UMASS/AMHERST Hill 312066 0333 3024 4 mmm LIBRARY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE No.-ia.?.0-2=.___ DATE. 4 - IS&3.. souRCE_-iJ:a.tck.— JiAYvd... V.I8 c SrrPLEMENI TO THE GAliliEN', JAN. 1, ISSl. ^ r- CtMJt^ ' ' ^ ■^i IX,lHb3TT^ftT£;D W£;£^Kl,Y JOUI^KAJ^ HORTICULTURE IN ALL ITS RRANCHES, FOUNDED BY W. Ifohinson, F.L B., :^iUhor of " jfilpine Flowerc/' eij. "You see. sweet maid, we marry A gentle scion to the -wildest stock And make conceive a "bark of baser kind By bud of nobler race : This is an art Which does mend nature change it rather. The art itself is nutixre. "S^A-es^enrr. VOL. XVIII. -CHRISTMAS, 1880. LONDON: OFFICE: 37, SOUTHAMPTON & T K E E T, COVENT GARDEN, W. C. SCPPIEMENT TO " THE GAKHEN," JAN. 1, ISSl.] HENllY NOEL HUMPHREYS. WE DEDICATE THIS EIGHTEENTH VOLUME OF "THE GARDEN" TO AN OLD rRIEXn WHO TOOK THE WARMEST INTEREST IX IT IN ITS INFANCY, AND TO WHOM CIARDEN LITERATURE OWES MAXV A BRIGHT PAGE. IRIGHl Per SUPPLEMENT TO THE G1RDEN,| JAN. 1, 18S1. THE GARDEN INDEX. IITIDEIX: TO "\r O L TJ JVC E ZXI^sTIII. A. A'jjrJeen, new park for, 5G0 Abroiiii fragraus, 414 Abntiloii ijiiium, 024 ; insigiis, 3SJ, 024 Abutilons from seed, .")74, 840 ; new seed ling, 6iri Aniittitij spinisu5, 140 Act Xejimdo variegatuai, 17J, 310 Achillea rupestrij, 303 A'jiiUntli3ra biejlor, 27», 30j AcDnite3, winter, 502 Aeouitum albu-n, 22J: Lycoctoaum. 13) Aotiuiopteris ra liata, culture of. 43i Aliaitun r.ajiei, 70, .j)7 ; Willianui, 227 -Ki.-hyaiuthuiai a? basket plants, 2j0 ; for baskets, 3.!! -^ja.nnthus, 4 i2 ; hardiness of, 421, 403, ■*"!, 374; minor, ISS; white, 3S2 Agave attenuata, 44» A tiratuni.an Jther dw.irf. 331 ; Jtalvera Hjaity, 29S; Multuni in Parvo, 22i Ailanto, the, 02:) Ailaatusglandulosa, 02;) Alexandra Palace Rose .sliow, o;) ; Fruit E.vhibition, 207 Alkanet, Cape, 3S0 Allium pedemontanuni, 4 AInus glutinosa laciniata, 020 Alonsoa Warscewiczi, 140 Alpine plants and their culture. 421 ; house for, 2S5; manure for, 504, 023 Alstroemerias, 327 Altemantheras, propagating, 294 Auarjllis reticulata, 300 ; revoluta, 50 ; new hybrid, 477 American Newspaper Directory, 330 American Xotes, 203, 317, 431, 54.3 Ampelopsis \'eilchi, 041 AniBctochili, culture of, 112 Aa;c;tochilU3 Dawsonianus, 203 Ananassa bracamorensis. 270 Andrews, the late Mr. W., 103 Anemone japonica Houortne Jobert, 3S7, 401 ; rivularis, 2) ; sylvestris, .iOl ; white Japan, 219, 213, 203, 323, 421, 434, 501 Anemones, 201 ; late in autumn, 337 ; transplanting, 70 Angnc::um Seottianum, 153 ; ebumeum, 614 Annual, the Ros3, 020 Annuals, new Californian, 517 ; for spring, 272 : hardy, as pot plants, 3)3 ; in flower, 10) ; list of, 23 1 Aasellia africana nilotica, T'i, 304 Anthurium Andreanuni, 103. 130, 10), 187, 193, 20J, 247, 234, 30), 473; in bloom, 367; B^keri, 0); Warocque- anum, 137 Antirrhinums as annuals, 143 Aphelandra puiuila, 203 Apple, a huge, 367 ; crops, failure of, 67 ; from Caunton, 493 ; importations, 456 ; Kentish FiUbasket, 372 ; King of the Pippins, 372 ; orchards, 546 : orna- mental kinds of, 301; Small's .\(imir able, 345; Warner's King, 310; \\el- lington, 372 ; trees, planting, 400 Apples, American, in Sweden, 493 ; cooking, 601 ; drying, 545 ; dwarf, tender, 503 ; English-grown, 422 ; im- Dutcll, 603 ; flowers, 81 : ports of, 332; in Normandy, 101 ; in wet cellars, 171 ; keeping winter, 301 ; market, 273, 321 ; preservation of, 533 ; select, 404; three useful, 20); twin, 2)1 ; m irket prices of, 63'i .Applied science. 623 Apricot branches dying, 534 Aquile.!,'ia trlnityensis, 4 Aralia at Mariacld, .574 ; large, 537 ; Sie- b:)ldi, 482 ; spinosa, 52, 304 ; grafting, 211, 370 .\rboretum, a Cdliforniai, 'Mt\ S.^grezi- anum, 254 ; the Arnold, 032 .Vrctic plants, 627 .\rctium edule, 72 .\Tnieria grandirtora, 73 -irnebia ecliioidjs, 201. 211, 410. 439; triple floweriug of, 210 Arteinesia pontica, 4 .\rthrota\u3 selaginoides, 251 .Artichokes, Jerusalem 500 ; flowering of, 402 .\rum Lilies, 52) .A.sclepias variegita, 203 ; Douglasi, 153 ; hardy, 543 ; tuberosa, 270 ; various, 177 Ascot Xurseries, 467 -\simina triloba, 233, 316 -Isters, 423 .\strantia minor, 99 -Asparagus blanching, 003 ; failure of, 43; flowers, 23 forcing, 549 ; forcin; in >'rance, 301 ; in India, 581; plantation, an, :J11 ; beds, 370 ; planting, 616 ; culture of, 033 Asphalte, 7 Aster Datschyi, 643 ; late flowering, 043 .\ucubas, finely berried, 412 Auriculas in autumn, 479, 513; culture of, 432 ; notes on, 330 -Austria, winter in, 472 Autumn-flowering Jlezereon, 613 Autumn manuring, Ojl Autumnal ti.its, 317 -Azalea crispiflora, 2^0 ; mollis, 533 ; Rol- lissoiii, 234 ; hardiness of, 140 ; aniuina, for bouquets, 643 Azaleas, hardy -American and others, 105 ; propagating, 532,' -Azara microphylla, 111 Balsams, double, 138, 153 Bamboo, rate of growth of a, 234 Barkeria cyclotella, 559 B.arometer, a new, 512 Bartholina pactinata, 29 Baskets, dressed, 001 ; hanging, at Lamb- ton, 6J1 Batatas paniculata, 380 Battersea Park, 617 ; rockwork in, 618 ; lake in, 618 ; trees and shrubs in, 613 ; sub-tropical garden in, 613 Bean, the Princess. 309 Beans, Lima, 000; protecting early, 540 Beddingout in the parks, 233 ; plants, wintering of, 303 ; system, the, 127, 146, ISO Beds, geometrical, and old buildings, 226 Beech at Corubury, 548 Beet, Dell'a Black-leaved, 477 ; Brazi- lian, 64 6 Beetroot bedded out, 2i8 Begonia, a double white, 230; A. Hemslcy, 70; ascotensis, 270 ; Daveiuana, 2.37; foliosa, 443 : Frtcbeli incompirabilis, 171, 219, 237 ; insignis and ascotensis, 530; Mary Steele, 70 ; Mr. .A. Coppin, 70; Mrs. Sheppird, 10,1; prismato- carpa, 559 ; Roezli, 443 ; rosea grandi- rtora, 70 ; tuberous, large, 133 ; \V. E. Gambleton, 5 ; semperflorens granii- flora, 615 Begonias at Forest Hill, 202 ; Cliiswiek- raised, 75 ; French tuberous, 524 ; tuberous, 421 ; tuberou', in the open air, ,307 ; white tuberous, .382 Belgium, fruit trees in, 170 Bellrtower, a good white, 190 ; Chinese, 202 Berberidopsis corallina, 106, J 38 B;rry, the Indigo, 477 ; the Rouge, 473 Bertolonias, culture of, 438 Betonica grandirtora, 27 Billbergia splendida, 44S Bindweed in gardens, 24 Bingham, flowers at, 70 ; notes from, 08, 123 Biota pendula, 462 Birch, cut-leaved, 474, OOO ; Weeping cut-leaved, 373 Bird tables, 500 Blackberries. American, 2,39 ; cultivated, 372 Blandfordia flava, 00, 139 Bluets persistent bloomers, 557 Blumenbachia coronat.a, 107 Boiler, Cornish, 590 ; trials, 531 Boisduvallia Latania;, 45 Bomarea Jacquesiaua, 279 Bones as manure, 100 Books, botanical, 0 ; hawkers of, 43 ; a plague of, 143 Borders, beautiful, 2 ; digging, 304 ; hardy plant, 1 ; herbaceous, in au- tumn, 217 ; mi.ved, 76, 303 ; plant, 123 Borromean Islands, 239 Botanical names, abbreviating, 227 Botanic Garden, Dublin College, 221 Bougainvillea, flowering of the, 410 Bougainvillea out-of-doors in England, 422 ; speciosa, 107, 304 ; spettabilis, 281; in India, 510 Bouquets, unwired, GOO, 643 Bonvardia, 203 ; flava, 00, 642 ; I'ride of B.'ooklyn, 515; for bedding, 21; in flower, 337; on the cool system, 415; new double, 042 ; Alfred Xeuner, C42 Box edgings, 131 Brachycome iberidifolia, 537 Bramble, double rose coloured, 247, 293; sweet-scented, 433 ; green and varie- gated, 305 ; ornamental, 338 Brazilian Beet for indoor decoration, 640 Briers from seeds, 483 Broccoli, Late Queen, 12 ; new Cabbage, 307 ; the Cabbage, 624 ; variegated, 12 Browallia elata, 512, 533, 500 ; in winter, 576 Brugmansia, fine-fiowered, 133; suaveo- lens, 250, 209 ; out of- doors, 332 Brunsvigin Josephimc, 48, 30.' Brussels Sprouts, 200 ; early, 291 Bryanthus erectus, 20 Budding, the season for, 197 Bugbane, the tall, 203 Bulbophyllum Beccari, 188, 305 Bulbs, Cape, 163 ; in permanent posi- tions, .562 ; planting, ;i04 ; treatment of after blooming, 179, 638 ; culture of, in glasses, 048 Buny.a-bunya tree, the, 373 Bury Hill, Dorking, 593 C. Cabbage Broccoli, 470, 531, 530 Cabbage, Early Marrow, 12 ; Little Pixie, 142 ; pricking out, 477 ; club in, 216 ; the Jersey, 643 ; canes, 043 Cactus cuttings, 345 ; not flowering, 010 Caladium argyrites, 001 ; culture of, 436 ; storing, 450 Calamintha grandiflora, 79 Calandrinia grandiflora, 202 Calatheas, culture of, 17 ; list of, 13 Calceolaria fuchsiicfolia, 550 ; diseased 191 ; from cuttings, 90 ; herbaceous, 10 Calendars, value of, 653 Calla Lilies, 534 ; the yellow, .330, 506 Callicarpa purpurea as a standard, 301, 354 Calochorti, culture of, 301, 374 Calyptronoma Swartzi, 503 Camassia esculenta, 403 Camellia, forcing, 575; out-of-doors, 473 Cama?nsia maxima, 423, 537 Campanula primulreEolia, 152 Campanulas, the, H8, 191 ; Peach-leaved, 595 Candytuft, canninc, 60 Canna floribunda, 307 ; iridiflora, 279 ; Xoutoni, 330 : wintering, 345 Cardoon, the Town's, 411 Cards, ornamental prize, 423 Carnation cuttings, 241 ; Rose Perfection, 423 Carnations, American tree, 573 ; .and Picotees, 38, 83, 97, 120, 396 ; at Drum- lanrig, 177, 106; border, 137, 150 ; eaten by insects, 318 ; exhibiting, 241 ; seed- lings, 72 ; yellow, 140 ; perpetual- flowering, 641 Carpenteria californica, 432 Carpctmg system, 199 Carpets, natural, 421 Garret, James's .Scarlet, 411 Cassia Sophora, 337 Castilleja indivisa, 5 Castle Ashby, flowers at, 217 Catalpa tree in Gray's Iim, 352 Caterpillars, 315 Cattleya exoniensis, 203 ; superba var., 252; new hybrid, 504 Cauliflower, a new, 107 ; Autumn Giant, 311 ; Frogmorc, 30 ; Snowball, 159, 186, 205, 294; early, 12; large, 142; late, 550 ; various, 180 Caunton Manor, 508 Cedar at Warwick Castle, .330 ; at Pain's Hill, 605 Celeriac, 557 VI THE GARDEN INDEX. [SUPPLEMENT TO THE GARDEN, JAN. 1, 1B81. gjod, 130 ; Celery, hollow stalked, 414 ; manure water for, 24 ; Williams' Matchless Red, 5S0 Celsia cretica well grown, 251, 330 Cemetery, woodlawn, G Centaurea moschata, 7(j ; yellow, 9J ; the, 123 Ceutropogon Lucyanus, 533 Cerastiura graudiflorura, 4 Cerasus Padus, 175 Cercis japonica, 31 Cereus Macdonaldiae, 23 Ceropogias at Kew, 04 C'estrum aurantiacum, 304 Chauctonbury R-ing, 658 Cherry Bird, 175 Cherry, the winter, 412 Cherries and Plums, S2 Ca'iforuia, 364 Cheshire, climite of, 50i Cliestnut, th3 Horse, 435 Chicory, blanched, 651 Chionauthus virgiaica, 576 Chirita Mooni, 367 Chorozemaa, propagating, 413 Clirysauthemum Exhibition, Royal Aquarium, 527 ; growing, hints on, 602 ; lacuatre, 502 ; Scarlet Gem, 246 ; segetum, 534 ; Society, N.W. Amateur, 526; failing to flower, 633; sports of, 638; Pompone Fanny, 623; Mrs. W. Shipman, 623 ; aureum multiflorum, 623 ; new, 620 Chrysanthemums, 520 ; at Slough, 5S1 ; atWaverley Abbey, 416; at Regent's Park, 533 ; in Finsbury Park, 330, 477 ; new, 559, 536; Pompone, in small pots, 595 ; show, 418 ; tricolor, 106 ; wliite, 436 ; for exhibition, 630 ; two new yel- low, 647 ; failure in culture of, 642 Christmas Roses, 642 Churi:h festival decoration, 593 Cineraria fl.-pl. Jlrs. Lloyd, 63 Cinerarias, double, 574 Clapton Nursery, the, 344 ; winter flowers at, 614 Clay, burning heavy, 616 Clematis Jackmani, propagating, 345 ; lanuginosa and its varieties, 146; la- nuginosa nivea, 6 ; montana, 7 : new, 228 ; poles, 533 ; Rubella, 106 ; scarlet, 175 ; sweet-scented autumn, 389 ; at Battersea, 152; arches, 230 Clerodendron fallax, 448 ; hardy, 337 ; new hardy, 412; speciosura, 533 Clethra alnifolia, 17S ; arborea, 512 ; at Kew, 189 Climates of Kent and Cheshire, 563, 587 Climbers for stove and greenhouse, 318 ; hardy, 191 Cloches, French, 444 Clomenocoma montana, 536 Clove, old crimson, 468 Clubbing, 191 Cobpca penduliflora, 559 Cockchafer grubs, 45 Cocksfoot Grass, yellow Cocoa fibre refuse, 449 borders, 350; effect of on soil, 424 Cocos Weddelliana, 443 Cadogyne barbata, 614 Colchicum, 219 Coleus Pompadour, 106 ; Sowteri, 70 ; well grown, 273 Colour combinations, 424 Columbines, 99 Compass Plant, the, 196 Conifers at Castlewellan, 340 ; propagat- ing, 395 ; top-dressing, 52 ; at Penrhyn Park, 239; at Worcester, 5S4; hardi- ness of, 226, 253, 378 ; losses amongst, 532 ; tender, 272 ; variegated, 119 ; at Syon, 630 ; in pots, 649 Conservatory, pictuiesque, 576 ; in the natural style, 373 Coping for Peach walls, 610 , 199 in herbaceous Coping for walls, 444 Copings, glass, 430 Corn Marigold, 195, 534 Cornus Mas elegantissima aurea, 222 Correas and Eriostemons, 499 Corydalis Lelebouriaua, 147 Cjtoneasters, evergreen, 650 ; hima- laiensis, 643 Covent Garden Market, 353 Craw/or Jia in flower, 2)2 Cress in winter, 174 Crinodendron Hookerianum, 542 Crinuoi amibile angustum, 478 Crocuses, 562 ; autumn, 219, 330 ; In- diau, IS); unsuitable for early forc- ing, 374 Cro35anlra infuadibuliformis, 135 Crossbill and fruit, 164 Crotou interrupiuin elegans, 63; unlu- latum, propagating, 241 ; Warrdni, 452 ; flawkeri, 633 ; Croustadti, 6J6 Crowea sali^na, 473 Cuicu-nberj, 294 ; disease, 394 ; abundmt crop of, 153 ; failing, 93 ; fln3 old, 141 ; rid^e, 153 ; training, 72 Caphea Zampari, 412 Ciipressuj Lawsoniana, 45 ; microjarpa, 316 Carrant, naw, 493 ; sawfly, 420 ; planting, 394 Cut leaved Alder, 6:!9 Cuttings, striking, 424 Cyanantlun lobatus, 1S3 Cyanophyllum migniflcum, 540 Cyclam m, Persian, culture of, 353 ; for market, 173 ; hardy, 273, 351 ; iu small pjt3, oil; largc-flowerei, 53i; year- lin;-', 44S; ue ? msthod of growing from seed, 646 ; dark-coloured, 666 ; white-flowered, 66 J; at Eiling Dean, 665 Cymbidium giganteum, 345 Cyp3rm altsrnifolius, 6Jl ; textilis, 105 ; longus, 273 Cyprix)Jdiuai birbitun nigrum, 191 ; ia- sigae, 413 ; Morganianuai, 70, 73 ; va- rieties of, 478; when to divide, 531 Cypress, a flne deciduous, 23S ; deci- duous, 145, 629 ; upright LawsDn, 577 Cyrtanthus lutescens, 559 Cytisus nigricans, 73 Daddy-longlegs, 242 Daffodils, 562 DahUa imperialis, 448; new, 199; Yua- rezi, 539; bouqust, 492; double and single, 221 ; single, 242, 293, 337, 432 ; wintering, 370 : Maximiliani, 642 Daisy, Marsh Ox-eye, 592; Paris new, 244; Swan River, 537; bouquut, 74; Michaelmas, 423,432 ; Paris, In autumn and winter, 373 Damsons in hedgerows, 406 Daphne Onsoram for forcing, 512 ; var. major, 411; greenhouse, 355; Mezs- reum autun\nale, 615 Davallia alpina, Sill Day Lilies, the, 118 Decabelone Barklyi, 73 Deciduous Cypress, 629 Decoration, dinner table, 331, 404, 436 Delabechea rupestris, 452 Delphinium Belladonna, 75 ; cardinale, 131; Cashmerianum,563; at Tooting, 6 ; for deep culture, 179 Dendrobiumatiueum, 594; chrysauthum micropthalmum,422 ; formosum gigan- teum, 59d ; Hilli, 560 ; Wardianum, 23 L ; bigibbum album. 614 ; hedyosmum, 614 ; heterocarpum, 644 Design for small space, 266 Desmodium, drooping-flowered,251, S33 ; gyrans, 647 Deutzia candidissima fl.-pL, 23 Deutzias, double, 145, 173 Diauella aspera, 251 Dianthuses, 273 Dianthus Seguieri, 152, 139; "Wimmeri, 107 Dicentras, 6 Dictyogramma japonica varlegata, 299 Dietes bicolor, 139 Dinner-table decoration, 421, 447 Dipladenii Boliviana, 234, 449, 559 ; Brearleyana, 477 ; profusa, 57 Diplopappus linarifolius, 412 Disa grandiflora, 137 Docks, London, 150 Dracjena Goldieaaa, propagating, 192, 294 ; Laiugi, 53 ; at Anerley, 103 ; pro- pagating, 264 Drawings, exaggerated, 240 Drosophyllum iusitauicum, 541, 587,630 Dublin Natural History Society, 163 Durian, 570 Ealing Dean Nursery. 635 Eccremocarpusscaber, 330 Eiiheveria sjcunda glau^a, 143; propa- gating, 294 Edelweiss, 418 Edgings, garden, 151, 242, 531, 553 Elder, Golden, 6 Electric storms, 350 Elms, American, 174 ; varieties of, 223 Wych, an ancient, 363 Embankments, railway, 514 Emigration, American, 532 Endive, Fringed Louviers, 616 Eagelmannia pinnatittda, 421 English names, 49 Epidendrum bicornutum, 13j ; Wallisi, 473 Epigsea repens, 174 Epiphyllum truncatum, 646 Epiphyllums in Hjwer markat, 615 Epping Forest, 523 Erantbemums.list of, 230 Erica hyemalis, 451 ; perspicua nana, 433 ; vulgaris Searlei, 623 ; Bsrgiana, 631 Eriostemons and Correas, 499 Eryngium, the kinds of, 79, 140 ; a new, 347 ; amL'thystinum, 152 Escallonia PhilUpiana, 4 Esculent, a newly-discovered, 410 Euca'yptusamygdalina, 73,357;fllicifolia, 52 ; hardy spiijcies, 12t> ; in Devonshire, 569; montani, 633 ; ujccifera, 639 Eucharis araazonica, 59), 540 Eucomis regia, 279 Eucryphia pinnatifolia, 163 Eageuii apiculata, 477 ; l-'gni, 432 Eulalia, the Japanese, 193 Eupatorium giganteum, 317 Eurya latifolia var., propagating, 2 4 Eurybia ramulosa, 423 Evergreens, native, 271 Everlasting flowers, 380 ; Oliver Wendell Holmes', 176, 330 Exacumzeylanicum, 2r>0 Exhibition, great international, 615 Extension system of training, 254 Farm gardening, 599 Feather Grass, importations of, 537 Fennels, ornamental, 4S1 Fern, a new, 32 ; Elk's-horn, 547 ; golden Maiden-hair, 227 ; movements of a, 482 ; new hybrid ilaiden-hair, 597 Ferns, artiflcial manures for, 370; at Edinburgh, 95 ; Californian,128 ; fllmy, at EtUnburgh, 58; hardy, 294, 604; hardy evergreen, 555 ; hardy, for win- ter decoration, 437 ; in pots, manure water for, 416 ; Maiden-hair, 484 ; situations for, 272 ; two hardy, 31 Ficus elastica, propagating, 370, 56-'. ; minima, 107; Parcelli, propagating, 294 Fig and Fig trees, 375 Fig Dauphine de Argenteuil, 164 Fig, pruning the, 236 ; In the open air, 142; outdoor, 472 Fir cones, rooks planting, 619 Fir, golden Scotch, 573 ; Weeping Scotch, 340 ; Silver, 272 Fish on the Plum, 593 Flame-flowers, 376 ; the tuber of, 196 Flaxdeaved Navelwort, 641 Flax, the rose-coloured, 203 Flower bed at Gunnersbuiy, 137 Flower beds, how to All, 590 Flower borders, digging, 200 Flower, hardy, at Christmas, 642 Flower garden, a hardy, 400 ; form in, 4; notes on the, 465; re-issue of Pax- ton's, 213 ; formal, 53 ; in the future, 296 Flower gardening, 35, 124 ; cost of, 615 ; in America, 431 ; in the parks, 329 Flower girl brigade, 615 Flower mixtures, 20O; scents, 606; ar- ranging cut, 422 Flowers, alpine, at Bickley, 642 Flowers at Dublin, 230 ; autumn, 412, 455; border and frost, 586 Flowers, cut, crowding a mistake, 404 ; inGorse, 447 Flowers, hardy, 323, 352 ; at Bingham, 76 ; at Byfleet, 51, 3S7 ; at Gunton, 378 ; at Tooting, 78 ; in autumn, 337, 350 ; in masses, 251 ; in Scotland, 106 ; bor- der, 27 ; in cottage gardens, 242 ; at Forest Hill. 152 ; in Cheshire, 103 ; in Loudon parks, 51 ; late-bloi)ming, 226 ; market, 455; of the Pyrenees, 219; on terraces, 302; blooming in October, 400 ; popularity of, 223 ; single, 604 ; transplanting, 130 ; West African, 444 ; wild, in October, 434 ; cultui-e of hardy, 619 Fogs, London, 414 Forestry, a school of, 616 Fossil forest, Oldham, 111 Foxgloves, 76 ; and Wallflowers, 370 ; grown under tress, 293 ; in winter, 533 French Central Horticultural Society, 279 Fringe tree, white, 576 Fritillaria recurva, 458 Fruit crops, the, 35, 100 ; failure of, 104, 163 ; in Rutlandshire, 203 Fruit, culture, what might be done in hardy, 543; drier, Dr. Ryder's, 546; farms, large, 495 ; gathering and ship- ping, 332 ; growing, American and English, 351 ; houses, wrongly planned, 601 ; imported, 635 ; nurseries, Maid- stone, 592 ; prospects iu Kent, 557 ; reports, 131 Fruit tree walls, ornamental, 655 Fruit houses, wrongly p'anned, 655 Fruit trees for shelter, 654 Fruit trees, pyramidal, 544 ; borders, 493 ; extension training of, 431 ; for back walls, 370 ; hedge row, 544 ; in Bohemia, 131 ; in Kent, 149 ; Moss on, 318, 572 ; moving, 266 Fruit trees, wall space, 665 Fruit mulching, 263, 316, 363 ; prolific, 106; pruning, 590, 602; root pruning of, 430 ; slitting bark of, 431 ; training of, 254 ; training and pruning improved, 236 ; young v. old, 545 SUPILEMENT TO THE C.AEDEN,] JAM. 1.1881. THE GARDEN INDEX. Vll Fruits Ht Dramlauri^, ril ; Boruean, 556. 570; conlon, :rti ; free bearing, "258; hardy bush, J7S ; imports of, 500 ; large, 412; new, 307; tropical in Covent Garden, 5Sj Fuchsia, Rose of C;iUile, 53 ; Thyme- leaved, 367 ; keepioij in cellars, 370 ; at Kew, 183 ; market, 57 ; for autumn de- coration, 415; on r.ifters, 53 Fiuijjrus, 3;i2 FuuKion trees, 319 Funkias. the, 117 Fniikia ovata, 78 Ftn-nituro, jjarden, 1&2 Garden, a hardy rtower, 400 ; annuals, 550; at nightfall, 201; a wild, 503; conservatory or winter, 375 ; edgings. 242, 531, 556 ; furuiture, 192 ; labels, 144 ; market notes, 67 ; rock, at Bickley, 25 ; rock, a well-made, 53 ; the autumn, 352 ; the wild, 536 ; design, Battei-sea Peirk, 017 ; market, at Christ- mas, 639 Oanlens, artistic effects in, 302 ; artistic laying out of, 455 ; birds in, 343 ; chil- dren's, 120; Dublin College, 155 ; firm- ing soil in, 141 ; hardy flower, 35; in valleys, 351 ; in Wiltshire, 235 ; Kentish, 149; kitchen, walks in, 376; last of London pleasure, 500 ; monastic, 453 ; The, of the Sun, 523 ; size of, 292 ; size of and their management, 204 ; small, 194 ; statuary in, 375 ; too large, 233, 268, 301, 547 ; town, .insect pests in. 294 ; walled in, 243 ; private, in Jersey, 648 " Garden Annual," 615 Gardener's, appointment, public, 456 Ganleners, German, 31 ; longeWty of, 3> ; holidays, 153 Ganleners" Royal Benevolent Institution, 34, 44 Gardening. American, 176, 481 ; art of, 434 ; for the week, 61, 82 ; German mo- saic, 352 ; hardy flower, 590 ; Miiltum '• in Parvo, 224 ; of the future, 269 ; sea- side, 433 ; town, 107 Gardenias, 433 ; culture of, 374 Giij ine, 432 Genista amxantica, 145 ; prostrata, 73 Gentian, fringed, 365 ; Willow, 243 Gentians, 376 Gentiana affiois, 223 ; algida, ;6S ; ascle- piadea, 135, 203 ; crinita, 304 ; gelida, 73; Kurroo, 423; Pneumonanthe 151 ; pumila, 107 ; vema, 582 Geranium argenteum, 293 Gesneia zebriaa, 300, 512 Geura montanum, 127 Green crops, muter, 159 Gladiolus CoUillei albus, 93, 121 Gladiolus, degeneration of the, 401, 481, 530 ; notes on the, 325 ; Ville de Versailles, 500 Gladioli, American mode of growing, 347 Gladioli and their culture, 3S0 ; at the Crystal Palace, 24tJ ; culture of, 429 ; nsw hybrid, 152, 251 ; dividing, 564 ; in BitterseaPark, 226 ; new, 569; new mode of wintering, 193 ; select, 348 ; wearing out of, 243, 347, 473 Glasnevin Botanic Gardens, 245 Glass, amount of frost excluded by, 54S Glass copings, 170; mania, 474; rough plate, 554 Glasshouses, forms of, 134 Glazing, 005 Gleichenia dicarpa longipinnata, 185 Gloriosa superba grandiflora, 2S Gloxinia, malformed, 413 Gloxinias at Anerley, 73 ; carly-flower- iug, 452 ; in winter, OiO Godetia Flag of Truce, 189 Golden Rod. new, 349 Golder's Hill, 105 Goodwood, 507 Gooseberry caterpillar, 07, 130, 103, 171, 002 ; sawrty. 429 ; cuttings, 200 Gooseberries, planting, 391 Gorse, cut flowers in, 447 Gourds, ornamental, at Kew, 251 Grape, Alnwick Seedling, 164, 171, 201, 278 ; Chatsworth Seedling, 237, 310, 586; Grizzly Frontignan, 430, 464 Grape growing in open air, 062 Grape preserving in China, 656 Grapes, American, 492, 550 ; badly, 294 ; colour in, 376 ; diseased, 06 ; etfects of light upon, 163 ; foreign, 474 ; for the sick poor, 203 ; grown in plant houses, 152 ; hardy Continental, 463 ; in bot- tles, 557; in paper bags, 364 ; keeping late, 170, 371 ; new varieties of, 503 ; prizes for, 79, 138, 503; shanking, 201, 270, 314; new. 371 Grass, flower beds on, 350 ; going brown, 340; moving, 503; substitutes for, 350 Graveyards, ornamentation of, 3 Greenland*, Mr. Parsons* painting of, 557 Grieve, Mr., testimonial to, 192 Griffiaia, a new, 535; hyacinthina maxi- ma, 423, 452 Grillinias and their culture, 510 ; from seed, 539 ; propagation of, 575 Groundsel, showy, 412 ; Tyerman's, 202 ; list of, 156 Gum trees, 345 G'.izmanuia tricolor, 646 H Habenaria ciliaris, 279 ; radiata, 137 Hablitzia taninoides, 79 Habrothamnus cyaneus, 79 ; elegans ar- gentea, 100; fasciculatus, 559 Hackberry, the, 379 Hicminthus Kalbreyeri, 374 Hail at Clonmel, effects of, 21 Hamamelis virginica, 585 Hamper, something like a, 551 Hardwicke Hall, 572 Hardy flower culture, 619 Heath, scarlet autumn, 336 Heaths, hardy, ISO HecktieUl Gardens, 230 Hedera maderiensis var., 70 Hedge plant, oval-leaved Privet as a, 533 Hedges, pictoresque, 490 Helcia sanguinolenta, 644 Helianthemums, 311 Helianthus angustifolius, 423 Hemerocallis Thunbergi, 73 Hemlock Spruce, 301, 519; at home, 4S4 Heracleum giganteum, 105 Herbs for forcing, 477 Herpestis reflexa, 533 Hesperaloe yuccicfolia, 183 Hespero Chiron pumilus, 2 Hevea braziliensis, 564 Hibbertias, the cultivated, 645 Hibiscus Cooperi, 144; Hugeli, 138; schizopetalus, 474; hardy, in New England, 363 Highclere, 271 Hippeastrum Acramauni pulcherrinmm, 305 Hole, the Rev. Canon, 175 Holly, the, 223 ; varieties of, 171 Holly berries, scarcity of, 534 ; new, 367 ; large, 441 ; Sugar-loaf, 340 Hollyhocks, 83 Honeysuckle, Hall's Japan, 224; orange- flowered, 355 ; three good kinds of. 431 Hops on Apple trees, 149 ; on arches, 230 ; wild, 455 Horticultural butfoonery, 002 Hortioulture, electro, 30 Hothouses, ill-constructed, 653 Hot-water pipes, sulphur, 24 Houses, cool, 301 Houstonia cterulea, 557 Hoya campauulata, 152 ; carnosa, how to pick blooms'of, 595, 640 Hoya, the kinds of, 351 Hyacinth propagation in Holland, 312; in rooms, 421 ; Roman, 355 Hyacinthus candicans, 138 Hyacinth growers, good news to, 293 Hyde Park, plants in, 77 Hydrangea paniculata, 74, 140 ; panicu- lata grandiflora, 140, 202, 521 ; propa- gating the, 103 ; variegated, 523 Hygrometers, 582 Hymenocallis, 53 ; macrostephana, 533 ; the kinds of, 3i Hypericum olympicum, 100 Hypolepis Millefolium, 107, 140, 106 I. Ice plants, 35 Ilex dipyrena, 523 Illecebrum verticillatum, 305 Illustrations, exaggerated, 7 Immortelles, wreaths of, 153 India-rubber plants, 564 Insect pests, 342 Insecticides for Orchids, 613 Insects, etfect of paraffin on, 600 ; and flower colour, 174; parasitic, 294; and paraffin, 616 Inflorescence, 199 lonopsis paniculata, 5 Ipomaa coccinea, 533, 562 Ipomiea Horsfallia?, 559 Iris Crimson King, 110; gigantea, 5; ImperiarWonder, 70 ; Ka;mpferi, 59 ; K. Carnation, 70 ; K. Jersey Belle,C8 ; K. Magnificence, 110; Kosoburo San, 70 ; laevigata var. Kicmpferi, OS ; setosa, 73 ; tenax, 4 ; alata, 015 Irises, Japanese, 59 ; white, 35 Ivy and its uses, 399 ; in rooms, 447 ; on buildings. 271 ; substitute for, ISO ; select kinds of, 222; for trellis, 642 Ixiolirions, culture of, 46.i Ixora amabilis, 500 ; crocata niultiflora, 448; Fraseri, 443 J. Jasmine, a new, 177 ; the Chinese, 412 Jasminura gracillimum, 036, 662 Java, a garden in, 144 Jottings by the way, 405, 457 Juniperus drupacea, 73 K. Kensington Gardens, 73; a feller in, 3i)l Kent, climate of, 563, 587 Kew Gardens, improvement in, 151 Kitchen garden crops of 1880, 650 Kniphofla aloides nobilis, 152 ; grandis, 22S ; triangularis, 152 Knotweed, Giant, 337, 402 ; Japan, 248 Koelreuteria paniculata, 228, 310 Km*am valley, vegetation in,' 155 Laburnums in flower, 412 Lacheualias, gi'oup of, 60 La^lia acuminata, 614 ; anccps ro.5ea, 014 ; Barkeriana, 044 ; elegans prasiata, 251, 410 Lagcrstrccmia indica, 137 Lake in Battcrsea Park, 018 Landowners, education of, 424 Land, principles of property in, 287 Landscape gardeners, 455 Lane, a Devonshire, 495 Langaat, 571 Languages, words from foreign, 520 Lapageria, double-flowered, 153 ; rosea, 107 ; varieties of, 279, 500 ; at South- gate, 246 ; propagating, 424 Lapageria house, Mr. Salt's, 367 Larch, aphides on, 74 Larkspurs, 29, 147 ; dwarf, 004 ; remarks on, 508 ; second flowering of, 202 Lathyrus latifolius, 220 Lavender and Rosemary, 149 Law relating to village greens, 615 Lawn trees, impoverishment of, 583 ; weeds on, 241 Lawns, re arranging, 591 ; improving, 191 Lawn tennis, 520 Leaves, skeleton, 120 Leek Club. Peebles, 450 Leianthus longifolius, 152, 304 Leitzia braziliensis, 08 Leptospemium bxillatum, 412 Lettuce, the crisped Califoruian, 311 Lettuces, three good, 30 Leycesteria formosa, 583 Libocedrus decurrens, 280 Library— Ablett's English Trees, 224 Arctic Plants, 027 Gardens of the Sun, 540 Manual of Modern Geography, 523 Markham on Peruvian Bark, 507 Movements in Plants, 020 Rambles among the Hills, 656 Rose Annual, the, 026 Siberia in Europe, 565 Ligularia macrophylla, 287 Ligustrum variegatum, 31 Lilac, new double, 643 Lilacs, double, 126 Liliacea?, monograph of, 412 Lily, a new, 306; a small-flowered, 318; bed, a Cheshire, 121 ; best time to move old white, 500 ; Blue African, hardiness of, 482 ; bulbs, how to treat, 195; Cape, 272; culture, 14S, 467; Giant, growing, 474; growing, experi- ments in, 419 ; growing in Lancashire, 591 ; Mrs. A. Waterer, 223 ; new hybrid, 202 ; Parkman's, 183 ; St. Bruno's, 201 ; the African, 358 ; wliite, in Somerset, 535 Lily of the Valley, 24, 374, 482,660 ; freez- ing, 415 ; in winter, 661 Lilies and their culture, 535, 561 ; Arum, 520 ; at Heatherbank, 97 ; at home, 28 ; at Tottenham, 59 ; Califoruian, 6, 77 ; in Cornwall, 2 ; in October, 337 ; manui'ing, 140 ; tall, 201 ; the season of, 5; wild garden, 183; aulture of, 622, 640 ; from English seed hart.iest, 010 Lilium auratura, culture of, 438; fine- flowered, 330 ; fine variety of, 228 ; in Norfolk, 327 ; price of, 550 ; cruentum, 60 ; virginale, 100 ; canadense splen- dens, 70; dalmaticum, 63; giganteum, 29, 123; japonicum flavuni, 123; Kra- meri, 123 ; longiflorum formosanum, 453 ; medeoloides, 123 ; neilgherrense, 68, 279 ; Parryi, 23, 051 ; polyphyllum, 4 ; speciosum, 137 ; speciosum glorio- soides, 160; superbum at home, 175; Wallichianum, 73, 305 ; giganteum, 640 Limerick Horticultural Show, 47 Linaria multipunctata, 03 Lindley library, the 485 Linum trigynura, 536 Litjuidambar in autumn, 548; styraciflua, 629 VIU THE GARDEN INDEX. [SnpPLEMEST TO THE GARDEN, JAN. 1,1881. I/sianth:i3glaui;ifolius 331 Lithospermuui proaU'a.uiu, i Living', English 170 Loasa lateritia, 65S Ljbelia cirUiiialis, 22G ; Heckfleld i'avoarite, 2!i(i ; ilicifolU, 2'J8 ; as a winter plant, 523 ; lutsa, 231 ; syphili- tica, 175 Lohelias, 197 Locust tree, Basson's, 368 London, east end, 15u Loosestrife, the twiggy, 193 Luculia grutissima, 62J, 5i8, 631 ; in small pots, B*2 Lycaste .Skinneri alba, 303, 594 J^ychnis vespertinatl.-pl., 107 ; Japanese, 78 Lygodium palmatura, 113 ; scandcns, hardy, 31 M. Waackia aniurunsis, 238 Maiden-hair I'erns, 2UU -Maize, home grown. 12, 3) Mallow, shrubby, 260 -\Ialope grandirtora, l.'ij iManchester markets, 53 Mandevilla suaveoleus, 185 Manettia bioolor, 533 Alango, 570 Mangosteen, 570 Manures, artitlcial, OiS Manuring alpine plants, C2S MipLs, group or, 577; crimson-leaved, 307 ; Japanese, 4so ; .Idpaneseat Flush- ing, 145 Marantas, culture of, 17 MarSclnl Niel Rose, best stock for, 643 Marguerites, 500 Slarica Northiana, 449 Jlangold, Cjrn, 195 ; Meteor, 401 -Mirjoram sipyleum, 181 Jlarket flowers, 455 Market garden notes, 159, 180, 227, 3.9, 430, 470, 499, 593 Jlarket, fruit and vegetable, in Jersey, 647 ; nurseries at t'hristmas, 039 Siartynia fragrans, 251 Marvel of Peru, new, 337 iMasdevallias, 2J7 ; in llower, 014 iMaxiUai-ia grandillora, 300, 478 ; 644 iWeadow Saffrons on lawn, 208 Meconopsis Wallichi, 28 Megarrhiza califoruica, 122 Melon, Co.v's Golden Ueui, 2)0; Hybrid, 373 .Melons, new, 677 ; culture of. Si in cold frames, 032 ; not swellmg rottuig, 340 ; variability in, 17o Mertensia maritima, 248 Jfertensias, 563 ; and Pulmonarias, the tall, 614 Mesospinidium vulcanicum, 014 Meteorological chart, June, 48 Mezereon in fruit, 41 Microstylis metallicu, 119 Mildew in frames, 441 MiUa billora, 70, 123, 251 ; longipes, 4 Mlmulus cardinalis, 59S Jloneywort, Cornish, variegated, 389 Monkshood, white, 228 ; an 1 blue, 109 Monoch:ctum Lem jinianum, 559, 039 Mousterea d.liciosa, 451, 4si Jloutbretia, new hybrid, 188 Mormodes Weudlandi, 030 Morris, William, on gardening, COO Mess mulclung for pots, 432, 439, 475 ; on fruit trees, 318, 672 ; on gravel, 346 Mosses, club, 200 Jfoth, death's-head, 414 Mount Hope Xui-series, N.Y , 333 Movements in plants, 1,26 Mowing machine. Globe, 24 Mucuna imbricata, 337 picta. Dells ; do. 24 : 533 Mud Silad Market, 192, 523 Mud terraces, 6 Mulberry, an old, 523 Mulching pjt plants, 024 Mushroom failure, 293, 342, 411 ; from straw, 410 ; in deep cellars, 310 Musk, Harnson's, 318 ; Mallow, 250 Mussa-nda luteola, 478 Mutisia decurrens, 304 Myrtle, Koseniary-leaved, 380 ; winter- ing, 394 Myosotis dissitiflora, 518 ; for winter, 339 N. Names, English, 170, 20S, 239 -Nardoo, the, 373 Nasturtium, the Fiame, 202, 248; dwarf, 401 National Carnation S)ciety, 117 National Rose Society, 40 -Vavet .Marteau, 72 Nectarines and Peache', 14 Negundo, the variegated, 252 Neill prize, 500 Nematus Kibesi, 429 Nepenthes Laurenueaaa, 452 ; Williamsi, 452 ; sanguinea, 042 ; superba, 024 Nerine Fothergilli major, 20J, 477 ; pu- dica, 4 48 Nerium .\r Udeni grandillora, 227 Nertera depressa, lOJ Neviusia alabaniensis, 145, 222 Ne* Euglaud, notes from, 174 New Lily, Mre. A. Waterer, 632 -Vcw Rugby, 000 New Zealand, herbaceous nnl alpiue plants uf, 002 Newry, notes from, 100 -N'icoLiaua lonxiilora, olo Nierembergia Irutesceuj, 108 .Votes, autumn, fro.n t'lieshire, 325 ; from Coombe Wood, 402; from New England, 207, 289, 410; market garden, 381 ; from Jersey, 047 Nursery beds, 118 Nurseries, hardy llower, 35 Nympluea alba v^r. io.>ta, 5 Oak, evergreen, at Bound's Park, 332 Golden, of Cyprus, 480 ; jiosts, dura- bility of, 300 ; vai-ietles of, 279 O.iks, evergreen, 441, 375, 3J5, 434, 462, 500, 523, 577 ; p;>llardiug, 444 ; at Syon, 629 OlJITUARy — Andrews, William, 144 Buist, Robert, 144 Cooker, J., 472 Dickson, A., 418 Harden, J. W., 9i Hudson, Dr., 554 Knight of Kerry, lOi May, H., 500 ■Veitch, Arthur, 340 Paul, William, 000 Odontoglossum anceps, 55S, 636 ; bronzy- leaved, 593 ; Halli .\anthjglossum, 422; Pllalajuopsis, 447 ; Rossi roseum, 59i ; blaudum, 036 ; bapliecauthum, 644 (Euothera marginata, 24-3 Oleobacbia palustris, 33, 119 Omphalodes liniiolia, 041 Oucidium dasytjle, 60, so, 112 ; pubes 594 Onion, diseased, 142 ; Improved Reading, 411 ; maggot, 19X ; seed, saving, 523 Onions, autumn sowing of, 238 ; thinning, 310 ; autumn-sown, 311 Ophiopogous, variegated, 533 Orange trees for table decoration, 605 ; small trees in pots, 031 ; culture of at SawbriOgeworth, 054 Orchard houses, 270, 313; north aspect for, 534 Orchards, absence of, 619 ; registering, 40J ; in .lersey, 043 ; shelter for, 0.'>4 Orchid, a new Africau, 480; calendars, 135; disease!, 523; flowers, drying, 5il; growing, nudern, 529; house walls, how to cover, 595 ; manures for, 133 ; seed, 594 ; insecticides, 013 Orchids at Chelsea, 300, 422 ; at Glasne- vin,20 ; at Hollo nay, 422 ; at home, .546 ; at Kew, 422 ; at York, 32, 5'23 ; autumn flowering, 360, 478 ; bedded out, 57 ; blistered, 682 ; growing cool, 112; in America, 112; in the United states, 531 ; in Vorkshii-e, notes on, 505 ; our, 507 ; out-of doors , 531; prices of, 189 ; seasonable notes on, 530 ; SirT. Lawrence's, 445 ; and cool treat- ment, 644 ; cut flowers of, at Christmas, 044 ; notes on in flower, 044 Orchis maculata, 29 Origanum sipyleum, 113, 128, 197 Osiers, 433 Osmau Jiu3 myrtifolius, 585 Othonua, the fleshy-leaved, 331 Ouvirandra feuescralis, 274 Oxalis BjA-iei, 32j, 43J; floribunda in pots, 0 ; odorata, 29 Ox-eye the great, 251 Oxytropis Lainberti, 29 Oyster plant, 248 P. Pa>ony berries, 330 P.conies, 12r ; at home, "23 ; choice, 201 ; double rtoivered, 4 ; tree, 174 Palm house at Kew, 412 Palm, long Tnatch, 5J3 ; Date, 482 Palms from seed, 5X2 ; in smuU pots, 184 Pampas Grass in Berks, 2 10 Pan.-(ies and V'loleti, 2 ; for exhibition, 592 ; in beds aud pots, 603 ; in Scut- laud, 140 ; treatment oi, 84 ; propagat- ing, 424 Paphmia cristata, 133 Papaver nudicaule, 1.53 ; umbrosum, 29 Parartin and insects, 010 Parafliu r. insects, 099 Pans Daisy, new, 21J ; Daisies, 460 Park for .Sunderland, 5 ; public, 435 Passion-flower, large fruited, 402 Paullinia tlialictritoiia, 312 Paulowuia iinperialis, 44, 521 Pavements, 7 Pea, -American Wonder, 402, 470 ; Ever- lasting, 201, 226 Peas, flavour lll, 159, 180, 204, 310, 343 ; late, 30, 310 ; Mint with, lu7 ; protect- ing early, 549; sowing, ia autumn, 410 ; Pelegrapn aud 'ielephoue, 142, IsO, 233, 204 Peach culture, open wall, 501, 532 ; out- ol-doors, 42, 130 ; blister, 130 ; Foster, 200; large, 171; trees^ and stocks, 237 : yellows in, 558 Peach, Vtitch's Diamond, 650 Peaches, a feast of new, 321; and Nec- tarines, 14 ; at Burghley, 248 ; cULting leaves olf, 210 ; diseased, 191 ; early, 237 ; e.\ten3ion grown, 279 ; flavour ol, 104 ; judging, 278 ; large, 278 ; on open walls, 277 ; select, 171 ; shedding leaves, 142 Peal' crops, failure of, 67 ; Pitmaston Duchess, 372; Pitmiiton, flavour of the, 495 ; the 'lyson, 431 ; the old Sec- kel, 302 ; Directeiir Alphand, 631 Pears, American, 127 ; at Guuton Park 370 ; bad, 493 ; dwarf, 304 ; in Covent Garden, 434 ; in pots, remarkable, 558 ; large, 372 ; planting, 544 ; spotted, blO ; Doyenne Baussoch, 654 ; Winter Nelis, 653 Pelargonium, history of the, 20 ; lec- ture on the, 19 ; Maid of Kent, 03, 94 ; May gueen, 298 ; Mons. Dubus, 484 ; Society, 22 Pelargoniums, Cape, 19 ; hybrid, 296 ; florists', 20 ; from roots, propagating, 340 ; market, 67 ; of the present, 21 variegated-leaved, 21 Pellionia Daveauaua, 18S Pentstemou Murrayanus, 161 ; Palmerr, 202 Pentstemons, young, best, 514 ; .\mtri- cau, 641 Peperomia resedBeHora, 59 Pepper bush, the Sweet, 224 Perennials, degeneracy of, 108 ; for suc- cession, 400 ; hardy, 345 Ptristrophe angustifolia aurea varie- gata, 192 Periwinkles, 538 Peruvian Bark, Matkbam on, 597 Petunias, 79 Phalajnopsis, watering overhead, 592 Philodendron Wallisi, 669 Phlebodium am'eum, 539 Phlo.xes and their culture, 244 ; tall, 190, 221 Phygelius capensis, 367 Phyteuma, the rock, 245 Picea concolor, 173 ; pectinata, 10 ; pun- gens, 31, 74 Picotee Clara Benson, 70 ; Ne Plus Ultra, 100 Picotees and Carnations, 38, S3, 97, 396 from seed, 329 ; border, 137 Pine-apple, new, 400 Pine, Corsican, 376 ; the tree, 646 Pine sawfly, the, 341 Pines, culture of, 82 Pinetum, the, 368 Pinus Massoniana, 174 ; parviflora, 583 Pinks, culture of, 84 ; from seed, 3'29 Pescatorea Klabochorum, 587 Pitcaimia aphelandncflora, 534 Pitcher plants, 34 ; at Kew, 269 Plane tree, injurious effects of the, SOS Planera Richardi, 029 Plant, a noble, 2S ; borders, 1, 125 ; cut- tings gratis, 280; propagating, 346; grouping, 177 ; growing at Sheffield, 444 ; life in .Australia, 439 ; losses, 380 ; mi.vtures, 474 ; names, 49 ; names, English, 317 ; notes, 117 ; raisers, Ameri- can, 175 ; altitudes, 028 ; supports aud protection, 652 Plants, aquatic, 589 ; at Baden-Baden,74 ; at Roebuck Caslle, 423 ; bedding, and frost, 417 ; bedding, duration in beauty of, 189, 280 ; bedding, propagating, 346 ; bedding, wintering of, 398 ; certitt- cated,112; dryingoff,519; exhibition,32, 72 ; figured, 186, 229, 417 ; for exposed beds, 1'20 ; for sub tropical gardens, 471 ; for unfavourable situations, 480 ; for wild gardens, 404 ; from New Jersey, 175 ; hard-wooded, 35 ; hard- wooded greenhouse, 54) ; hardy, 128 ; hardy, and slugs, 637 ; hardy at Edinburgh, 26, 76 ; haldy at Newry, 180 ; flowering of hardy, 4 ; hardy in flower, 10, 42, 55, 80, 154, 190, 292, 337 ; hardy rare, 100 ; hardy variegated, 279 ; hardy v. bedding, 327 ; in autumn, 150, 367 ; herbaceous, 53 ; herbaceous at Dover, 243 ; herbaceous, transplanting, 370 ; Himalayan, 518 ; imported from America. 230 ; iuJluence of electric light on, 361 ; in Rousay, Orkney, 513 ; ilelastomaceous, 594 ; mulching pot, 545 ; names for, 98, 130; Noith .American, 337 ; old-fashioned, 139 ; on cottage walls, 149 ; on walls, 173, 253 ; outdoor at Chiswick, 351 ; packing, 287 ; perpetuating herbace- ous, 233 ; pot, hai-dy annuals as, 300 ; pot, moss mu'chings for, 475; rock. Sl'lTLEMENT TO THK OARUEX.I JAN.l, ISSl. THE G.illDEN INDEX. IX 58S ; rock, second flowerins of, 623 ; Pynis Ma!u5 fl iriljunda, CJO seaside, 310, 31:., 4ii ; selections of hardy, 472 ; staliin^- linniy, .101 ; sub- tropical, 7" : suifacins,', 24S, 209 ; ten- der in open air, 3 ; two good window, 331 ; tjin? up. 274, 207 ; uiuler trees, .MS ; Willi garden, 123, 474 ; window, wintering', 370 ; winter flowering, 4S3, 65S, 590 ; movements in, (120 ; arctic, 627 ; for shady i)laces, 041 ; list of haijy, 042 riatycodon ),'r.inditlornm, ISS Pleiones. ISO Plover, the grey. 010 Plum, .Mr. Fish on the, r,m ; Sandalls, 321 ; the t'herry, 2CS ; \Vinesour, 050 Plums and Cherries. S2 ; at Insatestone, 237 ; late, good, 400 ; north wall, .■..'.s ; not ripening, ,S54 Plumbago capensis, 472 ; rosea snpeiba, 5S.1, 020 Podocarpus alpina, 523 Poinsetti.is for market, .iSO Polyanthuses anil Primroses, 3S, 81 ; border, 421 ; from seed, 591 ; laced, 3 52, 020 Polygonum sachalincnse, 149 ; vaccini- folium, 532 Polystichum viviparum, 10 Pomegranate, a new. 31 Pomegranates, English grown, 422, 413 Pomona, the Herefordshire, 3S0 Pontederia azurea, 189 Poplars at Syon, 62S Poppies, dwarf French, 5 Portuguese Sundew, 030 Potato blossoms, removing, 314; crop, the, 107 ; early market, 159, ISO ; exhibition,' 22s ; E.\hibition, International, 293, 343, 369, 392, 409. 435 ; exhibitions^ 524 ; Magnum Bonum, 367 ; produce, weights of, 343, 310 ; Society. Interna- tional, 320 ; Sweet, crop in America 411 Potatoes, .American, 127 ; Government Committees, 237 ; Australian, 30 ; autumn-planted, 381, 392; early planted, 12; exhibition, 210, 551, .iS7; in Norfolk, 30,1; lifting unripe. 551, 5S7; old r. new, 141; prices of. 435, 477 ; prize, 410; scabby, 402 ; Scotch Champion, 142: lifting before ripe, 010 ; Cliampion, O.'il ; removing haulms from, o.il ; treatment of seed, 647 ; yield of per acre, 648 Pots, Moss mulching, 432. 439 ; surface mulching of, 624 Pot Pourri, 241 Primroses .and Poly.inthuses, .38 ; Even- ing, 241, MIS, 329; double white, 641 Primula oapitata, 151 : luteola, 486 ; nivalis, 5, 140 ; Parryi, 59 ; rosra, 79 ; sibirica, Gi : new Chinese. 042 Primulas and Polyanthuses. 81 Primulas, double Chinese. .W5 ; hardy in autumn, 419, 468 ; Oilhert's Double, 621 ; Annie Hillier, 636 ; Swanley Red, 636 ; Purple Gem, 036 Princes Street Gardens, Edinburgh, 273 Prilchardia grandis, 79 Q Quamash, the, 40j, 518 Quercus IJuergeri, 4 ; ehrysolepis, ' peduncnlata concordIa, Quince, Rae's .Mammoth, R. 3!, 113 Rabbits in gardens, 117 Railway embankments, .'.u Ramlmtan, 570 Ranunculus aconitifolius, 4 ; the Persian 122 Raspberry arches, 67 ; new, 138 Raspberries, late, 404 Red Currant bushes, liu Red spider, cure for, 241 Reed, New Zealand, 479 Reflections, the waiter's, 394 Reidia glaucesceiis, ::4 Renanthera Lowi, i;iij Retinosporas, the, 253 ; goldt u, .'.48 Rheum nobile, 514 ; at home, 5i Rhododendron Duchess of Edinburgh, 423; Princess Royal, .5S6 ; freak of, 4S5; Keysi, 74; stcnopliyllum, 540; Veitchi, 2S0; gi-acile lirooki, 042; Dal- housianum, 437 Rhododendrons. 129 Rhodotypos kcrrioides, 107 Rhubarb forcing, 549 ; planting, 206 ; the Sikkim, 40O, 534 ; tor forcing, 651 Rhus diversiloba, 111 ; poisonous, 45 ; viridiflora, 2S3 Rhynchospermum jasminoiiies, Ribes lacustre, 68 Richardia hastata, 046 Ricinus from cuttings, 610 Ridgeway, near Ticehurst, 377 River sand, uses of, 534 Rocket, double white, 51 Rockwork in Battersea Park, 013 Rockets, 6 Room gardening, 601 Rosa polyantha, 542 ; rugosa, 106, 210, 311 ; from seed, 240, 370 Rose Annual. 620 Rose blooms, drooping, 504 ; book, new, 603 ; cuttings, 266 ; strikin,;, 96 ; Duke of Connanght, 119 ; elections, 431 ; garden at Oakwood, 90 ; Oloire de Dijon, pruning, 414; harvest of 1S80, 96; Madame Fi-ancois Janiin, 17S ; Uarechal Xiel, 528 ; Mar^chal Xiel best under glass, 603 ; Mrs. Harry Turner, "0; Mrs. Jowitt, 119; pjles, 63s; Pride of Waltham, 70 ; show, a late summer, 234; shows, all the year round, 335; shows, a'ltumnal, 302; Soc , National, 414 ; stocks, 449 ; suckers, 472 ; suckers, new use for, 254 ; the Ramanas, 336 ; trees, removing, 414; yellow Provence, 500 ; Tea, 025; hardiness of, 025 ; treatment of after flowering, 625 Privet, oval-leaved, as a hedge plant, 583 Roses and dry weather, 240 ; autumnal 633 ; hardy herba- 399 Professor Beal's Class, 213 Prophet-flower, 449 Propagator, heating, 665 Pruning and training, 8, 39, 63, 104, 109. 236, 274, 314 ; common sense, 424 Pulmonaiias, 553 ; and Mertcnsias, 53s Pumpkins on walls, 385 Punica granatum, 98 Patty, to make, 142 Pyrenees, flowers of, 219 Pyrethrum uliginosnm, 387 Pyrethnini", culture of, 26, 122 ; how to show, 30 Pyrola rotundifolia, 171 P>TU3 coronaria, 0 ; domestica, 283 ; japonlca, 90 cuttings of, 413 ; China, in beds, 513 ; climbing, on iron trellise', 339 ; de- mand tor, 513 ; English, 439 ; French prize, 48 ; from cuttings, 198 ; hardy climbing, 136, lOS, 311 ; in pots, 210: Moss, bouquet of, 84 ; mulching, 90 ; on dwelling house3,304 ; on own roots, 303 , on walls, 370 ; own root, 550 ; pedigree, 175 ; planting, 565 ; popular, 254 ; pruning of Teas under glas-, 566 ; re- novating exhausted, 283 ; remarks on planting, 541 ; scarcity of standard, 003 ; single, 201 ; soil for, 093 ; stan- [ dard, 35 ; summer pruning, 240 ; Tea, I autumnal planting of, 4;J9; the best autumnal, 513 ; under electric light. 174 ; under glass, 48 ; in winter \\ ith- out forcing, 624 ; and mild weatliei-, €43 ; s'lmdard, 058 Rose Campion, 149 Rosemary and Lavender, 149 Root pruning, 430 Root pruning and lifting, 310 Royal Botanic Society's fete, 23 R)yal Horticultural Society, 70, 119, 137, 100, 291, 393, 525 ; Rose Show, 22 Rudbeckia hirta, 387 Rudbeckias, 339 Ruellia Portellre. 633 ; rosea, 307 Rnmex Patientia, 142 liiis ill CrW, 339 S. Sabbatia cliloroides, 137 Sagittarias, the, 3j() Salvia farinacca, 63 ; liian^, 4 ; Hoveyi, 531 ; patens, 219, 339 ; culture of do., 348 ; Pitcheri, 474 ; pseudo-coccinea, 599; splendens, 437; s. Bruanti, 696; white-flowered, 28 ; leucantha, 042 Salvias at Swauley, ceon5, 137 ; lifting, Salvinia natans, 298 'and, river, 534 Savoys, planting, 30 Saxifraga mutata, 140 Saxifrages, 9S, 144 ; broad-leaved, 117 Scabious, dwarf, 301 ; dwarf purple, 517 Scale, cure for, 554 Scarlet Runners not setting, 310, 343 Schlimia triflda, 694 School of Forestry, 616 School gardens, 450 ; horticultural, 610 Schizostylis coccinea, 623 Scilla sibirica, 301 Scutellaria Mocciniana, 203 ; villosa, 559 Seakale, forcing, 549, 610 ; in Southern Italy, 311 Seaside g.ardening, 433 Seaweed, substitute for jam, 631 Sedum Meehani, 431 ; sempcrvivoides, 60 ; spectabile, 133 ; spect;ibile and insects, 246 Sedums .and Yuccas, 538 ; hardy, 1S9 Seedsmen's responsibilities, 7 Selaginella Kraussiana aurea, 575 ; the Swiss, 190 Selaginellas, 370 Sempervivums, the best, 297 ' Senecio pulcher, 370, 477, 617, 537 ; in rich soil, 401 ; spalhnIa^folius, 23 ; spe- ciosus, 156, 423 ; Ghiesbreghti , 642 Shallot, Jersey, 530 Sheffield smoke, 472 j Show, Crystal Palace, 215 ' Shrub, new Californian, 336, 396 ; new hardy, 260 , Shrubs, beautiful autumn, 367 ; book on, 471 ; choice, 175 ; flnedeaved, 340 ; golden-leaved, 340 ; hardy in flower, 154, 191 ; rare, 145 Shruoberies, state of established, 352 Siberian Crab-roots, grafting on, 203 I Slipper-wort, two coloured, 412 Slugs, protection from, 637 Smith, ct Co. 's (Messrs ) nurseries, [ cester, 584 Snowdrops, 662 Snowstorm, the late, 423 Society, Royal Horticultural, National Rose, meeting of, 638 Soil, clayey, 444 ; renovation of, 394 Solanum betaceum, 63 ; laciniatum, 330 ; venustum, 337 Solanums, wintering, 528 ; for Christmas decoration, 645 SoldantUa alpina, 346 Sonerilas as flowering plants, .'d2 Soper's, Mr., garden, 167 Sophronitis violacea, 044 South Downs, walk on the, 053 Southwark Park, 150 Speedwell, Japan, 201 Spir.-ca japonica, 31, 135 Spring, (lie, 164 Spruce, the Hemlock, 4 1, 73 St. Alban's Court, 71 St. John's Wort, Creeping, 193 St. Stephen's Green, 107, 151 Starworts, the, 353 Statues, blight of, 45 Stephanotis floribunda, 202 Stevia glutinosa, 478 Stock, propagating Night-scented, 610 Stock, New Virginian, 80 Stocks, autumn flowering, 147 ; propa- gating, 343 ; double white, 251 ; dwarl German, 18J Stokesia cyanca, 436 Stonecrops, hardy, 189 Stone walls, how to cover, 595 Strawberry, Dr. Rodtn, 418 ; Oscar, 237 ; President, 436 ; runners, 90 ; Sir C. Napier, 00, 131, 237 ; Sir .1. Paxton, 131 Vicomtesse llericart de Thury, 170; Evcriasting, 014 Strawberries, 21, 82; and ants, 12.1; and the season*, 278 : early, 12 ; for market, 436; large, 20; mildew on, 130 ; old aud new, 109 ; soil for, 129 Strelitzia Regin.x, 53 Streptocarpus Rcxi, 09 Streptopus amplexifolius, 78 Striking cuttings, 200 Stnartia virginiea, 023 Sub-tropical garden in Battersea Park, 018 Summer-houses, durable, 482 Sunbury Nurseries, the, 313 Sundew, Portuguese, 484, 630 ; British, 331, 391 ; Caps, 2.S7 Sunflower, narrow-leaved, 402 ; in floral decorations, 382 Sutton, Messrs., seed grounds, 234 Sweet Williams, 50, 90 Sycamores at Pl.as Newydd, 433 Symphyandra pcndula, 59 Syon, trees and shrubs at, 028 Syringa vulgaris rubella plena, 643 Wor- 630; Table decoration, 404, 430, 631 ; dinner, 421, 447 Table stands dressing, 0)1 TaxoiUum distichuni, 629 Tea adulter.ition, 610 Tea plant, 6i3 Tea Roses, 025 ; hardiness of, 035 ; treat- ment of, after flowering, 625 ; pruning of, C4i Teas, scarcity of, 135 Tecomas, how to flower, 576 Telegraph plant, 617 Terrace gardens, 123 Testudinaria elephautipes, 113 Thea Bohea, 643 Theropogon pallidus, .59 Thibaudias, propagating, 682 Thoresby, 425 Thorn, the Eastern, 330 Thujopsis dolabrata variegata, 650 Thunbergia fragrans, 535 ; grandittora, 478 Thyme, the water, 318 Thyrsacanthus bracteolatus, 559 ; ruti- lans, 680 Tiger flowers from seed, 402 Tigridia grandiflora, 213 Tiled floors, 376 Tillandsia Lindeni Regeliana, £27 ; nsneoides, 125 ; mosaica, 013 Tipula oleracea, 242 Toadflax, the spotted golden, 197 Todea superba, 107, 185 Tomato culture, 5.'-0 ; .\cme, 411 THE GARDEN INDEX. [SUrPLEJIENT TO THE GARDEN, JAN. 1, 18S1. Tomatoes, 266; Amtrican, 279; how to grow, 460 ; the best, 204 Tooting Nui-series, the. 143 Torenia asiatica as a bracket plant, 452 ; Fournieri, 412 Town gardening, 167 Toxicophhca speetabilis, 612 Training, extension, 254 Transplant, when to, 10 Tree, big, in the Yosemite, 209 Tree Carnation Lady ilusgrave, 41G Tree nurseries, Messrs. Lee's, 356 Tree record, 316, 340, 36S, 441, 548, B77, 650 Tree seed harvest, the, 528 Tree stumps, clothing, 350 Ti'ees, Apple, planting, 493 Trees at Bury Hill, 598 ; at Goodwood, 554 ; at Highclere, 521 ; at Hopetoun, Linlithgow, 390 ; at Linton I'ark, 64S ; at Pain's Hill, 677 ; autumn tints of,600 ; coniferous, hardiness of, 373 ; earth- ing up, 126 ; fine leaved, 340 ; for wet land, 554; golden-leaved, 310; hardy, at Worcester, 584 ; hardy, in flower, 154. 191 ; impoverishment of lawn, 583 ; in tlie Londonparks, 351 ; in town5,548 ; memorial, 380 ; on Thames Embank- ment, 301 ; ornamental, 519 ; orna- mental-leaved in groups, 520 ; pictu- resque, 247 ; plantsunder, B38 ; purple- leaved, 485 ; some French, 363 ; two useful, 363; variegated, 271 ; warrant- ing, 493; and shiulis in Battersea Park. CIS Trenching in manure, 411 Trichinium Manglesi, 106 Trichomanes floribundura, 113 Trichosma suavis, 478 Tritoma glaucescens, 367 ; I'varia, 4C3 Tropwolum polyphyllum, 29 ; speciosuni, 25, 149, 150, 248, 297 ; tricolorum, 300 ; tuberosum, 160, 180, 239, 297 Trop;colums, dwarf, 194 ; winter-flower- ing, 675 Tulip Tree, variegated, 228 Tunbridge Wells Nursery, 389 Turnip disease, new, 344 ; Early Paris market, 524 ; early purple-topped Munich, 680, 616 T\veedia cccnilea, 29 Tyd:ca JIadame Heine, 534 Tydioas, three good, 416 U. Urceoliua pendula, 448 Urn-flower, drooping, 383 Uro-.Skiunera spectabilis, 585 Utricularia Eudresi, 28, 432 V. Vaccinium rugosum, 202 Vallotas not flowering. 523 Vanda ca-rulea, 500; lamellata Boxalli, 560 ; Lowi, 131 ; the Blue, 416 Vegetable growers, hint to, 435 ; Marrow seeds, sowing, 370 ; Marrows, 24 ; Mar- rows dying off, 191 Vegetables, heat for forced, 587 ; on peat land, 96; scarcity of, 519 ; varieties of, 461 Vegetarian Society, 435 Vegetation in Kuram Valley, 155 Verbascum vernale, 542 Verbiscums, various, 691 Verbenas at Salisbury, 402 ; wintering, 370 Veronica Hulkeaua, 44, 79 ; longifolia. 138; otticiQalis aurea, 538; Traversi, hardiness of, 293 Veronicas, shrubby, 484, 585 Vesicaria gricca, 333 Viburnum plicatuni for forcing, 439 ; Sieboldi, 485 Vienna, notes from, 453, 637 Village green, law respecting, 615 Vincas, various, 633 Vine, Andean, 330 ; borders, 216 ; dress- ing, 41 ; eyes, 120, 142 ; for a gi-een- house, 318 ; laterals, 136, 169 ; leaves, warty, 72 ; new African, 352 ; new evergreen, 542 ; pruning and training, 160 ; wood, green leaves on ripe, 492 ; culture out of doors, 658 Vines, cutting back, 431 ; diseased, 471, 500 ; leaf-feeding of, 170 ; outdoor, 557, 605 ; unpi'oductive, 48 ; iu open air, 633 ; varieties to plant, 633 Vinery, furnishing a, 362 Vinery with bearing wood, 405 Viola .\rlwell Gem, 143 ; avgenteiflora, 301 Violas, propagating, 424 Violets, Dog's-tooth, 174, 662 ; and Pan- s'es, 2; everywhere, 623; SLarie Louise, 623 ; Neapolitan, 646 Virginian Creeper, Veitch's, 394 Vitis striata, 542, 590 W. Wachusett, the, 316 Walks in pleasure grounds, 388 Wall copings, 170. 444 ; gardening, 129, 243 : permanent, 305 Wall, under a, 331 ; flued, 474 ; garden, 656 ; heated, 403, 601 ; heated, and glass copmgs, 430 ; how to cover stone, 593 ; impregnated with sea salt, 382, 444; plants on, 173; trellises over, 148 \A'allflowers and Foxgloves, 370 ; double German, 99 ; iuOotober, 401 ; in Decem- ber, 622 Warrea Lindleyana, 014 Washingtouia lilifera, 31 Wasp traps, 233 Wasp'a-nests, destroying, 218, 263 Watercress border, culture of, 472 Watercress, Mr. Hibberdon, 524 Watercresses, border, 551 ; in winter, 651 Waterfalls and rockwork, 604 ; British, 439 Water Lily, blue, 474 ; the fragrant, 399 ; tropical, 452 Weather in Ireland, 472 Webb & Son's seed farms, 265 Weigela. white, 340 V/eigelas, culture of, 62, 125 Wellingtonia avenue, s, 393 Wellingtonia variegata anrea, 149 ; ex- crescence, 177 Wild garden plants, 461 Wild Service Tree, 272 Willow, the Abbot's, 441 \\'illows, 272 Windows, sizes of, 631 Winter Cherry, 420 Winter at York, 24 ; in Austria, 472 ; in Belgium, 126, 170 ; in Yorkshire, 472 ; the beginning of, 417; manuring and cultivating, 651 Winter Sweet, 642 Wire, galvanised, 610 Wiston Park, 656 Witch Hazel, Virginian, 535 Woodland appearances, 62 ; work for July, 16 ; for August, 111 ; for Sep- tember, 288 ; for October, 340 ; for No- vember, 498 ; lor December, 677 Woods. American, 489 Writing, controversial, 632 X. Xanthoceras sorbif olia, 73 Xerophyllum asphodeloides, 5 Yarrows, the rock, 306 Yellow Riiododendron, 642 Y"ew, an English, 230 Yew tree, a fine, 650 Yew trees, 5il3 Yuccas and Sedums, 638 Z. Zelkowa tree, the, 629 Zinnias, double, 298, 330 COLOURED PLATES. ABUTILON IGNEUM ACHILLEA RUPESTRLS A>fTHURIUM ANDREANUM ARNEBIA ECHIOIDES AZALEA CRISPIFLORA AZALEA ROLLI.SSONI CHIOXODOXA LUCILLE CRINODENDRON HOOKERIANU.M DELPHINIUM CASHMERIANUM ... ERANTHEMUM CINNABARINUM ... FRITILLARIA MOGGRIDGEI FRITILLARIA RECURVA HYMENOCALLIS MACROSTEPHANA IXIOLIRION PALLASI PAGE 6-24 306 108 20 i 2S0 2.54 12 542 568 2.30 1.32 458 36 382 LACHENALIAS (GROUP OF) LILIUM PARRYI MERTENSIA SIBIRICA MOSS ROSES (BOUQUET OF) PLEIONES (GROUP OF) PRIMULA LUTEOLA ... RHEUM NOBILE RHODODENDRON VEITCHI RICHARDIA HASTATA RUBUS DELICIOSUS ... SENECIO SPECIOSUS ... UTRICULARIA ENDRESI VESICARIA GR.ECA ... PACE 60 652 514 84 180 486 406 280 596 358 156 432 332 SCPPLEMKNT TO THE GARDIN,] JAN. 1, ISSl. THE GARDEN INDEX. XI ENGRAVINGS. Adiantum Batisei 507 ,, Williarasi '^27 Alstrtemeria peregrina . . . . 327 Ailautus glau Julosa in flower . . G29 Anxotochilus Dawsouianus . . 203 Anacharis Alsiuastrum .. .. :ut> Anemoue sjlvestris 501 Angrreciim Kotschyi 487 Apple, a Caunton 495 ,, tree pyramid 65 ,, tree shoots 41 Arulia spinosa 53 Aniucaria excelsa C49 Araucai'ia imbricata C49 Arando coQspicua 479 Asimina triloba 289 Aster, miniature Chiua . . . . 235 A2^^■^ micro phylla .. .. 402-3 Battersea Park . 617 Battersea Park, rock garden in . . 621 Battersea Park, Vine on rock in . . 6M Bell Wax flower, the . 054 Betonica grandiflora 27 Blackberry Kittatinny . 259 Trees, big . 210 BoisduviUia Latauitc . 45 Bouquet unwired . 601 Brachycome ibiridifolia . 537 Bulbophyllum Beccari . 305 Bunya-bunya tree, the . 379 Carpenteria califomica . 397 Cerope^ia elegans . 95 Cheiranthus trlstis, cutting of . 610 Chestnuts in Halnaker Park . 511 Chionanthus vlrginica . 576 Chorozema, cuttings of . 413 Chrysanthemum lacustre . . . 592 Columbines at Great Tew . . . 99 Cork Oak, Goodwood Park . . . 522 Corn Marigold . 195 Corydalis Ledebouriana . 147 Croton undulatum, cutting of . 241 Currant sawfly.. . 429 Cyperus longus . 273 Daddy-longlegs 242 Dahlia Yuarezi 5S9 Daphne ilezereum autuiunale . . 615 Date Palm, the slender .. .. 4S2 Day Lilies at Longleat . . . . 118 Desmodium gyrans 647 Desinoiliuni gj raus 647 Dictyogramma japoiiica variegata 299 Dipladenia profiisa 57 E. Eryngium amethystiuum . . .. 79 Eucalyptus amygdalina .. .. 440 Eugenia t'giii 463 Eurya latifolia variegata .. .. 24 Ficus elastica 504 ,, „ cutting of .. .. 370 ,, Farcelli, cutting of .. ..294 Fistulina hepatica 319 Flax-leaved Navelwort . . . . 641 Rowers, illustrations of single .. 604 Fringe tree, wliite 576 Fruit packing appliances .. ..332-4 Fruit wall, recessed 655 Gentiana asdepiadea ,, Pneumonanthe .. Gleichenia dicarpa lougipinnata Golder's Hill, view at Goodwood ,, view near .. 213 151 1S5 105 507 515 Gooseberry sawfly 429 H. Habrothamnus elegans argentea.. 161 Halnaker Park, trees in .. .. 511 Hardwicke Hall 572 Hydrangea cutting 163 Hamamelis virginici 535 Hesperochironpumilus .. .. 3 Hevea brasiliensis 564 Hibbertia volubilis, flowering spray of 645 Hibiscus Cooperi cutting .. .. 144 Hyacinth propagation .. 31i— 13 Imperial AVax Flower, the . . . . 355 Ixora amabilis, cutting of .. .. 500 Jasminum gracillinimu Lake View in Battersea Park . , 617 Lapageria rosea, double-flowered.. 153 „ layer of 4U Leptosyne raaritima 517 Ligustrum variegatum . . . . 31 Lilium longifloruni formosanuni . . 459 Lily Mrs. .\. Waterer .. .. 653 Lily of the Valley 6C0 Lilies, white, group of .. .. 535 Linaria reticulata aureo-purpurea 434 Liiiuidambar styracirtua in flower.. 629 M. Marguerites, group of . . . . 460 Marvel of Peru, new 337 Monarch, the fallen 211 Monstera deliciosa .. .. .. 451 Moth, Death's-head 414 ,, caterpillar of 415 N. Xardoo, the 373 Navet Marteau 72 Xepenthes superba 625 Xeviusia alabamensis . . . , 223 New hjliriil Lily, Mrs. A. Waterer 649 Xorfolk Island Pine 049 Nympha.-a odorata, root-stock of . . 399 O. Oak on slope at Hardwicke . . Odontoglossuni Phalamopsis Oleobachia palustris . . Omphalodes linifolia . . 573 447 33 641 Paris Daisies 4G6 Pear Directeur Alphand . . . . U32 Pear tree 40 Pear tree, the original Seckel . . 363 Peristrophe anguslifo'.ia aurea variegata 192 Philodendron Wallisi . . . . 509 Phlebodium aureum 539 Phoenix reclinata 433 Phyteuma comosum 245 Pine Sawfly, the 341 Pinus concolor 173 Pitcher plant, new 025 Plant, a graceful basket .. ..331 ,, cuttings 246 ,, girdle 274 Platycerium grande 547 Plumbago capensis, cutting of . . 472 Polystichum viviparum . . . . 17 Poljpodium aureum 539 Polyporus igniarius 319 Primula nivalis 5 PiTethr^^m uliginosum .. £51, 593 Q 4sa 055 491 579 277 437 75 2S3 546 211 021 Quercus aluifolia Recessed fruit wall . . Reil Currant, Fay's Proline PLCed, the New Zealand . . Rhododendron campylocarpum ,, epiphytal „ Keysi . . ,, Princess Royal ,, Btcnophyllum Rocks, Cathedral Rock garden in Battersea Park S. Sagittaria, bulb and shoot of . . 387 ,, phyllodia of .. .. 330 ■Scabious, dwarf purple .. ..517 Sedum spuriuni 139 Sunflower, double Globe . . . . 235 Spring, the 105 Stint, nest, eggs, and young of the. . 505 Stuartia virgiuica 028 Tea Plant, the 043 Telegraph Plant 047 Telekia speciosa . . . . . . 123 Testudinaria elephantipes .. .. 113 Thea Bohea 043 Thibaudia acuminata, cutting of .. 682 Thoresby 405 Thyme, the water 349 Tillandsia usneoides 125 Tipula oleracea 242 Verbascum vernale Vine on Rockery, Battersea Park . Vitis striata W. Waterfalls, British .. Water Lily, flowers of Wellingtonias, large . . ,, excrescence on Wiston Park, Susses, view in 542 020 !>42 491 399 2;o 177 Of.7 xii THE GARDEN INDEX. [supplement to the garden, HENRY NOEL HUMPHREYS. Henry Noel Humphreys, although oaly an occasional worker on horticultural subjects, was long known in connection with them. After cansidcrable artistic training in early life, he, at a time when art was not so much a fashionable profession as at present, deserted it for literature ; but before doing so. he hal already, when a very young min, done miny beautiful drawings of plants for a publicition, entitled th3 "Floral Cibinet," in which he was associated with his uncle, Jlr. G. B. Knowles (so many years Professor of Botany, &c , at Queen's College Hospital, Birmint^ham). Years afterwards, friendly with the Loudoas and c:)nnected with them by marriage, he again took up botanical drawing for a time, illustrating Mrs. Loudon's well-known works on the " Flower Garden," "Hardy Balbs," ifec , books nust successful in their diy ani still on the library shelves of many lovers of plants. He was very intimate with Mr. Loudon when he lived in Porchester Terrace, Bayswater, and wrote some me- morials of him in The Garden. Then came a long interval of active literary and other employment, and a total severance from any horticultural work until the time of the appearance of Jloore and Ayres' " Jlagazine of Botany," which was illus- trated by some beautiful .sketches from his pencil. At that time, and several years before, he was acknowledged to be one of the most graceful artists on wood in London, and much sought after by publishers and authors requiring tasteful work in that way. Again, after a considerable lapse of years, he undertook the drawing of a number of beautiful Alpine flowers, intended as the first series of a work on the subject. To do this lie remained at York for nearl}' two months and made a series of studies, which are alraitted by all who have seen them to be very beautiful, and in which he has caught well the delicate o-race and espiisite beauty of these flowers. In this case, for the first time, s) far as we know, in drawings of the kind, the plants were drawn not mjrely in detached portions, which is the rule in books, but as they grew on the rocks with their surroundings of Moss and other minute plants, so that one gets an accurate idea of their size and character as well as of their individual beauty. No man could have devoted more painstaking and loving attention and precious time to a work of this kind than did Henry Noel Humphreys. His early love of drawing plants being once revived he continued that work till a day or two before his death, making studies from plants gathered in the gardens round London, an;l frequently drawing a plate for The Garden". This slight sketch of his labours in o le direction may serve to "■ive a feeble notion of the great activity of his mind in other directions, some of which have no relation whatever to our art. He travelled much, miking many landscape and other sketches on his way, and was an excellent linguist. Those who knew him in early life speak of him as one of remarkably bright parts and ready wit, qualities which he retained to the end. His abilities and devotion to anything which he took in hand were such, that the results could only be appreciated by those who knew in how many diverse ways his energies were, devoted. He died in London in June, 1879, aged seventy-two years. He was born at Birmingham, and educated at King Edward's Grammar School and in Brussels. After a residence in Rome, he, in ISiO, publi-shel his fiwt work, the descriptions to "Views in Rome " by W. B. Cooke. He was joint author with Mr. J. 0. Westwood of " British Butterflies and their Transformations,' published in 1840 ; of " British Moths and their Transformations ; " and author of " Illuminated Illustrations of Froissart's Chronicles " in 1843 ; of "The Parables of our Lord" (illuminated), in 1846 ; of " The Illuminated Books of the Middle A^es " (folio), and "The Art of Illumination," in 1S49; of "Ancient Coins and Medals," illustrated with fac-similes of Greek and Roman coins, in relief, in 1850; of "The Collector's Manual," in 1853; of "The Coinage of the British Empire," in 1854; of "Stories by an Archasologist and his Friends," in 1856; of "Ocean Gardens," in 1857; of " Butterfly Vivarium, or Insect Home," in 1858 ; of " Goethe in Strasburg : a Dramatic Novelette," in 1860 ; of " Origin and History of the Art of Writing," in 1864 ; of "A History of the Art of Printing," in 1867; of "Holbein and the Dance of Death," in 1868; of "Masterpieces of the Early Printers and Engravers," published in 1870; of "Rembrandt and his Ecchinf's," in 1871 ; of several novels, published anonymously, and of tales, magazine articles, and other works, and numerous contributions to journals. Professor Westwood, of Oxford, spoke as follows of him in the Ac:ulem;j: "On his return from Italy, where his love for art and Nature had been fostered, he was induced by his friend, the late J. C. Loudon, to make a series of drawings of Eno-lish butterflies and moths, with their caterpillars and the plants on which they feci, the text of which was contributed by "the writer of this notice. The plates of these works were zincographed by Humphreys, whose skill in delineation and taste in the arrangement of his figures ensured an extraordinary and extensive sale not only of these entomological plates, but also of the series of quarto volumes on ornamental annuals — bulbous plants, ornamental greenhouse plants, and peren- nial flowers planned by Mrs. Loudon ; in all of which a number of different species were grouped together in each plate. Subisequeutly Mr. Humphreys produced a second series of volumes on British butterflies and moths. His task, however, was not confined to plants and insects. He published two volumes of illustrations of ' Froissart's Chronicles ' from illu- minated MSS. in the London and Paris libraries. His 'Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages,' produced in conjunction with the late Owen Jones, forms one of the most sumptuous volumes published on manuscripts from the eighth to the sixteenth century ; while his works on the origin of writing, with fac-similes, his books on English coins, in which he in.^eniously reproduced each in relief, printed in gold, silver, or copper, and on other coins and medals, and his work on early printed books, in which he introduced a large number of plates, representing full pages from many of the rarest early block and other similar volumes, with his two little works, consisting of the ' Miracles and Parables of our Lord,' with their original and highly elaborate coloured margins, were proofs of his unwearied industry, as they were also of his excellent taste. The two last-mentioned works and his ' History of Writing ' were bound in a peculiar plastic embossed material of his own composition, which rendered them highly attractive, but which has not been brought into general use." According to a notice in the Thnei, he contributed to lighter literature at all events one dramatic novelette, called " Goethe in Strasburg," and he was a frequent contributor to the Gentleman's Magazine, and to Once a Week in its palmy days, on subjects connected with his entomological and antiquarian researches. JULY 3, ISO. ^SARDEN >;r^->rfL^ ''^L^^^W^<.A.-^,,j.ia4,^ VOL. XVIII. HARDY PLANT BOEDERS. " Justicia" criticises (p. 5.59) an article in a contemporary by " Wykl Savage," which certainly pointed out a widely felt difficulty, viz., how to hove a gay border in the flower garden entirely made up with hardy plants. I fancy my experience over the last five years has taught me a good deal ; and as at length we are fairly successful here, and have found out how to have gay borders with little trouble, I venture to send you a few remarks upon the subject. I will commence with the most difficult part of it, which is how to have a gay flower garden in place of tlie usual mosaic work made up entirely of bedding-out plants. We have ended in a compromise by using Pelargoniums in the summer work, but for the rest of the year we manage entirely with hardy flowers. By the help of the annexed diagram I can best explain the plan adopted. The border is a long one, say 150 ft. long by 12 ft. wide, with a lawn in front. Along the front line are two rows of Crocuses and Daisies, red and white, in succession, and these are trimmed up as they go out of" flower. The main line of the border is divided into 8-ft. spaces, and in the centre of each is struck a circular bed 3 ft. in diameter. These are edged with Saxifrages and Sedums in the early spring, and when these get seedy they are replaced by !Myoso- tis azorica, Lamium maculatum aureum, and other hardy fine- foliaged plants, some of which remain good from year to year, as, for instance, some of the Saxifrages and Sedum.s. These circular beds are filled with red and white Daisies in early summer, and these are now replaced by scarlet Pelar- goniums, chosen for their fine bold trusses rather than those of dwarf habit. The serpentine line C is also changed. For spring it consists of a wide band of white Daisies, which are removed and replaced by dwarf Calceolarias for the autumn, and these are practically all the changes required from the early summer to the autumn bedding, and a couple of days' work suffices for this alteration. For all the rest of the border the planting is permanent, needing only trimming and replacing as the plants become overgrown or die off, and the a Iditioa from time to time of new flowers. By a little system we know where every kind of plant is, so that when they have died down we are sure not to disturb tliem. Upon the line A B we have at the back groups of Daffodils, then clumps of Anemone Honorine Jobert, and in front Iris anglica. These follow and furnish a succession of bold flowers throughout the season. In the corners E E are double Pyrethruras, Lilium auratum, and Lychnis Viscariasplendens, the space being closely filled up with self Pansies and Violas, including Magpie, liord Brooke, Admiration, Golden Gem, &c. At this moment these are one mass of flower, which " Wyld Savage " may see if he comes this way. The triangular spaces DD on the front line are filled with Aubrietia grseca, and we find in practice that this and the Daisies can be left through- out the year. The Aubrietia is always gay, and is just now very beautiful. The Daisies are also late this year, and we shall leave them alone through the autumn. In odd corners also in front we have Campanula carpatica, and on the back line Campanula grandis and alba. Behind all these on the line F we have in early spring Narcissus Horsfieldi and sun- dry Lilies ; and now we have in splendid bloom fine varieties of Delphiniums, especially D. Belladonna, the light blue variety. Behind this again come compact plants of the best Rhododendrons, interspersed with the fine .Tapanese Hydrangea paniculata pUimosa ; and again behind these are Lupins, blue and white, and some Hollyhocks. There are hosts of other plants interspersed, but this general description will suffice, and it will be seen that there is everywhere a succession from spring to autumn, so that the border is always full of beauty and interest. A few hours every week suffices to keep it in perfect order by replacing failures and checking overgrowths. This is the only border in which we find it needfid to use Pelargoniums and Calceolarias, liut I think it would be found the most practical system for general adoption, as it admits of the use of bedding-out plants to any extent. We have another large border around a lawn which is edged in front with yellow Violas and masses of white Pinks, behind which edging are masses of blue and purple Violas, pink Pinks, Pceonies, Phloxes, Aquilegias, Doronicums, Sweet Williams, and other large-growing plants, .alternating with dwarf Roses and backed with Rhododendrons and Azaleas, and in this bed we have in early spring large clumps of coloured Primroses. The effect of this border, which has no fixed lines, is always charming and always bright. In another we group the larger flowers, such as Pseonies, Del- phiniums, Centaureas, blue and white. Hollyhocks, and several sorts of Globe-flower in large clumps, and in front Violas, Primroses, Polyanthuses, Cheiranthu.s, and Alyssum, &c. This has been a glorious sight during the present early summer, but its beauty is now waning. In another bed we have a fine show of Pansies and Helianthemums, to be followed THE GAEDEN, [July 3, 1880. by Eoses, Phloxes, Pentstemons, Gladioli, and Antirrhinums ; and by the side walks which surround this bed we have bold masses of Papaver orientale and bracteatum now in great splendour, to be followed by Liliuni candidum and other Lilies, white and orange. It will be seen from this recital that there is no lack of bloom if a garden of hardy plants is properly arranged and stocked ; these are only the " bye " beauties of such a garden. The real gems are the smaller flowers, which do not find a place on such beds as these, biit are kept in quiet nooks and corners, where they may be sought out and enjoyed. A garden such as this is easily kept up when once established, and affords far more enjoyment than one of a more fashionable description. Broakhurd, Dkhhury. W. BaocKBA.NK. A BEAUTIFUL BORDER. To the Editor of The Gakde.v. SiE, — I send you a photograph of a very beautiful spot in the garden of the Villa Scoglietto, Genoa, in case you should like to enc;rave it in your paper. This garden, I believe, is justly celebrated, is very well laid out, very vast, and though I forget the exact number mentioned by the head gardener, I remember thinking the statf of gardeners a small one, and all was in beautiful order. It is situated on a steep hillside overlooking the harbour of Genoa. I walked through a portion of it on the 6 th of May last, and there had been very heavy storms of rain, so that the flowers were dashed about, but the beauty of the foliage is seen to greater advantage after rain than at any other time. I was particu- larly struck with the scene depicted in the photograph, which I was fortunate enough to obtain afterwards at a shop in Genoa. I consider this a good example of the style of border which you so ably advocate in TuE Garden news- paper, ami which, to my mind, is by far the most enjoyable sort of garden because the most perpetual. When I saw this border there was hardly a flower in it. Near the walk was low, well-pruned Ivy, not exactly regular, then a carpet of the common Periwinkle, interspersed with the sharp blade- like Iris leaves. Woodruff, and occasional bits of pink Silene, which probably had come of itself. The Periwinkle was in flower and the Woodruff, but those hardly show. Then we came to larger-leaved plants — Acanthus, Hart's- tongue Fern, &c., and then to the Daphnes and other flowering shrubs, and, higher above our heads, to the beautiful and endless variety of trees, many of which we cannot grow here, but still we have enough to answer the purpose. Of course there was no gorgeous colour- ing, and probably never would be, though in the pho- tograph you see some fine spikes of flower which were not out when I saw it ; still, it was beautiful, and this, I feel sure, is the perfection of a garden — not one inch of bare ground, but a tangle of evergreen ; not a carpet, for this is a word that does not belong to Nature. Still, I do not intend by tangle to mean anything untidy or uncared for. The varied .shades of green which may be obtained by this means is the chief beauty, and then I need not go through the lists of Lilies, Daffodils, Irises, and other beautiful plants which may send forth their lovely flowers in succession, and which, even wlien their flowers are faded and gone, still remain to add further beauties of form and a new green in their leaves to this tangle, or, if I might coin a word, " entwinement." It must look like Nature, but it is the highest art to be attained in the garden to give this look of Nature, and yet to keep Nature within bounds by necessary pruning and thinning, so that one plant does not master and overrun the other, but each takes its place in order, and thus forms a beautiful whole. It is only by exercising taste, by a wider knowledge of the habits of plants, by not despising a common plant or a hardy wild plant in its proper place, that we can get our gardeners to forni such gardens as here described, and I will not conclude without saying that I feel .sure, sir, that you have done a great deal to aid this system of gardening, and that the hints given us in The Garden newspaper have been, and I hope will continue to be, most helpful. E. E. Aveland. PANSIES AND VIOLETS. It has become somewh.-vt difficult to tell where the Pansy ends and the Violet begins, aud for our present jjurpose it is unnecessary to attempt the definition. Both hold a high place in spring aud summer bedding ; indeed, where they are grown in large quantities, as in the Hale Farm Nurseries and otlier places, the eiieot which tliey produce is very striking. Tiieir colours, varying from pure wliite through all the shades of blue, lavender, purple, orange, and yellow to black, are soft and pleasing, and nothing seems to be wanted to give efl'ect to bedding arrangements save scarlet, and this colour must be sought for in some other flower. Among bedding Pansies and Violas I have seen the following good and effective, viz. — Blue Bell, Blue King, Bl.inche, Cliveden Blue, Cliveden Purple, Cliveden Yellow, Ducliess of Sutherland (mauve), Grievei (primrose-yellow), Holyrood (indigo blue witli soft dark blotch), Magpie (claret-purple striped with white). .Sovereign (rich golden yellow), aud Waverley (violet, purple towards the centre, yellow eye). Among the frames full of show Pansies at Tottenham I noticed the following as being good and dis- tinct, viz. — Black Sam, Cloth of Gold, Duchess of Edinburgh, Uuke of Perth, Grand Duchess, King Koffee, King of Crimsons, Miss Felton, Mrs. Little, Mrs. Caunell, Nina, New Found Out, True Blue, and Yellow King. Fancy or Belgian Pansies are very showy, and can be had in almost every shade of colour, often spotted and blended together in the same flower. Those named below are a good selection : Buttercuj), Blue Gown, David Mitchell, F.ivonrite, Fred. Perkins, Fairy Ring, Harry, Mrs. AUsebrook, Mrs. McNutt, and Robert Parker. Pansies and Violas are so easily propagated either by division in autumn or spring, or by means of cuttings all through the spring, summer, and autumn under handlights in a shady border, that a stock may be quickly got up. On hot soils with a tendency to dryness tlie bulk of tlie planting should be done in autumn, in order to enable the plants to get a good hold of the soil before dry weather sets in. Mulching should be resorted to in the case of plants moved in the spring. If manures are used at planting time they should be deeply buried, as if placed in immediate contact with the roots before the plants had gathered strength enough to avail themselves of a strong diet their health would prob.ably suffer ; but by placing the manure deep down in the earth, from 1 ft. to 15 in. at least, the roots would reach it about the time when they required additional support in the height of their blooming season. E. Hobday. Hesperochiron pumilua. — An absolutely new alpine plant — new both genus and species — is of rare occurrence in even the collections of those who are ever on the outlook for novelties. Yet sueh is the case as regards the plant of which the annexed is an illustration, prepared from examples of it which flowered on the rookery in Mr. Ware's nursery at Tottenham. It belongs to the AVater-leaf (Hydrophyllum) family, aud bears flowers varying from a delicate blue to pure white. It is a native of the Rocky Moun- tains of Idaho and Northern Utah, where it grows in springy or marshy ground. As to its thorough hardiness, we cannot speak, but it has been on the rockery at Tottenham for some time, and grows freely and vigorously. — W. G. Lilies in Cornwall. — My Lilies suffered very much from the wet summer of last year, especially L. Kramei'i and L. Wallichia- num. I lost sixteen bulbs of the last, and have only two left ; one I hope to flower. I have cut now Lilium Kramer! in great beauty. Tliis Lily, to my mind, is by far the most lovely ; and, moreover, the scent of it is delightful, different from any Lily I know. I have also cut L. pomponium, the most useful early Lily — much like the Martagon Lily, but much earlier, and the foliage very different and better. Of course I have many fine spikes of L. gigantcum perfuming my wild g.arden delightfully. Lilies succeel in Cornwall better than in any other county of England I know. The worst part of it is the soil, which is not nearly so good as Mr. Wilson's, at Wey- bridge. I lost last year more Narcissi than I ever lost before, and have come to the conclusion that a dry bank is the best place to grow these charming spring flowers. — J. T. BoscAWEN-, Lamorran Rerlortj, Prohus. jciA- 3, leso.i THE GARDEN. TENDER PLANTS IN THE OPEN All!. I snorLD think that even the most enthusiastic admirer of those tender suhjoots wliich it is the custom to employ for beddiug pur- poses wouhl admit that the pleasure whicli they afford is dearly bought. When we take into account the hihourand expense which their keeping .and culture entail, ami how often they are complete or partial fadures, one cannot but feel surprised that they should still be so much grown and relied upon as they are for a summer displaj'. Whilst so much time is occupied during the e.arly months of the year in propagating and preparing this fragile ti-ibe of plants for the open ground, there is but little chance of our beautiful hardy flowers receiving even th.at slight amount of care necessary to bring them to perfection. It is by no means rare to see a consider- able"portion of a garden of large dimensions, occupied by miserable stunted-looking tender plants, which do not even come freely into growth before a great portion of the summer season is past, and where net even a cluster of Pansies, A'iolas, or any such clieerful spring-tloweriug plant is to be seen. Surely that sj'stem which deprives our gardens of brightness and beauty during a considerable portion of the most enjoyable months of the year must be radic- alij' wrong. Now that the days are long, and bringing with them more or less fine weather, a garden should be a source of pleasure to the owner ; and it is cert.ain that by a judicious selection of sub- jects pleasure grounds may be made as attractive, and even more interesting, at this season than later on wlicn the bedding plants are at their best ; bnt, in order to effect this de- sired result, the owner must make up his mind to forego a little of that brilliancy which has up to the present led so many to make almost exclusive use of plants dis- tinguished for bright and glow- ing colours. In places where glass accommodation is scarce it would be better for both grower and owner were the culture of all very tender subjects never in any way attempt- ed. The grower has to devote space to them which he urgently needs, perhaps, for forwarding fruit and vege- tables or flowers, and the owner often has the mortifncation of seeing that whicli has cost so much care and labour gradually dwindle away, or, as is often the case, swept off in a single night. In the early part of this month we experienced in this district a frost severe enough to entirely destroy all such tender plants as Colens, Iresines, &c. A gardener of my acquaintance informed mc on the following day that his summer displa3' was " quite ruined ;'' and, said he, "I do not know what to do, asthe loss is so great that I cannot make it good." And this occurred in a place where every inch of glass is needed, and where the demand for such things as are required to be forwarded under glsss always exceeds the supply. Valuable space and time are thus yearly wasted upon a class of plants which could easily be dispensed with, ily impression is that, until our public parks and gardens devote some of tlieir re- sources to the culture of hardy flowering plants, and show the plant-loving public what may be effected with them, we shall never see them universally popular. The influence of our public gardens is, I have reason to know, very gi-eat ; and as long as the culture of tender plants is so extensively carried out in them, so long will the owners of fardens, both large and small, be influenced thereby. Were only one-sixth part of the time, labour, care, and expense that are now bestowed upon tender plants given to hardy flowers in such places as Hampton Court Gardens, Victoria Park, Hyde Park, Regent's Park, and Battersea Park, we should soon, I appre- hend, see an entire change in the present system of flower gardening. J. CoB.vmtL. GEA"\^YARD GARDENS. A FEW days ago, having a few minutes to spare, I turned into a churchyard situated in a densely populated district on the southern sideof theriverThames. Asinmosttownchurchyardsnowadays, some eft'orts are made to l)eautify the last resting-place of the dead, so here also sometliing had been done witli trees, shrubs, and flowers to soften and clotlie with verdure the gloomy surroundings. The Planes — best uf all trees for smoky cities — were arrayed in the bright green dress of spring, and through the openings in the boughs the rays of tiie warm afternoon sun glinted down, shedding a golden tinted lighten the Grass and gravel paths, imjiarting a cheerful and pleasant tone to the scene. The Grass too, though lacking in tlie thickness and elasticity of country turf, was fresli and green, but the shrubs — the Hollies, Rliododendrons, Yew trees, Arbor-vita;s, Retinosporas, &c. — were simplj' wretched in the extreme — stifled in tlie murky atmosphere. This was not the only instance where I saw this miserable system of planting tilings that cannot succeed ; and then, as if to bring tlieir gaunt appearance into higher relief, they were planted on mounds of earth — brown, bare, huge hillocks, with formal edges. Here was a quiet peaceful spot, in the heart of a great city, shaded by trees, where the roar of the tlirobbing, surging multitude in the streets came only in a subdued murmur — jiist the place where any person may profitably spend a few minutes in quiet reflection if the skeleton shrubs were taken away. I look upon these city and town churchyards, if rightly managed, as finger- posts by the way ; oases in the de- sert of bricks and mortar, that ought to be treat- ed with special care for tlie sake of the mouldering dust which they contain. To look upon the pleasant green of trees, Grass, and flowers tends to soothe the overburdened lieart and the overtaxed brain ; and there is no man, be he philo- sopher or poet, or only made of or- dinary clay, who would not be be- nefited by some ■^ ~ such break in his thoughts, which a few minutes passed in such a spot would give. Why do not the jilanters of Lon- don churchyards instead of planting those things which turn their attention Hesperochirou pumilus. get out of the old rut, and, experience must have taught them canuot liv to the discovery of the numerous plants that would %\ear a decent and comfortable-looking appearance, even under unfavourable cir- cumstances ? If I could only spare a week for the purpose of lock- ing up the smoke-resisting plants that might be found in London itself, I would undertake to make a list of plants which, if carefully planted and tended, would alter the character of tiio graveyards and small open spaces in large towns, for the list of plants that will grow in a contaminated atmosphere is not a meagre one. Why, even in the place under consideration there were two classes of plants that were fresh and bright, and which were apparently quite at home amid the dead and dying shrubs. A long border beneath the Plane trees was planted thickly with the common Primrose, which the man in charge told me flowered well ; and to bring a oouiiti y bank laden with Primroses into the heart of murky London must be a pleasant feature, and the same remark applies equally to a large quantity of common hardy Ferns which were growing in a i.u uLer of unsightly square-looking heaps of clinkers, all about the same size, ranged in a row, looking for all the world as if they had bet n built over a row of tombs, which, perhaps, might be the case. It is better to be content with Plane trees. Grass, Primroses, ami other lowly flowers that will thrive than to plant year after year — which is done in some cases — costly evergreens only to quickly perish. The best of all trees and shrubs for large towns are such as are deciduous, a fact that has often been pointed out. — E. HoBDAar. THE GARDEN. [July 3, 1880. NOTES AND QUESTIONS ON THE FLOWER GAEDEN- Aquilegia trinityensis. — This handsome hybrid Columbine (a cross between A. clirysantha and A. c(erulea), noticed at page 514, was first raised by Mr. Anderson Henry, of Hay Lodge, Trinity, near Edinburgh. The Messrs. A'citch raised a similar cross, which was distributed under a different name. Dr. Stewart, Chirnside, Berwickshire, has this year flowered plants of the same cross with large and fuller blooms. Some years ago my predecessor raised plants from crossing the above species in which the flayers had the ■corolla lavender coloured and the caly.x yellow — the reverse of A. .trinityensis. — J. .Sadler, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Ranunculus aconitifolius fl.-pl.— I was very glad to see " W. J. M.," Vtonmi'l (p. 479), writing in favour of this good old ■plant — tlie douljle form of the species commonly known as Fair Maids of France. For deep, rich, shady borders it is well worth a place. It has, however, two drawbacks ; the foliage is very liable to the attacks of mining larva?, which at this season render it very unsightly, and the flowers also fade very quickly if cut for decora- tive purposes. I consider R. amplexicaulis one of the finest of •border kinds. — B. Second Flowering of Hardy Plants.— Probably owing to the mildness of our cli'.iate and occasional heavy sliowers, several of my flowers liave commenced to bloom a second time — notably Polyantlius, Primrose, and Pjeonies. I think I notice a similar tendency, not yet developed, in a few of the outdoor Alpine Auriculas. Notliing of the kind has been observed here during the last few years. Here the constant alternation of sunshine and showers leaves little room for grumbling either in the case of the farmer, gardener, or florist, so tliat a year of plenty is likely to suc- ceed a year of famine. — \V. J. M., Clonmd. Lithospermum prostratum.— Of all hardy plants for rock- work this is perhaps the most beautiful, as it is quite unapproach- able as regards the deep rich blue of its flowers, which in elevated positions are shown off to the greatest advantage. The habit of the plant, too, venders it especially adapted for a rocky bank or mound, as there it trails along and overhangs ledges naturally ; while on flat ground it rises only a few inches in height, forming a dense carpet of green. In order to grow this Lithospermum well, it should have sharp gi'itty soil, in which peat or leaf-mould has been mi.\ed, and if it has a good deptli of this and an opea sunny situa- tion, so as to ripen its growtli, it will reward the possessor with a fine display of blossoms. As a companion plant to stand near it I would recommend Phlox Nelsoui, tlie habit of which is similar, and, tlie flowers being pure white, the contrast between the two is most effective and striking. — S. I). Form in the Flower Garden.— Because form is spoken of in this connection, people are apt to imagine that colour must be sacrificed by such as would follow the canons of good taste. The truth is, when form is recognised as a necessary element colour comes with it, and tlie gain is this, that we have abandoned mere colour and found sources of new delight in plants. Now we are free to admire the Pyrethrum, and the Plilox, and the Dianthus, and the Gladiolus, and the thousand plants varying every way in form and expression, and ever rich with colour, and have abandoned the flat monotony in which colour was the sole element, and could only please one as a very superior kind of outdoor chroraatrope. It would be a great gain to many gardens and the owners thereof if we could succeed in arousing an interest in plants as more wortliy of attention than mere colours. But in many instances tlie flat bedding would have to be abandoned in favour of the plants, because of the space and the labour and the cost requisite to maintain tbe bedding display and to keep pace with an extravagant fashion. It must be rather hard work, we imagine, for the owner of a neat little place to behold from the breakfast table all the summer long the same unchanging arrangement of big blotches of red and blue and yellow, where he might have an ever-changing and an always delightful scene by the simple expedient of devoting the same or less space to plants that delight no less by their forms than their colours, and that come and go in pleasing succession, so as to give surprise often, and never create weariness. It unfortunately happens that thousands of worthy people are as yet unaware of the existence of such plants, and it is nothing less than an act of justice to make known the fact that the world abounds with them. — Oardener's Matjazine. Liliuni polyphyllum.— At page 490 you speak of this species of Lily as being "very rare,'' and flowering in Mr. Bull's nurseries " for the second time in this country." It has flowered yearly in our garden for the last fourteen years, and we have raised many Ee3dling3 which, in their turn, have flowered freely in the open border. Dr. Boswell has flowered it for the last ten years in his garden at Biilmutto, Fifeshire. We first received the plant under the name of Fritillaria polyphylla. It is perfectly hardy.— J. Sadler, lioyal Botanic Gardin, Edinhurgli. Cerastium granditlorum.— This is not so available as C. tomentosum for edging and clipping, but finer by far than the latter as a border plant. It lasts longer in flower, and is neater .and more compact in growth. Its foliage is long and linear, and the plant itself has a compact, upright mode of growth.— Thcs. Williams, Ormskirk. Iris tenax (see p. 490). — Many years ago. Dr. Richardson, of Polar Expedition celebrity, kindly gave me a rootof this plant which he had introduced. Afterwards lie repeated his gift from tlie plant he had given to Kew. His plants were in the way of Iris sibirica. I have since obtained an Iris under the same name from a London nurseryman, which is altogether different. — H. T. Ellacombe, Clmt St. George. Artemisia pontica.— This is a very pretty plant, with ele- gantly-divided foliage of a silvery-grey colour— a fine thing to natu- ralise in rough, rocky, stony places, or on rockwork. — T. W. NOTES or THE WEEK- Milla longipes. — This new Californian bulbous plant improves under cultivation, for plants of it in Messrs. Barr & Sugdeu's grounds at Tooting are this season greatly superior to what they were last year. It is an elegant species, the flowers of which are about the size of a sixpence, with the outside of the petals of a claret hue, and they are produced in spreading umbels from 6 in. to 9 in. across. The flowers are admirable for cutting, as the unex- panded buds open finely in water, and continue long in perfection. Salvia hians. — This very beautiful Indian Sage, which has been lost sight of for some years, has recently been sent to Kew, where it may now be seen in flower in the open borders in the her- baceous ground. We think it one of the best of the species in cul- tivation, but of its hardiness in our climate we have no experience. The Kew plants are about 18 in. high, with foliage resembling that of S. Sclarea. The flowers are larger than those of any other Sage with which we are acquainted, and are of a bright violet-blue tint, with a broad tip of pure white, two colours which make a beautiful contrast. It seems to be a free grower and also a free bloomer, and no doubt under good culture it will attain a much larger size, and be altogcth. r a first-class border flower. It was well figured by Lindley in the " Botanical Register." Escallonia Philippiana.— This is one of the best of the kinds in cultivation, not only because its flowers are beautiful, but on account of its being perfectly hardy. At Messrs. Veitch's nursery at Coombe Wood there are now some fine specimens of it in full flower in the open border. It has a dense habit of growth, and the plants attain a height of from ."5 ft. to 5 ft. Its small white blossoms are produced thickly all along the branches, and with the small deep green leaves form a fine contrast, rendering it a very con- spicuous object in shrubberies at a time when there are but few shrubs in flower. Allium pedemontanum.— A correspondent complains that this plant does not come up to the figure published in The Gardex (p. 557) from specimens supplied by Messrs. Backhouse. We have, however, the most distinct recollection of the plant from which the plate was drawn, and are certain that so far from the plate being an over-coloured one, it fails to do justice to the plant as sent to us. .Sometimes very young plants, or differences in the conditions under which the plants are grown, make important differences in their blooming. We believe the plants figured were grown from imported bulbs. Double-flowered Paeonies.— These constitute at the pre- sent time one of the chief features of the hardy flower garden, and too much cannot be said in their praise. They possess an exquisite perfume similar to that of Tea Roses, and their large handsomely- formed flowers possess a striking variation of colour, varying from the deepest crimson to the purest white. In Mr. Parker's nursery at Tooting, which contains the finest collection we know of, there are upwards of seventy sorts which are more or less distinct, though necessarily there is a strong resemblance to each other in some of the kinds. The majority appear to be of Continental origin, a cir- cumstance owing no doubt to the climate there being more favour- able for perfecting the seed ; hence the greater number of the sorts bear foreign names. Without making a long list of the best varie- ties we append an enumeration of a few of the most distinct. Among the best white kinds are Alba siilphurea, Candidissima, Mar- quis de Lory, Nivea plenissima, and Queen Perfection. Of pinks^ Sjuvenir de I'Exjjosition, Oberlin, Madame Lemoiue, Louisa July 3, ISSO. THE GAEDEN. (I'Estrees, and Dr. Brettonneau. Of crimsons — Ainbroise Versoliat- felt, Henry Dismay, Souvenir d'Auguste Miellez, Victoire d'Alma, and Au;iustin Dhour. Such sorts as the following would till up, as it were, the incermedi.ate shades in making a representative selec- tion, viz., Kugine Verdier, Madame Calot, AladanieSerret, Triomphe de Paris, I'rince de S.alm Dycke, Madame Vilmorin, .and IJloria I'atria. All the above grow to much the same height, about S ft., and thrive well in any ordinary garden soil. All the varieties appear to have sjirung from the old 1'. officinalis and its varieties, .and more particularly from the Anemone-flowered kind (anemoncitlora), the flowers of which have an outer row of large or guard petals enclos- ing numerous small petals. The Season of Lilies. — The Xew Plant Company, of Col- chester, send us a line batch of Lilies, including L. polyphyllum, which is a graceful and beautiful, if not a sliowy Lily. The others were — L, nitiduni, L. canadeuse rnbruni (true form), L. cana- dense Havum, L. pomponium verum, L. Martagon ,alba, L. Hansoni, L. Coridion, L. Krameri roseum, L. Thunbcrgianum Van Houttei (the finest of the Thunbergians), L. Thunbergiauum aluta- ceum grandiflorum, L. Thunbcrgianum bicolor, and L. Thunbcrgia- num brevifolium. We hear from other sources very good accounts of Mr. Bateman's Lily, which we figured from specimens supplied from Colcliester. Primula nivalis. — What is known generally in gardens under this name is merely a white-flowered form of P. viscosa, but the Primula nivaUs. true species to which the name properly applies is a very distinct plant, as may be seen by the accompanying woodcut, which is a correct portrait of the plant now on the rockery in Mr. Ware's nursery at Tottenham. It differs from all the other cultivated kinds in the form of the leaves, and in the purplish tinge of the midrib and lower part of the leaf blade, and it may be at once recognised by these characters alone. Unfortunately, the plants at Tottenham wdl not be in flower this season, or at any rate not till late in the year, though every care has been bestowed upon them in crder to induce them to blossom. This species appears to l)e a vigor- C'US grower, and succeeds finely on one of the slopes of the rockery in question with other species of Primula, including the rare P. Stuarti and P. Parryi, both of which are too beautiful to be left out of a collection if they are procurable. Begonia W. E. Gumbleton. — Of all the single-flowered varieties of tuberous Begonias we have not seen a better one than the variety bearing this name in Messrs. Hooper & Co. a nursery, at Twickenham, both as regards habit and the brilliancy of the colour of its flowers. In habit it partakes strongly of the Veitchi section, being stout, compact, and having leaves of thick texture. Its flowers are more cup-shaped than those of most kinds, and the petals, which possess good breadth and substance, are of the brightest scarlet-vermilion in colour. It is so distinct, that it can be singled out in a large collection at a glance. In this nursery we also noticed a new double-flowered variety bearing the same name with blossoms of a pale salmon tint. Other single varieties of high merit in Messrs. Hooper's collection were Lelia, a sort m ith dazzling vermilion blossoms, having long, but rather narrow petals. It is a free flowerer and of good habit. Zulu is a robust grower, with very large, deep vermilion blossoms. Other line novelties raised in this nursery are Empress of (Jermany, a kiml with fine purplish- carmine blossoms ; King Alphonso, also with ricli carmine flowers of fine form and size ; and a pretty white form of 15. I'earcei, which ditTers from other white-flowered kinds in retaining the beautifully marked velvety leaves, which contrast linely withthe white flowers. As in other nurseries where special attention" is paid to this beautiful family, a host of other kinds ni.ay be found, but those enumerated are some of the most noteworthy. Castilleja indivisa — When this beautiful Colorado jdant was first introduceil and di.stributed a few years ago by Mr. Thomp- son, of Ipswich, it was considered to be merely an annual, possessing the undesirable character of being a ditficult subject to cultivate, inasmuch as it was thought to be essentially a parasite on the roots of other plants like most of its allies, which constitute a distinct section of the large Order of Figworts. That it possesses none of these alleged bad qualities is, however, proved beyond doubt by the fine examples of it which we saw lately in Mr. Joad's garden at Oakfield. They were planted out in a border in an unhcated span-roofed house, in company with hosts of plants which rccjuire a little protection. They were 1 ft. or more in height and as much in diameter, and each stem was terminated by clusters of bril- liant scarlet leaves or, more strictly speaking, bracts ; the effect produced by such specimens may therefore be imagined. As these plants develop stems year after year from the same stool, of course they must be perennial ; whether, however, they would possess that character in the open border we have no proof, but we see no reason why they should not be perfectly hardy in light dry soils in warm positions. The Castillejas, and especially this species, are so distinct from most other plants, that they are extremely desirable to have in a garden ; and even those who would exclude any but showy plants need not hesitate to give them a place. D-warf French Poppies. — Itisremarkablethatthesehardyan- nuals are so little known, for more exquisite border flowers could not be. Messrs. Hooper, in whose n\irsery we lately saw some large beds of them, say, in their catalogue, that they are "ama- zingly beautiful," and the remark is certainly (juite applicable. They are said to be forms of the common P. Ehaeas, but all their flowers are double, and represent a wide variation in colour from white through every intermediate shade of pink and red to the deepest crimson. .Some, too, have the petals beautifully edged with white, which much enhances the peculiar satiny lustre of the crumpled petals. Like most other Popjiies, the flowers soon shed their petals, but the jjrofusion with which they are produced amply compensates for this failing. They possess, moreover, the desirable quality of expanding in water when cut in the bud state, and a lovely vasefulnow before us fully expanded consisted of buds plucked four days ago. The seeds should Ije sown and treated similar to those of other hardy annuals, and they will continue to produce abundance of flowers from the middle of June till August. lonopsis paniculata. — This most lovely and graceful Orchid is in fine condition in .Sir Trevor Lawrence's garden at Burford Lodge, Uorking — large sprays of delicate white Bowers with a dot of lilac in the centre of each. It seems to have more of the grace and abandon of the Mountain Meadow Pl.ant than of an Orchid, and will, we hope, prove easy of cultivation. Nymphsea alba var. rosea. — This beautiful water plant must be becrming less rare than it has been, for we have lately seen it in sevei'al gardens. Messrs. Henderson send us from their nur- sery at Maida Vale some blooms of it from plants grown in an open shallow tank ; they are of exactly the same colour as that represented in the plate given in Vol. XV'. of The G.\kdex. Xerophyllum asphodeloides. — I notice this in bloom in the borders of the gardens at Burford Lodge, Dorking. It is yery interesting with its ivoi-y-w liite blos.soms, which seemed to droop in the heat ; it is not, however, a showy plant, and will probably be most welcome in the curious and botanical collection. — V. Iris gigantea. — This plant, to which we alluded in The Garden on its being first introduced, is, we hear, a mere variety of the old 1. ochroleuca. It was simply a variety of this Iris, thoroughly well grown under very favourable conditions, that first gave rise to this name, which is a false one. New Park for Sunderland.— The Nev/ Pvoker Park, Sun- derland, consisting of thirteen acres, the gift of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and six acres, the gift of Sir Hedworth Williamson, of Vv'hitbum Hall, Sunderland, was cpened the other day, by the Mayor in the presence of 20,000 inhabitants. THE GARDEN. [July 3, 1880. Oxalis floribunda in Pots. — This is very iirett3' now in Sir Trevor Lawrence's hothouse, grown in pots ami hung up as baskets are. It is full of flower, very pretty and briglit. LEAFLETS. Mr. Robert Parker's house at Tooting is now beautifully adorned with the great white star-like flowers of Clematis lanuginosa nivea. This is a noble variety, and one v/hich seems to grow freer than the old kind. Its appearance at some distance is very striking. » There is also a singularly .striking effect now in l\Ir. Parker's nursery, owing to the nombination of the Golden Elder and various beautiful Delphiniums, which are now in their best bloom. Such arrangements well carried out in our green pleasure-grounds would be still more beautiful than in a nursery garden, where they naturally have to be arranged in ways that suit cultivation and convenience. » The beautiful purple Rocket is very showy just now ; it is rich in colour, and has a peculiarly agreeable fragrance, somewhat resembling that of a basket of Peaches grown in a sunny land. They are in size just like the handsome white Rockets which Mr. Gray sent me from Scotland, and which he calls Scotch Rockets. These old flowers are well worth looking after. * Mr. Lynch sends me from Cambridge some beautiful speci- mens of the American Crab Apple (Pyriis coronaria), a fine flowering tree which is neglected in gardens, a circumstance probably attributable to the extreme beauty of our numerous other Apples, the flowers of which ofl'er us a very high standard indeed as to the beauty of trees of that Order. P. coionaria, nevertheless, has merits which should give it a place of honour. It flowers later than many of its allies ; the flowers are handsome and large, so are the pink buds, and the flowers have a fragrance like that of Violets. It is delightful now after the heavy rains to notice their effect on vegetation — the new life which the abundant rains have given to outdoor plants and trees. Looking round in a public garden the other day and enjoying various aspects of vegetation I saw one wliicli was not so agreeable — three men on a kind of low scaffold, suspended in the air over a large beil ; each man had a mason's trowel in iiis hand, and all were employed in forming a little series of graduated ter- races out of Qiud. On this were afterwards stuck in closely a number of small plants. The whole thing looked so odd in a garden, that I rather regret I have not a sketch of it for "Leaflets." There is a difference worth noting in the two plants known as Dicentra eximia and D. formosa, both now in flower. Fre- quently these are thought to be synonymous, and one is very commonly sold for the other. From a garden point of view there is an essential difference between them, D. eximia being a dwarfer plant, having the most graceful flowers and the finest cut leaves. This is more worthy of garden culture than the other, and is charming as a dwarf border or rock plant. I have seen it naturalised in sandy woods. Referring to noble colour in the garden, among its many sources must not be omitted the Californian Lilies, which are now about London bursting into bloom. At Ware's there is a capital plantation of them which, during the coming week, will be simply splendid as regards colour and form too, for their habit is most graceftd and stately. I should like Mr. W. Hinds and other doubters marched along by these beds, for their way of assuming that such plants are "interesting," &c., but that "for colour you must go to bedding plants " is amusingly wrong. These Lilies are grown in peat beds, and each well-grown plant forms a graceful pyramid of flowers, some of the plants being 7 ft. high and more. Under the heading of " Out of Place " in the liitral New Yorker, I read that People who travel on the New Haven Railway have their atten- tion arrested at Wood lawn Cemetery by a huge anchor laid diagonally on the slope of a lawn ; not an anchor of iron, but one of " ribbon liufs." There are doubtless those who admire this, but we do not. We have no fault to find with its mechanical execution — and it is purely mechanical. The colours are gay and strilsing, and serve to arrest the attention, which was, no doubt, the object of those who made it. We object to it, however, on the score of propriety and good taste. From this point of view it is wretchedly bad, and altogether out of place in Woodlawn Cemetery, the natural features and fur- nishings of which are very beautiful. Wliatever may be thought of "carpeting" and "ribbon lines" elsewhere, they are altogether out of place in a cemetery. There, of all places, we should have Nature in hor pure and simple forms, of wliich flowers constitute a most attractive feature. We should not be disappointed if the dead rose out of tlieir graves some night and pitched tliat anchor into the Bronx River. * There are certain great mysteries, such as that of the depths of the sky, which thrill us when we have time to turn our attention from our little earthly interests. They do so partly because they humiliate us by clearly .showing a limitation of the capacity of our minds. But among the things about one's feet, and of purely human manufacture, there is nothing that piizzles me more than the continual flow of botanical lore and books on botany. In turning over my old books occasionally I meet swarms of them of every period — heavy, paging some- times running into four letters, close printed, expensive, pon- derous. I sometimes wonder how many publishers were ruined by such volumes ; and also who paid for them, and what is the good of them all — a certain number of pedants scribbling long names which the public never take the least interest in ! It is to be presumed that the object of such persons is to make people love plants and trees and all that belongs to them, but that they fail to do so is perfectly clear. Any one who has thought of the subject must know that these books are without any real influence, and also that such influence as they do have is in no sense an aid to make people know or like plants better. * The fact is, they begin at the wrong end, and all this weari- some book work will have to be abolished some day by placing those who wish to learn in the midst of the plants themselves. I have long felt there was something wrong about the whole business, and am not sorry to find that Mr. Ruskin has been attending to it lately. He is talking of books on botany, and he wants some information about the sap. This is what he finds : — 1. Dresser's " Rudiments of Botany." Sap not in the index ; only Samai-a and Sarcocup — about neither of which I feel the slightest curiosity. 2. Figuier's "Histoire des PLantes. " Seve not in index ; only .Serpolet and Slierardia arvensis, which also have no help in them for me. 3. Balfour's "Manual of Botany." Sap — yes, at last. "Article 2.57. Course of fluids in exogenous stems." I don't care about the course just now : I want to know where the fluids come from. "If a plant be plunged into a weak solution of ace- tate of lead •" I don't in the least want to know what happens. " Fronr the minuteness of the tissue it is not easy to determine tlie vessels tlirough whicli the sap moves." Who said it was? If it had been easy I sliould have done it myself. "Changes take place in the composition of the sap in its upward course." I dare s.ay ; but I don't know yet what its composition is before it begins going up. "The elaborated sap by Mr. Schultz July 3, 18S0.] THE GARDEN. has been called latex." I wish Mr. Schultz were iu a hogshead of it with the top on. "On account of these movements in the latex, the laticiferons vessels liavc hccn d('noinin;itcd oinenchy- matoiis." I do not venture to print the expressions which I here mentally make use of. It is interesting lo unte just now the great difference there is between streets paved with wood, tar, &e., like the Strand and Piccadilly, and those in the City about Lombard Street. On a hot day it is refreshing to pass to the cool and purer air of the City where asphaltc is used. If kei)t clean, it is undoubtedly the best pavement yet discovered for crowded streets. Here is Clematis montana, one of the plants often recom- mended in TuE Gakden, but which in some parts of the country scarcely requires that. In passing through a Wiltshire village last month I was delighted to see the way in which the houses large and small ■were wreathed with this Clematis — in most cases not primly ; on the contrary, the plant was allowed to hang in free, bold wreaths over porches, and in one case this Clematis covered tj the top a three-storey house, from which it hung in the wildest manner. It is to be desired that other graceful kinds of single Clematis would be used in simi)le ways. Although all of them do not possess the same conspicuous flowers that this showy white kind does, yet many of them are extremely graceful plants, and would grow- any- where, particularly on hedge-row trees or stumjjs. It is vexatious to see the way in which i)lants are figured iu some illustrated periodicals and, I may also venture to add, catalogues. Of all things that come into the hands of the illustrator, perhaps plants liave the least need to be exagge- rated or distorted. If a man has to figure a machine or piece of furniture, he is proud to get as near to it as his art will permit ; but in the case of figuring plants a false ideal has so far taken possession of the minds of those who get them figured, that they have greatly led the artists who draw these plants into monstrous and false representations. In Van Houtte's "Flore des Serres " (1165, tome xxii.) I see one of those huge and exaggerated figures pretending to represent a Pelargonium (Capt. Eaikes). The truss as shown is 7 in. in diameter ! — ^just think of that — and .5 in. deep ! That is to say, an object is placed on paper as large as a Naples Cauli- flower. If anyone comjiares this Pelargonium in life with the plate in question, he will get an instructive lesson in the way in which plants are frerjuently figured. I for one intend to protest against this mode of illustration, and shall lose no opportunity of exposing flagrant cases. Horticulture and all concerned are injured by these misrepresentations. One of the most interesting examples of the great thirst for variety — in some at all events — is that furnished by the repeated issue of so-called new varieties of Melons. It is perfectly beautiful in its audacity, and in the evidence which it bears as to the exploitation, so to say, of the public. In many directions, even among vegetables, no doubt new kinds which are more or less valuable to the public appear from time to time. But in the case of a Melon, one may see " new " kinds brought out year after year without the slightest improve- ment in merit or the slightest difl'orcnce from the old kinds wJiich we have known for ages in English gardens. Some- body sends a good fruit to a show, or grows a fine specimen well flavoured, owing to favourable conditions at the time of ripening, and immediately assumes that it is a new variety, giving it a new name. A certain number of seed houses must try it to know what it is worth, and a certain number of l>eople order it for trial, and the result is that a small stock can be got rid of by the secdmen who buy it. Now real pro- gress is possible and desirable in many ways, but the christen- ing of a Melon with a new name because it happens to bo a fine specimen has nothing to do with progress, and if^, in fact, a dishonourable practice. I should very much like to see more of the old Melons got hold of again. The best Melon I ever tasted was grown by Mr. Groom from seed imported from Egypt by Sir Samuel Baker. It was a long Melon, in shape somewhat like a Vegetable Marrow, but unfortu- nately it got mixed with other varieties in following years, and its descendants were of ordinary quality only. It would be worth while to grow that Melon only in a garden for the sake of keeping it true. Justicia. SEEDSMEN'S EESPONSIBILITIES. (Before Lord Chief Justice Morris and a special Jury.) CuAKLES Kavan.igu v. Sir J. W. Mackey. This was an action brought to recover damages laid at £100 for alleged breach of warranty in the sale of Onion seed. The plain- tiff resides in the neighbourhood of Harold's Cross, Dubhn, where he occupies a farm of some 40 acres, the bulk of which is used for gi'owing vegetables for market purposes. The defendant is the eminent seed merchant carrying on business at "23, Upper Sackville Street, Dublin. The case excited a Large amount of interest, and tlie court was crowded with market gardeners and their friends, members of the principal seed firms iu Dublin being also present. From the opening statement made by Mr. Hemphill, '"plaintifTs counsel, it appeared, accord- ing to the Gardeners' Record, that plaintifl' purchased in tl'.e spring of 1879 a quantity of Onion seed from defendant. The first purchase of (ilb. of seed was made on the 27tli of February, the second, of 101b., on the loth of March, and the third and last, of 51b., on the ■22nd of the same month. On each occasion the variety ordered was Strasburg. That ordered in February was all right and true to name, but the two parcels ordered in March turned out to be Blood Red, instead of Strasburg. Mr. Hemphill then proceeded to say tliat the ijlaintiff suffered loss and damage to the amount sued for, owing to de- fendant's negligence, in that red Onions are not saleable at all in the Dublin market ; farther, that a quantity of them run to what is technically known in the trade as " bull necks," and that in con- sequence of this he was obliged to dispose of them for less than half what he would have got had they lieen the variety ordered. The plaintiff, Mr. Charles Kavanagh, was then sworn and examined in support of his claim, and, in reply to Mr. Curtis, said that he had ordered the seeds as detailed by Mr. Hemphill. He further swore that the crop, along with turning out to be Red Onion — which is unsaleable in the Dublin|market — instead of Strasburg, was one of the worst that could possibly be imagined, more than half of them being "bull neck.s." On this account he was obhged to sell the cro]-, which occupied somewhat over an acre of ground, for £.3.'), whereas had the variety he ordered been supplied he would have received from £80 to £l.iO. On cross-examination, Mr. Kavanagh admitted that he was aware for some years of the non-warranty clause being used by the defendant in his invoices ; at the same time he swore that he had no recollection of ever having read it, notwithstanding that on one occasion he signed one of those invoices agreeing to be bound by the clause as it stood. In continuation he stated that there was about twelve tons of those Red Onions onthe acre of ground, but would not say for certain, as he did not get them weighed, but sold them by bulk for the sum of £35 to a Mr. O'Brien, a general dealer in vegetables and fruit. To the same dealer he also sold some five or six tons of Strasburg at £4 lOs. per ton. The next witness examined was Mr. Fairbrother, who manages a market garden for his fatlier at Cow Parlour. He swore to his having insijeeted this crop of Onions which was the subject of action, and in all his experience ho never saw anything so bad, the greater 8 THE GARDEN. [July 3, 1880. portion of them being " thick necks ; " indeed, he believed them to be of little or no value at all, for even any of them that did bulb would not be saleible in the Dublin market on account of the colour. He further stated that if the variety had been true to name the crop would not alone have been more valuable on account of the colour, but the produce would have been very much heavier, the usual weight of Strasburg per acre being fifteen tons. On cross-examination by Mr. Heron, the witness admitted that he had never seen " Red Onions" before, neither could he say for certain that he ever had fifteen tons of Strasburg Onions to the acre on his own ground, but he believed it was usual. He further stated that he was aware for some considerable time of the non-warranty clause, and tliat Ids father, who was a customer of defendant's, had placed his signature to one of the invoices on which the clause was printed, thereby accepting the terms contained in it. Mr. O'Brien, who purchased the Onions from plaintiff, w.is the next witness examined. He stated he purchased all the Onions plaintiff had, both Strasburg and Blood Red ; for the former he paid him £4 lOs. per ton, and the latter he purchased by Indk for £.35. He could not say how many tons there were, but he staled tliat if they were Strasburg he would have been perfectly willing to have given £S0 for them, and would have considered that he had a good bargain at the price. He could not say that he liad any particular difficulty in disposing of them on account of tlieir colour, nor could he say that he was at any loss at all by liis bargain. Indeed, he scarcely denied the "soft impeachment" made by Dr. Boyd, that for him the transaction was altogether a rather profitable one. For the defence, the defendant, Sir .J. W. Mackey, was examined, and, in reply to Mr. Heron, candidly admitted that the mistake occurred — tliroughno fault of his — of supplying to the plaintiff Red Onion for Strasburg. When complaint was first made to him by plaintiff he went out and inspected the crop in company with the plaintiff and some other parties well versed in such matters. In reply to the (juestiou, "was the crop a good one?" .Sir James swore that it w.as excellent, and in every respect superior to the crop of Strasburg growing beside them. Defendant further stated that he requested plaintiff' not to dispose of the Onions before letting him know, as he would probably obtain a good market for him. ■With regard to the non-warranty clause, the defendant stated that in common witli tlie rest of the trade he was forced to adopt it to protect himself. He further stated that he had given special in- structions to his foreman and shop assistants to make this as widely known as possible, both to market gardeners and all others of his customers. On cross-examination by Mr. Curtis, Sir James, in re[ily to tlie questions as to whether he offered to settle the case, or at least submit it to arbitration, admitted that he had, and in explan.ation stated his reasons for doing so, not alone in the case of the plaintiff, but in that of Mr. I''airbrotlier — who also threatened proceedings — it was to prevent worry and loss of time at an extremely busy part of the season, and also to do away with the chance of falling into the lawj'ers' hands, of whom he had a whole- some dread. Amongst the numerous otiier customers who received this Blood Red seed in mistake for Strasburg, Mr. Kavanagh and Mr. Fairbrother were the only parties who complained as to having suffered loss and damage tiirough the mistake. The next witness examined for the defence was Mr. Starr, one of the senior assistants in defendant's establishment. He testified with regard to tlie fact of the non-warranty clause, the wording of which is as follows : — "Sir J. W. Mackey gives no warranty expressed or implied as to description, quality, productiveness, or any other matter of any seeds he sends out, and he will not be in any way responsible for the crop. If the purchaser does not accept the goods on these terms they are at once to be returned unopened." This was on every invoice sent out since 1874, it being also printed on slips, and placed in every bag of seed over ten pounds in weight. He further stated that every one of the market gardeners in the neighbourhooi of Dublin was perfectly aware of this non-warranty clause, and not one amongst them knew it better than the plaintiff Mr. Kavanagh. Mr. Murtigh, an extensive grower and exporter of vegetables, i-e- siding at C.lasnevin, was examined with regard to the quality of the crop, and stated that he had inspected it and considered that it was particularly good, bearing in mind the very unfavourable season which 1879 was. Indeed, he considered it was very much better in every way than the Strasburg which was growing beside it. Mr. Beggs, another market gardener in a large way of business, was then examined, and stated that he also had examined the crop and considered it very superior. He further swore that he .also had been supplied with a quantity of this Red Onion seed througli mis- take, but he had no difficulty in disposing of the produce, nor did he suffer any loss or damage ; indeed tlie only regi-et he had in con- nection with the matter was not obtaining a greater quantity of the .seed, as the crop turned out so much better than the Strasburg or Deptford varieties, of which he sowed some fifty or sixty pounds. Mr. O'Neill, another extensive market gardener, living at Mil- town, was examined, and swore that he was supplied by the defen- dant with some 10 lb. of this Red Onion seed through mistake, but that he suffered no loss whatever. It was elicited during this witness's examination that he sold all the Red Onions he had at £7 per ton ; and further, that the jjurchaser was Mr. O'Brien, who bought the whole of the plaintitTs crop at £.'?5, or a little under £3 per ton. In summing up, his lordship said that the case had after all been brought within very narrow limits, and in consequence his remarks to the jury would be very brief. With regard to the legality of the non-warranty clause, that was altogether a question of law, and not for the jury to decide. The questions which he would .send lo the jury for their consideration were three in number, namely — was the plaintiff aware of the existence of this non-warranty clause ; was he aware of its existence at the time of the purchase of this seed which was the cause of action ; and lastly, what amount of loss and damage did he suffer, and if any ? With regard to the latter question his lordship made some remarks on the fact of the plaintiff having sold tlie Strasburg Onion he had at the rate of £4 lOs. per ton, whereas he expected double that amount for those which did not grow at all. The jury then retired, and after about twenty minutes' absence returned with the following verdict, viz. : — That the plaintiff was fully aware of the non-warranty clause, botli on the occasion of the purchase of the seed in question and previously. And further, that he suffered no loss or damage whatever owing to the mistake. THE FRUIT GARDEN. PRUNING AND TRAINING IMPROVED. The Apricot. Wall Culture.— The Apricot .should be trained and treated at the beginning in the same manner as the Plum, and the subsequent treatment is also the same, except that concurrently with the production of spurs — ■which are pro duced freely — young wood may be laid in annually in any part of the tree wliere vacant spaces have to be filled or old and naked limbs covered. The reason for this is that the Apricot bears the finest fruit on tlie wood of the previous year and on the spurs of the younger and more vigorous branches ; and it is well always to have these in progress in case of any of the older branches dying, a very common occurrence in the Apricot. In laying in such young growths, however, care must be taken not to crowd the branches. ]\Iinute instructions have been laid down on the subject of training the young wood of Apricots in a systematic way by eminent authorities, but in actual practice it is found difficult and often undesirable to encourage much young wood annually, because if the trees have been trained methodic- ally from the beginning room cannot be found for it. To keep up a regular supply of young successional shoots the tree would have to be trained like the Peach, which the production of fruiting spurs prevents to a great extent. All that is necessary is to lay in young shoots their full length where vacancies occur, and to cover older limbs on which the .spurs have become weak or project too much, and which may be consequently cut away as the young branches extend to take their place. This is usually all that is attempted and practicable, but in order to keep a tree furnished in this way the branches must be subjected to a critical examination at both the disbudding period and the winter pruning. It is of particular importance to originate young branches at the base of the tree, as when once this part gets bare of branches it becomes almost impossible to clothe it again without heading back. It is a maxim with gardeners that if the bottom of the tree is kept well furnished, the top will take care of itself, and the maxim is a good one. Young trees should be encouraged as much as possible, in order to extend the area of the branches, and with that object the terminal or leading shoots should bs laid in tieir whole length, and only those pinched Jui.v 3, 18S0.] THE GARDE^^ 9 th;^t are pushing too luxuriantly aheail of the others. The advice given in winter pruning to " leave " strong shoots long and weak ones " short," in order to weaken the former and strengthen the latter, I never could see the force of. Were all the branches equally strong I would dissipate their luxuriance by expanding their growth into as many channels as possible, but if one .shoot was strong and another weak I would check the first and encourage the last till it came abreast of the other. To leave a strong Apricot shoot " 1 ft. in length or a little longer " because it is strong, and " shorter if weak," as Mr. Thompson directs us, is not the way to pro- mote equality. What the strong branch has got it will keep, and what the weak one loses it will have to make up at a disadvantage. I never knew the object attained by such means. Standards. — The Apricot is seldom grown as a standard outdoors in this country, but is so cultivated under glass occasionally. The directions given under the head of they will ore by far the most fruitful ; it is only when they have covered the wall and extend any further that they begin to be unmanageable unless frequent root prun- ing is resorted to. The Cherry is the most vigorous grower of all the stone fruits, and will bear horizontal training better than the others in con.scqucnce, and the system may be tried on low walls where a fan-trained tree could not extend. Still, even on low walls the fan system will be found to answer perfectly. A wall 20 ft. high would be preferable, but fig. 12 shows a comparatively young Cherry tree in flower, trained fan-shaped on a wall only 9 ft. high, and which has borne abundantly since it was first planted — quite a young tree and trained on the extension plan. The centre branches reached the top of the wall at an early period, and growth, being suppressed in that direction, has caused the side branches to expand pro]iortionately. Morello Cherry — This variety bears its fruit princi- pally on the shoots of the previous year's growth, and on natural Fig. 12.— Extenoion-traiued young Cherry Tree on a wall Oft. high. " Standard Plums " apply also to the Apricot outdoors and indoors, only that in the latter case the trees will require more attention in the matter of disbudding and pruning. The tree should be trained with a round symmetrical head, and the branches and spurs should be rather thinly disposed by thinning and disbudding freely, and only the strong shoots should be shortened or pinched. The Cherry. All the varieties of the Cherry may be trained on walls in the same manner as the Plum, both as a wall tree and as a standard. The Cherry produces natural spurs with extra- ordinary freedom, if the shoots are not cut back too much, and but little breast-wood, while the branches are allowed to extend freely at their extremities. Both as a standard and wall tree, young unpruned shoots produce as perfect wreaths of blossom as can be imagined, and quantities of fruit. It is only when we begin to cut back the branches in order to confine them within the necessary limits that they begin to produce gross wood and cease to be fertile. Young trees that are just growing and extending as fast as spurs on the two-year-old. The tree may be managed much in the same way as the Peach from the beginning, and the aim should be to lay in sufficient young wood annually all over the tree, and plenty of young shoots are always produced for that purpose. This variety of the Clierry is not nearly so much disposed to produce gro.ss shoots as the other kinds, but pro- duces a great profusion of slender shoots, many of which have annually to be cut clean away at the winter pruning to prevent crowding if not disbudded at the proper season. The shoots should never be shortened or pinched. Standards. — These are very manageable, and are usually planted and allowed to grow naturally ; the less pruning they receive, unless it be aa occasional thinning of the branches, the better. J. S. W. (To he continued. ) Magnolia Halleana. — We have before spoken of this. It a oue of the most beautiful and distinct of Magnolias. The flowers are 3 in. across, spotless white, and emit an aromatic perfume. It should be grouped with other plants in the shrubbery, so as to hide the naked stems at the blooming season. — Cntifornian Hortkiilturi.it. 10 THE GAEDEN. [July 3, 1880. BEAUTIFUL HAKDY PLANTS IN FLOWER DURING THE PRESENT WEEK.* English Name. Prickly Thrift Monkshood . Silvery Yarrow 4 Woolly do. Kock do. . Moujiolian do. Golden-flowered do. Rose Campion Purple-flowered Onion Blue-flowered do. Piedmont do. Yellow-flowered do. Jladwort. Evergreen Alkanet Italian do. Cape do. Hosy Androsace Shaggy do. Yellow do. "Windflower . Poppy Anemone . Cyclamen-leaved do. DouT)le May Weed . St. Bruno's Lily Snaptlragon . : Mountain Kidney Vetch Hedgehog-plant Cape Poudweed Columbine Large-flowered Thrift Great do. Sea-side do. . Alpine do. . , Sandwort Yellow Asphodel White do. Snb-alpiue do. Alpine Star-wort Milk Vetch . "Blue Arabia'' Blue Daisy Eetony . Yellow Os-eye Kock Purslane Mariposa Lilies Leichtlin's Quamash Quamash. ,, white Harebell . Noble-flowered do. Peach-leaved do. . Nettle-leaved do. . Large-flowered do. Wall do. Bearded do, . Cathcarfs Poppy . Balm Mountain Knapweed iled Valerian . Alpine Wallflower . Ox-eye Daisy . LATIN Name. Aci7itholiifioii glumaceum Aconitwn Napellus Ji vars. bicolor japrniiciDti paniculatum . AchtUea Clavinnoe. toincntjsa. rtipeistrls . iii-MifoUca a urea Ac.tiiiella scciposa . jUthlonemagrandl^oru Ajrostemma coronarUi Flosjovis . Alliuin acuminatum M itrrajjanuin . azureum . vc'demonlamim 'Moly . Ahfssum iViersbecki Aackusa sempervirens italica capensi'i . Androsace carneci . villosa Vitaliana, Aiiemone coronirta and vars palmata . rioularLi . Anthcmis iiiodorunijl.-pl, Diebersteinl Anthcricuin Liliastr am ratnosum . . [vars. Anlirrhinuiinfiajus ^ vars AnthjflUs montauT, erinacea . Aponogeton distachi/on AquUegia chrysant/ut. callfornica glandulosa coeralea and hybrids grata Biirgeriana vulgaris . Armaria grandifijra cephalotes via,riiima virs. alplna vars. Areiiaria grandt/lora purparasceiis . balearica. norvegica vsrna Asphodelus luteus . albus. sub-alpintis Aster alpinuit and vars. Astilbe japonica Astrajalwi iiionspessulns. hypoglottis vaginatus Aubrietia deltoidea vars Bellium ro( undi/oUum oar. ccerulesceits Betonica grandijlora Brodiiea coecinca , volubilis . congesta tt vars. coccinea . Buptkalinum salioi/oliu Caccinla glauca Calandriiiia umbellata Calochortus pulchcUus , vsnustus . elegans cceruleus . lilacinus . Camdssia LaichtUni esculenta . var. alba . Campanula glomerata var. speciosa . n/bilis Hohcnhackeri . peraiei/olia i aljiinus vars. hirsutiis , hispanicus Eritrichium na7iu)ii Erodium Manescavi cheilanthi/olium Reichardi macradenum . Fanfcia .'.u'jcordata. Gaillardia aristata Galega orientaUs . Qentiana acaulis . septemjida Geranium'subcaulesccns. ci?iereum sanguineum . var. lancastriense . platypetalurn . armenum. Geuiii coccincuin Jl.-pl. . Gnaphalium arenarium Gypsophila cerastoides . repent lledysarum tnontamnii. Helenium Iloopesi . Hemerocallis Dumortieri Jlava .... Hesperls violacea . tnatronalis Jl.-pl. Ilorminum pyrenaicum Hou^tonia cceridea Ilottonia palustris. Hypericum Burseri Ibcris gibraltarica Tenoreana corifolia . lonopsidium aeaide Iris olbiensis . germanica virginica tenax sibirica pallida ochroleuca Pseudacorus Lamium longijlorum Lathyrus pisi'form-is (Orohu^i) aurantius. rotuiulifoliits . grandi/lorus Lilium concolor Szovitzianum . pomponium pidchcllum- davurlcum monodelphum . carniolicum Martdqon 6: vars. . umbcllatum elegans ctlumbianutn . Kramer i . auratum . canadcnse parvum . Liiuiria alpina oriianifolia pilosa pallida bipartita . Lindclophia spectabilis . Linum Jlavwn perenne . viscosutn . Lithospermuin purpurea cceruleuni prostratum Remarks. rock garden and borders borders, rough rockwork rough rockwork, bdrs. , &c. borders and wild garden shady peat borders warm borders, rock garden warm borders (new) rock garden borders rock garden, exposed parts borders, rock garden borders borders and wild garden borders rock garden rare species (Kew), borders borders borders, waterside, &c. rock garden, borders rock garden and borders rock garden in clefts of rock rock garden, borders borders and wild garden brds. and Ijeds for cutting rock garden, borders damp peaty borders borders and rock garden ,, wild garden borders, beds for cutting rock garden and borders rock garden, borders borders and wild garden borders, naturalising rare species (Kew) borders borders, rock garden rock garden, peaty soil shallow ponds, streams borders and shrubberies warm borders (pretty biennial) borders, rocks rockery, borders borders wild garden waterside, &c. (rare), bdrs. & naturalising borders, naturalising borders, trelliswork, &c. borders rock garden (annual), borders borders and naturalising warm borders & rock gdn. (rare species, Ware's) borders rock garden, borders Jur.Y ISSO. THE GARDEN. 11 English Name. Bock Gromwell Double Binl's foot Trefoil C.>mmoii Lupine . Rock Lychnis . Double Rcil Campion . Virginian Stock . Ncp.iulese Poppy . Welsh t'oppy . B;ist;ir>l li.iUu Bui'k He;iu Silieriiin Lun:^\vort . Moukey-Uower Horse Hint . Forget-me-not Cat Mint. Water Lily . Larc;e Eveuin™ Primrose Rocky Niivel-woi't . Golden Dropa . Spotted Hand Orchis Marsh Orchis . Star of Bethlehem. Scarlet Ourisia Uralian Milk Vetch Pieony .... Tree do. . . . Poppy .... Pentstemou Phlox Alpine Batterwort . Irish do Vallisneria-le aired do. . Cilifomian Poppy . Jacob's-ladder Alpine Knotweed . Ciniuefoil Primrose Japanese do. . Sikkim do. Scotch Bird's-eye do. Bird's-eye do. . Dense-headed do. . Pyrethnim Pine Barren Beauty Rosette Mullein RanuQculU3(dbL Persn.) Sage .... Rock Soap'K'ort Pyramidal Saxifrage M0357 and Caihion do. . Cincasian Scabious Spanish Blue Bell Californiaa Siiuill Caucasian SKuUcap Groundsel Spoon-leaved do. Doable Sea Catchfly Catchfly . Firo Pink Alpine Catchfly Rock do. Dropwort Croat's Beard . Bohemian Comfrey Rue Anemone Meadow Rue . Rock Thyme . Virginian Spiderwort LATis Name. Lith ^spenmim petifpum Lotus coniicutatusjl.-pl. Lupinus pitlyphi/Utis cars. Lychnis L(ij(isi\s . (iioicajl.-p!. Malcolmia virjinica Afaiope milacoides.^ ifeconopsn'i 8iinplic\foUa CiUnbrica. Mellttis itellissopht/Uuni Menyttnthcs tri/oUata . Meri'-Hsia stbirtca . Mimulus cuprcu;i vctrs. . tiiffffifui . 'Tilinji . Monardit Bradbunjana . Mi/osotts dinsitijlora palustrif! . alpfntris . azoriea Sepcta Munfiini imcrantka yympkery (rather tender) warm borders rock garden borders, rock garden borders and rock garden waterside, bogs, and moist places in rock garden. (annual) borders borders useful for cutting rock garden moist borders ruck garden and borders (rare species, Ware's) oorders, beds, for cutting rock gardn. (rare in flower) rock garden borders borders and wild garden borders (rare, Kew) (rather tender), warm bdr. trailingplant forrocks, &c. rock garden borders, useful for cutting (biennial), borders, &c. borders, wild garden rare bulbous plant (rare species, Oakfleld) borders, banks, &c. (rare sp.. Kew) rock gar. rock garden, borders bordera rock garden rock garden and borders rock garden and borders borders, as edgings, &c. borders borders and wild garden rock garden and borders borders rock garden, borders borders, banks, &c. English Namk. Nasturtium . Spring Star Flower Purple Mullein Comb-leaved Speedwell Alpine do. Gentian-leaved do. Guthrie's do. . Rock do. Germander-leaved do, Prostrate do. . Austrian do. . Olympian Violet . Munhy's d(». . I'ennsylvanian do. . Bird's-foot do. Heartsease English Iris Spanish do. Latin Name. Tropceolnm mnjua . potyphyllunt . Tritelcia uniflora . taxa . Marryana Vcrbascum phivniceum Veronica pectinata alpina gcntianoides Gathrieana saxatilis . Teucriiim 2trostrata . austriaca Viola f/rat^iUh" . Muiihi/ana pennitylntnica . pfidata vars. . tricolor vars. . Xcrophyllum asphodloids. Xiphion vuhjare lati/olium Rem All &8. banks, borders, &c. borders rock garden and bordcra borders and rock garden rock garden and bordcM warm borders HARDY TREES AND SHRUBS IN FLOWER. Shrubby Starwort Alpine Atragene Pontic Azalea. Soft-leaved do. Swamp Honeysuckle Piuxter Elower Uolly-leaved Berberry Blue Bush Mexican Orange Flower. Gum Cistus . Mountain Virgin's Bower Clematis .... Scorpion Senna Hawthorn . . : Purple- flowered Broom . Garland Flower Broom Spanish do. Prostrate do. . Sun Roses American Jamesia . Jasmine . Mountain Lanrel . Sheep do. Red do. . Japanese Kerria . Labrador Tea . Honeysuckle . St. Dabeoc's Heath Prickly Heath Mock Orange . filaule's Japanese Quince Khododendron False Acacia . Silky Rose Ramauas do. Rose-flowered Bramble Pnrple-floweriug do. Elder Meadowsweet Himalayan Lilac . Tamarix .... Plaited-leaved Viburnum Siebold's do. . Wayfaring Tree Snowball Tree Weigela Aster albcsc^n:^ Atrageiw alpina Azalea poitttca mollis viscosa nudijiora Bcrberifi Aqui/oUuni JluddU'Mi gtobosa Ceanothus dentatus Choisya ternata Ciatus laurifolius . Clematis montana . Jackmanni vars . patens, distinct species ovata integrifolia CorontUa Emerus . Cotoneaster buxi/olia Cratcegas Oxyacanthavai Pi/racantha Cijtisus pitrpureus. nubigcnus Daphne Cneorum . Dcutzia crenafa ji -pi. Jiscallonia macrantha sanguinca Fabiana imbricata. Freviontia cali/ornica Genista pilosa hispanica prostrata Ilelianthenium, various Jamt'sia americana Jasiiiin'Dii multiflorurii r-'Viilittnia Kalmia iutifolia angusti/olia rubra Kerria japonica »D vars. Ledum paluslre lati/olium Lonicera Pcnclymcnum Magnolia cordata . Menziesia polifolia Pemetfya anjuUifoUa PhiladuLpltus coronarius PteLea trifoliata . Pyrus Maulci Rhododendron glaiicvm fcrririi III' Kill . blandjordicfjlonim ponticum Robinia hispida Pseudo- Acacia, Rosa sericea . rugosa alba polyantha diversij'olia Rubus spectabilis . odorattfi . rostv/oliuA Sambucus nigra Spiraea nutans pruni/olia fl.-pl. Van Uouttei . Regclliana Uevigata . cana . corgmbosa ractise. It will be quite the middle of July before spring-planted ones are ready, and th.at invaluable of sorts, the Beauty of Hebron, will be ready to dig as soon as the Ash-leaved kind. It can be taken up and house! as soon as the Ash-leaved. — Geo. Bond, Walcot, Lijdbury Nortlt^ iS/iropiinder lighter .shadings. This change will induce them to form flower-buds, which will get well advanced by the autumn, when the plants will be in proper condition for supplying cut blooms during the early winter months. Poinsettias now fairly started must be placed in positions close to the glass in warm frames, in order to keep them dwarf and stocky. Every gleam of sunshine must be allowed to fall on them, combined with very free ventilation. See that they do not suff'er from want of water at the root from this time till their flowering is over, otherwise they will cast their bottom leaves, and very much of their beauty will be lost. Epiphyllums will now enjoy a hot sunny position, but they must not be allowed to suffer from lack of water to the roots, otherwise the growths shrivel, and it will take some time to restore them to plumpness. It will still be neces- sarj' to keep fires going at night iu order to maintain the requisite temperature among the warmest section of stove plants, but keep the pipes as cool as possible during bright days. Ferns.— These should now be at their best, aud the aim should be to keep them in good condition as long as possible. Wliere the atmospheric conditions are kept suitable, and the plants are not allowed to suffer from want of water at the root, they will remain fresli and healthy for a long period. The danger to them now lies iu allowing insects to prey upon them, especially scale aud thrips. Frequent light fumigations will best destroy the thrips, but the scale will require removing witli a soft brush or sponge, whicli must be carefully handled to avoid damaging tlie fronds. Attend to pot- ting on young free-growing kinds, and any others that are required to form specimens quickly. The tree kinds will require frequent attention during hot weather to keep them well supplied with moisture at the roots aud over the stems. Creeping sorts will now be making rapid progress, and will require regulating frequently to keep them to the positions allotted to them. Greenhouse Plants.— Successional batches of tuberous Begonias, Coleus, Balsams, and similar useful plants should now be coming forwartl to take the place of tliose that are past their be?t in tlie conservatory. Hydrangeas as they pass out of flower should be placed in sunny positions outside, aud should receive treatment similar to that given to Pelargoniums, except that a more liberal supply of water at the roots will be necessary. All the cuttings that cm be got from Hydrangeas should now be inserted singly in 2i-in. pots and placed in a brisk bottom-heat, removing tliom to cooler quarters the moment they are rooted. These, if grown on in cool structures close to the glass and kept to one stem, will develop fine heads of bloom early next season. The placing out- of-doors of the tenderer kinds of greenhouse plants may now be proceeded with, but really valuable plants will be better left under glass for some time. Plants of a wooly character, such as Aphelexis, Eoellia ciliata, &;c., must not be placed outside, but should occupy positions in cool airy frames, where moisture is not allowed to settle on tlie leaves, as that soon turns them rusty. Keep all newly-exposed plants well syringed and dewed over to assist them in retaining their foliage. Soft-wooded Ericas will now be growing freely, and will be benefited by liberal supplies of water and a gentle dewing over with the syringe ou very bright days. Look closely over tliem during dull weather, as mildew is very apt to attack them ; where this occurs the plants must at once be dusted with sulphur. — J. Koeerts. Indoor Fruit. Plums. — Where these and Cherries are brought on together they do very well under identical treatment until the latter begin to colour, when the decrease in the supply of moisture is detriaiental to the Plums, which enjoy good syringing and feeding up to the time the fruit begins to ripen. To meet this difliculty no time must be lost in getting the Cherries removed to the open air, as recently advised, aud to rearrange the Plums, giving them more room and rene^\ing the top-dressing as the work proceeds. The house can then be treated as a warm orchard house with liberal ventilation by day, good syringing with soft water if it can be obtained, and a little night air after being closed for three or four hours under the influence of solar heat. In the arrangement of the trees the different sections should be kept together according to their period of ripening, such kinds as Early Prolific occupying the coolest, while the Gages and Golden Droj), the best of all Plums, are placed in the warmest part of the house. It will be necessary to pay regular attention to the stojiping of tlie lateral growths, to keep the foliage clean and free from insects, and to follow up thinning with a firm hand, as few sub- jects set more freely than Plums when the wood is properly ripened under glass. Like all stone fruits, the Plum requires a strong cal- careous loam firmly rammed into the pots and good feeding in preference to frequent disturbance of the roots ; but when potting becomes absolutely necessary, it should be performed immediately after the fruit is gathered, and before the trees are taken out of the house. Peaches and Nectarines. — Cleanliness and constant atten- tion to the syringing and watering of the trees, with all tlie ventila- tors thrown open, will be tlie principal work in the early house until the foliage begins to change for rijiening, when, the plan of proce- dure having been decided upon and materials got ready and near at hand, lifting and rearranging will be the next important step ; meantime tlie daily routine laid down for the management of the early house will also apply to the second, the excejitions being a discontinuance of fire-heat and possibly an increase in the supply of water to internal borders. External borders are now safe from the effects of drought, the only thing needed being a covering or mulching to ijrevent the too rapid escape of moisture in hot wea- ther, care being taken that it is not so close and heavy as to prevent the steady descent of solar heat to the roots. Houses aud cases from which the late summer and autumn supply is obtained may have all the ventilators thrown open by night and day until the fruit is ripe, the syringing being regulated by the weather. If hot aud dry six o'clock in the morning and four to five o'clock in the afternoon will answer very well ; but on dull days the last syringing may be dispensed with, as an excess of moisture some- times favours the spread of mildew, one of the first kinds affected being Royal George. The application of dry sulphur dusted over the leaves when slightly damp soon destroys it. It however spreads v ith great rapidity, aud extends from the foliage to the fruit, which it disfigures and spoils. The most frequent cause of mildew is dryness at the roots of the trees affected, and so long as tliis continues the use of sulphur is not so efficacious as it would be were they properly mulched and thoroughly soaked witli water at the temperature of the house iu which they are growing. Vines. — The heavy falls of warm thunder rain that we have had in this locality have produced a very beneficial effect ou all external borders that were properly drained, and little danger now remains of injury from drought sliould we be favoured by a much-to-be- desired hot dry autumn. At the present time the weatlier is much disturbed, and, being so changeable, " scalding"— to wdiich I drew attention the other day— may be expected to affect Muscats and Lady Downes tliat have not completed the stoning process. As a means of prevention, it will be well to contiuuc tlie night firing, to maintain a high night temperature with decreased atmosplierio moisture, and to give an aliundance of air by day. Another class of Grape, the thin-skinned Madresfield Court Muscat, when well advanced towards ripeness, is also liable to be aU'ected by sudden atmospheric changes, which are quite as likely to cause cracking as an excess of root moisture. When this is the case, a dry equable tem- perature with moderate ventilation, as recommended for ripe Grapes in the autumn, will be found applicable, while a free growth of laterals will assist in carrying off exuberant food thrown up by the roots. Houses in which Hamburghs are colouring aud getting well advanced may have the ventilators left constantly open, with sufficient moisture to prevent the atmosphere from becoming dry enough to favour the spread of red spider, an enemy W'hich should always have our first and most careful attention, its appearance on July 3, 1880.] THE GARDEN. 15 the first leaf being the signal for patient sponging with soapy water. The application of sulphur to the pipes when hot is the most efTectual way to check the enemy ; but to annihilate it the process must be repeated at short intervals, anil setting aside the annoyance of seeing the sulphur about the pipes. Many of the delicate white kinds, like the Frontignans, are often completely spoiled by the fumes. I'yaniine the inside borders in early houses that have been cleared of fruit, and see that they do not want water ; keep them mulched to prevent the surface roots from be- coming dry, but at the same time guard against forcing laterals into vigorous growths by an excess after the wood is ripe. Look to pot Vines intended for fruiting next season, and when they have com- pleted their growth they will require a free circulation of .air with a little lire-heat when the weather is wot and cold. Remove all laterals from the buds intended to produce fruit next season, pro- vided tlie old leaves continue good, but on no account must the lateral be removed where the main leaf has been lost, neither must the growths of the extremities be removed for the present. Cut back, or otlier young stock intended for planting if still in heat will bo the better for reuiov.al to a temperate house, in which they will ripen properly by the autumn. Cucumbers. — Henceforward the principal work in this depart- ment will be daily attention to detailed management. Tlie plants in pits and houses having broken into a free growth without the aid of tire heat, more care will be needed at closing time, otherwise a low stagnant atmosphere will result in au attack of mildew, which will prove more exhaustive than a heavy crop of fruit. To prevent its appearance a sharp bottom-heat, with an abundance of warm stimu- lating liijuid, will keep the roots right, while the free admission of air through the early part of the day, draught being avoided, and early closing with sun heat, will produce conditions unfavourable to its gaining a serious hold upon the plants. In all cases where it does appear dry sul[)hur must be applied to the parts afl'ected, sj'ringed off after the house has been closed for a night, and repeated until it is destroyed. Red spider, one of the most troublesome insects we have to contend with, will most likely gain a position on old plants, from which it will soon spread to others of more value. The best and surest remedy for its destruction, although apparently tedious, is careful sponging with weak soapy water, which completely cleanses and preserves every leaf taken in hand ; but it must be borne in mind that this mode of procedure only applies to establishments in which the stitch-in-time principle is followed up. If once allowed to extend, the usual rough and re.ady system of saturating fruit, leaves, stems, and walls with the insecticide most in favour is the only remedy, when it is needless to say the remedy verj' often finishes that which was commenced by the parasite. The same rule applies to green fly, which frequently appears in frames which have been imperfectly cleansed. When the tirst insect is observed, the structure should forthwith receive a liglit smoking, which may be repeated after two or three days. Light smokings are best, the smoke being made to pass through damjj JIoss to prevent scorching, and the foliage should be well syringed and shaded before the sun reaches it the following morning. Where the summer supply is obtained from frames, the plants will require dressing over three times a week to prevent the growths from interlacing ; and assuming that six or eight lights are in bearing, one or two should be cut over and top-dressed every week ; the supply of fruit will then be steady, and due attention being paid to bottom-heat,_the quality will be all that can be desired. — W. Coleji.\>'. Hardy Fruit. The rains of the past week have been most beneficial to .Sti-aw- berry and bush fruit crops ; the former were beginning to flag and the latter to be overrun with blight ; but now all this is changed — the fruit is ripening, and the only danger to be apprehended now is from mischievous birds, against the depredations of which netting should be applied ; but previously remove a portion of the slioots from Currant bushes, not only that the fruit may ripen the better, but that it may keep the longer througli the admission of air keep- ing the fruit dry. Layer runners of .Str.xw berries both for planting out and growing in pots for forcing ; keep runners off those that have been recently planted, and by supplying them witli abundance of manure water, a full autumnal crop of fruit may be expected. After another season's experience I reiterate my opinion that, taking all points into consideration, no other two kinds of .Straw- berries are equal to Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury and Green's President, certainly not in our light soil, in which most other sorts, after repeated trials, refuse to grow at all satisfactorily ; hence we are seriously debating the propriety of excluding all other sorts ; and certainly if any others are retained it will be only late sorts, in the hope of lengthening out the Strawberry season, though even this is hardly necessarj', as we have gathered President grown on a north border almost as late as Frogmore Late Pine, and, as regards quality, far superior to that late variety. Thin out the shoots of Raspberries to four or at most six to each stool ; since the rain they have grown so rapidly that, to prevent injury, tying in has become necessary ; and this sboidd be so contrived that the new canes do not intercept tlic full play of light on the fruiting canes. Keei) them mulched with stable litter, for they are higli feeding and moisture-loving pl.ants. Persistently api)ly remedies for the'cxter- miimtion of aphides and American blight ; the latter is more trouljlesomc than it has been for years past. The affected parts of the trees should be pointed over with a strong solution of soft soap and brine ; a single dose usually settles the blight. In order to destroy the .aphides, pinch off all the bad shoots and leaves which it is safe to remove, and afterwards apply water, with force, as often as convenient, occasionally alternating it by an application of soap- suds or weak Tobacco water. Continue to remove or pinch back the redundant growth on fruit trees generally. Any that liave hitherto been neglected must be done gradually, beginning at the top of the tree, and removing a portion at intervals of a few days ; none should have their new growths tied or nailed in till they are thoroughly free from insects. Peaches and Nectarines are now- making excellent growth ; any strong shoots that are taking the lead should be stopped back to a good lateral, allowing that to take the lead ; it will be less w-atery, consequently easier ripened, and therefore more fruitful ; aljove all, do not lay in tlie wood too thickly, or allow the laterals to extend, but pinch out the points of these as soon as they have made a couple or three leaves. When once commenced the summer pinching of fruit trees is a matter that cannot be neglected without injurious consequences, for the fruit spurs having been formed so closely in to the main branches of the tree, neglected growth completely overshadows them and hinders their maturity ; therefore on both wall, bush, and jjyrami dal trained trees keep the shoots well stopped back, and as closely as possible from midsummer onwai'ds. Kitchen Garden. Those who have plenty of ground and do not need to double-crop know little of the scheming and contriving that those whose demands are great and ground limited have to practise, and perhaps at no time of the year is the pressure greater than now when Broc- coli and Kale, &c. , are ready for and, indeed, ought to be jilanted, and no room can be found for them till the ground now occupied with early Peas, Potatoes, Shallots, Garlic, ifec, can be had ; mean- while, therefore, the Kales, &c., should be either thinned out in the seed-bed or else pricked out to prevent a lanky growth, and the moment the crops just named can be cleared ott' it should be done, and the ground freed from weeds by hoeing and raking. Digging is not esseuti.al, provided the ground was well dug in the autumn for tlie previous crops, as Broccoli and winter Greens generally do best in firm soils. JIake holes with a crowbar, fill in w'ith fine soil, and drench with water to settle it about the roots, and they will give no further trouble till earthing is required to keep them from being injured through wind-waving. The dry spring has just suited the early Pot.ato crop ; though there is not bulk, the quality is all that can be desired, and the sooner all the first early varieties are housed the more likely are they to escape tlie murrain which gene- rally appears about this date. This affords a good reason for grow- ing early, kinds in quantity, and so far as my observation goes, tliis is the only sure way at present open of escaping the disease. As a parasite affecting vegetable crops, I look upon mildew as second only to the Potato disease, particularly as regards its attacks on Peas at this season ; and as there is virtually no cure for it when once it has got a footing, prevention is clearly the only way of meeting the case, and this can generally be done by liberal culture, such as deep trenching, heavy manuring, mulching, and watering, and any that are to be sown now should be in trenches, prepared as for Celery, and at this late period early kinds only should be used, and of these William the First is one of the best, ilulch and stake succes- sional crops, a remark which also applies to Scarlet Runners. A chance crop of dwarf French Beans may be sown on a south border, and supports consisting of Birch or Hazel twigs should be placed to those coming into bearing. Other seed sowing required at pre- sent are Lettuces, Endive, Turnip, Horn Carrot, and small salad- ings. Complete the thinning out, and, if needs be, the transplant- ing of seedlings of Beet, Lettuces, Parsley, &c. Train out the growth of Gherkins and Vegetable JIarrows ; soil up as the roots appear on the surface, and well supply them with water. Toma- toes prove most fruitful when confined to single stems, and when the side shoots are kept pinched back ; tie or nail them to walls or trellises before they get top-heavy and break off. As ojiportunity offers hoe amongst all crops likely to be aided by that operation — one which also conduces to neatness through the prevention of the growth of weeds. Keep walks well rolled, alleys and paths free from weeds, and edgings trimmed, for without these accompaniments even a well-stocked garden fails to give satisfaction. — -W. W. 16 THE GARDEN. [July 3, ]880. TREES, SHRUBS, AND WOODLANDS. WOODLAND WORK FOR JULY. Wherever timber, cordwood, or faggots remain in the falls, tlie cartage of these should be the first consideration. But the favour- able season for felling Oak, stripping and harvesting bark, and clear- ing the woodlands leaves without excuse those who are now behind- hand. Sales of timber should take jilace as early as possible, to enable purchasers to remove it during the dry summer weather with the smallest amount of injury to the estate roads. Conditions of sale should compel an early removal, otherwise much of the timber may be left over to the end of the season. In this neighbourhood one month is given, and more than tv\o months are seldom exceeded. Draining, fencmg, and road-making for new plantations should now be pushed on as rapidly as possible, while the more urgent work of planting, felling, &c., is still remote. When the season for these operations arrives, no time can be spared for what should be considered as the preparatory work. Steam cultivation, trench- ing, and hole-digging may also be carried forward as opportunities offer. Upon heavy soils it is important that these operations be undertaken early. Pruning should be proceeded with, as the wounds now made heal rapidly, and few side branches will result from the operation. Heavy pruning and the removal of large branches should be avoided as ■ much as possible, except in cases where the timber is soon to be cut down. Close pruning is strongly recommended, and if this is con lined to branches of a small size no harm will be done. Switch and clean Hawthorn hedges, and trim fences of Bay, Laurel, Tur- key Oak, &c., with the pruning knife. Clean bottom cultivation will ensure a thick and durable hedge. In the nursery repeated hoeings will be necessary, and the stronger deciduous plants sliould receive a careful pruning preparatory to their removal. Land under green crops as a preparation for seed beds, or nursery transplants should receive fiequent hoeings to keep down weeds. Some seed-beds, such as Alder, may require tliinning, and others should be well watered in dry weather. Bud Hawthorn, Horse Chestnut, &c., untie grafts, and rub off all young shoots below the heads. Young plantations of Larch and Spruce may now be thinned, and whore heavy thinnings are contem- plated, the sooner tlie work is done the better for the remaining trees, as the more exposed ones will have time to harden off before winter. A. J. BrRROW.s. Pluckle;/, Kent. to the heat of the sun during removal, tlie probability is that the tree will die ; hence the necessity for puddling or well protecting the roots at this time. One copious watering after removal was followed by a good mulching ; and now that the thunderstorms of the past week have completely saturated the surrounding soil, the whole of the trees may be considered safe. — A. J. Burrow.s. The Silver Fir (Picea pectinata).— Fine groups of this Conifer form a very ornamental feature in the beautiful grounds at Bagshot Park, the residence of the Duke of Counaught. They are remark- ably large specimens, and represent some of the best in the country. They are mentioned in Loudon's " Arboretum " as being, in 1854, about 30 ft. high, having been planted at that time about twelve years. The distinct habit of growth and the silvery appearance of their foliage harmonise admirably with the huge Oaks, Chestnuts, and Beeches with which the park and pleasure grounds at this place abounds. — W. (i. ■WTien to Transplant. — The success which has attended the rcmo\-al of good-sized plants of Norway Spruce, Austrian, and Scotch Pine during the past month has convinced me that in such a spring as the last it is much more advisable to wait until really warm weather sets in than to run the risk of losing a great number of the transplants by too early a removal. Three-fourths of those put in during April have perished in consequence of the continued cold east winds and severe frosts to which they were exposed, while every tree removed since the first week in .June is growing on as well as if it had not been disturbed. The past winter has also taught a wholesome lesson with regard to the planting of deciduous trees. Among the thousands of Ash, Spanish Chestnut, and Birch which we pat out in the woodlands early in October, scarcely a score are dead ; while the losses among those transpl.anted in the winter may be counted by hundreds in one wood. With regard to the evergreens, some part of the success is probably due to the plants having been suspended in the holes while the soil was intimately mixed amongst the smaller rootlets. The whole of the roots were also distributed in tiers according to their position upon the stem, instead of having the soil thrown in and trodden roughly upon the whole masses of roots. Owing to the favourable season, the earth was finely pulverised, thus being in the fittest possible state for planting operations. During their transit the roots were covered up with moist straw ; and as the soil was dry and warm, those roots which had been puddled before removal were soaked for a short time before planting to loosen the coating of clay, which otherwise might have seriously interfered with the proper functions of the rootlets. It was not considered necessary to retain any of the soil around tlie roots when taking up the plants, as this was poor in quality, and the nourishment it once contained was probably well-nigh exhausted. The evils resulting from trans- planting witli large balls of poor soil are very plainly to be seen here after an interval of two or three years. Some trees thus treated have made but little progress, while others placed at once in contact with the fresh soil enriched with compost have grown rapidly. With proper handling at the right season of the year no tree is more tena- cious of life than the Fir, a property which may be attributed to its resinous sap. But should this sap become coagulated by exjjosure THE INDOOR GARDEN, HERBACEOUS CALCEOLARIAS. The fine groups of these shown the other day at South Kensington afford proof that Calceolarias have not yet been quite elbowed out of existence, and that some growers yet know how to grow them. It is an undoubted fact that large numbers of growers decline to attempt the culture of the herbaceous Calceolaria on the ground that it is a difficult plant to deal with, and that they have no time to bestow on it. The same is too often said with regard to the Cyclamen which is rarely seen well grown in private gardens ; but it would perhaps show more determination if cultivators would resolve to overcome the difficulties incidental to both cases, and show what could be done with these plants, and done well. It is evident, never- theless, that the art of gi'owing good Calceolaria plants is not widely understood ; there is, however, no secret in the matter. The method of culture needed has been told over and over again, and so has the proper culture of the Cyclamen ; but both plants are, nevertheless, very indifferently grown by the many. It must be admitted that, except in the direction of producing greater variety of colour in the flowers than formerly existed, there has not been shown that marked advance in the herbaceous Calceolaria that has been manifested in many other strains of tender plants. In form and variety, Mr. James, of Kedlees, shows all that careful selection has been able to do. In size, Mr. Rapley, of Clapham, has the advantage, but size is too commonly associated with an ungainly form. The great feature of the P^edlees strain is the many deep rich hues and grand self-coloured flowers. Some of these from time to time show novelty, but in spotted flowers anything new is, indeed, a rarity. But spotted flowers, however beautiful, almost look poor and even tawdry beside the magnificent self crimsons and maroons. How many of the good strains of herbaceous Cal- ceolarias now in the country owe their origin to Mr. James it would be difficult to say, but the International strain has had a worhl-wide reputation, and therefore the seed has become almost universal property. It was Mr. James who first took in hand the crossing of the herbaceous kinds with pollen taken from the best of the shrubby sorts that were so much grown some ten or twelve years ago. The old Sultan, now so rarely seen, a fine self of the richest crimson, and The Gem, a rich orange, blotched with maroon, offered the best material for hybridisation, and the result is seen in the dwarf stiffness, rich self colours, and noble trusses that cha- racterise the Redlees plants. Another effort is now being made to engraft upon the shrubby kinds some of the rich crimson hues of the herbaceous strain. Pollen taken from these flowers has been em- ployed to fertilise the organs of a large-flowered rich yellow seedling shrubby kind, and on the other hand pollen from this plant is being employed on the herbaceous kinds. If the result in the one case were to be to produce a strain of free-seeding, high-coloured shrubby kinds, and in the other to add robustness and vigour to the herba- ceous ones, a very considerable advance might presently be shown. The chief value of the Calceolaria is seen in the form of decorative pot plants. No amount of appreciation for glaring tints in flower beds will ever bring them into favour for that purpose. Neither is it desirable, but in the house or for any purposes to which pot plants may be put, the gorgeous tints and singularly attractive flowers of the Calceolaria will ever prove welcome. A. D. Polystichum viviparum. — This is an evergreen West Indian Fern, with an erect daik-scaled caudex, from which the glossy green frjnds arch out on all sides, forming, as will be seen by the annexed woodcut, a handsome specimen. It is a species which is remarkable for its habit of producing buds at the tips of the fronds, from which young plants are produced. The fronds are 1 i ft. or more in length, July 3, 1S80.] THE GARDEN. 17 with numerous pinnip. This Fern was sent out by Mr. Bull last year, and has been welcomed by all lovers of the interesting class of plants to which it belongs. CULTURE OF CALATHEAS AND ]\rARANTAS. Thkse inmates of our stoves, when well grown, are moat attractive on account of the rich and varied markings of their foliage. Of late years great additions have been made to this class of plants ; there- fore the cultivator lias no lack of kinds from which to make a selec- tion according to his taste and accommodation. Some sorts being dwarf and compact in growth can be grown in a very limited space- such, for instance, as M. fasciata, Makoyana, Massangeana, albo lineata, rosea picta, and tubispatha. Where more space is at the the more tender kinds. Marantas, when grown in a good open soil, such as that just described, will need an abundant supply of water ; in fact, when in a healthy state at the roots, they ought not to Ije allowed to become dry at any time, except in the case of the deci- duous kinds, such as M. tubispatha ami a few others, which, when at rest, should be kept somewhat dry at the root, but not placed in too dry an atmosjiliere. All the varieties when growing vigorously and becoming potbound ■nould be benefited liy an occasional supply of liquid manure. They all succeed best and jiroduce their foliage in the greatest jiorfectiou when grown in shade during the summer months, being in that respect unlike tlie Croton.s, which require full sunlight to perfect their colours. The partial shade produced by Palms and other plants, with the addition of artificial shading on the roof, suits them admirably. I have grown and exhibited M. New Evergreen West Indian Fern (Folystichum viviparum). grower's disposal other kinds may be chosen, tuch as M. Veitchi, Warscewiczi, and the old but not to be despised M. ze- brina, all of which are highly ornamental and eflfeeti ve in a collection f fine-foliaged plants. ' The soil most suitable for Calatheas and Marantas, and in which I have found them to succeed best, should consist of good fibrous peat and turfy loam in about equal proportions, with a good addition of silver sand and, if obtainable, a little leaf soil. For the finer or smaller growing kinds, with more delicate roots, I would recommend the addition of some small pieces of charcoal and broken crocks. In mixing and also in using the soil avoid all the finer particles, employing only the fibrous portions. A close, inert soil is very prejudicial o the growth of this class of plants, for if it becomes sour and sodden a loss of roots will soon take place, and will bring about an unhealthy state of things, which will soon impair the vigour of the plant, and if allowed to occur during the winter months would probably kill all fasciata over 4 ft. across. This plant for want of space was grown under the shade of a large Cyathea, the glass over which was also shaded by means of a blind. The insects most liable to attack Marantas and Calatheas are white scale, thrips, and red spider ; any of these, if allowed free action for a while, will soon disfigure the foliage. The best remedy I have found is sponging the leaves with weak soft soap and water, using a soft sponge for tlie purpose, as the leaves if not carefully handled are easily marked. The stronger kinds of insecticides are not to be recommended for the tender foliage of most kinds of Calatheas and Marantas. As regards propagation, they can easily be increased by division. M. Warscewiczi, the subject of the coloured plate given in The Gakden last week, can be increased as follows : The flower-spikes of this kind are thrown well up above the foliage, and are very orna- mental during the early spring months, lasting as they do several 18 THE GAEDEN. [July 3, 1880. weeks in perfection. When the flowers have faded the spikes of this kind should be allowed to remain on the plant ; each spike will, after a little while, throw out a young growth close to the leaf f.c^ompauyiiig the flower-spathe, whicli can then be cut off and soon made into a thriving young plant. I am not acquainted with any other kind which can be propagate! in this manner. This sort ought to be grown in every collection of stove plants, though at present it is somewhat rare, not because it is of recent introduction, but because it has apparently been overlooked by cultivators of orna- mental-leaved stove plants. J. H. DESCKIPTIVE LIST OF CALATHEAS (MAEANTAS).* C. Allodya (LindIey),Phrynium Allouya (Roscoe, Scit., pi. 3S). — • A tall growing species ; the dark green plaited leaves are borne on slender stalks about 1 ft. long, antl the flowers are white in dense heads on quite short stalks. An elegant graceful plant. C. ALTissiMA (Horaninow), Phryniiun (Poeppig and Eudlicher). — Not in cultivation. C. ALBic'AN.s (Brongniart). — Name only. C. ANCiU.STiFOLiA (Kornicke). — Cultivated in some gardens under the name of Maranta discolor, which it is not. It is very near C. varians, but the leaves are hairy. C. APrLiCATA (Morren, " Belgique Horticole," 1S75, pi. 18), Maranta pinnato-picta (Hort., Bull). — A small stemless species, having the leaves furnished with a row of well-defined dark green oblong blotches on each side of the midril), and the ground colour verging almost into wiiite towards the midrib itself. The under sur- face is tinged with purple. C. ARRECTA (Linden and Andre, " Illustration Horticole," new series, plate 77). — A tufted stemless species, growing 3 ft. or more in height. The ample erect leaves are of a uniform shining olive-green above and purple beneath. C. BLANDA (Steudel, Horaninow, Prodr. Mou. Scit). — Not culti- vated. C. BREVIPES (Kornicke, Horaninow, Prodr. Mon. Scit). — Not culti- vated. C. CAPIT.-VTA (Lindley), Maranta capitata (Ruiz and Pavon, "Flora Peruviana," i., pi. 5).— Not cultivated. C. CASUPITO (Roraer and Schultes), Maranta casupito (Jacquin, " Fragmenta," iv., t. (ii, fig. 3). 0. ciiRY.SANTH.i (Horaninow), Phrynium (Brongniart). C. CHRY.soLEDCA (Horaninow), Phrynium ( Poeppig and Endlicher). C. CROC.iTA (Morren, "Belgique Horticole," 1875, pi. 8). — This is remarkable for the ample orange coloured bracts which conceal the flowers. The flower-scape rises about 0 in. high, overtopping the spreading leaves, which are purple beneath and shaded vvitli light and dark green above. 0. COMO.SA (Lindley), Phrynium comosum (Roscoe, Scit., pi. 35). — A robust plant with large, uniformly green leaves, the blade of which exceeds 1 ft. in width and 2 ft. in length, and is borne erect on a long stalk. The flowers are yellow, in a loose, globular head, on a long scape. C. DICEPHALA (Horaninow), Phrynium dicephalum (Poeppig and Endliclier, Nov. C4en. et. Sp. PI., pi. 128). C. DISCOLOR (G. F. W. Meyer), Phrynium casupo (Roscoe, Scit., pi. 31). — This grows 10 ft. or 12 ft. high, that is to say, the branched flower-scape attains tliat heiglit. The leaves spring from the base, and consist of an ample blade borne on a slender stalk several feet in length. The flowers are yellow, and are suljtended liy large brown bracts. C. DUBiA (Lindley), Phrynium ellipticum (Roscoe, Scit., pi. 44). — Not unlike a small C'anna in its loose inflorescence, but it does not form a leafy &tem. C. EXIMIA (Kornicke, "Gartenflora," lS71,pl.686).— A very robust though dwarf plant, having shortly stalked leaves, banded white and green above and purple beneath. The flowers are of a dirty white and arranged in short dense spikes. C. ExscAPA (Kornicke), Phrynium exscapum (Poeppig and Endli- cher, Nov. Gen. et Sp., pi. 125). C. F.i.sCL«'A(Regel and Kornicke, " Gartenflora," 1859, pi. 2.55).— A handsome dwarf species with broad, nearly circular leaves, 4 in. to 6 in. across, traversed by broad bands of white from the midrib to the margin. The inflorescence is insignificant, scarcely rising above the ground. _ C. FLAVESCENS (Lindley, Bot. Reg., pi. 932).— A jjlant of medium size, with showy, yellow iiowers, and uniformly green leaves. Dr. Lindley describes it as a very beautiful species. C. OR VNDIFOLIA (Lindley, Bot. Reg., pi. 1210), Phrynium cylin- dricum (Roscoe, Scit., pi. 40). — Also a yellow flowered species. It has the leaves in two rows, the stout sheathing jietioles embracing * Want o£ space last week comnelled us to leave over this portion of the matter appertaining to the plate of Maranta publisliea in The Garden (Vol. XVII., p. 500). each other at the base and the flower-scape nearly throughout its length. Altogether, the leaves are about 3 ft. long, the spread- ing strongly-nerved limb being 9 in. to 12 in. long, and of a uniform dark green. C. HiEROGLYPniCA (Linden and Andre, " L'lllustration Horticole," V. series, pi. 122-3). — One of the handsomest of the dwarf-tufted species, with small leaves on quite short, stout stalks, which are of a deep purple. The blade of the leaf is beautifully variegated green and white, the variegation consisting of transverse interrupted streaks of white on a dark green ground, here and there tinged with gold and amber. The whole upper surface is highly polished and overlaid with a delicate network or tracing, w'hich suggested the specific name. The under surface is purple. As represented in the figure, the leaves rise to a height of about 9 in., but the plant from which the figure was prepared was probably quite young, and not fully developed. C. ILLUSTRIS (Lemaire, " LTllustration Horticole," pi. 515). — A miniature species, presenting one of the most beautiful types of variegation. The leaves are from 4 in. to 6 in. long, auil spread out on the ground or a little above it. On a very dark green ground are several broad light green bands running from the midrib to a marbled girdle of white, purple, and blue, about two-thirds of tlie distance from the midrib to the margin of the leaf, and the under surface is purple. C. Kapplerian'a (Kornicke). — Mentioned by Horaninow as having yellow flowers. C. KoRNicKiANA (Regel, " Gartenflora," pi. 784). — This belongs to the same group as C. grandifolia, but it is of smaller dimensions, and the flowers are inconspicuous. C. KuMMEKiANA (Morreu, "Belgique Horticole," 1875, pi. 15, fig. 1). — An elegant, slender plant, with long hairy leaf-stalks, bear- ing a long narrow blade, tapering to a sharp tip, and banded with green and white above. C. LATERALLs (Lindley, in Bot. Reg., under 1)1. 1210), Maranta lateralis (Ruiz & Pavon). C. LiETZi (Morren, " Belgique Horticole," 1875, pi. 15, fig. 8; " Gartenflora," pi. 935). — Inhabit this is very different from any other Calathea, and is perhaps not correctly referred to the genus. It tlirows up numerous one-leaved stems, each bearing a little below the leaf a spikelet of two small flowers. The leaves are dark green, irregularly streaked and illumined with yellowish-green. C. LEOPARDINA (Kornicke, " Gartenflora," pi. 893), Maranta leo- pardiua and M. concinna (Hort., Bull). — A yellow-flowered species, with the flower-spikes sessile at the base of the leaves. The leaves have stout stalks with a horizontal or hanging blade, banded witli light and dark gi'een. C. LEUCOSTACHY.s (Hooker, Bot. Mag., pi. 6205). — Closely allied to C. Warscewiczi, but more highly coloured, and having very hairy leaf-stalks and flower-scapes. C. LiNDENiANA (Wallis, " Gartenflora," pi. 601; " L'lUustration Horticole," n. series, pi. 82). — One of the handsomest of the large- leaved species of the genus. The leaves are as large, or nearly so, as those of C. Veitchiana and C. zebrina, almost transparent, longi- tudinally banded with dark'and light green above, and bronzed or purple-banded beneath. C. LiTTORALis (K(irnicke, " Gartenflora," 1858, p. 88).— This was in cultivation many years ago under the name of Phrynium littoralis. C. LONGiBRACTE.iTA (Lindley, Bot. Reg., t. 1020). — A plant of about the same stature as G. Warscewiczi, remarkable for the long bracts on the flower-spike. It is not particularly ornamental. 0. LONGIFOLIA (Klotzsch), C. lauceolata (Kornicke). C. LUTEA (Meyer), C. Cachibou (Lindley), Maranta lutca (Lamarck, 111.. i.,p. 9), M. Cachibou (Jacquin. Fragm., pi. 69, 70). — One of the tall growing species, the branclied dower-scape being 4 ft. or 5 ft. high, and bearing one leaf near the summit. Tlie other leaves spring from the base, and have long stalks. C. MACILENTA (Lindley, Bot. Reg., under pi. 1210 ; Loddiges, Bot. Cab., 1)1. 1781). — A slender growing species, possessing no special ornamental features. C. Makovaxa (Morren, " Belgique Horticole," 1872, pi. 24,25; "Flore des Serres," pi. 2048, 2049). — An exceedingly handsome plant, belonging to the same group as C. Lindeniana and C. Veitchi- ana. The ample slenderly-stalked leaves are variegated with dark green, light green, and yellow above, and with dark purple and yellow beneath. C. Mandioc.e (Kornicke). C. MARANTiNA (Koch, Berlin Allg. Gartenz., 1857, p. 163), Phry- nium marantinum (Willdenow). — Cultivated on the Continent a few years ago. C. Ma.s.sangeana (Floral Mag., pi. 234, under Maranta).— This seems to be a Calathea, and is one of the handsomest of tlie very dwarf species, the leaves of which aie spread out on the ground or a little above it. The shortly-stalked velvety leaves are about 4 in. long, pale blue down the centre and on the prominent lateral July 3, ISSO.] THE GARDEN. I'j nerves, ami dark brown bctveen the nerves, shading into gi-een near the margin. C. MEDI0-PICT.\ (Regel, " Gartentlora," pi. !1.'>4). — An ornamental plant having erect leaves about "2 ft. high, feathered with white down the centre of the blade. The piirple flowers are collected in a globose head, borne on a stout scape, which is shorter than the leaf- stalks. C. METALUOA (Kiimickc, In 1. Sem. Hort. Petrop. Suppl., 1S60, p. 13), Phrynium metallicura (Koch).— We have not seen this species. C. MiCAN's {K.irnicke, " Oartenflora," 1858, p. 87), Phrynium micans (Klotzsch). — Cultivated in (iermany in 1S.')4. C. .Micr.oi KriiALA (Horaninow), Phrynium (Poeppig and Eudliehcr, Nov. Gen. et Sp., ii., p. 20). — Not in cultivation. C. MVRosMA (K'iruioke), Phrynium myrosma (Roscoe, Scit., pi. .39), Myrosma cann;efolia (Liunreus). — A slender plant witli a leafy stem and white flowers, very much like C. macilenta. C. NUiRO-co.STAT.v (Linden and Andre, " L'lllustration Horticole," n. series, pi. 144). — A tufted plant, having remarkably long narrow leaves spread out horizontally or pendulous from the summit of the petioles, which are about 1 ft. long. They are of a beautiful claret- purple beneath, and dark green above with a black midrib. C. yoBiLis (Kdrnicke, Monogr. Marant., p. 144), Phrynium nobile (Ko;h). C. OBLOXGA (Lindley), Phrynium oblongum (Mart). C. ORBicrLATA (Loddiges' Bot. Cab., pi. 1879). — Leaves imiformly green, nearly orbicular, strongly ribbed, and about 1 ft. across. Flowers small, yellow, collected in a globose bracteate Iiead, sup- ported on a stalk shorter than the leaves. C. ORXATA (Kdrnicke), Maranta omata ("Flore des Serres," pi. 413, 414), Maranta regalis (" Flore des Serres," pi. 10G6, 1067 ; " Floral Magazine," pi. 74). — There are several varieties referred to this species, but they all have the narrow white or red lines on the leaves, in the same way as in regalis. C. OVATA (Lindley), Maranta ovata (Mart). C. P.\KIFICA (Linden and Andr^, "L'lllustration Horticole," n. series, pi. 101). — A tufted species, about 2 ft. high, the leaves uni- formly green above, and copper coloured beneath. C. PAc'HYSTACHYA (Kdmicke), Phrynium pachystachyum (Poeppig and Eudlicher, Nov. Gen. et sp., ii., p. 19, pi. 127). C. PROPixQCA (Horaninow), Phrynium propinquum (Poeppig and Endltcher, Nov. Gen. et. sp., ii., p. IS). C. ROSEO-PICTA (Regel, " Garten flora," pi. 610). — A low-growing plant, with thick marbled leaves, 4 in. to 6 in. in diameter, and copper-coloured below ; flowers insignificant. C. Rossi (Kdrnicke, Regel, " Gartentlora," 1S5S, p. 88), Phrynium Rossi (Loddiges). — Perhaps the same as C. violaeea. C. p.oTrxDiFOLiA (Kdrnicke, Regel, " Gartentlora," pi. 452). — ■ Probably the green-leaved state of C. faseiata. C. SMARAGDIXA (Linden and Andrc5, " L'lllustration Horticole, "n. sei'ies,. pi. 16). — One of the handsomest of tlie green-leaved species ; in habit it resembles C. nigro-costata. C. T.EXiosA ("Belgique Horticle," 1876, pi. 5). — Similar to C. ornata in habit, the leaves being banded and striped fro:n the mid- rib to the margin with dark green, light green, and white ; the white flowers are clustered on the ground at the base of the leaf- stalks. C. TUBisPATHA (Hooker, Bot. Mag., pi. 5542). — Singular in having a tubular spathe, containing two or three yellow flowers at the summit of a scape a little longer than the leaf-stalks. The blade of the leaf is irregularly and elegantly blotched with dark brown and light green on a dark green ground. C. UNDFLATA (Linden and Andre, " L'lllustration Horticole," n. series, pi. 98 ; " Gartenflora," pi. 852). — A miniature species, having dark green leaves feathered with white down tlie centre. C. Veitchiana (Hooker, Bot. Mag., t. 5535). — One of the finest of the medium-sized species. It is difficult to describe the beautiful marking in light and dark green of the foliage of this plant. The inflorescence reminds one of Eucomis, some of the upper bracts being empty, as in that genus. C. viSTlTA (Baker, "Refugium Botanicum," pi. 311). — A stemless plant, with long-stalked, narrow, green leaves, the stalks bright red ; flowers yellow, in a dense head, terminating the hairy scape. C. viLLOSA (Lindley, Bot. Reg., 1845, pi. 14 ; var. pardina, Bot. Mag., pi. 4973). — A very ornamental species, the variety having dark blotches on the leaves, and large handsome yellow flowers. One of the best on account of its showy flowers. C. vioLACEA (Lindley, Bot. Reg., pL 961). — Similar to C. zebrina, but less ornamental. C. Waescewiozi (Klotzsch, Regel, "Gartenflora," 1866, p. 227, pi. 515*. — The plant represented in the "Gartenflora" has almost yellow bracts, but otherwise it doss not differ from the accompany- ing flonire. C. ZEBRi.NA (Lindley, Bot. Reg., under pi. 1210), Mai:uita, zebrina (Sims, But. Mag., pi. 1926, Bot. Reg., pi. 3S5).— Under the latter name tliis has been in cultivation in tliis country ever since the beginning of the present century, and although a very ornamental ]>lant, it has been put somewhat in the shade by more recent intro- ductions. W. B. llK.M.SLliV. LECTURE ON THE PELARGONIUM. The following lecture was delivered by Mr. Shirley llil)bcrd in the Council Chamber of the Royal Horticultural Society on the occasion of the Pelargonium Society's annual exhibition, June 29. The Pelargonium affords a subject large enough to occupy as many hours, d.ays, or even weeks, as the mere moments I shall devote to it on the present occasion. The plants on the table represent in jiart the beautiful collection of species and hybrids in possession of the Royal Horticultural Society, the management of which at Cliiswick is all that can be desired. It is fortunate I am not bound to mention Geraniums, fur if they are of less importance than Pelargoniums, they take us further back in time, and to do justice to them we should have to rummage amongst the old books and fish up some very curious memoranda. But the mention of the Geranium renders it necessary to begin with definitions. A Pelargonium is not a Gera- nium, although often so called. The true Geraniums are for the most jiart herbaceous plants inhabiting tlie Northern Hemisphere, and the Pelargoniums are for the most part shrubby or sub-shrubby jilants of the Southern Hemisphere. Let us for a moment wander amongst the pleasant slopes of Darley Dale in Derbyshire, or by the banks of the Clyde or the Calder. We shall in either case be rewarded by seeing. vast sheets of the lovely Meadow Crane's-bill, Geranium pra- tense, a true ti cranium and one of the sweetest flowers in the %\orld. In the rocky recesses of Ashwood Dale, or on the banks of the "bonny Doon," we m.ay chance to see in high summer a profusion of the Herb Robert, Geranium Robertianum, with pink flowers and purple leaves, a piece of true vegetable jewellery. And once more I invite you to an imaginary journey, and we will ride by rail from Furness to Whitehaven in order to behold on the railway bank, more especially near St. Bees, a wondrous display of the crimson Crane's- bill, Geranium sanguineum, which from July to September forms solid sheets, often of a furlong in length, of the most resplendent colour. No garden colouring can even so much as suggest tlie power of this plant as it appears at a few places on the Cumberland coast ; even the sheets of scarlet Poppies we see on badly cultivated corn lands are as nothing compared with these masses of one of the com- monest and hardiest of our wild flowers. Cape Pelargoniums. Now let us fly to the other side of the globe and alight in the vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope, say on the vast desert of Kar- roo, where there is much sand, much sunshine, and little rain. Here, in the midst of desolation, the worM is rich with flowers, for the heathy scrub that occurs in patches, glowing with many bright hues, con- sists in part of wild Pelargoniums, which often take the form of miniature deciduous trees, although in the valleys nearer the coast, where more rain falls, they are evergreen bushes. Very ditlerent in their characters are tliese two tribes of plants, and they are not less different in their constitution and aspects. We may regard the Geraniums as herbs of Europe, and the Pelargoniums as miniature trees of Africa. When we examine the flowers we find the five petals of a true Geranium of precisely the .same shape and size ; but the five petals of a Pelargonium are not so, for sometimes the two topmost are the largest and stand apart from the rest with great dignity, and in other cases they are the smallest. The florists are doing "their utmost to obliterate the irregularity of the petals of the Pelargonium, and in this respect to convert Pelargoniums into Geraniums, but the conversion will not be complete until much more wonderful things are accomplished. A Geranium has ten stamens, and a Pelargonium has only seven. These numbers are not constant, but the exceptions are of no consequence in a general statement of the case. Of the Erodiums I shall say nothing, except that in their more prominent characteristics they agree with the Geraniums. As to their names, there is really nothing af special interest to be said. They refer to a certain fancied resemblance of the ripe seed-pod to the beak of a stork, a crane, or a heron. When all is said that can be said about the difTerenees and resemblances of the several fami- lies of Geraniacea?, there remains only one constant and unfailing test of a true Pelargonium, and that is the nectariferous tube imme- diately beneath the flower, and running down one side of the flower- stalk. If you hold the pedicel up to tlie light it may be discerned as giving an indication of a double flower-stalk, but when dissected with a pin or the point of a knife it is found to proceed from the base of the largest of the green sepals, and it often appears to form a sort of digit or point in the line of the pedicel. When you have •20 THE GARDEN. [July 1880. mastered this part of the story you may cherish the idea that you know something about Pelargoniums. History of the Pelargoniurn. The best short summary of the liistory of the Pelargonium I have met with is in the Gardener's CJironkle of October 2, 1841. It gave me a clue that I wanted to the first-known Pelargonium as an in- mate of an English garden. It speaks of one known to Gerarde, but there is no mention of it in the Gerarde of 1597. However, at page 'J-tS of Johnson's tierarde of 10.33 is a record of a plant called (Jeranium indicum, " as of late brought into this kingdom by the industry of Mr. Jolm Tradescant ; " and the author adds, " I did see it in flower about the end of July, 1()32, being the first time that it hath flowered with the owner thereof." The plant figured by Sweet as Pelargonium filipcndulifolium (I., 8.5) is a variety of Pelargonium triste, which is identical with the Indian Geranium of Johnson's Gerarde. Thus we determine that tlie first flowering of a Pelargo- nium in this country occurred nearly S.'iO years ago. Here it may be proper to remark that there are a few true Pelargoniums that are not natives of the C'ape of Good Hope. P. canariense is a native of the Canaries ; P. australe comes from the Australian Continent ; P. cotyledonis is found wild in St. Helena ; P. Kmllicherianutn is Asiatic and almost European. There are two or tliree species in Abyssinia. But P. triste is a Cape plant beyond a doubt, and it is most agreeable to know that our first Pelargonium was brought into the country by John Tradescant, of whom Parkinson speaks as that worthy, curious, and diligent searcher and preserver of all Nature's rarities and varieties. It was in all probability amongst the trea- sures acquired in his voyage to Barbary, in the fleet sent out agaiust the Algerines in 1G20. When, in lG'2i), he became gardener to Hen- rietta JIaria, Queen of Charles I., this plant was in his famous collec- tion at Lambeth, and was thence sent forth as the pioneer of the Pelargoniums and the Pelargonium Society. As the Cape was dis- covered in 1407, the plant had 123 years to complete the journey to the Mediterranean, and no doubt had the help of Portuguese traders in so doing. It is singular tliat John Tradescant, who was born in Worcestershire, and probably of Frenoli extraction, was always regarded as a Dutchman. It is singular, because subsequent to his introduction of the first Cape Pelargonium the Dutch were certainly the introducers of a dozen or more species that soon after came into Europe. In Dr. James Sherard's wonderful garden at Eltham there vfere in 1732 half-a-dozen species. In the second edition of Miller, published 1733, there are twenty species of African Geraniums, and these are all Cape Pelargoniums. This brings us to the publication by Liuna'us of the "Genera Plantarura " in 1737, and the "Species Plantarum " in 1753, when the twenty- five species of Pelargoniums known to him were described as Gera- niums for the last time in any work of high authority. In 1787 L'Heritier distinguished them by the signs I have already mentioned. In the " Hortus Kcwensis," published in 1812, as many as 102 species and hybrids are described as then in cultivation at Kcw, and the list includes triste, grossulari;eoides, zonal, inquinans, late- lipes, peltatum, grandiflorum, quercifolium, and fulgidum. Florists' Pelargoniums. The splendid g.irden varieties of Pelargoniums that afford us so much delight are in a certain sense the creations of human skill. Nature never needed such things, and did not trouble to produce them. They are the products of careful systematic hybridising and crossing, and they represent the talent and perseverance of the florists during a period of si.xty-five years — a period so brief con- sidering what has been accomplished, that it shrinks to a moment when we compare the original wildings with the splendid flowers of this day. In the year 1S15, or thereabout, the amateurs began to cross the species, and one of the leaders in this delightful work was Sir Richard Colt Hoare, who obtained a considerable number of beautiful hybrids. The work was taken up with more serious views by Mr. Robert Sweet, the author of a number of valuable illustrated works, comprising one in five volumes devoted to the GeraniacejE. This was published from 1820 to 1830 in five volumes, containing 500 figures of species and hybrids of Geraniums, Pelar- goniums, and other members of the same Natural Order. The pro- gress made in the first fifteen years in the improvement of the flowers is strikingly illustrated in Sweet's fifth volume, wherein we already see the florists' flower taking shape and suggesting what it will be and what it should be. Tiie headquarters of the Pelargo- nium at that time were Colville's nurseries in the King's Road, Chelsea ; bnt Mr. Davey, Mr. Dennis, Mr. Tait, and others of Chelsea were conspicuous amongst contributors of novelties to Sweet's work. Why Chelsea should obtain such a monopoly of Pelargoniums at that time it might not be easy to say. Mr. Ander- son, the then director of the Chelsea Botanic Garden, fed the dis- trict with a taste for those things, and so, as it were, prepared the local atmosphere for the proper nourishing of the honorary secretary of the Pelargonium Society, the latest and ablest of the curators of that famous garden. The florists' Pelargoniums are rejjuted to be the offspring of P. speciosum. It must be evident to every cultivator that the blood of a score or so of species is mingled in them. Speciosum was introduced in 1704, but it has no place under this name in Sweet or the " Hcrtus Kewensis." It is variously described as producing purple and white flowers, and can scarcely be said to have a history. If the question be asked, " What is Pelar- gonium speciosum? " I must refer to Sweet's description of P. involu- cratum. No. 33. He thei e refers to speciosum of Andrews as identical with his own superbum, and he puts the speciosum of Willdenow out of court altogether. It is likely, I think, that P. spectabile (136), a hybrid raised from P. cucuUatum and P. ignescens, and P. involu- cratum (33), raised from P. cucuUatum and P. superbum, were the founders of the florists' race. Certain it is that these typical kinds were endowed with the capability of varying indefinitely, and with a plastic constitution, rendering them possible sources of innumerable floral surprises. It is scarcely an exaggeration to say that amongst the true hybrids there are at least fifty that might be the parents of our exhibition race. But to clear up the point is impossible, for in very few instances did the early raisers keep any record that could be referred to for settling questions of pedigree. Different Sections. The first variety figured as a proper florists' flower was called fieranium grandissimum, raised by Mr. Widnall, of Grantchester. The portrait of this variety appeared in the FhricuUural C'ahinet of September I, 1834. It was a pretty thing, with rich dark top petals and warm blush-tinted under petals, but the small size and poor form would exclude it from any collection of Pelargoniums in the present day. What a marvellous advance on this do we behold in the latest flowers of Mr. Hoyle or Mr. Foster ! To Mr. Hoyle, no doubt, we must assign the gold medal as the producer by systematic crossing of the finest varieties of the present day. The zonal race acquired importance subsequently to the large- flowering section. Those we collectively term " Zonals " were grouped by Sweet under the generic designation Ciconium, and the most important of this genus are Ciconium zonale, introduced in 1710, and C. inquinans, introduced in 1714. These are the two parents of the race no doubt, but their differences do not account for the fact that in the garden varieties we have every imaginable variation of leafage and of bloom. It is likely that Ciconium reticulatum, of Sweet (143), a very distinct hybrid, gave the first touch to the varie- gation of the leaves, which has in recent years attained to such extra- ordinary development. In any case, this hybrid marks a distinct departure and appears well suited to be the founder of a race. The "Nosegay" section is the oldest of the zonals. The founder of this section is Ciconium Fothergilli, the figure of which by Sweet (226) would nearly serve to represent a good nosegay of the present day, and it may therefore be concluded that the nosegays have been less modified than the zon.als that represent zonale and inquinans. Another early section is that with green leaves and pink flowers, of which we may consider Christine the modern type. This section is foreshadowed in Ciconium cerinum, wliich is admirably figured by- Sweet (176). Here we have pubescent leaves and flowers of a soft rosy-pink colour, the petals of which s.re beautifully rounded and nearly eijual in size. Cultivators who remember Lucia rosea wil have no difficulty in connecting the dwarf bedding Pelargoniums of the Christine class with this beautiful wax-flowered Pelargonium, which Sweet regarded as a true species. The most famous of the zonal section is the green-leaved scai-let bedder known as General Tom Thumb, a descendant of Frogmore Scarlet, and a competitor of Huutsm.in, Cooper's Scarlet, and many more that the General quickly vanquished from the field. This famous variety was raised by Mr. Nillson, gardener to W. Pigott, Esq., of Dallingham House, Newmarket, about the year 1842. It is said that as a seedling it was condemned and handed over to some children to be tormented, and very soon found its way to a dust-bin ; but by some accident it was dragged from the dust-bin and planted, and as the summer advanced it manifested its character, and secured its fame and many more admirers than Barnum's jwotrtir. But many persons have some kind of claim to the honour of raising Tom Thumb, for there prevailed during some fifteen years— say, from 1840 to 1855— a mania for raising scarlet Pelargoniums adapted for bed- ding, for those were the days of tlie horticultural scarlet fever, and many varieties nearly alike came forth from various quarters. Many of these passed for genuine Tom Thumbs, and many perhaps were quite as good. However, the original and true variety difl'ered from most of the others in this respect, that it rarely ripened a seed unless it was artificially fertilised, when it was as prolific as any. This fact separates it far from Christine, which is an inveterate seeder. The leafage also puts tliom far asunder, for Tour has a smooth papery leaf of a yellowish-green, and Christine has a thick soft leaf of a bluish- green — one takes us back to inquinans, the other to cerifera, and Jdly 3, 1880.] THE GAllDEN. 21 Nature orilereil the characters ages ago in the solitudes that stretch away drearily to the west of Cape Town. The piiik-tlowered Christine was raised by Mr. F. R. Kinghorn, of Richmond, in the year ISa'i. The parents were Ingram's Princess Royal and an old I'ink Nosegay, which was formerly much used for training on walls and pillar.s. The peculiar softness and blue tone of the leafage of Christine do not appear to be accounted for by the parentage, there being in it such evident traces of the ccrinum or monstrosum of .Sweet. Mr. Kinghorn, to whom I am indebted for its history, tells me that he very soon made note of its strong indi- viduality, in which it seems to rise to the rank of a species, and reproduces itself freely and truly from seeds. During some fifteen years it was the most popular of all bedding plants, for it outran Tom Thumb at last. The beautiful Rose Queen, sent out in 1855, was one of the good things obtained by Mr. Kinghorn in the same batch with Christine. 'J his has higher quality, but never proved so good a bcdiler, and therefore never attained to great popu- larity. Variegated-leaved Varieties. It would bo unfair to omit .all mention of the variegated-leaved varieties, because in a good bedding display they contribute features fully as important as the strong colours. They tone down and harnioni.se and divide. In the year 1S44 there were very few varie- gated zon.als known, and only one with bright scarlet Bowers ; this was called Lee's Variegated, and was very scarce. It was, I think, raised by Mr. Bailey, then gardener at Nuneham Park. Mr. King- horn selected this Lee's Variegated to supply pollen for a cross on the old compactuni, which was the seed parent, and in the first batch of seedlings from this cross he obtained the celebrated Cerise Unique, and the much more celebrated Flower of the Day, the most useful and most famous of all known variegated-leaved zonals. Mr. King- horn to tliis day considers this was the greatest advance ever accom- plislied at one bound in work of this kind, and I thoroughly agree with him. The large seedling plant and two smaller plants of Flower of the Day were purchased by Messrs. Lee, in August, 1S49, and in August, 1850, they had a stock of l.")00 plants of various sizes to oti'er for sale — a M'onderful sight in those days, and one worth seeing even now. It so happens that the last-named, most useful of all the silver-leaved varieties, conducts us direct to the fountain head of the whole race of tricolors. In the year 1850, Mr. Kinghorn raised from Flower of the Day the beautiful variety known as Attraction, the leaf of which has a silvery margin and a dark zone, diffusing subdued rays of red and rich brown outwards upon the creamy band that girdles it. This Attraction was the lirst silver tricolor, and one of the iiarents of the first golden tricolor. Mr. Grieve, in his admirable "History of Variegated Pelargoniums, "tellsus that he fertilised a dark-zoned variety known as Cottage Maid with the pollen of Attraction. Amongst the seedlings occurred one that was the parent of the dark-zoned Emperor of the French, from which came the whole race of golden tricolors. From Cottage Maid and Golden Chain (the latter being the pollen parent) Mr. Greive obtained Golden Tom Thumb, and fiom I'mperor of the French and Golden Tom Thumb (the latter being the pollen p.arent) he obtained Gold Pheasant, the first true golden tricolor. This same Emperor of the French, grandson of Attraction, produced by the pollen of Gold Pheasant the two most fanious of the tricolors, Mrs. Pollock and Sunset. Double-flo'wered Sorts. The double Pelargoniums have had a career of fifty years at the least. A handsome double purple, named Veitchianum, not of the zonal section, but allied to Barring- toni, was raised by the late Mr. J. Veitoh at Exeter about the year 1828, and its portrait appears in Sweet's supplementary volume (81), where nearly next door to it is another double named Impli- catum (S6), which is as like the double cucullatum which Mr. Cannell has been gi'owing of late as can be expected of things that are probably different. Bat the proper history of the doubles begins with Wilmore's Surprise, a handsome semi-double variety, which was described and figured in August, 1850. This was found by Mrs. Wilmore, of Strawberry Vale, Edgbaston, growing in the midst of a plantation of Hollyhocks, and so unaccustomed were the eyes of the florists to such a thing, that it was considered to be a true hybrid between a Pelargonium and a Hollyhock. A remark- able fact in the history of this variety is that simultaneously with the finding of it in the garden at E lgba.ston it was obtained by the late Mr. Beaton as a sport from Diailematum rubescens, and was by him named Monstrosum. The I]dgbaston plant was shown by Mess>-s. Lee, of Hammersmith, at Regent's I'ark on the .SOth of June, 1S.52. and Mr. Beaton suppressed his Monstrosum in favour of it. The double zonals are of Liter date, one of the earliestbeing the crimson-scarlet Gloire de Xaucy, which was first shown in this country in the j-ear ISGG, In the year 1869 there were seventeen double zonals brought into public notice, and of other sections in that year the collective name was Legion. At this point of the story the subject becomes too large to be handled on the present occasion, and I shall s.ay nothing of the Tricolors and the I'.icolors and the Ivy-leaves and the Uniques, that during a period of about ten years over-ran all the gardens, furnislieil a common theme for conversation at every table, supplied all the business men and a few peers of the realm with button-hole flowers, persuaded half the human race th.at Providence had designed gardens for one tribe of plants alone, .and that possibly the Pelargonium itself was the tree of knowledge of good and evil that stood in the midst of the garden of Eden for the delight and perplexity of the very first of gardeners ! It is quite certain that during the few years when (Jeraniums were everything and all otlier vegetables nothing in human estima- tion, the world cjuite forgot tliat for the adornment of the garden there were at least a hundred and fifty tliousaud species of plants to choose from. And it is equally certain that during the same interest- ing period of our floral history the heads of gardeners were so crammed with zones ami m.argins and trusses and pips and beds that there was no room for anything else, and the phenomena of the Tulipomania were reduced in a newer fashion, and no one was fully aware of the fact that the world had gone mad on the subject of Pelargoniums. Pelargoniums of the Present Day. Now that we can again survey the subject calmly it will be ob- served that two classes of Pelargoniums remain in full favour with the public. The large-flowered show varieties and the large-flowered single zonals take the lead, and they are pleasantly foUoweil by a crowd of Ivy-leaved, double-flowered, and variegated sorts that are useful and beautiful, but no longer oppress us by their multitude and similarity. The Pelargonium Society has set up a severe standard of judging, and a x'ariety must be distinct and good to pass through the sieve. Moreover, the raising of varieties has been to a great extent reduced to scientific principles, and we obtain as a result new characters suggestive of the great extent of the field that still lies open to the adventurous spirit in cross-breeding. No one in recent years has contributed more directly towards the scientific treatment of the subject than Dr. Denny, of Stoke Newington. He commenced the raising of Pelargoniums in the j'ear lS(i(j, having in view to ascertain the influence of parentage, and thus to establish a rule for the selection of varieties for seed-bearing purposes. In raising varieties with variegated leaves, as also with distinct and handsome flowers, he found the pollen p.arent exercised the greatest influence on the oB'spring. The foundation of his strain of circular flowered zonals was obtained by fertilising the large starry flowers of Leonidas with pollen taken from the finely-formed flowers of Lord Derby. From 1871 to the present time Dr. Denny has sent out sixty varieties, and he has in the same period raised and flowered and destroyed about 30,000. These figures show that when the selection is severe, and nothing is allowed to pass that is not of the highest quality, there must be 500 seedlings gi-own for the chance of obtaining one worth naming. The late Mr. John Salter used to say that it was needful to flower two thousand seed- ling Chrysanthemums for the chance of one worth naming. Therefore if the comparison is of any value, it shows that raising zonals is a very profitable business, the chances of success being four times greater than in the case of Chrysanthemums. But Dr. Denny ob- tains more good things than he sends out, for he makes every year a selection of plants for seeding, and these amount to about three per cent, of the total number. It will be seen therefore that for every one sent out under name there are about fifteen equally good or nearly so, but for some reason or other they are not parted with, but are reserved to supply seed or pollen, and are then destroyed to make room for a new selection. Amongst m.any interesting results of our friend's observations is one that strikingly confirms a suspicion that accompanies a study of Sweet's portraits — it is that some varieties assume the character and bearing of species, and be self-fertilisation reproiluce themselves with 4)eculiar exactitude. No one can doubt th.at many of the so-called species of plants, whether of Pelargoniums at the Cape or of Willows in England, are as truly hybrids as any that are raised in gardens. And this brings us to the question. Wliat is a species ? and the question sug- gests that if in treating this great subject I scarcely knew where to begin, I certainly know where to leave o3'. This question I confess I cannot an.swer — I do not know what is a species — and so, thanking you for your kind attention, I now return to golden silence as regards this matter. To Secretaries and Members of Horticultural So- cieties.— We sh.all be greatly obliged for announcements of flower shows n.imes of societies and their secretaries. 22 THE GARDEN. [July 1880. SOCIETIES AND EXHIBITIONS. EOYAL HOETICULTUKAL SOCIETY'S KOSE SHOW. June 29. The amalgamation of the Pelargonium Society's annual show with the Rose show of the Royal Horticultural Society made an excellent display at South Kensington on Tuesday last, added to which was the competition for the special prizes offered for fruit and vegetables. The Roses were on the whole somewhat below the average in quality, owiu", doubtless, to the lateness of the season. The classes, however, were generally numerously represented, especially by amateurs, who, as usual, showed the best blooms. The first four classes were for competition amongst nurserymen, and in each Cranston's Nursery and Seed Company, Hereford, was singularly successful in obtaining the highest award, and in the first tliree Messrs. Curtis, Sandford, & Co., Torquay, obtained the second prize. For the first class, for forty-eight single trusses, four cxliibitors competed. The Hereford collection contained excellent blooms of Madame Charles Wood, Madame ilarie Finger, Star of Waltliam, Mons. K. Y. Teas, Xavier Olibo, Miss Hassard, Dupuy Jamain, La Rosiure, Hippolyte Jamain, Comtesse d'Oxford, Horace Vernet, Auguste Neumann, Elie Morel, Mons. Gabriel Tournier, all fine exhibition Hybrid Perpetuals. Such Tea-scented kinds as Mad.ame Bravy, Louise de Savoie, Madame Hippolyte .Jamain, and otliers were also well shown, antl made the collection more thoroughly representative. In the stands from Torquay were fine blooms of La France, Madame Baroness Rothschild, Duke of Edinburgh, Beauty of Waltham, Mons. Boncenne, Magna Charta, Fisher Holmes, ilarie Baumanu, Franfois Treyve, all of which seem to attain fine form in the mild climate of South Devon. Horace Vernet, A. K. Williams, Miss Hassard, was sliown finely in the next best collection from Mr. F. Cant, Colchester. The class for triple trusses of twenty-four kinds was represented by three or four exhibitors, and the Cranston Company's collection was again the finest. It comprised several of the kind mentioned, in their stand of forty-eight, besides good examples of Prince Camille de Rohan, Marquise de Castellane, Ex- position de Brie, Mons. Noman, and La Havre. The class for single trasses of twenty-four varieties brought out seven competitors, and the Hereford collection won the first prize with a fair stand of blooms. Tlie finest shown by nurserymen were contained in the collection of single trusses of twelve varieties, anil the Cranston Company showed excellent Qowers of Etienne Levet, a kind which appears to succeed admirably at Hereford, .Sir Ciai'net Wolseley, Marie Baumann, Francois Michelou, iladame Marie Finger, and others. The amateurs' classes were well contested by some of our best Rose growers, and iMr. R. N. G. Baker's blooms, produced near E.xeter, showed wli.at can be done witli the Rose in the fine climate of Devonshire. This exhibitor showed the best collection among six, all of whom showed twenty-four single trusses, and likewise in the class for triple trusses of twelve kinds. In the former were excellent lilooms of Captain Cliristy, Mrs. Baker, Mdlle. Marie Rady, Camille Bernardin, Sultan of Zanzibar, Comte Raimbaud, Clotilde RoUaud, Duke of Edinburgh, Marie Baumann, and Auguste Rigotard. Mr. Jowitt, Old Weir.HerefordjWas second with a good collection also, thoughitexhibited a lack of evenness in the quality of theblooms. The best comprised Henri Ledichaux, shown excellently in each of this exliibitor's stands ; Xavier Olibo, Alfred Colomb, Annie Laxton, and Madame Julie Daran. Mr. Brown, gardener to Mr. Waterlow, Reigate, showed the third prize collection. The best blooms in the exhibition were shown by j\Ir. Baker in the triple trusses of twelve kinds. In addition to the kinds already mentioned as shown by this exliil)itor, such varieties as Lord Macaulay, Charles Lefebvre, and Dr. Andry were shown finely in this stand. Tlie best collections of twelve single trusses came from Mr. Ridout, gardener to Mr. Hay- wood, Reigate ; Mr. Jowitt and the Rev. E. M. Fellowes, Royston, were placed in order named. The general excellence of the blooms in this class induced the judges to award two extra prizes, one to Mr. Baker, and the other to Mr. Pembcrton, Romford. Four otiier exhibitors showed in this class. The premier prize in the open class for twelve Tea or Noisette varieties was taken Ijy Mr. Fellowes, who showed goodbloomsof Perle des Jardins, Madame Bravy, Souve- nir de Paul Ni5ron, Adam, Catherine Mermet, Madame Willermoz, Comtesse de Nadaillac, and Marie Van Houtte. Mr. Davies, Banbury, and the Cr.anston Company also sjiowed fair examples for the second and third prizes. For six blooms of any one sort of Hybrid Per- petual Mr. Baker showed some splendid examples of Marie Baumann, and La France was also well shown by Messrs. Curtis, Sandford, & Co. and the Cranston Company ; tlie latter exhibitors also showed good blooms of Etienne Levet, and Mons. E. Y. Teas was shown in excellent condition by Jlr. Balicr. ilr. Davis, Wilton, showed the best six Ijlooms of any one kind of Tea or Noisette, Marechal Niel being the sort shown, andSouvenir d'EliaeVarden and Marie Van Houtte were exhibited by the Cranston Company and Mr. Baker in the order named. The open class for six distinct new Roses of 1877- 78 was represented by some half-dozen collections. The first prize was awarded to the Cranston Company for the following sorts, namely, Souvenir d'Adolphe Thiers, Constantine Fretiakoff, and Madame Gabriel Luizet, Gaston Leveque, Leon Renault, and Marchioness of Exeter. Tlie second prize was awarded to Mr. Piper, LTckfield, for John Fr.ascr, Oxonian, Barthelemy Joubert, Madame Charles Fretiakoff, JIadame Marie Verdier, and .Souvenir de Madame Robert. Messrs. Curtis, Sandford, & Co. showed in a third prize collection Barthelemy Joubert, Penelope Mayo, Boildieu, JIarie Louise Fernet, Madame Marie Ver- dier, and Cannes la Coquette. Jlr. Baker exhibited May Quennell, A. K. Williams, Mrs. Laxton, Penelope Mayo, Marie Verdier, and Madame Gabriel Luizet. Messrs. Paul, Cheshunt, showed Glory of Cheshunt. PELAKGONIUM SOCIETY. This society's exhibition was of the usual showy ch.aracter, the long lines of brilliant colours, unrelieved by foliage, being very dazzling. Though the portion of the tent allotted to the exhibits was devoid of much vacant sjiace, the number of really large and well-grown plants was comparatively small, the chief exhibitors of these being Jlr. Turner, Slough, Mr. Little, Uxbridge, and Mr. Catlin, Finchley. A conspicuous feature of the show was the absence of novelty, especially in the way of a new race or class other than has existed for years. As one of the main objects of the society is not only to improve existing races, but also to endeavour to obtain new ones by hybridising with species, the public look for something new at these special exhibitions. New Kinds not in Oommerce.— The only entry in the class for hybrid kinds was that of Mons. V. Lemoine, Nancy, France, but these were by no means of a distinct character, therefore no prize was awarded them. For three new large-flowered or show kinds. Mr. Turner was the only exhibitor. Tiie sorts shown were Moun- tain of Light (Foster), Maid of Perth (Foster), and Hector (Foster). Mr. Little sliowed the best two, which were Rose Little (Jackson), Formosa (.Jackson) ; and the Rev. A. Matthews, Gumiey, Market Harborough, showed the only single plant. Sir W. Scott. The Rev. T. C. Brehaut, Richmond House, Guernsey, showed also two new kinds, Rollo and Martial. The only exhibitor of fancy sorts was Mr. Turner, who showed .Jenny Howlett, Queen of the Hellenes, and Lady Harvey. The decorative class, including market and regal varieties, were more numerous. Messrs. Hayes, Edmonton, were the exhibitors of the best. The kinds were Mrs. John Hayes, Lady Isabel, and Mr. John Hayes. The best two kinds came from Mr. Little, the sorts being Bridesmaid and Rosy Jlorn ; and Mr. Turner was the only exhibitor of one kind, Macbeth. The other exhibi- tors in thisclass were Messrs. Saltmarsh & Son, Chelmsford, who sent Mars, Mrs. H. C. Wells, and Lady .Selwyn Ibbettson ; and JI. Le- moine showed two kinds, named Afghanistan and Mrs. Potten. Dr. Denny, Stoke Newington, obtained the first prize in the class for three new zonal kinds with Prima Donna, and a fine pure white variety, Cynthia, and Lallah Rooke, all of the exhibitor's raising. Mr. Turner showed Flambeau (George) and Alarm (George) for the best two kinds. Messrs. Saltmarsh contributed Rose d'Amour, Salmon Queen, .and Major Brand. For double-flowered zonals Messrs. Saltmarsh were awarded the first prize for .Sultan (crimson), Mrs. Arthur Lattey (pink), and Lord Cecil (scarlet), all of their own raising. Dr. Denny showed Ench.antress, Faultless, Devotion, of the exhibitor's raising ; and Jlr. King, gardener to Jlr. Simpson, Reigate, showed Arthur Johnston, Lizzie King, Fanny Batten ; Jlr. Balaam, Vine Nursery, Lower Clapton, showed two pretty varie- gated-leaved sorts in this class named Kensington and Nancy Lee. Ivy-leaved varieties were poorly represented, the only exhibit in the single-flowered class being a fine cerise-flowered sort named Beaute de Lyon (Sisley), shown by Mr. Cannell, Swanley. JI. Lemoine sent some unnamed double-iJowered varieties, but no prize was awarded them. Specimens. — The classes for specimen and semi-specimen plants were not numerously represented. In the open class for six plants of the show type, Jlr. Little's gardener (Jlr. Wiggins) obtained the first prize. The kinds were, JIary Hoyle, .Sultana, Snowflake, Victory, Illuminator, and Januette. Three otherexhiljitors showed, but, witli the exception of a fine collection from Mr. Turner, they were rather poor. Jlr. Turner was first in the class for eighteen show kinds, gi'own in pots not exceeding 0 in. in diameter. This collection was represented by the leading sorts, all well grown and flowered. Jlr. Little and Jlr. Meadmore, Romford Nursery, were the other exhibitors. In the class for six of the fancy type, Jlr. Turner, who waslikewise first, showed well-flowered, though not Large JiLY 3, ISSO.] THE GARDEN. 23 specimens of E.ist Lymio, Princess TecU, The Shah, Iluchess of Kdiuburgh, Jewess, aiul Thomas Ring. Mr. Little showed larger, tliough not so densely flowered plants, consisting of the leading varie- ties. The decorative class was well sliown liy Mi'- Little, who had well-srown plants of Triomphe de 8t. Mande, Duchesse de Moruy. Kiug Beauty, Miss Andre, Duchess of Edinburgh, Duchess of Bedford, Lord Derhy, Black Prince, Lady Isabel, .and Harlequin. Collections of these "were well shown by Messrs. Turner and Hayes. The latter look the first prize for eighteen plants of the decorative class, among which were Duchess of Bedford, Maid of Kent, Nellie Hayes, Black Prince, Prince of Wales, Lord Derby, Lady Isabel, and' others. Zonal kinds were, as usual, shown by Mr. Catlin, gardener to ilrs. Lermitte, Finchley. They were far in advance of the other collections shown, and were models of skilful culture. The sorts w'ere Titania, Lucy Bosworth, Lizzie Brooks, Mrs. Pearson, Fanny Catlin, Alice Burton,' and Rev. Atkinson. The s.ame e.'lea in favour of home-grown Spirsuas will be looked upon with distrust. But why a plant that delights in abundant moisture and a moderate amount of sunlight cannot be grown to perfection without a prelimi- nary sea voyage passes my comprehension. We are not yet clear of the effects of the miserable season of 1879— cold, wet, and sunless — yet our Spir.x'as, even on north borders that did not get the little sunshine with which we were favoured, are flowering excellently. New Greenhouse riant (Oleobachia palustris). be desired. Many of the plants are large specimens ; they are in pots plunged up to the rims, and have a covering of mats in the winter. The Ferns planted out in the rock Fernery under glass are looking as well as if they had passed through nothing more than an ordinary winter, no artificial warmth being now used in any part of this most interesting structure. The many rare Filmy Ferns seem as much at home as if located under the shade and amidst the spray of their native dripping rocks ; and in the houses where the species which need some artificial warmth are grown the plants possess a vigour and freshness that indicate how well they like the treatment which they receive, the indescribable delicacy of texture and elegance in form of many of the kinds being such as have no equal in any other family of plants. — A. Z. Oleobaohia palustris.— This very elegant plant resembles in general appearance— as will be seen by the annexed woodcut— Aralia Veitchi ; it has, however, an advantage over that plant, inasmuch as and large clumps, lifted with balls of earth and set in Vineries for a few days, have been good throughout the season for decorative pur- poses. Any one having old forced plants should try them on a good piece of ground, and after one season's rest compare the result with imported plants. If they do not hold their ground against the ordinary run of such plants, I shall be disappointed, as I see no reason why this Syirrei cinnot attain equal perfection here as on the Continent. — J. G. Rhynchospermum j asminoides. —Beautiful as this is when shown as a specimen plant, it cannot compare with plants of it grown on pillars in conservatories. We have at present a pair covering pillars and ornamental girders 20 ft. high, and quite masses of pure white blossoms that emit a delightful fragrance. They thrive amazingly in the intermediate temperature of a conservatory, and the blossoms are invaluable for button-hole and other bouquets. — J. G. L. 34 THE GAUDEN. [July 10, 1880. Reidia glaucescens. — I noticed small plants of tbia semi- hothouse shrub recently at Redlees, Isleworth, and was charmed with its appearance, which resembles that of a miniature Thorn Acacia, the long lobed leaves being pendulous, and from the midrib bang a quantity of long rod flowers, giving the plant a most charm- ing and elegant appearance. It would make in certain stages of growth a very neat and interesting table plant, and one that would be sure to attract attention. The tiny flowers are produced in succes- sion from the midrib, and thus the blooming period is naturally extended. — A. D. NOTES FEOM THE PAPERS. FlO'wers as Flow^ers. — A correspondent has described, in an amusing but accurate way, and quite unconsciously, it would appear, the nature and associations of the bedding-out system. Writing on the flower garden, and speaking of the "notions" entertained by some of hardy plants "driving tender bedders out of creation" (what barbarian was it that contemplated the complete extinction of any plant ?), this correspondent remarks : " There are a few gardens even now managed on the system advocated, but they are only of interest to the owner and those who take pleasure in the flowers as flowers." "Take pleasure in flowers as flowers ! " Well, this is a compliment to the " Hardy Brigade." They love flowers as flowers; and, we presume, the exclusive bedders love flowers in the same manner as a painter loves his paint-pot, or something in that way ; and in the same way he will, no doubt, regard those flowers that he cannot combine and blend to suit his purpose as useless. Oh, " R. P. B. ," did you foi"ecast the consequences of such an admission ? German Gardeners in England.— Such is the title of an article in one of your contemporaries, in which it is hinted that if the German element continues to increase in English gardens and nurseries, it will produce the same consequences as Chinese migra- tion did upon Irish labour in California. German gardeners, it appears, do not at present come to England to seek masters' situa- tions— these are not quite good enough for them at present ; but the time may come, it is surmised, before lone, when German ability wiU be more fully recognised, and then English garieners will have to pack np. We do not think, however, that English gardeners need fear greatly. We have had rather exceptional opportunities of coming in contact with German gardeners in this country ; and it has always been our impression that they came here to learn that which they had not the opportunity of learning in their own country — viz., gardening in all its branches. They were always well edu- cated we admit, and in most cases they excelled in some special de- partment— propagating Dracienas it may be, or grafting Azaleas, &c. ; but out of their hobby, they were pitiable workmen, any one of them — like the German masons that came to London during the strike. They had science, plenty of it ; but they lacked the tre- mendous energy of the Englishman or the Scotchman — the secret of the latter's success is the very thing the German won't learn, and without which he will never enter the lists, even in competition as a practical horticulturist with Englishmen. "Germany is an ill- cultivated field, because it is cultivated by philosophers," is one of their own sayings, and it no doubt applies to their gardeners as well as any other class. One of our Teutonic acquaintances was put into a conservatory to tend it and to keep it (he spoke six languages), and the almost immediate consequence was a frightful mortality among the inmates. The foreman — a big Highlander — watc^.^ how he plied his " attainments" in order to discover the cause, and found that his time was chiefly occupied near the stokehole furnace, indit- ing correspondence on the bottom of an old Palm-tub. In savage wrath his foreman set him to wash pots for a whole week. There was another poor creature in an Edinburgh nursery who propagated one or two kinds of plants ; and to prevent any one else seeing what he did, and how he did it, he locked the propagating-house door in- side and whitewashed the glass. There was one at Kew who shared all the privileges of the other young men, but would not do his share in pushing a barrow (he spoke too many languages), so Donald M'Leod made him walk behind to learn how it was done. Another equally talented youth spent his time during the day chiefly in singing "Schleswig und Holstein " to the tune of the "Marseil- laise," and strumming a guitar in the evening ; and a fifth, equally gifted, stuck his knife into his neighbour's sideatthepotting-bench, and was locked up. He afterwards started a sausage-shop in a northern town, and did well. No ! English gardeners may in the future fear Chinese competition, but the German he need never fear as a worker. His cast of mind is of the wrong kind ; but we may be occasionally indebted to him for his thinking. Cool Houses has been a subject of discussion in The Garden lately. One side thinks such structures would be exceeding useful. under certain circumstances, for growing hardy and half-hardy shrubs and plants without artificial heat — Roses, Camellias, Azaleas, Rhododendrons, &c., and the other side regards the idea as imprac- ticable— a foible, indeed. One writer, wlio appears to be spending his declining years in attempting to prove that nothing can be accomplished in the future that has not been in his experience, lias pronounced against the scheme. We think, however, that a perfectly cool house is a feasible thing. It is well known that as soon as the cultivator of plants or fruits begins to have a "temperature" his troubles begin — in the case of the average cultivator at least, who s not also a practical gardener. A "cool house," as we understand the proposal, is to take its chance — is not to be used for forcing purposes, but chiefly for protection, and to bring things into flower a little earlier and in better condition than out-of-doors. No end of nice flowers would conform to such treatment, as any one can see. We can have Cauli dower in a month earlier by simply putting a hand-light over the plants in winter ; and why cannot plants be treated in the same way, and as successfully ? It was pointed out, not long since, that some of our hardy plants attained a degree of perfection, when simply protected by glass, tliat is never seen out- of-doors — and we cannot forget the grand masses of Christmas Roses we have seen under a cloche on a border in winter when those plants that had been left exposed were either flowerless or half destroyed by rains and frosts. Part of the accommodation de- voted to bedding plants would grow many treasures in this way, and enrich many a garden almost as much as an Orchid house. Pitcher Plants. — That paper of Mr. Burbidge's on Nepenthes is both original and interesting. We are sceptical about some of the theories respecting the habits and necessities of "carnivorous plants " just as we have doubts that red Clover was created for bumble-bees. Plums and Peaches for wasps, and Gooseberry bushes to feed caterpillars, but we admit Mr. Burbidge has advanced a practical reason for supposing that the pitchers of the Nepenthes are employed as traps to catch food. Pitcher-plants are vegetable cripples, without visible legitimate means of gaining a livelihood ; they have no roots worth speaking of, and they live by their wits upon the witless : they are a kind of vegetable scavengers. Mr. Burbidge has certainly made out as good a case has any one who has yet written on the subject. In tlie struggle for existence — a real struggle in their native habitats — the plants need these pitchers to fetch and carry with ; but \inder cultivation they don't need tliem — or rather, don't use them, as all their wants are provided for. Yet, even under cultivation, the pitchers are uncommonly " expec- tant "-looking and big enough. After all might not the flies falling into the pitchers be simply one of the accidents of fly-life, and have nothing to do with the support of the plants — just as human beings sometimes tumble into canals and rivers, and children into dirty- water puddles and rain-wattr tubs, which, we all know, are not created for that particular end. There is much in Mr. Burbidge's paper of practical import ; and it is to be regretted that we do not get such papers oftener from those wlio have observed our cultivated plants in tiieir native countries. Perhaps one reason is tliat col- lectors of Mr. Burbidge's stamp are not common. — Tlic Gardener. The Tree Pruner, ^by Samuel Wood (Crosby Lockwood & Co.), contains, on the two first pages which we opened, paragraphs on the Coleus, the Petunia, the Calceolaria, &c., which quite pre- cludes all notice of such a work. "The Tree Planter," by the same author and publishers, we find contains jiaragraphs on Mint, Basil, Caraway, Dill, and Coriander, which also precludes further remark, except that we thought publishers were sliarp people, but now we begin to doubt it. We may add that these two books belong to Weale's Rudimentary Series. Hardy Plants at York. — Amongst a host of hardy plants in flower on the rockworkhere and elsewhere the followingwere themost conspicuous, viz., Cypripedium Calceolus, C. spectabile, and C. acaule. The beautiful Myosotis rupicola was also in flower, and to those unacquainted with this gem of a Forget-me-not, it may be described as a shade darker coloured than M. dissitiflora, and it grows to about half the height of that kind, which it succeeds as regards time of blooming. Primula japonica here has leaves as long as those of Horse-radish, and flowers proportionate in size. The bluish-violet P. capitata was also unusually strong. Associated with these were also Camp,T.nula turbinata, witli large deep blue bells borne on stout stalks, that hold them up, so as to show them ofi' to advantage ; C. muralis, Veronica rupestris (one of the prettiest of low-growing blue-flowered plants), Papaver alpinum, P. nudicaule, Ramondia pyrenaica (a sheet of purple-yellow centred flowers), and Primula purpurea. I also noticed the Iris-like Libertia ixioides, blooming profusely between the two handsome Ferns, Struthiopteris japonica and Osmunda interrupta. Numerous Saxifrages, including S. ceratophylla and S. lantoscana, the last a very fine kind, were .Tui.T 10, ISSO.] THE GARDEN. 35 also in flower, as was aUo Rosa rugosa and tlie single copper-coloured Austrian Rose. — A. Z. LEAFLETS. Notwithstanding the well-known healthfulness of the gar- dener's life, it is rather singular that we have so few patriarchal ones. No doubt it is a healthy and a licautiful life under the best conditions, .say those surrounding a man in his own quiet garden, not haif-worried to death by cares ; but the gardener in a large place is an " overweighted" individual. Of all other human beings classified up to the present time the most is expected of him in science, art, and all the economies ! When his ambition takes the form of exhibiting at flower shows, he goes in for an amount of worrj' and excitement which would wear out the nerves of a full grown gorilla. The art of the landscape gardener is more conducive to long life. Fraser in Ireland, Xiven in Ireland, and Mr. Marnock are cases in point. The quiet open-air life and change conduces to it. I met Mr. !Marnock the other day, and he told me he rather missed his work. He is a mere youth, however, compared with the gentleman mentioned in the following paragraph : — It was stated recently in the Lewiston (New York) Journal that Mr. A. Gibbs, a lawyer at Rochester, New York, ninety-three years old, is still in practice. A reader of that journal cut out the paragraph and sent it in a letter of inquiry directed to Mr. Gibbs, and received an answer, dated t!ie 15th of May, in which the writer says: — "I am the person named in the 'printed slip.' I never sought notoriety, but it seems my longevity is likely to give me more than my good deeds. My health is as sound as at any time of my life, for aught I know. I was slender until thirty. I have been a close student, and kept up with the decisions of our courts, done a good amount of business, never was rich. My present patronage is select. From my youth I have ei-tertained a fondness for the profession." » Ugliness sometimes accompanies other undesirable qualities. Canon Hole tells me that he has lost nearly all his standard Roses, while the Roses on their own roots, including those worked very low, and wliich afterwards root from above the union of stock and graft, are safe. The Roses of the future are the Roses on their own roots. So grown now, even the Teas are breaking up from roots apparently killed. * Fig Marigolds starved in pots and Ice plants growing on walls and terraces in the south of France are two very difi"erent things, and serve well to show that naturally plants beautiful may in certain conditions appear to have little or no merit. The poor starved little specimens in greenhouses have dis- couraged cultivators from taking up this family. I noticed at Mr. Joad's the other day an intelligent attempt to grow them somewhat as they are grown in the sunny Riviera gardens by planting them along the edge of raised earth beds in the greenhouse, and allowing them to fall over the side. Among the many flowers of the time perhaps the palm amongst the white ones would be given to the white Irises, of which there are at least two good ones at present — the white English Iris and the white Japanese Iris, both of which ought to be secured and grown in some quantity by all who are interested in the very fairest white flowers. » I sympathise with Mr. Baines' opinion about hard-wooded plants, but not as they are usually grown. Cutting them into round and flat shapes has stolen away some of their charms. I thought so when I saw Boronia elatior in flower in Sir Trevor Lawrence's collection the other day, grown into a free, open bush, graceful in all ways, and alive with buds and blossoms. It made me wish to see a number of hard-wooded plants not grown into balloons and pincushions, or with every little spray fixed tight to a stick, as a paw in a trap. Some time ago a gentleman wrote to the Gardener, speak- ing of the hardy plants now in our gardens, though not yet so popular as they will be a few years hence, as — A whole lierd of botanical curiosities, which would be about as much in character in many [lower gardens as a well-fed ox would be on a tennis-lawn or croi{uet-ground. To argue seriously with such a person would be to waste time, but, believing his state of mind as to the value of the plants to be a typical one, I called attention to the lists of beautiful and stately hardy plants that flower every week in gardens round London, and which are published weekly in The Garden. In these lists scores of plants may be found weekly, which in the very quality claimed for bedding plants (colour) surpass them as the sun surpasses an artificial illumi- nation. Among the plants mentioned last week, for example, there are whole families so rich in splendid colour and form, that a garden — and a very beautiful and brilliant one — could be made of one of them, as, for example, Irises, Lilies, Delphi- niums, Campanulas, Pajonies, Phloxes, Pyrethrum.s. Among families not quite so rich or varied there are many plants no less valuable, such as Everlasting Peas, Columbines, Evening Primroses, Day Lilies, Thrifts, Pinks. Afterwards come dozens of individual species in no sense " botanical weeds." And this among plants in flower the same week. ♦ The individual thus answered takes no notice of the facts thus placed before him as to his main proposition about " botanical weeds," and now says he wants a plan, and not lists of plants of various heights and colours. Finally, he asks, as if the whole business were imaginary, where there is a single garden where hardy flowers may be seen used for the adornment of a private garden. The very fact of any one putting such a question points to the state of many of our gardens, and to how much has yet to be done before the great qiiestion of the embellishment of oiir gardens is in a position to be fairly discussed ; for obviously, if any one with oppor- tunities for observation can take such a one-sided and false view of it, there is no hope of its being fairly judged of till people generally have full opportunities of seeing the vast amount of beauty they are now deiirived of. » I pass by this writer as hopeless in reason, andas so devoid of sense of the usual fitness of things, that, knowing nothing of the theme he writes upon, he condemns the efibrts of those who have spent half a life-time in investigating it. But as it may help many who are considering the question to come to a conclusion if I give the names of a few places known to me, I willingly do so. A good many private gardens have col- lections of hardy plants in somewhat the same sense as botanic gardens have — that is to say, numerous species are grown, whereas what we want are beautiful and distinct kinds well grown. * Among private gardens where hardy flowers are largely grown may be mentioned Mr. Latimer Clarke's, Sydenham Hill; Mr. G. F. Wilson's, Weybridge Heath; Mr. Mcintosh's, near Weybridge ; Mr. Whitehead's, Southwood, Bickley (rock plants) ; Mr. Miles', Bingham, Notts ; INIr. Pilgrim's, Fern Lawn, Cheltenham ; Mr. Brockbank's, Didsbury, Manchester ; Mr. Stevens', Byfleet (a very rich collection, but embracing many kinds of botanical interest) ; Mr. Joad's, Wimbledon ; Mr. Hammond's, Canterbury ; Sir (jleo. Macleay, Bletchingley; Mr. James Atkins', Painswick ; Mr. Boulton's, Great Tow. I hear from a good judge also that Mr. David Thomson, of 3G THE GARDEN. [July 10, 1880 Drumlanrif,', has a fine display of hardy flowers, very well grown. But it must not be forgotten that the question is still in its infancy. A very few years have elapsed since it would have been impossible to find three well grown Lilies in the gardens around London ; now at the present moment in the same gardens there would be no difficulty in finding several dozen kinds of Lilies in handsome bloom. To a great extent the collections recently formed are still in the luirseries and large private collections, and they are just begin- ning gradually to make their way into our gardens generally. In the larger class of country seats, wholly devoted as they were to decoration through the use of comparatively few plants sot out in geometrical fashion, the change will be slowest. For a good many j'ears past all connected with such have been brought up in the notion that this geometrical work was the last and highest perfection of the gardening art, and their means, knowledge, time, and their gardens are wholly devoted to it. To change it is not easy, though very desirable in the interest of all concerned, and also of gardening. Tlie fullest collections are in the nurseries, and visits to them are most interesting and instructive, even though in such places trade exigencies prevent their being arranged otlierwise than in lines or groups. The Lily collections are now.very fine. To grow and enjoy these finest of introduced flowers, even Mr. W. Hinds cannot want a plan, as they do so finely in Rhododendron beds and beds of small shrubs. In these the soil suits them, and, without injuring the shrubs in the least, they vary the outlines of the bed, and furnish a second and nobler bloom long after the flowering shrubs have passed out of flower. This bloom is often a prolonged one. In this case we have not only an excellent way of growing a noble family of plants, but we al.so improve the effect of Pihododen- dron beds and the like in a very remarkable degree. So it might be in many other cases. There can be no real difficulty in finding suitable positions for beautiful plants. Justicia. THE GARDEN FLORA. Electro Horticulture. — lam somewliat surprised at the tone of the extraLjt from The Gardener ou this subject (p. 4S8). Few practical men but have severely felt the evil of our lack of light in winter forcing. Electricity is the only force with whicli we are aot|Upinted that seems capable of supplying that want. The spec- trum formed by the electric light is similar to the solar spectrum, thus proving its semi-identity with the light of the sun. The prac- tical expei-imeuts that have been made on plants confirm this view. The light does not draw nor weaken the plants ; on the contrary, all the elaborating, consolidating, converting processes that serve to evolve finished products under solar light seem to work to this end, and with almost equal energy under the electric light. If this be so, the electric light is not another limekiln, though that, by our latest intelligence, still heats a goodly range of glasshouses at Gar- ston. It is easy to laugh at Swift's philosopher trying to extract sunbeams from Cucumbers ; but not a few gardeners will smile with supreme satisfaction if the electric light enables them, as it pro- mises, to put a few moi-e sunbeams into their Cucumbers in dark November. The oft- told tale of ploughing the land with pigs" snouts in sexrcli of roasted Chestnuts suggests another reference as potent on t'le other side. When (ieorge Stephenson was badgered before the House of Lords with all kinds of objections to his locomotive, one questioner thought he would annihilate him and his invention at once by the query, "But what if a cow strays on the line?" " Sae much the warse for the coo," said George. And I submit that electric lighting is asprobable now as our railway system was then; and when this one great desideratum to ourdominion overclim.atal difficul- ties— a light equal in brilliancy and cliemieal and vital effects to the sun — is brought within our reach, it will be so much the wo:se for the writers who go out of their way to make sport of new dis- coveries in either heating or lighting. All the engineers and prac- tical mechanics of his day made fun of George Stephenson, but to-day his locomotives traverse the world. And so it may be by-and-bye with the electric light, which may ultimatily perhaps change winter into summer and night into day in our glasshouses. Should it do so, therf ceems no good reason to doubt that our produce niiglit be doubV c i,nd its high quality yet further improved. — D. T. Fish. PLATE CCXI.-HYMENOCALLIS MACROSTEPHANA. Fifteen years ago I should have undertaken the task of describing the species belonging to the genus Hymenocallis with perfect con- fidence, as at that time I thought I knew all the kinds in cultiva- tion and their distinguishing characteristics. Since then I have had Hymenocallises continually through my hands from different parts of the world, and the variable character of the imported plants and their liability to change under cultivation have considerably shaken my faith, even as regards many figured and described as species bein^ so. My own opinion is that the greater part of the Hymeno- callises now in cultivation are either local or selected varieties of H. speciosa or H. adnata, for I have received intermediate and vary- ing forms of all the closer allied varieties. Be that as it may, one great thing can be said in favour of the genus, viz., that all the kinds belonging to it are lovely, fragrant, and easily cultivated, and each supplies showy white flowers, of which there never seems to be enough. The following are the best varieties now in cultivation. They are chiefly natives of South America and tlie West Indies : — H. MACROSTEPHANA, of which is given a coloured illustration, is considered by Mr. Baker, of Kew, by whom it was named, to be a distinct species, and certainly it is one of the most beautiful, and there was no hesitation among the floral committee at South Ken- sington in giving it a first-class certificate when it was exhibited l.ast year by Mr. Woodbridgc, Syon House Gardens, Brentford. H. REGIN.E. — A very fine garden variety which has been in culti- vation for years, and whicli, so far as I can judge, is identical with the above named species. H. srEciosA. — One of the earliest introduced ; it was formerly effectively used as an exhibition plant. The true old variety is deciduous, and should be more sparingly watered when not in leaf, but should not be subjected to cold, as it is not nearly so hardy as the evergreen varieties. H. C'ARiii.EA. — This is alliel to the preceding, and requires a warm house. H. AMiENA. — An elegant compact evergreen variety. H. FRAfJRANs and its immediate allies are the finest of the genus ; they bear large heads of snow-white flowers of very firm texture, and last a long time in perfection. This species has thick, broad, leathery leaves. It is evergreen, and I have found it to be the hardiest of the speciosa section. H. OVATA. — A very fine growing form of H. fragrans, with grace- fully arching leaves, and larger and broader petalled flowers than those of fragrans. This variety, if obtained true, is a magnificent plant. H. ADNATA is a distinct species with narrow, strap-shaped leaves and upright spikes of flowers, the petals of which droop gracefully. It is a very desirable plant, being of elegant habit either in or out of flower. H. ADNATA ACUTIFOLIA. — This is similar to the preceding, but has narrower and more pointed leaves. H. MEXICANA (sometimes called H. littoralis) I have found to be the best for greenhouse culture ; it is evergreen, has glossy bright green leaves and elegantly arranged flowers. If grown in a cold house it should be sparingly watered in winter. H. ROTATA is a very showy variety from the Southern United States of America ; in habit it resembles the preceding, and is a good kind for a cold house. H. CRASSiFOi.iA. — This is an evergreen variety, with thick leathery strap-shaped leaves. To grow it well it requires a warm moist house, and then it is a noble plant. I have ceeu it attain a height of 4 ft., and when well grown send up spikes 5 ft. in height. James O'Brien. [Concerning the treatment of H. macrostephana, the species which we figure, Sir. Woodbridge has favoured us with the following account : — " I have found it," he says, " to do well in a warm moist stove in which the temperature ranges from C0° to SC in winter, and from 70'' to 90° in summer. The soil best suited for its culti- vation is a rich fibry loam about three parts, and one part of half decayed leaf-mould and cow manure, with a liberal mixture of coarse sand. The soil should be rough and free and the pots well drained. It requires a liberal supply of water during the growing season, and is much benefited by frequent doses of liquid manure. It is readily increased by ofl'sets, which may be taken off and grown separately, but I prefer to gi-ow them in masses, shitting them into larger pofs as they require it ; for these — like many other bulbous plants — do best when the roots are not disturljed. Its chief time of flowering is during the winter months, but under the above treatment I have had some bulbs in flower almost every month in the year, each truss consisting of about ten flowers, which are pure white and very s\\eet scented, and they last two or three days in water."] July 10, ISSO.] THE GARDEN. 37 GARDENING FOR THE WEEK. Indoor Plants. Orchids. — Some time daring the present month Stanliopeas will ic luirc top-dressing or re-b.asketing. This must be done as soon as the plants pass out of fluwcr. It will be ueeessary to drain tlie baskets very carefully for this genns, leaving the crooks as open as possible in order that no obstruction may be ollered to the flower- spikes as they push their w.ay downwards out of the baskets. It is to be regrettid that the (lowers of this tine genus are so fugacious, as they stand unrivalled amongst Orchids for substance, finish, and line delicate colouring. The soil most suitable for them is good fibrous peat, with the dust thrashed out of it ; this, combined with some rather line charcoal, will grow them well, covering the whole over with a thin layer of live Sphagnum Moss. This genus will stand a liberal shift better than any otlier ; therefore good sized baskets should be used for any that require repotting. Keep them well shaded and water carefully after repotting ; at tlie same time maintain a very damp atmosphere around them till the plants are re-establislied in their baskets. Uendrobium moschatum and D. Dalhousianum will now require top-dressing, and should at once receive liberal treatment, to induce tliem to push into new growth as early as possible. The fine S.accolabium Dluniei and Blumei majus will now be pushing up their flower-spikes, and will require careful watching to save them from the depredations of insect enemies. Keep these plants and also the fine late-blooming Aerides quinquevulnerum free from any check while they are de- veloping their spikes of bloom. Keep the temper.ature up to the maximum night and day as regards every section of these plants, and ventilate very freely, but never to such an extent as to over-dry the atmosphere of the houses, especially while the young growths are tender and full of sap. Stove Plants. — All plants intended for blooming early in autumn should now or very shortly be in their blooming pots. Give them liberal treatment and as much light as possible, in order to keep their growths firm and short-jointed. Keep them growing for another week or two, when a freer ventilation will help to give them more substance, to enable them to stand a slight rest during the month of August, which will add greatly to their flowering capabilities during the autumn months. The stock of planis intended for early and mid-wiuter work should still be kept potted on as they require it, using a rough rich compost to induce free growth, which, if properly ripened during .September, will yield abundance of choice flowers through the winter. Crotous, I)rac;enas, and fine-foliaged plants generally will now be in good colour, and will require extra precaution to keep red spider from spoiling their beauty. A large batch of Selaginella Kraussiana should now be pricked into small pots, to be ready for use during winter. A warm frame kept well shaded will suit them till the end of the summer ; after- wards place them in the stove or intermediate house. Amaryllises may now be placed in a cold frame and kept close. Keep them dry at the root, anil expose them to every gleam of sunshine, with an occasional dewing over with the syringe to prevent the bulbs from shrinking. This treatment for the next two months will generally induce each bulb to form two or three flower-spikes. Greenhouse Plants. — Continue to cut down show and fancy Pelargoniums as the plants get ripened. Do not be in a hurry to induce them to break again into growth, as the more time allowed for this, the better for the strength of the plants. Kalosanthes as they go out of flower should be cut over, and kept in a dry frame till the plants break out afresh. Any prunings from these that are fit for cuttings should be inserted in a very sandy compost, and be carefully watered till they are established. Pimeleas and the ventri- cosa section of Ericas should be cut into shape as they go out of flower, placing them in a cool position to assist them to break again freely. Pleromas, Lasiandras, Monoch;etums, and Melastomaceous plants generally that have been treated up to the present time in close warm frames g'lould be gradually inured to more airy conditions to ripen their growths. Large plants of these that have flowered late must be cut over and liberal treatment must be given them in order to make them growagain quickly. Cassia corymbosa, Habrothamnnses, Plumbagos, and other autumn lilooming plants must now receive all the sunshine possible, keeping them well supplied with water at the roots. Tea and other Roses in pots intended to produce flowers during autumn should now be liberally treated with manure water and stimulants, to get them into fine vigorous growth. Keep all flowers pinched off tliem for another month or six weeks, when the plants should be engaged in forming growths intended to produce flowers. Annuals sown in pots must be carefully watched to prevent them from getting overcrowded and drawn. Place them outside on a cool bottom, and keep them supplied with moisture at the roots, as anything approaching drought is very detrimental to them. Another sowing of herbaceous Calceolarias should be made, and those earliest sown must be carefully attended to, to prevent them from getting injureil by slugs or other insects. A late sowing of Cinerarias may now be made in a close frame, growing them on freely. Karlier sowings of these will requij'e sliifting on, as tliey get pot-bound, keeping them on a cool bottom in shady frames. Keep a sharp eye on them to detect aphides, and fumigate at once if any of these are seen on the plants. — J. Robekt.s. Flower Garden. Roses will now be making a tine display and should be regularly divested of old blossoms, and the Ijeds should be kept clean and free from weeds. Dwarfs, on their own roots, are undoubtedly the best when the conditions of soil .and climate are favourable to tiieir growth. Wliere budding is contemplated it is time to commence that operation, as the sooner it is done after the bark of buds and stock is sufliciently hardened to hold together the better. Keep the roots of the stock moist, and a good mulching of manure over them will help to promote a free flow of sap. The best way to get good dwarf plants on their own roots is layering, i.e., taking the shoots of a dwarf plant in autumn and cutting a slight notch in it just under a bud, and firmly pegging it down in the soil ; reduce the end of the shoot to three or four buds left out of the ground ; during the following summer it will become a good, strong-rooted plant with a good head of shoots, and may be detached from the parent plant in autumn, or one year from the date of layeririg, when there will be a goodly number of shoots again ready for layering. In this way one stock of any kind may be relied on to keep up an annual supply of young healthy plants, which, if planted in nursery beds, will yield a fine lot of blooms for cutting from. Roses are such universal favourites, that no flower garden can be called complete wiiereiu they are not pretty numer- ously represented, and they form fit suljjects for isolated beds. The only way in which I ever saw standard Roses look really well was planted amongst dwarfs, with tlie longest shoots trained down to the ground, and forming a regidar umbrella shajied head. Such beautiful Roses as Charles Lawsun and Coupe de Hebe, that make strong annual shoots, have really a handsome appearance trained in this way, as the effect of downward training causes the shoots to break regularly at every joint, and to be perfect wreaths of flower. Do not, if you value the Roses, sow strong-rooting annuals, such as Mignonette, amongst them, as they quickly impoverish the soil and clioke the lower branches of the Roses. Bulbs are the only plants that should be mixed with Roses, as they make but little foliage, and do not exhaust the soil to any great extent. Herbaceous and mixed beds or borders will now be very gay with the numerous va- rieties of plants that flower almut this date. Conspicuous amongst these may be mentioned the noble family of Lilies, especially L. album, L. tigrinum, L. davuricum, L. umbellatum, and the early- flowering Gladiolus Colvilli ; also numerous varieties of Irises with colours equal to those of the rarest Orchids ; Aquilegias, especially A. cierulea aud A. chrysantha ; double Pyrethi-ums, with flowers as large as those of a China Aster ; Spiriea Aruncus and the dwarfer S. Kilipendula and S. p.almata. Amongst hardy plants remarkable for the beauty of their foliage may be named Ferula glauca, a noble plant for backgrounds, and variegated dwarf Funkias, such aa F. lutea varicgata and F. ovata alba marginata, both of which make good permanent edging plants ; in fact, there is ample mate- rial amongst hardy flowers t> have the gayest of gardens, provided tliese old-fashioned flowers were but as well known and easily pro- cured as the never ending tender plauts that have of late years excluded them. The ordinary routine work of mowing, sweeping, and rolling Grass and walks will need constant attention, as the flower garden or shady pleasure-grounds will now be much frequented, and e\'ery endeavour should be used to keep them in perfect order. Turf has been greatly benefited by tlie recent rains, wiiich have rendered it beautifully green. Continue to surface-stir all flower beds and regulate the growths frequently ; propagate spring flower- ing plants, and .sow seeds of various sorts of Forget-me-nots ; prick out seedling Pansies, Violas, &c., and collect seed of any specially good varieties that it may be desirable to increase. Keep vases and rusticbaskets copiously supplied with water, for, being usually idanted thickly, they quickly absorb a large quantity, and light showers that only wet the surface are very deceptive ; also look well to any tender specimens plunged in pots, as evaporation on bright days is now excessive. — James Gkoom. Auriculas. — Our old plants probably never looked better than they do this season, and we have not shaded them much. Many, even when their plants are not in flower, are very careful to shade from bright sunshine, and it might be necessary to do this if they were in a frame freely exposed to the sun for the greater part of the day, but when the frames are under the shade of a north wall and the sun does not touch them until after two p.m., there is no need for this care in shading ; a little sunlight is, in fact, necessary for 38 THE GAEDEN. CJuLv 10, 1880. the perfect development of the plants. Potting should now be finished, and no time should be lost in seeing to this. There is one advantage in potting late, and that is the opportunity wliich is given for more readily removing offsets. They form roots very readily at this season of the year, but they should be placed under a close hand-glass. There are numbers of decaying leaves at this season, and these must be removed as they liecome yellow, for if allowed to remain they have a tendency to injure the plants. For the last few weeks we Jiave been much troubled with a pest in the shape of a maggot very much resembling the Rose maggot. It curls itself up in the centre of the plants and injures the young leaves very much ; the only remedy for it is hand-picking. The maggots can be picked out from the centre of the plants with a pointed stick. Carnations and Picotees. — These have improved wonder- fully during the last few weeks. The earliest plants are now fully in flower, .and the main collection will be at its best in a week or so. I need not again urge the importance of cleanliness. The pots should be free from dirt and the soil from weeds. If a surface di-essing has been applied, it is very likely that a number of sm.all weeds will now be appearing ; these must be removed in a small state, as they are injurious to the plants if allowed to remain until they are of large size. Many are not aware of the injury caused to plants in pots by pulling large weeds out, an operation by which the roots are so much disturbed, that in some cases the plants receive a check from which they do not recover. Arrangements must now be made to commence layering. Soil must be made ready for immediate use. Pegs, if not yet prepared, may be made on wet days, Init I find that Verbena pegs made of galvanised wire are very useful for this purpose. The ordinary border varieties are also making very free growth tliis season. See that sticks are placed to the flower-stems, if not already dons, and that the ground is made loose by simply stirring the surface after heavy rains. Hollyhocks. — These apparently delight in the rains which we have had during the last few weeks. If the ground amongst the plants had Ijcen mulched with rotten manure, as has been recom- mended, the heavy rains would not have caused the surface to be- come hard, but would have washed all the nutritious properties out of the manure into the soil. If it is thought that the phants require still further stimulating, another dressing of manure might be applied, or if this is not convenient, a sprinkling of guano might be used instead. The rains have kept the leaves free from red spider, a pest which does not like wet weather. Pansies. — These are now exciting considerable interest, and well they may, for few hardy flowers are so useful or so well adapted to keep up a good display the whole season through. The Pansy braves the cohl in spring and the wet in autumn better than most other flowers. The season so far has been favourable for it, and each plant, although small enough three months ago, is now a good tuft studded with dozens of fine flowers. Some one writing recently about the right treatment for Pansies recommends cutting the plants down, advice with which I do not agree. Tliey soon come up again and become furnished witli good flowers, but the same end is attained if the flowering growths are well thinned out, only leaving about six, and picking oflf at the same time all the open and opening flowers, leaving the buds only. Surface-dress the ground witli rich compost, peg the growths down to the fresh compost, and in a week or more the whole collection will again be in bloom. Put in cuttings in a shaermum petr