LIBRARY THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA BARBARA PRESENTED BY MRS. ALFRED W. INGALLS IlLTOH ^ €0. ^GARDEN FLOWERS : How TO CULTIVATE THEM./ A TREATISE ON THE CULTURE OF HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, ANNUALS, HERBACEOUS AND BEDDING PLANTS. BY EDWARD SPRAGUE RAND, JR., BOSTON: J. E. TILTON AND COMPANY. 1866. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by EDWARD SPRAGUE RAND, JR., In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusett STEREOTY'PED BY C. J. PETERS & SON, 13 Washington St., Boston. PRESS OF GEO. C. RAND DR. J. P. KIRTLAND, OF CLEVELAND, OHIO, THE PIONEER OF HORTICULTURE IN THE GREAT WEST. INTRODUCTION. IN presenting the present volume, the author can lay but little claim to originality. The work was un- dertaken to supply the want, which has long been felt, of a trustworthy handbook of garden-flowers ; one which should comprise a short treatise on the culture of hardy perennials, biennials, and annuals, as well as the more showy family of bedding-plants. In a Work of a few hundred pages, it is manifestly impossible to give minute directions for the successful cultivation of every plant. The volume is not intended to teach gardening ; but, a knowledge of the several principles of gardening — the preparation of the soil, the appli- cation of manures, the sowing of seed, the formation of hot-beds — being presupposed, it is proposed to teach the peculiar culture each plant may require, to give the soil in which it best succeeds, and to furnish a condensed list of species and varieties best adapted to garden culture, with the height, color of flowers, season of bloom, riative country, and date of intro- v VI INTRODUCTION. duction of each. This first plan has been somewhat amplified ; and all hardy plants, comprising trees and shrubs, have been included, until the present volume comprises short and concise directions for the culture of every plant usually met with in the garden, includ- ing trees, shrubs, and climbers. The labor of compilation has been greatly lessened by adaptations from two English works of somewhat similar character, Glenny's " Handbook of the Gar- den," and Johnson's "Cottage Gardener's Dictionary," books of great value, but almost useless to the Amer- ican florist on account of the great difference in cli- mate between our own country and England, which renders, in many cases, entirely different treatment necessary in the culture of the same plant. Many plants which are hardy in England are not hardy with us, while, strange as it may seem, some plants which survive our severest winters uninjured require frame protection in England. While the heat of our summer's sun will forever prevent our raising such florists' flowers as Pansies, Auriculas, and Pinks, in perfection, the same warm summers enable us to bring many plants to a perfec- tion of bloom unknown in England. The directions for the culture of these florists' flowers are ample, and the list of species of trees will be found very complete. INTRODUCTION. VII The author has experienced great difficulty in the application of the word "hardy" to the various plants. The extent of our country is so great, and the range of temperature so varied, that it is impossible to fix with certainty the exact locality where a plant ceases to be hardy. Much also depends on situation and exposure. Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, respectively, each have many hardy plants which are winter-killed farther north. The Liquidamber is hardy five miles south of Boston, but is killed to the ground each win- ter twenty-five miles north of the same city. Pyrus Japonica stands well as a hedge-plant in Massachu- setts, yet is winter-killed in western New York. These instances might be multiplied a hundred-fold. Again : neighborhood to the sea has much to do with the hardiness of plants, usually operating unfa- vorably ; as also has the protection afforded by snow in each winter. Thus it will be seen no rule of gen- eral application can be laid down. Where a plant is called " hardy," it may be taken as hardy in Massa- chusetts, and, of course, southward ; though often some species of such a plant may require frame protection. In this the author has given the results of his own experience and observation ; and, while he cannot hope to have made no mistake, he trusts tho, experi- VIII INTRODUCTION. ence of others may confirm his near approximation to accuracy. The present volume omits entirely the hardy ferns, which it is proposed to embrace in a forthcoming vol- ume devoted entirely to cryptogamous plants. A companion volume to the present, classifying and describing "Greenhouse Plants" in the same manner, is already in press, which, with his previous work on " Parlor Gardening," and his forthcoming work on " Orchids," now far advanced towards completion, the author hopes will form indispensable companions both to the florist and amateur, and indeed to all, both old and young, who love the culture of flowers, the bright and beautiful gifts which the Author of all good has so lavishly strewn around our earthly path- way, and which, if we rightly read their silent teach- ings, cannot but ennoble and elevate the soul. GLEN RIDGE, January, 1866. GARDEN FLOWERS, HOW TO CULTIVATE THEM. ABIES. Spruce Fir. [Pinaceae.] Hardy evergreen or- namental trees and shrubs, growing in common soil, and increased by seeds and by grafting. A numerous family. A. Ajonesis (Ajona) ; large tree; Siberia. A. alba (white spruce); 50 feet ; May; North America ; 1700. A. alba ttana (dwarf) ; May. A. amabilis (lovely) ; 180 feet ; April ; New Cali- fornia; 1831. A. aromatica (aromatic); 100 feet; Oregon. A. balsamea (balsam-fir) ; 45 feet ; May ; North America. A. bracte- ata (bracted) ; 120 feet ; California. A. Brrinoniana (Brown's) ; 75 feet ; Nepaul. A. Canadensis (Canadian ; hemlock-spruce) ; 85 feet; May; North America; 1736. A. Cephalonica (Cepha- lonian); 60 feet; May; Cephalonia ; 1824. A. concolor (one- colored); mountains of Mexico. A. Doiiglasii (Douglas's) ; 170 feet ; May ; North America ; 1826. A. excelsa (lofty) ; 150 feet ; May ; north of Europe. Carpatica, Clanbrasiliana, gigantea, monstrosa, mucronata, nana, tenuifolia, variegata, and viminalis are all varieties of excelsa. A. falcata (sickle-leaved) ; 35 feet ; Oregon. A. firma (solid); mountains of Japan. A. Fraseri (Eraser's); 30 feet ; May; 1811. A. Fraseri nana (dwirf). A. 10 GARDEN FLOWERS. grandts (great); 170 feet; May; New California; 1831. A. heterophylla (various-leaved) ; 180 feet ; Oregon. A. homolepis (equal-scaled); 25 feet; mountains of Japan. A.JezoensisQezo; spruce-fir); 55 feet; Japan. A. KJmtrow (Khutrow) ; 50 feet; Himalayas. A. lasiocarpa (woolly-coned) ; North-west America ; A. Menziesii (Menzies') ; 60 feet; May; North-west America ; 1831. A. Mertensiana (Merten's) ; Island of Sitcha. A.micro- phylla (small-leaved); 180 feet; Oregon. A. Morinda (Morin- da); 40 feet; North India. A. mucronata (sharp-pointed); 180 feet; Oregon. A. nigra (black-spruce) ; 60 feet ; May; North America; 1700. A. nobilis (noble); 65 feet; North America; 1831. A. Nordmanniana (Nordmann's) ; 80 feet; Crimea. A. obovata (reversed-egg-coned) ; Siberia. A. orientalis (eastern) ; 30 feet ; May; Levant ; 1825. A. picea (pitchy) ; 160 feet ; May ; Germany; 1603. A. picea Apollinis (Apollini) ; Greece. A. picea leioclada (smooth-branched) ; Levant. A. pichta (pitch) ; 50 feet; May; Siberia; 1820. A. Pindrow (Pindrow) ; 100 feet ; May ; Himalayas ; 1837. A. Pinsapo (Pinsapo) ; 65 feet ; Spain; 1838. A. polita (neat); 50 feet; mountains of Japan. A. religiosa (sacred) ; 150 feet ; Mexico. A. rubra (red-spruce) ; 50 feet ; May; North America ; 1755. A. rubra violacea (vio- let). A. rubra arctica (arctic). A. Schrenkiana (Schrenk's) ; Siberia. A. Sitchensis (Sitchan) ; Island of Sitcha. A. trigona (three-angled) ; 300 feet ; Oregon. A. Tsuga (Tsugan) ; North of Japan. A. Tsuga nana (dwarf). A. Webbiana (Webb's) ; 90 feet; Himalayas; 1822. These are all now classed under PINUS. ABOBRA. [Cucurbitaceae.] A very ornamental climber, nearly allied to the ornamental gourds which have of late become so popular. The flowers are greenish and incon- spicuous ; the foliage finely cut, dark-green, and very orna- mental ; the fruit, which is the chief beauty, small, glossy scarlet, freely produced. The plant is dioecious. Raised from seeds, in hot-bed, in pots, and turned out in a rich sunny border, the plants grow rapidly, and before autumn are very showy. It also strikes freely from cuttings. GARDEN FLOWERS. II We know of but one species. The plant is perennial, but succeeds best as an annual. A. viridiflora (green-flowered); tender perennial; 15 feet; flowers green, fruit scarlet, all summer ; South America; 1860. ABRONIA. [Nyctaginaceae.] A very pretty genus of trail- ing plants, which, though properly frame perennials, succeed better with us treated as annuals. The flowers are in heads like a verbena, and cover the plant. Soil, a sandy peat and leaf-mould, though the plants suc- ceed in any good garden soil. Propagated by cuttings rooted in sand in spring, from plants wintered in the green- house ; or, better, by seeds sown in frame in May, and trans- planted to the garden after the weather has become warm. A. umbellata, with rosy-lilac flowers, is the best variety. A. mellifera (honey-bearing); flowers orange, from June to August; California; 1826. A. pulchella (neat); flowers pink, from July to September ; California; 1848. A. rosea (rose-col- ored); flowers rosy-red, July to September; California; 1847. A. umbellata (umbel-flowered); flowers rosy-lilac, all summer; California ; 1825. All the varieties grow about six inches high. ACACIA. [Mimoseae.] The only hardy species of this very extensive genus is A. Julibrissin, which succeeds well south of New York, as a hardy shrub or small tree, in any garden soil. Propagated by cuttings of year-old shoots, or by seeds. • A. Julibrissin (silk- tree) ; hardy tree; I a to 12 feet; flowers pinkish-white, in August; Levant; 1745. ACACIA PSEUDO. See ROBINIA. ACACIA ROSE. See ROBINIA. ACACIA THREE-THORNED. See GLEDITSCHIA. ACAENA. [Sanguisgrbeae.] A family of not very showy perennials, growing in common garden soil, and propagated by seeds or division ; generally tender. 12 GARDEN FLOWERS. A. millefolium (thousand-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers greenish, in September ; south of Europe. A. latebrosa pinnatifida and sericea are other species. ACANTHOLIMON. Prickly Thrift. [Plumbaginacea?.] Dwarf hardy perennials, very pretty ornaments for rock-work. Soil, sandy loam and peat. Propagated by cuttings of the half- ripened shoots in a gentle heat, by division, or by seed. A. glumaceum (gluraaceous). Hardy evergreen perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers rose-color, in June ; Armenia ; 1845. ACANTHUS. BeaSs-Breech. [Acanthaceae.] Hardy her- baceous perennials, somewhat coarse, but of stately appear- ance, the blooms being borne in a tall spike, white and pur- plish, protected by spiny bracts. They grow in any kind of soil, and propagate most readily by division of the root ; also by seeds. A. spinosissimus has beautifully divided leaves. A. Hispanicus (Spanish) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Spain ; 1700. A. mollis (soft) ; hardy peren- nial ; 3 feet ; flowers white and purple, in summer ; Italy ; 1548. The leaves of this species, growing through an old basket, are said to have given the idea of the Corinthian style of architecture. A. niger (black) ;' hardy perennial; 3 feet ; flowers white, in Au- gust; Portugal; 1759. A. spinosissimus (most spiny); hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers purple and white, in summer ; south of Europe ; 1629. A. spinosus (spiny) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Italy ; 1629. These plants, in the most northern States, need slight protection in winter. ACER. Maple. [Aceraceas.] Hardy trees and shrubs. Common soil. Propagated by seeds and layers. Cuttings will strike in the open ground, if inserted in spring and kept moderately moist. The usual method is by seeds, or, in va- riegated or dark-foliaged varieties, by budding, inarching, or grafting on the common maple. A. Austriacum (Austrian maple) ; 40 feet ; flowers green, in GARDEN FLOWERS. 13 May ; Austria. A. barbatum (bearded-calyxed) ; 1 5 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in April ; North America ; 1812. A. campestre (common) ; 25 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in May ; Britain. A. campestre Austriacumj 30 feet; flowers green and yellow, in June ; Austria ; 1 81 2. A. campestre collinum (hill-dwelling) ; 25 feet; flowers green and yellow, in April ; France. A. campestre hebecarpum (downy-fruited) ; 25 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in June ; Britain. A. campestre lavigatum (smooth-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in June. A. campestre nanum (dwarf) ; 6 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in June. A. campes- tre variegatum (variegated) ; 25 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in May ; Britain. Must be grafted or budded. A. circinatum (round-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in April ; Columbia; 1827. A. Creticum (Cretan); 6 feet; flowers in May; Levant; 1752. A. dasycarptim (hairy-fruited); flowers green and yellow, in April; North America; 1725. A. hetero- pJiyllum (various-leaved) ; flowers green and yellow, in May ; Levant; 1759; evergreen. A. Ibericum (Georgian); 40 feet; flowers green; Asiatic; Georgia; flowers yellow; 1826. A. lobatiim (lobed-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers green ; Siberia ; 1820. A. 7>iacrophyllum (long-leaved) ; 25 feet ; flowers green, in May ; North America; 1812. A. montanum (mountain); 25 feet; flowers green and yellow ; North America ; 1750. A. Monspes- sulanum (Montpelier) ; 8 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in May; France; 1739. A. nigrum (black); 40 feet; flowers green and yellow, in April ; North America ; 1812. A.oblongum (oblong-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers green and white ; Nepaul ; 1 824. A . obtusatum (blunt-lobed-leaved) ; 40 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in May; Hungary ; 1825. This is the Nea- politatium of the Italians, and the hybridum of London nurseries. A. obtusifolium (blunt-leaved); 4 feet; flowers green and yel- low, in May ; Crete. A. opulifolium (Guelder-rose-leaved) ; 20 feet; flowers green and yellow, in May; France; 1823. A. opalus (opal) ; 50 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in May ; Italy; 1752. A . palamatum (palmate-leaved) ; 10 feet ; flowers green; Japan; 1820. A. Pennsylvanicum (Pennsylvanian or striped bark) ; 20 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in May ; North 14 GARDEN FLOWERS. America; 1755. A variety of this, striatum, must be increased by grafting or budding. A. platanoides (plane-like) ; 50 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in June ; Europe ; 1683. A. plata- noides laciniatum (cut-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers green and yel- low, in June ; Europe ; 1683. Must be grafted or budded. A. platanoides Lobelli (Lobels) ; 50 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in May; Naples. A. platanoides variegatum (variegated); 30 feet; flowers green and yellow, in June ; Europe; 1683. Must be grafted or budded. A . pseudoplatanus (the sycamore) ; 50 feet; flowers green and yellow, in April; Britain. A. pseudo- platanus purpureum (purple-leaved) ; flowers purple, in May ; 1828. A . pseudoplatanus subobtusum (slightly blunt-leaved) ; 50 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in May. A. pseudoplatanus variegatum (variegated) ; 50 feet ; flowers green and yellow, in April ; Britain. Must be grafted or budded. A. rubrum (red-flowered or swamp-maple). There are two varieties, one with leaves variegated with white, and the other with yellow ; 20 feet; flowers red, in April ; North America ; 1656. A.sacchari- num (sugar-maple) ; 40 feet ; flowers yellow, in April ; North America; 1735. A. Tartaricum (Tartarian); 20 feet; flowers green and yellow, in May ; Tartary ; 1759. ACHTLLEA. Milfoil. [Composite.] Hardy herbaceous perennials ; many of the kinds weedy, but some very pretty. They are free-flowering, easily grown in common soil, and propagated by division of the plant, by cuttings, and by seed. A. Clavennce (Clavenna's) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers white, in June and July ; Austria ; 1656. A. ptarmica flore plena (double Sneezewort); hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in July; gardens. A. toinentosa (woolly); hardy peren- nial ; 9 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; England. There are some thirty other species; all, except one (A. sEgyptiaca) hardy perennials. The flowers of all are white or yellow. ACHYRANTHES. See IRESINE. Acis. [Amaryllidaceas.] Hardy bulbs ; small, but very GARDEN FLOWERS. 15 pretty. Soil, light sandy loam. Propagated by offsets from the bulbs, which should be carefully separated, and planted where they may not be disturbed. In the Northern States, a slight winter protection will be found necessary. A. autumnalis (autumnal) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white and pink, in September; Portugal; 1629. A. grandi- florus (large-flowered) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in August; Numidia ; 1820. A. rosea (rosy); hardy bulb; 6 inches ; flowers rose-colored, in August and September ; Corsi- ca; 1820. A. trichophyllus (hair-leaved); 6 inches; flowers white, in early spring ; Spain ; 1820. ACONITUM. Monkshood. [Ranunculaceag.] Hardy per- ennials, with showy, curious hood-shaped flowers. Soil, any common loam. Propagated by parting the roots, which is best done after the bloom declines in the autumn. Divide the root into as many pieces as there are hearts to the plant, with a portion of root to each, and plant them in nursery- beds about a foot apart : the plants, however, need not be parted for several years ; for, the larger they spread, the more showy they are. Once in three or four years is often enough to disturb the plant ; and even then, if it be too large, you may cut away some all round to lessen it, without digging the main plant up. Propagated also by seeds. Many of the species do well in partially shaded places. All species are poisonous, and possess powerful medical properties. There are about one hundred and thirty species, of which about ninety are tuberous-rooted, and the remainder fibrous- rooted. The following are good species : — A. autumnale (autumnal); hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers deep-blue, in autumn; China; 1846. A. Chinense (Chinese); hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in September ; China ; 1833. A. Japonicum (Japanese) ; hardy perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; Japan. A, ATapellus (Monkshood) ; 1 6 GARDEN FLOWERS. hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers blue, in June and July ; Europe ; 1596. A. ochroleucum (yellowish-white); hardy perennial; 3 feet ; flowers yellowish-white, in June and July ; Caucasus ; 1794. A.speciosum (showy) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet; flowers blue, in July ; 1804. A. variegattim (variegated) ; hardy peren- nial ; 5 feet ; flowers blue and white, in July ; south of Europe. ACORUS. [Orontiaceae.] A small genus of hardy peren- nials with gladiate leaves, which succeed well in moist gar- den soil. Easily propagated by division. A. calamus is the sweet-flag of druggists. A. calamus (sweet-flag) ; 2 feet ; flowers green, in June ; Eng- land. A. gramineus (grassy) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers green, leaves very flagrant; China; 1796. A. terrestris (land) ; i foot ; flowers green, in June ; China ; 1822. ACROLINIUM. [Compositas.] A beautiful half-hardy an- nual. Soil, sandy peat and loam. Propagated by seeds. A. roseum (rosy) ; half-hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers rose- pink, in June ; Swan River ; 1853. ACT^EA. [RanunculacecE.] A family of hardy peren- nials, conspicuous for their white flowers and red or white berries^ succeeding in any garden soil, but preferring a moist, half-shaded position. Propagated by division of the root in early spring and by seeds. A. alba (white); hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers and berries white, in May and August ; North America. A. rubra (red) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; berries bright- red, in August ; North America. These two have been consid- ered varieties of A. spicata, but seem sufficiently distinct to con- stitute species. A. spicata (spiked) ; herb Christopher ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May ; England. ACTINOMERIS. [Composite.] Half-hardy ornamental perennials, nearly allied to Coreopsis, and of easy culture in any good garden soil. Propagated by division of the root and by seed. GARDEN FLOWERS. I/ A. alata (winged) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July; Mexico; 1803. A. helianthoides (sunflower-like); hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers yellow, in July; Louisiana; 1825. A. procera (tall) ; hardy perennial ; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, in September; North America ; 1766. A. squarrosa (spreading) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; North Ameri- ca ; 1640. ADAM'S NEEDLE. See YUCCA. ADENOPHORA. [Campanulacese.] Hardy herbaceous plants related to and resembling Campanula, thriving in common garden soil, and easily propagated by division. A. denticulata (denticulated) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flow- ers blue, in June and July ; Siberia ; 1817. A. intermedia (inter- mediate); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers pale-blue, from July to September ; Siberia; 1819. A. vcrticillata (whorled) ; hardy perennial; 2 feet ; flowers pale-blue, in June ; Siberia; 1783. ADENOSTOMA. [Sanguisorbaceae.] A hardy shrub nearly allied to Alchimilla.. Propagated by cuttings of the young shoots, rooted in sand under a bell-glass in spring. Soil, rich peaty loam. Requires protection in winter in more Northern States. A. fasciculata (fascicled) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June ; California; 1848. ADLUMIA. [Fumariacese.] A very pretty hardy biennial climber ; flowers white, tipped with pink ; foliage finely cut and very ornamental. Seeds sown in May produce plants which climb and flower the following year. Propagated by seeds. As with all biennials, to insure bloom every year, seed must be sown each spring : in rich soil, however, the seed sows itself and the plants come up without further trouble. The genus is nearly allied to Corydalis. A. cirrhosa (tendril bearing); hardy biennial; 8 to 15 feet;* flowers white, rose tipped, all summer ; North America ; 1778. ADONIS. Pheasanfs Eye. [Ranunculaceae.] Hardy an- 1 8 GARDEN FLOWERS. nuals and perennials, with pretty poppy-like blooms. Com- mon garden soil. The annuals may be sown in pots in February, a few in a three-inch pot, and kept under glass until May, when, if planted out with their ball of earth entire in the borders, they will flower directly; or they may be sown in patches in the open border or in beds, about May. The fault of the Flos Adonis as a garden plant is, that the bloom is scanty. The perennials like a cool situation, but require no peculiar culture : they are propagated by dividing the roots. There are several species. ANNUALS. A. aestivalis (summer) ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; south of Europe; 1629. A. autumnalis (autumnal; Flos Adonis, Pheasant's Eye); 18 inches; flowers crimson, in July; England. A. citrina (citron-colored); i foot; flowers orange, in June ; south of Europe ; 1819. PERENNIALS. A. Appenina (Appenine) ; i foot ; flowers yel- low, in May; Europe. A, Daurica (Dahurican) ; i foot ; flow- ers yellow, in May ; Siberia; 1827. A. distorta (distorted) ; i foot; flowers yellow, in spring; Naples; 1827. A. Pyrenaica (Pyrenean) ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Pyrenees ; 1817. A. Siberica (Siberian) ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in May; Siberia ; 1827. A. vernalis (spring); i foot; flowers yellow, in April; Europe; 1629. A. Volgensis (Volga) ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in May; Russia; 1818. ^EGOCHLOA. [Polemoniaceae.] Dwarf hardy annuals, nearly allied to Gilia, and requiring the same management. They grow in ordinary light garden soil ; and seeds require to be sown about the middle of May in patches in the flower- borders, the young plants being thinned out while young, so that they may not grow up crowded. The genus is now called Navarrettia. &. cotulafolia (cotula-leaved) ; hardy annual ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in June ; California ; 1833. sE. intertexta (inter- woven) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers blue, in June ; Califor- GARDEN FLOWERS. 19 nia ; 1 833. ;E. pubescens (downy) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flow- ers blue, in June ; California; 1833. ^?. sguarrosa (spreading) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in August ; Santa Cruz ; 1847- ^ESCULUS. [Sapindaceae.] The Horse-chestnut is too well known to need description. All the species are hardy orna- mental trees, flourishing in rich loam, of stately growth, alike desirable both for foliage and flower. Propagated by seed, layers, or by grafting. jE. glabra (smooth-leaved) ; 1 2 feet ; flowers greenish-yellow, in May ; North America ; 1812. ^E. hippocastanum (common Horse-chestnut) ; 40 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Asia ; 1629. ^E. hippocastanum flore-pleno (double-flowered); 40 feet; flowers white, in May ; gardens. ^E. hippocastanum foliis argenteis (silver-leaved) ; 40 feet ; flowers white, in May ; gardens. ;E. hippocastanum variegatum (commmon striped-leaved) ; 16 feet ; flowers white, in May; Asia; 1629; layers. JE. Ohiotensis (Ohio) ; 30 feet ; flowers white, in May ; North America. ^E. pallida (pale-flowered) ; 1 2 feet ; flowers greenish-yellow, in June; North America; 1812; grafts or buds. JE. rubicunda (red-flowered); 12 feet; flowers red, in June; North America; grafts or buds ; 1 820. The double-flowered variety is very desirable. ^ETHIOISUEMA. [Cruciferas.] Annuals and perennials of low growth succeeding in light soil. Propagated by summer cuttings, or by seed sown in spring. ANNUALS. ;E. Buxbaumii (Buxbaum's) ; 6 inches ; flowers pale-red, in June ; Levant ; 1 823. ^E. gracile (slender) ; 3 inches ; flowers pale-red, in June ; Carniola ; 1823. ^E. saxatile (rock) ; 6 inches ; flowers flesh-color, in June ; south of Europe ; 1759- PERENNIALS. ^E. heterocarpum (various-podded) ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in July ; Armenia ; 1837. jE. membranaceum (membranous); i foot; flowers lilac, in June; Persia; 1829. jE. monospermum (one-seeded) ; 6 inches ; flowers pale-purple, 2O GARDEN FLOWERS. in July; Spain; 1778. ^f. parviflorum (small-flowered); 6 inches ; flowers lilac, in July; Persia ; 1830. AFRICAN MARIGOLD. See TAGETES. AGATH^EA. [Composite.] Greenhouse sub-shrubby plants, useful for the summer decoration of the flower-garden. Good garden soil, or loam and leaf-mould. Propagated freely by- cuttings in August or February, the young plants being kept in a frame or greenhouse, and planted out in May. A. ccelestis (heavenly); frame sub-shrub; 1 8 inches ; flowers pale-blue, from May onwards ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1753. A. linifolia (flax-leaved) ; frame sub-shrub; 18 inches ; flowers blue, all summer ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1800. AGERATUM. [Composite.] Hardy or half-hardy annuals, which may, however, be kept as perennials, by cuttings or in pots, if not allowed to ripen seed. Light rich soil. Propa- gated by seeds, which should be sown in April, in a frame, and the plants pricked out in the open border in May, not less than six inches apart. The best is A. Mexicanum. A. Mexicanu m*vel odoratum (Mexican or fragrant) ; half-hardy annual; 18 inches; flowers blue, all summer; Mexico; 1822. A. angnstifolium ; from Monte Video ; has white flowers, in July. A. strictum ; from Nepaul ; has white flowers, in June. A. cceruleum ; from the West Indies ; has sky-blue flowers, in July. AGRIMONIA. [Rosaceas.] Hardy herbaceous perennials, easily propagated by division of the root, and growing in common garden soil. The genus is allied to Potentilla. A. Eupatoria (Eupatoria) ; hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers yellow, in June ; Great Britain. A. odorata (scented) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July and August ; Italy ; 1640. A. suaveolens (sweet-smelling) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Virginia ; 1820. AGROSTEMMA. [Caryophyllaceae.] Hardy perennials, GARDEN FLOWERS. 21 with Lychnis-like flowers. They should be planted in a pre- pared rich loamy soil, and are increased by division. The species commonly known as Rose Campion (A. cor- onaria) is now referred to Lychnis. A. Bitngeana (Bunge's) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers scarlet, in July; Asiatic Russia; 1834. A. Pyrenaica (Pyre- nean) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale-rose, in June ; Py- renees ; 1819. A. Suecica (Swedish) ; i foot ; flowers pink, in August ; Sweden ; 1834. AGROSTIS. [GraminaceEe.] A very beautiful annual or- namental grass. Easily grown from seed sown in light loamy soil. If grown in a frame, in pots, the plants develop well and are very ornamental. A . pulchella (neat) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; apetalous, flower panicle slender, much branched; Italy; 1831. A. dulcis, ele- gans, laxiflora, nebulosa, plumosa, and retrofracta are fine new varieties, all succeeding with similar treatment. AJUGA. Bugle. [Labiatae.] Hardy perennials or an- nuals, the latter of little interest in gardens ; some of the former are neat plants for damp rock-work, or for flower- borders in a cool situation. Common damp garden soil. Propagated by division. A. alpina (alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in May ; England. A. Genevensis (Geneva) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, from May to July ; Switzerland ; 1656. A. pyramidalis (pyramidal) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers blue, in May and June ; Britain. A. rep tans (common) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in May and June ; England. There are white-flowered and red-flowered varieties of this. • AILANTHUS. [Xanthoxylaceae.] Tree of Heaven. De- ciduous trees formerly extensively planted on account of their rapid growth and graceful foliage, but now generally 22 GARDEN FLOWERS. discarded on account of the vile smell of the blossoms. Cuttings and seed. Dry soil. A. glandulosa (glanded) ; hardy tree ; 20 feet ; flowers green ; China ; 1751. ALCHEMILLA. Lady's Mantle. [Sanguisorbaceae.] Har- dy perennials. Common soil. Propagated by division. The species have all insignificant flowers, but a pretty foliage. A. alpina, conjuncta, and sericea are the most inter- esting. A. Capensis and sibbaldicefolia are greenhouse plants. Some other hardy species are A.fissa and pentaphylla. ALDER. See ALNUS. ALETRIS. Colic Root. [Liliaceae.] Curious hardy peren- nials, requiring a cool, moist situation and peaty soil, and to be 'in a shady place. Propagated by offsets. A. aurea (golden-tipped) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow,, in July; North America; 1811. A. farinosa (mealy); hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1768. ALISMA. Water Plantain. [Alismaceae.] Hardy water plants. The plants maybe planted in the muddy soil of the margins of ponds or lakes ; or potted into large pots, and the pots set into water deep enough to cover them. Propagated by seeds, or division of the roots. A. lanceolata (spear -leaved) ; hardy aquatic perennial; 18 inches ; flowers pinkish-white, in July; England. A. plantago (plantain) ; hardy aquatic perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blush, in July; England. A. ranunculoides (ranunculus-like); hardy aquatic perennial ; I foot ; flowers purplish, in August ; Britain. A. trivialis ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1816. ALLIUM. Garlic. [Liliaceae.] Hardy bulbs. Good loamy soil. Propagated by offsets. A. acuminatum (sharp-pointed) ; half-hardy-bulb ; i foot ; flowers white and crimson, in March; California; 1847. A. GARDEN FLOWERS. 23 azureum (azure) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers blue, in Septem- ber ; Siberia; 1830. A. bisulcum (jonquil-leaved) ; hardy bulb; I foot; flowers purple, in June ; south of Europe. A. Co-want (Cowan's) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Chili ; 1823. A. flavum (yellow) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June; Austria; 1759. A. longifolium (long-leaved); hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers dark purplish-red, in September ; Mexico ; 1826. A. Moly (Moly) ; hardy bulb ; I foot ; flowers yellow, in June ; south of Europe ; 1604. A. Neapolitanum (Neapolitan) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Italy ; 1824. There are about one hundred and twenty other species, some of which are ornamental ; but the above list com- prises the best. ALMOND. See AMYGDALUS. ALNUS. [Betulaceae.] Hardy deciduous trees, with apeta- lous flowers, growing freely in moist situations. The tree is short-lived, but very useful where a temporary shade is needed. Propagated by layers or seeds. A. barbata (bearded); flowers in March ; Russia ; 1838. A. Canadensis (Canadian) ; flowers in June ; Canada. A. cordifolia (heart-leaved) ; flowers in June ; Naples ; 1818. A. glauca (milky-green) ; flowers in June ; North America ; 1820. A. glu- tinosa (sticky) ; flowers in April ; Britain. A. glutinosa emar- ginata (five-notched-leaved) ; flowers in April ; Britain. A. glu- tinosa foliis variegatis (variegated-leaved) ; flowers in April ; Britain. A. glutinosa incisa (cut-leaved) ; flowers in April ; Bri- tain. A. glutinosa laciniata (jagged-leaved) ; flowers in April ; Britain. A. glutinosa quercifolia (oak-leaved) ; flowers in April ; Britain; 1838. A. incana (hoary-leaved); 20 feet; flowers in June; Europe; 1780. A. incana angulata (angular-leaved); 20 feet. A. incana pinnata (pinnate) ; 26 feet ; flowers in June ; Europe. A. Jorullensis (Jorulla) ; Mexico. A. macrocarpa (long-fruited) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June. A, macrophylla (long- leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June ; Naples. A.obcordata (two- lobed) ; flowers in March ; Russia. A. oblongata (oblong-leaved); 24 GARDEN FLOWERS. 20 feet; flowers in June ; south of Europe ; 1730. A. oblongata elliptica (elliptic-lobed) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June. A. oxyacan- thifolia (oxycanth-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June. A. pumila (dwarf); 10 feet; flowers in June. A. rubra (red); 20 feet; flowers in Jane. A. rugosa (wrinkled) ; flowers in March ; North America. A.serrulata (saw-leaved); 20 feet; flowers in June ; North America ; 1769. A. Siberica (Siberian) ; Siberia; 1820. A. subrotunda (roundish-leaved) ; 23 feet ; flowers in April. A. imdulata (wave-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June ; North Amer- ica ; 1782. ALONSOA. [Scrophulariaceae.] Greenhouse or half-hardy evergreen sub-shrubs, with pretty scarlet flowers. Soil, sandy loam and leaf-mould, equal parts. Propagated by seeds sown in March in a hot-bed ; the seedlings pricked out when large enough, and by the end of April potted separately into small pots> and then hardened off in cold frames for planting out. Cuttings planted in sandy soil, and put in a hot-bed in spring, should be treated in the same way as soon as they are rooted : during summer they will root freely under a hand-glass, on a shady border. For pot blooming, strong young plants should be selected in March, and shifted into larger pots as they grow, the stronger branches being stopped to make the plants bushy ; they should be grown in a green- house, or a well-glazed frame. The plants require plenty of air, and to be kept from frost in winter. A. acutifolia (acute) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, from May to October ; Peru ; 1790. A. incisifolia (cut- leaved) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, from May to October ; Chili ; 1795. A. linearis (linear) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, from May to October ; Peru ; 1790. A. Warczewicziij greenhouse perennial; 18 inches; flowers crimson scarlet, all summer ; Peruvian Andes ; 1854. ALOYSIA. [Verbenaceae.] A greenhouse shrub, which, kept in a cellar in winter, succeeds well in the border in GARDEN FLOWERS. 25 summer. It is chiefly cultivated for the leaves, which pos- sess a pleasant lemon-like fragrance, whence the common name " Lemon verbena." The flowers are in spikes purplish- white and inconspicuous. Soil, sandy loam and leaf-mould. Propagated by cuttings, which root freely in sand in March from the old wood, in August from the new. A. citriodora (lemon-scented) ; greenhouse shrub ; i to 5 feet ; flowers purplish-white, in summer ; Chili ; 1784. ALSINE. [Caryophyllaceae.] Hardy annuals, some of which are rather pretty. A. laricifolia, introduced from Si- beria in 1834, is a perennial ; propagated by division. A. mucronafa, molluginea, pubescens, and segetalis, are pretty an- nual species with white flowers. Propagated by seeds. ALTHAEA. Marsh Mallow. [Malvaceae.] Hardy annuals, biennials, and perennials, but, excepting the Hollyhocks (A. rosea and ficifolia J, of little horticultural importance. Com- mon garden soil. Propagated, the annuals and biennials, by seeds ; the perennials, by division of the root. The Hollyhock (Althcea rosea) is a noble flower ; and the varieties are becoming so numerous, and so much improved, that it is an established favorite. It is raised from seed, and multiplied by parting the roots ; the former to produce new varieties, the latter to propagate old ones. In autumn the old plants must be dug up and parted, each heart being separated with a portion of root to it. These are to be planted out in a nursery-bed one foot apart, or they may be ' planted at once where they are to bloom. They will stand three years, or even more, if a large plant and a num- ber of spikes of flower be the object. Even in parting them, they need not be divided into single hearts, unless increase is desired. Choice varieties may be increased by cuttings of the flowering stems ; every leaf, with a portion of the old stem containing a bud, being capable of forming a plant if 26 GARDEN FLOWERS. treated as a cutting. They are best planted at the back of borders, or in the midst of shrubs, the plants being in no way interesting ; but the flower-spikes, which are produced at the upper part of the stem, are very noble objects. The variety of color afforded by this plant is now considerable, and some varieties are very rich and distinct. They bloom from the latter part of July to September. A.ficifolia (Antwerp Hollyhock); hardy biennial ; 6 feet; flow- ers various, in July; Levant; 1597. A. rosea (common holly- hock) ; hardy biennial, or perennial by culture ; 8 to 10 feet ; flowers various, in July ; Levant ; 1573. For the newest varieties of double Hollyhocks consult the florists' catalogues, where a large list may be found, with colors and habit described. ALYSSUM. Madwort. [Cruciferae.] Dwarf hardy peren- nials, or sub-shrubby plants, with cruciferous flowers. A. saxatile is very suitable for rock-work, or the front part of a flower-border, and forms a beautiful spring-blooming bed in the flower-garden. It is increased by cuttings. Good gar- den soil. The herbaceous species are propagated by divi- sion, the sub-shrubby ones by cuttings. Vigorous two-year- old plants are the best for blooming : the others are unim- portant. The plant commonly called Sweet Alyssum is not of this genus : it is Koniga maritima. A. saxatile (rock); hardy sub-shrubby perennial; i foot; flowers yellow, in April ; Candia ; 1710. There are some twenty other species, all with white or yellow flowers. AMARANTHUS. Amaranth. [Amaranthaceae.] Hardy and half-hardy annuals, sometimes showy from the large masses of rich-colored flowers, as in A. caudatus, in which they droop, and A. hypochondriacus, in which they grow GARDEN FLOWERS. 2/ erect ; sometimes grown for the curiously-colored foliage, as in A. tricolor. Soil for the hardy sorts, rich garden mould. These are propagated by seeds sown in the open borders in April, the young plants thinned out to six inches apart. The tender sorts require a light and highly manured soil (equal parts light loam, leaf-mould, and decayed manure), and must be sown in a hot-bed in April, and carefully tended till the weather becomes settled, and then planted out. A. mel- ancholicus is a very dark-foliaged species, which is now very popular for massing. A. atropurpureus (dark-purple) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; leaves and flowers purple, in September; East Indies; 1820. A, bi- color (two-colored) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; leaves red and green, in August ; East Indies ; 1802. A. caudatus (Love-lies-bleed- ing) ; hardy annual ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in August ; East In- dies ; 1596. A. hypochondriacus (Prince's feather); hardy an- nual ; 3 to 4 feet ; flowers crimson, in August ; Virginia ; 1684. A. spedosus (showy) ; hardy annual ; 6 feet ; flowers red, in July ; Nepaul ; 1819. A. tricolor (three-colored) ; tender annual; 2 feet ; foliage variegated, — red, green, and yellow ; East Indies ; 1548. AMBERBOA. [Compositae.] Hardy annuals. Plant in rich garden soil. Propagated by seeds sown in the open border in May. A. moschata (Sweet-Sultan); hardy annual; 2 feet; flowers lilac-purple, in July ; Persia ; 1629. A. suavolens (Yellow-Sul- tan) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Levant ; 1683. AMELANCHIER. [Rosaceas.] Hardy deciduous shrubs, sometimes attaining to the height of trees, bearing snowy- white flowers early in the season, followed by dark-purple edible berries. Propagated by seeds, layers, and grafting on thorn or quince. Called also June-berry and shad-bush. A. Botryapium (snowy Mespilus) ; hardy tree ; 12 feet ; flow- 28 GARDEN FLOWERS. ers white, in May ; North America ; 1746. This and A.florida, and variety parviflora ; ovalis, and varieties semi-integrifolia, subcordata, oblongifolia, rotundifolia, alnifolia, sanguinea, and oligocarpa, — all seem varieties of one species, A. Canadensis, to which all can readily be referred. All are natives of North America. A . vulgaris (common) ; 6 feet ; south of Europe ; 1596. AMERICAN COWSLIP. See DODOCATHEON. AMBLYOLEPIS. [Compositae.] A pretty and fragrant hardy annual. Common garden soil. Propagated by seeds sown in May. A. setigera (bristly) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in August ; East Indies. AMETHYSTEA. [Lamiaceae.] A pretty hardy annual. Sow the seeds in May in a light peaty soil, cover slightly, and thin out as they grow. Propagated by seeds. A . ccerulea (blue) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in July; Siberia; 1759. AMMOBIUM. [Composite.] Half-hardy herbaceous plants, flourishing in common garden soil. Propagated by cuttings and seed. A. alatum (winged) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in June ; New Holland ; 1822. A. plantagyneum (plan- tain-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers white, in August; New Holland; 1827. AMMYRSINE. [Ericaceae.] Dwarf hardy evergreen shrubs, separated from Ledum; conspicuous for masses of white flowers in June, and for neat evergreen foliage. They suc- ceed well in a Rhododendron bed. A damp peaty soil will grow them in perfection, if well sheltered from the direct sun- light. Propagated by layers. A. buxifolium (box-leaved) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May and June ; North America ; 1736. A. GARDEN FLOWERS. 2Q prostrata (flat-lying) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 inches ; flow- ers white, in May and June ; North America. AMMOGETON. [Compositae.] A hardy herbaceous per- ennial, thriving in sandy loam. Propagated by division of the root. A. scorzonerifolium (scorzonera-leaved) ; hardy herbaceous perennial ; I foot ; flowers yellow, in May ; North America ; 1834. AMORPHA. [Leguminosae.] Deciduous hardy shrubs, called also Bastard Indigo, natives of North America, thriv- ing in common garden soil. Propagated by seed or layers. The tips of the shoots are very liable to be winter-killed. A. herbacea, Lewisii, nana, and microphylla, require winter protection in the Northern States. A.fragrans (fragrant) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in July; North America ; 1800. A. fruticosa (shrubby) ; hardy shrub; 6 feet; flowers purple, in July; Carolina; 1724. A. microphylla (small-leaved) ; half-hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in August; Missouri; 1811. A. nana (dwarf); half- hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in August ; Missouri ; 1811. AMPELOPSIS. [Vitaceas.] Hardy deciduous climbing shrubs. The Virginian Creeper {A. hederacea) is one of the best of all plants, not evergreen, for covering a large space of bare wall or fence, thriving in the most confined situations : in autumn the leaves assume a rich crimson tint. Common garden soil. Propagated by layers, cuttings, and seeds. This plant is commonly known as Woodbine in the Northern States. A. bipinnata (double-winged); half-hardy climber; 15 feet; flowers greenish, in August ; North America ; 1700. A. cordata (heart-leaved) ; half-hardy climber ; 20 feet ; flowers greenish, in May; North America; 1803, These two require winter pro- 3O GARDEN FLOWERS. tection in the Northern States. A. hederacea (Virginian creep- er) ; hardy climbing shrub ; 60 feet ; flowers greenish, in June ; North America; 1629. A. hirsuta (hairy); hardy climbing shrub ; 60 feet ; flowers greenish, in May ; North America ; 1806. AMPHEREPHIS. [Composite.] A very pretty floriferous plant, of easy culture in good garden soil. Sow the seeds in May, in the open border, and thin out the plants. A. aristata (awned) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers purple, in July ; Caraccas ; 1824. A. intermedia (intermediate); hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers purple or lavender, in August ; Bra- zil; 1821. A. mutica (awnless) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers purple, in July ; South America ; 1803. AMSONIA. [Apocynacece.] Very neat pretty hardy per- ennials, thriving in common garden soil, propagated by divi- sion of the root, or by cuttings, in summer. A. angustifolia (narrow-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in June; North America; 1774. A. latifolia (broad-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; North America; 1759. A. salicifolia (willow-leaved); hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; North America ; 1812. AMYGDALUS. Almond. [Rosaceae.] Small deciduous flow- ering trees and shrubs. The double-flowered varieties are particularly beautiful. All grow freely in good loamy well- drained garden soil. Propagated by budding on plum- stocks ; the shrubs by transplanting the suckers, or by lay- ering. A. communis (common) ; hardy tree, 15 feet ; flowers pink, in April; Barbary ; 1548. A. incana (hoary); hardy shrub; 2 feet ; flowers red, in April ; Caucasus. A. nana (common dwarf) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers pink, in April ; Russia ; 1683. A , pumila (double dwarf) ; hardy shrub; 4 feet ; flowers red, in April ; China ; 1683. There are about a dozen or more varieties of the common GARDEN FLOWERS. 31 almond. Most of these will survive the winter as far north as the peach-tree can live. They flower, but seldom fruit. The sweet almonds are more tender than the bitter vari- eties. To make the dwarf flowering-almond flower to great- est advantage, cut the plant off close to the ground as soon as the bloom has faded. ANACYCLUS. [Composite.] A genus of hardy annuals, with rayed flowers of no special beauty. Easily grown in common garden soil. Propagated by seeds. A. Alexandrinus (Alexandrian); i foot; flowers yellow, in July; Egypt ; 1828. A.aureus (golden); I foot; flowers yel- low, in August ; Levant ; 1570. A. da-vatus (clavate) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Barbary ; 1810. A. pyrethrum (like pyrethrum) ; 2 feet; flowers white, in August ; Barbary; 1837. A. radiatus (rayed) ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in August ; south of Europe ; 1 596. ANAGALLIS. Pimpernel. [Primulaceae.] Hardy and half- hardy slender annuals and herbaceous perennials, of pros- trate habit. The hardy annuals are sown in May in the open border, and are propagated by seeds. The half-hardy sorts are increased by cuttings, planted in March in hot- beds, or in July or August under a hand-glass, and when potted off, should be grown in three parts loam and one part peat, and preserved during winter in a greenhouse. They all do well in beds and borders in the flower-garden. A. alternifolia (alternate-leaved) ; perennial ; I foot ; flowers yellow and pink, in May ; Rio Janeiro ; 1839. A. carnea (flesh- colored) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers flesh-colored, in Au- gust ; Switzerland ; 1819. A. Indica (Indian) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June; Nepaul ; 1824. A. Marryattce (Mrs. Maryatt's) ; half-hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers cop- per-colored, in June ; garden hybrid. A. Afonelli (Monelli's) ; half-hardy herbaceous trailer ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June ; Italy ; 1648. A. var, Breuuerii has red flowers. A lilacina has 32 GARDEN FLOWERS. pale-lilac flowers. A. Piicsnecia has scarlet flowers ; introduced from Morocco in 1803. A. Phillipsii has blue flowers. A. Wil- moreana has purple flowers ; introduced from Madeira in 1834. A. Webbiana (Webb's) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July; Portugal; 1828. A. Wellsiana (Wells's) ; half- hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers copper-color, in July ; hybrid. There are numerous seeding varieties. ANANTHERIX. [Asclepiadaceae.] A hardy herbaceous plant of no special beauty, growing in any garden soil, and readily increased by division. A -viridis (green) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers green and yellow, in September ; North America ; 1812. ANARRHINUM. Very pretty half-hardy biennials, allied to Antirrhinum. Seed sown in summer will give bloom the following year. Common garden soil. May also be increased by cuttings. Winter in cold frame. A. bellidifolium (daisy-leaved) ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in July; France; 1629. A. fruticosuin (shrubby) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July; south of Europe > 1826. A.pubescens (downy) ; 1 8 inches ; flowers white, in July ; south of Europe ; 1818. ANASTATICA. [Cruciferae.] An annual plant of the Egyp- tian deserts, called Rose of Jericho. When full grown, it contracts its rigid branches inta a ball, and is blown about by the wind ; when it alights upon a damp place the branch- es relax as if it came to life ; hence the name of Resurrec- tion Flower. Aside from this, it is a plant of no interest, the flowers being small and white. It grows readily from seed, but needs a warm exposure. A. Hierochnntina (Rose of Jericho); hardy annual; 18 inches ; flowers white, in July ; Levant ; 1597. ANCHUSA. Bugloss. [Boraginaceae.J A genus of orna- mental herbaceous plants, comprising perennials, biennials, and annuals. They all grow freely in common garden soil. GARDEN FLOWERS. 33 The perennials are increased by division and seeds ; the bi- ennials and annuals by seed. As they transplant badly, they should be sown where they are to bloom. The flowers of most of the species — of which there are more than thirty — are blue ; but A. angustifolia, lep- tophylla, petiolata, and undulata, have purple flowers ; A. incarnccta has flesh-colored, and A. ochroleuca and its vari- eties, have yellowish-white ; A. myosotiflora has pink flowers. A. Capensis and pulchella require greenhouse protection. The following are good species : — A • aggregata (cluster-flowered) ; hardy annual ; flowers blue, in June ; Levant; 1827. A. amcena (pleasing) ; hardy annual; flowers blue, in June ; south of Europe; 1817. A. Barrelieri (Barrelier's) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in May ; south of Europe ; 1820. A. Capensis (Cape) ; greenhouse bi- ennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1800. A. Milleri (Miller's) ; hardy annual ; 1 8 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; Levant 51713. A. ochroleuca (yellowish) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-yellow, in July ; Mount Cauca- sus ; 1810. A. paniculata (panicled) ; hardy perennial ; 3. feet ; flowers blue, in June; Madeira; 1777. A. tinctoria (alkanet); hardy biennial, or perennial ; 1 8 inches ; flowers purple, in June ; Montpelier ; 1596. ANDROMEDA. [Ericaceae.] Beautiful evergreen shrubs, principally hardy, but a few requiring a greenhouse or stove. Soil, good rich moist peat, or peat with a third part loam. They are best propagated from layers, put down in Septem- ber, and taken off the following autumn. The seeds are very small, and require to be sown as soon as ripe, very lightly covered, and set in a cool close frame; but this is too tedious a process, except with very rare kinds. Perhaps A.floribunda maybe set down as one of the most useful of all dwarf shrubs ; for it looks well from the time the bloom- 3 34 GARDEN FLOWERS. buds first appear till they are dead, and that comprises one- half the entire year. There are some forty species, most of which are hardy ; the genus has, however, by later botanists been separated into Leucothce, Cassandra, Oxydendrum, and Cassiope : of A. polifotia there are many garden varieties. The following are most ornamental : — A. (Leucothoe) axillaris (axil-flowering) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1765. A. (Cassandra) calyculata (small-calyxed) ; hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in March ; North America ; 1748. A. (Leucothoe) Catesbeei (Catesby's) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1793. A. floribunda (free- flowering) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May; North America ; 1812. A . polifolia (poly-leaved) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; i foot ; flowers pink, in July ; North America ; 1790. A. Mariana (stagger-bush) ; hardy .deciduous shrub ; 3 feet; flowers large white, in June; North America; 1763. Oxy- dendrum arboreum (sorrel-tree) is a very ornamental tree of the second class, bearing in August large racemes of white flowers. Hardy south of Massachusetts. ANDROSACE. [Primulaceae.] Elegant alpine plants, re- lated to the primroses ; the hardiest of them well adapted for sheltered rock-work, and all very interesting ; grown in pots. Soil, sandy peat and light turfy loam in about equal proportions. Their greatest risk is from excess of moisture about the crowns or roots ; and from dampness in winter they are much more liable to suffer injury than from the de- gree of cold. They ought to be kept in small pots, very well drained ; and, in the application of water, great care is neces- sary at all seasons, but especially in winter. In our sum- mers, they require a cool situation. The perennial, bien- nial, and annual species require the same kind of treatment, GARDEN FLOWERS. 35 differing only in the mode of propagation, which in the per- ennials is by division, and in the others by seeds. A. carinata (keeled) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; North America ; 1826. A. carnea (flesh-col- ored) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers flesh-color, in July ; Switzerland; 1768. A. Chamcejasme (bastard-jasmine) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; Austria ; 1768. A. lactea (milk-white) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Austria ; 1752. A. lactiflora. (milk-flowered) ; liardy biennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Siberia ; 1806. A. lanuginosa (woolly) ; frame perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers rosy-lilac, in August ; Himalaya ; 1841. A linearis (linear) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America; 1826. A. maxima (greatest); hardy annual; 6 niches; flowers white, in May; Austria; 1797. A. septentri- onalis (northern) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May; Russia; 1755. A. villosa (villous) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; Pyrenees ; 1790. ANDROS^EMUM. [Hypericaceae.] A woody-stemmed her- baceous perennial, growing in the shade in common soil, and increased by division. A. officinale (officinal) ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in August ; England. ANDRYALA. [Composite.] A genus of composite plants of little beauty, comprising annuals, biennials, perennials, and greenhouse plants. Soil, garden loam. Increased by seed or division. ANEMONE. [Ranunculaceae.] A fine genus of hardy and half-hardy herbaceous perennials, many having tuberous roots, flourishing in rich light loam. Propagated by offsets, division, or seed sown in July, from which plants will bloom the next year. A.japonica, a fine autumnal blooming kind, makes a fine bed, and is propagated by every little fragment 36 GARDEN FLOWERS. of its roots, these being thickly set with little buds or bulb- lets. Some of the smaller-growing spring kinds are very pretty if grown in large patches, or planted about in shrub- beries : these propagate by separating their tubers when in a dormant state. A. narcissiflora is a very fine hardy species, blooming early in June. There are about twenty tuberous-rooted species and va- rieties, and about forty with herbaceous roots. The Anemone, the florist's flower of our gardens, is the offspring of A. coronaria (poppy anemone), and A. hortensis. Sprung from these are annually increased varieties. A vari- ety lasts about twelve years. Characteristics of a good single Anemone. — The stem strong, elastic, and erect, not less than nine inches high ; the flower at least two inches and a half in diameter, con- sisting of large, substantial, well-rounded petals, at first hor- izontally extended, and then turning a little upwards, so as to form" a broad, shallow cup ; the color clear and distinct when diversified in the same flower, or brilliant and strik- ing if it consists only of one color, as blue, crimson, or scarlet.. A double Anemone should have the outer petals quite flat ; the second series a little shorter, the third shorter still, and so on till the centre is quite full, when the whole should form a rather flat hemisphere. Every double flower should be of one full color. Propagation. — Offsets from the root, and new varieties from seed. In propagating by offsets, all the best kinds should be taken up annually at the decay of the leaf, and the root divided at the time of taking up, to allow the wound to heal, into as many pieces or knobs as are furnished with an eye or bud ; observing, however, that, if they are divided very small, they flower very weak the first year. GARDEN FLOWERS. 37 The time for taking up the roots is June, when the leaf and stalk are withered ; for then the roots cease to grow for a month or six weeks. Take them up in dry weather, spread in an airy place out of the sun for about a week, then clear from earth, and store in bags or boxes. In propagating by seed, sow from the best single or semi- double flowers. Double flowers produce none. The time for planting is October, or early in November, and the plants will come into flower in May or June. Make the beds in a sheltered part of your garden, facing the south ; remove the old soil from the beds to the depth of sixteen or eighteen inches. If it is low and swampy, with a wet, clay bottom, drain well, and do not dig so deep ; if high and dry, or with a sandy or gravelly subsoil, you may go a little deeper. Then put in from four to six inches of unmixed cowdung, such as might be gathered up where cows feed. Upon this layer of dung, place as much good fresh loam as will raise the beds to their former level, or a little higher. During winter, cover the beds with an old frame, or with leaves and boughs. Any common, moderately light earth suits the Anemone ; overmoist and stiff soils rot the roots in winter. If neces- sary to make a soil, take maiden loam from the surface of a pasture, the top spit, turf and all ; to every load of this add one of cowdung, and half a load of sea or sharp sand : blend the whole together, and form it into a ridge, in which let it remain a year, at least, turning it over once in two or three months. But, in default of pasture-earth, a good compost may be formed of common light garden soil and rotted cow- dung, adding to every load of the former half a load of the latter, and about a quarter of a load of sharp sand ; and of either of the above composts the bed is to be formed. Make it about twelve or fifteen inches in depth, and three feet and a half broad. 38 GARDEN FLOWERS. A. Apennina (Apennine) ; hardy tuber ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in May ; England. A. Caroliniana (Carolina) ; hardy tu- ber ; I foot; flowers white, in May; North America; 1824. A. coronaria (poppy) ; hardy tuber ; 6 inches ; flowers various, in May; Levant; 1596. A. Halleri (Haller's) ; hardy peren- nial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in May ; Switzerland ; 1816. A. hortensis (garden) ; hardy tuber ; 6 inches ; flowers rose, in May; Italy; 1597. A. Hudsoniana (Hudson's); hardy peren- nial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1827. A. Japonica (Japanese) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers rose, in September ; Japan ; 1844. A. nemorosa (grove) ; hardy tu- ber ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in April and May ; England. A. palmata (palmate) ; hardy tuber ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May; Portugal; 1597. A. pavonia (peacock); hardy tuber; i foot ; flowers red, in May ; France. A. Pennsylvania (Penn- sylvania) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers white, in May ; North America; 1766. A. pulsatilla (pasque-flower); hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers purple, in April ; England. A. ranunculoides (ranunculus-like) ; hardy tuber ; 6 inches ; flow- ers yellow, in May ; England. A. vernalis (spring) ; hardy per- ennial; 6 inches; flowers white, in May; Switzerland; 1752. A. vitifolia (vine-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in September; Nepaul ; 1829. There are many other species, all more or less desirable. ANISEED -TREE. See ILLICIUM. ANISODUS. [Solanaceae.] Coarse-growing perennials of little beauty, growing in common garden soil, and increased by division. A. luridus (lurid) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellowish- green, in July ; Nepaul ; 1823. Requires protection in the Northern States. ANODONTEA. [Cruciferae.] A genus of hardy plants allied to Alyssum, and requiring the same treatment. There are seven species, of no special interest. ANODA. [Malvaceae.] Hardy annuals, commonly called GARDEN FLOWERS. 39 Blue Hibiscus. Easily grown in common soil, and very pretty. Propagated by seed sown in open borders in May. A. Dillenia; hardy annual; 18 inches; flowers blue, in Au- gust; Mexico; 1858. ANOMATHECA. [Iridaceae.] Pretty half-hardy bulbous perennials. Soil, light rich loam. Propagated readily by seeds or by offsets. A. cruenta, planted out in a bed, makes a pretty show, the bloom lasting till September. The seed should be sown in wide-mouthed pots or seed-pans, very thinly ; and if the plants come up too thick, they must be thinned. The next season, they may be planted four or five in a pot, and the following year they may be bedded out in spring and the bulbs taken up in autumn. The flower is very bright, sparkling, and effective. The plants also do well in pot-culture, although very subject to red spider ; and bloom all summer contrasting prettily in the greenhouse with Gloxineas and Achimenes. A . cruenta (blood-colored) ; half-hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers scarlet, in June ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1830. A. juncea (rush- leaved) ; half-hardy bulb ; I foot ; flowers lilac, in May ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1791. ANTENNARIA. [Compositae.] Small hardy and half- hardy herbaceous perennials. The smaller kinds are suit- able for pot-culture. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated by division. A. Alpina (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pink, in June; Europe; 1775. A. Carpatica (Carpathian) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; Carpathian Moun- tains ; 1775. A. dioica (dioecious) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; England. A. margariticia (pearly) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers white, in July ; England. A. plan- taginea (plantain-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Virginia, 1759. A- triplinervis (triple-nerved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in August ; Nepaul ; 1823. 4O GARDEN FLOWERS. ANTHEMIS. [Compositae.] A genus of mostly hardy plants, of which about twenty-three are herbaceous peren- nials, twelve annuals, and three evergreens. The common Chamomile is a familiar example. None of the species are particularly interesting. All are of easy culture in common garden soil. ANTHERICUM. [Liliaceas.] Greenhouse or hardy herbace- ous perennials, with fleshy bundled roots. They are rather pretty, and desirable in a large collection. Soil, sandy loam, with plenty of drainage. Propagated by suckers, offsets, and seeds. A. liliastrum (St. Bruno's Lily) is a fine hardy plant, with white flowers in May; Switzerland; 1629. A. albucoides (al- buca-like) ; greenhouse perennial ; I foot ; flowers white, in July; Cape of Good Hope ; 1788. A . filifoliuni (thread-leaved) ; greenhouse perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1820. A. floribundum (free-flowering) ; green- house perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in March ; Cape of Good Hope; 1774. A . fragrans (swz&t) ; greenhouse perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in April ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1795. A. sulphureum (sulphur) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers pale- yellow, in May; Hungary; 1823. A. "vespertinuni (evening); greenhouse perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1803. There are some twenty other species. ANTIRRHINUM. Snapdragon. [Scrophulariaceae.] Har- dy herbaceous plants, mostly perennials. The common Snapdragon (A. majus), with its varieties, is the most im- portant. It grows well in a common border, and seeds free- ly. The seeds may be sown in July or August in a pan or wide-mouthed pot, to be planted out, when large enough, in a bed, which, in the Northern States, should be protected by a frame during winter. Striking varieties, such as the double-flowered and the striped-flowered, may be propa- ' GARDEN FLOWERS. 4! gated by cuttings of the small unblooming shoots, inserted in sandy soil under a hand-glass. When rooted, they may be potted singly into pots and preserved in frames during winter, ready to plant out in the following April. They bloom very well in six-inch pots. The annuals may be sown in pots in a frame in March, and planted out in May. A. asarina (asarina) ; half-hardy trailing herb ; flowers white, in July ; Italy ; 1699. A . glandulosum (glandulous) ; hardy an- nual ; 2 feet ; flowers red and yellow, in August ; California ; 1834. A. majus (common); hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers various, in July; England. A. molle (soft); half-hardy trailing herb; flowers white, in July; Spain; 1752. A. Montevidense (Monte Videan) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers red, in July ; Monte Video; 1829. A. sempervirens (evergreen); hardy per- ennial ; 2 feet; flowers pink, in June ; Pyrenees ; 1821. Most of the species require frame protection during win- ter in the Northern States. ANTWERP HOLLYHOCK. See ALTHAEA FICIFOLIA. APARGIA. [Composite.] The only species worth culti- vating is A. aurantiaca, a hardy herbaceous perennial, grow- ing one foot high, with orange-colored flowers in June ; in- troduced from Hungary in 1816. APIOS. [Leguminosag.] A tuberous-rooted hardy climb- ing perennial. The tubers have been recommended as a substitute for potatoes. Rich loamy soil. The plants flower better if left undisturbed. Propagated by division of the tubers. A. tuberosa (tuberous); hardy climbing perennial; 6 feet; flowers purple, in August ; very fragrant and pretty ; North America ; 1640. APOCYNUM. Dogs-bane. [Apocynacese.] Acrid hardy herbaceous perennials, of rambling growth, with small cup- shaped flowers, not very showy. Common soil. Increased by division. 42 GARDEN FLOWERS. A. androscemifolium (tutsan-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers pink, in July ; North America ; 1688. A. cannabinum (hemp-like) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellowish, in July ; North America ; 1699. A. hypericifolium (hypericum-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1758. A. Venetian (Venetian); hardy perennial ; 2 feet; flowers white, in July; Adriatic Islands ; 1690. APONOGETON. [Fluviales.] Curious and elegant peren- nial water-plants ; one or two require a stove temperature, others a greenhouse. A. distachyon is easily grown and flowered in the open air in summer, and may be preserved in a cellar during winter ; the tender kinds in pots set into a tank or tub. Soil, peat and loam. Propagated by seeds, which should be sown in spring in the same kind of soil, and the pots set under water : they also increase by offsets. A. distachyon (two-spiked); I foot; flowers white, in June; Cape of Good Hope; 1788. A. angustifolium (narrow-leaved); greenhouse aquatic ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1788. A. juncifolium (rush-leaved) ; greenhouse aquatic ; I foot; flowers white, in July; 1847. AQUILEGIA. Columbine, [Ranunculaceae.] Handsome hardy perennials. Common garden soil ; good turfy loam for the choicer sorts. Propagated by seeds, or by division. The seed of the common kinds may be sown in beds thinly in May ; the young plants, when strong enough, planted out six inches apart every way. If they are to bloom in beds, they should be nine inches apart and eighteen inches from row to row. When they bloom, pull out and destroy all the single and ugly ones, and, if desirable, propagate the better ones. The common Columbine has sported into a variety of colors ; and some of its double varieties are very beautiful. A. Alpina (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in May ; Switzerland ; 1731. A. atropurpurea (dark purple) ; har- dy perennial; I foot; flowers purple, in May; Siberia; 1827. GARDEN FLOWERS. 43 A. Canadensis (Canadian) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers orange-red, in May ; North America ; 1640. A. formosa (beau- tiful); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers reddish-orange, in June ; Kamtschatka ; 1822. A. fragrans (fragrant) ; hardy per- ennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pale-yellow, in May ; Himalayas ; 1839. A- glandulosa (glandular) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white and blue, in June; Siberia; 1822. A. glauca (glaucous) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-yellow, in May ; Himalaya ; 1839. A.jucunda (joyous) ; hardy perennial ; I foot; flowers blue and white, in June; Siberia; 1844. A. Kanaoriensis (Kanaor) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers violet with blue spurs, in May ; Himalaya. A. leptocceras (slender- horned) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers blue and cream- color, in July; Siberia; 1846. A. macrantha (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 1 8 inches ; flowers cream-colored tinged with pink; North America; 1847. A. Siberica (Siberian); hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue and white, in June ; Siberia ; 1806. A. Skinneri (Skinner's) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers red and green, in May ; Guatimala ; 1841. A. vulgaris (common) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers various, in June ; Britain. A. blanda is a fine hybrid with white and blue flowers. A.ccerulea is a Rocky-Mountain species erect flowered with long spurs. A. spectabilis is a Siberian species with dark-purple flowers with yellow centre. A variety of vulgaris, A. caryphyl- loides, has double variegated flowers : the seeds are dark -green instead of black. ARABIS. Wall-cress. [Cruciferae.J Dwarf evergreen hardy perennials, with cruciferous flowers, particularly adapted for rock-work. Common soil. Propagated by cut- tings, planted in a shady border, under hand-glasses, any time during summer. The annuals, which are insignificant, are raised from seeds sown in May. A. albida (whitish) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in April ; Caucasus ; 1798. A. Alpestris (Alpine) ; hardy bien- nial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; Switzerland ; 1819. A. Alpina (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in 44 GARDEN FLOWERS. May; Switzerland; 1596. A. cazrulea (blue); hardy perennial; 6 inches; flowers pale-blue, in June; Switzerland; 1793. A. lucida (shining) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June; Hungary; 1790. A. petraa (rock); hardy perennial; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; Austria ; 1800. A. rosea (rosy) ; hardy biennial ; 6 inches ; flowers rose, in April ; Calabria ; 1832. A. undulata (wavy) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in May; south of Europe ; 1810. A. verna (spring); hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers purple, in May; France; 1710. There are pretty variegated varieties of A. albida, pnzcox, and lucida. There are some twenty other species. ARALIA. [Araliaceae.] Hardy deciduous shrubs, and tall-growing herbaceous perennials. They grow with erect stems, and leaves comparatively large and very compound ; the herbaceous kinds being smaller. All desirable as speci- men plants for the lawn or shrubbery. Common soil. Propagated by cuttings of the matured stems, planted in sandy soil under hand-glasses. There are some stove and greenhouse kinds. Soil, loam and peat. Propagated by cuttings. A. hispida (bristly) ; hardy deciduous shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in July; North America; 1799. A. nudicaulis (naked stemmed) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America; 1731. A. Muhlenbergii (Muhlenberg's) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America. A. racemosa (raceme-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in June; North America; 1658. A. spinosa (thorny); hardy shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in September ; Virginia ; 1688. There are fifteen other species, mostly greenhouse plants. ARAUCARIA. [Pinacece.] A genus of magnificent ever- green trees, hardy south of Philadelphia. The best-known species is A. imbricata, the Chili Pine. A. excelsa, the Nor- folk-Island Pine, requires greenhouse protection. GARDEN FLOWERS. 4$ ARBOR-VITVE. See THUJA. ARBUTUS. [Ericaceae.] A beautiful genus of evergreen shrubs, flourishing in loamy garden soil or peat. Flowers bell-shaped, white or pink. Increased by seeds or layers, the rarer species by inarching on the more common. The fruit resembles a strawberry, and is very ornamental. They are not hardy north of Philadelphia. Of the eighteen species seven are greenhouse evergreens. A. andrachne (andrachne) ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in April ; Levant; 1724. A. andrachnioides (andrachne-like) ; 8 feet; flowers whitish-green, in April. A. Canariensis (Canary) ; greenhouse evergreen ; 8 feet ; flowers whitish-green, in June ; Canaries; 1796. A. densiflora (thickly-flowered); greenhouse evergreen ; 20 feet ; flowers white ; Mexico ; 1826. A. hybrida (hybrid). A. laurifolia (laurel-leaved) ; greenhouse evergreen ; 20 feet; flowers white; Mexico; 1825. A. Menziesii (Men- zie's) ; flowers white ; North America ; 1827. A. Milleri (Mil- ler's) ; hybrid ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in September ; 1825. A. mucronata (sharp-pointed-leaved) ; greenhouse evergreen trail- er ; i foot; flowers white ; Magellan; 1828. A. pilosa (hairy- branched); i foot; flowers white, in May; Mexico; 1829. A. phillyrecE folia (phillyrea-leaved) ; greenhouse evergreen ; i foot ; flowers white ; Peru ; 1812. A. procera (tall) ; 15 feet ; flowers white ; North America ; 1825. A. pitmila (dwarf) ; greenhouse evergreen ; 4 feet ; flowers white ; Magellan ; 1825. A. serrati- folia (saw-edged-leaved) ; greenhouse evergreen ; 6 feet ; flowers whitish-green. A. spcciosa (showy) ; Mexico ; 1837. A. toinen- tosa (woolly-branched) ; 4 feet ; flowers white ; California ; 1826. A. tomentosa nuda (smooth-branched.) A. unedo (unedo) ; 10 feet; flowers white, in October; Ireland. A. unedo crispa (curled) ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in October. A. unedo integrifo- lia (entire-leaved) ; 6 feet ; flowers pink, in October. A. unedo plena (double-flowered) ; 5 feet ; -flowers white, in October. A. unedo salicifolia (willow-leaved) ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in Octo- ber. A. schizopetala (cut-petalled) ; 7 feet ; flowers white, in October. A. schizopetala rubra (red-flowered) ; 10 feet ; flowers pink, in October. 46 GARDEN FLOWERS. The shrub called Strawberry-tree in the Northern United States is EUONYMUS. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. [Ericaceae.] Dwarf evergreen shrubs, ornamental in foliage, flowers, and berry, succeeding in sandy peat. Increased by layers and seed. A. Alpina is deciduous. A. Alpina (Alpine); deciduous trailer ; i foot; flowers flesh- colored, in May; Scotland. A. longifolia (long-leaved); half- hardy evergreen under-shrub ; Mexico; 1847. A.nitida (shin- ing) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Mexico; 1836. A. pungens (stinging); half-hardy evergreen shrub; i foot; flowers white, in February; Mexico ; 1839. A. tometitosa (downy) ; evergreen shrub ; flowers white ; North America ; 1826. A. uva ursi (bear's-grape) ; evergreen trailer; i foot ; flowers white, in April ; Britain. ARCTOTIS. Bear's-ear.- [Compositae.] Greenhouse per- ennial herbs, with showy composite flowers. Soil, sandy loam and leaf-mould. Propagated by division. Many of the species are remarkable for having the under surface of their leaves covered with a close white wool ; and this, to- gether with the form of the leaves, gives them a distinct appearance among other plants. Many of the species form good bedding plants, and give a mass of bloom all summer. Treated as annuals, they bloom the first year. A. acaulis (stemless); greenhouse perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers yellow, in May ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1759. A. arborescens (arborescent); greenhouse perennial; 1 8 inches ; flowers white and pink, in June ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1818. A. aspera (rough) ; greenhouse perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-yellow, in June ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1710. A. aureola (golden) ; green- house perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers orange, in April ; Cape of Good Hope; 1710. A. breviscarpa (short-podded); hardy an- nual ; i foot ; flowers orange with dark centre, in July ; Cape of Good Hope. A. grandiflora (large-flowered) ; greenhouse per- ennial ; 1 8 inches; flowers yellow, in April; Cape of Good GARDEN FLOWERS. 47 Hope; 1774. A.speciosa (showy); greenhouse perennial; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1812. ARENARIA. [Caryophyllaceas.] Small herbaceous per- ennials and annuals, suitable for rock-work. The peren- nials increased by division, the annuals by seed. All grow in good garden soil. A. Balerica (Balerian) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in July ; Majorca ; 1787. A. biflora (two-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Switzerland ; 1818. A. ccespitosa (tufted) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in June; Switzerland; 1826. A. glandulosa (having glands); hardy annual ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in June ; Europe ; 1-820. A. nardifolia (spikenard-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Siberia ; 1827. There are about seventy other species. ARETHUSA. [Orchiclaceas.] A genus of only two spe- cies, of which only one is hardy. The plants are very diffi- cult of cultivation, but their beauty richly repays any care. The root is a small tuber, about the size of a large pea. Soil, peat, very wet. A. bulbosa (bulbous) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers pur- ple and white, in June ; North America ; in low peaty swamps. This plant is dying out in many localities where it was once very plenty. ARETIA. [Primulaceae.] Pretty little perennials, of easy culture in loam and peat. Propagated by division. A. Alpina (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; Switzerland ; 1775. A. Helvetica (Swiss) ; hardy per- ennial; 3 inches; flowers white, in June; Switzerland; 1775. A. pubescens (downy) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in June; Switzerland; 1824. A. K/ta/z'tf/ztf (Vital's) ; hardy peren- nial ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Pyrenees ; 1787. A. argentea is half-hardy. All the species are very impatient of standing water at the roots. 48 GARDEN FLOWERS. ARGEMONE. [Papaveraceae.] Annuals and perennials, with white and yellow poppy-like flowers. Common garden soil. They will not bear transplanting. The annuals are propagated by seed, the perennials by suckers. The latter require winter protection in the Northern States. A. grandiflora (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Mexico ; 1827. A, intermedia (interme- diate) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in July ; Mexico; 1827. A. Mexicana (Mexican); hardy annual; 2 feet; flowers yellow, in July ; Mexico; 1592. A. ochroleuca (yel- lowish) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers cream-colored, in July : Mexico ; 1827. ARIS^EMA. [Araceae.] Hardy and half-hardy tuberous- rooted perennials, with a curious and spathaceous inflores- cence. Soil, peat and loam. Propagated by division. A. dracontinm (dragon) ; hardy tuber ; 2 feet ; flowers green, in June; North America; 1759. A. ringens (gaping); half- hardy tuber ; 6 inches ; flowers in May ; Japan ; 1800. A. ter- natum (ternate) ; half-hardy tuber ; 9 inches ; flowers purple, in May; Japan; 1774. A. tripJiylluin (three-leaved); hardy tuber ; 9 inches ; flowers brown, white, purple, and green, in May ; North America ; 1664. This latter species is commonly known as " Indian Tur- nip," "Jack in the Pulpit," or " Wild Arum." In cultivation, it grows very large, and is very curious in flower, and orna- mental in fruit. ARISTOLOCHIA. Birthwort. [Aristolochiaceae.] (Dutch- man's Pipe.) Hardy greenhouse or stove herbs or shrubs, often with twining stems. Soil for the hardy sorts, rich loam and sand ; plenty of root-room. Propagated by layers. The twining species are rampant climbers, often growing thirty feet high : they should have plenty of room, to appear to advantage. They are increased by layers and division. The following are the hardy and half-hardy species, of GARDEN FLOWERS. 49 which A. sipho and tomentosa are the best. There are also six greenhouse and about twenty stove species. The flow- ers of all are more curious than beautiful. A. Bcetica (Spanish) ; deciduous climber ; 6 feet ; flowers purple, in June; Spain; 1596. A. Chilensis (Chilian); decid- uous half-hardy; 6 feet; flowers purple and green, in Septem- ber ; West Indies ; 1832. A. dematitis (clematis-like) ; herba- ceous perennial; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July; Britain. A. longa (long-rooted) ; deciduous trailer ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in July; south of Europe; 1548. A. pallida (pale-flowered); herbaceous perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white and purple ; Italy; 1640. A. pistolochia (pistolochia) ; deciduous trailer; 2 feet; flowers purple, in July; south of Europe; 1597. A. sagittata (arrow-shaped) ; herbaceous perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in July; North America; 1819. A. serpentaria (snakeroot) ; deciduous trailer ; i foot ; flowers dark-purple, in July ; North America ; 1632. A. sipho (tube-bearing) ; deciduous climber ; 30 feet ; flowers yellow and brown, in July ; North America ; 1763. A. tomentosa (downy) ; deciduous climber ; 20 feet ; flow- ers purple, in July ; North America ; 1799. ARMERIA. Thrift. [Plumbaginaceae.] Dwarf herba- ceous plants, nearly all hardy. Soil, sandy loam. Increased by dividing the crown, and planting the separate pieces as cuttings under hand-glasses. ; They are fine rock-plants, and also do well in pots ; .and some varieties of the com- mon thrift, especially a deep rose and a white one, make pretty edging to flower-beds. A. cepJialotes (headed) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers deep rose-pink, in August; Europe; 1800. A. dianthoides (pink-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers pale red, in May ; Europe ; 1810. A. latifolia (broad-leaved) ; hardy per- ennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-red, in June ; Portugal ; 1740. A. plantaginea (plantain-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale-red, in June ; Jersey. A. vulgaris (common) ; hardy per- ennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; England. There is a pretty white-flowered variety of this, called alba. 4 5O GARDEN FLOWERS. ARONICUM. [Compositae.] A hardy "herbaceous plant allied to Doronicum, flourishing in garden soil, and propa- gated by division. A. A Itaicum (Altaic); hardy perennial ; i foot; flowers yel- low, in July ; Siberia; 1783. ARROW-HEAD. See SAGITTARIA. ARTEMISIA. Hardy and greenhouse herbs and shrubs, with a few annuals, remarkable in many cases for a strong heavy odor. A. Abrotamim, the Southernwood, is a favor- ite in cottage gardens ; the rest are unimportant. Common soil. Propagated by cuttings. A. Abrotanum (Southernwood) ; hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; flow- ers greenish, in August ; Europe ; 1548. There are about forty other species. ARUM. [Araceae.] Curious perennials. The majority hardy, but some requiring a greenhouse, others a stove. It is the floral sheath or spathe of these plants that forms the conspicuous part of the inflorescence. The tender kinds should have rich loam, and plenty of water while growing. For the hardy sorts, any common soil that is deep. Propa- gated by suckers. A. dracunculus (dragon) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers brown, in July ; south of Europe ; 1548. A. Italicum (Italian) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers yellowish, in June ; Italy ; 1683. A. tenuifolium (slender-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; south of Europe ; 1750. Many plants formerly belonging to Arum have been re- ferred to Arisaema. ARUNDO. [Gramineae.] Hardy perennials, flourishing in rich damp soil. Propagated by division. A. Donax j hardy perennial ; 10 feet ; flowers apetaloiis ; south of Europe ; 1648 A. Donax -versicolorj a pretty striped variety. GARDEN FLOWERS. 51 ASARUM. Asarabaeca. [Aristolochiacete.] Dwarf hardy perennials, more remarkable for the carious structure of their flowers than for their beauty. Cool moist common soil. Propagated by division. A. Canadense (Canadian) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers brown, in April; Canada; 1713. A. Europceum (European); hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers brown, in April ; England. A. Virginicum (Virginian) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers brown, in April ; Virginia; 1759. ASCLEPIAS. Swallow-wort [Asclepiadacese.] Herba- ceous perennials, including stove, greenhouse, and hardy kinds. For the tender kinds, rich loam and leaf-mould in equal parts. They are best raised from seeds, which are generally produced freely, and the plants should be often renewed : they may also be raised by cuttings in sand in a hot-bed. The seed should be sown in pots in the spring, and the plants pricked out as soon as large enough, after- wards ported singly, and shifted into larger pots as they grow. Most of the hardy sorts grow in good deep garden soil ; but A. tuberosa should have good loam, but will thrive in garden soil. These are increased by division. A . amtzna (pleasing) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers pur- ple, in July; North America ; 1732. A. Curassavica (Curas- soa) ; stove perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers orange, in June ; South America ; 1692. A white variety is called alba; a long-leaved deep-red variety is called rubra : these are very desirable' stove plants, and do well as bedding plants in summer. A. decumbens (decumbent) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers orange, in July ; North America ; 1731. A. exaltata (tall) ; hardy per- ennial; 6 feet; flowers purple, in July; North America; 1800. A. nivea (snovry); hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers white, in July; North America; 1730. A', pulchra (fair) ; hardy peren- nial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; North America. A. rubra (red) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers red, in July ; Virginia ; 1825. A. Syriaca (Syrian) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers 52 GARDEN FLOWERS. purple, in July ; North America ; 1629. A. tuberosa (tuberous) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers orange-scarlet, in July ; North America ; 1690. ASH. See FRAXINUS. ASPEN. See POPULUS. ASPERULA. [Galiaceae.] Very pretty hardy perennials. Grow in cool moist soil ; and increased by division. A. Aparine (marsh) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July; south of Europe; 1818. A. galeoides (galium-like) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; south of Europe; 1710. A. longifolia (long-leaved); hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers red, in July ; south of Europe ; 1820. A. odorata (sweet) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in May. A. tinctoria (dyer's) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers pink, in July ; Europe ; 1764. A. trichodes (hairy) ; hardy annual ; propagated by seeds ; flowers white, in July ; 1838. ASPHODELUS. [Liliaceee.] Hardy herbaceous perenni- als, growing in common garden soil. Increased by division A. albus (white) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in Jane ; south of Europe ; 1820. A. luteus (yellow); hardy per- ennial; 18 inches; flowers yellow, in June ; Sicily; 1596. A. proliferous (prolific) ; hardy annual ; propagated by seed ; flowers white, in August; Armenia; 1824. A. ramosus (branching); hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June ; south of Eu- rope 51551. A. tenuior (more slender) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Siberia ; 1824. ASTER. [Composite.] Hardy composite perennials. Common garden soil. Propagated by seed and by division. A very large family, of which we enumerate a very small selection. See also CALLISTEPHUS and FELICIA. A. Alpinns (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blu- ish-purple, in July; Europe; 1658. A. Amellus (Amellus); hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; Italy ; 1596. A. Bcssarabicus (Bessarabian) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in September; Bessarabia; 1834. A. ATovce Anglice GARDEN FLOWERS. 53 (New England) ; hardy perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers purple, in Sep- tember ; North America ; 1710. A. pulcherrimus (prettiest); hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers purple, in August ; North America ; 1800. There are more than a hundred and fifty other species. ASTEROCEPHALUS. Hardy annuals and perennials, in- cluding the well-known Sweet Scabious, or Mourning Bride. The seeds of this are sown in the flower-borders in May, and merely thinned out when the plants come up, or in a hot-bed, and transplanted. The perennial species are of easy culture in common garden soil, and increase by di- vision. A. atropurpnreus (Sweet Scabious); hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers various colors, in July ; India. A . graminifolius (grass- leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July ; Switzer- land ; 1683. A. incana (hoary) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flow- ers red, in June ; Europe; 1826. A. ochroleucus (yellowish); hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale yellow, in July ; Germany ; 1517. There are many other species. ASTRAGALUS. Milk Vetch. [Legnminosae.] Perennials and annuals, mostly hardy, bearing papilionaceous flowers. The large species are suitable for the common borders, and the smaller ones for rock-work. They are increased by seeds, by division, or by cuttings, according to their habit It is a very numerous family, containing many species of merely botanical interest. A. alopecuroides (fox-tail) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flow- ers yellow, in June ; Spain ; 1738. A. Austriacus (Austrian) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pale-blue, in June ; Austria ; 1640. A. hypoglottis (under-tongue) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inch- es ; flowers purplish-blue and white, in June ; England. A. leontimis (lion's tail) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in May ; Austria ; 1816. A. leptophyllus (fine-leaved) ; hardy per- 54 GARDEN FLOWERS. ennial; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Barbary; 1811. A. Monspessulanus (Montpelier) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in July; France; 1710. A. odoratus (sweet); hardy perennial; i foot ; flowers yellow, in June ; Levant; 1820. A. onobrychis (Saintfoin); hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers pur- ple or white, in June ; Austria ; 1640. A. Ponticus (Pontic) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Tauria ; 1820. A. stipulatus (stipuled) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers yel- low, in June ; Nepaul ; 1822. There are more than a hundred other species. ASTRANTIA. [Umbelliferse.] Elegant herbaceous plants, quite hardy. Common garden soil. Increased by division. A. Gzr;/z0//£d! (Carniolian) ; hardy perennial ; i foot; flowers striped, in May; Carniolia; 1812. A. Caucasica (Caucasian) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; Caucasus ; 1818. A. major (greater); hardy perennial; 2 feet ;• flowers striped, in June ; Europe ; 1596. A. maxima (greatest) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ;, flowers pink, in July ; Caucasus ; 1804. ATRAGENE. [Ranunculaceae.] Hardy deciduous climb- ers, resembling Clematis. Soil, rich garden loam. Prop- agated by cuttings in sand under a bell-glass, or by layers. A. Americana (American) ; hardy climbing shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers purple, in June ; North America ; 1797. A. Austriaca (Austrian); hardy climbing shrub; 12 feet; flowers blue, in June; Austria; 1792. A. Siberica (Siberian); hardy climbing shrub ; 12 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Siberia ; 1753. AUBERGINE. See SOLANUM, EGG-PLANT. ATJKRIETIA. [Cruciferse.] Very pretty dwarf evergreen herbaceous perennials, growing in common garden soil, and well suited to rock-work. Propagated by seeds and division, or by cuttings under a bell-glass in sand. A. deltoidea (three-angled) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flow- ers purple, in May; Levant ; 1710. A. hesperidiflora (hesperis- flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in May ; GARDEN FLOWERS. 55 south of Europe ; 1823. A. purpiirea (purple); hardy peren- nial ; 3 inches ; flowers lilac-purple, in May ; Levant ; 1820. There are varieties with variegated foliage. ACUBA. [Cornaceae.] A fine evergreen shrub, conspicu- ous for its variegated foliage ; hardy south of Philadelphia. Common soil. Propagated by cuttings and layers. A. Japonica (Japan) ; hardy shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers chocolate, in May ; Japan; 1783. The plant is dicecious. AURICULA. See PRIMULA. AVENS. See GEUM. AVENA. [Gramineae.] OAT. Too well known to need description. A. sterilis is the common animated oats of the garden. All the species are ornamental in a collection of grasses. AZALEA. [Ericaceae.] Handsome, low, hardy, and greenhouse shrubs. The American or hardy Azaleas (A. pontica, calendulacea, nudiflora, and viscosa, with hosts of garden varieties bred from them) are inhabitants of all our best shrubberies, and have been so wonderfully improved by seedling culture as to throw into the shade the original species : there are now to be selected twenty or thirty varieties better than the very best of the original species. Every year, too, adds to the diversity of sorts, and to the size of the flowers, which is one of the characteristics of the improved kinds. In many places they thrive in the common soil of the gar- den, but, in general, they require peat earth to be dug in with the natural soil ; and where there is to be any quantity grown, or a nursery of them made, beds of peat earth, or compounds of the greatest part of turfy-peat earth, must be made up. They are raised from seed sown in beds in the open air ; but, from its extreme diminutiveness, many prefer 56 GARDEN FLOWERS. sowing in pans and wide-mouthed pots. When they are large enough, they should be planted out in peat-beds six inches apart : the second year every alternate plant may be taken out and planted elsewhere, to make room ; and, as they increase in size, they should have more room. They are propagated chiefly by layers ; but cuttings of the last year's wood will root readily in sand. The following are some of the hardy species : — A. arborescens (tree-like) ; 10 feet ; flowers red, in June ; North • America ; 1818. A. bicolor (two-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers scar- let, in June ; North America ; 1 734. A canescens (hoary) ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in June ; North America ; 1812. A. calendu- lacea (marigold-like) ; 4 feet ; flowers orange, in June ; North America; 1806. A. calendulacea chrysolecta (fine-golden); 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; North America. A. calendulacea crocea (saffron-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers saffron, in June ; North America. A. calendulacea cuprea (copper-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers copper, in June ; North America. A calendulacea flammea (flame-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in June ; North America; 1812. A. calendulacea grandiflora (large-flowered) ; 4 feet ; flowers orange, in June ; North America. A. calendu- lacea ignescens (fire-colored) ; I foot ; flowers red, in June ; North America. A. calendulacea splendens (shining); 4 feet; flowers orange, in June ; North America. A. calendulacea tri- umphans (triumphant) ; 4 feet ; flowers orange, in June ; North America. A. glauca (dwarf-glaucous) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in June; North America; 1734. ^A. hispida (bristly); 5 feet; flowers white, in June; North America; 1734. A. ledifolium (ledum-leaved) ; 2 feet; flowers white, in April; China; 1824. A. nitida (shining-leaved); 4 feet; flowers white, in April; North America ; 1812. A. nudiflora (naked-flowered) ; 3 feet ; flowers deep pink, in June ; North America ; 1734. A. nudiflora alba (early- white) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North Amer- ica. A. nudiflora alba-plena (double-white); 4 feet; flowers white, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora blanda (soft) ; 4 feet ; flowers blush, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora GARDEN FLOWERS. 57 cornea (flesh) ; 4 feet ; flowers pale-red, in June ; North America ; 1734. A. nudiflora Caroliniana (Carolina); 4 feet; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora Coburghii (Co- burg's) ; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora coccinea (scarlet) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; North Ame- rica. A. nudiflora corymbosa (corymbose) ; 4 feet; flowers scar- let, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora crispa (curled); 4 feet; flowers pink, in June; North America. A. nudiflora cumulata (bundled) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, pink, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora discolor (two-colored); 4 feet; flowers white, scarlet, in June; North America. A. nudiflora fastigiata (pyramidal) ; 4 feet ; flowers pink, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora florida (many-flowered) ; 4 feet ; flowers pink, n June ; North America. A. nudiflora globosa (globe- like) ; feet ; flowers pink, in June ; North America. A . nudi- flora glonierata (round-headed); 4 feet ; flowers pink in June ; North America. A. nudiflora incana (hoary) ; 4 feet ; flowers pink, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora incarnata (flesh- colored) ; 4 feet; flowers flesh, in June; North America. A. nudiflora mirabilis (wonderful) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora magnified, (magnificent) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora montana (mountain) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. A. mtdiflora pallida (pale-flowered) ; 4 feet ; flowers pale-red, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora paludosa (marsh) ; 4 feet ; flowers pale-red, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora papi- lionacea (butterfly) ; 4 feet ; flowers striped, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora partita (five-parted); 4 feet ; flowers white and red, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora parvi- flora (small-flowered) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; North America. A. nudiflora prolifera (proliferous) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; North America. A. nudiflora pumila (dwarf) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora purpurascens (purplish) ; 4 feet ; flowers purple, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora purpurea (purple) ; 4 feet ; flowers purple, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora purpureo-pleno (double-purple) ; 4 feet; flowers purple, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora 58 GARDEN FLOWERS. rosea (rosy) ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora ruberrima (reddest) ; 4 feet ; flowers dark-red, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora rubescens (reddish) ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora rubi- cunda (ruddy) ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora rubra (red) ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora rutilans (shining-red); 4 feet ; flowers dark-red, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora semi-duplex (semi-double) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora staminea (long-stamened) ; 4 feet; flowers red, in June; North America. A. nudiflora stellata (starry); 4 feet; flowers red, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora tricolor (three-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, white, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora -variabilis (variable); 4 feet; flowers red, in June ; North America. A, nudiflora variegata (varie- gated) ; 4 feet ; flowers red and white, in June ; North America. A . nudiflora versicolor (party-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers red and white, in June ; North America. A. nudiflora violacea (violet- colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers violet, in June ; North America. A. Pontica (Pontic) ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Turkey; 1793. A. Pontica albiflora (white-flowered) ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Turkey. A. Pontica coronarium (garland) ; 7 feet ; flow- ers yellow, in June ; Holland ; 1832. A. Pontica cuprea (cop- per-colored); 6 feet; flowers copper, in June; Turkey. A. Pontica glauca (milky-green-leaved) ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in June; Turkey. A. Pontica pallida (pale) ; 6 feet ; flowers pale- yellow, in April ; Turkey. A. Pontica tricolor (three-colored) ; 6 feet ; flowers pale-red, in April ; Turkey. A.speciosa (showy) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. A. speciosa dcutifolia (pointed-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; North America. A. speciosa aurantia (orange); 4 feet; flowers orange, in June ; North America. A. speciosa ciliata (fringed) ; 4 feet; flowers in June; North America. A. speciosa crispa (curled); 4 feet; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. A. speciosa ciicullata (hooded) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; North America. A. speciosa major (larger-scarlet) ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America. A. speciosa obliqua (unequal- GARDEN FLOWERS. 59 sided); 4 feet; flowers in June ; North America. A.speciosa prunifolia (plum-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; North Ame- ' rica. A. speciosa revoluta (rolled-back-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June; North America. A. speciosa tortulifolia (twisted- leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; North America. A. speciosa undulata (waved-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; North Ame- rica. A. viscosa (clammy) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America. A. viscosa crispa (curled) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America. A. viscosa dealbata (whitened) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America. A. viscosa fissa (cleft) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America. A. viscosa odorata (scented) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North Ameri- ca. A . viscosa pencillata (pencilled) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July; North America. A. viscosa pubescens (downy); 4 feet; flowers white, in July ; North America. A. viscosa rubescens (reddish) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America. A. viscosa variegata (variegated) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America. A. viscosa vittata (banded) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America. A. amcena (bright-flowered) ; i foot ; flowers crimson and purple, in April ; Shanghae. This beautiful little species is hardy as far north as Massachusetts, if planted in peat and sand, and protected from the winter's sun by an evergreen bough thrown over it. The foliage is evergreen. BABY'S BREATH. See MUSCARI. BAERIA. [Composite. ] A pretty hardy annual, thriv- ing in any garden soil, from seeds sown in May. B. chrysostoma (golden-mouthed); hardy annual ; i foot ; flow- ers yellow, in June ; California ; 1835. BALM. See MELISSA. BALSAMINA. Balsam. [Balsaminaceae.] Tender annu- als. The garden Balsam, of which numerous handsome va- rieties are grown, is B. hortensis. This requires a rich com- post of loam and vegetable mould. Sow the seeds in pots, about March, and put them in a cucumber-frame or melon- bed. As soon as they are up, and before they have time to draw, let them be potted out, one in a pot three inches across, and put in a declining or very moderate hot-bed, where they must have air to prevent their being drawn up, and must be so placed that the tops shall be near the glass, and the plants must be shifted every time the pots fill with roots ; and in this way you go on moving them from one pot to another as they fill with roots. The heat of the bed must not be neglected ; and the pots will have to be lowered, or the frame raised, as the plants increase in size. Some of the plants may be hardened off in May, and in June turned into the borders, where, if the soil be rich, and the situation sheltered, they make a very pretty show, and seed freely. Those in pots have to be put into the greenhouse when they have grown too large for the frames ; and, if the house is a lean-to, they should be turned every day, that 60 GARDEN FLOWERS. 6 1 one side may not be drawn more than another. By con- stant shifting, as the plants fill the pots, and keeping them near the glass, they can be grown very large, much branched, and the flowers will cover the branches. Compared with the double varieties of the common Balsam, the other species are unimportant, though some of the stove species, when well grown, are very beautiful. Balsams also do well if sown in a hot-bed and planted out after the weather has become settled. B. hortensis (garden) ; tender annual ; 3 feet ; flowers various, in July ; East Indies ; 1596. There seems to be no reason for making this new genus from Impatiens. The plant is better named Impatiens bal- saminea. BANEBERRY. See ACT^EA. BANKSIAN ROSE. See ROSA. BAPTISIA. [Leguminosag.] Hardy perennials, with pa- pilionaceous blossoms. Common loamy soil. Multiplied by division and seed. B. alba (white) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in June; North America; 1724. B. A ustralis (southern) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; North America ; 1758. B. lanceolata (lanceolate) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yel- low, in July; North America ; 1818. B. mollis (soft) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; North America ; 1824. B. villosa (villous) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; North America ; 1811. BARRENWORT. See EPIMEDIUM. BARBAREA. [Cruciferae.] Hardy herbaceous plants, al- lied to Arabis, readily increased by seed and division, grow- ing in garden soil ; not ornamental. The species are B. araiata, orthocerus, precox, stricta, Tau- rica, and vulgaris ; all with yellow flowers. 62 GARDEN FLOWERS. BARTONIA. [Loasaceas.] Half-hardy annuals and bien- nials. Soil peaty and rather cool. Propagated by seeds : the annuals sown in March in a mild hot-bed, and planted out in May, or sown in the open ground in May ; the bi- ennials sown in July, and kept in frames during winter. B. aurea, which is the principal sort cultivated, is very pretty. B. albescens (white) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July; Chili; 1831. B. aurea (golden); half-hardy annual; 2 feet; flowers yellow, in July; California; 1834. B. ornata (ornate) ; half-hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Missouri; 1811. B. nuda (naked) ; half-hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Missouri ; 1811. BASTARD INDIGO. See AMORPHA. BATSCHIA. Hardy perennials. Good loamy garden soil. Increased either by seeds or by division. B. canescens (hoary); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers yellow, in July; North America; 1826. B. longiflora (long- flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; Missouri ; 1812. B. sericea (silky) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; North America ; 1825. BEAD-TREE. See MELIA. BEAR'S BREECH. See ACANTHUS. BEAR'S EAR. See ARCTOTIS. BEAR'S EAR SANICLE. See CORTUSA. BEAR'S GRAPE. See ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. BEDSTRAW. See GALIUM. BEECH. See FAGUS. BELLADONNA LILY. A beautiful species of Amaryllis (A. Belladonna), occasionally used as a bedding plant. The foliage dies in July, and the spike of pink lily-like flow- ers is produced on a tall stem in September. After bloom- ing, the bulb should be potted, and the growth of foliage encouraged, as on this depends the bloom of the next year. The bulb is tender, and must not be exposed to frost. GARDEN FLOWERS. 63 BELL-FLOWER. See CAMPANULA. BELLWORT. See UVULARIA. BELLIDIASTRUM. [Composite.] Dwarf hardy perennials, with daisy-like flowers. Soil, loam and peat. Increased by division. B. Michelii (Micheli's) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Austria; 1570. Requires protection in the Northern States. BELLIS. [Compositae.] A genus of very pretty half-hardy perennials, growing in common garden soil, and increased by division. The usual mode is to plant them in a frame, and bring them into the house to bloom, or to bloom them in the frame. The flowers are double and single, of various colors. Some have variegated foliage. B. hybrida (hybrid) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in spring ; Italy; 1824. B. integrifolia (entire-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white and pink, in July ; Texas; 1801. B. perennis (perennial) ; half-hardy perennial ; flowers white, in June ; the common Daisy of England. Variety hortensis, the garden double red .Daisy; variety fistulosa, the garden double red quilled Daisy ; variety prolifera, the garden variety, pink and white, with small flower-heads round the larger one. B. sylvestris (wood) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Portugal; 1797. This plant offers a wide field for improvement by careful hybridization. All the species require to be shaded from our summer's sun. BELLIUM. [Compositae.] A genus of small pretty half- hardy herbaceous perennials, with daisy-like flowers, and grown in sandy peat : the perennials increased by division ; the annuals, by seed. B. bellidioides (daisy-like) ; hardy annual ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in June; Italy; 1796. B. crassifolium (thick-leaved); half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Sar- 64 GARDEN FLOWERS. dinia ; 1831. B. intermedium (intermediate) ; half-hardy peren- nial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in August ; hybrid. B. minutum (small) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in July ; ievant ; i 772. BERBERIS. Barberry. [Berberiaceae.] A genus of ever- green and deciduous shrubs, ornamental in foliage, flower, and fruit. The common Barberry (B. Canadensis) is a very ornamental but neglected shrub. Although there is not a shrub more decidedly shrubby, it can be formed into a pretty standard. Young suckers may* be supported with stakes until they run up to the height required, all their side shoots being removed before they advance much in growth : the top may then be taken off, and a few of the lateral branches encouraged close to the top ; these, shortened be- fore they grow much, cause other laterals to grow, and a good head may be formed in a short time. Generally a deep sandy loam is desirable. Propagated by cuttings in autumn, by grafting in the case of rare sorts, and by seeds where large quantities are raised. One group of the Berberries have been called Mahonias. These are beautiful dwarf evergreen shrubs, with bright shiny foliage, growing thick and rich, and bearing beautiful close bunches of bright yellow flowers in the spring, suc- ceeded by rich purple fruit. There is hardly a prettier set of evergreens in cultivation : they afford a very striking va- riety in the foliage of a mixed clump ; but, as the plants feather down to the ground, there should be nothing to hide them : on this account they make excellent lawn plants. They bear round, bright, purple fruit, which looks as well as the flowers ; and the plants, which do not grow higher than three or four feet in general, and are a good while reaching that height, are handsome without either flowers or fruit. They are multiplied by suckers, which may be taken GARDEN FLOWERS. 65 off in the autumn : they also strike freely, and may therefore be raised from cuttings ; but, of late, they have been chiefly raised from seeds, which yield a much greater variety of fo- liage than the several enumerated sorts exhibit. The seed should be washed out of the soft berries and dried ; then a bed, with a portion of turfy peat dug among the ordinary soil, should be prepared, and the seed sown very thinly in- deed upon it, and raked in. When it comes up let it be cleared of weeds, and, in very dry weather, occasionally watered. They may remain until large enough to plant out a foot apart ; for, if they have not room, they soon become drawn. Here they have only to be kept clean till they are large enough to plant where they are to stand. Except where otherwise specified, those named below are evergreen. B. aquifolium (holly-leaved) ; evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flow- ers yellow, in May; North America ; 1823. B. Beali (Beal's) ; evergreen shrub; 5 feet; flowers yellow, in March'; China; 1852. B. Darwinii (Darwin's) ; evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flow- ers deep orange, in May ; Chili ; 1847. B. dealbata (whitened) ; evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; Mexico ; 1833. B. dulcis (sweet) ; evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers yel- low, in May ; Magellan ; 1 830. B. empetrifolia (empetrum- leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in May; Magellan; 1827. B. fasicularis (bundled); half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; California ; 1820. B. Fortuni (Fortune's) ; evergreen shrub; 8 feet ; flow- ers yellow, in July; China; 1846. B.glumacea (glumaceous) ; evergreen shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; North America; 1822. B. ilicifolia (holly-leaved); evergreen shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers orange-yellow, in July ; Terra del Fuego ; 1843. B. Jamiesoni (Jameson's) ; evergreen shrub ; flowers yellow ; Peru; 1847. B. Loxensis (Loxa) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow ; Loxa ; 1848. B. macrophylla (large- leaved) ; evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers yellow ; Japan ; 1847. B. Nepalcnsis (Nepaul) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub; 5 66 GARDEN FLOWERS. 5 feet; flowers yellow, in March; north of India; 1850. B. repens (creeping) ; evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; North America ; 1822. B. trifoliata (trifoliate) ; half- hardy deciduous shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Mex- ico ; 1839. B- trifurca (three-forked) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub; 5 feet; flowers unknown; China; 1852. B. vulgaris (common) ; hardy deciduous shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; England. B. Wallichiana (Wallich's) ; evergreen shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers yellow ; East Indies ; 1820. Most of the evergreen species require a winter protection of evergreen boughs in the Northern States. BERGIA. [Elatinaceae.] Hardy annual, of no great beauty. Sandy soil. Propagated by seeds. B. "verticillata (whorled) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white and red, in June ; Egypt ; 1820. BERTEROA. [Cruciferse.] A small family of herbaceous half-hardy plants, allied to Arabis, grown in common garden soil, and increased by division, seed, and cuttings. The species all have whitish flowers and are B. incana, muta- bilis, and obliqua. The former is also known as Alyssum incanum. BETCKIA. [Valerianaceae.] A genus of hardy annuals, allied to Valerian. Propagated by seeds sown in a hot-bed, and transplanted to the border. B. magis (larger) ; hardy annual; 1 8 inches ; flowers rose, in August; California;. 1836. B. samolifolia (samolus-Ieaved) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers rose, in July ; Chili ; 1835. BETONICA. Betony. [Labiatas.] Hardy perennials. Soil, common garden mould. Propagated by division. B. grandiflora (great-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet : flowers purple, in July; Siberia; 1800. B. incana (hoary); hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers flesh-color, in June ; Italy ; 1759. B. nivea (snowy) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers red, GARDEN FLOWERS. 6/ in June; Caucasus; 1820. B. Orientalis (Oriental) ; hardy per- ennial ; I foot ; flowers light-purple, in June ; Levant ; 1737. This genus is now united to Stachys, which see. BETULA. Bctulacece. [Birch.] Hardy trees and shrubs, flourishing in common soil, and propagated by seed. The following are the species : — B. alba (common white) ; 40 feet ; flowers in April ; Britain. B. alba Dalecarlica (Dalecarlian) ; 46 feet ; flowers in May ; Eu- rope. B. alba foliis-variegatis (variegated -leaved) ; flowers in May. B. alba macrocarpa (large-fruited) ; 40 feet ; flowers in June ; Europe. B. alba, pendula (pendulous) ; flowers in April ; Britain. B. alba Pontica (Pontic) ; 70 feet ; flowers in May ; Turkey. B. alba urticifolia (nettle-leaved) ; 40 feet ; flowers in May. B, alba -verrucosa (warty) ; 40 feet ; flowers in April ; Britain. B. Bhojpattra (Bhojpattra) ; 50 feet ; flowers in May ; Himalayas; 1840. B. carpinifolia (horn-beam-leaved); half- hardy; 50 feet; flowers in July; North America; 1759. B. Daurica (Daurian) ; 30 feet ; flowers in July ; Siberia ; 1785. B. Daurica parvifolia (small-leaved); flowers in July; Siberia. B. excelsa (tall) ; 60 feet ; flowers in July ; North America; 1767. B. fruticosa (shrubby); 6 feet; flowers in June ; Siberia ; 1 8 1 8. B. glandulosa (glanded) ; flowers in May ; North America; 1816. B. grandis (great); North America; 1834. B. lanulosa (woolly); 70 feet; flowers in July; North America; 1817. B. lenta (pliant); 50 feet; flowers in July; North America; 1759. B. lutea (yellow); 20 feet; flowers in May; North America. B. mollis (soft); East Indies; 1840. B. nana (smooth-dwarf) ; 4 feet ; flowers in May ; North Amer- ica. B. nana macrophylla (large-leaved) ; 6 feet ; flowers in May ; Switzerland ; 1819. B. stricta (upright) : flowers in May. B. nigra (black) ; 60 feet ; flowers in July ; North America ; 1736. B. ovata (egg-leaved); 6 feet; flowers in May; Hun- gary; 1820. B.pallescens (palish); 6 feet. B. papyracea (pa- per) ; 50 feet ; flowers in June ; North America ; 1 750. B. Papyracea fusca (blackish-brown) ; flowers in May ; Carolina. B. papyracea platyphylla (broad-leaved) ; 50 feet ; flowers in 68 GARDEN FLOWERS. June ; Carolina. B. papyracca trichoclada (hairy-twigged) ; flowers in June ; Carolina. B. pendula (pendulous) ; 40 feet ; flowers in June ; Britain. B. Pontica (Pontic) ; hardy ever- green ; 12 feet ; flowers in May ; Turkey. B. populifolia, (pop- lar-leaved) ; hardy evergreen ; 30 feet ; flowers in July ; North America; 1750. B.populifoha laciniata (cut-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers in July. B. populifolia pendula (pendulous) ; flowers in July. B. pubescens (downy) ; 30 feet ; flowers in June ; Ger- many ; 1812. B. pumila (hairy-dwarf) ; 6 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1 762. B. rubra (red) ; 60 feet ; flowers in July ; Canada. B. Scopolii (Scopoli's) ; 6 feet. B. tristis (sad) ; fo feet ; flowers in May ; Kamtschatka. BIDENS. [Compositse.] Annuals, biennials, and peren- nials, generally hardy % allied to Coreopsis. Propagated by seed and division. Garden soil. B. arguta; herbaceous perennial; flowers yellow, in June; Mexico; 1825. B. bipinnata (twice-leaved); hardy annual; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; North America ; 1687. B. leu- cantha (white-flowered); hardy annual; 18 inches; flowers white, in July ; South America. B.macrosperma (large-seeded); hardy annual ; i foot; flowers yellow, in July ; Siberia ; 1829. There are many other species. BIGNONIA. Trumpet- Flower. See TECOMA. BINDWEED. See CONVOLVULUS. BIRTHWORT. See ARISTOLOCHIA. BITTER VETCH. See OROBUS. BLADDER SENNA. See COLUTEA. BISCATELLA. [Cruciferae.] A genus of hardy peren- nials and annuals, of little beauty, growing in common soil. Increased by seed and division. BISERULA. [Fabaceae.] A hardy annual, growing in sandy soil. Increased by seed. B. pilednus ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers purple, in July ; south of Europe ; 1640. GARDEN FLOWERS. 69 BIVON^EA. [Cruciferae.] A hardy annual, growing from seed in common soil. B. lutea (yellow) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Italy ; 1824. BLEPHILIA. [Labiate.] A family of herbaceous peren- nials, allied to Monarda. Propagated by seeds and divis- ion. Common soil. B. ciliata (hair-fringed) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in July ; North America. B. hirsuta (hairy) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; North America ; 1798. BLITUM. Strawberry Blite. [Chenopodiaceae.] Hardy annuals, with fruit resembling Strawberries. Common soil. Propagated by seeds sown in May where the plants are to grow. B. capitatum (headed) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; fruit red, in July; Austria; 1633. B. •virgatum (twiggy) ; hardy annual; 2 feet ; fruit red, in July ; south of Europe ; 1680. BLOODROOT. See SANGUINARIA. BLUE BELL. CAMPANULA ROTUNDIFOLIA. BLUE BOTTLE. CENTAURIA CYANUS. BLUMENBACHIA. [Loasaceas.] Hardy annuals, grown from seed sown in May in rich loam. B. insignis (remarkable) ; hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in July ; Monte Video ; 1826. B. multifida (many-cleft) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers greenish-red, in July ; Buenos Ayres ; 1826. BOG-BEAN. See MENYANTHES. BUCK-BEAN. See MENYANTHES. BOLTONEA. [Composite.] Hardy herbaceous perennials, with pinkish flowers in September. Common garden soil. Propagated by division. The species are B. asteroides and glastifolia, natives of North America, introduced in 1758. BORAGO. Borage. [Boraginaceae.] Hardy annuals, 7O GARDEN FLOWERS. biennials, and perennials. The common Borage, a gay an- nual, is one of the best flowers to sow in the neighborhood of bees ; for it is said they derive more nourishment from it than from any other flower that grows. Good garden soil. Propagated by seeds, which may be scattered over the sur- face and raked in, and the plants afterwards thinned where they are too much crowded. The perennials may be multi- plied by parting the roots. B. crassifolia (thick-leaved) ; herbaceous perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in June; Persia; 1822. B. laxiflora (loose-flow- ered) ; hardy biennial, trailing ; flowers blue, in June ; Corsica ; 1813. B. officinalis (common) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers blue or white, in June ; England. B. Orientalis (Oriental) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in May ; Turkey ; 1752. BOTTLE-GOURD. See LAGENARIA. BOUVARDIA. [Cinchonaceae.] Handsome small sub- shrubs, mostly greenhouse plants. Some of the species pro- duce a profusion of scarlet blossoms, when planted out for the summer, in a bed of good peaty earth in the flower-gar- den. Of this habit are B. triphylla and a variety of it called splendens. The other greenhouse kinds require sim- ilar treatment ; the stove species are not of much import- ance. The roots must be taken up in autumn, and potted and kept rather dry in a greenhouse, and in spring excited in a dung-frame, and hardened off afterwards to plant out as soon as danger from frost is past. These kinds are best propagated by pieces of the thicker roots, an inch or two long, set round against the side of a pot, just covered with soil, and the pots plunged in a dung-frame. When they begin to grow up, they should be potted separately; they grow well in a compost of turfy peat and loam. B. Cavanillesii (Cavanille's) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, in May; Mexico; 1846. B. flava (yellow); GARDEN FLOWERS. 7 1 greenhouse sub-shrub : 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Mexico ; 1845. B- leiantha (smooth-flowered); greenhouse sub-shrub; 3 feet; flowers deep scarlet, in June; Mexico; 1850. B. tri- phylla (three-leaved) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; Mexico. A larger flowered and very fine variety is called splendens. Box. See Buxus. Box THORN. See LYCIUM. BRACHYCOME. Swan-River Daisy, [Compositae.] Pret- ty half-hardy annuals. Soil, rich light earth. Propagated by seeds, which may be sown in heat about April, and, when large enough, planted out in the borders or beds six inches apart, or they may be sown thinly out of doors in May, and be thinned out ; but the bloom is much later in general than when sown in heat and planted out in May. The plants are very pretty when grown in pots. B. iberidifolia (iberis-leaved) ; half-hardy annual ; 18 inches; flowers blue, in July ; Swan River ; 1840. There is a pure white variety called alba, and various shades of blue and pink. BRAMBLE. See RUBUS. BRIZA. Quaking Grass. [Graminaceae.] One of the many beautiful grasses which are so ornamental in the flower-garden, bearing roundish, drooping, chafly-like clus- ters of flowers. Hardy annuals. The seeds may be sown in common soil in May. B. maxima (largest) ; hardy annual grass ; 1 8 inches ; flowers in June ; south of Europe ; 1633. B. rubra (red) ; hardy annual grass; i foot; flowers in June; south of Europe; 1820. B. virens ; hardy annual grass ; 18 inches ; flowers in July ; Spain. BROUSSONETIA. Paper Mulberry. [Moraceae.] Hardy trees, resembling Mulberry. Propagated by cuttings, suck- ers, and seeds. 72 GARDEN FLOWERS. B. papyrifera (paper-bearing) ; hardy tree ; 20 feet ; flowers purplish, in June; Japan; 1751. Of this there are varieties, cucullata, dissecta, fructu-albo, macrophylla, and variegata. This species is hardy as far north as Massachusetts. B. spatu- lata (spatulate) ; tree ; 12 feet ; Japan : 1824. BROWALLIA. [Scrophulariaceae.] Pretty half-hardy an- nuals or shrubs. The annuals grow in light rich soil, and are increased by seeds sown in March in a hot-bed, as other tender annuals. The shrubs grow in peat and loam, in equal proportions, and are propagated by cuttings, placed in a gentle heat. B. demissa (low) : half-hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July ; South America ; 1735. There is a white variety. B. elata (tall) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in July ; Peru ; 1768. There is a white variety. B. grandijlora (large-flowered) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers light yellow, in June ; Peru ; 1829. B. Jamesoni (Jameson's) ; greenhouse sub-shrub, 3 feet ; flowers orange, in July; New Grenada; 1846. B. speciosa (showy): tender annual; 18 inches; flowers purple, in July; Quindiu ; 1846. BRYANTHUS. [Ericaceae.] Small evergreen shrubs now united to Menziesia, growing in sandy peat, and increased by cuttings in sand under a bell glass and kept cool. The plants must be kept from heat and drought. B. erectus (erect) ; hardy evergreen ; I foot ; flowers blush, in June ; a garden hybrid. B. Gmelini; hardy evergreen trailer ; 6 inches ; flowers red, in June ; Kamtschatka. B. Stellerij hardy evergreen trailer ; 6 inches ; flowers pale red, in June ; North- west America. BRUGMANSIA. See DATURA. BUCKTHORN. See RHAMNUS. BUGLE. See AJUGA. BUGLOSS. See ANCHUSA. BULBOCODIUM. [Melanthaceae.J Beautiful dwarf hardy GARDEN FLOWERS. 73 crocus-like bulbous plants. Soil, sandy loam. Increased by offsets. B. vernum (spring) ; hardy bulb ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in May ; Spain ; 1629. B. versicolor (various-colored) ; hardy bulb ; 3 inches ; flowers lilac and yellow, in September ; Russia ; 1820. BUPLEARUM. Hare's Ear. [Umbelliferae.] A genus consisting of about a dozen hardy annuals, as many hardy perennials, and four greenhouse evergreens, growing in sandy loam, and propagated by seeds, divisions, or cuttings. They are not very ornamental or desirable. The general color of the flowers is green and yellow. BUPTHALMUM. Ox-eye. [Composite.] Shrubby and herbaceous plants, the former increasing by cuttings, the latter by division or by seeds, and all growing in a soil of equal parts sandy loam and leaf-mould. B. grandiflorum (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in August; Austria; 1722. B. maritimum (sea) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, all sum- mer; Sicily; 1640. B. salicifolium (willow-leaved); hardy per- ennial ; 18 inches; flowers yellow, in August; Austria; 1722. B. speciosissimum (most showy) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- ers yellow, in J-uly ; south of Europe ; 1826. Winter protection is necessary in the Northern States. BURNET. See SANGUISORBA. BURNING BUSH. See EUONYMUS. BUTCHER'S BROOM. See Ruscus. BUTOMUS. [Butomaceae.] Perennial aquatics, very orna- mental on the margin of ponds or streams. Planted in rich mud, they soon establish themselves and increase rapidly. They require winter protection in the Northern States. B. latifolius (broad-leaved) ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; 74 GARDEN FLOWERS. Nepaul ; 1823. B. -umbellatus (umbelled) ; 3 feet; flowers pink, in August ; England. Buxus. Box-Tree. [Euphorbiaceae.] A family of orna- mental evergreen shrubs and trees, some hardy, others requiring greenhouse protection. Propagated by seed, cut- tings, and layers ; the small variety used for edging, by division. B sempervirens and its varieties are hardy as far north as Massachusetts, though often browned by the win- ter's sun. B. Australis (southern); 6 feet; New Holland; 1820. B. Balearica (Balearic)"; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, green, in July ; Minorca; 1780. B. Chinensis (Chinese); 3 feet; flowers yel- low, green, in July; China; 1802. B. sempervirens (common evergreen) ; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, green, in May ; England. B. sempervirens angustifolia (narrow-leaved) ; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, green, in May. B. sempervirens arborescens (tree-like) ; 30 feet ; flowers yellow, green, in May ; Britain. B. sempervi- rens argentea (silver-variegated) ; 30 feet ; flowers yellow, green, in May ; Britain. B. sempervirens aurea (golden-variegated) ; 30 feet ; flowers yellow, green, in May ; Britain. B. sempervi- rens marginata (yellow-edged) ; 30 feet ; flowers yellow, green, in May ; Britain. B. sempervirens myrtifolia (myrtle-leaved) ; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, green, in May ; Britain. B. sempervirens suffruticosa (sub-shrubby) ; i foot ; flowers yellow, green. B. sempervirens variegata (variegated-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers yellow, green, in May ; Britain. CACALIA. [Compositae.] This genus consists partly of curious succulent plants (sometimes called Kldnia), and partly of herbaceous plants, among which are two pretty hardy annuals (sometimes called Emilia). The former are but seldom grown in this country, though very pretty little plants ; the latter, commonly called " Tassel Flowers," are very popular garden flowers, and are propagated by seeds, which may be sown in the open borders in May, and the plants come into bloom during summer. C. Alpina (Alpine); hardy herbaceous perennial; 2 feet; flowers purple, in July; Austria; 1739. £• coccinea (scarlet) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers orange, in July ; South Ameri- ca ; 1799. C. coccinea aurea; flowers buff-orange ; garden hybrid. CCELESTINA. [Compositae.] Pretty half-hardy plants, suitable for bedding, forming fine dense plants in rich loamy soil, requiring greenhouse protection in winter. Propagated by seeds and cuttings. C. ageratoides (ageratum-like) ; i foot ; flowers blue, in Au- gust ; New Spain ; 1824 ; called also Ageratum coelestinum. C. cazrulea (sky-blue) ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July ; North America ; 1 732 ; called also Eupatorium coelestinum. C. rni- crantha (small-flowered) ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; South America ; 1800. CAJOPHORA. [Loasaceae.] Pretty biennial twining plants, which have been separated from Loasa. To be had in per- fection, they should be sown in June or July, and kept through the winter in an airy greenhouse, and then planted 75 76 GARDEN FLOWERS. out in May, to cover trellis-work, or trained around stakes in large pots, if that be preferred. They are readily increased by seed. Like the Loasas, they have stinging hairs. They usually bloom throughout the summer, or, if raised as above directed, they will also be in blossom through the spring months. C. Herbertii (Herbert's) ; greenhouse climbing biennial ; 6 feet ; flowers orange-red, in June ; a garden hybrid. C. lateritia (brick-colored) ; greenhouse climbing biennial ; 10 feet ; flowers brick-red, in May; Tucuman ; 1836. C. Pentlandica (Pent- land's) ; climbing biennial ; 10 feet ; flowers orange, in summer ; Peru; 1841. CALAIS. [Compositae.] A hardy annual, growing in common garden soil. Propagated by seeds. C. Lindleyi (Lindley's) ; hardy annual ; flowers yellow, in July; North America; 1833. CALAMINTHA. Calamint. [Labiaceae.] Pretty herba- ceous perennials. Common soil. Propagated by division. C. alba (white) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; Hungary ; 1818. C. Caroliniana (Carolinian) ; hardy per- ennial ; i foot ; flowers flesh-color, in July ; Carolina ; 1804, C. grandiflora (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers, reddish-lilac, in July ; Italy ; 1596. Of this there is a variegated leaved variety. C. sylvatica (wood) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale rose, in August ; England. CALAMPELIS. [Bignoniaceae.] Beautiful half-hardy climb- ers, well suited for arbors or trellises in summer. The blos- soms are tubular, orange-colored, in loose panicles and very showy ; the seed-pod is ornamental. Light loamy soil. Propagated by seeds and cuttings. Requires greenhouse in winter. The plant is often called Eccremocarpus. C. scabra (rough); half-hardy climbing perennial; 15 feet; flowers orange, all summer ; Chili ; 1834. GARDEN FLOWERS. 77 CALANDRINA. [Portulaceae.] A family of herbaceous plants which do well treated as annuals. They should be started early from seed in a moderate hot-bed, and planted out in a dry hot situation after the weather has become set- tled. If sown in August, and. wintered in a greenhouse, they flower finely in the border the following summer. They need a sunny exposure, as the flowers only expand in the sun. C. discolor (two-colored) ; 2 feet ; flowers rosy purple, in July ; Chili; 1834. C. grandiflora (large-flowered).; 2 feet \ flowers rose purple, in July ; Chili ; 18264 C. •procuw&ens (procumbent) ; 3 inches ; flowers rose purple? in July ; Peru;; 1827. C. speciosa (showy) ; 3 inches ; flowers rose, in July ; California ; 1831.. C. umbellata (umbelled) ; 6 inches ; flowers rose-purple, in July ; Peru; 1826. There are other species some of which are stove plants.. CALCEOLARIA. Shrubs and herbaceous plants, properly greenhouse plants, but doing well in the border in summer. The shrubby varieties are far superior to the herbaceous, and are very useful for summer decoration. Calceolarias are, strictly speaking, greenhouse plants, and will bear no frost. They are generally kept, until they are rising for bloom, in pits, where frost can be kept out by mats or other coverings ; for any thing short of frost will not hurt them. They are propagated by cuttings of the side-shoots, which root freely if planted in light sandy peat, about October ; but they do not root freely if planted in spring or summer. Seeds may be sown in pans, or wide-mouthed pots, in Au- gust, and the seedlings potted off, six or eight in a pot, when large enough ; and after this, when they have got forward enough, put singly in small pots, to be changed from time to time for larger : these bloom early the following year. Later blooming plants may be had by sowing in spring. The 78 GARDEN FLOWERS. stems require no support, unless the plants are to be carried out, in which case they require a stake to every stem. The soil should be light rich loam, well drained. C. integrifolia, and its varieties anguslifolia and viscosissima, are brilliant flower-garden dwarf shrubby plants, bearing large masses of yellow blossoms from May throughout the summer. The florist's varieties are very numerous, and are constantly un- dergoing change and improvement. C. alba (white) ; greenhouse evergreen sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in June; Chili; 1844. C. amplexicaulis (stem- clasping) ; greenhouse perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Peru ; 1845. C. arachnoidea (cobwebbed) ; greenhouse perennial ; I foot ; flowers purple, in June ; Chili ; 1827. C. bicolor (two-colored) ; greenhouse evergreen sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in August ; Peru ; 1829. C. corynibosa (corymb- flowered) ; greenhouse perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in May; Chili; 1822. C. crenattflora (crenate) ; greenhouse per- ennial ; 1 8 inches ; flowers yellow-spotted, in June ; Chili ; 1831. C. integrifolia (entire-leaved) ; greenhouse or half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 18 inches ; flowers deep yellow, all summer; Chili ; 1822. The variety angustifolta has pale flowers : viscos- sissima is much deeper colored. C. pinnata (pinnate) ; half- hardy annual; 2 feet; flowers yellow, in July; Peru; 1773. C. purpurea (purple) ; greenhouse perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in July; Chili; 1827. C. thyrsiflora (thyrse-flowered) ; greenhouse evergreen shrub ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in July; Chili; 1827. C.-violacece (violet); greenhouse evergreen sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers violet, in June ; Chili ; 1852. The shrubby varieties General Outram, Queen of Oude, Kentish Hero, Etna, Little Dorrit, Prince of Orange, Prin- cess Helena, Rubens, General Havelock, Nobey, Ambas- sador, Beauty of Montreal, Queen, and Victor Emmanuel, do well as bedding plants. CALENDULA. Marigold. [Composite.] Showy hardy or half-hardy annuals and greenhouse shrubs. The hardy an- GARDEN FLOWERS. 79 nual species succeed in common garden soil, and are read- ily ncreased by seeds, which should be sown in May. The half-hardy sorts should be reared on a slight hot-bed in April, and planted out in May. The common Marigold is very brilliant. C. hybrida (hybrid) ; great Cape Marigold ; half-hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers white and brown, in July ; Cape ; 1752. C. nu- dicaulis (naked-stalked) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers white and purple, in July ; Cape ; 1731. C. officinalis (officinal) ; common Marigold ; hardy ann-ual ; i foot ; flowers deep orange, in June ; south of Europe ; 1751. C. officinalis jlore-pleno j a double-flowered variety. C. plu-vialis (rainy) ; small Cape Mar- igold ; half-hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers white, in July; Cape ; 1693. CALLICHROA. [Compositae.] A pretty dwarf hardy an- nual. It grows in common garden soil, and is increased by seeds, which should be sown in May. C. platyglossa (broad-rayed) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; California ; 1835. CALLIOPSIS. [Composite.] Extremely showy hardy an- nuals, also known as Coreopsis. They may be sown in gen- tle heat to forward them, pricked out five or six in a pot, and kept growing in the house until the middle of May, when the balls of earth may be turned out whole, the plants being undisturbed. But it is better to sow in the open border. When sown thus, it must be in May, and these will come into flower in July, a month after those turned out of pots in a forward state. This flower ought, of course, to be planted behind shorter things, about even with Sweet Peas, branching Larkspurs, and things of similar growth. It does not make a bad appearance mixed with branching Larkspurs on large borders ; for both show only their flowers, the stems of neither being large enough to interfere with their 8O GARDEN FLOWERS. abundant bloom, and the beautiful blue of the one contrast- ing well with the orange-yellow black-eyed flowers of the other. C, Drummondii is dwarfer, but equally beautiful. C. bicolor (two-colored) ; hardy annual ; 2^ feet ; flowers or- ange and black, in July; Arkansas; 1822. Of this, formerly called Coreopsis tinctoria, there are several varieties. C. Drum- mondii (Drummond's) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow and brown, in July ; Texas ; 1834. There are many new varieties among which we may men- tion C. Atkinsonia, yellow and crimson ; cardiminifolia hy- brida, bright yellow ; coronata, crimson and yellow ; Bur- ridgii, crimson golden edge. CALLIRHOE. [Malvaceae.] A fine tribe of hardy annuals, flourishing in garden soil, and raised from seed sown in May. C. involucrata ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers rosy-crimson, all summer ; North America. C.pedataj hardy annual ; 2 feet; flowers purple, with white eye, all summer ; North America ; variety nana, a dwarf variety. C. -vertidllata ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, with white eye ; North America. CALLISTEPHUS OR CALLISTEMMA. China Aster. [Com- positae.] Callistemma hortense is a favorite annual. The German varieties, with flowers single, semi-double, or dou- ble, self-colored, red, pink, dark and light purple, or striped in all ways, form a varied and striking feature towards the end of the summer wherever they are introduced. To have them in perfection, plant them in half well-decomposed dung and half loam, or add plenty of manure to the soil of the garden. Sow them in a hot-bed in March or April ; plant them out in May. If planted in beds, — in which way they are very effective, — let the bed be supplied with a good dressing of dung, and plant them a foot apart every way : keep them clear of weeds, and, in dry sultry weather, let them have plenty of water. They~will bloom much better treated GARDEN FLOWERS. 8 1 in this way ; though when planted about the borders, wher- ever there happens to be room, they add greatly to the beauty of the garden, because their colors are so varied. The best flowers should be marked for seeding. C. Chinensis (Chinese) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers in July ; China ; 1731. There are varieties of various colors, as well as double and quilled flowers. CALLUNA. Heather. [Ericaceae.] Pretty dwarf hardy ever- green shrubs. Soil, peat. Increased by layers or by seeds. C. vulgaris (common) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; I foot ; flow- ers flesh-color, in April ; England. This plant has lately been found growing wild in Tewks- bury, Mass., with every indication of its being indigenous to this continent. The question has provoked much argument, and is of great interest to botanists. See " Silliman's Jour- nal," and " Journal of Boston Society of Natural History," passim ; also " Proceedings of Massachusetts Horticultural Society for 1861." The varieties bearing double or white or red or scarlet flowers, or that with variegated leaves, are very pretty plants for the American or peat border. CALOPHACA. [Leguminosae.] A hardy deciduous shrub, very ornamental, grafted standard high on the Laburnum. Common light loam. Propagated by seeds or cuttings un- der a bell glass. C. Wolgarica (Wolga) ; hardy shrub ; 2 feet ;- flowers yellow, in June ; Siberia ; 1780. CALOPHANES. [Acanthaceae.] Half-hardy perennial, grow- ing in sandy loam and peat. Propagated by division. C. oblongifolia (oblong-leaved) ; tender perennial ; I foot ; flowers blue, in August ; Carolina ; 1832. The plant requires winter protection. 6 82 GARDEN FLOWERS. CALOPOGON. [Orchidaceae.] A fine native orchid, but of difficult culture. Soil, moist peat and sand. C. pulchellum (pretty) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in July ; North America ; 1771. CALTHA. Marsh-marigold. [Ranunculaceae.] Hardy per- ennial water-plants, of easy culture, propagated by dividing the roots. They are suited for planting on the margin of a piece of water, where their bright-colored blossoms are very showy. The most ornamental is the double-flowered variety of our wild species (C. palustris flore-pleno.) Though grow- ing best in the immediate vicinity of water, and most appro- priate for rough scenery, they do very well in other situa- tions, if the soil is damp ; and the variety above named is sufficiently showy to make it worth introducing among hardy perennials in a mixed border. C. natans (floating) ; hardy aquatic, floating ; flowers yellow, in May; Siberia; 1816. C. palustris flore-pleno ; hardy peren- nial ; 1 8 inches ; flowers golden, in May ; a garden variety. C. parnassiafolia (parnassia-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 .inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; North America ; 1815. There are ten other species. CALYCANTHUS. Allspice. [Calycanthaceae.] Hardy de- ciduous shrubs, remarkable for the fragrant spice-like odor of their brownish blossoms. Moist, light, loamy garden soil. Increased by layers. C. floridus ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers brown, in June ; Carolina; 1726. There are several varieties of this species. The other species are C. fertilis, glaucus, Itzvigatus, macrophyllus, ob- longifolius, ocddentalis, and Pennsylvanicus, all with fragrant brownish-purple flowers. CALYPSO. [Orchidaceae.] A beautiful and very rare na- GARDEN FLOWERS. 83 tive orchid, growing in rich sandy peat, in a moist cool exposure. C. borealis (northern) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers rose and brown, in May ; North America ; 1820. CALYSTEGIA. [Convolvulaceag.] Convolvulus-like twin- ing or trailing perennial plants, hardy or mostly so. Their culture is extremely simple ; a fragment of the perennial root merely requires to be placed in the ground, and it will soon establish itself, and, if not checked, spread, and be- come a troublesome weed. Sandy loam is most congenial to them. C. Soldanella should be occasionally watered with salt water. C.Catesbiana (Catesby's) ; flowers rose, in July; Carolina; 1816. C. Dahurica (Dahurian) ; hardy climbing perennial; 1 8 inches ; flowers pink, in July ; Dahuria ; 1823. C. pubescens (pubescent) ; hardy climbing perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers pink, double and single, in July; China; 1844. C. septum (great hedge) ; hardy climbing perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers whi'e or rose- color, in June ; England. C. Soldanella (Soldanella) ; hardy trailing perennial ; I foot ; flowers flesh-color, in June ; England. C. spithamcea ; hardy climbing perennial ; I foot ; flowers white, in July; North America; 1796. C. sylvestris (wood); flowers white, in July Hungary ; 1815. C. tomentosa (woolly) ; flowers pinkish-white, in June ; North America ; 1818. CAMPANULA. [Campanulacege.] Very handsome plants, comprising annuals, biennials, and perennials, mostly hardy, with a few greenhouse species. The annuals should be sown in the open border in May, the seed being slightly covered on account of its small size. The perennial hardy kinds are increased by seeds or division, and require no peculiar treatment. The biennials are Sown in May and June for blooming the following year. Good garden soil suits them all, but it should be rather rich for the Canter- bury-bell. The Chimney Campanula is undoubtedly one 84 GARDEN FLOWERS. of the best for pot culture, and requires the protection of a frame or greenhouse. The compost for it should be loam from rotted turfs one-half, dung from a spent hot-bed one- fourth, and turfy peat one-fourth, Well mixed together. Se- lect a small healthy plant, place it in a four-inch pot, and grow it in a frame : if it should throw up a stem for bloom, take off the top at once ; and when the pot is full of roots, change it for a six-inch pot, using the same kind of compost. Thus continue to grow it, changing the pot for a larger as fast as the roots fill up the one it is in. The second season it may bloom ; but continue the changing into larger pots, and, when it is three years old, it will produce many spikes of bloom, which should be spread fan-like on a trellis, and, in this state, it completely covers a fireplace or a window with its numerous beautiful blue flowers. The smaller per- ennials make beautiful rock-plants. C. aurea (golden) ; greenhouse shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Madeira ; 1 777. C. barbata (bearded) ; hardy peren- nial; 2 feet; flowers light or dark blue, in June ; Italy; 1752. C. Carpatica (Carpathian) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue or white, in June; Carpathian Alps; 1774. C. fragilis (fragile) ; half-hardy perennial, trailing ; flowers pale-blue, in August ; Alps of Italy ; 1826. C. Garganica (Garganian) ; half- hardy perennial, trailing ; flowers pale-blue, in July ; Gargania ; 1830. C. grandis (large) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; Natolia ; 1842. C. Loreyi (Lorey's) ; hardy annual; i foot; flowers blue or white, in June; Italy; 1824. C. niacrantha (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; Russia ; 1822. C. medium (Canterbury-bell) ; hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue or white, single or double, in June ; Germany ; 1597. C. nitida (shining) ; hardy perennial) ; i foot ; flowers blue or white, single or double, in July ; North America; 1731. C. nobilis (noble); hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers lilac-purple, in July ; China ; 1844. C . persicifolia (peach- leayed) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers dark-blue or white. GARDEN FLOWERS. 85 single or double, in July; Europe; 1596. C. pulla (russet); hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in June ; Austria ; 1779. C. pumila (dwarf); hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue or white, in June ; Switzerland ; introduction uncertain. C. Pyramidalis (chimney) ; perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers blue or white, in August ; Carniolia ; 1594. C. sylvatica (wood) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June ; Nepaul ; 1840. C. thyr- soidea (thyrse-flowered) ; hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; Switzerland; 1785. C. Vidalii (Capt. Vidal's) ; green- house or half-hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Azores ; 1851. There are more than one hundred and fifty species and varieties, all worthy of garden culture. CANARY-BIRD FLOWER. See TROP./EOLUM. CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE. SEE MYRICA. CANDYTUFT. See IBERIS. CANTERBURY BELLS. See CAMPANULA. CANNA. Indian Shot. [Marantacese.] Stove perennial herbs, of considerable stature. The seeds are as large as sweet peas, and as hard as flint. Stove or hot-bed heat is required to bring up the plants, which are tall, reed-like, with showy scarlet or yellow flowers. They grow well in loam and dung, and require large pots to grow them successfully. In April fill some well-drained pots with soil, and sow in them a couple of seeds, not more than half an inch deep. Place these pots in a hot-bed, and in a few days the plants will shoot up. Let them have water enough to keep them moist, and, as they grow, destroy the weakest plant, shifting the others by removing the balls whole into larger pots ; and having kept them in the hot-bed a day or two to establish them, remove them to the stove, or, if you have not a stove, to the greenhouse, and plant in the open border about the last of May. They perfect their seed in this country. All the species flower well in warm situations, planted out in 86 GARDEN FLOWERS. the flower-border, and are very effective both in foliage and blossom. For this purpose the plants are turned out about the middle of May. When once reared, the plants may be perpetuated by division. C. Achiras (Achiras) ; 5 feet ; flowers dark-red, in August ; Isle of Mendoza ; 1829. C. angustifolia (narrow-leaved); 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, in July ; South America ; 1824. C. aurantiaca (orange); 4 feet ; flowers orange, in September; Brazil; 1824. C. carnea (flesh-colored) ; 4 feet ; flowers flesh-color, in Septem- ber ; Brazil ; 1822. C. coccinea (scarlet); 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, in September; South America; 1731. C. compacta (compact); 2 feet; flowers red, in July ; East Indies ; 1820. C. crocea (saf- fron-colored) ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in July ; 1823. C. denudata (naked) ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; Brazil ; 1818. C. de- nudata latifolia (broad-leaved) ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in July ; Brazil ; 1818. C. discolor (two-colored-leaved) ; 10 feet ; flowers scarlet, in September; Trinidad; 1827. C. ediilis (eatable); 3 feet; flowers red, in September; Peru; 1820. C. esculenta (esculent); 4 feet ; flowers red, in September ; South America ; 1822. C. excelsa (lofty); 16 feet; flowers scarlet, in September; Brazil ; 1820. C. flaccida (weak) ; 5 feet ; flowers red, in July ; South Carolina; 1788. C. gigantea (gigantic) ; 5 feet; flowers red and yellow, in July; south of Europe; 1809. C. glauca (milky-green) ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in September ; South America ; 1730. C. glauca rnbrolutea (yellow and red); 4^- feet ; flowers yellowish-red, in August ; Jamaica ; 1 834. C. glauca rufa (reddish-brown); 2 feet; flowers brown, in July; South America. C. Indica (Indian); 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, in Sep- tember; India; 1570. C. maciilata (spotted); 2 feet; flowers reddish-yellow, in September ; India. C. iridiflora (iris-flow- ered) ; 6 feet; flowers red, in September; Peru; 1816. C. juncea (rush-like) ; i foot ; flowers red, in May ; Indies ; 1820. C. Lagunensis (Laguna) ; 5 feet ; flowers yellow, in September; Laguna ; 1828. C. Lamberti (Lambert's) ; 4 feet ; flowers scar- let, in July ; Trinidad; 1819. C. lanceolata (spear-leaved); 3 feet; flowers red, in September; Brazil; 1825. C. lanuginosa GARDEN FLOWERS. 8/ (woolly) ; 6 feet ; flowers deep scarlet, in July ; 1823. C. lat- ifolia (broad-leaved) ; 10 feet ; flowers pink, in September ; Brazil; 1820. C. limbata (bordered); 3 feet; flowers red, in September; Brazil; 1818. C. lutea (yellow); 2 feet; flowers yellow, in September; East Indies; 1829. C. Nepalensis (Ne- paul); 6 feet; flowers straw-color, in August; Nepaul; 1862. C. Occidentalis (Western); 3 feet; flowers reddish-yellow, in June; West Indies; 1822. C. Orientalis (Eastern); 4 feet; flowers red, in June ; East Indies ; 1820. C. Orientalis flay a (yellow); 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; East Indies ; 1820. C. Orientalis macu- lata (spotted) ; flowers scarlet and yellow, in August ; East Indies; 1570. C. pallida (pale-flowering); 4 feet; flowers pale- yellow, in June ; West Indies ; 1820. C. pallida latifolia (broad- leaved); 3 feet; flowers yellow, in June; West Indies; 1820. C. patens (spreading) ; 2 feet ; flowers reddish-yellow, in June ; Rio Janerio; 1778. C. pedunculata (long-flower-stalked); 6 feet; flowers orange, in October; '1820. C. polymorpha (many- formed) ; 3 feet; flowers red, in September; South America; 1825. C. Reevesii (Reeve's); 5 feet; flowers yellow, in June; China; 1835. C. rubra (red); 3 feet; flowers red, in Septem- ber; West Indies ; 1820. C. rubricaulis (red-stemmed) ; 3 feet; flowers red, in July; 1821. C. sanguinea (bloody); 4 feet; flowers red, in September; South America; 1820. C. speciosa (showy); 3 feet; flowers red, in August; South America; 1820. C. sylvestris (wild) ; 5 feet ; flowers scarlet, in September ; South America; 1820. C. variabilis (variable) ; 3 feet; flowers red, in September; India; 1822. C. Warszewiczii (Warszewicz's) ; 3^ feet; flowers scarlet, in September; Costa Rica; 1849. CANNABIS. Hemp. [Urticaceae.] Hardy, and an annual in this country. Though insignificant in its flowers, the Hemp is yet a stately plant when grown freely, remarkable for its fine palmate foliage. It merely requires to be sown in rich garden soil, and the plants allowed to stand out sep- arately. In wilderness scenery it has a fine appearance. C. sativa (common) ; hardy annual ; 6 feet ; flowers green, in June; India; introduction uncertain. 88 GARDEN FLOWERS. CAPE MARIGOLD. See CALENDULA. CAPRIFOLIUM. Honeysuckle. [Caprifoliaceas.] A genus of mostly deciduous, and some evergreen, climbers, generally hardy, too well known to need description. Propagated by seeds, cuttings, and layers. The hardy species require little care, except pruning ; the half-hardy are better laid down and covered with earth in the winter. C. dioicum (dioecious) ; 6 feet ; flowers purple, in June ; North America; 1776. C. Douglasii (Douglas's); 20 feet; flowers orange, in July ; North America; 1824. C. Etruscum (Etrus- can) ; 15 feet ; flowers orange, in May ; Italy. C.flavum (yellow); 10 feet; flowers yellow, in May; Carolina; 1810. C. gratum (pleasant) ; evergreen ; 20 feet ; flowers red, in July ; North America; 1730. C. hirsutum (hairy-leaved); 20 feet; flowers yellow, in May; Canada ; 1822. C. longiflorum (long-flowered); climber; flowers yellow, white*, in July ; China; 1826. C. Occi- dentals (Western) ; 20 feet ; flowers orange, in July ; Fort Van- couver ; 1824. C. periclymenum (woodbine); 20 feet; flowers yellow, in June ; Britain. C. periclymemtm Belgica (Dutch) ; 20 feet ; flowers yellow, in June. C. periclymenum quercifolium (oak-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers yellow, red, in June. C. pericly- metmm serotinum (late-red) ; 20 feet ; flowers yellow, red, in June. C. periclymenum variegatum (variegated) ; 1 5 feet ; flow- ers yellow, red, in June ; Britain. C. sempervirens (evergreen) ; 15 feet; flowers scarlet, in June; North America; 1656. C. sempervirens Brownii (Brown's) ; 20 feet ; flowers bright-scar- let, in May. C. sempervirens major (larger-flowered) ; 20 feet ; flowers scarlet, in May. C. sempervirens minus (less trumpet) ; 15 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; Carolina ; 1656. C. brachypoda ( Lonicera) variegata is a very beautiful va- riety, lately introduced from Japan, with fine variegated fo- liage, and does well if covered with earth in winter. CAPSICUM. [Solanaceae.] Annuals requiring a warm sunny exposure. The plants should be started in a hot-bed in April, and pricked out when all danger of frost is over: GARDEN FLOWERS. 89 they need a rich soil. The shrubby species thrive in a stove, and are very ornamental. The greater number will ripen fruit in the open air, and, from the different colors of the fruit, white, purple, blue, green, red, and yellow, are at- tractive in garden or conservatory. C. annuum (Guinea pepper) ; half-hardy annual ; i foot ; fruit erect, usually red ; India; 1548. C. baccatum (bird-pepper); stove shrub; 3 feet; fruit erect, red; India; 1731. C. bicolor (two-colored) ; stove shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white and purple ; fruit erect, violaceous ; West Indies ; 1804. C. cerasiforme (cherry-pepper) ; stove shrub ; 3 feet ; fruit erect, red or yellow ; South America ; 1739. C. cereolum (waxy) ; stove shrub ; 3 feet ; fruit pendent, yellow ; South America ; 1850. C. cordiforme (heart-shaped) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; fruit pendent, red or yellow; India; 1548. C. frutescens (fruiting) ; I foot; flowers pale-yellow ; India ; 1656. C. Millerii (Miller's) ; flowers white ; West Indies ; 1824. CARAGANA. Pea-Tree. [Leguminoseas.] Pretty, hardy, and chiefly low-growing shrubs ; the most interesting of which are kept grafted, as standards in the nurseries, and make beautiful little pendent trees. The stock used is C. arborescens, which is increased by seeds. The rest may be increased by layering, and the spreading sorts are suitable for large rock gardens. Sandy, loamy soil. C. arborescens (tree-like) ; a small deciduous tree ;' 15 feet ; flowers yellow, in May; Siberia; 1752. C. var. inesmis (un- armed) ; 10 feet ; Siberia ; 1820. C. Altagana (Siberian pea) ; hardy shrub; 3 feet; flowers yellow, in May; Siberia; 1789. C. Chamlagu (Chinese) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; China ; 1773. C. frutescens (shrubby) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet; flowers yellow, in May; Russia; 1752. C. jubata (crested) ; hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers white and red, in May ; Siberia ; 1796. C. pygmcea (pygmy) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flow- ers yellow, in May ; Siberia ; 1751. C. spinosa (spiny) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; Siberia ; 1755. QO GARDEN FLOWERS. CARDAMINE. [Cruciferae.] Hardy perennials, growing in common moist soil. Increased by division. C. amara (bitter) ; aquatic ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; Britain. C. asarifolia (asarum-leaved) ; i foot ; flowers white, in June; Italy; 1710. C. bellidifolia (daisy-leaved); i foot; flowers white, in May ; Scotland. C. bellidifolia Alpina (Al- pine) ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; Austria ; 1658. C. cheli- donia (celandine-leaved) ; I foot ; flowers white, in June ; Italy ; 1739. C. glauca (milky-green) ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Calabria; 1827. C latifolia (broad-leaved); marsh plants; 2 feet; flowers purple, in June; Spain; 1710. C. macrophylla (large-leaved); i foot; flowers purple, in May ; Siberia; 1824. C. pratensis (meadow) ; marsh-plant ; I foot ; flowers purple, in May ; Britain. C. pratensis plena (double-flowered) ; marsh - plant; I foot; flowers purple, in May. C. pratensis plena-alba (double white-flowered) ; marsh-plant ; i foot ; flowers white, in May. C. thalictroides (thalictrum-like) ; annual ; I foot ; flowers white, in June ; Piedmont; 1818. C. trifolia (three-leaved); 2 feet; flowers white, in May; Switzerland; 1629. C: uliginosa (bog) ; marsh-plant ; I foot ; flowers white, in May ; Tauria ; 1819. CARDINAL FLOWER. See LOBELIA. CARDIOSPERMUM. [Sapindaceae.] A family of ornamen- tal climbers, commonly known as "balloon vine." They need a light warm soil and a sunny exposure, and are useful for covering arbors and trellisses. Propagated by seed sown in May. C. Halicacabum (smooth-leaved) ; tender-annual ; 5 feet ; flow- ers white, in July ; India ; 1594. The other species are C. Co- rindum and pubescens. CARDUUS. Thistle. [Composite.] A genus of rank- growing plants with showy flowers. Although generally re- garded as weeds, some of the species do well in shrubbery, and are not unornamental. They are annual, biennial, and perennial, and are generally propagated by seed. GARDEN FLOWERS. QI CARNATION. See DIANTHUS. CAROLINA ALLSPICE. See CALYCANTHUS. CARPINUS. Hornbeam. [Corylaceae.] A family of hard- wooded ornamental trees, of rapid growth, hardy and desi- rable. The European species are used for hedges. Pro- pagated by seed or layers. Grow in rich loamy soil. C. Americana (American); 20 feet; North America; 1812. C. betulus (common) ; 30 feet ; flowers in March ; Britain. C. betulus incisa (cut-leaved) ; 15 feet. C. betulus quercifolia (oak- leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; Europe. C. betulus variegata (variegated) ; 20 feet ; Britain. C. betulus aurea-variegata (gol- den-variegated-leaved) ; 20 feet ; 1845. C. Orientalis (Eastern) ; 12 feet ; Levant ; 1739. CARTHAMUS. [Compositae.] Hardy annuals. They are best sown on a gentle hot-bed in spring, and transplanted into the open borders in May. Rich garden soil. C. tinctorius (dyer's) ; half-hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers orange, in July; Egypt; 1551. C. oxycantha (sharp-spined) ; half-hardy annual; 2 feet ; Caucasus; 1818. CARYA. Walnut. [Juglandiacese.] A family of hardy deciduous trees, too well known to need description. Pro- pagated by seed. The trees transplant with difficulty, hav- ing a long tap-root. C. alba (white shag-bark hickory) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; 1629. C. amara (bitter-nut) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May; 1800. C. compressa (compressed-fruited) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; 1730. C. laciniosa (jagged) ; 30 feet; flowers in May. C. ini- crocarpa (small-fruited) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May. C. obcordata (reversed heart-shaped) ; 30 feet; flowers in May; 1812. C. olivceformis (olive-shaped) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May. C.porcina (pig-nut); 30 feet; flowers in May; 1799. C. porcina glabra (smooth) ; flowers in May. C. sulcata (furrowed) ; 30 feet ; flow- ers in May ; 1804. C. tomentosa (woolly); 30 feet ; flowers in May. C. tomentosa maxima (greatest fruited) ; 60 feet ; flowers in May. 92 GARDEN FLOWERS. CASSANDRA. See ANDROMEDA. . CASSIA. [Leguminoseae.] A large genus, mostly stove shrubs. There are, however, some annuals and perennials which do well in the garden. Propagated by seed and division. Good loamy soil. There are more than two hundred species. C. Burmannii (Burman's) ; tender annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; Cape of Good Hope; 1810. C. Marilandica (Maryland) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow and black, in August ; North America. C. nictitans (twinkling) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; North America ; 1800. C. procumbens (lying down) ; hardy annual ; finches; flowers yellow, in July ; North America ; 1 806. CASSIOPE. [Ericaceae.] Pretty, diminutive heath-like shrubs, related to Andromeda. Peat soil ; a moist, cool, shady situation. Propagated by cuttings or layers. C. fastigiata (fastigiate) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; I foot ; flowers white, in July; North India ; 1852. C. hypnoides (hyp- num-like) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June; Siberia; North America; 1798. C. lycopodioides (club- moss-like) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 inches ; flowers red, in July ; Siberia. C. tetragona (four-cornered) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; Siberia ; 1810. CASTANEA. Chestnut: [Corylaceae.] Generally hardy trees, ornamental in foliage and flower, and valuable for fruit. The Sweet Chestnut (C. vesca) and its varieties are tender in the Northern States, but farther south may be- come valuable trees. C. Americana (American); 50 feet; flowers white, in May; America. C. Chinensis (China) ; 50 feet ; flowers green, in May; China. C. pumila (dwarf) ; 12 feet; flowers green, yel- low, in July ; North America ; 1699. C. vesca (Spanish edible) ; 50 feet ; flowers green, in June ; England. C. vesca asplenifolia (asplenium-leaved) ; 50 feet ; flowers green, in May ; Europe. GARDEN FLOWERS. 93 C. vesca cochleata (spiral) ; flowers green, in May. C. vesca corallina-variegata (coral-variegated) ; flowers green, in May ; 1846. C. vesca cucidlata (hooded); flowers green, in May; 1846. C. vesca foliis-aureis (golden-leaved) ; 50 feet ; flowers green, in June. C. vesca glabra (smooth-leaved) ; flowers green, in May. C. vesca glauca (milky green) ; flowers green, in June. C. vesca lucida (shining-leaved); flowers green, in May; 1846. C. vesca media (intermediate) ; 50 feet ; flowers green, in June ; Europe. C. vesca Princei (Prince's) ; flowers green, in May ; 1846. C. vesca pumila (dwarf) ; flowers green, in May ; 1846. C. vesca variegata (variegated-leaved) ; flowers green, in May. CASTILLEJA. [Scrophulariaceae.] Pretty annuals and perennials. Sandy peat soil. Increased by seeds, or di- vision of the root. C. coccinea (scarlet-bracted) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flow- ers yellow, in July; North America; 1787. C. grandiflora (large-flowered); half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches; flowers pur- ple and yellow, in July; Louisiana; 1811. C. lithospermoides (gromwell-like) ; greenhouse perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, in August ; Mexico; 1848. C pallida (pale) ; hardy perennial ; i foot; flowers light purple; Siberia; 1782. C. septentrionale (Northern) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers white and green, in August; Labrador; 1824. CATALPA. [Bignoniaceae.] A family of hardy and tender trees, very ornamental in leaf and flower. They thrive best in rich deep damp soil. Propagated by seeds, root-cuttings, and cuttings. C. syringifolia (lilac-leaved) ; tree ; 30 feet ; flowers white, purple, and orange, in July ; North America. C. Kempferii (Kempfer's) ; hardy shrub ; 9 feet ; flowers yellowish-white', with crimson blotches, in July ; Japan ; 1860. CATANANCHE. [Composite.] Hardy perennial free-grow- ing plants, requiring ordinary garden soil. They are best propagated by seeds, and treated as biennials. 94 GARDEN FLOWERS. C. ccerulea (blue) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue or white, in July ; south of Europe ; 1596. Variety bicolor j white and blue ; garden hybrid. C. lutea (yellow) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; Candia ; 1640. CATCHFLY. See SILENE. CATMINT. See NEPETA. CEANOTHUS. [Rhamnaceae.] Hardy or half-hardy ever- green and deciduous shrubs, generally worthy of cultivation in the shrubbery. They are mostly of free growth and neat habit; flowers numerous and showy. Propagated either by cuttings, which should be planted in sandy soil under hand- glasses, or by layers, which is the readiest way of obtaining strong plants. They are not particular as to soil, but grow well in sandy loam, and, not being very hardy, the situation ought to be a well-drained one. The Californian species may be considered as hardy, in mild winters, south of Phil- adelphia. C. Americanus (New-Jersey tea) ; hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in August ; North America. C. ovalis much re- sembles this in flower. C. azureus (azure-flowered) half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers pale-blue, in August ; Mex- ico ; 1818. C. cuneatus (wedge-leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub; 5 feet; flowers white, in April; California; 1848. C. dentatus (tooth-leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers blue, in May; California; 1848. C.floribundus (many- flowered) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers deep blue, in June ; California ; 1852. C. Lobbianus (Lobb's) ; half- hardy evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; Califor- nia; 1852. C. pallidus (pale-flowered); half-hardy shrub; 10 feet; flowers pale-blue, in summer; North America; 1838. C. papillosus (papillose) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers violet-blue, in May ; California ; 1848. C. rigidus (stiff) ; half-hardy shrub ; flowers blue ; California ; 1848. CEDRUS. Cedar. [Pinaceas.] Evergreen trees, hardy GARDEN FLOWERS: 95 south of Philadelphia, growing, in deep sandy soil, and in- creased by seeds and cutting. C. Africanus (Mount Atlas); Mount Atlas; 1843. C. De- odora (Deodar) ; Nepaul ; 1822. Varieties crassifolia, tenui- folia. and viridis. C. Libani (Mount Lebanon) ; Levant; 1683. Varieties foliis argenteis, nana, glauca, intermedia, pendula, pyramidalis, and pyramidalis argenteis. CELASTRUS. [Celastrinae.] Woody climbers, of which only one (C. scandens, the " Staff Tree " or " Roxbury Wax- work ") is hardy in the Northern States. It is a rampant climber, ornamental in foliage and fruit, and well worthy more notice than it receives. Soil, rich black loam. ' Pro- pagated by seeds or cuttings. There are more than thirty tender species. C. bullatus (blistered) ; 20 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Vir- ginia ; 1759. C. scandens (climbing); 15 feet; flowers yellow, in June ; North America; 1736. CELOSIA. Cockscomb. [Amarantaceae.] The only species at all cultivated is the common Cockscomb, C. cristata. All the varieties of this are popular with gardeners. The fol- lowing is the English method of growing large plants. The deep crimson-colored varieties are generally the most esteemed ; and of these there are tall and dwarf kinds, the latter being generally preferred, the comb at its extrem- ities altogether or nearly touching the sides of the pot. Seeds should be sown in a fresh hot-bed in spring ; and unlike the balsam, where splendid specimens are required, they should never be turned out of the hot-bed until the combs are nearly full grown, when they may be set in the greenhouse. Two systems of culture may be adopted. First, as soon as the plants are one inch in height, prick out, and shift successively into larger pots, never allowing the plants to be pot-bound. By this method, the plants are 96 GARDEN FLOWERS. strong before the combs appear, and you have a chance of having many very fine, but with the risk that many others, from their shape, will be fit only for the rubbish-heap. By the second method, the best for those with limited space, the young plants are pricked out a few inches apart into shallow pans, in light, rich earth, encouraged to grow freely, and then checked suddenly by keeping them cooler, and withholding water, which will cause them to show their combs in a few days. Though small, you can easily observe those which are close and well shaped from those which will be upright and straggling. Select the best, pot them, and continue repotting, and encourage with heat and manure- water ; and the strength of your culture going chiefly into the combs, these will be large, while your plants will be small. Where extremely dwarf plants are wanted, cut off young plants a little below the comb ; insert the part with the comb into a small pot, in sandy soil, in strong heat, and a hand-glass over. Soil, sandy loam and very rotten dung, but sweet. Temperature when growing, 60° to 85° by day; 60° at night. The variety aurea is a fine plumed Indian plant with showy feathery golden flowers. Variety coccinea, a native of China, has scarlet crimson flowers. Both, when well grown, are very showy. CELSIA. [Scrophulariaceae.] Half-hardy biennials and annuals, the former requiring frame or greenhouse protec- tion in the winter. Light sandy open soil. Propagated by seed. C. Arctums (Arcturus) ; half-hardy biennial ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in August; Candia ; 1780. C. betoniccefolia (betony- leaved) ; half-hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; North Africa ; 1824. C. Cretica (Cretan) ; half-hardy biennial ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Crete ; 1752. C. lanceolata (lance- leaved) ; half-hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; GARDEN FLOWERS. 97 Levant; 1816. C. Orientalis (Eastern) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet; flowers brown and yellow, in July ; Levant ; 1713. CELTIS. Nettle-Tree. [Ulmaceae.] Hardy ornamental trees. Propagated by seed sown as soon as ripe, and by cuttings of the young shoots. Common soil. C. crassifolia (thick-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers green, in May ; North America 51812. C. Icevigata (polished) ; 20 feet ; flowers green, in May ; Louisiana. C. Occidentalis (Western) ; 20 feet ; flowers green, in May ; North America ; 1656. C. Occidentalis cordata (heart-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers green, in May ; North America. C. Occidentalis scabriuscula (roughish) ; 20 feet ; flow- ers green, in May ; North America. C. pumila (dwarf) ; 6 feet ; flowers green, in May ; North America; 1812. CENIA. [Composite.] A family of small hardy annuals, propagated by seed, and thriving in any good garden soil. C. turbinata (turbinate) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white, in August ; Cape of Good Hope; 1713. C. turbinata for mosa (beautiful) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in August ; Cape of Good Hope. CENTAUREA. [Compositae.] A large family of mostly hardy perennials, comprising, however, some very ornamen- tal annuals, which should have a place in every garden. These may either be sown in the open border about the end of April, and the plants thinned out subsequently to three or four in a patch, to be left for blooming, or they may be sown with other annuals in a seed-bed, or in pots, for facility of transplantation ; in the latter case being sown somewhat earlier, and coming earlier into flower. They bloom from June, more or less onwards to September. The very numerous hardy perennial kinds — any of which are worth growing as common border flowers — grow well in the common soil of gardens, and are increased by division. C. crocodylium (crocodylium) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers 7 98 GARDEN FLOWERS. purple, in July; Levant; 1777. C, cyanus (corn-bottle) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers blue, pink, or white, in July ; England. 'C. depressa (depressed) ; hardy annual or biennial ; i foot ; flow- ers blue, in June ; Caucasus ; 1818. C. moschata (Sweet Sul- tan) ; hardy annual ; 2. feet ; flowers purple, in August ; Persia ; 1629. .C pulchella (pretty) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers pur- ple, in June ; Persia; 1836. C. pulchra (beautiful) ; hardy an- nual ; I foot ; flowers blue and crimson, in June ; Cashmere ; 1838. C, suaveolens (Yellow Sultan) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Levant ; 1683. CENTAURIDIUM, {Composite.] A fine hardy annual. Propagated by seeds, and succeeding in good garden soil. C. Drummondii (Drummond's) ; hardy annual; 18 inches; flowers orange, in August ; Texas. CENTRANTHUS. [Valerianaceae.] Ornamental hardy perennials or annuals. The perennials are best raised from seeds ; for, having but few thick woody roots, they do not divide well, like many other hardy perennials. The seeds should be sown in May on a bed of light, not over rich, soil, from which they may be transplanted to a nursery-bed as soon as large enough to handle, and will be fit to be transplanted in the autumn into the positions in which they are required to bloom the following year. The plants grow readily in common light garden soil. The annuals require to be sown in the open border in March or April, and like a rather moist soil. C. angustifolius (narrow-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers crimson, in June ; south of Europe ; 1759. C. macrosi- photi (long-tubed) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers crimson or white, in July ; 1851. C. ruber (red Valerian) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers crimson, rose, or white, in June ; England. CENTROCARPHA. [Composite.] Showy, hardy peren- nials, requiring good light garden soil, and increased by root-division. GARDEN FLOWERS. 99 C. chrysomela (yellow and black) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; South America ; 1821. C.fulgida (glow- ing) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; North America; 1760. C. gracilis (slender); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers yellow, in August ; North America ; 1825. C. grandiflora (great-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; North America ; 1830. C. hirta (hair}-) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July; North America; 1714. CEPHALANTHUS. Button Bush. [Cinchonaceae.] A hardy ornamental shrub, native of our river banks, but suc- ceeding in upland, and valuable for blooming at a season when the shrubbery is bare of flowers. Propagated by cuttings and layers. Damp peaty soil, or rich loam. C. Occidentalis (Western) ; hardy shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers white, in August ; North America. C. brachypodiis (short-stalked) ; hardy shrub ; flowers white, in August ; North America. CEPHALOTAXUS. [Taxaceae.] A fine genus of yews from Japan. Hardy and tery ornamental. Propagated by cuttings. C. dnipacea (berry-bearing) ; hardy evergreen ; 20 feet ; Japan; 1844. C. Fortunii (Fortune's) ; hardy evergreen ; 50 feet ; Japan; 1848. C. pedunculata (stalked); hardy evergreen ; Japan ; 1837. CERASTIUM. [Caryophyllaceae.] This is a large genus, of which many annuals are of no cultural value ; but a few of the perennials are ornamental. All are low-growing plants, with whitish flowers, growing anywhere, and propa- gated by division. The best are C. Alpinum, Biebersteinii glariale, grandiflorum, lanatum, Ledbourii, latifolium, purpu- rasccns, Scarani, and tomentosum. CERASUS. Cherry. [Rosaceas.] The ornamental part of this genus comprises early-flowering trees and shrubs, all free-growing plants in good garden soil. Propagated by seeds, by layers, or by budding. By some, these are all included under Prunus. ORNAMENTAL TREES. C. Padus, the Bird-cherry, a free- IOO GARDEN FLOWERS. growing, deciduous, small tree, in the early spring, about May, covered with long drooping racemes of white blossoms. C. sylvestris duracina flore-pleno, the double French white. C. vulgaris flore-plcno, a dwarfer double-flowered tree. C. semper- florus (ever-flowering) ; a remarkably handsome drooping free- flowering tree, when budded standard high. C. MaJialeb (per- fumed cherry). All are pretty, and desirable for neat, clean foliage seldom attacked by insects, and for beauty of flowers. There are about seventy-five species and varieties, some with beauti- fully variegated foliage. CERATIOLA. [Empetraceae.] A small family of ever- green diminutive bushes, with heather-like foliage. Propa- gated by cuttings. C. ericoides (heath-like); hardy shrub ; 18 inches; flowers brown, in June ; North America ; 1826. CERCIS. Judas-tree. [Leguminosae.] Deciduous small trees, forming beautiful objects when in flower; the blossoms being produced before the leaves, and appearing about the same time as those of the laburnum, the guelder-rose, the hawthorn, and flowering dogwood, with which they contrast admirably. They prefer a rather rich loamy soil, and re- quire a sheltered situation. , The seeds are sown in the spring, and produce plants which come to bloom in six or eight years. The young plants require protection. C. Canadensis (Canadian) ; hardy tree ; 20 feet ; flowers pale red, in May ; North America ; 1730. C. siliquastrum (common) ; hardy tree ; 20 feet ; flowers pink or white, in May ; south of Europe ; 1596. CERINTHE. [Boraginaceae.] Hardy annuals of coarse habit, requiring to be sown in May where they are to flower, and thinned out to three or four plants in a patch as soon as they grow large enough to become crowded. Common soil. C. major (greater) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in GARDEN FLOWERS. IOI July ; south of France ; 1596. C. minor (lesser) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow and purple, in July ; Austria ; 1570. The other species are C. Alpina, aspera, maculata, and retorta. CH^ENOSTOMA. [Scrophulariaceae.] The C. polyantha is a very pretty plant for the decoration of the flower-garden during summer. It is half-hardy, requiring to be kept dur- ing winter in a greenhouse, or in a dry frame secure against frost ; and in summer it may be planted out in a warm sunny situation, in light, moderately rich soil. It is readily raised from seeds in spring, and may also be increased by cuttings during summer. The flowers are small but numerous. The other perennial species are to be treated similarly. The annuals must be raised in heat, in April, and planted out in June. C. cordata (cordate) ; half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers red, in June ; Cape ; 1816. C.fcetida (fetid) ; half-hardy annual ; 1 8 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Cape ; 1794. C. polyanthum (many-flowered) ; half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers rosy- lilac, in June ; South Africa; 1844. C. villosa (villous) ; half- hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers white, in June ; Cape ; 1783. CHAM^CYPARIS. Bastard Cypress. [Pinaceas.] A small genus of evergreens, allied to Cypress, hardy, growing in sandy loam. Propagated by seeds. The species are C. Nootkanmsis, obtusa, pisifera, sphczroides, squarrasa, and thuri- fera. The last is tender. CHAALENERIUM. [Lythraceae.] Hardy, ornamental, her- baceous perennials, of the easiest culture in the open ground ; formerly called Epilobium. They increase with facility by division of the root. C. angustifolium (narrow-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers rose or white, in July ; England. C. Halleri (Haller's) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers rose-red, in June ; Switzerland ; IO2 GARDEN FLOWERS. 1798. C. rosmarinifolium (rosemary-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 1 8 inches ; flowers rose-red, in June ; Europe ; 1800. CHAM^ERHODES. [Rosaceae.] Hardy herbaceous peren- nials. Sandy loam ; dry, cold situation. Increased by seeds. C. gratidifloms (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Dahuria ; 1828. C. polygynus (many- pistilled) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Siberia ; 1824. CHEIRANTHUS. Wall-flower. [Cruciferae.] Half-hardy perennials, of somewhat shrubby habit. C. Cheiri, the well known common Wall-flower, has produced various hand- some double-flowered varieties, of which the best are the bright yellow, dark brown, and purple. The common single kind bears its yellow or brownish blossoms freely in June, on plants raised from seeds sown in May of the previous year. The seeds should be sown in a bed of light or rather sandy soil, and the plants pricked out, when large enough, into a frame, from whence they may be transplanted, with compact balls of earth about their roots, in the early part of the next May, into the places where they are to flower. When the plants live over to a second year, they are larger ; but, in general, the one-year-old plants are preferable. The double varieties are increased by cuttings, planted under a hand-glass in sandy earth about May or June ; and are best potted, and protected through the winter in cold frames, though sometimes established plants will survive the winter, if exposed. The other species furnish beautiful dwarf plants, suitable for rock-work, or small beds, or the front parts of borders. They are quite hardy, and are increased by cuttings. C. mutabilis is a tall, rather straggling shrub, which has changeable purplish single flowers, and requires the protection of a frame or cool greenhouse. C. Alpinus (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers yel- GARDEN FLOWERS. IO3 low, in May ; Norway 51810. C. Cheiri (common) ; hardy sub- shrub ; 1 8 inches; flowers yellow or brown, in May;, Europe. C. Marshallii (Marshall's) ; hardy herbaceous perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers deep-orange, in June and August ; Scotch hy- brid. C. mutabilis (changeable) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, changeable, in March ; Madeira; 1777. C. och- roleucus (pale-yellow) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers pale- yellow, in May ; Switzerland ; 1822. CHELIDONIUM. Celandine. [Papaveraceas.] Hardy her- baceous well-known perennials, some of which are rather pretty, and desirable from their early flowering. Propagated by seeds and division. C. grandiflorum (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; Dahuria ; 1820. C. lacinatmn (jagged) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; south of Eu- rope. C. majus flore-pleno (large-double-flowered) ; hardy per- ennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in summer ; Hybrid. CHELONE. [Scrophulariaceas.] Beautiful herbaceous perennials, closely allied to Pentstemon, and requiring sim- ilar treatment. C. barbata (bearded) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, in July; Mexico ; 1794. Varieties carnea and major have flesh- colored and orange-striped flowers. C. glabra (smooth) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in August ; North America ; 1730. C. Lyoni (Lyon's) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers pur- ple, in August ; North America; 1812. C. obliqua (oblique) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers rose-purple, in August ; North America; 1752. CHENOPODIUM. [Chenopodiaceae.] A few plants of this family, which consists mainly of weeds, have of late been introduced into gardens for dark or elegant foliage. They are generally hardy annuals. C. album and atriplicis are good species. CHERRY. See CERASUS. IO4 GARDEN FLOWERS. CHILI-PEPPER. See CAPSICUM. CHESTNUT. See CASTANEA. CHIMAPHILA. [Pyrolaceas.] Hardy herbaceous ever- greens, of difficult culture. Soil, forest-loam and sand. C. maculata is one of our finest native foliaged plants. C. iimbellata (umbelled) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers pinkish-white, in June; North America; 1752. C. macu- lata (spotted) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; North America ; 1752. CHIMONANTHUS. [Calycanthaceae.] Half-hardy decidu- ous shrub, thriving in the Southern States, but tender in the Northern. The flowers of all the varieties are deliciously fragrant, and are produced on the leafless branches in winter. C. fragrans (fragrant) ; shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow and red, in December; Japan; 1766. Variety grandiflorus (large- flowered) ; flowers yellow ; 8 feet ; China. Variety parviflo- rus (small-flowered) ; 8 feet ; flowers pale-yellow, Japan; 1818. CHINA ASTER. See CALLISTEPHUS. CHINESE HOLLYHOCK. See ALTHAEA. CHINESE PINK. See DIANTHUS. CHIONANTHUS. Fringe-tree. [Oleaceae.] Fine hardy de- ciduous small trees or shrubs. Soil, peat-earth in damp situations. Propagated by seeds or layers. C. maritima (marine) ; hardy shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in May; North America; 1736. C. Virginica (Virginian); hardy tree ; 30 feet ; North America ; 1 736. There is a narrow-leaved and broad-leaved variety. CHLORIS. [Gramineae.] A family of tropical ornamental grasses, thriving in common soil ; all half-hardy annuals. The species are C. barbata, polydactyla, fimbriata, and ra- diata. CHRISTMAS ROSE. See HELLEBORUS. GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 05 CHLORA. [Gentianaceae.] A family of hardy annuals, succeeding from seeds sown in May in the open border. C. iinperfoliata ; flowers yellow, in June; Italy; 1823. C. perfoliata; flowers yellow, in June ; England. C. serotina (late) ; flowers yellow, in September ; south of Europe ; 1832. CHRYSANTHEMUM. [Composite.] Hardy annuals, per- ennials, and greenhouse shrubs. The annuals, though free- growing plants, have a strong chamomile smell, and are poor in their flowers, though often grown among collections of annuals. They should be sown in patches for planting out in the borders when large enough, about three in a clump, at equal distances. Sown in heat, and forwarded for planting out in May, the bloom is much earlier than when sown in the open air. Besides being abundant flowerers, these Chrysanthemums continue their bloom until the frost cuts the plant down, and are chiefly useful in large borders where variety is wanted. The greenhouse kinds are strag- gling shrubs, with deeply jagged leaves, and flowers a good deal resembling those of Mayweed. The annuals are in- creased by seeds ; but the shrubby kinds may be renewed by cuttings, which take root readily. A light loamy soil suits the latter, of which young vigorous plants should be con- stantly reared. Many of the Pompon varieties are very good ; but as new ones are constantly introduced, the flor- ists' latest catalogues will show the best. C. Arcticum (Arctic) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white and purple, in June ; Kamtschatka ; 1801. C. argenteum (silvery leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; Le- vant; 1731. C. carinatum (keeled) ; hardy annual ; 1 8 inches ; flowers white, yellow, and purple, in June ; Barbary ; 1796. C. coronarium (garland) ; hardy annual ; 2^ feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Sicily ; 1629. C. coronopifoliuw (buck's-horn-leaved) ; greenhouse shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in April ; Madeira ; 1815. C. montanum (mountain) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- IO6 GARDEN FLOWERS. ers white, in June ; France ; 1752. C. pinnatifidum (pinnati- fid) ; greenhouse shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in April ; Ma- deira ; 1777. C. Ruthenicum (Russian); hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers pink, in June ; Russia ; 1827. CHRYSEIS. See ESCHSCHOLTZIA. CHYRSOCOMA. Goldy-locks. [Compositse.] A genus of hardy herbaceous and greenhouse evergreen species. The former grow in common soil, and are increased by division ; the latter prefer light sandy loam, and are increased by cut- tings. They are not very showy. C. biflora (two-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue, in August ; Siberia; 1741. C. cernua (drooping); green- house sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in July; Cape; 1712. C. comaurea (golden-hair) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flow- ers yellow, in July; Cape; 1731. C. virgata (twiggy) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in September ; North Amer- ica ; 1821. CHRYSOGONUM. [Composite.] A hardy herbaceous plant, growing in common garden soil, and increased by division. C. Virginiacum (Virginian) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flow- ers yellow, in May ; North America. CHRYSOSTEMMA. [Compositae.] Hardy herbaceous per- ennials, with showy flowers. Common garden soil. In- creased by division. C. tripteris (three-winged) ; hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in August ; North America ; 1837. CHRYSURUS. [Graminaceae.] A pretty annual ornamen- tal grass, doing well in the flower border. C. aureus (golden) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; Levant. ClNQUEFOIL. See POTENTILLA. CIMICIFUGA. [Ranunculaceae.] Hardy herbaceous plants, growing readily in the border, and increased by division. C. Americana (American) ; 2 feet ; flowers white and yellow, GARDEN FLOWERS. ID/ in July; Carolina; 1824. C. cordifolia (heart-leaved); 3 feet; flowers white and yellow, in June; North America ; 1812. C. foetida (fetid) ; 4 feet ; flowers light-yellow, in June ; Siberia ; 1777. C. palmata (palmate) ; 4 feet ; flowers white and yellow, in July ; North America ; 1812. CIRCLE A. Enchanter's Nightshade. [Onagraceas.] Hardy herbaceous perennials. Common soil. Increased by di- vision. C. Alpina (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pink, in July ; Britain. C. Lutetiana (Parisian) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers pink, in July ; Britain. C. intermedia (interme- diate); I foot; flowers red, in July ; Europe; 1821. CIRSIUM. [Compositag.] Hardy thistle-like biennials and perennials : some of them showy. Common soil. In- creased by division ; or the biennials by seed, from which plants should be raised annually. Some few of the species, among which is C. Casabonce, one of the most ornamental species, require protection. C. Casaboncz ; half-hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; south of Europe ; 1714. C. tuberostim (tuberous) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; England. There are more than fifty other species, many of which are mere weeds. CLADANTHUS. [Compositor.] A small genus, containing one pretty, hardy annual, which should be sown in a frame in April, and transplanted to the border in May ; or in the open border in May. C. Arabicus (Arabian) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers yel- low, in July ; Barbary ; 1759. CLARKIA. [Onagraceae.] Showy, free-flowering, well- known annuals, flourishing in common garden soil, not very rich, as then the plants run to leaves. Propagated by seed, which should be sown in a frame in April, and the plants IO8 GARDEN FLOWERS. set in the border in May ; or sown in the border in May. The plants should not be allowed to become crowded. The double varieties are very pretty. C. elegans (elegant) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers rose, in June; California; 1822. Of this there is a double-flowered va- riety. C. pulcJiella (pretty) ; hardy annual; 1 8 inches ; flowers rose or white, in June ; North America ; 1826. This latter spe- cies has produced the fine varieties integrtpetala, petals entire on the margin, rosy-purple, (a double variety has rich crimson flowers, and a sub-variety has the petals edged with white) ; pul- cJierrijiia, petals three-lobed, bright crimson ; striata, petals three-lobed, white, flaked with rose ; marginata, petals three- lobed, rosy-purple, tipped with white ; florepleno, very double, with large rosy-purple or crimson flowers. CLAYTONIA. [Portulacaceae.] Hardy annuals and tuber- ous-rooted perennials, not very showy. Common soil. In- creased by seeds, or by division. C. Caroliniana (Carolina) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pink, in May; North America; 1789. C. grandiflora (large- flowered) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pink, in May ; North America ; 1789. C. perfoliata (perfoliate-leaved) ; hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1794. C. Siberica (Siberian) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers red, in June ; Siberia; 1768. C. Virginiana (Virginian) ; hardy perennial; i foot; flowers white, in May; North America; 1740. There are ten other species. CLEMATIS. Virgins-bower. [Ranunculaceae.] A large genus of climbing shrubs, some of which are very orna- mental. The hardy kinds are of the simplest culture. They are raised from seeds or layers, and grow freely in any moderately good ground. They are valuable for cover- ing walls, arbors, and trellis-work. The half-hardy kinds are useful for the pillars and rafters of greenhouses and GARDEN FLOWERS. IOQ cool conservatories. The stove species are of little impor- tance. Sieboldii, c&rulca, graveolens, and Hendersonii, are worthy of being grown on a large pot trellis, and are man- ageable in that form. The genus contains some hardy perennials, which are managed like other herbaceous per- ennials. C. azurca grandiflora (large-flowered azure) ; hardy climber ; 10 feet; flowers blue, in May, very large; China; 1852. C. cczrulea (sky-blue);, hardy climbing shrub; 10 feet; flowers bluish-lilac, in May; Japan; 1836. C. calycina (Minorca); half-hardy evergreen climbing shrub ; 12 feet; flowers creamy, in March ; Minorca ; 1783. C. crispa (curled-flowered) ; hardy climbing shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers pinkish, in August ; North America; 1726. C. erecta (upright); hardy perennial; flowers white, in June; Austria; 1597. A double variety of this spe- cies is said to be very fine. C. flammula (sweet-scented) ; hardy climbing shrub ; 20 feet ; flowers white, in July ; France ; 1596. C.florida (flowering); half-hardy climbing shrub ; 12 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Japan ; 1776. C. florida flore-pleno (double-flowering); half-hardy climbing shrub ; 12 feet; flowers white, in June; Japan; 1776. C. florida Sieboldii (Siebold's) ; half-hardy climber; 12 feet ; flowers white and purple, in June ; Japan; 1836. C. gravcolens (heavy-smelling) ; half-hardy climb- ing shrub; 8 feet; flowers sulphur-color, in July; Tartary; 1845. C. Hendersonii (Henderson's) ; hardy climbing shrub ; 20 feet ; flowers purple, in June ; gardens. C. indivisa lobata (lobed) ; greenhouse evergreen climbing shrub ; 12 feet ; flowers creamy white, in May; New Zealand; 1847. C. integrifolia (entire- leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; Hun- gary ; 1596. C. lanuginosa (woolly-budded); half-hardy climb- ing shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers very large, blue or gray, in June ; China; 1850. C. lathyrifolia (lathyrus-leaved) ; hardy peren- nial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June ; doubtful ; 1836. C. mon- tana (mountain) ; hardy climbing shrub ; 20 feet ; flowers large white, in May ; Nepaul ; 1831. C. ochroleuca (yellowish) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellowish-white, in June ; IIO GARDEN FLOWERS. North America ; 1 767. C. tubulosa (tubular) ; half-hardy per- ennial ; 6 feet ; flowers blue, in July ; North China ; 1845. C. viorna (traveller's joy); hardy climbing shrub; 12 feet; flow- ers purple, in August ; North America ; 1730. C. viticella (vine-bower) ; hardy climbing shrub ; 20 feet ; flowers purple, in June ; Spain ; 1569. C. Sophia, with pale lilac and white, and Helene, with creamy-white flowers, are fine varieties of C. patens, intro- duced from Japan in 1853, and hardy if laid down in winter. There are double-flowered varieties. C. regincz is a hybrid between C. azurea grandiflora and lanuginosa. C. Jack- manii is a fine hybrid between C. viticella Hendersonii and C. lanuginosa, producing large royal-purple flowers. C. rubroviolacea, a hybrid between C. viticella atrorubens and C. lanuginosa, has rich velvety violet flowers five inches in diameter. C. Fortunei, a recent acquisition from Japan, has very large white fragrant double flowers ; and C. florida Standishii, also just introduced, has deep violet-blue flowers. We cannot name a class of plants which will give more general satisfaction, or which^s more worthy of cultivation. CLEOME. [Capparidaceas.] This genus contains several curious and rather pretty annuals. They should be raised from seeds in spring, in a frame, with slight warmth, potted off singly, and hardened subsequently, so as to be planted out in May, when they should be strong, vigorous plants. They like a dry, warm situation. One or two species are stove, soft-wooded shrubs, and there are some stove annual species ; but they are not suitable for general cultivation. C. heptaphylla (seven-leaved) ; half-hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June; Jamaica; 1719. C. Iberica (Iberian); hardy annual ; 6 inches; flowers white, in July; Iberia; 1820. C. lutea (yellow) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; North America ; 1840. C. speciosissima (most showy) ; half- hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers purple -in June ; Mexico ; 1827. GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 1 1 C. violacea (violet) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers purple, in July; Portugal; 1776. C.virgata (twiggy); hardy annual; I foot ; flowers white, in July ; Persia ; 1820. CLETHRA. [Ericaceae.] A genus of hardy and tender shrubs. The hardy species are natives of North America, and are very valuable summer-flowering shrubs. They are easily propagated by layers. C. acuminata (acuminate) ; hardy shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Carolina; 1806. C. alnifolia (alder-leaved) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in August ; North Amer- ica ; 1731. C. paniculata (panicled) ; hardy shrub; 4 feet; flowers white, in August ; North America ; 1770. C. tomentosa (downy) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in August ; North America ; 1731. CLIXTOXIA. [Lobeliaceae.] Very pretty hardy annuals. They are slender-growing dwarf plants, hanging over the edges of the pots, if grown in pots, but forming very beauti- ful objects on the ground, being so much covered with blos- soms as to hide the stems. Sow the seeds in pots in March; put them in a frame, if with a little warmth, so much the better ; set them in feeders of water until germinated, then thin the plants so as to give them room, and keep them growing in frames till May, when those for the borders may be turned out. They will very soon flower, and have a very pretty appearance. To provide a succession, some should be sown in the borders about May : these will flower when those of the first sowing leave off. Many annuals may thus be managed, so as to keep up a succession of bloom during several months, by sowing at different seasons. C. pukhella, the best of the two species, is a much more interesting ob- ject for pot-culture than nine-tenths of the plants grown in pots. Peaty soil, or a light mixture of leaf-mould, loam, and sand, is the proper soil for them. C. elegans (elegant) ; half-hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers 112 GARDEN FLOWERS. blue, in June; Colombia; 1827. C, pulchella (pretty); half- hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, white, and yellow, in June; Colombia; 1831. CLEIOCOCCA. [Linaceae.] Half-hardy perennial, allied to Linum. Propagated by seeds and division. Light loam and peat. C. tenuifolia (slender-leaved) ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in July; Australia; 1837. CLOVER. See TRIFOLIUM. CLOVE-PINK. See DIANTHUS. CoB^EA. [Polemoniaceae.] Greenhouse or half-hardy rapid-growing climbers, covering a large space during the summer season with their herbaceous stems, which, in a greenhouse or conservatory, retain their foliage, and continue to blossom through the winter. They are very useful as well as ornamental out doors during the summer season ; but in such situations are killed by the first frost. When grown in a greenhouse, they generally ripen plenty of seeds, by which they are best propagated ; though they may be increased by cuttings. They require a rich loamy soil. C. macrostemina (long-stamened) ; greenhouse climbing per- ennial ; 20 feet ; flowers yellowish-green, in September ; Guaya- quil; 1839. (-• scandens (climbing); greenhouse climbing per- ennial ; 20 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; Mexico ; 1792. C. sti- pularis (stipuled) ; greenhouse climbing perennial ; 20 feet ; flowers yellow, in August ; Mexico ; 1839. COCKSCOMB. See CELOSIA. COCKSPUR THORN. See CRATAEGUS. C02LESTINA. [Compositag.] A small family, of which C. ageratoides, formerly Ageratum coelestinum, is the best. They require a greenhouse or frame in winter, and bloom well in the border in summer. The species are C. agera- toidcs and carulea. GARDEN FLOWERS. 11$ Coix. [Grammes.] Perennial grasses, doing well in the open border in summer. C. arundinacea (reedy) ; 2 feet ; apetalous, July ; Mexico ; 1818. C. lachryma (tears); 2 feet; apetalous, July; East In- dies ; 1 596. COLCHICUM. [Melanthaceae.] Hardy bulbs, with crocus- like flowers in October, commonly called Autumn Crocuses. The leaf appears and the plant ripens its seed the following spring. Increased by offsets or seeds, which should be sown as soon as they are ripe. Replanting, which is not often necessary, should be done in July, when the bulbs are at rest. They succeed in any garden soil. C. Alpinum (Alpine) ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in July ; Apen- nine ; 1820. C. arenarium (sand) ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in September; Hungary; 1816. C. autumnale (autumnal; com- mon meadow saffron) ; i foot ; flowers purple, in September ; Britain. C. autumnale album (white-flowered) ; 3 inches ; flow- ers white, in September ; Britain. C. autumnale atro-purpu- reum (dark-purple) ; 3 inches ; flowers dark-purple, in Septem- ber ; Britain. C. autumnale foliis-variegatis (variegated-leaved); 3 inches ; flowers purple, in September ; Britain. C. autumnale flore-pleno (double-flowered) ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in Sep- tember ; Britain. C. autumnale ptirpureo-striatum (purple- striped) ; 3 inches ; flowers purple-striped, in September ; Brit- ain. C. atitumnale striatum-pleno (double-striped) ; 3 inches ; flowers lilac-striped, in September ; Britain. C. Byzantinum (Byzantine) ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in September ; Levant ; 1629. C. Chionense (Chio) ; 3 inches ; flowers, purple, in No- vember ; Chio. C. crociflorum (crocus-flowered) ; 18. inches ; flowers purple, in August ; south of Europe. C. montanum (mountain) ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in August ; south of Eu- rope ; 1819. C. tessellatum (checkered) ; 3 inches ; flowers pur- ple, in August ; south of Europe ; 1600. C. umbras-urn (shaded); 3 inches ; flowers pink, in September; Guinea;. 1819. C. vane- 114 GARDEN FLOWERS. gatum (variegated-flowered) ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in Sep- tember ; Greece; 1629. COLEUS. [Labiatae.] A genus of which some species are used for summer bedding as foliaged plants. The species are properly stove shrubs, but do well in a sunny exposure. More commonly known as Plectranthus. Propagated by cuttings. C. VerschafeldtU ; "a very dark foliaged plant, and fine for massing ; flowers inconspicuous ; the foliage is rich glowing crimson ; Java; 1860, C. Blumeii is of no value as a bedding plant. COLIC ROOT. See ALETRIS. COLLINSIA. [Scrophularineae.] Pretty dwarf annuals. C. bicolor is a very showy plant, in clumps. The culture is simple : in ordinary cases the seeds may be sown in patches in the borders in May ; eight or ten plants will be sufficient to form a patch. When they are to form a mass of flowers} they ought to be not more than three inches apart ; for this it is best to sow thinly where they are to flower, and, when they are up, thin the plants so that they may be from two to three inches from each other. This gives the appearance of a complete mass of flowers when the spikes of bloom rise. Sowing in pots should be begun in April, and eight or ten plants are enough for a pot. These should be placed in a greenhouse, and, as they grow, if any two should be too close together, remove one. Where patches of this flower are to be at certain distances round borders, the balls may be turned out from the pots as soon as the weather becomes warm. If this cannot be done, they must be sown on a reserve bed, and transplanted when large enough, or else raised and kept in pots till they are wanted ; for either of which purposes they should be sown in April on a very gentle hot-bed. C, grandiflora is a dwarfish variety, equally GARDEN FLOWERS. 115 pretty, though differing from bicolor. It grows six inches high, spreading on the ground instead of growing erect ; flowers rose-purple and bright-lilac, in June. There are several other pretty kinds, but differing only in their colors ; and every year will add to the number of varieties, which will, in time, perhaps become, like larkspurs, most interest- ing in mixtures. C. bartscefolia (bartsia-leaved) ; hardy annual ; 1 8 inches ; flowers white and red, in June; California; 1850. C. bicolor (two-colored) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers lilac and white, in June; California; 1833. C. grandiflora (large-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers blue and purple, in June ; North-west America; 1826. C. heterophylla (various-leaved); hardy an- nual ; 2 feet ; flowers lilac, in July ; Colombia ; 1838. C. multi- color (many-colored); hardy annual; 18 inches; flowers white and red-spotted, in June ; California ; 1850. C. tinctoria (dyer's) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers pinkish-lilac, in June ; Califor- nia ; 1848. C. -verna (spring); hardy annual; i foot; flowers purple and blue, in June ; North America ; 1826. COLLINSOXIA. [Labiatae.] Hardy herbaceous perennials, increased by division, and growing in moist garden soil. C. Canadensis (Canadian) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers lilac-yellow, in September ; North America ; 1 734. C. cordata (heart-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers lilac-yellow, in September; North America ; 1735. COLLOMIA. [Polemoniaceae.] Hardy free-growing an- nuals, allied to Gilia, growing in common garden soil. The seeds should be sown in the open borders in May, and the plants not allowed to become crowded. • C. coccinea (scarlet) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers scarlet, in June; Chili; 1832. C. gracilis (slender); hardy annual; 6 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; North America ; 1827. C. grandiflora (large-flowered; hardy annual; 18 inches; flowers pinkish-buff, in July ; North America; 1826. C. linearis (nar- Il6 GARDEN FLOWERS. row); hardy annual; i foot; flowers red, in June; 1826. C. heterophylla, gilioides, and glutinosa are other species. COLTSFOOT. See TUSSILAGO. COLUMBINE. See. AQUILEGIA. COLURIA. [Rosaceae.] Hardy herbaceous perennial, allied to Geum, growing in good loam. Propagated by division. C. potentilloides (like potentilla) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers orange, in June ; Siberia ; 1780. COLUTEA. Bladder-Senna. [Leguminosae.] Hardy de- ciduous shrubs, growing in common soil, and increased by seeds and layers. C. arborescens (tree-like) ; hardy shrub ; i o feet ; flowers yel- low, all summer ; France ; 1 548, C. Haleppica (Aleppic) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Levant ; 1752. C. cru- enta (bloody) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; Levant ; 1710. .5". Nepaulensis (Nepaul) ; hardy shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers yellow, in August ; Nepaul ; 1822. COMMELINA. A very pretty group of plants, comprising hardy annuals and half-hardy perennials and stove ever- greens. Increased respectively by seeds, division, and cut- tings. All the herbaceous species, whether from tropical regions or New Holland, if the seeds are sown in a hot-bed early in spring, pricked off, and potted and planted out towards the end of May, will flourish in the flower-garden, and constitute a pleasing feature until the end of autumn. Before frost, the tuberous kinds should be taken up and kept like Dahlias, but not over dry, started a little in spring in heat, and then transplanted at the end of May. Thus treated, they will bloom stronger than the seedlings. The soil should be light and rich, using either rotten dung or leaf-mould, with sandy loam. Summer temperature for stove species, 50° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 45°. GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 1/ C. coelestis (sky-blue) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue or white, in July ; Mexico 51813. C. cotmnunis (common); hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers blue-purple, in June ; North America; 1732. C. cucullata (hooded); greenhouse annual; 2 feet; flowers blue, in July; Brazil; 1825. C. fasciculata (fascicled); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers blue, in July ; Lima 51817. C. orchidioides (orchis-like) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet; flowers blue, in June; Mexico; 1837. C. tuberosa($.M- berous); half-hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers blue, in July; Mexico; 1732. CONV ALL ARIA. Lily of the Valley. [Liliaceae.] This\mi- versally admired plant is a dwarf herbaceous perennial ; and its spikes of drooping, white, deliciously fragrant flowers, and broad green leaves, form one of the loveliest of Nature's contrast's in coloring, — rich green and pure white. There are varieties, In one of which the flowers are pinkish, and in the other double white ; but the simple form is the most attractive. They grow in common garden soil, and flourish in shady places. The plants are increased by dividing the roots. Planted in pots, they are beautiful subjects for for- cing into early bloom. C. majalis (May) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; England. CONVOLVULUS. Bindweed. [Convolvulaceae.] Orna- mental plants, with trumpet-shaped flowers, which are great favorites in gardens. The most common are known as the Convolvulus major and the Convolvulus minor of gardens ; the former of which belongs to another family, called PHAR- BITIS (which see) ; and the hardy annual species, of which C. tricolor, and its white and dark-blue varieties are the best, should be sown in pots in April for early bloom, and again in May, in the open borders, for a succession. C, tricolor is a fine border plant, and, where the beds are large, it is a good flower for masses ; for, though a little straggling, it is 1 1>8 . GARDEN FLOWERS. not -more so than can be controlled. C. Scatnmonia, among the hardy perennial kinds, is a very pretty twiner, and, like the rest, is best increased by seeds, and need only be planted in a dry, well-drained situation, in good lightish garden soil. The half-hardy kinds chiefly need protection at the root against wet during winter. There are some stove and greenhouse shrubby and climbing species which require an open compost of turfy peat and loam, and are increased by cuttings, as the other perennial kinds may also be. The annuals are in all cases perpetuated by seeds. C. alt/Kzoides (althaea-like) ; half-hardy trailing perennial ; I foot; flowers pink, in June; Levant; 1759. C. Bonariensis (Buenos- Ayrean) ; half-hardy twiner ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in July; Chili; 1817. C. cneorum (silver-leaved); greenhouse ever- green shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers blush, in June ; Levant ; 1640. C. farinosus (mealy) ; greenhouse evergreen twiner ; 6 feet ; flowers pink, in May ; Madeira ; 1777. C. Italicus (Italian); half-hardy twiner ; 3 feet ; flowers rose-colored, in May ; south of Europe ; 1844. C. lineatus (lined); hardy perennial; 6 inches ; flowers purplish, in June; south of Europe; 1770. C. Scammonia (scammony) ; hardy climbing perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers creamy- white, in July ; Levant ; 1726. C. tricolor (three-colored) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, white, and yellow, in June ; south of Europe ; 1629. There are numerous other half-hardy greenhouse and stove species. CORAL-TREE. See ERYTHRINA. COPTIS. [Rahunculaceae.] Hardy herbaceous perennial, commonly called Gold-thread from the color of the roots. In moist peaty soil, it will carpet the ground with glossy foliage enlivened with starry white flowers. Propagated by seeds and division. C. trifolia (three-leaved) ; hardy evergreen perennial ; 4 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1782. GARDEN FLOWERS. 119 CORBULARIA. Hoop Petticoat Narcissus. [Amaryllidaceae.] Hardy bulbs, separated from Narcissus. Garden soil. In- creased by offsetts. C. bulbocodium : hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; south of Europe ; 1629. C. conspicua (showy) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May. C. lobulata (lobed) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May. C. tenuifolia (slender-leaved) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; Spain ; 1760. COREOPSIS. [Composite.] A genus of showy perennials (for the annuals see Calliopsis), propagated by division, and thriving in garden soil. All the species we describe have yellow flowers in July and August. C. angustifolia (narrow-leaved) ; 2 feet ; North America ; 1778. C. arguta (sharp); 2 feet; Carolina; 1786. C. aurea (golden) ; 3 feet ; North America ; 1785. C.grandiflora (large- flowered) ; 3 feet ; North America ; 1826. C. lanceolata (lance- leaved) ; 3 feet; Carolina ; 1724. C. tenuifolia (slender-leaved) ;, 2 feet; North America; 1780. C. tripteris (three-winged) ; 5 feet; North America; 1737. C. verticillata (whorl-leaved); 3 feet; North America; 1759. There are many other species. CORN-FLAG. See GLADIOLUS. CORNELIAN CHERRY. See CORNUS. CORNUS. [Cornaceae.] Hardy deciduous trees, shrubs,, and perennials. Propagated by seeds, cuttings, layers, and division of the root. C.florida is a very beautiful ornamen- tal tree. C. mascula is the Cornelian cherry. All require a rich loamy soil. C. alba (white-berried) ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Si- beria ; 1 741 . C. alba Rossica (Russian) ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Siberia ; 1820. C. alba Siberica (Siberian) ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in August; Siberia; 1824. C. alternifolia (alternate- leaved) ; 15 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America ,- 1760. I2O GARDEN FLOWERS. C. Canadensis (Canadian) ; herbaceous perennial ; i foot ; flow- ers white, in June ; Canada ; 1774. C. circinata (round-leaved) ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1784. C.florida (flowery); 15 feet; flowers white, in May; North America; 1731. C. macrophylla (large-leaved); flowers white, in July; Nepaul ; 1827. C. mascula (male cornel) ; 15 feet ; flowers yel- low, in April ; Austria ; 1596. C. masctda variegata (variegated); 8 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Austria ; 1596. There are other varieties of C. mascula, which differ only in the color of the fruit. C. oblonga (oblong) ; 1 5 feet ; flowers purple ; Nepaul ; 1818. C. paniculata (panicled) ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1758. C. sanguined (bloody) ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Britain. C. sanguined variegata (variegated) ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Britain. C. sanguined foliis variegatis (variegated-leaved) ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Britain. C. sericea (silky); 5 feet; flowers white, in August; North America; 1683. C. sericea asperifolia (rough-leaved); 8 feet ; flowers white ; Carolina. C. sericea (fblongifolia (oblong- leaved) ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in August. C. Sibirica (Sibe- rian) ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Siberia ; 1824. C. stricta (erect) ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1758. C. \stricta asperifolia (rough-leaved) ; 10 feet ; flowers white. C. stricta sempervirens (sub-evergreen) ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in June. C. stricta variegata (variegated); 10 feet; flowers white, in June ; North America; 1758. C. Stiecica (Swedish) ; herbaceous perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; Britain. CORONILLA. [Leguminoseae.] Shrubs and herbaceous perennials, of easy culture. Propagated by seed and divis- ion. There are many greenhouse species. C. Cappadocica (Cappadocian) ; I foot ; flowers white, in July ; Cappadocia ; 1800. C. emerus (scorpion-senna) ; shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow and red, in May ; France ; 1 596. C. varia (various) ; I foot ; flowers pink, in July ; Europe ; 1 597. C. glo- bosa, Iberica and squamata are other species. CORTUSA. Beards-ear Sanicle. [Primulaceae.] A pretty GARDEN FLOWERS. 121 dwarf herbaceous perennial, suitable to be grown on rock- work, or among alpine plants. Loam and peat. Propa- gated by division. Should have frame protection in winter. C. Matthiola (Matthioli's) ; 6 inches ; flowers red, in May ; Austria ; 1596. CORYDALIS. [Fumariaceae.] Pretty, hardy plants, of easy culture, in common soil. The annuals and biennials, which are the least important, may be sown in the borders in April and June. The perennials are increased by division. C. aurea (golden) ; hardy biennial ; 6 inches ; flowers golden- yellow, in May ; North America. C. bidbosa (bulbous) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purplish, in May ; Eng- land. C.flavula (yellowish) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in June; Russia; 1838. C. long/flora (long-flowered) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers pale rose, in May ; Altai ; 1832. C. lutea (yellow) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in May ; England. C. Marshalliana (Marshall's) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in May ; Tauria ; 1 824. C. nobilis (noble) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale yellow, in May ; Siberia ; 1 783. C. pceonifolia (peony-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in May; Siberia; 1820. C. Siberica (Siberian); hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Siberia ; 1810. CORYLUS. [Corylaceae.] The Hazel-nuts, or Filberts, are mostly cultivated for fruit, and seldom for ornament, except the purple foliaged variety. They are all of easy culture in garden soil. Propagated by seeds, division, and layers. COSMANTHUS. [Hydrophyllaceae.] Pretty hardy an- nuals. Rich garden soil. Increased by seeds. C. fimbriatus (fringed) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white and lilac, in June ; North America; 1838. COSMEA. [Composite.] Pretty half-hardy annuals and perennials. Rich garden soil. The annuals increased by 122 GARDEN FLOWERS. seeds, which should be sown in gentle heat in spring, and the young plant turned out in May ; the perennials, by root division. Also called Cosmos. C. bipinnata (bi-pinnate) ; half-hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; Mexico ; 1799. C. diversifolia (various-leaved) ; half-hardy tuberous perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers lilac, in Septem- ber ; Mexico; 1835. C. httea (yellow) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet; flowers yellow, in September ;' Mexico ; 1811. C. scabio- soides (scabious-like) ; half-hardy tuberous perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers scarlet, in September; Mexico; 1836. C. siilphurea (sulphur); half-hardy annual; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July; Mexico; 1799. C. tenuifolia (slender-leaved); half-hardy an- nual ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in September ; Mexico ; 1836. COTONEAST^ER. [Pomaceae.] Hardy trees and shrubs of an ornamental character. Common soil. Increased by layers and seeds. Most of the species require protection in the Northern States. The evergreens are very ornamental in leaf and berry. C. acuminata (pointed-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers pink, in May ; Nepaul ; 1820. C. affinis (similar); 4 feet; flowers pink, in May; Nepaul; 1820. C. bacillaris (rod) ; Nepaul; 1841. C. buxifolia (box-leaved) ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Nepaul ; 1824. C. buxifolia marginata (white-margined) ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Sahrunpore ; 1838. C. denticulata (fine-toothed- leaved) ; 6 feet ; flowers white ; Mexico ; 1826. C. emarginata (bordered) ; flowers white, in May ; Nepaul. C. frigida (cold) ; xofeet; flowers white and green, in May; Nepaul; 1824. C. laxiflora (loose-flowered); 4 feet ; flowers pink, in May ; 1826. C. laxiflora uniflora (one-flowered) ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Nepaul. C. microphylla (small-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Nepaul; 1825. C. multiflora (many-flowered) ; 4 feet; flowers white, in May; Altai; 1837. C. nummularia. (moneywort-leaved) ; 10 feet ; flowers white and green, in May ; Nepaul; 1824. C. rotundifolia (round-leaved) ; 3 feet; flowers white, in May ; Nepaul ; 1820. C. Roy lei (Dr. Royle's) ; flowers GARDEN FLOWERS. 123 white ; North India ; 1845. C- tomentosa (woolly) ; 4 feet ; flow- ers pink, in May ; 1759. C. -vulgaris (common) ; 4 feet ; flowers pink, in May ; Europe ; 1656. C. vulgaris depressa (depressed) ; flowers white, in May ; Europe. C. vttlgaris erythrocarpa (red- fruited) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Europe. C. vulgaris melanocarpa (black-fruited) ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Europe. COTTON GRASS. See ERIOPHORUM. COUSINEA. [Composite.] A family of not very orna- mental hardy plants. The annuals increased by seed, the perennials by division. Common soil. The species are C. carduiformis, cynaroides, Hohenakeri, hystrix, macrocephala, tenella, and Volgensis. Cow PARSNIP. See HERACLEUM. COWSLIP. See PRIMULA. CRANE'S BILL. See GERANIUM. CRAT^EGUS. Hawthorn. [Pomaceae.] The most orna- mental genus of the smaller trees. It is a very extensive family. The majority grow from twelve to twenty feet high, forming small trees of considerable diversity of habit. The flowers are for the most part white, in bunches, so familiar in the common Hawthorn ; but there are some with pink blossoms. . The trees are, however, no less valuable on account of their flowers than their fruit, which is very orna- mental in the autumn ; the flowers being developed in the spring, or between May and June. The thorns all grow freely in good garden soil, preferring that of a loamy tex- ture. They are, in ordinary cases, better known as small standards, or trees, than as bushes. Tt is usual to graft all the kinds upon stocks of the common Hawthorn : an upright leading shoot is then trained up to a sufficient height for the stem, which may be four or six feet high, when they are pruned to form the head. The common kind for stocks, or for the purpose of forming hedges, — for which it is one of 124 GARDEN FLOWERS. the best of deciduous subjects, — is raised from the seeds or haws, sown broadcast in beds, and transplanted when a year old into nursery-beds! Fences are best planted with two-year-old plants. The stocks for grafting should be four years old ; and, if they are not placed where the trees are to remain, they should have been transplanted annually previ- ously to grafting them. The species are all desirable; but the following are se- lected in regard to their different qualities and properties : — FOR FLOWERS. — C. cordata; flowers white, in large corymbs. C. Mexicana; flowers white, succeeded by large yellowish apple- like fruit. C. Oxyacanthaflore-plenoj with double white flowers. C. Oxyacantha pracox ; the Glastonbury thorn ; white, the ear- liest of all, blooming in early May. C. Oxyacantha puniceaj with crimson flowers. C. Oxyacantha rosea flore-pleno ; with double crimson flowers. FOR FRUIT. — C. Aronia; fruit yellow. C. Azarolus ; fruit scarlet. C. coccineaj fruit scarlet. C. Douglasii; fruit dark purple. C. Mexicanus; fruit pale yellowish-green. C. Orien- talisj fruit coral-colored. C. Oxyacantha melanocarpa; fruit black. C. tanacetifolia Leeanaj fruit yellow. FOR HABIT OF GROWTH. — C. Crusgalli; spreading. C.glan- dulosa; compact. C. Oxycantha pendulaj drooping. C. pur- pureaj upright, rigid. C. Oxyacantha strictaj fastigiate. C. Crusgalli pyracanthifolia is a remarkable grotesque little tree, like a miniature cedar of Lebanon. C. pyracan- tha is an evergreen trailing species, with bunches of fiery berries in winter. It is one of the best of plants for train- ing against a wall or building. CRAWFORDIA. [Gentianaceae.] Beautiful half-hardy per- ennial twiner, thriving in loamy peat. Increased by cut- tings or division. C. fasciculata (fascicled) ; 4 feet ; flowers blue, in August ; Himalaya; 1855. GARDEN FLOWERS. 125 CREPIS. See TOLPIS. CRISTARIA. [Malvaceae.] Hardy herbaceous perennial, thriving in peat, and increased by division. C. coccinea (scarlet) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers scar- let, in August ; Missouri ; 1811. CROCUS. Beautiful dwarf hardy bulbs, with grassy leaves and showy flowers, of easiest culture in common garden soil. The bulbs should be planted in October or Novem- ber, about two inches deep, in clumps, or rows. They should not be planted singly, as they are far more effective if put in groups of six, twelve, or even more, the groups being proportionately distant. There is another race of Cro- cuses, the autumn-bloomers, comprising some very. splendid species, which bloom in the end of October and through November, and are equally useful, as ornaments, with the spring Crocuses, in consequence of blooming when other flowers are out of bloom. Many of these, however, are very scarce. They should be planted in June and July, and in other respects require precisely the same treatment as the others. C. argenteus (silvery) ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers white and brown, in April; Pisa; 1842. C. Asturicits (Asturian) ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers purple, in October ; Asturia ; 1842. C. aureus (golden) ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers yellow, in April ; Greece. C. biflorus (two-flowered) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white and purple, in spring ; Crimea ; 1629. C. Boryanus (Bory's) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in autumn; Greek Islands; 1842. C, Cartivrightianus (Cart- wright's) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white and purple, in autumn ; Crete ; 1842. C. Caucasicus (Caucasian) ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers purple, in September ; Caucasus. - C. chrysan- thus (golden-flowered) ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers golden, in April. C. Imperatorius (Imperato's) ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers lilac, in April ; Naples ; 1830. C. lutcus (common yel- low) ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers yellow, in April ; Turkey ; 126 GARDEN FLOWERS. 1629. C. Masiacus (Massian) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers orange or saffron, in spring ; Greece ; 1629. C. medius (inter- mediate) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers violet, in autumn ; Liguria ; 1842. C. nivalis (snowy); hardy bulb; 4 inches; flowers white, in May; Morea. C. odorus (sweet-scented); hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers lilac and gold, in autumn ; Na- ples ; 1830. C. Pallasianus (Pallas') ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers lilac, in October ; Crimea ; 1821. C. pulchellus (neat) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers pale-bluish, pearl-colored, in au- tumn ; Mount Atlas ; 1843. C. Pyrenceus (Pyrenaean) ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers purple, in September ; England. C. sativus (saffron) ; hardy bulb; 4 inches ; flowers violet, in Sep- tember ; England. C. serotinus (late) ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers violet, in October ; south of Europe ; 1629, C. speciosus (showy) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in autumn ; Eng- land. C. Susianus (Susian) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers deep yellow, in spring ; Turkey, 1605. C. Thomasianus (Thomas's) ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers blue, in September ; Naples; 1830. C. -vallecola (valley); hardy bulb; 4 inches; flowers white, in October ; Trebizond Alps ; 1842. C. versicolor (many-colored) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white and blue, in spring; south of Europe ; 1629. There are numerous other species and varieties, all plants of much beauty and interest. The following are good named varieties. WHITE. — Caroline Chisholm, Ecossais, Grootvorst, Countess de Morny, Queen Victoria. BLUE. — Al- bion, Argus, David Rizzio, Grande Vidette, Grand Lilas, Lilaccus, Vulcan, Walter Scott. YELLOW. — Grande jaune, Drap d'or, Scotch. CROSSWORT. See CRUCIANELLA. CROWFOOT. See RANUNCULUS. CRUCIANELLA. [Galiaceae.] Hardy annuals and peren- nials, with a few stove species. The annuals are of no floricultural importance. C. stylosa is a pretty trailing spe- cies, desirable for rock-work, growing in garden soil, and propagated by cuttings or division. GARDEN FLOWERS. 12? C. stylosa (long-styled) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers pink, in July ; Persia ; 1836. C. suaveolens (sweet) ; hardy perennial : I foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; Russia ; 1838. CRYPTOMERIA. Japan Cedar. [Pinaceae.] A very orna- mental evergreen tree, thriving best in pure and rather sandy loam, but not hardy in the Northern States, though occasion- ally surviving the winter. Propagated by seeds and cuttings. C, Japonica (Japan) ; half-hardy evergreen ; 100 feet ; Japan; 1844. There is a dwarf variety. CUCUMIS. Cucumber. [Cucurbitacese.] Half-hardy trail- ing annuals, requiring a warm exposure and rich soil. A few species are grown for their ornamental fruit. C. flexuosus (snake); flowers yellow; fruit in autumn; East Indies; 1597. Some of the other species are C. dipsaceus, melochito, and perennis. CUCURBITA. Gourds. [Cucurbitaceae.] Half-hardy trail- ing annuals, requiring the same treatment as Cucumis. C. digitata, leucantha, Angora, melopcto variegata, maxima, sipho, are desirable. CUNILA. [Lamiaceae.] Hardy herbaceous perennials. Peat and loam. Propagated by division. C. coccinea (scarlet) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers scarlet, in September; North America; 1823. C. Mariana (Maryland) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers red, in Septem- ber ; North America ; 1759. CUPHEA. [Lythracese.] Pretty shrubby or herbaceous perennials and procumbent annuals, comprising both ten- der and hardy species. The hardy annual kinds should be sown along with the annuals in April on a slight hot-bed, or in frames, for the earliest bloom, and again in May in the open borders. They prefer a rich light soil. The green- house and tender species grow in a mixture of two parts leaf-mould to one of loam, with a sixth of sand added ; and 128 GARDEN FLOWERS. are increased by cuttings in sand, in a brisk hot-bed, during the spring or summer. C. ignea, better known as platycentra, an almost ever-blooming shrubby species, with bright scarlet tubes, just tipped with a ring of black and white, is well suited for the flower-garden during summer. It scarcely grows more than a foot high in the course of a season : but the larger the plants, the better they look ; so that the old plants should be preserved. C. ignea (fiery) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 18 inches ; flowers scarlet and black, all the year ; Mexico ; 1845. C. Melvillii (Melville's) ; stove sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet and green, in July ; Guinea ; 1823. C. miniata (vermilion) ; green- house sub-shrub ; 18 inches ; flowers scarlet and purple, in June; South America; 1845. C. procumbens (procumbent) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers pale-purple, in July ; Mexico ; 1816. C. silenoides (silene-like) ; hardy annual; 18 inches; flowers lilac-edged purple, in July ; Mexico ; 1836. C. strigil- losa (coarse-haired) ; greenhouse sub-shrub ; 1 8 inches; flowers red and yellow, in June ; Mexico ; 1844. C. viscosissinia (clam- miest) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers pale-purple, in July ; America ; 1776. C. eminent is of no value as a bedding plant. CUPRESSUS. Cypress. [Pinaceas.] Handsome evergreen shrub-like trees, mostly of pyramidal growth. They are mostly large trees when full grown, but, being erect-growing, may be kept for many years in a moderate space. Good loamy soil is best for them ; and they are best increased by seeds, but sometimes by cuttings and by grafting. ORNAMENTAL EVERGREENS. — C. sempervirens (common ev- ergreen) ; C. Lusitanica (cedar of Goa) ; C. torulosa (Bhotan cypress) ; C. thurifera (frankincense-bearing) ; C. funebris (fu- nebral) ; C. Goveniana (Gowen's) ; C. macrocarpa (large- fruited) ; C. Udheana (Udhe's). Most of the species are tender in the Northern States. GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 29 CURRANT. See RIBES. CYAXANTHUS. [Polemoniaceae.] Pretty little hardy her- baceous plants, requiring sandy soil. Increased by division and cuttings, which must be rooted under a bell-glass. C. lobatus (lobed) ; hardy perennial ; 10 inches ; flowers pur- ple or blue, in August ; Chinese Tartary ; 1844. CYDONIA. Quince. [Pomaceae.] A genus of trees and shrubs, including C. Japonica, once known as Pyrus Japon- ica, which is one of the most brilliant of deciduous flowering shrubs, blooming in early spring. The large scarlet flowers grow in clusters on the branches, and are very conspicuous. It is a free-growing plant, and does well trained against a wall as a shrub, or as a hedge-plant. There are varieties, with pink, citron-yellow, cream-colored, dark-red, and semi- double flowers, some of which are very fine. The fruit is very fragrant. Propagated by root-cutting, seeds, division, and layers. C. Japonica (Japan) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers scarlet, in May; Japan; 1815. C. sinensis (Chinese); hardy tree; 15 feet ; flowers pink, in May ; China ; 1816. CYNANCHUM. [Asclepiadaceae.] Mostly hardy herba- ceous perennials, not very showy, growing in common soil, and propagated by division. The species are C. acutum, eirrhosum, cxcelsum, luteum, medium, melanthus, nigrum, ro- seum, villosum, and others. CYNARA. Artichoke. [Composite.] Large plants with ornamental foliage, suitable for large borders. Common soil. Increased by division. C. cardunculus (cardoon) ; 5 feet ; flowers blue, in August ; Candia; 1658. C.ferox (fierce) ; 5 feet ; flowers blue, in July; Italy ; 1820. C. glomerata (clustered) ; half-hardy ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, in August ; Cape of Good Hope; 1824. C. hor- rida (horrid) ; greenhouse ; 6 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; 9 I3O GARDEN FLOWERS. Madeira ; 1 768. C. integrifolia (whole-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers blue, in July ; Spain. C. pygmcea (pigmy) ; I foot ; flowers pur- ple, in July ; Spain ; 1820. C. Scolymus (common); Artichoke; 8 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; south of Europe ; 1 548. C. spinosissima (most spiny) ; 4 feet ; flowers blue, in July ; Sicily ; 1826. CYNOGLOSSUM. Hound's Tongue. [Boraginaceae.] A large genus of hardy annuals, biennials, and perennials, generally coarse-growing, and not desirable. C. canescens, diffiisum, hirsutum, and lanceolatum, are annuals ; C. amplexicaule, an- chusoides, Australe, grandiflorum, longiflorum, Magellense, to- mentosum, and Virginicum, are perennials; and there are about twenty biennial species. CYPRESS. See CUPRESSUS. CYPRESS VINE. See QUAMOCLIT. CYPRIPEDIUM. Lady's- Slipper. [Orchidaceae.] Beautiful herbaceous perennials, comprising about a dozen hardy and some two dozen stove species. The latter are easily culti- vated in a moist heated atmosphere, such as the Orchicl- eous family generally require, and may be potted in rough turfy peat. They must not be over-watered at the root, nor should cold water be poured about their roots or hearts at any time. They increase by division. The hardy ones are more difficult to cultivate, and can only be well managed in a cold, shady situation, in a bed of peat earth. They may be kept in pots of peat soil, and set into a frame. Whether grown in pots, or planted out, they do not at all like to be disturbed, and should therefore be replanted or repotted as seldom as possible. It is a remarkable as well as beautiful family, and is worth any trouble to secure its successful cul- tivation. C. album (white) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1800. C. arietinum (ram's-head) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white and green, in May ; GARDEN FLOWERS. 131 North America; 1808. C. barbatum (bearded); stove peren- nial ; I foot ; flowers purple and green, in July ; Mount Ophir ; 1838. C. calceolus (common slipper) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers yellow and brown, in May ; England. C. candidum (white) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1826. C. guttatum (spotted) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white and rose, in May; Siberia ; 1829. C. humile or acaule (humble) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple and white, in June; North America; 1786. C. insigne (strik- ing) ; stove perennial ; I foot ; flowers green, white, and purple, in July; Nepaul ; 1819. C. Irapeanum (Irapean) ; stove per- ennial ; 1 8 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Mexico ; 1844. C. Loivii (Low's) ; stove perennial; 18 inches; flowers purple and green, in May; Borneo; 1847. C.pubescens (pubescent); hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers yellow and purple, in May ; North America ; 1 790. C. spectabile (showy) ; hardy perennial ; 1 8 inches ; flowers purple and white, in June ; North America ; 1731. C. ventricosnm (bellied); hardy perennial; 9 inches; flowers purple, in May ; Siberia ; 1828. C. venustum (hand- some) ; stove perennial ; i foot ; flowers green and red, in July ; Nepaul ; 1816. CYTISUS. [Leguminosag.] Elegant, and, for the most part, showy shrubs, and small trees. C. Laburnum and Al- pinus are well-known free-flowering trees, and, though the most familiar and common, are the most beautiful of the whole family. They may be raised from seeds, which need only be sown on the common open ground and raked in, where they may be thinned to proper distances, two or three inches apart, and remain the first season ; the next, they may be planted out in rows, a foot from plant to plant, and two feet from row to row. As all these trees are wanted as standards, whether for their own sakes or for stocks on which to graft or bud other varieties, the side-shoots, except the top two or three, should be rubbed off while merely buds. When they are tall enough, their heads may be 132 GARDEN FLOWERS. allowed to grow and bloom, because those with the largest and handsomest racemes of flowers may be saved for Labur- nums, and the others may be worked with the different species of Cytisus, some of which are white, others yellow, and many are of different forms and habits ; but all make good standards. Some of them have small racemes of flowers, others bloom all the way along the branches ; some are pendulous, others shrubby and upright; but all very pretty, and worth growing in collection among ornamental shrubs. Most of the hardy kinds may be grown as dwarf shrubs in any common soil, and are readily increased either by seeds or by layers. The greenhouse species are hand- some shrubs, growing freely in peat and loam, and increased by seeds, by grafting, or by cuttings. ORNAMENTAL TREES. — C. Laburnum (common Laburnum) ; C. Alpinus (Scotch Laburnum) ; C. Adami (purple Laburnum). ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. — C. purpureus (purple) ; C. albus (Portugal Broom) ; C. nigricans (black) ; C. sessilifolius (sessile- leaved) ; C. patens (spreading) ; C. scoparius (broom), and its varieties ; C. nanus (dwarf) ; C. multiflorus (many leaved) ; C. spinosus (spiny). There are some thirty other species. CZACKIA. See ANTHERICUM LILIASTRUM. DAHLIA. [Composite.] The florists' varieties of this flower require good rich soil, and a moist, open situation. In this country, the plant is falling out of favor, and is by no means as extensively grown as formerly; the attention of florists being directed to Hollyhocks and Gladiolus. The flower, though showy, has a set, rosette appearance, and is a rank-smelling thing ; and in a small garden a hundred flow- ers can be found any one of which will well fill its place. For ordinary gardens, where no great increase is required, the tubers may be placed in any warm situation — a hot-bed for instance, or a warm kitchen or other apartment — about the month of April, and in a few days the eyes, or incipient shoot-buds, will appear; then separate the tubers into as many pieces as are wanted, with at least a sound eye and tuber to each piece. These pieces may be potted, and placed in the greenhouse or dwelling-house, or in a common frame, or any place from which frost can be excluded, and they will begin growing. In potting, the tubers may be freely cut to lessen their size for the convenience of using moder- ate sized pots. Those who want to increase their stock considerably may pot the whole tubers, and put them in a hot-bed, and as fast as any shoots come and have grown two inches long, cut them off at the base, pot them singly in the smallest sized pots, and put them in the hot-bed to strike. Plants reared in either of these ways may be put in the open ground about the middle of May, in the places where they are to flower. The plants should be six feet apart, and they 133 134 GARDEN FLOWERS. must be tied up as they grow, or the wind will break them down. Seeds may be sown in April in a hot-bed, and the young plants potted and kept growing till the middle of May ; they may then be planted in rows, two feet apart in the row, and three from row to row. The florists' varieties have been obtained by years of crossing and seed-saving, from D. variabilis, and are now almost endless in variety of colour, and vary in height from three to six feet. The other kinds of Dahlias are small tuberous-rooted perennials, requiring to be protected in winter, and planted out in summer in good garden soil. D. Barkerice (Miss Barker's) ; half-hardy tuber ; 2 feet ; flow- ers blush, in August ; Mexico; 1838. D. frustranea (barren- rayed) ; half-hardy tuber ; 6 feet ; flowers scarlet or orange, in September; Mexico; 1802. D. glabrata (smooth); half-hardy tuber ; 3 feet ; flowers lilac, in July ; Mexico ; 1838. D. scapigera (scape-bearing) ; half-hardy tuber ; 2 feet ; flowers lilac, in July ; Mexico; 1837. D. variabilis (variable); half-hardy perennial; 3 to 6 feet ; flowers various, in September ; Mexico ; 1789. The florists' varieties are very numerous, and a selection can be readily made from any florist's catalogue. The pompon varieties are rather pretty if well pegged down in abed. DAFFODIL. See NARCISSUS. DAISY. See BELLIS. DALIBARDA. [Rosaceae.] A pretty, low-growing family of plants, suitable for rock-work. Increased by seed and division. D. repens (creeping) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, all summer. North America. DAPHNE. [Thymelaeas.] A genus of well-known plants, of which only two, D. cneorum and mezereon, are hardy in the Northern States. They thrive in any good garden soil, and GARDEN FLOWERS. 135 are propagated by division, layers, or seeds. The latter re- quire two years to vegetate. D. Fortuni (Fortune's) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers lilac, in April; China, 1844. D. mezereon (hardy shrub) ; 2 feet ; flow- ers pink, in April ; England. Variety album has white flow- ers ; rubrum has red flowers ; autumnale has red flowers, in August. D. cneorum (garland flower) ; hardy evergreen ; i foot ; flowers pink, in May. A variety has variegated foliage. DATURA. [Solanaceae.] The greenhouse species, usually known as Brugmansias, do well planted in a rich, moist, sunny border, in summer, and ofteji flower profusely. The annuals are rank-growing plants, but have showy flowers. They are easily raised from seed, which should be sown in May in the border, or in a frame in April, and transplanted. D. bicolor (two-colored) ; greenhouse shrub; 10 feet ; flowers orange and red, in August; Peru ; 1833. D. Candida, (white) ; greenhouse shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Peru, 1813. D. ceratocaulon (horn-stemmed); half-hardy annual; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; South America ; 1805. D. cornigera (horn-bearing) ; greenhouse shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in July; Brazil; 1846. D. fastuosa (purple); half-hardy annual; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; Egypt ; 1629. D. Gardneri (Gardner's) ; greenhouse shrub ; ro feet ; flowers white, in July; South America; 1733. D. Knightii (Knight's) ; greenhouse shrub; lofeet; flowers white, in August ; gardens. D. lutea (yellow) ; greenhouse shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers yellowish, in August. D. Metel (downy) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Asia ; 1 596. D. Stramonium (Stramonium) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in July ; England. D. suaveolens (sweet-scented) ; greenhouse shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in August; Peru; 1733. D. Tatula (blue); half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers purple^ in July ; North America ; 1629. DAY LILY. See HEMEROCALLIS. DELPHINIUM. Larkspur. [Ranunculaceae.] An exten- 136 GARDEN FLOWERS. sive genus of hardy plants, chiefly perennials, but containing some annuals and biennials. Mostly plants of considerable beauty, and favorites in gardens. The perennials are in- creased by dividing the roots in spring, and need not be disturbed oftener than once in three years, to part the roots. The double variety of D. grandiflorum has beautiful flow- ers of an intense blue color. The best of the annuals, D. consolida and Ajaris, should be sown where they are to bloom, and thinned to three or four inches apart. They ought to be grown in every garden, and require only good garden soil. The branching Larkspur is often hardy enough to stand the winter if sown in autumn. D. aconiti (aconite-like) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers pur- plish, in June ; Levant ; 1801. D. Ajacis (rocket) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers pink, blue, or white, in June ; Switzerland, 1573. D. anuznum (pleasing); hardy perennial; 3 feet ; flowers light-blue, in July ; Siberia; 1818. D.aznreitm (azure) ; hardy perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers light-blue, in July ; Carolina; 1805. D. Barlowi (Barlow's); hardy perennial; 3 feet ; flowers deep-blue, double, in June ; gardens. D. cheilan- thum (lip-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers dark-blue, in June ; Siberia; 1819. D. Chinense (Chinese) ; hardy peren- nial ; 2 feet ; flowers deep-blue, in July ; Tartary ; 1818. D. consolida (branching) ; hardy annual ; 2^ feet ; flowers blue, pink, or white, in June ; England. D. divaricatum (straggling) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers purple, in July ; Asia ; 1836. D. grandiflorum (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers deep-blue, in July ; Siberia ; 1816. D. grandiflorum flore-pleno ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet; flowers deep-blue, double, in July ; gardens. D. speciosum (showy) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet; flowers blue, in July ; Caucasus ; 1816. There are numerous other showy species, among which D. Hendersoni and formosum, garden varieties, are conspicu- ous. For common cultivation, we should select as the best, D. formosum, sinense (white, light, and deep blue), sinense GARDEN FLOWERS. 137 plenum, Hendersoni, elatum, varieties calestinum, grandiflorum, bicolor plenum, azureum grandiflorum, bicolor and plenum. DESERT ROD. See EREMOSTACHYS. DENTARIA. [Cruciferae.] A family of hardy herbaceous plants, comprising some dozen species, easily propagated by seeds and division. They are of little horticultural impor- tance. DEUTZIA. [Philadelphaceae.] Handsome hardy decid- uous shrubs, very ornamental in both garden and shrubbery. Propagated by suckers and layers. The smaller species, especially D. gracilis, are valuable for forcing in the green- house. D. corymbosa (corymbed) ; hardy shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Himalayas ; 1838. D. gracilis (graceful) ; hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Japan ; 1850. D. scabra (rough) ; hardy shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Japan ; 1833. D. staminea (broad-stamened) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Himalayas ; 1831. The double-flowered species are desirable. D. crenata flore-pleno is a fine species, introduced from Japan in 1863 DEVIL IN A BUSH. See NIGELLA. DIANTHOIDIS. See FENZLIA. DIANTHUS. Pink. [Caryophyllaceae.] The majority of the Pinks are highly ornamental hardy perennials, particu- larly suited for rock-work, and almost all the species are alike desirable in such situations. All the hardy perennials prefer a light, dryish soil, and are increased by cuttings or pipings, and also by seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe. There are a few half-hardy, sub-shrubby kinds, which may be kept in a dry frame or greenhouse, and should be potted in sandy loam and peat : they propagate by cuttings. The Indian pink ( D. Chinensis) is a richly colored hardy biennial, and does well treated as an annual. 138 GARDEN FLOWERS. Pink (Dianthus plumarius, vars.J. — The fancy or florist's race of pinks is extensive : they require every year to be struck from pipings, which are the shoots that spring out round the base of the stem ; these are taken off at blooming time, or rather later, and each shoot is cut across just be- low the third joint ; the lower pair of leaves from the heart being cut clean away. A bed is made of rich sandy loam and dung, and the surface is made quite soft with water, in which state pipings or shoots are inserted all over it not more than an inch apart. After drying for an hour or two, it is covered with a hand-glass, which is not disturbed for some days, and then only to water the pipings if they require it. A good deal can be done towards moistening them by watering outside the glass. In three weeks they will have struck root, and the glass may then be tilted a little to admit some air, and in a few days more may be taken away, that they may have full benefit of the air. After a few days, they may be taken up, and planted out in four-feet beds : six inches apart every way will be the proper distance for the plants. The soil in which they grow should be the loam from rotted turfs ; or, if ordinary garden soil be used of necessity, a good dressing of dung should be forked in be- fore the pinks are planted. In May, when they send up their bloom-stalks, remove all but the best from each plant, and, as these advance, take off all but two or three buds from each stalk ; and when these have swelled almost to burst- ing, but not quite, tie them fast round the middle with a piece of bass-matting, and tear the bud-cover down to the tie at its five natural divisions. After the bloom is over, the grass, as it is called, — that is, the young shoots, — will be ready to strike for the next year. The best double Pinks do not seed freely, but they do occasionally ; and such seed should be prized as a means towards obtaining new vari- GARDEN FLOWERS. 139 eties of merit. The seed should be sown in wide-mouthed pots or seed-pans, not too thick, and placed in a cold frame : if hot too much crowded when they come up, the plants may remain there till they are large enough to plant out, in like manner with the pipings or cuttings, and the treatment is the same throughout. As they bloom, throw away instantly every one that is semi-double or single, and all that are not as good or better than the varieties already in cultivation. A very few of the seedlings may be worth trying again, and of these a few cuttings should be reared. The flowers of seedlings should be examined daily, almost hourly, in order to destroy at once those that are good for nothing ; for single and semi-double kinds can only spoil the seed of the better sorts. It is not to be expected, with every care and advantage in seed-saving, to get one improved variety out of fifty, or even a larger number of seedlings. For list of the best varieties see the latest trade catalogues. Carnation and Picotee ( Dianthus Caryophyllus, vars.). — These superb and highly scented flowers are precisely sim- ilar as to the requirements of their cultivation. They are propagated chiefly by layering. The shoots at the bottom of the stems, being longer than those of the pink, can be pegged under the surface to strike root, which they do when half divided from the parent ; for by cutting them half-way through, and pegging the cut part firmly under the surface, the supply of nourishment from the parent plant being di- minished, they endeavor to compensate for their loss by forming roots. The shoots in this case do not droop, be- cause the connection with the old plant is not cut off, as in the removal of a piping ; consequently, there is not so much risk of losing any of them. In cutting these stems, the knife should go in slanting just under a joint (about the third joint from the top) ; and, when nearly half through, they should I4O GARDEN FLOWERS. be split up half an inch above the joint, the sloping piece below the joint being cut off even. The half-joint thus sep- arated, will, when pegged down, send forth roots. These layers, as they are called, may be all cut off in September, and potted in four-inch pots, two in a pot, with nothing but clean good loam from rotted turfs, no dung. In February, prepare rich mould to bloom them in, — half loam from rotted turfs, a fourth decomposed dung, and the other fourth turfy peat and silver, or other very clean sand, mixed well and left in a heap. In the beginning of April, get twelve-inch pots ;, fill one-third with sherds of broken pots, then a third of the proper soil, then turn out the ball of earth with the pair of plants in it ; and, having placed it in the middle at the proper depth, fill up all round, press the soil to the ball of earth, and after adjusting it properly, and fill- ing up to within half-an-inch of the top edge, place the pot on a dry hard flooring, the object being twofold, — to pre- vent worms entering at the bottom hole and disarranging the soil, and to keep this hole, which is essential for drain- age, from getting filled up, or in any way stopped, to prevent the egress of whatever superfluous water may reach the soil. Go through the whole in this way, and then water freely, taking all possible precaution to prevent vermin from get- ting to the pots : one plan is to raise shelves, with their supports standing in pans of water. When the stems rise for bloom, treat them in the same way as Pinks, in every respect, even to the flowering. The Carnation differs from the Picotee only in the disposition of the coloring ; the Car- nation is striped or ribboned outwards, the Picotee is edged or feathered inwards. It is a prevalent practice to put cards on the buds of the flowers, that the petals may be displayed on them as they open. For a list of the best varieties of these flowers, see the latest trade-lists. GARDEN FLOWERS. 14! Sweetwilliam (D. barbatus). — This hardy perennial is best treated as a biennial, and raised annually from seeds, except in the case of distinct and particularly handsome va- rieties, which can only be increased by propagating from the shoots produced from the root, and which may be either treated as cuttings or layers. The seeds should be sown in . June in a bed of light open soil ; and, when the seedlings have formed a pair or two of leaves, they may be pricked out three inches apart on a bed of light rich earth, in which they may grow till autumn, and will gain strength for flower- ing. In September or early in October, remove them with good balls of earth to the borders or beds where they are to flower. For beds, this should be done annually ; the old roots being either destroyed after seed is secured, or tran§- planted to the borders, or, in the case of new and striking varieties, removed and carefully propagated. In borders, the old roots, if vigorous enough, may be left to bloom again. Young plants reared from cuttings or layers may be treated exactly like seedlings. The best soil for the bloom- ing plants is a sandy loam well manured with decayed leaf- mould and stable-dung. The varieties of different colors of Sweetwilliam are now numerous ; but they are hardly ad- vanced enough for selection by name. D. arboreus (tree) ; half-hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in July; Greece; 1820. D. arbuscula (small tree) ; half-hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 18 inches ; flowers red, in July; China; 1824. D. barbatus (Sweetwilliam); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers various, in July; Germany; 1573. D. caryophyllus (clove-pink); hardy perennial; 2 feet ; flowers flesh-color, in June; England D. Chinensis (Indian pink) ; half-hardy biennial ; i foot : flowers various, in July ; China; 1713. D. Heddewigii is a gigantic form of D. Chinen- sis, introduced from Japan in 1859. D. fruticosus (shrubby); half-hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers pink, in July ; 142 GARDEN FLOWERS. Greece; 1815. D. Hendersonianus (Henderson's); hardy per- ennial ; i foot ; flowers crimson, in July ; gardens. D. pluma- rius (garden pink) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white and purple, in June ; England. D. suffruticosus (half-shrubby) ; half-hardy evergreen sub-shrub; 18 inches; flowers pink, in August; Siberia; 1804. There are about one hundred hardy perennial kinds, varying in height from 6 to 18 inches, and with flowers usually white, pink, or flesh-colored. All of these are more or less ornamental. D. ddtoides is a fine plant for rock- work : D. cruentus has brilliant red flowers ; D. Verscha- feldtii and Veitchii are very showy species if carefully grown. DIAPENSIA. [Polemoneaceae.] A dwarf Alpine ever- green, of difficult culture. D. Lapponica (Lapland) ; hardy shrub ; 4 inches ; flowers white, in July ; Lapland ; North America; 1801. DICTAMNUS. Fraxinella. [Rutaceas.] Showy hardy per- ennials, with leaves something like those of an ash-tree ; hence the name fraxinella^ or little fraxinus, the latter being the name of the Ash. They grow in common garden soil, preferring loam. Propagated slowly by dividing the roots ; or more readily by seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe, in open beds. D. dibits (white) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June; Germany; 1596. D. angustifolius (narrow-leaved); hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers lilac, in June ; Altai ; 1821. D. fraxinella (fraxinella) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in June ; Germany; 1596. DIDISCUS. [Umbelliferas.] A very pretty half-hardy an- nual. Sow in April in a hot-bed, and plant out in the border in May. Rich light soil. Propagated by seed. D. cceruleus (sky-blue) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-blue, in July ; New South Wales ; 1827. GARDEN FLOWERS. 143 Di ELYTRA. [Fumariaceae.] Hardy herbaceous peren- nials, with showy flowers, formerly called " Fumaria." Rich garden soil. Increased by division. D. spectabilis the most showy of all, is propagated readily by cuttings of the young shoots in spring, managed as dahlia cuttings, or by dividing its tuberous roots. D. bracteosa (bracted) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in June; North America; 1823. D. Canadensis (Can- adian) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; North America; 1819. D. cucullaria (hooded); hardy perennial; 9 inches; flowers whitish, in May; North America; 1731. D. eximia (choice) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers red, in June ; North America; 1812. D.formosa (handsome); hardy peren- nial ; i foot; flowers red, in June ; North America ; 1796. D. spcciosa (showy) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers flesh-color, in June ; 1810. D. spectabilis (beautiful) ; hardy tuberous per- ennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in April ; north of China ; 1846. D. tenuifolia (slender-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pink, in June ; Kamtschatka ; 1820. There is a white variety of D. spectabilis. DIERVILLA. [Caprifoliacese.] A hardy native shrub, growing freely anywhere, and increasing rapidly by suckers. D. lutea (yellow) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in June; North America ; 1739. DIGITALIS. Foxglove. [Scrophulariaceae.] Hardy peren- nials, with a few biennial species, mostly showy or pretty plants for the borders. The common Foxglove (D. pur- purea) is much esteemed as a garden flower, and is a very handsome plant. They are all increased readily by seeds. Sow in August if the seeds are ripe ; if not, in April, on moderately good ground, and rather thinly ; thin the plants to six inches apart ; those taken up, if required, may be planted elsewhere six inches apart ; but those not removed will be the strongest. The autumn-sown ones may be re- 144 GARDEN FLOWERS. moved in spring, with good balls of earth, to the places where they are to flower : the summer-sown crop are better transplanted early in autumn. If the object is to improve the common or any other sorts, sow in beds, and thin out the plants as before, but leave the rest to bloom : when they come into flower, pull up and destroy every thing com- mon-place and mark the best for seed. D. ambigua (ambiguous) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers light-yellow, in July; Switzerland; 1596. D. aurea (golden); hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Greece; 1816. D. eriostachya (woolly-spiked) ; hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers brown and yellow, in July; Russia; 1827. D. ferruginea (rusty) ; hardy biennial ; 4 feet ; flowers red-brown, in July ; Italy; 1597. D. fucescens (tawny); hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers red, in July ; Hungary ; 1823. D. laciniata (cut- leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Spain; 1827. D. lanata (woolly); hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers white and brown, in June ; Hungary ; 1789. D. ochro- leuca (yellowish) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers light-yel- low, in July ; Europe ; 1816. D. Orientalis (Eastern) ; hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers white, in June; Levant; 1820. D. purpurea (common) ; hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers rose-pur- ple or white, in June ; England. D. Thapsi (mullein) ; hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers purple, in June; Spain; 1752. D. tomentosa (woolly) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in July; Portugal'; 1818. DINETUS. [Convolvulaceae.] A pretty little convolvu- lus-like twiner, thriving in light rich soil in summer. Pro- pagated by seeds. D. racemosa (branched) ; annual climber ; 1 2 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Nepaul ; 1823. D. paniadata is a greenhouse evergreen climber. DIOSCOREA. [Dioscoriaceas.] Tuberous-rooted peren- nials, mostly stove plants, but including two hardy species. GARDEN FLOWERS. 145 D. batatas (the Chinese Yam) is a very ornamental climber with cinnamon-scented flowers and neat glossy foliage. Propagated by offsets from root and bulblets produced on branches. D. batatas (Chinese Yam) ; hardy perennial herbaceous climber ; 20 feet ; flowers greenish-white, in July ; China. D. villosa (wild Yam) ; hardy perennial herbaceous climber ; 6 feet ; flowers greenish-yellow, in July ; North America. DIOSPYROS. [Ebenaceae.] The Persimmon of the Middle and Southern States, useful as an ornamental tree, and of some value for fruit. The trees differ much in the quality of the fruit, and this tree offers much opportunity for im- provement to the culturist ; and the time may come when the Persimmon will be a market-fruit. Rich deep soil. In- creased by seed. D. Virginiana (Virginia) ; hardy tree ; 25 feet ; flowers green- ish-yellow, in June. The family is dioecious. There are many tender species. DIPHYLLEIA. [Berberidaceae] A pretty hardy herba- ceous perennial, allied to Jeffersonia. Soil, sandy peat. Increased by division. Requires a shady situation., D. cymosa (cyme-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers white, in May ; North America ; 1812. DIPLACUS. [Scrophulariaceae.] Greenhouse or half-hardy show}r shrubs, related to Mimulus, and blooming tolerably well in the borders during summer if well established, or if old plants are employed. Cuttings root readily in sandy soil, put in a frame or hand-glass, and the striking is hastened by a little warmth. They may be potted in com- post of loam, lightened with turfy soil, or leaf-mould and sand. Like other free-growing subjects, the young plants must be shifted on, and frequently topped to keep them bushy, until they get to a blooming size, or as large as may 10 146 GARDEN FLOWERS. be required. If good plants are required, strong young plants should be prepared through one summer for bloom- ing the following spring. Smaller plants, to bloom the same year, may be raised in spring. D. glutinosus (clammy) ; greenhouse sub-evergreen shrub ; 4 feet; flowers orange-yellow, in summer ; California; 1794. D. Puniceus (scarlet) ; greenhouse sub-evergreen shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers deep crimson, in summer; California ; 1837. DIPLOPAPPUS. [Composite.] Hardy or half-hardy per- ennials, some of them sub-shrubby, related to Aster. Com- mon loamy soil. Increased by cuttings or by division. DIRCA. [Thymelaceas.] A hardy deciduous shrub, com- monly called Leatherwood, valuable for its early blooming. Common damp soil. Increased by layers. D. palustris (marsh) ; hardy shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers yellow, in early spring ; North America ; 1750. DISPORUM. [Melanthaceae.] Half-hardy perennial, re- quiring winter protection. Soil, sandy peat. Propagated by division and seed. D. fulvum (tawny) ; half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers brown, in autumn; China; 1801. D. parviflorum (small-flow- ered) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Nepaul ; 1820. DITTANY. See ORIGANUM. DODECATHEON. American Cowslip. [Primulaceas.] Very pretty, early flowering, dwarf, perennial, herbaceous plants, quite hardy ; preferring to be planted in a soil where there is a good proportion of loam and peat earth, and requiring a cool situation. The flowers are in shape like a half- opened inverted parasol. They are increased without diffi- culty by dividing the roots. Seeds are also produced, from which young plants may be raised by the same process as in raising seedlings of the Auricula, except that, when large GARDEN FLOWERS. 147 enough, these may be planted out in the open ground. There are several varieties of the Common or Mead's Vir- ginian Cowslip, differing in the size and color of their flowers. D. integrifolium (entire-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pale-purple, in May; North America; 1829. D. Media (Mead's) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers rose-lilac, in May ; Virginia ; 1744. DOG'S-BANE. See APOCYNUM. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET. See ERYTHRONIUM. DORONICUM. Leopard' s-Bane. [Composite:] Showy hardy herbaceous plants, with large yellow flowers. They are propagated easily by dividing the roots in autumn or spring, and grow in any ordinary garden soil. Except for the variation of the blooming season, there is scarcely dif- ference enough in their appearance to render it necessary to cultivate more than one species. D. AltaicTtm (Altaic) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers white, in June ; Siberia ; 1783. D. Austriacum (Austrian) ; hardy per- ennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow in May ; Austria ; 1816. D. Cau- casicum (Caucasian) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in June ; Caucasus ; 1815. D. cordifolium (heart-leaved); hardy perennial; i foot; flowers yellow, in May; Russia; 1838. D. macrophyllum (large-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July; Caucasus; 1828. D. Pardalianches (great); hardy perennial ; a£ feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; England. D. planlagineum (plantain-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; south of Europe ; 1570. DORYCNIUM. [Leguminosae.] Hardy and half-hardy per- ennial and sub-shrubby plants, of little beauty. Soil, com- mon loam. Propagated by seeds. D. herbacettm (herbaceous) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flow- ers white, in July ; south of Europe ; 1802. D. hirsutum (hairy) ; hardy evergreen sub- shrub; 3 feet; flowers red and white, in July ; south of Europe ; 1682. D. suffruticosum (sub-shrubby); 148 GARDEN FLOWERS. half-hardy sub-shrub ; 18 inches; flowers white, in July ; south of Europe ; 1640. D. tomentosum (woolly) ; hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers red and white, in July ; south of Europe ; 1817. DRABA. [CruciferjE.] Hardy perennials, of low growth and easy culture, well suited for rock-work. Increased by division. There are about forty perennial species, all dwarf, mostly with white flowers. DRACOCEPHALUM. Dragon' s-Head. [Labiatae.] The hardy perennial species of this genus are pretty border flow- ers, not particular as to soil. They are propagated by di- vision of the root. The hardy annual species may be sown in the open border in May. D. Altaiense (Altaian) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in July; Georgia; 1787. D. Argunense (Fischer's); hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Siberia ; 1822. D. Austriacum (Austrian); hardy perennial ; I foot; flowers blue, July ; Austria ; 1 547. D. canescens (hoary) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet; flowers blue, in July; Levant; 1711. D. grandiflorum (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July; Siberia; 1759. D. Mexicanum (Mexican); hardy perennial ; 2 feet; flowers blue, in June; Mexico; 1832. D. Moldavicum (Moldavian Balm) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers blue or white, in July ; Moldavia; 1596. D. peregrinum (foreign) ; hardy per- ennial; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Siberia; 1759. D.pin- natum (pinnate-leaved) ; hardy perennial, prostrate ; flowers blue, in June; Siberia; 1822. D. Ruyschianum (Ruysch's) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in July ; north of Europe ; 1699. DRACOPIS. [Composite.] A hardy annual, allied to Rud- beckia. Propagated by seeds sown in May in good garden soil. D. amplexicaulis (stem-clasping) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flow- ers yellow, in July ; Louisiana ; 1793. DRACUNCULUS. [Araceae.] Hardy herbaceous peren- GARDEN FLOWERS. 149 nials, with a very curious-looking inflorescence. Loamy soil. Propagated by division of the roots. D. crinitum (hairy) ; half-hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers brownish-purple, in April; Minorca; 1777. D. vulgare (com- mon Dragon ; hardy perennial) ; 2 feet ; flowers brownish-pur- ple, in June ; south of Europe ; 1548. DRAGON'S-HEAD. See DRACOCEPHALUM. DROSERA. Sundew. [Droseraceae.] Curious little her- baceous plants, seldom seen in cultivation. There are four native species, and numerous others inhabiting various parts of the world. They should be planted in chopped sphag- num moss mixed with a third part of sandy peat soil, and should always be kept wet. Propagated by seeds. DRUMMONDIA. [Saxifragaceae.] A hardy herbaceous perennial, suitable for rock-work. Soil, dryish sandy loam. Increased by division of the plant. D. mitelloides (mitella-like) ; hardy herbaceous perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellowish, in July; Rocky Mountains ; 1827. Also called Metellopsis. DRYAS. [Rosaceae.] Small hardy or half-hardy sub-her- baceous plants, with white flowers, Peat soil, with slight protection in winter. Propagated by cuttings under a hand- glass, by division, or by seeds. ECHINACEA. [Composite] Large-growing, half-hardy perennials, of the habit of Rudbeckia, and requiring similar treatment. Common garden soil. Propagated by division. E. Dicksoni (Dickson's) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers lilac, in August ; Mexico ; 1836. E. heterophylla (various- leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in October ; Mexico; 1829. E. intermedia (intermediate) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers rose-purple, in July ; Mexico ; 1826. E. purpu- rea (purple) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers red, in Septem- ber ; North America, 1699. \ ECCREMOCARPUS. See CALAMPELIS. ECHINOPS. Globe Thistle. [Compositae.] Coarse hardy perennials or biennials, remarkable for their spheroidal this- tle-like flower-heads. Common soil. The perennials in- creased by division ; the biennials by seeds. E. Barmaticus albus (Hungarian white) ; hardy biennial ; 4 feet; flowers white, in August; Hungary; 1832. E, exaltatus (tall) ; hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Austria ; 1817. E. Persicus (Persian); hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in August; Persia; 1821. E. Ritro (small); hardy per- ennial; 3 feet; flowers blue, in July; Europe; 1570. E. Ru- thenicus (Russian); hardy perennial ; 3 feet; flowers blue, in July; Russia; 1816. E. spinosus (spiny); hardy perennial; 4 feet; flowers white, in July; Egypt; '1597. E. tenuifolius (slender- leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in August ; Rus- sia; 1820. There are many other species. 150 GARDEN FLOWERS. 151 'ECHIUM. Viper's Bugloss. [Boraginaceae.] A large ge- nus of hardy annuals, biennials, and perennials, and of greenhouse evergreen shrubs. The hardy sorts grow in common garden soil, and are all best propagated by seeds. The greenhouse species require sandy loam and peat, and are increased by seeds or cuttings, and require to be kept in a rather dry atmosphere during winter. Some of the greenhouse kinds are showy, though not of good habit ; but the hardy kinds are of little value for ornamental purposes. HARDY ANNUALS. — E. angustifolium (narrow-leaved) ; flow- ers blush, in July ; Spain; 1826. E. arenarium (sand-inhabit- ing) ; flowers purple, in July ; Calabria ; 1 826. E. calycinum (large-calyxed) ; flowers blue and yellow, in July ; south of Eu- rope ; 1829. E. macraiitlnun (large-flowered) ; I foot ; flowers violet, in July; Barbary; 1818. E. Simsii (Sims'); flowers red and blue, in August ; south of Europe ; 1816. HARDY BIENNIALS. — E. amcenum (agreeable); flowers blue, in July ; Caucasus ; 1 826. E. asperrimum (very rough) ; flowers blue, in July; Caucasus; 1826. E. Dalmricum (Dahurian) ; flowers blue, in July; Dahuria; 1827. E. Italicum (Italian); 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Jersey. E. Sibthorpii (Sib- thorp's) ; i foot ; flowers red, in June ; Europe ; 1824. E. tenue (slender) ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July ; Sicily ; 1824. E. tuber- culatiun (pimpled) ; I foot ; flowers violet, in August ; Spain ; 1820. E. tnolaceuin (violet-flowered); 3 feet; flowers blue, in June ; Austria ; 1658. E. vulgare flore-albo (common white- flowered) ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; Britain. EGG-PLANT. See SOLANUM. EGLANTINE. See ROSA. EL^AGNUS. Oleaster. [Elasagnacea?.] A genus of shrubs with silvery foliage, consisting chiefly of hardy deciduous species, with a few greenhouse evergreens. For the former, which are useful in shrubberies, the common garden soil will suffice ; and they are increased by seeds, cuttings, or layers. The latter should have loam, with a third peat or 152 GARDEN FLOWERS. leaf-mould, and a portion of sand, and are increased by cuttings. E. argenteus (silvery); hardy shrub; 10 feet; North Ameri- ca; 1813. ELDER. See SAMBUCUS. ELECAMPANE. See INULA. ELM. See ULMUS. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. See CIRC^EA. EPIG^EA. [Ericaceae.] A lovely little procumbent ever- green shrub. The plant has a creeping stem, which spreads by degrees over the ground, rooting as it extends. It re- quires a bed of peat soil, and a cool, shady, somewhat moist situation. If planted between Rhododendrons, in situations where these thrive, if they do not too far shade the surface, the Epigaga would flourish. E. repens (creeping) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 inches ; flow- ers white, in April; North America ; 1736. The variety rubi- cunda has flowers of a beautiful rose-red, and blooms in April. EPILOBIUM. See CHAMCENERIUM. EPIMEDIUM. Barrenwort. [Berberidaceas.] Dwarf hardy perennials, suitable for rock-work or for pot culture. They like a soil of mellow loam and peat, in equal proportions, mixed with an eighth of sand. On rock-work, they should be planted in similar soil. They are quite hardy. Division of the root is the most ready means of propagating them, and this should be attended to soon after they have done flowering, that the plants may get well established before winter. E. Alpinum (Alpine) ; hardy perennial, 9 inches ; flowers red and yellow, in May ; England. E. diphyllum (two-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May; Japan ; 1830. E. hexandrum (six-anthered) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flow- ers lilac, in May; North America; 1827. E. macranthiiin GARDEN FLOWERS. 153 (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers whitish, in May; Japan; 1835. •£"• Musschianum (Mussch's) ; hardy per- ennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; Japan ; 1838. E. pinna- turn (pinnate) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; Persia ; 1 848. E. -violaceutn (violet) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers violet-color, in May ; Japan ; 1835. EQUISETUM. Horsetail. [Equisetaceae.] Hardy herba- ceous perennials of singular appearance, associating well with Ferns and Lycopodiums about damp, shady rock-work. They mostly prefer peaty soil and a damp situation, and are increased by division of the root. ERAGROSTIS. [Graminace'ae.] A family of ornamental grasses, succeeding in common garden soil. E. elegans, Namaquensis, cylindrifolia, and megastachya are the species. ERANTHIS. Winter Aconite. [Ranunculaceae.] The Winter Aconite is one of those simple flowers which please more on account of the season of their appearance than their beauty. It begins to bloom in earliest spring, often amidst frost and snow, and for a long time continues to decorate the garden and shrubbery. It is altogether not more than three inches high, the flowers being seated one on each pair of flat-lobed leaves, which terminate the stalk. They look like little yellow cups with their bases surrounded by green frills. It is tuberous, and only requires to be planted in the soil and left -to itself. Planted just within the margin of a flower-bed, it interferes with nothing ; and, if placed thick enough, makes a conspicuous edging for some time. It is also very well placed in patches among shrubs, or in any other wilderness scenery, which it serves to enliven at a dreary season. E. hiemalis (winter) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in April ; England. E. Siberica (Siberian) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in April ; Siberia; 1826. 154 GARDEN FLOWERS. EREMOSTACHYS. Desert Rod. [Labiatas.] Hardy her- baceous perennial, requiring protection from wet in winter, and a sandy loamy soil. It is best to preserve sqme plants in pots in a dry frame during winter. Increased only by seeds. E. laciniata (jagged) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers sul- phur-yellow and orange-brown, in July ; Caucasus ; 1731. ERIGERON. [Composite.] Hardy plants, comprising annuals, biennials, and perennials. Some of the latter may be grown in borders or on rock-work, but they are not very important. All grow freely in* common garden soil. The perennials are increased by division, the annuals and bien- nials by seeds. E, armericefolium (thrift-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in June ; Dahuria ; 1829. E. asperum (rough); hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in August ; North Amer- ica ; 1828. E. Chinensis (Chinese) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flow- ers white, in July; China; 1818. E. glabellum (smoothish) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers bluish, in July ; North Amer- ica ; 1825. E. humile (dwarf) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flow- ers flesh-color, in August ; North America; 1828. E. Lehmanni (Lehmann's) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers lilac, in July ; Egypt; 1828. E. piibescens (downy) ;. hardy perennial; i foot; flowers white, in July ; Mexico; 1827. E. Villarsii (Attic) ; hardy per- ennial ; 1 8 inches ; flowers purple, in July ; Attica ; 1816. ERINOSMA. [Amaryllidaceae.] A beautiful little hardy bulb. Soil, sandy loam. Increased by offsets. More com- monly called Leucojum. E. -verna (spring) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in February; Germany; 1596. There are two varieties, called Ccirpatica and multiplex. ERINUS. [Scrophulariacese.] This genus contains some dwarf hardy perennials, which form beautiful objects for pot-culture among alpine plants, as well as for rock-work. GARDEN FLOWERS. 155 They prefer light and rather sandy soil. When grown in pots, they should have the protection usually given to al- pines, which consists mainly in plunging the pots to prevent frosts from acting on the roots, and in shielding off heavy rains, which saturate the soil, and sometimes, if the drainage gets deranged, become conducive to the decay of the plants by rotting the roots and root-stocks. They are increased by division, which should be done about July or August, or by seeds sown as soon as they ripen. The greenhouse sub- shrubby species are referred to Nycterinia. E. Alpinus (smooth) ; hardy perennial; 3 inches ; flowers rose- purple, in April ; Pyrenees ; 1739. E- Hispanicus (hairy) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers rose-color, in March ; Spain ; 1739. These plants are half-hardy in^the Northern States. ERIOGONUM. [Polygonacece.] Half-hardy herbaceous perennials, increased by division and seed. Soil, peaty loam. E. compositum (compound) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellowish-white, in May ; North America. E. longi- folium (long-leaved) ; hardy perennial'; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June; North America; 1824. E. sericeum (silky); hardy perennial; i foot; flowers yellow, in July; Missouri; 1811. E. tomentosum (downy) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Carolina ; 1811. ERIOPHORUM. Cotton-grass. [Cyperaceae.] Very pretty hardy herbaceous perennials, producing heads of silver)' white plumes, which might be effective planted in low ground. Increased by division and seed. Soil, wet loamy peat. EROPHILA. [Cruciferae.] Hardy annuals, allied to Draba, growing from seed, in garden soil. Flowers white. The species are E. Americana, precox, and vulgaris. . ERYNGIUM. [Umbelliferae.] A curious genus of peren- 156 GARDEN FLOWERS. nials, generally hardy, remarkable for the colored bracts of the involucre, which constitute the showy part of their in- florescence. They are desirable among hardy herbaceous subjects, the prevailing color being blue. They belong, in truth, to the umbelliferous order, without having any ex- ternal resemblance to that class of forms so familiar in the Parsley, the Celery, the Carrot, and the Fennel. They are raised from seeds, which, like those of other perennials, may be sown in May either in pots or in a bed. The young plants, if nursed into strength, will bloom the following year; but, usually, the old plants are the best if they are kept in vigor. They are not very particular as to soil ; but a deep sandy loam is best. E. Alpinum (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flower-heads blue, in July ; Switzerland ; 1597. E. amethystinum (ame- thystine) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flower-heads blue, in July ; Styria ; 1648. E. Bourgati (Bourgati's) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet; flower-heads blue, in July; south of France; 1731. E. caruleum (sky-blue) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flower-heads blue, in July; Caspian; 1816. E. giganteum (giant); hardy perennial; 4 feet ; flower-heads blue, in July ; Caucasus; 1820. E. planum (flat-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flower-heads blue, in July ; Europe ; 1596. There are numerous other hardy perennial species. ERYSIMUM. Hedge Mustard. [Cruciferae.] Hardy plants, chiefly biennial, those which are cultivated being treated as annuals : the majority are uninteresting objects. E. Pcroff- skianum is, however, a very brilliant-flowered plant, well adapted for beds in gardens : indeed, there is hardly any other plant which furnishes the color, — an intense orange. It is perfectly hardy, and, if sown in the spring, will bloom in June and July. It will bloom much earlier if sown in pots like a half-hardy annual, and turned out in May ; for it will then begin flowering in the pots in May. The plant is GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 57 too small for planting out, but should be sown where it is to flower. If it comes up too thick, let it be properly thinned ; but, unless it is tolerably close, it makes no show, and would fail as a bed plant. It looks well in patches round a bor- der, and in pots among other dwarf blooming plants, be- cause its color is uncommon : indeed, but for its color, it would not be cultivated ; for its habit is weed-like. E. Peroffskianum (Peroffski's) ; hardy annual; 18 inches; flowers orange, in May; Palestine; 1838. ERYTHRINA. Coral-tree. [Leguminosae.] These showy stove shrubs will bloom well if planted in a rich sunny bor- der in spring. On the approach of frosty weather, place the plants in the cellar, or under a greenhouse stage. E. Bidwillii (Bidvvill's) ; greenhouse or stove perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers crimson, in June ; Sydney ; 1840. E. crista- galli (cock's-comb) ; stove shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers crimson, in June ; Brazil ; 1771. E. herbacea (herbaceous) ; half-hardy per- ennial; 3 feet ; flowers crimson, in July; Carolina; 1824. E. laurifolia (laurel-leaved) ; stove sub-shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers scarlet, in July; South America ; 1800. E. Maria Belanger is a fine hybrid species, with dazzling scarlet flowers. E. Belangeri^floribunda, and ruberrima are new hybrids. ERYTHROL/ENA. [Composite.] The prettiest of all the Thistles. Sow the seeds in April. It should be treated as a biennial, or not allowed to seed. The young plants should be kept over the winter in frames, and planted out in May in beds, where they will rise with numerous branches crowned with scarlet thistle-looking flowers. E. conspicua (conspicuous) ; 8 feet ; flowers scarlet and or- ange, in September ; Mexico; 1825. ERYTHRONIUM. Dog's-tooth Violet. [Liliaceae.] Pretty dwarf, hardy, spring-flowering herbaceous perennials, with 158 GARDEN FLOWERS. tuberous roots. They grow in good garden soil, preferring a good proportion of peat earth. Increased readily by offsets. E. albidum (whitish) ; hardy tuber ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in April ; North America ; 1824. E. Americamun (American) ; hardy tuber ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in April ; North Amer- ica ; 1665. E. Dens-cants (Dog's-tooth) ; hardy tuber ; ^3 inches; flowers purplish or whitish, in March; Europe; 1596. E. grandiflorum (large-flowered) ; hardy tuber ; 3 inches ; flow- ers yellow, in April ; North America ; 1826. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. [Papaveraccae.] Hardy perennials, which may be cultivated as annuals. The plants are procumbent, and form a low dense branching mass, abundantly furnished with large poppy-like flowers, much more showy than neat. It is one of those flowers which always look untidy, and owes its place in the garden to its bright color and large blos- soms. The seed may be sown in early spring where it is to grow, and, when the plants come up too close together, they must be thinned out. The plant has a tap-root like a small carrot. There may be two complete seasons of bloom ; for, if the seed be sown in autumn, it will come up, and, unless the frost be very severe, stand through the winter, and bloom early. If the plants are allowed to shed their seed, the place will be overrun as with a weed ; and, where it has once been sown or planted, it will afterwards require only to be thinned ; for hundreds of plants will come up. It makes a very brilliant appearance in fine weather, and especially when contrasted with the blue of the Convolvulus or Lark- spur, and the scarlets and purples of other flowers. The genus has been called Chryseis. E. Californica (California); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers yellow and orange, or white, in June ; California; 1826. A white-flowered variety of this is in cultivation ; and it is in- deed probable that the plants called E. crocea and compacta are new varieties of E. Californica. E. compacta (compact) ; hardy GARDEN FLOWERS. 159 perennial; i foot; flowers yellow, in July; California; 1833. E. crocea (saffron- colored) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches; flow- ers orange, in June ; California ; 1833. E. tenuifolia (slender) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers yellow, in July; California ; 1853. EUCHARIDIUM. [Onagracese.J Hardy annuals, allied to Clarkia, and requiring the same treatment. Sow in the open border in May. E. concinnum (neat) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers rosy, in June; North America; 1836. E. grandiflorum (large-flow- ered) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers rose-colored, in June ; garden variety. EUCNIDE. [Loasaceae.] A pretty half-hardy annual, suc- ceeding well in garden soil. Sow in May, or in a frame, and transplant. E. bartonoides (bartonia-like) ; half-hardy annual ; I . foot ; flowers yellow, in August ; Mexico. EUONYMUS. Spindle-tree. [Celastraceae.] A genus of hardy shrubs, of which E. Japonicus, and a striped variety, are fine evergreens with ornamental foliage, but are not hardy in the Northern States. They grow in common gar- den soil, and increase by layers or cuttings planted under hand-glasses. The deciduous kinds are proper for shrub- beries : they are not remarkable for beauty in the flowefs, but are ornamental in autumn, from the profusion of three- cornered scarlet fruit which they produce. ORNAMENTAL EVERGREENS. — E. Chinensisj E. grandiflo- rus; E. Japonicus, and its varieties maculatus and variegalus. ORNAMENTAL DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. —E. Americanus; E. atropurpureus ; E. Europceusj E. Hamiltonianus j E. latifo- lius ; E. verrucosus. EUPATORIUM. [ Composite. ] A family of stove and hardy herbaceous plants. The hardy species do well in any rich garden soil, and are propagated by division. I6O GARDEN FLOWERS. E. ageratoides (ageratum-like) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in Au- gust ; North America ; 1640. E. altissimum (tallest) ; 5 feet ; flowers pink, in September; North America; 1699. / E. aro- maticum (aromatic); 4 feet; flowers white, in July; North Amer- ica; 1739. E' cannabinum (hemp-like,) (Agrimony); 4 feet; flowers pink, in July ; Britain. E. coronopifolium (coronopus- leaved) ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Carolina ; 1824. E. fceniculaceum (fennel-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers pale yellow, in August; North America; 1807, E. Fraseri (Eraser's) ; 18 inches; flowers white, in August ; Carolina; 1820. E.hyssopi- folium (hyssop-leaved) ; I foot ; flowers white, in August ; North America ; 1 699. E. lanceolatum (spear-head-leaved) ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America 51819. E. mac- ulatum (spotted-stalked) ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; North America ; 1656. E. perfoliatum (pierced-leaved) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in 'July; North America; 1699. E. pubescens (downy) ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1819. E. purpureum (purple-stalked) ; 5 feet ; flowers pink, in August; North America ; 1610. E. rotundifolium (round-leaved) ; I foot ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1699. E.sessili- folium (stalkless-leaved) ; i foot ; flowers white, in September ; North America ; 1777. E. Syriacum (Syrian); 4 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; Syria ; 1807. E trifoliatum (three-leaved) ; 6 feet ; flowers purple, in August; North America; 1768. E truncatum (cut-off); 18 inches; flowers white, in September; North America ; 1800. E. verticillatum (whorl-leaved) ; 5 feet; flowers purple, in August ; North America ; 1811. EUPHORBIA. [Euphorbiaceae.] A very large family, in- cluding some hardy herbaceous perennials, and a few hardy annuals. They thrive in common garden soil, and are in- creased by seed or division, but are not very desirable. E. •variegata is a showy annual. EUPHRASIA. Eye Bright. [Scrophulariaceae.] Hardy annuals, thriving in the border, from seeds sown in May. E. Alpina (Alpine) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers purple, in GARDEN FLOWERS. l6l July; Europe; 1827. E. linifolia (flax-leaved) ; hardy annual; 9 inches ; flowers purple, in August ; France ; 1826. E. lutca (yellow) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers purple, in August ; south of Europe ; 1818. EUSTOMA. [Gentianaceae.] A genus comprising a green- house herbaceous plant, a border half-hardy biennial, and an annual ; growing in loamy soil, and propagated by division and seeds. E. exaltatum; greenhouse herbaceous plant. E. Riisselleanum (Russell's) ; half-hardy biennial ; flowers purple, in August ; Texas; 1835. E. silenefolia (catchfly-leaved) ; hardy annual ; i foot; flowers white, in July ; Isle of Providence ; 1804. EUTOCA. [Hydrophyllaceae.] Hardy annual plants, of easy culture. Sow in April on a slight hot-bed, for trans- planting, and in May in the open borders. E. divaricata (straggling) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers bluish-lilac, in June; California; 1834. E. Menziesii (Men- zies') ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers bluish-lilac, in May ; North America ; 1826. E. viscida (clammy) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in June; California; 1834. E. Wrajtgeliana (Wrangel's) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers dark bluish-lilac, in June ; California ; 1835. EVENING PRIMROSE. See CENOTHERA. EVERLASTING FLOWER. See GNAPHALIUM and HELI- CHRYSUM. EVERLASTING PEA. See LATHYRUS. EXACUM. [Gentianacese.] A family of hardy annuals, allied to Chironia, flourishing in peaty moist soil, and pro- pagated by seed sown in May. The species are E. macran- thum, pulchellum, tetragonum, and bicolor. EXOGONIUM. [Convolvulacese.] A division of the old family Ipomoea. E. purga, a very handsome slender climber, bearing rosy-purplish blossoms through the autumn months, is the source of the drug Jalap. The plant has a 1 62 GARDEN FLOWERS. fleshy root, which is very liable to decay in winter, if kept too damp. The best place to keep the root is. in a cool part of the greenhouse, in the soil, which should be nearly, but not quite, dry. In the spring, the crown may be excited slowly in a greenhouse, or close frame ; but, as the summer draws on, the plant will grow freely enough in the open air, where it should have a branchy stake, or a trellis six or eight feet high'. It may be kept in a pot trained around stakes, cylin- •der-fashion, and may be increase"d by cuttings. The flowers of this kind are less funnel-shaped than is usual among the plants of this order. E.filiforine (thread-shaped) ; stove twining perennial, 10 feet ; flowers purple, in October; West Indies; 1823. E. purga (purgative) ; jalap ; tuberous twining perennial ; 10 feet ; flowers rose-color, in September ; Mexico ; 1838. E. repandum (wavy- edged) ; stove twining perennial ; flowers red, in August ; West Indies; 1793. FAGUS. Beech. [Corylaceae.] A family of well-known ornamental trees, propagated by seed, and the varieties by grafting. They thrive in any good soil. The species and varieties are — EVERGREENS. — F. betuloides (birch-like); hardy; 50 feet; Magellan ; 1830. F. Cunm'ng/iamti (Cunningham's) ; half-hardy; New Zealand ; 1843. HARDY DECIDUOUS. — F. antarctica (antarctic); 50 feet; Ma- gellan; 1830. F. castancefolia (chestnut-leaved); flowers in June ; North America ; F. comptonicefolia (comptonia-leaved) ; flowers in May. F. ferruginea (American rusty) ; 30 feet ; flowers in June ; North America ; 1766. F. ferruginea Caroli- niana (Carolina) ; Carolina. F. purpurea (purple) ; flowers in April ; Germany. F. sylvatica (common wood) ; 70 feet ; flowers in June ; Britain. F. sylvatica Americana (American) ; 100 feet ; flowers in May ; North America. F. sylvatica atrorubens (dark-red-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers in June. F. sylvatica cristata (crested-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May. F. sylvatica cuprea (copper-colored-leaved) ; 70 feet ; flowers in May. F. sylvatica foliis argenteis (silver-leaved) ; flowers in May. F. sylvatica foliis aureis (golden-leaved) ; flowers in June. F. sylvatica heterophylla (various-leaved) ; 40 feet ; flowers in April and May. F. sylvatica incisa (cut-leaved) ; 10 feet ; flowers in June. F. sylvaticapendula (pendulous) ; flowers in May ; gardens. FEATHER-GRASS. See STIPA. FEDIA. [Valerianaceae.] A genus of hardy annuals, allied to Centranthus, which are rather pretty garden plants. Sown in pots about April, and planted out subsequently, the 163 164 GARDEN FLOWERS. plants bloom in June ; but if sown in the open ground, in May, they bloom in July : in either case continuing in flower for some time. Planted moderately thick, they form good bedding-plants. Light, rich garden soil. F. graciltflora (slender-flowered) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers pinkish, in June ; Algiers ; 1845. F. cornucopia; (cornu- copia) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers red, in July ; south of Europe ; 1796. FELICIA. [Compositae.] A small genus, containing a neat dwarf half-hardy annual. Soil, rich light garden mould. Increased by seeds. Sow in April, in pots, in a frame, and in May in the borders. It is known as Aster tendlus. F. tenella (slender) ; half-hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers bluish-lilac, in June ; Cape ; 1769. FENNEL-FLOWER. See NIGELLA. FENZLIA. [Polemoniaceae.] A pretty hardy annual from California, sometimes called Dianthoidis. Soil, sandy loam. The plants may be sown in a hot-bed in April, and trans- planted to the border, or in the open border in May. Pro- pagated by seed. F. dianthiflora (pink-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 4 inches ; flowers purple and yellow, in June ; California ; 1833. FERULA. Giant Fennel. [Umbelliferae.] Large-growing hardy perennials, not often seen in cultivation, but, on account of their noble appearance, well adapted for conspicuous positions in mixed borders, or even as specimen plants on a lawn. The foliage of several of the kinds is very large, and is made up of an immense number of little parts, varying in width and shape in different kinds. The flower-stems rise from a large tuft of these leaves to the height of six to eight feet, and bear numerous umbels of yellow flowers. The species especially alluded to as deserving of cultivation are F. Tingitana, Ferulago, and glauca, the former having the GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 6$ divisions of the leaf small but egg-shaped, with notched mar- gins, and a shining surface ; the two latter, smaller and nar- rower. They like a dryish deep soil, the roots being large, fleshy, and penetrating deeply, and abounding moreover in a gum-resinous matter, which, in several of the species, is employed medicinally. F. Ferulago (Ferulago) ; hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; south of Europe. F. glauca (glaucous) ; hardy perennial; 8 feet; flowers yellow, in June; Italy; 1596. F. Tingitana (Tangiers) ; hardy perennial ; 8 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Barbary ; 1680. There are some twenty other species. FEVERFEW. See PYRETHRUM. FICARIA. [Ranunculaceae.] A genus of pretty little early-flowering plants, allied to Ranunculus. Easily propa- gated by division of the tuberous roots in spring. A moist shady situation is best adapted for them. F. verna (spring) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow in May ; England. F. verna pallida (pale-flowered) ; has pale yellow flowers. F. verna plena (double-flowered) ; has double flowers. FILBERT. See CORYLUS. FIR. See ABIES, PINUS, PICEA. FITZROYA. [Coniferae.] Fine hardy evergreen trees. Soil, sandy loam. Increased by seeds or cuttings. F. Patagonica (Patagonian) ; hardy evergreen tree ; Patagonia; 1849. FLAX. See LINUM. FLOS ADONIS. See ADONIS. FLOWER (FLEUR) DE LUCE. See IRIS. FLOWERING FERN. See OSMUNDA. FLOWERING RUSH. See BUTOMUS. FORGET-ME-NOT. See MYOSOTIS. 1 66 GARDEN FLOWERS. FORSYTHIA. [Oleaceas.] Beautiful hardy deciduous shrubs. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated _ by layers or cut- tings, f. viridissima is a valuable shrub for early forcing ; but, from its early blooming habit, it requires to be in a shel- tered position, or its blossoms become disfigured. F. viridissima (very green) ; hardy deciduous shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in May; north of China; 1845. F. suspensa (pendulous) ; hardy deciduous shrub ; grafted high, it is pretty ; flowers yellow, in May ; Japan ; 1858. FOTHERGILLA. [Hamamelidaceae.] Pretty little hardy shrubs, with white flowers. Soil, sandy peat. Propagated by seeds and layers. All are natives of North America. F. alnifolia (alder-leaved) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers in May; 1765. The varieties acuta, major, obtusa, and serotina, diner only in foliage and season of flowering. FOXGLOVE. See DIGITALIS. FRAXINELLA. See DICTAMNUS. FRAXINUS. Ash. [Oleaceae.] Hardy deciduous trees, of which many of the varieties are desirable. Those with cut or variegated foliage, or of weeping habit, are ornamen- tal on the lawn or in the shrubbery. F. acuminata (pointed ; green) ; 40 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1723. F. alba (white) ; 30 feet ; flowers green, in May; North America; 1823. F. amarissima (bitterest); 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. Americana (American- white) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1723. F, Americana latifolia (broad-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. angustifolia (nar- row-leaved); flowers in May; Spain; 1825. F. appendica (ap- pendaged) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. appendiculata (appen- diculate) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. argentea (silvery); 15 feet ; flowers in June ; Corsica; 1825. F. atro-virens (dark -green ); 4 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. atro-virens aurea (golden); flowers in April. F. Caroliniana (Carolina) ; 30 feet ; flowers in June; North America; 1783. F. cinerea (gray); 30 feet; GARDEN FLOWERS. l6/ flowers in May; North America; 1824. F. elliptica (oval); 30 feet; flowers in May; North America; 1825. F. epiptera (dotted stalked) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1823. F. excelsior (taller; common Ash) ; 80 feet; flowers in May ; Britain. F. excelsior argentea (silver-barked) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. excelsior aurea (golden-barked) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. excelsior aurea pend^lla (yellow-pendulous) ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. excelsior erosa (gnawed) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. excelsior fungosa ; 26 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. excelsior hor- izontalis (horizontal) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. ex- celsior jaspidea (jasper-like ; yellow-barked) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May. F. excelsior Kincairnice (Kincairney) ; 40 feet ; flowers in May ; Kincairney. F. excelsior lutea (yellow-edged) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May; Britain. F. excelsior nana (dwarf); 10 feet; flowers in May ; Britain. F. excelsior pendula (pendulous) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. excelsior striata (streaked) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May; Britain. F. excelsior verrucosa (warted-barkedj; 60 feet ; flowers in May ; England. F. excelsior verrucosa pen- dula (pendulous-warted) ; flowers in May ; England. F. excel- sior verticillaris (whorled); 20 feet; flowers in May; Britain. F. expansa (expanded) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North Amer- ica ; 1824. F. fusca (dark-brown); 30 feet; flowers in May; North America; 1823. F. heterophylla (various-leaved); 30 feet ; flowers in May ; England. F. heterophylla variegata (va- rieagated-leaved) ; 12 feet; flowers in May ; Ireland; 1836. F. juglandifolia (walnut-leaved) ; 40 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1783. F. juglandifolia subintegerrima (nearly entire); 40 feet ; flowers in May. F. laciniata (jagged-leaved) ; flowers in May ; North America. F. lancea (lance-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May; North America; 1820. F. lentiscifolia (lentis- cus-leaved) ; 6 feet ; flowers in May ; Aleppo ; 1710. F. letisci- folia pendula (pendulous) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June ; Germany; 1833. F. longifolia (long-leaved); 30 feet; flowers in May; North America ; 18*24. F. lucida (shining) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. macrophylla (large-leaved) ; 40 feet ; flowers in May; 1823. F. mixta (mixed); 30 feet; flowers in May; 1 68 GARDEN FLOWERS. North America; 1824. F. monstrosa (monstrous); flowers in July ; Britain. F. nana (dwarf) ; 6 feet ; flowers in June. F. nigra (black-branched) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North Amer- ica ; 1825. F. ovata (egg-shaped); 30 feet; flowers in May; North America. F. oxycarpa (sharp-fruited) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; Caucasus 51815. F. oxycarpa oxyphylla (sharp-leaved); 20 feet; south of Europe; 1821. F. pallida (pale); 30 feet; flowers in May ; North America. F. pannosa (cloth-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; Carolina ; 1820. F. parvifolia (small- leaved) ; 20 feet; flowers in May; Levant; 1822. F.platycarpa (broad-fruited) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1820. F> polemonifolia (great-valerian-leaved) ; flowers in April ; North America ; 1812. F. pubescens (downy); 20 feet ; flowers in April ; North America; 1811. F. pubescens latifolia (broad-leaved); 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. pubescens longifolia (long-leaved) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. pulverulenta (powdery) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1824. F. quadrangulata (four-angled, blue) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1822. F. quadrangulata nervosa (nerved); 30 feet; flowers in May. F. mbicunda (ruddy-veined) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North America; 1824. F. rufa (rusty); 30 feet; flowers in May; North America; 1822. F. sambucifolia (elder-leaved); 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1800. F. sambiici- folia crispa (curled) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May. F. versicolor (many-colored) ; flowers in May ; Britain. F. virens (green) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. virens variegata (variegated) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May. F. viridis (green) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May; North America; 1824. All of the above species are seldom found in any collec- tion ; but all the larger species are fine trees for street- planting. FRENCH MARIGOLD. See TAGETIS. FRINGE-TREE. See CHIONANTHUS. FRITILLARIA. Fritillary. [Liliaceae.] A genus of hardy bulbs, of easy culture, propagated without difficulty by GARDEN FLOWERS. 169 means of offsets. The bulbs should be planted in sandy, loamy soil ; when taken up for transplanting, it should be about August. All the species propagate by offsets, and grow freely in the open ground, without protection. They mostly flower in May, and are thus very useful in gardens as spring flowers. The most stately species is the Crown Im- perial, which bears a whorl of drooping flowers, surmounted by a tuft, or crown, of leaves. The smaller species bear one or two drooping cup-shaped flowers. The bulbs of the Fritillarias are scaly, and of a soft texture, like those of lilies, consequently they must not be dried by being left long exposed at the period of replanting. F. alba (white) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America. F. cuprea (coppery) ; half-hardy bulb ; 1 8 inches; flowers copper-colored, in July ; Mexico; 1834. F. iinperialis (Crown-imperial) ; hardy bulb ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow or red, in May; Persia; 1596. F. lanceolata (spear-leaved); hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers dark-purple, in May ; Kamts- chatka ; 1759. F. latifolia (broad-leaved) ; hardy bulb; i foot ; flowers reddish -purple, in May ; Caucasus; 1604. F.lencantha (white-flowered) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; Siberia; 1822. F. lutea (yellow); hardy bulb ; r foot; flowers yellow, in May; Caucasus; 1812. F. meleagris (guinea-fowl- like) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers purple- checkered or white, in May ; England. F, minor (small) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers dark-purple, in April ; Altai ; 1 830. F. nervosa (nerved- leaved) ; hardy bulb ; 18 inches ; flowers dark-purple, in May ; Caucasus; 1826. F. obliqua (oblique-leaved); hardy bulb; I foot; flowers brown-purple, in April; Caucasus; 1596. F. Persica (Persian) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet ; flowers brown-purple, in May; Persia; 1596. F. prcecox (early); hardy bulb; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; Europe . F. pudica (chaste) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers pale-yellow, in May ; North Amer- ica ; 1824. F. Pyrenaica (Pyrenaean) ; hardy bulb ; 18 inches ; flowers dark-purple, in June ; Spain ; 1605. F. Ruthenica I/O GARDEN FLOWERS. (Russian) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers purple, in May ; Cau- casus ; 1826. F. tenella (slender); hardy bulb ; i foot; flow- ers purple, in May ; Caucasus ; 1826. F. verticillata (whorled) ; hardy bulb ; I foot ; flowers purple, in May ; Crimea ; 1823. FUMARIA. See DIELYTRA. FUNKIA. [Liliaceae.] Very pretty hardy herbaceous per- ennials. They grow freely in any light common soil, and require no particular culture ; but they must have a warm and rather dry situation to induce them to bloom freely, Increased by division of the roots. F. albo-marginata (white-margined) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches; flowers lilac in July ; Japan ; 1837. F. lancifolia (lance- leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers lilac, in July ; Japan ; 1824. F. ovata (ovate-leaved); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers bluish-lilac, in June ; Japan ; 1790. F. Sieboldiana (Siebold's) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers lilac, in June ; Japan; 1830. F. sub-cordata (sub-cordate-leaved.); hardy per- ennial ; i foot; flowers white, in August; Japan; 1790. F. undulata (wavy-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers lilac, in August ; Japan ; 1834. GAGEA. [Liliaceae.] Hardy bulbs, closely related to Ornithogalum. Light sandy soil. Increased by offsets. G. Bohemica (Bohemian) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yel- low, in April; Bohemia; 1825. G. bracteolaris (bracteolate) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches; flowers yellow, in April ;. Europe ; 1817. G. chlorantha (yellow-flowered) ; hardy bulb ^ 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in April; Siberia; 1819. G* glauca (glaucous); hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in March ; Switzerland ; 1825. G. Liotardi (Liotard's) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May; south of Europe; 1825. G. lutea (yellow); hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; England. G. minima (least) ; hardy bulb ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; Switzer- land ; 1826. G. Podalica (Podalian) ; hardy bulb; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May; Podalia ; 1827. G. pusilla (small); hardy bulb ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in April ; Bohemia ; 1825. G. spathacea (sheathed); hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May; Germany; 1759. G. uniflora (one-flowered); hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May; Siberia; 1781. G. villosa (shaggy) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in April; Caucasus; 1825. GAILLARDIA. [Compositae.} Showy hardy and half-hardy perennials. Soil, sandy loam, or light garden soil. In- creased by division. G. picta, a soft-stemmed plant, used for flower-garden decoration, requires protection from frost in a dry frame during winter, and is raised from seeds or cuttings in autumn, for planting out in the following May. G. aristata (awned) ;• hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers deep- yellow, in July; North America; 1812. G. bicolor (two-col- 171 1/2 GARDEN FLOWERS. ored) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers deep-yellow, in August ; North America; 1787. G. picta (painted); half-hardy peren- nial; 1 8 inches; flowers yellow and red, in July; Louisiana; 3833. G. Richardsoni (Richardson's); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers deep-yellow, in July; North America; 1827. G. grandtflora is a garden hybrid ; flowers rich red, with yellow border, very Jarge ; 1855. GALANTHUS. Snowdrop. [Amaryllidaceae.] Well-known hardy bulbs, dwarf, pretty, and very general favorites, partly perhaps from the season at which they appear, as the her- alds of spring. G. plicatus is the finest species, but is rare. The bulbs require planting in October, in common soil, and should be left undisturbed for several years ; they then form thick patches, and are more showy when in flower. They should be planted in patches, instead of single rows along the edging of borders. G. nivalis (common) ; hardy bulb ; 4 inches ; flowers white and green, in March ; England. G. plicatus (plaited) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers white and green, in March ; Crimea ; 1 8 1 8. G. reflexus (reflexed) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white and green, in March ; Mount Gargarus ; 1844. GALAX. [Pyrolaceae.] Hardy perennials. Soil, peat, kept rather damp. Increased by division. G. aphylla (leafless) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in July ; North America; 1786. GALEGA. Goafs-Rue. [Leguminosae.] Large growing hardy or half-hardy perennials. Common soil. Increased by division or by seeds. G. biloba (two-lobed) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue, in July; native country uncertain ; 1823. G. officinalis (offici- nal) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue or white, in July ; Spain; 1568. G. Orientalis (Eastern); hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers blue, in July; Levant; 1801. G. Persica (Per- sian) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Persia ; 1826. GARDEN FLOWERS. 1/3 GALIUM. [Galiaceas.] A genus of coarse, not very showy plants, thriving in any soil, and propagated by di- vision. G. suavolens is an annual : the rest of those we mention are herbaceous perennials, generally hardy. G. campanulatum (bell-flowered) ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; south of Europe ; 1821. G. capillipes (hairy-stalked) ; i foot; flowers white, in October; Russia; 1838. G. Grcecum (Grecian) ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in July ; Candia ; 1798. G. Persicum (Persian) ; flowers yellow, in July ; Persia; 1837. G. purpureum (purple) ; i foot ; flowers purple, in July ; Swit- zerland ; 1831. G. rubrum (red); i foot; flowers purple, in July; Italy; 1597. G. suavolens (sweet-scented) ; i foot; flow- ers white, in July ; north of Europe ; 1821. G. Tauricum (Tau- rian) ; 6 inches; flowers yellow, in July; Tauria ; 1818. G. Vaillantii (Vaillant's) ; 2 feet ; flowers green, in May ; England. GAULTHERIA. [Ericaceae.] Pretty dwarf, procumbent, hardy evergreens, growing in moist peaty soil, and increased by layers and seeds. G. procunibens (procumbent) ; hardy trailing evergreen shrub ; flowers white, in July; North America; 1762. G. Shallon (Shallon) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; i foot ; flowers white, in May; North America ; 1826. There are evergreen greenhouse species. GAURA. [Onagraceas.] Showy plants, mostly biennials. Soil, sandy loam. Increased by seeds. G. Lindhiemeriana is a very elegantly branched free-blooming plant, and, though perennial, is perhaps best treated as a biennial : it blooms freely, however, the first year from the seed, if sown in May with the half-hardy annuals. The species are not hardy in the Northern States. G. biennis (biennial) ; hardy biennial ; 6 feet ; flowers white and red, in September; North America; 1762. G. coccinea (scarlet) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers scarlet, in August ; Louisiana; 1811. G. Lindhiemeriana (Lindheimer's) ; half- 1/4 GARDEN FLOWERS. hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white and pink, in July ; Texas; 1851. G. mutabilis (changeable); half-hardy peren- nial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; North America ; 1 795. G. cenother&folia (cenothera-leaved) ; hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; South America ; 1816. GAZANIA. [Compositae.] Greenhouse herbaceous plants, producing large and very showy yellow or orange-colored composite flowers. Soil, loam, leaf-mould, and sand. In- creased by division or by cuttings. They require little care beyond ordinary routine greenhouse management, and to be occasionally repotted as they become thickly rooted. G. uniflora is of a different habit from the rest, producing nu- merous branching stems, and forms a good bedding-out plant for the flower-garden in summer if planted in a dry- ish situation. Cuttings struck about August in one season, form good blooming plants for the next summer : they should be frequently stopped while young. G. pavonia (peacock) ; greenhouse perennial ; I foot ; flowers orange and black, in June ; Cape ; 1 804. G. rigens (stiff) ; greenhouse perennial ; i foot ; flowers orange and black, in June; Cape; 1735. G. splendens (showy); greenhouse peren- nial ; I foot ; flowers orange with black centre, in August. This species is a fine bedding plant, and is a hybrid between G. uni- flora and rigens ; gardens ; 1860. G. uniflora (one-flowered) ; greenhouse perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale-yellow, in June ; Cape; 1816. GENISTA. Broom. [Leguminoseae.] A large genus, of which some are hardy. They do well in common soil, and are very conspicuous for their bright yellow flowers in June. Propagated by seeds. G. aphylla (leafless) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers violet, in July; Siberia; 1800. G. diffusa (spreading); hardy shrub ; 3 feet; flowers yellow, in June; Hungary; 1816. G. Siberica (Siberian) ; hardy shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Si- GARDEN FLOWERS. 1/5 beria ; 1785. G.tinctoria (dyer's); hardy shrub ; 3 feet; flow- ers yellow, in June ; England. There are double-flowered varieties. GENTIANA. [Gentianaceae.] Beautiful hardy herbaceous plants. They should be planted in good rich soil, and most of them prefer a considerable proportion of peat earth. They are propagated readily by dividing the plant in autumn or spring. The hardy annual and biennial species are of much less horticultural importance. G. acaulis (Gentianella) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, in May ; Wales. G. algida (cold) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches; flowers white, in June; Siberia; 1808. G. Altaica (Altaic) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in May ; Si- beria ; 1824. G. asclepiadea (asclepias-like) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue or white, in July ; Austria ; 1629. G, aurea (golden) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in August; Norway; 1823. G.Bavarica (Bavarian); hardy per- ennial; 3 inches; flowers blue, in July; Germany; 1775. G. Ca(4(k&(Catea,by3s.)i hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in June; North America; 1803. G. ciliata (hair-fringed); hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Germany ; 1759. G. crinita (fringed); hardy perennial ; flowers sky-blue, in October; North America; 1804. G. cruciata (crossed); hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June ; Austria ; 1596. G.fimbriata (fringed) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in August; Caucasus; 1818. G. Fortuni (Fortune's) ;. hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers deep-blue, spotted with white, in July; north of China; 1852. G.fngida (frigid); hardy peren- nial ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; Carpathian Mountains ; 1817. G.glacialis (icy); hardy biennial ; i foot; flowers blue, in August; north of Europe; 1819. G. lutea (yellow); hardy perennial; 4 feet; flowers yelky, in July; Alps; 1596. G. macrophylla (large-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July ; Siberia ; 1796. G. Pannonica (Pannonian); hardy perennial ; i fopt ; flowers purple, in July ; Alps. G. pneumo- 1/6 GARDEN FLOWERS. nanthe (Calathian-violet) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue or white, in August ; England. G. pumila (dwarf) ; hardy per- ennial ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, in May ; Switzerland ; 1817. G. punctata (spotted) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July; Alps; 1795. G. saponaria (soapwort-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue or white, in August ; North America; 1796. G. septemfida (seven-cleft); hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; Persia ; 1804. G. verna (vernal) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, in April ; England. There are many other showy species. GERANIUM. Cranes-bill. [ Geraniaceae. ] Ornamental herbaceous plants. Common garden soil. Increased readily by division or by seeds. G. aconitifolium (aconite-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Switzerland ; 1775. G. cristatum (crested) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers veined with red, in July ; Iberia; 1820. G. Dalmricum (Dahurian) ; hardy per- ennial; I foot; flowers purple, in June; Dahuria; 1820. G. Ibericum (Iberian) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers blue, in July ; Levant ; 1802. G. Lancastriense (Lancaster) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers striped, in June ; Britain. G. Mexicanum (Mexican) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale purple, in August; Mexico; 1832. G. pratense (meadow); hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue or white, or blue and white striped, single or double, in June ; Britain. G. rubifolium (bramble-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pink, in July; Himalayas; 1839. G. sanguineum (bloody); hardy per- ennial ; i foot ; flowers crimson, in July ; Britain. There are many other species. GERARDIA. [Scrophulariacese.] A family of annuals, biennials, and perennials, mostly natives of North America, and of difficult culture. Soil, leaf-mould and sand. G.flava (yellow) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in August ; North America; 1796. G. quercifolia (oak-leaved); GARDEN FLOWERS. I// hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in August ; North America; 1812. G.purpiirea (purple); hardy annual; flowers purple, in August ; North America ; 1772. GEUM. Avens. [Rosaceae.] Hardy perennials, some of which are ornamental. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated by division or by seeds. G. album (white) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in July; North America; 1730. G. Canadense (Canadian) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers yellow, in July; Canada; 1810. G. Chilense (Chili) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers copper- color, in July ; Chili; 1826. The variety atro-sanguineum has the flowers dark blood-colored ; variety grandiflorum, scarlet. G. macrophyllum (large-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- ers yellow, in July; Kamtschatka ; 1804. G. Pyrenaicum (Py- renasan) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Pyrenees ; 1804. G. Virginianum (Virginian) ; hardy perennial ; 1 8 inches ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1730. GIANT-FENNEL. See FERULA. GILIA. [ Polemoniacae. ] Favorite hardy annuals, with small cup-like, but very pretty simple flowers. There are several varieties, and but little to distinguish them. from each other save the different shades of color. G. tricolor is the best for general purposes ; it is neat, dwarf, and free flower- ing. Being as hardy as most of the annuals, it may be sown in May where it is to bloom, and should not be too much crowded. It will bloom from June onwards in succession. G. achillecefolia (milfoil-leaved) ; hardy annual ; r foot ; flowers purple-blue, in June; California; 1833. G. capitata (round- headed) ; hardy annual ; 2^- feet ; flowers gray-blue or, white, in June; Columbia; 1826. G. gratilis (slender).; hardy annual; 6 inches; flowers pink, in July; North America; 1826. G. tenuiflora (slender-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 2. feet ; flowers rose and violet, in July ; California. G. tricolor (three-colored); hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers lilac, yellow, and black, in June ; California; 1833. Of this there are the varieties nivalis, white, 12 1^8 GARDEN FLOWERS. with yellow throat ; albiflora, white, with yellow and black ; and splendens, pink, with yellow and black. GILLENIA. [Rosaceae.] Hardy herbaceous perennials. Peaty soil, rather moist. Propagated by division. G. stipulacea (large-stipuled) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- ers white and red, in July ; North America ; 1803. G. trifoliata (three-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white and red, in July; North America ; 1713. GLADIOLUS. [Iridaceae.] A large family of showy bulbs, mostly tender. The hybrids of G. Gandavensis have of late attracted much attention. Though less delicate, they are not excelled in beauty by any of the rarer species. They will often endure the winter in the open air as far north as Massachusetts ; but the safest and best way is take up the bulbs after the leaves are killed by the frost, dry them rapidly in the sun, and preserve them in a dry, cool, frost-proof cel- lar until spring. Seeds ripen freely, but produce new varie- ties, the older being propagated by division of the bulbs and by bulblets. Seedlings bloom the second year. For a list of varieties consult the florists' newest catalo- gues. Some of the best, however, are : Light — El Dorado, Penelope, Madame Leseble, Junon, Madame Binder, Ceres, Vesta, Calypso, Queen Victoria, Canari, Samuel Walker, Rebecca, and Imperatrice. Dark — Pluton, Napoleon III., Mars, Brenchleyensis, Anatole Levanneur, Preinice de Mont- Rouge, Vulcain, Mrs. Basseville, La Poussin, Count de Morny. G. communis and Byzanthium are hardy bulbs, requiring to be treated like crocuses. GLAUCIUM. [Papavaraceas.] A family of annuals and biennials, grown from seed sown in the open borders in May. The chief species are G. Arabicum, Persiatm, Phtzni- cium, rubrum, and tricolor, all annuals ; and G. flavum and. fulvum biennials. GARDEN FLOWERS. 1/9 GLEDITSCHIA. [Leguminoseas.] Hardy ornamental de- ciduous trees. Common soil. Propagated by seed. G. horrida; hardy tree; 10 feet; flowers green, in July; China ; 1774. G. sinensis ; hardy tree ; 20 feet ; flowers green, in June ; China ; 1812. The varieties are inermis, major, nana, and pendula. G. tricanthos (three-thorned) ; Honey Locust ; hardy tree; 30 feet; flowers green, in July; 1700. Variety inermis differs in having no thorns. GLOBE-AMARANTH. See GOMPHRENA. GLOBE-FLOWER. See TROLLIUS. GLOBE-THISTLE. See ECHINOPS. GLOBULARIA. [Selaginaceae.] Dwarf herbaceous plants, nearly or quite hardy, except in the Northern States. Soil, sandy loam and peat. Increased by cuttings of the young shoots under a hand-glass in summer. G. Alypum (three-toothed) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- ers pale-red, in August ; south of Europe ; 1640. G, bellidifolia (daisy-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers red, in July ; Italy ; 1825. G. cordifolia (heart-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Germany ; 1683. G. vulgaris (common) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; Europe ; 1640. GLOSSOCOMIA. [Campanulacese.j Half-hardy herbaceous perennials. Common soil. Increased by seeds or division. G. hirida (lurid) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers green and purple, in May; North India; 1838. G. ovata (ovate); half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in July ; North India; 1839. GNAPHALIUM. [Composite.] A pretty family of plants commonly known as Everlastings, comprising greenhouse perennials and hardy annuals and biennials. Soil, sandy loam and leaf-mould. Propagated by seeds. The annual species are G. obtusifolium and undulatum. GOAT'S BEARD. See SPIREA ARUNCUS. ISO GARDEN FLOWERS. GOAT'S RUE. See GALEGA. GODETIA. [Onagraceas.] Showy hardy annuals, nearly related to CEnothera. Sow in the open beds or borders in May, to flower in June, July, and August. As soon as the plants come up, they should be thinned ; for, if crowded, they grow weakly, and do not flower so well. Six or eight plants may be left in a patch. If they are required early, they may be sown in pots in April, to be forwarded in frames, and turned out in May. In this ease, the pots must be kept near the light, and beyond the reach of frost, which, while the plants are young and tender, will injure them. Several of the species are too much alike. When vigorous, the plants remain some time in bloom. G. albescens (whitish); hardy annual; 18 inches; flowers pinkish-purple, in June ; Columbia ; 1841. G. grandiflora (large-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers white and red, in July; Columbia; 1841. G. lepida (pretty); hardy annual; 18 inches ; flowers pink, in June; California; 1835. G. Lind- leyana (Lindley's) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers pale-rose and crimson, in June ; North America ; 1826. G. quadrivrd- nera (four-spotted) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers pink, in July; North America; 1826. G. Romanzovii (Romanzow's) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers bluish-purple, in June ; North America 51817. G. rosea-alba (red and white) ; hardy annual ; 1 8 inches ; flowers red and and white, in June ; Nepaul ; 1827. G. rubicunda (ruddy) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers rosy-lilac, in June ; California; 1834. G. tenella (slender) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in May; Chili; 1822. G. tenuifolia (fine-leaved) ; hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers pinkish, in June ; Chili ; 1828. G. viminea (twiggy) ; hardy annual ; 2^ feet ; flowers purple, in June; California; 1826. G, vinosa (wine- stained); hardy annual; 18 inches; flowers bluish, in June; California; 1835. GOLDEN FLOWER. See CHRYSANTHEMUM. GOLDEN-ROD. See SOLIDAGO. GARDEN FLOWERS. l8l GOLDYLOCKS. See CHRYSOCOMA. GOMPHRENA. Globe Amaranth. [Amaranthaceas.] Pretty plants, usually grown as annuals. The chief kind is G. glo- bosa commonly called Globe Amaranth. The seeds should be thinly sown in a hot-bed in April. As soon as the young plants are large enough to be handled, they should be trans- planted to a frame, and set four inches apart, or into pots, where they may grow until all danger of frost is over, when they may be transplanted to the garden. They seed freely ; and the flowers continue beautiful a long time after they are gathered and dried, the petals being chaffy, or scaly, like those of Everlasting flowers. G. pulchdla, another pretty annual kind, though not as yet very commonly grown, de- serves to be so. G. globosa (globe); stove annual; 18 inches; flowers purple or white, in July; India; 1714. G. pulchella (pretty); stove annual ; 18 inches ; flowers rose-red, in July ; Brazil ; 1843. There are varieties with white, pink, and orange flowers. GOODYERA. [Orchidaceae.] A genus of pretty terres- trial orchids, with pretty variegated foliage. They need a sandy peat or leaf-mould, and a shady situation. Propa- gated by offsets. G. pubescens (downy) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in July; North America; 1802. G. repens (creeping); hardy perennial ; 4 inches ; flowers white, in July ; North America. GOURD ORNAMENTAL. See CUCURBITA. GRAPE HYACINTH. See MUSCARI. GRAMMANTHES. [Crassulaceae.] Pretty annual plants with starry flowers, flourishing in warm sunny situations. Propagated by seed sown in sandy loam, and transplanted to garden. G. chloraflora (yellow-flowered) ; half-hardy annual ; 6 inch- 1 82 GARDEN FLOWERS. es ; flowers yellow and red, in July ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1774. G, gentianoides (gentian-like) ; half-hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers pinkish-red, in July ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1848. Other varieties are reflexa, dnnabarina, tilacina, and lutca. GREEK VALERIAN. See POLEMONIUM. GRATIOLA. [Scrophulariaceae.] A family of low-growing plants of but little beauty, but useful in rich moist soil. Propagated by division. The best species are G. aurea, megalocarpa, officinalis, pilosa, quadridentata, and Virginica. GROMWELL. See LITHOSPERMUM. GROUNDSEL. See SENICIO. GROUND IVY. See NEPETA. GUELDER-ROSE. See VIBURNUM. GUIZOTIA. [Compositae.] Hardy annual. Cultivated in southern Europe as an oil plant. Soil, light rich loam. Increased by seeds. G. oleifera (oil-yielding) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers yel- low, in July ; Abyssinia ; 1775. GYMNOCLADUS. [Leguminoseae.] A fine hardy orna- mental tree, very conspicuous in summer for its plumes of foliage. It thrives in any good soil, but in deep mellow loam it grows with great rapidity. Propagated by seeds and cuttings of the root. G. Canadensis (Canadian) ; hardy tree ; 20 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America. GYMNODISCUS. [Compositae.] A hardy annual, growing in common garden soil, and propagated by seeds sown in the open border in May. G. capillaris (hair-like) ; hardy annual ; flowers yellow, in June ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1822. GYNANDROPSIS. [Capparidaceee.] Hardy and stove an- nuals and biennials, allied to Cleome. The hardy species GARDEN FLOWERS. 183 should be sown in a gentle hot-bed in April, and transplanted to the border in May. G. candelabrum (chandelier) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers red, in July; South America; 1824. G. sessiliflora (sessile- flowered) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; West Indies; 1820. G. triphylla (three-leaved); hardy annual; I foot ; flowers white in July ; West Indies ; 1816. GYNERIUM. Pampas Grass. [ Gramineas. ] A noble plant from the Pampas of South America. The plumes of nodding feathers are very ornamental. The plant is half- hardy, needing a cold frame or cellar protection during win- ter, but thrives well planted out in summer. Soil, rich loam. Propagated by division and seed. G. argenteum (silvery) ; half-hardy perennial ; 1 5 feet ; flowers apetalous, in August ; South America ; 1852. GYPSOCALLIS. [Ericaceae.] Beautiful little evergreen half-hardy shrubs, formerly known as Ericas. They require to be planted in a bed of peat earth, with Rhododendrons, Ledums, and like plants, and should occupy the outer parts. ' If the situation is rather moist, it is preferable ; otherwise they require to be abundantly watered in spring, while making their new growth. Increased by layers. G. carnea (flesh-colored) ; evergreen shrub ; 6 inches ; flowers pinkish, in January; Germany; 1763. G. Mediterranea (Medi- terranean) ; evergreen shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers purple, in April ; Portugal ; 1648. G. mtiltiflora (many-flowered) ; evergreen shrub; i foot ; flowers flesh-color, in June ; France; 1731. G. •uagans (wandering) ; evergreen shrub ; i foot ; flo :ers red or pink, or white, in July. Britain. These plants are tender in the Northern States. GYPSOPHILA. [Caryophyllaceae.] Hardy herbaceous per- ennials, with one or two exceptions. Some of them are pretty, producing a number of small flowers, usually white, 1 84 GARDEN FLOWERS. on much-branched stems. All the smaller species of the genus, which is rather extensive, are well adapted for rock- work. They like a dryish soil, especially if intermixed with calcareous matter, or old lime or brick rubbish. They must be propagated by seeds or cuttings, their tap-rooted habit not generally admitting of safe increase by division. G. acutifolia (sharp-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Siberia ; 1820. G. collina (hill) ; hardy perennial; 1 8 inches; flowers pink, in July; Odessa; 1821. G. elcgans (elegant) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers white, in June ; Crimea; 1828. G. fastigiata (fastigiate) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers white, in June ; Germany; 1759. G graminea (grassy); hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers red, in July ; Morea ; 1810. G. grandiflora (large-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; 1800. G. latifolia (broad-leaved) ; hardy peren- nial; flowers white, in June; Siberia; 1834. G. paniculata (panicled) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Si- beria ; 1759. ^- prostrata (prostrate) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pink, in August ; Siberia ; 1759. G. pubescens (downy) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in June ; Siberia ; 1829. G. repens (creeping) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in July ; Siberia; 1774. G. saligna (willow); hardy perennial ; i foot; flowers pink, in June; Europe; 1837. G. saxifraga (saxifrage) ; hardy trailing perennial ; flowers pink, in July ; Germany ; 1 774. G. temiifolia (fine-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot; flowers rose, in July; Caucasus; 1824. H ABENAKI A. [Orchidaceae.] A genus of herbaceous perennials, containing one or two hardy species. Soil, moist peat. Propagated by division. H. procera (tall) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers green, in August; North America ; 1822. There are many stove and tender species. HACQUETIA. [Umbelliferae.] A small hardy herbaceous perennial. Soil, sandy loam and peat Increased by division. H. epipactis; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in April; Alps; 1823. HALESIA. Snowdrop-Tree. [Styracaceae.] Hardy decid- uous shrubs, ornamental in flower and foliage, thriving best in deep, rich, rather moist loam. Propagated by layers, seeds, and cuttings. H. diptera is not hardy north of Mas- sachusetts. H. tetraptera (four- winged) ; hardy shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in June; North America; 1756. H. parviflora (small- flowered); hardy shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers white ; North America ; 1827. H. diptera (two-winged); hardy shrub; 8 feet; flowers white, in May; North America; 1758. HALIMODENDRON. [ Leguminosas. ] Hardy deciduous shrubs, usually grafted as standards on Laburnum, thus form- ing a graceful drooping tree. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated by seeds, cuttings, and layers. 185 1 86 GARDEN FLOWERS. H. argenteum (silvery) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers pink, in June ; Siberia; 1779. The varieties brachysema and subvirescens, both with pink flowers, are desirable. HAMAMELIS. Witch-Hazel. [Hamamelidaceae.] Hardy deciduous shrubs, very showy from the abundance of yellow flowers produced in November after the leaves have fallen, and imparting a gay appearance to the shrubbery at that dreary season. Propagated by root cuttings, layers, and seeds, the latter requiring two years to vegetate. Soil, moist loam. The female flowers are the more showy. H. Virginica (Virginian) ; hardy shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers yel- low, in November; North America; 1812. HAREBELL. See CAMPANULA. HARE'S EAR. See BUPLEURUM. HAWTHORN. See CRATAEGUS. HAWKWEED. See TOLPIS. HAZEL-NUT. See CORYLUS. HEATHER. See CALLUNA. HEART'S EASE. See PANSY, VIOLA. HEDEOMA. [Lamiaceae.] Hardy annuals, growing readily from seed sown in spring in common garden soil. H. puligioides (pennyroyal-like) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; North America. H. thymoides (thyme- like) ; hardy annual ; 3 inches ; flowers red, in July ; France. HEDERA. Ivy. [ Araliaceae.] A well-known hardy ever- green climber, of which there are several varieties. The tender Ivies are of little interest. Common garden soil suits the Ivy, but it grows quicker if it be rich and deep. In- creased by cuttings in autumn, in a moist sandy soil. The best of the varieties for general purposes are the Irish and H. Rcegneriana, the latter with large heart-shaped leaves. H. Helix (common). The principal varieties are, arbores- GARDEN FLOWERS. l8/ cens (tree-like); Canariensis (Irish) ; chrysocarpa (yellow-berried); digitata (finger-leaved) ; foliis argenteis (silver-striped) ; foliis aureis (gold-striped) ; Rcegtieriana (Raegner's). HEDGE-HYSSOP. See GRATIOLA. HEDGE-MUSTARD. See ERYSIMUM. HEDGE-NETTLE. See STACHYS. HEDYSARUM. [Leguminosae.] Hardy or half-hardy her- baceous plants, including annuals, biennials, and perennials. Common garden soil. Increased by seeds or division. H. Altaicum (Altaic) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in July; Siberia; 1818. H. Caucasicum (Caucasian); hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers purple, in July ; Caucasus ; 1820. H. coronarium (French honeysuckle); hardy biennial; 3 feet; flowers scarlet, in June ; Italy; 1596. H. grandiflorum (large-flowered); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers purple, in June ; Tauria ; 1821. H. Ibericum (Iberian) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in July ; Iberia ; 1818. H. lasiocarpum (woolly-podded) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in July; Siberia; 1816. H. roseum (rosy); hardy perennial; 6 inches ; flowers pink, in August ; Caucasus ; 1803. H. splendens (shining) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers cream-color, in July; Siberia; 1819. H. varium (variable); hardy perennial; i foot; flowers white, in July; south of Europe; 1820. H. •vemistum (lovely) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in June; Attica; 1828. HELENIUM. [Compositae.] Hardy, herbaceous, yellow- flowered perennials, growing in common soil, and increased by division. H. autumnale (autumnal) ; 3 feet ; flowers in September ; North America ; 1729. H. atropurpuretim (dark-purple) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers, orange, black, and yellow, in August ; Texas ; 1845. H. canicidatum (channelled) ; 3 feet ; flowers in August ; North America ; 1800. H.pubescens (downy) ; 3 feet ; flowers in August ; North America ; 1 776. H. pumilum (dwarf); i foot; flowers in August; 1818. 1 88 GARDEN FLOWERS. HELIANTHEMUM. [Cistineas.] A large family of orna- mental trailing plants. A few of the herbaceous perennials are hardy. The annuals should be sown from seed in spring in the open border. ANNUALS. — H, ^Egyptiacum (Egyptian) ; 9 inches; flowers white, in June ; Egypt ; 1764. H. eriocaulon (woolly-stemmed); 9 inches ; flowers yellow ; Spain ; 1817. H. guttatum (spotted); 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; England. H. ledifoliuin (ledum-leaved) ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; England. H. Niloticum (Nile) ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; south of Europe 51817. H. Niloticum majus (larger) ; i foot ; flowers yellow; Europe; 1817. H. plantagineum (plantain-like); 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; south of Europe ; 1823. H. punctatum (dotted) ; 6 inches, flowers yellow, in July ; south of France; 1816. H, salicifolium (willow-leaved) ; 6 inches; flow- ers yellow, in July ; south of Europe ; 1759. H. sanguineum (bloody) ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Spain ; 1826. H. •villosum (shaggy) ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Spain ; 1823. HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS. — H. Canadense (Canadian) ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in June ; North America ; 1799. H. Caro- liniamtm (Carolina) ; I foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; Carolina ; 1823. H. rosmarinifolium (rosemary-leaved) ; I foot ; flowers pale-yellow, in June ; Canada ; 1823. HELJANTHUS. Sun-flower. [Composite.] These tall- growing, coarse-flowered perennials are well adapted for shrubberies. The annual species are showy, and should be cultivated where there is room. H. antiuns (annual) ; hardy annual ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in August; South America; 1596. H. ludicus (Indian); hardy annual ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Egypt ; 1785. H. mul- tiflorus (many-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers yel- low, single, or double, in August; North America ; 1597. ff- titberosum is the Jerusalem Artichoke. There are some thirty other species. GARDEN FLOWERS. 189 HELICHRYSUM. [Composite.] A genus comprising many species, including the well-known annual Everlast- ings, and a few half-hardy perennials. The common an- nual Everlasting, and some allied plants, though introduced from New Holland, are treated as half-hardy annuals, being sown in the open borders in May, or, for earlier blooming, on a gentle hot-bed in March, and transplanted in May. They come into bloom at an advanced period of the sum- mer, and continue a succession of blossoms until destroyed by the frosts of autumn. H. arenarium (sand) ; half-hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flow- ers yellow, in July ; Europe ; 1739. H. bracteatum (bracted) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow or white, in July ; New Holland; 1799. //. cattdidissimum (whites?) ; half-hardy perennial; 2 feet ; flowers pale-yellow, in June ; Caspian; 1823. H. macranthum (large-flowered) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers white, with rosy tips, in July ; New Holland ; 1837. H. robustum (robust) ; haL-hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers white and yellow, in July; Swan River; 1839. H. spectabile (showy); half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers cream-color, in July ; Swan River ; i 840. There are numerous other species ; and fine varieties with various colored flowers may be obtained of florists and seedsmen. FT. incurvum is a variety of bracteatum, produ- cing flowers of every shade of yellow, sulphur, cream, white, pink, rose, red, and crimson. HELIOPHILA. [Cruciferae.] Hardy annuals, some of which are pretty flower border plants. They should be sown in the open ground in May, or, for earlier blooming, in April, under cover, and afterwards planted out. Rather sandy soil is preferable, and they like exposure to sun. Two or three are delicate greenhouse shrubs, but not of much importance. H. araboides (arabis-like) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers IQO « GARDEN FLOWERS. blue, in June ; Cape ; 1768. H. pilosa (hairy) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July ; Cape ; 1768. H. stricta (erect) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June ; Cape ; 1823. H. trifida (three-cleft) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers blue, in June ; Cape ; 1819. HELIOTROPE. See HELIOTROPIUM. HELIOTROPIUM. Heliotrope. [Boraginese.] A genus comprising stove and hardy annuals, and stove and green- house shrubs, of little importance, except the Peruvian Heliotrope ( H. Peruvianum ), which is a great favorite in flower-gardens, and bears very fragrant blossoms, prized chiefly for their perfume. This species is, strictly speaking, a greenhouse low shrub. The young shoots will strike freely in light sandy soil during summer, under a frame or hand- glass, but more readily with slight warmth. When well rooted, they may be potted into small pots, and placed in a frame or in the greenhouse, where they may grow till their roots show through the bottom of the pots, and then be changed into those of the next larger size. Top the leading shoots to produce laterals. They must be wintered in a dryish part of the greenhouse. If intended for beds and borders, they must be hardened in cold frames in the spring, and planted out in May after danger from frost is over. It is sometimes preferred to keep an old plant or two through the winter, and to put them into a hot-bed or warm house about February, when they will produce plenty of young shoots, the tops of which are quickly struck in a hot-bed ; and, if potted and gradually hardened, make good plants for turning out in May. Where there are no such conveniences, the plants may be kept in a wann part of the greenhouse in spring, and the young shoots taken off as soon as they grow, planted in sandy soil, and covered by a glass. When rooted, they may be potted, or at once planted out, according GARDEN FLOWERS. IQI to the season. There are now several varieties of the Peru- vian Heliotrope ; the principal variations consisting in the larger size of the blossoms, and the deepening of the color, which, in the variety Voltaireanum, is of a deep purple. H. corymbosum, and many other varieties, are worth growing. Both for flower-beds and for bouquets, the Heliotrope may be considered indispensable. Seed of the annual kinds may be sown in March, in a frame or greenhouse ; the plants, when large enough, may be pricked out three or four in a pot, and, as they advance, potted singly, or planted out where they are to remain. H. corymbosum (corymbose) ; greenhouse shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers lilac, in July; Peru; 1800. H. Peruvianum (Peru- vian); greenhouse shrub; 18 inches; flowers lilac or purple, in July ; Peru; 1757. HELLEBORE. See HELLEBORUS. HELLEBORUS. Hellebore. [Ranunculacea;.] Showy hardy perennials, of easy culture, growing in good garden soil, and a rather shady situation, and increasing by dividing the roots in the dormant season. It is a desirable family. H. niger, called the Christmas Rose, is a favorite dwarf species, which flowers all through the winter. H. Olympiats, and some others of the Oriental species, are the better for slight protection ; their early blossoms being otherwise disfigured. These, and H. atrorttbens, with purple flowers, are the most desirable. H. atrorubens (dark-red) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in May; Hungary; 1820. H. foetidus (bear's-foot) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches; flowers green, in May; England. H. lividus (livid) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purplish, in May; Corsica; 1710. H.niger (Christmas Rose); hardy per- ennial; i foot; flowers white, in January; Austria; 1596. H. odorus (sweet-scented) ; hardy perennial ; 1 8 inches ; flowers green, in May; Hungary; 1817. H. Olympicus (Olympian); 192 GARDEN FLOWERS. hardy perennial ; ifoot; flowers pinkish-white, in May ; India; 1840. H. Orientalis (Eastern) ; hardy perennial; i foot; flow- ers -purplish, in May; India; 1839. H. purpurascens (pur- plish); hardy perennial ; 18 inches; flowers purplish, in May ; Hungary; 1817. H. vernalis (spring); hardy perennial; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; Austria ; 1596. HELONIAS. [Melanthaceas.] Hardy herbaceous peren- nials. Soil, peat, and a damp shady situation. Increased by division. H. angustifolia (narow-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in May; North America; 1823. H. bullata (bossed) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers purple, in April ; North America; 1758. H. erythrosperma (red-seeded) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1770. HEMEROCALLIS. Day-lily. [Liliaceae.] Hardy, coarse- looking, but gay, herbaceous perennials, producing showy flowers that last but one day ; hence ihe common name. They are of the simplest culture, growing readily in ordi- nary garden soil, and are propagated by dividing the plants. The flowers are pretty, and freely produced from June to August. H. disticha (two-rowed) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- ers orange, in May; China; 1798. H. flava (yellow); hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in summer. HEMLOCK. See ABIES. HEMP. See CANNABIS. HENBANE. See HYOSCYAMUS. HEPATICA. [Ranunculaceae.] Pretty dwarf hardy herba- ceous perennials. The common Hepatica (H. triloba) is one of the earliest of the spring flowers. These plants require a well-drained border, — sandy loam with one-third peat is preferable, — and never succeed well in soil where there is GARDEN FLOWERS. 1 93 stagnant moisture. They deserve a place in every choice garden for their dwarf habit, bright colors, and early flowers. The plants increase by side-shoots, which spread into a moderate-sized tuft in a season or two if undisturbed ; they are increased in number by separating these tufts, so that each heart, or side-shoot, with roots attached, may become a plant. This is done in spring, the roots being separated into pieces not too small ; for, although the smallest bit would in time spread, they would be two or three seasons before they were fit to plant in the borders : these should be planted in nursery-beds, about six inches apart, and, after one season's growth, they will be large enough to plant out where they are to remain. The beds must be kept clear from weeds. These plants are rather impatient of extreme drought. The double varieties are superior to. the single, and therefore are mostly cultivated ; but the double white is very scarce, if not altogether lost, and therefore the single white is grown. The single varieties are natives of our woods, and are among the first flowers of spring. The double varieties must be imported from England or Germany. H. acntiloba is only a variety of H. triloba. H. acutiloba (acute-lobed) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers blue, in March; North America; 1818. H. triloba (three- lobed) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches; flowers blue, white, or pink, single or double, in April ; Europe ; 1573. H. angulosa is a fine species from Hungary, with blue flowers twice as large as the common species, on tall footstalks, in May ; 1864. HERACLEUM. Cow Parsnip. [Umbelliferae.]' Large coarse-growing hardy perennials and biennials, bearing large umbels of white flowers. The larger sorts are admirable plants for rough borders, rock-work on a large scale, wilder- ness scenery, or wherever a bold, striking, picturesque effect 194 GARDEN FLOWERS. is required. Soil, deep rich loam. Increased abundantly by seeds. H. giganteum and Persicum are some of the best for these purposes. HESPERIS. Rocket. [Cruciferas.] A genus of hardy plants, annual, biennial, and perennial. Some of the vari- eties of the common Rocket ( H. matronalis ), especially the double white and double purple, are very great favorites in the flower-gardens. They are rather difficult to manage, es- pecially in old gardens or in confined situations ; for they love fresh soil and an open situation. A light rich loam is the best for them ; but if an artificial compost has to be made up, as it should be if they are required in perfection, a third part of sandy peat mixed with two-thirds of mellow loam will grow them very well. Next to soil, the great se- cret of success is, not to let them stand too long in a place, for under such circumstances they are sure to dwindle. They ought to be taken up and divided every second year, soon after they have done flowering, — that is, early in autumn, — and replanted in fresh soil. To have a display of healthy plants every year, they should be divided into two sets : those plants respectively which have bloomed in their sec- ond year, if taken up in each successive autumn and di- vided, will furnish a constant supply of young plants, the flowering of which should be prevented in the following summer, and they will then bloom vigorously in the second year from their transplantation. One reason why this con- stant transplantation is necessary is, that the plant, in its original state, is naturally a biennial, perishing after it has produced flowers. The other species, most of which are also biennials, are unimportant compared with the varieties above alluded to. H. grandiftora (large-flowered) ; hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flow- .ers white and purple, in July ; native country not known; 1820. GARDEN FLOWERS. ' IQ5 H. matronalis (matronly) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white or purple, single or double, in June ; Europe ; 1 597. H. speciosa (showy) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers rose-pur- ple, in April ; Siberia; 1829. HEUCHERA. [Saxifragaceae.] Hardy herbaceous peren- nials, with simple-looking flowers. Common soil. Increased by division. The species are H. Americana, cylindracea, glabra, hispida, Menziesii, pubescens, Richardsonii, and villosa. HIBISCUS. [Malvaceae.] A very large genus, comprising hardy and stove annuals, hardy herbaceous perennials, and hardy greenhouse and stove shrubs. The hardy annuals may be sown in the border in May. They do well in any garden soil, and only require to be thinned properly after they are up. The plants taken up to thin the others may be planted out carefully in other places. The hardy shrubs are splendid objects toward the end of summer when planted in dryish soil. They are increased by layers. The hardy perennials requre peaty soil and a moist, sheltered situation. H. Africanus (African) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers cream- color and black, in June ; Africa ; 1 826. H. grandiflorus (large- flowered) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers flame-color, in July; Georgia; 1816. H. incanus (hoary); half-hardy peren- nial; 3 feet; flowers yellow, in September; Carolina; 1806. H. moschatus (mallow-rose) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers white and pink, in August ; North America ; 1759. H'.palustris (marsh) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers pink, in July ; North America; 1759. H. roseus (rosy); hardy perennial; 4 feet; flowers pink, in July; France; 1827. H. speciosus (showy); hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, in July ; North Amer- ica; 1804. H. Syriacus (Syrian); hardy deciduous shrub; 8 feet ; flowers white or purple spotted, single or double, in Au- gust; Syria; 1596. H. Trionum (bladder ketmia) ; hardy an- nual ; 2 feet ; flowers cream-color and black, in July ; Italy ; 1596. H. Virginicus (Virginian) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Virginia ; 1798. IQ6 GARDEN FLOWERS. HICKORY. See CARYA. HIERACEUM. [Composite.] A large genus of yellow- flowered composite plants, none of which are of much hor- ticultural importance. Common soil. Increased by divis- ion or by seeds. HIPPOPHAE. Sea Buckthorn. [Elaeagnaceae.] Hardy shrubs, allied to Shepherdia, doing well in sandy soil, and propagated by layers and suckers. The species is If. rham- noides, with the varieties angustifolia and Siberica. HOLLY. See ILEX. HOLLYHOCK. See ALTHAEA. HOLOGYMNE. See LASTHENIA. HONESTY. See LUNARIA. HONEY-LOCUST. See GLEDITSCHIA. HONEYSUCKLE. See LONICERA and CAPRIFOLJUM. HONEYWORT. See CERINTHE. HOOP-PETTICOAT. See CORBULARIA. HOP. See HUMULUS. HORMINUM. [Labiatae.] A showy dwarf hardy herba- ceous perennial, requiring a dry situation and a sandy soil, or else to be kept in a dry cool frame in winter. Increased by seeds or division. Not hardy in the Northern States. H. Pyrenaicum (Pyrenean) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers blue-purple, in June ; Pyrenees ; 1820. HORNBEAM. See CARPINUS. HORN-POPPY. See GLAUCIUM. HORSE-CHESTNUT. See ^ESCULUS. HORSE-TAIL. See EQUISETUM. HOTEIA. [Saxifragaceas.] A very handsome hardy per- ennial, formerly called Spircea Japonica. Soil, sandy loam and peat. Increased by division. H. Japonica (Japan) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May; Japan ; 1835. GARDEN FLOWERS. 197 HOUND'S -TONGUE. See CYNOGLOSSUM. HOUSE-LEEK. See SEMPERVIVUM. HOUSTONIA. [Cinchonaceae.] Pretty little tufted peren- nial herbs. Soil, a sandy mixture of three parts peat to one of loam. Increased by division. H. cosrulea (blue) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers bluish- lilac, in May; North America; 1785. H. purpurea (purple); hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in May ; North Amer- ica ; 1 800. H. serpyllifolia (thyme-leaved) ; tender perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1826. These plants are now called Oldenlandia, and are rather insignificant singly, but in the mass are showy. H. ccerulea is the species which in spring almost whitens the pastures. H. serpyllifolia^ a Southern species, is tender and of little value. HAGELIA. [Polemoniaceae.] Dwarf hardy annuals, allied to Gilea, and thriving under the same treatment. Sow in light border soil in May. H. densiflora (dense-flowered) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flow- ers blue, in July ; California ; 1 833. H. elongata (lengthened) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers deep-blue, in July ; California ; 1833. H. lanata (woolly) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers light- blue, in July; California; 1847. //. hitea (yellow); hardy an- nual; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in July; California; 1833. H. virgata (twiggy) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers deep-blue, in July; California; 1333. HUMEA. [Compositae.] A greenhouse biennial of sin- gular grace and beauty. The seeds should be sown in May, and for a year potted from smaller to larger pots, win- tered in a cold frame, and in May turned into the border in a sheltered situation. They will grow from eight to ten feet high. Others may be potted in twelve-inch pots, with loam and dung in equal parts for the compost. Those in pots must be regularly supplied with water, because they will I9o GARDEN FLOWERS. grow fast, and take a good deal : indeed, if weak manure- water is given twice, a week, when they have nearly reached their full growth, they will be benefited. The plant looks richer when not overgrown. H. elegans (elegant) ; greenhouse biennial ; 8 feet ; flowers reddish-brown, in June ; New South Wales ; 1800. HUMULUS. Hop. [Cannabinaceae.] Hardy perennial twiner, stem herbaceous ; a useful plant for covering unsight- ly objects, as it grows very rapidly, and in fruit is ornamen- tal. Propagated by divisions of the root. Soil deep loam. H.lupulus; 1 5 feet; flowers greenish-yellow, in July. A va- riety has foliage striped. HUNNEMANIA. [Papaveraceas.] A half-hardy herbaceous perennial, with the habit and appearance of Eschscholtzia. Soil, rich sandy loam. Increased by seeds. H. fumariafolia (fumitory-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; Mexico ; 1827. HYACINTHUS. Hyacinth. [Liliaceae.] Beautiful and well-known bulbs. H. amethystinus is a charming little hardy species, which should be planted in sandy loam. The cultivated varieties of Hyacinth are the progeny of H. Ori- entalis. Immense numbers of the bulbs of these odoriferous and showy plants are annually imported from Holland, and, after having been once bloomed, are thrown by, or planted in common borders to degenerate from neglect. To grow the Hyacinth properly, the soil should be composed of one- half turfy loam of mellow texture, one-fourth old cow-dung, or cow-dung mixed with leaf-mould, and one-fourth clean but coarse sand. For beds, loam, sand, and dung, rotted to mould, in equal quantities, may be used. In soil such as> this, the offsets of the Hyacinth will grow, till, in two or three seasons, they come to full size and perfection ; and bulbs thus grown annually will not degenerate. They must be GARDEN FLOWERS. 199 planted in October, and be taken up when the leaves die down. The beds must be protected against severe frosts and heavy rains in winter, and against all that may damage the foliage in spring. Hyacinths flower beautifully in pots as well as in glasses for the greenhouse and window. Deep pots, five inches in diameter, should be used, the soil made very firm beneath the bulb, and the top of the bulb about level with the surface. The medium-sized, plump-looking, full-crowned bulbs should be chosen, and potted early in October. After potting, plunge the pots in old tan or coal- ashes, so as to cover them two or thre'e inches, and let them remain until removed in succession to a warm room or house to forward the blooms. When grown in glasses of water, the dark-colored glasses should be preferred, and the more opaque the better. November is soon enough to put the bulbs in the glasses. First keep them a week or so in damp sand or moss, then put them in the hollowed top of the glass, and at first allow the water but just to touch their base. Rain-water, quite clean, should be used, and this changed once a week. The glasses should be set in the dark until the roots have grown an inch or two in length. When the flower-stem is advancing, two drops of spirits of hartshorn may be put into the water each time it is changed, with advantage. Tye's hyacinth-glasses are the best, and these are provided with an elegant support for the stem. Bulbs grown in water should be put in the ground when their flowers have decayed ; for they derive considerable strength from it, and, besides that, perfect their offsets, if they have any. Hyacinths will grow well in wet sand, and when it is covered with moss the plants look very pretty. H. amethystinus (amethyst -colored) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers bright-blue, in April ; south of Europe ; 1759. H. Orien- talis (Oriental) ; hardy bulb ; I foot ; flowers blue, white, red, or yellowish; single or double, in April ; Levant; 1596. 2OO GARDEN FLOWERS. FLORISTS' VARIETIES. — The following are superior varie- ties: Double Red — Acteur, Prince of Wales, Sans Souci, Waterloo. Double Blush — Bouquet Royale, Comtesse de la Coste, Grootvoorst. Double Blue — Bonaparte, Bouquet Pour- pre, Grand Sultan, Laurens Koster, Lord Wellington, Oronda- tus. Doiible White — Anna Maria, Don Gratuit, La Deesse, Nannette, Ne Plus Ultra, Prince of Waterloo. Double yellow — Bouquet Orange, La Grandeur, Louis d'Or, Ophir. Single Red — Aimable Rosette, Appelius, L'Ami du Cceur, Mars, Paix d' Amiens, Panorama, Temple d'Apollon. Single Blue — Belle- rophon, Grande Vidette, L'Ami du Cqeur, Nimrod, Orondatus, Othello, Prince Albert, Vulcan. Single White — Grand Vain-, queur, Grande Vidette, La Candeur, Queen Victoria, Triomph Blandina, Virgo. Single Yellow — Heroine, La Belle Jaune, Ida, Due de Malakoff, San Francisco. HYDRANGEA. [Saxifragaceae.] Hardy or half-hardy de- ciduous shrubs, most of them showy plants. H. hortensis, the most popular of this family, has been long familiar as one of the commonest of market plants. Grown in the or- dinary way it is very showy, but with pains it may be made a very noble object. There are two very different ways of growing it, — the one to form a shrubby plant ; the other a single stem, and a large flower-head. The latter is the fa- vorite mode of growing it for show, the aim being to produce as large a head as possible. For this purpose, take cuttings in July of the strongest shoots, and plant them in sandy soil under a hand-glass ; when rooted, pot them in five-inch pots, in a compost of one-third loam, one-third dung, and one- third peat, well mixed together, and passed through a very coarse sieve. Such of them as branch out will make pretty little shrubby plants ; whilst those whose growth is confined to a single stem, will, in all probability, form a large flower- head. When the general set of plants drop their leaves, and indicate by their terminal buds the strongest heads, some of the most promising cuttings may be taken off, and GARDEN FLOWERS. 2OI struck in slight bottom-heat, under a bell-glass, and grown in the stove at once. This will give a change of season, as well as a difference in growth ; but all will be fine. The plants may be grown into good-sized bushes by shifting every season into large pots or tubs, which may be wintered in a cold house free from frost. When growing as an out- door shrub, the Hydrangea must be protected in some way, either by matting, or covering with litter ; otherwise the points of the shoots will be killed, and with them the incipient bloom-buds. It is, indeed, sometimes, in severe winters, killed down close to the ground ; but it will spring up from the roots, and grow vigorously to make up for its lost wood. It should have a moist sheltered situation. The potted plants struck in July should be bloomed in the greenhouse ; but any of them may be turned out into the borders in May. The Hydrangea, like many other plants, blooms finer when young than when it has grown three or four years ; for though the plant is larger, and has more heads of flowers, the heads and the individual flowers also are smaller. The plant forces well, and is one of the prettiest forced flowers in spring. The H. Japonica is very distinct, and, though it does not bloom in such large heads as the other, its appear- ance is more picturesque, especially when grown as a bush. H. hortensis is not hardy in the Northern States. H. Belzonii (Belzoni's) ; half-hardy shrub; 3 feet; flowers white and blue, in July; Japan; 1848. //. hortensis (garden); half-hardy shrub; 3 feet; flowers pink, in July; China; 1740. H. Japonica Qapan) ; half-hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white and blue, in July ; Japan ; 1843. H. nivea (snow-white-leaved) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Carolina ; 1786. HYDRASTIS. [Ranunculaceas.] A hardy herbaceous pe- rennial, not very showy. Increased by division of the root. Soil, moist peaty loam. 2O2 GARDEN FLOWERS. H. Canadensis (Canadian) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers greenish, in May ; North America ; 1759. HYDROPELTIS. [Podophylleae.] A very pretty hardy aquatic, useful for the edges of ponds. Propagated by di- visions. H. purpurea (purple) ; hardy aquatic perennial ; flowers dull- purple, in July ; North America ; 1798. Now called Brasenia peltata. HYDROPHYLLUM. [Hydrophyllaceae.] Hardy herbaceous perennials, of easy culture in moist peaty loam. Increased by division. H. appendicnlafum (appendaged) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in May; North America; 1812. H. Canadense (Canadian) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1759. H. Virginicum (Virginian) ; hardy per- ennial; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; North America ; 1739. HYMENOXYS. [Composite.] A simple dwarf yellow- flowered annual. Common soil. Increased by seeds. H. Californica (Californian) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flow- ers yellow, in June ; California ; 1838. HYOSCYAMUS. Henbane. [Solanaceae.] Annuals and sub-shrubby plants, not very showy. Common light dry soil. Increased by seeds. H. Camerarii (Camerarus's) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow and purple, in July ; south of Europe. H. Canariensis (Canary) ; half-hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yel- low and brown, in September; Canaries; 1816. H. niger (black) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, with purple veins, in July ; Europe. . HYPECOUM. [Fumariaceae.] Hardy annuals, increased by seeds sown in the open border in May. H. erectum (erect) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Siberia; 1759. H. pendulum (pendulous); hardy an- GARDEN FLOWERS. 2O3 nual ; 6 inches; flowers yellow, in July; France; 1640. H. procumbens (lying down) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; south of Europe ; 1 596. HYPERICUM. St. John's Wort. [Hypericaceae.] A large genus, containing many hardy species, both perennial herbs and shrubs, as well as some greenhouse species. The hardy perennials and shrubs all grow readily in common sandy soil, and are increased, the former by division, the latter by layers. Yellow is almost universally the color of the flowers in this genus. H. Ascyron (St. Peter's Wort) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- ers yellow, in June ; Siberia ; 1774. H. calycinum (large-calyxed); half-hardy shrub ; i foot ; flowers large, yellow, in June ; Ireland. H. elatum (tall) ; hardy sub-evergreen shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers yellow, in July,; North America ; 1762. H. empetrifolium (em- petrum-leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yel- low, in June ; south of Europe ; 1820. H. Kalmianum (Kalm's) ; hardy deciduous shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; North America; 1759. H. macrocarpum (long-seeded); hardy peren- nial; 2 feet; nowers yellow, in August; North America; 1828. H. pulchrum (pretty) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yel- low, in July ; England. There are many other species. HVSSOPUS. [Lamiaceae.] Hardy perennials, flourishing in garden soil, and increased by division and seeds. H. discolor (two-colored) ; hardy perennial ; flowers blue, in June ; Siberia ; 1818. H. officinalis (officinal) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; south of Europe ; 1 548. There are varieties angustifolia^ canescens, flore-rubro, and variegatus ; the two last being garden hybrids. TBERIS. Candytuft. [Cruciferee.] A genus containing -*- some well-known hardy annuals, and a few greenhouse and hardy sub-shrubs. The annuals are showy and useful border plants, perfectly hardy, growing in any kind of soil, and need only to be sown where they are to flower. They will sometimes shed the seed in the borders ; and the plants come up in autumn, and stand the winter if it be not too severe. Candytuft makes a good clump-plant for a geometrical gar- den, because it does not grow higher than six or nine inches, and forms a complete mass of flowers in its season, being literally covered with bloom. The natural blooming season may be prolonged by sowing some in pots as early as Feb- ruary, thinning them as they come up, and nursing them in the greenhouse or frames till May, when they will be almost in flower. The seed sown in the borders will be a month or six weeks later before it flowers ; and a later sowing toward the end of May will carry on the succession. The sub-shrubby evergreen species thrive in light soil, and the hardy ones are very beautiful for rock-work, or, for early blooming small groups in the flower-garden. They are propagated freely by cuttings in sandy soil under hand- glasses, in a shady place, early in the summer. /. corifolia (coris-leaved) ; hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; south of Europe ; 1739. /. cor- onaria (garland) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers white, in June ; gardens. /. Gibr altar ica (Gibraltar) ; frame evergreen sub- shrub ; i foot; flowers whitish-pink, in June; Gibraltar; 1732. 204 GARDEN FLOWERS. 2O$ /. odorata (sweet-scented) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white, in June; Crete; 1806. /. saxatilis (rock); hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; south of Europe ; 1739. /. sempervirens (evergreen) ; hardy evergreen sub-shrub ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in April ; Candia ; 1731. /. Tenoreana (Tenore's) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pale purple, in June; Naples; 1802. /. umbellata (common); hardy annual; i foot ; flowers purple, rose, crimson, or white, in June ; south of Europe; 1596. There are several other species. ILEX. Holly. [Aquifoliaceae.] Beautiful evergreen trees, with prickly foliage and red berries. The English Holly in its many beautiful varieties is not hardy in the Northern States. The American Holly, although found native as far north as Maine, is often winter-killed in the New England States : to the southward, it forms a splendid tree. Soil, moist loam, sandy. Propagated by berries, which do not vegetate for two years. /. opaca (dark); American Holly; hardy trees; 10 to 30 feet ; flowers greenish, in June. I. Cassine, myrtifolia, Dahoon, are Southern species. / •vertirillata arid Iczvigata (Black Alder), and L glabra (Ink Berry), are fine ornamental shrubs, perfectly hardy, which are worthy of general cultivation. The latter is evergreen. These latter are often called Prinos. ILLICIUM. Aniseed-tree. [Magnoliacese.] Half-hardy evergreen shrubs, with good foliage and curious flowers. Soil, peat and loamy. Increased by cuttings of young ripened shoots in sand, or by layers, which take two years to get well established. /. anisatum (Star Anise) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers red, in May; Japan; 1790. /. Floridanum (Florida) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers red, in May ; Flor- 2O6 GARDEN FLOWERS. ida; 1766. /. religiosum (holy) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers green, in May ; Japan ; 1 842. IMPATIENS. Touch-me-not. [Balsaminaceae.] Annual or perennial fleshy-stemmed plants, mostly requiring the assist- ance of artificial heat, and a moist sheltered climate. The tender annuals should be raised in hot-frames, from seeds, in February or March, and grown on until summer, near the glass, in hot-frames or hot-houses, and may then be bloomed in a greenhouse after its usual occupants are placed out doors. Most of these may be raised from cuttings, or made biennial by removing all flower-buds the first year. Some of them, if reared in a mild heat, and carefully inured to exposure, will flower out doors in a moderately sheltered situation ; but they require a moist atmosphere, and moisture at the roots, as well as a warm exposure. / glanduligera, macrochila^ and Candida are the best for this treatment : these have a fine pyramidal habit, and bloom abundantly. The hardy annuals may be sown in the open border, in a dampish sheltered place ; and there they will spring up abun- dantly from scattered seeds. See BALSAMINA for culture of the annual kinds. /. Candida (white) ; half-hardy (or tender) annual ; 6 feet ; flow- ers white, in July ; Himalayas ; 1839. -^ fulva (tawny, spotted) ; hardy sub-aquatic annual ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; North America. /. glanduligera (gland-bearing) ; half-hardy (or ten- der) annual; 6 feet; flowers rose-color, in July; Himalayas; 1839. /. macrochila (large-lipped) ; half-hardy (or tender) an- nual ; flowers pale-purple, in August ; India ; 1839. INDIAN-CRESS. See TROP^OLUM. iNDIAN-PlNK. See DlANTHUS. INDIAN-SHOT. See CANNA. INK-BERRY. See ILEX. INULA. [Composite.] A genus containing many hardy GARDEN FLOWERS. 2O/ perennials and annuals : the latter are not worth cultivating ; the former are of coarse habit, and of little horticultural im- portance. The flowers are yellow. Common soil. In- creased by division. IONOPSIDUM. Violet Cress. [Cruciferas.] A pretty dwarf, half-hardy annual, forming a beautiful plant for rock- work in a shady situation, or an undergrowth for a peat bor- der, or for pot-culture. It forms close to the soil a compact tuft, studded with numerous lilac, cross-shaped flowers. /. acaule (stemless) ; half-hardy annual ; i£ inches ; flowers lilac, at various seasons ; Portugal ; 1845. IPOMCEA. [Convolvulaceae.] A large genus of showy convolvulus-like plants, consisting mostly of climbing spe- cies, of which the greater number require a stove tempera- ture. The sub-shrubby and perennial kinds are increased by cuttings of the short lateral shoots in sandy soil, under glasses. Those which have fleshy roots are more difficult to propagate, unless cuttings of the young shoots, which break from the crown of the tuber are taken : they require brisk bottom-heat. The tuberous, fleshy-rooted sorts may sometimes be increased by division, but not readily : por- tions of the roots, however, of the commoner sorts serve as stocks on which the rarer and more difficult may be grafted with success by what is called herbaceous grafting ; a good heat and a close frame being indispensable. The annuals are raised by seeds sown in a hot-bed in early spring. The soil for them should be turfy peat and sandy loam, with plenty of gritty sand added, and the roots well drained. The fleshy-rooted kinds require to be kept moderately dry in winter. Their habit is various. Some bloom in the axils along the branches ; and others, including I. Horsfallioe^ which is one of the best, bloom only at the end of the shoots. With these latter, it is a practice to top the shoots 2O8 GARDEN FLOWERS. when five or six feet long, to cause several laterals to branch out ; and the result is, that, though the blossoming is re- tarded, there are many more flowers produced in the end. Stopped in this way, and trained over the roof, or the wall of a stove, this is one of the finest of all creepers. Many of the tender species do well in a warm sunny exposure in the garden. I. fid folia (fig-leaved); twining perennial; 15 feet; flowers rosy-purple, in August; Buenos Ayres ; 1840. /. lacunosa (starry); hardy twining perennial ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1640. /. Michauxii (Michaux's) ; greenhouse twining tuberous perennial ; 1 5 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Georgia; 1815. /. pandurata (Virginian); hardy twining per- ennial; 12 feet; flowers white and purple; North America; 1732. /. rubra-caerulea (reddish-blue); half-hardy twining an- nual ; lofeet ; flowers blue, fading red, in September ; Mexico ; 1833. /. Tweedici (Tweedie's); stove twining perennial; 10 feet; flowers reddish-purple, in July ; Parana; 1838. There are numerous other species in cultivation. IPOMOPSIS. [Polemoniaceae.] Splendid-flowered bien- nials, of rather difficult culture. The seeds should be sown in July, thinly, in small pots set into a cold dry frame ; the plants are to be thinned to three or four, and removed to a shelf in the greenhouse, near the glass, where they remain during winter, being very moderately and carefully watered. In spring, they are shifted into five-inch pots with as little disturbance to their roots as possible ; but one or two of the plants should be cut away, leaving the strongest. They re- quire throughout very careful watering, being very impatient of moisture. A compost of equal proportions of sandy peat and sandy loam, mixed with lumps of charcoal to keep it open and porous, suits them ; and they are multiplied by seeds only. /. elegans (elegant) ; half-hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scar- GARDEN FLOWERS. 2CK) let, in July; North America; 1826. /. picta (painted); half- hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, blotched white, in July ; Carolina; 1726. IRESINE. [Amarantaceae.] A very fine dark-foliaged plant, more hardy than Coleus and brighter than Perilla, very useful for summer bedding, and easily propagated by cuttings. As a decorative plant it has no rival. Achyran- thes of French florists. /. Herbstii (Herbst's) ; soft-wooded shrub ; I foot ; not yet flowered in cultivation ; Peru and La Plata ; 1863. IRIS. Flower de Luce. [Iridaceae.] Beautiful hardy pe- rennials, of very simple culture. They prefer a loamy soil somewhat moist, and thrive best when not too frequently disturbed, as they then spread into good-sized patches, and produce a greater ' abundance of flowers. They are propa- gated without the least difficulty by dividing the plants. There are one or two bulbous-rooted species, /. Xiphium and Xiphioides, the latter commonly called English, and the for- mer Spanish Iris, the varieties of which are extensively cul- tivated as florists' flowers. The varieties of color among these bulbous kinds is very great, including white, yellow, blue, purple, and many indescribable tints. These should be planted a foot apart, in a rich bed of loam, dung, and sand, and should be removed only once in two years ; the trans- planting taking place in September. They are increased by offsets. /. amosna (pleasing) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers white and purple, in June ; Europe; 1821. /. cristata (crested) ; har- dy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers pale-blue, in May ; North Amer- ica ; 1756. /. Florentina (Florentine) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May; south of Europe ; 1596. /. Germanica (German) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers dark-blue, in May ; Germany; 1573. /. lutescens (yellowish); hardy perennial; 6 inches; flowers yellow, in May; Germany; 1748. /. notha 2IO GARDEN FLOWERS. (hybrid); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers blue, in June; Italy; 1820. /. ochroleuca (yellowish) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-yellow, in July; Levant; 1757. /. pallida (pale) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers pale-blue, in June ; Turkey ; 1596. /. Persica (Persian) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers pale- blue, orange and black, in May ; Persia ; 1629. I.pumila (dwarf) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, yellow, or white, in May ; Austria ; 1 596. I. Ruthenica (Russian) ; hardy peren- nial ; I foot ; flowers blue, in May ; Siberia ; 1804. /. sainbu- cina (elder-scented) ; hardy perennial ; 2^ feet ; flowers purple and white, in June ; south of Europe ; 1658. /. Sibirica (Sibe- rian) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue or white, in June ; Siberia; 1596. /. sub-biflora (sub-two-flowered); hardy peren- nial; I foot; flowers blue, in May; Portugal; 1596. /. Susi- ana (Susian) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers striped, in May ; Levant; 1596. /. Swertii (Swert's) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches ; flowers white, in May ; Hungary; 1819. /. Xipkioides (groat bulbous); hardy bulb; 18 inches; flowers various, in June; Spain; 1571. /. Xiphium (small bulbous) ; hardy bulb ; 1 8 inches ; flowers various, in June ; Spain ; 1596. Many other species are in cultivation, and many very fine named varieties may be obtained of florists. The last few years have witnessed a great improvement in this plant. /. Persica is one of the most beautiful early-flowering spring bulbs. The flowers are of a most delicate texture, bright purple and yellow, with pearl-colored ground. They only require to be planted in a rich soil in the autumn, and may remain for years undisturbed. ISANTHUS. [Lamiaceae.] Hardy annual. Propagated by seeds sown in the border in May, or earlier in a frame, and transplanted. /. cozrulcus (blue) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July; North America ; 1818. ISOTOMA. [Lobeliaceas.] A pretty dwarf blue flowering plant, resembling a Lobelia, requiring greenhouse pro tec- GARDEN FLOWERS. 211 tion in winter, but blossoming freely as a bedding-plant in summer. Soil, sandy loam, in a warm exposure. The plants should be raised from seed in summer, and wintered in the greenhouse ready to plant out the following May. /. axillarisj I foot ; flowers blue, in July ; New South Wales ; 1824. ITKA. [Escalloniacea::.] A pretty white-flowering native shrub, not hardy in the Northern States. Soil, moist sandy peat. Propagated by suckers and layers. I. Virginica (Virginian) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in July. IVY. See HEDERA. JACOBEA. See SENICIO. JACOBEAN LILY. See SPREKELIA. JACOB'S LADDER. See POLEMONIUM. JAPAN ALLSPICE. See CHIMONANTHUS. JAPAN CEDAR. See CRYPTOMEREA. JAPAN YEW. See CEPHALOTAXUS. JASIONE. Sheens-scabious. [Campanulaceae.] Pretty dwarf herbs, bearing blue flowers collected in heads. The annuals may be sown in the borders in May, and require no other care than thinning if the plants come up too thick. The perennials are increased by seeds, or by division, and require but to be planted in a warm border, in sandy soil, and winter protection in the Northern States. J. montana (mountain) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers pale- blue, in June ; England. J. perennis (perennial) ; half-hardy per- ennial; i foot; flowers blue, in June ; France; 1787. JEFFERSONIA. [Podophyllacese.] A neat hardy herba- ceous perennial. Soil, sandy loam. Increased by division of the plant, which should be done in spring, or by seeds. J. diphylla (two-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1792. JOB'S TEARS. See Coix. JONQUIL. See NARCISSUS. JUDAS-TRJEE. See CIRCIS. JUGLANS. [Juglandaceae.] Hardy or half-hardy decidu- ous ornamental trees. Soil, deep loam. Propagated by seed ; the rarer sorts by grafting and budding. GARDEN FLOWERS. ( 21$ y. cinerea (gray ; Butternut) ; 30 feet ; North America ; 1656. y,fraxinifolia (ash-leaved) ; 40 feet ; North America, y. nigra (black) ; 30 feet ; North America ; 1629. y. pterocarpa (winged- fruited) ; 40 feet ; North America, y. regia (common ; royal) ; 50 feet ; Persia ; 1562. y. regia laciniata (cut-leaved) ; 50 feet ; Persia, y. regia maxima (largest-fruited) ; 50 feet ; Persia. y. regia pendula (weeping), y. regia serotina (late- vegetating) ; 50 feet ; Persia, y. regia tenera (thin-shelled) ; 50 feet ; Persia. JUNIPERUS. Juniper. [Pinaceae.] Evergreens, many of which are remarkably ornamental in habit, forming light, spreading, more or less pendulous, bushes or low trees. The Junipers prefer a light, loamy soil, but are not difficult of culture in any that is moderately good, and not wet or heavy. Increased with most facility by seeds ; but the rarer kinds may be propagated by grafting, or by cuttings of the firm young shoots, planted in sandy soil, on a shady border, and covered by a hand-glass. Most of the species are hardy as far north as Massachusetts, though often requiring protec- tion from the winter's sun and cutting winds. y. Chinensis (Chinese) ; 10 feet ; flowers in May; China ; 1804. y. cominunis (common) ; 5 feet ; flowers in May ; Britain, y. communis Canadensis (Canadian) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; Canada; 1820. J. communis nana (dwarf); 2 feet; flowers in May; Siberia, .y, communis oblonga (oblong-fruited); flowers in June. y. communis oblonga pendula (oblong-weeping) ; 5 feet; flowers in May; Britain, y. Suecica (Swedish); 12 feet; flowers in May ; North of Europe, y. Cracovia (Cracovian) ; 4 feet ; flowers in May ; Poland ; 1820. y. Daurica (Dahurian) ; 8 feet; flowers in July; Dahuria ; 1791. y. drupacea (drupe- fruited) ; 4 feet ; flowers in May ; Syria ; 1820. y. excelsa (tall) ; 20 feet ; Siberia ; 1806. y. glauca (milky-green) ; flowers in May ; China ; 1814. J. hemisph&rica (half-globe-headed) ; flow- ers in May; Mount Etna; 1844. y. Hermanni (Hermann's); flowers in May. y. Lycia (Lycian) ; 10 feet; flowers in May; south of Europe; 1759. y. macrocarpa (large-fruited); flowers 214 GARDEN FLOWERS. in May; Greece. J.oblonga (oblong); flowers in May; Ameri- ca ; 1829. J. oxycedrus (sharp-cedar) ; 15 feet ; flowers in May ; Spain; 1739. J. Phcenicea (Phoenician) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May; south of Europe ; 1683. J. recurva (curved) ; 4 feet ; flowers in May; Nepaul; 1817. J. religiosa (religious); flowers in May. J. sabina (common savin) ; 4 feet ; flowers in May ; south of Europe ; 1548. J. sabina /•Ipina (Alpine) ; 18 inches ; flow- ers in May ; Britain. J. sabina cupressifolia (cypress-leaved) ; 4 feet; flowers in May; south of Europe; 1548. J. sabina foliis variegatis (variegated-leaved) ; 4 feet ; flowers in May ; Europe. J. prostrata (prostrate) ; 9 inches ; flowers in May ; North America. J. tamariscifolia (tamarisk-leaved) ;' 4 feet ; flowers in May ; south of Europe ; 1 562. J. tamariscifolia va- riegata (variegated) ; 5 feet ; flowers in May ; south of Europe. y. Smithii (Smith's) ; flowers in May ; Nepaul. J. squamata (scaly); 4 feet ; flowers in May; Nepaul; 1824. J. thurifera (incense-bearing); 10 feet; flowers in May; Spain; 1572. J. uvifera (grape-bearing) ; Cape Horn. J. Virginiana (Virginian); Red Cedar ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1664. J. Virginiana Caroliniana (Carolinian) ; flowers in May ; Caro- lina. J. Virginiana humilis (humble) ; 12 feet ; flowers in May; North America; 1800. JURINEA. [Composite.] Hardy herbaceous perennials. Common soil. Increased by division of the root. J. spectabilis (showy) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pur- ple, in June; Europe; 1837. y. subacaulis (short-stemmed); hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in June ; Caucasus ; 1837- KALMIA. [Ericaceae.] Beautiful evergreen shrubs, readily forced into early blossom by the stimulus of artificial heat. The proper soil for them is sandy peat earth. It is, in fact, the usual and the best practice to plant Kalmias, together with Rhododendrons, Azaleas, and other plants of like nature, in separate beds or patches, prepared with peat-soil. They are usually increased by layers made at the end of summer, but may also be raised from seeds, in which case the seeds require to be sown in shallow pans of sandy peat, and kept close in a frame : the seedlings are transplanted to other pans as soon as large enough to be handled, and again kept close for a time until established, when they are gradually inured to exposure. K. angustifolia (narrow-leaved) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet; flowers red, in June ; North America ; 1736. K. glauca (glaucous) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in May; North America; 1767. K. hirsuta (hairy) ; hardy ever- green shrub ; 18 inches ; flowers red, in August ; North Amer- ica ; 1 786. K. latifolia (broad-leaved) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers pink, in June ; North America ; 1734. There are many garden varieties of angustifolia. K. ros- marinifolia is a variety of K. glauca, and K. myrtifolia of K. latifolia. KAULFUSSIA. [Compositas.] A pretty dwarf hardy an- nual. Sow the seeds in May on finely pulverized soil, or in a frame in April, and transplant If late-flowering plants are required, the seed may be sown during the summer. 215 2l6 GARDEN FLOWERS. K. amelloides (amellus-like) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July; Cape of Good Hope; 1819. K. which, as it does not bear seed, may, if frequently renewed, be continued as a peren- nial ; its double white blossoms render it deserving of being grown in a mixed border. The young shoots should be taken 252 GARDEN FLOWERS. off from near the root, and treated like cuttings. Common garden soil. M. chamomilla grandiflora (double-flowered) ; hardy peren- nial ; I foot ; flowers white, in July ; gardens. MAURANDIA. [Scrophularinae.] Ornamental greenhouse climbers of slender habit, and also suitable for planting in the open air during the summer, for the purpose of covering wire-fences, and pillars. They are best raised from seeds, which, to insure strong-blooming plants, should be sown about June, and the young plants potted singly, and kept in small pots during winter in a greenhouse. These, if shifted into larger pots in February or March, will be strong and vigorous by the planting-out time, — May. For the green- house, they require shifting into large pots of rich soil, of which the basis is sandy loam, and training about pillars, short rafters, or suitable trellises. They grow to a consider- able size when their roots have free scope. They may be increased from cuttings, which root readily in sand, in a hot- bod. M. antirrhiniflora (snapdragon-flowered) ; greenhouse climb- ing perennial ; 10 feet ; flowers purple, all summer ; Mexico ; 1814. M. Barclayana (Barclay's) ; greenhouse climbing peren- nial; 1 2 feet; flowers purple, rose-color, or white, all summer; Mexico ; 1825, M. semperflorens (ever-flowering) ; greenhouse climbing perennial; 12 feet; flowers pale rose-color, air- sum- mer; Mexico; 1796. MAZUS. [Scrophularinas.] Small-flowered half-hardy an- nuals. Light sandy soil. Increased by seeds. M. pumilus (dwarf) ; . half-hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers pale-purplish, in June; Van Diemen's Land; 1823. M. ru- gosus (wrinkled) ; half-hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers white and yellow, in July ; China ; 1780. MEADOW-RUE. See THALICTRUM. GARDEN FLOWERS. 253 MEADOW-SAFFRON. See COLCHICUM. MECONOPSIS. [Papaveraceae.] Hardy poppy-like her- baceous perennials. Soil, sandy loam. Increased by seeds, sown in May, or by division. M. Cambrica (Welsh) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers buff- yellow, in June ; England. M. crassifolia (thick-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers orange-red, in June ; California ; 1833. M. heterophylla (various-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; I foot; flowers orange-red, in June ; California; 1833. M. Wal- lichii (Wallich's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale- blue, in June ; Sikkim; 1851. MEDEOLA. [Trilliaceae.] Hardy herbaceous perennial. Soil, free turfy peat. Increased by division, in spring. M. Virginica (Virginian) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Virginia; 1759. MEDICAGO. Medick. [Leguminosae.] A large genus of hardy plants, of no horticultural importance. MEDLAR. See MESPILUS. MELIA. [Meliaceae.] A genus of showy small trees, one of which succeeds well in the Southern States. M. Azedarach; flowers lilac, in June ; Syria ; 1656. MELILOTUS. Mdilot. [Leguminosag.] A genus of hardy plants, of little importance as objects of ornament. They are, however, useful as food for bees. M. arborea, a shrubby kind, with white flowers ; M. leucantha, a biennial, also with white flowers ; and M. suaveolens, a perennial, with yellow blossoms, — are the most desirable. MELISSA. Balm. [Lamiaceas.] Hardy herbaceous per- ennials. Common soil. Increased by division. M. polyanthos (many-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers white, in July ; native country unknown. M. Pyrenaica (Pyrenaean) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers purple, in July ; Pyrenees ; 1800. 254 GARDEN FLOWERS. MELITTIS. Bastard Balm. [Lamiaceae.] Hardy herba- ceous perennials, of easy culture, propagated by division, and growing in ordinary garden soil. They are rather pretty. M. grandiflora (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers creamy-white and red, in May ; England. M. melisso- phyllum (balm-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale reddish-purple, in June ; England. MENIOCUS. [Cruciferae.] Hardy annual. Common soil. Increased by seeds. M. linifolius (flax-leaved) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Caucasus; 1717. MENISPERMUM. Moon-seed. [Menispermacese.] The genus contains one or two hardy deciduous climbers, with orna- mental foliage. M. Canadense (Canadian) ; hardy climber ; 20 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1691. M. Carolinum (Caroli- nian), otherwise called Cocculus Caroltnus, is not hardy in the Northern States. M. lobatum is a variety of Canadense. MENTHA. Mint. [Lamiaceae.] A genus of hardy her- baceous perennials, thriving in any soil, and increased by division. There are some twenty species, of little horticul- tural importance. MENTZELIA. [Loasaceae.] Half-hardy herbaceous per- ennials and annuals. Soil, sandy loam and peat. Increased by cuttings in sand, in a hot-bed, or by seeds in a slight heat. M. azpera (rough) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; America ; 1733. M. stipitata (stalked-flowered) ; half- hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in September ; Mexico ; MENYANTHES. Buck-bean. [Gentianaceae.] Hardy aqua- tic perennial. Moist boggy soil, or in shallow water. In- creased by division. GARDEN FLOWERS. '25$ M. trifoliata (three-leaved) ; hardy aquatic ; I foot ; flowers white and pink, in June ; Britain. M. var. Americana, our native variety, seems to differ but little from the European species. MENZIESIA. [Ericaceae.] Pretty dwarf hardy deciduous shrubs. Sandy peat soil. Increased by layers, or by cut- tings under a hand-glass. M.ferruginea (rusty) ; hardy deciduous shrub ; 3 feet ; flow- ers rust-color, in June ; North America; 1811. M. globularis (globular) ; hardy deciduous shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellowish- brown, in June ; North America ; 1806. MERENDERA. [Melanthaceae.] Hardy crocus-like bulb. Soil, peat and loam. Increased by offsets. M. Caucasica (Caucasian) ; hardy bulb ; 3 inches ; flowers purple, in August ; Caucasus ; 1823. MESPILUS. Medlar. [Pomaceae.] Hardy deciduous trees, with white flowers and worthless fruit. In bloom, the tree is ornamental, and deserves a place in the shrubbery. Propagated by grafting on thorn, by seeds, and layers. M. Gcrmanica is the chief species, of which there are many varieties. MEZEREON. See DAPHNE. MIGNONETTE. See RESEDA. MIKANIA. [Composite.] A very neat climbing plant, with Eupatorium-like flowers, flourishing in rather clamp, deep loam. This plant is very beautiful, and is covered with white blossoms in August, a season when few climbers bloom. It is a native of river banks. M. scandens (climbing); hardy climbing herbaceous perennial ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in August. There are other stove species. MILFOIL. See ACHILLEA. 256 GARDEN FLOWERS. MILK-VETCH. See ASTRAGALUS. MILKWORT. See POLYGALA. MIMOSA. This large family contains the sensitive plants, M. sensitiva and M. pudica, two stove shrubs, the foliage of which is endowed with a very remarkable and interesting sensibility, for the sake of which they are cultivated. The flowers of both are purplish, — little globular balls of col- ored threads, — not at all showy ; but the leaves are very elegant. The peculiarity which obtains for them both their name and popularity is the shrinking of the branches, and folding-up of the leaves, at the slightest touch or disturbance. If a leaf be touched, it falls down, and the leaflets close ; and if the whole plant be shaken, or jerked, all the leaves immediately close, and hang down. The seeds are sown in a hot-bed in April, and potted off, as soon as they are large enough to handle, into small-sized three-inch pots, in a light soil of sandy peat and loam. They are best kept in a hot- frame till June, when they may be planted out in a warm ex- posure. They seed freely enough • but, when they are grown for seed, they are sown in February, and potted off in March. They are also increased by cuttings in sand under bell-glasses, in heat. M. sensitiva is not so irritable as M. pudica. They are only grown as curiosities. There are many other Mimo- sas, chiefly shrubs of little interest. M. pudica (chaste or humble plant) ; stove shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers purplish-lilac, in June ; Brazil ; 1638. M. sensitiva (sen- sitive) ; stove shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers pinkish-lilac, in June ; Brazil ; 1648. MIMULUS. Monkey-flower. [Scrophularinae.] Showy herbaceous plants, mostly perennial ; some small musk plants are annuals. The ornamental garden Mimuluses are mostly seedling varieties raised by florists, the offspring of M. luteus, guttatus and variegatus on the one hand, and GARDEN FLOWERS. 257 of M. cardinalis and roseus on the other ; and little trace of the originals now remains. These races are fugitive, the varieties of to-day continually giving place to others of some supposed superiority. Rich loamy soil, or, indeed, ordinary garden soil, if good, will grow them well ; but they like a damp, cool, and somewhat shady situation in summer. A supply should be kept in pots, protected in cold frames through the winter. M. moschatus is a favorite pot-plant for the window : it is quite hardy in sheltered situations, and grows readily in pots of rich mould. The varieties are mul- tiplied by division, and new varieties are obtained from seeds, which, if sown in heat in March, and grown in frames, will come into bloom in the course of the summer. Seeds are freely produced. M. cardinalis (cardinal) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, in July ; California ; 1835. M. guttafus (spotted) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow-spotted, in June ; North Amer- ica ; 1812. M. Harrisonii (Harrison's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers rose, in June ; garden variety. M. luteus (yellow) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Chili ; 1826. M. McLainii (McLain's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers rose-crimson, in June ; garden variety. M. moschatus (musk) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Columbia ; 1826. M. roseus (rose); half-hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers rose, in June; California; 1831. M. tricolor (three-colored); half-hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers pink, with yellow and crimson spots, in June ; California; 1848. M.variegatus(va.r'\Q- gated) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white and purple, in June; Chili; 1831. The garden varieties are of two classes: i, with rosy-colored flowers, and a branching habit, from E. ro- seus, and cardinalis ; 2, dwarfer, and more herbaceous, with yel- low flowers, variously blotched with rich brown-red, from M. gut- tatus, and luteus. MINT. See MENTHA. MIRABILIS. Marvel of Peru. [Nyctaginaceae.J Showy 17 258 GARDEN FLOWERS. half-hardy perennials, with thick fusiform roots. These plants are deservedly great favorites in gardens, where they make towards autumn a splendid appearance. The branch- ing stems bear roundish flowers with rather a long tube ; and, as these come at every joint, when fairly open they cover the plant. The individual blooms are in one respect like the Convolvulus/ — they shut up on dull days, so that it is not a handsom" plant in bad weather. In some kinds, the tubes of the flowers are two or three inches long ; in others they are shorter. The colors vary from yellow to red, white, and all shades between them, and sometimes two of the colors are disposed in stripes. To have choice varieties, sow the best seed that can be got, and select each year the best that are produced, for seed-bearing. Sow the seed in a hot-bed in March, and, as soon as the plants are large enough, pot them three or four, or half a dozen, in a pot, to grow until the middle of May, when they may be planted out in the beds or borders a foot apart. Here they will only require to be kept clear of weeds, and be watered in the event of the weather proving more than usually parching, but not if the weather be at all seasonable. The foliage will be touched by the first frost, after which the roots may be dug up, and stored away amongst dry sand, where the' frost can- not reach them. In May, they may be put in the ground where they are to flower, whether that be in beds or bor- ders ; or, if any good ones are worth propagating, put them in heat in March, and strike the shoots like those of the Dahlia. To effect improvements, a few seeds from the very best should be saved every year, and these plants are then best grown in beds, as they can then be more readily exam- ined, and the worthless ones destroyed. It is in the size, colors, and markings of the flowers, that improvements are chiefly to be effected. GARDEN FLOWERS. 259 M. Jalapa (Jalap) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers va- rious, in June; West Indies; 1596. M. longiflora (long-flow- ered) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Mexico; 1759. M. suaveolens (sweet); half-hardy perennial; 2 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Mexico ; 1823. MITCHELLA. [Cinchonaceae.] A pretty little evergreen trailing plant, usually known as Checkerberry, ornamental in flower, foliage, and fruit. The whole -plant has a rich aromatic taste. For covering the surface of Rhododendron- beds, this little plant is most suitable, as it delights in a soil of peat and leaf-mould. M. repens (creeping) ; 2 inches ; flowers pinkish-white, in June. MITELLA. [Saxifragaceae.] Hardy herbaceous peren- nials, suitable for rock-work. Common soil. Increased by division. M. cordifolia (heart-leaved) ; hardy perennial ;. 6 inches ; flow- ers white, in May; North America; 1812. M, diphylla (two- leaved) : hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America; 1731. M. pentandra (five-stamened) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; North America ; 1827. M. prostrata (prostrate); hardy perennial; 6 inches; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1818. MOCK-ORANGE. See PHILADELPHIA. MODIOLA. [Malvaceae.] Half-hardy annuals and peren- nials. Common soil. Increased by seeds or divisions. M. Caroliniana (Carolinian) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers red, in June ; Carolina ; 1723. M. decumbens (decumbent) ; half- hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers red, in June ; South America ; 1815. M. prostrata (prostrate) ; half-hardy perennial; i foot; flowers red, in June ; Monte Video ; 1806. MOMORDICA. [Cucurbitaceas.] A genus of tender plants, for the most part uninteresting for garden culture. One or two of them are, however, elegant and curious, somewhat 26O GARDEN FLOWERS. slender, free-growing creepers, often grown in a greenhouse* or in sheltered places out doors in summer. The fruit is the remarkable part of the plant ; and this, which is highly col- ored orange, splits when ripe, and turns back like a Turk's- cap lily, the deep red seeds attached to its inner surface looking like crimson spots. Sow in a hot-bed in April, in light rich soil, and treat like a cucumber. They are desira- ble for rafters of a stove. The species referred to are M. balsamina and charantia, both growing ten or twelve feet in length, and covering a considerable surface. The flowers are yellow, small, and inconspicuous. Both are natives of India. MONARDA. [Lamiaceae.] Handsome hardy herbaceous perennials, the plants having an odor compared to Berga- mot. They are increased by division of the root, and flour- ish in the ordinary soil of gardens, preferring a cool and rather moist situation. M. didyma (Oswego tea) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, in June ; North America ; 1752. M. fistulosa (hollow) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers purple or red, in June ; North America; 1656. M. Kalmiana (Kalm's) ; hardy perennial; 4 feet ; flowers purple, in June ; North America ; 1813. M. punc- tata (dotted); hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers yellowish, dotted with brown, in June; Virginia; 1714. M. purpurea (purple) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in June ; North America; 1789. MONEYWORT. See LYSIMACHIA. MONKEY-FLOWER. See MIMULUS. MONKSHOOD. See ACONITUM. MONOLOPIA. [Compositae.] Pretty hardy annuals. Good garden soil. Increased by seeds. M. major (greater) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July; California; 1834. This plant was formerly called Helenium Douglasii. GARDEN FLOWERS. 26 1 MOONSEED. See MENISPERMUM. MONOPSIS. [Lobeliaceas.] A pretty little annual, for- merly called Lobelia speculum. Seeds sown in a hot-bed in April, and pricked out in May, make a pretty summer show. M. conspicua (showy) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Cape of Good Hope ; 1812. MORNA. [Composite.] Showy greenhouse plants. The annual species should be raised from seeds in autumn, about September, and again in spring, about April ; the for- mer blooming the following spring, the latter during sum- mer and autumn. Prick out the seedlings, and pot when large enough, three or four in a pot. Shift them as required for blooming in pots in the greenhouse ; or a portion may be planted out in a warm situation towards the end of June. Light rich compost should be used, as loam, leaf-mould, and sand. The perennial kinds are increased by cuttings as well as by seeds. M. nitida (shining) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June; Swan River; 1835. M. nivea (snowy); half- hardy annual ; 1 8 inches; flowers white, in July; New South Wales; 1836. MORUS. Mulberry. [Moraceae.] Well-known hardy trees, valuable for fruit and flowers. Garden soil Propagated by seed, cuttings, and layers. M. alba (white); 30 feet;, flowers in June; China; 1596. M. alba Italica (Italian) ; 20 feet ; flowers in June ; Italy ; 1817. M. alba multicaulis (many-stemmed) ; flowers in June ; China. M. Constantinopolitana (Constantinople); 15 feet; flowers in June; Turkey; 1818. M. nigra (common-black) ; 20 feet; flow- ers in June ; Italy; 1548. JHf. nigra laciniata (cut-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers in June. M. rubra (red) ; 10 feet ; flowers in June ; North America ; 1629. M. scabra (rough) ; 20 feet; flowers in June; North America; 1817. M. Tatarica (Tartarian); 20 feet; flowers in June ; Tartary ; 1780. 262 GARDEN FLOWERS. MORNING-GLORY. See CONVOLVULUS and IPOMEA. MOTHERWORT. See LEONURUS. MOUTAN. Tree Peony. [Ranunculaceae.] These are well-known and highly ornamental shrubs. Soil, peat and loam. They are multiplied by grafting on the fleshy roots of the herbaceous peonies, and also by layers. The plants are hardy ; but are suitable for growing as large pot plants, to be set in any effective sheltered position while they re- main in bloom. Any of the numerous varieties are worth cultivating. M. officinalis (common) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers various colored in the numerous varieties, in April; China; 1789. Among the most desirable are the varieties named atropurpurea (deep-purple), Berenice (white), Emperor of China (rosy-red), globosa (white), Glory of Shanghae (white), lilacina (pale-purple), picta (rose-striped), punicea (crimson), Robert Fortune (bright- red), salmonea (pale-salmon), speciosa (pink), and sulphured (primrose). There are, besides, varieties with the flowers white, flesh- color, pale-pink, pale-rose, purple", and of mixed colors. For a longer list see PEONIA. MULGEDIUM. [Compositae.] A pretty half hardy peren- nial, suitable for dry rock-work, or a very dry border. Soil, sandy loam, well drained. Increased by seeds, cuttings, or division. M. macrorhizon (large-rooted) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers pale-blue, in August ; Cashmere ; 1844. MULBERRY. See MORUS. MULLEIN. See VERBASCUM. MUSCARI. Grape Hyacinth. [Liliaceae.] Dwarf hardy bulbs, which multiply readily by means of offsets. The bulbs should remain in the soil from year to year, and not be taken up and dried ; but every fourth year, they may be taken up GARDEN FLOWERS. 263 and replanted in September, or early in October, before they begin to grow. Common garden soil ; but a sandy loam is most congenial to these, as to all other bulbs. M. botryoides (bunch-flowered) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers blue or white, in May ; Italy; 1596. M. ciliatum (hair-fringed) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers brown-purple, in May ; Crimea ; 1822. M. commutation (dark-purple); hardy bulb ; 6 inches; flowers dark-blue, in May; Italy; 1836. M. comosum (feathered); hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in May ; south of Eu- rope j 1596. M. glaucum (glaucous) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers purple and green, in May ; Persia ; 1825. M. moscha- tum (musky) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers pale dingy-brown- ish, in May ; Levant ; 1 596. M. racemosum (racemed) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers dark-blue, in May ; Europe ; 1780. MYOSOTIS. [Scrophularineas.] A genus of pretty annuals and herbaceous plants, many of them hardy. M. palustris is the true Forget-me-not ; a pretty well-known flower, deli- cate blue, with golden eye. It needs a moist soil, and, in a congenial situation, will become naturalized. Some of the species are not hardy in the Northern States. The peren- nials are increased by seed and division ; the annuals by seed. HARDY HERBACEOUS. — M. Alpestris (Alpine); 6 inches; flowers blue, in July; Switzerland; 1818. M. Azorica (Azo- rean) ; i foot ; flowers dark-blue, in August ; Azores ; 1846. M. azurea (light-blue); flowers blue, in June; Corvo; 1842. M. ccespitosa (tufted) ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; Britain. M. ccespitosa macrocalyx (large-calyxed) ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; Britain. M. intermedia (intermediate) ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in April ; Britain. M. nana (dwarf) ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in July; Europe; 1800. M. palustris (marsh) ; I foot ; flowers blue and yellow, in July ; Britain. M. repens (creeping) ; i foot ; flowers pale-blue, in June ; Britain. M. rupicola (rock) ; flowers blue ; Scotland. M. sparsiflora (scat- 264 GARDEN FLOWERS. tered-flowered) ; 18 inches; flowers blue, in May; south of France; 1822. HARDY ANNUALS. — M. arvensis alba (white corn-field) ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Britain. M. Australis (south- ern) ; flowers blue, in June ; New South Wales ; 1824. M. Cal- if arnica (Californian) ; 18 inches; flowers white, in August; California; 1837. M. clavata (club-leaved); flowers blue, in June ; Siberia ; 1829. M. collina (hill) ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, in May ; Britain. M. commutata (changed) ; flowers blue, in June ; Europe ; biennial. M. litoralis (sea-shore) ; flowers blue and yellow, in April; Caspian Sea; 1836. M. peduncularis (long-flowered-stalked); 18 inches; flowers blue, in June; As- tracan ; 1824. M. ungulata (clawed); flowers blue, in June; Siberia; 1822. MYRICA. Wax Myrtle. [Myricaceae.] Hardy 'deciduous shrubs, thriving in any soil, and increased by seeds and layers. M. cerifera (wax-bearing) ; 6 feet ; M. gale (sweet-gale) ; 4 feet ; M. latifolia (broad-leaved) ; 4 feet ; are all very ornamen- tal in the shrubbery. NARCISSUS. [Amaryllidaceae.] A very large genus of showy, hardy, well-known bulbous-rooted plants, all species of which are ornamental and desirable spring border flowers. Under the name of Polyanthus Narcissus, great numbers of some florists' varieties are imported annually, like the Hyacinth and early Tulips ; and these may be forced in pots, or bloomed in water, or planted in the borders. They require in every respect the same treatment as the Hyacinth. If grown in pots, they may be planted in any rich, light soil. If bloomed in glasses, they want a change of water once a week. When put out in the borders, they should be in patches of three, put in pretty close to each other, forming a triangle, with one in front and two behind : a sandy loam is preferable for them. They require no pro- tection except a covering of tan over the bed in the North- ern States, and will bear a good deal of frost without injury. The plant has grassy or leek-like leaves : the flower-stem comes up in the centre, and from a sheath at the top bursts on one side the bunch of flowers, which are white or yellow, with a yellow or orange cup in the centre. The Jonquil is a species of Narcissus, considerably smaller than the Polyan- thus Narcissus, and very sweet-scented : there are varieties with both double and single flowers. There is considerable variety among the other species of Narcissus, all of which are worth growing as border-flowers. The following very limited selection comprises a few of the most distinct plants. N. aurantius (orange) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers yellow, 265 266 GARDEN FLOWERS. in March ; south of Europe ; 1629. There is a double-flowered variety, with yellow and orange blossoms. N. bicolor (two-col- ored) ; hardy bulb ; I foot ; flowers white and yellow, in April ; Spain ; 1629. N. cermms (drooping) ; hardy bulb ; I foot ; flowers creamy white, in March ; Spain ; 1818. N. incompara- bilis (incomparable) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in April ; France ; 1629. N. Italicus (Roman) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers pale-yellow, in March; Italy. "The 'double variety has creamy flowers. N. jonqtiilla (jonquil) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers yellow, single or double, in April; Spain; 1596. N. montanus (mountain) ; hardy bulb ; I foot ; flowers white, in April ; Spain. N. odorus (sweet) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in May ; south of Europe ; 1629. N. papyraceus (paper); hardy bulb ; I foot ; flowers white, in March ; Asia Minor. N. poeticus (poet's) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white, with orange eye, in May ; Europe. N. pulchellus (pretty) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; south of Europe. N. recurvus (recurved-leaved); hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white, with orange eye, in May ; south of Europe. N. Tazetta (polyanthus) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white and yellow, in March ; Spain ; 1759. N. Trewianus (Trew's) ; hardy bulb ; I foot ; flowers white and yellow, in March ; Spain. This is cultivated under the name of Bazelman major. FLORISTS' VARIETIES. The following are superior kinds : Bazleman major, white and yellow ; Grand Monarque, white and citron ; Grand Primo, white and citron ; Grand Prince, white and lemon ; So lei I d'or, yellow and orange ; Gloriosa, white and orange, the best for pot-culture. NARDOSMIA. [Compositae.] Hardy perennial. Common soil. Increased by division. Allied to Colt's-foot. N. fragrans (fragrant) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in very early spring, fragrant like Heliotrope ; south of Europe ; 1806. NASTURTIUM. The vulgar name often given to lum, instead of the proper one of Indian Cress. NAVARETTIA. See ^£GOCHLOA. GARDEN FLOWERS. 26/ NEAPOLITAN VIOLET ; Viola odorata pallida plena. NEGUNDO. [Aceraceae.j Hardy deciduous trees, thriv. ing in sandy loam. Propagated by seed and layers. N. fraxinifolium (ash-leaved maple) ; 40 feet ; flowers in May ; 1688. N. fraxinifolium crispum (curled-leaved) ; 30 feet ; flowers, in May ; 1688. N. fraxinifolium -violaceum (purple) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May. N. fraxinifolium iiariegatum is a beautiful plant. NEJA. [Composite.] Half-hardy sub-shrub, suitable for summer beds. Light rich soil. Increased by cuttings. N. gracilis (slender) ; half-hardy sub-shrub ; i foot ; flowers yellow, all summer ; Mexico ; 1828. NEMESIA. [Scrophularineae.] Half-hardy annuals or per- ennials. Sandy loamy soil. Increased by seeds or cuttings. N. floribunda (many-flowered) ; half-hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white and yellow, in July ; Cape; 1837. NEMOPHILA. [Hydrophyllaceae.] Hardy annuals. The best is N. insignis, of which the flowers are very bright blue, with a white eye, and cover the plant : it is on this account a most beautiful plant for clumps and beds. JV. maculata is another showy species For beds, the seedlings should be put out four inches apart, and the plants will then present a dense mass of flowers. The soil should not be too rich ; for, if the plants grow rank, they become straggling, and flower less abundantly. N. atomaria (speckled) ; hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers white, speckled with purple, in May ; California ; 1836. A variety called discoidalis has flowers very dark-brown, narrowly mar- gined with white. N. aurita (eared) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers purple, in June ; California. N. insignis (showy) ; hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers blue and white, in May ; California ; 1833. There are seedling variations with larger, and with speckled flowers. N. maculata (blotched) ; hardy annual ; 9 inches; flowers white and purple, in May; California; 1848. 268 GARDEN FLOWERS. N. phaceloides (phacelia-like) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers blue, in June ; North America. NEOTTIA. [Orchidaceae.] A genus containing seme hardy perennial, as well as tender species. Soil, peat au.i loam. Increased by division. N. cestivalis, autumnalis, and /"ernuus are worth growing as curiosities. NEMOPANTHES. [Aquifoliaceae.] An ornamental, hardy, deciduous, upright-growing shrub, very little known, but very desirable. It was called Ilex Canadensis and Prinos lutida. The flowers are small and white ; but the berries are large, beautiful crimson, and very ornamental. Common shrub- bery soil ; but it will do better with an addition of sandy peat or leaf-mould. Propagated by layers and seeds in au- tumn, and by seeds in spring. N. Canadensis (Canadian) ; 3 feet ; flowers in May ; North America; 1812, NEPETA. Catmint. [Lamiaceae.] A rather large genus of hardy perennials, few of which are ornamentaL Sandy garden soil. Increased by division. N. grandiflora (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers blue, in July ; Caucasus 51817. N. Sibirica (Siberian) ; hardy perennial; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; Siberia ; 1804. NETTLE-TREE. See CELTIS. NEW-JERSEY TEA. See CEANOTHUS. NICANDRA. [Solanaceae.] Robust half-hardy annual, with blue and white flowers ; pretty, but running too much to foliage. It should be sown in a mild hot-bed with other an- nuals towards the end of April, and the plants planted out in May ; or it may be sown in the border in May, and all the plants in each patch pulled away but the strongest. When a little stunted, it looks pretty in a large border ; the blossoms then being developed in a greater proportion to the leaves. GARDEN FLOWERS. 269 N. physaloides (physalis-like) ; hardy annual ; 4 feet ; flowers blue and white, in July ; Peru ; 1759. NICOTIANA. Tobacco. [Solanaceas.] An extensive genus, the species mostly hardy annuals. The most interesting is the N. Tabacum, or Virginia tobacco, of which several varie- ties, all having rose-colored flowers, are pretty enough to be introduced sparingly into large miscellaneous flower-borders : they grow from three to six feet high, according to the soil and climate. N. Langsdorffii, with green flowers and blue anthers, is rather pretty. Of the common annual species, the seeds may be scattered over the borders in May, and a single plant left here and there where there is room for them. The Virginian tobacco must be sown in a warm frame in April, and treated like a half-hardy annual, being planted out in May, to produce fine blooming plants. From the size to which these plants grow, with their ample foliage, they should always be planted singly. Seeds are produced in abundance, by which they are increased. JV. Langsdorffii (Langsdorff's) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers green, in July; Chili; 1819. N. paniculata (panicled) ; hardy annual; 3 feet ; flowers green, in July ; Peru; 1752. N. Persica (Persian) ; half-hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers white and green, in September; Persia; 1831. N. Tabacum (Virginian); half- hardy annual; 4 feet; flowers pink, in July; America; 1570. N. undttlata (wavy) ; half-hardy perennial, may be cultivated as an annual ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July; New South Wales ; 1800. NIEREMBERGIA. [Solanacese.] Pretty half-hardy herbs, suitable for the flower-garden, and for small beds. Sandy loam and peat. Propagated by cuttings in sand, during summer. The plants must be wintered in a dry airy green- house, with precaution against damp. They may be planted out in May. N. calydna (large-calyxed) ; half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; 27O GARDEN FLOWERS. flowers white, in July; Uraguay ; 1834. N. filicaulis (thread- stemmed) ; half-hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white and lilac, in July ; Buenos Ayres ; 1832. N. gracilis (slender) ; half- hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white and lilac, in July ; Ura- guay; 1831. N. intermedia (intermediate); half-hardy peren- nial ; 9 inches ; flowers purple, black, and yellow, in July ; Buenos Ayres ; 1832. NIGELLA. Fennel-flower, or Devil-in-a-bush. ' [Ranuncu- laceae.] Hardy annuals, requiring only to be sown in the open border in May, and the plants thinned to three or four inches apart, six or eight being left in a patch. The flowers have a singular form and curious appearance. N. aristata (awned) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in July ; Greece. N. coarctata (compressed) ; hardy annual ; 9 inches; flowers white, in July; south of Europe; 1793. N. damascena (common); hardy annual ; 18 inches; flowers blue, single or double, in June ; south of Europe ; 1570. N. Hispan- ica (Spanish) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers blue or white, in June ; Spain; 1629. N. Orientalis (Eastern) ; hardy annual; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in July; Syria ; 1699. NIGHTSHADE. See SOLANUM. NOLANA. [Nolanaceas.] Pretty annuals, of prostrate trailing habit, with convolvulus-shaped blossoms. They may be sown in the open ground in May ; or may be sown in March, in pots for planting out, and the plants kept in a cold frame till the middle of May. They will flourish in good light garden soil, and are increased by seeds. N. atriplicifolia (atriplex-leaved) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, white, and yellow, in July; Peru; 1834. N. paradox a (violet) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in July; Chili; 1825. N. prostrata (prostrate); hardy annual; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Peru ; 1761. N. tenclla (slen- der) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Chili ; 1824. Variety subccerulea is a fine free-flowering variety, with GARDEN FLOWERS. 2/1 pale mauve-colored flowers. Variety lanceolata is a vigorous grower, with blue flowers. NORWAY SPRUCE. See ABIES EXCELSA. NUPHAR. [NymphaeaceJE.] Hardy water-plants, with large floating leaves, like those of Nymphcea, but having yellow flowers. The species are worth cultivating. The culture of them is in all respects the same as that of Nym- phoea. N. advena (stranger) ; hardy aquatic perennial, floating ; flowers yellow, in July; North America; 1772. N. Kalmiana (Kalm's) ; hardy aquatic perennial, floating ; flowers yellow, in July; Canada; 1807. N. httea (yellow) ; hardy aquatic peren- nial, floating ; flowers yellow, in June ; England. N. pumila (dwarf); hardy aquatic perennial, floating; flowers yellow, in July; England. N. sagittce folia (arrow-leaved) ; hardy aquatic peren- nial, floating ; flowers yellow, in July ; North America ; 1824. NYCTERINIA. [Scrophularineas.] Pretty greenhouse plants, requiring to be grown in a sandy soil of peat and loam. In- creased by cuttings or seeds. The perennials require an airy greenhouse, and care in watering. The annuals to be treated as half-hardy annuals. N. lychnidea (lychnis-like) ; greenhouse evergreen sub-shrub ; i foot ; flowers white and purple, in May ; Cape. N. selaginoides (selago-like) ; greenhouse annual ; 9 inches ; flowers white, with yellow eye, in summer ; Cape; 1854. NYMPHCEA. Water-lily. [Nymphasaceje.] A family of beautiful water-plants, including some of the most desirable for cultivation in hardy aquariums. This genus includes several stove species, as well as the hardy ones ; of which latter, nearly all have white flowers. The plants require to be planted in a layer of rich mud at the bottom of the water : and so that there is room enough for their floating foliage, they need little other attention. One of the best ways of fixing the rhizomes, or root-stocks, is to plant them in a- 2/2 GARDEN FLOWERS. common wicker basket filled with mud, the basket being dropped into the water where the plant is required. The tender kinds have to be planted in large pots or pans, which are sunk into cisterns of water ; and, in order to secure the blooming of the plants, there ought to be provision for warm- ing the water in the cisterns by some means They are in- creased by dividing the rhizomes. Both hardy and tender species are worth growing. JV. alba (white) ; hardy aquatic perennial, floating ; flowers white, in June ; England. N. nitida (shining) ; hardy aquatic perennial, floating ; flowers white, in July; Siberia; 1809. N. odorata (sweet) ; hardy aquatic perennial, floating ; flowers white, in July; North America ; 1786. N. pygmaa (pygmy); half- hardy aquatic perennial, floating ; flowers white, in July ; China ; 1805. N. reniformis (kidney-shaped) ; half-hardy aquatic peren- nial, floating ; flowers white, in July ; Carolina; 1823. NYSSA. Tupelo. [Cornaceae.] Hardy trees, with orna- mental foliage, which turns a brilliant red in the autumn. Raised from seed, which should be sown where the plants are to stand, as they transplant with difficulty. Soil, moist loam. N. multiflora (many-flowered) ; hardy tree ; 20 feet ; fruit purple, in autumn. N. uniflora (single-flowered) is an aquatic Southern species. OAK. See QUERCUS. OATS ANIMATED. See AVENA. OBELISCARIA. [Compositae.] Showy hardy perennials. They require the same treatment as Rudbeckia, to which they are allied. O. columnaris (columnar) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in August; North America; 1811. O. Drummondii (Drummond's) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow and black, in July ; North America ; 1836. O. pulcherrima (pret- tiest) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow and red, in Au- gust ; Texas ; 1835. (ENOTHERA. Evening-primrose. [Onagraceae.] Showy hardy plants, mostly perennials and biennials, with a few annuals. The annuals require to be sown in May, where they are to flower, and to be thinned when they come up ; or they may be sown in a patch, and planted out. Common garden soil. The biennial and perennial kinds should be sown in patches, and planted out when they are large enough, wherever they are to bloom. The latter grow best in peaty soil, and especially in situations where they are not subjected to drought. There are a large number of species. Most of the old-fashioned annual (Enotheras are now called Godetia. (E. biennis (biennial) ; hardy biennial ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in July; North America; 1629. (E. Drummondii (Drum- mond's) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; Texas ; 18533. &• Fraseri (Eraser's) ; hardy perennial ; 18 18 273 2/4 GARDEN FLOWERS. inches; flowers yellow, in June; North America; 1811. CE. fruticosa (shrubby) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in August ; North America ; 1737. CE. Lamarckiana (Lamarck's); hardy biennial ; 3 feet ; flowers bright-yellow, very large ; Texas ; 1860. CE. macrocarpa (large-fruited) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inch- es ; flowers large yellow, in June; North America ; 1811. CE. Missouriensis (Missouri) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers large yellow, in June; North America; 1818. CE. odorata (sweet) ; hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; South America ; 1790. CE. pumila (dwarf) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in July; North America; 1757. CE. speciosa (showy); half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in June ; North America; 1821. CE. taraxacifolia (dandelion-leaved); hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Peru ; 1822. CE. tetraptera (four-winged) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; Mexico ; 1796. OLEASTER. See EL^EAGNUS. OMPHALODES. [Boraginaceae.] A genus containing two favorite plants, — the annual Venus's Navel-wort, and the early blooming dwarf O. verna, whose pretty little bright blue flowers are mistaken by persons not skilled in plants for the Forget-me-not, a very different thing. Both are of the easiest culture. The perennial will increase to any ex- tent by division, and, when once planted, need not be dis- turbed for years ; for, within moderate limits, the larger the patch of such diminutive subjects, the better. It is very suitable for rock-work which is not too dry and exposed. The annual may be sown in the borders, towards the end of March, and again in May for a succession, and requires only good garden soil. . O. linifolia (Venus's Navel-wort) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers white, in June ; Portugal ; 1 748. O. -verna (spring) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in April ; south of Eu- rope ; 1633. ONOBRYCHIS. Saintfoin. [Leguminosas.] Hardy peren- GARDEN FLOWERS. 2/5 nials. Soil, sandy loam. Increased by seeds. Some are pretty, but not of much importance. ONONIS. Restharrow. [Leguminosae.] A genus of hardy and half-hardy perennials and annuals. Some of the sub- shrubby species are suitable for large rock-work. Soil, sandy loam. Increased by seeds. ONOSMA. [Boraginaceae.] Perennial herbs, mostly hardy, and many of them pretty subjects for rock-work. The flow- ers are tubularly bell-shaped, and in all cases yellow or yel- lowish. They grow best on dry and rather sandy soil, such as exposed rockwork, being very liable to rot off in damp confined places ; and the tenderer ones need protection from wet in winter. When seeds can be got, they make the best plants : they should be sown about May, either in pots for subsequent transplantation, or in the situations where they are to remain. If seeds cannot be had, they must be in- creased by cuttings of the young shoots, planted in sandy soil, and placed under a hand-glass. O. echioides (echium-like) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flow- ers white, in April ; south of Europe ; 1683. O. Gmelini (Gme- lin's) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers straw-colored, in June ; Altai; 1829. O. Orientale (Eastern); half-hardy perennial; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; Levant ; 1752. O. polyphyl- lum (many-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale-yel- low, in July; Tauria ; 1829. O. rupestre (rock); half-hardy perennial; i foot ; flowers yellow, in May; Caucasus; 1819. O. setosum (bristly) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; Russia ; 1838. O. stelhdatum (starred) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May; Croatia; 1819. OPHELIA. [Gentianaceae.] A pretty annual. Peat bor- der. Seeds, to be sown in heat in April ; the young plants planted out in May. O. purpurascens (purplish) ; half-hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers purplish, in May ; East Indies ; 1836. 276 GARDEN FLOWERS. OPHIOPOGON. [Liliaceae.] Hardy and half-hardy peren- nial. .Sandy loam and peat. Division. O. Japonicus (Japan) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale-purple, in June ; Japan ; 1784. O. spicatus (spiked) ; hardy perennial; i foot ; flowers violet, in October ; Nepaul ; 1821. These plants require protection in the Northern States. ORIGANUM. Marjoram. [Lamiaceae.] In this genus of hardy aromatic herbs are included two pretty greenhouse dwarf shrubs, which are excellent window plants. They increase by cuttings, and grow in sandy loam. . O. Dictamnus (Dittany of Crete) ; half-hardy sub-shrub ; I foot ; flowers purple, in little drooping heads like hops, in July ; Candia ; 1551. O. Sipyleum (Sipylian) ; half-hardy sub-shrub ; 1 8 inches ; flowers purple, in hop-like heads, in July ; Levant ; 1699. ORNITHOGALUM. Star of Bethlehem. [Liliaceee.] An extensive genus of bulbous plants, containing about a score of hardy species, and about twice that number of half-hardy ones. The flowers are star-like, and, in the majority of in- stances, white, often streaked inside or out with green. They grow readily in rich, light, loamy soil ; the hardy ones planted out in the open borders or in beds, and the tender ones pot- ted, and kept in a frame or on a shelf in a cool greenhouse. The taller species, with their long spikes of starry flowers, are very ornamental. They all increase by means of offsets, as is the case with other bulbs. O. Arabicum (Arabian) ; half-hardy bulb ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in March; Egypt; 1629. O. aureum (golden); green- house bulb ; i foot ; flowers orange, in June ; Cape ; 1790. O. comosum (tufted) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in Ju- ly ; Austria; 1596. O: corymbosum (corymbose); half-hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers white, in April ; Peru ; 1823. O. exscap- um (stemless) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; GARDEN FLOWERS. 2/7 Italy; 1824. 0. lacteum (milk-white) ; half-hardy bulb ; I foot; flowers white, in June ; Cape ; 1796. O. marginatum (mar- gined) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers greenish-white, in May ; Asia; 1843. O. montaninn (mountain) ; hardy bulb; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May; Naples; 1824. O. Narbonense (Nar- bonne) ; hardy bulb; 18 inches; flowers white, in July; south of Europe; 1810. O. niveum (snowy) ; half-hardy bulb; 6 inches; flowers white, in May; Cape; 1774. O. odorattim (sweet); half-hardy bulb; 18 inches; flowers pale-yellow, in May; Cape; 1795. O. Pyramidale (pyramidal) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Spain ; 1752. O. suaveolens (fra- grant) ; half-hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Cape ; 1826. O. umbellatum (umbelled) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; England. There are numerous other species deserving of cultivation. OROBUS. Bitter Vetch. [Leguminosse.] An extensive family of hardy perennials. Common light deep garden soil. Increased by division. O. atropurpureus (dark-purple) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers deep-purple, in May; Algiers; 1826. O. aurantius (orange) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Iberia ; 1818. O. formosus (showy) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers purple, in June ; Caucasus ; 1818. O. vernus (spring) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple, in May ; Europe ; 1629. OSAGE ORANGE. See MACLURA. ORNUS. Floivering Ash. [Oleaceae.] Hardy deciduous trees, with white flowers. Common garden soil. Propa- gated by seeds. O. Americana (American) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1820. O. Europcea (European) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May; Italy; 1730. O. floribunda (bundle-flowered); 30 feet; Nepaul ; 1822. O. rotundifolia (round-leaved); 16 feet; flow- ers in May; Italy; 1697. O. striata (channelled); 30 feet; flowers in April ; North America ; 1818. OXYDENDRUM. See ANDROMEDA. 2/8 GARDEN FLOWERS. OSTRYA. Hop Hornbeam. [Corylaceae.] Hardy decidu- ous small trees, with fine foliage and ornamental fruit. In- creased by seeds, and grafting on common Hornbeam. Rich deep moist soil. O. Virginica (Virginian) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; North America; 1622. O. vulgaris (common); 20 feet; flowers in May; Italy; 1724. OSWEGO TEA. Monarda didyma. OXYTROPIS. [Leguminosse.] A family of mostly hardy plants from Siberia, allied to Astragalus. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated by seeds sown where the plants are to remain, as they transplant badly. There are some forty species. OXYURA. [Compositae.] A pretty showy chrysanthemum- like annual. Sow in the open border in May, and thin out the plants. O. chrysanthemoides (chrysanthemum-like) ; hardy annual ; 1 8 inches ; flowers yellow and white, in July ; California ; 1834. P^EONIA. [Ranunculaceae.] Very showy plants, of easy culture in deep rich loam. Propagated by division, if herbaceous; if tree, or Moutan, by division, grafting, cut- tings of the young shoots in spring, by layers and suckers, by layering the young shoots after ringing-round each bud so that each bud forms a plant. The shrubby species are sometimes called Moutan (which see). All the species are desirable, and few plants are more showy in the garden and shrubbery. HARDY SHRUBS. — P. Moutan (Chinese-tree) ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in May; China; 1789. P. albida-plena (double-white); 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; China. P. Anneslei (Annesley's) ; 3 feet ; flowers pink, in May ; China. P. atropurpurea (dark- purple-flowered) ; 4 feet; flowers purple, in May; China; 1846. P. Banksii (Banks's) ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; China ; 1 794. P. carnea-plena (double-flesh-colored) ; 2 feet ; flowers in May ; China. P. globosa (globular-flowered) ; 3 feet ; flesh-color, flowers white and purple, in May; Shanghae ; 1845. P.lilac- ina (lilac-colored) ; 3 feet ; flowers lilac, in May ; China ; 1845. P. Humei (Hume's) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; China ; 1817. P. papaveracea (poppy-like); 3 feet; flowers white, in May ; China ; 1 789. P. parviflora (small-flowered) ; 3 feet ; flowers pale-rose, in May; Shanghae ; 1845. P- Picta (painted); 3 feet ; flowers pale and deep rose-striped, in May ; Canton ; 1845. P. Rawesii (Rawes's) ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-pink, in May ; China; 1820. P. rosea (rosy); 3 feet; flowers pink, in May; China. P. rosea-plena (double- rose) ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in May; China; 1804. P. rosea-semi-plena (semi-double rose); 279 28O GARDEN FLOWERS. 2 feet ; flowers red, in May ; China ; 1 794. P. sa/monea^salmon- colored) ; 3 feet; flowers pale-salmon, in May; China; 1846. P. speciosa (showy) ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in May; China ; 1825. P. Alexander II. is a very large rich rosy-red variety ; hybrid ; 1860. P. glorie Belgarum is the largest Peony known ; flowers very double, crimson ; hybrid ; 1857. HARDY HERBACEOUS. — P. albiflora (white-flowered) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May; Siberia; 1548. P. albiflora Candida (white) ; 2 feet ; flowers flesh-color, in May ; Siberia. P. albi- flora festa (pleasant) ; 2 feet ; flowers white and pink, in June. P. albiflora fragrans (fragrant) ; 2 feet ; flowers, red in May ; China; 1805. P. albiflora Humei (Hume's double-crimson); 2 feet; flowers red, in May; China; 1808. P. albiflora Pottsii (Potts's) ; 3 feet; flowers crimson, in June; China; 1822. P. albiflora Reevesii (Reeves's double); 2 feet; flowers pink, in June; China; 1822. P. albiflora rubescens (ruddy); 2 feet; flowers pink, in May ; Siberia. P. albiflora Siberica (Siberian) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Siberia. P. albiflora Tatar ica 'Tartarian) ; 2 feet ; flowers flesh-color, in May ; Siberia. P. albiflora uniflora (single-flowered) ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in May; Siberia. P. albiflora vestalis (virgin) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Siberia. P. albiflora Whitleji (Whitley's double-white) ; 2 feet ; flowers blush, in May ; China ; 1808. P. anomala (anom- alous); 18 inches; flowers crimson, in May; Siberia; 1788. P. arietina (ram) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple ; Levant. P. arietina Andersonii (Anderson's) ; flowers rose, in June. P. arietina Oxoniensis (Oxford) ; 2 feet ; flowers pale-blush, in June. P. Brownti (Brown's) ; flowers red, in May ; North America ; 1826. P. corallina (coralline) ; 3 feet ; flowers crimson, in May ; Eng- land. P. Corsica (Corsican) ; flowers purple, in June ; Corsica. P. Cretica (Cretan) ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Crete. P. decora (comely) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; Turkey. P. decora elatior (taller) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; Crimea. P. decora Pallasii (Pallas's) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; Crimea. P. humilis (dwarf) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; Spain ; 1633. P. hybrida (hybrid) ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in May; Siberia. P. lobata (lobed) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; GARDEN FLOWERS. 28 1 Spain; 1821. P. mollis (soft); 18 inches; flowers purple, in May ; Siberia. P. officinalis (shop) ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in May ; Europe ; 1548. P. officinalis albicans (whitening); 3 feet ; flowers white, in May. P. officinalis anemoniflora (anemone- flowered) ; 3 feet; flowers pink, in May; 1830. P. officinalis Baxteri (Baxter's) ; 3 feet ; flowers crimson ; Oxford. P. offici- nalis blanda (bland) ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May. P. offici- nalis canescens (hoary) ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May. P. offi- cinalis multipetala (many-petaled) ; 3 feet ; flowers crimson, in May. P. officinalis rosea (rosy) ; 3 feet ; flowers red, in May. P. officinalis rubra (double-red); 3 feet; flowers red, in May. P. officinalis -variegata (variegated-leaved) ; 3 feet ; flowers crim- son, in June. P. paradoxa (paradoxical) ; 2 feet ; flowers pur- ple, in May ; Levant. P. paradoxa compacta (compact) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May. P. paradoxa fimbriata (double-fringed) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May. P. paradoxa Grevillii (Gre- ville's) ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in May. P. paradoxa peregrina (straggling) ; 2 feet ; flowers dark-purple, in May. P. pubens (downy) ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in May. P, Reevesiana (Reeves's) 3 feet; flowers crimson, in May; China. P. Russi (Russ's); 2 feet ; flowers crimson, in May ; Sicily. P. simpliciflora (sim- ple-flowered) ; flowers red, in May ; Levant. P. tenuifolia (fine-leaved); 18 inches; flowers red, in May; Siberia; 1765. P. tenuifolia flore-pleno (double-flowered); 18 inches; flowers red, in May; Russia; 1831. P. tenuifolia latifolia (broad- leaved) ; 2 feet ; flowers crimson, in June. P. triternata (thrice- three-leafleted) ; 3 feet; flowers purple, in May; Siberia; 1790. P. villosa (shaggy) ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in May ; south of Eu- rope ; 1816. P, Witmanniana (VVitmann's) ; 2 feet; flowers greenish-yellow, in May; Abcharia ; 1842. For new varieties, which are constantly produced, consult the latest florist catalogues. PALAFOXIA. [Composite.] Annuals and herbaceous per- ennials, thriving in sandy loam, and propagated by seeds and division. P. linearis is tender. P. fastigiata (tapering) ; hardy perennial ; flowers white, in 282 GARDEN FLOWERS. August; North America; 1823. P. linearis (narrow-leaved); tender perennial ; flowers white, in June ; Mexico ; 1821. P. Jexana (Texan) ; hardy annual ; flowers brownish-red, in Au- gust ; Texas ; 1850. PALMA CHRISTI. See RICINUS. PANSY. See VIOLA. PAPAVER. Poppy. [Papaveraceae.] A genus of hardy plants, containing many weeds and some showy species : it comprises perennials, biennials, and annuals. Of the latter, the double-flowered varieties, sometimes known as Carnation and Picotee Poppies, are the most worthy of cultivation, and these are really gay as well as stately plants : besides which, if colors have any charm in a garden, it is almost impossible to enumerate the different tints that a pinch of good seed will produce. These annual kinds will overrun a garden if the pods of seed are not removed before ripening. For mixed or shrubbery borders, this may be no objection, as plants can be left where there is space for them, and the rest hoed up ; but, in the more neatly kept parts of a garden, this scattering of the seed should be prevented, and a supply of plants raised by special sowing. The seeds may be sown in May, in patches where they are to grow, and thinned out to three or four strong plants in a patch ; or, if more convenient, they may be sown thinly in any open place out of the way, and, when large enough, planted in the borders and beds where they are wanted. Any plants which show flowers at all secondary in quality should be pulled up immediately, and none be left in the ground but very double and very pretty ones ; the seed from these, or from the most beauti- ful of them, will give good varieties another year. The per- ennials want no culture, but to be planted in good garden soil, and left undisturbed : they increase by seeds or by division. GARDEN FLOWERS. 283 P. Alpinum (Alpine); hardy perennial; 9 inches; flowers white, in July; Austria; 1759. P. amcenum (lovely); hardy annual; 2 feet ; flowers red and white, in June; India; 1830. P. bracteatum (bracted) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scar- let, very showy, in May ; Siberia ; 1817. P. croceum (saf- fron) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers copper-color, in May ; Altai; 1829. P. midicaule (naked-stemmed) ; hardy perennial; 1 8 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Siberia ; 1730. P. Orientate (Eastern); hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, very showy, in May ; Armenia 51714. P. Rhaas (common corn) ; hardy an- nual ; 2 feet. The garden double-flowered varieties of this plant are very gay, of almost every color, red predominating, and va- riously variegated, and with the petals smooth-edged. P. somni- fenim (opium-bearing) ; hardy annual ; 3 to 4 feet. Of this the double varieties only are desirable for gardens. They are of stately aspect, and very handsome ; but differ from the last in being formed of a mass of small narrow petals or larger cut- edged ones. The colors are various, chiefly shades of red, pur- ple, white, and blotched. PAPER MULBERRY. See BROUSSONETIA. PARNASSIA. [Hypericaceae.] Pretty dwarf herbaceous per- ennials. Damp peaty soil. Propagated by division or by seeds. P. asarifolia (asarum-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in July ; North America; 1812. P. Caroliniana (Carolina) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1802. P. palustris (marsh) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in July ; Britain ; North America. PASQUE-FLOWER. See ANEMONE. PAULOWNIA. [Scrophularineae.] A fine deciduous tree allied to Catalpa, scarcely hardy in New England, except in the most favored spots, in consequence of its producing very robust shoots, which seldom ripen ; but doing well south of New York. Its large bunches of trumpet-shaped purplish < flowers are very handsome. It should be planted in a dry 284 GARDEN FLOWERS. soil, and in warm situations, where its vigorous shoots may be well ripened annually. Increased by layers, cuttings of the young shoots, and seeds. P. imperialis (imperial) ; hardy tree ; 25 feet ; flowers purplish, in May ; Japan ; 1840. PAVIA. [Sapindaceae.] A small group of the Horse- chestnut family, consisting of handsome flowering trees of the smaller class. They grow in any deep lightish garden soil, and are usually increased by grafting on the common Horse-chestnut, or by layers. /*. discolor (two-colored) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers red and yellow, in June ; North America ; 1812. P. macrostachya (large-spiked) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America; 1820. P. rubra (red); hardy shrub; 6 feet ; flowers red, in June; North America; 1711. The varieties humilis and humilis penditla, both red-flowered, are desirable. These are selected on account of their small size. PEA SWEET. See LATHYRUS. PEACH. See PERSICA. PEDICULARIS. Lousewort. [Scrophularineas.] Hardy and half-hardy perennials, often very handsome, but not very easily grown. Damp peaty soil. Increased by seeds. Many species have been introduced. There are in all about thirty species, but the plants are not common in gardens. PELARGONIUM. [Geraniaceas.] A very large family of beautiful plants. The only ones however which call for our attention in connection with the flower-garden are the Scar- let Geraniums, so called, so popular for summer bedding. They require ordinary greenhouse treatment in the winter, or will survive in a warm, light cellar. The varieties are changing every year, and florists' catalogues will afford a fine collection of the various colors of red, pink, and white ; and also fine variegated-leaved kinds. These kinds have sprung GARDEN FLOWERS. 285 from P. Bentinckianum, inguinans, zonale, and others of the same character. PENNISETUM. [Gramineae.] A family of ornamental grasses, succeeding in any soil from spring-sown seeds. P. villosum (hairy). ; hardy annual ; apetalous ; Brazil. PENTHORUM. [Crassulaceae.] Hardy succulent-leaved per- ennials. Common soil. Increased by division. P. sedoides (sedum-like) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; North America ; 1768. PENTSTEMON. [Scrophularineae.] A large genus of hardy or half-hardy herbaceous perennials, sometimes sub-shrubby ; among the most ornamental of summer-flowering plants. The best kinds for the flower-garden are the varieties of P. Hartwegii, often called gentianoides, which is sub-shrubby, propagates freely by cuttings, and blooms most profusely from August onwards till severe frost occurs. It should be wintered in cold frames, and planted out in spring. They may all be propagated by seeds or cuttings, less freely by division, according to their peculiar habits of growth ; and require to be planted in a moderately rich light loamy soil to attain their full beauty, which is very considerable. Most of those marked half-hardy perennials which are not sub- shrubby, survive over winters, in favorable situations, and protected against excessive wet. It is, however, safer to shelter them in cold frames. They also survive better where there is a keen pure air. P. atropurpureus (dark-purple) ; half-hardy sub-shrubby pe- rennial ; 2 feet ; flowers deep rose-purple, in July ; Mexico ; 1827. P. azureus (azure) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet; flowers blue, in June ; Mexico ; 1848. P. baccharifolius (baccharis- leaved) ; half-hardy perennial, or perhaps biennial; 18 inches; flowers scarlet, in August ; Texas ; 1851. P. barbatus (bearded) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers light scarlet, in July ; Mexico ; 286 GARDEN FLOWERS. 1794; often called Chelone. P. campanulatus (bell-flowered); half-hardy sub-shrubby perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers light rose- purple, in July ; Mexico; 1794. P.centrant/tiyotius(centra.nihus- leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers deep scarlet, in July ; California ; 1 834 ; often called Chelone. P. cobcea (coboea-flow- ered) ; half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white and rose, in August; Texas; 1835. f- crassifolius (thick-leaved); half- hardy sub-shrubby perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in June ; North America ; P. cyananthus (blue) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet; flowers deep-blue, in July ; Rocky Mountains; 1849. P. diffusus (diffuse) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers light-purple, in July ; North America ; 1826. P. digitalis (foxglove-like) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers whitish, in July ; Arkansas ; 1824. P. Gordoni (Gordon's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers light-blue, in June ; Rocky Mountains ; 1845. P.Harl- ivegii (Hartweg's) ; half-hardy sub-shrubby perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers reddish-purple, in July ; Mexico ; 1825. Of this beauti- ful and useful plant, there are numerous garden varieties ; the most distinct are : dibits, creamy white ; coccineus, scarlet ; di- aphanus, rosy ; McEwent, rose ; Salteri, white, bordered with rose ; Verplankii, rose. P. heterophyllum (various-leaved) ; half-hardy sub-shrubby perennial ; flowers rose-color, in July ; California ; 1834. P. miniatus (vermilion) ; half-hardy sub- shrubby perennial ; i foot ; flowers vermilion, in July ; Mexico; 1846. P. Murrayanum (Murray's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers scarlet, in August ; Texas : 1835. f- ovatus (ovate) ; hardy perennial ; 2^ feet ; flowers deep-blue, in July ; North America ; 1826. P. roseus (rosy) ; half-hardy sub-shrubby perennial; 2 feet; flowers rose, in July; Mexico; 1825. P. speciosus (showy) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers light blue, in July ; North America ; 1827. P. Wrightii (Wright's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers rich deep-rose, in June ; Texas; 1851. All the other species are worth growing where there is space for them. PERILLA. ^Lamiaceae.] Half-hardy annuals, valuable GARDEN FLOWERS. 287 for their dark foliage. Light garden soil. Increased by seeds. P. Nankinensis (Nankin); half-hardy annual; 18 inches; purple leaves ; China ; 1852. P. ocymoides and fruticosa are not of much cultural value. PERIPLOCA. [Asclepiadaceas.] Hardy deciduous climbers, with glossy ornamental foliage. Loamy soil. Increased by layers and cuttings. P. angustifolia (narrow-leaved) ; hardy twining shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers purplish, in July; south of Europe ; 1800. P. Groeca (Greek); hardy twining shrub ; 12 feet ; flowers purplish-brown, in July ; Syria; 1597. PERIWINKLE. See VINCA. PERSICA. Peach. [Amygdalaceae.] A well-known genus, containing some beautiful flowering shrubs. Good garden soil. Propagated by budding. P. vulgaris (common) ; of this there are the following fine va- rieties, — flore plena (double-flowered, white and pink) ; foliis variegatis (variegated-leaved) ; pendula (weeping) ; sanguined plena (double red) ; camilliaflora (rich deep crimson double flowers, China, 1 847) ; rosaeflora (deep rose double flowers, China, 1848). PERSICARIA. See POLYGONUM. PETASITES. [Composite.] Hardy herbaceous perennial, growing in common soil, and increased by division. P. alba (white) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in May ; Europe ; 1683. PETUNIA. [Solanaceae.] Showy, soft-stemmed, shrubby perennials, closely allied to Nierembergia. The garden Pe- tunias have sprung from P. nyctaginiflora and violacea ; the latter, in its original form, one of the richest of all plants for bedding out in the flower-garden, owing to its brilliant color. There are, however, few families in which cultivation 288 GARDEN FLOWERS. has effected such a revolution as in this ; for from the flimsy flowers of the old white, and the pointed blossoms of the old purple, have been produced flowers of circular outline, with thick corollas, and fluctuating beautiful colors. Petu- nias are propagated either by seed or cuttings. Seeds may be sown in March, on a hot-bed, and the plants treated as half-hardy annuals. Cuttings strike freely placed in a frame, with bottom heat : they should be planted in March and April, being obtained from old plants placed in heat, and from the tops of the earlier-planted cuttings, if a supply of young plants was not provided the previous autumn. The young plants require to be separately potted, hardened in a cold frame, and planted out in May, when the danger of frost is passed. A few plants should be kept in pots, rather stunted, for preservation through the winter in order to sup- ply cuttings in spring ; or young plants may be struck in August, and well hardened, and kept in the greenhouse on an airy shelf through the winter : such plants will, if vigor- ous and healthy, bloom earlier than spring cuttings. For this reason, a supply, more or less abundant, should always be struck at the end of the summer to keep over for plant- ing out in spring. P. nyctaginiflora (large-flowered) ; half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches; flowers white, in June; La Plata; 1823. P. violacea (violaceous) ; half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers rose-pur- ple, in June ; Buenos Ayres; 1831. This is sometimes called P. Phcenicea. The names of the florists' varieties are arbitrary. Fine varieties may be selected from florists' catalogues. The double varieties are better fitted for the greenhouse than the garden. PHACA. [Leguminosae.] Hardy herbaceous perennials. Soil, sandy loam, Increased by seeds or division. The GARDEN FLOWERS. 289 species are Alpina, arenaria, astragalina, exaltata, frigida, lutea, Lapponica, oroboides, trumgularis, and many others. PHACELIA. [Hydrophyllaceae.] Pretty annuals, of the easiest culture in the open ground ; the seeds being sown in May. There are some unimportant perennials. P. congesta (crowded) ; hardy annual ; r foot ; flowers purple, in June ; Texas ; 1835. P. fimbriata (fringed) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white and lilac, i-n June ; North America ; 1840. P. tanacetifolia (tansy-leaved) ; hardy annual ; 1 8 inches ; flow- ers blue-lilac, in June; California; 1832. P. vinifolia vine- leaved) ; hardy annual -T 18- inches ; flowers light-blue, in Sep- tember ; Texas ; 1834. PHALANGIUM. [Liiiaceae.] Half-hardy herbaceous per- ennials, with pretty blossoms. Common soil. Increased by division. P. Liliago (grass-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flow- ers white, in May; south of Europe ; 1596. PHALARIS. [Graminaceae.] Hardy annuals. Common soil. Increased by seeds. P. Canariensis produces the canary seed. The other species are P. appendiculata and commutata- PHARBITIS. Gay-bine. [Convolvulacese.] Annual and perennial twiners of graceful habit, with extremely gay flow- ers. Some of the species are tender ; others may be treated as half-hardy annual's. The genus contains the well-known Convolvulus major, the plants commonly grown under that name including the varieties of P. hispida, Nil', hederacea, and perhaps some others. The colors of the Convolvulus major are varied : deep-purple, violet, light-blue, white, pale- rose, deep rose-crimson, and blue and white striped. This convolvulus should be sown in May, in patches, round a post or pillar, or at the foot of a stump of a tree, or where it can be provided with tall branchy stakes on which to 19 2QO GARDEN FLOWERS. twine, for the plant will grow ten feet high, and in season be covered with bloom ; it is, however, characteristic of the plant to close its flowers during rains or in very cloudy weather, and at the approach of night. The varieties seed freely ; but as the seeds soon shed after ripening, a good look-out must be kept for the pods. They may also be sown in pots in March, and kept in frames till May, and then planted out. They like a light rich soil. The other annual species require exactly the same management. A strong growing, somewhat shrubby species, P. Learn, is too hand- some to be here omitted, though it requires a stove or warm greenhouse ; it is a plant which grows and flowers well, pro- vided it has room to extend its branches, and nourishment to support them. It likes a strong, rich, loamy compost. P, barbata (bearded) ; hardy twining annual ; 10 feet ; flow- ers blue, in July; Virginia; 1729. P. diversifolia (various- leaved) ; greenhouse twining annual ; 6 feet ; flowers blue, in June; Mexico; 1836. P. hederacea (ivy-leaved) ; half-hardy twining annual ; 10 feet ; flowers deep-blue, in July ; America ; 1729. P. hispida (rough) ; half-hardy twining annual ; 10 feet ; flowers various, in June ; South America ; 1629. P. Learii (Lear's) ; stove or greenhouse shrub ; 20 feet ; flowers blue and purple, in July ; Buenos Ayres ; 1835. P. Nil (blue) ; half-hardy twining annual ; 10 feet ; flowers blue, in July ; South America; 1597. P. Purshii (Morning-glory) ; hardy twining annual; 10 feet ; flowers pale-blue, in July ; Virginia ; 1 597. PHASEOLUS. Kidney -bean. [Leguminosas.] Twining plants, some annual and hardy, others requiring stove-heat. P. multiftorus, the well-known scarlet-runner bean, deserves notice as a flower-garden plant, from its showy appearance when in blossom. It is a plant well-adapted for covering summer-houses and temporary trellises : and is more or less ornamental from June to October. The seeds should be sown where the plants are required, in the month of May. GARDEN FLOWERS. 2QI P. multiflorus (many-flowered) ; hardy climbing perennial ; 10 feet ; flowers scarlet or white, or white and scarlet, in July ; South America ; 1633. PHEASANT'S-EYE. See ADONIS. PHILADELPHIA. Mock Orange, or Syringa. [Philadel- phaceae.] Ornamental deciduous flowering shrubs. Confu- sion sometimes arises from the fact that the common name of this shrub, syringa, is the same word as the botanical name of the lilac-bush ; and as both are shrubs, often intro- duced into gardens and shrubberies from their free-flower- ing qualities, the confusion is attended with inconvenience. The plants are widely different. The lilac (Syringa vul- garis), as is well known, bears numerous small flowers in clusters, shaped something like an erect bunch of grapes. The Syringa, or Mock Orange ( Philadelphus ), on the other hand, bears its flowers, which are large, and composed of distinct petals, either singly, or very few together ; and they are called Mock Orange from the considerable resemblance between their blossoms and those of the orange-tree. Most of the species have a strong, but not very agreeable scent. Their leaves, moreover, have a taste similar to that of cu- cumbers. They are hardy shrubs, requiring no particular culture, but growing in ordinary garden soil, where it is not too damp ; and are increased, either by means of layers, by cuttings, or by suckers. The flowers of all are white, with a bunch of yellow stamens in the centre. Nearly all are worth planting ; but the following are the most distinct and handsome : — P. coronarins (garland) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in May; south of Europe ; 1596. P. floribimdus (many-flow- ered) ; hardy shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America; 1815. P. Gordonianus (Gordon's); hardy shrub ; 6 feet; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1830. P.inodo- rus (scentless) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in July ; 292 GARDEN FLOWERS. North America; 1738. P. latifolius (broad-leaved); hardy shrub; 8 feet; flowers white, in June ; North America; 1815. P. speciosus (showy) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in June; North America ; 1815. PHILESIA. [Smilaceae.] Beautiful hardy or half-hardy evergreen shrubs. Peat soil. Increased by cuttings. This plant will probably prove hardy. P, buxifolia (box-leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers large rose-crimson, in June ; Antarctic America ; 1850. PHILLYREA. [Oleaceae.] Desirable evergreen shrubs, valuable for their foliage and habit ; the flowers being white and insignificant. Good garden soil. Propagated by lay- ers or cuttings, under a hand-light. Not hardy at the North. ORNAMENTAL EVERGREENS. — P. angustifolia, P. Icevis, P. latifolia, P. ligustrifolia, P. media, P. olecefolia. PHLOMIS. [Lamiaceae.] Hardy shrubs and herbaceous plants. Dry loamy soil. Increased by division, seeds, or, for the shrubby sorts, cuttings. Generally not hardy at the North. P. Armeniaca (Armenian) ; half-hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers yellow, in June; Armenia; 1834. P. Cashmeriana (Cashmere) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers lilac, in July ; Cashmere ; 184.0. P. fruticosa (Jerusalem sage) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Spain ; 1 596. P. herba-venti (wind-herb) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in August ; south of Europe ; 1596. P. Samia (Samos) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet; flowers purple, in June; Samos; 1714. P. tuberosa (tuberous) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in August ; Siberia; 1759. PHLOX. [Polemoniaceae.] Beautiful hardy perennials, for the most part. The seedling varieties are numerous ; some tall, others remarkably dwarf, and varying in color from clear white to pink, lilac, and purple, as well as striped. GARDEN FLOWERS. 2Q3 They require arranging according to their heights, as well as according to their flowering season, when grown in collec- tions ; for some are early, others very late. Every year pro- duces novelties ; but many of the varieties are similar, con- sequently a few showy and strikingly different sorts should be selected, and these are very desirable in a flower-garden. In choosing Phloxes, those which are dwarf, and most abun- dant blooming, with individual flowers large and quite circu- lar, should be selected. They grow well in any good light garden soil, if the situation is not too dry in summer, but thrive better in beds of peat soil. In sandy loam, enriched with equal parts leaf-mould, they also grow very luxuriantly. If in beds by themselves, and the plants are small, they re- quire to be planted about a foot apart. They are propa- gated by parting the root, and may be raised from seed ; the former perpetuates any approved variety, the latter gives us a chance of obtaining new ones. The established sorts are propagated by dividing the roots, or by cuttings of the flower-stems ; and the plants should be allowed to remain two or three seasons, for they are the better for spreading out a little. New varieties are obtained from seed, which should be sown in May, and the young plants set out in rows in a nicely prepared bed. The next season, when they bloom, the best should be selected. The dwarf trailing species are fine for rock-work. P. jDrummondii, an annual species, is a very beautiful plant, forming one of the most showy of flow- ering plants during summer. The colors vary a good deal, and there is no dependence on any seed bringing plants quite similar in color to the parent ; but the general form of the plant, and its pretty and abundant blooming habit, are maintained. The seed should be sown in gentle heat in March or April ; and, as soon as the plants are large enough to handle, they are to be pricked out an inch apart, in wide- 294 GARDEN FLOWERS. mouthed pots, where, for economy of space, they may re- main for three or four weeks, and may be kept in the green- house or in a frame. When they have grown so as almost to touch one another, they may be potted separately in pots three inches across, and placed under a garden light, where, if need be, they can be covered against frost. Here they may remain, with all the air that can be given in mild days, until their roots fill the pots, when they must be re- moved to five-inch pots, changing them without breaking the balls of earth. They may be replaced in the frame, unless the chances of frost have gone by, in which case the plants may be set out in the garden. They do well in the flower- garden if planted out in beds of rich light earth towards the end of May. P. acuminata (pointed-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers pale-purple, in July; North America; 1812. P. aris- tata (awned) ; half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in April ; Carolina ; 1828. P. stolonifera (creeping) ; hardy peren- nial ; 6 inches ; flowers red and white, in May ; North America ; 1825. P. divaricata (early) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale-purple, in May; North America; 1746. P. subulata (awl- leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers rose-color, in May ; North America; 1786. P. Drummondii (Drummond's) ; half- hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers purple-rose, striped, or white, in July; Texas; 1835. P. maculata (spotted-stemmed); hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers purple, Jn July ; North America ; 1740. P. nivalis (snowy) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in April; North America ; 1820. P. omniflora (all-flow- ering) ; hardy perennial; I foot; flowers white, in July; gar- dens. P. paniculata (panicled) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers various, in July; North America; 1732. P. setacea (bristly) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers flesh-color, in April; North America; 1786. P. suaveolens (sweet-scented) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet; flowers white, in July ; North Amer- ica; 1766. GARDEN FLOWERS. 2Q5 Most of the species are handsome plants. The following are the best varieties : LIGHT. — L? argent, Donaria, Kete- lerii, Louis Mezard, Madame Aurelie Duriez, Madame de Brobequcs, Madame Guldenschuh, Madame Marseau, Madame Suceur, Mrs. Standish, Roi Leopold, Speculum, Triomph de Twickel. DARK. — President Morel, Neptune, Madame Houl- let, Madame Henricq, Madame Amazile Pothier, Henry Lierval, Evening Star, Dugueslin, Cromwell, Mille Prial. PHYGELIUS. [Scrophularineae.] A very pretty bedding plant, flowering freely towards autumn in the border. Prop- agated by cuttings. P. Capensis (Cape) ; greenhouse perennial ; i foot ; flowers red and orange, in September ; Caffreland ; 1854. PHYLLODOCE. [Ericacea?.] Pretty little shrubs, allied to Dabcecia, and Menziesia, and requiring the same treatment. Peat soil. Propagated by layers. P. empetriformis (empetrum-like) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 inches ; flowers pale red, in July ; North America; 1810. P. taxifolia (yew-leaved) ; hardy evergreen shrub) ; 6 inches ; flow- ers red, in July ; North America, Europe, and Scotland. PHYSALIS. Winter Cherry. [Solanaceae.] A genus con- taining a half-hardy perennial, ornamental in autumn on account of its orange-colored berries. Common soil. Pro- pagated by division. P. Alkekengi(PA\ie\i&ng\) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot; flow- ers white, in July ; south of Europe ; 1548. PHYSIANTHUS. [Asclepidaceae.] A greenhouse climber which, however, does finely planted out in summer in a rich warm border. Flowers, freely produced, white, with green and pink lining. The flowers have the curious pro- perty of catching the honey tubes of moths and butterflies, so that the insects cannot escape. Propagated by seeds and cuttings. 296 GARDEN FLOWERS. P. albicans (whitish) ; climber ; 20 feet ; flowers white, all summer; Buenos Ayres ; 1830. PHYSOSTEGIA. [Lamiaceae.] Fine hardy perennials. They require the same treatment as Dracocephalum, and may be propagated in the same way, both being also increased, when requisite, by seeds sown in May or June, to produce bloom- ing plants for the following year. P. imbricata (imbricated) ; half-hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flow- ers pale rose-purple, in July; Texas ; 1833. P. speciosa (showy) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers rose-pink, in July ; Siberia ; 1822. P. Virginiana (Virginian) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flow- ers red or white, in July ; North America ; 1683. PHYTEUMA. [Campanulaceae.] Handsome hardy peren- nials, of easy culture in a dryish situation, and in good gar- den soil. There are about a score of species. They are, many of them, suitable for rock-work, and may be multiplied either by seeds or by division. P. canescens (hoary) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pale- purple, in July; Hungary; 1804. P.comosum (tufted); hardy biennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in June ; Austria ; 1752. P. orbtculare (round) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers blue, in June ; England. P. Sibiricum (Siberian) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers blue, in July ; Siberia 51817. P. spicatum (spiked); hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in May; Europe; 1597. PICEA. See ABIES. PICOTEE. See DIANTHUS. PHYTOLACCA. Poke. [Phytolaccaceae.] A hardy tall- growing plant, ornamental in the shrubbery for its flowers and racemes of black berries. Rich deep soil. Increased by seed. P. decandra (ten-stamened) ; hardy herbaceous perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers white and green, in August ; North America ; 1768. There are many tender species. GARDEN FLOWERS. 297 PILEWORT. See FICARIA. PIMPERNEL. See ANAGALLIS. PINGUICULA. [Lentibulaceae.] Curious dwarf hardy per- ennials. Marsh, or boggy soil. Propagated by seeds or division. PINK. See DIANTHUS. PINUS. [Coniferae.] Fine evergreen trees, generally hardy, and including some of our most valuable evergreens. They flourish in good light soil, and are easily propagated by seeds, or the rarer kinds by grafting. P. A rabica( Arabian); Palestine. P. A ustralis (southern) ; 70 feet; Florida; 1730. P. A ustriaca (Austrian ; black); flowers in June ; Austria ; 1835. P. Banksiana (Banks's, scrub); 20 feet; flowers in May ; North America; 1785. P.Benthamiana(Qen- tham's) ; 200 feet; California; 1847. P. Brtitia (Calabrian) ; Calabria. P. Bungeana (Bunge's) ; north of China. P. cembra (cembra ; Siberian); 25 feet; flowers in May; Siberia; 1746. /*. cembra pumila (dwarf) ; Siberia. P. Chilmalmana (Chil- malm's) ; 46 feet ; north of Mexico. P. communis (common). P. communis rubra (red) ; .Scotland. P. communis latifolia (broad-leaved). P. edulis (eatable-seeded) ; North Mexico. P. Ehrenbergii (Ehrenberg's) ; loofeet; Mexico. P. excelsa(ta\\}; loofeet; Nepaul; 1823. P. Finlaysoniana (Finlayson's); Cochin China. P.flexilis (pliant) ; New Mexico. P. Fremontiana (Fre- mont's) ; 20 feet ; California ; 1848. P. Halepensis (Aleppo) ; 40 feet ; flowers in June ; Levant ; 1683. P. Halepensis maritima (maritime) ; 40 feet ; flowers in May ; south of Greece. P. inofis (Jersey ; poor) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1739. P, insignis (remarkable) ; 60 feet ; California ; 1833. P. insularis (island); Philippines. P. Koraiensis (Corean) ; 10 feet ; Corea. P. Lambertiana (Lambert's) ; 200 feet; North America ; 1827. P. Lambertiana brevifolia (short-leaved). P. laricio (Corsican ; larch); 80 feet ; flowers in May ; Corsica ; 1814. P. Llaveana (La Llave's) ; 25 feet; Mexico; 1830. P. macrocarpa (large-coned); 120 feet ; California. P. Merkusii (Merkus's) ; 100 feet ; Suma- 298 GARDEN FLOWERS. tra. P. mitis (soft-leaved) ; 50 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1739. P. monticola (mountain-top) ; California ; 1831. P. Mugho (Mugho) ; flowers in May ; Austria. P. Mugho hu- milis (lowly). P. Mugho obliqua (twisted). P. muricata (prick- ly-coned); 40 feet; California; 1848. P. osteosperma (scaly- seeded) ; New Mexico. P. Pat/asiatia(Pal\as's) ; 70 feet ; flow- ers in May; Siberia; 1820. P. parviflora (small-flowered); Japan; 1846. P. Persica (Persian) ; south of Persia. P. Pence (Peucean) ; Mountains of Rumelia. P. pinaster (cluster ; pinas- ter) ; 60 feet ; flowers in June ; south of Europe ; 1 596. P. pinaster Escarena (Escaren's). P. pinaster Lemoniana (Sir C. Lemon's) ; 30 feet ; flowers in May. P. pinaster minor (less- coned) ; 60 feet ; flowers in May ; France. P. pinaster va- riegata (variegated-leaved) ; flowers in May. P. pinea (stone- pine) ; 60 feet ; flowers in June; south of Europe; 1548. P. pinea Cretica (Cretan) ; flowers in May ; Crete. P. pinea fra- gilis (thin-shelled) ; 60 feet ; flowers in May ; south of Europe. P. ponderosa (weighty-wooded) ; 50 feet; North America ; 1828. P. pumilio (dwarf) ; 20 feet ; flowers in May ; Europe. P. pungens (stinging) ; 40 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1804. P. Pyrenaica (Pyrenean) ; 50 feet ; flowers in May ; Py- renees ; 1834. P. radiata (radiated-scaled) ; 100 feet ; Califor- nia. P. resinosa (resinous) ; 80 feet ; flowers in May ; North America; 1756. P. rigida (stiff); 80 feet; flowers in May; North America ; 1759. P- rudis (rude) ; Mexico. P. Sabinia- na (Sabine's) ; 120 feet; flowers in March; California; 1832. /*. serotina (late) ; 40 feet ; flowers in May ; North America ; 1713. P. strobiformis (cone-shaped); 120 feet; Mexico. P. strobus (white pine ; Weymonth) ; 200 feet ; flowers in April ; North America ; 1705. P. strobus alba (white) ; -100 feet ; flowers in May. P. strobus brevifolia (short-leaved) ; 100 feet ; flowers in April. P. sylvestris (wood ; Scotch) ; 80 feet ; flowers in May ; Scotland. P. tceda (frankincense) ; 80 feet ; flowers in May; Florida; 1713. P.tenuifolia (slender-leaved); 80 feet; Guatimala. P. tuberculata (warted) ; 100 feet ; California. P. variabilis (variable-two-and-three-leaved) ; 40 -feet ; flowers in May; North America ; 1739. GARDEN FLOWERS. 2Q9 Many of the above are not hardy, and there are some thirty other still more tender species. PLATANTHERA. [Orchidaceae.] A family of orchids, mostly hardy, formerly known as Orchis. Soil, peat, gener- ally moist. AIL these plants are of difficult culture. The species are P. obtusata, rotundifolia, orbiculata, Hookerii, brac- teata, hyperborea, dilatata,flava, cristata, ciliaris, blephariglottis, leitcophcea, lacera, psycodes, fimbriata, and peramtzna ; all na- tives of North America. The flowers are very handsome. PLATANUS. Plane-tree. [Platanaceae.] Hardy deciduous ornamental trees. Soil, deep loam. Propagated by seeds, cuttings, and layers. P. Occidentalis (Western) ; 70 feet ; North America ; 1636. /*. aurea variegata (golden- variegated-leaved) ; 70 feet ; 1846. P. integrifolia (entire-leaved) ; 70 feet ; 1845. P. heterophylZa(ya.- rious-leaved) ; America; 1842. P. Orientalis (Eastern); 50 feet; Levant; 1548. P. acerifolia (maple-leaved) ; 70 feet ; Le- vant. P. cuneata (wedge-leaved) ; 20 feet ; Levant ; 1 739. P. Hispanica (Spanish) ; 70 feet ; Spain. P. laciniata (cut-leaved); 70 feet ; 1845. P- monstrosa (monstrous) ; 70 feet ; 1845. The European species are somewhat tender. PLATYCODON. [Campanulaceae.] Hardy herbaceous per- ennials. Propagated by seeds and division in the spring, and by cuttings in the summer. Soil, sandy loam. P. grandiflorum (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers blue, in June ; Dahuria ; 1782. Variety alba, from China, has white flowers ; variety alba plena has semi-double flowers. These plants are half-hardy in the Northern States. PLATYSTEMON. [Papaveraceae.] Pretty annuals, of pros- trate habit. They like a cool situation, and a peaty soil, but will grow in any rich light earth. Sow about the middle of May. P. Calif ornicum (Californian) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers sulphur-yellow, in June; California; 1823. 3OO GARDEN FLOWERS. PLECTRANTHUS. See COLEUS. PLATYSTIGMA. [Papaveraceae.] Half-hardy perennials, allied to Platystemon. Light soil. Increased by seeds or division. jP. lineare (linear) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yel- low, in July; California ; 1833. PLECTRITES. [Valerinaceae.] Hardy annuals, propagated from spring-sown seed in common soil ; flowers white or rose. The species are P. brachystemon and congesta. PLEUROGYNE. [Gentianaceae.] A hardy annual, thriving in loamy peat, and easily grown from seed sown in May. P. rotata (wheel-shaped) ; hardy annual ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in August ; Siberia ; 1827. PLUM. See PRUNUS. PLUMBAGO. Lead-wort. [Plumbaginaceae.] Pretty plants, with flowers somewhat like those of the Phlox. The major- ity are shrubs ; some few are herbaceous, among which is P. Larpentce, which is of dwarf, compact habit, and suitable for rock-work. P. Capensis is a desirable greenhouse shrub, which is most frequently grown too fast, and is, therefore, generally seen as a rambling plant. Soil, two-thirds loam, and one-third peat. The object should be to keep the plant dwarf and bushy : it is sure to grow tall enough after all the pains taken on it. Cuttings may be struck in sandy soil with or without bottom-heat, covering them with a bell-glass after inserting them. When rooted, pot them singly in three- inch pots, and, as soon as they fairly start into growth, take off the tops to encourage the lateral shoots : when they fill the small pots with the roots, remove them to larger ones. By continually checking any of the branches that ramble out of shape, the plant can be grown a very pretty object. It makes a fine bedding plant. P. Capensis (Cape) ; greenhouse shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers pale GARDEN FLOWERS. 3OI blue, in June; Cape; 1818. P. Larpentiz (Lady Larpent's) ; half-hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers deep-blue, in October ; China; 1845. PODOCARPUS. [Taxacese.] Half-hardy evergreen shrubs, or rather trees. Soil, loam. Propagated by cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under glass. PODOLEPIS. [Compositae.] Pretty half-hardy annuals. The seeds may be sown in pots, or on a mild hot-bed in April, and planted out in sheltered situations in May for early blooming. A later crop may be had by sowing in the open ground in May. The plants must be well thinned. They grow a foot or upwards in height in rich light garden soil. P. chrysantha (golden) ; half-hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; New Holland ; 1852. P. gracilis (slender); half- hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers rose or white, in July; New Holland; 1826. PODOPHYLLUM. Mandrake. [Ranunculacese.] Hardy herbaceous perennial, with showy flowers, and yellow, scarcely edible fruit ; thriving in deep moist loam, in the shade. Propagated by division. The plants are impatient of removal. P. peltatum (shield) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1664. P. Emodii is a scarcely known California species. PODOTHECA. [Composite.] Annuals of little horticul- tural importance, growing in the open border from seed sown in May. POGOGYNE. [Lamiacese.] A hardy annual of easy cul- ture. Common border soil. Propagated by seeds sown in May. P. multiflora (many-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flow- ers lilac, in August ; California; 1836. 3O2 GARDEN FLOWERS. POLANISIA. [Capparidacese.] Hardy annuals, allied to Cleome. Seeds sown in a frame in April, and pricked out in the borders in May, will bloom in June. P. Cheladonii (Cheladon's) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers rose, in July ; East Indies ; 1792. P. dodecandra (twelve-an- thered) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in July ; East Indies ; 1795. P. graveolens (strong-smelling) ; hardy an- nual; 1 8 inches ; flowers yellowish-white ; North America. P. uniglandulosa (one-glanded) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers white and red, in' July ; Mexico ; 1823. P. viscosa (clammy) ; hardy annual; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in summer ; East Indies ; 1730. Variety icosandra (twenty-anthered) ; 1 8 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Ceylon ; 1730. POLEMONIUM. Greek Valerian. [Polemoniaceae.] Orna- mental hardy perennials, of easy culture, growing readily in ordinary good garden soil, and increased by division of the plant, and, generally, very freely by seeds, which should be sown in June to produce flowering plants for the next year. P. caeruleum (blue) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue or white, in June : Britain. There is a variety with variegated foliage. P. gracile (slender) ; hardy perennial; I foot; flowers blue, in June ; Dahuria ; 1818. P. hitmile (dwarf) ; hardy per- ennial; i foot ; flowers blue, in July ; North America; 1826. P. Mexicanum (Mexican) ; half-hardy perennial ; 1 8 inches; flowers blue, in May ; Mexico; 1817. P. pulcherrimum (prettiest) ; har- dy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; North America ; 1827. P. Sibiricum (Siberian) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- ers white, in June ; Siberia ; 1800. POLIANTHES. Tuberose. [Liliacea:.] Greenhouse bulbs, .annually imported from Italy. Soil, a rich sandy loam. In- creased by offsets. When in growth, they are benefited by warmth at the root. For special culture, see " Flowers for the Parlor and Garden." P. tuberosa (tuberous); greenhouse bulb ; 3 feet ; flowers white, single or double, in August ; East Indies ; 1629. GARDEN FLOWERS. 3O3 POLYANTHUS. See PRIMULA. POLYGALA. [Polygalaceae.] A large family, of which the greenhouse species are chiefly important. P. fastigiata, pur- purea, and umbellata are pretty, hardy annuals ; and P. al- pestris, rubella, and paucifolia are very showy perennials. All are of easy culture in garden soil. POLYGONATUM. Solomon's Seal. [Liliaceae.] Hardy her- baceous perennials. Common soil. Increased by division. P. latifolium (broad-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in May; Germany; 1802. P. multiflorum (many-flow- ered) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Britain. P. vulgare (common) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in May ; England. There is a variety flore-pleno. POLYGONUM. Pcrsicaria. [Polygonaceae.] A large genus, not remarkable for floral attractions. There are, however, exceptions. P, Orientale, a common hardy annual, which is best self-sown, grows four or five feet high, much branched, with many gracefully nodding spikes of small red flowers, which become conspicuous from their aggregation. It re- quires no culture ; but, if sown artificially, it may be done in May. P. amphibium is a beautiful hardy water-plant, with short floating stems, and rosy flower-spikes. P. divaricatum is a pretty hardy perennial, densely branched, forming a large mass, covered with feathery-looking bunches of creamy- white flowers. It is of the easiest culture in common soil, and increases by division. P. vaccinifolium and Brunonis are beautiful rock-plants : they increase by their self-rooting trailing branches, but are tender in the Northern States. P. ampJiibiuni (amphibious) ; hardy aquatic perennial, float- ing ; flowers rose, in July ; England. P. amplexicaule (stem- clasping) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in July ; In- dia ; 1837. P. Brunonis (Brown's) ; hardy evergreen perennial ; i foot ; flowers pink, in August ; North India ; 1845. P divar- 3O4 GARDEN FLOWERS. icatum (divaricate) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Siberia ; 1759. P. Orientale (Eastern) ; hardy annual ; 5 feet ; flowers red, in July ; East Indies ; 1707. P. vaccinifo- lium (whortleberry-leaved) ; hardy evergreen trailing sub-shrub ; flowers rose, in September ; North India; 1845. POMEGRANATE. See PUNICA. PONTEDERIA. Pickerel Weed. [Pontederaceae.] Showy aquatics, suitable for the borders of ponds. Flowers blue, in August. P. angustifolia, c&rulea, cordata, and lanceolata, all natives of North America, are hardy perennials. Propa- gated by division. POPLAR. See POPULUS. POPPY. See PAPAVER. POPULUS. Poplar. [Salicaceae.] Hardy deciduous trees, some of which are valuable for shade and ornament. Pro- pagated by seeds, layers, and cuttingr. They succeed best in deep, moist, loamy soil. P. alba (white Abele-tree) ; 40 feet ; flowers in March ; Bri- tain. P. angulata (angular ; Carolina) ; 80 feet ; flowers in March; Carolina; 1738. P. balsamifera (balsamic); 70 feet; flowers in April ; North America ; 1792. P. balsamifera foliis variegatis (variegated-leaved) ; flowers in April. P . balsamifera intermedia (intermediate) ; flowers in April. P. balsatnifera latifolia (broad-leaved) ; 40 feet ; flowers, in April. P. balsam- ifera suaveolens (sweet-scented) ; 70 feet ; flowers in April ; Russia; 1825. P. balsamifera -viminalis (twiggy); 40 feet; flowers in April ; Altai ; 1826. P. betulifolia (birch-leaved ; Black American) ; 40 feet ; flowers in March ; North America. P. Canadensis (Canadian) ; flowers in March ; Canada. P. can- dicans (whitish-heart-leaved) ; 50 feet ; flowers in March ; North America; 1772. P. canescens (hoary); 40 feet; flowers in March ; England. P. canescens acerifolia (maple-leaved). P. canescens ^Egyptiaca (Egyptian); Egypt. P. canescens A rember- gica (Aremberg) ; 1835. P- canescens Belgica (Belgian) ; south of Europe ; 1835. P. canescens hybrida (hybrid) ; 40 feet ; flow- GARDEN FLOWERS. 30$ ers in April ; Caucasus ; 1816. P. canescens nivea (snow-white). P. canescens pendula (drooping-branched). P. fastigiata (pyra- midal; Lombardy) ; 70 feet; flowers in March; Italy; 1758. P. fastigiata fo^mina (female); flowers in March; Italy; 1838. P. Gr J739- S. macrantha (large-flowered); hardy perennial; I foot ; flowers purple, in July ; China ; 1844. S. Vetitenatii (Ventenat's) ; greenhouse perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers scarlet, in July; St. Martha; 1844. SCYPHANTHUS. [Loasaceae.] A handsome twining plant, related to Loasa, and best treated as an annual. It may be grown in pots or trellises, or on the rafters of the green- house, or may be planted out for the summer in warm situa- tions where the soil is light and dryish. In pots, it should be grown in a sandy mixture of loam and leaf-mould. The seeds should be sown in March, in a mild hot-bed, and nursed on till they are able to bear the temperature of the greenhouse, after which they may be planted out. They may also be sown in May in the borders. S. elegajts (elegant) ; half-hardy twining annual ; 8 feet ; flow- ers yellow, in July ; Chili ; 1824. SEA. LAVENDER. See STATICE. SEDUM. Stonecrop. [Crassulaceae.] A large family of succulents, comprising a great many kinds which are hardy herbs. They are well adapted for covering rock-work. GARDEN FLOWERS. 339 They are of the easiest culture, growing in almost any soil not retentive of moisture, but preferring that which is sandy. When established on rock-work, they grow almost without soil. A very handsome half-hardy kind, somewhat shrubby- habited, is 6". Sieboldiiy one of the prettiest of the species, having very glaucous leaves, and large heads of pink flow- ers ; it forms a large tuft when grown in a large pot, and should have a light open soil. Increased by division. S. acre (acrid) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in June; England. .S". dasyphyllum (thick-leaved) ; hardy peren- nial ; 3 inches ; flowers white, in June ; England. S. Kamt- schaticum (Kamtschatkan) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Kamtschatka. 6". rupestre (rock) ; hardy per- ennial ; 3 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; England. 6". Sie- boldii (Siebold's) ; half-hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers pink, in August ; Japan ; 1835. S. Telephium (Orpine) ; hardy perennial; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; England. S. villosum (shaggy) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers pink, in June ; England. All the species of Sedum, and they are numerous, are de- sirable plants for rock-work. SEMPERVIVUM. House-leek. [Crassulaceae.] A family of succulents, related to Sedum, comprising many shrubby greenhouse species and a few hardy perennials. The hardy herbaceous kinds flourish in rather dry garden soil, and are increased by division. The best species are S. arachnoideum, flagelliforme, globiferum, pumilum, and tectorum. SENECILLUS. [Composite.] Hardy herbaceous peren- nials, allied to Cineraria. Easily increased by seeds or division. Rich sandy loam. S. glauca (sea-green) ; hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers yel- low, in August ; Siberia; 1790. S. purpurata, from Cape of Good Hope, with purple flow- ers, is not hardy in the Northern States. 34O GARDEN FLOWERS. SENECIO. Groundsel. [Composite.] An extensive genus of composite plants. The hardy herbaceous kinds are of little importance. S. elegans is an annual, requiring to be sown in the open border in the month of April, and again in June for a succession ; the double-flowered varieties, which are very handsome, may be multiplied by cuttings, and treated as perennial sub-shrubs. The cuttings are struck in July or August. If for blooming in pots, they are shifted on like Cinerarias ; but if for planting out in the flower-garden, where they make admirable beds, they may stand in the small pots till March, and then be re- moved into pots two sizes larger, in which they remain until they are planted out in the beginning of June, by which time they will be in flower. The young plants should be freely topped during autumn and winter, and the early spring, to make them bushy. The double white and the dpuble purple are distinct, and very desirable kinds. SERRATULA. [Composite.] A family of hardy herba- ceous plants, generally purple-flowered, easily propagated by division, and growing in common garden soil. SHEEP LAUREL. See KALMIA ANGUSTI FOLIA. SHEPHERDIA. Buffalo Berry. [Eleagnaceae.] Hardy de- ciduous shrubs or small trees, very ornamental when in fruit. The berry is eatable. Soil, deep sandy loam. Prop- agated by seeds. The plants are dioecious. S. argentea (silvery); hardy tree; 16 feet; North America; 1820. S. Canadensis (Canadian); hardy tree; 10 feet; North America; 1759. SIBERIAN PEA TREE. See CARAGANA. SIEGESBECKIA. [Composite.] Hardy annuals, with yel- low flowers, thriving in common garden soil. Sow in a hot- bed in April, and transplant to the border in May. S. cor- difolia, Iberica, Orientals, and triangularis are the species. S. Iberica has white flowers. GARDEN FLOWERS. 341 SIDESADDLE FLOWER. See SARRACENIA. SIEVERSIA. [Rosaceae.] Hardy perennials, with the habit and structure of Geum, and requiring similar treatment. They are mostly dwarf plants, and grow in light garden-soil, increase being effected by dividing the roots. Pretty plants for the border, or for rock-work. S. montana (mountain) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in May; Austria; 1597. S. triftora (three-flowered); hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; North Amer- ica ; 1826. SILENE. Catchfly. [Caryophyllaceae.] A genus of an- nual and perennial plants, bearing trusses of pink, red, pale- rose, and lilac blossoms, and lasting some weeks in bloom ; The annuals may be sown thinly in the open border, where they are to remain. The perennial sorts grow in common soil, and are propagated by division. S. Armeria (Lobel's) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers pink or white, in July ; England. S. compacta (compact) ; hardy an- nual; 18 inches; flowers pink, in July; Caucasus; 1823. .5*. fimbriata (fringed) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in June; Caucasus; 1803. S. maritima flore-pleno (double-sea) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in August ; England. S. pendula (pendulous) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers rose- pink or white, in May; Sicily; 1731. S. regia (royal); hardy perennial; 1 8 inches ; flowers crimson, in June; North Amer- ica; 1811. S. Schafta (Schaft's) ; hardy perennial; 6 inches ; flowers deep-rose, in May ; Russia ; 1844. There are more than a hundred other species. SILVER FIR. See ABIES. SKIMMIA.. [Aurantiaceae.] Evergreen shrubs, not hardy in the Northern States, bearing fragrant white flowers, and very ornamental in fruit. Good loamy soil. Propagated by cuttings, layers, or seeds. S. Japonica (Japan) ; evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in spring; China; 1852. 342 GARDEN FLOWERS. SKULL-CAP. See SCUTELLARIA. SMILACINA. [Liliaceae.] Hardy herbaceous plants. Light loamy soil. Propagated by division. S. bifolia (two-leaved) ; 3 inches ; flowers in May ; north of Europe ; 1596. S. borealis (northern) ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in May; 1787. S. Canadensis (Canadian); 6 inches; flowers in June ; 1812. S. racemosa (racemed); I foot ; flowers pale-yellow, in May ; 1640. S. stellata (starred) ; 6 inches ; flowers in May ; 1633. S. trifolia (three-leaved): 3 inches ; flowers in June ; 1812. S. umbellata (umbelled) ; 9 inches ; flowers in May ; 1778. S. borealis, more properly Clintonia borealis, is a very pretty hardy evergreen, with yellowish flowers and beautiful blue berries. SNAP-DRAGON. See ANTIRRHINUM. SNEEZEWORT. See ACHILLEA PTARMICA. SNOWBALL. See VIBURNUM OPULUS. SNOWDROP. See GALANTHUS. SNOWFLAKE. See LEUCOJUM. SNOWY MESPILUS. See AMELANCHIER. SOAPWORT. See SAPONARIA. SOLANUM. Nightshade. [Solanaceae.] This very exten- sive genus comprises plants greatly varied in their habit, and includes stove, greenhouse, and hardy kinds, annuals, perennials, and shrubs. Some of the species are valuable for the flower-garden ; but they are generally rank-growing and weedy. $. ovigerum is the Egg-plant, which is often grown for ornament as well as use. All the species require a rich loamy soil, and are killed by the first frost. The greenhouse species comprise many valuable plants. SOLDANELLA. [Primulaceae.] A beautiful little group of minute perennial plants, and among the most interesting of the Alpine families, but seldom grown. They increase with facility by the process of dividing the roots. The com- GARDEN FLOWERS. 343 post for them should be sandy loam and peat, made very porous. S. Alpina (Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, in April ; Switzerland; 1656. S. minima (least) ; hardy peren- nial ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, in April ; Corinthian Alps ; 1823. S. montana (mountain) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers blue, in April ; Bohemia ; 1816. S. pusilla (weak) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers violet-blue, in April ; south of Europe; 1820. SOLIDAGO. Golden-rod. [Compositas.] Hardy herba- ceous perennials, all producing yellow daisy-shaped blos- soms, small individually, but, for the most part, produced so abundantly as to have a very conspicuous appearance : they mostly bloom in autumn, and some very late in the season. They are increased by dividing the roots, separating some of the young suckers, which are annually produced in abun- dance at the base of the plant. But few of the numerous kinds are required in one garden, as there is considerable sameness in their general aspect. S. Canadcnsis (Canadian) ; hardy perennial ; 2£ feet ; flowers yellow, in September ; North America ; 1648. S. humilis (dwarf) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers yellow, in August ; North America; 1811. SOLOMON'S SEAL. See POLYGONATUM. SOPHORA. [Leguminoseae.] Herbaceous plants and hardy trees. Propagated by division, seeds, and cuttings. Rich loamy soil. S. flavescens (yellowish) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June; Siberia; 1785. S. galegoides (galega-like) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in June ; Siberia; 1817. S. Chinensis (Chinese) ; hardy tree ; 30 feet ; flowers white, in August; China; 1763. S. Japonica (Japanese); hardy tree ; 40 feet ; flowers white, in August ; Japan ; 1763. The weeping variety, and that with variegated leaves, are very desirable. 344 GARDEN FLOWERS. SORREL-TREE. See ANDROMEDA ARBOREA. SOUTHERN-WOOD. See ARTEMISIA. SPECULARIA. [Campanulaceas.] A small family of hardy annuals, formerly comprised under Campanula. The com- mon S. speculum, with purplish-lilac flowers, varies to white and rose-colored, and is distinct and pretty. The plants form a small spreading mass of about nine inches high, and may be had in bloom for the whole summer by successive sowing. The seeds may be sown — very thinly, for they are very small — in the open border, and should be very lightly covered. Six or eight plants are enough to form a patch. 6". speculum (Venus's looking-glass) ; hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers purplish-lilac or white, in May ; south of Europe ; 1596. SPEEDWELL. See VERONICA. SPHENOGYNE. [Compositae.] A genus of composite plants, consisting of hardy annuals and greenhouse shrubs. The most useful is S. speriosa, a very pretty half-hardy an- nual, which may be had in succession through the summer by successive sowings. The plants grow well in rich light garden soil, and in favorable seasons are very ornamental. 6". speciosa (showy) ; half-hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers orange and black, in June ; Cape ; 1836. SP^ROSTIGMA. [Onagraceae.] Hardy biennials and an- nuals, of easy culture in the border, and propagated by seeds. S. Chamissonis (Chamisso's) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in August; Russia; 1837. S. hirtum (hairy); hardy biennial; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in August ; Russia; 1836. S. minutijJorum (small-flowered) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in August ; Russia ; 1837. S. cheiranthifolium, a Chilian species, is not hardy. SPERGULA. [Caryophyllaceae.] Very pretty mossy plants, studded in June with white flowers. In England they are GARDEN FLOWERS. 345 extensively used for lawns ; but in this country our summer's sun dries them up. Stiff loamy soil. Propagated by division and seed. S. pilifera (hairy) ; hardy perennial ; 2 inches ; flowers white, in June ; Corsica. SPIDERWORT. See TRADESCANTIA. SPIGELIA. Worm-grass. [Gentianeae.] S. Marilandica is a pretty hardy perennial herb, growing a foot high, and bearing tubular flowers, which are scarlet, tipped with green, and baar no inconsiderable resemblance to those of Cor- rea spetiosa. The plant prefers a cool and somewhat shady situation, where the soil is of a somewhat peaty character, — say half peat and half maiden loam. When in a thriving condition, it is a very pretty plant. It is propagated by divi- sion of the root. S. Marilandica (Maryland) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers red and green, in July ; North America ; 1694. SPINDLE-TREE. See EUONYMUS. SPIRAEA. [Rosaceae.] A very interesting tribe of hardy plants, some of them herbaceous perennials, others decidu- ous shrubs, handsome when in flower : nearly all bear white flowers in pyramidal spikes. The herbaceous kinds are beautiful in pots or in the borders ; and the shrubs are pretty in plantations. The former are propagated by parting the plants and by cuttings ; and the latter by layers, and by cuttings of the young wood. The herbaceous kinds spread a good deal, and may be divided easily. The shrubs are very useful in clumps, and can be pruned to any form. To propagate these, the branches should be layered in autumn. There are many species, of which those enumerated below are some of the best and most distinct. S. ariafolia (white-beam-leaved) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flow- ers whitish, in July; North America ; 1827. S. aruncus (goat's- 34-6 GARDEN FLOWERS. beard) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Siberia ; 1633. S. bella (pretty) ; hardy shrub; 3 feet; flowers rose, in July ; Nepaul; 1820. S. callosa (callous) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers deep-rose, in June ; North China; 1852. S. corymbosa (croymbose) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers white, in July ; Vir- ginia'; 1819. S. Douglasii (Douglas's); hardy shrub ; 4 feet; flowers rose, in July; North America; 1814. S. filipendula (dropwort) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, single or double, in June ; Britain. S. hypericifolia (hypericum-leaved) ; hardy shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1640. S. lobata (lobed) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in July; North America ; 1765. S. opulifolia (Guelder-rose- leaved) ; hardy shrub ; 5 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1690. 6". palmata (palmate) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers red, in July ; China ; 1823. S. prunifolia (plum-leaved); hardy shrub; 4 feet; flowers white, in March; China; 1844. The double-flowered variety, flore-pleno, is a beautiful shrub, with double white, button-like blossoms. S. Reevesii (Reeves's) ; hardy shrub; 4 feet; flowers white, in June; China; 1852. The double variety is the best. S. ulmifolia (elm-leaved) ; hardy shrub"; 3 feet ; flowers white, in June ; Carniola ; 1790. SPREKELIA. [Amaryllidaceae.] Beautiful stove or green- house bulbs. S. formosissima, the old Amaryllis formosissi- mus, is imported annually in large quantities, and does well bedded out and treated as a gladiolus. They may be grown as greenhouse bulbs, keeping them in the house on a very light shelf while the leaves are growing, and watering with weak manure-water while in full vigor; then ripening off, and keeping the bulbs quite dry in winter, until they show signs of flowering. Increased by offsets. S. brevis (short-tubed); stove bulb; i foot; flowers green and red, in June ; Bolivia ; 1839. S.formosissima (Jacobaean lily) ; greenhouse bulb ; i foot ; flowers rich crimson-scarlet, in June ; Guatemala ; 1658. S. glauca (glaucous) ; greenhouse bulb ; i foot ; flowers scarlet, in May ; Mexico ; 1840. GARDEN FLOWERS. 347 SPRAGUEA. [Portulaceas.] A very beautiful little plant, of recent introduction. Rich loamy soil. Propagated by seeds. .5". umbellata (umbelled) ; 9 inches ; flowers white and purple ; California; 1862. SPRUCE FIR. See ABIES. SQUILL. See SCILLA. STACHYS. Hedge-nettle. [Lamiaceae.] Herbaceous plants, hardy and tender, and annuals. Many of the greenhouse species are desirable. The annuals are worthless. Of the perennials, S. Corsica, grandiflora, lanata, strictay and setifera are hardy. Light loamy soil. Increased by division. STAFF-TREE. See CELASTRUS. STAPHYLEA. Bladder-nut. [Staphyleaceae.] Hardy de- ciduous shrubs, with showy foliage and white flowers. Light garden soil. Propagated by cuttings, layers, or by seeds, which vegetate slowly. The hardy species are — .5". pinnata (pinnate) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in June ; England. S. trifoliata (three-leaved) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1640. STAR OF BETHLEHEM. See ORNITHOGALUM. STARWORT. See ASTER. STATICE. Sea Lavender. [Plumbaginaceae.] Fine hardy or half-hardy perennials, growing vigorously in ordinary flower-borders, of good light loamy soil, where they throw up their widely-branching flower-stems with hundreds of small blooms, forming a complete feather of diminutive blos- soms, for the most part white or blue. These perennials only require planting out, and, with watering in dry weather, they will increase in size, and flower season after season, until they may be taken up, and parted to multiply them. When the roots are taken up, they are divided so as to give at least one good heart to each piece of foot ; the roots 34^ GARDEN FLOWERS. being rather coarse. All the hardy kinds want the same treatment. The half-hardy kinds may be kept with the pro- protection of a frame, and are best grown in pots ; or, at least, a store of plants should be kept in pots, if those in the borders are annually abandoned. Statices are now called Armeria. S. bellidifolia (daisy-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers bluish-lilac, in June; Greece; 1810. S. emarginata (notched); half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers bluish, in July ; Gibraltar. S, eximia (choice) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flow- ers red, in July ; Songaria ; 1844. S. Fortuni (Fortune's) ; half- hardy perennials ; 1 8 inches ; flowers white and yellow, in July ; China; 1845. S. incana (hoary) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot; flowers light-rose, in July ; Levant; 1823. S. Limonium (com- mon) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; Eng- land. S. puberula (downy) ; half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue and cream, in June ; Canaries ; 1830. All the Statices are worth growing. STENACTIS. [Compositse.] Hardy herbaceous perennials. Common soil. Increased by division. S. speciosa (showy) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple, in July ; California ; 1831. STERNBERGIA. [Amaryllidaceae.] Hardy bulbs. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated by offsets. S. colchiciflora (colchicum-flowered) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in September ; Hungary ; 1816. STIPA. Feather-grass. [Gramineas.] Ornamental hardy perennial. Common soil. Increased by division. S. pinnata (feathered) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers in July ; Britain. STOCK. See MATHIOLA. STOKESIA. [Compositae.] A fine half-hardy evergreen herb, requiring a little winter protection, but flowering finely GARDEN FLOWERS. 349 in the border in summer. Good loamy soil. Propagated by seeds or division, S. cyanea (azure) ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in August ; Carolina ; 1776. STONECROP. See SEDUM. STORK'S-BILL. See PELARGONIUM. STRAWBERRY ELITE. See BLITUM. STUARTIA. [Camellieas.] A family of showy shrubs, very valuable for the garden. Soil, rich loam. Propagated by layers and cuttings. S. pentagynia is hardy as far North as Massachusetts, and is very conspicuous in August from its large white flowers with purple centre. S. Virginica, the other species, is not hardy. STYRAX. Storax. [Styracese.] Hardy deciduous shrubs, with very pretty white flowers. Soil, rich sandy loam. Propagated by seeds, cuttings, and layers. S. grandiflorum (large-flowered) ; 6 feet ; July ; North Amer- ica ; 1765. S. Icevigatum (smooth); 4 feet; July; North America; 1765. S. pulverulentum (powdery) ; 4 feet ; flowers in June ; North America ; 1794. 5. officinale, from the Levant, is half-hardy. SULTAN. See CENTUREA. SUMACH. See RHUS. SUN-DEW. See DROSERA. SUN-FLOWER. See HELIANTHUS. SUN-ROSE. See HELIANTHEMUM. SWALLOW-WORT. See ASCLEPIAS. SWAN-DAISY. See BRACHYCOME. SWEET ALYSSUM. See KONIGA. SWEET-BRIER. See ROSA RUBIGINOSA. SWEET GUM. See LIQUIDAMBER. SWEET PEA. See LA^HYRUS. SWEET SCABIOUS. See ASTEROCEPHALUS. 3 SO GARDEN FLOWERS. SWEET SULTAN. See CENTAUREA MOSCHATA. SWEET WILLIAM. See DIANTHUS BARBATUS. SYMPHIANDRA. [Campanulaceae.] Hardy perennial. Dry- ish sandy loam. Propagated by seeds or cuttings. S. pendula (pendulous) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in July ; Caucasus ; 1823. SYMPHORIA. [Caprifoliaceae.] Pretty deciduous shrubs, remarkable for the white berries which succeed their flowers, and remain through the winter. Common soil. Increased by suckers. S. glomerata (clustered) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers whit- ish, in August ; North America ; 1730. A variegated variety is very ornamental. S. racemosus (racemed) ; hardy shrub ; 5 feet; flowers pinkish, in August ; North America ; 1817. SYMPHYTUM. Comfrey. [Boraginaceae.] Coarse-grow- ing, but in some instances showy hardy perennials. Com- mon soil. Propagated by division or seeds. S. asperrimum (rough) ; hardy perennial ; 6 feet ; flowers red and blue, in June ; Caucasus ; 1799. S. Caucasicum (Cauca- sian) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers azure, in June ; Cauca- sus ; 1820. S. Orientale (Eastern) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers white ; Turkey; 1752. This spreads itself about, dis- appearing in one spot and re-appearing in others. SYRINGA. Lilac. [Oleaceae.] This family comprises the Lilac and its varieties. Well-known and favorite deciduous shrubs, of which there are several very distinct kinds : the common Lilac, 6". vulgaris, gives white, red, and purple va- rieties ; the Persian Lilac, S. Persica, has a white, as well as a cut-leaved, variety. There are some others, as S. Josikcea, and the Chinese, S. Rothmagensis. They chiefly differ in the size of the foliage and flower. All are hardy, and well de- serving a place in all shrubberie^. They are propagated by layers and suckers. All these species grow naturally GARDEN FLOWERS. 35 I in the form of bushy shrubs ; but they are in every re- spect more desirable as standards. To make them grow as standards, the buds of the suckers with single stems are all rubbed off, but two or three placed at and near the top ; and, as the top advances in height, the under branches are cut clean away, so that at no one time shall there be more than the few top branches. When the single stem, with its top three pair of branches, has reached the de- sired height, say six feet or less, the branches are allowed to remain on and grow ; but the top is removed to prevent the tree growing higher, and the ends of the branches are also removed to encourage lateral shoots, which soon form a handsome head. In this form, the Lilac-tree may then be planted among evergreen shrubs, which will completely hide the stem, while it takes up scarcely any room. S. Josik&a (Josika's) ; hardy shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers deep- lilac, in May ; Germany ; 1 833. S. Persica (Persian) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers lilac, in May ; Persia ; 1640. S. Rotho- magensis (Rouen) ; hardy shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers lilac, in May ; China; 1795. S. vtclgaris (common); hardy shrub; 6 feet; flowers lilac, purple, red, or white, in May ; Persia and Hunga- ry.; 1597. SYRINGA. See PHILADELPHIA. TAGETES. [Composite.] This genus contains the French and African marigolds, both well-known and showy annual flowers. The African is of a rich golden color, and very large. The French is of a rich brown, dark or light, but variously blotched or edged with bright golden yellow. In a large number of seedlings, scarcely two will give flowers alike, and indeed, on the same plant, it is diffi- cult to find two in all respect identical. Both kinds are raised from seed ; and, to get them early, they should be sown in heat about March. When they germinate, they must have plenty of air to prevent their becoming drawn up. Plant the French out towards the middle of May, about three in a patch, because the diversity of color assists by its con- trasts in producing a good effect. This, however, does not apply to the African, which may be put out singly, be- cause one plant makes show enough in a place. All single and semi-double ones ought to be pulled up and thrown away. Besides those sown in heat, others should be sown in the open ground to form a succession ; for, although the first will keep blooming until the frost cuts them off, younger ones coming in are more compact plants. There is another annual kind which should find a place in all gardens, for its neat and elegant foliage, its rich orange flowers, and its compact and profusely flowering habit : it is T. tenuifolia, sold in seed-shops as T. signata. The flowers are small, com- pared even with the French Marigold, and they are single ; 352 GARDEN FLOWERS. 353 but, in soil not too rich, the plants form closely branched, compact bushes, and are literally covered with blossoms, which, in the mass, have a very charming effect. T. lucida, a pretty perennial, is propagated by division, and requires a greenhouse in winter, but is very effective as a bedding plant. S. signata pumila is a fine free-flowering dwarf variety. T. erecta (African Marigold) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers orange or yellow, In July ; Mexico; 1596. T. lucida (shining) ; half-hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers yellow, in July ; South America ; 1 798. T. patula (French Marigold) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers brown and gold, in July ; Mexico; 1573. T. tenuifolia (fine-leaved) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers orange- yellow, in July ; Peru; 1797. TALINUM. [Portulaceas.] This genus contains some an- nuals, which, if raised in heat and bedded out in a sheltered place, are effective. Soil, sandy loam. T. polyandrum (many-stemmed) ; flowers purpler in August ; Australia; 1853. T. purpuratum (purple); flowers purple, in August ; Mexico ; 1826. There are biennial and perennial species which are tender. TAMARISK. See TAMARIX. TAMARIX. Tamarisk. [Tamariscineae.]' Hardy shrubs, Common soil. Propagated by cuttings. T. Gallica (French) ; hardy sub-evergreen shrub ; 8' feet ; flowers pink, in July ; south of England. T. Germanica (Ger- man) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers pink, 'in July ; Caucasus ; 1682. TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE. See LONICERA. TAXODIUM. Deciduous Cypress. [Pinaceae.] The most valuable species is T. distichum, which is hardy as far North as Massachusetts. It is a very graceful tree, with light sprays of feathery foliage, and succeeds in good loamy soil. TAXUS. Yeu>. [Taxaceae.} Fine evergreen shrubs or 23- 354 GARDEN FLOWERS. trees. Deep loamy soil. Increased by cuttings in shady border, or by seeds. The Yew is hardy as far North as Massachusetts in sheltered situations, though liable to be browned by the winter's sun. The American Yew is per- pectly hardy. The Irish Yew (fastigiata), is tender in the Northern States. The berries of the Yew are very beautiful. T. baccata (common) ; berried ; 20 feet ; Britain. T. baccata fastigiata (tapering) ; 20 feet; Ireland ; 1780. T. baccata foliis variegatis (variegated-leaved) ; 3 feet. T. baccata fructuluteo (yellow-berried); Ireland. T. baccata procuinbens Q.y'mg-&o\\n}; 8 feet ; Europe. T. baccata sparsifolia (scattered-leaved). T. baccata variegata (variegated); 20 feet ; Europe. T. Canadensis (Canadian) ; 20 feet ; Canada ; 1800. TECOMA. [Bignoniaceae.] A genus of elegant tubular- flowered plants, consisting of both evergreen and decidu- ous shrubs and climbers. T. radicans and its varieties are beautiful hardy deciduous climbers, very ornamental against a wall or a house : they grow well in good rich loam, and are propagated by layers. Also called Bignonia. T. grandiflora (large-flowered) ; climbing shrub ; 20 feet ; flowers orange, in July; China; 1800. T. radicans (rooting); hardy climbing shrub ; 30 feet ; flowers orange, in July ; North America; 1640. TEESDALIA. [Cruciferae.] A genus of annuals allied to Candytuft, and requiring the same treatment. The species are T. iberis and lipidium. TELLIMA. [Saxifragaceae.] Hardy perennials. Sandy loam and peat. Increased by division. T. grandiflora (large-flowered); hardy perennial ; i foot ; flow- ers pink, in May ; North America ; 1826. TETRAGONOLOBUS. [Leguminosae.] Annuals and peren- nials, of which the former are most important. Propagated by seeds sown in May in common soil. GARDEN FLOWERS. 355 T. biflorus (two-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in July ; Barbary ; 1818. T. purpureus (purple) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers dark-purple, in July ; Sicily ; 1769. THALICTRUM. Meadow-rue. [Ranunculaceae.] Hardy herbaceous perennials, worth growing in a mixed border for the sake of their pretty compound foliage, but having rather insignificant blossoms. They grow freely in common gar- den soil, and are increased by division of the plant. T. aquilegifolium (columbine-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in May ; .Austria ; 1731. T. corynellum and dioicum are natives of our woods and meadows. T. anemonoides, or Anemone thalictroides, is a beau- tiful little spring-flowering plant : the double variety is very desirable. There are over sixty species. THRIFT. See ARMERIA. THROATWORT. See TRACHELIUM. THORN-APPLE. See DATURA. THUJA. Arbor-vitce. [Coniferse.] These are among the best of evergreen shrubs for the shrubbery, or as specimen plants on lawns. T. Orientalis, the Chinese Arbor-vitae, is well known, and is admired for its close cone-shaped out- line. T. Occidentalism the American Arbor-vitae, has the same habit, but is of looser growth. There is another elegant hardy species called T. plitata, not uncommon in gardens ; and one much rarer, T. pendula, which has long slender drooping twigs, and is a most singular and very ornamental small tree. The commoner sorts grow well in any moder- ately favorable situation, preferring a somewhat moist but not marshy situation. They are best raised from seeds, sown in April, in a frame or covered bed. T. pendula should be kept dryer, and is increased by grafts or cuttings. T. Occidentalis (Western) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 1 5 feet ; flowers green, in May; North America; 1596. T. Orientalis 356 GARDEN FLOWERS. (Eastern) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 1 5 feet ; flowers green, in May; China; 1752. T. pendula (drooping) ; hardy evergreen shrub; 10 feet; flowers green, in May; Tartary ; 1828. T. plicata (plaited) ; hardy evergreen shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers green, in May ; Nootka Sound ; 1796. THUIOPSIS. [Coniferae.] A family of fine hardy ever- greens, somewhat resembling the Arbor-vitae, but with fine cut foliage. None are as yet very common. Propagated by cuttings. Common soil. T. borealis (northern) ; hardy tree ; loofeet ; Nootka Sound ; 1855. T. dolebrata (silvery); hardy tree; 50 feet ; Japan; 1850. Variety variegata has a yellow variegation ; Japan ; 1861. Va- riety nana seldom exceeds six feet in height ; Japan ; 1861. T. Standishii (Standish's) ; resembles the last, but has more slen- der and less silvery foliage ; Japan ; 1861. THUNBERGIA. [Acanthaceae.] Stove evergreen climbers. They thrive best in a mixture of turfy loam, peat, and rotted dung ; but the best of them, T. alata, and its varieties, be- ing very liable to attacks of the red spider, are best raised from seeds, and treated like tender annuals, only they re- quire a trellis on which to train their branches. T. alata aurantiaca is the best, having deep orange blossoms, with a black centre ; T. alata alba, with white flowers and a black centre, is also very pretty, and there are several others; the color of T. alata itself is buff-yellow, with a black centre. The varieties all bloom throughout the summer, and at that season are splendid objects in a greenhouse, if well man- aged : they may also be grown out-doors, and are very beau- tiful objects in the garden, preferring moist peat soil. All of the species, strike freely ; and cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, with a little bottom-heat, are rooted in a short time. The seeds may be sown in March, in wide-mouthed pots, and as soon as the plants are large enough, potted off in the smallest-sized pots, to be treated the same as cut- tings ; or planted in the borders in May. GARDEN FLOWERS. 357 T. alata (winged) ; stove-climbing perennials ; 5 feet; flowers buff with black eye, in June; Africa; 1823. T. alata alba (white) ; stove climbing perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers white, with black eye, in June ; Madagascar. T. alata aiirantiata (orange); stove climbing perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers orange with black eye, in June ; gardens. THYMUS. Thyme. [Lamiaceae.] Hardy evergreen per- ennials and sub-shrub. Soil, sandy loam. Propagated by divisions or cuttings. Many of them are beautiful rock- plants. T.azureus (azure); hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, in June ; south of Europe ; 1830. T. Corsicus (Corsican) ; half- hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers lilac, in June ; Corsica; 1831. T. lanuginosus (woolly) ; hardy trailing perennial ; flowers pur- ple, in July ; Britain. TIARELLA. [Saxifragaceag.] Hardy perennials. Common dryish soil. Increased by division. T. cordifolia (heart-leaved) ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1731. TIGRIDIA. Tiger-flower. [Iridaceae.] One of the most showy and remarkable of flowers, but at the same time one of the most fugitive ; the flowers last but a few hours, but there is a good succession of them produced. They are hardy bulbous-rooted plants, with the flowers large, singularly formed, like a cocked hat reversed, and beautifully spotted with a darker color upon a yellow or deep orange-colored ground. The two so-called species are very similar in all but having a darker or lighter ground color. The flowers last but the day they come out if the sun is pretty hot, which it generally is when they flower, in July. They do not grow more than twelve inches high, and should be planted in a mass, because there will then be a number of flowers open for some time ; when planted singly, that is not the case, for there will be days when a plant will have none, and that, too, 358 GARDEN FLOWERS. before it is out of bloom altogether. Plant them in May, three inches deep, and take them up in the autumn. In- creased by offsets. T. conchiflora (shell-flowered) ; half-hardy bulb ; I foot ; flow- ers yellow-spotted, in June; Mexico ;. 1823. T. pavonia (pea- cock) ; half-hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers orange and red, in June ; Mexico; 1796. T. speciosa is a hybrid between these two, with more of the nature of T. pavonia. T. Wheelerii is also a hy- brid resembling T. conchiflora. TILIA. Lime or Linden. [Tiliaceae.] Well-known hardy ornamental trees. The American is the best. Propagated by seeds and layers. Soil, rich loam. T. alba (white-wooded) ; 30 feet ; flowers in July ; Hungary ; 1767. T. Americana (American) ; 30 feet ; flowers in June ; North America; 1752. 71 Americana heterophylla (various- leaved); 30 feet; flowers in July; North America ; 1811. T. Americana laxiflora (loose-flowered) ; 50 feet ; flowers white in June ; North America ; 1820. T. Amertcanapubescens(d.o-wny); 20 feet ; flowers in July ; North America ; 1726. T. Americana pubescens leptophylla (thin-leaved-downy) ; 20 feet ; flowers yel- low, in July ; North America. T. Europcea (European, or com- mon) ; 50 feet ; flowers in July ; Britain. T. Europcea aurea (golden-twigged) ; 50 feet ; flowers in August ; Britain. T. Eu- ropcea dasystyla (hairy-styled) ; 50 feet ; flowers in July ; Tauria. T. Europcza laciniata (cut-leaved) ; 50 feet ; flowers in August ; Britain. T. Europcea microphylla (small leaved) ; 50 feet ; flow- ers in August ; Britain. T. Europcea pendula (drooping) ; flow- ers in June ; 1845. ^ Europcea platyphylla (broad-leaved) ; 50 feet ; flowers in August ; Britain. T. Europcea platyphylla au- rea (golde'n-broad-leaved) ; 20 feet ; Britain. T. Europcea rubra (red-twigged); 50 feet ; flowers in August ; Britain. 71 Europcea variegata (variegated-leaved) ; flowers in June; 1847. T. Eu- ropcea vitifolia (vine-leaved) ; flowers in June ; 1846. TOAD-FLAX. See LIN ARIA. TOBACCO. See NICOTIANA. GARDEN FLOWERS. 359 TOLPIS. Hawkweed. [Compositae.] A fine yellow-flow- ered annual, formerly called Crepis barbata. Sow in May in common soil. The flowers close in cloudy weather. T. barbata (bearded) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow and purple, in July ; 1620. The other species are T. altissima, coronopifolia, grandiflora, umbellata, and -virgata. TORREYA. [Taxaceae.] Hardy evergreen trees. Deep loamy soil. Propagated by cuttings or seeds. T. myristica (Californian nutmeg) ; hardy evergreen tree ; 30 feet; California; 1851. T. taxifolia (yew-leaved) ; hardy ever- green shrub ; 20 feet ; Florida ; 1 840. TOUCH-ME-NOT. See IMPATIENS. TOURNEFORTIA. [Boragineas.] T. heliotropoides is a heli- otrope-like hardy or nearly hardy plant, not very showy, but a very free bloomer, and useful for small beds. It will grow in the open borders : a plant or two should be kept in a frame through the winter. It is increased either by seeds sown in May, or by cuttings ; and is a low plant, flowering from May to August. T. heliotropoides (heliotrope-like) ; half-hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers lilac, in June ; Buenos Ayres ; 1829. TRACHELIUM. Throatwort. [Campanulaceas.] Half-hardy herbaceous perennials. Light loamy soil. Increased by seeds sown in spring in a gentle heat, and carefully grown while young. T. coeruleum (blue) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers purple or white, in August ; Italy ; 1640. TRADESCANTIA. Spiderwort. [Commelinaceae.] The hardy perennial species of this genus are adapted for the common borders. They are readily increased by division, and only require to be planted in the common soil, and left undisturbed till they get too large, when they must be taken 360 GARDEN FLOWERS. up and divided. The tender species are of less moment, except T. discolor, a curious stove species, and T. iridescens, a pretty dwarf free-blooming greenhouse herb. T. subaspera (roughish) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches; flow- ers purple, in May ; North America ; 1812. T. Virginica (Vir- ginian) ; hardy perennial; 18 inches; flowers blue, in June; North America ; 1629. This varies, with white, blue, red, crimson, and double- blue flowers. TRAGOPOGON. [Composite.] A family of hardy bien- nials, thriving in common garden soil. Propagated by seeds. T. floccosus, mutabilis, and roseus are hardy border plants. TRAGOPYRUM. [Polygonaceag.] Hardy deciduous shrubs, propagated by layers, and growing best in moist, peaty soil. T. buxifolium (box-leaved) ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in July; Siberia; 1800. T. lanceolatum (spear-shaped); 2 feet ; flowers pink, in July; Siberia; 1778. TREE-PEONY. See MOUTAN. TREFOIL. See TRIFOLIUM. TRIENTALIS. [Primulaceae.] A family of delicate little perennials, grown best in a shady situation in leaf-mould. Propagated by division. T. Americana (American) ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1816. The European species (T. Europcea) much resembles this. TRIFOLIUM. Trefoil, or Clover. [Leguminosae.] Hardy herbs, many of which are annuals or biennials, and a large number perennials. They are not of much value as garden plants. T. incarnatum, with its scarlet flower-heads, is showy ; and T. uniflorum is a very pretty minute perennial species, deserving a place among alpines. The annuals may be sown in April in the places where they are to flower. The perennials need only to be planted in ordinary soil. GARDEN FLOWERS. 361 T. incarnatum (flesh) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers scarlet, in June ; Italy ; 1596. T. lagopus (hare's-foot) ; hardy annual ; 1 8 inches ; flowers red, in July ; Spain; 1827. T. megacepha- lum (great-headed) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale-pur- ple, in July ; North America. T. rubens (red) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet; flowers deep-red, in July ; south of Europe ; 1633. T. uniflorum (one-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers red and white, in June ; south of Europe ; 1800. TRILLIUM. [Trilliaceee.] Curious small hardy herbaceous plants. The stem has three leaves, and the flowers three petals. They are tuberous-rooted perennials, and propagate but slowly by dividing the roots ; but they may be raised from seed, which is inclosed in a berry. This may be sown in pans, and be raised in a frame, and pricked out, three or four in a pot, to grow ; and lastly potted singly into sixty - sixed pots. All those curious in plants should grow them, though, like many other curious plants, they are greatly ne- glected. They flower very early in spring, and grow best in peat soil. T. cernuum (drooping); hardy tuberous perennial ; i.foot; flowers white, in May; North America; 1758. T. erectum (erect) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1700. T. grandiflorutu (large-flowered) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1799. T, obo vatum (obovate) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers red, in May ; North America ; 1810. T. sessile (sessile) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers brownish-purple, in May; North America; 1759. T. undulatum (wavy) ; hardy tuberous perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers red, in May ; North America ; 1818. TRITOMA. [Liliacese.] Beautiful half-hardy herbaceous plants, requiring a light dry soil, and warm or sheltered situ- ation, in which they produce their upright spikes of droop- ing scarlet tubes, freely, in the autumnal months. They 362 GARDEN FLOWERS. throw out suckers from their roots, by which they may be increased. They are sometimes called Kniphofia. T. Burchellii (Burchell's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flow- ers orange, in August ; Cape; 1816. T. pumila (dwarf) ; hardy perennial; i foot; flowers orange, in September; Cape; 1774. T. Rooperi (Rooper's) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers or- ange-scarlet, in autumn; Natal; 1848. T. Uvaria (grape); hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers orange, in August ; Cape ; 1707. TROLLIUS. Globe-flou>er. [Ranunculaceae.] Showy her- baceous perennials, quite hardy, growing in ordinary garden soil, and increased easily by parting the roots during the dormant season. T. Asiaticus (Asiatic) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers deep-yellow, in May ; Siberia ; 1759. ^ Europosus (European) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in May ; Britain. There are many other species. TROP.«OLUM. Indian Cress. [Tropaeolacese.] Soft- stemmed climbing herbs, part of which are annual, and others perennial, having tuberous roots. T. mq/us, the common Nasturtium, as it is called erroneously, and its va- rieties, may be sown in the open ground in May, where it is to bloom through the summer, and requires neither care nor attention. These are beautiful plants everywhere — in rich ground, covering the surface with foliage and flowers, or climbing up stakes, and hiding unsightly fences or other ob- jects, or potted and placed on the window-sill, where the burning heat and limited food arrests their vegetation, but adds profusion to the blossoms, and intensity to their colors. T. minus is smaller, but equally effective in its way. The double orange-colored variety of T. majus is a greenhouse plant, as is also the double scarlet Nasturtium, which is the double-flowered variety of T. minus. These are increased by cuttings, and preserved, like other half-hardy things, in GARDEN FLOWERS. 363 the greenhouse during winter for planting out in summer, where they thrive in hot, dry situations. T. pcregrinum is the canary-bird flower, and thrives well in the border in sum- mer, producing its yellow, curiously-shaped flowers profusely. T. Tom Thumb is a fine variety of T. ma/us, forming a clump ; flowers bright-yellow; hybrid; 1859. There are many others of this type. HARDY ANNUALS. — T. majus (greater) ; 6 feet ; flowers or- ange-yellow, in July ; Peru ; 1686. T. majus atrosanguineum (dark-red) ; 3 feet ; flowers dark-red, in August ; Peru. T. mi- nus (smaller) ; i foot ; flowers orange and yellow, in August ; Peru ; 1 596. T. peregrinum (canary-bird flower) ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in September ; New Grenada ; 1810. TRUMPET-FLOWER. See BIGNONIA and TECOMA. TUBEROSE. See POLIANTHES. TULIPA. Tulip. [Liliacea;.] Hardy and very showy bulbs. The variegated Tulips of the gardens are the pro- geny of T. Gesneriana. The bulbs are planted in October or November, and bloom in May. They grow in nothing so well as in plain, good, sandy loam, taken from a pasture with the turf rotted in it ; and it is the custom to dig out the bed from two to three feet deep, that this soil may be placed therein. They are planted six inches apart, the bed being four feet wide, and containing seven flowers across. The tallest flowers, which are known well to the fanciers, are planted in the centre row ; those a little shorter, in the rows next to the middle ; and the shortest, outside : so that the tulip-bed when in flower looks like a bank of bloom. The small offsets are planted in separate beds, un- til they grow large enough to plant in the principal beds. They are raised from seed to produce new varieties, and they multiply by offsets. The seeds may be sown in pans or wide-mouthed pots, in the early spring or the autumn, and placed in a garden frame. They will come up, and 364 GARDEN FLOWERS. about June turn yellow, and die down, but little bulbs will have formed : some take them up and replant them ; but, if they are not too thick, they may be left until the next year. It will be five or six years before they bloom. The Van Thol Tulip, a pretty early sort, is the T. suaveolens : this blooms naturally in April, and is very well adapted for forcing even much earlier than this. Few of the other species are cultivated except as curiosities. T. Gesneriana (Gesner's) ; hardy bulb ; 2 feet ; flowers red or striped, in May ; Levant ; 1577. The florists' varieties are of a garden origin. T. oculis soils (sun's-eye) ; hardy bulb ; i foot ; flowers red, with dark eye, in April; Italy; 1816. T. pratcox (early) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers scarlet and yellow, in April ; Italy ; 1825. T. suaveolens (Van Thol) ; hardy bulb ; 6 inches ; flowers scarlet and gold, in April ; south of Europe ; 1603. T. Turcica (Florentine) ; hardy bulb ; 9 inches ; flowers yellow, in April ; south of Europe. There are some twenty other species. TULIP-TREE. See LIRIODENDRON. TUSSILAGO. Coitus-foot. [Compositae.] A genus of hardy or half-hardy plants, doing best in rich loamy soil. Propa- gated easily by division. The species are T. alba, Alpina, discolor, farfara^ fragrans, frigida, Icevigata, nivea, palmata, and sagittata. . ULEX. , Furze. [Leguminosae.] This well-known, gay- flowering plant is not hardy in the Northern States. It grows in any soil, and is propagated by seed. U. Europcea (common) ; evergreen shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in May ; Britain. The double-flowered variety, U. Eu- ropcea flore-pleno, is the most beautiful. U. nana (dwarf) ; ever- green trailing shrub; 18 inches; flowers yellow, in August; England. ULMUS. Elm. [Ulmaceae.] Hardy deciduous timber- trees. Soil, deep, dry, sandy loam. The common sorts are propagated by, seeds, layers, or grafts; the varieties by grafting. U. alata (winged); 30 feet; North America; 1820. U. alba (white; Hungarian); 30 feet; Hungary; 1824. U.Americana (white ; American) ; 40 feet ; North America. U._ Americana alba (white branched) ; 40 feet ; North America. U. Americana foliis-variegatis (variegated-leaved). U. Americana incisa (cut- leaved) ; North America. U. Americana pendula (drooping) ; North America; 1820. U. Americana rubra (red-branched); 40 feet ; North America ; 1824. U. campestris (English field) ; 80 feet ; Britain. U. campestris acutifolia (acute-leaved) ; 80 feet ; Britain. U. campestris alba (white) ; 80 feet ; Britain. U. campestris betulcefolia (birch-leaved) ; Britain. U. campestris Chinensis (Chinese) ; China. U. campestris foliis-aureis (leaves golden-variegated) ; Britain. U. campestris foliis-variegatis (leaves variegated with white) ; Britain. U. campestris latifolia (broad-leaved) ; 80 feet ; Britain. U. campestris nana (dwarf) ; 365 366 GARDEN FLOWERS. 2 feet; Britain. U. campestris parvifolia (small-leaved); 20 feet; Siberia; 1822. U. campestris stricta (upright); 80 feet; Britain. U. campestris viminalis (twiggy) ; 30 feet ; Britain. U.fulva (slippery); 60 feet ; North America. U. glabra (smooth); 60 feet ; Britain. U. glabra latifolia (broad-leaved) ; Britain. U. major (greater) ; 40 feet ; Britain. U. montana (mountain ; Scotch or Wych) ; 40 feet ; Britain. U. montana fastigiata (py- ramidal; Exeter); Exeter; 1826. U. montana nigra (black); 40 feet; Ireland. U. montana pendula (drooping); Britain. U. mon- tana rugosa (rough-leaved) ; 40 feet ; Britain. U. montana vul- garis (common) ; 40 feet ; Britain. U. suberosa (cork-barked) ; 40 feet ; Britain. U. suberosa alba (white-barked) ; Britain. U. suberosa angustifolia (narrow-leaved) ; Hertford. U. sube- rosa erecta (upright) ; 80 feet ; Britain. U. suberosa foliis-'varie- gatis (variegated-leaved) ; 80 feet ; Britain. U. suberosa latifo- lia (broad-leaved) ; Hertford. U. suberosa vulgarts (common) ; 80 feet ; Holland. UROSPERMUM. Sheep 's-beard. [Compositae.] A hardy perennial, with showy yellow flowers. Soil, common loam. Propagated by seed. U. Dalechampi; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; south of Europe. UVULARIA. [Melanthaceae.] Neat, dwarf, hardy, herba- ceous perennials. They grow with ordinary attention in the common soil of gardens, preferring a cool situation, without stagnant moisture, and are propagated by division. U. grandiflora (large-flowered) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers yellow, in May; North America ; 1802. U. pcrfoliata (perfoliate) ; hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers yellow, in May ; North America ; 1810. U. sessilifolia (sessile-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers cream-colored, in May ; North America; 1790. VACCINIUM. Whortleberry. [VaccinaceEe.] Hardy, deciduous, or sometimes evergreen shrubs, mostly ornamental. Soil, sandy loam or peat. Propagated by suckers or layers. There are many species in cultivation. Some of the East-Indian species are very beautiful, but are not hardy. The hardy species are not very showy, but are useful in a shrubbery. VALERIANA. Valerian. [Valerianacese.] Hardy peren- nials, some of which are pretty, but not remarkably orna- mental. They may all be grown in the open border, in or- dinary garden soil. They increase readily by division of the plants. V. Celtica (Celtic) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers white, in June; Switzerland; 1748. V. dioica (diaecious) ; hardy peren- nial ; i foot ; flowers flesh-color, in May ; England. V. mon- tana (mountain) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers, light-red, in June ; Switzerland ; 1748. V. Phu (Phu) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet; flowers white, in June; Germany; 1597. V. Pyrenaica (Pyrenean) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers pink, in June ; Scotland. V. tuberosa (tuberous) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches; flowers pale red, in June ; south of Europe ; 1629. VALERIANELLA. Lamb's Lettuce. [Valerianaceae.] Hardy annuals, mostly weedy or salad plants. V. congcsta is pretty. Common soil. Increased by seeds. V. congesta (crowded) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flowers red, in July; Columbia; 1826. VENEDIUM. [Composite.] A genus containing some 367 368 GARDEN FLOWERS. half-hardy showy annuals. Light, rich soil. Propagated by seeds, which should be sown in May where they are to bloom. V. calendulaceum (marigold-like) ; half-hardy annual ; I foot ; flowers yellow, in August; Cape of Good Hope ; 1852. VENUS LOOKING-GLASS. See SPECULARIA. VENUS NAVELWORT. See OMPHALODES. VERATRUM. [Melanthacese.] Hardy herbaceous plants of tall coarse habit, but with fine ornamental foliage, and having a very distinct habit and appearance, and therefore desirable in large mixed borders. They increase by division, and grow in ordinary garden-soil. V. album (white) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers greenish, in July ; Europe ; 1 548. V. nigrum (black) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers dark-chocolate, in July ; Siberia ; 1596. V. viride (green) ; hardy perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers greenish, in June ; North America ; 1742. VERBASCUM. Mullein. [Scrophularineae.] Hardy peren- nials, strikingly effective in large borders, or towards the margins of shrubberies. They are easily-grown plants, thriv- ing in any garden soil, and only need to be sown where they are to bloom, each patch being thinned away, leaving only the strongest. The seeds should be sown about June in one year, to produce flowering plants for the next season. They are mostly biennials, and young plants should therefore be raised from seeds annually. The perennials are increased both by seeds and division. • V. alopecurus (fox-tail) ; hai dy perennial ; 3 feet ; flowers yel- low, in July ; France; 1820. V. A ustriacum (Austrian) ; hardy perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Austria ; 1818. V. blattaria (moth) ; hardy biennial ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; England. V. formosum (handsome) ; hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Russia; 1818. V. grandiflorum (large- flowered) ; hardy biennial ; 4 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; Eu- rope ; 1820. V. Phoeniceum (purple) ; hardy perennial ; 3 feet ; GARDEN FLOWERS. 369 flowers purple, in June ; south of Europe ; 1796. V. spectabile (showy) ; hardy biennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow and purple, in July ; Tauria ; 1820. V. thapsus (shepherd's club); hardy biennial ; 6 feet ; flowers yellow, in July ; England. V. triste (dark) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers yellow and red, in July ; south of Europe ; 1688. There are about fifty other species. VERBENA. Vervain. [Verbenaceae.] Beautiful flower-gar- den plants, consisting for the most part of perennial species, requiring protection during winter. The race of half-hardy Verbenas has given rise to those fine seminal varieties, which are now, during summer, to be seen decorating every garden. V. Melindres or chamcedrifolia was one of the first favorites ; but, like most of the other species, it has been lost amid the more beautiful sorts that have sprung up under the florists' care. It is the creeping habit, however, and abundant bloom of V. Melindres, which has given much of their value to the florists' seedlings ; their size and the more erect habit and fragrance observable in recent varieties having been derived from V. teucrioides. The Verbena strikes freely under a bell- glass in light sandy soil, and very quickly in a mild hot-bed ; and it grows freely in any rich light soil. New varieties are raised from seeds. The seeds should be sown in pans, and placed in a greenhouse or frame, the young seedlings planted out in beds six inches apart, until it is seen what flowers they produce, when such as are worthy may be propagated. In gardens, those which approach nearest to the admirable habit of V. Melindres — which creeps along the ground, spreading and rooting at every joint, until it covers a bed like a carpet, and throws up its umbels or trusses of flowers all over its allotted space — should be selected. V. Melindres (Melindres) ; half-hardy perennial ; I foot ; flow- ers scarlet, in June ; Buenos Ayres ; 1827. V. multifida (many- 24 37O GARDEN FLOWERS. cleft) ; half-hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers purple, lilac, or white, in July; Chili; 1839. V. pulchella (neat); half-hardy trailing perennial ; flowers purple or white ; Buenos Ayres ; 1827. V. radicans (rooting); half-hardy trailing perennial; 6 inches; flowers pink, in July ; Chili; 1832. V. sulphured (sul- phur) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale-yellow, in July ; Chili ; 1832. V. teiicrioides (teucrium-like) ; half-hardy peren- nial ; 2 feet ; flowers whitish, in July ; Montevideo; 1837. V. Tweediana (Tweedie's) ; half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flow- ers rose-crimson, in June; Brazil; 1834. V. -venosa (veiny); half-hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers rose-purple, in May ; Buenos Ayres ; 1830. For fine varieties, consult florists' catalogues. The follow- ing can, however, be recommended. WHITE — Mrs. Hoi- ford, Snowflake, Anne. WHITE, DARK CENTRE — Fairest of the Fair, Viscountess Emlyn, Earl of Shaftsbury. PEACH — Great Eastern, Salmon, Ida. REDDISH SCARLET — Gen. Simpson. SCARLET — Defiance, Phenomenon, Foxhunter, Lord Raglan. CRIMSON — Admiral Dundas, Jean Bart, Geant des Batailles. PURPLE — Ariosto, Purple King, Azucena, Zampa. BLUE — Garibaldi. VERBENA LEMON. See ALOYSIA. VERONICA. Speedwell. [Scrophularineae.] A very large genus, consisting almost entirely of hardy perennials. About a score are insignificant annuals ; half a dozen are sub- aqua- tics ; some half-dozen are shrubs requiring greenhouse pro- tection ; and the rest are hardy perennials, most of the larger-growing of which are adapted for the mixed borders, and are really showy with their long narrow close spikes of flowers, usually blue. These latter may be said to require no culture ; they grow with the greatest facility in garden soil of of any description, increase extensively by partition of the roots, and live through all the inclemencies of winter and the droughts of summer without suffering material detriment. GARDEN FLOWERS. 3/1 V. Caucasica (Caucasian) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blush, in July ; Caucasus ; 1816. V. crassifolia (thick-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2£ feet ; flowers blue, in July ; Europe ; 1822. V. elegans (elegant) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers pink, in June; south of France; 1822. V. formosa (handsome)1; half- hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers white, in April ; Van Diemen's Land; 1835. V. glabra (smooth) ; hardy perennial ; 4 feet ; flowers blue or white, in July ; south of Europe ; 1804. V. grandis (grand) ; hardy perennial ; 18 inches ; flowers white, in August ; Siberia; 1826. V, hybrida (hybrid); hardy peren- nial ; I foot ; flowers blue, in July ; England. V, incana (hoary); hardy perennial; 2 feet; flowers blue, in July; Russia; 1759. V. incisa (cut-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in July ; Siberia ; 1 739. V. longifolia (long-leaved) ; hardy peren- nial ; 3 feet ; flowers blue, white, or flesh-colored, in August ; south of Europe ; 1731. V. paniculata (panicled) ; hardy peren- nial; 2 feet ; flowers blue, in June ; Russia; 1797. V.salicifo- lia (willow-leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers lilac, in September ; New Zealand; 1843. V. spedosa (showy); half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers purple or rose, in July; New Zealand; 1835. V. Virginica (Virginian); hardy perennial ; 5 feet ; flowers white or flesh-colored, in July ; Vir- ginia ; 1714. VERVAIN. See VERBENA. VESICARIA. [Brassiceae.] Hardy annuals or perennials. Common soil. Multiplied by seeds, division, or cuttings, according to habit. V. utriculata, is a beautiful rock plant. V. grandiflora (large-flowered) ; hardy annual ; i foot ; flow- ers yellow, in July ; Texas ; 1835. V. ntriculata (bladder) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers sulphur-yellow, in May ; Levant ; 1730. VETCH. See VICIA. VIBURNUM. [Caprifoliaceas.] A genus consisting for the most part of hardy shrubs. The Guelder-rose, V, Opulus, is very familiar in shrubberies : the bloom is white, in bunches 372 GARDEN FLOWERS. that form complete balls, and, being abundant, is very effec- tive. This is generally propagated from suckers, which come up, like those of the Lilac, very freely. There is a great va- riety of species, but few are so handsome as the Guelder- rose. V. macrocephalum and plicatum are, however, fine showy shrubs. Rich loamy soil. Increased by layers, cut- tings, or suckers. V. macrocephalum (large-headed) ; hardy shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in May; China; 1845. v- Opulus (Guelder- rose) ; hardy shrub ; 8 feet ; flowers white, in May ; Britain. V. plicatum (plaited) ; hardy shrub ; 10 feet ; flowers white, in May ; China ; 1845. Many of our native species, such as V. prunifolium, Len- tago, dentatum, and lantanoides, are very handsome shrubs. VICIA. Vetch. [Leguminosas.] Hardy annuals or per- ennials. Common soil. Propagated by seeds or division. VINCA. Periwinkle. [Apocynaceag.] Pretty, hardy, shrub- by plants, always dwarf and evergreen, generally of trailing habit, and well adapted for covering the surface of the ground in shady situations where little else will live. They are in- creased by separating the rooted trailing shoots. Common soil. V. rffsea, and its variety alba, and ocdlata, are properly stove shrubs, but do finely as bedding plants in rich soil, in a warm exposure : they may be raised from seed in a hot-bed or from cuttings. They should not be planted out until all danger of cold weather is over. Natives of East Indies. V. herbacea (herbaceous) ; hardy evergreen trailing perennial ; 6 inches; flowers purple, in June ; Hungary ; 1816. V. major (greater); hardy evergreen trailing shrub; 18 inches; flowers blue, in July ; England. V. minor (lesser) ; hardy evergreen trailing shrub ; i foot ; flowers blue, in May ; England. There is a variety with variegated leaves. VIOLA. Violet. [Violaceae.] A large genus of pretty GARDEN FLOWERS. 3/3 herbaceous plants, almost all of which are hardy. The first to be mentioned is the Sweet Violet, V. odorata, of which the common wild forms should be planted in abundance in every shrubbery for the sake of their sweet blossoms. For general cultivation, the varieties known as the Neapolitan, the Russian, and the Tree-violet, are the best. The Russian is quite hardy, and requires only to be planted in rich soil, which must be renewed, in part at least, annually. The others need higher culture. To grow the Neapolitan a bed of rich light soil must be made up ; and about the beginning of May, the old plants must be divided into two, three, or more, according to their size. These young plants are put out, and carefully watered, when necessary, through the summer ; and are either allowed to bloom in these beds, some protection being afforded them to keep off heavy rains and frost, or they are taken up about the end of September, potted, and the pots kept in a cold dry frame during winter, with such other protection as the season renders necessary. They may be forced in frames by the application of gentle heat : and by this means, it is no unusual thing, with the luxurious, to have violets all the winter. The Tree-violet is a double-flowered, dark variety, which, if kept trained to a single stem, acquires the appear- ance of a miniature tree. This requires to be grown as a hardy plant in frames ; the soil being turfy loam, decomposed cow-dung, and leaf-mould in equal parts. To. secure the tree-like habit, the crown of vigorous young plants must be encouraged to push upwards by the removal of all lateral growth ; otherwise this variety spreads out its runners just like other violets. There are several other varieties of the Sweet Violet ; but these are the best. The whole genus, with one or two tender exceptions, are worth cultivating as hardy perennials. They grow very freely in, good garden 374 GARDEN FLOWERS. soil, preferring loam moderately rich. Increased by divis- ion. Those which grow with stems, like the Heartsease, or Pansy, should be frequently renewed from cuttings, which should, moreover, be, as far as possible, the young shoots from the root, in preference to the tips of the older shoots. Pansy ( Viola tricolor). — The numerous varieties of this popular flower, frequently called Heartsease, originated from the common three-colored Violet. Like the varieties of the Pink, these require to be constantly renewed by striking cut- tings ; for, as may have been observed by many who have grown them, the blooms come smaller and out of character as the plants get larger and older. It is true, there are more flowers on the plants when they enlarge ; but there is a great alteration for the worse in their colors and forms. The ground in which they thrive most is good rich loam. They should be grown in beds six inches apart every way. The side-shoots make the best plants. They should be stripped off when they are two inches long ; and may be put into the ground half their length, and covered with a hand- glass : if the place be shady, so much the less trouble, but? if not, the hand-glass must be covered so as to keep off the hot sun ; the cuttings must be kept well watered till rooted. To have the Heartsease in perfection, there should be a con- stant supply of cuttings ; and when they are struck, which will be seen by their beginning to grow, they should be very carefully lifted, so as to break none of their fibres, and planted out wherever they are to bloom, whether it be in the borders or in beds. After the}7 are planted out, they should be well watered. When the plants get large, cut them down close ; and all the shoots that come will make excellent cut- tings. The Pansies, which are of all sorts of colors, should be had in bloom all the year, except in winter, a succession of young plants being raised for this purpose. GARDEN FLOWERS. 375 V. Altaica (Altaic) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers pur- ple, in May ; Siberia ; 1808. V. blanda (charming) ; hardy per- ennial ; 6 inches ; flowers white, in May ; North America ; 1803. V. calcarata (spurred) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flow- ers bluish, in May; Switzerland; 1752. V. grandiflora (large- flowered) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; Switzerland. V. lutea (yellow) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in June ; England. V. ochroletica (yellowish) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers straw-colored, in June ; North America ; 1800. V. odorata (common) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue or white, in May ; England. V. Palma- ensis (Palmer) ; half-hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers purple- lilac, in May ; south of Europe ; 1836. V. palmata (broad- leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; -flowers blue, in May ; North America; 1752. V. parnas sice folia (parnassia-leaved) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yellow, in winter and spring ; Patagonia; 1850. V. pedata (pedate) ; hardy perennial; 6 inches; flowers blue, in May; North America; 1759. V. Ro- thomagensis (Rouen) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers blue, in July ; France ; 1783. V. stricta (upright) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers pale-blue, in May; Europe; 1822. V. tricolor (three-colored) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers various, all summer ; Britain. There are many other species. VIPER'S BUGLOSS. See ECHIUM. VIRGILIA. [Leguminosae.] A fine hardy tree, producing long racemes of locust-like flowers, and very ornamental in flower and leaf. Deep rich soil. Propagated by seeds and layers. V. httea (yellow) ; hardy tree ; 30 feet ; flowers white, in June ; North America. ' VIRGINIAN CREEPER. See AMPELOPSIS. VIRGINIAN STOCK. See MALCOLMIA. VIRGIN'S BOWER. See CLEMATIS. VISCARIA. [Caryophyllaceae.] A small genus, allied to 3/6 GARDEN FLOWERS. Lychnis, containing some neat small-growing perennials, as V. vulgaris, neglecta, Alpina, and Helvetica, forming pretty rock-plants. These perennials are increased b.y carefully dividing the dense tufts of branches which they form, re- taining a share of roots to each slip if possible, and treating the divisions rather as cuttings than as plants, by keeping them in a close frame until they begin to grow. These like a very open soil, containing pounded bricks or old mortar, or any substance of similar texture. The genus also con- tains two very showy hardy annuals, V. Coeli-rosa and oculata. These may be sown in the open borders with other hardy annuals in May. V. Alpina( Alpine) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches; flowers pink, in May ; Scotland. V. Cceli-rosa (Rose of Heaven) ; hardy an- nual ; 1 8 inches ; flowers rose, light eye, in June ; Levant ; 1713. V. Helvetica (Swiss) ; hardy perennial ; 3 inches ; flowers red, in June; Switzerland; 1814. V. neglecta (neglected); hardy perennial ; 9 inches ; flowers white, in May ; England. V. ocu- lata (dark-eyed) ; hardy annual ; 18 inches ; flowers rose, dark eye, in June ; Algiers ; 1843. ^ Suecica (Swedish) ; hardy perennial; 6 inches; flowers pink, in June; Sweden; 1824. V. vulgaris (common) ; hardy perennial ; I foot ; flowers pink, in May; England. f WAHLENBERGIA. [Campanulaceae.] Hardy or half- hardy perennials and annuals. The latter should be sown in heat in March, and potted or planted out to flower ; the former increase by division or seeds. Soil, sandy loam. WALL-CRESS. See ARABIS. WALLFLOWER. See CHEIRANTHUS. WALNUT. See JUGLANS. WATER-LILY. See NYMPH^EA. WATER-PLANTAIN. See ALISMA. WATER-REED. See ARUNDO. WEIGELA. [Caprifoliaceae.] Very handsome hardy de- ciduous shrubs. They are free-growing, striking readily from cuttings or from layers, and grow vigorously in good garden soil. The blossoms, at first white, but changing to rose- pink, are produced, generally in great profusion, in spring. W. amabilis (loVely) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers pink, in May; Japan; 1852. W. rosea (rosy); hardy shrub; 3 feet; flowers pink, in May; China; 1844. W. Middendorffiana ; hardy shrub ; flowers white, shading to pale-yellow, spotted with carmine ; south of Russia ; 1856. There are other species, and a variety with variegated foliage. WASHINGTONIA. [Coniferae.] A magnificent hardy ever- green tree. Soil, loam. Increased by seeds. This tree will survive as far north as Massachusetts. W. gigantea (gigantic) ; hardy evergreen tree ; 200 feet ; flow- ers deep purple, in July ; California ; 1844. 377 3?8 GARDEN FLOWERS. WHITLAVIA. [Hydrophyllaceae.] Hardy annuals, of or- namental character. Rich light soil. Increased by seeds. W. grandiflora (large-flowered) ; hardy annual ; 2 feet ; flow- ers deep purple, in July ; California ; 1853. WHITLOW-GRASS. See DRABA. WHORTLE-BERRY. See VACCINUM. WILLOW. See SALIX. WlNDFLOWER. See ANEMONE. WINTER ACONITE. See ERANTHIS. WINTER CHERRY. See PHYSALIS. WISTARIA. [Leguminesas.] Hardy, vigorous-growing de- ciduous climbers. W. sinensis, formerly named Glyrine sinen- sis, is a perfectly hardy, climbing shrub bearing long racemes of purplish-lilac flowers before the foliage is produced. Young plants, when newly planted, are often of slow growth ; but as soon as they get established they grow very rapidly. The flowers are, however, produced on spurs of the old wood. It is propagated by layers, which root freely if pegged under ground any time during autumn. W. frutescens; hardy climbing shrub ; 20 feet ; flowers deep purple, in summer; North America ; 1724. W. sinensis (Chi- nese) ; hardy climbing shrub ; 25 feet ; flowers lilac or white, in May ; China ; 1818 ; the white variety in 1846. WITCH HAZEL. See HAMAMELIS. WOLFSBANE. See ACONITUM. WOODBINE. See AMPELOPSIS and CAPRIFOLIUM. WULFENIA. [Scrophularineae.] Hardy herbaceous plants, requiring a dry soil. Propagated by seeds and division. W. Amherstiancs (Amherst's) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers lilac, in July ; Chinese Tartary ; 1846. W. Carinthiaca (Corinthian) ; hardy perennial ; i foot ; flowers blue, in July ; Carinthia; 1817. WYTCH ELM. See ULMUS MONTANUS. "^T'ANTHIUM. Small Burdock. [Composite.] A genus -*»• of weedy plants of easy culture. The flowers are in- conspicuous, but the foliage may be effective in masses. The species are X. strumarium, Orientate, spinosum, and echi- natum. Easily propagated by seeds. XANTHORHIZA. Yellow-root. [Ranunculaceag.] A hardy shrub, increasing rapidly by suckers. Soil, sandy loam, rather moist. The dark-purple flowers are very pretty in early spring, and the foliage is delicate and pretty. X. apiifolia (parsley-leaved) ; hardy shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers purple, in May; North America; 1766. XANTHOXYLUM. [Xanthoxylacese.] A hardy tree, grow- ing in any garden soil, and very easily propagated by seeds or root-cuttings. X. fraxineum (ash-like) ; hardy tree ; 1 5 feet ; flowers white, in April; North America; 1759. There are other species, mostly tender. XERANTHEMUM. [Composite.] Hardy annuals of the composite kind, now almost expelled from gardens by the gayer annuals from California and elsewhere. They must not be confounded with the showy yellow and white Everlasting flowers (as they are called), which have been, and indeed now are, sometimes named Xeranthemum. They are among the most easily cultivated of annuals, re- quiring only to be sown about May in the open border, and 379 380 GARDEN FLOWERS. thinned out for flowering. A succession may be sown a month later than the first sowing, if it is required. X. annuum (annual) ; hardy annual ; 3 feet ; flowers purple or white, in July ; south of Europe ; 1570. XEROPHYLLUM. [Melanthaceae.] A genus of pretty but rare half-hardy plants, with spikes of white flowers resem- bling Helonias. The foliage appears withered, whence the name. Good garden soil. Propagated by seeds. X. setifolium (bristle-leaved) ; half-hardy perennial ; flowers white, in June ; North America ; 1823. This plant is also known as X. asphodeloides and X. tenax. XYLOSTEON. A subdivision of the Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae), including some of the shrubby Honeysuckles. See LONICERA. XYRIS. Yellow-eyed Grass. [Xyridaceas.] A genus of very pretty yellow flowers, of which one species is very com- mon in open sandy or peat bogs. If cultivated in a mass, the flower would be effective. Soil, peaty sand. Propa- gated by seed. X. bulbosa (bulbous) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers yel- low, all summer ; North America. X. Caroliniana (Carolinian); hardy perennial ; 18 inches; flowers yellow, in August; North America. X. fimbriata is a Southern species. YAM, CHINESE. See DIOSCOREA BATATAS. YARROW. See ACHILLEA. YELLOW-EYED GRASS. See XYRIS. YELLOW LILY. See HEMEROCALLIS. YELLOW POND-LILY. See NYMPILEA. YELLOW-ROOT. See XANTHORHIZA. YELLOW SULTAN. See CENTAUREA SUAVEOLENS. YEW. See TAXUS. YUCCA. Adam's Needle. [Liliaceae.] Fine exotic-looking shrubs, some of them hardy ; others require some amount of protection. They are aloe-like, with narrow leaves, some growing up with an erect stem, which, in time, becomes forked ; and others being almost stemless, the leaves grow- ing close to the ground. The flowering stem in all is erect, bearing a close panicle of large cream-colored, drooping, tulip-like blossoms. They all grow in loamy soil, and the hardy kinds have a fine effect planted sparingly in promi- nent positions on rock-work. Y. aloifolia (aloe-leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers greenish-white, in August ; South America ; 1696. K an- gustifolia (narrow-leaved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers greenish-white, in July; Missouri; 1811. Y. draconis (dragon) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 6 feet ; flowers white, in August; South America ; 1732. Y.filamentosa (thready); hardy evergreen shrub ; 2 feet ; flowers greenish-white, in September ; Virginia ; 1675. Y. glaucescens (glaucous) ; half-hardy evergreen perennial ; 2 feet ; flowers white, in July ; North America ; 1819. 382 GARDEN FLOWERS. Y. gloriosa (glorious) ; evergreen shrub ; 4 feet ; flowers green- ish white, in July ; America ; 1 596. Y. recurva (recurved) ; half-hardy evergreen shrub ; 3 feet ; flowers greenish-white, in August; Georgia; 1794. Y. superba (superb) ; half-hardy ever- green shrub; 10 feet; flowers white, in August; history un- known. The only species perfectly hardy in New England is K filamentosa, though the others occasionally survive. There is no better plant for massing. The most effective manner of growing this plant is to set about a dozen strong plants in a large circular bed in a lawn, the soil being deep and well manured. The plants will display wonderful vigor of growth, and will often send up flower-spikes eight feet high, covered with hundreds of blossoms. These spikes of bloom are very effective by moonlight, and there is a foolish belief that the plant only blooms about the time of the full moon. The foliage should be protected by a slight covering of ever- green boughs from the winter's sun. Seedlings vary much in foliage. ZAUSCHNERIA. [Onagraceae.] A pretty plant for bedding, though its blooming season is often shortened by the frost. It forms a dense bushy mass, covered with scarlet fuchsia or honeysuckle-like erect flowers. Garden soil. Propagated by cuttings and division. It requires greenhouse protection in winter in the Northern States. Z. Californica (Californian) ; half-hardy perennial ; 18 inches; flowers scarlet, .in August ; California ; 1 847. ZENOBIA. See ANDROMEDA. ZINNIA. [Composite.] A genus of Mexican annuals, bearing flowers of many different colors, seedling varieties having become numerous. The most ornamental species is Z. elegans, which grows best in peaty soil, and in a cool sit- uation. The plant may be termed coarse, and is better- looking in moderate than in rich soil. The seed may be sown in the open ground, or in heat, according to the time it is desired to be in flower. When large enough, it may be planted out at once into beds a foot apart, or in the border three in a patch. When seed has been saved from a single plant, and none other has been near, the plants have come pretty constant to the parent ; but, generally speaking, in the seed that is purchased we obtain all the colors from scarlet to light-pink and to dark-crimson, and all the shades from dark-chocolate to light-purple and lilac. It is a diffi- cult matter to produce, year after year, anything like con- 383 384 GARDEN FLOWERS. stancy in annuals ; for the only way is to destroy all others that cab. cross the seed, or to isolate those for seeding, so that nothing can reach them. Muslin bags have been tried with some effect ; but it must be done very early. The double varieties are brilliant ornaments of the garden, and come true from seed. They were introduced from India in 1858. Z. elegans (elegant) ; half-hardy annual ; 1 8 inches ; flowers various, in July ; Mexico; 1829. Z. mnltiflora (many-flowered) ; hardy annual; 2 feet; flowers dull-red, in August; Mexico; 1770. ZYGADENUS. [Melanthaceae.] A family of herbaceous perennials, allied to Veratrum, natives of North America. Soil, moist peaty loam. Propagated by division. Flowers greenish-white. Z. glaucus, leimanthoides, and glaberrimus are among the species. THE LIBRARY DIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW.