Or te Nees, Seger omnia oo eR Oe ey erty ag. a aa Pee yMas: —gee ni iN a " iW b yea esi 8 ao | Ie ee » ; sy een LA, 7 . iy 7) : Ms 4 o) iS are ; 1 hee wok : bd 5 Le ~@ > n i er Ta if ; a ‘ 2 i =e 7 a ap ae PCN. Beet | ATAVIT IUD © @ ‘ 7 - i i ne ‘ > § h ST het a> oP ee ; eee a ye 4 ee a ATMS AA lava WO AS ITIUS SHT- UO ge eid f } ; a id td iA n47 a j ‘} tiie 4 es L) F HSS Gh i : : oh \\ a a ee ‘ 5 T# fet , “* 7 %) ’ ¢ ‘ \ f ' TA wy S yon ; > + Aas thai | A OWA PtoAnde Ganwas 4 a * s \ af “a . ‘ Pi ak of 7 Z MAU SO OWA WAS Sey Bee easy 7 . < 5 y - & a & 3 err wip ; 4 i i : "4 = 5 4 i . ' : : eit- # ‘i ~ ‘i | . “eTeod. sat Bay) VAT O Paue worsit r) Ae doer v ; ; i ey GARDEN FLOWERS: fF Oa- TO CULTIVATE. LHe A TREATISE ON THE CULTURE OF HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, ANNUALS, HERBACEOUS AND BEDDING PLANTS. BY EDWARD SPRAGUE RAND, JR, AUTHOR OF “FLOWERS FOR THE PARLOR AND GARDEN,” BOSTON: J. Eo TPETON AN DCO MPA N Y. 1866. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by EDWARD SPRAGUE RAND, Jr., In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. STEREOTY PED BY C. J. PETERS (& SOnN- 13 Washington St., Boston. , \ — Press oF Geo. C. RAnp & AVERY. se) PR: [PF RIRT Lee OF CLEVELAND, OHIO, Pie) PIONEER \OF HORTICULTURE: 1h ak GREAT WEST. MOITIUGOAT“I 4} z ¥ Z ~! bap PSU eee ie —* We GR ae oil ih ue $s: ee * % ths Wei Ents INTRODUCTION. KOO oq“ In presenting the present volume, the author can lay but little claim to originality. The work was un- dertaken to supply the want, which has long been felt, of a trustworthy handbook of garden-flowers ; one which should comprise a short treatise on the culture of hardy perennials, biennials, and annuals, as well as the more showy family of bedding-plants. In a work of a few hundred pages, it is manifestly impossible to give minute directions for the successful cultivation of every plant. The volume is not intended to teach gardening; but, a knowledge of the several principles of gardening —the preparation of the soil, the appli- cation of manures, the sowing of seed, the formation of hot-beds — being presupposed, it is proposed to teach the peculiar culture each plant may require, to give the soil in which it best succeeds, and to furnish a condensed list of species and varieties best adapted to garden culture, with the height, color of flowers, season of bloom, native country, and date of intro- V VI INTRODUCTION. duction of each. This first plan has been somewhat amplified; and all hardy plants, comprising trees and shrubs, have been included, until the present volume comprises short and concise directions for the culture of every plant usually met with in the garden, includ- ing trees, shrubs, and climbers. The labor of compilation has been greatly lessened by adaptations from two English works of somewhat ‘similar character, Glenny’s “ Handbook of the Gar- den,’ and Johnson’s “Cottage Gardener's Dictionary,” books of great value, but almost useless to the Amer- ican florist on account of the great difference in cli- mate between our own country and England, which renders, in many cases, entirely different treatment necessary in the culture of the same plant. : Many plants which are hardy in England are not hardy with us, while, strange as it may seem, some plants which survive our severest winters uninjured require frame protection in England. While the heat of our summer’s sun will forever prevent our raising such florists’ flowers as Pansies, Auriculas, and Pinks, in perfection, the same warm summers enable us to bring many plants to a perfec- tion of bloom unknown in England. The directions for the culture of these florists’ flowers are ample, and the list of species of trees will be found very complete. INTRODUCTION. VII The author has experienced great difficulty in the application of the word “hardy” to the various plants. The extent of our country is so great, and the range of temperature so varied, that it is impossible to fix with certainty the exact locality where a plant ceases to be hardy. Much also depends on situation and exposure. | Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, respectively, each have many hardy plants which are winter-killed farther north. The Liquidamber is hardy five miles south of Boston, but is killed to the ground each win- ter twenty-five miles north of the same city. Pyrus Japonica stands well as a hedge-plant in Massachu- setts, yet is winter-killed in western New York. These instances might be multiplied a hundred-fold. Again: neighborhood to the sea has much to do with the hardiness of plants, usually operating unfa- vorably ; as also has,the protection afforded by snow in each winter. Thus it will be seen no rule of gen- eral application can be laid down. Where a plant is called “hardy,” it may be taken as hardy in Massa- chusetts, and, of course, southward ; though often some species of such a plant may require frame protection. In this the author has given the results of his own experience and observation; and, while he cannot hope to have made no mistake, he trusts the experi- Vill INTRODUCTION. ence of others may confirm his near approximation to accuracy. The present volume omits entirely the hardy ferns, which it is proposed to embrace in a forthcoming vol- ume devoted entirely to cryptogamous plants. A companion volume to the present, classifying and describing “Greenhouse Plants” in the same manner, is already in press, which, with his previous work on “Parlor Gardening,’ and his forthcoming work on “ Orchids,” now far advanced towards completion, the author hopes will form indispensable companions both to the florist and amateur, and indeed to all, both old and young, who love the culture of flowers, the bright and beautiful gifts which the Author of all good has so lavishly strewn around our earthly path- way, and which, if we rightly read their silent teach- ings, cannot but ennoble and elevate the soul. GLEN RIDGE, January, 1866. GARDEN FLOWERS, AND BOW TQ. CULFIVATE: PiTrem. BIES. Spruce Fir. |Pinacez.| Hardy evergreen or- namental trees and shrubs, growing in common soil, and increased by seeds and by grafting. A numerous family. A. Ajonesis (Ajona); large tree; Siberia. A. alba (white spruce); 50 feet; May; North America; 1700. A. alba nana (dwarf); May. A. amabdilis (lovely) ; 180 feet; April; New Cali- fornia; 1831. A. avomatica (aromatic); 100 feet; Oregon. A. balsamea (balsam-fir); 45 feet; May; North America. A. bracte- ata (bracted) ; 120 feet; California. A. Brunoniana (Brown’s) ; 75 feet; Nepaul. A. Canadensis (Canadian ; hemlock-spruce) ; 85 feet; May; North America; 1736. A. Cephalonica (Cepha- lonian); 60 feet; May; Cephalonia; 1824. A. concolor (one- colored); mountains of Mexico. A. Douglasii (Douglas’s) ; 170 feet; May; North America; 1826. A. excelsa (lofty) ; 150 feet ; May; north of Europe. Carpatica, Clanbrasiliana, gigantea, monstrosa, mucronata, nana, tenutfolia, variegata,and viminalis are all varieties of excelsa. A. falcata (sickle-leaved) ; 35 feet ; Oregon. A. firma (solid); mountains of Japan. A. /raseri (Fraser’s); 30 feet; May; 1811. A. Fraseri nana (dwarf). A. = IO GARDEN FLOWERS. grandis (great); 170 feet; May; New California; 1831. A. heterophylla (various-leaved) ; 180 feet; Oregon. A. homolepis (equal-scaled); 25 feet; mountains of Japan. A. Fezoensis (Jezo; spruce-fir); 55 feet; Japan. A. Khutrow (Khutrow); 50 feet ; Himalayas. A. lasiocarpa (woolly-coned); North-west America ; A. Menziesit (Menzies’); 60 feet; May; North-west America ; 1831. A. Mertensiana (Merten’s); Island of Sitcha. A. mzcro- phylla (small-leaved); 180 feet; Oregon. A. Morinda (Morin- da); 40 feet; North India. A. mucronata (sharp-pointed) ; 180 feet; Oregon. A. nigra (black-spruce); 60 feet; May; North America; 1700. A. zobzlis (noble); 65 feet; North America ; 1831. A. Mordmanniana (Nordmann’s); 80 feet; Crimea. A. obovata (reversed-egg-coned) ; Siberia. A. orzentalis (eastern) ; 30 feet; May; Levant; 1825. A. pzcea (pitchy) ; 160 feet; May ; Germany; 1603. ASARUM. Asarabacca. {| Aristolochiaceze.] Dwarf hardy perennials, more remarkable for the curious structure of their flowers than for their beauty. Cool moist common soil. Propagated by division. A. Canadense (Canadian) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers brown, in April; Canada; 1713. A. Auropeum (European) ; hardy perennial; 6 inches; flowers brown, in April; England. A. Virginicum (Virginian) ; hardy perennial ; 6 inches ; flowers brown, in April; Virginia; 1759. ASCLEPIAS. Szwallow-wort. [Asclepiadacee.| Herba- ceous perennials, including stove, greenhouse, and hardy kinds. For the tender kinds, rich loam and leaf-mould in equal parts. They are best raised from seeds, which are generally produced freely, and the plants should be often renewed : they may also be raised by cuttings in sand in a hot-bed. ‘The seed should be sown in pots in the spring, and the plants pricked out as soon as large enough, after- wards potted singly, and shifted into larger pots as they grow. Most of the hardy sorts grow in good deep garden soil ; but A. zuberosa should have good loam, but will thrive in garden soil. These are increased by division. A. amena (pleasing); hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers par- ple, in July; North America; 1732. A. Curassavica (Curas- soa) ; stove perennial; 3 feet; flowers orange, in June ; South America; 1692. A white variety is called a/ba,; a long-leaved deep-red variety is called rwbva.: these are very desirable stove plants, and do well as bedding plants in summer. A. decumbens (decumbent) ; hardy tuberous perennial; 2 feet; flowers orange, in July ; North America; 1731. A. exaltata (tall) ; hardy per- ennial ; 6 feet; flowers purple, in July; North America; 1800. A. nivea (snowy); hardy perennial; 3 feet; flowers white, in July; North America; 1730. A. pulchra (fair); hardy peren- nial ; 2 feet; flowers purple, in July ; North America. A. rubra (red); hardy perennial; 1 foot; flowers red, in July; Virginia ; 1825. A. Syriaca (Syrian); hardy perennial; 4 feet; flowers 52 GARDEN FLOWERS. purple, in July; North America; 1629.