than curvilinear ones. Every one must feel that
on the undulating sides of a hill, curved lines are more in
concord than straight lines ; and that varied curves are more
graceful than unvaried ones. In some of the most extensive
})lantations on the hills and mountains of Cumberland and
Westmoreland, as well as on those of Dumfriesshire antl
Kirkcudbrightshire, an artist's eye will detect deviations from
the above principle, which the planter of taste should mark,
in order to avoid. However, we are too well satisfied to
see plantations carried on extensively in any way in these
districts, to be very fastidious about the details ; and, there-
fore, having n)ade the fox'egoing remarks, more with a view-
to the future than to the past, we shall })ass on to our third
defect, neglect of thinning and fencing.

Whether a man prepares the soil properly previously to
))lanting, encloses sulliciently, and prunes and thins ade-
(|iiately afterwards, is of nuich less conse(|uence to the public
than it is to himself. A plantation may be admirably adapted
to the situation in which it is placetl ; may be planted with
tlie proper sorts of trees ; and may, in its young state at least,
be every thing that can be wished in regard to the improve-
ment of the landscape, and yet afford little or no profit to
the |)roprietor. With the j)rofit, indeed, the public may be
said to have very little to do : all that they are fairly entitled
to criticise is the general effect ; and for that, and for that
alone, neglected plantations are (all other circumstances
being equal) for the first fifteen or twenty years of their
growth, as good as well-managed ones. So nnich ground
has been planted in the west of Scotland within tne last
thirty years, that there is not the least danger of a scarcity of

Pkmlations. 5 1 7

native timber ; there is equally little danger of a deficiency
of surface for the culture of grass or corn ; and therefore, if
any landed proprietor chooses to ornament the country with-
out benefiting himself, the country, so far from objecting,
ought to be very much obliged to him. We can assert, with-
out fear of contradiction, that there is not one proprietor in
a hundred, in the west of Scotland, that prunes, thins, and
otherwise manages his plantations as he ought to do, in
order to make the most of them in point of profit during
the first twenty years of their growth, and of both profit
and beauty afterwards.* This fact, when considered in the
abstract, seems almost incredible ; nevertheless, it cannot
be denied, though in many cases it would seem difficult to
assign a reason. An opinion that plantations cannot afford
profit for many years after planting; ignorance of what is
required; indifference on the subject; and a general dislike
to cutting down trees, whether young or old, are reasons
which very generally prevail. The last is carried to an extent
which may be considered a diseased feeling; and is, in our
opinion, most ridiculous. In Ayrshire, we found very exten-
sive plantations, of from five to thirty years' growth, on one
nobleman's estate, from which not a tree has been thinned
since they were planted at the rate of five thousand plants to
the acre. The mass has become impervious to either man
or cattle; and, as timber or fuel, it would not, if now cut
down, as the very intelligent gardener on the estate informed
us, pay the cost of the trees, nearly four times the price, thirty
years ago, that they are now, before they were removed from
the nursery. On another nobleman's estate, in the same
country, we found oaks in more than double the above num-
ber per acre, which, we were informed, it was never intended
to thin, but to leave to grow up together, and choke and kill
one another, in imitation of nature. We have no objection
to this plan, provided it be not recommended as good, with
a view to profit. A plantation composed of trees all planted
or sown at the same time, can never be said to be a just imi-
tation of a state of nature. In natural woods we find trees of
all ages ; and hence, the ease with which the stronger over-
come the weaker, and acquire a timber size; but where all
are sown or planted at once, and at equal distancesj all are

* We say profit and beauty afterwards ; because, after trees have attained
a timber height, much of their beauty, when collected in masses, depends
on each tree having room sufficient to show the character of its head.
Hence a wood, consisting of trees singly and in small groups, with under-
wood beneath, is almost always more beautiful than a grove consisting of
trees onlyj because, in the latter case, the trees generally, even in the best-
managed groves, stand too thick.

L L 3

518 General licstilis of a CictrtlL'ni)ig 'Jour: —

generally coiiteiidiiig for what none can attain without the
assistance of art, and the wliole grow up together in a mass
of etiolated rods, with only here and there a tree to be found
which has attained a timber-like size. The only case in which
this result does not take place, in an extreme degree, is when
dilTerent genera of trees have been planted in mixture : in
which case those of the most vigorous habits and rapid growth
will overcome the others.

As contrasts to the plantations on the two estates men-
tioned, we may refer to those of Monkwood, near Ayr, in which
the trees (each judiciously pruned so as to form a handsome
stem, more or less clothed from the ground upwards) stand
at proper distances ; and the thinnings, as Mr. Smith of the
Monkwood Nursery informed us, have more than paid acorn
rent, reckoning from the time the plantation was made. We
may also refer to one or two others in Dumfries and Kirkcud-
bright shires, and especially to those at Closeburn and Ter-
ragles, as being profitably managed ; though, in the latter case,
and as, indeed, in most othei's that we saw, the trees are too
closely pruned.

The publication of Sir Henry Steuart's Planter's Guide
has given a considerable stimulus to the transplanting of large
trees ; viz., trees of from fifteen to thirty years' growth, and
from 20 to 40 ft. high. We could not help noticing the
practice of some proprietors, who, while they neglected their
young plantations, or managed them improperly, could yet
afford to expend time and money in transplanting large trees ;
which is about in as good taste and judgment, as if a man were
to conmience ornamenting the walls of his house before he
had roofed it in. We have seen some parks in Dumfries and
Kirkcudbright shires, and we could mention one in Ayrshire,
recently sprinkled over with trees, in imitation of Sir Henry
Steuart's manner, in superlatively bad taste. We recollect
only one instance in which an attempt was made to group
the trees, and to add shrubs to them ; but the individuals
composing these groups were placed too far apart, and the
effect, in consequence, was in a great measure lost.

Edginga of IValhs. — The faults which we have been obliged
to find with the edgings of walks, in former articles (Vol. Vll.
J), 'tot. 546.), are less frequent in that part of Scotland which
we passed through, than tliey are in England ; partly, we be-
lieve, from there being less labour to spare for the walks ; but
partly also from gardeners being fully aware that the harsh
edgings, which we complain of, are deformities. Hoeing and
raking, which among growing crops may certainly be consi-
dered beauties, because they are presumptive evidences of
g(jod culture ; we found by some gardeners considered beau-

Edgings^ Grass Lawns, Kitchen-gardetis. 5 1 9

tiful when applied to gravel walks ; but on this subject we need
only refer to what we have said before. (Vol. VII. p. 544'.)

Grass Law?is. — We observed very few lawns in Scotland
that were mown often enough to produce a very fine velvet
turf; a circumstance easily accounted for, from the absence
of the proprietors, and the slender means left to keep their
seats in order. More or less of lawn with smooth turf, and
of walks covered with a fine, compact, and bright-coloured
gravel, are, with us, essential to the luxury of every country
house. When the recently invented mowing machine, which
we are happy to find is coming generally into use throughout
England (p. 34.), becomes general in Scotland, we may, bow-
ever, hope that lawns will be kept as we could wish them.
The gravel in the west of Scotland is generally rough, loose,
and very unpleasant to walk on. In some places rotten rock
is used as a substitute for gravel, which makes, when power-
fully rolled, a very agreeable surface to walk on, though not
one very pleasant to the eye. Where no gravel abounds
naturally, there is always in Scotland a very good substitute
to be found in finely broken stone ; for example, in granite,
basalt, sandstone, or some variety of bright coloured-schistus ;
and this broken stone, when firmly rolled, forms an elegant
and durable as well as agreeable walk. The use of a heavy
roller for compression, and of salt or handweeding for destroy-
ing the weeds, instead of loosening the surface by the hoe, as
well as of dried clay in powder to mix with and bind river
gravel, seemed to us to be generally wanting. Indeed, the
use of a roller, which will give five or six times the pressure
which by any possibility can come on a walk or road, is not
even generally understood by engineers in England. Our
attention was first directed to it by a friend (Mr. Tomalin),
who is of opinion, that by the use of very heavy rollers, after
making or mending roads, they might every where be rendered
as smooth as gravel walks, and as durable as pavement.
Burnt clay which contains iron often assumes a beautiful red-
dish yellow colour, and might form a very good substitute for
Kensington gravel.

The Kitchen-gardens in Scotland are generally formed at
greater expense, and kept afterwards with more care and
neatness, than they are in England. The reason may be, that
the climate requires a greater variety of fruits to be cultivated
against walls ; and that the kitchen-garden, being usually well
sheltered, and also ornamented with flowers, is, contrary to
the English practice, as much used as a place to walk in, by
the female part of the family, as the pleasure-ground. We
found some Scotch kitchen-gardens kept with remarkable

L L 4

520 General Remlls of a Gardening Tour.

neatness, and without a single weed ; the defective part being
the gravel walks, which, as before observed, being hoed and
raked, are generally loose, and disagreeable to walk upon.
As may be su})j)osed, from the number of hands being almost
every where diminished, we recognised a falling off' in the
keej)ing of kitchen-gardens since the time we were last m
this part of Scotland; but what struck us as the greatest de-
fect in almost all the Scottish gardens, as well as in most of the
English ones which we have seen during our tour, was the
barrenness of the wall fruit trees. We do not recollect a
single garden in Scotland, where there was a fair crop over
every part of the walls, unless it were at Kilkerran. The
cause is clearly owing to the practice of digging and cropping
the borders. Most gardeners are as well aware of this as we
are ; but they say they cannot do without the crops produced
by the borders ; and that, if they were not to crop them, their
masters would think they were not doing their duty. What
we would say in answer is, that it is very absurd to be at so
great an expense in building walls and training trees on them,
and at the same time to take the most effectual means to pre-
vent these wall trees from producing fruit. We shall not
repeat what we have already advanced (Vol. VII. p. 542.);
but it may be useful to mention, that, in the excellent new gar-
den at Kilkerran, not a peach or a nectarine was produced,
till the very intelligent gardener, Mr. CuUen, took up the
trees, formed a substratum of lime rubbish, firmly beaten
down, and covered it with soil not deeper than 1 ft., then re-
planted the trees, and never since cropped or even dug
the ground about their roots. Mr. CuUen has now short
well-ripened wood, and good crops of fruit every year. In
the garden at St. Mary's Isle there is a vinery which never
fails bearing an abundant crop ; and here the border has not
been dug for thirty years, but only covered with rotten leaves
and rotten dung, underneath which Mr, Nisbet showed us a
web of fibres rising to the surliice, and feeding on it. Plant-
ing standard fruit trees in kitchen-gardens is a bad practice,
and generally prevalent : the vegetables or small fruits grown
below them can never attain a proper size and flavour ; and
the culture of the soil, required to produce these vegetables
and small fruits, is as injurious to the standard trees as crop-
ping borders is to the wall trees. Dwarfs and espaliers along
the walks are less t)bjcctionable than standards in the com-
partments : but how seldom do we find such trees bearing
good crops ! The cause is in the digging and cropping.
Standard fruit trees are generally best planted in an orchard
by themselves ; the ground very slightly croi)ped, till the trees

Horticultural Jottanda. 521

have attained a considerable size, and the ground afterwards
sown with grass ; or, what is preferable, merely kept free of
weeds, by hoeing, forking, or slight digging.

The Construction of Hot-houses of every description is by no
means so far advanced in the west of Scotland as it is in Eng-
land, and still less the mode of heating them by hot water.
By far too much labour is bestowed on the woodwork, in
forming mouldings, panels, and other ornamental surfaces,
which serve little purpose but that of harbouring dii't and
moisture and vermin, rotting the materials, and darkening
the house.

( To be concluded in our next.)

Anx. II. Horlicidtural Jottanda of a recent Continental Tour.
By Robert Mallet, Jun. Esq.

Every young gardener of the present day ought to travel
abroad; and if two or three join company, so much the better.
There are useful hints as to the ho'w a young gardener of small
means is to manage this, in the Encyclopcsdia of Gardening ;
but pecuniary difficulties are not so great as may be imagined.
An attentive and careful young man could and ought to have
saved 80Z. by the time he is 24 years of age ; and with that
sum he may remain three months on the Continent ; and in
that time have been a week in Paris (long enough to see
carefully all that is useful to a gardener there), have seen
some of the South of France, the best of the Alps, most of
Italy, and returned through Germany, Belgium, and Holland.

From nearly such a tour I have just arrived ; and although
it was not made with any particular view to horticulture or
natural history, I beg to offer a few scattered observations,
made at the time, on those subjects ; conceiving, that, although
not very valuable, they may elicit better from others, or excite
a desire to travel in those who have never before felt it.

To premise from my own experience, I think the following
hints of equipment may not be unserviceable : —

A traveller on the Continent should be as expeditious as
possible : he should have no trunks or portmanteaus at all ;
as, by these means, he will escape almost all the troublesome
examination of the douaniers, or customhouse officers, and
be enabled to go to places that he never could, if loaded with
a huge baggage. Instead of all this, he should have one lai'ge
carpet bag, much larger than usual ; consisting of carpet out-
side, varnished linen next, and lined with strong ticken or

.'522 Horticultural Jottanda

canvass. The varnished linen is absohitely necessary to pro-
tect from rain ; Hnen, clothes, &c., may be tied np in a rect-
angular piece of grey canvass, prepared with short straps for
the purpose, whicli will preserve them clean and uinuffled ;
a strong dressing-case should include all small articles : a
large sponge, for washing, is a great luxury in a southern
climate. A person of good general health will find much
advantage, in the south of Europe, from taking with him
abundance of Seidlitz powders ; magnesia, which the acid
wines render necessary; and a box of aloetic pills, which will
be efficaciously purgative.

For the preservation of specimens of natural history, he
should carry a strongly made box of wood, about 12 in. by
8 in., and 4- in. deep, with boards of soft pine to drop in, one
on another, leaving spaces, from H in. to half an inch, for
sticking insects on, or laying by any small miscellaneous
fragile articles. Some loosely bound books of blotting paper,
that will fit into a leather writing-case, will answer for a tem-
porary hortus siccus. A stout leathern bag, with plenty of
lapping paper, will preserve mineral specimens ; none of which,
however, on account of their weight, should be collected, but
such as are really worth preservation.

Many plants, especially succulent ones, may be brought
home alive, by being included in a cylindrical tin canister
with small holes in the top, and a piece of soft wet sponge in
the bottom, to envelope the roots. I brought home alive, from
Florence, specimens of the Agave liirida, jBuphorb/a triangu-
laris. Cactus monanthos [ ? Oj)iintia monacantha], &c., simply
by wrapping their roots in a bit of sponge, wetting it from
time to time, and including the whole in brown paper, and
that in an old boot.

I would reconniiend a solitary or pedestrian traveller, in
Italy, to carry a strong pair of detonating pistols. A showy
military uniform, though singularly inapj)ropriate for a gar-
dener, is probably the best travelling dress.

I shall not attempt a regular tourist's journal ; of such too
many exist; and I have neither time nor inclination to add
to the number. Perhaps of all the guide-books of the Con-
tinent published, not one is to be wholly depended on. Good
maps are the best guides; the German published ones are the
most accurate and full.

Every traveller to l\aris, by the way of Havre, should go by
the steamer up the Seine, which I think rivals, if it does not
exceed, the Rhine in beauty. The banks of the Seine are in
most places lofty, in some abrupt, but nowhere flat ; always
either verdant, or clothed with a golden crop, and wooded

of a recent Continental Tour. 52 S

with magnificent poplars, which cast their long reflections in
the still deep stream. Its whole course is a succession of beau-
ties : villages are thickly set upon its brink ; here an ancient
decaying chateau faces its long straightly planted chase to the
water, and, far beyond, some lofty minster raises its airy pin-
nacles amidst umbrageous woods. The nurseries at Rouen
are said to be worth visiting, particularly for their standard
roses ; an article so artificial, costly, and speedily dying, even
in the nursery, that I imagine they will soon cease to engage
the attention of our gardeners, especially as, with proper
management, engrafted roses may be grown as strong, and,
I think, to look as well.

The best mode of management for standard roses I have
seen is that of Mr. M'Cabe, gardener to Mr. Lefroy, near
Dublin. A long semicircular hedge of sweet and dog briar,
partly surrounding a parterre, is cherished into strong upright
shoots, a succession of which is constantly maintained; these
are budded, and those that die are immediately replaced by
budding on the vacant stocks. When in bloom, it is quite a
kaleidoscope of roses, of all hues and sizes. But to return:
I am sorry to say the French nurserymen are not the most
liberal : good carnations they have, therefore good seed ; but
good seed they will not give to an Englishman, if they know
him to be such. I myself got some seed only last year, from
Rouen, which professed to be wonders : it produced a fine
crop of single clove pinks.

The road between Rouen and Paris is not very remarkable.
The hedges are clothed luxuriantly with the Clematis Viti-
cella and Bryonia alba, plants which grow freely on similar
calcareous soils in Britain ; but many othei's, unusual in
England, grow by the wayside. Flax is not an uncom-
mon crop in Normandy, but the Indian corn is seldom seen,
and never in perfection more northerly than sixty miles south
of Paris.

Four years ago, the entire road from Rouen to Paris was a
c/iaussee, always a bad though a lasting kind of road ; now
nearly half of it is macadamised, and well too; a welcome
symptom of improvement.

How much finer, in some respects, the entrance to Paris,
by any of the boulevards, is, than even the finest of the en-
trances to London ! How much finer the long rows of stately
elms, and luxuriant robinias, with quiet pathways,

" A pillar'd shade, with echoing walks between,"

and the houses retired behind them, than our rows of lath
and plaster boxes, with little courts before them, just large

o'it llurticuUnral JoUanda

enoiif^h to liokl a few banowfiils of gravel, and contain two
or three fantastic and unnieaninf^ beds of common flowers;
every one laid out somehow different from its neighbour;
almost all ugly, and, viewed en masse, producing no effect
whatever of harmony or grandeur.

This taste probably arises from our national churlishness.
We are unwilling to yield the smallest private or exclusive
right, for the common gratification of ourselves and others. It
will probably be said, the damp of our climate is such, that
rows of trees would keep the road in bad order and the path-
ways constantly wet : the noble lines of lofty elms that dig-
nify the (]uays of Amsterdam and Rotterdam, where there is
much trailic, and in a damper climate than ours, are a proof
to the contrary.

Why not, at least, make the trial in some of the new
streets laying out about London ? Even if the trees should
have to be cut down, their timber would pay the expense of
the experiment.

It is strange the common robinia [R. Pseud- -Acacia Z.]
is not as much used in England, as a forest tree, as it is in
France. None can be more easily propagated. It could be
obtained from the Continent yearly, is abundantly hardy, and
singularly beautiful. When arrived at twenty or twenty-five
years of age, it flowers freely, even in Ireland.*

It is true, it is brittle while young, but when old enough for
the wood to have hardened in the heart of the tree, it will
stand the worst storms ; and while young it can be supported,
as it always is on the Continent.

Jardin des Plantes. — There is nothing particularly' new at
the Jardin des Plantes, and it has been often described, but
the discovery by, I think, M. Turpin, of a large quantity of
pure oxalate of lime in botryoidal [bunch-of-grapes-shaped]
masses, in the centre of an old " Cereus peruviunus," which
had been many years in the garden.

There is a sad want of verdure and leafiness on all the in-
side ))lants in the Continental gardens, arising from the dark
houses they are nurtured in, their being indiscriminately put
out under a burning sun in summer, and but sparingly and
irregularly watered, and fire heat applied the whole winter.

It will be lontj ere the jjardens of the Continent can vie with
those of England in horticultural ])reservative structures,
chiefly owing to their inferiority in the manufacture of iron;
but I shoukl think a clever English artisan in this branch

* The use of this tree for timber has been .sedulously recomnicnded l)v
Mr. Cobbett, under the name of" locust tree," its name in America, where
the tree is native. Sec Gard. Ma^., vol. iii. j). 363. — J. 1).

of a recent Continental Tmir. 525

would get full work in Paris and the departments. There
have been considerable additions of Australian plants to the
Jardin des Plantes since I visited it, four years ago, but not
many of other kinds.

Much might be said of the publicity of such institutions as
this in France, and their exclusiveness in England ; but much
has been said, and the evil is the same : so that I fear it is
connected with our national character ; and, until that is
changed, the exclusiveness will remain.

The last expedition to Algiers has enriched the garden
with a large number of lions and tigers, noble specimens.

I was fortunate enough to see the waterworks play at Ver-
sailles the day after the commemoration of the " Trois Jom--
nees " [three days] of July, 1830.

Unless the gardens at Versailles are filled with an immense
crowd, and the waterworks playing, they are the very abode
of dreary splendour. Nothing can be conceived more melan-
choly and monotonous: this, I think, chiefly arises from the great
space seen over at once, and the perfectly symmetrical ar-
rangement. In fine, every thing, individually, at Versailles is
costly and fine ; and, viewed as a national production, is worthy
the "grand monarque ;" but, with few exceptions, it presents
more lavish expense than good taste. Amongst those few
exceptions are the orangery, and the back facade of the
palace. There are some orange trees of great size, and of
remarkably fine form, in the orangery, said to be above four
hundred years old : their trunks are about 9 in. in diameter.

Although the public gardens of Paris so abound in orange
trees, the Parisians have but little advantage of their delicious
odour when in flower, as all their blossoms are sold annually
to the perfumers. The new suspension bridge over the Seine,
the " Pont d'Arcole," although not strictly a gardener's con-
cern, is worthy of notice. Instead of the chains passing over
two piers, one on each side of the river, and the bridge thus
consisting of one catenary and two semi-catenaries, there is
one pier built in the centre of the river, and the whole bridge
consists only of two semi-catenaries : thus, when this construc-
tion is practicable, about one half the cost of the bridge is
saved.

In passing through the interior of France, on the road to
Geneva, the small and narrow strips of land into which the
law of inheritance divides territorial property are very remark-
able. Whether this is advantageous or not is, I think, to be
questioned. The want of a rural population and of a resi-
dent gentry is too obvious : the whole country is, as it were,
a waste of agriculture and forest, scarcely any pasture, and
almost no country houses. A striking difference between the

.526 Ilor I i cultural Jottanda.

scenery of the Continent, and that of Britain, is, the total
want of those frequent crystalline brooks, which beautify and
fertilise our land, and the want of which will ever prevent
Continental scenery from wholly jileasing an Enjrlish eye.
Either there are lar<re rivers, or there is no water at all. As
the distance from Normandy increases, the rich and florid
Gothic architecture of the ecclesiastical edifices gradually dis-
appears, and gives way to a disagreeable mongrel between it
and the marble-faced classical Italian fanes.

I know not if it be merely fancy, but I imagine there is a
constant increase of hilliness from the northern coast of
France to the foot of the Alps. At Poligny these Alps first
rear their fronts against the traveller, and over the tops of
Jura the road leads on to Geneva. Perhaps the panorama that
in an instant bursts upon the astonished eye, at the commence-
ment of the descent of Jura, is not equalled by any in Europe.
At once, as if by the drawing up of the curtain of a theatre,
Lake Leman, blue as the sapphire, with its dark foreground
of pines ; the whole High Alps, with their stormy summits ;
Geneva, Lausanne, Vevay ; countless villages and villas, in
luxuriant vine-clad valleys, appear. The road, as it winds
down Jura, has been constructed with admirable skill, showing
the view in all points, and never letting it be lost sight of for
a moment, although in a thick pine forest.

The Rhone, at Geneva, is some 70 ft. deep, but so exquisitely
clear, that a pebble may be seen in the bottom at that depth ;
but, seen with its surface at a small angle, to the eye it appears
of the most beauteous transparent blue : this, some assert,
arises from the lake's waters being actually coloured ; but the
transparency of the waters ai masse disproves this. The fact
is, it arises from the colour of the bottom, which, being of the
same substance as the neighbouring side of Jura, a calcareous
tufa, is nearly white ; and the blue of the sky is thus reflected
with such singular beauty. There is a great number of
English residents near (ieiieva, and every thing bears the ap-
pearance of wealth and comfort. The climate is delicious, the
oppressive heat of the Swiss valleys being attempered by the
lake ; and the highest cultivation prevails.

On the smooth bosom of the lake, on eacii side the ever-
lasting Alps, the quiet sail wafts us on our way to Villeneuve,
" as with a noiseless wing."

" Lake Leniao wooes inc with its crystal face,
The mirror where the stars and mountains view
The stillness of their aspect in each trace
Its clear depth yields ot their far height and hue."

Martigny shall be our head-quarters in my next.

{To he rovfhnir{f.)

Gardens in the Lake District. 521

Art. Ill, Remarks on certain Gardens in the Lake District, and
on cnltivating a Taste for Gardening among Cottagers generally.
By Joshua Major, Esq., Landscape-Gardener.

Sir,

I WAS glad to observe, in the Gardener's Magazine (Vol. VII.
p. 525.), your particular notice of the gardens of Mrs. Starkey,
and of the village of Bowness, while on your tour in the Lake
district. It may appear superfluous to touch on this sub-
ject, after your remarks upon it, but too much cannot be said
in favour of examples like that of Mrs. Starkey ; and I am
tempted to persuade myself that the ladies generally will
pardon me, when I appeal to them to suffer a portion of their
benevolence to be similarly devoted. Might not many im-
portant objects be accomplished, by ladies, in conjunction with
their pastors, frequently visiting poor villagers, to ascertain
their general wants ; to assist them in times of need ; to see
that the rising families have moral and religious instruction ;
to provide small libraries of useful books; and, at proper
periods, to establish horticultural meetings, either confined to
one village, or belonging to two or three collected together,
for the exhibition of horticultural produce, and for rewarding
the best productions ? These meetings to be conducted by
the upper gardeners, together with any other suitable persons,
who might provide the villagers with plants, seeds, &c., for
their gardens. Attention paid to the poor in this wiiy could
not fail to produce in their minds a proper respect towards
their benefactors ; and its success would constitute a triumph
of knowledge over ignorance, of virtue over vice, and of
happiness over misery. Instead of the cottager indulging
himself in sloth and drunkenness, we should see his leisure
hours spent in his garden; his pleasure would be in the com-
pany of his wife and children ; and his anxiety, that they
should share with him in all the domestic comforts that could
be afforded.

Having been called to the Lake district on professional
business, a few weeks after your call at Bowness, I had the
pleasure of waiting upon Mrs. Starkey, whom I found in the
village streets, with her pruning-knife in her hand, divesting
the laurels of their useless leaves and branches, while her
gardener was training them against the village walls. Mrs.
Starkey kindly left her employment, and showed me over her
grounds, which are not extensive, but which reflect much
credit both upon their liberal proprietress and on her o-ar-
dener, for their superior keeping. They exhibited a splendid
show of border flowers, green-house plants, and valuable

528 Gardrns in the Lakf District.

shrubs and creepers ; from any of which, cuttings, offsets, or
seeds, were politely offered me. Observing to the innkeeper
of Bowness how pretty the Chinese roses, laurels, &c., looked
against the street walls, and what a neat village Bowness was ;
" Yes," he replied, " we are indebted to Mrs. Starkey for
that : since her residence here, she has produced a general
taste for gardening amongst the villagers."

I should have been glad had you called upon J. A. Beck,
Esq., Esthwaite Lodge, more particularly as Mr. Beck is a
gentleman of general good taste, and a subscriber to most of
your publications ; though, as the distance was far from your
line of route, a call could not be anticipated. Esthwaite
Lodge is a neat Grecian structure, situated on the border of
Esthwaite Lake, a pretty water, about two miles long, and one
broad in the widest part, at the distance of about five miles
from Bowness, and on the opposite side of Windermere, near
to Hawkshead, a small market town. The grounds about
the house are naturally much varied, and are capable of being
made picturesque and pretty. I have given plans for nearly
an entire alteration of them. It is intended to introduce as
much variety as the compass of the ground will allow ; viz., a
green-house, a heath-house, aviaries, aquariums, fountains,
rockeries, rural and ornamental seats, various pleasure gar-
dens, forcing-houses, vegetable gardens, &c. ; and a peach-
house, vinery, and green-house are already built. The grounds,
in their present state, are furnished with a valuable assortment
of shrubs and border flowers. Mr. Beck's principal enjoy-
ments are in his library, and in horticultural pursuits, sketch-
ing, and architecture.

That head of Esthwaite Lake which lies near Hawkshead
is, to a considerable extent, marshy ; forming various-sized
sheets of water. In one of these spaces, about forty or fifty
yards in diameter, is seen a small floating island, which, as
nearly as I was able to judge, from the difficulty of approaching
it, is from ten to fifteen yards long and six or eight yards in
width ; it is furnished with three or four alders from ten to fif-
teen feet high, and with bushes, grass, and reeds, the roots of
which, I should conjecture, are all interwoven. The curiosity
to the beholder is to see this group of trees (all in a growing
state, and of the largest magnitude of any in the vicinity), at
one time on the south side of tlie pool, at another on the
opposite side ; and at other times on its voyage to the west,
or on its return to the east, as the wind may direct.

I may just observe, that in the marshy grounds in this
neighbourhood the common sweet gale and the Parnassia
palustris abound ; and that the common and other ferns

Labourers^ Gardens. 529

present themselves aDundantly, gi'owing upon living trees
and bushes. On the road from the ferry of Windermere
to Hawkshead, the yew exhibits itself singularly upon the
mountains. The mountain ash, the juniper, the common stone
crop, and others of the same species, are all natives of the Lake
district; and that humble but beautiful plant, (Saxifraga op-
posltifolia, is said to inhabit the mountains.

I have lately been employed to lay out the grounds of a
clergyman of the name of Hewgill, in Nottinghamshire, who
is pursuing similar steps to Mrs. Starkey. He keeps in his
garden a stock of the best sorts of apples and other fruit trees,
selected from the London nurseries, to distribute among his
poor parishioners, as they may be wanted. This, together with
friendly attention in numerous instances, appears to have
gained him much respect amongst them. Mr. Hewgill says,
so comfortable are the working class of his parishioners, that
their situations are enviable : the whole of them keep cows,
besides being regularly employed. In this neighbourhood,
near to Gainsborough, caraway seeds grow naturally in the
pastures, and are gathered by children, and sold at one
shilling per pound. The churchyard is planted in seve-
ral parts, amongst the graves, with thriving evergreens,
such as cedar of Lebanon, red cedars, arbor-vitaes, ilexes,
&c. ; and the porch of the church is covered over with the
China rose, Greville rose, and the blotched-leaved y^laternus.

I am, dear Sir, yours, &c.
Knowstrop, near Leeds, March 6. 1832. Joshua Major.

Art. IV. 0?i Gardens for tire labouring Poor. By Selim.

Sir,

Of all the plans recently suggested for improving the con-
dition of the labouring classes, that of supplying them with
land at a moderate rent is perhaps the one most likely to
accomplish the object in view ; though, to insure success, it
requires judgment in the application; for, if a labourer has
more land than he can cultivate profitably, that is, more than
he can manure and cultivate at leisure hours, it will prove a
disadvantage to him rather than a benefit ; and this disad-
vantage will increase, the longer he continues to occupj'^ and
exhaust the land. In supplying the poor with land, there-
fore, two things should be specially considered; viz., how much
a working man can cultivate without interfering with his
ordinary labour ; and how much he can manure. As to the

Vol. VIII. — No. 40. m m

530 On Gardens fur

quantity, I am persuaded that a labouring man in full em-
ploynient cannot cultivate land with any profit to himself, if
it ol)liges him to "lose time," as they term it; and this is the
opinion of all the sensible persons among the working classes
whom I have spoken with upon the subject. A man, there-
fore, who is in constant work, should have a less portion of
garden ground than one whose time is not fully occupied ;
and, in most parishes, there are generally many persons of the
latter description, who stand most in need of the assistance of
a piece of land. In the county of Wilts the labourers may
be divided into three classes. In the first place, there are
men employed the whole year by one master ; such as
carters, shepherds, and threshers, or day labourers. Of
these, the carters and shepherds have very little spare time,
especially in the spring. A large garden would, therefore, be
an inconvenience to such men, and moreover unprofitable,
inasmuch as they must hire assistance, or else cultivate their
ground very imperfectly. Again, there is a class of men
employed as thatchers and hedgers, or general workers in
wood, who are not always engaged by one master ; conse-
quently they have, occasionally, mucli unemployed time,
which would enable them to cultivate more land than the
carters and shepherds. And, lastly, there is a class of
labourers who generally work by the piece at turnip-hoeing
and bean-setting, and other jobs of that kind ; these men,
from the nature of their employment, must be frequently out
of work, and consequently would have leisure to cultivate,
and would indeed require, a larger garden than the two former
classes. In apportioning land, therefore, to a labourer, the
first thing to be considered is, how much leisure time he
has over his regular emjiloyment; always bearing in mind
that regular employment with a master is the most {profitable
occupation to a working man. The next thing to be con-
sidered is, how much can he manure ; for the land would
very soon become unprofitable to him, if cropped yearly with
potatoes for instance, unless it has the assistance of manure.
Now, a clever managing person, who is enabled to grow as
many j)otatocs as would assist in feeding a coujile of pigs,
and who collects carefully all the refuse of his garden, the
produce of his sinkhole and ditches, and what he can pick
up on the roads, would, with his wood ashes, raise a consider-
able compost heap in the course of twelve months. The
question is, would he raise nearly enough to cover half his
land every year? If he did not, he has more land than he can
profitably cultivate, and therefore more than he ought to
occupy. In judging, then, as to the quantity of land that a

the labouring Poor. 531

labourer can cultivate with advantage to himself, regard
should be had to the leisure time he has, and to the quantity
of manure he can collect ; for there can be no profit from his
land, unless there be a due proportion observed in these par-
ticulars. The quantity being thus determined, there is a third
thing to be considered, viz., the situation of the land. Here
it should be remembered, that the labourer is to cultivate his
land at his leisure time, after he has done an honest day's
work for the master who employs him. It is important,
therefore, that his land be near home ; for if it be at a dis-
tance, he will waste much time and strength in journeys to and
from it; whereas, if it adjoined, or were near, his house, no
time would be lost, and, in fact, he would spend manj^ a half
hour in his garden, which he would be obliged to waste if the
garden were at a distance. Now, where a parish belongs
chiefly to one proprietor, it might generally be contrived that
the cottage allotments should be contiguous to the houses,
and in all cases they might be chosen at a convenient distance.
I often cast a longing look upon a little strip of land in the
rear of our village, which seems to be placed on purpose for
cottage allotments, within a few minutes' walk of the most
distant houses ; and I frequently wonder why the owner does
not let this land to his labourers, instead of some which is a
mile from home, for which they pay at the rate of four pounds
an acre : indeed, I have known men give to the small farmers of
the neighbourhood at the rate of eight pounds an acre, for
land still more distant; which proves, I think, that under
proper regulations the cottagers might become the most pro-
fitable tenants on an estate, and at least that it would answer
them to rent land at the same rate as the farmers pay for it,
or even a trifle more.

I have been led to offer these few observations on a sub-
ject in which I take an interest, because I fear that the plan
of cottage allotments may fail in many instances, from being
overdone. I believe it will be found, on trial, that no man
in constant work can properly cultivate an acre of land at his
leisure hours. There are few, I think, who could manage
even half an acre, but a great deal must depend upon the
character of the man ; and, in many cases, a quarter of an acre
would be found sufficient. The system followed by your be-
nevolent correspondent H,, Wales, p. 376., is one of the best,
I think, that can be generally adopted, both for the master and
labourer ; and, where this is impracticable, I should prefer
the plan of letting, to the superior class of labourers, a suf-
ficient quantity of grass land to keep one cow, instead of
supplying all with a large allotment of arable. A carter or

M M 2

532 Extnision of' Gardening

shejiherd, wlio has high wages and little leisure time, might
easily manage a cow and two or three acres of grass land,
thougii he might not be able to cultivate properly a quarter
of an acre of garden ground ; and, after all, I may observe
that the success of the })lan of letting land to labourers, whe-
ther grass or arable, will chiefly depend on adapting the grant
to the character of the person to be benefited. A cow,
for instance, which is a little fortune to a steady industrious
family, would be quite useless to the idle and unthrifty. The
allotments of land, therefore, and every thing connected with
them, should be managed by the resident landlord, or his
agent, who may be supposed to be well acquainted with the
character and circumstances of the labourers in the parish.

I remain. Sir, yours, &,c.
Near Salisbu?y, Juh/ 12. 1832. Selim.

Art. V. On the Means of inspiring a Taste for Gardening among
the labouring Classes of Scotland. By James Stuart iNIen-
TEATH, Jan., Esq. of Closeburn, Dumfriesshire.

" Between the upper ami lower classes in Scotland, cordiality, mutual con-
fidence, and support prevail, to wiiicli many other nations are strangers.
It hehoves the higher classes to endeavour, hy protection, by kimlness,
and by cxani|)le, to preserve those princi[)les and relations which liave
been so honourable to Scotland, which f'onn the basis of good education,
and without which education is unavailing."

" And round about he taught sweet flowers to grow." Spenser.

No country abounds more with seminaries for the education
of youth than Scotland; and much of the successful enterprise
of her inhabitants may be attributed to the education obtained
in these seminaries, oi" which parochial schools may justly be
reckoned the principal. IJut the education, how good soever
it may be, accjuiretl at these schools, might be rendered more
perfect, by incorporating with them somewhat of a practical
nature, to train the hand as well as the mind. Many em-
ployments suited to this purpose might be suggested ; but
scarcely any could be at once more agreeable and beneficial,
than instructing the chiklren in the operations of connnon
kitchen-gardening. 'J'lie i)roposal of such a new scheme may
startle some, who are not aware that nearly every parochial
schoolmaster in Scotland already possesses a garden, of a
smaller or larger extent, which might be employed lor this
puipose ; the extent of every schoolmaster's garden being fixed
by an act of jiarliament to be a rood, or (piarter of an acre, of
ground. Others, again, may suppose that the other busuiess

amo7igst the Scottish Labourers. 533

of the school would be interfered with, and interrupted, were a
method of school gardening teachinsj introdnced : but it will
not be difficult to show the contrary.

To introduce into our Scottish parish schools the teaching of
gardening to children, we should require, in the future ap-
pointment of all schoolmasters, a knowledge of the culture and
uses of all the common culinary vegetables and fruits, together
with a slight acquaintance with flowers; and, to assist those
masters already appointed, but who may be ignorant of horti-
culture, the gardener of some landed pi'oprietor in the parish,
or, if none in it, the gardener of some neighbouring heritor,
might be called in, to supjily the want of information in these
respects. A knowledge of horticulture might easily be ac-
quired by all young men qualifying themselves to be parochial
schoolmasters, in a similar manner ; since scarcely a parish in
the southern parts of Scotland is without one or more resident
landed proprietors. These all possess gardens, and nearly all
keep a gardener. None of these proprietors would deny the
schoolmaster access to their gardens ; where he might learn,
under the direction of the gardener, all the practical useful
parts of common kitchen-gardening : and, where towns are
near, a more extensive acquaintance with the subject might be
obtained by frequenting the gardens of intelHgent nurserjmien,
who would, no doubt, do every thing in their power to facili-
tate so useful a desiffn.

Supposing, then, the schoolmaster possessed of the requisite
knowledge of common kitchen-garden cultivation ; his garden,
being increased to not less than half an acre of ground, should
be divided into portions. These divisions should be of such
a size as to admit, in each, of a regular rotation of the several ve-
getable crops to be raised. Over each plot or division of ground
a certain number of children, not too numerous, but so ar-
ranged that each individual might be able to put his little
hand to the work himself, should be placed. Rows of goose-
berry, currant, and raspberry bushes might separate the
divisions ; and a few apple, pear, and cherry trees might have
place, as standards, espaliers, and wall trees. On these, the
processes of budding and grafting could be exemplified. In
order that no interruption should be thrown in the way of the
regular business within the school, the cultivation of the
schoolmaster's garden by the children should be only carried
on in their play hours, and an hour on Saturdays, when all the
other business of the school had been got through, or when-
ever time could be spared.

In order to secure complete success to this new branch of
parish school education, it will be necessary to interest all the

M M 3

534 Gardcniug amongst ilie Scottish Lnhotirers,

parties; the schoolmnster, the cliildren, then* parents, and the
landed proprietors of the parish.

In the first phice, the schoohiiaster receiving all the benefit
of the largely increased produce of his garden, as improved
and cultivated by the children, may be supposed not unwiUing
to give every attention to instruct his pupils in gardening,
were only sulficient ground afforded for the purpose.

Next, to stimulate the children to exertion and industry,
there should be several examinations of the garden at stated
periods of the year. To these examinations should be invited
all in the parish who take an interest in such improvements.
Various rewards, of the following kinds, should be distributed
among the young cultivators ; such as packets of seeds, con-
taining all the useful vegetables, and a few flowers ; these
packets to be so numerous, that nearly every child should be
able to carry home one with him. 13esides these papers of
seeds, garden tools of different kinds, books connected with
gardening and rural subjects, and even small sums of money,
might be distributed, as means to encourage the children to
diligence and attention.

The parents, likewise, receiving through their children
packets of seeds to be sown in their gardens by their little
hands, possessing the skill and knowledge of raising them,
will warmly cooperate in introducing this system of school
frardeninjr into Scotland.

The proprietor even, although not immediately benefited,
cannot fail ultimately of deriving advantage from improve-
ments, in the taste for gardening, which the children, ac-
quiring at the parish school, would spread over all the country.
That their property would be more safe, and that the people
around them would be more independent, deriving more food
from their gardens being well cultivated, must be obvious to
all ; also, that the moral habits of the people would be greatly
improved, as there would be no necessity for breaking into
gardens, and stealing their produce.

Thus it will be apparent that this scheme of parochial
school gardening, interesting the schoolmaster, the children,
the parents, and the landed proprietors, will not fail of being
generally beneficial to every one.

The youth of the country will, so instructed, grow up with
a love of rural affairs ; and, instead of throwing away their
time and money in low dissipation, both will be devoted in
their leisure hours to useful pursuits. Thus Scotland, from
being a country famed for its good agiiculture, will become
equally so for its cottage gardening ; and every cottage will
have its garden, stored with all the useful potherbs and vege-

Double-roofed Hot-houses. 535

tables, for the food of its inmates; with fruit, so desirable to all ;
and will be ornamented also with a choice small collection of
flowers. In addition to which, a love of plants and flowers
being universally diffused, every parish may in time have its
little garden society, and its meetings for the distribution of
prizes for the best vegetables, and fruits, and flowers, among
its members.

Jpril 26. 1832. James Stuart Menteath.

In England, the Society of Friends, or Quakers, have ex-
cellent free schools; one near Wigton, in Cumberland, another
near Leeds, a third at Croydon, and a fourth near Bristol.
To each of these, I understand, a garden and farm are at-
tached, on which the children work. In Ireland, the place I
cannot recollect, a school to teach agriculture on the best
principles has, within these few years, been instituted for the
labouring people's children. The effects, I hear, are very
striking ; and plots of turnips, and other symptoms of improved
management, are observed near it. In Switzerland, Fellen-
berg's school, divided into two departments, one for the rich,
the other for the labouring people's children, is well known.
There, the cultivation of the farm, and the instruction of the
children in agriculture, under the care of an intelligent master,
combine in spreading much valuable agricultural knowledge
throughout that country ; and I cannot see why gardening
might not, by means of our Scottish parochial schools, be
spread in a similar way among all the labouring people of
Scodand. — J. S. M.

Art. VI. On the Construction of double-roofed Hot-houses at
Vienna. By M. Charles Rauch, Court-Gardener at Laxen-
burg.

Tpie advantage of double lights for plant-houses is well
known in those parts of the Continent where the severity of
the winter renders some kind of external covering indispens-
able ; and in several places, particularly in Russia, they are
much in use. These structures have, however, lately been
improved by M. Seidel, nurseryman at Vienna; and a con-
servatory [fg. 84. section), belonging to M. Meyer, has
been erected at Penzing, on the following principle : —

The front and side walls are double, or rather hollow; and
the space between is filled with warmed air, which is supplied
by a furnace or oven, constructed behind the house for that
purpose. Thence the heated air is introduced between

M M 4

536

On the Cottstmction

f d

e\ :

I ' ■ ■■ ■■ ' ' \]St.

a. Outer sashes. b. Inner sashes. c. Space between the sashes, cut tlirough the rafters.

d. Space in llie wall for warmed air, or hot-water pipes, &c. c. Wall plate.

/, Front wall, hollow. g. Back wall, also hollow. h. Hole through the wall-plate.

the sashes, through perforations in the wall-plate on which
they stand ; the rafters have also open spaces through their
sides, to facilitate the equable diffusion of the warmth, which
is thus spread as a covering over the whole house. 7'he ad-
vantage which this method of keeping out the cold affords for
the cultivation of plants which only require jjrotection in win-
ter, such as ericas, camellias, and New Holland plants, for
which the above-mentioned conservatory is designed, is very
great.

For stoves, where a higher temperature is required, a flue
in the inside of the house would be necessary; anil this, if
placed in contact with the inner side of the double wall, would
be sufficient to heat both the air of the house and tliat con-
tained between the sashes. It is, however, of no consequence
whether the source of heat be hot-water pipes, steam, or
fire flues; and, provided the principal object (the warming
between the sashes) is attended to, many advantageous varia-
tions may be adopted, according to the purpose for which the
house is intended ; as hot-water pipes between the hollow
walls, and flues in the interior of the house, both heated by

of douhle-roqfed Hot-houses.

537

the same fire ; or the back wall may be fined, and pipes in-
troduced both into the house and between the fi'ont and side
walls, &:c. &c.

Air may be admitted either through ventilators in the
walls or in the sashes ; and, by forming ventilators alternately
in the upper and lower sashes, the coldness of the external
air will, in some measure, be taken off", by passing through
the warmed stratum contained between the lights. In spring,
when a more abundant supply is necessary, the doors may be
partially opened, or some of the inner sashes may be entirely
removed, and the outer ones opened.

The expense of double glazing, and the consequent loss of
light, may be urged as objections to these structures ; but
when the immense labour of covering every evening with
straw mats and shutters, the breakage of glass, and the enor-
mous consumption of fuel, are taken into consideration, the
advantage will in a short time be found to be on the side of
double sashes. In respect to the light, when the rafters are
neatly made, very little will be lost, and the deprivation, at a
season when the plants are not in a growing state, is far less
injurious than the scorching heat, which, when the house is
formed only of single lights, is requisite to resist an intensity
of cold sufficient to lower the thermometer 20°, or even 25'',
below zero of Reaumur.

Since the above-described house was erected, there has
been a double-roofed camellia house built for the Archduke
John, near the Carolinen Thor, at Vienna, of which Jig. 85.
is the ground plan.

85

r\ ,

-ITT

6

ft. 6 4 2 0

12

18

30 ft,

a. Stage.

b b. Furnaces for heating the vacuity.

538 Douhle-ronfed Hot-houses.

JFi'er. 86. Side view of the same.

—

"T

1 1

Ml

III 1

J

_

1

"" T

1

-X 1 _

1

1 _L_

1

Fig. 87. Section on the ine a b.

In England, and in the soutliern parts of the Continent, it
is probable that tiiis method could not be employed with so
much advantage as in Germany or Russia; but in more
northern climates it deserves some attcution ; and there is no
doubt that, as it becomes more general, other improvements
will suggest themselves. As I do not fmd this plan men-
tioned in any work on gardening, I have transmitted the
present description of it, accompanied by a sketch for your
inspection.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.
Mai/y 1832. Charles Raucii.

New Mode ofirai?ii?ig Fruit Trees. 539

Art. VII. A nem Mode of training Fruit Trees ; a new Mode of
grafting and inarching; and an improved Mode of making Goose-
berry Wine and Cider, Sfc. By Mr. W. Green, Jun.

Sir,

Having seen in the Gardener's Magazine descriptions of
various methods of training wall trees, I take the liberty of
sending the description of what I call my method, as I have
never seen or heard of its having been employed by any
other person but myself, and I have used it for several years
with success, particularly on long low walls.

Pear Trees. — Every one who has paid any attention to
training pear trees horizontally, must be aware of the length
of time required to fill a wall with shoots at equal distances ;
and that this can only be accomplished, according to the
usual method, by heading down the leader every year. This
operation does not always produce two lateral shoots, and it
is not only tedious, but it has also a tendency to make the
shoots already produced grow more rank than is desirable.
By my method this is avoided, and the wall is much sooner
filled in height with shoots : it is as follows : —

If the wall is under 20 ft. long, and it is intended to train a
pear tree against it, plant the tree at one end of the wall, and
then proceed as follows : — Let the situation of the tree be at
a, infg. 88. : stick a nail in the wall at b, and another nail at

c, and strike a line on the wall from b to c; then train all th^
shoots to one side after the fan manner, and bend the whole
of jhe shoots into a horizontal position, as soon as they reach
the line that is drawn from bto c; after which continue to train
them horizontally.

If the wall is from 30 to 40 ft. in length, plant the tree in
the middle of it. at d in fg, 89, and proceed as follows : —
Stick a nail in the wall in the centre, near the top, at e; stick
another nail at f, and another at g : then strike a line from
e tof another line from e to g', train the tree in the fan man-
ner, until the shoots reach the lines drawn upon the wall,
and then bend them horizontally.

5i0

Nc'v Mode of grafting and inarching.

If the wall is higher than it is wide, proceed as follows : —

Plant the tree in the middle of
the wall at /z, in fig. 90.; stick
one nail at ?, one at /-, and one
at /: strike the lines as before;
but, instead of spreading out the
shoots horizontally, train them
perpendicularly. This process
answers well also for vines, or
anv other rank-jjrowiiinp tree.

Nciio Method (f grafting bi/ Ap-
proach. — Cut off the stock in
the form of a wedge, as in fg.
91., and cut the graft upwards,
half way through, for a sufficient
length, as in fig, 92. ; then place
the graft upon the stock, as in
/ig. 93., aud bind it on with
bass and clav as usual, taking: off

a circle of bark between the graft

and the root, as in fig. 93. in, which will cause the sap to flow

Improved Mode of maJcing Gooseberry Wine. 541

through the graft into the stock n, instead of into its own
root 0. I recommend this method for grafting, whenever the
stock and the graft are of the same size, or very nearly so ;
but I recommend the following modification to be employed,
when the stock is twice the size of the graft : —

Cut off the top of the stock slanting from one side only, so
as to form about a right angle, Jig. Q^. Then make a long

tongue to the graft, about one third of its thickness,^. 95. p,

and cut as much of the
bark and wood from the
back and front of the stock
as will correspond with the
width of the tongue on the
graft; when the stock is
ready to receive the graft, it
will appear Wke Jig. 96. q:
there must be also a piece
cut off the back of the stock
at r,Jig. 96. ; but it is not
seen in the drawing. Then
place the graft across the
middle of the stock, as in
Jig. 97., and bind it with
bass and clay as usual ;

after which take off a ring of bark at s, in Jig. 97., in the

same manner as was directed for^o^. 93.

English Champagne Wine. — I send you a receipt for this

wine, which, though perhaps not new, certainly produces the

best imitation of foreign wine we have, and, when properly

made and properly managed, it has deceived some of the

knowing ones

542

Improved Mode of

To every pound of gooseberries (full grown, but not
changed colour lor ripening) well crushed, add one pint
of cold soft water; let them stand till they begin to ferment;
then press out the liquor, and to every quart of it add one
pound of loaf sugar : fill the cask quite full, and keep it full
up to the bunghole, so that the scum and yeast which are
formed on the wine may work out. When the strong fer-
mentation is over, but before it has done hissing, add to every
nine gallons half an ounce of the best isinglass, dissolved in
cold cider, and let it be well stirred about for a quarter of an
hour: after this, the wine must not be stirred or disturbed,
but, as soon as it is fine, it must be bottled in strong cham-
pagne bottles, and wired down.

I am well aware that scientific chemists will say that the
finings ought not to be added until the wine has ceased to
ferment ; and in all other cases of wine-making I admit this
to be correct : but in the present case I find that it is best to
add the finings at the period I have named, as it is most de-
sirable to get the champagne fine as soon as possible; for,
upon this, and its being bottled, corked, and wired, the mo-
ment it is fine, depends the success of the process. If you
wish to colour it pink, pour some boiling water on some
cochineal, bruised, and put in a basin ; let it stand all night,
and then strain it through a piece of cloth, and add as much
as will give it the colour desired.

It will be found a very difficult task to crush the gooseberries
sufficiently, unless a proper crushing mill is employed. I here
subjoin a plan of one I always use for crushing both gooseber-
ries and currants. The apparatus consists of a box with four
sides, but without either top or bottom. Fig. 98. shows the ends

of two rollers, 9 in. in diameter, and 12 in. long, each; and
Jig.99. shows the wliole length of the same rollers, which ought
to be made of good clean ash ; for, if they be made of beech,

maJchig Gooseberry Wine. 543

the worm gets into them, and they soon become like a honey-
comb, which renders them unfit for service. The rollers must
be grooved the whole length of the surface ; the grooves ought
to be half an inch wide, and three eighths of an inch deep ;
an iron spindle passes through each roller, and upon these spin-
dles there is, at each side of the box, a crank handle fixed by
a nut, which screws on one end of each spindle. In j^o-. gg. 1 1
show the ends of two boards, which go the whole length across
the box from u to u^Jig- 99., and from a hopper {v,^fig. 98.) which
guides the fruit between the rollers, and keeps it from getting
behind them at w xv. In fig. 98. x x show the ends of two pieces
of board, which pass through mortises in the sides of the box,
and act as scrapers to the rollers : y,Jig 99. shows the whole
length of the same pieces of wood. The dimensions of the
case or box are, 4 ft. high, ] 9 in. by 12 in. inside. The spindles
for the rollers are seven eighths of an inch thick, and work
through two plates [z z), which are let into the sides of the box,
and are 2 in. wide by half an inch thick, and 1 6 in. long each.
These plates are not only necessary for the spindles to work in,
but they prevent the contraction and expansion of the sides of
the box; which, without this precaution, would sometimes con-
tract, and jamb the rollers so close together that they would
not turn ; and at other times would expand, and keep the roll-
ers too far apart. I also send you the plan of the press I
use, though I am afraid few persons will be found who will
go to the expense of one of such power ; however, presses of
a similar construction may be made of any size or power re-
quired.

Iny%. 100. a is a screw, 3 ft. 9 in. long, and 2 in. in diame-
ter, which works in the brass nut b, let into the head-piece of
the press on the under side : c is a piece of cast iron, 4 in. by
2 in., which goes across the top of the fall-board, for the screw
to work upon : c? is a square iron clip that is fastened across
the iron c, and under which is placed an iron collar, that is
put upon the lower end of the press pin, and enables the pin
to raise the fall-board, when the press pin or screw is turned
back. The head of this pin is 4 in. in diameter, and it has
two holes through it, at right angles, through which the end
of the lever is put when the press is worked. The lever is
made of iron, and is 4 ft. 6 in. long, by ]| in. in diameter, and
has a collar 6 in. long from one end, to prevent the lever from
slipping too far through the head of the pin. A hole {/)
which is three fourths of an inch in diameter, is bored
through the bed, to let the juice run down into a pail, or
any other fit vessel, placed underneath the bed : ^ is a groove
1 in. wide, and forms an inclined plane, which commences at

;4i.

Improved Mode of

h^fg. 101., where
it is only half an
inch deep, but it
increases in depth,
till it arrives at
the holey \wfigs.
100. and 101.,
wliere it is an inch
deep. Fig. 101.
represents the bed
detaciied from the
press, to show
the form and
course of the
groove by which
the juice runs off.
When tlie fruit
has been crushed,
and has lain a
proper time, it
must be put into
a large hair sieve,
and when it has
drained sufficient-
ly, it must be laid
upon haircloths
(made of horse
hair) : each cloth
must be about a
yard and a half
long, by a yard
wide, and must be
carefully hemmed
at the ends, to
keeji them from
ravelling. Lay a
cloth on a wide
board or table,
and lay as much
of the crushed
fruit in the centre
of it as you conveniently can ; then double first one side of the
cloth over the fruit, and afterwards the opposite side of the
cloth over the first ; then double one end over that, and,
lastly, ihc other end over ail. \\'hcn this is done, |)lace the
cloth containin<r the fruit on the middle of the bed of the

maJcing Gooseberry Wine.

545

press, and lay two or more upon the first (three in all, or as
many as the press will hold), and then with the lever work
the screw down as tight as you can. It will be necessary to
watch the action of the press, to see that the fall-board de-
scends perpendicularly; for, if it does not, the patches must be
shifted, or the fall-board will jam crosswise, which will in-
crease the labour greatly, and also assist in wearing out the
press. When the cloths are cleared of the fruit after they
come out of the press, they must be hung across a line or
rail : for, if they are allowed to lie together, they will heat in
a very short time, like a fresh dunghill ; and, in a much shorter
time than will be credited, will rot. After they are done with
for the season, they must be carefully and thoroughly washed
in different waters, and dried before they are put away. Every
precaution must be taken to preserve them from moths, or
they will, in a very short time, be entirely unfit for use, as
the moth unpears to be very fond of them.

Haircloth may be purchased at almost any sack and tilt
warehouse.

It may be observed, that tiie cloths, when folded with the
fruit in them, are called patches; and that these patches, when
placed in the press, must be laid with the ends of the cloths
undermost.

The uprights or standards of the press must be made of
heart of oak, or they will soon rot in the ground ; and the
other wooden parts of the press must be made of dry elm.
I am. Sir, yours, &c.

w W. Green, jun^

Stepnei/, Mayy \SS\. - '^^

Vol, VIII. — No. -k).

54.6" Observations on several

Art. VIII. Observations on several Gardens in England.
By INIr. W. Sanueus.

(Continued from Vol. VII. p. 139.)

EvERLV House, the seat of Sir John Ashley, Barf. — June 28.
1830. This place is much improved in appearance since I
last saw it (in the summer of 1 825) ; arising, in a great measure,
from the rapid growth of the plantations which enclose the
pai'k, while the interior presents a more finished and orderly
aspect, and evidently shows that it is under the care of an
able manager. The kitchen-garden is a neat and well-
arranged model, well worthy of imitation; the walls have
been in part rebuilt, and have had 2 ft. added to their
height. They are well stocked with fine healthy fruit trees.
In the framing department, neat and compact pits have
been erected for melons and cucumbers ; the melons were
growing luxuriantly in turf loam procured from Salisbury
Plain, which appeared of an excellent quality. It may be
here remarked what a wide field for improvement this exten-
sive waste presents, and how many thousands of the almost
starving population might be employed in the cultivation of
this now comjiaratively useless tract of land. A great pro-
portion of it is little inferior in (juality to that alluded to
above. It would afford a fair field lor the introduction of the
excellent system of cottage husbandry, which in a very short
space of time would go far to ameliorate the condition of the
industrious peasant, and to ease the shoulders of the farmers
from that burden which now presses so l)eavily u|)on them,
in the shajie of poor's rates. In a neighbouring jiarish, a
similar plan has been pursued for some years by a noble mar-
quess, who has allotted a large garden to each of his cottages ;
and the result has been, that the rates liave not risen in any
thing like the proportion they have done in other parishes
around ; while the farmers, though at first much opposed to
the plan, are now delighted with the good effects it has
produced. Much in tliis way might be done by private
gentlemen in their respective neighbourhoods; and it would
surely be worth the attention of the legislature, to devise
.some means to stem the tide of emigration, while so much
remains to be done at home. But to return to the gardeji at
Everly, Mr. Ross h;is, by considerable perseverance, collected
a very resjieclable assortment of herbaceous plants, so ar-
ranged in the betis tliey occupy as to present a succession of
flowers dining the season ; while, as particular attention has
been paid to their various heights, they meet the eye with a

Gardens /n England. 54-7'

very pleasing effect. On leaving a well-kept lawn adjoining
the house, I found some of the finest balsams in flower I
have ever seen. Most of the flowers measured 2^ in. in
diameter, perfectly double, and with the petals laid out with
all the regularity of a well-blown camellia. Mr. Ross's cox-
combs were also very fine.

Amesbury House, Sir Edward Afitrobus, Bart., near Ames-
hury. — June 1^. A small place; the house standing in the
centre of a tastefully laid out lawn, interspersed with beds of
shrubs and flowers in high keeping. It seems a march be-
hind its fellows with respect to the choicer productions of
Flora; probably because, from its secluded situation, the
gardener is prevented from having a ready notice of the more
lately introduced ornamental flowers. The kitchen-garden
is surrounded by mud-built walls, about 7 ft. high, thatched
on the top with straw, which projects about 6 or 8 in. The
peach and plum trees were looking extremely well, and
there was an excellent crop, with hardly the least speck of
blight or mildew to be seen. Mr. Bike said they seldom
failed of having a good crop; and he attributed that, and their
very healthy appearance on such an otherwise exposed
situation, to the thatch and warmth of the walls. The natural
soil is chalk ; but the borders had received a little assistance
by the addition of a portion of fresh soil and manure. The
projecting thatch may in a great degree accelerate the ripen-
ing of the young wood, by preventing the ready escape of
the heated air, which, in ordinary cases, has no barrier.
These walls, while kept dry, are very durable, but of course
do not stand nailing well ; pegs were driven in at intervals, to
which the trees were fastened. The manner of erecting such
walls is very simple. Two strong boards are bolted together
to any desired width, according to what may be the intended
thickness of the walls ; and having prepared a firm found-
ation, the frame formed by them is filled with loam or clay,
mixed with a slight portion of gravel, which is beaten down
firmly with an iron rammer ; taking care, however, that the
quantity put in at one time is not too great, as, in that case,
the mass will not be properly consolidated, and afterwards
may become liable to crack on becoming dry. The loam or
clay must not be more than just moist, or in that state in
which it is dug. When dry, the whole may be plastered,
and afterwards blackened, which would be an additional
attracter of heat. Instead of thatch, projecting tiles might
be used, and a wire or wood trellis to train the trees to. The
whole might thus be rendered any thing but an unsightly
object ; and, where bricks or stones are difficult to be obtained

ff N 3

5+8 Observations on several

in the immediate neighbourhood, this description of wall will
form an excellent substitute.

Longford Castle, the family residence of' the Earl of Radyior.
— July 1. A richly wooded park, presenting little variation
of surface, and chiefly lying very flat. The castle and gar-
dens are situated on the banks of the river Avon, and part of
the castle was begun to be rebuilt during the latter part of
the late earl's time, but the completion of it is for the present
suspended. The kitchen-garden contains nearly four acres,
with excellent walls, and is in high keeping. On being
ushered into it, an almost unparalleled scene presents itself.
Nothing can exceed the superior arrangement, and the neat-
ness and order observed in the forcing departments; the
borders are covered with the gayest flowers, while on the
walks there is not a single patch of weeds, or a bit of
straw, to be seen. All is so well arranged, that little or no
extra-care is requisite for keeping it in this state. The linings
which surround the pits are covered with oak boards, lying
on a gentle slope, supported by brickwork, which are of
such lengths as to admit of two men placing them on the
walk immediately around the pit, when the linings require
renovation ; and over these boards the dung is wheeled, so
that the walk receives no injury. Drains conduct the water
collected from the roofs of the pits and houses to a tank, from
which water is taken for the use of the garden. The pits are
built with double walls, the outer one pigeon-holed as high as
the covers of the lining. In the interior wall iire a number
of holes for the admission of steam at pleasure, by with-
drawing the plugs; and the vacuity between the walls is about
2\ in. In these pits, pines, melons, and cucumbers were
growing luxuriantly. The arrangement of the whole garden
was so superior, that it induced me to take a plan of it (which,
through the kindness of Mr. Christie, I was enabled to do),
thinking that such a model might be worthy the attention of
gentlemen about to lay out or renovate their gardens. (See
fig. 102. and its references.) The wall trees had suflercd
severely these last two seasons by bhght.

The jileasurc-grounds are intersected with romantic walks
along the banks of the river, here and there having a delight-
ful peep of the water and its opposite shore, until you are led
to a small flower-garden, laid out some sixty or seventy
years ago, which occupies the point between the Avon and
a rivulet where they meet, as shown in the plan,y4'^. 103.
This spot is dehghtluily retired, being shut in by wood on
each side, and seems as if reservetl as a last retreat from the
busy scenes of life. Here is quietness only interrupted by the

Gardens in England.

54-9

a Pine stove, heated by hot-water pipes : the flue from it heating a mushroom-house (/) on

' Oldacre's plan. b, A plant stove. c and rf, Vineries. f, A green. house,

_/■ Mushroom-house. g. Cucumber and melon pits. k, Pine pit.

i'i i Common dung frames. k. Potting shed. /, Pot-shed. >», Coal and cinder shed,

n n' Peach-liouses. o, Compost ground. p. Pump. q, American cranberry patch. ,

r A brook, which runs along under the east wall. i s. Walls which form the boundary.

t'i t t. Quarters under culinary vegetables. u u. Garden walls.

vv, Berts of standard and dwarf roses intermixed.

w u>, Beds appropriated for choice herbaceous plants, new annual!, pelargoniums, &c.
X T, Walks. y. Gateway for carts, &c.

N N 3

550

On several Gardens in England.

a. The river Avon. h. The brook represented in fig. 102. by the letter r.

Cf, •''""'at'""'- rfrf, I«jwn. (• r,' I-lowcr-bcds.

f f, W'doiIs, which connect Iho Howcr-Rarden with the p.iik and castle.

g g Kt A margin of rhodo<tcndroiis and other American shrubs, which connect the woods with

the lawn.
h h, *ic., Hoots and stump.4 of trees, ornamented with elegant creepers.
I, A temple, or covered «cat, dedicated to Flora. *, A sundial.

Design for a Gardener's Hotise' 551

gentle breeze, or murmuring of the waters, or an occasional
splash of the finny tribe ; and these are hardly sufficient to
break the spell which such a situation casts over the mind.
Such an appendage to the mansions of the great (wherever
attainable) is, in my opinion, truly desirable. This garden
contains an exceedingly good collection of herbaceous and
other flowers, and is in equally high keeping with the other
portions of the grounds. Several stumps of large old trees,
covered with creepers, such as Verbena chamaedrifolia, &c,, are
introduced in it with very good effect ; but the beds appeared
too crowded to show themselves properly. Lady Radnor,
who is a warm encourager of horticulture, sent her gardener
to Paris, in the summer of 1 829, to see the principal gardens,
&c., there, and to collect what he possibly could that was new
and rare.

I am. Sir, yours, &c.
London, April \ 3. 1831. Wm. Sanders.

Art. IX. Design Jbr a Gardener s Hotise, containing Five Rooms
and an Office ; adapted Jbr being connected with the Wall of a
Kitchen-garden.

A VALUED friend, an architect and an enthusiastic amateur
of horticulture, now travelling m Scotland, has elsewhere, in
this Magazine, suggested to us the propriety of giving plans
of gardeners' houses, connected with the walls of the kitchen-
garden. Country gentlemen, he says, cannot so readily
conceive how the detached plans of dwellings, which we have
given in our Eyicyclopcedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Archi-
tecture, can be applied to the sort of lodges which they
generally erect as lean-tos to the walls of their kitchen-gardens.
We intend to comply with his suggestion ; and, with the
assistance of our architectural draughtsman, to give eight de-
signs in this Magazine, totally different from any in the work
just mentioned, and especially calculated for the four sides
and the four corners of kitchen-garden walls. Like true
freemasons, we shall commence with a design for the east
wall of a garden.

This design contains a cellar floor {Jig. lO*. c), in which are
an under-kitchen or wash-house {a), and a beer-cellar {h). In
the former is an oven, the flue of which is conducted under
the kitchen floor, and that of the passage (c), gardener's office
{d) adjoining, and parlour (/), for the purpos3 of heating them
in the manner described in Vol. VL p. 157 j to which we beg

N N 4

552

Design for a Gardener^ s House*
104.

Design for a Gardener's House.

553

to refer our readers for the more complete understanding of
this plan. There is also a boiler, the flue of which is like-
wise conducted under these floors.

All the rooms of this dwelling are on one floor {Jig. 104. b),
which will be rendered perfectly dry by the cellarage below,
as well as by being raised six steps (3 ft.) above the surface
of the garden. This floor shows the back entrance (c),
gardener's office [d), fitted up with book shelves, and a large
desk, with drawers for seeds under ; and having two doors, so
that the men may come in and receive payment by the door
which opens into the back entrance. There are a kitchen (e),
parlour (/"), master's bed-room [g), two other bed-rooms (Ji
and z), and an entrance porch from the garden [k). It will
be observed that the window of the parlour, and that of
the master's bed-room, look into the garden, which ought
always to be the case in such houses, for the convenience of
inspection both by night and by day.

At the back of the house there should be a lean-to, in
which may be placed the coal-bin {I), wood-bin {in), dusthole
(w), and privy (o). A pigsty might easily be added, and also
a cow-house ; but the latter appendage is generally better in
the yard of the demesne farm.

In some cases it may be desirable to have the fruit-cellar
under the gardener's house, and in this plan it might very
easily be formed under g or d; in the latter case, limiting the
course of the flues to the floors of c and c.

The construction of this dwelling, and the materials to be

105

106

,^=^v,^==^r^"^^..

.554

Casl-Iron Floxi'cr Stakes,

107

m

employed in it, we leave to be determined by
local circumstances. We have shown the
roof and the chimney-tops low, because it is sel-
dom desirable to render houses in such situ-
ations conspicuous objects; but should this be
not the case, handsome chimney-pots of arti-
ficial or natural stone, such as Jigs. 105,
lOG, or 107., may be added, with or with-
out basement plinths. These, and numerous
other handsome forms of chimney-pots, are
manufactured in London by Austin, at very
moderate prices ; and they might be imitated,
either in real stone, or in earthenware, at any
good pottery.

Art. X. Notice of some neto Cast-Iro7i Flotoer Stakes, and some
small Wroiight-L-on Stakes J~or Peas or Annuals, invented by
Robert Mallet, Jun. Esq. Communicated by Mr. Mallet.

Sir,

Some days since, I sent you some patterns of flower stakes,

which I have lately got made, and of which, I believe, I am

the first inventor. The cast-iron ones {J'g. 110.) are, I think,

an improvement upon Cottam andHallen's (which were figured

in Vol. VII. p. 284-.), as they can be cast much longer than is

possible with theirs (the weights of both being equal), and they

combine great strength with lightness. They take also a good

grip or hold of the earth, from their extended wings at bottom.

I sent also a small wrought-iron pea or annual stake

chiefly intended for culinary or sweet peas, either in hedges or

clumjis. Figs. 108. and 109. will fully explain

their application with the addition of wires.

Fig. 109, is intended to re|)resent jiart of a

sweet-pea iiedge. Kach stake is twisted coKl

at r/, 90°; by which means, it opposes its flat

face to t])e earth in which it is stuck [a d),

and in the proper position to resist any

motion of tiie hedge sidewise. The con-

Z^>^'\ necting cords may be either of wire or twine ;

> ^ when they are for sweet peas to be sown

~ ^' every season, they may be permanent, and

of wire ; but when they are to be moved

they should be of twine, boiled, previously to being strained,

in a solution of Indian rubber in pyrol igneous ether (a

108

and fVroughf-Jron Pea Stakes.

product of the pyroligneous acid makers, and known on the
Continent by the name of pyroxylic spirit). The expense
of this is trifling : ] J oz. of Indian rubber and ] ^ pint of
the ether will saturate 10 lbs. of twine. The twine need
never be varnished again, and will last many seasons ; is per-
fectly impervious to w^et, and is not affected by hygrometric
changes in the atmosphere; so that, when once strained tio-ht
by the stakes at b, it will remain so.

I have these stakes in use, and they answer admirably, and
look exceedingly neat. I should think, about London, where
pea stakes are so dear, this would be the cheapest plan mar-
ket-gardeners, &c., could adopt. Occasionally, in very lono-
ranges, a stay or two in the length may be placed as shown
at c c. It is obvious that these stakes are applicable also to
clumps or baskets, but the cord should then be arranged
spirally through the holes. They are much stronger than
the wire things generally used, and may be varied to any size
or shape.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.

Robert Mallet.
94. Capel Street, Dublin, July 4. 1832.

556 Cast-iron and JVroiight-Iron

The stake, /J;^. 110. is 7 ft. lonir, and weighs 1 cwt. 8 lbs.
per dozen. Fig.Wl. is 5 ft. 2 in. in length, and weighs
2 qrs. 13 lbs. per dozen. Fig. 1 12. is 3 ft. 8 in. in height, and
weighs 3 qrs. 9 lbs. per dozen. It will be observed, by com-
paring the above weights and heights with tliose of Messrs.
Coltani and Hallen's cast-iron flower stakes, as given in the
succeedincr article, that Mr. Mallet's are somewhat li<;]iter.
Mr. Mallet has subsequently made the improvement in the
Ibrm of the foot of round stakes (such as those of Mr. Cottam),
indicated by the sketch, marked a, on the opposite page.
Stakes thus formed will weigh less, and take a firmer hold of
the ground. — Cond

Art. XI. Notice of the Cast-Iron and fVrought-Iron Flotver Stakes
manujacliired by Messrs. Cottam and Hallen, London. By the
Conductor.

Knowing the introduction of iron stakes in flower-n;ardens
to be a very great improvement, in point both of economy
and neatness ; in order that our readers may know the sizes
and prices, and also compare the appearance of those of Mr.
Mallet with those of Messrs. Cottam and Hallen, we have
given figures of the different sorts manufactured by the latter
firm.

Fig. 113. shows the four sizes of cast-iron stakes, manu-
factured by Messrs. Cottam and Hallen. Tiie height of the
first (a) is 7 ft., its weight per dozen 2 cwt. 1 qr., and the price
per dozen, 25s. ; i is 6 ft. high, weighs 1 cwt. 2 qrs. 22 lbs. per
dozen, and costs 18.?. 6d.; c is 5 ft. high, weighs 1 cwt. 1 qr.
16 lbs. per dozen, and costs 16.s\ 6d.-. and d is l ft. high, weighs
40 lbs. per dozen, and costs lOi'. 6d.

lug. 1 14. shows the different sizes of wrought- iron rods let
into cast-iron sockets at bottom. The height of the first (c) is
6 ft. 6 in., and the price is 10s. 6c/. per dozen; of the second
(_/) 5 ft. 6 in., the price is 9s. 6d. per dozen; of the third (g)
5 ft., the })rice is 8s. 6d. ; of the fourth (//) ■!• ft. 6 in., the price
is 8s.; of the fifth (/) the height is 4 ft., and the price 7s.; of
the sixth (/) the height is 3 ft. 6 in., and the price per dozen
6s. 6d.; of the seventh (l) the height is 3 ft., and the price Gs.;
of the eighth (w) the height is 2 ft. 6 in., and the price Bs. 6d.;
and the ninth {n) is 2 ft. in height, and the price per dozen
is 5s.

Flower Stale es.

557

110

558

Newly invented Hoe.

Art. XII. Notice of a nexdy invented Hoe.
By John Booker, Esq.

Sir,

I BEG leave to send you a sketch of a lioe {^fig. 1 15.) which I
invented for my own use, and which I do not recollect to have

seen among the implements figured and described in your En-
cijclopfvdia. This hoc cuts every way ; backwards, forwards,
and on both sides. It does not remove much earth ; it cuts best
as it moves diagonally, backwards or forwards; but cuts well
moved in any direction. I find it particularly useful among
things ])lanted in rows. My gardener, a Russian, who has a
great ilread of novelty, after he had got over his fust hor-

Transplanting large Trees. 559

rors at the sight of this new implement, reluctantly consented
to try it in the garden ; and, at last, liked it so well, as to
order several for general use. Should you wish to have one,
I shall have great pleasure in sending it to you.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.
Cronstadt, Russia, June 4. 1832. John Booker.

We shall be happy to receive a hoe, which we will send to
Messrs. Cottani and Hallen's, to be manufactured for general
use. We shall be still more obliged by the various articles
mentioned by our liberal and benevolent correspondent, as
suitable for our Encyclopcedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa
Architecture. — Co7id.

Art. XIII. On Transplatititig large Trees, Pruning, Sfc.
By Mr. Howden.

Sir,
I AM sorry to see, in a late Number of the Gardener's
Magazine, that the art of gardening is falling into decay ;
that many respectable nursery and seedsmen have become,
or are becoming, insolvent; and that more head-gardenei's
are out of employ than the nurserymen can find work for.
This, I should think, will have a good effect in making all
upstart gardeners humble and submissive. I also find, by
the review of Mr. ElHs, that there has been a Sir Henry
Steuart, who has written a book, wherein he stigmatises the
generality of gardeners as a set of self-sufficient ignoramuses.
This is indeed " the unkindest cut of all." The gardener,
who has all his life studied the nature of the vegetable king-
dom, who can call ten thousand plants by their proper names,
and who knows their nature, can no more bean ignorant man
than the officer in an army of soldiers who can call on every
one of his army by name to do his duty. But up starts a
Sir Henry Steuart, who, like a Sir Hew Dalrymple, snatches
the victory out of die hands of the poor operative. Allow me
to lend a helping hand to retrieve the falling fortunes of the
poor defenceless gardeners, and to show that we are not so
very ignorant as he supposes us to be. Sir Henry Steuart has
written a book in a fair legible hand ; for this reason, he
has had a better, or rather a more expensive, education than
most gardeners : but, as to his inventing the machine he talks
of, the thought is quite laughable ; the machine was invented
before I was born, and any practical gardener could invent a

560 Transplanting large i rees,

better in five minutes, after seeing the size of the trees to be
removed. Tlie miller or warehouseman's truck, or trolly,
on a large scale, is a better machine than that of Sir Henry
Steiiart. Such a truck, when brought down to the balance,
rests on another pair of wheels, and may be transported any
where. The origin of the idea is as simple as seeing a boy
carrying a young shrub on his spade to transplant it; but
when the shrub or tree is large, a pair of wheels, or even two
pair, must be fixed to the spade, and the spade must be large
and strong in proportion ; four ropes flistened near the top of
the tree, and to four staples at the corners of the spade bit,
will hold the tree as upright as the mainmast of a ship. The
spade handle need not be fixed permanently to the blade or
bit, but may be taken out or put in at pleasure, like a hand-
spike for weighing a ship's anchor. Sir Henry Steuart has
been very fortunate in having so many fine old trees left him
by his ancestors, who, it seems, were so " ignorant and self-
sufficient" as to plant them all in the wrong places. It will be
well if his successors be not so ijrnorant and self-sufficient as
to think they are all in their wrong places now ; and if they
do not invent a machine to remove them all back to their old
stations. As poor Richard says —

" I never saw an oft-removed tree.
Nor yet an oft-removed family,
Tliat throve so 'well as those who settled be."

While a tree, or a man, is young, and full of sap and life,
they may and ought to be transi)lanted into various nurseries;
but it is impossible to transplant an old man or old tree without
giving them such a shock, or check, as they seldom or never
get the better of. It is impossible to transplant a tree of any
age, without damaging some of the roots ; and they rcjuire
a similar deprivation of branches to the loss of roots. This
leads me on to thattjueer word />ln/s/ologi/, I think they call it.
Some people are of ojji'iion that the branches, twigs, and
leaves assist the growth of lin)ber ; and a certain author,
Mr. Withers, compares the leaves of the tree to its mouth.
I would advise sucli authors to shut their mouths till they can
open them to better purpose. I could have excused him if
he had called them nostrils; but mouths — oh, shocking! I
should rather call them the mere excrements of the tree, else
why does the tree discharge them anmially. If the leaves of
a tree are its mouths, what shall we call the flowers and fruits?
Answer, they are all alike the offspring of the tree. As tlie
blessed St. Paul says, " they bear not the root, but the root
them." A tree in full vigour often kills its own offspring, the

Primings S^c. 561

weak underling branches ; and this is called natural pruning :
but the skilful pruner assists nature ; he does not wait till the
branches are dead, any more than the skilful vine-grower
waits till the berries are dead before he thins the bunches
of grapes, &c. If fine clear timber is as desirable as fine
flowers and fruits are, then pruning and thinning are necessary
operations. It is natural that a tree should have leaves; and
it is natural that a sheep should have wool : the former
protects its parent from the scorching summer sun, and the
latter from the winter storms ; they both assist in carrying
off superabundant sap, and yet may you deprive the sheep
of its fleece in the middle of winter, or a tree of all its leaves
in the middle of summer, if artificial means are used to pro-
tect the sheep from catching cold, and the tree from being
blistered by the sun.

1 have said that the branches are merely the offspring of
the tree, and I add that they draw up sap only to enrich
themselves. This can be proved by looking at an apple tree
grafted upon a crab, or the weeping ash grafted on the com-
mon ash : they are complete bloodsuckers. I have seen
a weeping ash, not quite so large as an Egyptian pyramid, but
getting on that way like ; while its foster-mother was not fit
for a ladder-pole: and I have seen a common ash, planted at
the same time, with a top that barely makes room for three
rooks' nests, yet with a trunk fit for sawing into eleven-inch
planks. When a less succulent graft is introduced into a
more succulent stock, the case is reversed, the stock over-
grows the graft, and kills it in a few years; on the same
principle that trees kill their own offspring, in the way called
natural pruning: witness the cytisus budded on the laburnum,
and a thousand other examples.

I believe this system of physiology will be new to most of
your I'eaders ; but it is the true system for all that. It is a
reform in the old system ; and, like the brave Earl Grey, " I
will either stand or fall by the bill." I shall not, however,
go the length of some, to cry " the whole bill, and nothing
but the bill:" it must be mended in a committee of practical
men, who know at what time to shear a sheep, and when to
prune a tree ; and not by " ignorant and self-sufficient
baronets," who read books, and write books, and yet do not
know how to prune a currant bush. Malheur a nous, con-
ducteiirs aveiigles ! My sheet is filled up, and, of course, my
article, as you call it, is long enough ; but I shall come to the
scratch again, if I receive another call, and now remain.

Yours, in good troth,
Heath House, April, 1832. John Howden.

Vol. VIII. — No. 40. oo

562 BcmarliS on l(ii/i>ig out

AuT. XI\'. RcnmrJcs on Injjing out and managiiig Flotver-Gardens.
liy Mr. Roj5EUT Ekuington.

Sir,

I FEEL pleasure in complying with your request as to send-
ing you some remarks on ilower-gardens, and shall be glad if
there should be any thing in the folh^wing observations worthy
a place in your useful work. I am, however, afraid that I
am not competent to do justice to the subject; and thinking
it very probable that I may fall into errors in the course of
what I am about to write, I can only say, that I shall feel
much obliged to any of your readers who will kindly point
them out.

As to situation, distance from the mansion, dec, I can say
little ; these matters being, of course, regulated, in a consider-
able degree, by the direction of the principal walk, and some
other affairs, frequently of a merely local character. I would,
however, if possible, place the flower-garden a little on one
side of the principal walk, not far from the mansion, and yet
have it so contrived as to be almost entirely concealed from
both mansion and walk ; for partial concealment (it will be
admitted, I think) gives a zest to beauties of this kind. In
such a situation, I would have it so managed as to present to
the eye from the main walk, externall}', a series of boldly
irregular masses, having considerable breadth, and united in
some degree to the scenery around by a few single trees,
bushes, or smaller groups, which require, as you well observe,
considerable taste in their disposal, and are frequently carried
to an unpleasant extreme. They arc, however, indispensable
in some situations, according to Price, and other authors of
acknowledged repute, as doing away with extreme distinct-
ness, and blending the scenery.

A walk, of somewhat less width than the principal one,
siiould embrace the parterre ; and this walk, as before ob-
served, should be well screened with handsome plantations.
The masses on the outside, especially il next the park, I
would plant chiefly with timber trees, iiaving a base or under-
growth oi" holly, thorn, laurel, privet, &c.j to be eventually
insulated, or grouped on grass here and there, as taste might
suggest, and forming a gradual transition to the park scenery.

The masses on the other side, or margin, of liie parterre,
I would have composed, for tiie most part, of American plants,
roses, and choice flowering shrubs; and interspersed, here
and there, with ornamental trees of middle height, tree roses,
&c. : and here, 1 think, might find a place such of the
herbaceous tribes as are found too high for the beds; such as

and managing Flo'wer-Gardens, 563

tall phloxes, asters, georginas, lioll^^hocks, &c., not as prin-
cipals, but thinly to tower, at intervals, over the shrubs. The
masses may have an undergrowth of Portugal laurel, yew,
rhododendron, and other sombre-tinted evergreens, to heighten
the contrast, and render the parterre somewhat striking, as
well as gay. These masses should not, I think, be formed in a
continuous line, but be broken at intervals, on the park side
to give glimpses occasionally of picturesque views, and on
the parterre side to exhibit a tempting peep or two from dif-
ferent positions ; which breaks may serve as points of ingress
and egress, and, as it were, steal in among the trees. The
margin of grass between the parterre and the main walk might
be so managed by planting, that the two points of junction
between the main walk and the parterre walk should not be
seen at the same time from any situation.

As to the interior arrangements, the margin of grass be-
tween the parterre and the side masses should, in my opinion,
have considerable breadth; say, average from 10 ft. to 15 ft.;
and the terminating beds should project rather irregularly on
this breadth. The points of the surrounding masses, also,
should be made to jut inwards occasionally, to establish a
kind of connection with the parterre; allowing sufficient dis-
tinctness to the parterre as a whole, and yet doing away, as
much as possible, with form for form's sake, and with detached
meagreness. It appears to me that, in the style here recom-
mended, much of the gracefulness of a parterre depends on
a certain irregular breadth of grass being preserved in dis-
posing the beds. The idea of breadth in a parterre may
seem ridiculous ; but when the ground appropriated to thig
purpose is frittered away in projecting angles, with tree roses
and other plants on the grass filling up every situation where
an opportunity offers, though forms may be accurate, and the
ground may be well furnished, there will be little gracefulness.

For beds on gravel, I must confess, I have but very little
inclination ; and as to those on grass, I may here remark that
the general effect does not so much depend on the precise
figure of each individual bed, as on the outline and character
given to the grass in the disposition of those beds. A great deal
of the insipidity which is so often the subject of complaint in
flower-gardens arises, I have no doubt, from that lumpishness
and want of figure which the surface of the plants presents.
And here I may observe, that I concur in the remarks to
that effect made some time ago by Mr. Spence (Vol. VI.
p. 408.), and am convinced that considerable attention must
be paid to figure as well as colour. I may also add that the
observations here made have reference chiefly to changeable

o o 2

564

ReinnrJcs on laj/ing oiif

flo\ver-f]far(lens ; and that a regular plan should be adopted,
which would guarantee to the jiossessor a continual and com-
plete succession of flowers, both in the mingled beds and in
the masses, all through the season. But this, of course, cannot
be effected, in the manner here represented, by a gardener
who has forcing, kitchen-gardening, and shrubberies to look
after, but must form a province by itself; and the man who
will undertake to do justice to a flower-garden, and make it
what it ought to be, will find his head and hands fully em-
ployed all the year round. Something might be here said
about the division of labour in our profession; but, as old
Richard says, "Folks don't preach sermons at a fair."

In the kind of garden here described, a person of good
taste (except the merely scientific man) would not stop to
enquire whether the number of species consisted of fifty or
five hundred, provided he met with well-balanced and har-

and managing FlcMer-Gardens.

565

monious colours, and a beautifully playful variety of figure :
to effect this, it appears to me that though, as to figure, each
bed should be complete in itself; yet, both as to figure and
to colour, each should bear a proper relation and subserviency
to the whole. Botanical arrangements, rosaries, &c., I admire
as much as any one, in their place ; that is, provided we are
not compelled to look upon them, and pass through them, at
all times of the year : but when masses of flowers of fleeting
character are made to form outlines and principal features in
the scener}'^, I think a gaudy mass for a few weeks a sorry
compensation for lumpish forms and months of barrenness.

It will be seen that the garden here described is fitted to a
seat of considerable pretensions. The parterre style is, how-
ever, applicable to a place of almost any size, and, perhaps,
to any circumstances, except where a connection with the
buildings would impose a peculiar character on the parterre.

o o 3

SQ6 Exotics at Luscombc,

A sketch {fig. 116.) of the style recommended accompa-
nies this paper. I am not aware that it has any particular
title, but I suppose that it may be called the geonietric wavy
style. I am aware that it lias no pretensions to novelty ; but
I think that it is not in very general use.

At some early opportunity I will add further remarks on
the disposition of the colours, and the modes of accelerating
and retarding certain flowers so to prolong the gaiety of the
parterre. I remain, Sir, yours, &c.

Oulton Park, Jan. 16. 1832. IIobeut Errington.

Art. XV. List of Exotics ivhich are now living in the Gardens oj
Charles Hoare, Esq., at Lttscombe, near Daivlish, in Devonshire.
Communicated by Mr. Richard Saunders, Gardener and
Planter there.

Sir,

Your invitation. Vol. Vll. p. 722., has induced me to do
what I have long contemplated doing, that is, to send you a
hst of exotics which are here living in the open air. It is now
many years since I turned some of them out (which, you will
be pleased to observe, is indicated by one of the columns in
the list); consequently, they have endured several severe win-
ters. During tlie severe frost of January, 1820, the thermo-
meter here was as low as 15°; and also during the frost of
January, 1830, it was as low as 12° ; but notwithstanding this,
and several other severe winters which these plants have en-
dured, the greater part of them have grown most luxuriantly,
and flowered abundantly. A single plant of the double
white camellia had 600 flowers open on it at one time (March,
1831) ; and, on the 25th of March last, another plant of the
double white camellia had oj)cn on it ui)wards of 200 flowers.

The most recjuisite and essential thing to be done in pro-
tecting exotics during severe frost is, to prevent any frost jiene-
trating to their roots, by keeiiing them warm. Their stems
and main branches shoidd also be well protected with fine
hay or dry moss, to prevent the least possibility of their
juices being frozen. I very often experience the mortifica-
tion of having some of the tops of their branches killed by
severe frost, though tliis does but little injury to the health
of the plants, and they very soon recover their former vigour
and beauty when tiie fine spring weather sets in.
I am, Sir, yours, &c.

llrcHAnn Saunders.
Luscumhc^ Devon, Apil 23. 1832.

near DaxvHsh, in Devonshire.

567

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566

GreeH'house and Hot-house PlcifUs

Am. XVI. List of certain Grcen-hoiise and Hot-house Plants
ivhich have stood out dining one or moie JVinters, in the open Air,
in the Garden of Robert Mallet, Esq., at Druiyicondra, near
Dublin. Communicated by Mr. Mallet, Jun.

Sir,
I SEND you a list of some plants which stand out with me,
at Drumcondra, near DubHn. Those marked with an asterisk
have been out lor two years or more, the others only one.

Aquaticx,

*Richar(l/rt (Calla) aetliiopica. In

water, :i ft. deep ; out three years ;

flowers every 3'ear.
*Jiissieu« spcciosa. A hot-house

perennial, in an open pond ; lias

not shown flower.

Aponogeton distachyon. In a vase.

inonostachyon. In a vase.
*8a<;ittaria lanceolata. In an open
pond ; flowers every year.

Plants not on the Wall ; that is. Standards or Ilerhaceoits.

Yucca serruliita.
ffloifolia.

*-/l/elia Azcdardch.

*Fuchsw. All the species, except
arborescens, which I have tried
several times, and have never
been a!)!e to get to stand : I had
one large F|)eciinen killed by even
the last mild winter.

Mesembryi'iuthcmiuii. 97 species,
on rockwork, with some species
of Crassula, Agave, Cotyledon,
&c.

iSempervivum arboreum. On rock-
work .

♦iS'olauum bonariensc.

*Oj)uutia i-'icus iuilita. On rock-
work.

Bamlmsa r/rundinacea. Growing in
peat and pond mud, 7 ft. high.

*Px6nia Mot'itau, var. 7;apaveracea.

yfcacia lophautha.

Lycopodium densum. On rock-
work.

*Tradescant/« crassifolia.

*Agai)anthus nmbellatus.

*irchium candicans.
formosum.

Brugmans/rt suaveolens. Vigor-
ous ; watered with dung water
occasionally.

Justicirt Adhdtoda.

* Veronica decussata.

DavalhVz canariensis. On rock-
work ; the soil peat ; grows vi-
gorously.

*Corr:cV/ alba.

Camell'rt japonica var. /Hyrtifolia.
Sickly ; tlic situation damj).

*.SVbimis Mollr.

7'ol\'gahi latiiolia.

Melianthus cocciuciis. A new spe-
cies from the ('ape.

j4scl('|)ia.v [(lomphoi'urpus] arbores-
cens.

y/cacia .?alicifulia.

*decurrcns (var. glai'ica.)
lopliiiutlia.

*Iiagerstr(e'm/V< ludica.

7axus elongata.

Sojiliora tomentosa.

*OMca europ;e\i. With CiUrula
niliaU'nsis on it, which flowered
ai)iuulantlv last Jtdv and August.

On a Southern Aspect.

*/)aphne odora.
/^I'lscus audrcigyuus.
*/'uuica O'rauatum, &c.
*lMiob(ttrya japiMiica.
Maura ndy// Jiarclay<~//;ff.
rtutiri'irniitlura.

sem|)erHoreus. These maurau-

dyas re(|uire a dry situation, and

to l)e covered with sand, or turf

mould, in winter.

Lophospcrnuun erubesccns.

*7l/vrtus romana, anil most of the

couunon varieties.
*Passiflura ca;rulca. Covers above
Ir^OOsq. ft.

*'c:crulea racemosa.
"c.'enilea alata.
*(!oIvlll/.

hardi^ at Ih'wncondra, near Dublin.

569

*Passifl6ra chinensis. All these spe-
cies flower well out, and need but
little protection during winter.

P. edulis. Now in flower, with
fruit set ; grown from a layer of
last year. Layers of the Passi-
flora edulis, planted early in spring,
on a south wall, will afford a nearly
constant supply of its grateful
fruit during the year; and will
save the very great room which a
single fruiting plant of it takes up
in a house.

*Melaleuca linearis.
*//ypericif61ia.
lanceolata.

ZJolichos lignosus.

*Lonicera chinensis.

*Lonicer« flava. '
americana.

*Pelarg6nium peltatum, 6 ft. high.
I have sixty species and varieties
of pelargoniums ; large plants
planted out, which I intend to
remain to take their chance for
next winter, as many such stood
out uninjured in Livingston's nur-
sery, at the south of Dublin, and
also at the Trinity College gar-
den, last year.

Citrus Aurantium. From seed;
sicklj'.

Wistan'a Consequana.

*Cissus antarctica. A most desir-
able climber, in a fine aspect.

*^'ster argophyllus, 12 ft.
*Clematis calycina.

*aristata.
* Artemisia ram6sa.
ikfalva capensis.
*^uph6rb/« mellifera,
*Leon6tis Leonurus.
*Cean6thus africanus.
Globularia longifolia.
C'olutea frutescens.
Royena hirsuta.
*Cupressus pendula,
*Sk\\\a, africana.
*Cestrum Pdrqid.

On an Eastern Aspect.

high. *Pitt6sporum Toblra.

Thca Bohea.
*viridis.
*7?ubus rosffifolius.
Pistacia atlantica.
*Calampelis scabra.
* Lavandula dentata.
*Tarchonanthus camphoratus.
Convolvulus linearis.
Vintzia flabelliformis.
Cluytk pulchella,
*;Jasminum revoliitura.
*Alovsi« citriodora.

The garden in which these plants are growing is one mile
north of Dublin ; its surface is about twenty-five feet above
the level of the sea, and it slopes gradually to the south, with
an inclination of about one in twenty. All the above plants,
with the exceptions of the Camelha and Citrus, are in good
health. The roots of all are covered about six inches in
depth with light dry turf mould in winter; which, after very
wet weather, is removed, and dry substituted. Some of the
more tender are protected by mats, but most are left exposed the
whole winter. The mesembryanthemums are on a rockwork,
with the interstices filled with pebbles and a little earth, and
are growing luxuriantly. Most of them were in full flower
about a month since.

I am. Sir, yours, &c.
Dublin^ August 6. 1832. Robert Mallet.

570 AiUumnal Sowhig of Anntuth.

Art. XVII. On soiviug annual Flotver Seeds in the Autumn, in
order to have themjloivcr early in the Spring. By R. T.

Sir,

Permit me, throufrh the medium of your pages, to call the
attention of gardeners to the sowing of annual flower seeds in
the autumn,' in order to have them flower early in the spring.
The superiority of autumn-sown lettuces and cauliflowers is
already well known, but not so (generally speaking) that of
annual flowers. Notwithstanding, the latter is equally as
worthy of attention as the former. I have followed the prac-
tice for several years, and have since read of it ; but I never
saw it till I began it myself, though I do not presume to think
but that some others had done it before, though they did not
o-ive it the publicity it deserved. My method is this : — About
The middle of September I sow such sorts as I desire, for in-
stance, Schizanthus pinnatus and porrigens, Coreopsis tinc-
toria, China aster, Malope trifida, Gili« capitata, Commelin«
coelestis, Z)elphinium sinense, Spanish pink, Clark/« pul-
chella, iJibiscus africfinus, Ferbena Aublet/Vz, with many others,
in pots in the open ground, or in a cold frame, and, when
larfc enoun-h, I prick them into other pots. If only to plant
ourin spring, a few in a 32-pot of each sort is suflicicnt. On
the appearance of damp weather, I put them into a frame, and
ffive all the air I can, without exposing them to the fogs or
rains. If I am afraid of severe weather, such as I cannot
keep out of the frame without too much covering, I remove
them to an airy part of the green-house, where they remain
till the bcnnning of March, at which time (if they have be-
come too Thick in the pots) I shift them singly into 60s, ready
to plant out as soon as the weather is mild enough. When
this is the case, I plant one in each place. I find that they
will flower in far greater perfection than any sown afterwards
in the "round, an(l in some sorts full two months sooner. If
I have more plants than I want for the flower-garden, I shift
a few into -l-Ss, and put them into some of the forcing-houses,
where they soon flower, and make a very pretty appearance
at so early a period as to allow me to have some plants of
Schizanthus pinnatus and porrigens in bloom for the last month,
anil others are just coming into flower to succeed them.

Maj/ 3. 1832. I am, Sir, yours, Sec. 11. T.

AuT. XVIII. On the Ctdturc of the Ranunculus. By A \'n,LAGii

ScnOOLMASTEU.

Sir,
I AM a lover of floriculture, and have read the conmiuni-
cations of Messrs. Tyso and Tiiompson on the culture ol the

CuUiire of the Hanuncuhis. 571

Turkish ranunculus, in your Magazine, with great pleasure.
The former writer's plan is an excellent one for procuring
seed, as the experience of the last growing season enables me
to testify; having pursued it, and having now fine healthy
pericarps from varieties from which I never before succeeded
in obtaininfj a sinijle seed. What sort of flowers these seeds
will produce, I hope to be able to tell you by this time next
year. You will think that very soon ; but I mean to treat
them in the same way I procured flowers this June, from seed
sown last October. Some time early in October, 1831, a
head of seed, from a tolerably thickly petaled light semi-
double ranunculus, was sown in a square pan of twelve-inch
sides by four deep ; at each corner was a pipe luted to the
sides, open at top and bottom, for the purpose of watering the
earth, without disturbing the seeds, or allowing a crust to
form on the surface, through frequent watering from a water-
pot rose in the usual way. In the middle was a hole for
allowing the superfluous water to drain away. About a
fortnight or so after sowing, the seeds came up (here I
should state the pan was put into a cucumber frame, with a
couple of seed cucumbers only on the vines, and no heat but
that afforded by the solar I'ays) : as soon as they had vege-
tated, the glasses were kept close, in order to take the ad-
vantage of the heat of the sun, to force them as much as
possible. By the end of November they were an inch high,
and I removed them into a room facing the south, in which a
fire and warm air stove were kept for about six hours each day.
There they drew towards the light, and began to get of a
sickly yellow by the beginning of February. On Valentine's
day 1 made my cucumber hill, and a week afterwards, when
the heat was well up, I put my pan into it. The seedlings
recovered immediately, grew away vigorously, and threw up
strong flower stems at the end of April. I then removed
them, and placed them against a south-east wall in the open
air, in which situation they have flowered, and are at this
moment loaded with strong healthy heads of seed. The plan
is nothing more than an extension of Mr. Sweet's plan of
flowering tulips unusually quickly, extended to another tribe of
florist's flowers. I have been equally successful with pinks,
although not precisely in the same mode.

A Village Schoolmaster.
London [being now hi town),
Julj/ 30. 1832.

572 'Ranunculus \)aniassifblms and O'xalis floribunda.

Art. XIX. On the Cultivation of 'Ranunculus \)arnassifulius and
O'-valis /Inrihnnda. By Mr. John Menzies, (iardener to Chris-
topher Kawson, Esq., Hope House, near Hahl'ax.

Sir,
J?anu'nculus 7)arnassif(Mius of your Hortus Britanniais,
p. 230., was introduced in 1769, and is now very rarely met
with, on account of the difficulty of preserving it from the
attacks of snails and slugs in the spring months. I have for
the last four years used (for the preservation of this rare and
beautiful plant) a pot or snail trap {Jig. 117.), of the same
composition as a common garden pot, all in
one piece. The trap is 14 in. in diameter,
and 6 in. deep ; the plant is planted inside,
at ff, which is without bottom, and allows
the roots to penetrate through. The divi-
sion h is joined at the bottom without any
holes, merely for holding water. The trap
is then sunk nearly on a level with the sur-
face of the ground, in a situation where it is
shaded from the midday sun : the water
effectually prevents either snails or slugs
reaching the plant. The soil used is equal
parts of hazelly loam, vegetable mould, and
bog earth, in which the plant grows luxuri-
antly, throwing up flower stems from 10 to
12 in. high. It is proi)agated by seeds. The
trap should be covered in winter with leaves,
to prevent its being broken by the frost. In the bed with the
/Ranunculus I have grown pyrolas, cyprij^ediums, trilliums,
Panax trifolia, TrienttUis europae^i and americana, 7Rubus pis-
tillatus, arcticus, and Chamajmorus; Soldanclla alpina, Cliis//,
minima, and montana ; y/nemonc alpina, patens, acutipctala,
I laller/, vei nalis, and ^/arcissiflora : and 1 have planted, in a
little frame near it, Ej)igie\i repcns, 7*olygala paucil'olia, /Rho-
dodendron Cham.'ecistus and laiipunicum, Andromeda letra-
gona, y^nthyllis eriniicea, 7'arnassia caroliniuna and r/sarifolia,
Thalictrum «nemonoides, Z'halictrum r/nemonoidesflore plono,
Geniulna verna, alpina, and Saponaria alba ; Jefl'ersonm
diphylla, and Soldaiu'lla niininia alba.

O'xalis floribunda //c>;7. liril., j). \d,5.[jbsea.Add.Sup.yi.595.'\
was introduced in 182G from South America. This plant has
a singular fleshy root, quite different from the other species of
the same genus; and, as it possesses extraordinary beauty
when in flower, perhaps the K)lIowing mode of culture may
be worthy the attention of some of your readers : — On an

Culture of the Violet. 573

examination of the root of a good plant, many growing buds
will be perceived : in the month of February I take off two
or three of these buds, with part of the fleshy root, according
to the size of the plant ; I then insert them in the common
way, in sand, imder a bell glass, give them a little water, and
place them in the front of the stove, where they can have as
much light as possible. As there is no occasion to shade
them, in ten days they are ready to pot. I water the cutting
pot, and turn them out ; putting only one plant in a pot, in a
mixture of vegetable mould and peat earth. After potting I
give them water, and place them in a shady part of the house
till I perceive the heart leaves growing ; afterwards I expose
them in the light. In March they are removed to the green-
house, where they can have plenty of air ; in May they are
turned out on a border where I grow the Ghent azalea,
Azalea fedifolia, rhododendrons, kalmias, ledums, andromedas,
Gaultherz'a Shalloji, and North American azaleas, and where
the O'xalis flourishes, showing a profusion of red flowers till
October, when I pot the plants, and place them in the green-
house until the following year. I remain, Sir, yours, &c.
Hope House, 7iear Halifax, John Menzies.

January 24. 1832.

De Candolle states {Regn. Veg. Syst. Nat. i. p. 244.) that
72anunculus joarnassifolius L. inhabits the rocks of the Alps
and Pyrenees at the point contiguous to eternal snow, and
that there it flowers in summer : these facts may further hint
the plant's requirements under artificial culture. — J. D.

Art. XX. On the Culture of the Heartsease Violet. By Mr. Ar-
chibald GoRRiE, F.H.S. and C.H.S., &c.

Sir,
Some seven or eight years since, I was presented with two
violets by a respected friend * (on his leaving this part of the
country), with an injunction that I should pay attention to
their culture. From respect to my friend, attention to my
beautiful charge became a pleasant duty ; and any little care
I bestowed has been amply repaid by a profuse and beautiful
vai'iety of that lowly and charming tribe of plants. Having
obtained what were reckoned some good varieties, I distri-
buted them among several of my professional brethren,
which answered two purposes I had in view : the first, to

* Mr. Brown, late of the Kinnoul nurseries.

574 Culture of the Violet.

oblifTc mv friends; and the second, to promote a taste for niv
lavourite flower. I also used my influence with the Perth-
shire Horticultural Society to get it introduced into their
schedule as a prize article; and the consequence is, that this
spring and autunui flower is, in this quarter, now meeting with
merited attention.

One of my original breeders, which is called Brown's
Violet, is a fine improved variet\' of ^ iola tricolor ; upper
and side petals deep purple tinged with carmine ; lower
petal brown, with a slight yellow laced border ; eye yellow,
permanent, and well marked ; average length of flower, an
inch and three tenths; breadth, an inch and one tenth. This
favourite is difficult to preserve, it being a sort of biennial ;
but its existence may be prolonged by cuttings or layers. Its
seedlings maintain a near family likeness. The flowers have
generally a sweet smell.

My other original breeder was the Fiola grandiflora, of
which I still retain the original plant by cuttings. It does
not seed very freely, and its seedlings are liable to sport. An
improved variety has been obtained with the parental colours,
but a more regular flower, and rather larger than its jiarent :
it forms almost a circle of nearly two inches diameter. Its
upper petals are purple; side and lower petals light blue
tinged with purple ; eye small, yellow, and j)ermnnenlly
distinct. From this I very early obtained a beautiful large
flower, which a friend, to whom I gave the first plant I had
to spare, out of compliment named Gorrie's Superb. From
this many beautiful seedling varieties have been produced.
The upper petals are a fine dark velvety purple; side and
lower petals deep ultramarine blue; the two side petals
deeply shaded above the eye, which is light orange, in the
centre radiate, and the rays light yellow at the extremities.
The flower measures, at an average, two inches and two
tenths every way. The original plant is still preserved,
and very extensively distributed ; from it has been pro-
duced here, last season. Queen Adelaide, named (without
asking permission) as an expression of loyalty. It is some-
thing like the former in its upjicr petals; the others have the
blue brighter, the shades deeper, the eye more compact, and
altogether it is reckoned a finer flower than my Sujierb.
Another, raised at the same time, and from the same original,
is called Miss Drummond : it has a strong resemblance
to the Superb, but all its petals are of a deeper velvet purple,
the eye is yellow, radiate, surrounded by a marked light blue
halo: it is longer-sha})ed, and rather less, than Queen Ade-
laide. One named Lady Murray Threipland, is a beautiful

Culture of the Violet. B15

mazarine blue, tinged with purple, approaching to a self;
the eye something like the Superb in form, but the side
and lower petals are in better proportion with those above ;
the colour of the eye is light yellow. Of the selfs, or one-
coloured, these have been named : — Robina, with all the petals
light blue, something waved, eye yellow or gold colour, finely
radiate, and flower large; Miss Neil, petals bright purple,
eye small, orange-coloured, finely radiate, flower much longer
than broad ; Miss Paul, petal similarly coloured with the
above, eye larger, bright yellow, radiate. Of several fine
white flowers, the only one yet named here, besides the old
altaica, the parent, is the " Belle Blanche :" it was raised by
Robert Bell, a shoemaker in Rait village. The flower measures
in length two inches, and in breadth one inch and three fourths.
The eye is yellow, marked above with two deeply coloured
blue spots. A beautifully shaped cream-coloured flower has
appeared this season ; it has the honour of being named, by
request, Jesse. The eye is a gold colour, radiate, with
black pencilled lines in every direction. A very large and
beautiful purple self, with a bright eye, is named Catherine
of Gowrie ; it is larger than the old grandiflora ; another, with
dark waved petals, is named Ehza. These three should
stand together in a collection. The T>ufftd?ia is a fine black
dingy violet, raised by the village dominie, Mr. Duff". Phe-
mie's Flighland Mountain is a large, pale, )'ellow hybrid,
between the altaica and lutea. Gorrie's Incomparable is
one of the finest yellows yet seen in this country. Such are
a few of those already reckoned worthy of being named :
new and beautiful varieties are daily being produced, which
repay the cultivator in a very short space from the time of
sowing. Violets flower here from the middle of April till the
middle of June, when the sun's heat becomes too strong
for them ; they commence again about the middle of August,
and continue to display their brilliant hues till prevented by
the frost. They delight in a rich and highly manured soil.
The properties of a good violet are reckoned to be, large
and round petals, the flower forming nearly a circle, not
much undulated; colours distinct and permanent; eye rather
small, and not deeply pencilled ; flower-stalk strong and
straight ; and the stigma filling the open part of the eye.

I am. Sir, yours, &c.

Archibald Gorrie.
An?iat Gardens, Jiifie 11. 1832.

576 Culture oj the Pine-apple.

AuT. XXI. On the Culture of the Pine-apple xvithout Pots. By
Mr. James Mitchinson, Gardener at Pendarves.

Sir,

Having seen an account of the culture of tlie pine-apple
without })ots in the Royal Kitchen-gardens at Nyniphenburg,
by Mr. Joseph Lang, in the Gariiener's Magazine, \o\. V.,
p. 427., I felt determined to make a similar trial ; and,
about fourteen months since, having three lights of our pine-
pit at liberty, 1 had it filled with oak leaves to a sufficient
height. These havinfj been well trodden down, and made
perfectly level, I had a little earth put along the back of the
pit where the first row of plants was to stand ; I then turned
some succession plants out of their pots, and, placing them in
a row behind, filled the spaces between them with earth,
keeping it as light as possible ; I also put it in rather rough,
that the roots of the jilants might run more freely through it.
When one row was jilanted, I proceeded as before, till three
rows were in, which filled the pit, it being only 6 ft. wide
inside. I then gave a gentle sprinkling with water, to wash
off the dirt from the plants, and settle the earth a little. In
about a fortnight I found the plants begin to grow rather
strong, which they continued to do, and in the course of the
summer most of them showed Iruit ; and, although I had
some plants in pots much larger than they were, the fruit
from these was finer and much higher flavoured. One plant,
a Jamaica pine, which did not show fruit till late in the sum-
mer, ripened this spring a fruit 4;^ lbs. ; and, although ripe
about a fortnight, it obtained an extra-prize at the first ex-
hibition of the Royal Cornwall Horticultural Society at
Truro, June 29. 1832. I have now three Montserrats and
a queen in fruit in the same pit, that were put out as above,
fourteen months since, which are now looking extremely
well, and seem likely to be both large and handsome : in fact,
so great was the satisfaction I ex|ierienced from the experi-
ment, that this sjiring I planted, in the same manner, the
whole length of our pit, being 70 ft. long and 6 ft. wide; and,
as before stated, containing three rows of plants. I am ex-
tremely glad to be able to say that these newly j)lanted |)ines
are doing e()ually well, and that many gardeners, as well as
gentlemen, who have seen them, say they never saw finer
plants or finer fruit ; for my own inut, I can only say I am
not ashamed to show them.

In winter, autumn, and spring, we use liot water to obtain
the x'equisite degree of heat for keeping the plants in a healthy
state. I also use a lining of hot dung in front of the pit (it

Rapid Mode of raising Vine Plants. 577

being placed on arches), when occasion requires it. I find
the hot-water system to answer extremely well, better than
any other method I have ever seen in use.

I grow our succession and nursery plants in a pit built of
bricks, pigeon-holed; and I use linings of dung, leaves, grass,
&c., when the heat of the bed in the inside requires renewing.
The plants are kept in pots till wanted for plunging out for
fruiting.

The saving of trouble and expense occasioned by the above
treatment of the pine-apple will, I trust, be evident to all
your readers ; and I hope many of them will not only take
my word for its being attended witii complete success, but
that they will give it a fair and similar trial to that 1 have en-
deavoured to state above : if they do, I fancy the result will
be, that some will find that pine-apples will grow, and that
freely, with scarcely any bottom heat, particularly when out
of pots.

If you should consider this worthy of insertion in your
Magazine, it is at your service; and, I assure you, no one
will be more anxious to hear of similar experiments being-
made, and found to answer, than myself; and also that,
through your Magazine, a fruit so desirable may, ere long,
become more generally cultivated than at present.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.
Pendarves, July 31. 1832. James Mitchinson.

Art. XXII. On a rapid Mode of raising excellent Vine Plants.
By Mr. T. Rutger, Gardener at Short Grove, Essex.

Sir,

The following is a mode by which I raised a sufficient
number of fine young vines to stock a vinery : —

At the pruning season, leave a shoot of strong young wood,
over and above what may be wanted for training, of a suffi-
cient length to bend down to any convenient place where a
pot can be placed to receive it as a layer ; and also for train-
ing it during its growth. When the vine begins to push, dis-
place all the buds from the shoot intended for laying, except
the leading one. When this is grown to about 8 in. or 1 ft.
in length, bend it down to the pot, and lay it so that the top
joint, whence the young wood has sprung, may be fixed with a
strong crook at about 1 in. under the surface of the mould.
As soon as it begins to take root, which may be known by
removing a little of the earth, begin to weaken its resources

Vol. VIII. — No. 40. pp

578 On suhstihiting good Vines fur htul^

from the mother plant, by making an incision in the wood
behind the pot ; which enlarge by degrees, as fast as the
young plant will bear it, until it be quite separated from the
old one.

The advantage of the above metliod is, that the vine may
be grown to 10 ft. or 20 ft. and upwards in length the first
season, with a pot full of roots ; so that it may be planted in
any situation where it may be wanted, without being checked
in its growth, as is generally the case when grown in the
usual way from a layer.

The pot ought not to be less than a 24> : it must be filled
with rich compost ; and, if the layer be watered occasionally
with liquid manure, it will considerably promote its growth.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.
^lort Grove, Essex, July, 1832. T. Uutgeu.

Art. XXIIT. On substituting good Vines, either as to Kind or
State of Health, Jbr bad ones, with the least possible Loss of Time.
By Mr. Alexander Gordon, late Gardener to Sir F. G. Fowke,
Bart., Lowesby Hall, Leicestershire.

Sir,

There are various causes which have a very injurious tend-
ency, with resjpect to the growth of the vine in this country ; but
the most general is some defect in the formation of the border
in which the vines are planted, wliich often goes a great way
towards annihilating tlieir existence. Partial remedies are
frequently attemptetl, but they are merely competent to pro-
long a sickly existence ; seldom, if ever, effecting a radical
cure. When vines become sickly, I would most strongly
recommend a complete renovation of the border, extirpating
the old vines in toto, and planting young ones. That this
may be done with the least possible injury to the dessert, and
that it may receive a speedy supply from a newly built house,
I have adopted the system of which I send you an account
below.

If an old house and the vines in it do not give satisfaction,
they may be forced early, and the crops cut in April and May;
by which time good plants can have been raised from eyes
propagated in the month of February. A sufficient (juantity
of proper compost must also be in readiness. Then destroy
the old vines as soon as all the fruit is cut ; prepare the bor-
der in a proper manner, giving due attention to a proper
drainage ; and in a few days after all is comjileted, if the
weather is favourable, the vines may be planted : they will

with the smallest Loss of Time.

579

each produce an excellent shoot the same season. Instead
of cutting this shoot back the following spring, as generally
done, it is to be left 1 5 ft. or 20 ft. long, and trained as exhi-
bited in the accompanying sketch {^fig. 1 18.), which is a section

of a house now under my charge, with the present and future
bearing wood as it now exists, a a represents the shoot of
the first season trained into its present form in the month of
February last ; having been first twisted at &, and again when
introduced into the pots d d. The twist at b produces the emis-
sion of the shoot c, from the eye immediately under the twist
at b. The pots {d d) ought to be filled with rich compost, as
it is from this source that tlie shoot a a will receive its prin-
cipal support, by an abundant supply of liquid manure while
the vines are in a growinfj state. The vine c is intended as the
principal or permanent shoot ; a a being completely separated
from the plant when the fruit is cut. iiy these means we do
not lose a single crop. The house is replenished with young
healthy vines, and the border is in a good condition to pro-
duce abundant crops. As a proof of this, I may mention that
the vine a a is a Black Hamburgh, propagated from an eye,
in February, 1828 ; planted in May of the same year, in a
newly built house; and now bearing thirty-five excellent
bunches of grapes.

In conclusion, I beg leave to state that the vines were

p p 2

580 Dcsiruclion of the ybpliis.

reared, plantetl, ami managed by my predecessor, Mr. Cad-
ness (whom I would be sorry to deprive of the merits due to
his good management), until eight weeks ago; conse(juently,
my only motive in this communication is a sincere desire to
disseminate any useful inforn)ation which comes under my
observation, being perfectly indifferent whether the credit be
due to myself or others as it respects its origin.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.

Alexander Gordon.
Loisoesby Hall, Leicestershire, Aug. 28. 1829.

Art. XXIV. On the Destruction of the A^phis on Peach and
Nectarine Trees. By Mr. G. Jamieson, late Gardener to Mrs.
Bulwer Lytton, of Knebworth Park, Herts.

Sir,

The peach and nectarine trees, when planted against walls
liaving a south or south-east aspect, come into flower in the
end of March, or the beginning of April ; and in ten or twelve
(lays afterwards they come into leaf. About this season we
luive generally cold dry winds from the north or north-east;
and after these have prevailed a few days, the aphis commonly
makes its appearance.

As I have been very successful in the destruction of this
pest of gardeners, it may, perhaps, be of some use to state my
practice.

In the first place, water the tree over-iiead with a syringe
or garden-engine ; then putu quantity of gas tar into a flower-
pot or any open-mouthed vessel ; place it as near the tree as
you can, without incurring the risk of the heat of the })rocess
to be described injuring the leaves. Then put into the vessel
as many bmning coals as will set the gas tar on fire; and in a
few minutes a dense cloud of black fetid smoke will rise up,
and, in a mild day, completely envtilope the leaves of tlie trees.
If the day be not mild, you nuist carry on the operation either
imder a temporary covering of mats, or wait till the wind
blows either against the wall, or in the direction of it. The
evening or the morning is the best season for this process ; a
very few minutes will suffice for each tree; and, as soon as the
fumigation is over, the trees shouUl be syringed, to wash oft'
the soot and the dead insects.

1 am. Sir, yours, &c.

(i. Jamieson.
C. Sdle Street, lldgxcare Road, London, Aug. 1. 1832.

Gatliei'ing Apple's from lofty Trees. 581

Mk. Jamieson, we understand, practised this method at Knebworth with
the greatest success ; and he has no doubt that it might be employed in
orchards on a large scale, instead of the present practice of burning straw.
In North America there are, in some seasons, immense flights of locusts,
of some miles in length, and a mile or more in breadth. Might not a whole
country unite in burning gas tar at the same moment, so as to destroy these
insects en masse ? There would be no danger to human beings who were
content to keep close to the earth ; because, all smoke being lighter than
pure air, the latter would naturally gravitate to the surface. Considerable
annoyance to an army entering a town, or to ships at sea, the wind being
in a favourable direction, might, no doubt, be effected by the skilful ma^
nagement of so powerful a smoke ; produced in such immense quantities,
and so rapidly, from such a small quantity of materials. In the cities of
Russia, it is the custom to disperse mobs, and quiet drunken people, by
playing water on them with a fire-engine : in desperate cases, perhaps,
smoke would be preferable. For garden purposes, it would be very desir-
able to know the neatest, cheapest, and most commodious mode of gener-
ating and applying this smoke. Probably dry leaves of trees, or coarse
paper, or tanners' bark, impregnated with gas tar, might be burned in a fil-
migator such as we have figured in p. 354. ; and thus this seemingly clumsy
process might be rendered as easy of use, and neat in application, as the
process of fumigating with tobacco. We recommend the subject to the
attention of our readers, and especially such of our young friends as have
studied a little chemistry. — Cond.

Art. XXV. Account of a Method of gathering Apples from the
most lofty and slender Trees, imthout breaking any Twigs, and
•without Danger to the Operator. By Mr. E. M. Mather.

Procure a ladder of the requisite length, and two cords,
about twice as long as the ladder, with a noose at each end ;
also two iron pins, 3 ft. long, pointed atone end, and furnished
with a round flat head at the other. Place the end of one of
the lines under the top stave of the ladder, and slip it over
the end or top of the ladder side. The same being done
with the other line, spread both of them out to the right
and left, and fasten them to the ground by means of the two

pins before mentioned j
taking care to push the
pins so firmly into the
ground as to support a
man and ladder, without
its leaning against the
tree. I will endeavour,
by the following rough
sketch {fg. 119.), to il-
lustrate my meaning.
Care must be taken, in
setting the ladder, that
p p 3

,582 Fniifs iised hi the Mamtfacture

each rope has an equal bearhig, so as that the lackler may
stand secure; and the more perpendicularly the ladder is placed
the better. The ropes need not be thicker than connnon sash
cord ; and the reason why I place them under the top stave
of the ladder, and slip them over the top end, is, that they
jnay not pull out the sides of tlie ladder, which they otherwise
would do.

I remain, Sir, yours, &c.
Old Basefordi Feb. 24. 1830. E. M. Mather.

[See Mr. Saul's device for effecting the same object,
Voh VII. p.26. — J./;.]

Art. XXVI. On the Fruits used in the Manujacture of Perry and
Cider. By J. C. K.
Sir,
Allow me to be the means of correcting an error, which,
having originated with Mr. Knight, has now been transferred
by Mr. Lindley to his work on The Orchard and Kitchen-Gar-
den; and which, emanating, in the first instance, from so
great an authorit}', has obtained a credence to which it
appears it is in nowise entitled. In the article on the Barland
pear (Lindler/s Guidcy &c., p. 414.), there occurs the following
passage : — "It (i. e. the perry) may be mixed in consider-
able quantity with new port, without its taste becoming per-
ceptible. It sells well whilst new to the merchants ; and, as it
is comparatively cheap, it probably forms one of the ingre-
dients employed in the adulteration of this wine." Now, it is
possible that it would not be easy to detect, by the taste, the
admixture of a portion of the juice of this pear; but it would
infallibly excite fermentation in the wine, and very speedily
convert it into vinegar. The Barland perry is even more
likely to do this than any other: for it is a notorious fact, that
the cider merchants rarely, if ever, purchase it; because,
though early in the season it is a very good perry, or even
afterwards if not moved, yet it is so liable to the acetous
fermentation as to entirely unfit it for transmission to long
distances. The passage above quoted does not specify whe-
ther wine or cider merchants are intended : but it cannot
mean the former; for how are wine merchants, living at a
distance, to obtain, while new, a liquor which immediately
on its expression from the fruit requires the greatest atten-
tion ; and which, if sent only a few miles, would inevitably,
from its active fermentation, burst the vessels that contained
it, if they were closed ? It is only fit, after being duly fer-

of Perry and Cider. 583

merited and clarified, for removal in the following spring; at
which time, and at which time alone, the cider merchants
send off large quantities to all parts of the kingdom ; nor is
any quantity sent to a distance, which does not pass through
their hands. The Oldfield perry is almost the only sort pur-
chased by the cider merchants to any extent, to the exclusion
of all others, except the Teinton squash, and meadow pear,
of which but small quantities can be obtained. In scarce
seasons the cider merchants are occasionally induced to take
a few hogsheads of Longland, Bache's white, and HufTcap,
which are usually designated indiscriminately as perry, and
not, as is the case with the others, specifically named, and
which do not bear comparatively so high a price. The mea-
dow pear is a sort only within these ten years brought into
cultivation to any extent, and the squash is nearly worn out.

This observation brings me to another remark of Mr. Lind-
ley's, wherein he combats the idea that the golden pippin is
incapable of being longer continued in cultivation. He ad-
duces facts in support of his position, and on facts alone
shall my arguments against it be founded. Know, then, that,
notwithstanding the continual efforts, varied in every conceiv-
able manner, exerted by many from their desire to retain this
valuable fruit, the quantity thereof yearly diminishes. On
one estate (Sir J. Cotterell's, in Herefordshire), where for-
merly eight or ten hogsheads of this cider were made in an
average season, there are not now gathered sufficient to sup-
ply the dessert table ; and the same is universally true. I can
only learn of one house in the trade, which has been able to
purchase any golden pippin cider within these twenty years,
and that quantity was only sixty gallons, and at four times the
former current price. Within the memory of some individuals,
golden pippins were so plentiful that they were ground up
promiscuously with the other fruit, while now they are all
carefully gathered to supply Covent Garden and the other
markets of which Mr. Lindley makes mention. Then, the
golden pippin tree needed no " warm or sheltered situation,"
and no protection from the " cold blasts." The old trees, in
some instances, yield good crops; but they are continually
dying off, and great difficulty is encountered in rearing young
trees, v/hich canker and dwindle after a few years' growth.
One gentleman (the former rector of Kemerton), on a favour-
able soil, after trying every other means, was only partially
successful in obtaining fruit on a wall. Mr. Lindley states that
the golden pippins will kee}) two months ; I have eaten them
in high perfection in the May of the year following that in

which they ripened.

p p -i

.5 8 4* Bishop's Dzmif cojnpai'eil with othei- Peas.

I perfectly coincide in your opinion of the Mant of more
nuiiKTous synonynies vvlien well establisi)ecl. I can fuid no
nicntion eitlier of the Chaseley Harvey, which I consider the
most delicious apple we possess, or of the Flanders pippin, or
Moll Flanders, wliich, as a culinary and useful apple, even
ibr the table, stands here the first on the list, though unfor-
tunately there is reason to fear that it too is fast following the
j,rolden pippin.

Mr. Lindley recommends, for the preservation of apples,
the packing of them in sand. As far as appearance goes, this
method is unexceptionable ; but between fruit preserved in
this fashion, and that which has merely been laid singly on
and under dry straw, and coveretl during I'rost with old car-
jiets, (Sec, there can be no comparison ; the latter, though not
either quite so plump or so sleek, being infinitely superior to
the other, both in flavour and firmness.

Yours, &c. J. C. K.

Levant Lodge, near Worcester, Feb. 20. 1832.

Art. XXVII. On Bishop s Dxvnrf Pea, as cojupared xvilh other
early Peas. By Mr. Antuonv Adamson, in a Letter to Mr.
John Gibson. Communicated by Mr. Gibson.

Sir,
I UETURN you, with this, one quart and three quarters of
liishop's early dwarf pc^as. They have been saved from the
sowings of those I received from you upon experiment, and for
which I feel much obliged. I think it due to you, to send yoii
the result of the experience which I have had in comparing
Bishop's pea with other varieties mentioned below, all of
which were sown on the same day, viz., the 5th of April,
1831. Bishop's pea came into full pod on the 2d of July,
i.e., in 88 days; the early frame in 140 days; Knight's
dwarf marrow in 116' days; and the Spanish dwarf in 150
days. Thus there was a sjiace of 53 ilays in favour of
IVishop's pea over every other variety, even the early frame,
'i'he produce ol" Bishoji's pea is fully double that of the frame,
and (juite ecjual in flavour when taken early : the pods are
short, but abundantly nmnerous ; and, being dwarfs, their
blossoms form a most elegant border. The seed from tliem
is most easily saved, even from sowings made on the 1th of
June. They recjuire only short sticks, about one foot from
the ground ; as an early variety, they are of first-rate excel-
lence. This pea was raised oiiginally from an impregnated
blossom of tlie Spanish dwarf. By the way, the Sjianish
dwarf is an excellent pea, but not early; and, if comi)ared with

Otaheitean Mode of preparing Arrow-root. 585

Knight's dwarf marrow, sinks into insignificance. There was
never such a pea for the marrow flavour known before, as
Knight's marrow. Its faults are, its not being early, and the
great difficulty of saving its seed in this climate ; besides, it
cannot be prudently sown early, because of its tenderness of
stalks. It is, however, of inestimable value, and might do
well if raised in a moderate hot-bed, and transplanted as soon
as the frosts were over ; or if it were protected with straw
ropes, or thick spray pea sticks. Knight's marrow pea is
entitled to stand highly prized, from its great delicacy and
flavour, and from the difficulty of saving its seed; and Bishop's
pea has the same claim, as one of the most productive and
early varieties ; but I must observe that Bishop's pea, of all
others, is most benefited by a liberal manuring of old hot-bed
dung. But though Bishop's pea is so well deserving of praise
as an early pea, it has little merit as a late pea, except as to
producing plenty of seed. Knight's marrow deserves a high
price, for flavour, produce, and difficulty of saving the seed.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.
Mill Grove, near Whitehaven, Anthony Adamson.

October 3. 1831.

Art. XXVIII. An Account of the Otaheitean Method of preparing
the Arrow-root. By Andrew Mathews, Esq., of Lima.

Sir,

By this I trust you have received my letter of August last,
which will inform you of my having crossed the Cordillera
of the Andes. Since then, I have learned from Dr. Hooker,
that he has published a description of the route by Mr.
Cruikshanks ; I shall therefore reserve what I intended to
send you on that subject, till I receive Dr. Hooker's publica-
tion. In the mean time, I send you an account of the Ota-
heitean method of preparing the arrow-root of commerce, as
I witnessed it performed in that island ; hoping that it may be
the means of attracting the attention of some persons in Great
Britain connected with those islands, and be a means of
establishing a more direct intercourse with the inhabitants.

The root ( Tacca pinnatifida Lin., Eiici/. of Plants, p. 256.
fig. 4-321., the Pea of the natives) grows in the greatest
abundance in all the islands which we visited; viz., in Otaheite,
Eimeo, Huaheine, Ilaiatea, and Otaha. Its favourite situ-
ation is on the sides and ridges of the hills which rise directly
from the sea, and which are generally covered with a coarse
grass, on a red sandy loam. The root is round, white, smooth,

586 Otahiitcan Mode ()/' preparing Arrow-root,

full of eyes like a potato, and from 2 to 3 in. in diaineter.
The flower-stem rises tlireetly from the root, simple; from '2
to 4- ft. in height, as thick as a man's finger, bearing its flowers
in a loose simple umbel on the summit; and, when large and
full blown, it presents a beautiful and delicate appearance.
The leaf is large, tri-pinnatifid, segments acute, of a rich
shining green : it is subject to great variation in the size of
the segments, some leaves being much more cut, and having
the segments narrower, than others. When a sufficient
quantity of the roots is collected, they are taken to a run-
ning stream, or to the sea-beach, and washed ; the outer skin
is carefully scraped off at the same time with a shell ; and
those who are particular in the preparation scrape out even
the eyes. The root is then reduced to a pulp, by rubbing it
up and down a kind of rasp, made as follows : — A piece of
board, about 3 in. wide, and 12 ft. long, is procured, upon
which some coarse twine, made of the fibres of the cocoa nut
husk, is tightly and regularly wound, and which affords an
admirable substitute for a coarse rasp. The pulp, when pre-
pared, is washed first with salt or sea water, through a sieve
made of the fibrous web which protects the young frontl of
the cocoa-nut palm ; and the starch, or arrow-root, being
carried through with the watei', is received in a wooden trough
made like the small canoes used by the natives. The starch
is allowed to settle for a few days ; the Avater is then strained,
or, more properly, poured off", and the sediment rewashed
with fresh (or river) water. This washing is repeated three
times with spring water; after which the deposit is made into
balls of about 7 or 8 in. in diameter, and in this state dried in
the sun for twelve or twenty-four hours. The balls are then
broken, and the powder spread for some days in the sun to
dry ; after which it is carefully wrapped in /aj)a (the native
cloth), and put into baskets, and hung up in the houses.
The nattu'al indolence of the ])eople is so great, and their
avarice such, that but few of them will give the arrow-root
sufficient time to dry, if they have an opportunity of parting
with it, which I suspect was the case wilh that sent to Kng-
lanil some few years back by the missionaries. So abundant
is the root, that several tons might be prepared annually by
proper management : as it is, there is a considerable quantity
prep;ired ; it being not only eaten by the natives and strangers
on the isjand, but also by the crews of the vessels diat touch
there.

At present, when the roots are taken up, the only precaution
used to secure a crop the following year is to throw the
smaller roots back into the holes from which they were taken,
and to leave them to chance. I have no doubt that, with proper

Description of the Petre Pear. 587

care and cultivation, any quantity might be produced. Wlien
we visited the island, we purchased the prepared arrow-root
at 2r/. per lb., and a missionary there informed us, that he
would engage to procure any given quantity at \^d. per lb.,
which is, I believe, much less than it can be purchased at
either in the East or the West Indies. Its quality is excel-
lent ; I should say equal to that of the East Indies, and far
superior to that of Chile, with which I have, since my return,
had an opportunity of comparing it. Though there are, at
present, many English and North Americans upon the island,
I am sorry to say that but few of them have set the natives
the example of industry that might have been expected ; even
the missionaries themselves are still backward in that respect.
As I am likely to remain some j'ears longer in Peru, I
have deferred sending you any remarks on the state of agri-
culture and horticulture in that country, till I become better
acquainted with the manners and customs of the inhabitants ;
but as I am now in possession of a property of about fifty
acres, which I am working, and in which I have all the fruits
common to the country, I hope to be able shortly to furnish
you with something novel and interesting respecting it.

I remain. Sir, yours, &c.
Lima, Dec. 23. 1832. Andrew Mathews.

Art. XXIX. Description of the Petre Pear, a fine Seedling Butter
Pear., cultivated in the Bartram Botanic Garden, near Philadel-
phia. By Colonel Robert Carr, Proprietor of that Garden.

Petre Pear (fg. 120., full size). — A middle-sized tree;
branches smooth and brown ; leaves on long slender petioles.
Narrow leaves, oblong lanceolate, base acute, end acuminate,
hardly crenate, entire at the base, about 2 in. long, very
smooth, midrib yellow. Fruit clustered two or three ; pedun-
cle curved, brown, half an inch. Pear oboval, truncate at
both ends, 3 or 4 in. long, swelled at top. Skin thin, greenish
yellow, with small pale spots. Inside white, soft, juicy,
melting, like a butter pear ; delicious flavour, peculiar, very
slightly musky, and vinous.

The tree which produces the above exquisite fruit was
raised from a seed, received in a letter from Lord Petre of
England, about the year 1735, and planted by Mr. Bartram
near one end of the dwelling-house, at the edge of a gravel
walk, where it has never received any manure or rich earth.
The roots extend to the walls of the house. The tree has

.^SS Description of the Pelrc Pear,

120

never been subject to blight, and has not once failed to bear
in the last thirty years; some seasons producing 10 or VI
bushels of fine handsome fruit, which is in good eating from
the middle of September to Christmas. The fruit is always
worth from three dollars to five dollars a bushel. The stem of
the tree is about 14< in. in diameter, and 25 ft. high. It is in the
most perfect health, although near a century old, and has pro-
bably borne near 500 bushels of pears. Mr. Bartram informed
me that the tree was about twenty years old before it produced
fruit, and narrowly escaped being cut down as barren.

I am. Sir, yours, 8cc.
Bartram' s Botanic Garden, Nov. 1831. Robert Carr.

Sutton Wash Embankment. 589

Art. XXX. Minor Communications.

Sutton Wash EmbaiiJanent. — Sir, I saw in your Magazine
for December last (Vol. VIT. p. 674-.) a notice respecting Sut-
ton Wash embankment, &c., wherein you wish for additional
information to the marvellous accounts found in the news-
papers respecting it. I waited the publication of two succeed-
ing Numbers, in the hope of seeing some respondence to your
wishes; and, as that hope has been in vain, I beg leave to offer
this general outline of the matter.

Sutton Wash forms one of the outlets of the basin of the
Wash, as Dupin terms it, through which near 7000 square
miles are drained to the sea, and it may also be said to be the
identical Red Sea of the ill-fated King John. From the
time of the Romans to the present, various works have been
attempted to rid this basin of the tidal and land floods. The
success attending these works was according to the ingenuity
of the artist employed, and the coincident energy of the pro-
prietors ; and the benefits obtained from them were generally
partial, the projectors profiting at the expense of their more
negligent neighbours. These works, depending chiefly upon
individuals, were often neglected, and the benefits they pro-
duced were often lost for want of timely precaution and atten-
tion; so that I think I am warranted in stating, that it was not
until the commencement of the present century that the sub-
ject was taken up as a whole ; and it was reserved for the
capacious mind of the late Mr. Rennie, to give the outline of
this magnificent undertaking. It has been partly carried into
execution by improving the outfalls of the three rivers whose
embouchures united form the Wash, locally so called; viz., the
Welland at Fosdyke Wash, the Nene at Sutton Wash, and
the Ouse at Lynn. The system pursued was, to confine the
channel by excavation and embanking, so that sufficient power
might be gained to wear down the soil, and prevent the
accumulation of shoals, which, in their original state, were
continually shifting and reforming, as the inrun of the North
Sea or power of the land floods predominated, and destroyed
that continuous inclined plane which is so necessary for a
perfect drainage. Fosdyke was the first acted upon; but, from
some cause that I am unable to explain, the outfall was not
carried far enough to seaward to reach deep water, or a drift-
ing set of the tide. The consequence is, that the channel
shifts considerably, and the benefit is only partial ; but in the
course of a few years it may be easily remedied. The next
in the order cf time was Lynn Wash, locally known as the
Eau Brink Cut, completed in 1821 ; and this extensive and

590 Suitoti Wash Embanhncnt.

well conducted public work has produced very beneficial
effects ill point of drainage. The bed of the river for
9 miles upwards is lowered 5 ft., which has caused many
other internal improvements, particularly the lowering of the
great sluice at Denver, now in hand. It is worthy of remark,
that, as soon as the freshes were diverted from the old channel,
the warping action of the tides commenced ; and in six years'
time the mail coach passed over without a bridge, where any
frigate in His Majesty's service might once have floated. We
now come to the Sutton Wash ; being the last, and most diffi-
cult to execute, on account of its great width : but the experi-
ence gained in the two former cases has brought it to a per-
fect completion. In this case, likewise, the plan embraced
every thing possible ; and, whether considered as a drainage,
embankment, navigable outfall, system of warping, or means
of communication by its road and bridge, I venture to say that
there are few cases where they are all combined, with so little
injury to local interests. The line of communication is con-
tinued over Fosdyke, and over the Eau Brink Cut, and Old
Channel, near Lynn ; instead of the old mode of crossing by
fording and ferries. By these means, the distance by road
has been shortened near thirty miles between Lynn and Bos-
ton, and thereby a new direction has been given to the traffic
between the north of England and the county of Norfolk. I
may here remark, there are yet a few additions wanted to
make this line perfect ; for instance, between Fosdyke and
Boston four miles of the road are at this moment ungravelled ;
after leaving Boston, between three and four miles are lost in
crossing the south 40 ft. drain twice, though, by passing
through Swineshead, a road might be easily formed on the
north bank of the south 40 ft. A tremendous hill occurs near
Leadenham, about ten miles from Newark, which might be
easily avoided, at a reasonable expense; I do not know whether
it is a turnpike : if not, I should conceive it would answer to
be made one. Although I have introduced several subjects,
I trust you consider them as bearing upon, and elucidating,
the Sutton Wash. I am, Sir, yours, &c. — JV. Tliorold. Nor-
"ivich, April 19. 1832.

Our correspondent has obligingly sent us a map, showing
the situation of the banks, roads, and waters, described or re-
ferred to in his paper, but we regret that, from the space they
would require to render them at all intelligible, we cannot
find room for them. — C(md.

An Apparatua for enabling Wcll-Siyikcrs io explode their
Blns/s, xv/icn sinkin<^ JVclls in liocks. — Sir, I send you an idea
of mine for enabling well-sinkers to explode their blasts (in

Well-Sinkers Explosion Apparatus.

591

592 IVcll-Sinkcr's Explosion Apparalus.

sinking wells in rocks) from the top of the well ; thus avoid-
ing the great clanger to which they are exposed if they set fire
to a train at the bottom, and are then drawn np in the bucket,
as usual at present, by which many lives are lost. Fig. 121.
represents a section of a juniper hole in the rock, at the bot-
tom of a well: a is jiart of the charge of gunpowder; b is the
sand usually placed above the charge; d is a tube, generally
a straw (filled in this case with connnon dry powder), which
is inserted into the hollow of the steel plug (c), which is
turned, and just fits the jumper hole, in which it is steadied
by a single blow of a hammer. The upper part of this plug
is formecl to receive a common detonating cap (/'), such as is
used for firing fjwling-pieces. There is an eye at g, to which
an iron wire (//) is fastened, and on which a cylindrical weight
of cast iron (of from one to five pounds' weight, according to
the depth or shallowness of the well) slides. The hole for
the wire is bored in this, at such a distance from the centre of
the cylinder end, as to allow it, when the wire is stretched
from the top of the well, to fall fairly over the cap, a little
inclining to the side marked 5.

The mode of using this is pretty obvious : all being pre-
pared below, the well-sinker goes to the top of the shaft, slips
the weight on the wire, fastens the wire to some appropriate
part of the windlass, and then lets go the weight, and retires.
If fixed properly, it falls with its centre of gravity directly
over the caps; and, exploding, it fires the blast. The steel
plug, weight, &c , will not be injured by the explosion, and,
of course, may be used many times.

The dotted lines at y; show that the situation of the cap,
&c., may be changed, so as to suit either a horizontal or a
vertical blast, or any thing between the two.

The whole apparatus costs but a few shillings, and, I think,
would be far more certain, safe, and expeditious than the
mode at })resent adopted. If objections be made to the dan-
ger of the plug being of steel, it may be all of copper, except
the part on which the cap fits, and which never touches the
stone.

It is obvious that this mode of firing blasts is not confined
to well-sinking only, but that a little tripod stand of 4 or 5 ft.
in height, will form a supjiort, from which any common
(juarry blast may be fired from a distance with greater safety
and certainty, and less loss of time, than by any mode now in
use, so far as my knowledge goes. Horizontal or inclined
blasts, in a quarry, may be lired the same way as in a well. —
Yours, &c. — llohert Mallet. 91. Capcl- Street, Dublin,
Auiiust G. 1832.

593

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. Domestic Notices.

ENGLAND.

The Botanical Collection of the late Comtesse de Vatides, at Baysiuater,
was sold by auction, August 13. The plants, as might be expected, brought
very little, though many of them were large and beautifully grown, and
others rare. A fine specimen of Jcacia armiita, for which a nurseryman
a few years ago offered 15 guineas, was now bought by the same nursery-
man for 13 shillings! Some of the finest hot-house plants averaged less per
pot than is obtained for pots of mignonette in Covent Garden Market ;
but two magnificent specimens of rare and beautiful epiphytes, Stanhopea
insignis and Cattley« labiata, brought six pounds, about a third of their
worth. A grotesque specimen of yl'loc plicatilis was bought by an amateur
for two guineas. On the whole, the collection being more centrally
situated, both for the trade and amateurs, than that at Bury Hill (sold about
this time last year), brought rather better prices.

We know of no private collection of hot-house plants that could compete
with either of these, now no longer in existence ; nor do we expect soon,
if ever, to see their like again. The times are changed, and changing, in
all that relates to private wealth and monopoly ; and we must now look to
associations for those displays of riches, and even of taste and connoisseur-
ship, which have heretofore been confined to individuals. This change will,
no doubt, be lamented by some, as indicating a state of degeneracy and decay;
but we look upon it in a very different point of view. The greatest happi-
ness of the greatest number is our standard for testing all changes ; and,
consequently, while we regret the dispersion of this private and secluded
collection (so completely secluded, that strangers were seldom permitted to
see it) chiefly because it was in our own neighbourhood, we rejoice at the
prospect of another botanic garden being formed (that on Prinn-ose Hill),
to which all the world may have access. We hope, also, that the unequalled
collection of Messrs. Loddiges will be long easily accessible to amateurs.
We trust something good is awaiting Mr. Campbell, the skilful and success-
ful curator of the late Comtesse's establishment, than whom there is not a
more amiable and worthy man, or a better gardener. — Cond.

Cereus speciosissinius has lately bloomed magnificently at Dropmore. It
has frequently had from forty to fifty flowers expanded at one time, and
altogether the number of flowers which it has produced in the course of
the season exceeded 200. The whole of the grounds at Dropmore have
been greatly improved since you and Hast saw them together, and the pines
and firs are some of them twice the height that they were in 1826. — J.
The Inn at Maidenhead, July 16. 1832.

A new Strawberry, which attains a large size, has been raised from seed by
Mr. Darke, at Bordesley, near Birmingliam. The seed was produced by a
flower of Wilmot's Superb, which had been impregnated by the pollen of
the Downton. It sends up its scapes very high, and seems very prolific.
Some of the fruit was sent us by Mr. Darke, but it did not arrive in such
a state as to enable us to judge of its flavour.

Air. Hogi^^s Show of Carnations, at Paddinglon, has been this year more
than usually splendid. Nothing could exceed the beauty of his yellow
Vol, VIII. — No. 40. qq

50 i Domestic Notices : — England.

picotees. Various new seedlings have bloomed for the first time. Mr.
Hogg has got an ingenious instrument for stamping out the cards for dress-
ing his flowers, which we shall fit,'nre and describe in an early Number.

T/ic Conservatories at the Co/osseiim may be saiil to be now completed, by
the adilition of the marine grotto, so admirably got u|) under the direction
of Mr. Ciray, whose merits, we are happy to find, are beginning to he appre-
ciated by those who have grounds to lay out, and rustic buihlings to
execute, in the country. The marine grotto is certainly one of the most
extraordinary imitations of nature wliich we have ever seen, and we could
wish that it might lead to a new taste in laying out the gardens of sub-
urban coffee-houses. We ex[)ect a great deal, at no distant period, from
the gardens of all public establishments, from the common public-house
upwards ; and we ex[)ect, also, that in time most villages and country
towns will have their public parks, their conservatories as magnificent as
that of the Duke of Northumberland or of the Earl of Shrewsbm-y, their
museums, colleges, libraries, &c. In short, whatever is now enjoyed, or
rather possessed, by a few, will soon be enjoyeil b}- the many ; but this is
not the place to enlarge on coming changes, though, as society is always
progressing, if we did not occasionally look forward, we should very soon
find ourselves left behind.

T/ie Gardens of the Zoological Society, Regents Park, are every season
improving. We only wish we could persuade the liberal and enlightened
secretary to have tiie more conspicuous plants handsomely named, as well
as the animals. What might not have been done for public taste, and the
ornament and intellectual improvement of the metropolis, if the whole of
the Regent's Park hail been one Arboretum and Botanic Garden ! We do
not mean a dug garden ; but merely that all sorts of hardy trees, shrubs,
and plants should have been introduced, and named, instead oftheconmion
sorts that are now planted, or have sprung up naturally. Why not have
broad irregular patches of all the different sorts of grasses in the open park,
all the herbaceous plants which will grow under the partial shade of trees,
and all the other herbaceous plants among low shrubs, artificial rocks, or in
the waters ? Why not, indeed V

The Surrei/ Zoological Gardens are in a prosperous state, and reflect the
highest credit upon all concerned. Man} of the botanical articles are tiiere
named, as well as the zoological ones; and a very elegant publication, en-
titled Illustrations of the Surrei/ Zoological Gardens, with beautiful drawings
of their finest animals, is now pul)iislung in monthly parts.

Mr. (rrooni's Garden, in the neighbourhood of" the Surrey Zoological
Gardens, will be visited by every florist of taste ; and they will there see,
at this time, a new pea, which is expected to turn out a valuable addition
to our culinary legumes.

The Gardens of the lienlah Spa have been kept up with great care and
taste, during the sunnuer, under the direction of our intelligent and in-
dustrious correspondent, Mr. Pringle, who has just left the situation, and
who merits something a great deal better. We siiall never consiiler Mr.
Pringlein a place suited to his abilities, till he is at the head of some public
botanic establishment, or a general manager of a gentleman's estate.

The Primrose Hill Botanic Garden, mentioned in our last, p. 470., is
meeting with numerous sup[)orters, and, we trust, will eventually be carried
into execution. A correspondent suggests that the circle in the centre of
the Regent's Park would be a much better situation. This was proposed
by us in the j\Iag. Xal. I list, in IH-^S ; and subse<iuently, by our ingenious
correspondent, (J. M, Wiilich, Esq., in his plan for a metropolitan garden.
— Cond.

A new Apparatus for heatinii lit/ hot Water. — Sir, In the (rarilencr's
Magazine you have given descriptions of various methods of heating horti-

Domestic Notices : — Scotland, 595

cultural houses by hot water, and, amongst the number, a plan (Vol. VI.
p. 374.) of which I had formerly a good opinion. Since that plan was
executed I have been tempted to adopt others in my establishment, with
every one of which, in its tm"n, I have felt satisfied; but such is the march
of intellect, that we are now daily surprised by new inventions, and with
none of these, as far as respects heating with hot water, have I been more
pleased than with a very simple, cheap, and powerful apparatus, just in-
vented by Mr. Weeks, of the King's Road, Chelsea. I was induced to
make trial of this, by having one put up in my office, and its erection
and completion did not occupy quite four days; in fact, I had a fire in it on
the third day, to prove its power, &c., and, in twenty minutes (including the
time of lighting), every part of the apparatus was heated to excess, and the
water was boiling with great violence, the office in a very short time be-
coming excessively hot. It is right to say that the fuel consisted of
shavings and wood. I consider this apparatus well adapted, not only to
horticultural houses, but also to all kinds of buildings requiring either
quick and powerful or moderate heat ; the water appears to descend and
ascend as occasion may require. The consumption of fuel, I have good
reason to think, will be much less than in any other apparatus with which
I am acquainted. I hope you will soon be furnished with the means of
making this very important invention known to all your friends. I am,
Sir, yours, &c. — Joseph Knight. Exotic Nursery, Kin^s Road, Chelsea,
Sept. 15. 1832.

We have seen this apparatus, and it may be shortly characterised as a
mode of heating and circulating water in small tubes in Mr. Perkins's
manner, without a boiler ; but differing from it, in not having the tubes
hermetically sealed. The chief advantage which we can see in this new
apparatus, over those in common use, is, that it has the power, to a certain
extent, of circulating the water below the level of the fire. This is un-
questionably a most valuable improvement, and though it has been before
obtained through mechanical means by Mr. Busby (see Repertory of Arts,
vol. xiv. p, 137.), and by Mr. Perkins with his hermetically sealed tubes,
it has never, till now, been effected by an open apparatus alone ; we shall
give detailed accounts of both Mr. Busby's method and that of Mr. Weeks
in an early Number. — Cond.

SCOTLAND.

Glasgow, August 18, — Since I last wrote to you, I have been at Ayr,
and visited that delightful place, Auchincruive. I could not help being
much struck with the open-hearted and kind manner of Mr. Skinner, the
gardener there, and I could almost have fancied him an Englishman, if I
had not found that he was rather more particular in his religious opinions
than my countrymen generally are. What numbers of people pass their lives,
in England, travelling from one watering-place to another, without having
the least idea that there is such magnificent scenery in Great Britain as that
seen from the lawn at Auchincruive ! I looked down on the roaring wa-
ters, and followed them with my eye, till they were lost in a chasm clothed
with wood on one side, and displaying nothing but naked rock on the
other. I then raised my eyes to the hill which is on the other side of the
river, and, after admiring its varied woods and lawns, I turned to the left,
and looked down on terraced garden scenery which might vie with that
of Italy. What a place to retire to from the bustle of a great city! I
think I still hear the sound of the waters, and see Skinner so anxious to
show every thing off to the best advantage, and talking of his master with
such veneration and respect. Mr. Oswald must be a good man, to in-
spire such ardent feelings in his dependants. I went to see Colesfield,

Q Q 2

,596 Floriculttiral and Botanical Notices^

and was charmed witli the situation of the Grecian villa on the romantic
bank of the same river. I coidd not, however, forj^et Aiichincruive ; and
am afraid the beanties of Colesfield were in a i;rcat measure lost upon me.
I was obliged to return rapidly to Paisley, and had not time to visit the
many otlier beautiful seats with which I was told this neigiibouriiood
abounds ; but, as (ilasgow will be my head-quarters for some time, I hope
to make another excursion to Ayrshire.

From Paisley i went with Mr. B. and another gentleman to Castle
Semple; " a pretty melancholy place," as Evelyn would have called it.
Whether I am right or wrong I cannot say ; but the impression proiluced
on me by this place was that of profound melancholy. The whole park,
which is extensive, and the farm, gardens, and pleasure-grounds, occupy
the face of a bank of 300 or 400 acres, at the south base of which is a na-
tural lake, upwards of a mile in length. The park abounds in fine trees,
and both it and the pleasure-grounds are kept in excellent order. What
I disliked most about this place was the kitchen-garden, which seems to
me to have been completely overdone. The walls are nuich too high,
and are ponderously constructed ; and the carpentry of the hot-houses is
of the last age. I was surprised to find rather poor crops in the vineries,
which I was told was owing to the defective manner in which the borders
are constructed ; 1 was told in what the error consisted, but have forgot-
ten. I would recommend you to ascertain it from the gardener, Mr. Lau-
der, a very intelligent young man, who, 1 believe, reads your Magazine,
through the favour of his very excellent master and mistress. As every
thing in the building way ajipears to have been conducted here on a most
magnificent scale, and as 3 ou know I take a great interest in the iiomes of
the working classes all over the world, 1 was curious to know what sort
of a house Lauder had got. .Judge of my surprise, when he took me to a
low-ceilinged ilamp cell, as I may call it, in which one room serves both as
bedroom and parlour. He endeavoured to apologise for the dampness, by
showing me that on one side of the house the earth was as high as the
windows. I nuist do him the justice to say that he made no complaints,
though I do not believe that there is a gardener's house in all England
so unfit for a human dwelling. I asked to see the lodging-rooms of the
journeymen, but, bad as Lauder's house was, it was a palace comjiared
with theirs. There were only two rooms, each about l^ ft. by 9 ft.,
for the eating and sleeping of six men ; and the sleeping-room was filled
up so entirely with the beds, that it was difficult to get into it. I am
afraid your Collage Arrliitrdure will not meet cases of this kind. The
lodge of these men, as well as Lauder's house, forms a lean-to to the garden
wall ; and it would never occin" to a coiuitry gentleman that [)lans for de-
tached dwellings surrounded by terraces or platforms, such as your designs,
would suit such situations. You should give plans for gardener's houses,
connected with the kitchen-garden walls, and 1 think you would do most
good by giving them in your Miigazinc, which is read by many who will
never see what is to me l)y far the more interesting work. You shall hear
again soon from yours, &c. — An Englislnnan.

Aht. II. Floriculliiral and Botanical Notices ofiictv Plant s^ and of
old Plants of Interest, sitppleincntanj to the latest Editions ()fthe
" Encijcloj^a:dia of Plants," and of the " Ilortus Dritannicus.''

Curtis' s Botamcal Mngnziuc ; each monthly Number containing eight plates,
3.S. Qd. coloured, ',is. plain. Eilited by Dr. Hooker, King's Professor of
Botany in the University of Gla.sgow.

supplementay'y to E7ic. of Plants mid Hart. Brit. 597

Edwards's Botanical Register; each monthly Number containing eight
plates; 4*. coloured, 3*. plain. Edited by John Lindley, F.R.S., Pro-
fessor of Botany in the London University.

Sweet's British Flower-Garden ; each monthly Number containing four
plates; 'is. coloured, 2*. 3c/. plain. Edited by Robert Sweet, F.L.S.,
author of several botanical works.

Loddiges's Botanical Cabinet; each monthly Number containing ten plates;
5s. coloured, 9.s. 6d. partly coloured. Edited by Messrs. Loddiges.

Maiind's Botanic Garden; each monthly Number containing one plate,
bearing pictures of four plants ; Is. 6rf. coloured and large paper, \s. small
paper. Edited by Benjamin Maund.

The reader will find the few abbreviations used in the following extracts
explained in p. 12.

DiC'OTVLEDONOUS PoLYPETALOUS PLANTS.
III. Haniiiicnldcecs ^ spiirice.

1596. PJE.O^'SIA 14098 officinalis

7 anemonlflbra //ooyt. Anemoiie-flwd.A £k or 3 my.jn R ... 1830? D s.l Bot. mag. 3175

" This richly and very deeply coloured paeony is figured from the garden
of the Rev. J. T. Huntley, of Kimbolton, Huntingdonshire, who received
it from the Prince de Salm-Dyck. Its stamens are converted into narrow,
acuminated, and spirally-twisted petals, bearing the same relation to P.
officinalis as the anemone-flowered or V/aratah camellia does to the true
Camell/« japonica, and it is scarcely less beautiful in its appearance."
{Bot. Mag., Aug.)

XV I. Dilleniacese.

1597. HIBBE'UTIA.

14115a Cunninghams Ait. Cunningham's $_ or 2 jn Y Kg.G.'s Sd. 1823? C s.p Bot.mag.3183

A somewhat twining shrub, with slender branching stems, and glabrous
linear entire leaves two or three inches long : on a warm sunny day it is
almost covered with its bright yellow, but fugacious, blossoms, and is, con-
sequently, a ver}' pretty plant. The specific name is in compliment to its
introducer, Mr. Allan Cunningham : " a name," Dr. Hooker observes,
" likely to be still more intimately connected with the botany of New
Holland, than it has even yet been, now that Mr. Richard Cunningham is
appointed to be the successor of Mr. Eraser, the late colonial botanist at
Sydney, for which country he is very shortly to embark." (Bot. Mag.,
Sept. 1832.) [Mr. Richard Cunningham sailed on the 18th of August.]

XXIV. Malvdceis.

2023. SPDA. § iii. Heart-leaved.

afireaAC. golden.Jlwd. « □ or ... my.jl O.R India 1830? C l.p Bot. cab. 1842

Messrs. Loddiges received this from their valued friend, Mr. Charles
Stokes. It was raised from Indian seeds, and requires the stove, where its
flowers continue long in succession. (Bot. Cab,, Sept.)

XXXII. Ternstrmniiicesc.

2038. CAME'LL/.J 18166 japonica

var. compacta .B. C comp^ctfiwd. tt \ | or 4 n.f \V England seedling I l.p Bot. cab. 1836

" This," say Messrs. Loddiges, " is a neat small-flowering variety, dis-
tinct from every other white, having a good deal of the character of the
C. Sasanqiia in the flower, but the leaves of C. japonica." Each flower
seems to consist of many petals, but still shows several stamens. (Bot.
Cab., Aug.)

XLVI. CdctecB § OpuntidcecB.

1471. MAMMILLA'RIA.

tenuis Dec. slender H- SI gr § my Pa.Y ... 1830. O ru Bot. reg. 1523

A veiy interesting species, exhibiting a " curious intricacy of structure."
It propagates readily by means of the little round hedgehog-like bulbs

QQ 3

598 FInriculliiral and Bofanical Notices,

which it produces in abiiiulance. These plautctl in a compost of lime
rubbish ami a little vegetable soil, kept just damp, will speedily emit roots,
and establish themselves, and then nothing but frost or overwatcring will
destroy them." {Hot. lirg., Sept.)

XLVII. Onagrar'uc § Fiic/isivx, Fuchs/« globosa Hori,, and Fuchsia
bacillaris Lindlci/. In p. 505. we have attempteil to describe the adniirable-
ness of a plant of Fuchsw globosa Ilort.y as grown by Mr. Dennis, nur-
seryman, Chelsea, but have grossly erred in stating it to be identical with
Fiichsw bacillaris of lAndlcij in the Botanical Rcgidcr, t. 1480. The two
kinds arc as distinct as any two kinds of one genus need to be. On com-
paring the two, although the specimens we inspected were unequal in size
and age, the following differences were perceptible : — F. bacillaris has
ascentliiig branches; elliptical leaves, which are acuminately tapered to
both ends, and perfectly smooth in every part ; its flowers resemble those
of F. /hymifulia, and somewhat those of F. microphylla ; and they have
not their stamens projected beyond the free tubular part of the calyx.
The branches of F. giobosa are decurved, from which depend, on slender
pedicels 1 in. in length, very numerous flowers ; thus forming pleasing
crimson wreaths. The leaves are somewhat heart-shaped at the base,
acuminate, serrate, and fringed with short, and probably deciiluous, pubes-
cence. The flower, before expansion (see p. 505.), is globose; but, when
expanded, much resembles that of F. cunica, and has its stamens projected
beyond the extent of both the crimson sepals and purple petals. Until
some botanist publishes a more perfect history of it, we shall here pro-
visionally register it. F. bacillaris is noticed in p. 2-25., and registered in
the AiUUtlonal Supplement , p. 589.

1188. FU'CHS/^. \ 2. (Macrosteninnea;'! Stamens projectiiiR beyond the sepals and petals. 1
10075a globbsa y/or/. globose-^wrf. «Il_J or 5 jn.s C.P Kng. hybrid? 1830. C p.l

F. giobosa is said to have been originated by some gentleman's gardener,

from seeds cross-impregnateil between F. conica and F. microphylla.

1185 CLA'UK/.^ 10017 pulchi-lla

2 fibre aibo .S'lW. white-flowered O or IJ ju W N.Amer. ISCfi. .S co Sw.fl.gar.2. s. 157.

" The flowers of Clarkw pulchclla are found of various shades of purple
in the cultivated plant ; but the w bite variety represented in our plate is
more particularly deserving of notice." {British Flower-Garden, Sept.)

LX. P/o/caceac.

.■Jlfi. GREVI'LLE,:!.
+28900rt robdsta t'M;i. robust or s/'MonAI | |or80... O MoretonB. 1830. C l.p Bot.mag.3184

This species is figured from native specimens ; the only plant in Britain,
in the Kevv Gardens, not having yet flowered in this country. " This
noble species of (irevillew," Mr. Cunningham, its introducer, remarks, " in
the thick moist woods on the banks of the Brisbane River, vies in size
and .stature with the Flindensw, Oxleyr/, and other large forest trees;
but by none is it surpassed in height in its native woods, except by the
Arauedria of tiiose regions, whose level-topped branching head is seen
rising far above all the rest. Some aged triniks of (Jrevfllcrt robwsta 1
have found to measure nine feet in circumference ; so that it is probably
the largest tree of the order [Protec/fVY/] that has yet been discovered,
surpassing both the Knight/Vz of New Zealand, and the Orites [oreitcH, an
inhabitant of mountains] excelsa Br. of Port Maccjuarrie. From its deeply
dissected foliage, and the silkiness of the under side, it has obtained the
name of " Silk oak " among the pine-cutters of Moreton Bay : but its
timlier, which is of a toughish fibre, has not been api)ropriated to any use."
{Bat. Mag., Seiitember.j

We have presented the tabular details of this species above, because in
our published Additional Supplement , p. 5f>0., by a shifting of the ty|)e, the
details of this species, and of Caley/', have been mutually transposed; the
tabular description of Greviilear Caley? is therefore this : —

supplementary to Enc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 599

t28899 Cal^yj R.Br. Caley's *i_J or 5 jn.s R PortJack. 1829. C p.l Bot.iinag.3133

Alecliiiifblia Ciin. MSS. Blechnum-leaved.
2626a cancscens E.Br. hoary-lud. SI i_J cu 5 ... G.Taw. PortJack. 1821. C s.p Bot.mag.3185

Closely related to G. cinerea, but G. canescens has the segment of its
perianth much more acuminated than has G. arenaria, whose flowers, too,
are of a dingy purple colour. G. canescens has this interesting feature,
its perianth is curved like a horseshoe, swollen towards the apex, and then
suddenly much acuminated, so as to resemble the head and beak of a bird.
(Hot. Mag., September.)

LXXIII. Rosdcece.

1522. i?0\SA 13470 indica

\ar. Smithii awt. Hm.'s i/el. Noisette it or 5 sp.su Y Eng. hybrid 1829 C r.l Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l58

" A hybrid production from the Noisette rose, fertilised by the pollen
of the yellow China rose, raised by Mr. W. Smith of Coombe Wood. It
resembles the double yellow China rose in many respects, but is of much
more vigorous growth. Its flowers are about the size of those of the
double yellow China rose, but of a deeper yellow, and, like those of the
Noisette rose, are disposed in clustered corymbs of from ten to twenty-
two :. they are highly fragrant. This new kind of rose is perfectly hardy,
is readily increased by cuttings, and may be regarded as a most valuable
addition to our already numerous list of China roses. (^British Flower-
Gardcn, Sept.)

LXXVII. Leguminosa; ^ Sophoreae.

1246. CHORO'ZEMA.
10500a ovJitum Lindl. ov&te-leaved «L i_J el 1 ray S N.HoU. 1830 C s.p Bot reg. 1528

An elegant plant, and highly decorative in its largish blossoms, whose
vexillum is scarlet with a yellow spot at its base : the wings are purplish.
" Its characters are more those of C. rhombeum than of any other spe-
cies ; but it is decidedly distinct." Raised in the nursery of Mr. Knight,
from seeds gathered in the south-west of New Holland, by Mi-. William
Baxter. (^Bot. Reg., Sept.)

1257. DILLWY'N/J?

glycinitolia Sm. Glycine-lvd. tLi_J el l^ ap O.Ro S.W.N.HoU. 1830 S s.p Bot reg. 151*

An exquisitely beautiful green-house plant, raised by Mr. Knight of the
Exotic Nursery, Chelsea, out of the collection of seeds purchased by him
of Mr. Baxter, who collected them in New Holland. Botanists doubt if
this plant be a species of Dillwjnia; and Professor Lindley regrets that
the doubt " seems little likely to be cleared up; although," he remarks,
" it is now nearly thirty years since materials for the completion of the
Flora of New Holland were furnished by the liberality of the British Go-
vernment. It is time that this were looked to ; and much to be wished
that some enterprising naturalist would convert to a useful purpose the rich
stores of information regarding Australian vegetation procured at the
national expense, and now open to all enquirers, which are lying unem-
ployed at the British Museum. When we see the fate of the plants col-
lected in Flinders's expedition, and in the fatal journey up the Congo, by
the lamented Christian Smith, wc can scarcely wonder that a wise and
careful government should object to pay the expenses of scientific expedi-
tions."

Legiiminosce § "Phaseolca;. Kennedy« dilatata Cun. is figured in the
Botanical Register for September, t. 1526., from Mr. Knight's nursery, where
it flowered in April last. It is a prostrate or climbing plant, beautiful in
its headlike racemes of blossoms, which are scarlet in their standard, yel-
low in their centre, and purplish in their wings. In its affinity it is stated
to be intermediate between K. prostrata and K. inophylla. Raised from
seeds collected by Mr. William Baxter, on the south-west coast of New
Holland. (Bot Reg., Sept.)

iupinus mexicanus is figured in Maund's Botanic Garden for August,

Q Q 4

GOO FloricuUnral and Botanical Notices^

t. 3GG., where tliis remark is oftbretl : — " Its habit being at first unknown,
it was soon lost ; l)ut in these days of research in every quarter of tlie
globe, sucli losses in neneral meet speedy reparation. To the personal
exertions, and also the pecuniary liberality, of men of science and fortiuie,
these advantages are princi[)ally owing. Many botanists, however, in
foreign countries are now^ wholly or partly cni])loyed by English nursery-
men to send new and rare plants to England ; therefore every customer
of the nurseryman is an individual subscriber to the great object of explor-
ing remote corners of the globe."

Lcgiiminoscc § Mlmosca-. Jcacia cincr&scens Sieber, an arboreous species,
with glaucous longish leaves, and cylindrical pendent spikes of yellow
flowers, is figured in the Bof. JMa-i,. for August ; w here are presented, from
the pen of that zealous and intelligent naturalist and traveller, Mr. Allan
Cunningham, the following notices on the distribution of the genus Jcacia
over the continent of Australia. The genus Jcacia " inhabits not only
the southern coasts, but all parts of the interior that have hitherto been
explored. Wherever I lauded, during my four and a half years' voyage with
Captain King, an Jcacia was sure to w elcome me on my lauding, and the
last plant on wiiich the eye rested, on those inhospitable steppes to which
Mr. Oxlcy traced the Lachlan Kiver, in 1827 (five hundred miles inland
from Sydne\ ), was my Jcacia stenophylla, a curious sleuilcr tree, 20 ft. in
height, with leaves [phyllodia] from 12 to Ijiu. in length."

2837 ^CA^CIA \ Julibrissina;.

penladfeniu i(Hrf/. .->-glandc(Uvrf. « i_J or 5 ap Y N.IIoll.s.w.c. 1830 C p Bot rcg. 1521

Raised by Mr. Knight. If not equal to such sjiecies as J. pubdscens
in the beauty of its blossoms, it is perhaps superior to them in the graceful
character of its foliage. Professor Linilley names it, in English, the Fern-
leaved Acacia. " Tlie little glands that are seated upon the petiole, be-
tween each |)air of pinnic, are of a highly curious character; they have the
form of a minute cup, ami seem as if they were destined to expose some
portion of the inner substance of the petiole to the action of air or light;
but i'or what purpose we are ignorant. One could almost fancy ;ui analogy
between the origin of these and of the shields of lichens." {Bot. Beg.,
Aug.)

CXV. Dio-smccc.

Eriostemon /nixifolius is figured in the Bot. Cab. for August, t. 18.'il.,
and thus excellently describetl : — " It is an exceedingly pretty plant,
growing upright, w itii many short rigid branches, and producing its elegant
flowers in April and May. It is necessary to keep it constantly in the
green-house. It will increase by cuttings slowly, and should be ])otted in
sandy i)eat eartii." Eriostemon myoporoides is figured in the Botanical
Magazine for September, whence we are able to present corrections to the
details in llorl. Bnt. p. 109.
+10930 myopordldes /JccMyoporuin-likc il I i;or 3 ep \V N.IIoll. 1823 C s.p.l Bot mag. 3180

CXXXI. Passijlorccc.

192.'5. TACSffNIA.
+284.W pinnatistlpiila ./. piniiatc-stip. fl_ O <"" 30 sp Ta.Ro Chile 1828 C p.l Sw.fl.gar.2.s.lfl6

This i)lant is already in Loudon's Hort. Brit. (p. 4-85.), but with
imjjerfect details. Erom I^assiflnra, Tacsoiiia is, according to Mr. Sweet,
principally distiuguislied by the long tubi' of its perianthium. Mr. Sweet's
figure of this elegant |)lant is derived from the choice collection of Mrs. Mai""-
ryat,at\Vimbletlon, where the plant has blossomed two years successively,
and this year has nearly filled the conservatory. " Its showy blossoms, which
it produces in abundance, claim lor it a j)lace in every collection. It is a
native of Talcahuano and \'al|)araiso in Chile ; and " Mr. Svyeet is " in-
clined to think, that, in favourable situations, it will prove (jnite as hardy
as the connuon passion flower, I'assiHora citrulea." The plant abounds in
downiness, {Flowcr-Gurdcn, August.)

supplementary to Enc. of Plants and Hort. Brit- 601

Dicotyledonous Monopetalous Plants.
CLXX. 'E.ricece ^ verce.

1173. £RrCA. §vi. Ovatseflbra?.
9800a? viUosiuscula jS.C. slightly villose « I | or 11 my Li C.G.H. 1829? C s.p Bot.cab. 1844

" Lately introduced by Mr. Lee. It is a pretty little plant, growing
very bushy, and flowering abundantly in May. The flowers are covered
with a kind of silky down." (^Bot. Cab., Sept.)

Menziesia empetritormis is figured in the Botanical Alagazine for Aug.,
t. 3176., and is an elegant botanical gem. " Its leaves in the recent state
are decidedly tumid both above and below, being depressed only along the
middle rib on either side."

J345 ^'RBUTUS.
110796 pilbsa GraA. hairy-branched iU it cu | my W Mexico 1829? L l.p Bot. mag. 3177

Stated in the Bot. Mag. for August to be perfectly hardy in the Cannon-
mills and Edinburgh botanic gardens. Its hairy prostrate branches are
furnished with numerous toothed evergreen leaves, nine lines' long, and
four and a half broad ; the flowers are not large. Dr. Graham has not yet
seen the fruit, so that the plant, it is just possible, may prove a species of
Gaulther/(7, or of Jrctostaphylos.

^ricecE § JxhodordcecE.

ifHODODE'NDRON indicum Swt. (521 Azklea 4341 indica L.)

var. Smith/i Swt. Smith's it i | or 1 mr.my Ro.Sal Eng.hyb. 1828 C p.l Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l54

Flowers of a rosy salmon colour, large, and spreading from 2^ in. to
3 in. in expansion, the upper petals spotted with spots of a darker colour
than the petals themselves. " This splendid hybrid production is the off-
spring of /Rhododendron phoeniceum, that had been fertilised by R. indi-
cum, and was raised by Mr. Smith, at Coombe Wood, in the spring of
1828. It partakes of the characters of both parents, and, like them, is
rather tender, but appears to be a more desirable plant than either ; is of
free growth, and produces its flowers in great abundance. Mr. Smith's
success in this department of horticulture is well known, his collection
surpassing any thing of the kind we have ever seen." (^Flower-Garden,
August.)

CLXXI. E2)acridece,

3294 SPHENO'TOMA.

capitatum«.2;nhcad.s;«/tcrfSL |_1 or 1 ap.my W S.W.N.Holl. 1830. C turf.p Bot. reg. 1515

A green-house shrub, that was very pleasingly blooming at Mr. Knight's
nursery in April and May last. It produces ornamental heads of snow-
white, semitransparent, salver-shaped flowers; it requij-es " the same
treatment as the epacrises, styphelias, and other families in the order
EpacrideoE." Professor Lindley supposes Sphenotoma to be derived from
sj^hen, a wedge ; and temno, to cut ; in allusion to the wedge-shaped seg-
ments of the corolla. {Bot. Reg., Aug.) This etymon differs from that
supplied in the Hortus Britannicus. Which is the right one ?

CLXXIV. Campanuliicccc.

605. ADENO'PHORA.
+4925 verticiUJita /^(S. whorled-Zurf. ^ A or 2i jl L.B Siberia 17S3. D s.l Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l60
Campanula vertlcillata W. C. tetraphylla Thun.

A singular and rare species ; figured from the Chelsea Botanic Garden

(British Flower-Garden, Sept.)

CCXI. Scrophularince.

65. CALCEOLA^RIA.
27995a p^ndula Swt. pendulous-/tU(i £ A or 1| su Y.Spot Chiloe 1831. S p.l Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l55

Resembles, but is distinct from, C. crenatiflora. It is figured from Mr.
Low's Clapton Nursery, where^ Mr. Sweet believes, but one plant has
been raised, which, it is hoped, will produce seeds. From its blossoms
being large, and from their hanging down in a graceful manner, it is one of
the most showy species of the genus. Mr. Sweet considers that this and

602 Floricultural and Botanical Notices,

all other kinds of Calceolaria may be grown in the open air the year round,
if planted in a warm border, and covered with a flower-pot in severe

weather. (F/ou'tr-Gardoi, Aujjust.)

CCXIil. Su/(nirre. 6blanuni crfspum 7?. Sf P. is figured in the
Botanical lici^istcr for August, t. Ijlfi., where this remark is presented
respecting it : — " It appears likely to be a hartiy [)lant, in which case it
will he very ornamental. It' tied to a stake, and tluis forced to grow erect,
it will throw out a great numl)er of lateral branchlets, at the end of every
one of wiiich is a bunch of flowers. In this state it was exhibited by Mr.
Low (of the Clapton Nursery), at a meeting of the London Horticultural
Society in April last, and was greatly admired. No doubt it will strike
root very freely in the state of cuttings. It will grow readily in any com-
mon soil." It is a native of Chiloe, and, if not quite hardy, will, doubtless,
prove very eligible for the decoration of the hardy ganlen in sunnner. It
considerably reseml)les the English bitter-sweet (A'olanum Didcamara L.),
but has larger and paleu. corollas. The specific term crispum " has refer-
ence to a very slight degree of undulation at the margin of the leaves."

ISaljjiglossis atropurpurea is figured in the Botanical Jicnistcr for August,
1. 1518., where this ph}Hiological speculation is offered, which merits from
our brother gardeners their attention at least. When plants of this
species are " grown in the o\)cn border, they are very apt to die suddenly,
so that only a few will sometimes remain out of a whole bed. This is
probably owing to the soil, in such instances, being too light, and there-
fore subject to sudden dryness ; a condition which their tender roots are
not formed by nature to endure. In Chiloo, where all the species of
Salpiglossis grow, they are found springing from the siiles of dry clay
banks baked hard by the scorching sun of tiiat climate ; a situation in which
the moisture that the earth contains is parted with with great difficulty,
and very slowly." The salpiglossises are not the only plants of free and
rapid growth prone to die suddenly off", while to all aj)|)earance in the ful-
ness of vigour; and the above theory deserves to be compared with every
case which may transpire, until its sufficiency or insufficiency is proved.

CCXXI. Lahidla' jj Ocj/wuiclccc.

3383. CO'LEUS.

aromaticus Ben///, aromatic «. □ fra IJ mr.my Pa.V India 182fi. C p.l Bot. rcg. 1520
Cblcus ambodiicus Luii.

Cultivated generally in Indian gardens, chiefly on account of its great
fragrance of herbage. Its leaves are frequently eaten with bread and but-
ter, or bruised, and n)ixed with various articles of (bod, drink, or medicine.
The plant, though pretty in its spike of whorls of smallish pale violet
flowers, is not showy: in British ganlens it is often called GesncnV/ oilorata.
It is readily increaseil by cuttings, (L'ot. Heg., Aug.)

MoNOCOTVI.EDONOUS Pl.ANTS.

CCXXXVIII. Amari/l/tikx.

•)79. AlJiTIUKMEM{//l.
e044a lircnianUia yf. >V ^'- blood-col.-flwil. A CZ3 or CJ jl. llp.O.H. Chile ISjO. O l.s.p Sw.tl.gar 'J.s.159

Introduced by seeds by Lady Oakes, in whose interesting collection at
Mitcham,the plant flowered lor the first time in July last. It is an elegant
and hitherto little known jilant, which a|)pears to recjuire the same treat-
ment as Alstroemer/V/ Sims/V, to which it is very nearly related. {British
Floircr-dardo), Si'|)t.)

CCXXXIX. hidcce.

142 /"UIS. \ The .tprcailin/; scfinwnts qf the prrianlli h'ard/css.

ncrtchinskia Fis. Nertchiiisk ^ A t i my l^ Siberia 1831. I) r Hot. cab. 184;3

Messrs. Loddiges received this pretty plant from their kind friend Dr.
Fischer. They state that it " grows pretty well in any good soil, and in-
creases without diflicultv bv division at the root." (Bot. Cab., Sept.)

supplementary^ to JLnc. of Plants and HoH. Brit. 603

CCXL. Orcli'idecE. Collecting and Importing Orcliideous Epiphytes. —
" It is very much to be regretted that some more efficient means are not
taken to procure the plants of this description which abound in all the
tropical parts of the East. They are very tenacious of life, and require no
care in collecting, it being only necessary to strip them off the trees on
which they grow, and to suspend them in the cabin, never watering them,
but moistening them occasionally with a wet sponge. Captains of ships
might succeed in importing them without difhculty. The only caution
which requires to be taken is, that they should not be overwatered ; if this
is done, they are sure to die : it would be much better to give them no
water whatever. They should also, if possible, be collected in the dry
season, at which period they are naturally in a state of torpor." Professor
Lindley, in the Botanical Register for September, t. 1522., under Angrce'cum
eburneum.

The Woodloiise is exceedingly destructive to all Stove Orchidcoiis Plants. —
Messrs. Loddiges state to this effect in their description of Maxillaria
Barringt6n?'cr, in their Bot. Cab. for July, t. 1824. Modes of destroying
this insect are prescribed in our Vol. VII. p. 280. and 486.

Orchulecs ^ Arethuseas.

2518. PTERO'STYLIS. (, Stems leafy, appendix of lahellum pencilled at top.

Banksii R. Br. Banks's ;4 lAJ cu IJ d Y.W New Zeal. 1826. D p.l Bot. mag. 3172

Found on the banks of a stream which is received into the Bay of
Islands, in New Zealand, by Mr. Allan Cunningham, in 1826, who soon
after sent off plants to Kew. Mr. Bauer has found that its grains of pollen,
magnified by Ploessel's grand microscope 570 times lineally,or 324,900 times
superficially, exhibit a total deviation from those of all the hundreds of
specimens of orchideous plants he had before investigated. The species has
large leaves, and Mr. Cunningham had named the species P. macrophylla:
but Mr. Brown has identified it with a specimen found by Sir Joseph
Banks in New Zealand, when he accompanied Captain Cook round the
world, and of which a specimen or drawing still exists in the Banksian
museum. {Bot. Mag., Aug.)

OrchidecB ^ Ophrydece .

2487. A'CERAS.
22515o secundiflbra Lindl. one-sided spiked A ^ cu f ap Dl V S.Europe 1829 ? D l.p Bot. reg. 1523

" It is a neat little plant, requiring the same kind of treatment as ixias
and other Cape bulbs : that is to sa}', to be kept quite dry and quiescent
during summer. Under such management, Mr. Henderson, at Lord Mil-
ton's, succeeds in making it flower li-eely every spring." (^Bot, Reg., Sept.)

Orchidea; § Vandeee.

2537 MAXILLA'RIA.

placanthfera Houk. flat-anthered ^ [Z3 cu | ... G.Y.Pk Brazil 1831 ? D p.r.w Bot. mag. 3173

A newly introduced and well marked species, from the rich collection of
Mrs. Arnold Harrison, who received it from her brother in Brazil ; and
cultivates it, and the Orchideae generally, very successfully. {Bot. Mag.^
Aug.) The time of its introduction to, and period of its blooming in,
England, are not stated : definiteness in these little matters seems unwel-
come to the editors of the botanical periodicals.

gracilis S.C. slender ^ ES pr | au R.Y Brazil ... D p.r.w Bot. cab. 1837

This curious little plant is very slender in habit, and must be constantly

kept in the stove. It may sometimes be separated for increase, and should

be potted in moss, vegetable earth, and small pieces of broken pots. {Bot.

Cab., Aug.)

25fi9. AXGR^E'CUM. (An alteration of angurek, the Malayan name of such plants.)
•f-227&3a ebiirneura Thou, ivory-lipped j^ [23 or 1^ n.ja G.W Madagas. 1826. D p.r.w Bot. reg. 1522

This species is in our Additional Supplement, but, with its descriptive
particulars, less perfect than as here exhibited. But one plant is known to

604' Floricnltural and Botanical Notices,

exist in Europe ; and this is in the Horticultural Society's collection
•where it Howtied for the first time in November last, and continued in
beauty for nearly two months. It grows slowly, and has not yet afforded
the means of being propagated. Professor Lindley a|)[)ends to this article
the characters of five new genera; and one of these ((Eccoclades) is to
receive certain species hitherto referred to Aiinnc^cum, among which are
the A. maculatum and A. falcatum of oiu- Ilnrlua linlamiicus, p. 373.
Oiceoclades is i)robably from vikco to inhabit, and A/ucios, a branch ; from its
habitat.

Oncldiuni bifolium is figured in the liotamcal Cnhlnct for September,
t. 1845. ; and of it Messrs. Loddiges remark: — "We scarcely know a
plant, even in this favoured class, more elegant in form, or more brilliant
in colour, than this ; its dazzling brightness is absolutely inimitable."

CCLI. UUacccc.

' 1017. TnLTP.i.

842Gfl malfeolens 2?fr/. ill-smelling tf A or 1 my R.Y Italy? 1827? O co Sw fl gar 2 s l.?3.
2 variegiita Sui/. variegated jf i^rf. tf A or 1 my l{.Va Italy? J827? O co Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l53

These kinds are not unornamental, and require the same treatment as
other tulips : they are figured from the Chelsea botanic garden. {Flower-
Garden, Aug.)

A second edition of Loudon's Ilorlus Brilanniciis iiaving been published
since our last Number was issued, the present will be a fit time and place
to register tliis fact ; and to state tiiat the second edition tliffers from the
Jirst, in being freed from the principal of the errors which had been
observed in the first ; in having the just published Additional Supplement
appended to it, in relation to which new asterisks have been inserted into
the body of the book ; and in having tlie price of the Additional Sitppleinenl,
namely, 2s. Gi/., added to the price of the first edition ; making the price of
the secynd edition I/. 3.!. Gd. The Additional Supplement, consisting of
24 pages, is also purchasable separately for 2.?. (id. The genera in the
Additional Supplement are arranged alphabetically, to avoid the necessity of
an index to it.

As observed in the preface to our second edition, " whoever wishes to
ascertain the ailditions and improvements made subsequently to the last
Additional Suj)})lenicnt may consult the (iardeners Alagtizine ; in which, un-
der the article which will be henceforth contained in every Numl)er, entitled
* Floricnltural and Botanical Notices of New Plants, and of Old Plants of
interest, supplementary to the latest Editions of the Enci/cloptcdia of
Plants, anil of the 1 tortus Britanniens,' will be found the name of every
plant newly introduced or [striking hybrid or variety] originated, and of
every recent im])rovemciit in botanical nomenclature."

Obediently to this aj)pointment, we have tleemed it pardonable to occupy
in the present article a little adtlitional space, for the sake of gathering
together, and here exhibiting, all the aiklitions which have accumulated
since the putting of the Additional Sujtplement to press, so that the pos-
sessors of the Additional Su/iplenient will not have to turn farther back in
the (lardciu'r's Magazine than to the following list, whicii iiuhules all the
newly introduced or originated plants published in the botanical [icrioilicals
up to Septemi)er 1. IH.'J2, aiul, conseijucntly, includes the names of those
noticed in detail in the foregoing pages of the present Number.

An asterisk (*) prefixed to u generic name imlicates that name to have
never yet been admitted into cither the Ilortns lirilaiimciis or the Additional
Supplement.

A dagger (-]-) prefixed to a few specific names signifies that these
names are already in the Ilortns Britannieus or the Additional Supplement,

supplementary to Enc. of Plants aiid Hort. Brit. 605

but with the descriptive details of the species these names represent less
accurately given than as here presented.

A section (>)) indicates a new name devised for a plant already in the
Hortus Britannicus or Additiunal Siq)plement by some other name.

2837. ^CA'CIA. \ Julibrhsincc.

pentad fen ia imrf/. S-glanded Hk \ | or 5 ap Y N.Holl.s.w.cl830. C p Bot. reg. 1521

2487. A'CERAS.
22515« secundidora iirtrf/. one-sideds;)/AerfA -AJ cu f ap Dl.V.S Europe 1829? D l.p Bot. reg. 1525

605. ADENO'PHORA.
"HMo verticillata Fm. whorled./yrf ^ /\ cr 2i jl L.B Siberia 1783. D s.l Sw.fl. gar. 2. s.160
Campanula verticill^ta IV. C. tetraplijlla T/Hiw.

' »933n! AMAX Sal. (A'arcissus L.)

albicans Haw. whitish tf A or 1 ap W Spain ... O s.l Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l45

979. ALSTRCEME^R/J.
8044« hEemintha R. Sf P. blood-col.-fld. A (Z2 or 2i jl Dp.O.R Chile 1830. O l.s p Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l59

2569. ANGR.^CUM.
t28612a eburneum Tliou. ivory-lipped ^ E] or 1| n.ja G.W Madagas. 1826. D p.r.wBot. reg. 1522

13+5. yiRBUTUS.
110796 pilbsa Gra/i. hany-branched 1U tL c\i | my W Mexico 1829? L l.p Bot. mag. 3177

106]. ^SPHO'DELUS 8S69 lufeus

2 siblricus imrf^. Siberian ^3^ A or 2 ap.myPa.Y Siberia 1829? D co Bot. reg. 1507

957. BILLBE'RG/^
7752a bi'color .g. C. two-coloured ^ [23 or f ... Ro.B RioJan. 1829? Sk s.p Bot. cab. 1819

65. CALCEOLA^RIA.
27995a p^ndula Sivi. pendulous-j?turf.£ A or IJ su Y.spot Chiloe 1831. S p.l Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l55

f3+36a CAMA'SSIA Lindl. [Quamash or Cumas, native name in N.W.America) 6.1. Asp/iodilete. 1—
+28707 esculenta Lindl. esculent ?f A or li jl D.P Columbia 1827. O p Bot. reg. 1486

M. Rafinesque, as early as 1817, had named this plant Quamasia escultnta. See his Medical Flora,
vol. ii. p. 255.

2038. CAME'LL/.:/ 18166 japonica

Reeves/a«a Lindl. Reeves's *i_j5pll0 sp C.W.<ih China 1829? I l.p Bot. reg.'lSOl
var. compacta S C compact-/!«rf. »i | or 4 n.f W Eng.sdlg. ... I l.p Bot. cab. 1836

1246. CHORO ZEMA. [Choros, dance, .ind xc7iia, drink; circumstances of its discovery.) .

10499« triangulSire iiiHrf/. S-angledjoWcWt-rfO- ; | or f ap S N.HoU 1830. C s.p Bot. reg. 1513

10500a ovatum i/nrf/. ovate-lvd. IL i | cl 1 my S N.Holl. 1830. C s.p Bot. reg. 1528

1185. CLA'RK/// 10047 pulcliella

2 flbre-ilbo Siir^. white-flwd. O or IJ jn W N.Amer. 1826. S co Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l57

3333 COBXJ'RGIA.
28152a n\\va Herb. tawny-fivd. tf lAJ or 1 f. Taw [ S.Amer. 1829? O I.r.mBot. reg. 1497

3383. CO'LEUS.

aromaticus Benth. aromatic it- □ fra IJ mr.myPa.V India 1826. C p.l Bot. reg. 1520 ;

Coleus amboinicus Lour., Gesnfer/a odorata Hort.

563. CO'RD/.t/.

-grandiflbra ij«(f/. large-flwd. « □ or ... au W S.Amer. ? 1827. C l.p Bot. reg. 1491

1257. DILLWY'N/J?

glycinitVMia S»2. Glycine-lvd. tt. l_J el IJ a O.Ro S. W. N.Holl. 1830. S s.p Bot. reg. 1514 '

504. E'PACRIS.

variKbilis JS.C. variable » (_j or 2 ja.f Pk N.S.W. 1829. C s.p Bot. cab. 1816

nivalis .B.C. snowy-^urf. SI |_J or 3 mr W N.Holl. 1829. C s.p Bot. cab. 1829

2554. EPIDE'NDRUM.

variegatum Hook, vau.lvd. ^flwd. £ [Z3 or 1 ja Ysh.g.spotP RioJan.1830. D p.r.wBot. mag. 3151

61. ERA'NTHEMUM.

fecundum i«i(//. ever-blowing tL □ or 1| all sea Li Brazil 1829? C p.l Bot. reg. 1494

4173. £RrCA.

6 l.TubiHbrce.

dichr6mata i?. C. two-coloured H i_l or 3 aut.wY.Pk C.G H. IROO. C s.p Bot. cab. 1813

verecunda fi. C. ruddy-^wrf. «| lor 3 su.aut Ro C.G.H. 1820. C s.p Bot. cab. 1827

^ VI. OvatiflbriP.
9SC0a? villosiiiscula .B.C. slightly villoseili_J or IJ my Li C.G.H. 1829? C s.p Bot. cab. 1841

1311. ERIOSTE'MON.

+10930 myoporoldes Dec. Myoporum-like« I | or 3 sp W N.Holl. 1823. C s.p.I Bot. mag. 3180

2268. £UPATO^R7i7i»y.
•f-20.024a ^i/a/ja«a Ven. ? Ayapana * □ m 3 ? au.o Li.R Brazil 1821. C It.l Ven. mal. 3. 3

937. EU'RYCLES.
f288fi3.Cunningham.'iLindl.Cunningham'si;LAJ cl 1 mr.ap \V N.Holl. 1830. O p.l Bot. reg. 1506

3450. FRANCO^^.
+28869. appendiculJita Crtv. appendicled ^ _AJ or 3 myjnRo.C Chiloe 1831. S p.l Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l51

' 1188. FU'CHSA^.

10075a globbsa Hort. globose-J?«'rf. « i | or 5 jn.s C.P Eng.hyb.? 1830. C pi. G.M.viii.p. 598

IS ...

C

1-P

BoL mag. 3144

1829?

C

•-P

Bot reg. I5I2

1831.
1829.

D

r
It

Hot. cab. 184.3
Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l46

1830.

O

ru

Bot reg. 15J3

606 Floricidtural and Botanical Notices.

31fi. GREVI'LLE/Y.

9fi2(vi cancsccns /f.y?;-. hoary-Zci/. «i| leu !> ... G.TawPortJack.l824. C sp Bot. mag. .31 S.?

+28900 robust! Tm/i. robust or i/« onAf I 1 or 80 ... () MoretoiiU.ISJO. C l.p Hot. mag. 3184

t2889;» faKyi KUr. faloy's «l| | or 5 jn.s K PortJack.1829. C pi Bot. mag. 3133

AIechiiiloliaO(n. ,VS.S'. Biechnura-lcaveil.
2490. IlEHMI Sim. [3164

tcorditum /,;m//. heartJcrf. ^ lA) l>a J mr.n Ysh.G X. W. Af S.W.Eu.l8,Sa D p.l BoL raag.

liabcMiaria cordita Hooker Bot. raag. 31(i4., and ot the Additional Supplcmenl, No.289(H.
1.597, HlBIUC'UT/.i.
14115(1 CunnJngbirai/.Vit. Cunningham's J_ or 2 jn Y Kg.G.'sSd.l823? C ».p Bot. mag. .3183

It is possible, but we know not if probable, that this is the No. 28922. of the Additional SiipiUcmcnt.
2014. //IBISCL'S.
17926(1 Gvnkvii Boj. Genfeve's it □ spl. 15 jn.jl Ro Mauritius

1940. HtyVE.i.
172»4a vill6sa /./«<//. shaggy *, | el 3 ap Li N.HolL

142. 7'RIS. ^ The $pTrading segmenis of the perianth beardless.

nertcbinskia Fis. Nertchinsk :^ A or J my B Siberia

UQSit longifblia Suit. long.lcavtil A A or ? ap I'.Gsh Naples
1471. M.VMMILLA'Rl.V.

tenuis Dec. slender «- 23 gr j my Pa.Y
MentioncQ in the Additional Supplement under Mammillaria, p. S93.
2537. MAXILLA^RIA.

picta //oo*. painted./«»(/. ^ [23 or i d Ospot OrganMtns.l830?D p.r.wBot mag.31S4

viridis /,/n(f/. green.«r;j(i/(rf f (23 lu J my G.P.Li RioJan. 1829? D p.r.wBot. reg. 1510

placanth; ra //oo*. fl.it-anthered ^ r73 cu i ... G.Y.Pk Brazil 1831? D p.r.wBot. mag. 3173

gracilis B. C. slender ^ [22 pr J au R.Y Brazil ... D p.r.wBot. cab. 1837
1177. MICHaU'.X/.-J.

+9951. la;vig:ita ;Wi. smooth f lAI or 11 au.o W N.Persia 1820. S r.l Bot. mag. 3128

*2569(i CECEO'CLADES I.indl. (Probably oikeo, to inhabit, klados, a branch.) 21.1. Orchidea; Sp. 10—
^ 2/791 maculata L;nr//. spotted £ (SI pr I on Pk Africa 1819. D p.r.wLindl. col. 15

AncrtE\uni maculatum I.indl. Bot. roj?. ()18., Hort. Brit. No. 22791.
\ 22792 falcJkta Lindl. falcate £ (Z3 pr J n.d \V China 1815. D p.r.wBot mag. 2097

Angm^ciim falcitum I.indl., Hort. Brit No. 22792.
1053. ORNlTHO'GALUiM.

liifblium^.r. two-lcaved tf lAJ cu § au \V Chile 1831. O s.l Bot cab. 1802

niaaccum .B.C. Allium-like 5 lAI or i au W Chile 1821. O s.l Bot cab. 1818

1596. PJEO^SIA 14098 officinMis

7(jnenionifl6ra/7o(;A-.Anemone-flwd.A i or 3 my.jn R ... 1830? D ».l Bot mag. 3175

•2.558(1 PHA'JUS.

^22760 m.->culitus B. C. spotted./w/. £ [23 or 2 ja.jn Y Nepal 1823. D p.r.wBot cab. 1803

Blfetw Woodfordia Hort Brit. No. 227G0.

679. PITTO'-SPORUM.
+29128. cornifblium Cun. Bogwood-lvd. it | ] cu 3 mr Br N.ZeaL 1827. C p Bot. mag. 3161

1210. i'OLY'GONUM.

+10274 adpn'ssum /f.//. appressed-s/i^/t(/tl I cu fiO my.auW N.HoU. 1822. L l.p Bot mag. 314.'>

2518. PTEHO'STYLIS. \ Stems leafy, appendix of labellum pencilled at top.

B6nksii R. Br. Banks's AiA/cu li^ Y.W N. Zeal. 1826. D p.l Bot mag. 3172

719. nrnEs.

5928a »peei6sum f A. showy tt or 5 my.jn C Calirornial829. C co Sw.fl.gar.2.i.l49

slamineum Smith in Uees's Cyclop, and Dec. in Prod. 3. 477., and also specibsum Dec. in Prod. 3. 478.
13.39. /fHODODE'NDRON.
11009a Sniilh(i Swt .Smith's A.iyAr/V/ it epl. 8 sp C Arboreo-pont 1826. L l.p. Sw.fl.gar.2.8.50

Obtained from seeds of li. pontic inn, imbued with the pollen of It. arbbreum.

pi.lchrnm .Silt/. .S»/;y//'.« lieautifiilit | for 3 ap.jl Ro. Kng hybrid 1827. C s.p Sw.fl.g.ir.2.s.ll7

II. (mlicum y Smfthij Sweet's Hurt, liril. ed. 2. p. .'H-J., and Aziile.i indira y Smith/i of some others;

and is from seeds of A. /edifulia lUmk. impregnated with the pollen of the original A. Indira.
This last remark is, in the Additional Supplement, wrongly placed under li. Snittlui and not under It.
pi'ilchrum, to which it relates: It. .Smith/i Swt. is ;i ni(xli(ication o( It. p6nticum /,., and /(. piilchrum
Swt. a mtxiilication of AzMca indica, as is the following : —
Indicum Svt.

2.SmithiiSHt Smith's /(.v/«jrfit|_J or 3 ap.jl. Ro.S.d Pha>n.ind.l82,S. C. s p. Sw.n.gar.2.8.154

This and li. pi'ilchrum are, according to the iigiircs, quite distinct objects, but under li. piilchrum, in
the Flow, (lard., 1» cited as a svnonynie It. indicum y Sniitlii'i Sw. Hort Brit. ed. 2. p. .34.3.; conse-
quently, either thissynonyme is wrongly cited, or the It. indicum y Smith« of Sw. Ilort. Brit., aniX the
li. indicum var. Smith// of the Floir. Uard. l.'H., relate to two distinct plants.

1522. /«rSA 1.3470 fndica

var. .Smith/i .Swt .Smith's ye/. Noisettcil or 5 sp.su Y Eng.hyb.lS29. C r.l Sw.n.gar.2.».158

2023. ,SPDA. \ III. //<'fl>7./c(jir(/.

ai'irea «. C. goldcn-y/uirf. it (Ij or ... my.jl O.R India 1830? C l.p Bot cab. 184!

.^311. SOUI.A'NG/.^.
SSfiiid riihra /,jm//. rcd./iiv/. it |_J or 3 d R C.G.II. 1827? C p.l Bot reg 1498

3294. SPHENO'TOMA. (Prof Linillev supposes in expression of thewedgc-shapcd segments of the corolla^
\ vayWAWw-n It.Ilr. hv:u\.spikcd 'n. i_J or 1 ap.my W N.H.s.w. 18.X). C turf.pBot reg. 1515

Dracoph^Uum capitatum. Additional Supplement, No. 28818., and Loddigcs's Bot. Cai., Sept 1832.

Retrospective Criticism.

607

1925. TACSO^KIA.
-j-28452 pinnatistipula J. pinnate-stip.

2037. THE^A 18160 viridis

2 latift>lia B. C. broad-leaved

1000. TRADESCA'NT///.
+29296 coiigesta Penny crowded

123. TRITO'NIA.

odorita B. C. fragrant

1U8. TROP.^'OLUM.
+28188a brachyceras Hook, short-horned _t i^ lAJ or 2

1017. TU-LIPA.
8426a malfeolens Bert. ill-smelling 5 A or 1
2 variegkta Swt. variegated-j?rf. 5 A or 1

fl_ □ or 30 sp Pa.Ro Chile

.k A or
$ lA) or

jl.o B

China 1825 ?
N.Amer. 1826.

1829?

1828.

C.G.H

Chile

R.Y
R.Va

Italy ?
Italy?

1827?
1827?

C p.l Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l56

C p.l Bot. cab. 1828

[gar. t. 363
D CO Maunii's bot.

O s p Bot. cab. 1820

[Beech, voy., p. 14
C l.p Hook. bot.

O CO Sw.fl.gar.2.s.lS3
O CO Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l53

In the Additional Supplement, Nos. 28650. and 28796. are superfluous,
being applied to s3'nonynies, and not to species.

*#* Besides looking forward to a future Supplement to our Hortus Bri-
tannicus, we are about to commence A Supplement to the Enci/clopcedia of
Plants ; and, as we are desirous of the accuracy and completeness of both
the Hortus and the Encyclopcedia, we shall thankfully receive and acknow-
ledge all corrections and all additions to them with which any one may
please to favour us.

Art. III. Retrospective Criticism.

Corrections to the June Number, p. 257 — 384-. In Mr. Main's article
" On pruning Forest Trees," fig. 51. p. 310. is exhibited bottom upwards.
In p. 325. line 10. for "Rev. George Jennings" read " Rev. L. Jenyns."
In p. 351. line 3. from the bottom, for " Phagus " read " Phajus." In
p. 381. line 7. from the bottom, for " albumen" read " alburnum."

In Ml". Rivers's Tour, p. 393. line 5. for " edges " read " hedges."

Fuclisia bacilldris Lindl. and Fuchsia, glohosa Hort. are not identical, as
they are stated to be, p. 505., but widely distinct: see p. 598. — J. D.

CraffS^gus Oxyacantlia rosea superba is (see p. 505.) the name, in the
Horticultural Society's garden, for the splendid variety of hawthorn de-
scribed p. 362. Is it distinct from the Cratoe^gus Oxyacantha punicea of
Loddiges' Botanical Cabinet, 1. 1363.? — J. D.

Bretton Hall. — Sir, In looking over the June Number of your Magazine,
I perceive, under the head of " Domestic Notices : — England," p. 361.,
you have informed your readers that " the hot-houses at Bretton Hall,
including the magnificent dome figured in Vol. V. p. 681., and all the
plants, with the museum, and many other articles, the property of the
late munificent patroness of gardening and botany, Mrs. Beaumont, have
lately been brouiiht to the hammer, and sold for a mere trifle." A state-
ment so general and unqualified, at the present moment, together with the
numerous advertisements and flaming descriptions by the eloquent Mr.
Robins, which appeared in the public prints previously to the sale, are all
highly calculated to confirm an impression which is already very prevalent
in the country, viz., that the whole of the hot-houses and plants have
been sold, without reserve. So far from that being the case, I beg to in-
form you that there are hot-houses left, and others now building, equal to
supply the wants of even an extravagant family, should that be required.
And when I tell you that, in addition to the " massy stone-built conserva-
tory " noticed in another part of your Magazine, there are, a splendid
orangery, a heath-house, and a plant-stove, now building, it can hardly be
believed that " all the plants " have been sold. The two latter will be
equal in extent to the green-house and plant-stove of the Count de Vandes,
at Bayswater. I also beg to say, that I have authority for stating that the
gardens will still continue to be supported in the most creditable manner.

In the statement above alluded to, you have referred to Vol. V. p. 681.

608 lieirospeclive Criticism.

to a description wliicli 3011 have given there of this place. I am not, at
present, at liberty to give any detaileil account of the extensive and sweep-
in" alterations now going on ; and nnist therefore confine myself to the
notice of one or two mistakes into which yon have fallen; mistakes which,
bnt for reasons not now worthy of notice, would long since h-.ive been
corrected. In the first place, it is [lerhaps only fair to state that the time
you devoted to the inspection of the garden and grounds was exceedingly
limited; and some considerable misrepresentations have been the conse-
quence. In describing the situation on which the house has been built,
you say, " The grantl misfortune is, that there is no natural marked situ-
ation for the house." Without mentioning that the situation on which the
house stands is the most ai)pro[)riate that coukl have been chosen, I am
still very doubtful whether a more eligible site could have been selected,
at least within some miles of the present ; and I do think, had time per-
mitted you to walk round the south and east fronts, the impressions pro-
duced upon your miiul would have been somewhat different. With regard
to your j)rediction, that at some future time the house would be built at
the top of the valle}-, I can only say, that, had you ever seen the ground,
or were you at all acquaintetl with the geography of the place, }ou would
not for a moment have entertained such an idea.

In allusion to the bank on w hich the house is placed, you also say, " as
this bank is confronted by another of similar character rising from the
narrow bottom of the same streamless valley," &.c. Now the fact is, that
this valley has at least 70 acres of its surface continually covered with
water; and the stream, which is at all times passing through it, is found
sufficient, even during the driest seasons, to w ork several flour mills a little
beyond the boundary of the park, which are never at a loss for water,
although entirely dependent upon tliis stream for their supply. Again, a
little farther on, you have said, " As this valley, and consequently its
banks, lie in a direction more or less south and north, the hot-houses are,
in order that they may front the sun, obliged to be built across the slope."
Instead of the valley and banks lying north and south, they lie due east
and west; the one bank sloping from the south, and the other from the
north. On this latter bank are situated the gardens and hot-houses; but
why you should designate them " inharmonious," because built across the
slope, I am at a loss to know. The meaning which I thought the words
".slope" and "across" were generally intended to convey, when used
with reference to a sloping bank, or an inclined plane, was, to suppose
a line drawn from the bottom to the sunnnit of a sloping bank, and, at
any given |)()int between the higher and lower ends, to suppose another
drawn at right angles with the first. This woidil exactly correspond with
the idea which 1 had entertained of an object of greater length than
breadth, when placed across a slo|)c; and wouhl also reiiresent the relative
position of our forcing-houses, which, it is needless to add, are all built
across the slope, with their fronts due south. As it will, to a certain extent,
account for some of the mistakes into which you have fallen, it may be
also proper to state, that, at the time you visited the place, three large span-
roofed pine-stoves were standing in a line with the slope; their ends
pointing north and south, the effect of which, it cannot be denied, was
very inharmonious: but at the time you called, a part of them was being
demolished, in order to give place to others then buililing; and, from the
arrangements at that time in progress, it was evident that their entire re-
moval was shortly intended. The coach road, w hich you have justly termed
pitiable, is now transformed into (|uite a new line. — Robert Marnock.
Jinllon llrill (iardtits, Jultf 14- \Ki2.

Cow C'nl)/>f/gr, as drscrihrd hi/ a Friend of j\Tr. j\liirrfii/, Vol. V. [). G."). —
Sir, Having seen, some time ago, in your Magazine, an account of the

Queries cmd Answers. 609

extraordinary produce of the cow or tree cabbage; and being very desii'ous
to get rich in a little time, I set about calculating how many cows I could
keep upon it, on my farm, which contains near 100 acre§; and I found
I could keep from 10,000 to 12,000. I also calculated that these cows
would give sufficient milk to supply Manchester and Liverpool with this
fluid, and perhaps a few other towns in the neighbourhood; at least, if it
fell short, I could adopt the Scotch and also the London plan of mixing
a little water with it. Having made these calculations, and finding the
great profits arising from the cultivation of this vegetable, I determined
to give up my old jog-trot habits, and to dash into money-getting at once.
Fearing some other farmer would take the hint before me, I, without fur-
ther delay, set off to Liverpool, and contracted with all the milkmen in the
town to supply them with all the milk they could sell, at a farthing a quart
less than they could get it from the farmer at present. I then did the
same at Manchester. Now, I calculated that in two years my cabbages
would get too tall to get the produce of them without the help of ladders :
I therefore determined to adopt the following plan : — to renew one half of
my farm every year with fresh plants ; consequently, I should have about
160,000 cabbage stumps to take up every year. Now, your Magazine said
that the stumps of these cabbages would make excellent rafters for build-
ings ; I therefore contracted with the house-carpenters in Manchester and
Liverpool to supply them with 160,000 rafters every year, at Is. each, and
found that I should thus make 8000/. each year of my cabbage stumps.
I then contracted with these carpenters to build me cow-houses for 12,000
cows ; one half to be paid in ready money, and the other half in cabbage
stumps at the above price. Last year I got my cow-houses built, and my
land fallowed, manured, and planted, ready to overflow the land with milk.
But alas ! alas ! how must I describe my disappointment, when I find, by
experience, that these cabbages will produce no more food, from an acre,
than red clover; a plant which I had a little time before despised and
driven from my farm ! I am now a ruined man, beset with duns on every
side; while the milksellers and carpenters declare that they are deter-
mined to make me fulfil my contracts with them, of supplying the former
with milk, and the latter with cabbage stumps.

Now, Sir, I wish to know whether I cannot recover damages, either of
you or the author of those articles on this ruin-creating plant. But
whether I can do this or not, I hope you will publish this in your Magazine,
as a warning to all such simple fools as myself, who believe all which is
written on farming and gardening. I forgot to tell you, in its proper place,
that I at last sold my cow-houses, for one fourth of their cost, to a gen-
tleman who has converted them into cottages, and who has given the
place the name of Cabbage Town. I am, Sir, your's, &c. — A disappointed
Lancashire Farmer. Cabbage Town, May 1. 1832.

Art. IV. Queries and Answers.

Heating Water by the Sun's Rays. — I have tried the experiment you
alluded to (Vol. TIL p. 101.), of heating water by the sun's rays, through
a circulation produced by a siphon. My siphon (Jig- 122.) was blackened
at the ball side, and white at the other. The ball was six times the diame-
ter of the tube, which was about 1 in. in diameter. It was applied to heat
a tub, containing a plant of Nelumbium speciosum, in a dry stove. The
tub contained, exclusive of the earth, about 10 gallons of water ; and dur-
ing the hottest days of last month it never increased the temperature of
the water more than 1° above that of a similar vessel placed in the same
part of the stove, but without a siphon. The siphon had the full sun on

Vol. VIIL — No. 40. r r

GIO

Queries and An^^ers.

122

\ .,

it, and was within 2 ft. of the glass.
There was consiilcral)le circulation in
the tube, as was evidenced by observ-
ing the animalcules drawn into the
tube at one end and expelled at the
other. This experiment was on a
small scale; but I fear it is sufficient
to show that by this method no ma-
terial increase of heat can be obtained
from the sun's rays. — li. Mallet.
Dublin, Jul, J, 1&3-2.

The ]VliUc-Jluwcred Everlasting Pea.

_ — Sir, G. C.'s remarks on Lathyrus

£^ ^S grandiflorus (p. 50.) remind me of a

^ ' -jiJ a circumstance, which 1 have observed

T ; y' several seasons, with respect to the

" --^---- J^,^. --__~-^ everlasting w hite pea. I have some

° " plants which grow most luxuriantly, and

produce a profusion of fine bloom, with apparently perfect pods : but I have
always found the seed small and withered, and it has never vegetated ; al-
though I have had from the Lathyrus latifolius, which is growing close to it,
a quantity of good seed. Perhaps some of your readers will be able to state
whether they have succeeded in raising any seedlings, and also if the plants
so raised have always produced the white flower ? Is this pea a seminal
variety of the common everlasting pea ? It has, within these few years,
been considered scarce ; yet, I have been told, it was known many years
ago. If this is really the fact, it would be curious to trace its origin ; and
as it is a plant not easily killed, or likely to be despised or neglected, how
was it lost for so many years to our ganlens, and to whom, or to what
cliance, arc we intlehted for its resuscitation ? It is, doubtless, a most
delicate and lovely flower, being of the [)urest white, and deserves to have
a place in every flower-garden. Has it been figured in any botanical
work, or noticed in any catalogue ? I am. Sir, yours, &c. — E. London.
Feb. 1.'3. 18.'32. [In Sweet's Ilort. Brit, and tiie Sup. to our own.]

The Chelsea A])ple-powder. — Do you hap|)en to know a little work
called The Fruit-Grower's Instrtictor, by (i. Bliss? I procureil it when
last in town ; and my reason for asking the question is this ; it professes
to reconnncnd, in very high terms, " the Chelsea ajjplc-powder," the in-
vention, as it is stated, of the said Bliss. Is the book authentic, and is the
j)ow<kr worth trying ? Perhaps you can ask this question in the (iardener's
Maga/ine, where some kind CMiristian in the ajiple line may take compas-
sion on it. I am unfortunately jjliigued with this tree cholera (the canker),
and therefore lay my case before you, as president of the Pomological
Board of Health. My trees are all of the dwarf sorts ; the soil a gravelly
loam upon a chalk bottom ; not a ver^ congenial one for an t)rchard, but
there it is, and I nuist make the best of it. My gardener tells me this
Chelsea powder is a hum, which is as bad as a bug (1 am not sure if he
did not use the compound word ; the compound certainly, yjtv .sr, he has
used), and, though inclined to the lioman, turns up his nose thereat. He,
of course, does not give his countenance to Jilis.i, being, moreover, a very
plain [dealing] man. — S. T. Stukefcrri/, June, 18.32.

Shuslolie J'i/>j>in A/ip/<-s. — I send s|)ecimens of a kind of apple, which,
I believe, is the Shu.>>toke pi|)pin. (Shustoke is a village in Warwiikshire,
rather famous for its apples.) It does not pretend to be any thing more
than a kitchen apple; but is worth growing for its si/c and keeping: it
will make, as 3011 may see, a very decent tart or roasted apple now in
•TuiK-, or later. Is it known al)out London ? — tV. T. Bree. Allesley
Bectori/, June G. 1832.

Queries atid A7is*wers. 6 1 1

We took one of the apples to Mr. Ronalds of Brentford, who had not
before heard the name, and who did not know the apple, though he thought
it an excellent one. The other apple we have kept, and it is still (July 7.)
in excellent preservation. — Cond.

Can a Vinerj/ be forced from the 1st of January, with the certainty of a
good crop, under the following disadvantages ? The length of the house
is 27 ft., breadth 18 ft., with one fire, the flue of which is in front, and
passes close by the stems and roots of the vines once round the house.
The vines are planted partly inside partly outside, in very light soil, and,
I believe, are through to the subsoil, which is little better than sand.
From the intervention of a large dwelling-house, and a wall lift, high,
close in front of the vinery, I may say the sun does not shine on it for
the first month in the year : in the second (Feb.), it receives between
three and four hours' sunshine in the middle of the day; but the border
in front receives it only as the season advances : the house receives very
little more sun, as the wall in front, even in summer, has always some
shadow. Yours, &c. — A Correspondent. Si. Andrew's, Alarch 3. 1832.

So7ne delicious Wild White and Red Berries, not unlike small grapes, and
ripe about the middle of August, are mentioned in Jones's Travels in
Norway, Sweden, &c,, as growing on the banks of the river Langen, ia
Norway. What are they ? — J. X Feb. 8. 1832-

Insects infesting Cucumbers. — I herewith enclose you a few insects which
have dropped, as it were, like rain upon my forcing ground, and which
seem inclined to claim all in and all out of the frames as their own, bidding
defiance to every expedient I can think of to get rid of them. If you or
any your readers can give me any information respecting these insects, I
shall feel very greatly obliged. As far as I can describe them, they are a
kind of caterpillars, concealed under a fine web, on both the upper and
under sides of the leaves. They are green at first, afterwards changing to
black ; and the cucumber plants attacked by them seem at once to stop in
their growth, producing fruit scarcely fit to be seen. On other plants these
insects appear to act like those caterpillars which eat through rosebuds ;
they have attacked some georgina cuttings in my frames, beginning at the
top of the cutting, and making separate holes, or rather tubes, down to
the root. Though these insects generally conceal themselves under a web,
they are sometimes found on small leaves, the edges of which they have
caused to curl over them. They are very destructive, and scarcely any
thing in my garden has entirely escaped then- ravages. — R. T. May 3.
1832.

We saw nothing in the letter but a few green and yellowish stains, and
conclude that the insects must either liave escaped, or been crushed into
fluid. — Cond.

Mr, Oliver's Cross of the Cucumber with the Maltese Melon (Vol. IV.
p. 314., Vol. VI. p. 302. and 727., and Vol. VII. p. 87. 622. and 718.).— Sir,
I beg to inform your correspondent J. C. K. of Levant Lodge (Vol. VII.
p. 720.), that my cross of the cucumber with the Maltese melon was ob-
tained in the following manner : — I have for many years been in the habit
of making a late melon-bed, on which I put three plants, under a hand-
light, the hand-lights being placed 4 ft. apart. As soon as the hand-lights
are full, I take the cucumlDer-frames which were first put to work in Janu-
ary and February, and place them over the melons ; and, by so doing, seldom
fail of getting a good crop in September and October. In performing this
operation in the year in which I obtained the hybrid, it so happened that I
had not plants enough by one pot to fill up my bed; but had plenty of a
long sort of cucumber that I had previously gi'own, but more to look at
than for use, except for mangoes, &c. &c. Soon after the fruit began to
swell, I observed several of them very unlike the others ; they got verj

R R 2

G 1 2 Queries mid A^isiuers.

large at the end, and by no means long like the other fruit in the same
light. I immediately thought they had been impregnated uith the Maltese
melon growing in the same frame, and marked one of them for seed. I
made choice of one that was largest at the eiul, and iiad most of tiic appear-
ance of the melon: this was, I think, either in 182+ or 18-i,5. As I never
sow new cucumber or melon seed, if I can help it, the seeds of the hybrid
were put by with the other seeds of thecucurbitaceous tribe. In the spring
of 18'^8, the pot containing the seeds of the hybrid came in its turn with
the others that were sown for the hand-light ridge, and two pots were put
out for a two-light frame. Not one of tiie fruits or the leaves partook of the
cucumber in length or in smell (when ripe), but very much so in flavour ;
consequently, no one that tasted them liked them : and as I found them as
much trouble as a frame of melons, and much inclined to sport, I did not
trouble myself to grow any more. I cut up many of the fruits, but not one
seed did I find that was likely to grow ; and this, most likely, was also the
case with those that I sent (three) to the Horticultural ."society of Lon-
don, as Mr. Sabine wrote to me to send him a few seeds. Two of the
fruit I sent to Lady Craven, Hamstead Lodge, near New bury ; and 1 be-
lieve there was no seed in them also. Should, however, J. C. K. like to
try some of the old seed of the first cross, I think I can find a few, to
which he shall be welcome ; but I think it not unlikely that they are too
old to grow. In exchange, I shall be thankful for a seed or two of the
Regent and Wellington melon, if J. C. K. has them to spare.

1 have to inform J, C. K. that mine was not the first cross of the cucum-
ber and melon I had seen ; for, some years back, I think near thirty,
calling on J. Harrison, Esq., at Brompton, while I was with him, a gar-
dener of his acquaintance called on him with a very handsome fruit (a
cross) for his inspection ; and I well remember it was very much like the
one I first saved for seed,

I have my doubts of the hybrid fruit of any sort ever producing seeds
that will grow. The cross with the pink and sweetwilliam will not seed;
but the sweetwilliam will sport with the pink in colours, and bring a single
flower that will seed like itself, but will not sport again, so far as lean find.
In the bird family, I have tried, for three years, to ettect a cross with the
Muscovy drake and the English duck. Their produce was very fine ami good,
but the eggs of the nudes never brought a bird, either under ducks or hens ;
and although one sat well for seven weeks, it was all to no puri)ose. The
mules resulting from crossing the horse and the ass do not breed, I've. &c.
I am. Sir, yours, &c. — J. U/ivcr, CM. U.S. Comhc, Fch. 21. 1832.

In Vol. VII. p. 090., some facts are recorded which tend to establish a
conclusion that hybrid plants are more hardy than the kinds out of which
they originated; and J. C. K., at p. 52. of tlie current volume, assents to
the truth of this opinion in application to hybrid melons ; but imputes it
rather to greater vigour infused into the embryo of the first liyl)rid than a3
a constitutional characteristic, which will become hereditary through the
successive generations of the hybriil, should the hybrid persist through
successive generations (see j). o2. ). — J. J).

liais'nifr Ciiniuihrrs hi/ Steaw. — Whose is the best plan, so as to supply
the table through the winter V And w hat is the cost of the apparatus V —
A. X. Fvh. 9. 1832.

We are not aware w hose plan is the best : but sufficiently good apparatus
have been erected by Neeve, C'ottam, Walker, and others mentioned in
this Magazine, who will tell the cost on application. — Cond.

rortsnionlli liroccol'i. — Is the su|)eriority of this variety attributable to
the soil and situation in the neighi)ourhood of Portsmouth ? It certainly
is not owing to any thing very distinct in the sort ; for I have grown
broccoli several times, both from plants and seeds sent from Portsmouth,

Qii^^ries and Amii^ers. 613

without having ever sueceeded in getting it above the ordinary size and
quality. Perhaps some of your readers in the neighbourhood of Ports-
mouth will fixvour us with some information respecting this kind of
broccoli. — A.N, March 3. 1832.

Prussian Asparagus. — Seeing in this market abundance of Prussian
asparagus, I send you threepence worth, and shall be glad if you will let
me know how you like it. I have had some boiled, and placed upon a
toast with melted butter ; but none of my family admired it, nor do I like
it myself.— J F. W. C. Bath, June 5. 1832.

We hkd long been curious to know what this Prussian asparagus was,
and we now find it to be the flov/er-spikes, when about 9 in. long, of the
Ornithogaluin pyrenaicum L. This plant is found wild in pastures between
Bath and Bradford ; between Bath and Warminster ; three miles from
Bristol, on the way to Bath; near Charleton, in Somersetshire; and half
a mile from Chichester, Southgate, in a meadow. It appears to be gathered
in the fields, and brought to the market at Bath. There were about a
hundred spikes in the bundle sent us by our correspondent : we cannot
Bay that we lilied them, though others of our family did; and, indeed, as
they appear to be perfectly wholesome, the liking or disliking is a matter
of no consequence ; for there can be no doubt that habit would render
tbera as agreeable as the cultivated asparagus. Were this the case, there
would be a great advantage in cultivating the Ornithogalum ; because
depriving it of the part to be eaten would strengthen the plant, instead of
weakening it, as in the case of the common asparagus. As 0. pyrenaicum
is by no means scarce, we hope some of our readers will try what can be
done with it. We have no doubt the whole plant may be increased in
size by proper cultivation. We are equally clear that the flower-stalks
of other species of Ornithogalum, such as O. pyramidale and nutans,
might be eaten ; and the bulbs of umbellatum, it will be recollected,
foi'med the "doves' dung" of scripture, and have been eaten from time im-
memorial by the Persians. Probably many of the hexandrous plants, both
stalks and roots, might form edible vegetables as agreeable as those which
we are now in the practice of cultivating. — Cond.

The Culture of the Sweet Potato. — Sir, 1 beg to second the enquiries of
Signor Manetti regarding the culture of the Convolvulus Batatas in Eng-
land, and to urge on yoiu: correspondents who may be competent thereto,
that they will communicate speedily their knowledge on the subject ;
also that you, on your part, will afford an early insertion to their an-
swers in your Magazine. I have for some time past purposed experiment-
alising on the culture of this plant, but shall be glad to know what has been
already done, and where tubers of desirable varieties may be obtained.

Certain Melons groiun in Italy, — I have, at the same time, a favour to
ask of the Signor Manetti himself; and, should this meet his eye, he will,
perhaps, when he is sending to England, gratify a wish I entertain to pro-
cure seeds of the undermentioned melons, by forwarding for me, to j our
care, a few of each. I trust he will continue his highly interesting com-
munications. The melons I am in want of are: the Malamocesini melon,
stem 2 or 3 in. thick, and very knobby : the Rampaghini, or climbing me-
lon ; and the Bucharian melon. They are all described in p. 448., as grown
at Venice. — I am, Sir, yours, &c. J. C. K. Levant Lodge, Aug. 11. 1832,

Agricidtural Horses fed on Barley. — I have heard, and believe, that there
is a practice in Norfolk of feeding agricultural horses on barley which is
wetted, and allowed to sprout in heaps. I remember that, some time since,
the exchequer attempted to put a stop to this practice, it being deemed
dangerous to the malt duty ; and that the Norfolk people, at the head of
whom was that most venerable agriculturist, Mr. Coke, resisted, and effec-
tually, the exchequer's attempt. Can you give any detailment of this

u R 3

614 Lotidon HortiadUiral Society and Garden.

Itracticc, and of the regulations under which it is now carried on ? A
inowlc'dj^c of it would be very valuable all over the kingdom. If Mr.
C'oke would condescend to write to you, he could tell you all about it,
antl so can luiy of his tenants. — X. Y. Sept. 5. 1831.

Art. V. London Horticultural Society and Garden.

July 17. 1832. — Exhibited. Specimens of corn [common wheat], from
Mr. Lance of Lcwisham, author of The Golden Farmer.

From the Garden of the Soeiett/.' A new species of Gaura, from Cali-
fornia, and a new species of J'ster, also from California, .^pirae'a r/ria-folia,
and various other flowers. Fruits of three sorts of cherry, red masculine
apricot, Elton scarlet strawberry, a collection of gooseberries, and specimens
of three fine varieties of Silesian lettuce.

August 7. — Bead. A paper on the drying of plants for a Hortus Siccus,
by Dr. Knight, of the Marischal College, Aberdeen. A paper on the
advantages of irrigating garden grounds by means of tanks and ponds, by
T. A. Knight, Esq.

Exhibited. Noblesse peaches, from William Lindsay. Cucumber and
cockscomb, from Mr. Elphinstone, gardener to T. Broadwood, Esq.
Garden seat and flower stand, from Mr. Gibson, 2. Little Camera Street,
Camera S(|uare, Chelsea. Twenty-four varieties of carnations antl picotees,
from Mr. T. Hogg, florist, Paddington, of which the following arc the names :
— IJijou de Clermont, Mademoiselle d'Orleans, Marshal Turenne, Koi des
violettes, Princesse Marie, Voltaire, Firth's Virginius, Leighton's Bellero-
nhon, Hodge's Bright Phoebus, Clarke's Magnificent, Hogg's LortI Hill,
Wakefield's Paul Pry, Hogg's William the Fourth, Hogg's Penelope, Prince
George of Cambridge, Annesley's Lord Hill, Paganini, Douglas's Lady
Selkirk, Amour, Prinz von Oranien, Rosalie de Kohan, Louis Philippe,
Prince de Conde, and (iolden eagle. Reil juneating apple, and white juneat-
ing apple, from Mr. Josej)h Kirke. Specimen of a monstrous grape, from
Robert Ferguson, Esq. Striped Hoosainee melons, from T. A. Knight,
Estj. Cuciunber from Mr. P. Allan. Georginas and marigolds, from Mr.
Richard C^handler.

Also, from the Garden of the Society. — Flowers. Lupinus ornatus, Fuchsw
virgata; i'alvia cardinalis, Graham/, and chanuedryciides ; Madia elegans ;
Pcntstemon Richardson/, pubescens, atropurpureus, and cami)anulatus;
Calceolaria bicolor ; rerbeua pulchella, Aubletw, and chanuedrifolia ; Ca-
lampelis scabra, Trachymene civruiea, Tournefortir/ //eliotro|)it)ides ; Ameri-
can runner, frt)ni (i. W. Ward, Esq., \H'M); georginas, hollyhocks. — Fruit.
Apricots: the best blossoms of apricots were starved in the spring ; Large
early, royal, orange; black, a great bearer, singular, (liflcrent from that
introduced by Sir Joseph Banks, this received from M. Audibert, Taras-
con. Plums : Morocco, Wihnot's new early Orleans ; Cherry plum, a
variety obtained through the French, which bears most abundantly. [A
dish of plums, of a kiml named " the cherry plum," very interesting in
appearance, was, about five years ago, sent for ixhii)ition to a show of the
Bury St. Edmunds Horticultural Society. The plums exciteil nnich atten-
tion at the show, were thought very peculiar, anil were brought by a gentle-
man who attended the show, out of iiis own garden, if I rightly remember,

at Diss. /. 1).] Late duke cherry, a few to show its lateness: it would

require another week to ripen it perfectly, and it may be kept for the dessert
till the end of August ; Carnation cherry. (Joosebcrries : I'itmaston green
gage (this sort has the property of hanging long on the bush without turning
sour, as is the case with the generality of gooseberries, it shrivels like a
raisin, and is good for matting up, to keep late in the season) ; Red Cham-

Ij<mdo7i Horticulhiral Society and Garden. 615

pagne. Yellow champagne, Saunders's Cheshire lass, Red Turkey, Rum-
bullion, Cleworth's white lion, Denny's Shakspeare, Eckersley's jolly
printer. Ironmonger, Hebburn yellow Aston, Rival's Emperor Napoleon.

Part iii. vol. i. of the new series of the Transactions was announced to be
ready for delivery to the Fellows of the Society ; and it was announced
from the chair that, in consequence of the Society's meeting room being
about to undergo repair, the meetings will be suspended, by order of the
Council, until the 3d of October.

Conclusion of Mr. Lindley's Lectures on Botany as connected with
Horticulture.

Lecture IV. Leaves, Flowers, and Fruit. — The professor com-
menced by stating, that, as in his previous lectures he had confined himself
to those parts of a plant necessary to its stability, he should now proceed
to the organs which the stem and root were destined to support. These,
though under different modifications, were, in fact, the same, and he
should endeavour to prove that leaves, flowers, and fruit were only
separate developements of the same organ, applied by nature to various
purposes, and under various forms. He would first consider leaves.

He had already explained the manner in which leaves are contained in
buds, and the intervals at which they spring ; also, that every leaf has in
its axil a young bud imperfectly developed. This it was important to
remember, as he should afterwards have occasion to show that the pre-
sence of this axillary bud was one of the distinct characteristics of
leaves. Of the functions of leaves, he had also already spoken ; they are
employed to elaborate the sap forced up into them from the roots, and to
return it in its altered state to the tree. Without leaves, the process of
vegetation could not go on. Their intimate connection with the bark
might be easily discovered by tearing the petiole of a growing leaf from its
point of union with the branch, when it would be found that a portion of
the bark, and even of the alburnum, would usually be stripped off with it.
Leaves are of various kinds, but nearly all are comprised under two great
divisions, the difference between which it is of great importance to be
aware of, as they afford distinct marks of the formation of the trees to
which they belong. A reticulated leaf, like that of the common rhubarb,
always serves to indicate an exogenous plant or tree; and a parallel-ribbed
leaf, like that of the Yucca gloriosa, an endogenous plant or tree. The
professor observed that other differences were indicated by these leaves,
to some of which he should presently have occasion to refer. He now
directed the attention of his auditors to the different construction of these
leaves. The rhubarb leaf has large thick veins, called ribs, spreading out
like a fan, or the foot of a fowl, with smaller veins springing from the larger
ones, and crossing and recrossing each other angularly, in every possible
direction, like network ; while the Yucca has only a number of strong
parallel ribs, with short, slender, transverse lines between them : ami this
difference in the construction is found to exist almost invariably between
the leaves of exogenous and endogenous trees. In some particular
points all leaves agree. They are all formed of cellular substance, inter-
sected with air-passages, and are covered, except at the extreme point, both
above and below, with a cuticle composed entirely of cellular tissue. The
veins are protected by a coating of fibrous tissue, and are filled with spiral
vessels. The arrangement and shape of the cellular tissue and air-passages
which compose the main substance of the leaf vary in different plants ;
but the cuticle and the spiral vessels are present in all. Previously to
their developement, leaves are enfolded in the bud, and their disposition
(while in this state, which is called their prefoliation) difiers in different
plants. All leaves have numerous pores, for the purpose of absorbing

R R 4

616 London Hotiicvltural Society ani Garden.

tliose portions of the atmos[)heric air which are necessary for clahoratiuy
the sap, anil for exlialinj; the pises of which it rc(|uires to be deprivecl.
Parts of a i)lant are often called leaves, which arc, in fact, stems. The
professor exhibited a larjie branch of /discus androirynus (a kind of
butcher's broom), apparently covered with handsome dark green leaves,
on the surface of whicii were numerous flowers. These, the pro-
fessor stateil, were not really leaves, though nothing could, in shape,
texture, and colour, more strongly resemble what we are accustomed
to call by that name; but expanded branches, being all deficient in
that essential characteristic of true leaves, buds in the axils, and being,
of course, incapable of propagation. No portion of the branch of the
i^uscus, which he held in his hand, could, the professor observed,
be made to grow. Whether cut between the nodes, or being a part only
of the internodes, the effect would be exactly the same. The real leaves
of this plant are brown dry-looking scales, similar to those before de-
scribed as enclosing buds, and as being the abortive leaves of the |)reced-
ing year. To demonstrate this more clearly, Mr. Lindley exhibited a
stalk of i^uscus andr6gynus (strongly resembling a large head of asparagus),
the branches of which were not expanded, and on which the brown leaves
were distinctly visible : in the axils of these leaves buds form in the usual
way. Flowers, and real leaves, also form on the surface of the leaf-like
branches.

These are not the only instances in which other parts of a plant may be
mistaken for leaves. Sometimes the petiole or footstalk of the leaf ex-
jiands till it becomes scarcely distinguishable from the leaf itself. This is
the case with the DionaeV/ Muscipula (or fly-trap), the leaves of which,
properly so called, are those parts armed with spines, which collapse, and
enclose flies, or other insects, that may hap[)en to touch them. The
fleshy parts, below these irritable leaves, are, in fact, only enlarged foot-
jstalks. The Sarraccnir/ (or side-saddle flower) is remarkable for the sin-
gular form of its leaf stalks, which are tubular, and hold water; while the
iW-penthes (or pitcher plant) has a very singular dilation of the petiole,
which forms a tendril, occasionally enlarging into the semblance of a leaf,
and ending in a complete pitcher, furnished with a lid, which is the leaf
itself.

7''/o?<'e;-.? are only modifications of leaves; or rather, more correctly speaking,
they are, in fact, metamor|)hoscd branches ; there being no essential differ-
ence, in the eye of a botanist, between flower-buds and leaf-buds, and the
expansion of both being in effect the same. Every flower bud proceeds
from the axil of a leaf, culled a bractea, or floral leaf. On examining a
flower perfect iii all its parts (the professor exhibited a pa?ony), it will be
found that theso bracteaH divide the peduncle or footstalk of the flower,
liom the branch or stem ; and that they nometiuies form a single whorl,
joined together at their margins, and having the appearance c^f an outer
calyx. The flower, with its peduncle s[)ringing from these bracteas, is
exactly analogous to a branch sjjriiiging from the axil of a leaf; the pedun-
cle answering to the branch, and the calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistil
being metamorphosed leaves. The flower buds being thus in effect the
same as leaf buds, are, like them, produced at regular distances, and from
alternate sides of the stem. The transformation of leaves into petals is
clearly shown in the formation of the common tulif). This flower has no
calyx, or, at least, none that can be distinguished froni the corolla. It has
six leaves round its parts of fructification, which may be either called
petals or sepals ; or su|)posed to be three of each, birt there is no clear
mark of distinction, unless that of the three inner growing from a separate
whorl l)e deemeil a sufTuient one. The leaves on the stalk of the tulip,
or bracteas, arc often partially coloured like the corolla, as though they

London HorticuUnral Society and Garden. 617

were incipient petals ; and the professor exhibited a tulip in which this
monstrosity might be distinctly traced. The pistil, stamens, and anthers,
Mr. Lindley said, he had described in a previous lecture, and he should now
only advert to them to prove that they are metamorphosed leaves. Im-
mediately within the petals of single flowers is found a whorl of stamens,
terminating in anthers laden with pollen. These stamens are nothing but
metamorphosed leaves, and in double flowers assume the shape of petals.
The pistil is in the centre of the flower, and consists generally of three
parts ; the style, the stigma, and the seed vessel ; the latter being composed
of one or more modified leaves, which are called carpella. The mid-
ribs of the folded leaves which have become carpella are sometimes
elongated into a style, their apexes forming the stigma. Other flowers,
the tulip for example, are without this member, and the stigma joins the
carpella. In all cases, however, it is the apexes of the leaves which form
the stigma, and this portion of the plant (as before observed) is the only
one uncovered by a membrane.

The pollen consists of granules of cellular tissue, each containing a
mucous substance, composed of a number of molecules or minute bodies
always in motion. These are perceptible bj' means of a powerful micro-
scope, when a granule of pollen has burst, from having been some time
immersed in water. The granules of pollen, when iuWy ripe, fall on the
naked stigma, the moisture of which makes them swell, and burst, emitting
their mucus, which descends to the seeds contained in the carpella.

Fruit is another stage in the modification of leaves. The lobes of an
orange are only carpella, thickened and enlarged, apparently by a pro-
vision of nature, to form a source of nourishment for the young plant
destined to proceed from the seed. This fleshy substance (including its
accompanying parts) is called the pericarpium, or shell of the fruit, which
exists in all plants, though in some it is so dry and thin as to be appa-
rently wanting. The formation of the lobes of an orange from the car-
pella of the pistil, Mr. Lindley illustrated by a preserved specimen of a
species of citron, called vulgarly fingers and thumbs, the points of which
did not adhere at the apex, but curved out like the stigma of some kinds
of plants. He also showed a pine-apple, every flower of which had pro-
duced a little pine, and a branch of larch which had thrown out a small
plant from its cone. As an example of the occasional thickening of other
parts of a flower, besides the carpella, Mr. Lindley showed a curious
specimen of a pear, or rather chain of pears, grown in Scotland, proceed-
ing one out of the other.

Seed is always found in perfectly matured fruit, though its position is
various. It contains the embryo of the young plant, and is, in point of
fact, a detached bud. As soon as germination begins to take place, the
integument which envelopes the seed bursts, and the plumula (or stem)
and the radicle (or root) protrude themselves in opposite directions. The
solid part of the seed which is formed of one or more cotyledons, or thick
fleshy leaves, sometimes pushes through the ground (as in the case of the
annual lupine, &c.), and forms the base of the stem. In this case, an
elongation of the collet or neck, which separates the cotyledons from the
radicle, takes place. In other cases, the cotyledons remain under ground,
and form a reservoir of nourishment for the young plant till the radicles
have acquired sufficient strength to absorb moisture for its support. The
cotyledons form another mark of distinction between the two great classes
into which nearly all plants are divided. Those with reticulated leaves,
and exogenous stems, having two cotyledons, and being called dicotyle-
dons ; while those with parallel-ribbed leaves and endogenous stems have
only one cotyledon, and arc called monocotyledons.

Legtl're V. Cause of the Circulation of the Saj} ; Analogy between

6 1 8 Ijondon Hoiti cultural Society and Garden.

Vegetables and Animals ; IMerioration of Soil in u'liich Plants of the same
Kind have ^rown for a lonsi Period ; Poisons ; Excretions ; Nature of
the Sap ; (>r^ans of Respiration ; Cause of Circulation ; Antediluvian
Plants. — Tlic i)rofc'.ssor first observed tliat every one who had at all lon-
siilered the subject must be struck with the remarkable analogy which
exists between the blood of animals and the sap of plants. Both supply
nourishment, and are indeed essentially necessary to the developcment
and support of the vital principle; but both require to be elaborated by
circulation before they become fully imbued with their nutritious (jualities.
Sap, when first absorbed by the roots, is simply water, impregnated with
various extraneous substances, derived either from the soil or froin acci-
dental circumstances. These substances, some of which are useful and
some injurious to vegetation, are absorbed by the plant indiscriminately;
the spongioles having no power of selection, but being naturally inclined
to take up wiiatever moisture they can find. The vulgar notion that plants
deteriorate if grown too long on the same soil, because they have exhausted
all the juices wholesome for them which it contains, is, therefore, mani-
festly erroneous. That tiiey do deteriorate is true, but the cause is different.
The fact that plants will absorb any moisture presented to them has been
proved by various experiments ; in the course of which they have been
forced to take up coloured fluids, and even poisons, which have produced
derangement of the ordinary functions, and freijucntly death. The cir-
cumstance that the same poisons act nearl\ in the same manner on vege-
tables and animals is another curious proof of analogy between them. All
poisons are either corrosive or narcotic ; or, in other words, act either by
ovcr-stinuilating or by relaxing the system ; ami these different effects
have been shown clearly, by various experiments, to be producible on
plants. One branch of the common berl)erry was steeped in a solution
of corrosive sublimate, and another in a decoction of opium ; when, in
a short time, the vessels of the one were founil to have become turgid,
and of the other relaxed, the natural irritability of the plant being, in both
cases, destro3ed. The fact that plants absorb acjueous jiarticles imliscri-
minately, being thus [)roved, it is clear that they cannot exhaust any soil
by abstracting its nutritious (|ualities, and that the deterioration which
takes place in the soil, where the same kind of plant has been grown for
any length of time, nnist arise from some other cause. This cause is the
excretions thrown ofi" by tlic plant, which, in progress of time, literally
poison the soil.

The moisture absorbed by the spongioles having ascended to the leaves,
and been elaborated there into sap, returns, depositing, by the way, all the
nutritious particles it has acquired ; and at last throws off the residuum,
in the shape of a s[K)ngy excrescence, at tiie root. These excretions, con-
sisting only of what the plant has rejected, are of course unfit for the
support of other plants of a similar nature, and may be said to poison
the soil. The extraordinary ])ower possessed by plants, of getting rid of
injurious substances, has i)een shown by placing one half of the roots of
a plant in a vessel containing jjure water, ami the other half in a solution
of acetate of leail ; when, in a few days, the water was fouml strongly impreg-
nated with the poison. Many other experiments have been trieil, but they
have always been attended with a similar result. Botanists, observing these
facts, have sometimes applied them practically; and, instead of transplant-
ing trees with a ball of earth adhering to their roots, or repotting plants
by merely putting fresh earth round the mass of fibrils formed in the
former pot, have carefiilly washed the roots from every particle of their
former soil, before placing them in their new situations. Among the re-
markable circumstances attending the effects of [loisons on plants, it may
l)c observed that a decoction of a poisonous plant will kill a plant of a

London Horticultural Society and Garden. 6 1 9

similar nature. Thus, a decoction of A'tropa Belladonna L. was found to
kill a plant of Belladonna, &c. The substances thrown off by the root are
not the only secretions trees have the power of making. Some trees
secrete gum, &c., from the sap in its progress downwards, which they dis-
charge from the bark. Mineral poisons do not operate upon plants, any
more than upon animals, in a crude state. Mercury requires to be oxi-
dised. Sec.

Notwithstanding the bad effects produced upon plants by injurious
substances being mingled with the aqueous particles they imbibe, they will
not thrive well in pure water ; and the experiments which have appeared
to prove that they can exist on water alone have always, on examination,
been found to be fallacious. Sap is composed chiefly of water, mucilage,
and sugar ; but it does not attain its proper qualities till it has been ex-
posed to the action of the atmospheric air in the leaves : it rises through
the alburnum, in that part nearest the extremity of the medullary rays ;
but it is never seen in the heart wood, the vessels once destined for its
transmission being found choked up in the centre of the tree when it has
attained that state. The sap, having reached the leaves, is there exposed
to the action of the atmospheric air, much in the same way as the blood is in
the lungs, with, however, this important difference, that, while animal blood
principally absorbs oxygen and gives out carbonic acid gas, &c., sap appears
to have the greatest affinityfor carbonic acid, and to be compelled to give out
a portion of its oxygen before it is fit to afford proper nourishment to the
plant. The sap first spreads itself along the upper surface of the leaves,
immediately under the membrane of the cuticle, and flows back along
the lower stratum of veins, in the under side of the leaves. As soon as
its elaboration is complete, it descends by the bark, radiating, in its pro-
gress, towards the centre of the tree, by means of the silver grain or me-
dullary rays, which consist of masses of cellular tissue, exquisitely though
invisibly permeable to fluids. As the sap, during the process of its ela-
boration in the leaves, has not only to imbibe certain qualities, but to
throw off others, plants, like animals, are provided with the necessary
organs for a double kind of respiration : these functions, however, are
never perfectly performed without the assistance of light. When a plant
is exposed to the full action of the sun's rays, it gives out pure oxj'gen,
and absorbs carbonic acid, which is afterwards decomposed in the plant,
the carbon only being retained. This operation cannot go on in constant
darkness, the plant then only giving out carbonic acid and nitrogen
gases, without oxygen, and becoming sickly and languishing. Hence
arise the efforts which plants placed in obscure situations are con-
tinually making to reach the light. The evaporation of plants is seventeen
times greater than that of animals; they consequently require a con-
stant supply of aqueous particles at their roots, to support this copious
evaporation, and when deprived of this they perish. In warm diy wea-
ther the evaporation is of course greater than in cold and moist weather ;
and it is always greatest when the leaves are expanded. In winter the
evaporation is very trifling ; and the reason that transplanting is less in-
jurious in that season than in summer is, that the spongioles, being injured
by transplanting, are, in hot dry weather, unable to imbibe sufficient mois-
ture to support the excessive evaporation which takes place through the
leaves. As an illustration of this remark, it may be observed that plants
in pots, not being liable to have their spongioles injured, will bear removal
at any season with perfect ease.

Many hypotheses have been started with regard to the cause of the cir-
culation of the sap. Some have supposed the sap to rise, from its alter-
nate rarefaction and condensation by the changes of temperature ; others
that the sap-vessels are lurnished with valves ; others attribute it to

620 London Hurticultural Society/ and Garden.

capillary attraction ; others to the alternate expansion and contrac-
tion of the medullary rays, from hyf^rometrical changes; others to fer-
mentation ; and otliers to the action of the leaf l)uds. This last appears
the most prohahle ; the ex[)anding leaves, by constantly consuming the
sap nearest to them, create a vacuum, which is as constantly supi)lied by
the fresh sap ascending from below ; and this theory accounts for the
motion of the sap being always most apparent at the extremity of the
branches, when they first begin to expand themselves into leaves. The
only difficulty is, to know how this action is primarily produced. It has
l)een observed that the fluid contained in the leaf buds is nnich denser
than that in the body of the tree ; and Dutrochet, a French physiologist,
having discovered, by a scries of experiments (Vol. III. p. 78.), that dense
fluids possess an attraction for lighter ones, supposed that in this manner
he could account for the circulation of the sap. This jjiinciple he called
the endosmose, or inward impulse; its application, however, to the circu-
lation of the sap, has, it appears, been since abandoned by himself as un-
tenable (Vol. VII. p. 59.); and we are driven back to the supposition
that it depends upon vital irritability, and is independent of mechanical
causes.

Carbon has been proved to be essential to the existence of plants ; and
it appears probable that their vigour depends upon the quantity of carbonic
acid which they are enabled to absorb. In the earlier ages of the world, car-
bonic acid is supposed to have existed to such an extent in the atmosphere,
as to render it unfit for the respiration of animals. At this jjeriod, as we may
judge from fossil organic remains, plants acijuired extriiordinary size luid
strength ; but, from the extreme rarity of floral specimens in the remains
alluded to, they do not seem to have produced either flowers or fruits,
except in some few instances. It has been already shown that flowers
and fruit are only stunted branches, produced by accumulations of sap, or,
in fact, by partial disease, or imperfection in the circulation ; the abun-
dant siipply of carbonic acid, which occasioned the sap to flow freely and
copiously, was therefore inimical to their formation. The carbonic acid
absorbeci by plants during this early period being decomposed, and the
ox\gen which it contained being again given out into the atmosphere, the
portion of oxygen in the air became greater, and the plants being deprived
of their too luxuriant food began to produce flowers and fruit ; and
then appeared cold-blooded animals, which are able to breathe air nuich
more impure than warm-blooded ones. A further purification of the
uir took i)lace, and finally it was rendered fit for the respiration of man
iuid other warm-bloodcil animals possessing hearts : plants thus, by the
bountiful provision of nature, makiug the air more fit for man. The fact
tiiat preternatural accumulations of sap dispose plants to bear flowers and
fruit, is proved by the well-known practice of rniging a sterile tree : this
produces an accumulation of sap above the wound ; and the free
circulation of the sap being thus im|)eded, it is forced to expand itself
in fruit. The extreme heat of last sinnmer caused extraordinary
evaporation, and the density of the sap being thus increased, it has
flowed this sjjring with less freedom than usual, and a greater abun-
dance of flowers has been the result. An expedient used to make the
jujube tree (Zizyphus Jujitha Lamarck) at Malta produce more abundantly,
may be accounted for on the same princi()le. A large piece of limestone
iii |)ut between the forketl branches of the tree, which by its weight bends
and contracts the sap-vessels, and prevents the free circulation of the sap.
When speaking of the descending saj). Professor Lindley alluded to some
e\|)eriments tried by Mr. Jose|)li Thom|)son of Welbeck (detailed Vol. V.
|). -ili'-i. 2.')7.). lie observed, also, that plants iuibii)ed oxygen during the
night, and gave it out again during the day; and he showed a diagram,

London Horticultural Societi/ ayid Garden. 621

illustrating an experiment to prove the different proportions of oxygen
given out by plants under different circumstances. When the roots of a
plant were immersed in water strongly impregnated with carbonic acid gas,
pure oxygen was given out by the leaves; but when the roots were in
distilled water, and the leaves were surrounded by oxygen, no oxyen
was given out.

The extreme importance of air to leaves having been proved, it is neces-
sary to say a few words on its usefulness to roots ; and this is proved by
trees always flourishing most when some portion of their roots is near the
surface. Even those plants which send down a tap root have always
some fibrils to spread out near the surface, so as to enjoy the influence of
the air. In pots, plants show the same propensity, the fibrils always
extending themselves as closely as possible to the porous sides of the pot.

Lecture VI, Functions of the Leaves; Importance of Light and Air
to Plants ; Colour; Succulent Plants ; Wood and Iron Hot-houses ; Cuttings ;
Layers; Grafting; Inarching; Pruiiing ; Bulbous Plants ; Management of
Plants in Rooms, in Green-houses and Hot-houses, in Pits; Latitude not
always a Criterion for Climate; Bottom Heat; Conclusion. — The professor
began by stating that he had, in a former lecture, left unfinished one of the
most interesting and most important subjects in the whole range of vege-
table physiology : he alluded to the functions of the leaves. He had
before stated that leaves absorb carbonic acid during the day, and oxyen
during the night, forming carbonic acid in proportion to the oxv^en
they have absorbed; that they decompose their carbonic acid durint^
the day, setting free the greater part of the oxygen it contains, and
retaining the carbon, which appears to afford them food ; and that this
process is necessary to their vegetation, though the exact manner in which
it acts is at present unknown to botanists. The importance of light and
air to plants is well known. When unassisted by these agents, plants lose
their colour, and are deprived of many of their properties. Colour is thus
evidently produced by the absorption of carbonic acid gas; and the colour-
ing matter may be detected by a powerful microscope, lodged in the cellular
substance of the leaf. How this colour is formed, and why it assumes
different tints in different plants, are, however, questions which it is at
present impossible to decide. The secretions of plants depend upon lio-ht,
and their flavour and nutritious qualities are materially altered by their
exclusion from it. The importance of this knowledge to a practical horti-
culturist is proved by the fact, that sea-kale, so well known as a wholesome
and palatable vegetable, is not eatable in its original state ; and that any
part of the cultivated plant, if accidentally left exposed to the action of the
air and light, becomes tough, and so strong in flavour as to be extremely
unpleasant to the taste. Celery, also, in its native state, is poisonous ;
and it is only the parts that are blanched that are perfectl}' fitted for the
table. Though colour is generally supposed to depend principally on the
plant's being exposed to the light, some portion of colouring matter
appears to be occasionally absorbed h^ the root. This colouring substance
is, however, never a deep green. Red and yellow, as may be seen in
forced rhubarb, &c., are the most common hues. Succulent plants are less
susceptible of the influence of light than any others. As they are always
natives of hot countries, nature, to prevent the danger they would be
exposed to from excessive evaporation, has provided them with leaves
almost destitute of pores ; and the moisture they absorb by their roots
thus remains for the nourishment of the plant. [See p. 234.] It is for this
reason that cactuses, mesembryanthemums, and other plants of a similar
description, require very little water when kept in pots. Scarcely any
carbon is found in plants grown in the dark. Many experiments have been
tried to show the stimulus afforded to vegetation by light ; trees of the

622 Tjondon Hortimltnral Society and Garden.

same species and variety have been planted in the same garden and the
same soil, but against walls with different aspects, anil differently situated
with rcaril to shade. The effect has been, not only a difference in the
growth and appearance of the tree, but also in the size, colour, and flavour
of the fruit which it producetl. The contrast between plants grown in
hot-houses with wooden sash frames, and tiiose grown in hot-houses
with iron sash frames, has been found equally striking ; the difference of
light between the two kinds of houses being as seven to twenty-seven, or,
sometimes, as three to twenty-three. Light is required at an early period
of vegetJition ; but, as its properties are to give strength ami flavour, it must
be admitted with caution, as it is sometimes injurious. Too much light
renilers the skin of fruits tough, and will make cucumbers bitter. Berard
of Montpelier found that the ripening of fruits is merely the turning the acid
which they contain into sugar, by exposure to the light ; and that too much
light and heat, before they have attained their proper size, w ill bring on pre-
mature ripening, and make them insipiil.

The next subject upon which the professor proposed to treat, was the
multiplying of plants by cuttings. He had already, he observed, explained
the nature of a cutting. It is, in fact, a bud, containing within itself a
vital principle capable of developing in opposite directions, from a common
point, two cones, viz. the stem and the root. In making cuttings, ganleners
take care that each shall contain two or more nodes, or incipient leaf-buds;
but they generally take oft" any expanded leaves that may be on the stem,
lest the evaporation from their surface should be too great for the plant to
sustain, before fibrils to absorb moisture are formed from its roots ; for
this reason, also, it is usual to cover cuttings with a glass, and to set them in
the shade. Layers are portions of a plant induced to throw out roots
without being separated from the parent stem, by burying a leaf-bud in the
ground, and affording it an ample supply of warmth and moisture. The
branch thus treated is generally split, so as to prevent the return of the
.sap, and thus to force tlie bud to throw out radicles, (irafting may be
called planting a bud in a tree, instead of in the ground ; and inarching
bears the same resemblance to grafting, as layers do to cuttings. Neither
grafting nor inarching can be jjerforraed with any prospect of success,
luiless the trees to be united have an affinity to each other ; and, even
when they have, some plants unite more readily than others. It is very
difficult to make a pear grow on an apple, but it will graft freely on a iiaw-
thorn or a (juincc. Care must be taken, however, in all cases, that the
parts are ])roperIy joined, so that the edges of the corresponding tissue may
come in contact, or no union will take place.

Pruning is a branch of horticulture that requires great skill. Different
parts of a tree produce fruit; and it is necessary to know these, to be able
to prime with advantage, as an ignorant i)runer might make the most
fertile trees sterile, by cutting off' the only parts likely to produce fruit.
In some trees, fruit grows only on the extremity of the branches, ami on
others on the spurs. The use of |)runing fruit trees is to i)revent their
riuining too much to wood. Fruit and forest trees, of course, require (juite
different management in this respect; as the object, in one case, is to make
wood, and, in the other, to check it. Too nnich pruning is, however, bad
for both. The professor here observed that he had intended to give some
directions resjjecting the best methods of saving seed, but he found that
time would not permit.

The scales of bulbous plants contain not only undeveloped leaves, but
nourishment for the stem. It is extremely difficult to propagate bulbs in
this country ; and hyacinths, &c., imjjorted, rarely retain their beauty after
the first season. This the professor attributed to the injury sustained by
their leaves, either from frosts or want of care. In Holland, the leaves

London Horticultural Society and Garden. 623

are carefully guarded from any kind of injury. Mr. Lindley urged growers
of bulbs to try to multiply them in England ; and, to encourage them, men-
tioned the fact, that Mr. Knight had contrived to make the Guernsey
lily flower luxuriantly with him for several successive years, though
that plant generally deteriorated in this country as much as the hyacinth.
Cape bulbs are particularly difficult to manage in this country, from the
difficulty of keeping their leaves in health. Succulent plants will not bear
moisture, from their want of evaporating pores.

It is very difficult to make plants grow in rooms. They must necessarily
be deficient in the three important auxiliaries to vegetable life, light, air,
and moisture ; the latter of which cannot be maintained in apartments
that are daily occupied. In large towns, plants cannot thrive even
in the open air, as the minute particles of soot, which are constantly float-
ing about, settle upon their leaves, and choke up their pores. The gases
produced by the combustion of coal, &c., are also injurious to plants.
Sulphurous acid, which abounds in the atmosphere of London, turns
the leaves yellow; and the want of evaporation and absorption by the
leaves prevents the proper elaboration of the sap, and makes the trees
stunted and unproductive.

Green-houses and hot-houses require great care in their management j
but it is not easy to lay down rules for that purpose. The principal
object is, of course, to imitate the native climates of the plants kept in
them ; and to do this effectually, by artificial means, requires not only
science, but practice. The first point to be ascertained is, the kind of
climate natural to the plant j and, to do this, it is not merely necessary to
know the longitude and latitude of the place where it grew. Many cir-
cumstances combine to produce a variation in climate. Islands are gene-
rally warmer than continents ; and the vicinity of mountains, or rivers,
or being in an exposed or sheltered situation, will often occasion most
remarkable differences. Climate always varies according to the elevation
of any given spot above the level of the sea; 200 yards of vertical
elevation being considered equivalent to a degree of latitude. Isothermal
lines drawn across one of Mercator's charts, according to the degrees of
latitude, and marked with the plants flourishing in different countries,
would show strongly this fact. Whatever warmth may be given, or care
bestowed, no plants will grow well without change of air and abundance
of light. For this reason, peaches seldom, if ever, thrive below vines ; as,
even if they are so contrived as to be placed at the back of the house,
while the grapes hang in front, the stone pavement of the path prevents
the air from getting to their roots.

Pits are small hot-houses ; and there appears no sufficient reason why
they should not be managed exactly in the same manner. The professor
observed, however, that gardeners generally appear to think otherwise ; as
they are in the habit of giving their pits a lining of dung, &c., to produce
what they call bottom heat, which they never think of applying to hot-
houses. This practice the professor strongly reprobated. He maintained
that there is no such thing as bottom heat in nature; and that it is con-
trary to all established theories, to produce excessive heat and ferment-
ation I'oundthe roots of cucumbers, and such plants as are generally grown
in hot-beds. As a proof that this practice is not a good imitation of nature,
he mentioned that the best melons in Persia are grown on ridges of earth
having water in the channels between them.

In conclusion, the professor apologised for having only imperfectly
developed his subject. He had found it impossible, he said, to compress
into six lectures what might have afforded ample material for fifty ; and
he threw himself upon the consideration of his auditors, to excuse any
omissions or errors which he might have made.

G2+

Cmenl Ciarden Market.

AuT. VI. Covent Garden Market.

Thf CabhaRf Tribe.
Cabb.iKCs, |)cr dozen :

White

Red

I'Unts, or ColeworU -
Cauliflowers, per dozen -
Broccoli, Cai)e, per bunch

Trora I To
£ s. d.\ £ s. d.

0 0

0 1

0 2

0 3

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 1

0 0 9
0 0 1

1 f)

1 0

2 0
1 0

J.rpumcs.

Peas, per sieve - - , 0 3 -^
Wimisor Bc;ins, per i sieve | 0 1 0
Kidneybeans, per I sieve 0 10

Tubers and Roots.

c per ton
PoUtoes - < per cwt.

(.per bush.
Jerusalem Artichokes, per

h;df sieve
Turnips, White, per bunch
Carrots, per bunch -

Horn, per bunch
Red Beet, per dozen
Horseradish, per bundle -
Itadishes :

„ , C per dozen hands (24

^^\ to .-30 each) -

White Turnij), per bunch

The Spinach Tribe.

<j • u Vper sieve
Spinach J j,cr half sieve -

Ne.v Zealand, per J sieve
Sorrel, per half sieve

The Onion Tribe.

Onions, per bushel -

For pickling, per J sieve

Leeks, per dozen bunches

Garlic, per pound - -

Asparaginous Plants,
Salads, HfC.
Artichokes, \>ci dozen
Lettuce, per score :
Cos ...
Cabbage
Celery, per bundle (12 to 15)
Small S;dads, per punnet -
Burnet, per bunch

Pol and Sweet Herbs.
Parsley, per half sieve
TarraKon,pcr dozen bunches
Tcnnel, per dozen bunches
Thyme, per dozen bunches
Sige, per dozen bunches -
Mint, per dozen bunches -
Peppermint, per doz. bun.
Marjoram, per dozen bunch
Savory, per dozen bunches
Basil, per dozen bunches
llosemary, per doz. bunches
l,avcnder, per dozen bunch.
Tansy, per dozen bunches

0 2 G

0 1 a

0 0 0

0 0 6

0 2 0

0 0 9

0 0 fi

0 1 6

0 0 2

0 0 1

0

1

0

0

2

6

0

3

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6

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0

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9

0

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0

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5

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6

0

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6

0

4

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0

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0

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0

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3

0

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0 0 8

0 4 0

0 2 0
0 0 3
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0 I G

0 0 0

0 0 0

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0 2 0

0 2

0 0

0
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0 0 0
0 4 0
0 0 0

Stalks and Fruits for Tarts,

Piekling, SjC.
Angelica Stalks, per pound
Sea Samphire, per punnet
Vegetable Marrow, per doz.
Gourds, per dozen -
Tomatoes, per half sieve -
Ca|)siciims, per hundred :

Green

Ripe

Edible Fungi and Fiici.
Mushrooms, per pottle -
Morels, per pound -
Truffles, per pound :

English, fresh

Foreign, dried

Fruits.
Apples, Dessert, per J sieve:

Kerry Pippin

Downton

Hawthornden -

Nonsuch ...

Baking, per bushel
Pears, Dessert, per J sieve :

Jargonelle

Summer Bon Chr(Jtien .

Lammas

Bergamot
Peaches, per dozen ■ -
Nectarines, per dozen
Apricots, per dozen

Plums, Dessert{>-i,^'-t

Green Gages

Baking, per half sieve -
Cherries, per |M)und
Mulberries, per gal. (Spots.)
Berberries, per half sieve
Elderberries, picked, per

bushel
Currants, Red, for tarts, per

half sieve
Raspberries, Red, per gallon

('2 pottles) ...
Walnuts, per bushel
Filberts, English, per 100 lbs.
Hazel Nuts, per peck
Pineapples, per pound -
Grapes, per pound:

Hot- house

From the open wall
Figs, per dozen
Melons, each ...
Cucumbers :

Frame, per brace -

i>:»i-n..» f per hundred

I'cKhng, J ;,er thousand

Large, per dozen
f „ . f per dozen
Lemons J [,^,^ |,„n.lred
Sweet Almonds, i>er pound
Nuts, i>er peck :

Spanish ...

Barcelona

£ s. d.

0 0 5

0 0 0

0 0 9

0 1 0

0 0 0

0 1 0
0 12 0

0 3 0
0 U 0

0 2 0

0 3 0

0 1 0

0 1 G

0 2 0

0
0

0 5

0 2

0 0

0 0

0 2

0 3 0
0 2 0
0 1 0
0 2 0
0 0 G
0 0
0 1

3

I

0 7 0
0 3 6

0 0
0 7

0 1 0

0 0 G

0 0 9

0 0 6

0 0 6

0 0 9

0 7 0

0 0 2

0 1

0 6 0
0 2 6

3 0
6 0

To

X

.. rf

0

0 0

0

0 6

0

1 6

0

1 «

0

2 6

0

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6

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

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0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

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0

2

0

0

4

0

0

4

/>

0

3

0

0

1

G

0

3

0

0

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0

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0

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0

0

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7

0

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8

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0 0 0

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10

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0

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4

0

0

0

0

Observations. — Our market has been, with few exceptions, abundantly
and regularly supplied witii every description of produce usual at tiiis
season. Tlie prices of many of them, hitherto considered Icadinj; articles
at this period, have been ruinously low, to the j^reat injury of the horti-
cultural interest, and all otiiers iimueiliately connected with it, which will,
conjoined with tlie general state of depression existing iii the trade, and
arising from various causes, be productive of serious conse<|ucnce.s, if not
immediately relieved i)y a favourable diange in tiie demand for vegetable
productions. During tlie last few years, these have not been disposed of at
a labour price; consequently the growers have now come pretty generally

Covent Garden Market. 625

to a determination not to attempt that high, but necessarily expensive, state
of culture hitherto pursued by them. The discharge of half their usual
labourers will probably be the first step, as being one of immediate effect;
throwing up a portion of their land will be the next; and turning a portion
of their uncovered land to agricultural purposes, for their own immediate
consumption will be the next. The consequences of such proceedings
may be readily anticipated by any one conversant with the many very
important interests that will be sensibly affected. I do not hesitate to
offer it as matter of opinion, that this state of things has been much
encouraged by the false stimulus of extensive capital and enterprise, which
has been for the last twenty or thirty years applied to horticulture as well
as agriculture, the reaction on which has only anticipated a few years. I
am well aware that to establish such opinion would require an extended
inquiry into many of the causes, which my limits in this article will not
allow.

The drought of July and part of August has created a deficiency in
the usual crops of turnips, coleworts, &c. ; but the late refreshing rains,
and the present fine warm weather, will soon furnish us with a full supply
of them. Peas, beans, and French beans have been in great abundance
and of excellent quality. The prices, as may be observed on the list,
Tioderate, and, in many instances, very low. Carrots are becoming
plentiful, and of better quality than was at first expected. Onions for
pickling have been most abundant, at about one third of last year's prices,
which induced many persons in Bedfordshire to cultivate them, who had
not before attempted it. We have had frequently eight or ten cart loads on
a market day, brought from Biggleswade, Sandy, and Girtford, a distance
of forty or fifty miles. I am informed that great quantities have been sent
from Bedfordshire to Birmingham, Coventry, and even to Leeds, a distance
of 70, 100, or 150 miles. Cucumbers are also extensively cultivated at
that distance ; but, in consequence of the prevailing alarm, the prices have
been so low that they would not realise the expense of carriage. The
same observation will apply to those grown in the immediate neighbour-
hood of London, where a large capital is employed in their culture, being
very generally grown under hand-glasses, and at considerable expense ; but
acres have been destroyed, and the remainder sold for little more than the
cost of labour in gathering and bringing them to market.

The prospect of a good fruit season, in the early part of the summer,
gave promise of a good autumn ; but the alarm has also extended to this,
and produced a most direful change for the growers The crop is certainly
good, especially of pears and apples; but plums and damsons are not so
plentiful. Filberts and walnuts are in excellent supply. Wall fruit gene-
rally has been supplied in profusion, and perhaps never at so low a price ;
but nevertheless it cannot be disposed of. Grapes, which are at all times
considered wholesome, have this year suffered under the prevailing interdict,
and, although of excellent quality, are offered at prices which in ordinary
seasons would be obtained for those of a very indifferent kind, but cannot
be disposed of. Pine-apples of good size and condition have been sold at
2s. 6d. per lb,, a price never before heard of, except for those of indifferent
quality and small size. The supply has certainly been large, ov.'ing to the
increased culture of them, and the comparative facility with which they
are now produced ; but the returns to the growers will necessarily oblige
them to abandon the pursuit, as they cannot in this country possibly grow
them at any rate under 5s, per lb , and of course occasionally at four times
that price. The supply of Dutch melons has been less than usual, in conse-
quence of there being no sale for them here: our own produce has been
plentiful, but unsaleable at any price Altogether this may be considered

Vol. Vin. — No. 40. ss

6'26 Proxiiuial Horliailtural Societies : —

a more distressing season for the growers, than any they have felt among
the several preceding, and these have been far from favourable. — G. C.
Covctit Garden, Sfj)lc?nber 17. 1832.

Art. VII. Provincial Horticultural Societies.

Press of matter has obliged us to abridge the accounts sent us to an
extreme degree, and to omit nearly all the names of the competitors at
the different shows, and of the florists' flowers. With regard to the latter,
however, we may just observe, that, of the auriculas, (irimes's Privateer
seems to have made the most successful cruise, and to have taken most
prizes. Cottagers' prizes have been given every where, and we may men-
tion the practice lately ado|)ted in Norfolk, of giving silver spoons, &c.,
instead of medals, as one which appears to us wortliv of imitation. —
J. W. L.for Cond.

ENGLAND.

Cambridgeshire.

Tlie Cambridgeshire IFortictiUitral Society, — ^Ini/ 16. A number of
prizes were distributed ; but the onl}' exotic plant exhibited, the name of
which is mentioned, was Z^odecatheon Mead/« var. gigantea. Cottagers'
prizes were given for heartsease, stocks, and lettuces. {Cambridge C/iron.,
May 18.)

Cumberland.

Carti-ste Floral ami Ilorlicultural Societi/. — Mai/ 31. Mr. Rothwcll of
Mains exiiibited a very fine collection of plants, 6cc. ; amongst wiiich were
tiie Agapanthus umbellatus in full flower, the Ccreus y^hyllanthoides, the
Maurandyrt semperflorens, and the Maurandyrt Barclay«7/r/ ; several s|)eci-
mens of native water plants, two of which were nuuh admired, the
JS'ympha;^! dlba and the i\7i|)har lutea ; he had also a small orange tree
bearing fruit. Mr. Rothwell had two heads of Danish broccoli, of great
size; one of them weighing 12| lb., and the other 8,V lb. The richest col-
lection was [)robably from Crofton Hall; but as the gardener, Mr. Pape,
was a|)pointed one of the judges, he did not contend for any of the prizes.
In this collection we observed a most beautiful specimen of the Passiflora
alata, an Azalea indica alba, a very fine capsicuu), a /'Inca rosea, a Spigclirt
marilandica, &c. ; besides a very fine pine-apple (the only one shown), for
which the conunittee awarded a prize of 1/.; and some of the largest rhu-
barb we ever saw. Mr. Slater of tliis city had .some beautiful specimens
of plants, &c., wliicli were nnich admired ; amongst these were the Circus
specios'ssinia, the 7'.'rica ventricosa sujierba, besides a great variety of gera-
niums. Mr. ]{. Ferguson of Harker Lodge had a fine specimen of the
Musrt coccinea, the (iloxhiw caulcscens, anil also produced the best grapes.
There was a large collection of tulips ; the best from Mr. Hodgson of
llouirhton House, wiio had also the best bou(|uct of flowers. Mr. R.
Monnsey had a very beautiful /'olygala o|)p()sitil"olia ; and al.so obtained
prizes for the best dish of ap|)les, the best rhubarb, the best asparagus, and
the best .salad. Mr. W. (iraham of this city had a good show of plants,
amongst which were the l-l'pacris grandiflora, a species of Aphelexis,
and tlie Calceolaria riigosa ; besides several beautifid geraniums. Messrs.
Hutton of this city had some fine .'specimens of the /I'hodoilendron |)6n-
ticum in flower, the i'olygala op|)ositifolia, and the A'juga alpina (a rare
native plant) ; besides several others of nuich beauty. It is im|)ossiblc to
enumerate all that were deserving of notice. Besitles what we have
named, tluTe were numerous elegant l)ou(|ucts of flowers, and various
plants, from the gardens of the Misses Losh of Woodside, Mr. P. Dixon
of Warwick, Mr. J. Dixon of Knells, Ca;)tain Halton, Mr. .Slater, &c. &c.

Cambridgeshire^ Cumberland, Devonshire. 627

Among the plants for which prizes were awarded, we have only room to
notice Cereus speciosissimiis, Polygala oppositifolia, Musrt coccinea,
Gloxin;« caulescens, and A'jiiga alpina. Mr. James of Barrock Lodge
received a prize for the best peas grown in open ground ; ganlener, John
Lancaster. These were the only peas shown : they were of fine quality
and good size; and, we understand, this is the first instance, in Cumber-
land, of peas grown in open ground being ready for the table in May.
(^Carlisle Journal^ June 2.)

Whileliaven Horticultural Society. — May 1. The show was most splen-
did, and the description of it occupies two columns in the Whitehaven
Herald. Epiphjllum speciosum and yicacia armata were the most con-
spicuous objects; and one bouquet contained Amaryllis formosissima,
Fuchsw coccinea, Fuchs/« gracilis, Cereus speciosissimus. Calceolaria in-
tegrifolia, and an infinite variety of other choice flowers. The auriculas
and polyanthuses were very good. Among the former we noticed splendid
specimens of Booth's Freedom, Kenyon's Ringleader, and Redman's Me-
tropolitan ; and we feel hopeful that in a short time our auricula shows
will be worthy of countenance from the great Lancashire growers. Mr.
Gaitskell deserves praise for a specimen of that scarce native, the Gex\t\dna
verna. Prizes were given for hardy plants, including Uvularia perfoliata ;
for rare native plants, cucumbers, asparagus, i-hubarb, apples, pears, early
spawned potatoes, and true or grown early potatoes. By sjMiuned potatoes
is to be understood young tubers produced in the dark from old ones,
without tiie aid of leaves; and which are, of course, nothing more than a
part of the matter of the old potato in a new form. This practice is com-
plete vegetable profligacy, and, therefore, ought not to be encouraged ;
though gardeners are sometimes obliged to resort to it, to gratify the sickly
appetites of their employers. (^Whitehaven and Cumberland Herald, May 8.)

May 26. Another splendid show, abounding in bouquets/ chiefly sent
by ladies, who, as our Cumberland reporter observes, understand this
department better than gardeners. A head of sulphur broccoli is stated to
have been positively the finest thing of the kind ever beheld ; in size,
solidity, and perfectness it was truly matchless. An equally perfect
cucumber, from Irton Hall, was exhibited. A number of fine native
plants, and long lists of tulips, pelargoniums, green-house plants, herba-
ceous plants, heaths, &c., with salads, cucumbers, cauliflowers, &c., obtained
prizes. {Ibid., May 29.)

Devonshire.

Devon and Exeter Florists' Society. — April 25. A great many florists'
flowers obtained prizes ; and among the green-house plants were Chorozema
Henchmannii, Cymbidium cloifolium, Azalea fndica phoenicea, Calceohiria
GiWenidna, new Sparaxis grandiflora, jBrica Persoluta alba, and O'rchis
(Satyrion [Aityrium hircinum ?]. A great number of very beautiful plants
were exhibited, especially from the nurseries and conservatories of Messrs.
Lucombe, Pince, and Co., Mr. Veitch, Messrs. Dymond and Co., Mr.
Charles Sclater, and many others. Among the plants exhibited by ama-
teurs was a magnificent specimen of the Pisonia Moidan, from the con-
servatory of Mrs. Johnes, Hill's Court, bearing on it more than a hundred
buds and flowers. {Trelawny's Exeter Flying Post, May 3.)

Devon and Exeter Botanical and Horticultural Society. — May 4. Among
numerous plants exhibited were, a gorgeous specimen of Azalea indica, with
2000 fully blown flowers ; and the Queen of the Fairies rose, " tiny in
appearance, but of the most delicious fragrance, and rare in that part of
the country." {Ibid., May S.)

Devon and Cornwall Horticultural Society. — Among the American
plants, iedum latifolium and Ammyrsine iuxifolia were much admired.
The species of pelargoniums and ericas were numerous and excellent.

s s 2

628 Provincial Hortiatltnral Societies : —

Amonp other plants particularly demanding notice were, a fine E'pacris
pnlclu'lla, K'pacris grandiflora, a Cliorozema llenchniannH, Sprcngeh'a
incarnata, /^olvgaia latifolia, a variety of heliclirysinns, a fine Banks/« ser-
rulata, a large and splendid assortment of New Holland plants ; and last,
though not least, a display of ranunculuses which exceeded any thing we have
ever seen of a similar kind. Among other rarities, we remarked a specimen
of Cycas revoluta, or sago palm. Prizes were given for fruits, flowers, and
plants, both from gentlemen's gardens and the gardens of cottagers, to a
great extent. Some grapes were brought in, the preceding night, a distance
of seventeen miles, swung on a handbarrow between the shoulders of two
gardeners, to preserve the bloom on them. In the course of an introduc-
tory speech, replete with judicious remarks, the secretary referred to some
of the new regulations introduced by the gentlemen of the committee ; and,
among the rest, to the new form of tickets which competitors for prizes
were required to adopt, and which, if filled up in compliance with the
directions of the committee, would have the effect not only of promoting
the interests of the exhibition, but also extending the utility of the Society,
by enabling the secretary to furnish such a report of the proceedings of
each exhibition as has been recommended in the (hardener's Magazine, and
as would be truly useful to the public. The following is the size and form
of the ticket, which every exhibiter must fill up : —

ROYAL DEVON AND CORNWALL
IIOItTICUI.TURiLI. SOCIETV.

EXHIBITED FOR A PRIZE.

Kame
Article

f}

Season.

Size or "I
Weig/it. j

Co/our.

Quality,

Quantitif.

Culture.

Private "I
Mark. J

Gloucestershire^ Herefordshire. 629

Gloucestershire.

Gloucester Horticultural Society. — April 27. Several exotics and rare
plants were exhibited; and there was a strong competition among the
exhibiters of culinary articles and fruits. Among the latter were two superb
pine-apples, and some early strawberries. (^Bristol Mirror, May 5.)

May 25. The exhibition of tulips was one of the best that has occurred
since the formation of the Society. There were splendid contributions
from the hot-houses and green-houses, and beautiful pines, grapes, and
strawberries, with a fine plate of raspberries. The asparagus was good,
but the peas and potatoes were of inferior quality. Every class of produc-
tions of the season received prizes, and the raspberries an extra-prize.
No cottagers' prizes. (^Gloucester Journal, May 26.)

Cirencester Horticultural Associatioii. — May 18. Grapes, sent by Mr.
Pillans, gardener to Lord Ducie, are particularly commended. The vines
were grown in pots, and were only a year old : the method of culture is said
to be known only to Mr. Pillans ; and if this be the case, we should be
much gratified in making it known to the public through the Gardener's
Magazine. {Ibid., May 26.)

Herefordshire.

Hereford Horticultural Shoiv. — April 24. Numerous prizes were awarded
for all the different articles of the season. The finest green-house plant
was H6ve« Cels/i; and the next, JJrica propendens. {Hereford Journal,
May 2.) It is stated in this paper that a head of broccoli, weighing
upwards of 12 lbs., was cut, in the last week of April, in the garden of Mr.
Marshall of Stow Hill, Newport. The plant covered nearly 30 square feet
of surface.

May 8. The tulips were beyond all praise, and the pelargoniums never
more splendidly in bloom. There was a remarkably fine show of flowers,
fruits, and vegetables. The small stand presented a beautiful collection of
auriculas, polyanthuses, hyacinths, heaths, pansies, green-house and stove
plants, which were deservedly admired. The grand stand also contained
a fine display of plants and flowers, excellently arranged; and the stage
for fruits and vegetables was never better filled. There were strawberries
and apples, cucumbers, asparagus, kidneybeans, potatoes, mushrooms, sea-
kale, rhubarb, cabbage, broccoli, lettuces, endive, &c., all remarkably fine,
and in great abundance. {Ibid., May 9.)

Ross Horticultural Society. — April 25. We regret to find that this insti-
tution, the first of the kind established in England, is beginning to fall off,
and that a great arrear of subscription was due for the last year. We hope,
with the editor of the Hereford Journal, that the spirit of Kyrle (the cele-
brated Man of Ross) will yet be found in its present numerous and highly
respectable members. The hyacinths were excellent, and the broccoli and
other vegetables fine. The number of specimens ticketed and entered on
the books of the Society amounted to 250 ; and the evening's sale of fruits
and vegetables produced 21. \s. 5d, {Ibid , May 2.)

May 23. This was an excellent show, and well supported by a nume-
rous attendance of subscribers and lovers of horticulture. The grand stand
presented one of the most rich and beautiful displays of stove, green-house,
American, and hardy plants ; and we have never witnessed a better assort-
ment, in quality, bloom, and growth, nor in its arrangement and striking
effect. The prize stand, from these specimens, excited universal admira-
tion. The long stand in the centre of the room was well covered with
tulips and anemones ; and every florist admitted that the tulip blooms were
never finer in size and colour. We regret, however, to state a falling off in
the number of specimens, there being only 576, about 250 less than at this
show last year. The evening sale produced only 2*. 6d. {Ibid.y May 30.)

s s 3

630 Provincial Ilori. Socidies .- — LancasJiire, Kmfullc,

Lancashire.

Lancnslcr Floral and Horticultiircil Sociefi/. — A])ril 20. Tlic auriculas
and polyanthuses, as well as vcL'ctables and fruits, were fine ami in good
order. Among the hardy |)lants were, that elegant shrub lii/)i:<t sanguiueuni
in most excellent flower, (rcnUtiiifi verna, and a large bunch of" wild tulips
grown in our inuuediate neighbourhood. As usual, a number of prizes were
given. (Lancn.sffr Herald, IMay 28.)

Mai/ 18. The exhibition of flowers was better than had lieen antici-
pated from the weather. The tulips were in good colour, and very nume-
rous. There were several excellent pelargoniums, green-house plants, Cape
heaths, hardy plants, and rare natives ; w hite and black grapes, strawber-
ries, pears, apples, and gooseberries. This Society, we hear, intends to form
a fund, to be called " The Cottager's Fund;" the oiyect of which is to
enable the Society to grant prizes to the labouring poor not receiving
parochial relief, and who cultivate their ganiens without hired labour. We
need scarcely express an approval of this measure, because but one opi-
nion on the subject can be entertained. {Il)id., May 19.)

June 18. The pinks, thougli few in number, were very fine; and the
ranunculuses both numerous and good. There was but a poor collection
of green-house plants, owing, probabl}', to the extreme wetness of the
morning, and the distance from the town at which several subscribers anil
contributors live, tlie risk of injury to plants being thus considerably
increased. The grapes and strawberries were very fine ; but the most
extraordinary proiluction was a bunch of rhubarb, consisting of eight stalks,
which weighed 13 lbs. The circumference of one of these stalks was 9 in.
(lOid.yJimc 23.)

Norfolk.

Diss Horliciiltiiral Socicti/. — April 12. Numerous prizes were given for
green-house |)lants, polyanthuses, dessert apples and pears, and forced
culinary productions. A yellow seedling polyanthus was considered by the
judges to be a most beautiful specimen. It was raised by Mr. llort of
VVortham, named llort's Lady Maria Keppel, and purchased at a very high
price by Messrs. Bircham and llednall, florists, Holton, near Halesworth.
Numerous cottagers' prizes were given, which we are always, and in all
places, happy to see. (East Aii^lia/i, April 24.)

June 21. Owing to the backwarilness of the season, the exhibition of
fruit was small ; there being only six tlishes of strawberries, and one small
plate of cherries, the last, aud two of the former, the productions of cot-
tagers ; and a fine melon, sent by Mr. Flower of Eccles. Of the vegetables,
those from the garden of Mrs. llarrisun of St. John's bore the palm. A
brace of cuciunbers, a new sort raised by Mr. (iirling of Stowmarket, were
remarkable for size and quality. A bunch of seventeen stalks of rhubarb
was exhibited by Mr. C. IL Browne, which weighed 9 lbs. 2oz., and seve-
ral of them n)easured 17 in. and 28 in. in length. The show of flowers was
very good. Mr. Taylor's pelargoniums were splentlid; the Kev. (J. H,
Leathes sent a very fine specimen of Lo[)hospernuun erubcscens, two
varieties of cactus, and other rare plants ; Sir E. Kerrison, a beautiful
cactus and some choice pelargoniums ; and the bouquet exhibiteil by the
Misses Brown of Diss was universally admired, for the beauty of the flowers
and the exijuisite taste of its arraugeuu'nt. The ranunculuses were lew,
but excellent. The cottagers' table was completely covered with excel-
lent productions. (Xorwir/i Aftrciiri/, June 23.)

Norfolk and Noricieli llorlicnlliiral Soric/i/. — Aj>ril 18. Numerous prizes
were given for fruits anil vegetables ; for Elford rhubarb blanched in
decayed sawdust; and for very large leeks grown in trenches like celery,
as in France, where the leek is considered an indispensable ingredient in
certain soups. The show of flowering plants was particularly brilliant.

NorthamptoJishire, Northumberland and Durham. 631

Mrs. Mackay, without competing for the prizes, sent above fifty choice
green-house plants, among which the following were most striking and
beautiful specimens : — Amarylli.? psittacina, Kennedys Comptoniana,
Hibbertia dentiita, Rosa friigrans, Brachysema latifolium, Lechenaultk for-
mosa; Erica mundula, procera, vernix coccinea, nigrita, Walken, and Lin-
use^a ; E'pacris grandiflora, paludosa, and purpurascens ; Lysinema pungens
and attenuata, Knight's Starry Lilj^, O'xalis floribunda, Berberis glumiicea,
Gesnerirt bulbosa, and a splendid assortment of hyacinths j among which
the most rare and beautiful were I'Importante, Voltaire, Grande Vidette,
la Majesteuse, I'Abbe de Verac, Chrysolora, Duke of Wellington, Vain-
queur. Marquise de la Coste, Passe non plus ultra, Groot vorst, &c. ; also
a branch of that beautiful plant the Rlbes sanguineum, of which there is a
most magnificent specimen now in full flower in the open borders at the
nursery. The camellias, especially Camell/« japonica Chandler/, were very
fine. Eight silver teaspoons were distributed as prizes, in lieu of the
smaller medals. This practice has long been general in Scotland ; and
well deserves imitation, on account of its utility. (Ibid., April 28.)

June 13. The heaths, the geraniums, ranunculuses, and, in short, a
catalogue which it is impossible for us to enumerate, displayed the skill and
earnestness with which the science is now prosecuted. Mr. Toll was again
particularly distinguished. The only grapes were sent by Lord Statfbrd,
and the onl}' pines by Mr. Crawshay. These, two remarkably fine queen
pines, were grown in Glamorganshire, in a situation 640 ft. above the level
of the sea. There were some remarkably fine strawberries and other fruits.
The esculents were of great size and excellence. A specimen of the giant
rhubarb was shown upon a leaf of enormous circumference. The cottagers'
prizes included florists' flowers, as well as preserved vegetables and early
lettuces, cucumbers, peas, and potatoes; also green gooseberries and tart
rhubarb. Mrs. Mackay contributed (as usual, not for prizes) Calceolaria
Young«, pernotata (splendid specimens), hybrida, thyrsiflora, lanceolata ;
JErica vestita coccinea, ventricosa carnea, perspicua, tubiflora, odora,
rosea, squamosa, eximia, splendens, &c. ; Amaryllis Johnsons, formosis-
sima; a collection of choice double anemones, and specimens of many fine
herbaceous plants. (Ibid., June IG.)

j\fr. George ThurteWs Ranunculus Show was held on June 13., when he
exhibited between 700 and 800 blooms, including 360 varieties ; preemi-
nent in beauty, variety, colour, form, and size. (Ibid., June 16.)

Northamptonshire.
Northamptonshire United Horticultural Society. — AjJril 24. A number
of florists' flowers were exhibited, and a still greater number of rare hardy
green-house and hot-house plants. The greater proportion of these,
amounting to between thirty and forty sorts, were sent by Mr. Atkins, who
has lately raised a beautiful hybrid calceolaria, which bears his name.
Ribes sanguineum, exhibited by Mr. Atkins, excited universal admiration.
(Northanqyton Mercury, April 28.)

Northumberland and Durham.

Northumberland and Durham Bulanical and Horticultural Society. —
Ajwil 6. A fine show of green-house plants, flowers, and vegetables, among
which were some excellent early potatoes, and a dish of remarkably fine
kidne3'beans. E'pacris grandiflora is the only plant named which gained a
prize. (Newcastle Courant, April 12.)

May 10. Among the various exotics exhibited, we noticed the fol-
lowing, viz. : Clerodendrum fragrans, Gladiolus raseus, Miisa coccinea,
Gloxln/a speciosa, and Cereus /»hyllanthoides, from the garden of W.Losh,
Esq., Little Benton; H6y« carnosa, and //ibiscus 7^6sa sinensis, from the

s s 4

632 Provincial Horticultural Societies : —

garden of R. Bliukbird, Esq., Villa Real; CorraeVi spcciosa, Erythrma
t'rista-salli, TliiiiihLT^'w alata, I'liltcnncV/ stricta, A'rica cyliiidrica, and (ire-
villert rosiiiarinif'olia, from tlie ;;anlcn of J. (t. Clarke, Esq., Fenhani. A
beautiful <juecn pine was exhibited, from the garden of A. Donkin, Esq.,
Jesmond, and several beantifid ireraniunis. An uncommonly fine specimen
of 7^6sa Banks/Vi" was exhibited from the garden of J. Walker, Esq., Ben-
well. (Ibid., May 19.)

June 1. Numerous prizes were awarded for superior specimens in every
department. Among the various exotics were i^olygala oppositifolia, Pi-
nielcii deeussata, Cereus speciosissimus, Er} thrina C'rista-galli, Tinea /-osea
alba, Thunberg/fl alata, Eutaxia »/yrtif(Mia, Agapanthus umbcllatns, and
Falla's seedling (iloxin/V/ ; also six stalks of rhubarl), weighing I7A lbs.
(one of which measured 7^ in. iu circumference), from the garden of Mr.
H. Newton of this town, nurseryman. The show of tulips was the most
superb ever seen on the tables of the Society, there being nearly 250 exhi-
bited for competition ; and the whole exhibition excited the admiration of
a very large assembly, consisting of upwards of 700 ladies and gentlemen
in the course of the day. (//jiV/., June G.)

'r/ie District jlfcctiiig of this Society was held June 5., when a variety
of prizes were awarded. The Brompton stocks were the largest ever
witnessed in that part of the country. (Ibid., June G.)

The Gateshead Ancient Florists'' S:)cieti/ was held on Nlay 28., when prizes
were awarded to the following tuli|)s : — Incomparable Briseis, Rose Ceres
Primo, Triomphe de Lisle, Bien Fait, and Comte de Vergennes. (Ibid.,
June 6.)

Hexham Botanical and Hurticnltnrat Sociefi/. — Alat/ 26. The exhibition
seems to have consisted entirely of Horists' flowers, for which various prizes,
were given. ( Ibid., June G )

OXI'ORDSIIIKE.

Oxford, Oxfordshire, and neighbouring Counties, Horticultural Socicti/, —
Ajiril 26, Amongst the articles most deserving notice were, a beautiful
.s|)ecimen of Pidtena;^« stricta, ami E'pacris gramliflora, shown by Mr.
I. Wheeler, gardener to Mrs. Wall of St. Giles's; a Camell/rt Sasum/ua, a
new hybrid calceolaria, and two varieties of Kalmw latifolia, by Mr. Fair-
bairn, gardener, nurseryman, (.^.c. Broad street; a fine hyacinth, by Mr,
AVhitc, Bicester ; and a fine display of ericas, the property of Mr. Joseph
Humphrc}', uurscryman, c*v:c., St. Giles's, with whom this beautiful ami
interesting tribe of plants l)id fair to succeed better than they have hitherto
done in this njighbourhooil. (0.vford University, City, and County Herald,
April 28.)

■May 28. The show was good ; and though there may have been more
plants in the Hall, there were never more dioice articles disi)layed at any
I)revious exhibition of this Society. The tables occui)iedby the respective
niu'scrymen were well filled with a brilliant display of the most choice and
beautiful flowers the season could produce. Mr. T;igg and Mr. Bates
tlisplayed a fine collection of pelargoniums. Mr. Fairbairn and Mr. Hum-
phrey excelled in the beautiful and interesting tribes of A'rica, Calceolaria,
and Cactus. Some fine pelargoniums were exhibited by Mr. W. S. Clark
of Wallingford, which woidd probably liave gained a prize, had not their
bloom been damaged by travelling. As single plants which attracted most
notice (exclusive of those exhibited for prizes) were, a very fine specimen
of Chamie'rops humilis, from the Botanic Garden; Cereus speciosissinms.
Calceolaria Young//, Ilough/rt//c^,bfco!or, and some other fineaud new hyi)rid
varieties from Mr. F'airbairn ; Calceolaria Hope«Mrt and polyuntba, from
Mr. Humphrey; anil Onosma ta'jrica, and ColHnsirt grandiflora, from Mr.
Jeffrey. (Uul, June 2.)

Oxfordshire, Somersetshire. 633

Somersetshire.

Bristol and Clifton Horticultural Society. — April 17. The show of plants
and flowers was very fine, and among the vegetables we noticed a curious
specimen of the cockscomb broccoli from Malta, sent by George Sawyer,
Esq. Prizes were distributed for hyacinths, polyanthuses, and auriculas;
but the sorts are not mentioned. Nurserymen's prizes were classed by
themselves ; and we observe that they obtained a number for florist's
flowers, pelargoniums. Cape heaths, and American and other hardy shrubs.
{Bristol Mirror, April 21.)

May 24. Numerous prizes were adjudged for every description of gar-
den production. The grand stand was exceedingly well filled with
choice specimens of plants of all descriptions, particularly some very fine
pelargoniums, from Mrs. Hugh Vaughan, Captain Langton, Mr. Norton,
John Hurle, Esq., Mrs. Isaac Elton, Mr. Verney, Mr. Broomfield, T.
Stock, and T. Daniel, Esqrs. ; a fine plant of Calceolaria integrifolia and
Cereus flagelliformis, from C. George, Esq. ; Azalea indica alba, John
Hurle, Esq. ; Thunberg/« fragrans, O. Fedden, Esq. ; Amaryllis psittacina
reginae, /'xia aulica and maculata, Gladiolus CoIvIUh, Alstr6men'« tricolor,
Boron/a serrulata, and Kenned/a coccinea, from H. Nugent, Esq. ; Cereus
speciosus, T. Daniel, Esq. ; i/ibiscus Mdnihot, Mrs. March Phillipps ;
Lemon, J. Prideaux, Esq.; very fine nectarines, grapes, and mushrooms,
W. Gore Langton, Esq. ; figs and grapes, R. Else, Esq. of Bath. The
show of vegetables was very fine, particularly the asparagus and broccoli.
We were glad to find that the nurserymen profited by the hint given them
at the last show, as their stand was filled with choice plants. Mr. Miller,
the secretary, also contributed in his usual handsome manner to embellish
the stand. Cottagers received prizes for cabbages, potatoes, and nosegays.
{Ibid., May 19.)

June 21. There was a splendid display of ranunculuses, and the fruit
and vegetables were extremely fine. Nine prizes were given to cottagers,
for cabbages, potatoes, carrots, and nosegays. As usual, some rare and
beautiful plants were exhibited by the nurserymen. (Ibid., June 23.)

Bristol Florists' Society. — April 19. At this Meeting some beautiful
flowers were shown; and Mr. Miller and Mr. Maule, both eminent nursery-
men, obtained nearly all the prizes. (Ibid., April 21.) We observe, in a
subsequent paper, that Cereus grandiflorus was expected to bloom in Mr.
Maule's nursery on the night of Monday, June 11., and that the public were
invited to look at it. Such exhibitions always do good, by calling forth
that latent love of nature which exists in every breast, though, like the
buds of a plant, it may long lie in a dormant state, and even perish with-
out expanding, unless fostered by favourable circumstances.

Taunton Horticultural Exhibition. — May 8. The display of flowers was
beautiful in the extreme ; they were, for the most pai'l, exotics. There
were some splendid specimens of the Cereus speciosus and speciosissimus.
The ericas were in extensive variety. The yellow and scarlet sparaxis
excited much attention, as did also the Azalea indica alba, from the Rev.
E. T. Halliday, which obtained the prize. The Rev. W. P. Thomas sent
some magnificent single and double tulips. Mr. J. Young, the active and
intelligent secretary to the Society, exhibited a fine specimen of the Andro-
meda polifolia, a heath plant from the Turf Moor near Bridgwater, and a
large collection of other flowers. There were two specimens of the
Veronica repens, a green plant with a low white flower, having the peculiar
appearance of being splashed with whitewash. Of fruits there was neces-
sarily but a limited supply, and they were all forced. Dr. Metford sent
some very fine lemons ; and the early sweetwater grapes, from Lady Hale's,
were not without their admirers. Of vegetables there was a most profuse

634 Provincial Hort. Societies: — Siiffblk, JVilts,

display- The broccoli, kidncybcans, cucumbers, asparagus, sea-kale,
rjjubarb, and cabbages, were the most remarkable for their extraordinary
growth, and excited nnich attention. (Taiiiifon Courier, May 9.)

June I.'). The Horal display was exceedingly attractive and beautiful,
whilst, the advanced state of the season allowing the introduction of out-
door fruits and vegetables, they were exhibited in the most tempting
variety. The company present was of the most fashionable dcscri[)tion,
and the attentlance of young and elegant females very numerous. We
regret to iiear that on this occasion several cases of pilfering from the
rarest plants were observed. Due care, we untlerstaml, \\ill be taken at
the next Meeting to prevent a recurrence of so truly Eng/ish a misde-
meanour. The French, with all their frivolity and thoughtlessness, have
deservedly tlie credit of being most exem[)lary in their comluct at exhibi-
tions of this sort. (//»«/., June 20.) As the aristocracy thus appear to
steal now and then for an)usement, it seems but just that they should
show a little fellow-feeling to the mobocracy, when they steal from
necessity.

Suffolk.

Ipswich Horlinilhirnl Society. — April 3. Various fruits preserved
througii the winter, green-house plants, forced flowers, and culinary vege-
tables, especially broccoli, obtained prizes. {Suffolk Cliron., April 7.)

The Ipswich Annual Show of Auriculas and Polyanthuses was held. May 3.,
when our correspondent, Mr. Woollard, one of the first growers in England,
obtained the first prize for Gorton's Champion and (irimes's Privateer.
Various other prizes were given. (Ipswich Journal, May 12.)

7'he lieccles Horticultural Societi/ held its first Meeting, May 9., when
various prizes were given for flowers, incluiling nineteen superb hyacinths,
some choice varieties of heartsease, and a double polyanthus, vuiiciue and
of great beauty; cucumliers; strawberries; ami a l)unch of asparagus of
fifty-one heads, weighing -i lbs. 10 oz. (Ibid., May 12.)

Wiltshire.

The Wilts end General Arboricultural, Ilorticiillural, and Botanical So-
ciety.— Ajjril 10. A number of finely grown specimens of rare plants
were exhibited, as well as florists' flowers, fruits, and culinary vegetables.
Among the stove plants, we observed /uiphurb/V/ splendens, ]irunsfels«i
uniflora, and ("lu-culigo sumatrana. We were glad to see several prizes
given to cottagers, for cabbages and onions. — J\Iatt. Thos. liodding, Hon.
Sec. AprU IG.

May 18. A still more splendid collection than before, of flowers, fruits,
and vegetables, was exhibited ; but only the names of a few that obtained
extra-prizes have been sent us. Seven [)rizes were given to cottjigcrs.
Among the extra-prizes is one " to A. 15. Lambert, Esq., for a new Jiifws.'^
This, we suppose, must have been the Jiifjcs spcciosum, a dried specimen
of which was lately exhibited by Mr. Lambert at the Linmcan Society: its
flowers are almost as beautiful as those of the Fuchsw coccinea, to which
they have a general resemblance ; its shoots arc thickly covered with
prickles ; and the day is |)erhai)s not far distant, when it may form the
hedges of our cottage gardens, strengthened with a few plants of double
sloe, and varied by the double whin and the blush t'ydonia japc'mica.

.Iinie 19. Our correspondent, Mr. Shcnnan, is, as usual, the [)rincipal
cxhibiter of rare and finely grown plants; but the first prize was given to
Mr. Mitchell for Oncldium Hexuosum: |)rizcs were also given for C'ymbi-
dium rdoifolium, Calanthe j'eratrifolia, Alstromer/Vz psittacina, A. Simsii,
and i'ancratium calathinum. Prizes were given to cottagers, for peas,
potatoes, lettuces, ranunculuses, and Brompton stocks. Among the extra-
prizes was one to Mr. Christie, gardener to Lord Radnor, for forbidden

fVorcestershire, Yorkshire, Wales, Scotland. 635

fruit; and another to the Hon. Mrs. Harris, for Canna discolor. Ceanothus
aziireus, Cycas revoluta, Alstromeri« pulchella, and Arreumbergia[?] diffusa,
are said to have attracted general attention.

Worcestershire.

Worcesteishire Horticultural aiid Floral Society. — Ajrril 25. Among the
plants which obtained prizes were the following : — Epiphjllum specio-
sum, E'pacris grandiflora, Aphelexis fasciculata alba, Azalea indica pur-
purea, Poljgala cordifolia, yJcacia armata, and Camell/« japonica var. alba
fiore pleno; i?rica vestita fulgida, aristata, hybrida; Pittnia fruticosa [ ? ],
Sutherland«« frutescens, Gazania rigens, and ikfimulus luteus. — Berrowe's
Worcester Herald, May 26.

Alay 22. The dis[)lay of tulips was particularly fine ; there were but
few ranunculuses, but upwards of one hundred fine pelargoniums, and a
variety of other hot-house, green-house, and hardy plants, with forced fruits,
and a dish of potatoes grown in the open ground. {Ibid., May 26.)

Yorkshire.

The Hull Floral and Horticultural Society. — May 24. The show of
tulips was truly splendid, far surpassing any previous exhibition of that
flower ever witnessed in Hull. There was also a great variety of pelar-
goniums and other green-house plants, as well as of culinary vegetables.
{Hull and Rockingham Gazette, May 26.)

At a meeting of the Ripon Horticultural Society, held lately, a most
beautiful and curious polyanthus, from the garden of Mr. Thomas Jackson
of Ripon, was shown, which had attained an extraordinary size, its prin-
cipal stem being 2 in. in breadth, and supporting 187 flowers. Mr. Jackson
has another of the same kind at present in his garden, bearing about
160 flowers. {Newcastle Courant, June 6.)

WALES.

The Glamorgan and Monmouthshire Horticultural Society. — Ajyril 25.
A great variety of fruit, vegetables, and flowers was exhibited, and a num-
ber of cottagers' prizes awarded. {Cambrian, May 5.)

The Abergavenny and Crickhowel Horticultural Society. — May 11.
Stove, green -house, and hardy plants received prizes, besides florists'
flowers, fruits, and culinary vegetables. {Ibid., May 19.)

SCOTLAND.

The Ribes sanguineum is becoming more generally known. In the
Scotsman, April 25., is a paragraph speaking of the beauty of the one in
the Royal Botanic Garden at Inverleith ; and the Fife Herald, May 3., men-
tions one in the Earl of Rosslyn's garden at Dysart, which, though only
four years old, is 18 ft. in circumference, and 6 ft. high, having 836 clusters
of flowers, each consisting of 24' or 36 long tubular florets of a deep rich
scarlet.

The Caledonian Horticultural Society. — May 10. At the Meeting of
the Council of this Society ripe specimens of the loquat were presented
and tasted. This was produced on the back wall of a vinery, in the gar-
den of George Robertson, Esq., of Greenock, under the management of
Mr. Robert Guthrie. A handsome seedling plant, raised from seeds
ripened there two years ago, was also presented. Several branches of
i?6sa Banksi<2?, profusely covered with clusters of small white roses, were
exhibited. Tiiese were from Balmuto, the seat of Mrs. Boswell. In a
letter which accompanied them, Mr. Macculloch, the gardener, mentioned

636 Prov. Hort. Sac. : — Aberdeenshire^ East Lothiatiy

that tlif plant prows outside the conscn-atorv, but is led through an open-
ing in tlic wall into the interior, where it covers a space of 135 square ft.,
completely occupying four rafters and sashes, and every shoot bearing from
six to twelve trusses of roses: the whole appears one sheet of flowers. A
beautiful flowering plant, of the yellow variety of the Bauksian rose, was
placed on the table in its flower-pot ; and the singularity of its saffron-
colonrcil flowers attracted much notice, they having never before been seen
at Edinburgh. This specimen was from the rich collection of Professor
Dunbar, at Rosei)ark. At the same Meeting the secretary announced the
arrival, at the experimental garden, of a remarkable novelty in the depart-
ment of ornamental forest trees. This was a live specimen of the weeping
Turkey oak, from the botanic garden of Amsterdam. The deputation of
the Society had remarked the mother plant in that establishment so long
ago as the year 1817; and Mr. John Mitchell, junior, of Leith, having had
occasion to visit Holland this spring, conveyed an application to M. Ptis-
ter, the curator, who kindly presented an inarched |)lant, 4 ft. high, to the
Society. An honorary medal was voted to Mr. Mitchell, for the great zeal
and assiduous attention he had displayed in conve}ing this interesting
specimen, in perfect safety, from Amsterdam to Inverlcith. (Edinburgh
Advertiser, May 22.)

June 7. The pi'ize offered for the best seedling China rose was awarded
to Mr. John Macnaughton, gardener to John Wauchope, Esq., of Ed-
monstone. The seedling was exhibited ; it was fragrant, and of a beautiful
pale colour, with large, though not very regular, jjctals. A sample of ripe
May Duke cherries was bandeil round ; they were from a flued wall at
Erskine House garden ; and a letter from Mr. Shiells, gardener there, was
read by the secretary, describing the mode of management, and showing
that early cherries may very successfully be procured from flued walls.
On the table were placed several specimens of showy shrubs, from the
experimental garden of the Society ; and also samples of what is called
Prussian grass, being the unexpanded flower-stalks, and spikes of flowers,
of the Ornithogaluin pyrenaicuni, used in the \yest of England as a sub-
stitute for asparagus. A Report from the Council of the Society was
read, relative to a grand exhibition of exotic plants, to be held in the So-
ciety's garden, at Inverlcith, early in July next. It stated that the erect-
ing of awnings, benches, &c., yearly, cost a considerable sum ; and recom-
mended that a small fee should be taken at the gate, to defray these
necessary expenses. This proposition was unanimously approved of; and
the Meeting agreed, that, at the July exhibition, the sum of \s. be paid by
every individual entering the garden ; it being farther necessary that stran-
gers be provided with orders from members. {Ibid., June 12.)

AUEKDKKNSUIRE.

Aberdeenshire Ilorlicu/lura/ Soeie/i/. — -'l/«'/ 1. Prizes were awarded for
auriculas ; the names of the three which obtained the first \nhc are not
given, but the second best were Moore's Ceres, Lee's Venus, and (irimcs's
Privateer. Various other [)rizes were given for flowers ami Iruits. {Abcr-
dccn Chronicle, Ma} 5.)

East Lothian.

The Ancient Fraterniti/ of (r'ardeners of East Lothian. — April 10. Prizes
were adjudged for vegetables and [)reserved Iruits, but the particulars arc
not given.

The East Lothian Horticultural Societt/. — June 6. Our correspondent,
Mr. Pearson of Ormiston Hall, obtained the first i)rize, for sixteen sorts of
poppy anemone ; and the second was given to another of our correspond-
ents, Mr. Ferme of Haddington, for the six finest herbaceous plants, viz.

Fifesliire^i LanarJcsliire, Mid-Lothian, Renfrewshire. 637

Pancratium illyricum, iupinus polyphyllus, Geum coccineum, O'robus
varius, (S'cilla peruviana, Pasonia officinalis var. rosea.

FiFESHIRE.

Cupar HorticuUiiral Society. — April 25. Prizes were awarded for auri-
culas, polyanthuses, hyacinths, and other spring flowers ; but the names of
the varieties are not given. Prizes were also given for broccoli, sea-kale,
leeks, &c. The leeks were extremely fine, and grown on ground manured,
by common salt. We have previously noticed these circumstances in
p. 373.

Lanarkshire.

Glasgow HorticuUiiral Society. — June 6. The show of hot-house and
green-house plants, for competition, greatly exceeded, both in quantity and
splendour, any former spring meeting ; but, from the backwardness of the
season, the display of azaleas, kalmias, and rhododendrons fell short of
what otherwise would have been expected. As usual, the exhibiters were
numerous. From Woodhall, bitter orange in fruit, Cereus speciosissimus,
Cereus Jenkins6n«, Camell/a japonica var. alba, several fine ericas, pelar-
goniums, &c., for which an extra-prize was awarded. From Drumpellier,
a fine plant of Cereus speciosissimus, fruit of the citron. From Erskine
House, ripe cherries from the open wall, with the occasional application of
heat after blossom, basket of strawberries, pears, &c., for which an extra-
prize was awarded. From Kilmardinny, several bundles of ripe grapes,
and several peaches well ripened. From Craigend, celery sown on the 2d
of January, and ridged out on the open border on the 15th of March, fine
leeks, &c. From Castle Toward, an excellent display of vegetables.
From Bothwell Castle, many very fine varieties of calceolarias, raised from
seed saved by Mr. TurnbuU in 1831, some of which are expected to be
hardy. From Messrs. Brown, seventy varieties of double daisies, raised
from seed sown in 1831, early tulips, &;c. From Messrs. Cowan and Co.,
new variety of scarlet-flowering thorn, of a deeper shade, and freer flower
[this is probably the Cratas^gus Oxyacantha rosea superba, exhibited June 5.
at the London Hort. Society's show, see p. 305. and 507.] ; also, il/espilus
chinensis, a fine ornamental tree, with a profusion of exotics and flowering
shrubs in pots. From Mr. Stewart Murray, botanic garden, as usual, an
immense display of cut flowers in bouquets, and a host of hot-house and
green-house plants, fine specimens, too numerous for specification. Among
the most interesting articles exhibited, which excited great attention, were
three stocks of celery, grown at Craigend, by Mr. James Ross, gardener
there, and sown on the 1st of January ; the first this season, and considered
the earliest ever shown before the Society. A quantity of superior green
peas, grown at Newton House, by Mr. Somerville, gardener there, a new
species, entitled Lewisham ; early dwarf cabbage from Killermont ; and a
quantity of excellent grapes and peaches from Kilmardinny. There were
in all fifty-four lots of articles entered for competition ; a proof of the
great spirit of emulation which has lately prevailed among the Glasgow
practical horticulturists. (^Glasgoiv Herald, June 8.)

MiD-LoTHIAN.

The North British Professional Gardeners^ Society. — April 1 1 . Prizes
were given for polyanthuses, hyacinths, auriculas, and vegetables. The
latter were very fine ; the broccoli which gained the first prize measured
17 in. in circumference. The prizes are not given, as the sorts gaining
them are not particularised. (^Scotsman.)

Renfrewshire.

The West Renfrewshire Horticultural Society. — May 30. The attend-
ance was numerous, and a number of prizes were awarded. Among the

6f]8 Prox^incial Horli cultural Societies : —

precn-hoiise and liot-house plants were, Calceolaria integrifolia, i^rica
prac'gnans major, 1\. vcntricosa, Aplielcxis huniilis,Marantfl zebrina, Agapan-
tlius unibfllatiis, Gloxin/a specidsa and caulescens. (Greenock Advertiser,
June 8.)

Stirlingshire.

Stirling ITorliniltiiral Soricfi/. — ]\Tfii/ 1. The various productions were,
as is generally the case, first rate. Anions the flowers sent for coiu|)ctition,
the auriculas and hyacinths were especially admired. The parcel of self
auriculas, which took the first prize, was exceedingly beautiful, and very
far superior to any of the kind which had been previously seen in Stirling.
We are glad to perceive that many persons who do not compete, as well
as those who do, present labelled specimens of choice plants for exhibition,
a practice which cannot be too highly commended; and of these we select
the following, as a few of the most striking : —

From Castle Toward, Argyleshire, tsvo bunches superior asparagus ; four
sulphur broccoli, remarkable for size, heaviest 5 lbs. ; six fl;ig leeks, weigh-
ing in the aggregate 10 lbs. From Blairdrunnnond, Amaryilii- formosissima,
in flower ; Ilermaiuiw rt-lthfeasfolia, Streptocarpus Rex//, pelargoniums,
ericas, A'lo'e verrucosa; Seville oranges in fruit; also, six flag leeks, 9 in.
blanched, and (Hin. round the bulb. From Dollar Botanic Gardens, a
basket of exotics, including double red Warratah camellia, Cape heaths,
&c. From Keir, three large potted double stocks, in flower; Fuchs/«
niicrophy^ila, Cineraria yjopulifolia, Fritillaria imperialis (two varieties),
Richard/ff a;thi6pica, ericas, Chinese roses, <!v:c. ; also, a basket of excel-
lent nuishrooms. From TuU^allan Castle, a basket of exotics, including
Azalea (ndica of sorts, Cereus ;;hyllanthoides, a fine collection of Cape
heaths ; also, auriculas, double wallflower, violas, (Src. From Wester
Plean, a beautiful flowered branch of J{i/>c/i sangineum, double primroses,
&c. From Viewfield Lodge, a collection of flowered specimens of rare
shrubs and herbaceous plants. From Craigforth, a parcel of particularly
well preserved apples. From Comely Bank, two handsome plants of
yicacia verticillata, well flowered. From Messrs. Drnmmond's nurseries,
several hardy and tender plants, in pots, profusely flowered, comprising
rhododendrons, calceolaria, Azalea fndica, pelargoniums, polyanthus, nar-
cissus, &c. ; also labelled specimens of American shrubs, herbaceous plants,
Taylor's forty-fold potatoes; likewise, a crystal globe, containing live gold
and silver fishes (adapted for gardens and cisterns). These gay and glit-
tering specimens of the finny tribe were much ailmircd. (S/ir/ing Journal,
May 10.)

June 12. Numerous prizes were awarded for ranunculuses, Chinese
roses, pelargoniiuns, American shrubs, and culinary vegetables. An extra-
prize (a copy of Nicol's Pl(intcr\s Kaliiular, or its value) having been
offered by Mr. 1'. Drununond, seedsman, to the person, whether a member
of the Society or not, who would produce at this Meeting the best model
of a moss-house, of his own construction, and not exceeding 2 ft. in height;
a spirited competition took place; wlicn the judges, after a most minute
inspection, decideil in favour of Mr. William Wilkie, apprentice gardener
at Keir; the next in merit was adjudged to Mr. William Moir, ganlener
at Comely Bank; and the third to Mr. William Kay, Sliiphaugh. All the
models brought forward were excellent (that from Mr. IVIoir was univer-
sally and deservedly adnnred for its internal elegance and high finish), and
while they contrii)nted very materially to the interest of the exhibition,
reflected great credit on the taste and ingenuity of the competitors. As it
often comes in the way of gardeners and foresters to design and execute
these useful and highly ornamental structiues, it is hoped the subject will
not be lost sight of by the Society. Besides the aiticles produced for

SfirlingsJiire, Ireland. 639

competition, there were interesting and appropriate assortments presented
for exhibition. From Gartur (inchiding splendid specimens of Magnol/a
tripetala, from a standard tree 13 ft. high, and ornamented with 100 large
flowers), Kippenross, Blairdrummond, Boquhan (including a Schizanthus
pinnatus, in pot, 5 ft. high, and profusely flowered), Comely Bank (including
eight magnificent double giant Cape and Brompton stocks in pots), Craig-
forth, Tullyallan Castle (including twenty-one varieties of /Rhododendron
raised from seed by Mr. Gow, gardener there), Viewfield Lodge, Ship-
haugh, Coney Park nurseries (including collections of Scotch roses and
double anemones), Mr. Christie, Causewayhead, and from Mr. Wyse, Fal-
kirk. (Stirling Advertiser, June 13.)

Messrs. W. Drummond and Sons, nursery and seedsmen, Stirling, have
announced that their exhibition of agricultural productions, for 1832, will
be held from the 16th of November till the 13th of December, inclusive.
As the whole effect of the exhibition will depend on the means afforded
of minute and accurate comparison, not only of the productions them-
selves, but also of the means emplo3'ed in their cultivation, Messrs. Drum-
mond and Sons recommend that intending contributors note carefully the
general nature of the climate of their district, its altitude, and position as
to hills, &c., the nature and preparation of the soil, the quantity and sort
of manure, the kind or variety of seed, the period of sowing or planting,
the quality of the tid [time, English ; viz., the circumstances of the soil
and weather at the time of sowing and planting], with the periods and
modes of working in drilled crops, and, as nearly as can be ascertained,
the produce per Imperial or Scotch acre, adding, in grain crops, the weight
per bushel or per boll. The whole to be written on labels attached, or on
a sheet of paper having reference to the numbers of the respective speci-
mens. Although the exhibition may be considered as local, Messrs. Drum-
mond and Sons, with a view to the encouragement of the art in all dis-
tricts, and for the more immediate purpose of bringing to the Stirling
district a knowledge of what is doing elsewhere, respectfully invite ama-
teur and practical agriculturists of other districts to favour them with
specimens, and with their presence at the exhibition. Contributions may
consist of any of the following, viz. : — Roots and Vegetables, Grain,
Manufactured Produce, Grasses, Garden Produce, Implements, and any
Specimens connected with Agriculture, and which cannot be classed with
any of the foregoing, including New and Rare Seeds and Plants, also
Communications, &c. It has been suggested, that, were the different varie-
ties of each species or family of agricultural plants to be grown under
the same circumstances, on the same ridge of land, and the results accu-
rately noted, it would assist nuich in ascertaining their comparative value;
and it may also be added that the obtaining of improved varieties, by
means of artificial impregnation, or crossing, appears highly worthy of
attention, much having been already effected in this way, in the practice of
horticulture. (Ibid., June 13.)

IRELAND.

The HorticuUiiral Socicti; of Ireland. — April 24. Prizes were distri-
buted for plants, fruits, and flowers, but the kinds are not mentioned.
From the whole exhibition it was evident that the horticulture of Dublin
and its vicinity is very greatly improved. Among other new plants, we
perceive our favourite, the Rlhes sanguineum, which appears likely to be as
much admired in Ireland as it is already in the sister kingdoms.

List of exotics for which premiums were awarded : — Stove plants, by
Mr. Mackay, of the College Botanic Garden : i'uphorbirt splendens, Eu-
phorbia punicea, Haemanthus muUiflorus, Pancratium speciosum, Epiden-

GiO Provincial Horticultural Societies : — Ireland.

drum cocliltatiim, and Ixorw coccfnca. Green-house plants, by the same :
Dryandfrt Ibrniosa, Liparia villosa, G'nfdia denudata, Illiciiini tioridanum,
Lachcnalw tricolor (a new variety), and Jcacia verticillata. Mr. Mackay
also sent the followinij plants to ornament the stage, but not for competi-
tion : — Bourbon palm {Lnlania borbonica), papynis of the Nile (faijy-
rus antiquurum) with stems 10 ft. hiuh, CamelhV/ Sasuiiqua rosea, together
with a number of fine specimens of African heaths, amongst which was a
splendid s[)ecimen of /?rica aristata var. major. The following, from Mr.
Keef, nurseryman, Longlane, obtained the second prize : — Camell/a
japonica var. floritla, Rosa mundi, Gray's Invincible, antl Carnation Warra-
tah. These beautiful specimens are now, for the first time, exhibited in
flower in this coimtry. Cornc^« speciosa, Indigofera australis, Pxonia
Moutau, Cereus speciosus, and Pomaderris elliptica, fine and well-grown
specimens ; as were also the heaths and pelargoniums, for which premiums
were awarded to the same person. The following beautiful plants, sent in
by Mr. Grant, gardener to George Putland, Esq., Bray Head, obtained the
first prize for " exotics from private gardens :" — Hove« Cels/, Eutaxia
pungens, Azalea indica var. purpurea and alba, Dryandrw formosa, Indigo-
fera australis, and Grevillea Bauer/. The following, sent in by Mr. Nevin,
gardener to the chief secretary, obtained the second prize in the above
class: — Hovefl Cels/, Boron//? pinnata, B'oronwz serruhita, Brachysema
latifolium, Platylobium triangulare, and Chorozema Henchmann//.

Two splendid camellias (atrorubens and Sasanqiia), a citron, a pome-
granate, and some fine hybrid amaryllises, from seed saved in the country,
were also well deserving of notice ; and the w hole indicated, we are happy
to learn, rapid im|)rovement in the horticulture of the vicinity of Dublin.
(^Dublin Evening Post, April 30.)

Belfast Horlicitltural Sucieti/. — April 16. Among the prizes the follow-
ing are the only ones that have the varieties named : — Auricula, Green-
edged, Stretch's Emperor Alexander, Mr. George M'Cullogh. Camellias,
Myrtle-leaved, Mr, M'Cullogh. Purple Noisette Rose, Mr. John Scott.
yJcdcia verticillata, Mr. Samuel Milliken, gardener to Sir R. Bateson.
White Camellia, Mr. G. M'Cullogh. Pine (Enville Queen), Mr. Lewis,
gardener to Colonel Forde. Illiciuni floridanum and A'alvia cardinsilis,
John Stott, Esq. (Mr. H. Glen, gardener). The markeii im[irovement
observable between this show and the spring show for 1831, must
give great satisfaction to the friends of the Society. (Xorllierii ii'liig,
April 19.)

Mat/ 21. At this show there appe.ircd such a manifest and decided
improvement over former years, as clearly to evince that the Belfast Horti-
cultural Society may now vie with any other in the United Kingdom, and
has been productive of nuich benefit to the country. The geraniums were
extremely beautiful. There was also a very fine selection of anemones,
tulips, and other green-house |)!ants and exotics, and a great variety of
vegetables, melons, strawberries, &c. A great number of rare plants and
fine vegetables were on the table ; among them we noticed the Thomasw
5olanacea, from John Stott, Escj. ; ilouble-Howering tea plant, anil a num-
ber of others, Mr. E. Lindsay ; a number of fine ranunculuses and fine
early lettuce, from R. Moore, Es<]. ; Azalea coccinea, from Mr. G.
M'Cullogh ; six varieties of calceolaria, from Mr. Scott, Ormeau ; the
creeping cereus, G. Andrews, Esq.; Agapanthus umbellatus, and Cereus
speciosus, Sir R. Bateson, Bart. ; and, though last, not least in merit, a
fine specimen of wheat, grown by A. J. Macrory, Esq. Duncairn. {Bel-
fast Commercial Chronicle, May 23., and Bcljhsl Guardi/in, May 29.)

THE

GARDENER'S MAGAZINE,

DECEMBER, 1832.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. Remarks relative to the Advice given by Mr. Mallet to
Young Gardeners. By Scienti^ et Justiti^ Amator.

Sir,
I HAVE felt much pleasure in reading the last Number of your
Magazine, not merely on account of the matter it contains,
but also because several of the communications have been
sent by individuals whose station in life enables them to be
the supporters of horticulture and rural improvements. The
progress of the art of gardening, although depending much
on the exertions of its operatives, and the power possessed by
the rural population of bettering themselves ; yet, as circum-
stances are constituted at present, cannot be expected to make
great advances without the friendly cooperation of the wealthier
classes. It is to them that the eyes of the peasant are directed
for the amelioration of his situation ; and to them that the
persevering scientific gardener looks for the remuneration of
his toils and privations ; and, therefore, every philanthropic
measure recommended by them should be hailed with feelings
of satisfaction and delight. But while I duly appreciate and
feel grateful for their favours, I would also observe, that, as
their station in life renders them incapable of knowing expe-
rimentally the state of those who are much their inferiors, so
far as wealth is concerned, they are very apt to arrive at con-
clusions not only erroneous, but sometimes productive of
results quite foreign from their intentions.

The last remark was forcibly impressed upon my mind, by
reading the first three periods of Mr. Mallet's article (p. 521.),

Vol. VIII. — No. 41. tt

G4'2 Remarks on Mr. Mallet's

where he says : — " Every young nrardencr, at the present day,
ought to travel abroad," &c. ; and that " a careful attentive
young man could and ought to have saved 80/. by the time
he is twenty-four years of age, with which he may remain
three months on the Continent," &c. What the means arc
which Mr. Mallet possesses of ascertaining the resources of
young gardeners, 1 am ignorant of; but, as the pages of the
Magazine are open to discussion, I take this opj)ortunity to
contradict the accuracy of his statements; believing experience
to be as good, if not a better, standard to judge from than
the strictest observation. I do not deny that the individual
who remains long in one establishment, where he may have
the privilege of receiving useful books to read, may and ought
to save a little money ; but, in the generality of circumstances
in which young men are placed, those who are anxious to secure
thorough knowledge of their profession move about from one
celebrated establishment to another, and from their slender
incomes purchase some of those volumes which they consider
necessary for explaining the practice and principles of their
art. To young men thus situated, these doctrines of Mr.
Mallet are not only unreasonable, but almost as remarkable
for their apparent impossibility of application, as a mathema-
tical axiom is for its incontrovertible truth. If the IVIagazine
were read by gardeners only, the very attempt to contradict
assertions so manifestly erroneous w^ould be an insult to their
understanding, and equally as foolish as if I were endeavour-
ing to convince them that the sun did shine, at the very
moment they were basking in his enlivening beams. But
since the Magazine is subscribed for and read by many of the
employers of gardeners, it becomes a matter of some import-
ance that they should remain under no misconception or
delusion relative to the true situation in which young gar-
deners are placed ; lor, according to Mr. Mallet, instead of
having difliculties to contend with, we possess the means of
soon arriving at conijiarative independence. I freely allow
that in many gentlemen's gartieus the young men are pretty
comfortable; but, without fear of contradiction, I likewise
assert, that in general we have more privations to submit to
than any other class of men. To be convinced of this, it is
not necessary to run over a long list of the disadvantages
under which we labour; since the scantiness of our j)ecuniary
resources, and the attainments in knowledge we are recjuired
to make, will be quite suITicient for any open unprejudiced mind.
Journeymen's wages seldom exceed, and are frequently lower
than, those of the common labourer, who has had no set time
to serve, no apprentice fee to pay, and no expensive journeys to

Advice to i/oung Gardeners. 64:3

take in moving from one establishment to another. I lately
worked in a nobleman's garden near London, and the wages I
received were three shillings a week less than was paid to the
ploughmen at the farm, independent of their lodgings and
other privileges, which would, at least, make their wages
one third more than those received by a young gardener;
and, moreover, incredible as it may appear, it is no less true,
that there is scarcely a boy in a gentleman's stables, or a
servant girl in his house, but receives about as much money
for board wages as the journeyman gardener does altogether.
Surely if, in these circumstances, it were possible to save so
much money as Mr. Mallet speaks of, we cannot err in
coming to the conclusion, that want and misery are always
the concomitants of inattention or carelessness. If Mr. Mallet
had known experimentally what he treats of theoretically,
he would have found, as I have done, that the strictest
carefulness and economy are absolutely necessary to enable
us to appear moderately respectable, and defray the expenses
unavoidably incurred in prosecuting the attainment of pro-
fessional knowledge.

With regard to Mr. Mallet's first statement, that every
young gardener ought to travel abroad ; I should consider it
as advisable, allowing him to have a little money, first to
take a tour through his own country. If my means allowed
it, I should be very desirous to visit the Continent, as few
things are better calculated than travelling for expanding the
mind : but, would it not be the height of folly for any man, to
spend what little money he may have rigidly saved upon such
an undertaking, with no better prospects, when he returned,
than that of being without employment, or of receiving a
compensation for his labours barely sufficient to support him
in existence ? If gentlemen were desirous that their gardeners
should be thus highly accomplished, and would esteem and
reward them accordingly, men would be found making every
sacrifice to obtain the necessary acquirements : but it is in
vain that you endeavour to advance the profession by extend-
ing the necessary qualifications of its operatives, or that your
correspondents address you on the necessity of our exerting
ourselves to obtain knowledge, if so little attention is paid to
these tilings by the employers of gardeners, that we often see
men of good abilities passing through life in obscurity, and,
in first-rate establishments, individuals not more remarkable
for their haughtiness and pride, than for their want of intel-
lectual accomplishments. In the acquiring and in the pos-
session of useful knowledge, there is doubtless a realisation of
happiness ; but a thirst for general and scientific information

T T 2

G4"l- On Mr. Mallet's Advice I o young Gardeiicrs.

will never be so prevalent among us as it ought to be, until
a man can perceive clearly tliat these attainments are ab-
solutely essential, as the means by which he must arrive at
preferment and respectability. Much as I would wish to see
the art of gardening arrive at something like perfection, and
convinced as I am that this will most effectually be brought
about by the indefatigable exertions and scientific investi-
gations of its professors, 1 am not sanguine enough to believe
that men possessing those high accomplishments so frequently
recommended, will remain at a profession which they see
rapidly losing the patronage of its supporters, and in which
they would be less respected, and receive less I'emuneration
for their labours, than other servants in a gentleman's esta-
blishment, who had experienced neither trouble nor expense
in cultivating their intellects, or acquiring the knowledge of
their occupation. I have extended these remarks to double
the length I intended ; but I place them at your disposal, to
do with them as you think proper, informing you, at the same
time, that, in publishing them, you will give publicity to the
geneial sentiments of gardeners on this subject, as tar as I
have been able to ascertain them from observation and expe-
rience. I shall only say, in conclusion, that though I always feel
much pleasure in reading Mr. Mallet's communications, I trust
that, when he writes again upon the duties and resources of
young gardeners, he will take a more extended view of the
circumstances in which they are placed, and not confine his
observations to solitary cases, as his ill-grounded statements
maniliistly show he has hitherto done; and in the mean time
I remain, &c.

Scienti;e et JusTixiiE Amator.
Staffordshire, October 15. 1832.

Thk evils of Nvhicli our corrcs|)oiuleiit complains arc undoubtedly great,
and thcv cannot he remedied speedily. The immediate cause of them is
the sn[)eral)nn(lance of youn}^ men ready to become workmen iu gardens,
and tlie ijiuorance of the employers of gardeners of the greater value, both
professionally and morally, of a reading and scientific gardener, than of a
mere empirical practitioner. The possessors of gardens generally, not-
withstanding the considerable number of well managed gardens which they
may observe in the country, and the various books from which tJiey may
derive instruction on the subject, are by no means aware of the extent of
the comforts, and of the elegant enjoyments, which a garden is calculated
to afford, otherwise they would be much more select iu their choice of
gardeners, and not grutige them better wages than they are now paid.
Those same persons, however, are well aware how nuicli of their domes-
tic case and happiness depends on their having a gooil cook, a careful
house-keeper, an honest butler, and decent, cleanly, well-behaved in-door
servants of every description ; and tiicreforc they pay these domestics

Advantages ofvisiiitig Gardens. 645

toniparatively well, in order that they may be able to afford to be honest,
intelligent in their different businesses, cleanly in their persons, and well-
behaved in their manners. On the same principle, as country gentlemen
and their families acquire more knowledge of botany and gardening, they
will desire to have a superior description of gardeners ; and, when this is the
case, they will pay them better. In the mean time, the journeyman gardener
must consider, that, though he is worse paid than a common labourer, yet
•his prospects in life are greatly superior to those of either a labourer or a
common in-door servant, neither of whom, generally speaking, can ever
hope to rise much above their original sphere; whereas the gardeners, like
the members of every other profession requiring mind, rise by system, and
from the humblest situation may attain the highest degree of eminence. So
much for the immediate causes of, and temporary consolation for, the griev-
ances complained of by our correspondent. The fundamental causes of these
grievances lie wide and deep, and apply to every class who live by their
bodily labour. What is the reason why the ploughman, though better paid
than the journeyman gardener, yet eats, drinks, and lodges in a very
inferior style to his employer, the farmer ? What is the reason why the
farmer can barely pay his rent and exist ? What could the landlord do
without the farmer, the farmer without the labourer ? or the country
gentleman without his gardener and other servants? Is not the obligation
in all these cases mutual? Undoubtedly it is, in the abstract; but practi-
cally it is not so : for it is found that there are always more servants than
can get employment at good wages ; and more farmers than can get farms
at reasonable rents. What, then, is to be done to remedy this evil ? Simply
to adapt the supply to the demand. All the difference which now exists
between the degree of comfort enjoyed by the employer and the employed,
between the landlord and the tenant, the borrower and the lender, are
owing to the discrepancy in this respect ; and this discrepancy essentially
springs from the ignorance of the one, and the comparative knowledge of
the other. If there are examples of ignorance among the employers, the
landlords, or the lenders, yet these are not sufficient to hinder them from
acting as a body or whole in rewarding labour ; and if there are individuals
among the employed fully enlightened, yet these are too few to influence
their class, as a body, in withholding labour till it shall receive its adequate
reward. For the effectual removal, therefore, of all the evils complained
of by our correspondent, we must look to the rising generation, and only
to that generation on the supposition that an efficient national system
of education is without delay established. It is the duty of all who are of
this opinion to impress it on the minds of all. — Cojid.

Art. II. The Necessity and Advantages of Gardeners visitmg one
another's Gardens. By R. T.

Sir,
You will probably recollect that, some time ago, I promised,
after paying a visit to some of the gentlemen's seats within
my reach, to give you an account of the manner in which I
treated some kinds of plants, which appeared to me to attain
a greater degree of perfection under my mode of culture than
under that of others. This promise I have already in some
measure fulfilled, but not to the extent I intended, owing to a
multiplicity of business, and other circumstances, which pre-

T T 3

646 Advantages of visiting Gardens.

vented me from devoting sufficient time to the subject. I
hope, liowever, at a future period to, occupy a few more of
your pages for the same purpose. I have just now returned
from another ramble among my friends, the benefit of which
I always find so great, that, although it has been before re-
conuiiended in your valuable work, I cannot well refrain from
a^ain calling the attention of gentlemen to the importance of
not only allowing their gardeners the privilege of visiting
their neighbours, but also to urge them to do so, and to fur-
nish them with the means. Could they but conceive the
advantage derived from it, both as it regards the knowledge
the gardener acquires from seeing the different manner of
treating plants for various purposes, as well as the stimulus
he receives to equal or excel others, I am certain there would
be no occasion tor my present remarks ; but, when I hear of
gentlemen objecting to spare their gardeners for a few days
in a year for such a purpose, I think it is right they should
be apprised of the advantage they would derive, if they were
to adopt a different plan. If some one more able than mj^self
had made an attempt, it might have had a greater effect ; but
with a little of your assistance, perhaps even mine may be
productive of some good. I do not mean to say that a gar-
dener is to be continually going from place to place, to the
neglect of his business at home ; nor will it often be found
that a man who is anxious to excel others will neglect his
concerns at home to visit his brother gardeners, as he will
then have more reason to expect a visit from them, whose
approbation in many cases he values more than that of his
employer, his reputation being spread more about the country
by the former than the latter. I would therefore suggest, that
gentlemen should enable their gardeners to see (as far as
practicable) the i)laces where they are themselves in the habit
of calling ; as it would do away with many unpleasant feelings
experienced by the gardener, as well as be beneficial to both
in many respects. It is no uncommon thing for a gentleman
or lady, possessing a first-rate gardener, when in the course
of an airing they have seen something which struck them as far
superior to their own, to return home dissatisfied with their
servant, and wondering how it is that they cannot at least
equal others in the display of flowers, or production of fruit,
&c., without once taking into consideration the difference of
soil or situation, the expense bestowed, or the means allowed
to obtain the same. Persons are also very njit to take pixr-
ticular notice of a lew things, which, from a different mode of
culture, present such a different np})earance from their own,tliat
I have, in several instances, known cuttings antl plants brought

Cultivation of Cottage Gardens. 647

home, when they have had the very same things growing in
their own gardens at the same time. Thus, for instance, one
person grows a quantity of some showy kind of plants in small
clumps, which, when in flower, cannot fail to attract the atten-
tion of the most careless observer ; while another, who has
no small clumps in his garden, grows a variety of kinds toge-
ther ; and although he has the same sorts as another, yet, from
the manner in which they are grown, a great part of them are
not observed by a person merely walking through. When it
thus happens, and the gardener is ignorant of what is passing
around him, he cannot state the reason of the difference, and
is therefore unable to defend himself: whereas, if it were
otherwise, he might satisfactorily account for it, while his
abilities would not be lessened in the eyes of his employers.
There ai'e many gardeners who would gladly spare a few days
in a year for the purpose I have mentioned, but that in some
cases the low wages they receive, and in others the unwilling-
ness of their masters, prevent it. I believe it will generally
be found, that, where a first-rate gardener is kept, there is at
least one horse kept which might be spared on such occasions,
and is very likely wanting exercise, while the servant is suf-
fered to hire one, or to pay coach hire to a considerable
amount for the benefit of the gentleman, who, if he were
inclined, ought to do it for next to nothing, while the servant,
sensible of the kindness bestowed, would not fail to return it
by a strict attention to the things committed to his care.

I am. Sir, yours,
Aiis:. 1832. R. T.

Art. III. Directive Hints for the effective Cultivation of Cottage
Gardens. By Selim.

Sir,
In a former communication (p. 529.), I ventured to offer a
few remarks upon the subject of cottage allotments, and then
confined my observations to the quantity of land that a labourer
might probably cultivate with profit to himself, and without
inconvenience to the master who employs him. I believe I
contended that few men in constant work could manure and
cultivate more than half an acre : but supposing a man could
cultivate that quantity of land, the next thing to be con-
sidered is, how could he manage it with the least expense of
labour, and to the most advantage ? In this respect, it will be
found, that the common run of labourers require a good deal
of advice and instruction. Those acquainted with the habits

T T 4

6 is Hints fuj- the effective Cultivation

of the labouring classes are aware that their knowledge of
gardening is very much confined, and that, generally speaking,
they have no taste for any thing beyond the conunon kinds of
vegetables. In this parish I seldom observe any tiling in a
cottage garden but potatoes, cabbages, beans, and French
beans ; in a few instances onions and parsneps, and very sel-
dom a few peas. Cabbages are the favourite vegetable, and
the prevailing crop in our cottage gardens ; and, for winter
greens, I generally find a plot of rape, which they transplant
from the fields, and it is said to be very productive, and to
make excellent greens. Bacon is the meat they use, and they
cultivate the sorts of vegetables which eat best with it. To
show how little taste the labouring classes have for the better
sorts of vegetables, I will mention, that having, on one occasion,
more red beet than I could use, I gave a quantity to a man
who works for me, desiring him to have it boiled, and to eat
it with vinegar with his bread and cheese. As he did not men-
tion it for some time afterwards, I concluded it was not liked ;
and upon enquiry I found that all the family tasted it, and all
disliked it, on account of its sweetness. I said, " Then, of
course, you gave it to the pig?" " Oh no," was the repl}',
" I did not give it to the pig; I was afraid it might do it
harm." And although I assured him that I had seen pigs kept
in very good condition upon the same sort of thing (mangold
wurzel), I could not prevail with him even to give the pig a
taste. I have found the same dislike for spinach, which Cob-
bett praises and recommends so highly, and for many other
vegetables which are considered as luxuries by the upper
classes.

Supposing, then, that a labourer had half an acre of ground,
one fourth of that quantity would be sufficient to produce
his vegetables, except potatoes, as they always crop close,
and seldom leave any part vacant ; the next question is, how
is he to crop the remainder? Some would say, with pota-
toes. I should say, with potatoes and grain, either wheat
or barley; and for this reason, because the straw of the grain
would litter the pig, and be returned in manure upon the land.
Besides, I think that the chief use of allotments of land is to
enable the labourers to keej) P'n^» ^^^^ ^^^ more meat and
fewer potatoes; and a labouring family, to live as they ought
to live, should kill two pigs in the year. Let us suppose, then,
that the remaininjj three fourths of the half acre of ground be
divided into two parts, and crop})ed alternately with grain and
potatoes, manuring always for potatoes. There would, in this
case, be generally plenty of potatoes for the use of the family,
leaving some also for the pigs : the grain, if it were barley,

of Cottage Gardens. ■ 649

would assist in feeding the pigs ; if wheat, it would supply the
family with bread for a certain time, and while they used their
own wheat, that part of their earnings which they saved in
bread they could afford to expend in barley for the pigs.
The plan of sowing grain would have also this advantage, that
it would diminish the quantity of labour required. When the
potatoes are taken up in autumn, the haulm might be pre-
viously removed to the dung-heap, and the ground neatly duo-
and left to mellow till the spring, when it would require little
labour to fork in a crop of barley. And if the land were to be
sown with wheat, it might be done by a method which I learned,
I think, from the Report of the Societi/ for bettering the Con-
dition of the Poor, and once tried myself for the purpose of
convincing a labourer that it might be done ; for, simple as
the method is, he would not believe it practicable till he had
seen it tried. When the potatoes are to be dug up, mow and
remove the stalks ; then, having dressed the seed, sow as
much ground as you intend to dig in the day. The act of
digging up the potatoes covers the seed wheat ; of course it
must be dug neatly, breaking the clods, and picking out the
rubbish as you proceed. The man above alluded to was per-
suaded that we should bury the seed so deep that it would
never vegetate. His surprise was therefore great, when it
came up at the proper time, and produced an abundant crop,
and he afterwards followed the same method upon his own
ground. When grain is once sown, it is done with, except
a little weeding in the spring, until the following harvest, when
it may be threshed with the gleanings : whereas potatoes, be-
sides the labour of setting and digging up, require a good deal
of attention in the busy time of the year ; indeed, it is a custom
with our people to hoe and fork between the rows two or three
times before the potatoes are taken up, and this has to be done
generally in haytime, when the men work late, and have little
leisure time. 1 am, therefoi'e, an advocate for sowing some part
of the allotment with grain, because it adds to the manure,
diminishes the labour, and would assist greatly in feeding a
pig : indeed, the produce of the barley plot, added to the
gleanings of an industrious family, would be quite sufficient to
fatten a large pig.

You will perceive that my observations on cottage allot-
ments (p. 529.) refer especially to parishes which have not
any considerable surplus of labourers, as is the case in the
district where I reside : still, as the wages are not sufficient
to support a large family in decent comfort, the labourers,
even here, stand in great need of the assistance of land. In
parishes burdened with many unemployed labourers, I read

050 Tii/luence of Cottage Gardens

of allotments being niatle to the extent of three and four acres,
and 1 fear these allotments will not answer in the end, if used
as arable, because the land will be in constant work without
manure. In the case of large allotments, an acre of arable
land is quite as much as any man can manage })roperly, if he
has any employment besides ; the remainder should only be
in grass, to support a cow. Upon this plan the grass and
arable would mutually assist each other, and might afford a
maintenance for a family.

I am, Sir, yours, Sec.
August 17. 1832. Selim.

Art. IV. On the Influence of Cottage Gardens in proynoting
Industry and Independence amo7ig Cottagers. By Jonx H.
MoGGiUDGE, Esq.

Sir,
It is a fact, the knowledge of which will not be miaccept-
able to those of your readers who take an interest in plans
for bettering the condition of the poor, that, in the village of
Blackwood, ripe jieaches grown in a cottager's garden have
this season been sold at the moderate price of 8^/. per dozen.
1 need hardly say that the land producing this fruit was the
grower's own, that is, held under a lease for lives. In the
year 1817, this spot was a wilderness, and the present occu-
pier was one of the first adventurers in the experimental
colonies, founded in 1818, of which you have repeatedly
inserted some account in your valuable Magazine. For the
first settlers I cleared the ground at my own expense, and
some other trifling assistance was given in the beginning of
an undertaking then much scoft'ed at, and since occasionally
thwarted, by persons who desire to see but two classes of
people in the country, the rich and the })oor, the master and
the servant, the oppressor and the oppressed. The cottager,
whose garden has produced several dozens of peaches this
year, was a rough or out-of-door carpenter, em})loyed to put
up posts and rails on a farm, and to do the rough work about
a colliery. Before he built his house, he lived in a hovel, with
his wife and i'amily, without even a garden. Since then, by
dint of his industry and good conduct, he has been enabled to
build a second and a third house, all of stone, and tiled, and
to bring three gardens into cultivation ; besides rearing his
children decently, and teaching his sons to tread in liis steps.
Me is now an old man, nearly blind, and has been unable
to follow his work for moie than a year past : but he has a

on Industry and hidependeiKe. 651

comfortable house to live in ; receives the rent of two other
houses ; has two industrious sons and a daughter, unmarried,
to cultivate his garden, which is larger than usual ; with its
pi'oduce in fruit and vegetables of various sorts, honey from
his hives, and a pig in the sty to kill at Christmas, to console
him under the loss of sight and the infirmities of old age, with
the cheering consciousness, that he need be indebted to no
parish for relief, and is in no danger of leaving his children
beggars.

To the enquiries of such as are desirous of knowing what
progress my experiment is making in the disastrous times
which former misgovernment has brought upon the country,
I wish I could give as satisfactory a reply, in reference to the
whole, as I am enabled to do in this individual case. Last
winter, many of the collieries stopped working, on account of
the failure of those who had adventured therein, and the de-
plorable state of the neighbouring ironworks has thrown a
great number of hands out of employ ; so that there are, pro-
babl}'^, on an average, two competitors for one place of work,
notwithstanding which, the colliers' wages have not been
reduced, but their hours of working. Again, other attempts
have been made to subject the industrious poor to local tax-
ation, and to the payment of rates for roads they never use,
and for a church they never attend. The consequence of all
this is, that many who had saved money and acquired homes
of their own, have been obliged to mortgage, while others
have sold their property, and, in disgust, gone to America
with the produce. Nevertheless, a few new houses have been
built this summer, and though there are great drawbacks on
the progressing prosperity of the three villages, they by no
means negative the principle on whicli the experiment was
founded ; but, on the contrary, though they may unhappily
impede its progress, add fresh proofs of the great truth, that,
if relieved from the heavy burdens of taxation, and badness
of trade consequent thereon, and if they were fairly dealt
with, the industrious classes, now in danger of annihilation,
would, in no long time, redeem both their characters and
their circumstances; and, instead of being a national burden,
and a source of anxiety and terror, would contribute to
the strength, and insure the safety and tranquillity, of the
country.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.

John H. Moggridge.
Woodfield, Monmouthshire, Oct. 10. 1832.

l)5'2 Qiustion on tht Furnutliun of Ihe Alburnum.

AuT. V. A Question to the Author of '■'■ The Domestic Gardener s
Manual" 13y Mr. Main.

Sir,

In your Magazine, Vol. VIII. p. 14 2., there appears a com-
munication containing some very pertinent remarks, by the
talented author of The Domestic Gardener'' s Manual, C.M.II.S.,
in which he very properly advises vegetable physiologists to
be cautious in forming general conclusions from imperfect
or partial appearances of either the motions of the fluids,
or the uses of the several organs of plants. This is good
advice; for it cannot be denied that there are certain points
in the science far from being explicit, especially to those who,
like myself, cannot dive deeply into the philosophy of it.

In the communication alluded to, there is one of those
stumbling-blocks which is believed, and consequently tho-
roughly understood, by the author as well as Mr. Knight,
P.H.S., whom he quotes, and which, if he will condescend
to explain, would be, I can assure G. I. T., a very great
favour to us }iractical men. He is a lover of science, and,
I presume to think, would be gratified to enlighten those
that have not the advantajres of either chemical knowledjxe
or extensive reading; to assist their studies of vegetable
piienomena.

The enigma I allude to is contained in the followinjj sen-
tence: — " The nutriment absorbed becomes the true sap or
living blood of the plant by exposure to light in the leaf;
that it descends by the bark, by which the matter that foryns
the layer of' alburnum is deposited" The idea of the new layer
of alburnum being formed by, or out of, the true sap, is de-
clared ajiain and ai>ain in Mr. Knitjfht's writiuirs, and reiter-
ated repeatedly in thii Domestic Gardener's Manual; but in
all cases, I beg leave to say, without suflicient proof. Now, as
it is high time that all obscurities should be, as far as possible,
cleared away from this interesting subject, and that no gratui-
tous concessions should be required of the student, I would
most respectlully beg leave to propose the following question :
— Is it possible that organic structure can be formed out of mere
Jluids, whether simple or compound, as they are found in the
root, stem, leaves, flowers, or fruit of plants ? If such a process
of accretion be possible, I would wish to be informed how it
takes place; and particularly, whether there be any similar pro-
cess or instance, in the whole range of animated nature, with
which it can be com[)ared ?

As a very superior chemist, and as a natural philosopher,
I beg of G. J. T. an answer to the above simple question ;

Modes of training Peach Trees compared. Q5S

but, as he is also the author of the Domestic Gardener's
Manual, must, on the behalf of every gardener who reads tlie
book, demand an explicit answer at his earliest convenience.
The answers of other writers are inadmissible: we have had
already too long a concatenation of these passing current ;
but of which I am willing to believe the author of the above-
named book will disdain to avail himself.

I am. Sir, yours, &c.
Chelsea^ Oct. 13. 1832. J. Main.

Art. VI. On Mr. Hayxjonrd's Mode of traiJiing Peach Trees, as
compared tvith Mr. Seymour s Mode. By Joseph Hayward,
Esq.

Sir,
When I wrote my last (p. 483.), I had not seen your
description of Mr. Seymour's method of training the peach
tree, nor had I any knowledge of what it was. I, however,
there stated my belief, that, whatever may be the merit of this
mode of training above Forsyth's or the common fan fashion,
if the principles and laws of nature are such as I had explained
them, such merit must be derived from his having more cor-
rectly conformed to those principles and laws of nature. I
have since referred to your former Numbers, wherein Mr.
Seymour's mode is described [Vol. I. p. 128., Vol. II. p. 295.,
Vol. VI. p. 436., Vol.VII. p. 242. 248. 687-, Vol.VIII. p. 51.],
and I find I was not mistaken. The only merit is, that by this
mode the leaders which produce the bearing wood ai'e laid on
an angle of about 45°, and the bearers are all produced from
their upper sides. This is conformable to my explanations,
and to my seventh rule, which is, — " In all erect-growing
trees, placed in an open situation, and where the light falls
equally, the flow of sap is vertical ; and the strongest branches
will form in this position, until the stem or trunk acquires a
certain age or elevation, which is determined by the soil,
situation, and nature of the tree ; but in places where the light
is obstructed on any side, the flow of sap inclines towards the
light: " and to the eighth rule, which is, — " If a bud, formed
and placed for a leading branch, be removed, or the vessels
connected with it be contracted or injured, and the usual
passage of the sap obstructed, the wood-bud occupying the
next best position will take its supply, and perform its office ;
and when, from any number of buds formed to receive a
quantity of sap, a part of them be taken away, the share of
sap which that part would otherwise have received is given

654^

Haywm-d's and Sei/mow^s Modes of

to those remaining, and they are extended proportionally."
Agreeably to the seventh rule, by placing his leaders on an
angle of about 45°, Mr. Seymour jiroduces an equal division
of the sap ; and, conformably to the eighth rule, as he allows
no buds to produce shoots but those wliich grow on the upper
side, he produces bearers of luxuriant growth : but, inasmuch
as Mr. Seymour does not avail himself of the further advan-
tages permitted by the seventh rule, his plan is inferior to mine.
For instance, Mr. Seymour's plan is exiiibited ivi Jig. 124. ;
and my plan in^^. 123.: —

124

Then, by his plan, there must be two angular spaces left
under the first leaders, or tiers of branches, as marked a and
hy that are without fruit: and, as your practical men will most
likely say, " Talk as you will of principles: the proof of the
pudding is in tlie spending," let us see what is the difference
in the effect of those two methods of training. In the jiresence
of some gentlemen, I have, this morning, drawn a line, j)aral-
lel with the surface of the earth, as marked by the dotted lines
in the sketch {Jig. 123.), under the lower horizontals of a tree
in my garden ; and, raising a perpendicular line of 3 ft. from
the extreme end, have brought the line down to the centre (r);
thus forming two angles, as marked by a and h\ the length of
the lower base of each triangle is 9 ft.; and the full spread of
the tree 1 8 ft. In each of those angles I have more than one
hundred perfect peaches. Again, from the centre of the tree
(at r), I raise a i)c'ri)en(licular line of 5 ft. (the tree at present
producing no fVuit above that height) : from tlie ujiper point of
this line 1 form an angle on each side, to a base of 3 ft., right
and left, from the centre, as marked by the dots. In this
angle (c) there are more than one hundred peaches; and,
within an angle foiiued between two trees, the same as in the
centre of one, I iiave upwards of one hundred peaches: so
that every part t)f the wall is ecjually covered. On the whole
tree, that has been trained for five years only, I have seven
hundred }ieaches ; and they were so thinned as that no two
peaches touched at the stoning ; they are, consequently, of a
uniform size: and by the means which I adopt to sustain or
feed my trees, each fruit is brought to maturity ; not twenty

traijiing Peach Trees comjyared.

655

peaches on a tree are imperfect and vapid. Tlien, to enable
your readers to judge between us, will you ascertain and state
the produce of the tree trained after Mr. Seymour's mode in
the Chiswick Gardens ? I cannot be answerable for Mr.
Thomson's success in executing my plan of training with two
stems, which he was directed to establish in the Chiswick
Gardens ; but I am at all times ready to exhibit practical
demonstrations of the truth of my conclusions and represent-
ations in my garden here. My trees are of five years' ti'aining;
and having now one fourth more beiiring wood than last year,
I have no fear of obtaining one fourth more fruit next year.

In your Encyclopcvdia of Gardeiihig you give my sketch of
training on one stem thus {fg. 125.) : but take no other notice

of it than calling it the
" wavy fan fashion."
As you made no ob-
servation whatever
on my principles of
training, you make it
appear that you con-
sider this form as the
mere indulgence of
fancy — a whim ; but
by this you discover
either your ignorance
or your contempt for
scientific knowledge :
and is this consistent
with your duty as the literary caterer for gardeners ? By no
other means than by this "wavy fan fashion" can the horizontal
leaders be trained to the fullest extent which the tree will cover,
in the same time ; and, at the same time, fill every part of
the space allowed it with bearing wood : for, according to
the law stated, that the sap will flow to the most vertical
buds, and there form the strongest branches, by turning up
the ends of the horizontals, thus, ^^ — /, I make the extreme
or point bud present the most vertical channel, and thus
obtain from it a strong branch, perhaps, of 3 ft. long ; and
then, by bringing this down to a precise horizontal, all but
6 in. or 8 in. at the end, 1 lengthen such horizontal 2 ft. of
more ; and, thus proceeding, carry it to any length. Then,
in what respect is this mode of training inferior to Mr. Sey-
mour's, or any other ? supposing one stem to be preferred
to two. I am, Sir, yours, &c.

Madipole, near Weymouth, Joseph Hayward,

&J3/. 4. 1832.

C5G DesMtctioii ofhsccfs and Vermin

Art. VII. On the Application of the Ammoniacal Liquor of Coal
Gas to the Destruction of Insects and Vermin. By Robert
Mallet, Esq.

Sir,

I HAVE much pleasure in complying with your request
(Vol. VII. p. 558.), by furnishing such details concerning this
particular use of ammoniacal liquor, as, I imagine, will be
sufficient for every intelligent gardener. Ammonia is present
in the ammoniacal liquor, partly pure or caustic ; but, in a
larger quantity, in the states of sulphate and carbonate of
ammonia ; and I find the following to be one of the best
modes of finding exactly the entire quantity of pure ammonia
contained in a given quantity of the liquor : —

Place 300 or 400 grains of the li(|uor in a small retort ;
apply a gentle heat, and collect whatever pure ammonia is
present over mercury, and observe its quantity. Dilute the
fluid with an equal weight of distilled water; and carefully
drop in either muriate of lime or of barytes, until it ceases to
occasion any further precipitate. Then filter and wash the
precipitate with pure water, add the washings to the clear
liquor, and evaporate the whole to dryness in a previously
weighed flask, applying the heat carefully, towards the end of
the evaporation, lest the muriate of ammonia be sublimed. Let
the flask and contents be again weighed; subtract the former
from the latter weight; and the difference will be the weight
of the muriate of ammonia produced by the sulphuric and
carbonic acids, which formed the sulphate and carbonate of
ammonia, quitting their base and uniting with that of the
muriate of barytes or lime, and the muriatic acid of the lat-
ter uniting with the ammonia of the former salts. The weight
of muriate of ammonia being known, the quantity of pure
ammonia may be easily estimated, every 100 parts of the
former containing 31*95 of the latter.

I give this at length, to enable any gardener, who is com-
petent (and what gardener can pretend to understand his
business who is not a tolerable chemist?), to repeat the pro-
cess ; which it will be well to do before using the liquor, as
that obtained from different gas-works contains varying quan-
tities of ammonia.

Those, however, who arc unable fo determine the quantity
of ammonia for themselves, may rely safely enough on the
result of my experiments; viz., 1 ft. of ammoniacal gas will be
produced from 11023 grains of anuuoniacal li{|uor, at a mean
temperature and pressure of the atmos})herc. Tiicre is no gar-
dener, I should hope, at the present day, who cannot find the

hy Ammoniacal Liquor of Coal Gas.

657

cubical contents of a horticultural house ; so that the quantity
of liquor necessary to fill one fifth or any other portion of the
contents of a house, at a mean temperature and pressure, is thus
easily known. But all houses are not at a mean temperature ;
viz., 60° Fahr. : it may, therefore, be necessary to make a cor-
rection in the volume of gas for temperature. The following
rule may, therefore, be used to estimate iirhat would be the
'volume of any i^ortion of gas, if brought to the temperature of 60°
Fahr. : — Divide the whole quantity of gas by 480 : the quo-
tient will show the amount of its expansion or contraction for
each degree of Fahrenheit's thermometer. Multiply this by
the number of degrees which the gas exceeds or falls below
60°. If the temperature of the gas be above 60°, subtract
the product from, or if below 60°, add it to, the absolute
quantity of gas : and the remainder in the first case, or sum in
the second, will be the answer.

As perfect accui'acy in determining the quantity of gas is
not necessary, there never can be need of any correction for
pressure.

All this may possibly, to some, appear to have more of
craft than utility in it : to which I say, first, if a thing is
worth doing at all, it is worth doing rightly ; and, next, if it
serves no other purpose, it will be a good exercise of thought,
&c., to young gardeners. Now, as to the mode of producing
and applying the gas. Those who can, ought to have a vessel
proper for the purpose, made of tin, a section of which is
here represented, (fg. 126.)

v-^^\'^'

127

\

\

1
1

In this figure, a is a cylindrical vessel of tin, about 15 in. in
diameter, and 6 in. deep ; b is a channel, formed by an exter-
nal concentric cylinder of tin, about 2 in. deep, and half an

Vol. VIII. — No. 4rl. uu

658

Mode of destroying Insects mid Vermin.

inch from the internal one. This is filled with water ; and
when the Hd (r) is put on. its edge goes down into the water,
and forms an air-tight joint or valve. The gas passes off by
the tube (r/), likewise made of tin, which should have two
bends at right angles ( fig. 127.), in separate pieces, to permit
its motion in all directions.

Into this vessel the previously determined quantity of am-
moniacal liquor is to be put; and about half a pound of
quicklime, in small pieces, for every quart of liquor, is to be
added. The cover is then put on, and the tube inserted into
some convenient opening in the lower part of the house,
taking care that no plants are very close to the aperture.

In this way, which I find a great improvement upon the
plan of evaporating the fluid, the gas is abundandy disen-
gaged ; the slacking of the lime produces sufficient heat, with-
out the application of fuel ; and the ammonia is in a causdc
state.

Those who cannot procure this apparatus will probably
not be able to get the liquor either ; but should they get

the liquor, a small still,
or even a watering-pot,
placed within the house
in this position (y^f. 128.),
may be substituted.

Ammoniacal liquor
may be used with safety
for washing dirty pines,
and the wood and buds
of vines ; to kill the red
spider early in their sea-
son of appearing. Plants
in pots, when very dirty,
may even be dipped into
it, diluted with 'an equal quantity of water; and soon after
dipped into, or syringed with, pure water, to wash it and the
dead insects off. A single very filthy plant, with close hard
leaves, such as a Panddnus, a Bonaparter/, &,c., may be covered
with an inverted barrel, and die gas applied to it alone, the
plant being previously and subsequendy syringed.

In every kind of house, it is well to syringe gently before
applying the gas, as the water absorbs some of the gas, and it
thus acts more powerfully; but, in every case, the house
shoukl be syringed afterwards.

In very humid houses, radier more of the gas than one fifth
of the volume should be applied ; the quantity, however, will
in general be best found by the observation of the intelligent

Design for a Gardener's House.

659

gardener. Diluted ammoniacal liquor, where it can be procured
abundantly and at a reasonable rate, is a powerful and excel-
lent manure ; and, like salt, possesses the valuable property of
clearing the gi'ound from all insects and worms.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.
94!. Cajjel Street, Dublin, Nov. 7. ISSl. Robert Mallet.

Art. VIII. Design for a Gardener s House, adapted for being
connected ivith the West Wall of a Kitchen-Garden,

In pursuance of our plan of giving eight designs for gar-
deners' houses, especially calculated for the four sides and four
corners of kitchen-garden walls, we present^5. 129. and 130.,

129

before we describe which, we shall introduce a few remarks,
which have been sent us on the subject by our architectural
friend who first suggested the idea of publishing them. " The
gardeners' houses which I visited in Scotland are either
lean-tos generally behind the hot-houses, and consequently
exposed to the north winds, and precluded from all sun-
shine, except during a few weeks in summer ; or they are
detached houses, generally lodges to gates, or placed in conspi-
cuous situations in the grounds as ornamental objects. Now,
the first class I consider as discreditable in point of humanity,
and the other equally so in point of architecture. Would
any human being voluntarily submit to live on the ground,
under a shed exposed to the north, and excluded from every
ray of light or sun from the south ? Surely, no master entitled
to the appellation of humane would wish a servant to remain
in such a dwelling, if the evils attendant on it were pointed
out to him. I have been particulai-ly requested not it) mention

660

Design for a Gardener's House,

130

XT
5

names where the gar-
deners live in sheds,
and therefore 1 shall
not do so ; but I am
not under the same
restraint with respect
to the ornamental
lodges, and therefore
I shall just refer to
one, all show on
the exterior, without
either accommoda-
tion or convenient
arrangement within,
as a specimen of the
discreditable in ar-
chitecture ; it is the
gardener's house at
Eglinton Castle, and
I mention it the more
I'eadily, because I
have no idea who
was the architect."

The desifjn before
us contains, on the
ground floor, a kit-
chen, a ; parlour, b ;
back kitchen, c ; and
office, d. The chamber
floor contains three
good bed-rooms, e ;
and a seed-room, J".
There are two closets,
g and //.

Am. IX. Design for a Gardeners House, serving, at the same
time, as a IVatchtower for the Fruit Walls of a Garden in the
Neighbourhood of a large Ciltj. By T. A.

The following design, by one of our most eminent London
architects, was sent us for our Eiicyclup(cdia of Cottage, Farm,
and Villa Architecture, as the gardener's house of an elegant
subuiban villa, the plan of which accompanied it. Both are
such perfect models of their kind, and display so much in so
little, and at such moderate cost, that we cannot resist the

serving as a Watchtower.

661

temptation of giving the gardener's house in this Magazine,
though it will appear also, with the villa, in our Encyclopaedia.
Both the villa and the house have been erected by the archi-
tect for himself; and, as we have had the pleasure of fre-
quently seeing both for several past years, we can answer for
their being as satisfactory in execution, and as convenient in
use, as they are admirable in design.

Fig. 131. is the ground plan of the gardener's house; in

which a is the living-room, an octagon 15 ft. in diameter, with
a fireplace i, and large closet or pantry, c. There is a trapdoor
in the floor at d, to a store-cellar below ; and in the centre of
the ceiling there is another trapdoor to a seed-loft and herb-
room in the roof. The step-ladder, by which the loft is entered,
stands under the trapdoor to the cellar, serving as a stair to it,
so that it is always at hand to be used for going into the loft.
It will be observed that this room commands the diagonal of
the space within the garden, and an entire square of space with-
out it, as indicated by the letters kk The bed-room, e, com-
mands by its two windows the south and north sides of the
wall, which lies east and west (or what is commonly called by
gardeners the south wall, from its aspect), as indicated by the
letters / /. There are, a scullery, f, with a sink, g ; a coal-
house, h ; and watercloset, i. From the two windows of
g and /, the east and west sides of the eastern boundary of a
square gai'den are commanded by the gardener, as indicated
by the letters m m. The gardener, or his wife, seated in
the centre of the living-room, with the bed-room and scul-

u u 3

662

Designs and Details for opening

lery doors open, will command from that position the whole
of the interior of the garden.

If it were desired to add to the accommodation of this
dwellino-, it might easily be done by a staircase taken from
the living-room, descending to a floor below, containing the
apartments /,' g^ //, /, and a kitchen ; and ascending to a floor
above, of either one octagon room in the centre, or three
rooms.

Fig. 132. is a perspective view of this house, as seen placed

in the north-east corner of a walled garden. To the right and
left are seen portions of the south and west walls, and in the
centre is the entrance door.

Art. X. Designs and Details for opening the Gates of Lodges to
Gentlemen s Seals in the Night-time, tvithout troubling the Gate-
keeper to leave his Bed. By Mr. Saul.

Sir,

When you were in this neighbourliood, you directed my
attention to the oj)ening and shutting of the turnpike gates ;
and I have since found, by inspection, that those near Lan-
caster are very imperfect. The following plan I consider more
complete than any thing I have yet met with : —

Fig. 13'i. is a design for a lodge gate, the centre part of which
may be opened and shut with the greatest case, by any one
within the lodge, by turning the handle marked a, in Jigs.
134'. and 135. Ten turns of this handle will open the gate, and

Lodge Gates in the Night.
133

663

134

it takes the same number to shut it. If it should be considered
desirable to have the gate opened from an upper room, it may
be done by means of the handle b in,/g. 1 35., which will require
twenty-four turns to open or shut the gate.

Fig. 134'. shows how the wheel No. 1. is connected with the

handle a: the wheel
c is merely intro-
' duced for the pur-
pose of raising that
handle, which should
be about three feet
from the floor, as in
the plan,^^. 136. In
the same figure, the
wheels are seen fixed
to the wall at e. Fig.
135. shows the man-
ner in which the wheel
No. 6. is connected
with the handle b.
I do not consider it
necessary to place
machinery for open-
ing gates to be oper-
ated on from sitting-
rooms, but only from
bed-rooms.

The size of the
wheels is as follows :
— No. 1. is four feet
in diameter; No. 2. is
twelve inches; No. 3.
three feet; No. 4.
twelve inches ; No. 5. three feet; No. 6. nine inches; No. 7.
three feet ; and No. 8. six inches.

u u 4

135

6G4

Desaiptio7i uf Two Kinds of Beehive.

Fig. 1 37. is another plan for opening and shutting the gate by
means of two drums or cylinders : i is the cylinder to which the

137

138

gate is fixed, and supplies the place of the wheel No. 3. in^^g.
133.; k is supposed to be in the place of No. 6. ; and / in that of
Nos. 7. and 8. The wheel g is about eighteen inches in dia-
meter; yis the worm pinion to turn g, and is about six inches
in diameter. This plan will be equally efficacious for an upper
or a lower room, as it makes no difference what the length of
h is. Fig. 138. shows that two chains, m m, are fixed to the cy-
linders / k, at n o and at 7^ q. This plan I consider as cheaper
and simpler than the other. I am, Sir, yours, &c.

M. Saul.
Sulyard Street, iMticaster, Dec. 22. 1831.

Art. XL A Description of Two Kinds of Beehive.
By Mr. W. Young.

Sir,
1 HAVE constructed two sorts of beehives, which, I think, are
worth being noticed in your Magazine. One {^fig. 139.) is
shaped like the but of an ancient elm, and is placed on a block

Descj'iption of Two Kinds of Beehive.

665

of timber in the ground. It has a rural appearance, and is very
useful in affording fresh honey occasionally, without injuring the
bees. A door opens in the rear, and inside is a glass door,
which you can open to take out as many of the combs as you
wish. The bees do not swarm, nor are they any trouble
after being once put into the hive, which is done in the same
way as with any other hive, by scenting the inside. The ends
are two round boards ; and rails of wood are nailed to these,
and strong canvass nailed round, leaving only the door. Two
slight iron hoops are nailed over the canvass, in order to
strengthen the rails, one going round at the top of the door,
and the other at the bottom, so that the door is between the
hoops. Another piece of canvass is then put over the first,
and nailed all round as before, which makes the frame quite
firm and strong. Now brush the canvass all over with thin
paste made of flour and water, in order to fill the canvass and
make it stiff, to keep the paint from going through the first
canvass next the honey ; and, when dry, give two coats of
white paint. When the paint is dry, lay the whole surface

over with strong putty in
imitation of the bark of the
elm, ash, or any tree, to your
fancy. When dry, paint it as
like the colour as you can,
and stick pieces of moss and
lichen in the putty from the
trees. There may be some
fixture on the top, to throw
off the rain. This one has
a large cone of the stone
pine, for the bees to light
upon.

The sticks are fixed cross-
wise, proceeding from the
three entrance holes to each
side of the door in the rear.
Currant bushes are growing
up the two sides, and a few
plants of thyme in front.
The bee-holes in the bark look like keyholes, and they,
being the same as in a door, and painted like bark, are not
noticed ; they have brass outside shuts in cold weather.

Construction of a Beehive from which the Honey may he
taken without destroying the Bees. — Make a square hive of
Straw ; when at the height of 5 in. work a floor of the same
all over, leaving three round holes in the middle, about half

666 ^(^ Instrument for

an inch wide, in this way, ' . * Get a beeliive, and fix a few
thin willow sticks up the sides and top inside. Line the inside
with canvass fixed to the sticks, and fastened outside the
hive. Fix a thin board in the mouth of the hive, making it
fit quite close and tight. Then make three holes in the
middle, the same as before noticed, which lay over the holes in
the division or floor. Then continue making the outside hive
until high enough to permit the passage of the other; and leave
a door to open, to take it out and put another in. Three sticks
are to be placed from the bottom to the holes in the floor, for
the bees to creep up into the upper hive, where it is likely
they will first begin. When the upper hive is full of honey,
take it out and put in another, leaving always what honey is
in the under one for their support. When you wish to take
the honey, set the hive on a dish, cut the fastening of the
canvass and sticks, and shake the hive until the combs slip out
on the dish ; then remove the canvass, and the honey will be
clean and the combs whole. If any bees remain in the combs,
brush them off with a feather, and they will fly back into the
hive again. I am. Sir, yours, &c.

Florence Courts April, 1832. W. Young.

Art. XII. Notice of a new Transplanting Instrument for Florist's
Floivers, invented by Captain Hurdis, R. N. Coraraunicated by
Mr. Camekon, Nurseryman at Uckfield, Sussex.

Sir,

The new instrument I left with you was invented by Capt.
G. II. Hurdis, Royal Navy, residing in Uckfield, Sussex;
and it is made, according to his directions, by Mr.-Noves,
ironmonger, Uckfield. Its use is for removing plants, bulbs,
&c., at any season, and to any distance, with safety ; or into
pots, with the greatest facility. As you seemed to approve of
the instrument, you will please to give it such a name as is
appropriate to it, and say of it what you think it deserves.
As Captain Hurdis is a very ingenious gentleman, and takes
much interest in gardening, I have no doubt that you will
have something else from him ; as he is frequently contriving
different sorts of tools for the use of iiis garden and the
public in general. I am. Sir, yours, &c.

Uckjield, Oct. 17. 1832. James Cameron.

This instrument consists of three parts, a cylinder about 6 in. long, and
5\ in. wide, open at top and bottom, and with two handles. {Jig. 1 iO. a.)
Tlie edge is serrated, with four saw teeth at bottom, which teeth, with the
rest of the edge, arc sharpened by a file. There is a bottom into which

transplanting Florist's Floisoers.

66\

this fits, b ; two segments, c ; and a pronged instrument, d. Supposing
it desired to remove a hyacinth, the cylinder is placed over the plant, and
worked into the soil till it is filled to the brim. The cylinder and soil are
now lifted up and placed on the bottom (6), which fits sufficiently tight to
adhere without any fastening.

The two flat semicircular pieces (c) are then placed on the surface of
the soil, on each side of the stem of the plant. It may now be watered,
and kept in the instrument as in a common flower-pot ; or carried to any
distance, and the bottom (b) being taken oiF, the plant and ball of earth
may be pushed through the cylinder («) into a pot, or a hole in the soil, as
may be desired, by pressing on the semicircular plates (c) with the pronged
instrument (rf). The same arrangement is particularly favourable for
packing and sending to any distance.

[This is certainly a simple, ingenious, and very effective invention of the
kind ; and, as Mr. Cameron has asked us to give it a name, we propose
calling it Hurdis's Flower-'Flrans'planter . We shall be happy to i-eceive
accounts of Captain Hurdis's other inventions, and also of a certain tool
for stirring ground encumbered with roots or stones, preparatory to plant-
ing, mentioned by Mr. Cameron, and of which he has seen no account
published. — Cond?[

668

Instrument for Summer Pruning.

141

— 8-

-1- ?

Art. XIII. Description of an Instrument Jbr Use in the Summer
Pruning of Forest Trees. By Mr. William Tayloii, Gar-
dener, Tliainston, Aberdeenshire.

Sir, •

I HERE send you a sketch of a pair of
pruning-shears which I have invented for
checking rival leaders of forest trees. The
blades of the shears are 5 in. long : one has
a socket for a handle 10ft. long; the other
has a tail about 10 in. or 12 in. long (to give
it lever power) with a hole in the end, to
which a piece of garden line is fastened: the
line passes over a pulley of 2 in. diameter,
and is kept to the shaft by small staples :
the spring is for keeping the shears open,
and the pin in the socket is a stopper to
prevent the blades overlapping each other.
The end of the handle rests in a short strong
leather socket from a belt round the waist,
which gives the workman the use of his left
hand to guide the tool, and of his right to
work the cord with. It will cut a branch
fully one fourth of an inch thick.

1 use this tool for checking rival leading
shoots of young forest trees, principally in
their growing state, in June and July. Many
trees have three or four leaders, and it often
happens that the main leader is overtopped
by a side branch. I have been often vexed
because I could not reach such leaders ; they
being from 7 ft. to 14 ft. high, the tree
too slender to support a ladder, and the
shoots too small for a })runing-chisel : but
with these shears a man will do it in a moment;
and they coukl, by means of a longer handle,
be made to reach to the top of a tree 16 ft.
or 20 ft. high. Lateral shoots may be fore-
shortened back to the first or second twit;.
Here, I hope, it will not be understood that
I recommend clipping trees to a uniform
shape. No : trees can be properly trained,
and yet their natural forms in a great mea-
sure preserved.

This tool will be found useful in trimming
climbing and trailing plants against a wall,
when they are beyond the reach of persons
on the ground, or upon a too short ladder.

Parallel Rods.

669

It is best to use it on a calm day. I would not apply it in
pruning fruit trees, notwithstanding shears have been recom-
mended for summer-pruning gooseberry and currant bushes,
by no mean authority. I am, Sir, yours, &c.

Thainston, Abei'deenshire, July^ 1831. Wm. Taylor.

Art. XIV. A Description of a useful Garden Implement termed
Parallel Rods, designed Jor marhing Parallel Lines o?i Beds. By
its Inventor, Mr. William Godsall.

Sir,

I HAVE had made what I consider a useful instrument to

facilitate the planting of ranunculuses and tulips, and for

various other similar purposes. I call it " parallel rods : " it

is made of deal, and costs me about three shillings, a and b

142

{^g. 142.) are two rods, 6 ft. long and 2 in. wide. Into a,
two strips, 14 in. long, are firmly mortised, at right angles,
these pass through b ; and by means of wooden pins the rods
are secured at the required distance apart, c is the handle,
fixed to a, at a right angle.

When the bed is raked level, and edged, I leave the neces-
sary margin along the side, and place the rod a where the
outside row is to be planted, then slightly press the rods with
the foot, which leaves two parallel impressions. I then shift
the rods on in a direct line, placing the ends of the rods as a
guide, a foot or so along the first marks, and then press them
as before; thus repeating it, to the end of the bed; and, in
returning, I place the rod a in the mark made by b, till I have

670 Fitted Walls and Kifcfieti-Gardai

thus marked the whole bed longitudinally. I then, by apply-
ing niv jxirallel rods in a similar manner across the beds,
intersect these longitudinal lines; and at each intersection I
place my root or plant. IJy this method a bed 20 ft. by 4- ft.
may be accurately marked out in five minutes. The instrument
is useful as a square ; and also as a level, by attaching a plum-
met line to the top of the handle; and the rod b is divided into
feet and inches, and is easily detached for sundry purposes.
I am, Sir, your's, &c.

Wm. Godsall.
Hereford, Sept. 29. 1832.

Art. XV. A Plan and Description of the Fined Walls in the
Gardens of Erskine House, tvith a Plan and Description of the
Kitchen-Garden there. By Mr. G. Shiells.

Sir,

ActREEAbly to your request when here, T now send you
a sketch of our kitchen-garden {fg. l^*.) and flued walls
(fg. 14'3.), with some description of them.

Our mode of heating these walls is simple but effectual.
As will be seen m fg. 143., there is an open space, with a
damper fixed immediately over, where the smoke and heated
air enter the wall from the furnace at a: this damper regu-
lates the heat through the whole wall. I found that when the
damper was drawn about 4 in., a sufficient portion of the
smoke and heated air passed through the two under flues to
produce the necessary degree of heat in these flues; and, after
passing through these, being again united to that part ascending
through the opening left at a, the whole body of smoke then
ascends, and passes through the third and upper flues, by
which these are heated a little more than the lower ones.
This I consider a great advantage, because the upper part
of the wall is more exposed to the cold air, and less benefited
by the reflection of heat from the ground ; besides, the shoots
there are generally more luxuriant and spongy, and conse-
quently later in ripening.

N(f trellis is required for this wall ; for, if the damper be
properly fixed, there is no danger of overheating any part of
it; the only pnrt where danger from overheating is to be
apprehended is where the heat enters from the furnace, which
is 18 in. from the wall, and 2 ft. below the surface of the
ground. To prevent the roots of the trees on the south side
of the wall from being injured by the heat, 4-inch brickwork

at ErsMne Hotise.
143

671

is carried up, opposite the furnace, to within a few inclies of
the surface, with a 2 -inch cavity {b). As tl)e heat rises above
the surface, it enters the wide space (c) ; from whence it is
immediately divided through the wall. I have, however, a
yard or two of the wall, at the warm end of the under flues,
a httle thicker {d).

As flued walls are always warmest towards the top of the
flues, the idea struck me, that if one, two, or more bricks
(according to the depth of the flues) were built across the
upper ends, as shown at e, they would, by confining the draught
of smoke towards the bottom of the flues, tend to equalise
the heat in them. This did not answer my expectations ; for it
retained too much of the heat in the under and third flues,
which caused a deficiency in the second and upper one :
but having bricks run across the upper part of the cooler
ends of the second and upper flues, as shown in the sketch
[e e), is of considerable advantage, as a means of retaining the
heat in these flues ; and making the heat throughout more
equal and uniform, and requiring less fire : indeed, walls upon
this construction never require large fires.

If it were desirable to warm the upper part of the wall
only, by withdrawing the damper, and applying a small
fire, this would be accomplished without warming the lower
part of the wall. Depth of flues, 2 ft. 6 in., 2 ft., 2 ft. 3 in.,
and I ft. 6 in. ; width, 7^ in. Bottom of lowest under flue,
1 ft. from the surface ; top of upper flue, within 7 in. of the
coping ; the thickness of the wall, about 1 ft. 9 in.

By reducing the open space in the flued wall {a) to about
30 square inches, the damper may be dispensed with ; but,
by retaining it, the heat can be regulated according to cir-
cumstances.

672 Fitted Walls and Kitchen-Garden at Erskine House.

a. Vineries. b. Peach liouics. c, Pine pits, not yet erected. d, Melon pits.

e', Gardener'8 house. /, Offices. g. Sheds. fi, Hot walls. i. Orchard.

*, Screen walls. /, Kubbish corner. m. Old quarry. n, Steep bank.

Kitchen-Garden. — The north wall is 17 ft. high, the inner
wall H'i ft. ; and the outer wall 8 ft. on east and west sides, and
4<ft. on south side of orchard, with sunk fence in front. The
walk opposite this, being a sort of terrace walk, commands a
fine view of a part of the pleasure grounds. Tlie soil is a brown
loam, about 2 ft. 3 in. deep, over a bottom of whin rock. The
trees upon the borders by the walks are dwarf standards on
paradise stocks, except that in frout of the hot-houses there is
an es})alier railing of pears. There are twelve divisions of
flued wall ; four planted with peach and nectarine trees, tliree
with the finer pears, two with apricots, one with cherries, one
with figs, and one with vines. I am. Sir, yours, &c.

G. Shiells.

Erskine Home Gardens, Roifiewsliirei
Jan. 12. 1832.

Ow the Formation of a Residence. 673

Art. XVI. Remarks on the Question, Whether the Architect or
Laiiclscape-Gardener should bejirst employed in the Formation of
a Residence. By Mr. James Main, A.L.S.&c.

Sir,

You are well aware that it has long been a question whe-
ther the architect or the ground-improver should be frst
employed in laying out a new, or improving an old, country-
seat. The late Humphry Repton, and John Nash, Esqrs.,
were, thirty years ago, at the head of their respective profes-
sions, the former as a landscape-gardener, the latter as an
architect ; both equally eminent for refined taste and first-rate
abilities. These gentlemen were friends and co-laborators,
being generally employed together wherever their talents were
required. But this connection, founded on esteem and mutual
interest, was suddenly dissolved, only, as was then publicly
understood, by the circumstance of their holding contrary
opinions on the question above stated.

Such an occurrence was no way interesting to the public;
except, perhaps, calling forth some little feeling of regret at
seeing two gentlemon of education, and of most courteous
manners, differ on a point on which, from their previous
acquirements and studies, they might be presumed to have
held similar opinions. It showed, however, that such profes-
sors should either know somewhat of each other's principles,
or that there should be such harmony as would induce them
to compare notes of each other's designs.

Whether the question be even now settled is doubtful ;
because, as many consider the mansion to be the principal
object on an estate, they also imagine that all accompaniments
are subordinate ; and, of course, think that, as the architect is
accountable for the style, stability, comfort, and conveniences
of the dwelling, he should also have the privilege of exercis-
ing his judgment (if this point be referred to him) as to where
and how it should stand.

But as the style of all buildings is determined by the cli-
mate, or by the character of the face of the country around,
and as all the landscape-gardener's operations must be in
unison, it appears, in such a case, that the builder should fol-
low, not lead ; and, for this reason, that it is much easier to
build a house to suit the scenery of an estate, than to mould
the natural features of the latter to those of the former.

No architect of taste would recommend a richly ornamented

Grecian house to be built amidst bold picturesque scenery ;

nor would he advise a Gothic or castellated mansion to be

raised upon a beautifully undulated surface. This is sup-

VoL. VIII — No. 41. XX

674 Remarks on the Cooperation of

posin<T him to be ac(iuainted with hindscape-gardening ; but,
if he be ioiiorant on this licad, who would trust him aIo?ie m
such an affair? The architect only concerns himself with the
site and aspect of the house, with, perhaps, an acre of ground
round it; while his co-laborator has to take an extensive view
not only of the details of the estate, but of every interesting
object of the surrounding country, whether near or far off.
The woods, roads, and rides ; the extent and boundaries of
the park ; in short, all internal dispositions, he must design
with reference to some natural and commanding spot, which,
in all likelihood, will be found to be the most eligible for the
house. Hence it appears that, when the site or aspect of the
house is not positively fixed by some local immovable cir-
cumstance, the landscape-gardener should be first consulted.

I have been led into these desultory remarks by having
often seen glaring instances of want of concert and cooperation
between the architect and ground-workman ; on which their
abilities or taste (if they had any) were comi^letely neutral-
ised, merely from omitting to take a comprehensive view of the
circumstances affecting the purpose they had in hand ; or,
perhaps, from inattention to those particular dispositions
which constitute the convenience, comfort, and pleasure of a
country residence. That such blunders cannot always be laid
at the door of the professional man must be admitted. Pro-
prietors have generally designs and a taste of their own ; and
oftener give orders than ask advice. In such cases, their
workmen are " more sinned against than sinning; " and all
the satisfaction the latter can have in the execution of what
they condemn, is only in receiving their fee, and denying
having had any hand in the work. Still, it is a pity that pro-
prietors do not avail themselves of good advice. Their own
ideas are often cramped by old arrangements ; such, for in-
stance, at existed in their fathers* time. Being accustomed to
things as they are or have been, and with which they have
felt satisfied, they are, therefore, never led to consider the
possibility of tiiese being made better. Often has it happened
that an old stable orlaundr\', standing in the wrong place, has
caused the derangement of a magnificent house, erected at the
cost of many thousand pounds, and in a well-woodetl park,
of finely varied surface, many of the most interesting glades
of which are shut out of view from the i)rincipal windows, by
the interposing offices attached to the wrong sitle of the man-
sion. In such cases, it is not only that the best views are lost
to the best apartments, tiie quiet and seclusion of the latter
are obtruded on as well by the butcher's and every other cart,
as by " the coach and six." Want of a desirable aspect may

the Architect and Landscape-Gardener.

675

sometimes be urged as an excuse for misplacing a house and
offices ; but this will be no difficulty with a clever architect
who has to arrange the suite of apartments.

Besides these, there are many other inconveniences and
improprieties of disposition occasioned by the mal-arrangement
of the architect; where, had a landscape-gardener been first
consulted, his advice, though it might not have prevented,
would at least have given timely notice of, the erroneous
design.

The following is a sketch of a place where the general plan
has been marred by the architect's ignorance of the principles
of landscape, and of the value of fine views to, and proper
disposition of the accompaniments of, the house he was em-
ployed to build. Should it be worth a place in your Magazine,
it may convey a useful lesson, not only to proprietors and
architects, but also to some of those employed in the im-
provement of country-seats.

•?■?

143

<? <#

^^\^*

«

,«grf *. ^ * je

bbbbb. Fine and extensive views of the park and surrounding country.
d. Entrance hall door. e. Lower court of offices.

a a. Turnpike road.
c c. Entrance gates.

A single glance at this sketch will show the error that has
been committed in placing the offices at the wrong end of the
house, and losing a fine opportunity of making the finest
disposition imaginable. The situation of the house being on
an elevated semicircular promontory of the park, commanding
the most extensive views in three directions, might have been,
together with the dressed ground on each side, offices, and
entrance-lodges, all embraced by, and separated from, the
pasturage of the park by a ha-ha or other fence. Such a

X X 2

076" On the Formation of a Besideiice.

disposition would have allowed many advantages of con-
venience, economj', and propriety, which need not be men-
tioned, as they will readily occin* to every one in the least
acquainted with the arrangements of a gentleman's residence.

Before ending my letter, I beg to advert to an idea which
is rather prevalent respecting landscape-gardeners, and which
operates to their disadvantage. It is supposed, as the title
of their profession is rather new, and sounds as if closely
allied to what is called fine art, that their business consists
only in forming pretty pictures to delight the eyes of future
generations ; by the demolition of old trees, for the purpose of
planting ?/w/;/^ ones a few yards distant; by laying out plea-
sure-ground in beautifully meandering walks ; fanciful flower-
plots, and other kinds of embellishment. Now, there are
many proprietors who prefer the useful to the s'vceet of their
possessions, undervalue mere ornan)ent, and, consequently,
dread the visit of a man of taste, lest he should rob the sheep
of their pastures, the cattle of their hay, or the pigs of their
mast and acorns ; or lest his merely beautiful dispositions
should entail an annual and unnecessary expense to keep the
pretty things in order. But such notions are groundless;
because, if the landscape-gardener knows not any thing
besides the arrangement of flower-borders, the dispositions of
the trees in the park, or the erection of alcoves and eye-traps,
he does not deserve the title he assumes ; because these things
are only part of his profession.

The fact is, the basis of landscape-gardening is territorial
impi'ovement. The designer must take into consideration
the value of the land, and make himself acquainted with the
capabilities of the estate ; he must see how it can be best
divided, what parts should be arable, what planted, and what
parts should be appropriated to meadows and pasturage.
The two latter, of course, will be near the house ; the former
at some distance. In all this he looks only at the intrinsic
value and most jjrofitablc occupation and destination of the
various parts. No incongruous intermixture of these parts
must appear ; and no inconvenience occur in })assing from one
to another, either by cattle or carriages ; he must be prepared
to advii:e what kinds of live stock, and number of each, may
be kept and bred on the land, and what portion of this will
be requisite for his employer's establishment. In all this he
acts in the character of a land steward. In the general
arrangement, however, he has to exercise his taste; and here
he acts in his profession of landscape-gardener, by forming
the most pleasing combinations of the materials he may choose
to arrange, with the circumstances which must guide his dis-

Plantation Fences and Rose Stakes. 677

positions, wliether of ground, wood, or water. Perhaps he
may encroach on a fine meadow for the kitchen-garden and
orchard ; but would this be called waste ? or if he take a
few acres for pleasure-ground around the mansion, would this
be deemed a deterioration of the estate ? Are not all estates
enhanced in value in proportion as even the trees upon them
are or are not ornamentally disposed ? If new plantations are to
be made, or old natural woods thinned, why should not these
works be done tastefully as well as at random ? It should
be remembered that the pleasing distribution of trees on an
estate, in almost all cases, constitutes its principal value. It
is in such performances that the assistance of a landscape-
gardener is necessary. The application of his taste can never
detract from the value of the place ; for, in fact, every device
he may practise, or every alteration he may recommend, can
only be justified by fitness of purpose, use, or beauty; or for
convenience or propriety; and always with a view to present
pleasure and profit, connected with ultimate and progressive
improvement.

I am. Sir, yours, &c.
Chelsea, Oct. 6. 1832. James Main.

Art. XVII. A Fence for Plantations about Pasture Grounds in
sight from a Residence, and Stakes for Standard Roses. By
Charles Lawrence, Esq.

Sir,
I RECEIVED much pleasure and instruction from the perusal
of your very judicious observations on the various sins of
omission and commission so prevalent in landscape-gardening,
especially on the " errors in grouping," in Vol. VII. of
the Magazine. They are most happily illustrated by the
diagrams given at page 401. I have often endeavoured to
impress on persons laying out pleasure-grounds similar views,
as I have afterwards found, to very little purpose ; for words
are but an imperfect medium for the communication of ideas
on such subjects, to those who have not previously had some
practical experience. Your diagrams, on the contrary, speak
for themselves. The most careless observer can see in a
moment, by " looking on this picture and on this," the
importance of forming a complete design before he com-
mences his operations ; that this cannot be successfully
treated without due deference to certain principles; and
that a harmonious and beautiful effect can hardly be the
result of mere accident. It is very common, and not a little

X X 3

678 Fence for Plantations, and

provoking, to have arguments in favour of design met merely
by the declaration, " 1 hate formahty." Every person of taste
hates formality, in the vulgar acceptation of the term ; but I
-would impress on the minds of tlie class of objectors referred
to, the fact, that there is a very broad distinction between
such formality, and the harmonious effect of an entire pleasure-
ground, comprising infinitely varied details, produced by
attention to the laws you have so effectively enforced in the
article referred to. By the way, I would strongly recommend
that article to the attention of Mr. Errington, who has given
a plan for a flower-garden in the last Number, p. SG*. But
I am wandering from the object of this communication,
namely, the plantation fence, which I have, after many
unsatisfactory attempts, effected to my mind. There must be
a fence, but it ought not to be seen : furthermore, the margin
of the plantation should not terminate abruptly with high trees;
but the line should be broken by trees and shrubs, gradually
decreasing in elevation, until the last in the series mingles
with the grass. This has been the desideratum with me, and
I have thus accomplished it: — Sow furze seed early in the
spring, on stony or gravelly banks, on which there is a little
good mould, as the plants are thereby provided with much
more fibrous root than wlien the seed is sown on stiff" clay
soils ; keep the plants clean, and transplant them in Novem-
ber, or early in February, to the front of the plantations.
Fence them with a post and two-rail fence, which will keep
off" cattle (the occasional bite of sheep or lambs will rather do
good than liarm), and keep them hoed. In the following
spring, clip off" with shears the principal part of the first
year's shoots. The plants will make very luxuriant shoots
during the next two years, after which the posts and rails are
to be removed ; the branches of the furze must then be
collected in the hand, and drawn forward towards the field,
while the posts and rails are again \)\xi up on the plantation
side of the furze, about a foot or eighteen inches within the
stems of the plants ; and, as each rail is fixed, the branches
of furze are disengaged, and fall back against the fence; so
that, at a moderate distance, it is no longer seen. WMien the
furze thus becomes thus laid open, the tender parts of all the
young shoots are browsed by cattle and sheep, which makes
it grow so thick and close, that, by the time the posts and
rails decay, it is a })erfect fence to the plantation. Different
forms may be introduced, occasionally, to vary the effect,
which I can assure you is extremely beautiful, especially
when the furze is in bloom. It forms a pleasing natural
drapery, and always reminds me of Burns's line, " The lawns

Stakes for Standard Roses.

679

wood-fringed in nature's native taste." This, I may add, is

the cheapest of all flowers.

Standard Rose Trees. — As you have condescended to notice,
in your Magazine, sosimplean article
as a flower-stake, perhaps you will
admit my recommendation of a sup-
port for the French standard roses,
which I have found very useful. I
send you a sketch {Jig. 146.) of an
iron one. They should be made
after the roses are planted, that

146

14-7

X X 1

680

Plantation Fences and Rose Stakes.

the blacksmith may adapt them, in point of height, to the trees.
When fixed in the ground, the ring at the top should stand
about an inch or two higher than the top of the stock. This
ring is fastened to the two iron limbs of the standard by nuts,
and is unscrewed, and hung on one of the limbs while the stan-
dard is fixed ; it is then raised to its place under the branches
of the tree. These standards should not be used until the tree
has a sufficient head to cover the top of them. The mode of
training I adopt is as follows : — In the spring, I select six or
eight of the strongest shoots, and tie them to the ring witli
tar twine; and if, from their length, this be not sufficient to
prevent their blowing about, I confine the end of these shoots
to pegs stuck in the ground. All the other shoots are cut
back in the usual way. I recommended this mode of training
the standard roses to some friends near London, and they
were told by their gardeners it would not answer ; that the
heads of the roses and other stems would become naked, and
produce flowers few in number and poor in character. They
have since had ocular demonstration to the contrary ; and I

send. you an accurate sketch {^^. 148.), taken in 1831, from a
Bi/arre de la Chine, when in flower, which this season reached
nearly to the ground, (lowered most abundantly to the end of
its branches, and was truly a splendid object. This tree is six

Expeditious Mode of propagating Cape Heaths. QS 1

years old ; those of less vigorous growth should have all the
last year's shoots shortened to about an inch beyond the rino-,
when brought down and tied to it with matting; by which
means their heads are more handsomely formed, and their
flowers are shown to more advantage, than when the head is
suffered to grow upright e7i masse ; and I am satisfied that they
flower more abundantly. As the appearance of the strings is
not very agreeable to a fastidious eye, I send you a sketch
Ifig. 147.) of another standard, very useful for training roses of
the most vigorous growth. The price of the former, as charged
to me, was 35. 6c^., three times painted; and of the latter, 5s.
I am. Sir, yours, &c.

Charles Lawrence.
The Querns, near Cirencester, Oct. 15. 1832.

Art. XVIII. A Description of a Method of propagating Cape
Heaths expeditiously. By Mr. T. Rutger.

Sir,

From my early days I have been an admirer of plants,
both exotic and indigenous ; and, among the former, the ericas,
or heaths, have always been favourites, as being, in my opi-
nion, one of the most beautiful tribes of plants grown. During
a long residence in the west of Cornwall, I was indefatigable
in collecting and keeping up a choice assortment of them ;
and, in order to keep up, as well as collect, I tried many
experiments to find out, if possible, a quicker and more
certain method of propagating them from cuttings, than by
the usual mode adopted, which, however successful, I con-
ceived to be tedious ; and, having at length succeeded to my
most sanguine wishes, as far as it respected the fast-growing
and slender-wooded varieties, I considered myself amply
repaid for all my pains.

Early in the month of April, or as soon as the young shoots
were about an inch long, 1 made choice of my cuttings. In
taking off and trimming them for planting, they were handled
as delicately as possible ; as, when so young, they are extremely
tender. I then cut them with a keen knife, as near as possi-
ble to where they had been joined to the old wood, and put
them into a pan of water until I had a sufficient number to
make up a pot. This done, I made choice of one suitable in
size to receive the striking glass ; I filled it up nearly two
thirds with the siftings of peat, and the remainder with the
peat very finely sifted, which I moderately pressed down.
After pressing the striking glass on the mould, in order to

682 Expeditious Method of

get the line of its circumference, I proceeded, with a dibber
about the size of a suuill quill, to plant the cuttings; which
was done carefully, without pressing them much, rather
leaving them to be fixed by watering than with the dibber.
The pot being filled with cuttings, I watered them, standing
at some distance, with a very finely perforated syringe, elevated
so as to let the water descend on them like a gentle shower
of rain. This was repeated several times, until I conceived
the whole of the mould to be completely saturated ; after
which the glass was set over them, and the pot placed in the
front of the green-house. A gentle syringing was repeated
every morning for the first three weeks, and, afterwards, every
other morning for about three weeks more. At this period
many of the cuttings had begun to strike, and, as soon as this
was observable, less watering was resorted to. In about ten
weeks many of the cuttings were fit for potting off, which was
immediately attended to; and, after being potted in thumb
pots, they were placed under a hand-glass, or in a cold frame,
in a shady situation, where they were gradually hardened by
giving air, until they could bear exposure. Great care was
taken in removing them from the cutting-pot, by gently raising
them with a small })iece of wood, cut for the purpose. They
generally rose with little balls, round the outsides of which I
could frequently perceive numerous small fibres ))rotruding
themselves, as white as milk. During several years' practice
in raising heaths in the above way, I have many times ob-
served the small fibres striking out two or three joints above
the surface, and making their way down the cutting to the
mould.

The success of the above mode, I found, rested principal!}',
if not entirely, upon the state of the cutting, and the health
of the mother plant. The cutting should neither be of the
strongest nor of the weakest growth ; and it is almost needless
to add that the plant should be healthy from which the
cutting is taken. With regard to the varieties of slow growth,
it is but seldom that cuttings can be found on them of the
kind to insure success by this method, as they are gene-
rally too thick and turgid, as well as the sorts too hardy in
their growth ; but 1 am convinced that means might be used
with many of them, so as to obtain cuttings that would strike
in the above way, and of this I once liad a proof. On visit-
ing a 'gentleman's garden, about ten miles distant, I perceived
an A'rica which had been improperly left in a house where
early Ibrcing had conmienced ; it was so drawn that its former
habit was completely ciianged. On askini; its name, I was
told It was the E. deprcssa. It instantly occurred to me that

propagating Cape Heaths. 683

cuttings from it in that state might answer my purpose. Ac-
cordingly I begged a few ; and the result was, that, under the
above treatment, every one of them grew, to the number of
about a score.

The species of very easy growth, such as the ignescens,
gracilis, &c., I took less pains with, by putting the cuttings
under a hand-glass, on a north border, which, under the above
treatment of watering and well draining, succeeded to admir-
ation. I found, by experience, that the sooner the cuttings
were potted off after taking root the better ; as, by remaining
long in the cutting-pot, they became drawn and sickly.
Their drawing might be prevented, by confining one sort to
a pot, as air might then be given in any proportion ; but in
my case it was different, having frequently, through the want
of a sufficient number of striking glasses, four or five sorts
together in a pot, some of which took less time than others to
strike. However, under any circumstances, experience taught
me that early potting was best, as I found that they would
not remain long in a healthy state in the striking-pot. I had
not the opportunity of trying how they would strike in sand
by the above method, as I could ol^tain none of the proper
kind in that part of Cornwall where I resided. After potting,
when the plants begin to grow, if their tops are taken off, they
will throw out side shoots ; and, during the following spring,
form nice little bushy plants. The usual practice of daily
wiping the glasses is useless in this mode of propagation.

I am induced to send you the above, in order, if possible,
to give a fresh impulse to the growing of this beautiful tribe of
plants, vast numbers of which are so very ornamental to the
green-house. Many gardeners, no doubt, are great admirers
of them ; but, through the difficulty often found in propa-
gating them, they are induced to give up the task, and thus
deprive themselves of the pleasure they would derive from
having a collection of them under their care. On the
supposition that from two to three hundred kinds can be
propagated by the above simple method, and that some
others may be raised from seeds perfected in this country ; a
choice collection might be kept up at an easy expense, by
purchasing now and then a few of those which, on account
of their peculiar growth, structure, or delicacy, are difficult to
propagate. I remain. Sir, yours, &c.

Shortgrove, Essex, Sept. 1832. * T. Rutger.

These practical directions, by Mr. Rutger, in conjunction with those
imparted by Mr. M'Nab, in his very valuable pamphlet on the same sub-
ject (see p. 210.), will, it is hoped, so uuich avail the lovers of these
loveliest of plants, as to cause them to be henceforth far more commonly
cultivated. — J. D.

684 On the Citltivativn of

AuT. XIX. On the Cultivation of the Droseras and Pinguiculas.
By Robert Mallet, Esq.

Sir,

The droseras, or sundews, of our bogs have a striking
analogy to tlie Dionae'rt Muscipula of America, and are as
worthy of cultivation as native plants, as is the latter as an
exotic. There are three species of Drosera, natives of
Britain : two of which are found in Ireland. The Drosera
rotundifolia grows about Lough Daw in the county of Wick-
low; D. longifolia, at Howth; and both in various bogs about
Mullingar.

Independently of their singularly beautiful form and struc-
ture, and curious motive powers*, they are plants possessing
some history, as having once constituted the sole ingredient
from which was distilled the celebrated aqua ros(V-solis, also
called rosala, or spirit of sundew. In some old dispensatories
it is highly extolled as good for "the sweat," for convulsions,
and the plague. In time, the original recipe of this preparation
became neglected, and a compound of burnt brandy, sugar,
cinnamon, and milk water, scented with musk, was substituted.
The best of this was considered to have been made at Turin ;
but I know not that any such cordial is now known in Italy.

In the time of Louis XIV. another kind of spirit of sun-
dew came into use, the advantajjes of which are said to have
been experienced by that monarch, when afflicted with ague.
The name was all the relation that this latter composition
bore to the plant, being " an infusion of anise, fennel, aneth,
coriander, &c., in Spanish wine for three weeks," and in a
short time, even its name was corrupted into " du roy," until
finally the com})ound fell wholly into disuse.

The sum of the virtues of these plants seems to consist in
their containing an acrid stimulating volatile principle, like
that of horseradish, and the greater number of marsh j)lants.

There are also three species of Pinguicula natives of Bri-
tain. Of these the grandiflora and vulgaris are natives of
Ireland.f Few little plants are more beautiful, when in

* Tlie question of the siindcvvs possessing motive powers lias been
recently raised in the j\Iagazinc of Katurnl Jlix/ori/, Vol. V. p. 491.; and
negative and affirmative answers returned, p. 755. to 758. — J.IJ.

f All three. Pinf,'u{cula lusitanita has been found on the borders of
bos^s in Ireland. Mr. .1. T. Matkay, in his C/ila/o^iic of f/ir Pt/ni/s (f Ireland,
gives, as its Irish habitats, " Marshy {^rounds. Foot of Dublin Mountains,
&c." I have seen sjiecimens, gathered in 1829, at Killarney, and in the
county of Mayo ; and have been informed that it occurs in other parts of
Ireland

P. vulgaris. A very interesting faculty has l)eeu recently ascribed to
this species. At the first anniversary meeting of the Berwickshire natu-

Droseias and Pinguiailas. 685

flower and seen in the sunshine, with their bright green leaves
all a-glitter with their pearly studs.

The structure of the flowers is well worthy of observation.
The ingenious and celebrated Dr. Lewis says that the
unctuous and glutinous juice is used, in some places, as an
ointment for chaps* and scalds, and that it is used by the
common people of the mountainous districts of Wales as a
powerful cathartic. This juice also seems to possess some
specific action on milk. Linnaeus says that it prevents either
the cream or the whey from separating from reindeer's milk ;
but that it decomposes cow's milk into curds and whey.
Lewis, however, says that " new milk poured upon the fresh
leaves on a strainer, and, after quick colature, set by for a day

ralists' club, held at Coldstream, on September 19. 1832, the j)resident.
Dr. Johnston (himself the author of a very interesting Flora of Berwick
upon Tweed, in 2 volumes), delivered an address, in which, among many
obsei*vations of interest, are the following, appertaining to P. vulgjiris : —
" There is much to learn of the habits and properties of our common
plants; and I may mention, as an illustration of this remark, the observ-
ation which was made on the butterwort (Pingufcula vulgaris) during
our excursion to Cheviot. It was then accidentally observed, that, when
specimens of this plant were somewhat rudely pulled up, the flower stalk,
previously erect, almost immediately began to bend itself backwards, and
formed a more or less perfect segment of a circle; and so, also, if a speci-
men is placed in the botanic box, you will in a short time find that the
leaves have curled themselves backwards, and now conceal the root by
their revolution. Now, the butterwort is a very common plant, 3'et I am
not aware that this fact of its irritability has been ever mentioned."

In the English FIo7-a, vol. i. p. 28, 29., it is quoted from Mr. Drummond,
that the leaves of Pinguicula lusitanica are permanent in winter, and those
of P. grandiflora are deciduous. It may be added to the description, that
those of P. vulgaris are deciduous also ; and that, when they have died back,
they leave the heart of the plant in the condition of a scaly bulb, in which
state it continues through the winter, and, I believe, is, during this period,
as devoid of living roots as of leaves. This economy is also possessed by
P. grandiflora, and, 1 suppose, by every species of Pinguicula. Frost will
throw this bulb on the surface of the soil, where it seems to be perfectly
unhurt by the frost's action ; and it is possible that, on the rising of water
during the winter season, in the plant's native places of growth, not a few
bulbs get transplanted from one spot of soil to another, and so have a fresh
place of growth almost annually. It may be here remarked, that three
aquatic plants, the ^'tratiotes aloides, Calla palustris, and, I believe, the
il^Tenyanthes trifoliiita, are also increased and dispersed by deciduous
axillary bulb-like buds. From this economy in Pinguicula vulgaris, I think
it is needless to shelter the plant in a frame to protect it from frost ; but
its concentrated energies, designed for the next year's display, may be
preserved from all dissipation by the protection. The peduncle of P.
vulgaris is pubescent, and, I believe, that of P. grandiflora also : this is
almost inferable in English Flora, but is not clearly declared. — J. D.

* Sir J. E. Smith, in his English Flora, vol. i. p. 29., says, under
P. vulgaris, " The viscid exudation of the leaves is reputed to be good for
the sore dugs of cows; whence the Yorkshire najjie of Yorkshire sanicle."
— J.D.

686 T-vo Crops of the Ash-leavcd Kidney Potato,

or two, becomes thick, tenacious, very agreeable and salu-
brious, and throws off' no whey, except it be kept long, and
that a little of the milk, so thickened, serves to bring fresh
milk to the same state." Probably Lewis never had an oppor-
tunity of trying its effects on reindeer's milk, and only alludes
to cow's milk. It is said to cause diseases in cattle ; but Lewis
says no animal will eat it.

I have successfully adopted a similar method of cultivation
with both these genera.

Thi-ee or four plants are placed in a pot of 5 in. deep, with
some pebbles in the bottom, and over them a piece of Sphag-
num, above which the pot is filled with very fine peat. The
use of the .Sphdgnum is, that, whether dead or alive, it en-
larges or contracts, by every change of amount of moisture
in the pot, and thus always keeps the peat from cohering
into a clammy mass, which otherwise it is apt to do.

Instead of being shaded, as generally directed, the plants
are exposed to the full blaze of sunshine ; and it is beautiful
to see the leaves of the drosera, some dilating themselves
to the warmth and liglit, and others contracting on and im-
prisoning some " flatterer in the beams," that, in an evil
moment, has been tempted by the nectar of the dewy leaves.

The pots are kept plunged to within H in. of the top in
water, during the whole summer; and, on the first appearance
of frost, are removed to a dry airy frame, and given less
water each day, until, by mid-winter, they are dry ; in which
stale they remain until they begin to show signs of vegetation,
when they are removed again to their summer quarters. If
left exposed to the open air, during the winter, the roots are
invariably pushed out of the ground by frost. With this
treatment, three small plants, in one season, will completely
fill a pot of the size mentioned.

Robert Mallet.
94. Capel Street, Dublin, Aug. 1832.

Art. XX. On procuriiif; Two Crops of the AsJi-lcaved Kidney
Potato, in One Year, off" the same Ground. By John Denson,
Senior.

Sir,
In each of the last two years I have grown two crops of
the ash-leaved kiduj-y potato on the same ground, and each
of the crops has been a good one. I proceed thus: — In
taking up the first crop, I bury the tops or herbage in the
trench, by turning the earth between the rows upon them

in One Year, off the same Groimd. 687

and this done, the ground is ready to be planted again. My
first crop, this year, was planted on the 30th of March, and
my second on the 13th of July ; the second has been as good
as the first, and the potatoes are perfectly ripened : the joint
produce of the two crops has been fully at the rate of 960
bushels an acre. I took some of the potatoes of the second
crop, of nearly the full size, to market on September the 15th.

First Crop. — It is well known to growers of the ash-
leaved kidney potato, that it is difficult to prevent its exhaust-
ing itself previously to the time for planting it; and that, if
seed potatoes of it are allowed to remain too long in the pit,
frequently not one third of them will grow. To prevent
this, I seldom put them into the pit before Christmas, and
take them out in the latter end of February or beginnino; of
March.

Second Croj^. — Those which I intend for the seed potatoes
of the second crop I spread thinly on the floor of an out-
house where there is a free current of air. This treatment
so much checks the growth of the chits, shoots, or sprouts,
that these do not become more than an inch long, and are
individually furnished with a cluster of roots. I plant the
potatoes, with the shoots upon them, in this state; and, in
planting them, guard carefully against breaking off any of the
shoots.

The potatoes produced in the second crop are the fitter to
preserve for the next year's planting, as, when housed or
pitted, they are less prone to exhaust themselves by sproutive-
ness than are the potatoes produced in the first crop.

I have reserved 20 bushels of the produce of my second
crop for seed ; and intend, next year, to have two crops on
all the ground on which I shall plant the ash-leaved kidney.
I have planted out plants of the Guernsey cabbage, which
will be ready for market in April. By planting the first crop
of the ash-leaved kidney, with the chits on, early in May,
after the cabbages are sold off, two crops of potatoes and one
of cabbages can be procured from the same ground in one
yeai'. I may be told that this is exhausting work for the
land : I reply, that decayed and decomposed vegetables are
the best of manure; and that the more vegetables there are
grown, the more is the manure increased in proportion ;
whilst every turning up of the soil is a species of fallow.

In conclusion, I may notice that my nephew (who assists
me in all I do) suggests that, when the first crop of the ash-
leaved kidney is taken up before the potatoes are fully ripe
(as, in the desire to get them early to market, is frequently the
case), it may be well not to bury the herbage from such ; as

()88 Hatching Chickens in a Bark-bed.

he has fouml, in digging up the second crop, that such herb-
af^e of tlie first crop, altliough immersed in the soil, had
produced many minute potatoes : an efFect unwelcome to
those who, like myself, desire to grow their successive crops
unmixedly. It is scarcely necessary to add, that this effect
does not result from the buried herbage derived from ripened
potatoes ; and those of my first crop were quite ripe previous
to the 13th of July, the date at which my second crop was
planted.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.

John Denson, sen.
Wata-beachy near Cambridge, Nov. 1832.

Art. XXI. Minor Communications.

Hatching Chickens in the Bark-bed of a Hot-house. — A
friend of mine was very successful last year in hatching
chickens in the tan pit of a hot-house. His method was to place
a half-hogshead barrel in the tan, which was brought up all
round it nearly to the top of the cask, and was merely covered
with a flat board. The eggs were placed in a basket at the
bottom, and covered with a piece of flannel. The heat re-
quired is lO^" of Fahrenheit ; a degree or two above or below
that point will not destroy the eggs, but the nearer it is kept
to that heat the better. It may be suj)posed that it will re-
quire a great deal of trouble to keep it up to this nicety, but
it is not so troublesome as may at first sight be imagined. It
may be also asked, what advantage is to be derived from this
process, when plenty of sitting hens can be procured ? I
answer, that the chickens may be hatched much earlier than
hens will want to sit; in fact, the hatching may be commenced
as soon as eggs can be procured ; and, of course, the poultry
to be obtained will fetch a nuicli greater price from their
early j)roduction. They may be easily reared, by being kept
in the house where they are hatched, until they are big
enough to be put out of doors, which will be in about a fort-
night or three weeks. When the cask is once at the proper
heat, it may be ke|)t up to the desired point without much
trouble, for several months ; and the average number of
chickens will exceed what is obtained from hens. I have
read a French work by I)e Reaumur, giving a very circum-
stantial and interesting account of hatching chickens by heat
produced by horse dung, and I have produced chickens by
that means myself; but the heat requires to be very often

Lord Vernon's Tillage Hoe, 689

■'i)

renewed by fresh dung, and the place must be particularly
favourable to the undertaking. There is also great risk of
the germ in the eggs being destroyed by the damp effluvia
arising from the dung, which causes the success to be very
uncertain. Besides, every gentleman's gardener has a tan bed
at his command. I am also of opinion that many of your
correspondents might connect a hot closet with the stove used
for heating their houses, or might allow the pipes for circu-
lating hot water, where that system is adopted, to pass through
it; by which means it might be kept up to the required heat
with very little trouble. With respect to the tan bed, it is
reduced to a certainty by the experience of my friend. He
has hatched several broods this spring ; and I can assure you
that the chickens brought up in this way have thriven and
increased in size much more than those hatched and brought
up by a hen; and that this has been proved several times, by
a comparison between chickens hatched in the different modes
the same day. I am, Sir, yours, &c. — A Constant Reader
of the Gardener's Magazine. Chichester, April 17. 1832.

Lord Version's ?iew Tillage Hoe. — This implement,
which was lately exhibited to the Horticultural Society, is
said, in a printed paper, which was distributed at the same
time, to " give an expeditious and deep tillage, in many cases
superior to digging or forking." In drilling, preparing land
for planting, or in earthing up, its use is said to be equally
advantageous. It may be had at Mr. Charlwood's, and in
Derby. It is nothing more than the Spanish hoe of our cor-
respondent Mentor, figured in our Vol. II. p. 233., but differ-
inor from our figure in havinjr a lonaj handle. Similar hoes,
with long handles, have been made, at our request, at Weir's
manufactory, Oxford Street, since 1826. — Cond.

Fic2is stipiddta Thunberg, remarkably Jine in a Stove in the
Gardens at Merit/ House. — Sir, In 1822 I received from my
worthy and esteemed friend Mr. Henderson, at Earl Fitz-
william's, Milton, near Peterborough, some cuttings of this
plant. They were struck in the ordinary wny ; and one was
put in a 3 2- sized pot, and by mere chance placed on the
front of the stove, at one end, close against the front sash. The
end of this house is not glass, but a brick wall plastered over
in the common way. After the plant had stood in this position
for some months, without any notice further than receiving
a supply of water occasionally, it began to push, and to attach
itself to the wall very firmly. It soon reached the bottom of
the rafter, and turned up the end of the house just before the
rafter, covering about a foot in depth down the wall. In
about eighteen months after this, it reached the top end of the

Vol, VIII. — No, 41. y y

690 V}cus stipulcita at Molij House.

rafter, 18 ft. ; in all, 21 ft. from the pot or root. It now threw
its branches downward, covering the greater part of the whole
end of the house ; and began turning itself along the back
wall of the house, just below the wall-plate. In about three
years' time it reached the lariher end of the house, 35 ft. ; and
in its progress covered about a space of 18 in. wiile or deep.
On reaching this end of the house, which is glass, of course
it could go no farther ; and it now began, as at the other end,
to extend its branches downwards, to complete its undertaking,
namely, that of covering the whole of the back wall ; which it
now bids fair to do, having nearly accomplished that object
at the present time: when this is effected, it will have ex-
tended from the root 56 ft. by 10 ft. It is now throwing out
very vigorous shoots and leaves : the leaves have a deep green,
glossy appearance. About September last it first showed
fruits, which are now about seven or eight in number, and
nearly the size of the common brown fig just before it begins
to ripen. Whether these will ripen or not, I cannot say. I
have no doubt but that, in the course of the summer, there
will be an abundant show of fruit on it ; and I mean to
encourage some of its branches over the wire trellis used for
the vines under the rafters, to give it a belter chance of ripen-
ing its fruit. The plant has extended its roots into the solid
brick wall in the end of the house ; and a brick com])artment,
directly under where the pot stands, was filled with mould,
not with the intention of giving it support, but for growing
some other plants in : this it soon found out, and took pos-
session of, and into it an immensely strong root lias found its
way ; although the pot which first contained it still remains
in the same place as at first, and contains the origiiud part of
the root, and has a deep pan under it. I now supply it plenti-
fully with water at the roots, taking care to fill up the pan with
water every day, the whole of the contents of which is invari-
ably absorbed before the next day, and very frequeutly 1 syringe
it all over its leaves, with which it seems highly delighted. I
should feel obliged by you or any of your readers inlbrming
me whether the fruit is fit for the dessert; and, should you
wish it, I shall feel pleasure in forwarding to you a specimen
of the fruit, should it reach to maturity on this plant. I am,
Sir, yours, &c. — IV. Wilson. Main/ Gaideus, Feb. 28. 1832.
Mr. Wilson, in a subse(iuent conmumication (dated
June 28. 1832), has informed us, that the first crop of fruits
dropped off" without ripening, and that the plant is now bear-
ing a plentiful second one. He is very desirous to learn
if other correspondents have witnessed its bearing fruit in
Britain, whether the fruit has been ripened, and whether,

O'xalis Deppe'i as a Border Plant. 691

when ripened, its merits will sustain for it a place in desserts.
Information, too, on the native habits of this species, and any
use to which its fruit or other parts may be applied in its
native country, he is likewise anxious for. In example of the
extraordinary vigour of this particular plant, Mr. Wilson
remarks, " perhaps you will scaixely credit me when I inform
you that its roots have penetrated into the solid brick wall
which forms the end of the stove, and has actually forced out
door-posts so much, that it has several times become neces-
sary to ease the door that it might be opened and shut. The
whole back of the house has now a most beautiful appear-
ance from the fine dark shining leaves of the plant, and the
strong healthy shoots hanging in wild profusion all over this
space. In the size of the leaves on these shoots, and near the
root, there is so great a difference, that you would scarcely
believe that both were produced by one plant. The leaves
which grow at about 3 ft. or 4 ft. from the root are about
li^oin. in length, and an inch in breadth at their broadest
part ; while those which are borne on the shoots mentioned
are 4 in. in length, and 2~iq in. in breadth ; their outline in
both cases being, as is well known, ovate but pointed." —
W. Wilson.

On the back wall of the stove in the Cambridge Botanic
Garden is a plant of i^icus stipulata, which has been growmg
there these twenty, and vei'y probably thirty, years. It covers
several square yards of space, and is often cut back to repress
its trespasses. During the fifteen years I have known the
plant there, I am not aware that it has ever shown fruit. This
species, it is said, thrives in a green-house, and it abounds in
the clasping root-like tendrils analogous to those of the com-
mon or of the broad-leaved ivy. — J. D.

O'xalis Deppe'i increases very rapidly as a border plant,
particularly when grown in large masses ; and its beautiful
green and brown trefoil leaves are as pleasing as the flower.
It should be taken up before the frost, and kept in pots,
nearly dry, all the winter ; it should be potted in the end of
February, and kept till May in the green- house or frame, and
then planted out when the frosts are over. You should strongly
recommend it. — H. B. Chancery Lane, August 7. 1832.

A Sketch of the History of the Chinese Chrysanthemum.
[The following communication is abridged from a paper by
E. Rudge, Esq., President of the Vale of Evesham Horticul-
tural Society, which was read at a meeting of that Society, on
June 25. 1828.] — Linnaeus, in 1753, first published this plant
as a species, with two of its varieties, under the name of Chrys-
anthemum indicura, in the first edition of h\s Species Plantarim,-

Y Y 2

692 Ilistorij of the Chinese Chrijsanthcmum.

the same plant, uiulcr tlie name of MatricjM-ia, having been
given by Ka,Mnpfer, in 1712, in his account of the plants of
Japan, where it is cultivated by the natives in their gardens ;
and he describes eight double varieties of the genus, of various
colours. It is also mentioned by Breynius, Plukenet, Rheede,
and Petiver, Thunberg, in his Flora Japonica, published in
1784, mentions it to be growing spontaneously near Nagasaki
antl other places in Japan ; and Loureiro describes it, in his
Flora of Cochin-China^ as one of the plants of that country.
llum})hius, in his very elaborate work on the Plants of Am-
hoijna, published in 1750, is more particular in his information
respecting this plant than any preceding author : he mentions
five varieties of the white, yellow, and red, as being cultivated
at Amboyna ; that both the natives and the Dutch plant it in
the borders of their gardens, where it does not thrive so well
as in pots ; and that, if it remains more than two years in
the same spot, it degenerates, becomes less woody, and often
perishes. The Chinese, by whom it is held in high estima-
tion (as may be observed from its being so frequently found
drawn and figured on their porcelain), pay much attention to
its culture: they keep it in pots and jars, placing it before the
windows of their apartments; and decorate their tables with it
at their entertainments ; on which occasions, he that produces
the largest flower is considered as conferring the greatest
honour on his guests. To effect this, it is kept by them in a
dwarfish state ; and, when coming into flower, of the three
blossoms which usually terminate each branch, two are
pinclied off, by which treatment the remaining flower grows
larger. The varieties of this plant, so numerous in the gar-
dens of the Chinese, and cultivated by them with so much
art and attention, and become thereby objects of so much
attraction to the British gardener, were first introduced from
France in 1790, having been brought from China to Mar-
seilles in 1789. Before 1808, eight new varieties were intro-
duced from China by Sir Abraham Hume and Mr. Evans.
Between the years 1816 and 1823, seventeen new varieties
■were added to the list ; which has at this time been so much
further increased by different importations and cultivators,
that there are now upwards of fifty varieties existing in the
garden of the Florticultural Society at Cliiswick. The great
variety and beauty of these flowers, when cultivated to the
perfection of which they are capable, render thewi a superb
acquisition to our gardens, and that at a season when our
gardens would otherwise have little gaiety to boast of. The
facility with which they are cultivated will occasion tlicm to
become so common, that our cottage gardens will become as

Hardy Maize. — Ji/ietim aicstrlacum^ 693

gay in the months of November and December as the Chinese
rose has now made them during the months of spring and
summer [and, indeed, autumn may be added.] — Edward
Mudge, F.R.S. L.S. t5r., President of the Vale of Evesham
Horticidtiiral Society,

A hardy Variety of Maize. — Fourteen years ago, one Mr.
Bradbury, an eminent botanist, called upon me. He was
then just returned from his travels in North America, where
he had been collecting plants. He had travelled a consider-
able way up the Missouri, and, when upon that river, he
heard of a variety of maize cultivated near the Rocky Moun-
tains, which, he said, he was sure, by the account he received
of it, would ripen even in the Highlands of Scotland. As he
intended to go again to the western parts of America, he said
he would endeavour to get a sample of the seed, and send it
to England. A considerable time after this I heard that he
had died at St. Louis, soon after his return to America: of
course, nothing has been heard of the corn. Now, as there
are often considerable sums of money spent to procure,
and naturalise to the English climate, foreign plants which
neither are, nor will be, equal to the maize in point of real
value, I think it would be well worth the attention of some
Agricultural or Horticultural Society, or of some private in-
dividual who could afford to bestow suflficient trouble and
expense, to obtain a variety which would ripen in every part
of Britain where other grain would. Any one who has
friends in the western parts of North America might, perhaps,
obtain some seeds of the variety mentioned by Mr. Bradbury,
— M. Rothxoell, Farmer and NurserymaJi, Spout Bank, Lanca*
shire, March 29. 1832.

Rheum anstriacum was figured some few years back in
Sweet's Flower-Garden. In consequence of its being strongly
recommended in that work, I was induced to get a plant ; but
having some scruples as to the effect it might produce, if used
in tarts, I have abstained from using its leafstalks until this
year. I find it, in point of flavour, very superior to any
rhubarb I ever tasted, having a very strong and pleasant acid;
scarcely, if at all, inferior to the unripe gooseberry, and pro-
ducing no unpleasant effects ; in fact, in this last respect, I
perceive no difference between it and the rhubarb usually
grown for tarts. I am therefore desirous, through the medium
of your Magazine, to recommend the cultivation of it very
strongly to those persons who generally supply the markets;
as 1 have very little doubt it only requires to be known to
become in considerable request. Perhaps the greatest ob-
stacle to its being cultivated for general consumption is the

y Y 3

694 Preventive of the Gooseherty Cateiyillar.

lateness of its vegetation, as, Avith me, it is not fit for use
before the second or third week in June ; but I luxve planted
it in rather an unflwourable situation, with a northern aspect.
Probably under other circumstances more congenial, it would
come forward much earlier. The leaves are uncommonly
large ; and I find two or three stalks quite sufficient for a
moderate-sized pudding or tart, although I have taken no par-
ticular pains to encourage their growth. I have very little
doubt that it is susceptible of great improvement, and that it
might be rendered as profitable, at least, as the other sort.
Should the merits of this species ever become generally known,
1 feel assured it will suspend the old sort entirel}', as the latter
has a flatness in the flavour, which renders it very insipid
compared with J?hc'um austriacum. I am, Sir, yours, &c. — E.
London., Jnli) 11. 1832.

On ■preventing the Prevalence of the Gooseberry Caterpillar.
— Sir, I have seen, in your Magazine, recipes for destroying
caterpillars, and now do myself the pleasure to comnumicate
one for banishing them from ground infested by them. Sup-
pose all your gooseberry and currant bushes to be planted in
squares, in the first week in November: clear away all the weeds
from them, and «iive the whole a oood coat of dunji close into
the stem of the bushes. Then dig a trench one spade deep
right down the middle of the rows, throwing the earth on each
side over the dung, so that it may be covered 1 in. thick. The
whole, when finished, will appear like a plot of potatoes that
are called ridges in Ireland, and used to be called lazy beds
in Scotland : indeed, the process of covering the dung is
the same. In the beginning of April, or just when the buds
have (airly broken into leaf, fork up the whole with a dung-
fork, fill up the trench, and make the whole level again ; but
do not rake it at this time. Recollect to be particular in lay-
ing on the dung the first week of November, and to fork in
the spring as the leaves come out ; for, I ajiprehend, a good
deal of the success of the thing depends on this; and, besides,
the fruit in size and flavomis improved in a wonderful degree.
Gooseberry and currant bushes should not have dung ihig in
about the roots, nor should the spade be at all applied about
them ; for nothing is n)ore injurious to them. Whether the
juice of the dinig tiestroys the eggs of the caterpillar that are
t.eposited about the roots of the bushes, or whether the extra-
lieat created by it brings out the caterpillars before there is
any food for them, I will leave to the naturalist or curious to
determine : but, one thing is certain, whoever follows the
above may bid good bye to the caterpillar. It is not requisite
to give a heavy coat of dung every season ; but trenching

Tobacco Water. — Grape Vines. 695

them as above, with a little dung about the stems and roots,
and forking in the spring, must not be neglected, or else the
caterpillar will appear. Bushes round borders may be served
the same as those in squares, by clearing away whatever
grows about their roots, laying on dung, and covering with
earth. Dung well rotted, from the frames, is what I have
always used. I am. Sir, yours, &c. — James Hart. Drum-
condra, near Dublin, Sept. 2. 1832.

Tobacco, (p. 42. 49 1.) — Sir, Your correspondents having
given sufficient information on the growing of tobacco, I shall
merely offisr for their information, not having previously seen
it in 3'our publication, that, previously to burning it for raising
smoke and destroying insects, I pour boiling water over it,
by which means I obtain tobacco water of strength propor-
tionate to the quantity of tobacco and water used. I have
thus used it for the last ten years with unvarying success ; the
tobacco being full as useful for fumigation, and the water
equal to what I used to buy from the tobacconists, after this
process. I shall add, that this discovery was made when I
first began to gi'ow my own tobacco, and was made as fol-
lows : — In filling Read's fumigating apparatus with unwashed
tobacco, I found the instrument soon rendered useless by the
melting, as I suppose, of the salt of the tobacco ; thereby
clogging: the orifice of the machine. I then washed the to-
bacco, dried it, and found it burn perfectly well ; and at the
same time procured my tobacco water. I am, Sir, yours, &c.
— W. Z. Sept. 24. 1832.

Langford' s Incomparable Grape (Lindley's Guide, p. 201.)
is preferably increasable by Eyes or Buds. — Sir, Mr. Lang-
ford, some time back, sent me cuttings of his Incomparable
grape. He stated that he prefers raising it from eyes, which
he plants like bulbs; and, with the cuttings, he sent me a few
eyes cut ready for planting. I have tried both the cuttings
and the eyes ; and the eyes have made fine shoots and are in
leaf, while the cuttings are not. I am. Sir, yours, &c. —
M. Said. Sulyard Street, Lancaster, April 18. 1832.

Mr. Pillans's Vines, (p. 629.) — I see a short notice of our
Horticultural Association (p. 629.), in which you refer to Mr.
Pillans's mode of cultivating the vine, and express your rea-
diness to communicate it to the public. The fact is, that
Mr. Pillans takes an eye from a vine in the month of March ;
and from it produces, in the following April or May twelve-
month, a handsome plant for his master's table, bearing
several bunches of fine I'ipe fruit. Some of your readers
will not credit this; but I have seen it: that is to say, I
went through Lord Ducie's forcing-houses in May last, and

Y Y 4

G96 CanJccr in young Fruit Trees.

saw pots of vines with ripe fruit on them. I was informed the
eyes had been taken from the parent vines only fourteen or
fifteen months previously. I saw othei's in every interme-
diate stage of <i;rowth between tliem and the pots in which
the eyes had just been inserted ; and I understood Mr. Pillans
to say that he hoped to produce grapes for the table, in suc-
cession, throughout the year, on this plan. I believe that this
process has not been communicated to any one. I anticipate
vour opinion, that all who claim to be citizens in the republic
of science are bound to contribute their individual discoveries
for the general weal, in exchange for the advantages they reap
from a similar devotion on the part of their brother citizens.
I quite approve this doctrine, as ap})lied to a certain class ; but,
I confess, I think that persons in the situation of Mr. Pillans
may fairly look lor a more substantial compensation for the
conmiunication of so valuable a discover}^ as this, than the
occupation of a niche in the temple of Fame ; though I would
not recommend an address from the House of Commons to His
Majesty ; which was, for aught that appears to the contrary,
gravely presented in a certain case of a similar kind. I think
the Horticultural Society should encourage the communica-
tion of important discoveries, by professional gardeners, by
substantial rewards. Every department of the gardeijs at
Woodchester bears ample testimony to the great skill, atten-
tion, and zeal of Mr. Pillans, who is evidently a very meri-
torious servant. I am, Sii', yours, &c. — Charles Latirence,
Cireneester, Oct. 15. 18r>2.

Canker on young Fruit Trees. — •Three years ago, I was
much annoyed at finding several young pear trees one mass
of disease from top to bottom; which, I conceive, must have
been infected when sent to me, three years before, as they
were planted in the best of soil. On referring to a work on
gardening, I found some palhatives recommended ; but it was
observed that the most elleclive j^ian was, to take up the tree
and plant a fresh one. I did not much like throwing away
three years' growth of roots, which, I knew, had been extend-
ing themselves under every advantage of soil ; and I thought
of cutting oil" the heads to within 1 ft. of the ground, and
inserting healthy grafts li-om other varieties. I was told this
could be of no avail, inasmuch as the sap, passing through
the diseased trunk, would infect the grafts. On consideration,
this did not aj^pear to me to be a necessary consequence, as
the (jualities of the chyle (if I may so term it) secreted from
the descentling saj), to which the future tree wouUl be indebted
for its growth, would depend nuich more on the scion than
the stock. I determined, at all events, to try the experiment.

Ale from Mangold Wiirzel. 69^

and headed down and grafted several trees. It has exceeded
my most sanguine expectations. The new heads are of extra-
ordinary growth: three of them have borne well this year;
the wood of all is extremely vigorous and healthy, and without
any symptom of disease of any kind. Many of your scientific
readers have probably performed the same experiment, on the
same process of reasoning; but, as the result was contrary to
the anticipations of several experienced gardeners, I commu-
nicate it, in the hope of saving many a useful though cankered
stock from destruction. — Id.

Monstrous Pear. — Sir, There is now growing, in a gar-
den in this town, a monstrous jargonelle pear, which may be
thus described : — From the first bloom, which took place
early in the spring, a perfect pear was produced ; and, after
the pear had grown some time, it sent out a flower from its
eye, and produced there a second pear ; and the second pear
afterwards sent out two flowers from its eye, and these pro-
duced two pears : so that now there are four perfect pears
growing connectedly. I am. Sir, yours, &c. — M. Said. Lan-
caster, July 8. 1832.

A pear, with an imperfectly formed second pear protruding
from its end, was sent us from a neighbour's garden in Bays-
water just after receiving the above communication. A couple
of monstrous pears will be found figured in Vol. IV. p. 263.
fig. 78. — J. D.

On the Use of the Seed-doxmi of Tijpha for sticffing Bedding
for the Poor. — When these seeds are ripe, they fall in great
wool-flocks from the stalk ; and as 7ypha grows wild in many
places, they could be procured in abundance. When beaten
for some time, they separate, and open all their balloons, so
as to become as soft and as elastic as feathers ; and, from their
hygrometric expansibility and contractiveness, I apprehend
they would never get into clots or lumps if sewed up into a
bag or bedtick. I should hope that this hint will be not
wholly useless to your Encyclopcedia of Cottage Architecture. —
Bohert Mallet. 94. Capel Street, Dublin, Oct. 1832.

A good Ale may be made from the Roots of Mangold Wurzel
in the following manner : — Take one third of malt, two thirds
of mangold wurzel liquor, and about a fifth part of treacle,
adding hops at the rate of six ounces to nine gallons. Barrel
and work with yeast in the usual manner. The mangold
wurzel liquor is thus obtained : clear the roots, pare off the
outer rind, slice and boil till they are quite soft, and then
squeeze off the liquor. — A Friend to the Cottager.

698

REVIEWS.

Art. I. Catalogue of Woi-ls on Gardening, Agriculture, Botany,
Rural Architecture, Sfc, lately published, ivith some Account
of those considered the most interesting.

Don, George, F.L.S. : A General System of Gardening and
Botany, containing a complete Enumeration and Descrip-
tion of all Plants hitherto known; with their Generic and
Specific Characters, Places of Growth, 'J'ime of Flowering,
tlie Manner in which they are cidtivated, and their Uses in
Medicine and Domestic Economy; preceded by an Intro-
duction to the Linnaean and Natural Systems, and a Glos-
sary of the Tei-ms used. Founded upon Miller's Gcirdcnct^s
Dictionary, and arranged according to the Natural System.
In 4 quarto volumes. Vol. II. 875 pages, with numerous
Woodcuts, 31. 12s.; or in monthly Parts, 65. each. Lon-
don, 1832.

In p. 203. of our current volume we have sketched the
scope and plan of this work, and noticed the first volume of
it: we have now (Nov. 19.) to announce the appearance of
the second volume, just published. Our botanical and flori-
cultural readers who have not already enabled themselves to
judge of the work by procuring the first volume, or parts of
it, will obhge us by referring to our remarks on p. 203, 204.,
as their doing this will render unnecessary our again indicating
its jilan and scope: but, indeed, the full title above given,
attentively perused, will alone suffice to do this, if accom-
panied by one little objection, previously expressed by us on
p. 204., that, as the "gardening" notices in the work only
extend to directions for cultivating, propagating, and dispos-
ing in the garden the genera and species of phints described,
the work does not fully answer to one part of its title, that of
its being " a general system of gardening." M'ith this slight
general objection, we jiroceed to notice very briefly the second
volume.

The second volume commences with the extensive second
subclass Calycifloroc, and describes thirty-nine natural orders
included in this subclass; and the remainder belonging to it
will form the initial part of the third volume. The vast order
Leguminosii' occupies in the present volume 385 pages, and
so supplies descriptions of a comparatively endless number of

Don's System of Gardening and Botany. 699

species of the pretty plants of this really ornamental and very
interesting, and, we may say, very natural order ; for, who
does not recognise the pea-podded plants, as they are familiarly
called, all the world over ? The orders ^mygdaleae, ^osaceae,
Pomacese, Onagrariae, iythrariae, Melastomaceae, and Myr-
taceae, all and each of which contain plants so very beautiful,
fall into this volume. Perhaps an abatement of our objection
above expressed to the gardening title of this work is due
to its talented and prodigiously industrious author ; for, in
glancing through the volume, we see, under ^mygdalus, no
fewer than eleven pages of gardening information on the
peach and nectarine, enumerating the kinds, noticing their
comparative qualities and merits, and supplying dii'ections
for their successful cultivation both in the open air and in
houses. The same kind of information is supplied imder
Apricot, Plum, and Cherry; Apple and Pear ; and, probably,
in several other cases which we have overlooked.

We cannot stay longer on the volume than to say, that,
were it only for the strictly botanical stock of information
which is amassed into the work, it ought to be possessed by
every studier and cultivator of plants in the world, but espe-
cially by those of Britain. Especially by those of Britain,
because such have previously had no comprehensive work in
our native language to which to make access for the determin-
ation of the names, habits, and affinities of the plants they
cultivate ; by those of the continents of Europe and America
(and these include nearly all the botanical world), because,
independently of this work availing those who know the
language in which it is written, in the same manner, and
almost to the same extent, as it will the British plant lovers
and cultivators, it will be very useful to botanists universally,
as supplying to them a palpable indication of the present
state of botany in Britain ; and this, without incurring to us
the charge of gross nationality, may fairly be deemed a pretty
accurate indication of the state of systematic botany in the
entire world. For, besides the acquaintance with the dis-
coveries in, and contributions to, the science by foreigners,
with which their publications, preserved in our libraries, make
us acquainted, we possess fruitful original resources in our
colonies, our commerce to the remotest shores, and in the
enterprise of our travellers, who, for some years past, have
manifested a most commendable interest in collecting the ne-
cessary materials to extend our knowledge of nature. Of this
accumulated stock of materials, a comprehensive systematic
catalogue, containing short descriptive notices of the objects
enumerated in it, has for some years past been wanted, and
this want it is the office of the present work to supply.

700 Gilpirfs Practical Hints

Gilpiti, S., Esq.: Practical Hints on Landscape-Gardening.
8vo. London, 1832. 2l5.

We have read this work with pleasure, and only regret
that we cannot spare room to enter into its merits at greater
length. The name of Gilpin will inspire with respect every
one who has perused the numerous excellent works, by the
late author of that name, on landscape scenery. Mr. Gilpin
was the contemporary and intimate friend of the justly cele-
brated author of the Observatioits on Modem GardeniJig ; and
it cannot be denied that this work, and the writings of Mr.
Gilpin, did more, in their day, to improve the public taste in
regard to rural beauty, than all the other writings of the same
kind, then published, put together. It is no ordinary presump-
tion in favour of the writer whose work we are noticing, that
he is collaterally related to the author of the Essays on Forest
Scencrj/.

Mr. Gilpin avows his object to be, to reduce to practice the
principles of taste developed by Sir Uvedale Price, in his
JSssajjs 071 the Picturesque. In his application of these prin-
ciples to the situation of the house, the character of the sur-
rounding scenery, the approach, and the plantations, we
know not that there is a single hint, so far as these hints
go, to which wc would object ; and there is one, on the cha-
racter of lodges, which is original; viz., that sometimes the
character of tlie lodge should be determined by that of the
situation, rather than by that of the house.

We entirely sympathise with the author in his defence of
the irregular outlines of plantations on even surfaces, and
only wonder that he should attach so much importance to
the articles in the Qiiarfcrlij lieviexv, on Sir Plein-y Steuart's
Planter s Guide anil Montcath's Practical Forester ; even
though they are understood to have been written by Sir
Walter Scott. The truth is, that little dependence is to be
placed on a fluent writer like Sir Walter Scott, whose main
object was eflect, on any subject in which science or definite
views are required. \\'^itness the rash assertion, in one of
the reviews in question, that the degeneracy of the Scotch
pine is owing to nurserymen importing the seeds of that
tree from Canada. (See our Vol. IV. p. 5515.)

We agree also with Mr. (iilj)in in his views and statements
respecting the Planter's Guide of Sir Hein'y Steuart. How-
ever much Sir Ilemy may have shown of physiological
knowledge in his work, he certainly cannot be complimented
on his taste in laying out grounds ; and, in proof of this,
we should quote against him the same passage which has
been quoted by jNIr. Gilpin, viz., that in which Sir Henry
recommends a juvenile work of ours [A Treatise on Country

on Lmidscape-Gardening. 701

liesidcnces) published at a time when we had hardly attained
the years of manhood, as deserving of more attention than
the Essays on the Picturesque.

The only department of landscape-gardening which we
wish we had seen treated more at length in Mr. Gilpin's
work, is that wliich respects the introduction of exotic
trees and shrubs in artificial scenery. There are various
other beauties besides those of the picturesque, which ought
to engage the attention of the landscape-gardener ; and one
of the principal of these is, what may be called the botany of
trees and shrubs. In our opinion, a landscape-gardener
knows but a part of his profession, who is not conversant
with the numerous families of American and other trees
which will thrive in the open air in Britain. Mere pictu-
resque improvement is not enough in these enlightened times :
it is necessary to understand that there is such a character of
art as the gardenesque, as well as the picturesque. The very
term gardenesque, perhaps, will startle some readers ; but we
are convinced, nevertheless, that it is a term which will soon
find a place in the language of rural art. Landscape-garden-
ing, it will be allowed, is, to a certain extent, an art of imi-
tation. Now, an imitative art is not one which produces fac
similes of the things to be imitated ; but one which produces
imitations, or i-esemblances, according to the manner of that
art. Thus, sculpture does not attempt colour, nor painting
to raise surfaces in relief; and neither attempt to deceive. In
the like manner, the imitator, in a park or pleasure-ground, of
a landscape composed of ground, wood, and water, does not
produce fac similes of the ground, wood, and water, which he
sees around him on every side ; but of ground, wood, and water,
arranged in imitation of nature, according to the principles
of his particular art. The character of this art has varied
from the earliest times to the present day ; but, profoundly
examined, the principle which guided the artist remains the
same ; and the successive fashions that have prevailed will be
found to confirm our view of the subject, viz., that all imi-
tations of nature worthy of being characterised as belong-
ing to the fine arts are notfac-simile imitations, but imitations
of manner. To apply this principle to the planting of trees
in park or pleasure-ground scenery ; nature, in any given
locality, makes use of a certain number of trees found indi-
ffenous there ; but the garden imitator of natural woods in-

O "...

troduces either other forms and dispositions of the same kinds
of trees, as in the geometric style ; or the same disposition of
other species of trees, as in the most improved practice of
the modern style. In neither case does the artist produce a
correct fac simile of nature ; for, if he did, however beautiful

702 Ma f thaw's Naval Timber.

the scene copied, tlie beauty produced would be merely that
of repetition. But we have neither room nor time at present
fully to illustrate this theory. Let it suffice for us to state,
for the consideration of those of our readers who have re-
flected on the subject, that there is as certainly, in gardening,
as an art of imitation, the gardenesque, as there is, in painting
and sculpture, the picturesque and sculpturesque.

Matthew^ Patrick : On Naval Timber and Arboriculture ;
with Critical Notes on Authors who have recently treated
the Subject of Planting. 8vo, 400 pages. London, 1831. 12^.

In our Number for February, 1831 (Vol. VIL p. 78.), we
have given the title of this work, with a promise of a farther
notice. This is, however, now so retrospective a business,
that we shall perform it as briefly as possible. The author
introductorily maintains that the best interests of Britain con-
sist in the extension of her dominion on the ocean ; and that,
as a means to this end, naval architecture is a subject of pri-
mary importance ; and, by consequence, the culture and pro-
duction of naval timber is also very important. He explains,
by description and by figures, the foi'ms and qualities of the
planks and timbers most in request in the construction of
ships ; and then describes those means of cultivating trees,
which he considers most effectively conducive to the produc-
tion of these required planks and timbers.

" The British forest trees suited for naval purposes," enu-
merated by the author, are, oak, Spanish chestnut, beech,
Scotch elm, English elm, red-wood willow (&Mix fragilis), red-
wood pine, and white larch. On each of these he presents a
series of remarks rejxardinjr the relative merits of their timber :
and even notices, under each, the varieties of each, and the
relative merits of these varieties. Indeed, our author insists
particularly on the necessity of paying the greatest attention to
the selection, both for j)lanting and for ultimate ap})ropriation,
of particular varieties, he contending that vegetable bodies
are so susceptible of the influence ol" circumstances, as soil,
climate, treatment of the seed, culture of the seedling, &c.
8cc., as to ^be modified and modifiable into very numerous
varieties, and that it is an essential object to select the variety
most adapted to the circumstances of the i)lot of ground to be
planted. This may be very true ; but it is also true that
extreme will be the difficulty of diffusing, among those most
engaged in the operative processes of forestry, sensitive atten-
tion to these points.

" Miscellaneous flatter connected with Naxxil Timber.^*
Under this head the author has remarks on nurseries,
planting, pruning timber, and the relations of our marine.

Lindlei/s Principles of Horticulture. 703

The last chapter is a political one ; and, indeed, through-
out the book proofs abound that our author is not one
of those who devote themselves to a subject without caring
for its ultimate issues and relations ; consequently his habit of
mind propels him to those political considerations which the
subject, " our marine," naturally induces : benefiting man
universally is the spirit of the author's political faith.

Two hundred and twenty-two pages are occupied by " No-
tices of authors relative to timber," in which strictures are
presented on the following works : — Monteath's Forester's
Guide ; Nicol's Planter's Calendar ; Billington On Planting ;
Forsyth On Fruit and Forest Trees; Mr. Withers's writings;
Steuart's Planter's Guide ; Sir Walter Scott's critique, and
Cruickshank's Practical Planter. The author's opinions on
the opinions and practices of these writers must avail the
patient investigator of arboriculture, and those who delight
in the comparison of divers and diverse opinions. This part
of the book is one which has been, or will be, read with con-
siderable interest by the authors of the above works and
their partisans. An appendix of 29 pages concludes the
book, and receives some parenthetical evolutions of certain
extraneous points which the author struck upon in prosecuting
the thesis of his book. This may be truly termed, in a double
sense, an extraordinary part of the book. One of the subjects
discussed in this appendix is the puzzling one, of the origin
of species and varieties ; and if the author has hereon origin-
ated no original views (and of this we are far from certain),
he has certainly exhibited his own in an original manner. His
whole book is written in a vigorous, cheerful, pleasing tone;
and although his combinations of ideas are sometimes start-
lingly odd, and his expression of them neither simple nor
lucid, for want of practice in writing, he has produced a book
which we should be sorry should be absent from our library.
We had thought of presenting an abstract of the author's
prescriptions for pruning trees intended for the production of
plank ; but, on second thought, we shall omit them, and refer
the reader for them to the book of the author himself.

Lindley, John, F. R. S. &c., Professor of Botany in the Uni-
versity of London, and Assistant-Secretary to the Horti-
cultural Society of London : An Outline of the first
Principles of Horticulture. 12mo, 72 pages. 1832. 2s.

This is a valuable compendium of horticultural maxims.
It may be called the gardener's " Book of Proverbs." We
entirely agree with the professor, in what he states, in his well
written preface, that such elementary works " tend essentially
to the advancement of horticulture, if the physiological prin-

704 Lindlci/s Principles of Horticulture.

ciples upou vvliicli its operations depend for success were
reduced to a series of simple laws, that coukl be readily borne
in mind by those who might not be willing to occupy them-
selves with the study, in detail, of the complicated phenomena
of veo-etable life." This is perfectly obvious ; because, when
the i^rinciples of any science can be set Ibrth in a few cogent
aphorisms, the whole is more readily comprehended, retained
in the memory, and applied, than if they were conveyed in a
lengthened train of words. It is not so, however, with the
rules of the art or practical operations of gardening. These
cannot be taught by axioms : as such they would be of little
use to the. tyro, and therefore they are almost entirely omitted
in the work before us ; the author's design being only to mark
the principles of the science which connect the operations of
the gardener with the physiology and economy of plants.

The book is composed of 369 paragraphs, each of which
contains some fact or principle, or some opinion. They are
well selected, and expressed with the author's usual ability :
the botanical distinctions are accurate, and the physiological
allusions ^<7;i£';«//j/ correct. If there be any defects, they are
attributable only to the studied brevity and paucity of detail.

Some parts, we must say, are enigmatical, and will only
serve to puzzle the practical man. For these defects, however,
the professor is scarcely accountable, because they are evi-
dently borrowed notions from our very first authorities, to
whom it is perfectly natural Mr. Lindley should be disposed
to pay some kind of deference, more especially as, during his
most active years, he has been more in the cabinet than in the
field, more in the " court than in camp." We do not mean
to infer that Mr. Lindley would surrender his own opinion
through sheer complaisance ; but there are many things
in vegetable physiology that it is his duty to speak of, which
he has never had time to examine for himself.

Those parts of the book that arc, we think", problematical, and
which have a pretty strong holil on the public mind, as well as on
that of our author, caimot well be adverted to without leading
us into a much longer statement than maybe necessary on the
present occasion ; but we would beg leave to recommend to
Mr. Lindley himself the reconsideration of a few of his repre-
sentations, viz., " the secretions which solidify the heart-wood
are communicated from the bark inwards." (p. 22.) Who has
detected this invisible process ? Some leaf-buds are said to
be " adventitious, and may be generated by sop in a state of
great accumulation and activity." (p. 29.) Is diis possible ? " A
flower is in reality a stunted branch.-' (p. S\:) Does not this
amount to a denial that the fructiferous organs have real
identity in the system, and to describing them as nothing more
than fortuitous associations of inferior appendages ? Are the

Lindlei/s Introduction to Botany. 705

circumstances on which the belief (that flowers are only
stunted branches) is founded, viz., monstrous flowers and
fruits, to be taken as the rule of vegetable developement, or
should those monstrosities be considered as exceptions?

These few particulars involve all the greater questions rela-
tive to the organisable pioperty of the sap ; its descent in the
autumn ; the formation of the new zone of wood on exogenous
stems ; whence derived, and how and when perfected : all
which phenomena are still obscure, and of which we have
much to learn, and perhaps a good deal to unlearn.

As it is understood Mr. Lindley courts rational criticism,
we trust he will excuse the foregoing remarks, as they are, he
may be assured, respectfully offered. — J. M. August 20.

Lindley^ John, F. R. S. &c. Sec, and Professor of Botany in
the University of London : An Introduction to Botany.
8vo, 557 pages, with six copperplates and numerous en-
gravings on wood. London, 1832. 18s.

This is a richly stored, clearly written book, and one for
which every votary of botany, who can aff'ord it, may safely,
and without hesitation, spend his money. We wish, for the
sake of the science, it were sold at half the price charged for
it. The want of such an introduction has been sensibly
felt by all who addict themselves to this science, for the space
of the last ten years. The reason for this is obvious : within
that period it is, or not much beyond, that those views of
botany which make its essence consist in acquainting us with
the naturrj affinities of plants have become popular in Britain;
and those views having no object in common with the botany
previously taught, which had for its object mainly that of en-
abling the student to distinguish one plant from another, it
follows, that with this complete change in the state of botany,
its scope and its objects, it must have been accompanied by a
corresponding change in the condition of its elementary de-
tails. This has been the result. New laws, rules, and terms,
speculations, and hypotheses, have arisen in abundance, and
the science has in many cases been much elucidated by the
application of these : witness the systematic distribution of the
cruciferous or tetradynamous plants in De Candolle's Systema.
With botany in this changed and improved state, the incon-
venience which has resulted has been, that, read what modern
book on the science one would, a host of new combinations,
of mutilations of old ones, and of new terms in which these
were enounced, were presenting themselves on every side;
and this, with the non-existence, all the while, of a com-
prehensive, clear, explanatory introduction, to which re-
VoL. VIII. — No. 41. z z .

706 Iloulrr and Gieviltes Ferns.

ference could be made for the solution of every puzzle and
every dilficulty ; for the introductions previously extant, though
good in iheir day, or in application to tiie system to which
tliey were formed, were usually iound provokin^ly defective
Avhen consulted in relation to tiie prevailing system of natural
aflinities. This state of deficiency it is the ofiice of the pre-
sent Introduction to remedy, by including within itself all the
modern views of the science, and of the considerations attached
to it, and explanations and illustrations of all the terms em-
ploved in it, as devised and jniblished up to the period of
putting the work to press. It will be found a most satisfac-
toi"y volume ; and in closing our notice of it, we have only to
express our hope, that, at the expiration of every second year
at most, a new edition of it, including all improvements
Avhich the progress of the science may liave evolved in the
interim, will be regularly supplied to the public.

Ilonlcr, W. J., L. L. D., and Grcvillc, JR. A'., L.L.D. : Icones
Filicum ad eas potissimum Species illustrandas destinata?
qua? hactenus vel in herbariis delitueruntjirorsus incognitae,
vel saltem nondum per Icones botanicis innotuerunt : or,
Figures and Descriptions of Ferns, principally of such as
have been altoiiether unnoticed by Botanists, or have as
yet not been correctly figured. In two vols, folio. Lon-
don, 1831. Widi the plates coloured, 24 guineas; with
the plates uncoloured, 15/.

These two magnificent but very expensive volumes supply
a valuable help to our farther acqiuiintance with those very
interesting plants, the Ferns. They }u-esent figures and de-
scriptions^ of 240 exotic species ; and in the descriptions of
these, allusions, in contradistinction, are made to additional
species. Some new genera are founded, and new systematic
aflinities indicated. The species figm-ed and described in the
work are from India, St. Vincent's, Jamaica, Quito, the Mau-
ritius, and New Holland ; so that, besides the interest which
the species from each country may intrinsically j^ossess, they
associate an extrinsic interest, in serving as a sam}de of all
the fern productions of the countries from which they have
been severally derived.

In closing this work, the audiors present their thanks to
various gentlemen resident in the above countries for their
valuable assistance to it, by the contribution of native speci-
mens, and by descriptive notices appertaining to them. To
Dr. Wallich, in particular, the authors declare their very
great obligation, " for continued supplies of the Ferns of the
vast continent of India ; and these," say they, " have now

Blumes Flora Javcc. "^07

arrived to so great an extent, — and not alone from Dr. Wal-
licli, but also from Dr. Wight of Madras, — that the authors
contemplate, under the sanction and patronage of the Hon.
the Board of Directors of the East India Company, to form
for them a new and separate publication, under the title of
Filiccs Asiatica Rariores [Rarer Asiatic Ferns], to appear on
the same size and plan as the Plantce Asiaticce Rariores.

Bhime, Carolus Ludovictis, M. D., lately Investigator of Na-
ture in the Dutch Colonies of the East Indies, Super-
intendent of Medicine, and Director of a Botanic Garden
there, &c. &c., aided by Joannes Baptista Fisher^ M.D. :
Flora Javae, necnon Insularum adjacentium. With litho-
graphic and copperplate engravings, coloured. Brus-
sels, 1828, folio. Frank, Brussels; Treuttel and Wlirtz,
London.

Dr. Blume's Flora of Java and the Islands adjacent is a
work of great interest, from the following circumstances : —
1. Dr. Blume is an able systematic botanist; and manifests,
by his elaborate elucidation of details, that superficiality is not
one of his characteristics. 2. The vegetable furniture of Java
has hitherto been but limitedly known in Europe : hence the
subjects of the Flora Javce are likely to be interesting from
their novelty. 3. The work is executed, both in its plates
and letterpress, so admirably, that it is an eligible object for
introduction into the best of libraries.

The work is intended to be completed in 100 folio numbers,
aud of these 35 are already published ; but, owing to the late
prevalence of political strife in Belgium, the work has been
tor some time suspended, but its publication will be resumed
as soon as the state of Belgic politics will permit. In the
interim, the parties interested in the work are endeavouring to
make it better known in London, and doubtless other places ;
and to this endeavour we must say we wish all success; for a
work of such merit deserves to be extensively known and pos-
sessed. It is true, that, of the 35 numbers published, we have
not seen many, and those we have seen are possibly the more
attractive ones, as the subjects they contain are mainly trees
and shrubs : but even if so, the general tone and character of
the work furnish a sufficient assurance that the less attractive
portions of it will be at least botanically interesting. From
the first number we shall present a short notice of two plants
of extraordinary interest: Raffles/a Fatma Blume, and a near
relative of it, Brugmans/a ZippehV Blume. Rafflesm Patma
Blume is nearly related to Rafflesm ArnokhV of Brown.
Those who have access to the Linnaean Society's Transactions

% 7. %

708

Blume's Flora Javce.

(vol. xiii. p. 2*27.)» or to our Magazine of Natural Histmy
(vol. i. \). 68.), are already aajuainted with the R. Arnold//;
but for the sake of those who may not be, we shall, from the
latter work, give again the cut {Jig. 149.), and a short notice

of it. It is a parasite, not an epiphyte (see p. 12. note) on the
root and stems of the genus ^Itis and allied genera. The
flower weighs 15 lbs., and constitutes the whole of the plant,
which has neither leaves, roots, nor stem. The flowers are
dioecious, and the breadth of a full-grown one exceeds 3 ft. ;
the segments of the perianth (a), which are five, are roundish,
of a brick red colour, covered with protuberances of a yellow-
ish white, measui'e 12 in. from the base to the apex; and it
is about a foot from the insertion of one petal to that of the
opposite one; the nectarium {b) would hold 12 pints; the
pistils (r/), abortive in the male flower sent to England, were
very large. Its first appearance is that of a round knob
{Jig. 150.) proceeding from a crack or hollow in the stem or

root. This knob, when cut
through, exhibits the infant
flower cnvelopctl in numerous
bracteal sheaths, which succes-
sively open and wither away as
the flower enlarges, until at the
time of full ex})ansion {Jig. 149.
a) very few are remaining, which
have somewhat the appearance
of a broken calyx (c). Three
months elapse froni the first ap-
pearance of the bud to the full exj)ansion of the flower. The
femah; flowt-r difl'ors little in appearance from the male, far-
ther than in being without the anthers {c) of the. latter. The

Blume's Flora Javce. 709

flower, fully blown, was discovered in a jungle, growing close
to the ground under the bushes, with a swarm of flies hovering
over the nectary, and apparently laying their eggs in its
substance.

Before noticing Raffles/a Patma Blume, we should remark
that Dr. Blume, in 1825, founded an order to receive this and
allied plants, and devised for it the name Rhizantheae ; from
rkize, a root, and ant/ios, a flower ; in expression of the remark-
able habit in their vegetation of their being flowers parasitically
sustained on the roots of other plants. As M. Brongniart
had, in 1824-, a year previous, applied the term Cytineae to
plants of the same kind, Dr. Blume's name is superseded by
the priority ofM. Brongniart's. Dr. Blume, however, in his
work before us, published in 1828, retains his own name of
Rhizantheae, and under it developes, in considerable detail, its
characters, before he proceeds to the contradistinction, de-
scription, and illustration of the plants, which, in this work,
he has occasion to consider under it. These are, Raffiesia
Patma Blume, R. Arnold// Brown, and Brugmans/a Zippel//
Blume. R. Arnold//, above spoken of. Dr. Blume only notices
for the purpose of distinguishing his R. Patma from it ; and we
now give some of his remarks on the latter, and on his Brug-
mans/a Zippel//.

To Raffles/fl: Patma Dr. Blume applies the epithet Patma
in expression of its place of growth. This species has the
perianth smooth within, while R. Arnold// {fig. 149.) has this
part rough with filiform excrescences ; R. Patma has the pro-
cesses of the column straightish, R. Arnold// bears the
processes in the disk of the column more crowdedly and con-
fusedly, and of unequal length, and here and there somewhat
divided and twisted; R. Arnold// is perhaps still farther
distinguished from R. Patma, in the former having dioecious
flowers.

R. Patma Blume grows in shady places of the little island
of Nusa Kambangan, near to the south of Java, upon the
roots of Cissus scariosa Blume, which plant delights exceed-
ingly in moist soil, and where the diameter of the expanded
perianth of the Raffles/a Patma not rarely exceeds 2 Dutch
feet (five of which are equal to four English), but in less
favourable situations its diameter is scarcely 14 to 16 Dutch
inches.

Accurate examination convinced Dr. Blume that the Raffiesta
Patma had no connection whatever with the woody layers of
the root of the Cissus scariosa, but that its connection was
only with the substance of the bark of the root. It is quite
remarkable that the growing bark, having its continuity inter-

z z 3

710 Bl limes Mora Jawc.

rupted by the entrance of tlie collet of the Rafflt^s/a into its
substance, swells ont into a ciip-shaped process round about
the Hower-buds of the llaffles/V/, and this cuplike process
varies in diameter, according to the length of time which may
take place between the first rising of the flower-bud and the
ultimate fall of the flower itself and its remains. To illustrate
this extraordinary plant, a series of drawings, occupying four
folio pages, are presented : they show its progressive stages
of developement and its structure, and are admirably exe-
cuted.

Brugmans/rt Zippul// Blume. Dr. Blume ventures to apply
this generic term to this })lant, because he considers that
Persoon's genus Brugmans/a is not sufticiently distinct from
Datura L. The specific name Zippel// compliments the
person who first found this plant growing on the roots of
Cissus tuberculata Bli/nic, in moist woods on the south-west
declivity of the mountain Salax, and at the height of from
1200 to 1500 feet above the level of the sea. The mountain
is situate in the province of Buitenzorg, on the west of Java,
and is sacred both to Vulcan and to Flora.

The ireneric character of Blume's genus Bruijmiins/a are
these: — Perianth of one leaf, with the crown of the throat
interrupted, limb 5-parted; segments or partitions twice or
thrice cleft: the aestivation valvate induplicate; the central
column subglobose, hollowed above, and naked ; anthers mon-
adelphous, 2-celled, opening by two pores. Dr. Blume
states that Brugmtinsm Zippcl// possesses remarkably styp-
tical powers.

In the other odd numbers which have come under our
observation, in the order Cupuliferae several most interesting
species of oak are figured and described: the foliage of some
of these is magnificent, and the cups and acorns are very
striking. In the order ./uglandoaj there are some species of
an interesting genus namtcl Kngelhardt/rt by Leschenault, the
nuts of which are furnished with wings somewhat in the man-
ner of our maples, and are disposed in catkins. In Anuudcccc
a beautiful species of Unona, called dasymaschala, to express
its having thick shoots, is figured, and has numerous ruby
blossoms. Three species of Artabotrys, viz., odoratissima,
hanijita, and suaveolens ; and several species of the genus
Polyiilthia, are also jiresentetl in this order. In ISIagnohV/Vi'tC,
six species of MichM/a are figured, four of Tatdama, and two
plants to which the names Manglet/a glauca (a shrub) and
Aromadendron elegans (a tree) are ascribed. The order
Dipterocarpeje is elucidated by numerous details, derived from
full descriptions of six species of the genus Dipterocjirpus ;

WalUcNs Plantce Rariores AsiaticcE. 7 1 1

namely, D. trinervis, retilsus, Spanoghe/, littoralis, frracllis,
and Hasselt//. The essential generic characters of Diptero-
carpus are, calyx in the mouth irregularly 5-cleft, with two
opposite segments longer than the rest, and strap-shaped ;
corolla 5-petaled, and folded in a convolute manner previously
to expansion ; the stamens numerous ; the anthers elongately
linear, and tipped with a bristly point; fruit, a woody nut,
not opening, by abortion one-celled, and involucred by the
enlarging calyx : the seed in most species is large. It will
give some idea of the magnificence of these trees, to re-
mark that Dipterocarpus trinervis attains the height of from
150 to 200 feet, and that its elliptical leaves are from seven
inches to more than a foot in length, and from four to seven
inches broad. The remarkable feature in this family, of each
fruit having two wings, as expressed in the word Dipterocarpus,
is very interesting. These wings are formed by the progressive
lengthening of the longer segments of the calyx, and in some
species of the genus attain the length of three inches : in D.
trinervis they are 3-nerved.

In the plan of the Flora Javce, it deserves admiration, that
the subjects are arranged in their natural orders, and all the
subjects belonging to any one natural order are published con-
secutively ; while in most instances the characters of a natural
order ai^e given precedently to the characters, and descrip-
tions, and figures, of the plants included in that order.

WallicJ^ NathanieU M.D. F.R.S. &c. : Plantas Rariores
Asiaticae; or, Figures, coloured, and Descriptions of Two
hundred and Ninety-five selected unpublished East Indian
Plants. In 3 vols, imperial folio. London, 1832. 36/.

In our Vol. VII, p. 206 — 212. we have given short notices
of a hundred plants figured in the first volume of this very
splendid work. Since tiiat time two additional volumes have
been published, and with these the work is now completed in
three volumes. Two hundred and ninety-five plates of plants
are presented, and an engraved map of India, which is deemed
equivalent to five plates of plants. On this map are indicated
the routes of the following travellers who have severally ex-
plored various parts of India, to the end of increasing our
acquaintance with the plants of that vast continent: — Mr. Fin->
layson, Dr. Hamilton, General Hardwicke, M. Leschenaulfc
de Latour, Mr. Moorcroft, Mr. Royle, Colonel Sykes, Dr.
Wallich, and Dr. Weight. India abounds profusely in species
of plants ; and many of them are extraordinarily beautiful, as
is testified by not a few of the figures of those selected for
illustration in the work of which we are speaking; but we

z z 4

712 Hooker's Botanical Miscellany.

really underrate this work, and do it an injustice, if we leave
ourselves understood that it only acquaints us with those 295
plants, ot which fi<j;ures have been given: it contains, besides,
some lenf^thy contributions to systematic l)otany of great
value. This has happened in this wise. Dr. W'allich, on
visiting Europe, brought with him, in addition to original
drawings, stores of specimens ; and these, the latter at least,
have been distributed to the botanists of Europe, accoi'ding
to the natural families with which they were severally known
to be best acquainted. The result has been a greater degree
of accuracy, and a richer effusion of information, under each
species, than could have arisen, had the authorship of the work
been vested in any one person, however eminent. Besides the
valuable descriptions proper to the species illustrated, there
are the following still more useful communications. A mono-
graph, in the second volume, on the Zaurinae of the East
Indies, to which there is a supplement in the third volume,
both by Professor Kees von Esenbeck. This occupies 22
pages, and developes the most complete account of the order
any where extant ; and gives a digest, and the characters, of
the genera and species which range under it. Professor Nees
also elaborates, in the same manner, in the third volume, the
ordinal, generic, and specific characteristics of tiiose lovely
plants the Indian ^canthacea?: and this valuable elucidation
of this family occupies 48 pages. Professor Meisner, also, in
the third volume, presents a synopsis of those plants of the
natural order /-'olygonea^, which belong to Britisii India, so far
as specimens of them exist in the vast herbarium which has
been collected under the direction of the East India Company,
and by them recently presented to the Linna^an Society of
London ; an act of munificence which does honour to the
Company. In vol. iii. p. 27., Professor Martius, too, elabo-
rates the characters of the Indian Eriocauleae and Ayrideae.

IIouha\ Jl'.J., LL.l). : The Botanical Miscellany; contain-
ing Figures and Descriptions of such Plants as reconnnend
themselves by their Novelty, Rarity, or History, or by the
Uses to which they are applied, 8vo. London, 1832. In
quarterly {)arts, 105. 6d. eiich.

Part viii. of this work was |)ublished on the 1st of August
last, and contains the following jiapers : — 1. " Contributions
towards a Flora of South America, and the islands of the
Pacific. By Dr. Hooker and G. A. W. Arnott, Esq. A.M.
F.R.S. &c." This paper occupies 83 pages, and is to be
continued in a future luunber. It enumerates 384- species
of plants, specimens of which have been receive<l from

Hool-er^s Botanical Miscellajiy. 713

Messrs. Cuming, Bridges, Matthews, Tweedie, Macrae,
Cruickshanks, Gillies, Lay, Collie, Douglas, Scouler, and
others, and are preserved in herbariums in this country. We
say " enumerates," because some of them, being previously
known species, are only indicated ; but the majority of them
are, and among them some new genera, now described for
the first time : consequently, this paper is a very important
contribution to systematic botany, both in Britain and all the
world over. A genus, nearly allied to Z)raba, is dedicated to
Mr. Mathews, by the name of Mathews/a. Mr. Bridges, too,
of whose diligence in collecting the paper supplies gratifying
evidence, receives like honour in an interesting genus of
shrubs, in the order jRutaceae, named Bridgesm after him.
Three new species of lupine are described ; and, amongst
them, one (Z,uplnus albescens) is termed a " fine species."
Ten new species of O'xalis are described ; and four new
species of Fiola of peculiar aspect (of three of which figures
are given), which "constitute a natural little group of Fiola,
remarkable for the crowded and stellate disposition of their
leaves, which are strongly fringed with woolly hairs." We
must not, however, pretend to notify the genera to which
additions are made. It pleases us to see that the following
natives of Britain are also inhabitants of South America: —
i?anunculus sceleratus, i'umaria capreolata, Cardamine hirsuta,
/Sisj^mbrium officinale, iepidium ruderale, Capsella bursa
pastoris, Saghia prociimbens, Arenaria rubra, media Dec. ;
Cerastium vidgatum, latifolium, arvense ; Geranium pyre-
naicum, columblnum, dissectum, Robert/a;iz^;« ; Erodium
cicutarium, moschatum; O'xalis corniculata; iVfedicago sa-
tiva, minima, and denticulata. The plants figured in the
illustration of this paper are Mathewsm foliosa; Fiola con-
g6sta, volcanica, and Asterias ; Crinodendron Patagna^ a
Chilean tree, thought to belong to Elasocarpeae ; Tricomaria
IJ&illo, a shrub from Mendoza, a genus allied to Bannisterm ;
Bridges/a spicata. Genista elegans; Adesmia elegans, tri-
foliata; Gourliea; decorticans, a genus in Leguminosae, named
by Dr. Gfillies in memory of the late Mr. Robert Gourlie,
who botanised successfully at Mendoza, and lately died there.
The second paper is an abstract of the proceedings of the
natural history society of Mauritius in 1830 and 1831. The
third paper is a continuation of an Enumeration of Ferns, by
Drs. Greville and Hooker. The fourth paper is on the
Genus Sarothra and its affinities, accompanied by a figure
and description of S. Drummond^V. The fifth paper is " On
Cardamine rhomboidea and rotundifolia of North America,"
of each of which a figure is given. The sixth paper is a

7 1 4 Smith and Som-erbys English Bulanj/.

*' Notice to the members of the Unio Itineraria, with a list
of the pUints collected in 1831." The seventh and last pajier,
which is not completed, is one of much and popular interest.
It is entitled " A Sketch of the Province of Emerina, in ihe
Island of Madagascar, and of the Iluwa, its inhabitants ;
written during a year's residence by the botanists, Charles
Theodore Ililsenberg of Erfurih, and Wenceslaus Bojer of
Prague in Bohemia : with an Ajipendix on the Tangliinu
poison Taiighhiia veneniflua." Of this })lant, a double plate,
coloured, is given, and which seems identical with Cerbera
Tangliin of the Botanical Magazine, although this identity is
not declared. Besides the figures we have indicated, there
is one of i-*olypodium melanopuni, and one of Cryptogramma
retrofracta, to which we see no description.

Nees V071 Ese7ihcck : Genera et Species ^sterearum.

This is reported to be a work which will greatly avail those
engaged in the study of the species of the genus y^'ster, and
of the allied genera : see Professor Lindley's opinion of it in
a quotation presented, p. 723.

Smith, Sir J. E., M.D. &c., and Sotvcrbj/, James, F.L. S. &c. :
English Botany; or, coloured Figures of British Plants,
■with their essential Characters, Synonymes, and Places of
Growth. The Secoml Edition, arranged according to the
Linnacan iSIethod, with the Descriptions shortened, and
occasional Remarks added. London. In 8vo numbers,
Is. each ; monthly, or oftener if desired.

We are glad to see a cheap edition of this excellent and far-
famed work supi^lied to the public on terms that will render
it obtainable by many whose circumstances would never war-
rant their purchasing the first edition. That edition, which
sells for 55l., extentis to 36 volumes, and includes figures
and descriptions of 2592 native j)lants, 1087 of which, ex-
clusive of 55 ferns, are cryptogamic, or, as far as our naked
eyes arc concerned, flowerless j)lants. From this second
edition all such are to be omitted ; and even the figures
of flowering plants, " which represent such nearly allied
species as may be readily distinguished by the tlescriptions
from those figured." By this omission of some species,
" it is siipi)osed that about 1200 jilates will contain the flower-
ing plants, which may be bound in six volumes; and, as most
of them are ready, no delay is likely to occur." As, however,
some purchasers may prefer to possess a figure of every plant
described in this edition, Mr. Sowerby proposes to supply

British I'loii-ering Plants. 715

impressions, and coloured, of all the omitted plates, at Sd.
each.

The plates employed will be those used for the first edition,
except ia some few instances of error, where new ones will be
substituted. In this second edition the plates are published
in the order of the Linnaean classes and orders, with the
names of the plants engraved on the plates : the impressions
are taken off on smaller paper, and have their colouring less
highly finished, than those in the first edition.

The descriptions are published collectedly, and, like the
figures, in the order of the system of Linnaeus. They are
condensed from those in the first edition, and, the editor
trusts, without omitting any thing material ; while, from the
increased accuracy which the progress of botanical research
has effected, they will be occasionally improved. In the names
of the plants some few indispensable changes will be admitted.
To each genus is added the name of the natural order to
which it belongs, and a few general remarks on the habits
and properties of the species of the genus. These are useful
additions.

Of the six numbers published we shall remark on the first
four, in explanation of the manner of publication, that Nos. 1,
2, and 3. contain five plates each, without any descriptive text;
but No. 4. contains three plates and a sheet of letterpress, in
which the 18 species figured in the four numbers are described,
and nine species besides, the figures of which are omitted.
In this manner, through the work, the letterpress is to be sup-
plied when the descriptions have become numerous enough
to fill a sheet. Mr. Sowerby, in his address, hopes " that the
many intelligent persons whose means are limited, may be in-
duced, by the low price at which this edition of English
Botany is published, to avail themselves of the opportunity of
acquainting themselves with the vegetable beauties disclosed
around them;" a hope in which we heartily concur.

Anon.: British Flowering Plants, drawn from Nature, and
engraved under the direction of William Baxter, A. L. S.
F. H.S., 8cc., Curator of the Oxford Botanic Garden. In
8vo numbers, each containing four plates and descrip-
tive letterpress. With the plates coloured. Is. ; unco-
loured, Qd.

Another very cheap work, devoted to the illustration of
British flowering plants. It is " to be confined to a single
specimen of each genus, which will be suflicient for all general
purposes." In the first number the species figured are Fri-
tillaria meleagris, Tidipa sylvestris, Geum rivale, and Fiola

716 Mackai/s Catalogue of Irish Plants.

canitm : in the second number, Pol^'j^onum Bistorta, Paris
quad ri folia, Adonis autumnalis, and O^jihrys apifera. The
phuits are well drawn and en<:;raved, the first six of the
ei^iit, in particular ; but the colourinj^, in our copy, of the
4th, 7tli, and 8th subjects, admits improvement. Eacli spe-
cies has a separate leaf allotted to the description of it, in
which the Linnaean class and order and natural order to which
it belongs is stated, and the generic and specific names, cha-
racters, and etymons given, as well as synonymes, habitats, a
detailed description, and the uses, if any, to whicii the species
is applied. Dissections of the parts of the flower which
characterise the genus are given on the plate, and explained
in the text.

MacJcay, James To-wtismd^ M. R. I. A. A. L. S. &c. &c. : A Cata-
lofTue of the PhaBnogamous Plants and Ferns found in Ire-
land, with Descriptions of some of the rarer Sorts. Dublin,
1825. 4to, 98 pages.

We notice this book, retrospective as is its date, for the sake
of connecting it with Mr. Mackay's interesting communication
on some newer discoveries, in our Vol. \'II. p. 230. ; where, if
we mistake not, this catalogue is alluded to as the list
published " in ISO^," which is doubtless a misprint for 1824.
The present is a useful catalogue, for its indication of habitats,
and for the original remarks sprinkled tiirough it : but its size
is inconvenient ; and as Mr. Mackay probably contemplates a
second edition, we hope he will, in consideration of the pockets
of botanical travellers, make ciioice of duodecimo pages, and
type as small as nonpareil. Botanical explorers are most fre-
quently youthful, and can therefore read small print readily
enough.

Ma?itell, Joshua : A Chart of Floriculture, comprising the
Propagation of Stove, Green-house, and hardy herbaceous
Plants ; hardy Trees and Shrubs ; with the Soils best
ada})ted to their Growtii. A folio sheet, 30 in. by 21 in.
1832. Published by J. Baxter, Lewes, Sussex. Reprinted
from the second edition of Baxter's Library of Agricultural
and IlurlicuUural Knowledge.

Information on the best modes of jiropagating plants, and
the soils fittest for their healthful growth, is, as the above
title indicates, the express object of this chart. This object is
very well achieved by digesting into separate alphabets the
genera of stove plants, of green-house plants, of iiardy trees
and shrubs, of hardy herbaceous plants, and of annual and
biennial plants; and by appending to the end of each generic
name letters and figures which represent certain detailed

MantelVs Chart of Floriculture. 717

meanings explained at the bottom of the chart. The genera,
as thus classed, and with information thus appended to them,
are stated to be nearly 4000 in number, and they form 18
longitudinal columns ; and, says the author, " as the species
require the same treatment as the genus to which they belong,
the chart may be said to embrace the cultivation of between
twenty and thirty thousand of the most interesting productions
of the vegetable kingdom." We cannot better explain the
mode of using the chart than by quoting the author's own
" directions ;" but, before we do so, we ought to observe that
he enumerates 21 modes of propagating plants, or of treating
the cuttings, &c., while in the course of being converted into
plants, and these modes are severally numbered. He enume-
rates, also, of soils and composts, 14 kinds, and distinguishes
each kind by a capital letter of the alphabet. Then, " should,"
says he, " the culture of any species of plant be required,
it will only be necessary to turn to the genus to which it
belongs. For illustration : let Abroma, under stove plants,
be taken as an example. Opposite to this we find. 1.6. E.
By referring to the modes of propagation, we learn that the
plant may be raised, 1. by seed ; 6. by cuttings of the young
wood planted in sand under a bell-glass, and placed in a shady
part of the stove or green-house, and that the cuttings are liable
to damp off, unless the accumulated moisture be occasionally
wiped fi'om the glass. Under soils, it will be seen that E.
indicates equal parts of loam and peat, as best adapted to the
growth of the genus. Annuals and biennials being uniformly
propagated by seeds, it has been deemed only necessary to
point out their habits and places of habitation : these are de-
signed by the following abbreviations : — A. annual, B. bien-
nial, H. hardy, T. tender, G. green-house, S. stove."

We have bestowed thus many words on this chart, because
it is certainly the most comprehensive synopsis of directions
for propagating plants, and accommodating them with the
soils they require, which has ever been published. It is an im-
portant improvement of the lltli and 12th columns in our
Hortus Britannicus : in those columns of that work, the mode
of propagation and soil are generally stated ; in the chart
before us, where these two particulars have been almost the
only objects of the author's attention, they are stated with
more definiteness, precision, and detail. The author adopts
our accentuation of the generic names, and of indicatingwhether
they be of classic, commemorative, or aboriginal origin. We
need not remark to the young gardener, for whose sake we
have noticed this chart at such length, how practicable it is to
apply the same principle of conspectiveness and of abbreviation,
by arbitrary short-hand characters, to other objects.

718 Doijh-'s Hints on Emigration.

Anon. : The Cape of Good Hope Literary Gazette. Cape
Town. 4lo. In periodical Numbers. 205. per annum.

A miscellany designed to supply intellectual gratification to
the readers of Southern Africa. No. 13., published June 1.
1831 ; and No. 14., published June 29. 1831, have been sent
us. Each contains 12 quarto pages of matter, disposed in
triple columns; and a portion of this space is occupied by ori-
ginal contributions on various topics, general and local, enter-
taining and instructive. Then follow " critical notices" of
new publications, and " extracts literary, scientific, and inis-
cellaneous." The work appears to be well conducted.

Mr. Bowie, our valued cori-espondent, in No. 13. contributes
*' a list of some of the most conspicuous indigenous plants
blossoming in the month of June, at Wynberg and its vicinity,"
in which the names of nearly 100 species appear; and Mr.
Bowie, in his introductory remarks, states that these, " toge-
ther with 200 species more, may be observed in flower in a
walk of two or three hours," and that all these are " only a
part of the isointer emhcllishments of the vegetable kingdom in
this part of the world." No. 14. contains a similar list for
July, in which the species, although almost as numerous, are
all distinct from those in the June list. Both lists are intro-
duced by a \'c\\i sensible remarks; and in the July one there is
this note under Ilesperantlia, where II. fiimamomea, falcata,
and pilosa are the species mentioned ; but the note is appended
to the generic name, and is probably meant to relate to every
species of the genus, rather than to any jiarlicular one: — Hes-
perantha, evening flower ; Dutch, Avondbloem; which emits
a most delicious fragrance, and, in the neighbourhood of Cape
Town, is the violet, the cowslip, and, the primrose, the har-
binger of spring in Southern Africa. Hence a bunch of these
beautiful flowers is carried in triumph into the town. That
the inhabitants are not destitute of the love of flowers, is quite
evident from the numerous gioujis botanisingon our mountains,
axvailivg the appearance otj and eagerly plucking this pretty
evening flovver." In the lists are tlie names of many species
of plants existing in our collections. In the numbers before
us are notices of the South African Literary Society, South
Afiican Institution, South African Librar}', and the Graham's
l\)wn library ; and there seems much interest prevailing on
literary subjects in the colony.

DnyJc^ Martin, Author of Hints to small Holders, &c. :
Hints on Emigration to Upper Canada; especially addressed
to the Middle and Lower Classes of Great JJritain and,

Opinions on Vegetable Diet. 7 \ 0

Ireland. 12mo, 2d edition. Dublin, 1832, Curry jun.
and Co.

The author decidedly prefers Canada to the United States.
" In no other country in the world," he says, " can such com-
forts and advantages be obtained in exchange for labour and
industry ; but, at the same time, I do not recommend those
who enjoy happiness and comfort at home, even with a life of
toil, to emigrate on mere speculation." As to the part of
Canada that Mr. Doyle prefers, he says: — '' So impressed am I
with the advantages which are offered to the settler in Upper
Canada, that, were I not engaged in public and private duties,
I would join the first merry-hearted set of Irish emigrants in
planting ourselves and our potatoes in one of the richest
townships in the Huron territory."

Anon.: Opinions of several eminent Medical Men with re-
gard to Vegetable Diet in reference to Cholera. Pamph.
8vo, 32 pages. London, 1832. Sd.

The apprehensions of cholera which were entertained in
London in July and August last, and an impression which then
prevailed, that eating of fruit and vegetables would predispose
the body to receive this disease, went well-nigh to ruin the mar-
ket-gardeners, inasmuch as these causes seriously diminished
the consumption and sale of their productions. Hereupon a
committee of the Market-Gardeners' Society addressed a letter
to those physicians whose letters are published in the pam-
phlet, soliciting their several opinions on the connection which
might obtain between vegetable diet and the cholera disease.
Thirty letters from as many medical men, twenty-nine of them
M. D.s, received in reply to this letter, occupy the pamphlet,
headed by a preface, from which we learn, without reading the
letters, " that the impression of fear in the public mind with
regai-d to vegetable diet may be entirely removed, and con-
fidence again restored ; as the general use of vegetables, as
hitherto, is not only not injurious, but highly beneficial and
valuable."

Various Writers : Transactions of the Albany Institute from
1828 to 1830. 1 vol. 8vo, 24-0 pages, with plates. Albany,
1830, Webster and Skinners.

This book contains some useful papers. They, however,
appertain more to the natural history of the state than to
the art of gardening as practised in it. Art. 3., by Dr. Beck,
" On the Geographical Botany of the United States," contains
some interesting notices of plants. The book supplies gratify-
ing evidence that the inhabitants of Albany are arduous in
researches for the acquisition of knowledge.

'20 German and Swedish Books.

GERMANY AND SWEDEN.

Antoinc, F., Court Gardener in the Royal and Imperia
Paradise Garden at Vienna : Abbildung von 51 Pfirsich
Sorten nach der Natnr. Figures tVoni Nature of 51 Sorts
of Peaches. Vienna, 1816—1821.

This is an abridgment, which costs at Vienna about 305.,
of a work in folio by the same rtuthor which costs more than
three times the money. The figures are remarkably well
executed ; and the descriptions, as we are informed by M.
Ranch, who lent us the work, and by Mr. Thompson, the
author of the Horticultural Society's Fruit Catalogue, judici-
ous and correct. We have no very high idea of the utility of
figuring such fruits as the peach, melon, strawberrj', goose-
berry, &c., which are of short duration ; constantly undergoing
alteration by the introduction of new sorts raised from seed ;
and, in consequence, the fashionable sorts of which are con-
tinually changing. However, they are certainly better worth
figuring than hybrid pelargoniums and florist's flowers; and
therefore let the work pass.

Wenstrom, John Pcicr : Flandbok i Blomsterkulturen for
Fruntimmer. 8vo, 293 pages. Stockholm, 1831.

This work treats of 4 50 species of blooming plants, none,
or but few, of them rare in English collections ; but all of
them showily flowered, and well suited to the decoration of
flower-gardens. They are assorted into separate alphabetic
lists, under the classes of annuals, perennials, bulbous and
tuberous rooted plants, flowering shrubs, and plants for the
orangery or green-house. Under each species is given a
short history, usually of but a few lines, but sometimes extend-
\\\ff to half a jiagc, or even a whole one. This history imparts
the same kind of information as is supplied in owx I lorlus Britan-
nicusy but in a fuller manner : it is terminated by an exj)lanation
of the generic name ; and the history or description is pre-
ceded by the French and Swedish names of the jilant, which
follow the botanical sytematic one. The work is closed with
an index of the botanical names, a second of the French ones,
and a third of the Swedish ones. It is a convenient and useful
manual, for those who are familiar with the language in
which it is written, and who are desirous to learn, in a ready
manner, what are the fittest plants to procure for eflecting
any particular instance of decoration they may desire.

721

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. Floriciiltural and Botanical Notices ofnexu Plants, and of
old Plants oj' Interest, supplementary to the latest Editions of the
" Encyclopedia of Plants," and of the " Hortus Britannicus.''

Curtis' s Botanical ]\Iagazine ; each monthly Number containing eight plates,
Ss. 6d. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Dr. Hooker, King's Professor of
Botany in the University of Glasgow.

Edwards's Botanical Register; each monthly Number containing eight
plates; 4s. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by John Lindley, F.R.S., Pro-
fessor of Botany in the London University.

Sweet's British Flower-Garden ; each monthly Number containing four
plates ; Ss. coloured, 2s. 3d. plain. Edited by David Don, Esq., Libra-
rian to the Linngean Society.

Loddiges's Botanical Cabinet ; each monthly Number containing ten plates ;
5s. coloured, 2s. Qd. partly coloured. Edited by Messrs. Loddiges.

The reader will find the few abbreviations used in the following extracts
explained in p. 12.

Dicotyledonous Polypetalous Plants.

XXIL BerberideEe.

390. JSPIME^DIUM.

diphyllum ^. C. two-lvd ^ /\ cm I raj W Japan 1830? D It.l Bot. cab. 1858

This is a curious little plant, very little known. We obtained it from
our worthy friend, M. Scliuurman, of the Leyden Garden, into which it
has lately been introduced from its native country. It appears to be quite
hardy, and may be increased by dividing the roots. {Bot. Cab., Oct.)

LXXVII. LeguminoscB.

1263. DAVTE^S/^.
10612a virgata C«ra. twiggy « i_J pr 2?jn Taw. BlueM.N.H. 1827 ? C sl.p Bot. mag. 3196

Another of the numerous interesting discoveries of Mr. Allan Cunning-
ham. It inhabits the more elevated dry, barren, parts of the Blue Moun-
tains of New Holland, where it flowers in October : in the green-house at
Kew, its blossoming season is June. Mr. Cunningham observes that it
appears to be allied to D. racemulosa of De Candolle, and to D.umbellata
of Smith ; but that it is really distinct from both. A twiggy shrub, with
alternate narrow leaves and numerous axillary somewhat corymbose ra-
cemes, each consisting of from four to seven flowers. (^Bot, Mag., Nov.)

LXXXVHI. ^iiphorbxAcesn. § 'Enj^lioi-biex.

1460. EVPnO'RBIA.

ctaentkta. Gi-ak. red-spoltcd.lvd ^ lAi cu 2?au.s Ap St. Louis iS31 ? S s.l Ed.n.ph. j. no.26

This s])ecies is described in detail by Dr. Graham in the Edinburgh New
Philosophical Journal for Oct. 1832, No. 26. p. 361. " Seeds of this plant
were sent, along with specimens, to this country from St. Louis, North
America, by Mr. Drummond. When is not stated, neither is the height
of the stem. " The plants flowered in the green-house of the Edinburgh
- Botanic Garden in August and September." Notwithstanding this, we

Vol. VIIL — No.41. 3 a

722 FloriatUural and Bo/onicol Notices,

have prcsmiied the species to be liarily. The petioled, lanceolate, un-
equally serratccl, hairy leaves, which are 2 in. lonf^ and 10 lines broad, are
" irregularly sprinkled above with dull red s[)ots," and this is the property
cxj)ressed in the epithet crnentata.
CXXl. Pitlospdrece.
679. i'riT(ysponuM.

anguslilWiuiii At', narrow-leaved tt I | cu 1 ? jn Y N.S.W. 1830. C I.p Bot. cab. 1859

" This has lately been introduced from New South Wales. It is of a

delicate habit, having a few slender straggling branches, and it flowers in

June." (Jiui.C(i/).,'Oct.)

CXXXII. Af(i/ts/icrbiaces£.

.3472. MALKSHE'RB/.^.
2m)la ccToniita D.Don /nuj .crowned O or 2J jn.s B Chile 18.32. S It S\v.fl.gar.2.s.l67

Of this interesting genus, six species, native to Peru and Chile, are
know n to botanists ; and two of them are aireaily in cultivation in Britain.
M. humilis is registered in our Additioxnl Sirpplcmcnt ,^. 593. M.coronata,
the second species, which, as well as M, humilis, and some other s|)ccies,is
annual, has been raised by Mr. Thomas Brown, of the liighgate Nursery,
from .seeds collected in Chile by Mr. Hugh Cuming; from whose rich
herbarium Mr. Don had previously described M. coronata ami three other
species. M. coronata has an upright, branched, pubescent stem, and
rather long, linear, narrow, toothed, pubescent leaves. From the axils of
the diminished leaves on the branches are produced the blossoms, and not
sparingly. These have a short green tube, on the top of which are seated
five green sj)reading calycine segments, and, alternate with them, five blue
petals; so that the ten segments together form a slightly starry blos.som,
green and blue in colour, orbicular in outline, ami ecjualling a penny-piece
in size. The plant flowered with Mr. Brown in September last : it requires
a light sandy soil, and is increased by seeds. (Sweet's Flowcr-Garden,
Nov.)

The genus Malesherb/«, in natural affniit}-, is between the genera Passi-
flora and Turnerw ; and is in Monadelphia Pcntandria of the system of
Linnaeus.

CXLVI. Galacinccc. Francos Aonchifolia is figured in Loddiges's
Bot(i)iical Cabinet for November, t. 1864: it has rosy petals, with a feathered
purple stripe down the centre of each. With Messrs. Lockliges " it grows
freely, with a stem 2 or 3 ft. high, flowering in July. It is a coarse-looking
plant in its herbage, but the flowers are numerous and beautiful. They
are likely to be followed by seeds, by which it will be readily nndtiplied.
The soil should be rich loam." This sj)ecies is already in our Additional
Siip])/c)itc'nl, but less |)erfectly than wc now give it : —
. f28870 ionchifi)lia Feu. Sow-tliistle-lvd £ A or 2i jl.au Ro.P Chile 1830. S r.l Bot cab. 18<i4

DlCOTYLEDONOtS MoNOl'ETALOUS PLANTS.

CLXXVII. Stylidicce.

2581. STYLI'DIUM.
22824n liirsutuuW^/^r. hairy.fcfl;)i.-</ £ lAJ or } my.jn Ko KK.{!.'<iSil.lS3()? S s.p Bot. mag. 31!H

This species has newly come into cultivation ; and its j)urplish rose-
coloured corollas, yellow in the throat, are larger than those of any species
in our gardens. Mr. M'Nab raised the plant figured iiom a seeil taken
oft" a native specimen, sent to him by the late Mr. Fra.ser. It blos.somed
in the green-house of the Edinburgh Botanic (jarden through May and
the early part of June. {Hot. Ma<i., Nov.)

Stylidium^/nnceum is minutely described by Dr. (Jraliam, in the Edin-
bur^li New Fliil(>so})liical Juiinial for Oct. 1H32, p .304., whence we are
enabled to fill in the blanks which api)ear under this species in the Add.
Siipp., No. -^9:^77.

supplementary to Enc. of Plants and Hort. Brit.

t29277jiinceum /f. ^)-. rushy ]g lAJ cu 2 s Ro Kg.G.'sSd.lSSO. S p.l

" This plant is perhaps less ornamental than any of the species hitherto
introduced into cultivation, but still interesting." (Graham.)

CLXXXVI. Compositce ^ Astcrece. ^'ster spectabilis, quite an orna-
mental, and happily not rare, species of this extensive autumn-flowering
genus, is figured in the Bot. Reg. for September, t. 1527, and described in
the number for October ; where Professor Lindley presents the following

Important Information reyj^eding the Genus A'ster. " It is well known that
the genus ^'ster has long been the disgrace of botanists ; that there is no
instance, in the whole range of natural history, of such imperfect descrip-
tions, unscientific arrangements, false species, confused synonymes, and
multiplied names, as this genus presents. We have for many years been
collecting materials, in the hope of being able to reduce it to better order;
and lately we have begun to explain our ideas upon the subject, in several
articles that have appeared in the Botanical Register.

" But we are fortunately relieved from the prosecution of our under-
taking, by the appearance of a work from the pen of the learned Dr. Nees
von Esenbeck, which, whether we regard the elegance of its style, the
precision of its arrangement, the philosophical spirit that pervades every
page, or the laborious accuracy with wliich the whole has been digested, is
certainly the most remarkable instance of scientific research applied to
systematic botany that we are acquainted with. Our labour in future will
be reduced to an illustration of this extraordinary production, or to a
criticism of such points in it as may appear to admit of improvement."

*2337a EURY'BIA C«i«. (£H/Hj/eA-, wide-spreading, as are its creeping offsets.)

§coryinbbsa Cass, coryinbed ^ A or 2 au.s W N.Amer. 1765. D co Bot. reg. 1532
.4'ster corymb6sus.J/7. Hort. Kew. Willd. Sp. PI., and probably of Hort. Brit., No. 23166. A. cor-
dif6Iius ilx., not o{ Nut.

A very common plant in gardens, where each corymb usually consists of
numerous heads of flowers ; although, in shady woods from Canada to
Virginia, where the plant is native, each stem does not usually bear more
than from two to ten flower heads. (Bot. Reg., Oct.)

CXCV. A.?c/e/j/«deae.

*774a PHYSI A'NTHUS Mart. {Phusa, a bladder, anthos, a flower ; corolla inflated at its base.)
5. 2. Asclt'pAdess Sp. 1. —
&\bcns Mart. whiti.sb-/yrf. $_ □ or 20 au W Bu. Ayr. 1830. S l.p. Mart.br. 54. t.32

" Seeds of this fine plant were received by Mr. Neill, from Mr. Tweedie,
Buenos Ayrcs, in 1830; and, climbing along the roof of the stove in his
garden, flowered freely in August last. I possess from Mr. Tweedie an
excellent specimen, in no respect different from the cultivated plant."
(Dr. Graham, in Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal.)

This is an interesting stove climber, of rather rapid growth, and is in
the collection of Messrs. Young, Epsom, as well as in that of Mr. Neill,
at Canonmills. The leaves are petioled, opposite, oblong, and deep
green and pruinose above. The corolla is salver-shaped; pale rose-
coloured when in bud, afterwards white ; smooth, somewhat fleshy, and
faintly perfumed: its tube is half an inch long, the limb li in. across:
the flowers are borne in subdichotomous cymes.

Caralluma fimbriata is figured in the Botanical Cabinet of Messrs. Lod-
diges for November, t. 1863. We mention this, that every cultivator of
stapelias may know where to apply for a plant of this highly curious
species.

CCXI. Scroi^huldrina:. § Two anther-bearing stamens.

6.5. CALCEOLA^RIA. [2.S.162

S78c Martineau^e Swt. Martineau's £ _AJ or 1 ap.au Yspot.Fotherg-corym. 1831. D It.r.m Sw.fi, g.

" This elegant [and ornamental] freely flowering plant is the offspring

' of C. Fothergilb'i fertilised by C. corymbosa, and was raised by Mr. Blair,

gardener to John Martineau, Esq., at Stamford Hill. It has been named

3 A 2

724" Floricidtural and Botanical Notices,

in compliment to Miss Martincaii, a young lady of great botanical taste.
Drawn at Mr. Low's nursery, Upper Clapton." (F/i>wcr-(i(inU>i, Oct.)
Tliis li\l)ri(l lias already been noticed in this Magazine, Vol. VII. p. 510.,
and Vol. \III. p. +8.
e8701a Alkins/awa D.Don Atkins's £J^oT]i jn.o Y.U Eng.liyb. 1830. D p Sw.fl.gar.2 s.168

A short notice of this hybrid is presented, p. +7.3 : it was raised by
Mr. James Atkins, Nurseryman, Northampton, between C corynibosa
and C. arachnoidea. It enuilates C. Young;/'. It is perennial, niultipli-
cable by parting only, and was (juitc unhurt out of doors by last year's
winter. " Mr. Atkins funis that peat suits it best, and states that the
original plant, which is placed in a border of that .soil, is o ft. in circum-
ference; and sent forth, in the course of 1832, upwards of 150 stems, each
bearing from 30 to 70 flowers. (Sweet's Floivcr-Gardm, Nov.)

CCXXI. Labldlte. Scutellaria macrantha Fis. is figured in Loddiges's
Bot. Cab. for November, t. 18G5., and seems a very desirable species for
the hardy flower-border. Its shoots are terminated by a spike of several
rather large bright blue blossoms.

MONOCOTYI.EDONOUS PlANTS.

CCXXXIV. J5/omtViacea;.

951a ^'CHMEA Lindl. (Aichme, a point ; from tlic rigid points on the calyx.) fi. 1. sp. [.'5186

Mertens« Schult. Mertens's ^ 23 or 1^ mr.ap G.ll Uemcrara 18.00 ? Sk p.r.w Bot. mag.

A beautiful bromeliaceous plant, sent (when is not stated), with many
other rarities, to the Liverpool Botanic Garden, from Demerara, where it
is an epiphyte upon trees, by C. S. Parker, Esq. " Its noble yellow
green spikes, nearly 1 ft. long, tipped with richly coloured (bright and
deep rose red), erect, protruded portions of the petals, and the large
red bracteas at the base, render this plant a most desirable inmate of the
stove." (Sot. Ma<^., Oct.)

CCXXXVIII. Amari/llidcx.

•9.Wa COltnULA'RIA Sal. {Coihiila, a little basket ; sliapeof nectary.) 6. 1. 10 sp.

7583. scrotina IJair. Utc-Jtowi-ring 5 A or i mr.ap Y Portugal 1629. O s.l Sw.fl.gar.2.s.l64

This is the hoop-petticoat narcissus (A'iircfssus Bulbocodium) of the Bo-
tnnical Mag., t. 88. but not the N. Bulbocodium of Linnicus's Herbarium.
It is, as is well known, a very interesting and ornamenlal species.

" The corbularias, being ciiieHy natives of the .south of Europe, require a

very slight protection in severe winters : they thrive best in a light loamy

soil and a sheltered situation ; but also succeed well in pots, if treated as

bulbous frame plants. C. serotina, if occasionally trau.si)lanted when the

bulbs are quiescent, succeeds also in the open ground." {Flowcr-Gardcn,

Oct.) I have witnessed its thriving thoroughly, and blooming every year

satisfactorily, at the foot of a tall eastern-aspecteil wall. — J. J).

879. ALSTHCEME^U/^.

oculata B. C. cycd-flivd. ^ lAJ or 5 jn Ho.cye. P Valparaiso 1831. O p.l.dimg Rot.cab. 1851

" This appears to be a species liitherlo unknown : it is one of the climb-
ing kinds; and its Hovver.'^, like those of ail the genus, are beautiful. We
have reason to believe that it will endure the climate of this country, as
many of the other kimls do, planted in a border close to the front wall of
a stove." (liol. Cab., Oct.)

Alstroemerj'/ j)sittacina is figured in the Tio/aiiira/ Urgis/rr for November,
t. l."i+0. ; where Professor Lindley, after doubting its being a native of
Mexico, as some state, and suggesting that it is rather a native of Brazil
or Chile, presents the following admiralilc remarks on the physiology of
leaves: — " Than these alstra'merias no |)lants evince in a more striking
manner the aptitude of one vegetable organ to atlapt itself to the functions
of another. The breathing-pores of leaves, or stomata (as botanists name
them), are usually |)laced upon their under side, which has also much more
prominent veins than the up[)er, and is covered with hairs exclusively, if

supplementary to Enc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 725

hairs are found upon only one of the two surfaces. In Alstrcemem, the
leaves, owing to some unknown cause, are always resupinate ; that is to
say, in consequence of a twist of their petiole, that side which is born
uppermost is turned undermost. Now, it is very curious that the surface,
which, under other circumstances, would have no breathing-pores, no hairs,
and not elevated veins, acquires all these characters in consequence of
having to perform functions that are foreign to it ; while the other surface,
in like manner, loses them."
CXXXIX. Iridece.
145. 5ISYRI'NCHIUM.
28017o macul^tum Hook, spot.petaled £ J:^ or 1 my Y.spot Chile 1831. D I.p. Bot. mag. 3197

This is an interesting species, and seems prolific in flowers. The spathes
have a broad white membranaceous margin. The flowers are starry, almost
as large as a shilling, of a full deep yellow ; but each of the six segments has
a deep blood-red spot near its base, and the three inner segments have also
a large horseshoe-shaped spot or cloud of the sfime hue at the tip, occupy-
ing the segment's whole width. It is nearly allied to S. ^raminifblium, but
is sufficiently distinct. (Bot. Mag., Nov.)
13j3a lutLScens i?.C. yellowish-^rf. £ _^ or 2| my. jn Yah Chile 1830. S lt.l Bot. cab. 1870

Messrs. Loddiges " raised this from seeds sent by Mr. Cuming. It grew
to the height of nearly .3 ft., and flowered in the green-house in April and
May. It should be potted in light loam; and is likely to be nearly or quite
hardy with us. It increases itself by offsets from the roots. (Bot. Cab.,
Nov.) The figure much reminds us of S. striatum.

CCXL. Orc/iklecs § Vandese.

2523. CYMBIDIUM. ^ 4. Bolbidium. Rhizoma creeping, bearing pseudo-bulbs from 1 to S-leaved
marginktumLind/. re(/-eiig..sepal.£[2SioT f n Y Bio Jan. 1829. D p.r.w Bot. rag. 1530
" ? Maxillaria gracilis Bot. Cab., 1837. [and Gard. Mag., vol. viii. p. 603. 606.] is either this in a
sickly state, or a nearly allied species." {IJtuUey in Bot. reg. 1530.)

An air plant, which does not often flower; the sepals are 1 in, lonf and
yellow, margined with red. Young plants may be obtained by dividing the
creeping stem, when the pseudo-bulbs wUl establish for themselves an inde-
pendent life by means of their little white and green roots. (Bot, Rea
Oct.) "■'

2524. CIRRH.^^A Lindl. (Cirr/tvs, a tendril ; form of rostellum.)

22642. Loddigt^sM Lindl. Loddiges's ^ (23 or f jl.au Y.spot Brazil 1822. D p.r.w Bot reg. 1538
Cymbidium dept'ndens Lodd. Hot. Cab. 936. Cirrhce^a dependens Loudon's liort Brit d 370
Sweet's Hort. Brit. p. 488. ' ^' '

The genus Cirrhge'a differs from all the genera in the tribe VandecB by
its stigma occupying the apex, and not the face, of the column; while its
anther is situated at the back. In this last respect it agrees with Notjlia,
which is, however, otherwise distinct. C. Loddigesii grows tolerably well
in vegetable mould, if placed where the air is humid and the drainage com-
plete; and, in such situations, flowers in August. Professor Lindley also
refers to this genus the Gong6r« viridi-purpiirea of Hooker; and describes
a third species, specimens and a picture of which exist in Dr. Hooker's
herbarium, and names it C. fusco-liitea. As, however, this is probably not
yet in the country, we must at jiresent only tabulate the second.

22642a viridi-purpiiiea Lindl. green and pur. ^ (23 or 1 jn.au G.P Brazil 1827. Dp.r.w Bot. reg
Gong6ra viridi-purpiirea Hooker in Bot. mag. 2978.

2540. ONCI'DIUM {Ogkos, a tumour ; the labellum of every species bears at its base warts, tumours

or other excrescences, Lindley.) '

cornigerum Lindl. horn-bearing £ (2SJ or i au Y.spot Brazil 1829. D p.r.w Bot. reg. 1542

Probably this species exists in no^British collection but that of the Hor-
ticultural Society, and that of the Rev, and Hon. W. Herbert. It is
" perhaps, the smallest of all the species of Oncidiuni properly so called!
The truncated callosity of the crest, with a sort of two-horned screen at its
back, and the two lateral erect lobes of the lip at its side, are, when viewed
in profile, not very unlike a bull's head in miniature." {Bot. Beg., Nov.)

•i A 3

726 FlorintUural and Botanical Notices,

crlspuin /?.C curtc(l-/JWn/< d ^ E] or 3 jn Taw.y.ipot Brazil I80I. D p.r.w Hot. cab. IS.vl
This lias been lately introcliiccd; and, in June, 1832, flowered with us
for the fust time. The flowers are elegant in fonn, and of an uiuisual
colour : like the other species, it will on occasion increase by separating its
pseudo-bulb-bearing root-shoots. {But. Cab., Oct.) The flowers in the
figure are 2 in. in diameter.

♦.-i^S. .STAN HOM'E^ Hook. '

28530a cbiiriica /.in(//. nory.lippcU ^ (ZS or i jl W.V Rio Jan. 1828? 1) p.r.w Bot. rcg. 1529

A noble epiphyte, figured from Knypcrsley Hall, near Congleton, Che-
shire. It was imported from Kio Janeiro by Messrs. Loddiges. " The
flowers were slightly fr;igrant, and of short duration; the lip, when fresh,
appeared to be ibrnied of the most pure and highly polished ivory. " Pro-
fessor Lindley, in this article, cancels his generic title Ceratochilus, because,
in ap[)lying it to the plants mcutioiicd below, he did not advert to the
existence of the same name in Dr. Blumc's Ohservatioiis iijum Java Plants,
Blume's genus appears to be distinct ; and it has, therefore, become neces-
sary to atlopt Dr. Hooker's name, Stanho|)c«. Professor Lindley, on this
point, thus honourably expresses himself: — "We the more readily do
this now, because, on a former occasion, in objecting to the reception of
the name IStauhopcw, we suttered ourselves to be betrayed into imkind ex-
pressions, which should not have been applied to any one, and least of all
to so amiable and excellent a man as our long-tried friend the Professor of
Botany at Glasgow." {Bot. Beg., Oct.)

This revision of the nomenclature appertaining to this family of plants
renders necessary the obliteration, from Ilortus Britaiuiicus, p. 489. anil
584., of the generic name Ceratochilus, and the substitution of the follow-
ing digest of the species umler their new generic title.

•3411. STANHO'PE.'/ Hook. {F.arl Stniihopc, President of the Meilieo-Botanical Societv.)

^285J1. insignis Ilwik notable i- (Z^ or 1 jl.o 1' Trinidad ISi-U 1) p.r.w Bot. noag. 2948

Ceratocl.llus insSgnis Lind'cy. Hor't. Brit. p. 4S;i. No. L'S53I.
128530. grandiCbr.i /./;»// larj;e-Ho«cred ^ 23 or 1 jl.o 1' Trinidad 1824. D p.r.w Bot. cab. 1414

Ccr.itocliilus grandifltirus BC. Uort. ISrit. p. 4S9. No. 'JS-^IO.
2«.';30(j ebiirnoa /./m//. ivory. //yv""'' £ CZS or ^ jl VV.P Rio Jan. 1828? D p.r.w Bot. reg. 1.")2<>J
28731. oiulala I.indl. eyed £ 123 or I jn Y.spot .\.alapa 1829. 1) p.r.w Bot. cab. 176*

Ceratochilus oculiltus IJot. Cab. 17ii4. llort. Brit. No. L87ol.'

S. eburnea " differs decidedly from S. oculata and insignis ; but is,
indeed, very clo.sely allied to S. graniliflora, from which it thus difters : —
Its flowers are not more than two thirds of the size of those of 8. grandi-
flora ; the horns of the base of the lip proceed from the middle of the
margin of the hypochiliiun, and not from the front of the margin ; and the
scape in S. grandiflora is shorter than the sepals : so that the flowers are
erect, while in S. eburnea the scape is twice as long, and pemlulous ; and it
is a native of Rio Janeiro, while IS. grandiflora is a native of Trinidad."

NANtrnivS. (,Vnno(/t'», |>yginy; size of plant.) 20.1 Sp. 2.

iWscu'.or Limit. i;rccn and purple ^USi*^^ k *"> 1' Kio Jan. J827. D p.r.w Bot. reg. 1541

" Curious as are very many of the sjiccies of epiphytal Orchidea?, we do
not remember one that is nuich more remarkable than this, which possesses a
habit (juite its own. Its flowers are so like the leaves from among which
they spring, and by which they are embosomeil, that you woidd .scarcely
discover tlie plant to be in flower, even if every branch was blossoming."
The plant has been long lost in the Horticidtural Society's Uarden ; and,
it a|)pears, is a kind not very easily kept. {Bot. Beg., Nov.)

Orcli'ulca- ^ Epidaidrca-.

2.W4. EPlDK'NnilUM.
22740a virCscens /?. C. grccnisli./irrf. ^ El cu f jl Osh nominica 1S2P. H p.r.w Bot. cab. 1S()7

" It approaches K. fiiscatum ; but we consider it sufficiently distinct.
The soil should be chiefly moss, with a little sawdust." It is not a splen-
did species, but one which interests on close examination. {Bot. Cab.,
Nov.)

supplementary to 'Enc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 727

CCXLI. Scitamincce.

8. ALPI'NI^ ?.
niagnifica Boj. magnificent ^ [23 spl. 10 au R Mauritiusl830. D r.l Bot. mag. 3192

This is a strikingly ornamental plant, and a remarkable member of the
order Scitamineae. Its leaf-stems are from 10 ft. to 12 ft. high, leafy.
Scape or flowering-stem, 5 ft. to 6 ft. high, very stout, leafless, sheathed ;
the uppermost sheath is dilated, and forms a large, leafy, green bractea ;
■within which is produced the splendid head, or dense spike, of deep pur-
plish red blossoms, 1 in. in length. This spike is rendered the more
striking from its numerous bracteas of a fine deep rose-red colour, all mar-
gined with a white line, the outer ones exceedingly large and spreading,
often reflexed, .3 in. or 4 in. in length ; diminishing progressively in size
and length to the centre of the spike. This collection of flowers, with the
richly coloured bracteae, soon withers, and is succeeded by a large head of
fruit formed of many capsules, each as large as a chestnut; nearly globose,
downy, terminated by the withered floral coverings, and intermixed with
the equally withered and ragged bracteas.

This superb plant was, a little while ago, only known by dried speci-
mens, and the figure published by Roscoe in his Scitmnineous Plants ; but
roots were, through the medium of Mr. Telford of the Mauritius, intro-
duced by the late Mr. Barclay, and sent to Lord Milton's collection at
Wentworth House ; where His Lordship's excellent botanical gardener, Mr.
Cooper, so treated them as to induce a plant to blossom in the stove in
August, 1832. Professor Bojer has suggested the propriety of constituting
from this plant a genus distinct froip Alpfni« ; and it is probable that this
will eventually be done. (^Bot. Mag., Nov.)

CCXLVH. Aspkodclece.

•1064a TRICHOPE'TALUM iirerf/. (Thrix,trichos, hair; petalon, a petal: inner series of perianth

fringed.) 6. 1. Sp. 1—3.
gracile Lindl. slender ^ J^ cu 3 jn.au W.Gsh Chile 1828. D r.m Bot. reg. 1535

To judge of the habits of this plant from the branch and leaf figured,
Anthericum ramosum will give a good idea of it. It has fleshy fascicled
roots ; the stem is sparingly branched (subramose) ; and from 1 ft. to 3 ft.
in height, according to the sterility or richness of the soil. The leaves are
glaucous, and linear sword-shaped ; the flowers are curious in their fringed
petals ; the hairs forming this fringe are inserted in a double row, are
thick, rough, and composed of short joints. The plant, under good culti-
vation, flowers and seeds abundantly from June to August. Under this
plant. Professor Lindley presents the following remarks on the

Culture of most half-hardy, bulbous, or fleshy-rooted Plants ivith annual
Stems (which we do not present as supplying practical directions to our
brother-gardeners, who could doubtless themselves give valuable advice on
such points, but because the philosophical theory by which he accounts
for practical results are really worth their attention) : — " Trichopetalum
gracilis, like many (perhaps most) half-hardy, bulbous or fleshy-rooted
plants with annual stems, succeeds better if committed to the open ground
in a frame, or pit which is well drained, has a southern aspect, and from
which the frost is entirely excluded. In such a situation, exposed to the
open air all summer long, it will form its leaves in perfection, and will not
lose them until they have completely fulfilled the purpose for \yhich they
are created; namely, the elaborating a supply of food, upon which, in the
succeeding year, the new stem will be fed, and by aid of which the flowers
will be developed. Plants, under such treatment, if unhealthy when first
submitted to it, will probably not indicate any great renovation the first
year ; but, in the second, the good effects cannot fail to be distinctly per-
ceptible. This is the only way in which Cape roots can generally be cul-
tivated successfully ; for few of them are capable of living, or at least of

.S A 4

728 Retrospective Criticism.

flourisliing, so fur nortii as London, if treated as liardy plants : a fact
which, we fear, many who have nnfortiniately suffered themselves to be
persuailcd to trust their Cape bulbs to the o[)en borders iuive discovered
to tlieir cost."

The " Anthericum?plum6sum" oi the Hut. Mng., t. 308+., and of our
Additional Supplement, No. '28G16., is referable to tiiis new genus Tricho-
pctalum ; and Mr. Lintiley judges it to be distinct from gnicile, " from its
narrower leaves, smaller seeds, and erect flowers ; with spreading, not
reflexed, petals : characters which exist e([ually in the wild and cultivated
specimens. It may be called Trichopetalum stcllatum." Pursuant to this
warranty, we shall give again its tabular details under its new name.

stellMum Lindl. starrv-/H'rf. ^ Js^ m 1 ap W Chile 182!». I) co Bot. mag. 308*
Aiitlu'ricum ? plum6su'm Bot. mag. 5084.. and Hort. Brit. 580., anA possibly of Kuiz and Pavon.

CCLI. JaUiacecB.

1008. FV'SKIy}.
S2l8a SiebotdU«Hfi Dens. .SieboUlt's ^ A or 1 jn Li Japan 1830. D r.l Bot. cab. 1869
Hemcroc&llis Sieboldt/iiwa B. C.

Introduced, by the botanist whose name it bears, to the Leyilen garden,
whence Messrs. Loddiges obtained it in 18:i0. It grows freely, flowers in
June, and is probably hardy. (Bot. Cab., Nov.)

Art. II. Retrospective Criticism.

Professor Li>idlet/s Publications.-^Sir, As the author and compiler of
several of the most popular works on gardening in our language, it
may be presumed that your opinions and advice tend, in a greater degree
than, perhaps, those of any other man, to influence tiie conduct and
habits of the younger members of that profession, the interests of which
you profess to advocate.

As an occasional reader of the Gardener's Magazine, I am happy to
bear testimony to the candid and impartial manner in which this respon-
sible task is generally performed ; yet I have seen and rcgrettctl some few
in.stances wherein the frailty natural to humanity has manifested itself,
and private friendship or interest, perhaps pique, inis sui)ersedcd justice.

These observations are intluced by the high encomiums bestowed, in the
Gardener s j\la{^azine, on Mr. Lindley's recent publications, the Prineiplcs
of liotany, and the Outline of the First Principh-x of Ilortieullure ; encomiums
which, 1 cannot but think, are in a great measure unjustifiable. Umloubt-
edly, very great credit is due to Mr. Lindley, for having condensed within
the limits of his two small books more really useful information than is to
be sifted from among the baseless theories, oft rctaileil experiments, and
conflicting opinions, that cumber the pages of many of tiie ample and
costly volumes given to the world for its enlightenment, by men witii
half a score learned abbreviations tacked to their names. I)ut the uiuiua-
lified |)raise so lavishly showered both upon the author and books, naturally
inclines tiiose who purchase the works to expect something very nearly
ajjproaciiing to [jerfection. Such, at least, was the case with me; and my
liisappointment was |)ro|)ortionateiy great, when, on comparing the two
works, I found that propositions laid ilown in the Prinviplrs of Hot any as
csnentinl prineijtias, are, in the later publication, directly contradicted.
Tiiat Mr. Lindky, for his credit's sake, may have an opportunity of correct-
ing such |)ali)able blunders, I iiave transcribed such of them as have occurred
to me ; and, as an act of justice to those among your readers who, like
myself, have procured the books on the reconunentlation contained in this
Magazine, you will take the earliest opportunity of making pul)lic my
remarks tliruugh the same channel.

Retrospective Criticism. 729

In the Principles of Botany, paragraph 25., it is said that spiral vessels
" are not found in any part which is formed in a downward direction, and
are, consequently, absent from the wood, bark, and root."

In the Principles of Horticulture, par. 15., we are told that " spiral vessels
are not found in the wood or bark, and rarely in the roots of plants."

The former of these paragraphs lays down, as a positive rule, that spiral
vessels do not exist in the parts of plants which are formed in a downward
direction, and, as a consequence, that they are absent from the wood, bark,
and root. In the latter, it is said that spiral vessels are rarely found in
the roots. If they are ever found in these organs, does it not follow that
the principle which we are taught by the first paragraph is false ?
Principles of Botany, par. 25., " The function of the spiral vessels is
unknown.
33. Their functions (those of the ducts) have not been accurately deter-
mined. It is probable that they serve for the passage of air.
86. The medullary sheath consists of spiral vessels and ducts.
89. It carries upwards the fluid absorbed either immediately from the
earth, or through the intervention of the alburnum, and conducts it
into the leaves."
There appears to be a little " mystification " here. If the function of
the spiral vessels is unknown, and those of the ducts uncertain, how can
it be said that the spiral vessels and ducts, of which, as we are told,
the medullary sheath is composed, carry upwards fluid to the leaves i
Again, to make the matter clearer, it is stated in the
Princijyles of Horticulture, par. 21., that " Spiral vessels convey oxygenated

air."
Principles of Botany, par. 200., " The food of plants consists of water
holding various substances in solution. The roots have the power
of separating these substances, and selecting such only as are con-
genial to the nature of the species."
Prmcij)les of Horticulture, par. 37., " These organs (the spongioles) have
no power of selecting their food, but will absorb whatever the
earth or air may contain which is sufficiently fluid to pass through
the sides of their tissue."
Will the learned professor reconcile these two principles? Other discre-
pancies might be pointed out in these two works, especially in the passages
relating to the excreting theory, against which it would be easy to adduce
evidence that would shake it to the very foundation. But enough has
been said to show the possibility of even such men as the learned professor
overreaching themselves, and also to justify my remark, that your unqua-
lified praises were, to say the least, premature. I am. Sir, yours, &c.
— A Journeyman Gardener. Nov, 1. 1832.

We thank our correspondent for his strictures, and invite him to
continue them whenever he sees occasion. — Cond.

Shalder's Fouiitain Pump. — As we strongly recommended this pump
(Vol. VII. p. 218.), we consider it right to lay before our readers the
essence of a paper, which we have received from our correspondent Mr.
Mallet of Dublin, on the subject. It appears that the person who has pur-
chased the patent right of this pump was endeavouring to sell that right
for Ireland to Mr. Mallet, who was disposed to purchase it, but who, being
rather surprised at the seller coming down very greatly in price, thought
of examining the records, and found, on consulting them, that there was
no patent for Shalder's pump, for Ireland, at all. Having detected this
attempt at imposition, he next thought of enquiring whether the invention
was a new one ; and he found it described in Belidor's Architecture Hy-
dralique, tom. ii. liv. iii. chap. iii. p.l20. ; and something very similar in

730 Retrospective Criticism.

Grcgori/x ][fcc/innir.i, vol. ii. ; and in Xir/io/xoti's Opcralive Mechanic. We
have sent Mr. Mallet's letter to the editor of the Mechanics' Magazme, in
which it will be found, vol. xviii. p. 70. Mr. Mallet remarks that this is
an instance of what has become common in London of late years, " the
practice of fnrbisliini,' up an old invention, and takinji out a patent for it,
either through ignorance, or a worse intention." — Cond.

TraJ/ic/iin;^ in Gardeners' Si/ nations, (p. 499.) — From what has come
to my own knowledge within the last twelve months, I can fully add my
testimony to the truth of the remarks of An iMiemy to Bribery. I do
not think it necessary here to enter into a full disclosure of the transac-
tions above mentioned, but merely to say, that, however surprising the
coincidence may seem, the same letters of the aljjhabet will answer very
well for the name and abode of the individual to whom I allude, as those
that designate the worthy trafficker noticeil in your fornier pages, viz.,
a Mr. B. of Y. 1 remain, Sir, yours, &c. — An Advucatc for every Thing being
done above board. Angnst 28. J 832.

Trafficking in Gardeners' Silnations. (p.. 499.) — Sir, I beg to inform
An Enemy to Bribery (p. 499.) that I have enquired, and cannot hear
that any thing of the kind he alludes to has been transacted in this part of
the country. I can hear of gardeners having been recommeiuled by a
nurseryman, and they, of course, feel themselves under an obligation to
send to the nurseryman for what seeds and plants they may want; but this
is nothing but what is right, as it is disciiarging an obligation, and of no
injury whatever to their employers. An Enemy to Bribery believes
the practice of trafficking, which he describes, to be detrimental to gardens
and gardeners. This cannot be the case, as the al)surd practice of Mr. B.
of Y. is far from being a general one ; and a good honest gardener is not
so great a blockhead as to give twenty |)ounds for a situation ; and an
inexperienced gardener would very soon lose the situation he had paid so
dearly for. The statement of An Enemy to Bribery is thought by many
to be little less than enmity or jealousy on his part, or else the names of
all [)arties would iiave been published in full, in an open and Englishman-
like style, a system which it would be well if many of the correspondents
of the Magazine adopteil. I have [jurchasetl the Magazine for the last
three years, and have fretjuently read experiments, proved by whom we
know not, except by two and sometimes three capital letters of the
alphabet. I am. Sir, yours, &c. — Williant U'hidden, Gardener to Colonel
Chester. Chicherly, near Newport, Bncks, Sept. 10. 1832.

Mr. ILn/s Method of heating by Slcam. ([). 330.) — Sir, I have perused
witii very great |)leasure Mr. Hay's |)lan and description of heating hot-houses
by steam through perforated pipes ; a plan which, I have no doubt whatever,
when the nature and principles of steani, as applied to the heating of hot-
houses, [)its, I've, become belter known, and the mania for hot water has
a little subsided, will, for horticultural pur[ oscs of every description where
artificial heat is re(|uired, be found superior to any other hitherto invented.
The country being just now pretty full of hot water, I expect some will
be inclined to consider such an assertion rather speculative; which, to a
certain extent, I must admit, though I believe it has been found to answer

Ecrfectly in several places where it has been tried, ami the time which it
as l)een in use here induces me to speak at least from short experience.
About two years ago, I had two vineries built, to supply early grapes, with
the borders laid iiollow, and perforated lead pi|)es introduced underneath,
with the view of maintaining a temperature in the outer border, during the
forcing season, e(|ual to that of tlie surface of the earth during the months
of July and August. The vines being young, and not having yet been
forced, I am only able to state that the temperature of the border can be
regulated to the greatest nicety. Early this spring I had a cucumber pit

Retrospective Criticism. 731

built, and heated in the manner alluded to, which I find to answer most
completely ; and I have since obtained permission to build as many more
as may be required for melons, cucumbers, asparagus, sea kale, &c., and to
heat the whole in the same way.

A melon ground heated on this principle will, I think, be found to pos-
sess many advantages over the one in general use. The most obvious of
these will be, the order and neatness which can at all times be maintained
in this department. Instead of wading up to the knees in litter, to get
near the pits, which is often unavoidably the case in the early forcing of
cucumbers and melons with fermenting dung, there may be clean flag-
stones or gravel to walk upon. I have lately had a pine-stove heated
on the same principle, but have not yet tried it a sufficient time to enable
me to offer any remarks, beyond merely stating that 1 can at pleasure raise
or lower the temperature of the bark bed with the greatest ease ; an advan-
tage, by the by, which will be only apparent to the pine-grower. Having
extended my remarks thus far, I beg leave to advert to one very important
improvement which may be contemplated from this mode of heating ;
namely, the facilities which it affords for getting rid entirely of the hideous
black chimney-tops that disfigure so many gardens with their dense vo-
lumes of smoke, which they are every now^nd then sending forth during
the whole of the winter ancl spring months ; a nuisance, in garden scenery,
which nothing but necessity and habit could have made at all tolerable.
Only one chimney-top would be required in the largest forcing-establish-
ment ; and, presuming that Witty's patent furnace answered the purpose
for which it is so highly recommended, even in this solitary chimney there
would seldom be any smoke. I may, at some future time, be able to add
a few more remarks on this subject, should you think them worth your
acceptance. — Robert MarnQck. Bretton Hall Gardens, Jul 1/ 14. 1832.

A Method of transplanting large Trees is mentioned by Edw. Jesse, Esq.,
deputy surveyor of His Majesty's parks, in his amusing Gleanings of Natural
Histori/, p. 309 — 313., who states that it has been attended with "great
success," and, he believes, " will be found infinitely cheaper, and more
generally to be depended on, than the plan of Sir H. Steuart. ... Of
some hundreds of trees which were taken up and replanted in Bushy
Park, in March, 1831, not one had died [up to what period Mr. Jesse does
not state, but his book was published in March, 1832], though many of
them were of a large size, and some of them laurels from 10 to 12 ft. in
height, showing their blossoms at the time they were transplanted, which
was not at all checked by the operation." Mi\ Jesse's plan is, to " exca-
vate the earth at some distance from the tree, leaving all the principal
fibres, and the earth adhering to them, in a compact ball, undermining it as
much as possible, and taking care not to shake or injure the ball, by
twisting the stem of the tree, or using it as a lever to loosen the tap roots."
These deeds performed, and a hole prepared to receive the tree, to effect
its removal the following are the apparatus and process : — " Two pieces
of iron must have been previously formed, of the breadth and thickness of
a common cart-wheel tire, 3 in. or 4 in. wide, and rather more than half
an inch in thickness, and about Oft. long, bent as in fig. 131. c, which
will reduce it to 3 ft. across. This size will do for trees requiring from two
to four men to lift them ; but a size larger, and stronger in proportion, will
be wanted for trees that will require from eight to ten men, or more, to carry
them. Put these irons under the ball of earth, as near the centre as pos-
sible, leaving a space between them of about 2 ft., and for larger trees a
little more. Take two strong poles, about 8 ft. or 10 ft. long, and 3 in. or
4in. in diameter, and smaller at each end, and apply them as shown in the
sketch (a), to each side, passing them through the bends of the irons, so as
to form a complete handbarrow. The tree may then be readily lifted

732

Retrospective Criticism.

Cross levers may be used for larger trees which require more men
(b), so that as many men can conveniently apply their strength to it as
are wanted, without being in each other's way. Tiie vvhole is fixed
and unfixed without any loss of time, and requires no tying, nor is there
anv danger of its slipping off." Our author reconmiends that, in digging
out the trench around the tree, a larger ball than is really meant to be
removed should be left, which can be reduced with a pick without injuring
the roots, and that the taj) and other roots inconvenient to get at may be
severed under the ball of earth with a long chisel. The best way of forming
the ball is t(j jirepare it the year before removal, by iligging round the tree,
and cutting most of its princijjal roots. In planting, in cither case, spread
the projecting roots out carefull\ in different layers, as near as possil)le to
their original position, as the hole is gradually filled up with niDuUl. " I
do not find," says the author, " that trees thus planted recjuire support,
as the large ball of earth steadies them sufficiently." He atlmits, however,
that the trees he has removed are not so large as those described by Sir
II. Steuart. " Had it, however, been necessary for me to have planted
larger trees, I have no doubt but that I should have succeeded equally
well ; as, by means of the cross levers, the strength of a proportionable
number of men may be readily applied."

Mr. Jesse proceeils to give ilirections ami remarks on preparing the ball
of trees to be transplanted, and of adjusting their roots, as the hole into
which they are transplanted " is gradually filled up with mould." These
are very well, but superfluous to gardening reaiiers.

We have two objects in presenting the preceding abstract : one, to
illustrate the following strictures on Mr. Jesse's mode, by a practical
man ; the other, to afford those wliom this subject interests an additional
invention to those already presented to them in our Vol. V. p. 4-i2., and
Vol. VII. p.:^f), 30. and ("i.^j. ; and Kiiri/c/optrdia of (rrirdriiiiig, § 14()8.

In reference to the strictures, a correspondent, J. M., in a comnumica-
tion dated " London, May Hi. IH.'i-^i," writes as follows. " Having bought
Mr. Jesse's book, 1 sent the part of it which describes the author's mode
of transplanting large trees to a friend of mine, a gentleman who has been
extensively engiiged in this branch of arboriculture, thinking he might
derive some advantageous hints, as I knew he IkuI made some alterations
in the machinery, which had received the a|)probation of Sir Henry
Steuart himself; and as your work is ilesigncd for the benefit of science,
I have thought that the remarks of my friend may be worth a place in it.
They are these : — 'I am nmch obliged to you for the extract on i)lanting
trees and shrubs. It is always gratifying to me to read men's opinions upon

Retrospective Criticism. 733

matters that I have some little knowledge of; but I must say that this
gentleman is shouting before he is fairly out of the wood. From his own
observations, I am certain he is no practical planter; but, should I be
mistaken on that point, I must say that his ideas are very weak on the
subject : but to fancy that he had superseded Sir H. Steuart in trans-
planting, plainly tells me that he knows nothing about Sir Henry's method
of removing large trees. If he were to attempt to remove such trees as
Sir Henry Steuart has removed, or as we have removed here, upon the
principle he proposes, he would tear this part of his book to pieces, and
regret that he ever sent forth such erroneous opinions. If the king his
master were to send him as many guards as would repel a regiment of
French cuirassiers, should he place them three deep round such trees as
we have planted, their united strength could not lift one out of the pit,
with his bars, hooks, and poles. All the credit that I can give him for
his scheme is, to use it for the removal of a few small shrubs in a pleasure
ground. This gentleman should have waited for the year 18.35, before he
had put his hand to paper on the subject : let him then give his candid
opinion, and, I Hjelieve, he will then refrain from boasting of his having
superseded Sir Henry Steuart."

J. M. speaks of some alterations which his friend has made in the
machinery recommended by Sir Henry Steuart. From the circumstance
of J. M.'s friend being a practical man, the alterations may be valuable, and
we shall be glad to be made acquainted with them. — J. D.

Tudi/u/rtis grandiflorus. (p. 30.) — G. C.'s practice of artificially promot-
ing the impregnation of the germens of this plant is ingenious and useful ;
but, although I have this year applied the experiment repeatedl}-, and also
cross-impregnated flowers of L. grandiflorus with the pollen of the white
and blue flowered varieties of L. sativus, I have altogether obtained but
three or four seeds. I had previously flowered several seedlings of
L. grandiflorus, but these all strictly resembled the original species. Six
years ago, I planted a plant of L. grandiflorus near to a handsome spruce
fir, around which the roots of the Zathyrus occupy the soil, and its shoots
and blossoms are annually blended with the branches of the fir into a conical
mass, surmounted by the spiry top of the fir, and producing a most pleasing
effect ; the Zathyrus having climbed, by means of its tendrils, to the height
often feet.— Wm. Godsall. Hereford, Sept. 29. 18.32.

Mr. Pearson on the Cultivation of the Fig, in rejjii/ to Mr. Smith, (p. 489.)
— Sir, I observe (p. 489.) a most imjust attack on me in regard to the
culture of the fig, by one who calls himself John Smith, journeyman
gardener : and, truly, I think, he is a journeyman in more respects tiian
one ; nay, even an apprentice. Permit me, then, to say a few words in
answer to this journeyman near Hexham, or some other place. He sets
out by endeavouring to make me the author of the epithets " sluggish and
ignorant," as applied to gardeners : now, it is unfortunate for him that he
should have left school before he was taught the use of inverted commas,
and also that of reading with attention and understanding; for I deny
being the author of these epithets in my treatise on figs; but, to set him
right, he may read my paper over again, and then refer to the Spectacle de
la Nature, translated from the original French, by Kelly, Ballamy, and
Sparrow, vol. ii. p. 145., and there he will meet with the word sluggish,
which I quoted. His laundry phrase of washing without soap is only
what he " thinks;" therefore it gives me no concern whatever. He says,
my " method of pruning is simple enough." True, it is; and so is every
other branch of the science when once it is learned : but let me tell
John Smith, that every *' cabbage gardener" has not yet learned to prune
a fig tree ; and, for any information which he has given, they may still
remain in ignorance. He says, he would prune fig trees in April, after his

VSI* Retrospective Criticism.

covcriiiij; of fern or spnice was removed : and for what reason ? just that
he niijiht know tlic liiiitfnl from tlic unfruitful hrancli. Certainly this is
a good advice to a " calibajie ganlener," wiio knows no better : but it so
haj)|)ens tliat 1 know tlie dirterence in the end of autunm ; hence I am
enabled to prune, and nail, and cover up at the same time, i)y which the
jounj; shoots, and the autumn-shown fruit are better jjrotected than they
vould otherwise be in an unnailed state. Moreover, it is a most unnatural
thing to begin to prune a fig tree at the very time when the sap is in active
operation, and the newly projected fruit running the iiazard of being rubbed
oti' during the process of nailing, (!y:c.

John Smith farther says that I have taken no notice of the management
of figs in hot-houses. This, it wouUl appear, I had left for him to do, and
a poor job he has made of it. He sa3s that fig trees in hot-houses do not
retain their fruit on last year's wood, but that they all drop off, and only
ripen their fruit on wooil made the same year. This I deny ; for on fig
trees in hot-houses, under good management, there are always a first and
a second crop. The second one is, in general, better than the first. That
some of the first crop do ilrop off I do not deny, but not all, as J. Smith
would have it. Where they are kept in houses, they should be planted in
boxes, in a black lightish loam, pretty rich, and well supplied with water,
luider the temperature of 55° or G0°; and, in regard to pruning, they
should be kept thin and regular. But to return : John Smith says that I
contradict myself, by sa}ing, first, that the fig is an aquatic, and then, that
I lost a crop in a wet season. True, I said so much ; but did I not give
the reason for it y J. Smith must be more careful in future in regard to his
reading and writing; which is the best advice I can give him. But he goes
farther, on mere supposition, and says that the trees at " Ormiston Hall
are 100 years old." I admit that some of them are old ; and the wall
against which they are placed is not very young; yet they arc not alto-
gether destitute of a modern appearance; neither is the soil in which they
grow so completely exhausteil as he so gratuitously imagines. He is also
presumptuous enough to think that I have no young fig trees under my
management: but in this also he is mistaken; for I have young trees, not
of " ten," but of four years' standing ; and these arc making wood like
their aged neighbours; not that short, stunted, spurlike stuff that he
speaks about, but shoots from 18 in. to 2 ft. long; ay, and fruit on them
too, three of which weighed 1.3 oz. imperial this very ihiy. Will John
Smith believe that ? Now, Sir, I have done with J. Smith, and leave it to
the candour of your readers to estimate the validity of his attack on my
Treatise. I present my thanks to J. 1)., for his interesting and pertinent
account of the fig tree at Harilwicke House, near Bury St. Ednuuuls.

Now, Sir, to have done with figs, 1 have just one word more to offer.
In a private letter which I, long since, had the honour to receive froni you,
you remarked that you had seen, in the south of Fj'ance and in Italy,
fi" trees growing in the clefts of rocks, which gave the idea of a dry situ-
ation. Now, yon will readily admit that rocks and mountains are more
the receptacles of rain than the valleys below, and that they give out
water to supply the springs even in the time of severe tlrought. In the
open joints of rock, where tree roots are able to penetrate, is generally
to l)e found a great deal of moistiu'e; which leads me to think that trees
so situated are better watered than those growing in a cultivated soil. I
remain. Sir, yours, <ic. — William Pcarsvii. Ormiston J tail (rarilciis,
Sept. 19. 18;J2.

In the Sriilsmaii\ report (Sept. 8.) of the exhibition of fruits of the
Caledonian Horticultural Society, on Sei)t. 5., this remark occurs: —
" From the garilen at Balmuto were sent some large and rijie specimens of
Black Ischia fig, with useful practical remarks on the management of the

Queries and Answers.- 735

fig tree as to soil and situation, by Mr. James M'Culloch, gardener to Mrs.
Boswell. Thanks were voted, with a copy of the last published part of
the Society's Memoirs^ This remark is quoted to induce to Mr. Pearson
and Mr. M'Culloch the, possibly mutual, benefit and pleasure of each
other's correspondence on that interesting subject the culture of figs.
What fruit so luscious as a perfectly ripened fig fresh oft' the tree ! The
notice of the thorough thriving of Ficus stipulata under a liberal supply of
water, to which we alluded in p. 490., occurs in the present Number, p. 689.

Art. III. Queries and Ansivers.

Technical T'erms in Horticvltural Chemistry. — Sir, I wish some of
your learned correspondents would insert in the Gardener's Magazine a list
of the chemical terms relating to horticulture, which are not to be found
in an English dictionary, and with their proper accentuation. Such a con-
tribution would be beneficial to those of your readers who, like myself,
know little or nothing of the learned languages. I would also ask. What
is the simj)lest test for detecting the oxide of iron in soils and subsoils f I am
of opinion that a clayey subsoil, containing oxide of iron, is one cause of
the canker in fruit trees ; and also the cause of what is here termed the
cancer in the Scotch pine. I have never seen a blown-down cancered
tree of this kind, but what had the greater part of its roots rotten, and
which had ])art]y penetrated into such a subsoil. I am. Sir, yours, &c.
— Wm. Taylor. Aberdeenshire, July, 1831.

Uses of the Red Spider. (Vol. VII. p. 218.; Vol. VIII. p. 499.) — J. D.
asks (p. 499 ), " Has not Mr. Godsall confounded two very distinct in-
sects," under the name of the red spider ? In my communication (Vol.
VII. p. 218.) I stated, " I have heard them" (the crimson velvet insects)
" stigmatised as red spiders : " also, " I know not whether this insect be-
longs to the genus yl'carus or not." I think J. D. might have concluded
from the above passages that I ridiculed the idea of confounding them,
and, of course, endeavoured not to do so myself; although, in the sentence,
" since then I have frequently found the yl'cari," &c., it should, instead
of " J'cari," have been crimson insect, perhaps, which I almost think was
the case in my letter. — Wm. Godsall. Hereford, Sept. 29. 1832.

What is the Mode of dissolving Caoidchouc {Indian Rubber) in PyroUgnous
Ether, and luhere is Pi/rolignous Ether to be readily obtained? — Sir, Your
correspondent, Mr. Mallet, has (at p. 354.) recommended a varnish of
caoutchouc [Indian rubber] dissolved in pyrolignous ether as equally cheap
and durable for horticultural purposes; but he has unhappily omitted to
describe, for the information of the less informed, the best mode of effect-
ing the solution of the caoutchouc in the ether, the time required to
effect it, or the price of the pyrolignous ether, which is not, I believe,
to be commonly met with in the druggists' shops, not being yet in suf-
ficient demand. By supplying this information he will confer a material
obligation on many of your readers, and upon me among the number;
and enable many to avail themselves of his advice, who may otherwise be
prevented from adojjting it. Having occasion to varnish an elastic tube,
I prepared a solution of caoutchouc in the essential oil, or spirit, as it is
familiarly termed, of turpentine ; but I found the process of solution
tedious and troublesome, and, when effected, the liquid proved viscid, and
slow in evaporation ; an inconvenience of which I know not how to get
rid. Possibly, the solution in the pyrolignous ether, if I knew where to
procure it, might be effected with more ease, and be free from the objec-
jections to which the terebinthine solution is subject. — Wm. Hamiltony
M.D. 13. Oxford Place, Plymouth, Oct. 4. 1832.

736 Queries and Answers.

Of tlic Otahrilcnn Arrow-root (Tacca jnnnalijida L.), ichnt Proportion
does the Fvcitid i/kldcd bear to the JVeig/it of Tubers from wliich it is derived?
and what is the Relation <f the Weight of Tubers to the superficial Quantity/
of Soi/ producing that Weii-hl? — Your correspondent, Mr. Mathews of
Lima, has furnished (p. 58.5.) a most vahiable communication on the
fecuhi aflbrded by the roots of the Tucca pinnatlfida, and the mode by
whicli it is separated from tliem by tiie inliabitants of Otaheite. To this
information if he could furnisii a statement of the proportion of fecuhi
obtainable from any f^iven \veij;ht of the washed roots, and tlie probable
weight of roots obtainable as a crop from an acre or any other given
quantity of ground, he wouUl confer an obligation on such of your readers
as reside in countries adapted to the cultivation of this esculent. Its in-
troduction into our West Indian Islands, by increasing the amount of
human food produced within them, would [)erhaps be attended with much
advantage to the inhabitants, both as a source of domestic supply and of
profitable exportation ; and if any of your readers should possess a suf-
ficient share of [)hilanthro[)y to furnisii me (under a frank) with a few of
the seeds, it will afford me much pleasure to distribute them among my
correspondents in the West Indies, accoinpanietl by any information re-
specting their culture, &c., which the donor may feel disposed to transmit
to me along with them. — Wni. Ilanii/ton, AI.D. Oxford Place, Plj/niouth,
Oct. 15. 18.32,

How can Plants of the Genus Citrus be prevented shedding their Leaves
and young Fruits ? — I should be much gratified if any cultivators of the
genus Citrus would inform me of a method to prevent the plants shedding
their leaves and fruit on being removed from a green-house to another
situation. Tliis last season I removed three large plants from a green-
house to a light airy room, of very similar temperature, ami the door of
which was almost constantly kept open, as was that of the green-house.
Notwithstanding this parity in the condition of the plants, they lost many
of their leaves and all their small fruit. — I.J. Oct. 13. 1832."

The Corolla of Calijstcgia scpium Brown closes in a different Manner from
that in which the Corolla of Ipomcv'^n ])urpurcn Lamarck closes : is there any
Difference of Structure to account for this ? — In my garilen, Calystfcgia
sepiiun and Ipomce^a purpurea are growing together, and are twining up
the same strings. I have watched them attentively in all their stages of
flowering, and have seen with surjirise the different manner in wliich the
corollas close w hen they begin to lade. Those of Calystcgia scjiium close
togetiier in longituilinal folds, while the edge of the corollas of Ipomoe^a
purpurea curls inwards upon tiie parts of fructification. Is there any dif-
ference in the structure of the corollas, to account for the difierence in tiie
manner of their withering V — John li. Howe. U'imborne, Sij)t. 15. 1832.

7V/r fittest Soil for, and Manngement of. Auriculas in low Situations. — Sir,
I should feel grateful for plain <lirections as to soil and management
requisite for the Primula Auricula in low situations. In Vol. IV. p. 240.
you mention Mr. Clray's having written a judicious pajier on this subject;
but of his mode of treatment no mention is maile. It is something of
this kind that I am in want of, as I have Hogg's Treatise on Florist's Flowers.
I am. Sir, yours. — P. U\

On preserving Cape Heaths from ]\Iildew. — I should feel greatly obliged
to any cultivator of that most beautiful and interesting genus /-'rica, for an
explanation of the cause, and instructions for the prevention, of a sort of
mildew which sometimes attacks these plants in our green-houses and
frames. It fre(|uently destroys a whole set of [)lants in a very short time.
I fuul no account of it in the last edition of Sweet's Potanicnl Cultivator,
nor in M'Nali's Treatise on Cape Hiaths. I have been informed that
suflering water to be jioured over their tops will cause it ? I hope some
experienced cultivator will early advise me on this point. — R. iV.

Queries and yhisisoers. 737

Which is the best Plan for a Fruit-room? — Sir, There is one very requi-
site appendage to a garden, which, notwithstanding all that is written on
subjects connected with gardening, seems to have in a great measure
escaped observation ; 1 mean, the fruit-room. It may seem strange, but
it is nevertheless a fact, that I have never in my life seen a fruit-room that
gave me any thing near satisfaction; and it is really somewhat strange that
about many splendid gentlemen's seats, where you would suppose in-
vention had been exhausted, they are yet sadly deficient in this particular.
I abstain from remark upon any existing fruit-room, and from any sugges-
tions on their improvement ; my object being to call the attention of
yourself and correspondents to the subject, and I should feel gratified,
and possibly so would many others, if you yourself or any of your nume-
rous and able contributors, would so far turn their attention to the subject
as to furnish the Gardener's Magazine with some useful information or
useful designs. The structure of such a thing as a fruit -room must, of
course, in most places, be in some degree modified by local circumstances;
but, I confess, were I desired to set about ei'ecting one, I should be very
much at fault. I have sometimes hardly known whether to laugh or be
sad at seeing, about the offices of splendid mansions, the store fruits of
the season huddled away in filthy holes, often over the ceilings of stables,
&c., among dust and cobwebs ; and in heaps (when blessed with plenty) that
would lead a casual observer to believe that speedy decomposition was
the object in view, and, with all this (absurdly enough), the poor wight of
a gardener is expected to supply the family with well-preserved wholesome
fruit. All I can say is, that such things ought not to be; and, if you. Sir,
and your coadjutors, will contribute your efforts, J do not despair of seeing
a beneficial change in the bestowing of fruits for winter use. I am, Sir,
yours, — J. Hislop. Ashtead Park, Aug. 23. 1832.

A double-Jloivered Aimojid Tree. — I have now in flower a double-
flowered almond tree, whose blossoms have the appearance of roses. I
received the tree from North America, about three years ago. — M. Saul.
Sulyard Street, Lancaster, Ajml 18. 1832.

The double-flowered peach tree is well known in English collections,
but we have not previously heard of the double-flowered almond tree.
Calling it emphatically a " tree " renders it impossible that that elegant
double-flowered little bush the .^mjgdalus pumila, or double dwarf almond,
can be meant. — J.D.

Double Flmvers on Kirke's Emperor A])p!e. — Sir, I have had large
double flowers produced on Kirke's Emperor apple. They were produced
on the young shoots of this season that had extended to 6 in. from the
branch, and were bearing four leaves. The flowers were double, large,
3 in. across, and appeared, at a distance, like large double white roses.
They have produced no fruit. Is it common for new young shoots to pro-
duce flowers after shooting to the length of 6 in. ? Were these double-
flowered shoots taken off in the autumn, and ingrafted in the spring, would
the double-flowered variety be thenceforth perpetual ? — M. Saul. Lan-
caster, July 8. 1832.

A Kind of Beetle destructive of Grape Viiies. — Sir, I have a species_ of
beetle which has annoyed me, more or less, since 1809. My attention
was then first called to 'it by having a row of vines, thirty-two in number,
planted inside a vinery, totally destroyed by their roots being eaten oW by
it. It feeds on the root of the vine "in winter, and on the young shoots
in summer. When feeding on the roots it takes the form and colour of the
worm or grub [larva] which we find in filberts; and, previously to feeding
on the shoots, assumes the beetle form : I intend to send you specimens
in this latter state. I am. Sir, yours, &c. — W. Z. Sept. 24. 1832.

Vol. VIII.— No. 41. 3 b

738 Qiierics and Ansxvcrs.

We shall receive spedmens with pleasure, and will endeavour to get
their name ascertained. \Vc suspect tlic creature is rurculio vastator, of
whose Iialiits we know sonictliing. We rc(]ucst tVoni W. Z. every fact on
its luibits ant! history which he can sui)i)ly. — ./. J).

What Pluitt Is fitter for the Formation of Ih(l<ifS than Hawthorn? — This
shrub has many faults. It is excessively slow of growth, defective in its
resistance of cattle, will not grow from layers, and takes many years to
form a perfect fence. Doubtless there are many woody American plants
that would do better. Which are they V — Alexander Checks. July 24.
1832.

The letter containing this query has for its postmark, Beaumaris,
and this indicates a clue, although not an infallible one, to the district in
which the hawthorn thrives so imperfectly. I believe that a character
quite the reverse will be ascribed to it in Cambridgeshire and Suffolk, and
in other loamy-soiled counties, where I have seen it make excellent fences ;
and this in a few years: in Cambridgeshire,. it may be even seen thriving
where the fenny soil commences, and where water is always within 2-iin.
of the surface of the soil. It grows so readily from seeds, and these are
produced, in most seasons, so abundantly, tliat few would think of in-
creasing it by layers. It is, however, readily increasable by cuttings of
roots derived from hawthorn plants of some age and size. Queries may
be here introduced on the practice of feeding turkeys on haws in Norfolk.
Is the [)ractice conunon ? Are the turkeys confined while thus fed ? What
are the results to the turkeys ? and do the nuts of the haws, which
have passed through the bodies of the turkeys, germinate more quickly
than those which have not ? In Caml)ridgeshire, the practice is to have
the haws collected by women and children, at so much a bushel : they,
with hooked sticks, pull the branches towards them, and strip off the haws
by hand. Quantities of these, from 20 to 40 bushels or more, arc buried,
about Christmas time, together, in a long narrow pit, where they lie till
the beginning of February in the second sfjring following. They are then
taken out to be sown, when it is found that the flesh of the haw has rotted
away during its interment, and that the seed is quite ready to rupture the
nut : indeed, if allowed to remain in the pit later than the beginning of
February, many seeds will be found to have sproutetl. I have heard it
asserteilthat liaws which have passed through the bodies of turkeys are
thereby prcj)ared for germinating with less loss of time than those which
are buried. This is scarcely likely to be the case. Is it the case ? and, if the
case, may not an equal acceleration he effected by subjecting the haws to
the action of a hot-bed of moilerate heat, to ilecompose their Heshy part ?
_ J, I),

A Funfiouc Disease on the Leaves and Fruit of the Pear Trees at Bnscot
Park. — Sir, I enclose a few leaves off my pear trees for your inspection,
hoping that from yourself or numerous correspoiuicnts I may derive some
information which may enable me to remedy this growing evil, which
aflects the fruit as well as the leaves, and, I believe, will, unless checked or
prevented, destroy the trees altogether. 1 am, Sir, yours, &e. — J. Mer-
rick. liuHcot Park (iardcns, Oct. 22. 1H.'32.

Are the trees declining with age ? Are they on a soil of which there is
hut a thin layer lying u|)on gravel or some other arid subsoil, which
deprives the top soil of too much of its moisture? Are they so situated,
as to aspect, as to be early excited into leaf in the spring, before the weather
has l)ecome universally exciting? In asking these questions, we do not
even suggest that, if each of them were answered affuniiiigly, they could be
set down as the causes, although it is just possible they might : so we leave
our practical brothers to determine the cause, anil prescribe a remedy.
The haves received are hideous objects. Much of their native green

Qiioies and Aus'wefS. 739

colour is displaced by a dark brown one, betokening the leaf as dead or
dying in this part, and vvitliin the brown part, on the surface of the leaf,
are orangy blotches, and from these blotches, on the under side, protrnde
softly woody excrescences, from which are projected pale brown teat-like
miniature bags, more than a quarter of an inch long, and closed at the
mouth. These bags are the peridia of a parasitic species of fungus
belonging to the genus jEcidium : although, to strictly accord with the cha-
racters of this genus, they should have an orifice, usually lacerated, at the
tip. In p. 179. of the present Volume will be found (in extracts from the
Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society) a very interesting descrip-
tion, by the late Mr. Wm. Don of the Hull Botanic Garden, of the iEcidium
laceratum, and of the manner in which a hawthorn hedge round the Hull
Botanic Garden was infested with it. This pretty species, the yEcidiiun
laceratum, we have had the pleasure of seeing this autumn, although but
sparingly, on the fruits and foliage of an old hawthorn hedge at Bays-
water. This species will be found well figured in the Encycloi^acdia of
Plants, p. 1045., No. 16677.

In Mr. Don's account, already referred to, it is incidentally remarked
that the " jEcidium cancellatum of Sowerby's English Fungi, t. AOQ.,
attacks pear trees, and often prevents valuable crops." Tiiis remark has
induced us to submit the spechnens, sent by Mr. Merrick, to Mr. J. D. C.
Sowerby, who has kindly informed us that they are of the JE. canceliatum,
and that it is one of the characteristics of this species, to have the peridia
devoid of an orifice at the tip.

Those whom this notice of the genus ^Ecidium may render desirous to
know more about it will find twenty species of it described, and some of
them figured, in the Encyclopcsdia of Plants, p. lOi^ — 1016.; and in this
Magazine there are notices of two or three species, in Vol. III. p. 382. 490,
491., Vol. IV. p. 192., Vol. VII. p. 599., and Vol. VHI. p. 179.

The peridia, or teat-like bags, already spoken of, are seed bags enclosing
the seeds, technically called sporidia ; and hence it may be, that when the
leaves of a tree have become diseased, so as to be eligible soil, as it were,
for the seeds or sporidia of the ^cidium, that these, on falling on them,
may germinate readily, and occasion that numerous and extensive multipli-
cation of the fungus of which Mr. Merrick, with much cause, complains.
This idea of ^cidium growing from seeds scattered on the surface of dis-
eased leaves scarcely' comports with one of the botanical characters of the
genus, which is, that the peridium, or seed bag, is formed beneath the epi-
dermis of a leaf, and which it ruptures by its increasing size, and afterwards
projects beyond it. If the ^cidiiim is, however, after springing up on a
tree, multi[)lied by its seeds externally scattered, it is a question not
unworth occupying the mind with, whence arose the original plant or
plants ? They might be conveyed in the air from other districts where this
parasitic fungus prevails. But this question is asked, as much for the sake
of introducing the following speculation as for any other purpose : it is
offered by a distinguished contributor to the Magazine of Natural History,
Mr. Dovaston, in vol. v. p. 116. of that work. Notwithstanding the plenti-
fulness of fungi, we " very rarely find them without some visible (and
never perhaps v.'ithout some latent) excitement : such as dung, combustion,
decomposing wood, or weeds ; indeed, the seeds of fungi are so absolutely
impalpable, "that I have sometimes thought they are taken up with the
juices into the capillary tubes of all vegetables, and so appear, when decom-
position affords them a pabulum and excitement, on rotten v/ood and
leaves : and this seed is produced in such excessive quantities, thrown off
so freely, and borne about so easily, that perhaps there is hardly a particle
of matter whose surface is not imbued therewith ; and had these seeds the
power of germinating by mere wetness alone, without some other exciting

'in 2

71-0

Queries and Atisivers.

cause, all surface would be crowded with them, and pasturage impeded."
The object of Mr. Dovaston's paper is to account for the ap[)e-arance of
nuishrooms and otl)er fungi in tiiosc circles in grass land which arc called
fair}' rings ; and he attributes their thus ap|)earing to the excitement of
electricity. The above remarks, sufficiently heterogeneous in themselves,
are not offered as any attempt at elucidating the subject which Mr. Mer-
rick's query has excited, but as dues and considerations attached to
the subject, which any correspondent will nuich oblige us by farther
evolving. — J.D.

A remarkable Varicfi/ of the Common Oafc. — Sir, Herewith I transmit to
you specimens of a singular variety of the common oak (Quercus Ruhwr),
the peculiarity of which consists in the leaves being long, narrow, and
for the most part destitute of the usual indentations so characteristic of
oak foliage. {Jig. 152. a.) You will observe that the leaves occa-

sionally evince a tendency, more or less, to indentation {b and r),
especially those placed lowest on the shoot, i.e. the first that arc ex-
painled in the season: these are often of the usual form (</), and whole
sprays, indeed, are to be iound on the tree, bearing nothing but the
ordinary foliage. The oak which proiluced the above s|)eciniens is a
yoimg growing tree, measuring, at breast high, little more than .'} ft. in
circumference ; it stands in a hedgerow, by the side of a lane, in this
parish, and, I should judge, is of spontaneous growth. Though I have
for many years been in the frequent habit of passing within a few yards
of the tree, I never remarked any thing extraordinary in its foliage till last
summer. Some acorns which I gathcretl from the tree last autumn have
come up this spring, and bear the ordinary foliage, without exhibiting any
of the peculiarities of the |)arent. Is the above variety worth propagating?

Provincial Nurseries. 74- 1

and if so, what is the best method to adopt for that purpose ? It might,
I think, without impropriety, be called Quercus i?6bur var. *alicifdlia.
Yours, &c — JK T. Bree. ^AUesley Rectory, Aug. 17. 1832.

Hyhriduements of tlie Melon by tJie <Jucumbei\ (p. 611.) — To Mr.
Oliver's instance of this effect may be added the concurrent experience of
M. Sageret, stated Vol. IV. p.383. — J". D.

Limekilns and Burning of Lime. — A treatise on the best form of lime-
kilns, the most economical fuel for burning lime, and the most economical
method of using turf, peat, coke, coal, wood, furze, and faggots, with hard
and soft limestone, blue lias, and chalk, is most exceedingly wanted. Is
stone coal,Welsh coal, Staffordshii-e coal, or Newcastle coal, the best for the
purpose ? and what may be the proportionate differences of advantage and
disadvantage, supposing them all at equal price ? I would earnestly venture
to direct your attention to this very practical subject. — A'. Y. Sept. 5.
1832.

A work to the above effect would be very useful. Until one is published,
we can only refer X. Y. to Mr. Menteath's excellent article on limekilns
of varied structure, illustrated by figures, in our Vol. II. p. 399. ; and to
strictures on that article in Vol. III. p. 369, 370. In Vol. IV., also, p. 506._,
is a notice of a method of burning lime without kilns ; and in Vol. V.
p. 176., a mode of burning lime bv moss, or peat, and clay, is briefly noticed.
LB.

Art. IV. Provincial Nurseries.

UCKFIELD Nursery, Sussex:. — This nursery was established, fifty years
ago, by Alexander Cameron, uncle to the present proprietor, James Ca-
meron. The extent of the concern is 12 acres, but in detached divisions,
with a seed-shop and general assortment of seeds. At present there are
only a small green-house and some framing; but Mr. Cameron is now
building a new and extensive green-house, on an experimental plan of his
own, of the excellence of which he is very hopeful. The nursery contains
a good general assortment of fruit trees, forest trees, and of ornamental
trees and shrubs j also of herbaceous plants, and of green-house plants as
well, so far as the present extent of glass permits. The specimens of hardy
evergreen shrubs are very superior, particularly the phillyreas, laurustinuses,
Portugal and common laurels, aucubas, red and white cedars, &c. All the
new fruits introduced by the London Horticultural Society are propagated
here; and there are 112 stock trees, of as many sorts (for taking grafts
from) of apples, including the original tree of the Alfreston, or Shepherd's
Pippin. There is a very superior collection of georginas. Mr. Cameron
connects with the business of his nursery the practice of contracting for
new ground work and planting by the acre. — J.C. Oct. 17. 1832.

Carlisle Xurserj/ ; Messrs. Wm. and Thos. Hutton, has been established
upwards of half a century. It contains a few acres, two green-houses, and
several pits; and Messrs. Hutton have a seed-shop in Carlisle. The nur-
sery is neatly laid out, and contains a tolerable stock of articles for local
consumption. Among the new shrubs, we noticed Ribes sanguineum, and
a double white Helianthemum, raised here from seed; and, among the
herbaceous plants, a v&cy distinct and handsome variety of Potentilla
atrosanguinea, and a double-flowered P. reptans. The fuchsias, iinum
arboreum, Pittosporum, and other half-hardy shrubs, stand out about
Carlisle as well as about London. American plants also thrive well in this
nursery. Some turnip and other seeds are raised here ; and we found a
plot, now ripe, guarded from other birds by a hawk in a cage. The hawk
is found more to be depended upon than a boy or a girl,

3 c 3

742 London Ilorticultitral Socic/j/ and Garden.

Keswick Xiirxoy ; j\fr. Kerr. — This nursery, which contains 12 acres,
was established aliout the beginnino; of this century. The present occupier
lias only entered upon it lately and, from a state of neglect, is bringing it
into order and keeping. The articles grown have hitherto been chiefly
forest trees ; but Mr. Kerr contemi)lates a general collection. There arc, a
green-house stocked with camellias and pelargoniums; a large specimen of
Pyri\s ralicifolia, and of the gold-blotched beech ; and a new seedling
7/hododendron maxinuun, of more free growth tlian the parent ; a small
seed-shop ; and a few books, lent out gratis to such gardeners as feel inclined
to borrow them.

Art. V. London llortlcidhiral Society and Garden.

Oct. 2. 1832. — Bead. A paper on the striped Iloisanec Persian
melon, by the author of the Domalic Gar(Icncr''s Manual.

Exhibited. Flowers. Seedling georgiuas, from Mr. Ingram, of the royal
gardens, Frogmore. A collection ofgeorginas, from Mr. K. Chandler. A
collection of georginns, three species of Salpiglussis, and Chinese roses,
from Mrs. Murryatt, F.H. S. Georginas, from Mr. \Vn). Hogg, Paddington.
( 'ollection of georginas, and also of Livick's incomparable georgina, from
Mr. James Young, F. H. S. A collection of georginas, from Mr. John
l..ee. — Fruit. Tnunpet gourd, from the Marquess of Salisbur}'. Black
prince, White Frontignac, and lilack Hamburgh grapes, from Mr. George
Leslie, gardener to J. Fleming, Esq., Hunt's (^reen. Adelaide apple, and
(ianscl's bergamot pear, from Thomas Hunt, Ksq. Fifty-four sorts of
apple. Prince's golden nectarine, antl Kosanna peach, from a standard,
from INIr. Joseph Kirke. Money's new St. Peter's, Escholata superb,
and West's black St. Peter's grapes, from Mr. D. Money. IMjIal) vulgaris
(from the open air), from Mr. 11. Little, Gloucester Place, King's Road.

From the Garden of the Socictij. Flowers. ».%lvia cardinalis, splendens,
rliamacdryoiilcs, angnstifolin, and Graham/'; Fuchsirt niicrophylla, /yupinus
ornatus, Amarylli.v Belladonna, T^'rica Bowier/Hw, Erio[/hyllum ciespitosum,
7'Mj;eron sp.from Douglas; (teorginas. — Fruit. Peaches: Abricotee, Cathe-
rine, Chiincellor, I'raddick's North American; Sanguinole, Melting;
President, late Admirable, preferable to any of the precediuij;. Apples:
l\aml)our, large white Calviile, Manks eodlin ; Vv'ornishy pippin, a good
l)t:arer; (irey Leadington ; Ivcinette de Lark, worthy of recommendation ;
Autumn peanuain. Scarlet (jueening, Drap d'or. Hoary morning, Nelson.
Pears: Flemish beauty, specinicu smaller than usual; Veriaine d'Ete, Beurre
do (!aiiiauniont. Belle et bonne; Fondantz d'autoinne, a very melting new
sort, which at this piU'ticular season will prove an accpiisition for suppU ing a
kind of blank in the ripening of good sorts; Ft)rme de Beurre l)u(iuesne,
Hergamotte Dertrycker, Belotte ; Poire figue, synonyme Pistolette, and
is the Knevett's [)ear of the London n?arket, also received as Prince dc
Lignc, and Incoir.uic Angoideme; Calebasse, IJeine des poires ; Alpha, a
seedling raised by Mr. Braddick, good bearer; Dufpiesne d'l^te, Cadet dc
Vaux, Jalousie, Styrian. Grapes: White Nice, Wortley Hall, seedling;
White Portugal, an excellent bearer. Onions: Tripoli, S|)anish.

Oft. 10. — Head. A paper on the protliiction of early peas, by Mr.
T. Blake, F. U.S. A description of the varieties of cherry cultivated in
the garilen of tiie Society, by Mr. Kobert Thompson. A paper on the
cultivation of the (jiieen pine-ap[)le, by Mr. George Warren, gardener to
Henry J. (irant, Es(|. F.H.S.

K.vhiljited. Twenty-two sorts of api)le, royal nuiscadine grapes from a
south wall, and fruit of the same kind Iron) a vineyard on a south border,

London HorticiiUural Society and Garden. 7 4 3

wlieatear carnations, and the scarlet-flowered arbutus, from Mr. J. Kirke.
Flowers of 80 sorts of georgina from Messrs. Chandler. Fruit of the
banana, and of Passiflora /aiirifolia and edulis, from the Earl of Shrewsburj'.
Plums from T. A. Knight, Esq. Pump apples from the Rev. S. Tucker.
Flowers ofgeorginas from John Reeves, Esq. Seedling georginas, raised
in the years 1831 and 1832, and Fuchsia arborea. from Wm. Wells, Esq.
Seedling grapes from E. Smith, Esq., Mill House, Sittingbourne. Queen
pine, from H. J. Grant, Esq. Seedling georginas, from Mr. J. Veitch.
Celosia cristata, from Mr. Hain, gardener to Mr. Twining. Apples, from
Mr. Mallet, 25. Charlotte Street, Blackfriars. Seedling apple, from Mr.
Chandler, grown by Mr. Spencer, Adboulton, near Nottingham.

From the Garden of the Society. Flowers: Calochortus lateus, Lupinus
ornatus, Ferbena chamasdrifolia, Sternbergea lutea, C'olchicum autumnale
double-flowered, //emerocaliis disticha; (Salvia Grahami, splenden.s, car-
dinalis, angustifolia, chamEedryciules, and involucriita; Eriophyllum ca;spit6-
■sum, Tournefortiff /^eliotropiciides .; ixosa indica fragrans, indica sanguinea,
involucrata, bracteata vera, and bracteata/3 scabriuscula.; Cleome speciosis-
sima, Dendrobium Pierard/. Georginas, anemone flowered georginas, and
seedling georginas. — Fruit. Grapes: Wortley Hall seedling. White Nice.
Pears : Duchesse d'Angouleme, Gendeseim, Marie Louise, from standards;
Bon Chretien fondant, from a standard, a good bearer, a very melting fruit;
Seckle ; Due de Berri, first time of its fruiting in the garden ; Sucre Vert,
Verte longue panachee ; Doyenne blanc, from a quince stock, from a
thorn stock, and from a mountain ash stock ; Moorfowl egg, from a
mountain ash stock. Pears grafted on thorn, planted in good soil, come
early into bearing ; the fruit is fully larger than on the common stock, and
the quality equally good, at least whilst the trees continue in a healthy vigo-
rous state. The effect of the mountain ash stock appears to be to make the
fruit later in ripening. As these stocks do not swell equally with the pear,
it remains to be determined, in future, what the consequences will be in
regard to the growth of the sorts, their duration, and quality of the fruit
when the stocks get older and more contracted. A less supply of sap will
then flow, which may probably occasion the fruit to be more gritty.

Nov. 6. — Read. A paper on the employment of cats in the care of
fruit trees from birds, by P. Kendall, Esq.

Exhibited. Georginas, from Mr. Chandler. Cereus truncatus, and a
basket of passion flowers, from Mi's. Marryatt. Black Hamburgh grapes
from a vinery without fire, the same kind from an open wall. White mus-
cadine from an open wall, from John Allnutt, Esq. Pomme de Neige,
paper white and tasseled yellow chrysanthemums, from Sir Wm. Kay.
jPyrus domestica, Boughton apple, 11 sorts of pears, Hawthornden apple,
box of flowers of georginas, and a box of flowers of roses, from Mr.
Stephen Hooker. A box of grapes, unnamed, from Mr. Rd. Ibeson, Ad-
wick le Street, Doncaster. Green St. Vincent pine-apple, from a sucker
planted Sept. 13. 18.30, from Mr. George White, F. H. S., from Sir Row-
land Hill's garden. Muscat Escholata, Escholata superb, and British
seedling grapes, from Mr. D. Money.

From the Garden of the Society. Flowers. A species of jErigeron, from
Mr. Douglas. Lupinus ornatus, two varieties of Dichorizandra thyrsiflora,
(Salvia cardinalis, /fibiscus LindleywHi/s, chrysanthemums, and georginas.
Fruit, Apples : Dutch mignonne, Gloria mundi, Reinette grise. Beauty
of Kent, King of the pippins. Cockpit, Ross nonpareil. Pears: Napoleon,
Duchesse d'Angouleme, Verte longue panachee, Bezi de la Motte, Bezi de
Montigny ; Charles d'Autriche, large and handsome, from a standard, the
first time of its fruiting ; Doyenne blanc, Whitfield, Beurre Diel. Grapes ;
Schloss Johannisberger, Rudesheimerberger, Graefenberger, Raisin rouge
de Schlossberg a, Kreutznach, Steinberger, White Kishmish.

3b 4

744

Covent Garden Market.

Art. VI. Covent Garden Market.

The Cahbage Tribe.

Cabbages, \>ex dozen :

White

Ued

Plants, or Coleworts -

Savoys
Broccoli, per bunch :

White

Green - ,-

Pun)le

Cape ....

Tubers and Roots.
Potatoes - [P-r,

Kidney, per bushel

Scotch, per bushel
Jerusalem Artichokes, per

half sieve
Turnips, White, per bunch
Carrots, old, per bunch -
Parsnop-i, per dozen ,',-
Red Beet, per dozen
Skirrct, pur buni-h
Scorznnera, (ler bundle -
Salsify, pur bunch - .
Horseradish, per bundle -
Radishes :

r per dozen hands (2-t

Red i to 3U each)
Cpcr bunch

White Turnip, i)er bunch

The Spinach Tribe.

SP--'^[rerha.7s-.evo:
Sorrel, per hall sieve

The Onion Tribe.
Onions, old, per bushel -
For pickbng, per ^ sieve
When green (Ciboules),
per bunch
I^cks, per dozen bunches
(inrlic, per pound . .
Shallots, per pound . -

Asparaginous Plants,
Salads, fjc.
As|>aragu3, per hundred -
Artichokes, per dozen
Lettuce, per score :

Cos ...

Cabbage
Endive, per score
Celery, per bundle (12 to Ui)
Small Salads, per punnet -
Uurnet, ]>cr bunch

From
£ s. d.

£

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Pot and Sweet Herbs
Parsley, per half sieve
Tarragon, per dozen bunches
Fennel, per dozen bunches
Thyme, per dozen bunches
Sage, per dozen bunches -
Mint, per dozen bunches -
Peppermint, per doz. bun.
Marjoram, per dozen bunch
Savory, per dozen bunches
Basil, per dozen bunches
Rosemary, per doz. bunches
Lavender, dried, p. doz. bun.
Tansy, per dozen bunches

Stalks and Fruits for Tarts,

Pickling, ^c.
Capsicums, per hundred .

Edible Fungi and Fuci.
Mushrooms, per pottle -
Morels, dried, per pound -
Truffle.'!, per pound :

English, fresh

Foreign, drietl

Fruits.

Apples, Dessert, per bushel :

Fion's Pippins

Ribston Pippins

Pearmains

Ciolden Rennets .

Baking, per bushel
Pears, Dessert, per j sieve :

Chamontelle

Cresanne

St. Germain

Colmar ...

Baking, per half sieve -
Quinces, i)er half sieve
Medlars, per half sieve
Almonds, per peck
Chestnuts, per peck :

English ...

French - . .
Filberts, English, ixjr 100 lbs
Pineapples, per pound .
Hot-house (irapes, per lb.

Dutch, t)er dozen

Portugal, per dozen
Cucumbers, Frame, p. brace

OranL>es V'^'^ "'"='''" "
uran^es y^_^ hundred

Lemons i i'" ''"^•^" "
lemons ^ |,^,^ hundred

Sweet Almonds, per pound
Brazil Nuts, per bushel -

From 1

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d.

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Obscrvatums. — Our supplies of vegetables have not been so heavy as
usual at this season, except in turnips, owing to the i)revalencc of drought
through the .summer ; hut a general iluluess lias prevailed, which lias kept
down the prices to the prcseut moderate (luotations. Fruit has come to
hand plcntiiiilly ; i)ut, in couse<iucnce of the very moderate |)rices obtained,
a large proportion of apples has been kept for the purpo,se of making
eider, the common sorts not realising enough to pay the co.st of carriage
and incidental cxi)cuses ; the better varieties, either for sauce or table, are
selling now moderately well, although the demand has not been at any
time brisk. Pears, generally, have also been abundant, but not so large or
fine as usual ; inany of the better sorts have been particularly (for our
market) plentifid, but not considered so high in (piality for the table as in
general : some of the newer varieties have also been furnished, but they
are not yet so generally cultivated as to insure a regular su|)ply. Oranges

Provincial Horticultural Societies. 745

are just now coining into season ; but are not yet generally sought after,
although the prices at present are very moderate. Of chestnuts we have
had a moderate crop. Walnuts have been particularly plentiful, and of
excellent quality, notwithstanding large supplies have been imported.
Grapes have also been abundant, both from the houses and open walls;
which, with a large supply from Holland, has caused them to be very cheap.
Pine-apples are now so generally cultivated as to make them almost plen-
tiful at all seasons : they have sold this season lower than was ever before
remembered. Onions have been harvested in large quantities, and in mid-
dling condition, and are likely to be plentiful ami cheap throughout the
winter. Potatoes are not so heavy a crop as usual ; but, in consequence
of the excellent supply kept up in the river by the constant arrivals from
all parts of the coast, they are not likely to be high in price. — G. C.
Nov. 22. 1832.

Art. VII. Provincial Horticultural Societies.

ENGLAND.

Bedfordshire. — Bedfordshire Horticultural Society. July. This sum-
mer's show was remarkably tine, particularly the cottagers' vegetables. The
principal prizes for the carnations and picotees were awarded to Messrs.
J. B. Coter, Brinkles, Musgrave, Pullen, Bundy, Furze, and Clarke. Mr.
Brinkles exhibited a fine seedling carnation Queen Adelaide, and a seed-
ling picotee, Brinkles's Delight. The heaviest red gooseberrj', the Roarinw
Lion, was exhibited by Mr. Nash : its weight was 26 dwts. 1 2 grs. The
heaviest yellow was the Gunner, Mr. Furze; weight, 24 dwts. 18 grs.
Green, Troubler, Mr. Chapman; 21 dwts. 17 grs. White, Governess,
Mr. Pullen; 22 dwts. 13 grs. The currants and raspberries shown were
also very fine. (N^ort/iamptou Mercury, Aug. 4.)

Cambridgeshire. — Cambridge Horticultural Society. June 21. The
principal flowers were ranunculuses, pinks, and roses. The first prize
for the ranunculuses was given to Mr. F. Finch; for the pinks, to
Mr. Ripsher; and for the roses, to Mr. Widnall.

August 12, Very numerous kinds of fruits and flowers were exhibited.
The ironmonger gooseberry won the prize for flavour ; the roaring lion
that for weight ; one berry weighed 1 oz. 22 grs. ; 42 bunches of red currants
weighed 1 lb., and of white currants only 30 bunches. Excellent carna-
tions and picotees were exhibited. Six prizes were awarded to cottagers.
Seven extra-prizes were awarded. One to Mr. Widnall for a seedling geor-
gina, which is stated to be " a most splendid production." One to Mr. Biggs,
curator of the botanic garden, for a Fuchs/a multiflora, which is stated to
have excited general admiration. One to Mr. Denson, for a symmetrical
and perfect spike of flowers of Yucca gloriosa. {Cambridge Chronicle,
Aug. 3. 1832.)

Sejit. 19. Many good things were exhibited at this show, but the most
original among them were thegeorginas. This happens from the enterprise
of Ml-. Widnall, at Grantchestcr, near Cambridge, in this family of flowers,
who devotes much time to the ascertaining where new varieties of merit
are raised, and hesitates not to pay handsome prices for the exclusive pos-
session of such, where they are to be purchased, and has himself, besides,
raised several varieties of merit. As these causes not only insure that the
kinds of georgina which he himself exhibits are choice, but that those put
in competition with them are choice also, we give the names of all the
georginas which won prizes at this show : — Georginas (12 double, one of
a sort) : first prize, medal, Aurantia pallida. Prince George of Cumber-

71-6 Prorincial Ilurliculliiral Societies : —

land, (Jalatlioa, Pure yellow, Paper wliite, Lady (irenville. Lord Liverpool,
Widiiall's Prince ot" ( )ranne, (iiittata, Widnall's carnea, Surpasse trioniplie
royaie, Nyniplia-itlora, Mr. Widnall; Second prize, King of tlic Wliites,
Canibriduc Surprise, William the Fourth, iMol;u1, Mountain of Snow, Au-
rantia pallida. Lady Fitzluirris, luipcriosa, (Countess of Liverpool, IJarret's
Supcrina [ ?Susainiah], Douglas's Augusta, I'ure yellow, Mr. Roht. Nutter.
Georginas (0 double, one of a sort) : Countess of Liverpool, Lord Liver-
pool, ('anibridge Surprise, Widnall's Black Prince, Widnall's Iris, China
sister-flowercvl, Mr. Wiilnall. ; Second prize, Countess of Liverpool,
Augiista, Mounlain of Snow, Queen of Koses, Constantia, Mr. Searle.
Georgina (of any sort), Widnall's Perfection, Mr. Widnall. Georgina
(seedling), Mr. Widnall. {Cambridge Chronicle, Sept. 21. 1832.)

Cambridge F/orist/ Socicti/. — Ju/i/ 30. 1832. This was the seventh annual
show of this Society, and at it were exhibited some excellent flowers of
carnations, picotees, and georginas. Mr. Catling won the premier |irize
for the best carnation, by Wilde's Perfection ; and Mr. Nutter that for the
best picotee, by Wood's C'ountess of Sandwich. Mr. Twitchet and Mr.
Purchas seem to have won many prizes among the carnations and picotees.
(^Cambridge Clirunicle, Aug. 3. 1832.)

CoRNW'ALL. — T/ic Royal Horticultural Socicti/ of Corniuall. June 29.
1832. This Society has King William the Fourth ibr an annual subscriber of
ten guineas : hence it is called royal. The pines, melons, strawberries,
cherries, and other kinds of fruit were of suj)crior (|uality. Of flowers
there was a copious supply, and the competition was, in consequence, very
spirited, i^icus elastica, Amaryllis vittata, and Valiotfl^ purj)urea are men-
tioned. " The most remarkable [jlant in the room was a new species of
C'ornus, raised from Nepal seetls, some years ago, in the garden of J. H.
Tremayne, Esq. at Heligan. It is a handsome shrub, perfectly hardy, and
bears a profusion of large white blossoms." The show of vegetables was
commendable. Prizes were awardetl for indigenous plants, and for cot-
tagers' productions. (^Wcsl Briton and Cornwall Advertiser, July 6. 1832.)
r August 10. Tliis was but the second show of the Society, but the emu-
lation which prevailed caused the display of flowers, fruit, and vegetables
that adorned the room to far exceed the expectations of the most sanguine,
(iloriosa su|)erba ausi BrunsvigM Jose[)hincf were the rarest plants shown.
The liev. Robert Walker exhibited s])ecimcns of a new grass adapted for
.soiling; it ap|)eared to be a sjjccies of clover. After the prizes had been
announced, a number of copies of a little poetic ett'usion of the veteran
bard of CornMall [who is he 'i], entitled Floral Emblems, were distributed
among the company, having been liberall}' presented by Mr. Polwhcle.
At the dimier the gratifying announcement was made, that His Majesty has
been most graciously jjleased to direct an annual subscription of ten
giuneas to be |)aid to the funds of the Society. {If'est Jirilon and Cornwall
Advertiser, August 24-. 1832.)

October 1 I. This was but the third exhibition of this Society, and the
chairman. Sir C. Lemon, Bart., in remarking the perfect success of the
attem()t to form it, observed, " It woidd be strange indeed if it had been
otherwise, as there is no county which possesses su|)erior advantages, in a
horticultural point of view, to our own. The salubrity ol its climate, and
the genial mildness of its temperature, are well known. Many [)lants
which will not endure the conunon winters of other j)arts of England
without protection, are to be seen in the gardens of (\)rnwall flourishing
in almost their native luxuriance. In this respect," continued the lion,
baronet, " our climate is particularly favourable for making experiment's
on the comparative hanliness of exotic plants. Tiiere are few, he sup-
nosed, who had not at one time or other had the curiosity to enter on this
interesting subject. lie had himself pursued it to some extent, and, he
might add, with tolerable success. Shou'.tl any one be desirous of visiting

CorwdoaH, Cumberland. Y't?

his gardens, he would be happy to point out to them those plants which
appeared to him to be acclimatised. He hoped the matter would not be
lost sight of by the Horticultural Society, and that it might receive an
additional impulse from the members communicating, at some of their
future meetings, the results of their several experiments. With re-
spect to the botany of Cornwall, he was led to believe it was not yet
sufficiently understood. There were several plants, whose names at
that moment were not familiar to his mind, which he knew to be almost
exclusively confined to Cornwall. One of these, the Eyicb. ciliaris, was
added to our English flora a very few years ago by himself. It was also
found much about the same time in the vicinity of Truro, by the Reverend
Mr. Tozer; and it was remarkable that this beautiful plant should have
remained so long unnoticed, as it covers a space in one of his (Sir C. L.'s)
plantations of from 15 to 20 acres in extent." — The assortment of fruit
was very extensive, particularly of melons, apples, and pears. Of flov/ering
plants, several species, and many fine specimens, were exhibited : of those
named, the rarest are Ipomce^a insignis, Jatropha multifida, and Cornus
capituta, a handsome evergreen from the East Indies, perfectly hardy.
The assortment of vegetables was pretty extensive, and the samples large
and handsome. We noticed among them a variety of white beet, which
is not so much cultivated in our gardens as we think it deserves. It is
the Poiree a carte blanche of the French, and in our opinion an excellent
vegetable. The manner of dressing and using it, we believe, is similar to
sea-kale.

Indigenous Plants. Judges, W. M. Tweedy, Esq., Mr. W. B. Booth,
Assoc. Linn. Soc. London. Most rare species of indigenous plants : (Salvia
pratensis, R. W. Fox, Esq. ; second ditto, Antirrhinum Cymbaitiria, R. W,
Fox, Esq. Best group, Scrophularia iS'corodonia, Asplenium lanceola-
tum and marinum, Tamarix gallica, Orobanche major, O'phrys spiralis. Miss
Warren ; second best group, /Uecebrum verticillatum, /Isplenium mari-
num, Pinguicula lusitanica, ^parganium ramosum, B. Sampson, Esq.
The admirers of this interesting branch of botany are gradually increasing.

Cotfogcrs' Prizes. The productions in this class were all, more or less,
deserving of great commendation. The good eifects of the Society are
already beginning to appear, in the excitement it has given to the industrious
cottager. We doubt not but the rewards which have this year been distri-
buted will induce a large portion to enter and compete for the prizes that
will be given next season. Indeed, we think it is not too much to hope
that in the course of a few years a great improvement will be visible, both
in the exterior appearances and interior arrangements of our numerous
cottages. As a distinguished writer mgeniously remarks that the face is
an index to the mind, so are we of opinion, that the neatness and cleanli-
ness of the cottager's garden is a proof of the happiness and comfort within.
{Cornwall. Royal Gazette, Oct. 20.)

Cumberland. — Whitehaven Horticultural Socicty\s Flower Show. Aug.
10. 1832. The display of flowers was a very magnificent one: there was
an immense variety of carnations, picotees, and georginas ; and the prize
flowers were deemed very good. Two very noble specimens of Campanula
pyramidalis were shown. Mi-. R. Elliott showed a new variety of potato,
raised from seed : the tubers were remarkable for their size and beauty.
Although this is called a flower show, numerous fruits were exhibited, and
these are highly praised by the reporter. There was a plate or two of
apples, of last year's growtii, uncommonly well preserved. " Gooseberries
have not been fine this year ; the long-continued dry weather hurt them,
especially the larger kinds, much, the choicer of the plants exhibited
were Kalosanthes coccinea, a Cyrtanthus, an jErythrina, 2'rachelium ca-ru-
leum, and Calceolaria /jlantaginea. There was a prize for a nosegay of
indigenous flowers. {Whitehaven Herald, Aug. 14. 1832.)

748 Provincial Horticultural Societies : — Devonshire^

Devonsiiiue. — North Devon Horticitllural Soc'wti/. J'/t/y 4. 1632. There
was a very splcndiil display of flowers, a i)lentifiil show of fine fruit, and
an award of many prizes for them, and of several to cottagers for their [)ro-
dnctions. Mucli taste was displayed in the decoration of the walls and
other parts of the show room, and the initial letters of the names of patrons
were formed with a variety of heautifid flowers. The chairman announced
that the foundation of a botanical and horticultural library hail been laid
bv contributions from several members." A prize was awarded for the
six best varieties of heartsease. G^ladiolus natalensis was exiiibited by Mr.
Burge. {Counii/ and North Devon Advertiser, July 6. 18.32.)

Devon and Exeter Botanical and Horticultural Societi/. — Oct. -t. The dis-
plays of fruit, vegetables, and flowers, and the company to inspect them, were
most gratifying. A triumphal arch was formed in the room, of evergreens
and flowers; and the pillars sustaining the arch were formed of about 1000
flowers of georginas in numerous varieties. Mr. Veitch showed flowers of
the Hanoverian striped georgina, which were much admired, and so were
his Chinese asters, raised from seeds obtained of the London Horticultural
Society. Mr. Booth's citron trees are eulogised, and their fruit won a
prize. Among the flowering plants, which were rather numerous, and
some of them choice, we noticed " a remarkably grand specimen of the
Datura arborea in flower, and finely branching." No plant can be more
su[)erb than this. Messrs. Lucombe and Co. exhibited a specimen of
A''epenthes distillatoria, the pitchers of which were much admired for their
" elegance and truly classical form." The display of fruits on this occa-
sion has not been surpassed in the eleven previous shows of the Society.
Messrs. Dymond and Co. exhibited one bunch of the Muscat from Lunelle,
which weighed 3 lbs. 10 oz. The vegetable tribes gave proof of the effi-
cacy of the Society ; and of the stimulus that has by means of it been
generally imparted; and several cottagers made creditable displays. Of
home-made wines there was a variety of samples ; nor should those from
Mr. Girtbrd's, especially that from the green grape, pass without mention.
Of preserved and dried fruits there were many specimens, and some very
fine plums of the growth of 18.30.

After the judges had finished their labours, John Milford, Esq., was
called to the chair, and addressed the company that filled the room.
Among his remarks were these: — After speaking on the perfect success of
the Society, and the good it had eftectcd, he observed, " It is my ear-
nest hojie, that every year the public may derive benefit as well as anuise-
ment from our establishment : benefit in the improveil state of our mar-
kets, by the introduction of new and rare vegetables and fruits; and
amusement, from the contemplation of such objects as are now before
you. 1 will avail myself of the present op|)ortunity to make a few observ-
ations on our library, which consists of some standard works on botany
and horticulture, together with perioilicals on the same subjects. As an
individual I have found our reading-room a great resource, and spent
many hours there both with annisement and instruction. I regret that
it is not more generally resorted to, as my wish, in connnon with the
wishes of those persons who were mainly instrumental in the early form-
ation of the Society, was, to coml)iue a little science with our amusement,
so as to prevent oiir Society dwindling into a mere flower show. I could
wish that our practical skill in the art of gardening, an art which is now
exciting such universal interest in almost every civilised state, should with
us be accom|)anied by some scientific developemeut. Although the present
state of our funds does not justity the connnittee in reconnncnding the
adoption of the more extendcil plan at first contemplated, I mean the
formation of a botanic garden, 1 trust, notw ithstanding, that the advan-
tage of a well selected library may difluse a taste for botany and horticul-

JDurham and Northumberland, Essex. 749

ture in every part of our beautiful county, which has justly been denomi-
nated the garden of England." {Exeter Flying Post, Oct. 11, 1832.)

Durham and Northumberland. — Botanical and Horticnlttiral So-
ciety of Durham, Northumberland, and Neiucastle upon Tyne. July 6. The
best exotic plant in flower displayed at this Meeting was C'rinum peduncu-
latum. Mr. Thomas Pearson, gardener to Isaac Cookson, Esq., Gates-
head Park, is the individual to whom was awarded the sum of three
guineas offered to the gardener who produced the best testimonials of his
abilities, and of the greatest length of servitude in one family ; Mr. Pearson
having lived gardener to Mr. Cookson upwards of twenty-one years.
There were twelve pines on the table : that which won the gold medal was
a Black Antigua, and was allowed by the judges to be the highest flavoured
they ever tasted : it was grown by Mr. William Kelly, gardener to A. Don-
kin, Esq., Jesmond. (^Neiucastle Courant, July 14. 1832.)

Aug. 31. 1832. This was the Anniversary Meeting and dinner, and the
majority of the numerous prizes seem to have been won by gardeners.
Between thirty and forty members and friends dined. After dinner the
toasts, speeches, and songs were numerous. On the health of the secre-
taries being drunk, Mr. Falla, one of them, among other remarks, observed,
that " the only claim of merit that he could make was, that he had had
something to do with the establishment of the library of the Society. He
hoped the day was not far distant when the Society would become more
scientific than it had been hitherto ; and when it would possess a garden.
He respectfully begged to renew his promise, when that took place, that
he would, with the greatest pleasure, present the Society witli a specimen
of every plant he had in his nursery, and superintend the planting and
arrangement of the same." {Ibid., Sept. 8. 1832.)

The Heworth Florists' and Horticultural Society exhibited pinks on July 7.
1832, when the winning kinds were Becksley's Beauty, Prince Leopold,
Adelina, Lord Wellington, and Princess Charlotte. {Ibid., July 14. 1832.)

Essex. — Chelmsford Florists' Society. July 31. 1832. Carnations, pico-
tees, georginas, and fruits were the productions exhibited, and these were
of a superior description. Among the prizes for georginas, Mr. Sorrell of
Chelmsford won a prize by Sorrell's Chelmsford Surprise, along with other
generally known kinds. {Essex Indejjendent, Aug. 3. 1832.)

Chelmsford and Essex Floral and Horticultural Society. — July 2. 1832.
Roses, pinks, pelargoniums, irises, cut flowers, strawberries, melons, cher-
ries, and cauliflowers. The strawberries were numerous, the geraniums
handsome ; and the cauliflowers, for the time of year, very fine, {Essex
and Suffolk Press, July 10. 1832.)

Sept. 11. Georginas were numerous; and the Rev. W. Jesse and Mr.
Sorrell won the prizes for seedling kinds. The Carotte Violette, or pur-
ple carot, and long white carot, Carotte Blanche, won prizes, A more
magnificent display of fruits and flowers was never witnessed, A drawing
of moss roses, by Miss Fearnley of Springfield, possessing great merit,
was most deservedly admired. {Essex Herald, Sept. 18. 1832, quoted from
the Chelmsford Chronicle.^

Herefordshire. — Hei-cford Horticidtural Society. July 31. 1832. Car-
nations, picotees, georginas, flowering plants, and fruits were the objects
shown. In the picotee class, the yellow ones surpassed every thing of
the kind ever shown here ; and the difficulty of cultivating and bloom-
ing them so perfectly was duly appreciated, and of course rewarded
by prizes. The other picotees and carnations were unusually large,
excellent, and in full supply: amongst the latter appeared a rose
flake, possessing great merit, and raised from seed by Mr. William
Townsend, cutler, of this city, to whom a first prize was awarded. In
the georginas, some prime seedlings were displayed, and one, in particular,

750 Prov. Hurl. Soc. : — Hcrefordshin', Lancasliire.

tlistiiutly and broadl}' striped ; w Inch circiunstance we hail with great satis-
f'attion, and doiil)t not tliat, in a few years, georginas will be [)roihiced as
nincli diversified by stripes as carnations. The gooseberries were very
abundant, and many of them not only very large, but good as well as great :
indeed, the |)rejudice against large gooseberries is fast wearing away, as
some of them may be brought into competition as to flavour even with the
old rough red. There were some berries exhibited from a seedling plant
by a non-subscriber, possessing size and richness of flavour in an eminent
degree. The plums were not sufficiently matured, but the pines, melons,
peaches, nectarines, apricots and grapes were of first-rate size and quality;
and, to crown all, a highly respectable and ninnerous assemblage honoured
the excellent display with their presence and approbation. The names of
the gooseberries which won prizes, are, red. Crown Bob, Roaring Lion,
King's (ilobe; green, Ocean, Greensvood's (ireen ; yellow, Koyal Gunner,
Golden Chain, Orange (.ilobe. Mr. Godsall won three of these prizes,
and several prizes for other objects. {Hcriford Joiirua/, Aug. 15. 1832.)

Sept. 21. At this last show for the present year georgina flowers were
profusely abundant ; among them were many seedlings, several of which
were broken into distinct stripes ; the peaches, nectarines, plums, and
grapes were abimdant and excellent. 84 varieties of a|)i)les and '25 of
pears were exhibited, most of them of extraordinary size and beauty. Miss
Anne Parry exhibited a " double [flowered] EschsclKjltzw." INIr. (Jodsall,
nurseryman, has won the greatest number of prizes in this Society during
the year. (Ibid., Sept. 2G. 1832.)

li().s.s I lurlicultural Society. — Jiilt/25. 1832. The carnations andpicotees
were of the first quality and in prime bloom, and the stage of them was
admitted by all florists [jrescnt to be the best they had ever witnessed.
Georginas were in great abumlance and in great beauty ; and the first
prize among the light kin<ls, namely the purj)le-fringed, was universally
admired, the petals being fringed with purple, like the best |)icotee. The
gooseberries, from the dry weather, were not so large as they are usually
seen at the show at this season, but the other fruits were the ailmiration of
all. Numerous prizes were awarded for carnations, picotees, georginas, bal-
.sams, cockscombs, and house plants, Iloyw carnosa, Phajnocoma proHfera,
Kalosanthes coccinea, 7irica ampulliicea, infundibuliformis, and Parmen-
tier/'rt /osea. Among the gooseberries the winning kinds were, reil, Roaring
Lion, Crown Bob, and Warrington; green, (ireen wood's (ireen, Lancaster
Lail ; white, Woodward's Whitesmith ; yellow. Golden Lion, (^ueen of
the Yellows, and Amber. {Ibid., Aug. 1." 1832.)

Si])t. If). Georginas in abundance, peaches, nectarines, out-of-door
grapes, apples, pears, melons, heaths, and vegetables were exhibiteil. The
report of the show is closed with tlie following remarks on Indian Corn : —
"In a former journal we stated that Mr. Palmer of Pencoyd, ami Mr. Palmer
of Bolitrce, near Ross, this year cultivated several acres of what is gene-
rally termeil ('obbett's corn, and that the cro|) promised to be very fine.
This expectation has been fully realised, and we have received a cob or
car from one of the fielils, of great size ami perfection. The following me-
thod of cultivation was adopteil by Mr. l^dmer of Pencoyd : — The crop
was planted on the lOth of May, on riilges Oft. over, two rows on the top
of each ridge; it was hand-hoed on the Kith, iKth, and l!)tli of June, and
some were transplanted on the 28th to fill up the vacancies caused by the
ravages oltbe black beetles, which are very destructive to the plants when
in an infant state. On the 14th of July, and following ilay, the intervals
between the ridges of corn were ploughed deeply, approaching to within
.3 in, of the |)lants : on the 2(lth, the taking off the suckers which spring up
at the foot.stalk of the plant conunenced ; and on the 2()th, the eartii whicli
had been ploughed from the ridges on the 4th and 5th July, was turned

Ohituary, 751

back to them. After this ploughing, the corn grew prodigiouslv, and, as
far as promise could go, ' gave the lie direct to the wiseacres "who said
there would be no crop.' On the 7th August, Mr. Palmer gave the corn
a second ploughing between the ridges, the same as before, except that he
did not approach quite so near to the plant. The high winds about the
latter end of the month having knocked the crop about, which had then
attained the height of 4 ft., some men were put to earth it up after the
manner of teasels. Yesterday Mr. Palmer commenced cutting away the
tops and blades, leaving the ears standing on the footstalks toharden for
another fortnight, or three weeks, when he will commence harvesting the
crop. Mr. Palmer observes, ' that there is a crop, and a productive one,
too, any man may satisfy himself who will take the trouble ; and the spe-
cimen you have will show the state of perfection at which it is already
arrived.' " {Hereford Joimial, Sept. 26. 1832.)

Lancashire. — Lancaster Floral and Horticultural Society. August's.
1832. The carnations and picotees exhibited were good, although not
very numerous. Miss Dalton exhibited a magnificent specimen of Yiicca
gloriosa. The georginas were superb. Of the carnations. Wild's Perfec-
tion won the first prize among the scarlet bizarres ; Wakefield's Paul Pry
the first among the pink bizarres ; Turner's Princess Charlotte the first
among the purple flakes ; Wilson's Mountaineer, the first among the scarlet
flakes ; Clegg's Smiling Beauty, the first among the pink flakes. Of the
picotees, Boothman's Victoria won the first prize among the purple kinds,
and Kenny's Incomparable the first prize among the red kinds. The kinds
of gooseberry which won prizes are, red. Top Sawyer and Roaring Lion;
yellow, Rockwood and Gunner; green, Greenwood and Lidependent;
white, Wellington's Glory and White Eagle. That beautifully and freely
blooming hardy green-house shrub, C'eanothus azureus, was much admired,
and was honoured with a prize. (^Lancaster Herald, Aug. 4. 1832.

Lancaster Horticidtural Society. — Oct. 6. The shows of this Society have
in previous years been confined to the summer months; but, in compliance
with the wishes of the lovers of fruit, an autumnal show was attempted.
Mr. Ronalds of Brentford sent named specimens of many varieties of
apple to Mr. Saul, who exhibited them, and also 26 sorts furnished by
himself. Dr. Stevenson of Gilmerton, near Edinburgh, sent 60 varieties.
The Rev. Thos. Mackreth of Halton, also, supplied upwards of 26 va-
rieties. Mr. Saul, at the end of the show, distributed the apples supplied
by himself and his friend. Dr. Stevenson, to the persons present : an op-
portunity of tasting new fruit, of which many were delighted to avail
themselves. Besides apples, pears, figs, grapes, pumpkins, and many
other fruits and vegetables, and many varieties of georgina, were exhibited.
{Lancaster Gazette, Oct. 13. 1832.)

Art. VIII. Obituary.

Died, on the 8th of October, 1832, Mr. William Johnstone Shennan,
aged about 40 years, formerly of Gunnersbury Park, and late gardener to
Edward Baker, Esq., of Salisbury. Mr Shennan having been well known
to you and many of your readers, I netd only observe, that, as a practical
gardener in every branch of his profession, there were few to excel him.
As a last tribute to his memory, after an uninterrupted friendship of nearly
twenty years, allow me to add, that a more upright man, and more sincere
friend, did not exist. — Robert Reid. Cothelston, Oct. 23. 1832.

INDEX

BOOKS REVIEWED AND NOTICED.

GENERAL SUBJECT.

An Address to the Labouring Classes, not. 209.

Arcana of Science and Art, for lS:>'-2, not. 202.

Itraidwood's work on the Construction of Fire
Engines and Apparatus, not. 20.'3.

Bryan's Practical View of Ireland, not. 203.

Cai)e of (iood Hope Literary CJazctte, not. 718.

Dewhursl's Practical Observations on warminf;
Dwelling Houses, Cathedrals, Churches,The;i-
Ires, and other Public Buildings with Hot-
water, noticed, 221.

Don's General System of Gardening and Bo.
tany, not. vol. i. 20;5 ; vol. ii. ()<)8.

Dovle's Hint's on Emigration to Upper Canada,
not. 71H.

Facts and Illustrations demonstrating the im-
portant BeneHts dcrive<l by Labourers from
occupying .small portions of Land, not. 202.

Hcnslow's Examination of a Hybrid Digitalis,
not. 208.

Hooker's Botanical Miscellany, not. 204. 712.

Lindley's Introduction to Botany, not. 705.

Moggridge's Popular Education in France, not.
VM.

Our Neighbourhood : or, Letters on Horti-
culture, &c. 4.04.

Payne's Apiarian's Guide, prospectus of, 463.

Poiteau and Vilmorin's Lc Bon Jardinier, not.
45.-3.

Quarterly Journal of Education, not. 198.

Sinclair's Hints on Vegetation, 204.

Sussex Association for improving the Condition
of the Labouring Classes, not 199; Quarterly
Ueport of the, not. 2(H).

Time's Telescope for 18.32, not. 202.

Transactions of the Albany Institute, America,
noticed, 719.

Vegetable Diet not inducivc of Cholera, not. 719.

LANDSCAPE-GAUDENING.
Gilpin's Practical Hints on Landscape-Garden-
ing announced, 224 ; not. 700.

FLOKICULTURE.

Additional Supplement to Loudon's Ilorfus
liritannirus, announced, 224; not. (i04.

Hlume's Flora Java-, not. 707.

British Flowering Plants, not. 71.'>.

Chandler and Booth's Illustrations and Descrip-
tions of the Camelli^fC, not. 21 1.

Curtis's Botanical Magazine, not. 224. 345. 454.

tm. 721.

FJwards's Botanical Register, not. 224. 34;). 454.
."iyti 721.

Haworth'8 A'arcissine'irum Monographia, 2d
edition, not. 212.

Hooker's and Grevillc's Figures and Descrip.
tions of Ferns, not. 701).

Loddiges's Botanical Cabinet, not. 224. 345. 454.
."i'.Hi. 721.

Mackay's Catalogue of the Pha-nogamous
Plant'i and I'crns of Ireland, not. 7U).

M'Nab's Treatise on the Propagation, Cultiva-
tion, and General Treatment uf Cape Heaths,

in a Climate where they require Protection

during the Winter Months, not 210.
MantoUs Chart of Floriculture, not. 71G.
Maund's Botanic (iarden, not 224.
Nccs von i;senbeck's Genera and Si)Ccies Aste-

reJlrum, not. 714.
Smith's and Sowerby's English Botany, second

edition, not. 714.
Sweet's British Flower. Garden, not. 224. 345.

4.54 rm. 721.
Wallich's Plantas rariores Asiatics?, not 717.
Wenstriim's Handbok i Blomstcrkultcren for

Fruntimmcr, not 720.

ARCHITECTURR

Leigh's Music of the Eye, 205.
Loudon's EncyclopiFdia of Cottape, Farm, and
Villa Architecture, announced, 221 ; not 344.

ARBORICULTURE.

Horton's Tables for Planting and Valuing Un-
derwood and Woodland, &c., not. 208.

Matthews on Naval Timber and Arboriculture,
not 702.

The Midland Forester, not 208.

The Planting of Forest Trees, in Four Numbers
of the Farmer's .Series of the Library of Useful
Knowledge, not 207.

AGRICULTURE

Cleghorn's System of Agriculture, not 220.
Lambert's Rural AHairs of Ireland, rev. 215.
Procectlings of the Pennsylvania Agricultural

Society, 454.
Riley's Remarks on the Importation of the

Cachemire, and Angora Goats into Europe,

and of the hyliriil kind Cachemire-Angora

into Australia, 452.

HORTICULTURE.

Antoine's Figures from Nature of 51 Sorts of

Peaches, not 720.
Callow's Treatise on the Cultivation of the

Mushroom, 2|.'i.
Catalogue of the Fruits cultivated in the Garden

of the Horticultural Society of L,ondon, 2d

edition, not 212.
Jaccjuin's Monographic complete du Melon, not.

4.').}.
Lindley's Outlines of the First Principles of

Horticulture, announced, 4(>.')., not 7t)A
Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural So.

ciety, Vol. I V. Part 1 1. rev. 178 ; Vol. V.

Part I. not 205.
Sowerby's Mushroom and Champignon illua-

tratctl, not. 224.
Transactions of the Horticultural Society of

I.,ondon. Second series. Vol. I. Part I. rev. 177.
Vcrhandlungen des Vereins zur Berforderung

desGartcnbaues indenK'iniglicliPrcussiachen

Stouten, Vol. II. rev. 1h7.

753

GENERAL INDEX.

^caY'IA Julihiissin, 35 ft. high, near Philadel-
phia, 272.

Acclimatising half-hardy exotics to the sea-
sons of Britain, 45; Bowie's directions for
acclimatising, in the gardens of Britain, the
plants of Australia and the Cape of Good
Hope, 5 ; a list of the plants which have stood
out at Drimicondra, near Dublin, during one
or more winters, 5u8; list of exotics which
have lived for several years in the gardens of
Charles Hoare, Esq. at Luscombe, Devon,
566; Nerine hiimilis and undul^ta, nearly
hardy, 81.

A\er, the species of, whose sap is used in
America for Ihe formation of sugar, 503.

Admirable, a drink, a method of making, 182.

iEcfdium lacer^tum, a fungus parasitic on haw-
thorn, 179; ^Ecidium, a species of, parasitic

S [on the leaves and fruit of ])ear trees, 738.

Agriculture, remarks appertaining to, 220; on
chloride of lime in, iio ; British Society of
Agriculture, 8y.

Alder, common in light sandy soil, grows more
rapidly than birch, 456.

Almond tree, double flowered, 737.

Amaryllis, M. Otto's remarks on the culture of
the genus, 188; Amaryllis gigantea, and its
culture, 189 ; formosissima seeds in the open
air, in England, 94.

America, North, notices on, 70 ; wild shrubs of,
75 ; geology of Philipsburgh in Pennsylvania,
76; the treatment received in the United
States by a young British gardener, .360 ;
Mrs. Trollope's book on America noticed,
360 ; sugar procured in America from the sap
of species of maple, 502 ; critical notice of
Mrs. Trollope's account of the indigenous
flowers and fruits of the state of Ohio, 374.

America. See Nurseries.

American blight. See A^his.

Ammoniacal liquor of coal gas, destroys insects
and vermin, 41 ; a mode of applying it, 656.

Andr.'jmedrt arbbrea, 75 ft. high, near Phil,
adelphia, 272.

Angles, an instrument for laying off or trans-
ferring them, in practical gardening, 30.

Annual flowering plants, the seeds of some
species of, should be sown in autumn, 570.

Ants, a means of destroying, 148.

A^his lani'gera, on apple and other trees, a
means of destroying, 53. 149; the A'*phis, on
peach and nectarine trees, a mode of destroy-
ing the, .580.

Apple, the kinds of, which thrive in the neigh-
bourhood of Kilkenny, and their character-
istics, 165 ; early kinds of, 167 ; middle season
kinds of, 16S ; late keeping kinds of, 179 ;
kinds of apple eligible for making cider, 244 ;
information and a query on the Shustoke
pippin apple, GIO; a ladder held up by ropes
for gathering apples, &c.,581 ; remarks on the
relative value for cider of the golden pippin,
Chaseley Harvey, Flanders pippin, and other
kinds of apple, 583.

Apple powder, the Chelsea, enquiry on, 610.

Apple trees, on raising them from pips, 317 ;
apple trees trained to a wall built at an angle
of 10 deg. to the earth's horizon, produced an
abundance of fruit, 183; a mode of destroying
the bug, or A^phis lanigera, on apple trees,
-52. 357 ; Kirke's emperor apple tree, sported
with double Sowers, 737.

Vol. VIII. — No. 41.

Apricot, Mr.Thompson's report on the varieties
of, 433.

Aquarium, a mode of forming an, 84.

Aralia spinusa, 25 ft. high, near Philadelphia,
272.

Arcliitecture, notices on, 205 ; Loudon's Ency-
clopicdia of Architecture, its plan and scope,
221 ; architecture about London, criticisms
on, 473.

Armagh palace, gardens at, 81.

Arrow-root, the method by which the inha-
bitants of Otaheite prepare, 585 ; queries on
the quantity of tubers in relation to the space
the plants occupy, and on the quantity of
fecula in proportion to that of tubers, 736

Artichoke, a variety of, its blanched leafstalks
are much eaten at Rome and Naples, 267. 271.

Asparagus, hints on cultivating, 180; at Berlin,
green asparagus is preferred in winter,
blanched asparagus during spring, 450; Prus-
sian asparagus, Ornithogalum pyrenaicum,
described, 613.

Auchincruive, its charms and features sketched,
595.

Auriculas, the management of, and soil for, in
low situations, queried 736.

Australia, notices on, 77; Bowie's hints on
cultivating and acclimatising, in England,
the leguminous plants of Australia, 15.

Awning and frame, cheap, for shading florists'
flowers grown in beds, 45.

Bagnoles Wells, some account of, 63 ; the vege-
table productions of the neighbourhood o^

Balsam, .Salsamlna horttnsis Desportes, an in-
vestigation of its structure, 403.

Bark of trees, a recipe for promoting its growth
over barkless places, 150.

Barley, information and queries respecting agri-
cultural horses fed on, 613; barley big, its
history and uses, 95.

Batata. See Ipomee^a Batdtas.

Bean, field (Fkha vulgaris), a very vigorous
plant of, 187.

Bee, the honey bee has the power to generate
a queen, 498.

Beech, purple-leaved, the seeds of, produce
some purple-leaved seedlings, 445.

Beehive, Huish's, corrections to the printed
dimensions of, 375; Young's description of
two kinds of beehive, 664.

Beer from sugar mixed with inferior malt or
unmalted barley, 95 ; cheap beer for gar-
deners and their workmen, modes of pro-
ducing, 61 ; ale, how to make, from the man-
gold wurzel, 697.

Beetles, black, a means of destroying, 148.

Berries, some wild white and red in Norway,
of what plants ? 611.

Beulah Spa, its gardens noticed, 594.

Birch, /Jetula alba, economical properties of,
93; grows not so fast as alder on light sandy
soil, 456.

Birmingham botanical and horticultural gar-
den, Mr. Loudon's plans for, 407 ; gardens of
the workmen at Birmingham, 79.

Boiler, Neeve's improved forms for boilers, at-
tached to apparatus for heating by hot water,
28.

Botanical and horticultural society : Bristol,
118; Bristol and Clifton, 119; Devon and
Exeter, 627. 748; Hexham, 632; Manchoiter,

3c

754

GENERAL INDEX.

115; Newcastle, 252; Northumberland and

Durham, US. («!. 749.
Bourne, Irciliriikj^ Ksq., his garden near Dub-

hii.nolici'd, H>. ./"l. 4.S'2.
Brandy, home, a mode of making, 180 j a kind

ol'brandv called niiirosrhino is made Irom the

fruit of /'ninus liis-flbrens, 18H.
^rassica.an altornative for avoiding the club in

the roots of the dilll-rent species of, 55. See

also CabljaRC.
Bretton Hall, the green-houses and hot-houses

at, remarks on, oGl ; counter remarks, GU7.
Bridge-building, 5<J.

Broccoli, Portsmouth, the cause of its superi-
ority sought, f)li
Brugmans/rt suavi olens, noticed, 47 ; on the

cultivation of, in a conservatory, 159 ; M.

Sinning's mode of cultivating, 195.
Brussels botanic garden, 4<KJ.
Buckwheat, a blue colour obtainable from, 42.
Bury St. Kdmunds, new botanic garden at,

briefly noticed, 79.
Button wood trees, Phitanus occidentMis, of

very large size in the United States, 153.
Cabbage, sea or wild, its excellence as a sauce,

54 ; an alternative for avoiding the club in the

roots of the cabbage tribe, 55 ; the Jersey cow

cabbage, complaints on the exaggerated ac-

count of its capabilities, 608.
Cacteae, increased introduction of, into our

collections, 47. C'ftctus, see Cfereus.
Ca/"rf(«»J bicolor and viviparuni, iVL Sinning's

method of cultivating, 195.
Calceolaria, additional hybrid kinds of, 48 ; C.

AtkinsiVi/ia, noticed, 473. 724 ; C. Martineaurf-,

noticed, 72.5.
Calysti-gia st pium and Tpomaj'a, their corollas

dilicr in the mode of withering, 7.><).
Camellias, interesting kinds of, named, 211 ;

the management proper to camellias when

forced, 435 ; the flowers of camellias are rare

and dear at New York, .JliO.
Camera lucida, its efficient service in drawing,

237.
Camphor useful to revive withered plants,

a39.

Canker in fruit trees, the effect of a bad sub-
soil ; a mode of prcveutmg it, .'!2() ; a mode of
curing it when not the effect of soil, (596.

Caoutchouc dissolved in pyrolignous ether
preserves twine or cord boiled in it, .'i54 ; what
IS the mode of dissolving it ? 735.

Capeof (Jood Hope, Howie's hints on cultivat-
ing in Kngland the leguminous plants of, 5.

Carnation, history and culture of, 428; Mr.
Hogg's carnation bloomed very satisfactorily
in 1832, 693 ; the eminent growers of the car-
nation named, 4.';2.

Carrots may be grown in soil from a morass,
.06.

Cassi, a drink, a method of making, 182.

Castle Scmple, its grounds, gardens, &c., no-
ticed, 59G.

Caterpillars, a mode of destroying, 323; cater-
pillars on gooseberry trees, a mode of checking
their raviiges, .37(). liiH.

Ce<lar, white. Sec C'uprcssus.

Celeriac, turnip-rooted celery, hints on culti-
vating, 44.).

Cement, Mr. Kiost's, how formed, TO.

Cemetery, the plan of a general one for Edin-
burgh, sketched, 3(i2.

Ceratbnia .S'iliqua, its frequency and uses in
Italy, 2ii9.

Circus specioslssimus, magnificent specimen of,
at Dropinore, .593 ; another tine plant of, 80 ;
a new seedling I'fereus, .Jtil.
Charu, the circulation of the sap in, 14.3. 482.

Chemistry, girdening, technical terms in, re-
quire explanation, 7.3.'>.

Cherries, Law's method of forcing, 439.
Chrysanthemum, Chinese, the, a sketch of its

history, ti92.
Ciii' r, v.iiu.iiile information on (he manufacture
of, .183 : Ciller Imin the ireiich bitter scale
apple, 244) the tavourite kinds of apple for

making cider in Butleigh, and the adjoining
parishes, 244 ; cider made in Krance, .'157.
Citrus, how can the leaves and fruit of plants
of tliis genus be kept from falling prema-
turely f 73i).
Cloyne, bishop of, his garden, 475.
Cock, Sicbe'p, 370.
Colos.seum, the conservatories and other ap.

purtenanccs of, noticed, .'i94.
Colvill, Mr, James, his death noticed, 2.">6.
Cooking alembic, a, for cooking vegclablos, 470.
Corn, a tub for weighing and measuring, VHi;
Indian corn, Cobtiett's, and a ITind grown in
Lombard y, 497. 750.
Cottages, allotments of land to, remarks on,
529 ; cottages and gardens to them, 96; cot-
tages in Scotland, their condition in 1831,
258. 474 ; directive hints for the effective cul-
tivation of cottage gardens, 647 ; industry
and independence promoted by cottage gar-
dens, 650.
Covent.garden market, January 17th, 1832, 127 ;
March 20th, 254 ; May 21st, 384 ; Julv 19th,
504 ; Sept. 17th, 624 ; Nov. 22d, 744 ; wcighU
and measures in Covent-garden market, 374.
Cr^me de Moka, a method of making, 182 ;

creme de rose, a method of making, 181.
Crickets, a means of destroying, 14S.
Cucumber, abundant jiroduceof a plant, 81 ; on
the advantages of M'l'hail's pits for early-
cucumbers, .38 ; the Hussian mode of salting
cucumber, 183; a query on growing cucum-
bers by steam, 612 ; queries on a species of
caterpillar devouring the foliage of cucum-
bers, 611 ; Mr. Oliver's hybrid frum a cucum-
ber impregnated by the Maltese melon, 611 ;
other cro.ss i'npregnations, 740.
Cj'cas revolilta, female, 1i:ls flowered in the
garden of Count Hariach, at Uruck, on
I.eithe, and that of Wentworth House,
Yorkshire, Kngland, 448.
Cfclameii pcrsicum, a notice of varieties of,

94.
C"yprcss, deciduous, American siMM^imcns of,

ilescribed, 272. 276.
Cupressus /hyOidcs, the white cedar, its habit*

noticed, 447.
Dii'lytra, a correction to, 368.
i)iosp>'ros virginiilna 80ft. high, near Phil-
adelphia, and the Americans distil an excel-
lent brandy fi-om its fruit, 272.
Dividivi, the C«sal()in>(( CoriUria, speculations
on its extraordinary usefulness and fitness
for appropriation in commerce, 46.
Dotting with plants, 86.
Droseras, Mallet on cultivating, 684.
Dry rot in oak timber, what is the best pre-
ventive of? .501.
Dublin, the mildness of climate at, 3f>4.
Dumfries stone, the price of garden ornaments

made of, 91.
Earwigs, a means of destroying, 149.
E<liication, remarks on, 198.
Egg plant, the putple-fruited, the only variety

eaten abroad, 5,3.
Electricity, its agency in vegetation, and a

query on, 500. 740.
Elms, extremely large ones in the United

States, 152.
Emigration, hints to gardeners wishing to cmi.
gr.ite to the I'liited .States, 272; works which
treat on emigration to America indicated,
46-1 ; emlKratioii to Van Diemcn's Land, 78.
Emyclopuilia (/ (lanlitiiiig, coriections to the,

83. 4.S2, 48.).
JCncf/c/o/iifidti nf I'liinis, corrections to the,

85. 244. .■;(i8,
ErAnthis hyemalis, its showincss when in large

quantities, 89,
Erpition renifurmis nearly hardy, 87.
EugfeniVi au.stritlis, its beauty when planted in

a bed of soil in a conservatory, 160.
Eut;'ixia w/yrlifi lia, on pnnKigating, lliO.
Evergreens, Stuart's mode of transplanting,
I 4.30.
Ecnncl is much cultivated at Uomo and Naples

GENERAL INDEX.

755

for its roots and leafstalks, which are gene-
rally eaten, 267. 271.

Ferns, a method of raising them from seeds,
451.

FeuiUem cordifblia, its fruits an antidote to
vegetable poisons, 78.

F'icus stipulata, eflects of culture on, 689.

Fig, Mr. Pearson's treatment of, criticised, -ISg ;
defended, 490. 733.

Filtering machines, 370.

Fir, the spruce, seems not to thrive in Eng-
land, why ;.* 503; fir timber, while full of sap,
will resist fire, 488.

Fleischmann, Johann Martin, a brief biogra-
phy of, 255.

Floors and roofs formed of earthen tubes so as
to be tire-proof, 60.

Flora! and horticultural society : Carlisle, 626;
Chelmsford and Essex, 749; Hull, 122. (i35 ;
Lancaster, 630. 751 ; Rochdale, 115.

Floricultural and botanical notices of new
plants, or of old plants of interest, 12. 224.
345. 454. 596. 721.

Floriculture, seasonable hints on, 25. 352. See
also Plants.

Florist's Howers, a machine for transferring
from one pot to another, 44 ; an instrument
for planting tulips with, 44 ; a cheap frame
and awning for shading beds of, 45 ; Hurdis's
plant tran>planter, 666.

Florists' society : Bristol, 633 ; Cambridge,
746 J Chelmsford, 749 ; Devon and Exeter,
627 ; Gateshead ancient, 632 ; Heworth,
749,

Flower-garden, a design for a, with a list of
plants to furnish it, 155 ; flower-gardens, Mr.
Errington's opinions on laying out and ma-
naging, 562 ; various forms of cast and
wrought iron stakes for plants in, 557. 554.

Flower-pots printed on before they are baked,
175.

Flowers, and the flowers of spring, thoughts on,
25 ; method of prolonging the flowering sea-
son of border flowers, 46.

Flued walls at Erskine House gardens, Ren-
frewshire, 670.

Fly, the black and the green, a means of de.
stroying, 149 j flies, a means of destroying,
150.

Forcing. See Pits. Transportable houses for
forcing recommended, 338.

Forest trees, Mr. Main on pruning, 303 ; Sin-
clair on planting, 207. See also Trees.

France, condition of the labouring classes in
the south of, 62 ; notices relative to France,
356; vegetable productions of the department
of L'Orne, 356 ; a horticultural tour through
the Netherlands and part of France, 392.

Frauds imposed by correspondents, 289.

Frost, its effects on plants in Prussia in the
winter of 1822-3, 340.

Fruit room, what is the best plan for ? 737.

Fruit trees, the apple bug, A^phis lanigera, and
lichens on, destroyable by fire, 357 ; fruit
trees by the roadside from Griinberg to
Masserwitz, 449. See Canker.

Fruit wines, modes of making, 186.

Fruits, the London Horticultural Society's cata-
logue of, noticed, 212 ; a press for crushing
fruits, .■J44 ; a ladder held up by ropes for
gathering fruits, 581 ; a machine for crush-
ing, 542; a press for crushing, 544; remarks
on the fruits used in the manufacture of
perry and cider, 582.

Fiichs/Vz globbsa Hort. distinguished and de-
scribed, 598. 607.

Fumigator, a detached, figured and described,
354.

Furnace, Witty's improved, possessed by Mr.
Chanter, 26.

Furze tops, as a manure, 239 ; Irish furze, its
habitat and uses, 369 ; furze, as a boundary
fence to plantations in parks, 678.

Gardener, house for a, containing five rooms
and an office, adapted for being connected
with the wall of a kitchen-garden, 551 ; de-

3

sign for a gardener's house to be connected
with the west wall of a kitchen-garden, 659;
design for a gardener's house which is to
serve also for a watchtower, 660; the gar-
dener's house at Castle Semple wretched,
596; a gardener distinguishing himself, 474;
an American lady gardener, 239 ; gardeners,
young, the necessity for them to store their
minds with general knowledge as well as
with that of gardening, 137 ; prizes to young
gardeners, by horticultural societies, 81 ;
funds to be formed by gardeners for their
own benefit, 83 ; on giving to gardeners the
credit due to their employers, 85 ; advice to
gardeners intending to emigrate to the United
States of America, 272. 288 ; trafficking in
the situations of gardeners, 499. 730 ; remarks
on the writings of gardeners, 367 ; remarks
on Mr. Mallet's advice to young gardeners,
641 ; the necessity and advantages of gar-
deners visiting one another's gardens, 645.

Gardening, the love for, natural to man, 239 ;
gardening recreations as a substitute for
brutalising sports, 140 ; gardening favourably
affected by the law of primogeniture, 275. 277 ;
gardening and nursery business, depressed
state of, especially in Scotland, 134 ; the
means of inspiring a taste for gardening
among the labouring classes of Scotland, 532;
the condition of gardening in Ireland, 474 ;
a catechism on gardening, 373.

Gardens about Rome and Naples, noticed, 267.
271; garden of the Bishop of Cloyne, 475;
gardens near Dublin, 371 ; descriptive notices
of several gardens in England; that of J. A.
Beck, Esq. of Esthwaite Lodge, 528; of Sir
John Ashley, bart, Everly House, 546 ; of Sir
Edward Antrobus, bart, Amesbury House,
547 ; of the Earl of Radnor, Longford Castle,
548 ; the hanging gardens of Limerick, 81 ;
public garden at Magdeburg, a plan and de-
scription of, 191. 194 ; Hogg's florist's garden,
594 ; Groom's florist's garden, 594 ; Zoological
Society's garden, 594 ; Surrey Zoological gar.
dens, 594; gardens of the Beulah Spa, 594 ; pro-
posed botanic garden at Primrose Hill, 594;
gardens at Bretton Hall, July 14th, 1832, 607 ;
gardens in the lake district, remarks on, 527 ;
Erskine House gardens in Renfrewshire, 670;
town gardens, a work on laying out, 373 ;
suburban gardens, on the management of, 92 ;
design for a flower-garden, for a particular
situation near an old mansion, with a list of
plants suitable to the^plan, 155; garden orna-
ments in stone, at Dumfries, their price, 91;
stakes, iron, for plants in the flower-garden,
various forms for, and suggestions on, 555.
557 ; gardens to cottages, workhouses, prisons,
and lunatic asylums, 9G. 376; directive hints
for the effective cultivation of cottage gar-
dens, 647.

Gas, ammoniacal, destruction of insects by, 41 ;
the mode of applying it, 656.

Gates, Telford's iron ones described, 85; de.
signs and details for opening the gates of
lodges in the night time, 622,

Gauntlets for lady gardeners, 37.

Gentinjid! aca^lis, on growing and propagating
of, 94.

Georginas, on prolonging the flowering season
of, 46 ; seeds from flowers of one colour pro-
duce plants which severally bear flowers of a
different colour, 47.

Germany, notices on, 358.

Gloribsa superba, M. Sinning's method of cul-
tivating, 195.

Goats eligible for introduction into New South
Wales and Van Diemen's Land, 452.

Gooseberries, censurableness of the names given
to, 89 ; a mode of making gooseberries into
English champagne wine, 542; a method of
making gooseberry wine, 181 ; a mill for
crushing ripe gooseberries, 542 ; a press for
crushing them, 541.

Gordunza pubescens, 50 ft. high, near Fhiladel.
phia, 272.

c 2

756

GENERAL INDEX.

Gourd, various culinary applications of the
licrltage, flowers, and fruit of, 1S5. +94 ; size
of tlie fruit of some iiinds of gourd in Italy,
ii)5.

Grafting, a new mode of, .')40.

Grai>c vine, hints un propagating it by brandies
layed into i)ots, 178 ; a mode of propagating,
339; a rapid mode of raising excellent plants
of the gra|)c vine, 577 ; a mode of sulistituling
good vines for bad ones with thele.ist possible
losjt of time, 578; on clett-grafting the grape
vine, 1!I7 ; on the flowering of the grape vine,
197 ; grape vines trainetl on the outside of
the alternate sashes of a hot-house produced
excellent grains, :i'22 ; the method of training
grape vines at Doncraite, i.'+8 ; grape vines
grown oil flued walls at t'roxdale, 4J3 ; the
kinds of grape vine best suited to the hot walls
of Scotland, ISt ; c.in grape vines be forced un-
der the conditions described? fill ; the degree
of hardihood of grape vines in Italy, 4;ii.' ;
the wood of the liorsecliestnut makes very
durable stakes for grape vines, 450 ; Lang-
ford's incomparable grape, preferably in-
creased by buds, 093; Mr. Pillans's expe-
ditious fruiting of grapes in pots, t)95; a kind
of beetle destructive of grape vines, 737.

Grapes, how can they be ripened without fires,
by the middle of September ? 95 ; grapes ri-
pened in the open air, a mode of preserving
for table, during the winter months, 447 ; a
mode of preserving ripe grapes, 339.

Grass, species of, Htted, to repair lawns, 176 ;
grass land, improved by coverings of loam,
448.

Groom's florist's garden noticetl, 594.

Groun.ls, on laying out and planting, 300,

Grouping of plant.s, shrubs, and trees, 86.

Grubworm, a, aflVcts strawberry plants, 92.

ijymnijcladus can;ideiisis, noticed, hj. 'Ii'2.

llarbke, plantations made at, 415.

Hatching chickens in the bark bed of a hot-
house, f)88.

Hawthorn, a new variety, with carmine crim-
son flowers, the t'rata- gus Oxyacantha rb-
sea superba, 3(i2. ()07 ; hedge of hawthorn
damaged by the parasitic fungus .Kcidium
laceritum, 179; what plant is fitter for the
formation of hedges than hawthorn ? 738.

Ilayward's remarks on training and physiology,
483. (i-'S.

Heartsease, the more general cultivation of, re-
commended, and some interesting varieties
of, described, .573; the Lady Bath heartsease
noticed, 94.

Heaths, Cape, M'Nab's work on cultivating
them, iill); Kutger's mode of propagating
them expeditiously ; 081 ; query on preserv-
ing Cay>c heaths from mildew, 73(>.

Heating of air and water by lenses, M. Gauen's
mode of, noticed, 497. 69 ; conservatory and
bath heateil from one boiler, 9(1 ; wood pre-
ferable to coal for heating, 433.

Heating. See Hothouses.

Henderson, Mr. Walter, a brief biography of,
ii5(>.

Herbarium, by Mr. Toward, 3fi7.

//ibiscus attenulltus of Hosse, the character and
the nuKle of cultivating, 447 ; //. fiigax Mart.
noticed, .'538.

Hinge, Howden's, for causing gates toclose, 38.

Hobsoii, Mr., deceased, his liook on mos.scs, IH.

Hoe, engraving and description of.a newly in-
vented, 558 ; Lord Vernon's tillage hoc, 089.

Hollows and knolls, remarks on planting, 480.

Hops, a m(Mle of sumwrting them in thcVosges,
(o ; hop tops uselul as a culinary vegetable,
184.

Horseradish, a Danish and German mode of
cultivating. 4.;(>.

Horticultural notes on a journey from Rome to
Naples, '200. See also 'iiiur.

Horticultural societies (.provinci.il) of England
and Waes : Abergavenny and ('ricklu«wei,
0.35; Ilcccles, li-H ; IJcdfordshire, II.'). 745;
Bristol and nilton, 119. ty3 ; IJurv S(. i;,|.

munds, 1 19 ; Cambridgeshire, 626. 745 ; Cireii-
cester, OiS); Cornwall, 746; I)evon and Corn-
wall, ()27 ; North Devon, 74S ; Diss, 630 ;
KvcAham, 1-21 ; Glamorgan and Monmouth,
'J:>2- 6i5; Gloucester, 029; Hereford, 629.
749; Ipswich, 120. 654; Lancashire, 115;
Lancaster, 7.'1 ; Manchester, 115; Norfolk
and Norwich, (iJO; Northamptonshire, 117.
6;i; Norlhuuiberland, 118; Oxford, 118 (i32;
Hoss, ti29. 74;i; Somersetshire, 118; Suffolk,
119; Taunton, 0>3 > Taunton and West
Somerset, 119; Whitehaven, 027. 747 ; WiltJ
and general, 034; Worcesershire, 121. 635;
Yorkshire, 122.

Horticultural societies in Ireland. Horticultu-
ral society of Ireland, 039; of Belfast, 124.
252. 010.

Horticultural Society of London and its garden,
Nov. 1st, 1831, to Jan. .°kj, 1832, 125 ; from Jan.
17th to March (ith, 252; (rom March 2(tth
to May 15th, 378; from June 5th to July
17th, .">U5; from July 17lh to August 7th,
614 ; from Oct. 2d to Nov. Otli, 742. A re-
P|ort on the state of the garden from inspect
tion, 471.

Horticultural society of Prussia, 359.

Horticultural societies of Scotland. Aberdeen-
shire, 122. 6.)iij Ayrshire, 122; Caledonian,
122. 252. 635; Cupar, 637; Dundee, 123;
Eiist Lothian, l'2.j. 630; Glasgow, (>37 ; Mid
Lothian, 123 ; North British Professional
Gardeners', 123. 037 ; Kenfrewshire, West,
637 ; Stirling, 114. 124. («8.

Horticultural societies, the formation of, in the
suburbs of I^ondon, suggested, 82 ; horticul-
tural societies should otll-r prizes to young gar-
deners for the objects specified, 82.

Horticultural societies. See Botanical and Hor-
ticultural society, rioral and Horticultural
society, and Florists' society.

Udrtii.i 'Jiii/diiiticus, additions to the Additional
.Supplement of, 0O4 — 607.

Hot-houses, remarks on the slopeof thereof of,
191 ; the mode, at Vienna, of constructing
double-roofeil hot. houses, 535; the state of
the practice of constructing hot-houses in
Scotland, .521 ; an improved mo<le of heating
of hot-houses, 452 ; dilicrent modes of heating
hot houses, 409; hatching chickens in the
bark bed of <» hot. house, (k^S ; Hay's method
of heating by steam, ,i'iO. 7.30.

Hot WMter, as a means of heating, 221 ; Mr.
Perkins's mode of circulating in hermetically
sealed tubes of small diameter for heating hot-
houses,&:c.,2.j0. 292 — 297 ; Weeks's new ap|>a-
ratus for heating by, 5!i4 ; hot water apiiaratus
in a pinery at the Earl of Egremont s. Pet-
worth, Sussex, the details of its action, 147.

House, glazed, one adapted for the culture of
peach trees, grape vines, and ornamental
plants, 321; transportable houses for forcing
recommended, .>j8 ; gardener's house, con-
taining five rooms and an oltice ; design for,
551 ; other designs for houses for gardeners,
059, (iOO.

Howden's, ;\Ir., reply to Messrs. Muri)hy's and
Haycroft's criticisms on his remarks on Irish
cottages and labourers, 3(i!l : ftlr. Howden's
reply to Mr. Thomas Small's attack on him,
248.

Hvbrid plants, the sterility of, instanced, ,500;
hybrid calceolarias, 48; hybrid melons, 52.
hybrid camellias named, 212; hybrid t'treus,
3)>I ; hybrid Digitalis, lienslow's examination
of a, 2()!); hybrids outaine<l lielween plants of
melon and of cucumlier, Oil; hybrid laburnum,
473 ; hybrid plum raised by Mr Knight, 433 ;
hybrid poppy, 35;) ; hybrid strawberry, 593.

Insects, various, re<-ii)cs for destroying, 148 ; an-
nular pan as a defence against insects, 37 ;
destruction of insects by ainnii)ni,ical gas, 41 ;
insects infesting cucumbers, Oil ; insects pre-
vented asceiuling the stems of trees, ;>4<) ; in.
sects are enshrined in the leaves which remain
through the winter on trees habitually decido-
ous in autumn, 4!I8.

GENERAL INDEX.

75'

lpom(£''ii BaiAfas Poir., the batata, the results
of its cultivation in Italy, 495 ; thoughts on its
success in Britain, 613.

Ipomce''a purpurea and Calystcgia st-pium, the
corollas of, differ in the mode of withering, 736.

Ireland, notices relative to, 3fit ; rural improve-
ment in, 365 • improvement of the condition
of the labouring class in, 365 ; Lambert's ru.
ral affairs of, and Elles's remarks on them,
21.T ; the condition of gardening in Ireland,
248. 474; a list of green-house and hot-house
plants which are comparatively hardy at
Drumcondra, near Dublin, .168 ; gardens in
Ireland noticed, bl. 83. 371. 482.

/Vis, the peacock, the exquisite beauty of its
blossoms, 469 ; i*ris tuberosa, a native of Bri.
tain, and a mode of cultivating it productive
of blossoms, 235.

Irish cottages, &c., 8,5. 369; Irish labourers
369 ; a certain Irish mansion, 372 ; Irish pearl
moss, 94.

Italy, remarks on the gardening of, 69 ; climate
of Italy, in relation to orange trees, lemon
trees, grape vines, &c., 492 ; certain kinds of
melon grown in Italy, 613 ; Italian gardening
and landscape reported on, 267.

Jenkins, Mr., nurseryman, his death recorded,
384.

Kensington Gardens reported on, 473.

Kentucky coffee tree noticed, 85. 272.

Kew, the pleasure-ground at, 473.

Kilkenny, a notice of the climate of, orchards
of, and the kinds of apple and pear which
thrive in the orchards of, 16,5.

Kino, gum, noticed, 77.

Kirschwasser, a method of making, 182.

Knolls and hollows, remarks on planting, 486.

Labourers and their condition, 200; instances
of letting land to labourers in Cambridge-
shire and Suffolk, 98 ; the condition of la-
bourers in a village in Nottinghamshire, 529 ;
strictures on the kind of labourers to whom
land for gardens is most eligilile, 529; the
good and evil of letting land to labourers, 377 ;
of the improvement of the condition of la-
bourers in Ireland, 365; the means of inspir-
ing a taste lor gardening among the labouring
classes of Scotland, 532 ; condition of the
labouring classes in the south of France, 62.

Laburnum, a hybrid, with lilac flowers, 473.

Lachenalias, hints on the culture of, 234.

Ladder with appurtenances for gathering ap-
ples. Sec. from trees, without allowing the lad-
der to rest on the tree, 581.

Larch, the wood of, full of sap, will resist fire,
488 ; facts on tlie timber of larch, 93.

Xathyrus grandiflbrus, seeds from, obtained by
artificial impregnation, and other remaiks on,
SO. 733.

Lawns, fit species of grass for repairing, 176.

Leaves persistent through tlie winter on trees,
habitually deciduous in autumn, enshrine in.
sects, 498.

Lectures on botany applied to horticulture, by
Professor Lindley, 380. 507. 615.

Leguminous plants of Australia and the Cape
of Good Hope, Bowie's hints on cultivating
them, 5.

Lemon and orange trees, as cultivated in Italy
and at Naples, 269. 271 ; their degree of hardi-
ness in Italy, 492.

Lenses, M. Gaucn's mode of heating air or
water by, 497 ; Mr. Mallet's remarks on, 609.

Lettuce, cabbage, Mr. liutger's method of forc-
ing, at Shortgrove, Essex, 172.

Lichens on fruit trees destroyed by fire, 357,
358.

Liliura Mihtagon, queries on, 501.

Lime, chloride of, in agriculture, 445.

Limekilms, and burning of lime, 741.

Limerick, hanging gardens, 81.

Lindley's (Professor) publications, a retrospec-
live criticism on, 728.

Liqueurs, various, modes of making, 780.

Lisieux, Normandy, an account of the subscrip-
tion garden at, 66.

Lock, wooden, in use in Lapland, 468.

London, the plants which thrive in the smoky
atmosphere of, 243.

Machine, Budding's mowing, figured and de-
scribed, 34; machine for hewing stone by
steam, 92; machine for preparing flax and
hemp by a new and improved process, for
manufacturing into canvass, cordage, &c., 96 ;
filtering machine, 370.

M'Naughton, Mr. Archibald, a notice of his
death, 384.

Magdeburgh public garden described and illus-
trated by a plan, 191.

Magnolias, their great size in America, 272.

Maize in North America, 75 ; a hardy variety
of, 693; culture of, in England, 750.

Mangles, portable, spoken of, 354.

Mangold wurzel, the mode of brewing ale
from, 697.

Manure, useful to fruit trees when applied in
moderation, 446 ; furze tops used as a manure,
239 ; tar used as a manure, 239.

Maroschino, a kind of cherry brandy, is made
from the fruit of the Prunus bis-flurens, 188.

Melianthus m^jor is almost hardy, 94.

Melons, two sorts described, 191 ; Mr. Knight
on the cultivation of the Persian varieties of
melon, 435 ; M. Ebers's mode of cultivating
melons, 450; Mr. Smith'smodeof cultivating
melon plants at Cunnoquhie,.'329; certain kind
of melon grown in Italy, 613; Mr. Oliver's
hybrid, obtained from a cucumber impreg-
nated by the Maltese melon, 611 ; M. Sageret's
experience on hybrid melons, 741 ; hardihood
of hybrid kinds of melons, 52 ; Jacquin's work
on the melon, 453. 4^3 _,

Mice and rats, a mode of poisoning, 239.

Mignonette, what species is that which Jesse
calls the tree ? 374.

Mildew, a mode of preventing the recurrence
of, 40.

Moles, an efficient trap for catching, 298 ; mole
trap, a French one figured and described, 36 ;
a kind invented by A. F., figured and de-
scribed, 299.

Mowing. See Machine.

Mulberry tree, the, as cultivated in Italy, to
sustain silkworms for supplying silk, 496.

Munich, notices on gardening at, 67. 358.

Mushrooms, Mr. Callow's, noticed, 244 ; his
work on producing, 214 ; Elles's hints on pro-
ducing, 214 ; the culture of mushrooms in
melon beds, 312.

Nails, a mode of cleaning wall nails, 40.

Naples, notes on the gardens of, 271.

Narcissinean plants, the names of some rarer
kinds, and hints on cultivating them, 50.

Nectarine and peach trees, Seymour's system
of training, 51 ; nectarine trees distinguish-
able from peach trees by a difference in their
two germens, 4,i9; a mode of destroying the
aphis on nectarine trees, 580; Hay ward's
mode of training peach and nectarine trees,
653.

Neill's, Patrick, Esq. garden at Canonmills
noticed, .364.

Nelumbiums, on the culture of, 157 ; M. Lii^
beck's mode of cultivating Kelu?nbium spe-
cibsum, 197.

Nerinc humilis and undul^ta, nearly hardy, 81..

Netherlands and part of France, a horticultural
tour through, 392.

Nonpareil, a drink, a method of making, 182.

Normandy, an account of the subscription gar-
den at Lisieux in, 66 ; some account of Lower
Normandy, 63.

Numbering stick, on an improved application
of the notch principle, 32.

Nurseries in the United States described, 272 —
289 ; nurscric; in the Netherlands and part of
the south of France, 392.

Nurseries, metropolitan, 101 ; Brown's Bedford
nursery, Hampstead Road, 102; the Mary-
land Point, Stratford, Essex, 102 ; Epsom
Nursery, new or rare plants which have flow-

i ered in, 102 ; the Mile-end nursery, 249.

758

GENERAL INDEX.

Nurscric*. English provincial, inrormation on,
solicitetf, 10+ ; an account of the liachc Pool
mirscry, near Chester, Messrs. F. and J.
Dickson's, 10:'> ; of Messrs. Conollvand Sons'
nursery, at I<ancastcr, 108 ; of Messrs. Skir-
ving ami L'o.'s Walton nursery, near Liver-
pool, KH.i ; of Messrs. John Pope and Sons'
llandsworth nursery, near liirminKham, 110;
Messrs. Keilnall and liirih.im's Holton nur-
sery, near Halcsworth, Sudiilk, £11 ; Came-
ron's nursery, Ucklickl, Sussex, 741 ; Carlisle
nursery, Messrs. William and Thomas Hutton,
741 ; Keswick nursery, Mr. Kerr, 74'2.
Nurseries, Scottish provincial, of Messrs. Smith
and Sons, at Ayr, Moiikvvood, and Colroy,
11.'5; of Messrs. W. Drummond and Sons, at
Stirling, 11.-5; Mr. Goldie's, at Wrightfield,
near Ayr, 474.
Nursery and gardening business, depressed state

of, more especially in Scotland, 13-I-.
Oak, on the pruning of the, 243 ; oak timber,
what are best means of preventing the dry rot
in ? ;>01. See ^^uereu'^
Ohio, the state of, rcroarks on the indigenous

flowers and fruits of, oTi.
Olive tree, Italian means of propagating it, G8.
Onions, store, a mode of preventing their sprout-
ing or germinating during the winter, 55 ; on
the transplanting of onions, 180.
Orange trees, their degree of hardihood in Italy,
402 ; oranges and lemons, as cultivated in
Italy, and at Naples, 2(i9. '/71.
Orchideous epiphytes, on the propagation of,
88: Mr. Lindley's directions for cultivating,
318; his directions for the manner of collect-
ing and preserving on hoard a shi)), 603.
Cxalis rhsenjtic. (floribiiiida Lhi(//.\ a mode of

cultivating, ")72; 0. Di'ppc/ noticed, fii)l.
Pxbnia Muutan, a magniliceiit plant of, 473;
the double-flowered variety ot P. othciuilis
produces seeds, 243.
Pain's Hill, near Cobliam, Surrey, noticed, 361.
Palms, Choco, noticed, 7!*.
Palo de vaco, seeds of, .';61.
Paris, the condition of the markets of, in rela-
tion to gardening on Dec. 'iOth, 183], 65.
Parmentier's garden, near Brooklyn, North

America, described, 71.
Pea, Bishop's early dwarf, its merits compared
in detail with the merits of the early frame,
Knight's dwarf marrow, and the Spanish
dwarf, .')S4; Mr. Knight's mode of obtaining
very early crojis of green peas, 434; the white
flowered everlasting pea, queries and inform-
ation on, 610.
Peach trees, Hayward's system of training,
484. 6r)3 ; Seymour's system of training, 51 ;
a preventive of the curling up and dropping
ofi'of the leaves of peach trees, .W); a mode
of destroying the A phis on peach trees, .OKO ;
the Myrobal.in (ilum tree an eligible stock for
peach trees, :>1<); peach trees distinguishable
from nectarine trees, by a ditlerence in their
two germens, 46!t.
Pear, a description and outline figure of the
Pctrc pear in Carr's nursery, Philadelphia,
587 ; seedling kinds of pear raised by Mr.
Knight, 430 ; remarks on the relative value
for perry of the Barland and other kinds of
pear, .Wi ; monstrous jjcars noticed, 6i/7.
Pear trees, a mode of training pear trees dc-
Bcribcd and figured, .53!); pear trees trained
to a wall built to an angle of ten degrees to
the earth's surface, produced an abundance
of fine fruit, 183; a fungosc disease on the
leaves and fruit of the pear trees at Buscot
park gardens, 738.
Pearl moss, Irish, 04.

Pelargbnium zonule var. Hltichcr/, a fine plant
of, noticed, 80 ; Mr. Weltje's collection of
pelargoniums, 473.
Pelargoniums, a method of cultivating them,
practised by Mr. Appleby, 161 ; another mode
practised by Mr. Hobert Klliot, 1(>2 ; on pro-
longing the flowering season of pelargoniums
in beds in the open air, 46,

Pepper, black, a history of, 228.

Perry, valuable information of thequalitictand

manufacture of, 582.
Phaiocoma proUfera, on propagating, ItiO.
Philadelphia, nursery gardens and state of hor-
ticulture at, 272.
Philipsburg in Pennsylvania, North America,
its capacities as to soil and climate described.
73.
Physiology, vegetable, questions in, 652, 653.
I'iinlico palace and gardens noticeil, 472.
Pinc-apple, Mr. Munro's enumeration of varic-
ties of, with bints on cultivating them, 177.
Mr. Smith's mode of cultivating pine-apple
plants at Cunnoquhie, 328 ; the mode and re-
suits of cultivating plants of the pinc-apple
out of pots, 576 ; a means of destroying the
scale on plants of the pineapple, 149; pine-
apples are plentiful and cheap at New York,
S60; for the reason, sec p 275; pineapples
as cultivated in the stoves of Italy, 494; in
the open ground of Italy, 493.
Pine timber, while full of sap, will resist fire,
488 ; an account of the common Scotch and
Highland pines as found in Scotland, 10 ;
enquiries for farther information on them,
4S9 ; pine of very' large size in the Unite<l
States, 154; /"inus Strobus, the Weymouth
pine, its habits in Prussia, 447.
Pinguiculas, Mallet on cultivating, 684.
Pita de Guataca supplies a fibre valuable for

cordage, itc, 240. 3(r7 ; pita de Tolu, 242.
Pits planned and constructed by Sir. Hay, for
the securing a steady and uniform bottom
heat, 330; pit described, and the steam appa-
ratus by which it is heated, as both used at
Cunnoquhie, by Mr. Smith, in the culture of
pine apple and nulon plants, 328; the ad-
vantages of M'l'hail's pits, 38.
Plantations, thinning and pruning of, 373;

plantations made at Harbkc, 445.
Planting and laying out grounds, on, SOO;
planting knolls in preference to hollows, 486;
planting ministers to wealth, 2 '>9.
Plants, new, or interesting old ones, noticed,
12. 224. 345. 454. 596. 721 ; plants which thrive
in the smoky atmo:>phcre of the London
neighbourhood, 24.3 ; a plan for removing
a potted plant from one pot to another with-
out injury, or breaking the ball of earth, 43;
plants worth importing for cultivation in
Britain, Stiii ; on the sap vessels or circulat-
ing system of plants, 142.
Pleasure-grounils, detects in, and the means to

avoiil these delects, 151.677.
Pluin, a new variety of, raised by Mr. Knight,
433; a mode of preserving ripe plums, 3,>9;
the Myrobalan plum tree, a (it stock for
plum tree, peacli tree, and nectarine tree,
3K).
/'olygala cordi(J>lia, on propagating, 160.
/'olygala vulgaris of different colours, 93. 503.
Poplar, Lombardy, facts in the history of, 9J.
I'oppy, hybrid, lietween i'ap^ver ciudicaiile,

aiui /'. alplnum, 355.
Posts or pales, a mode of detecting the stealers

of, 42.
Potato, a means of preventing the curl in, 180 ;
a method of obtaining very early crops of
new potatoes, 315; a mode of producing
^'oung potatoes for the table during winter,
in the open air, 54; Mr. Knight's remarks
on the fitness and value of potatoes as food
for animals and man, and his descri|>tion of
his method of speedily ascertaining the qua-
lities of seedling potatoes, 4;;6 ; frozen pota-
toes not rendered eatable by being thawed in
the dark as apples are, 356 ; a " cooking
alembic" for cooking potatoes and other
vegetable.^ 470; a mode of obtaining two
crops of the ash-leaved kidney, in one year,
off the same ground, t)86 ; jiotato, sweet, see
Ipomce'a HiiliUas.
Press for crushing fruit, .514.
I'rimrose Hill botanic garden, .594.
Prisons and gardens to them, <.>8.

GENERAL INDEX.

759

Protecting tenderish shrubs from severe frosts,

a mode of, 189.
Pruning of forest trees, Mr. Main on, 30.3 ; Mr.
Howden's opinions on pruning large trees,
559 ; pruning and thinning of plantation,
373 ; a pair of shears for summer pruning, 668.
Prussia, state of gardening in, 187. •142 j horti-
cultural society of Prussia, 359.
ftuercus, the sjjecies of, named, which are de-
sirable for the size and. form and colourof their
leaves, and for useful timt)er, 195; (iut'rcus
cocclnea and riibra, notices on, 444 ; a variety,
with narrow and occasionally entire leaves, of
Qucrcus RbbuT, 740.
Rafflfesw ArniMd/i Brown and R. P&tma Blmne

contrasted, 70S.
Railroads in North America, 72; railway, one

suggested for conveying ships overland, 354.
Ranunculus, the Asiatic, remarks on cultivat-
ing the, 570; Mr. George Thurtell's show of
ranunculuses briefly noticed, 6,jl.
fianunculus /jarnassifulius, a mode of cultivat-
ing, 572.
Rats and mice, a mode of poisoning, 239.
Regent's Park, botanical and ornamental gar-
den in, 470.
Residences : choice of situation for a residence,
372; a work on laying out villa and other
small residences, 373 ; in the formation of a
residence, should the architect or landscape-
gardener be first employed,? 673.
iJhfeum austrlacum, its esculent properties, 693.
iihododendron, a method of protecting the

tenderish kinds of, from severe frosts, 189.
li'ibcs sanguineum, a very fine plant of, 635 ;

the Hlbes specibsum described, 455.
Rice, Canadian, Zizinia aquatica, a mode of

cultivating, 190.
Riga, a short account of the gardens at, 197.
Rio de Janeiro, remarks on the vegetation of,

188.
Roads in Van Diemen's Land, 78.
Robinia P»eud-//cSicia grows any where, and
its wood applicable to various economical
purposes, 191.
Rocks, an apparatus for rending by gunpowder,

591.
Rods, parallel, for graduating beds, 669.
Rome, notes on the gardens of, 267.
Roofs and floors formed of earthen tubes, and

thereby fire-proof, 60.
Root, tap, of trees, effects of shortening, 339.
iZbsa turbinata, the Frankfort rose, is very free
of growth and blossom, 1S9 ; rose bushes,
and other shrubs, a mode of protecting them
from severe frosts, 189; Lawrence's stakes
for, and mode of training standard rose trees,
679.
Salisburia adiantifblia ingraftaWe, 445.
Salm-Dyck, a notice of the botanic garden of

the Prince de, 446.
Salpiglijssis, sportiveness in the species of, 47.
Salt as a destroyer of weeds, 372 ; salt as a ma-
nure, 373 ; salt invigorates leeks, 373.
Sands, shifting, on the culture of, 444.
Sap vessels, or the circulating system of plants,
facts and arguments on the, 142 ; the circu-
lation of the sap in Chara, 482 ; a question on
the organisable property of sap, 652.
Scarlet runner bean, a perennial, 53.
Scotland, notices relative to, 474; agriculture
in the West of Scotland, 513 ; field and road-
side hedges in, 514; plantations in, 515;
edgings of walks in, 518 ; kitchen-gardens in,
519 ; grass lawns in, 519; Menteath's remarks
on inspiring a taste for gardening among t^e
labouring classes of Scotland, 532 ; a notice
of Auchincruive, 595; of Castle Semple, 596;
notices on the towns and villages of Scotland,
385; their waterworks, waterclosets, sewer-
age, and churchyards, 389 ; the plan of a
general cemetery for Edinburgh described,
362; the thistle of Scotland, 355; flued walls
and kitchen-garden at Erskine House, Ren-
', frewshire, 670; agricultural and horticultural
exhibition at Stirling, 113.

Seeds, Mr. Murray on the germination and sub-
sequent vegetation of, 326 ; the germination
of seeds is expedited by applying to them
malic acid, or the rotten pulp of apples, 445;
M. Otto's remarks on the germination of
seeds, 196; hints on raising seeds, 5. 25; seeds
of annual plants, an improved mode of rais-
ing, 434 ; the mode and results of sowing
seeds of annual flowering plants in autumn,
570 ; seeds remain for many years in the
earth, and vegetate on meeting with air and
light, 359. 374 ; on the preservation of seeds,
358.
Sewerage, suggestions on, 387.
Shalder's fountain pump, 729.
Shears for summer pruning, 6GS.
Sheds for breakers of stone suggested, 238.
Shennijn, William Johnstone, a brief biography

of, 751.
Shrubberies, defects in the forms of, and means

of avoiding such defects, 152.
Silk, and Silkworm. See Mulberry.
Slugs and snails, Martin's mode of decoying.

149. 370.
Snails, Mr. Martin's modeof decoying, 149. 370;

Mr. Corbett's mode of destroying, 434.
Spider, red, remarks on, 499 ; counter remarks,

735.
Stakes, cast-iron flower-stakes, and same small
wrought-iron stakes for peas or annual plants,
554. 557 ; stakes for standard rose trees, 679.
Starkey, Mrs., her floral decoration of the vil-
lage of Bowness, .527.
Steam from dung linings, a mode of preventing
its injuring plants in frames, 314 ; the steam
apparatus applied by Mr. Smith to his pits at
Cunnoquhie, descril)ed, 328; steam carriages,
their applicability to the improvement of
land, 30 ; Hay's method of heating by steam,
330. 730.
Still, a figure and description of one used in

making liqueurs from fruits, 183.
Stirling agricultural and horticultural exhi-
bition, 113.
Stone, artificial, Austin's works in, 2.37.
Stonebreakers, sheds for, suggested, 2.38.
Straps, leathern bearing, and wallet, 86.
Strawberry, tiles made to accelerate the ripen-
ing of strawberries, and to keep the berries
clean, 4.35; a new kind of strawberry raised
by Mr. Uarke, at Bordesley, near Birming-
ham, 593 ; a grub-worm infests plants of the
strawberry, 92.
Stuttgardt, a notice on, 358.
Sublime de variete, a drink, a method of

making, 183.
Suburban gardens, on the management of, 92.
Succulent plants, the structure and physiology
of, noticed, 234 ; Mr. Kitchen's collection of
succulent plants, noticed, 244.
Sugar, American, obtained from the sap of

species of maple, 502.
Surrey Zoological Gardens, noticed, 594.
Sutton Wash embankment, 589.
Swan River settlement, some account of, 78.
Sweet's Flcywer-Garden, controversy on plants
not hardy being figured and described in it,
87. 368.
Sydney, some notice of its condition, 78.
Syringes figured and described, Warner's, 353;

Siebe's, 354.
Tallies, brick ones, 33-, a numbering-stick on
an improved application of the notch princi-
ple, 32; brick tallies, printed upon before they
are baked, 175 ; directions for preparing
Murray's tallies, 374.
Tar used as manure, 239.
Tea plant, contributions to the history of, 89.

490.
Tectona griindis, on the germination of the

seeds of, 191.
Telescope, Varley's graphic, noticed, 23&
Temperance societies, remarks on, 43.
Temperature. See 'I'hermometer.
Temple Newsham, briefly noticed, 361.
Thames. See Water.

GENKHAL iNUEX.

760

Thcnnomctcr, a sentinel or regulating one, in-
ventetl by Mr. LiniUey, :iO; a self-acting aji-
p:ira(us tor regulating temperature, j() ; ther.
inoineter lor 8teani-pit3 anil hot-bcdu, tigurcd
and described, ji".

Tliistle, the, of Scotland, 3j5.

Thomson, Mr. Archibald, nurseryman, a brief
biography of, 2jii.

Tivoli garden at Vienna described, Gii.

Tobacco, a mode of growing and curing for
smoking plants with, W ; queries on growing,
preparing, and applying tobacco, i'M ; re-
marks on cultivating and curing tobacco, 491 ;
on washing tobacco before burning it, 6i),>.

Tomato, a method of cultivating the, to make
sure of ripening its fruit without artilicial
heat, 174; other remarks on the culture and
keeping of tomatoes, jj.

Tour, horticultural, the Conductor's, in Scot-
land, from Dumfries, by Kirkcudbright, Ayr,
and Greenock, to Paisley, 1. 129. 257. 385.
513; Rivers's, through the Netherlands and
part of France, .'J'Ji ; Mallet's, on the Conti-
nent, 521 ; S[)ence's horticultural notes on a
journey from Rome to Naples, 266.

Training : Hayward's remarks on training and
physiology, 483.653; Seymour's method of
training peach and nectarine trees, 51 ; Hay-
ward's method, 483. 653 ; a mode of training
pear trees described, 539.

Transplanting of large trees, Mr. Howden's
remarks on the, 559; Stuart's mode of trans,
planting deciduous trees and evergreens, 439 ;
a mode of transferring a potted plant from
one not to another without injuring the plant
or breaking its ball of earth, 43 ; Hurdis's
plant transplanter, 6(>'i ; Jesse's apparatus for
transplanting trees and large shrubs, 731.

Travelling, the equipment fittot for, on the
continent of Europe, f<22.

Trevir&na coccinca, a mode of cultivating, 491.

Tree guard, figured and described, 1.54.

Trees newly transplanted supported by pegging
down their roots, 86 ; eflects of shortening
the tap root of trees, 3'j9 ; Stuart's mode of
transplanting deciduous trees and evergreens,
4^39; Mr. Howden's remarks on transplant,
ing and pruning large trees, 559 ; dimensions
and names of very large trees in the Unite<l
States, 152; kinds of tree worth importing
for cultivation in Britain, 3I>6; shears for the
summer pruning of trees, (itiS.

Triumphal arch at the end of Piccadilly, 472.

Truffle, 7"Cll>er cib^rium, its habits in West
Prussia, 443.

Tub for measuring and weighing corn, 466.

Tulips, an instrument for planting the bulbs
of, with, 45; a cheap awning and frame for
supporting the awning for beds of, 45.

Turnip, a superior variety of the Swedish,
figured and described, 57 : on the disease in
turnips called anbury, or fingers and toes, and i
means of remedying it, 3^i'3. 498. I

T'^pha, its seed.down 'proiKwed for bluffing for
bwls, 697.

Vandes, Comtcsso de, the death of, recorded,
2.5(1 ; a walk round the garden of the late,
476: a brief notice of the garden, 361 ; and
of the results of the sale of plants of, 593.

Van Diemen's Land, notices on the condition
and capacities of that country, 77 ; introduc-
tion of goats into, 432.

Vegetables, a " cooking alembic " for the cook-
ing of, 470 ; the Russian mode of preserving
culinary vegetables through the winter, 184.

Venice, state of the horticulture of, 448.

Vermin. See Mole, and Insects, and Crickets.

Versailles, a notice of the public garden at,
52.5.

Vinery, can one be forced under the conditions
stated? 611.

Walks, remarks on the edges of, 86.

Wallet, leathern and bearing straps, 86. 370.

Walls built to an angle of 10 degrees to the
earth's horizon render apple and l»ear trees
trained to them frugiferous, 183; flued walls
in the gardens at Erskine House, Renfrew-
shire, 670.

Washing-machine for familie.s, noticed, 354.

Wasps, a means of destroying, 150.

Water. See Hot water.

Water, on preserving the purity of the water
of the Thames, 464 ; apian for filtering the
water of the Thames, 465 ; water, heated by
the sun's rays passed through lenses, 609.

Waterclosets, public, suggestions on, and forms
for, 389.

Waterworks, Shaw's, at Greenock, 385.

Wells, fountain, their useful agency, and
queries on the causes of their fountain pro-
l)crty, 50i>.

Wellsinkers, an apparatus for, to explode tlieir
blasts, when sinking wells in rocks, 590.

West, Counsellor, his garden near Dublin, no-
ticed, 83. 482.

Wheelbarrow, a Norman, figured and de.
scribed, 238.

Whin (j/'lex europ;e^a\ the origin of the
word whinstone, 369. Sec Furze.

Wine, English champagne, a mode of making,
.541 ; wines from fruit, modes of making, 187.

Wireworm, a query on, 499.

Wood, the kinds of, which will last longest in
the ground without rotting, 196; the proi)er-
tics of various kinds of wood used for fuel,

4as.

Woodlouse, the, is exceedingly destructive to
all stove orchideous plants, (i03 ; a means of
destroying, 148.

Workhouses, and gardens to them, 96.

Yiiccn gloribsa, the flowering of, 80. 745.

Zinc, rolled in plants, a substitute for lead and
slates, 60.

Ziz&nia aquatica, a mode of cultivating, UK).

Zoological Society's gardens noticed, 5;»4.

END OF THE EIGHTH VOLUME.

Lo."<noN :

Printed by A. fc R. Spottiswooile,

New-Streot-Scjuarc.

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