3¥o 7 LIBRARY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE No._2.3_4.Q.l___DATE..?._r.no2-.. SOURCE_k-E>-.] TeV [Decembkr 28, 1901. V feo AUGUSTINE HENRY, F.L.S. THE SIXTIETH VOLUME OF "THE GARDEN Is dedicated. T HIS distinguished Irishman, from County Derry, was born in 1857, and was educated at Queen's Colleges, Galway and Belfast, graduating M.A. in the Queen's University, Ireland, in i878. He studied medicine at Belfast, but did not enter for the final M.D. examination, this being prevented by his appointment to China ; but in May, 1881, he received the diploma of L.E.C.P. Edinburgh. Di-. Henry entered the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Service in June, 1881, as medical officer and assistant. His fii'st station was at Shanghai, but he was soon transferred to Ichang, where he remained from 1882 to 1889. From April to October, l.'^89, Dr. Henry was in the same service in Hainan. Afterwards Dr. Henry was assistant at the ports of Shanghai, Takow, and Mengtse. He became Assistant-in-Charge of Szemao in Februai-y, 1898 ; from here he was transferred to Mengtse, of which port he was Acting Commissioner from November, 1899, to December, 1900. In l.'^SS Dr. Henry was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society, and in 1892 a Corresponding Member of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Among his publications are " Chinese Names of Plants " (Journal of the China Branch of the Asiatic Societj", XII., 1887), "Notes on the Economic Botaiiy of China" (Shanghai, 1893), "Chinese Jute and Hemp" (Chinese Customs Yellow Book, No. 16, 1891), "A List of Plants from Formosa" (Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. xxiv., supplement), "Botany of Formosa" ("Kew Bulletin," 189fi, page 65), "Shu Lang Root" and " Ai Camphor" ("Kew Bulletin,' I895, pages 230 and 275), "Chinese Soap Trees" (American Druggist, XXIX., 1896, No. 10), and "The Production of Camphor in China" (Pharmaceutical Journal, 18b7, page 201). Also letters published in the "Kew Bulletin" of the years 188!), 1897, 1898, and 1899; and in "Garden and Forest," of the years 1896 and 1897. Many of the shrubs and plants of the uppei- Yangtse hitherto undiscovered have been brought into knowledge and cultivation by Dr. Henry. But in the pages of a horticultural Journal the most eminent service he has as yet rendered to horticulture should be specially noted, namely, the discovery and introduction into cultivation of the beautiful L.lium Henryi. This Lily, which has only been found wild in one restricted district in the Ichang gorges of the Yangtse, has, though quite recently imported, now made itself at home in our gardens, where it flourishes in a remarkable way, attaining dimensions much exceeding those of the plant in the wild state. Vol. LX.J [" The Garden,'" Decemher fiS, 19U]. INDEX Abnormal growths in flowers, 300 Abutilons, variegated, and their uses, 11 Acacia arinatavar. angustifolia, 74 ; linearis, 283 Acalypha hispida, 3S£ ; musaica bedded out, 211 Acalyphas, 116, 2ri4 Acanthophtenix crinita, 254 Acanthuses, 357 Acer Neguudo aureum odessanum, 185 Achimenes, 252, 254 Acidanthera bicolor, 196 Adiantum lunulatum, 7 Aerides, 369 ^chmea, 303 iEschynanthus, 323 Aga'^anthus unibellatus and A. u. albus hardy in Somersetshire, 154 ; mooreanus, 107 ; white, 375 Ageratums, 252 Akebia quinata, 352 ; q. seeding, 261 Alberta magna, 261 AUamandas, 323 Aldenham House, climbers at. 227 Allium vineale, 109 Alocasia, 370 Aloe vera, 160 Alpine plants on rockwork as edging to mixed borders, ISS Alterations, preparing for, 141 Amaryllis, 134 ; Belladonna, 84 ; B. maxima, 136 Aniasonia calycina, 261 Amateur Gardeners' Association, National, 404 American notes, 62, 128, 223, 300, 361, 377 ; Carnations, 226 Amorpha canescens, 179 Ananassa, 370 Anaphalis margaritacea, 345 Andrews, Mr. John, presentation to, 41 Anemone apennina, 74 ; coronaria, red and white single, 121 ; Pulsatilla, 374 ; Pulsa- tilla and allied kinds, 364 ; sylvestris, 234 ; vernalis, 364 Angrfficums, 369 Annuals for pot culture, 91 ; hardy, 168 Anoiganthus brevitlorus, 196 Anomatheca cruenta, 196 Anthurium, 370 Aphis on Cherries, 20 Apple, a good early dessert, 91 ; AUington Pippin, 212, 382, 403 ; Bismarck, 279 ; Cox's Orange Pippin on walls at Alnwick Castle, 311 ; crop, the, 242 ; culture in the British Isles, 132, 166 ; d'Arcy Spice at Colchester, 343 ; Golden Knob, a worthless, 389 ; Golden Pearmain, 276 ; James Grieve, 212; King of the Pippins, 352; Norfolk Beauty, 321 ; planting, 261 ; Rival, 310 ; the Cat's-head, 242 ; the new, Charles Ross, 279 Apples, a note about, 302 ; Canadian, at Glasgow, 250 ; cordon, 108 ; dessert, for planting, 292 ; exhibiting, in summer, 144 ; the promise of late, 310 Apricot, notes on the, 235 ; trees failing, 259 Apricots on west walls, 24 Aquatics, 128 ; notes on, 300 Araucaria excelsa, 226 Aralias, 14; hardy, 159 Arbigland, N.B., Begonias at, 260 Arbor-vitte, 246 Arboretum, the t)ld, of the Royal Horticul- tural Society for sale, 260 Arch, a rustic, 100 Arctotis grandis, 78 ; the, 200 Ardennes, in the forest of, 99 Aristolochia altissima, 397 A'tichoke, Globe, from seed, 240 ; Jerusalem, 192 Artist's note-book, an, 28, 81, 100, 130, 165, 182, 200, 232, 285, 333, 364, 397 Arundinaria Simoni, seeding of, 124 Asclepias tuberosa, 113 Ash and the Oak, the, 78 Asparagus, 116 ; beds, 337 ; forcing, 303 ; growing, 231 ; planting, 292 ; roots, 369 ; seedlings, 67 ; Sprongeri in flower, 4 ; unibellatus at Kew, 195 Association, Bristol Gardeners', 19, 88, 171 ; Cardiff Gardeners', 139, 291 ; library of, 327 ; Reading Gardeners' 19 ; Scottish Horticultural, 19, 60 Aster, a new seedling, 241 ; cordifolius, 345 ; Shortii, 228; Thomsoni, 176; T., hybrids of, 220 ; Top-sawyer, 267 Asters, a search for wild, 360, 398 ; and the dry season, 160 Astilbe rubra, 113 Atlas, Twentieth Century Citizen's, 276 Aubrietias, 74 Autumn flowers, 306 Azalea indica, 14. 286, 337 Baden-Baden, notes from, 106, 291 Baker, Mr. John Gilbert, F.R.S.. F.L.8., V.M.H., 315 Balfour, Professor, 48 Bamboo blinds, 343 Bananas, insect-infested, 90 Barr, 5Ir. Peter, V.M.H., 88, 226 Bateson, Mr. W., M.A., F.R.S., 342 Bauera rubioides, 5 Bean, dwarf kidney, Smythe's Fawn, 136 ; dwarf kidney, Surrey Prolittc, 136 ; French, agolden-coloured, 177 ; French, theGolden Centenary, 157 ; growing competition, 144 Beans, Broad, 352 ; French, 236, 252 ; Runner, 211 ; Scarlet Runner, 240, 272 Bedding plants, 185 Beech leaves, damaged, 20 ; trees failing, 292 Beet, Turnip-rooted, 236 Begonia Bavaria, 144 ; carminata, 160 ; Gloire de Lorraine, 251, 394 ; Gloire de Lorraine at Ascott, 391 ; Mrs. Heal, 327 Begonias, 152, 204, 271 ; at Arbigland, N.B., 260 ; at Roupell Park, 261 ; in a villa garden, 125 ; Laings', 242 ; seedling single, 223 ; tuberous-rooted, 337 ; tuberous, pro- pagation in full growth, 311 ; winter- flowering, 221 Belamcanda punctata, 177 Belladonna Lilies, 318 Belvedere, Harrogate, 16 Berberidopsis corallina, 243 Berberis Darwinii, 246 Biarura (Ischarum) eximium, 176 Biennials and others, 116 Bigelovia, 344, 393 Birch, the, in the garden landscape, 3 ; the Paper-bark, of Thibet, 169 ; white, 361 Birds in the orchard, 40 ; protecting useful, 310 Black, Mr. John, 260 Blackberry Wilson Junior, 136, 143 Blackball Castle, Banchory, Aberdeen, 216 Blackmore, Mr. R. D., the late, proposed memorial to, 260 Bomarea oligantha, 374 Books, 11, 53, 86, 98, 203, 291, 306, 335, 350 392 Border for late summer and autumn, a flower, 363 Botanic gardens, our, 316 ; New South Wales, 391 Bougainvillea glabra, 91 Bouvardias, 116, 221 ; double-flowered, 360 Box, 240 ; tlie common, seeding of, 281 Bladder Campion, the white, 40 Bloom protector, the " Acme," 39 Bramble, double pink, 107 Broccoli, early, 272 Broom, the Spanish, 395 Brunsvigia grandiflora, 184 ; Josephinte, 196 Bulb culture in Ireland, 307 Bulbous plants, 173 Bulbs, 133, 185, 204 ; and rough grass, 30 ; and tubers in the unheated greenhouse, 281 ; for school children, 391 ; in the Dutch garden, 197 ; rare greenhouse, 196 ; resting, 90, 153 Bulletin of miscellaneous information (Kew), 343 BuUey, Mr. A. K., garden of, near Neston, Cheshire, 176 Bunyard, Mr. George, 95 Bush fruits, 318 C. Cabbage Best of All. 136 ; Little Queen, 136 ; Prince's Improved Nonpareil, 136 ; seed, 31 Cactus Dahlias, fancy, from Swanley, 121 Cactus tribe, hardv plants of the, 361 Caladiums, 252, 337 Calandrinia discolor, 74 Calceolarias and Gloxinias at Garth House, Ealing, 9 Callas, 152, 221, 286 Callipysche aurantiaca, 196 Callistephus hortensis, 188 Calluna vulgaris Hammondii, 177 Camellia in fruit, 260 ; Sasanqua. 344 Campanula lactiflora cuerulea, 79 ; Medium calycantbema, 5 ; mirabilis, 58, 75 ; persi- cifolia Giant White and Daisy Hill, 21 ; pyramidalis, 85 ; sibirica, 21 Campanulas, the dwarf, 51, 64, 111, 161, 194, 218 Candytuft Rose Cardinal, 79 Canna Miss Kate Gray, 22, 40 ; Mrs. G. A. Strohlein, 136 Cannas, 271 ; large-flowered, 377 Caper, the, at Kew, 160 Capparis spinosa at Kew, 160 Capsicum baccatum, 226 Carex Buchanani, 358 Carnation, a new, Sir R. Waldie Griffith, 114, 136 ; Charles Martel, 103 ; Ensign, 79; fancy, the Rajah, 38 ; Heroine, 103 ; His Excellency, 302 : John Corlett, 1L4 ; Lady Bristol, 103 ; Madeleine Reynolds, 121 ; Maggie Hodgson, 22 ; Marguerite, 185 ; Mrs. A. J. Brooks, 255 ; seedlings, a delightful series of, 38 ; Seymour Cor- coran, 79; Souvenir de la Malmaison, 85, 186 ; Wasp, 103 Carnations, 10, 185, 304, 386 ; American, 226 ; and Picotees, 10; and Picotees seedling, 85 ; at Edenside, 74 ; at Laing and Mather's, Kelso, Scotland, 125 ; border, 67, 160, 231 ; from seed, 245 ; in England two centuries and a quarter ago, 376 ; Malmaison, 70; Messrs. James Veitch's, 39; some useful, 125 Carrots, 13, 67, 186, 252, 31S ; in frames, 386 Carpenteria californica, 74 ; in Scotland, 358 Caryopteris Mastacanthus, 277 Caterpillars on Lilies in Jamaica, 321 Cattleya fulvescens, 226 ; hardyana roch- fordiana, 225 ; haroldiaua, 258 ; Iris, 226, 258; Lady Ingram (Marons var.), 25S; Lottie, 258 ; luddemanniana(speciosissima) Stanleyi, 226 ; venosa, 131 Cauliflower, 84, 272 ; plants, 252, 352 Cauliflowers, 186 ; for spring planting, 152 ; two useful early frame, 15 Cfesalpinia (Poinciana) Gilliesii, 41 Coelogyue cristata, 133 Cedar of Lebanon at Biel, the, 312 Celastrus articulatus, 367 Celery, 49, 236 ; maggot, the, 279 Celosias in Regents Park, 195 ; pyramidal, 140 Ceratostigma plumbaginoides, 320 Ceylon gardening, a book on, 69 Charlesworth and Co., Messrs., 33 Cherkley Court and its Roses, 332 Cherries as bushes, 199 Cherry, a good late dessert, 23 ; an excellent late, 294 ; the new. Noble, 143 ; two fruits of, 114 China Roses and fringed white Pink, 266 Chrysanthemum Blushing Bride, 159 ; Bou- quet de Feu, 295 ; congress, Bordeaux, 342 ; Crimson Marie Masse, 159 ; culture, successful, 398 ; cuttings, a new method of striking, 311 ; early. Pompon Flora, 261 ; Edith Syratt, 210 ; Godfrey's Pet, 255 ; Horace Martin, 255 ; Mme. Marie Masse and its sports, 261 ; Mme. la Comtesse Foucher de Cariel, 261 ; Market White, 295 ; Mr. A. H. Hall, 2iZ7 ; Sirs. E. Stacey, 261 ; Mychett White, 259 ; Pompon, Mr. Selly, 227; season, the, 309; September Beauty, 227 ; shows. Dundee and Aberdeen, 374; Yellow Gem, 295 Chrysanthemums, 50, 101, 135, 168, 236, 271, 303, 337 ; at Chelsea, 326; at Forest Hill. 311 ; at Maidenhead, 332 ; at Monkhams Nursery, Woodford, 332 ; at Redhill, 322 ; at Swanley, 322; at Waterlow Park, 343; at The Dell, Egham, 359; border, 394; crimson-flowered, and the fog, 359 ; decorative, 352, 383, 402 ; early, at Tam- worth, 299 ; early-flowering, 135, 210, 214, 226, 306; feeding of, 135; from seed, 319, 353 ; housing, 140, 204 ; in Brock- well Park, 310 ; in Ravenscourt Park, Hammersmith, 307 ; in Southwark Park, 359 ; Pompon, 135, 204 ; seedling, 372 ; single, 391 ; specimen plants, 135 ; summer watering of, 116, 135 Chrysopsis villosa var. Rutteri, 266 Cimicifuga japonica, 241 Cinerarias, 134, 369 ; autumn hints about, 246 Clematis heracleaifolia, 222 ; montana, 79 ; orientalis, 175 ; planting, 312 ; Ville de Lyon, 184 Clerodendron fallax, 221, 279; fcetidum at Kew, 175 Clianthus Darapieri, 75 ; puniceus albus in New Zealand, 257 Climbers at Aldenham House, 227 ; roof, 40, 152 ; wall, 318 Clivia Gardenii, 368 Club, Field, Naturalists', of Victoria, 159 ; the Horticultural, 88, 403 Coal smoke, the evils of, 391 Cocoanuts, young, treatment of, 166 Colchicum cilicicum, 345 ; giganteum, 251 ; illyricum, 196 ; Sibthorpii, 255 Colchicums, 250, 306 ; my ttrst, 177 Coleworts, S4 Colletia horrida, 277 Competition, a curious, 172 Conference, a hybrid, in New Vork, 192 Conifers in autumn, 249 Convolvulus althffioides, 211 Cook, Mr. Thomas H., presentation to, 142 Coral Trees, the, 209 Corema Conradii, 260 Coreopsis Eldorado, 207, 250 Cornels, Japanese tree, 165 Cornish gardens, notes from, 45 Cornus Kousa, 165 ; niacrophylla, 165 Correspondence, 402 Correspondents, answers to, 404 Corydalis thalictrifolia. 362 Costus igneus, 310 Cotoneasters, 330 Crabs, Siberian and others, 226 Crambe cordifolia, 77 Crane fly, or Daddy-long-legs, the, 62 Crinum augustum, 142 ; yeraenense, 58 Crocosmia aurea imperialis, 143 Crocosmias in gravel, 175 Crocus asturicus, 294 ; marathonisius syn. niveus, 310 : pulchellus, 288 ; speciosus, 243, 288 ; speciosus and varieties, 320 ; speciosus Aitchisoni, 294 ; sativus Pallasii of Patras, 333 ; zonatus, 243 Crocuses, autumn and winter-flowering, 346 Crops, rotation of, 153 Crotons, 116, 377 Cucumber culture, 369 ; plants, 303 Cucumbers, 50, 134. 186 ; winter, 252, 295 Culture of certain plants, 153 Cupressus guadalupensis, 145 Currant aphides, 110; bushes, propagating, 292 Cuthbert, sen., Mr. George, death of, 87 Cyclamen africanum, 390 ; culture, 114 Cyclamens, 134, 235 ; hardy, 363 ; in South Australia, 82 ; Persian, 31, 304 ; Persian, in the open, 117 Cydonia sinensis, 248 Cymbidiura baUianum, 131 Cypella gracilis, 10 ; Herberti, 10 ; peruviana, 10 ; plumbea, 10 Cypellas, 10 C /perns alternifolius, 31 Cypher, Mr. James, 323 Cypress, the Lawson, 246 Cypripedium Godefroya: Her Majesty, 13 ; G. var. Ophir, 13 ; parviflorum, 38 ; RoUei, 158 ; Unixia superba, 158 Cypripediums, 85, 348 Cyrilla racemiflora, 136 Cyrtanthus, 196 Cytisus nigricans longispicatus, 87 ; kewen- sis, 348 Daddy-long-legs, or crane-fly, the, 62 Daffodils, ancient and modern, 295; and flowering trees, 63 Dahlia Flambeau, 176 ; roots, storing, 292 ; show at the Roya! Aquarium, 158 ; the, as a garden flower, 296 Dahlias, 223, 254, 271, 318 ; Cactus, 258 ; Pompon sorts for vase decoration, 227 ; treatment of, 240 Daisies, Monaco, 225 ; the Shasta, 159 Daniels Bros., Limited, Messrs., 22 Date Palm, 156 Davallia buUata Mariesi, 8 Davis, Mr. Norman, Framfield, 397 Offidalacanthus parvus, 175 ; Wattii, 255 Dean, Mr. Richard, testimonial to, 239, 294 Delphinium, 38 ; brunonianura, 219 ; Dorothy Daniel, 22; grandifiorum Breckii, 114; Zalil, 113 Dendrobium thyrsiflorum, 282 Dendromecon rigidum, 266 Devon, a letter from, 160 ; garden, notes from a, 195 Dianthus annulatus, 59; Knapii (yellow), 114 ; monspeliensis, 114 ; ranltiflorus Na- poleon III., 40,86, 125; Spencer Bickham. 131 Dickson, Mr. Hugh, Royal Nurseries, Bel- fast, 102 Dictamnus caucasicus, 6 Dielytra spectabilis in pots, 375 Digging and trenching, 252, 290, 318 Dipladenia boliviensis, 125 Disa grandiflora var. superba, 145, 227 Dogwood, 361 Doronicums in large beds, 151 Dragon Tree at Teneriffe, the great, 208 ; the, of Teneriffe, 65, 79 Dry-rot, 156 E.i Earwigs, 140 Echium callithyrsum, 91 Edelweiss, the, from seed, 345 Edinburgh Botanic Gardens, 22, 316 ; Cbry- santhemum show, the, 358 ^3V^7 INDEX. [" Th<> Oarden" Decfmher '.'S, 1901- Editors' table, 2, 21, 37. 57, 85, 113, 121, 154, 157, ISn. 207, 223, 225, 241, 257, 277. 30a, 30!), 32G, 352, 372, 402 Edraianthiis Pumilio, 13.'> Ela?agnus edulis, SO; maerophylla, 343 Elder, a golden, 21 Elms, improving old, 240 Endive, 31. 134 Erigeron hvssopifolius. 370 : mucronatus, 345 Erythrina. 200;Caffra. 209: Crista-galli,20fl; Humei, 200 ; indica. 200 Erj'throniunis, their culture, 3S0 Escalloiiia exoniensis, 250 Eucalj'ptus globulus, height of, 15G, 170 ; Gunnii. 273 Eucharis amazonica, 1S6, 337 ; flowers, 300 Euphorbias, 351 Evergreens, flowering and seeding of. 320 Ewliank, the Rev. Henry, 278 Exochorda grandiflora, 232 Fairlawn, Tonbridge. 239 Kern cult, British, 165 ; garden, the, 104 Fernery, cool, 160 Ferns, 318 ; hardy, for open beds, 164 Fete, Bath Floral, 55 ; Kidderminster Floral, 71 Ficus radicans variegata, 395 Fig gardens, the TarrinK, 207 Figs, early, 336 ; later, 134 ; pot, 134 ; pruning of, 336 Firs, diseased, 187 Floors Castle Gardens, 160 Flower, a good market, 243 ; and shrub borders, 225 ; basket, a useful. 40 ; basket, the " Munstead,'" 60 ; beds in Park Lane, 143 ; beds, mud-pie. 358 ; garden, the, 10, 14, 30, 67, S4, 102, 116, 117, 118, 134, 146, 151, 160, 168, 185, 204, 214, 222, 231, 245, 252, 270, 283. 286, 206, 312, 318, 327, 351, 376 ; show, Dundee, 172 Flowering house, 271 ; trees and Daffodils, 63 Elowers at Coed Efa, near "Wrexliam, 307; blue, 172; Devonshire, 158; double, 135; from an Armagli garden, 326; from Scot- land, 306; from Straffan, 2;in Scotland, November, 375 ; in season at Forest Hill, in the grass, 305 ; late autumn, 326 Foliage plants for grouping, 100 ; half- hardy, 130 ; hardy, 110 Foxglove flowers, 20 Freesia Arnistrongi, 106 ; refracta alba, 204 Freesias, 160, 318 French Beans, 13 Frosts, spring, protection from, 46 Fruit and vegetable committee's awards, 310 ; at a eottage shnw, 320 ; at Lockinge Park, 63 ; bottling, whole, 341 ; bottling, whole, and fruit culture, 38(5; Canadian, at the Glasgow Exhibition, cold storage, 158; crop in Scotland, 42; crop, the year's. 105 ; crops, probable, 20 ; display, the bottled, 374; dried, :iS4 ; Farm, the Woburn Experimental, 311 ; garden, the, 9, 13, 31, 50, 63, 68, S3, 84, 94. 100, 108, 116, 132, 134, 151, 169, 181, 185, 199, 204. 212, 221, 236, 244, 252, 271, 286, 304, 318, 336, 352, 370, 382, 386 ; growing in Malta, 184 ; growing in Queensland, 240 ; crowing in South Africa, 69 ; hardy, at Goodrich Court, 212 ; industry, the, 257 ; planting season, the, 242 ; preservation, whole, 294 ; show at the Crystal Palace, 208, 273 ; show, Glasgow, 172 ; the gold medal, at the Royal Horticultural Society, 312 ; thinning, 20; trees, autumn pruning of, 204 ; trees, Messrs. Peed and Sons', 143 ; trees, newly-planted, to prune or not to prune, 373 ; trees, planting, 262, 370 ; trees, the pruning of newly-planted, 348 ; trees, transplanting, 370 ; transport in refrigerating waggons, 229 Fruits and plants, new, 183 ; bottling, 383 ; hardy, 186 ; hardy, gathering of, 221 ; planting hardy, 271 Fuchsia fulgens at Kew, 207; triphylia var. superba, 176 Fuchsias, 31, 221 : hardy, by the seaside, 195,243. Galanthus cilicicus, 326 ; from Albania, 334 ; RacheUe, 333 Garden, a Portuguese, 371 ; a wild, in British Guiana, 322; an Isle of Wight, 142 ; "city" scheme, the, 241 ; com- panion, my, 322; design, misuse of words as to, 47 ; edge, 172 ; flowers in an Isle of Wight, in November, 389 ; for the blind, a, 105 ; in a Portuguese, 230 ; in Yokohama, a private, 365 ; notes from a Worcestershire, 389 ; pests, 180 ; the, East Princes Street, Edinburgh, 326 Gardening, autumn and winter, 371 ; Cas- sell's Dictionary of, 358 ; in South Africa, 389; of the week, 13, 49, 66, 84, 108, 115. 151, 168, 185, 204, 251, 270. 280, 303, 318, 336, 351, 369, 385, 400 Gardeners, classes for, 327 ; Company, the. 4: Royal Benevolent Institution, 40: the coming generation of, 2iil ; under, 242; Worshipful Company of, 342 ; young, 157, 104 : voung, drawing for, 144 ; young, incompetence of, 105, 122, 141. 173. 210 Gardenias, 49, 186, 235, 386 Gardens for city children, 284 ; free eco- nomic, 325 ; nursery, 33 ; school, 32 Gargoyles, floral, 53 Garlic and Shallots, 116 Gaura Lindheimeri, 312, 362 Geranium wallichij,nura, 211 ; wild, 20 Geraniums, age of zonal, 195 Gerbera .Tamesoni, 207 Genista dalmatica in rock garden, 4 Gentians, the Swallow-wort, 159 Geum triflorum, 379 Ghent show, the coming, 5 Gladioli, 271 : from Langport, 154 ; notes on, 107 Gladiolus cardinalis Queen Wilhelmina. 38 ; Childsi, 201 ; Columbine. 185 ; Due d'Abruzzi, 136 ; Eclipse, 185 ; ganda- vensis, 302, 380 ; hybridus princeps, 185 ; Lumineux, 136 Glasgow parks and gardens, 287 Glasnevin. notes from, 222 Gleicheiiias, 100 Gloriosas, 3S6 Gloxinias, 103, 134, 221 ; and Calceolarias at Garth House, Ealing, 0 Goat's Rue. 57 Godetias, 75 Goethea strictiflora, 170 Gooseberry, a very flne, Howard's Lancer, 136, 143 ; Cobham, 103 ; Gunner, 136 ; new, Victoria at Morpeth, 375 ; the, as a fence plant, 244, 402 Gooseberries, 167 Gourds, 319; Messrs. Cannell's exhibit of, 291 Grafting, the evils of, 357 Grape. Alicante. 265 ; a new outdoor (Reine Olga), 312, 3S1 ; Black Hamburgh, 265 ; Dia- mond Jubilee, 176; Foster's Seedling. 265; Gros Maroc, 265 ; Madrestield Coun-, 205 ; Muscat of Alexandria, 265 Grapes and Grape judging, 26S ; good, 265 ; in May, ripe, 386; mildewed, 276; new, at the Glasgow fruit show, 192 ; outdoor, 209, 270 ; ripe, 253; scalded, 276 Greenhouse, the uidieated, 109, 130, 281, 328, 378 Greenhouses, iron v. wood, 156 Green scum on pond, 192 Greenway, South Devon, 395 Groote Schuur. 90 Ground preparing, 20 Gunneras, 385 Gypsopbila panicnlata, 87, 153 H. Hailstorm, terrific, at Hawick and district, 120 Hardy plants, notes on, 206, 219, 228, 250, 206, 2.-;8, 293, 320, 333, 344, 361, 379 Ha;manthus coccineus, 196 Heath, a double-flowered. 121 ; double, 223 Heather harvest, 91 ; the, and its varieties, 128 Hedges, 116, 222; deciduous, 240 ; plants for, 233, 246 Hedysarum multijugum, 4 Helianthuscucumerifolius, 211; H. G. Moon, 228; mollis, 144, 225; rigidus Latest of All, 306 ; tomentosus, 288 Heliopsis B. Ladhams, 207, 250 Heliotropes, 214, 252 Helleborus, early flowerirg, 376 Hemerocallis aurantiaca major, 20S Henry, Dr.. 40 Herbaceous borders. 134, 351 Hertford House, Manchester Square, 176 Hibiscus palustris, 208, 250; syriacus and its varieties, 150; s., single varieties of, 174; s. var. cfjuleste, 150 Hidalgoa Wercklei, 225, 321, 38ii Highbury, 29S Hill, the. Claremont, near Cape Town, 149 Holland House, Kensington, the gardens of, 149 Hollies and Scotch Fir, transplanting, 192, 227 Holly, the, 233 Hollyliuck blooms. 121 Hollyhocks, 14, 150; from Saffron Walden, 207 ; from seed, 206; single, 175 Homes and gardens, British, 395 Honey Berry, the Japanese, 143, 202 Honeysuckle hedge, 27i> Hong Kong notes, lis Hops as a vegetalile, 4 Horticultural books, 306; (Mub, 4, 129, 291 ; Club, the, and the Rev. H. D'ombrain, 326 ; College, the, Swanley, Kent, 5, 260 ; exhibition at Bruges, 242 ; exhibits at t:arditr, 2; fete, Hiinley, 18 Horticulture, a school of, for Scotland, 342 House, annual cleaning, .1711 ; flr)\vei-ing, .370 Hoya imperialis at Kew, 70 Humea elegans, 74, 221, 3ls Hyacinths, early Umian, 169 Hydrangea blooms, 58; Hortensia Lindleyi, 107 ; Hortensia, 49 Hydrangeas, 69 ; at Groote Schuur, 7 ; blue, 57, 89, 243, 245, 295. 306, :190 ; colour in, 152. 173 Hypericum olympicum, 267 ; reptans, 177 I. Incarvillea Delavayi, 229 Indoor garden, the, 7, 14, 31, 40, 68, 85, 114, 133, 152, 169, 186, 204, 217. 221, 232, 235, 246, 266, 271, 286, 304, 318, 323, 337. 351. 359. 369, 386 Insectivorous plants, British, 370 Insect pests, 62, 110, 146 lochroma, coccinea, 2;i2 ; fuchsioides, 232; grandiflora, 232; lanceolata, 2.32; tubu- losa, 232 lochromas, the, 232 Ipom;ea aurea, 2V)4 Ireland, notes from, 222 Iris Delavayi, 5 ; Empress, English, 22 ; fcetidissima, 393; hybrid, 270; laevigata, 166; ochroleuca, 21. 24; reticulata, 67; reticulata major, 198 ; spuria alba, 21 ; stylosa, 362; the Japanese, 340; Vartani. &c., replanting, 267 ; wild, of Japan, 240 ; with proliferous stem, 375 Irish Gardens, notes from, 92 Irises, hardy alpine, a new race of, 327 ; in winter, 146 ; moving, 210 ; Oncocyclus, lifting, 17 ; 0., the lime treatment for, 97 ; winter, 150, 195 Ismene, 190 Ixias, 20 ; concerning, 382, 390 J. Jackson, A.L.S., Mr. John R., 208 Jacobinia chrysostephana, 367 Jamaica, a note from, 39 ; fruit trade in, 344 ; in 1901, temperature in, 388 Japanese garden at Gunnersbury, the, 377 Jardin des Plantes, protest from, 75 .luniperus bermudiense, 115 K. Kalmia latifoUa, 238 Kew notes, 188, 222, 283, 367. 387 Keir House, Dunblane, 350 Kitaibelia Landmulleri, 295 Kitchen garden, IsO. 214, 252, 279, 369 ; the, beauty in the, 66 ; the, 6, 13, 15, 31, 49, 66, 84, 116, 134, 168, 205, 231, 272, 286, 295, 303, 318, 337, 338, 352, 386 Kleinia Galpini at Kew, 76 Kniphofla Nelsoni at Edinburgh. 391 Kniphofias, 283, 385 Kochia scoparia, 189 Kohl Rabi in dry summers, 126 Krelage, ^Ir. Jacob Heinrich, 387 Lacheualias, 2, LIS Lantana Drap d'Ur, 91 ; in November, 343 Laportea morioides at Kew, 390 Laurels, 246 Lavatera trimestris. 243 Lawn, to remove worms and moss from a, 334 ; weedy, 192 Lawns, 351 ; worms in, ;J67 La^lias, 338 LEclio-Cattleya digbyano-Mendelii, 158; ele- gans, its culture and varieties, 201, 211 ; e. Cyanthus, 131 ; Galatea, 226; gottoiana, 12 ; haroldiana, 158; Mme. Charles Maron. 225 ; pratstans bicolor, 226 ; Robin Measures var. Ena, 1.58 ; Wilsoniie, 258 Leaves, 351 ; on paths, sweeping up, 358 Leeds parks, superintendent of, 22 Leeks, 13, 116, 227 ; a good variety, 306 Lemon barley water, 58 Lettuce, 31, 186, 236 ; a good summer, 15, 22 T ettuces '^7'^ Leucojum autumnale, 107 ; vernum, 181 Lewisia rediviva, 32 Liatris scariosa magniflca, 255 Lilac (Syringa)japonica, 06; the Himalayan, 90 ; the Hungarian, 97 ; the Persian. 90 Lilacs, the. 96; and bullfinches, 6 Lilies, 23, 378 ; as ulassifled, 42 ; at Chiswick, 59 ; for English gardens, 335 ; hybrid, 37, 62 ; in garden landscape, 40 ; in pots in out- door groups. 44 ; in the rock garden. 45 ; notes on, 108, 127, 249 ; of recent years, 42, 62; removing Martagon, 166; some beautiful ways of growing, 47 ; Torch, 283 ; two good, 211 ; white, and disease, 195 Lilium Alexandrju,43 ; auratum,195 ; auratum, a remarkable, 221 ; a., as a wild flower, 290 ; Bateraania-, 107; Bierensi. 62; Bolanderi, 43; Brownii, 201; B. varieties. 43; Bui- banki, 62, 76, 70, 220; candidum. 242; Catesbrei, 206 ; concolor var. Coridion, 79 ; croceum, 5 ; Dalhansoni, 02 ; giganteum at Cavans, N.B.. 41 ; Grayi, 43; Ilansoni at Dumfries, N.B., 41; Harrisi, 99, 204; Henryi. 43, 124; jank:i'anum, 43; kew- ense, 02 Lilium Krameri, :5S, 176 ; longiflorum, 108, 157 ; Lowi. 42 ; Marhan, 62 ; nepalcnse, 42 ; pardalinum at Cathcart, Glasgow, 175 ; Parryi, 127 ; rubellum. 43 ; r. in Japan, 106; speciosum, 249, 313: s., fasciation in. 225; sulphureum, 42, 154, 228, 266; s., hardiness of, 172; szovitzianum, 12S ; tes- taceura, 62, 153; t. in South- West Scot- land, .59 Liliums. 84, 370 Lily bulbs, do they rest? 73 ; conference, the. 5,37; discussion, notes on the, 43; disease, the, 48 ; hybrid, 58 ; of the Valley seed, 240 ; show and conference, 4 ; the Belladonna as a pot plant, 2f)6 ; the Burbank, 177; the Orange, 5 Literature, garden, 309 Llewelyn, Sir Jolm. Bart., 129 Lobelia cardinalis Victoria, 156 liOckinge Park, fruit at, 03 Loganberry, the new, 59 Lonicera Hildebrandti, 126, 136; SuUivantii, 285 Lophospermum scandens outside. 240 Lychnis (Agrostemma) Walkeri, 4, 75, 107 Lyooris, 196 Lythrum, a pretty, 108 M. Magnolias, Japanese, 81 ;Manure. the use of, 335 Marigold, pot, 220, 242 Mealy bug, 142 Medlar, an old, 268 Meehan. Mr. Thomas, 387 Melon, a new, 98; Blenheim Orange, 126; seed, abnormal germination of. 211 Melons. 50, 151 ; late crops of. 50 ; some Canadian, 297 Memorial Day, a plea for a British, 23 Michauxia Tchihatchewi, 334; Tchihatchewi, 37 Jlichaelmas Daisy seedlings, 207 Michaelmas Daisies, 267, 376 ; notes on, 247 ; seedling, 306 Mildew on Roses outdoors, 240 ; on Tea Roses, 226 Miltonia spectabilis and varieties, 115 ; vexillaria. 61 Mimulus glutinosus var. coccineus, 279 Mirabelle Plum Gloire de Louveciennes, 311 ; in shrubberies, 126 Montbretia Germania, 206 ; germanica, 1S3 ; rosea, 266 ; (Tritonia) rosea, 294 Moore. Mr. F. W., presentation to, 342 Morisia hypogaa, 393 Moth, the Death' s-head, 302 Mother of Thousands, a new, 158 Mottled umber and winter moths. 180 Mount Usher, County Wicklow, 92 Mushroom house, 369 Mushrooms, 31, 102, 192, 214 Mutisia decurrens, 113, 157 Myosotis oblongata atroca:rulea, 25 N. Narcissi, flelds of, 40 Narcissus pallidus projcox, 320 ; the white Hoop Petticoat, 199 Nelumbium speciosum in flower out of doors, 106; s. roseum plenum, 1.58; s. (Shiroman) album plenum, 158 Nepenthes, ra group, 60 ; the Scutch or Burnet Rose group, 61 ; the wild, and their varieties, 60 ; two good bedding, 343 ; two good climbers, 30 ; yellow, 103 Rothesay, a note from, 208 Royal Gardeners' Orphan Fund, 5, 291 Royal Gardens, Kew, Guide of the, 242 ; statt" of, 239 Rudbeckia speciosa at Drumlanrig Castle, 229 Ruellia macrantha, 391 S. Saccolabiums, 369 Sagittaria japonica, 136 Salad, 134 Salvia, splendens, 266 ; s. grandiflora ami others, 235 Salvias, 351 Sambucus pubens maxima, 144 ; racemosa, 139 Saponaria ocymoides, 245 Sarracenia Dormeri, 136 Saxifraga sarmentosa tricolor superba, 158 Scabious, double, S6 ; German, 157 Schizanthus wisetonensis, 42 Schizostylis coccinea, 365 Schomburgkia thompsonianum, 19 School gardens, 9 Scolopendrium vulgare sagittate cristatum, 22 Scotch Briars as cut flowers, 25 ; in house and garden landscape, 30 Scotch Firs and Hollies, transplanting, 192 Scotland, notes from, 69, 160, 213, 242, 302, 365, 376 Scutellaria indica var. japonica, 5 Seakale, 214, 369 ; forcing, 318 Sedum kanitschaticum fol. var., 6 Seed saving, 252 ; trials at Stourbridge, 120, 124 ; trials. Webb's, 106 ' Service, Mr. James, 278 Shade trees for streets, 73 Shading materials, 271 Shallots, 31 : and Garlic, 116 Shirley Poppies, 22 Show, Crystal Palace Fruit, 22, 90 ; Formby summer, 56 ; Gatacre, 125 ; the great Glasgow, 156; Manchester Rose, 56; New- port and County, 87, 88 ; " One and All " flower, 138 ; St. Fagans and district, 119 ; West Derby Horticultural, 120 ; Wood- bridge Jubilee, 55 Shows, refreshments at, 32 Shrewsbury Show, notes from the, 187 Shrub cuttings, 152 ; and flower borders, 225 ; for hedge, 20 Shrubs, 351; and trees, 330: autumn-flower- ing, 159 ; hardiness of certain, 391 ; hardy, for forcing, 2S9 ; some hardy, 376 ; varie- gated, the use and aouse of, 17S ; with beautiful autumn tints, 306 Shrubberies, 222 Skinner, Board, and Co., Messrs., 211 Snake millipedes, 146 Snapdragon, flowers of a, 38 Snowdrop Windflower, the, 234 Snowdrops, forcing, 359, 374 ; in Devon, 384 Soapwort, the rock, 245 Societies— Allesley and Coundon Horticultural, 118 Ascot Chrysanthemum, 354 Beckenham Horticultural, 292, 372 ; Bishop's Stortford, 137 Brighton and Sussex, 355 Bolton, 373 Societies— Bristol, 355 ; and Disti'ict Gardeners', 239, 308, 354 : Gardeners' Mutual Improve- ment, ■■'.76 ; Pteridological, the, 118 Cardiflf and District Chrysanthemum, 340; Gardeners', 25(i, 355 Corn Exchange Chrysanthemum, 343 Croydon Horticultural. 18, 308 Dundee Chrysanthemum, 326 Eastbourne, 154 Eccles and Patncroft Chrysanthemum, 355 Edinburgh, 356 Finchley Chrysanthemum, 324 Glasgow and West of Scotland Horticul- tural, 171 Great Marlow Horticultural, 118 Harapstead Heath Protection, 10 Highgate Chrysanthemum, 339 Hull, 372 Ladywell and Lewisham Horticultural, 138 Linnean, the, 307 Liverpool, 356 ; root exhibition, 307 Maidenhead Horticultural, 137 Midland Carnation, the, 104 National Amateur Gardeners', 256 ; Car- nation and Picotee, 71 ; Chrysanthemum, 155, 239, 308, 339, 342, 358, 388 ; Dahlia, the, 189, 310; Horticultural of France, 292 ; Rose, 374 ; Sweet Pea, 88 North Lonsdale Rose, 76 ; Warwickshire Horticultural, 137 Pennsylvania Horticultural, 377 Preacot, 70 Reading Gardeners', 291, 354 Richmond Horticultural, 19 Royal Botanic, 119, 121 Royal Caledonian Horticultural, 22, 191, 242 Royal Horticultural, 17, 22, 54, 58, 87, 00, 119, 124, 154, 158, 190, 224, 239, 242, 256, 275, 291, 310, 324, 342, 355 ; and its com- mittees, 40 ; fruit show, 273 ; interesting exhibits at the, 358 ; gardens at Chis- wick, 124 ; of Ireland, 170 ShrewsLmry, 154 Shropshire Horticultural, 13S Southampton Chrysanthemum, 340 SwanseaHorticultural and Gardeners', 137 Tamworth Chrysanthemum, 239 Torquay Chrysanthemum, 354 Tottenham and Edmonton ChrysanLh'i- mum, 355 Trowbridge Horticultural, 138 Waterloo Chrysanthemum, 354 Wellingborough and Midland Counties Dahlia, 171 Wimbledon Gardeners', 307, 324 Winchester, autumn exhibition, 340 Woolton Gardeners', 340 United Horticultural Benefit, 56, 138, 208, 260, 291, 292, 326 ; and Provident, 403 York, 356 Solanum nrispum leaves, 172 ; Wendlandii at Kew, 41 ; Wursleyi, 222 Solanums, 186 ; in gardens, 140 Sonerilas in bloom, 374 Sophora japonica, 209 Sophro-Lfelia Gratrixje, 225 Sparmannia palmata, 2S3 Spinach, New Zealand, 296 ; winter, 84, 102 Spiriea ari-'cfolia, 63 ; astilboides Silver Sheaf, 5, 22 Spring, 1901, 3S5 Spruce and its enemies, the, 344 Statrice profusa, 221 Stenoglottis longifolia, 332 SLenomessou, 196 Sternbergia lutea, 207, 379 ; I. var. Icarijc. 388 Sticks and stakes, 209 Stoke Park, 70 Stocks, Brora pton, 14 Stoneleigh Abbey, 205 Stove plants, 217, 303, 323, 370 Strawberries, 160, 319 ; Aberdeen Favourite, 94 ; at Bedford, 16 ; at Edinburgh, 69 ; autumn fruiting, 205; Elton, 94; Frog- more Late Pine, 94 ; for forcing and plant- ing, 9; grown in barrels, 83; in pots, 204; in pots, protecting, 352 ; Latest of All, 94 ; Laxton's new, 5 ; new perpetual varieties, 94 ; planting, 117 ; preparing plants for forcing, 352 ; Queen of Denmark. 94 ; Tra- falgar, 94 ; T. and Fillbasket, 39 ; Water- loo, 94 ; wintering pot, 375 Strawberry, a arood alpine, 59 ; crop in Scot land, the, 22 ; Dumbarton Castle, 106 ; Fillbasket, 58; Givon's Late Prolific, 19; Kitley's Goliath, 210, 243 ; leaves eaten, 172 ; plants, potting forcing, 50 ; ((Uarters, 116; Royal Sovereign, 2 ; tree, the, 344 Street, a suburban. 81 Streptocarpuses, 140 Surrey, a note from. 125 Sutton and Sons, ]\fessrs.. Tomato trials, 208 ; ^Ir. Martin Hope, 255 ; Mr. Martin Hope, the late, 260 ; Mr. Martin John, French order for. 142 ; will of the late Mr. Martin Hope, 358 Sweetbriar, 246 Sweet Marjoram, 186 Sweet Pea, America, 23 ; Black Knight, 23 ; Duke of Westminster, 22. 38; flowers, 21; uutine:. a, 57; Prima Dunna, 23; Prince of Wales, 2ii INDEX. [" The Garden,'' Dijxmher JS.JCmh Sweet Pea, properties of the. 12.'> ; show, 74 Sweet Peas, 241; a late display, 143 ; "All about," r,s; at Edinburgh, 70; for exhi- bition. 1S4, 23S ; grown near London, 39 ; in a back yard, 1"21 ; in solid beds, 223 ; two new, 75 Tamarix odessana, l'J.'> Taxodium distichum. 192 Teconia Suiithii, 3S7 ; venusta, 281 Temperatures. 152 Temple Newsham, SO Tetrauema mexicana, 261 Tigridias, ^Ir. Luther Burbank's 177 Timber, British, the transport of, 22o Thomas, Mr. Owen, presentation to, 150, 170 Thorns and prickles, 100 Toad-flax, Ivy-leaved, 75 Todd, Mr., 22 Tokyo Botanical Garden, 344 Tomato Conference, diseased, 172; culture, successful, 144; Dickson's Crimson King, 343 ; Duke of York, 343 ; Lister's Prolific, 175 Tomatoes, 102, 180, 230; black spot on, 20; in pots, 303 ; outdoor, in 1901, 295 ; winter, 15 Topiary ornament at a wayside cottage, 396 Trade notes, 404 Transvaal Daisy, 207 Tree growths, interestintr. 93 Trees and shrubs, 122, 178, 2U9, 248, 280, 330 ; layering of, 234 Trees in sheltered places, 342 ; Japanese, 3 ; Japanese, dwarf, 253 ; large, removing, 338 ; large, the transplanting of, 280 ; making trained, 160; notable, 211; prun- ing and cleansing of, 32 ; shade, for streets, 73 ; wall, 31 ; young, 30, 287 Trichopilia marginata, 32 Tricyrtis hirta, 277 Tropieolum speciosum, 362 : tuberosum, 394 Trutlle, the black. 120 Tub gardening, 181, 108 Tulips, 168 ; some good, 182 Turnips, 13, S4, 318 Zauschneria californica, 107 Zephyraiithes, 197 Zinnias. 107 Zonal Pelargoniums, 31, 116 Zoological Gardens, flowers in the, 366 U. I'rceocharis Clibrani, 170 V, Vandas, 304 Vegetaltle seeds, sowing, 140 Vegetables at Aldenham House, 279 ; choice, forcing of, '252 Viburnum dentatum for shrubbery, 4 Viburnums, 100 Vine borders, protpcting the, 352 ; leaves, preserved, 326; the turquoise-berried, 372 Vines, early. 13, 252 ; early houses, 101 ; in France, wall, 387, 403; later houses in fruit, 101 ; mid-season and late, 386 ; planted out, 14 ; pot, 252, 386 ; pot, for forcing, 100 Violets, exhibiting, 389 Viola Countess of Kintore, 5 Violas, 41 Violets, some wild, of Virginia, 94 Virgilia lutea. 2 Vilis beter.-phjlbi hiimulifulia, 391; pur- purea, 270 Wales, North, notes from a garden in, 277 Wallflowers, 84 Wall and water gardens, 11; gardening in East Kent, 186 Warwick, Countess of, and horticulture, 41 Wasps, 100 Water garden, making a, 193, 253, 257 Water gardens, 293 Watering, 8 Water Lily house at Kew, the, 327 Water Lilies and limestone, &c., 292; for concrete tanks, 376; the blue at Gunners- bury, 3 Water Plants, 172 Watsonia, 197 Wild flowers, two showy, 207 Wild garden, in the, 270 Window plants, holiday notes on, 203 Woodland, 223 Worcestershire gardens, notes from, 147 Workers among the (lowers, 315 Winter moth and mottled umber moth, 180 Wrexham, a note from, 310 Wright, Mr. S. T., 310 X. Xanthoceras sorbifolia, 344 Yew, the, 234 Yews, golden variegated, 122 Yudca ftlaniento?a, 24S ; guatemalensis in flower at Kew, 142 ILLUSTRATED ARTICLES. Address to Mr. Owen Thomas. 170 Akebia quinata, fruit of, 351 Allium vineale in the Botanic Gardens at Bath. 109 Anaphalis (Antennaria) margaritacea, 345 Anemone patens, 364 ; sylvestris, 234 Apple AUington Pippin, fruit of, 382; small tree of (showing fruitfulness), 383 ; Nor- folk Beauty, 321 Apricot Moor Park, 235 Arch in the wild garden, 101 Arctotis grandis, 200 Aristolochia altissima, 397 Baker, Mr. J. G., F.K.S., F.L.S., V.M.H., 315 Balfour, Professor Isaac Bayley, 49 Bamboo avenue in the new Japanese garden at Gunnershury house, 377 ; bridge at Gunnersbury house, the, 379 Belvedere, Harrogate, interior of corridor at. 10 Betula papyrifera at edge of Adirondack Mountains, 301 Birch-bark paper, the Indian, 169 Blackball Castle, in the wood, 217 ; Gloire de Dijon Rose on wall, 216 Board School Garden at Norwich, 284 Broom, a hybrid, in the Royal Gardens, Kew, 349; the Spanish, 395 Bunyard, Mr. George, 95 Calceolarias, a house of, at Ealing, 9 Campanula Allionii, 51 ;cenisia,50; Elatines, 64 ; excisa, 04 ; lanata, 112 ; mirabilis in a pot, 58; morettiana, 112; niuralis, 113; niuralis var. major, 111 ; pusilla, 161 ; Rainerii, 163 ; rotundifolia soldanelkeflora, 162 ; Scheuchzeri var. alba, 164 ; thyrsoides, 218 Camellia in fruit, 200 Carnation Beauty of Exmouth, 237 ; house in Messrs. Cutbushs Finchley Nursery, 368; new orange-scarlet border, 136; Mr. Douglas's seedling, 85 China Roses and the old fringed white Pink, 266 Chrysanthemum group at Barnacre, Gar- stang, a, 399 ; Souvenir d'une petite Amie, 353 Clematis montana, 79; ni. over a pergola, 301 Conifers in autumn, 250 Cornus Kousa, 165 Cranibe corditolia in flower, 77 Cutbui^h, Messrs., a view in the Highgate nursery of, 369 Cyclamen, Persian, out of doors, 117 Cypher, Mr. James, the late, 324 suckle on arbour, 248 ; as cut flowers, 175; China, free grouping of, 82; climbing, over a cottage, 347 ; Cluster, 431 ; Hybrid Sweet Briar, some of the original plants in the late Lord Penzance's garden, 92 ; on arches, 248 ; on pergola made of Larch, 3U3 ; over pergola made of Oak, 300 Saponaria ocymoides, 245 Scotch Briars, a hedge of, 31; a jar of double, 25 ; near a cottage front, 30 Shortia galacifolia and Epigica repens, 423 Spring Snowflake (Leucojum vernum), a colony of, 181 Stocks, bordering of, at Broughton Castle, 433 Stoke Park from the west, 70 Stoneleigh, in the pleasure grounds, 207 ; the west garden, 206; terrace overlooking the Avon, 205 Strawberries grown in barrels (American way), 83 ; grown in barrels (English way), 83 Streptocarpus flowers, 140 Sutton, Mr., the late, his eldest son, and grandson, 255 Tecoma venusta near Sydney, Australia. 281 Temple Newsham, the house, 80; woodland by river, 80 Tomato house, an amateur's, 144 Tricyrtis hiria, 402 Tulipa kolpakowskiana, 182 V. Vine trained over gateway, 381 Virginian Creeper, a substitute for, 381 Wayside suprise, a, 396 Whitton, Mr. James, 287 Wild garden in British Guiana, a, 322 Wistaria mnltijuga, 230 ; un pergola af st|Uared wood, :ti)2; sinensis in a Purtu- gnese garden, 231 ; tree in Japan, a pigmy, 253 ^^^■^ ^^- ^^^^^'^^' GARDEN ^ "^^ 1^" d5il^^ No. 1546.— Vol. LX.] [July 6, 1901. THE NATIONAL ROSE SOCIETY. E have received the following interesting communication about this splendid society from the Rev. H. D'onibrain, co-secretary with Mr. Mawley : " When in the autumn of 1876 it occurred to me that we ought to have a National Rose Society, I looked at the iiuestion from all points of view ; I saw at once that it was a ([Uestion of some magnitude, and that there were many difficulties surrounding it, and I asked myself could these ditKculties be sur- mounted, and should we be able to establish a society worthy of the Queen of flowers ? The conversations which I had with many rosarians very much encouraged me ; some took up the question enthusiastically and wei'e ready to promise substantial help, and so I ventured to summon a meeting. The next question was where should that meeting be held, and I was able to answer this satisfactorily, for the year before 1 had been able to found the Horti- cultural Club, and our first domicile was in the Adelphi Terrace. The rooms were small and low pitched, but still, as it would save the expense of hiring, I was enabled as secretary to invite rosarians to attend there and see what could be done. Well, it was an anxious time, and the day I had n'amed for the meeting (December 6) was about as bad a one as could be imagined. The rain came down in torrents, and as we looked out on the leaden sky and the dull grey river I almost felt that I was sorry that 1 had commenced the undertaking ; but as one well known rosarian after another trooped into the room my spirits revived, and when I saw the portly form of my excellent friend the iJean of Rochester, then Onon Hole, enter the room I felt that if he would join in the undertaking the thing was half done. He very kindly took the chair. I was asked to act as secretary, which I agreed to do on condition that I had nothing to do with the finance. A subscription list was at once started, a few rules were drawn up, those rosarians present were formed into a com- mittee, and we committed ourselves to an undertaking of which none of us knew the real bearing, and so commenced the National Rose Society. " Having now formed the society, of course the minds of the members were turned towards an exhibition ; but then, as now, the ditKculty was whore was it to be held, for a t(uarter of a century ago the difficulty of a suitable place was as great as now, and still the cry is for a suitable hall for flower shows. At last it was decided to hold one at St. James's Hall. A most excellent collection of Roses was brought together, and every available space was filled. Some of the veterans of the Rose world who have since passed away from among us were there. It was the last time, 1 believe, that the hero of Sawbridgeworth (Thomas Rivers), who exhibited a box of Roses, was with us. To him, perhaps, the Rose world owes more than to anybody else, not only by the production of his practical little work 'The Rose Amateur's Guide,' but more especially by his introduction of the Manetti stock, which enabled growers to multiply plants by hundreds of thousands, and which made them- selves at home in most soils, although there was one class which never took kindly to it, namely, the Tea Rose. There were many comparatively tender Roses in that class in those days, and the masterful stock of the Manetti overspread these, and the losses amongst the Tea Roses was every year very great. It was not until Mr. George Prince, of Oxford, introduced the seedling Briar that the Tea-scented Roses enjoyed their halcyon days. But, to return, while the show of Roses was excellent, the attendance of the public was miserable. Members used their influence amongst their friends, and these were the only tickets that were sold. In consequence of this, when the accounts came to be made up it was found utterly impossible to pay the prizes in full. The exhibitors, however, behaved most generously, and were contented to receive only a portion of their prize, but 1 believe that ultimately they were all paid. " It might have been thought that this fiasco would have given the coup de grace to this society ; not so, but its course for a few years was a chequered one. We went to the Crystal Palace, and then unluckily associated ourselves with the Royal Horticultural Society in its worst days. Some of the shows held at South Jvensington were very beautiful, but we were [lUshed about from post to pillar, and were treated in a most imperious way by the ruling powers of the society. They thought that tliey could do no wrong, and we thought that they could do no right ; and so we again migrated to the Crystal Palace, where for a long series of years our cxliibitions were held. In some rcsi>ccts the jilace was admirable, there was no fear of wind or rain interfering with us, and we always experienced the most courteous | reception from the officials ; but withal the arrangement was not satisfactoiy, the difficulty of getting there was tremendous, and we often piti?d those exhibitors who, coming from a long distance from the other side of London, had to change there and come down to tlio Crystal Palace. " But our operations were not confined to the metropolis. It was thought that the provinces should have a share in our work, and it was determined to hold a provincial exhibition alternately in the north and south of England, in such places where the Rose growers in the locality were willing to fall in with our plans. But this was not enough, and it was decided to hold one in the north and one in the south every year. Beside this, of late years a sum ha^ been set apart for prizes ofl'ered at the exhibition of the Royal Horticultural Society in the Drill Hall early in July. Various other means have been adojrted for the encourage- ment of exhibitors ; a challenge trophy was subscribed for, valued at fifty guineas, by the amateur members, to be competed for by nur- serymen, while they, in their turn, subscribed the same amount for a troj^hy to be given to the amateurs. "It having been complained tliat the northern growers had but little chance of obtaining these trophies, owing to the early dates of the metropolitan shows, it was determined to com- memorate Her late Majesty's Jubilee by obtaining two cups to be competed for at the northern shows. A series of gold, silver, and bronze medals was also struck off to be com- peted for by both amateurs and professionals. It was complained that there was a,good deal of unfairness in the competitions ; large and small growers were compelled to show in the same classes, and, consequently, the latter were frequently swamped, for, after all, the victory does go to large battalions. However, this was all remedied some years later by the careful thoughtfulness of Mr. C'harles J. Grahame, who proposed to separate exhibitors into divisions according to the number of plants they grew. This plan has worked admirably, and we hear no more growls about exhibitors being swamped. And now ' a change has come o'er the spirit of our dream ' ; many of us have always felt that our connection with the Palace was a false one, and that it was not fitting that a society enjoying the Royal patronage should be depen- dent on a simply commercial institution like the Crystal Palace. At last a way has been opened to us ; the Treasurer and the Benchers of the Inner Temjile have most kindly con- THE GARDEN. [July 6, 1901. sented to allow us the use of their gardens on the Thames Embankment (the same as used by the Pioyal Horticultural Society for their great Temple Show) for our exhibition for the present year, for which we are in a great measure indebted to our President, the Very Rev. the Dean of Piochester. This involves a certain amount of risk, and it is incumbent on all members of the Society to use their most strenuous efl'orts to make it a success : they should endeavour to induce their friends to take tickets, which they will be enabled to )iurchase at reduced rates on applying to the proper place in time. " This change involves a great deal of labour on the officials, but, happily, the secretary and council of the Royal Horticultural Society, to whom the site of the Temple Gardens is so well known, have most kindly consented that their officials shall assist those of the National Rose Society. It must not, however, lie supposed that the Society has simply exhi- bitions in view. It has endeavoured to do everything in its power to forward the culti- vation of the Rose. For this end it has from time to time sent out various publications to help the growers. They have published not only their official catalogue, with the names and descriptions of tbe best Roses in cultiva- tion, but also ' Hints on Planting Roses,' ' Analysis of the Rose Soils,' a prize essay on ' The Hybridisation of Roses,' a report oF the conferences on pruning and exhibiting Roses, also the conference report on Miss Jekyll's paper on ' Roses for Garden Decoration,' and hope in Xovember to publish a symposium on the culture and exhibition of Tea-scented Roses.'' EDITORS' TABLE. Mr. Horner sends a fine spike of Oruhanche SPECIOS.4 as growing on the small plant Linaria C3'rabalaria. The whole spike measures 16 inches, the flower}' upper part being On inches. To illustrate the dependence of the parasite on the well-being of the host, with this prosperous example i.s enclosed another whose length is only 7 inches, with a short space of abortive bloom on the top. In this case the bit of Linaria on which it was growing was without leaves, only a small ej'e on the root showing a sign of vitality. Mr. Sharpe sends from Sileby, Leicestershire, a fine fruit of Stbawkkrry Roval Sovereign, with these words : " It was grown out of doors on a Strawberry plant, with about 100 other fruits on the same plant, most of which are almost as fine as the one sent." Mr. IS. Hallan sends from .Sheffield a bright ro.=e- coloured branching Half-I)oi7iile Pink, lie produce of a border Pink fertilised with pollen from a crimson Sweet \Villiani. The flower i.s lirightand pretty, but unless the plant is ver}' free blooming, the length of stalk (10 inches) would make the proportion to the size of flower too lanky for a really good border plant. But these hybrids and crosses of the garden Pinks are just suited to half wild places, such as the top of a retaining wall, among unmown grass, or wild grassy lianks, where tliey would have their fullest value. Dianthus hybridises and crosses so {reel}- that the genns offers a wide and easy field for amateurs" work. Flowers from .Stkaefan. Mr. Bedford kindly sends from Straffan House Gardens, Count}' Kildare, a delightful basketful of fjowers, comprising raanj' interesting things. Clethra arborea we were pleased to see : its value is not appreciated, as the Lily of the Valley-like flowers possess much charm. A bowlful of blossom is an adornment to the table. Olearia macrodonta, the beautiful Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius, the deep purple - blue Lithospermiim petra?um, Coronilla montana, and Cj'pripedium spectabile were in this gathering. The Cypripedium succeeds remarkably well at Straffan. Mr. Bedford writes : " The Cypripedium has suffered from the late winds, but still our little patch has over 300 flowers.'' VlRGILIA lutea. We have received from Mr. Anthony Waterer, Knaphill, Woking, branches of this rare but beautiful tree; it is the Yellow Wood of North America, the leaves changing to deep golden yellow in the autumn, while the clusters of Pea-like bloom are of snowy whiteness. LACHENALIAS. Lachexalias have not the popularity they deserve. Why, it is ditticult to conceive, for there are few more distinct and beautiful plants obtainable for greenhouse decoration than the Cape Cowslips, as thev are popularl}' called. It cannot be said that tlie}' have not been known to horticulturists for a sufiicient length of time, for so long ago as 1774 were the Laohenalias introduced from South Africa, the first one brought over being L. tricoloi-. This is even now the one most generally grown in gardens, although L. tricolor aureaandL. Nelsoni, the latter bearing long racemes of golden yello«' lilooms, are fortunately more often seen now than formerly. L. tricolor is, however, very beautiful : rarely does one see such a mingling of colour in both flowers and foliage, the former are a mixture of green, red, and 3'ellow, while the dark green leaves are spotted with a dull purple. Lachenalias should be grown both in pots and baskets ; then if cut flowers are required the plants growing in pots may be cut over, allowing those in the baskets to remain. A basket well filled with Lachenalias in flower is ver}' beautiful, and an adornment to any greenhouse or conservatory. Although the culture of the Lachenalia is not difficult, it is astonishing how few really succeed in growing it to perfection, and unless the Lachenalia is well grown, as indeed is the case with most plants, the results are very disappointing. Earlj' in August is a good time to repot the bulbs : when removing them from the pots in which they have passed the summer place the respective sizes together. This is important, for if small bulbs are not kept in the same pots, and the large ones also kept together, plants and flowers uniform in size and strength cannot be expected. If a pot contains both large and small plants, the latter when in flower will be quite hidden and their lieauty altogether lost. Provide ample drainage in the pots or pans, whichever may be used. Hanging pans are very convenient, the bulbs are more easily potted in them than in baskets, and tlie eft'ect is niucli the same. A soil composed of two parts loam and the remainder of leaf soil and dried cow manure suits them well ; add also a liberal sprinkling of silver sand. Fill the pots or pans to within an inch or so of the rim with the compost (having first covered the drainage with the rougher pieces of loam), and press the buUi gentlj'into it. Then cover them over with about half an inch of soil, thusleavinga space below the rim for holding water. One could not wish for a better place in which to winter theni than a cold frame provided with hot water pipes so that frost may be excluded. When in a low frame the plants niaj' easily be kept close to the glass and therefore receive a maximum amount of light, an important factor in plant culture during winter. But very little water will be necessary until growth commences ; in fact, supposing the soil to be moist when the bulbs were potted, if a watering is given to well settle the soil around the former, and the pots are shaded from the hot sun until growth begdns, water is best withheld. Keep the plants quite cool during the winter, making use of the heating apparatus merely to keep out the frost ; such a practice tends to make them sturdy and robust, and therefore better able to produce a good display of blooms. Some cultivators strongl}' advocate placing the pots or pans in saucers of water, always keeping the latter filled. Such a plan has much to recommend it when the plants are growing vigorousl}', for they then quickly become dry at the roots, and if water is always available there is no danger of their suffering from the want of it. Kspeciall}' when the flower racemes are beginning to appear can this method be made of value, and if weak licpiid manure is placed in the saucers instead of clear water the beneficial effect upon the plants is surprising. Stimulants maj'also be given in the form of guano or Clay's Fertilizer, and sprinkled upon the surface soil, stirring the latter lightly with a pointed stick. The flowers of the Lache- nalia last in beauty for weeks together if kept in a cool house, the greenhouse or conservatory for instance. When the blossoms are over the cultivator must endeavour to have the bidbs properl}' developed and ripened, and a dry, warm, and airy position is such as will ensure this. They may be placed in a frame from which the lights are removed. Gradually diminisli the supply of water as soon as the foliage shows signs of decay, eventually with- holding it altogether. The bulbs may remain in the pots until the time comes round again to repot them, if the pots are stored away in some cool, dry shed. A. P. H. HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITS AT CARDIFF. The following exhibits were displayed at the recent show of the Royal Agrictdtural Society : — Sutton's pedigree stocks of agricultural seeds were represented by some capital roots of Sutton's Prizewinner Yellow tJlobe Mangel, Sutton's Golden Tankard jSIangel, Sutton's Yellow Intermediate Mangel, Sutton's (iolden Globe ibangel, and Sutton's Manmioth Long Red Mangel, all of last year's growth. An interesting feature of Messrs. Sutton's stand was a remarkable exhibit of Toma- toes and Beans in actual growth. The Tomatoes were .splendid plants, loaded with immense clusters of well-ripened fruits. The plants of the new climbing French Bean, Sutton's Earliest of All, were of exceptional interest. The pods were growing in profusion, and were long, straight, tender, and delicious. When gathered young and cooked whole, this Bean possesses a flavour totally unknown in Runners sliced in the usual way. A brilliant display of Gloxinias from Messrs. Sutton's seed- houses illustrated another department of this great seed business. The plants were full of flo\\'er, with haiidsome foliage, and the large blooms were of the choicest and most varied colours. There was also an attractive show of cut flowers, embracing English and Spanish Irises, carlv-flo^\cring Gladioli, Tri- tomas, Liliums, Lilies of the Valley, &c. , with a fine liatcli of Sutton's Giant Mignonette in pots. The well-known firm of Dickson's, nurscrvmcn and seedsmen, Chester, had their usual stand on the left of tlie entrance to the show-yard. This firm exhibited sample sacks of grass, clover, and other agricultural seeds. Samples were also shown of cleanings, i.e., weeds, seeds, &c., separated in tlic ]»rocess of re-cleaning the various grasses and clovers. A choice collection of ornamental plants was also exhibited, including Palms, Ferns, Conifers, &c. ; likewise an assortment of flowering plants, including that beautiful now Tree Carnation Duchess Consuelo, sent out hy Messrs. Dickson. A selection of cut blooms of P;conies attracted consideral)lc attention, anil gave colour to this interesting c\liil)it. A new fomliincd eautifal I13' llu- i-ighl use of tlie most precious flower that can be |)hinted in our pleasure groun-ir^idliOn>, hi/ Diimfr'ii's, X.Jj. Orobanche speciosa. — Concerning Orobanche speciosa on Luiaria Cymbalaria alba, of which I wrote you lately', I see I underrated the strength of the flower spikes. Several have produced two dozen, not one dozen flowers, as I stated ; and three sets of the Orobanche have appeared among the Linaria. From such slight liold as they have there, they are absurdly unstable, and have to be supported, otherwise woVjbling over. I note one pretty arrangement, through having the Orobanche so well up to the e^'e, viz., that the anthers are very sensitive to touch, and when the pollen is mature it is exploded off in white dust by the slightest touch I was scheming how to set these flowers wliere no busj' Ijee was at hand, ami oven a light camel-hair brush sulficed to "press the button" and set little white puH'-i of pollen free — F. I). Horner. Rhododendron azaleoides. - This is the Tianie given at Kew to that delightful old- fashioned shrub, which, though possessing so many desirable c|ualities, is almost unknown at tlie present day. It is supposed to be a hybrid between I'uhoilodendron ponticuni and the North American Azalea viscosa, such theory being borne out by its general appjarance. At the back of the Palm house at Kew two large beds of this Rhodo- dendron serve to di.splay its charm to great advan- tage. The style of growth is altogether more com- pact than that of the ut the flowers are much about the same size. They range in colour from very pale lilac to a sort of lilac-piir|)'c hue ; but in most instances the edges of the petaU are of a deeper tint than the central jjortion of the flower. As might be expected froirj the fact that it resulted from intercrossing an evergreen and a deciduous species, th? fr>liage (A this is sub-ever- green in character, though during a severe winter it more nearly approaches the deciduous state. This Rhododendron possesses several specific names, characteristic of some distinguishing feature or origin. Thus the names of fragrans and odorata serve to direct attention to the highly fragrant lilossoms, deciduuni and azaleoides to its general appearance, and hybridum to its origin. Besides this it is often referred to the genus Azalea, with some of the specific names just mentioned. Being at its best, as a rule, about midsummer, it forms a succession to the numerous (ihent Azaleas, there be! tig only the North American Azalea occidentalis to keep it company. — H. P. Rosa Ecse. — I feel ver}' grateful to Mr. Ewbank (page SS7) for drawing attention to this interesting Rose. I must confess I was rather disappointed with it at first. I grew it for several years without the least sign of blossom, but when it did flower I was more than amply repaid for all the waiting and watching. To see this Rose studded with its beautiful golden blossoms is a sight not easily to be forgotten. I'>oni my own experience I find that it does best in a rather light dry soil. I planted one in the gardens of Stanley Hall, Salop, now the seat of Sir R. Tyrwhitt Wilson, Bart., about eighteen years ago. It has grown into a large bush and blossoms profusely every year. This Rose throws up an abundance of suckers, and from them it ma}' be very easily increased. Here in Norfolk the plant thrives and makes rampant growth, the blossoms come rather larger, but not in such profusion. From this I take it that the Rose does best in a light soil, and, although it is said to come from Afghanistan, it is perfectly hardy, and I have never known it injured by the most severe frost. —T. B. Field, A^liwellthorpi: Hall (r'drf^ens, Xortrir/i. Rose Dp. Hogg (H.P.)-The late Mr. Laxton did not give tlie world many novelties in Roses, but we oertainlj' have in the above variety, which was of his raising, a very beautiful kind. Dark Roses are always welcome, and more than ever to-day, seeing that our gardens are being inundated with white and other pale colours. If, therefore, it is impossible to improve on the darks, then it behoves us to hold those we have, and not suffer them to be ousted out of cultivation. Dr. Hogg is a variety somewhat after the type of Pierre Netting, but in my opinion superior, for it is more certain. The e.xqnisite shape and lovely purplish - crimson colour, heavily shaded with maroon, form its most attractive features, but the growth is also good and the flowers freely produced. They, more- over, expand freely, not rolled up in a tight ball, which is characteristic of some of the dark-coloured kinds. The scent is very sweet, and foliage large and handsome. Altogether it is a good amateur's flower.— P. THE ROSE GARDEN. I'EEDING ROSES. N'OT a day should be lost now in helping on the health}- plants by liberal applications of liquid manure to supplement the spring dressing. When a Rose plant commences to ~ ' form its buds a great demand is made upon the roots for nourishment. With us the weather remains dry, so that watering becomes helpful. If, however, rain has fallen, a dusting of some good artificial Rose manure will sulfice, taking care to hoe it well into the soil, and should rain not follow quickly, give some clear water, preferaljly from the pond or rain water. Every rosery should possess, in a convenient spot, its cistern or tank for liquid manure, and should it be possible to add some night soil to the usual stable or <;ow shed draining, this will be found one of the liest fertilisers the Rose can receive, and also one of the most economical. In applying, eitlier draw a drill about 1 foot away from' the stems of the plants or pour it on to the land and hoe over the same after a few hours have elapsed. 'J'liese ap|ilicalioiis may be repealed twice a week until the colour is visible, then itshould be discontinued, but not the hoeing. This latter is regarded by all practical growers as their best aid to health}' plants, and if there are healthy plants this means immunity to a great extent from the troublesome aphis and the unsightly mildew. Disbudding, where show blooms are required, must not l)e overlooked or delayed. Here juilg- ment is wanted. The smooth-wooded Victor Verdier race usually produce a crippled centre bud, so that one of the most promising of the side buds is best retained. Tea Roses of the very double section require not only the superfluous flower buds removing but also the growths that break out over the entire growth. Do not on any account disbud the decorative Roses, for in their freedom and delightful corymbs and panicles of blossom lies their chief attraction. P. so:\[E OF THE xEWEi^ ra:mblek EOSES. Since the introduction of Crimson Rambler, pos- sibly no variety of vigorous growth has attracted so much attention as Leuciitstern. The flowers are beautiful in form and colour- ing ; the splendid trusses contain some fifteen to twenty buds and blossoms, and every flower will remain intact until the whole of the buds expand, so that each day the truss of blos- som is increasing in beauty. And another and distinct characteristic is the persistency with which the blossoms remain even after all are developed, which renders the variety a most decorative one. It will probably be largely employed as a pillar specimen in a pot. The splendidly-flowered examples in the Waltham Cross group at the Temple show proved this be3'ond a doubt, and many gardeneis were surel}' induced to procure the variety merely for pots. Kven tiny little plants in 5-inch pots will flower quite close to the top of pot, so that here again is another use for it, for taking into account its elegant spray of flowers and lovely colouring, it must be appreciated for decorating a dinner-table or other floral work. It was thought when Aglai.\ was received that a valuable }'ellowish white Rambler had appeared, and it has been largely planted. It is so perfectly hardy and rampant in its growth that I reluctantly find one fault with it, and that is the rather shy l>lossoming for the first three or four years. But in Electra we have apparently a freer bloomer, with much tha same style of flower, yellow buds, and creani}-- white, semi double, open blossoms. A large bed of it at Kew well proved its freedom in flowering : some bushes planted last autumn and left unprnned had their growths covered with trusses of bloom. I have never seen young plants of Aglaia flower with this freedom. The variety Electra is a supposed cross between Rosa multiflora and W. A. Richardson, whereas Aglaia owns R. multiflora and Reve d'Or as its parents, so that it is evident one cannot be too careful in selecting a free- flowering variety as the pollen parent, Reve d'Or being rather the reverse to this until well established. The lilac-white seedling of Crimson Rambler named Helen E I rather like, but Roses with this shade of colour are not, as a rule, much appreciated. Psyche is pretty when viewed closely. 1 doubt, however, if it will be ett'ective enough for decoration. As these Rambler Roses are multiplying so fast, there must be perfect distinctness to make them of any real value. I look upon Rosa .sinica ane.monk as an ac(iuisition. Its large llowei-s arc lovelv in the extreme. I July 6, 1901.] THE GARDEN. IIYDRANCEAS IN THE GARDES OF THE RKllIT HON. CECIL RHODES AT GROOTE SCHUOR, SOUTH AFRICA A most distinct and cliarniing liybrid of Rosa wichiu'iana is Ruby Quees. Altliough springing from a procumbent variety, it may be grown as a rambler, or, ratlier, as a pillar, for it does not quite come under the category of Rambler. The delightful blenduig of colour is so prett}', the ruby-red predominating over the white eye and edges of petals, and the contrast reminds one much of the zonal Pelargonium Mme. Jules Chretien. The newer varieties of R. WICHURIAN-A, Ai.EERIS EARBIER, AND Re.NE Andre are really meritorious varieties that sliould find their way into any collection where such Ptoses are appreciated. Some individuals may imagine that because they have no arch, pergola, or pillar space available that they cannot grow these Rambler Roses. They should just visit Kew Gardens and see them there in huge beds, the plants, (i feet to S feet apart, growing just like Nature's wildlings, which, after all, is the best wa}' to displa}' the beauty of such Roses. F. HYDRANGEAS AT GROOTE SCHUUR. We are glad to be able to give an illustra- tion of the blue Hydrangeas grown on Mr. Rhodes's property near Cape Town, althougli we cannot bitt feel that this grand plant so grown is robbed of more than half its value as a garden shrub. This piece of ground, with its background of glorious mountain, deserves better treatment. The Hydrangeas also deserve better treatment, for, though as the picture shows, they will endure the scorching of the Cape summer sun, they would be much happier and infinitely more beautiful if they had the comfort of passing shade ; moreover, grown like this by the acre, they lose their character as beautiful flowering shrubs, and are debased into a mere crop. We think that no one who truly loves a garden, and holds good flowers iti honour, can look at this picture either in Nature or in our pages without seeinj; that here the Hydrangea has its value minimised and its truest beauty unappreciated. Good gardening can never bo done by force of numbers or (piantity ; it can only be done by just proportion, and the most careful placing of the right things in the right place, in just the right number or quantity. We do not know how far beyond the picture the Hydrangeas extend, but the more there are of them the worse must be the effect. Possibly, also, to a sensitive colour eye, their mass of blue, seen in almost bald juxtaposition with that of the mountain, may be just wrong in some states of light, though Nature is very kind in softening and veiling the mistakes of man as well as she may. But the true garden lover cannot but regret that these good plants, or perhaps, still better, one-third of their number, had not been so used as to make a glorious garden picture, that would not only show their own value, but do some justice to the background of noble mountain. This might have been done by a large-scaled planting to right and left of Cypress, or what- ever may be the dark foliagod tree best suited to the country, that would serve as a quiet ground to the masses of blue, and would have some relation to the existing tree masses in the distance. These trees, as we mentally picture them, would sometimes approach and some- times recede from the middle wide path, sliow- ing glorious pools and lakes of Hydrangea blue. It would all want planning on a truly grand scale, such a scale as would form a worthy approach for the eye to the stupendous domination of the mountain masses. Like this, the Hydrangeas would be duly honoured and could be seen ; as it is, in their unwortliy field-crop treatment, it is impossible that they can be seen to any good effect, while their special and very rare quality of blue, which can only be justly appreciated in shade or part shade, can hardly be .seen at all. The aim seems to be — though if this be so we cannot but feel that the mark has been widely missed — to show what Hydrangeas can do in a large way. We are tempted to jjicture a sufficient repetition of these forest lakes of flower blue — ditt'ering hut little in general form, yet varied sufficiently by the association with -^ the Hydrangeas of two or three kinds of trees only, each kind in succession. The dark groves of Cypress or their equivalent might give place to some of Ilex or Olive or Eucalyptus. Then again would come a Cypress grove, and then no more. We want to get a splendid impression of beauty of vegetation used nobly and largely ; but in this, as in all else, there is a limit, or we only get a sense of nauseating satiety. To know what to do, how and where, and when to Ktoji is perhaps in simple language to define the practice of wisdom and tightness in all things, including the fine arts, within which we claim that the higher and nobler practice of gardening is included. The small path in the picture, with its stiff little border of Kosemary, is also jjoor. Hydrangeas do not want to be behind any little stiff edging ; they come down to the earth just rightly, and any hard or stifl' line betwten them 'and the ground only deprives them of the possibility of displaying one of their beau- tiful ways of growth. Many gardens are spoilt, as to any considera- tions of pictorial efiect, by a confusion of too many kinds of plants. Nearly all the gardens one 'sees would be immensely benefited by sweeping works of siuiplification. Here, in this field of Hydrangeas, this good principle is carried to excess, and by mere monotony fails of producing any beauty of efiect. INDOOR GARDEN. ADIANTUM LUNULATUM. 1TAKE this to be one of the most lovely of the genus Adiantum, and not nearly so much in evidence in English gardens as it deserves to be. This may be owing to some supposed difficulty in its cultivation. It is deciduous, and in its native habitat enjoys a very long annual period of complete rest not often accorded to it in a state of culti- vation in this country, it being in numbers of cases treated as an evergreen, and kept growing all the year round, which is a sure way of bringing about a sickly growth and ultimate collapse. In India this Fern in its natural state is subject to climatic influences of a very extraordinary kind. In the region in which I have seen its rapid and marvellous growth during the rainy portion of the year, and its equally rapid and startling disappear- ance with the advent of the hot and rainless season, it is an object of the greatest interest and beauty. Nature in a whimsical mood has assigned to this plant a dual otfice, and is not content with spreading a carpet of lovely fronds on the ground, but from THE GAKDEN. [July 6, 1901. the clefts of trees and rocks maj' be seen in abundance the waving elongated fronds, with their curious terminal bulbils, forming part of a living draperj' to the Bamboo jungles which but a l>rief period before were a burnt and lilaekened waste. In the particular district in India of which I am writing there are two typical and well-defined belts of country, termed locally forest and Bamboo lands. The gigantic evergreen forests sloping from the crests of the Western Ghauts eastwards receive iliiring tlie south-west monsoon a verv heavj- rain- fall, and from end to end of this wonderful ever- green belt not a trace of the lovely Adiantum luiuilalum is to he found, but in the adjoining belt of Bamboo and deciduous jungle, stretching eastwards to the frontier of Mysore, where the land is slightly less elevated, the climate warmer, and the rainfall less, the Fern is found in great abundance everywhere. It is ver}' interesting to note the strict and well-defined line of demarcation over which this Adiantum, togetlier with many other plants, declines to pass, and to one's limited knowledge these points of difference in localities seem hardly stiHicient to account for the hard and fast line diawn by Nature. There is nothing like what maj' be called a gradual merging from one condition to anotlier. The Adiantum disappears with the Bamboo, and not a single stray plant of the Fern is seen witliin the limit of the darker and cooler shades of the evergreen jungle. From the termination of the rainj' season, about the middle of September until tlie month of May, hardly any rain falls, the days are hot, witli freciuent strong anil withering east winds. By the month of February the Bamboos and deciduous trees have shed their leaves, which form a thick carpet all over tlie ground. Then the jungle fires begin licking up ever3' vestige of remaining verdure, and leaving tlie whole countrj' a black and unin- viting wilderness. To a stranger unaccustomed to such scenes it requires a stretch of imagination to believe that such a land can ever regain its former appearance, and be clotlied in living green such as is only seen in tropical climes, but let the influence of the first thujiderslorm in spring be felt, and then, as by the hand of a magician, the huge clumps of Bamboos and the naked trees burst into leaf. Among the innumerable plants that obliterate all traces of the devastating fires none renders more ready aid than the lovelj' Adiantum luiiulatum, springing from clefts of rocks and stones, forks of trees where some mould has been formed, between the sheltering culms of the Bamboo clumps, and from the bare ground it (juickly forms, after its long sleep, a sea of waving fronds, once seen never to be forgotten. How the plant passes with impunity through such a severe amiiial climatic ortleal and tlien appears Ph'cnix-like to assist in replenishing the land with living verdure, is, to .■^ay the least of it, not easil3' understood, but that it does is be^'ond dispute, and I venture to think that at least one lesson ma_v be ilerived from the fact that in cultivating the plant in this countr}' a very long and complete annual rest is absolutely' necessary if we wish to see this Fern in its greatest beauty. .1. Lowrik. MISCELLANEOUS, WATERING. ro Do AND What Not to Do gardening operations display What ■ FKVV gardening operations display the extent of a man's scientific knowledge or ignorance of horticultural principles more than the way in which he conducts the operation of watering. ^lany |)eople, even with small gardens, use an enormous ([uanlity of water b}' giving a surface watering to the same piece of ground two or three times a week in hot weather. They think that because the water stands upon or runs oft" the ground that the latter is well soaked, and yet they repeat the same two or three days afterwards, though they know that after a good soaking rain in June watering is not uecessarv for a wei.'k m ten days, however hot the weather conies. But what has reall3' happened to the soil as treated ? The water, being poured on much more heavil}' than the heaviest rain, has beaten down and caked the top soil so that ver^' little goes in, as no one has the patience and time to administer water as slowly as a gentle rain does when it takes a whole day or night to give the ground a fair soaking. When the summer sun comes to bear its full power upon the ground this wetted surface is soon dried, and by the end of the second day things are no better" than the}- were before, and to keep the plants from flagging the svatering is repeated. Then it is that the garden becomes a hard task- master, for this surface watering has caused the plants, in order to get moisture, to root freely in tlie surface soil instead of running downwards for it, with the result that if the surface soil is not kept moist the tender rootlets get scorched and killed, and the plants take on a prematurely aged appearance, from which they do not recover the rest of the season. The buds of the Sweet Peas turn yellow and fall otl'. Petunias cease to produce even buds, the shoots of Verbenas appear to end in nothing, while the strong upright shoots of the Pentstenions that looked like bearing fine spikes only produce a terminal leaf. Hence it is one so often hears the remark, "If yon begin watering you must keep on." If the watering is done properly there is no more necessity for keeping on with it than there is for it to rain every few dajs afterwards, if we have a good rain in the middle of June. The whole practice of surface watering — except in the ease of seeds and very young seedlings — is entirely wrong, as it makes the growth succulent, and therefore more lialile to damage from wind and rain : it draws the roots to the surface, it cakes the soil on the top, and so prevents the access of air to the roots, and, by reason of the succulence of growth induced, the plants run up taller and do not send cut such strong side shoots, or, in other words, it lessens the length of the flowering season. Having deliveretl this destructive (liticism on the common method of watering, let us see w hat constructive policj' we can suggest in its place. It goes without saying that on most soils some water- ing must be done in any ordinary summer, though its necessity may be very mucli lessened by a proper system of deep cullivation. In one of the very dry summers of three or four yeats ago I had a bed of herbaceous Phloxes, moisture-loving plants, wL'ioh stood the whole of the drought without flagging, though they were never watered, simply because the bed had been dug right out the previous autumn to a depth of 2 feet, thus giving iliem an extensive root run. In another part of the garden of similar aspect and witli similar- natural conditions, except that the ground had not iieen so treated, the leaves of some clumps of Phloxes hung limplj' down the stem for a good part of Jul}' and August. This practice will obviate the necessil}' of watering most herbaceous plants, but of course it is not alwajs practicable. Annuals and bedding plants generallj', however, are ditt'erent, and, whatever method of cultivation is practised, they will sufi'er from a severe ilrought, though good cultivation is helpful. In addition to deep digging, a gentle hoeing or loosening of the surface checks the rise of moisture from below and consequent evaporation. This is just the reverse of what happens when surface watering is prac- tised, when, all the water being in the top '2 inches or .3 inches of soil, which is of close nature, it is rapidly evaporated by the sun's heat. The obvious inference from this is that the best thing to do is to water seldom, and only when absolutely neces- sary, and then do it in such a way that the soil is saturated to a depth of at least a foot — ileeper if possible. This can be done, as regards beds and borders, in two ways. The soil can be ver-y lightly loosened at the surface, and the water put on witli a fine rose at intervals of half an hour during a long summer evening, the intervals giving the water time to percolate down, and lessening the liability of the soil to run together. The alternative is to cover the soil with a layer of sliort manur-e and half turn it in, when, the soil licirig in such a rough state and kept open b}' little pieces of very porous stuft", it will absorb any amount of water, whicli niaj' be poured on with as coarse a rose as you possess, the manure feeding the plants at tlie same time. This is a more satisfactory method than the former, and scarcel}' takes up more time, while the ground can be watered so thoroughly that it will need no more water for two or three weeks, perhaps not again during the summer if an ordinary amount of rain falls. For Marrow beds, outdoor Cucumber beds, clumps of Sweet Peas, Dahlias, and other moisture- loving plants a different course can be adopted. If a flower pot is sunk in the ground up to tlie rim with a few pieces of broken pot underneath, water can be poured into it even with a pail and it will run into the ground, and there is the satisfaction of knowing that nearly all the water will be absorbed bj' the roots, very little of it being evaporated fronr the surface of the soil. This is a specially advantageous i^ractice where the ground has been raised to make a bed, as, for instance, a Marrow bed. For some special things which it is desired to water occasionally, such as Lilies, a mulching round the stems with light manure partly turned into the surface soil is the best practice, as it lets the water run ijuickly into the soil, and has not the unsighlliness of a flower pot let into the grounil, which, however, does not show among the Marrows or underneath spreading things like Dahlias. Where r-ain water is available it should by all means be used, hard water, especiallj' very hard water, not only not helping to dissolve the food material of the soil, but caking the ground together to a worse extent than rain water, and shutting out the air, the carbonate or sulphate of lime in the water solidifying between the particles and cementing them together, thus forming a hard crust, in pretty much the same way as the inside of a kettle becomes encrusted bj' the boiling of hard water, the pure water going ott' as steam and the solid matter in the water remaining. Ar.oKR Pktts. DAVALLIA BULLATA ilAlilKyi. TiiLs pretty Hare's-foot Fern, now so largely imported from Japan, is one of the best we have for house decorations, anil when raised from spores and grown on freely it makes much larger fronds than the imported specimens, which are made up in various fantastic devices. The most satisfactory of those imported are made up on lialls of sphagnum moss, the long slender rhizomes being bounil in closely together. The variety being deciduous the balls can be made up while the rhizomes are ilestitute of fronds, and they travel to this country in good condition. If plaeecl in a moderately warm moist atmosphere they soon .'^tart into new growth, and form a perfect ball of green finely-cut fronds. Vet, as I have previously said, home-raised plants are most satisfactory, and as spores ger-niinatc freely those who make Ferns a speciality should persevere until they iliscover the r-ight method of getting seedlings, as it may not be the fir-st sowing that proves successful. Spores which have been kept for any length of time rarely germinate. Those which I have found to germinate best were taken from plants grown irr an exposed and rather dr-y position. The spore fronds should be taken when the first spore cases begin to open, and if enclosed in paper and placed in a dry place the spores will fall out, anil on opening the papers a few daj's later they will be found in the form of a yellow dust-like powder, and may be sown at once. The Davallias do not germinate so quickly as many Ferns, and are r-atherslow in growth in the earlier stages, but when ome well started they make greater progress ; seedlings make very pretty plants in a young state, and when gr-own on form more compact and bushy plants than those obtained by dividing older ones. Like others with spreading rhizomes they do not root deeply, and do best in shallow pots or pans, or, better still, in wire baskets. Rough fibrous loam, loaf- mould, and peat, with charcoal and sand added, and some sphagnum moss may also be added to the compost. Davallia ilissecta, I), fijiensis, July 6, 1901.] THE GARDEN. D. elegans, and others of the type may also be strongly recommended, and seedlings make much better plants than those from divisions. A. Hemslev. SCHOOL GARDENS. It is much to be hoped that horticulture may become a regular subject for instruction in schools. The good that can be done by such teaching by an able and enthusiastic master may be of incal- culable value in the after lives of his scholars. Such a syllabus of work as that which is in practice in the Crooks Place School, Norwich — a copy of which follows — might well be taken as a good type of such an arrangement for the week's lessons. The instruction is given three days in the week for an hour in the afternoon. The syllabus has been received from the master, Mr. E. Peake. Syllabus of Work. Praclice. — Planting and cultivation of seeds and plants provided : cutting and packing for school use weekl3' in season. Planting bulbs and Roses in autumn. Potting and growth of specimen plants for school. Propagation by cutting and layering, as growth permits. Calendar of opera- tions. Plant drawing. Life history as observed. Theory. — General lessons on preparation of soil, manuring, digging, forking, watering, pruning, and propagating, as occasion serves. Passage of food from soil bj' means of roots to leaves. Names of various substances necessary to plants found in soil. iVIethod of absorption and transfer. Food derived from air. Work of leaves ; adaptation for assimilation, respiration, and transpiration. Principle of plant watering ; action of light and heat. Flowers : Naming of parts and knowledge of work performed by each, special adaptation for visits of insects in those cultivated. Drawings of plants used as basis for conventional designs in drawing lessons and life historj'. Notes made basis of composition exercise from time to time. Recognition of typical flowers in nine of the principal orders cultivated. R. W. THE FRUIT GARDEN. STKAWBEREIES FOR FORCING AND PLANTING. A BUSY time is at hand where Strawberry growing is carried on to any great extent, as preparation must at once be made for layering to secure the requisite number of plants for next year's supply of fruit, as the earlier this is done the better the results, no matter whether the plants are required for forcing purposes or for forming new plantations outdoors. Many growers now adopt the practice of planting a few rows annually of such varieties that find favour with them for the express purpose of alTording early runners. So well does this answer that it can be eonfidentl}' recommended as an excellent method where much forcing has to be done. If the plants for this purpose are set out in early autumn they become well established by the time winter sets in, and when thej' start growing in the spring, if the precaution is taken to pull out all flower-scapes as they develop, and discard plants that fail to flower at all, the runners produced are very strong and robust, and there is also much less likelihood of obtaining a lot of bliml plants. If room is scarce these plants may be set out much closer together than would be advisable when they have to remain on the ground some few seasons, as only being required for the one occasion they are generall}' grubbed up and a new- lot planted elsewhere on a fresh piece of ground to afford runners for another season. Those who have not made such provision as indicated above cannot, of course, obtain their runners in this manner in the present season, but they should make arrangements for doing so next, and after once giving this system a trial the}' will not, I think, abandon it for the older method. For planting new borders and beds out in the open runners secured from one and two year old plants answer well, provided they are layered early and afterwards planted in tlieir permanent quarters Ijefore they become pot-liound. Late layering and subsequent planting mean the loss of one season's crop, whereas by performing it early a good crop of extra fine fruit is obtained. There are various opinions held as to the best method of layering runners for forcing, some preferring to layer directly into the pots in which the plants will be forced, while others prefer 3-inoh pots, and pot them on as soon as rooted. Excellent results are obtained by both methods. The smaller pots should be filled with rich compost, but the larger ones must be prepared and filled in precisely the same manner as when potting is being performed, doing this firmly. The compost must be largely composed of the best loam obtain- able. Once the requisite number of pols has been prepared they bhould be carried to and arranged on either side of the rows of plants, when the laj'ering can be quickly carried out, securing the young plants in position either by means of small pegs made out of worn-out I5irch brooms or Bracken, or by placing stones of sufficient weight to prevent them from moving until rooted. Jf there should be a good water supply at hand it is not necessary to plunge the smaller-sized pots in the ground, but when a good deal of labour is entailed in bringing water from a distance, it is then expedient to sink them to the rim. In any but showery weather the plants must have constant attention, for the soil in the pots should not be allowed to become drj' at any lime. An overhead sprinkling with a iine-rosed pot in the evening is most beneficial. If the small pot system of layering finds favour, detach the young plants from their parents as soon as their young white roots have reached to, and begin to coil round, the sides of the pots. Place them in a rather shady position for a few da3's, and then proceed to shift them into 6-inch or 7-inch pots, according to the variety and the season they will be forced, the smaller sized pot answering best for very early work. With regard to layering direct into the fruiting pots, these may be allowed to remain on the ground until the runners have become well rooted, after which transfer them to an open sunny spot, standing them on a bed of ashes or rough gravel. At the outset the pots may stand nearly close together, but as the plants grow and the foliage expands they must be placed wider apart. Other cultural details will be in affording mihl stimulants once 'the pots are well filled with roots, using diluted liquid for this purpose, with guano as a change, and after this ])erio(I turn the pots rouiul weekly to prevent the roots from penetrating either the gravel or ashes. Should worms by any chance prove troublesome, one or two applications of lime water will get rid of them. While in full growth always sprinkle or syringe the foliage about 6 p.m. on hot days, and, as a matter of course, pay assiduous attention to affording the roots adequate supplies of water. With respect to plants intended for setting out either on borders or open quarters, endeavour to have the sites cleared of whatever crop they may be carrying bj' the time the pots are properly filled with roots, so that planting is not delayed. The roots then commence at once to shoot out in all directions, and the plants do not feel the effects of drought nearly .so much as thej' do after they have become pot-bound. For planting purposes many object to layering in pots on account of the time entailed, but where it can be carried out there is no question as to its being the best method, as by this means a crop is ensured the next season. Another method of layer- ing is to peg the runners on to turves, and cut these latter up into squares once the roots com- mence to run, but this involves nearly as much labour as the use of pots does, while some place some sharp friable soil on either side of rows, pegging the runners into it, liftir)g and planting them as soon as well rooted. A. W. CALCEOLARIAS & GLOXINIAS AT GARTH HOUSE, EALING. Tiii: finest strain of Calceolarias I have seen this season is at Garth House, Grange Road, Ealing. Garth House is a substantial modern residence on the north side of one of the pleasant residential roads of this popular suburb, with a spacious garden at the back and several glass erections, more or less sheltered on all sides, though fully open to the influences of the sun and wind ; gardening operations are carried on with great success. Garth House is the residence of Mr. Edward Clark, a gentleman who takes a great interest in his garden, and prides himself in cultivating the best possible, whether it be Calceolarias or Gloxinias, the latter succeeding the former at this season of the year. .Strains of the very highest quality are sought for and grown. Mr. Clark is fortunate in having as his gardener Mr. W. White, a man who puts his whole heart A HOUSi; Ol' CAI.I'lXJL.^Kl.VS .\T E.VLI.NC. 10 THE GARDEN. [July 6, 190) rhetj.m palmatum rlurieus rubris in' mr. max letchtlin s (larpen, eaden-badf;n. into his work, and whose ambition it is that his employer should be satisfied with everything that is cultivated, and no time or energy is grudged if sucli a result can be secured. When, a short time ago, I was invited to inspect the Calceolarias, I saw some seventy specimens, vigorous in growth, perfectly clean and healthy in appearance, with ample leafage, and dense heads of bloom — and such bloom, too — not an aggrega- tion of the large, loose, flabby corollas one finds on some strains of present-day Calceolarias ; but every plant a perfect sijecimen, some 2 feet or so through — actually some of the most perfect specimens I ever saw. On enquiring if the flowers repre- sented any particular strain, I was informed they were from a packet of seed obtained from Mr. Robert Sydenham, of Birmingham, and certainly^ it was a remarkable one, as it contained some bold and striking shades of colour not often seen in the Calceolaria. One, of a dark maroon tint, with a margin of gold all round the upper surface of the flower, was decidedly unique, and there were one or two pale coloured inoculated varieties quite novel in character. Mr. Porter, of Ealing, has done the best he could to get a representation of the imposing-looking specimens filling the stage of a low half-span roofed house, but no photograph can do ample justice to the fineness of the strain or the high cultural skill shown in the development of the plants. I found the method of culture a very simple one. The seeds are sown in July, in a mixture of yellow loam and sand, previously baked over the fire to destroy the larvae of any insects which may be in it : in nine days the seedlings are above the soil, and as soon as it is possible to do so they are carefully pricked otf into other pots or pans of soil, and got singly into •2j-inch pots by the last week in August, and for this ijotling a little finely sifted leaf- mould is added to the loam and sand. B3' the first week in October there is a shift into 3-ineh pots, and more leaf-mould is added, and the compost is not sifted but employed in a slightly rough state. In November a further shift is given into 6-inch pots, anfl in the last week in February a final shift into 'J-ineh pots, in which size they flower. The compost used for the final pot- ting is made up of yellow loam, leaf -mould, .sand, with the addition of spent hot-bed manure, and a 6-inoh pot full of the finest bone-meal is also added. The plants are grown in as cool a temperature as possible, that main- tained from iff to oO", but is never allowed to lall below 40°. The plants are kept in a jiit until November, and then are placed in a lean-to house with a south aspect. Watering is a matter of the greatest care. The plants are carefully examined at times ; a row of plants is lifted from one end of the stage, and the others are passed along by hand and carefully tested to see if water is required, and it is this care which has such an effect upon the splendid development of the specimens. Some feeding is, of course, given ; as soon as the pots are full of roots in April a teaspoonful of Ichthemic guano is added to a gallon of rain water, and the same quantity of Peruvian guano once a week on alternate da3's. Tlie latter is applied in the form of a paste. If Ichthemic guano is used on a Saturday the Peruvian guano should be applied on Tuesday or Wednesday. Rain water only is used at all times. As soon as the plants come into bloom stimulants are withheld. Fumigations are, of course, necessary. XL All is employed once a month. Recently Mr. Clark had a number of very fine one and two year old specimens of Gloxinias, superbly grown, and a number of seedlings of the present year just blooming. The size of the corollas is remarkable, their substance admirable, their colours varied and exceedingly novel, some with dark grounds edged with delicate sliades of mauve approaching blue being singularlj' attractive. R. Dean. COLOURED PLATE. RHEUM PALMATUM FLORIBUS RUBRIS. This plant was naiueil among (itliers in .some notes of Mr. Ma.x Leiclitlin's in Tiiii G.vuden, June 15 (page 42.5). The illustration gives an idea of its importance as a handsome plant of gi-and foliage, while the tall sjiikes of crimson bloom give it an added value in garden use. PLATE 1259. C \' P E L L A S . (with a COLOUKEI) plate of I'. I'LUiMBEA.*) THERE are .six genera belonging to the grouji of Irids tyjiified by Pavonia which bear some ie.seniblanee to each other. They are all natives of the West— chiefly South America. By far the most )iopular for the garden are the Tigridias, which are easy to manage and are large and hand.some in flower. The others are Trimezia, of which there are four species ; T. martinicensis, a free-growing plant with fugitive bright yellow flowers, being the only one grown as a garden ]ilant ; Marica, a well - known tropical genus, of which il. c(erulea, one of the best, is repre- sented by a plate in The Gakdex, vol. xxxiii., page 58 ; Eigidella, a small genus, of which R. flamniea is worth a place in the garden for its tall -slender scapes of nodding, camijanulate, bright crimson flowers, and which is perfectly happy planted out in a cold frame at Kevv. The other two genera are represented by the Herbertias and Cypellas. Cypelia consists of eight species, four of them having a place among select garden plants. The largest and handsomest is C. peruviana, which has a leafy stem about a foot high, the leaves 9 inches long and nearly an inch wide, the flowers in pairs or threes in a terminal cluster, with wide, spreading outer segments, which are bright yellow, barred with brown at the base, the inner segments smaller, in colour like the outer, with the addition of a pair of eye-like blotches of bright purple at the base of the retlexed blade. It is a native of the Andes of Peru and rei|uires greenhouse treatment. C CiPvACTLis has smaller flowers of the same colour as those of C. peruviana. C. PLUMBEA is a stout plant with large globose corms, stems -2 feet to 4 feet high, leaves a foot long, and flowers dull lilac, nearly 4 inches across. It likes plenty of moisture when growing and a sunny position in the greenhouse. C. Heebekti was first named Tigridia Her- lierti from a plant grown by Dean Herliert in his garden at Spottbrth, where it flowered in June and July in a greenhouse. It has also been called Mor;ea and Marica. It has small brown corms, slender terete stems 18 inches to 24 inches long, with loose clusters of bright yellow flowers, which are developed in succes- sion from green boat-shaped sheaths. It is a native of South Brazil, and may be grown in pots in a cold house or frame, or treated like Tigridia and grown in the open air in summer. There is said to be a variety with lilac flowers. W. THE FLOWER GARDEN. CARNATIONS. BKRDER Carnations came tluougli Ihe winter remarkably well and give prijinise of a very fine display. Out of a balcli of .5ui.) in some two dozen varieties we have only lost ten plants, and sorts that iii some seasons arc rather mill'y are this year notable for excellent grass and very vigorous flower stems. Tliese, too, are more numerous than usual, seven and eight ■ Drawn for The Oajijikn hi tlic Rnyal Oanlfiis, Kcw, liv II, C. .Moi.M. Jui.Y 6, 1901.] THE GAKDEN. 11 being an averagfi on single plants of Miss A. Campbell, Mrs. E. Hanibro, Kelton Rose, Boadicea, Rosamond, Ibis, and others. There is no doubt that where autumn planting can be successfully practised much greater vigour and consec|uently a more abundant display is obtainable. We are, fortunately, always able to plant in October, but I know of places within twenty miles were it is not admissible, so no hard and fast rule can be adopted ; it is a matter that can only be settled b}' experience gained in different localities. As stated above, what the Carnation is really capable of can only be realised when plants are exceptionally strong and healthy. \Vhen clumps of Carnations are planted at intervals on hardy plant borders it is well to leave them for a couple of seasons, as although individual blooms may not be quite so good, a very fine display of flower is obtained the second season. As soon as the flowering is over the fir^t year weakl}' growths maybe removed, and some three or four strong shoots retained on each plant. Loosen the soil a little between the plants, only not enough to disturb the roots, give a soaking of water if the ground is dry, put on a surface mulching of, say, "2 inches of three-parts spent Mushroom or peat moss manure to one part of soil, and cut and layer in this, pegging the shoots so that they are well distributed all over the surface. Ciaremoiif. E. Burreli.. UAENATIONS AND PICOTEES. Now that the season is at hand when lovers of these beautiful flowers will see what Providence has in store for them amongst the seedlings that were planted last j-ear, it may not be out of place to say a few words on the subject of what constitutes a good Carnation or Picotee. There are three primary points of consideration — the flower, the calyx, and the stalk. Too much consideration has, I submit, been given of late years to the ques- tion of size, and there is a tendency to exaggerate the Carnation on the same lines as that of the Chrysanthemum. The introduction of a class called Malmaison has not, I think, added any beauty to the race, the bulk of which are large, coarse fiowers at best, and not to be compared for beauty with the highest class of good Carnations. A good Carnation should open out flat all round, like a Camellia of the best type, should have well- rounded petals, but not too manj' of them, and should above all things have a long Filbert-shaped unsplit calyx, and a strong stalk ; b3' this last I mean a stalk of 1 foot to 18 inches in length, that will carry the blooms erect, and not bend unduly if held at arm's length at the base between the finger and thumb. There are a great many blooms exhibited at shows that are valueless ; they are seen dressed, which means that by careful manipulation the flowers are made to assume attributes not provided for them by Nature. This has become so obvious to leading florists, both professional and amateur, that latterly classes have been introduced for blooms that have not been touched bj' tweezers. This has been certainly a step in the right direc- tion, but the regulations are not as yet sufficiently stringent, as exhibitors are allowed to wire the stems right up to the calyx. The result is that a flower with a large bloom and a weak stalk, that will not carry its head erect at all, takes prece- tlence at a show of a well-balanced flower that will hold its head up easily on a stalk of 18 inches in length. Americans place much more value on the strength of the stalk than we do in this country. There Carnations are exhibited as the3' should be. Eacli variety is shown without dressing of any kind, a number of blooms being placed with its grass in a glass receptacle. The blooms can be examined in every aspect, and large, coarse, pod- splitting varieties that one sees here sometimes at shows would not be tolerated for a single instant. By our plan it is impossible to tell what is a good Carnation and what is not, as onlj' the dressed upper surface is visible. What is going on under- neath the collar no one knows. It is perhaps too mucii to hope that paper collars will be entirely done away with, and that tweezers, wire, or other supports be forbidden. Until this is done the value of exhibitions as at present constituted will be practically lul. Dawliah, Devov. H. W. WeoueJjIN. VARIEGATED ABUTILONS AND THEIR USES. AiiUTiLONS grown for their flowers alone do not appear to be so popular as they once were, yet they are very pretty subjects for the greenhouse or conservatory. Those remarkable for richly marked leafage appear to be replacing the flowering section to some extent, and this is chiefly owing to the variety of uses to which they may be put, and especially their adaptability for bedding in summer. A. vexillarium makes a capital carpeting plant, and associates well with Fuchsias, Cannas, and man}' other of the taller growing plants now used so extensively in flower garden arrangements. Although this species forms a capital rafter or pillar plant when allowed to extend its leading shoots, yet when grown an.l prepared for the beds in small pots its branches have a decided tendency to drop and cover the bare ground. If large plants are required for effect, the plants should have more liberal treatment in preparing them by potting on into larger pots in spring, and tying the leading shoot to a stake ; the}' should also be kept growing in a warm structure for a longer time before hardening them off preparatory to bedding tliem out. A. Thompsonii is of an erect habit of growth, and makes a very pretty bed by itself or when judiciously associated with other subjects. This species is alike useful as a decorative plant in the greenhouse as a pot plant or for a rafter or pillar. A. Savitzii — a newer intro- duction — has foliage quite distinct from other Abutilons, being green, heavily marked with white ; indeed, under good cultivation the leaves contain but little green. Young plants well grown have the appearance of the varie- gated Maple (Acer Ne- gundo variegatum) in miniature. A warm greenhouse or stove suits this kind best ; as tar as my experience goes it will not thrive in any other, although I have tried it both in a cool greenhouse and in the open beds. Plants of this variet}', intermixed with Palms and Ferns, tend to brighten up the structure in a remark- able maimer, and at cer- tain periods of the year such subjects are invalu- able. For the decora- tion of rooms this Abutilon is uniciue at any period of the 3'ear, but especially in autumn anil winter. Small plants are very useful for the decora- tion of dinner tables, and under artificial light they bear comparison with many flowering plants. Cuttings root freelv, and it .some be inserted in July or August they will make good plants in small pots for use in the house during late autumn and winter. H. T. Marti. \. BOOKS. AVall and Water Gardens.'— This book is for those who desire helpful suggestions and quite practical instructions in some of the most enjoyable of the mam' ways of gardening. There are chapters on terrace building, in dry walling, and rock garden construction, and short ones indicating the best plants for sunny or shady exposures, one feature being lists of the plants named at the ends of the chapters. In this department there are thirteen short chapters, dealing concisely with various portions of the subject. The remaining seven chapters are on lakes and ponds, pools, tanks, and water margins, the concluding chapter being on Water Lilies. There are 13'2 full page illustrations. The chapter upon " Dry Walling and Rock Garden Construction " is quoted to show the character of the book : — "A rock garden may be anything between an *"Wall and Water Gardens." By Gertrude .Jekyll. Country Life and George Newnes, Limited. Price l-2s. 6d. nett. IBERIS AND CERASTHTM IN TUB DRY WALL. ( Reprnduced from " Wall and Water Garden?.") 12 THE GARDEN. [July 6. 1901. upng ght wall and a nearly dead level. It is generallj' an artificial structure of earth and stones, and alas : only too often it is an aggrega- tion of sliapeless mounds and hollows made any- how. Such a place is not only ugly but is very likel}' not suitable for the plants that are intended to grow in it. If any success in the cultivation of rock plants is expected, it is only reasonable to suppose that one must take the trouble to learn something about the plants, their kinds and their needs, and it is equally necessary to take the trouble to learn how their places are to be prepared. Happily for the chances of success and pleasure in tliis delightful kind of gardening the right way is also the most beautiful way. Tliere is no need to surround every little plant with a kind of enclosure of stones, set on edge and pointing to all four points of the compass ; it is far better to set the stones more or less in courses or in lines of stratifi- cation, just as we see them in Nature in a stone quarry or any mountain side where surface denuda- tion has left them standing out clear in nearly parallel lines. It matters not the least whether the courses are far apart or near together ; this is naturally settled by the steepness of the ground. In a wail they are necessarily close, and in very steep ground it is convenient to build them with the courses rather near each other. In such a case as a steep slope with an angle of 4.i'"^, the face of the rock bank could be buift in either of the two ways shown in the diagram. Both will suit the plants. The flatter the angle of the ground the further apart may bo the rocky courses, as the danger of the earth washing away is diminished. If the stone is not in large pieces, it will be found a good plan in rather steep banks to begin at the path level with a few courses of dry-walling, and then to make an earthy shelf, and then another rise of tivo or three courses of walling, using the two or three courses to represent one thickness of deeper stone. But in any case the rock builder should make up his mind how the courses should run and keep to the same rule throughout, whether the stones lie level or dip a little to right or left as they generally do in nature. But whether a stone lies level or not as to the right and left of its front face, it should alwaj's be laid so that its back end tips down into the ground, and its front face, when seen in profile, looks a little upward. "This, it will be seen, carries the rain into the ground instead of shooting it off' as it would do if it were laid the other way, like the tile or slate on a building. "As for the general shape or plan of the rock garden, it must be governed bj' the nature of the ground and the means and material at disposal. But whether it will be beautiful or not as a structure must depend on the knowledge and good taste of the person who plans it and sees it carried out. " As mentioned elsewhere, it is both highly desirable and extremely convenient to have different sections of the garden for the plants from different geological formations, therefore we will suppose that a portion is of limestone, and another of granite, and a third of sandstone with peat. If this sandstone and peat is mainly in the shadiest and coolest place, and can have a damp portion of a few square yards at its foot, it will be all the better. Of course if a pool can be managed, or the rock garden can be on one or both banks of a little stream or rill, the possibilities of beautiful gardening will be endless. " In making the dry-walling the stones should all tip a little downwards at the back, and the whole face of the wall should incline slightly backward, so that no drop of rain is lost, but all runs into the joints. Any loose earth at the back of the stones must be closelj' rammed. If this is done there is no danger of the wall bursting out- ward and coming down when there is heavy rain. Any space backward of newly moved earth behind the wall must also be rammed and made firm in the same way. " The two illustrations of a bit of dry wall freshly put up give au idea of the way it is built. The one containing the angle shows how the stones are tipped back, while the one with the straight front shows how spaces at some of the joints and between the courses are left for planting. If the scheme of planting is matured and everything at hand as the wall goes up, it is much best to plant as the stones are laid. The roots can then be laid well out, and larger plants can be used than if they were to be put in when the wall is completed. "In making the steps that go with such dry walling it will not be necessary- that the^' should be entirely paved with stones. If the front edge is carefullyfitted and fixed the rest can he levelled up with earth and the sides and angles planted witli bits of M0SS3' Saxifrages or other small growths. This is also a capital way of making steps in steep wood paths. In such places the use of thick wooden slab as an edging is a much worse expedient, for iri wet or wintry weather it becomes extremely slippery and dangerous. "The steps themselves will become flower gardens : only the front edges need be cemented ; indeed, if the stones are large and heavy enough to be quite firm there need be no cement ; but if two or three stones are used to form the edge of a 4 feet wide step it is just as well to make a cement joint to fix the whole firml}' together. This fixing need not be made to show as a conspicuous artificial joint ; it can be kept well down between the stones, and spaces left above and below to form many a little nook where a tiny Fern may be planted or a little tuft of some other small plant — any plant that one may most wish to see there. If the space is cool and shady the little Saxifraga Cymbalaria is a charming thing. It is an annual, but always grows again self-sown ; in the depth of winter its cheerful tufts of little bluntly-lobed leaves look fresh and pretty in the joints of stones. It flowers quite early in the year and then withers away complete)}', but the seeds sow themselvess, and so without any one taking any thought or trouble it renews itself faithfully from year to year. Man}' small Ferns . will also be quite happy in the front joints of the shady steps, such as Cheilanthes vestita, Cystop- teris fragilisand C. dickieana, Asplenium, Tricho- manes, A. Ruta-muraria, Ceterach, and the Woodsias. "The little creeping Arenaria balearica will grow up the cool side of the wall or the front edge of steps and be a carpet of vivid green in deepest winter, and in .lune will show a galaxy of little white stars on inch long thread-like stalks that shiver in the prettiest way to the puffing of a lireath of wind or the weight of raindrops of a summer shower. "In a couple of years or even less, small Mosses will appear on the stones themselves, and the spores of Ferns wind-blown will settle in the stony face and in the joints ; then will come the delight of seeing these lovely things growing spontaneously, and coming willingly to live in the homes we have made ready for them. " No little flowering plant seems more willing to take to such a place than Erinus alpinus. As soon as steps grow mossy (even if they are of solid brick- layer's work witli mortar joints), if a few seeds of Erinus are sown in the mossy tufts they will gladly grow as shown in the illustration, where this cheerful little plant has neen established on some solid steps of rough sandstone leading to a loft, and now scatters its own seed and is quite at home as a well-settled colony making natural increase. This is an extreme case, for the little Alpine has nothing whatever to grow in but the mossy tufts thiit have gathered of themselves within the time, some eight years, since the steps were built. Had the steps been of dry- walling, such as was described in the early part of the chapter, they would have grown all the quicker, having the more favourable condi- tions of a better root-run." UKY Koi'K-w.\LLINi;, S]lo\\lMl HOW Tllli ST0.NK3 TIP JiAi'K. ( Iti'pro.iiKed /'roiii " Wall and lytiler Uiirdriix. ) ORCHIDS. OK'CIIIDS AT THK AVOOP- LA.NDS. L.Kl.IO-C.ATTI.EV.V <;OTTI)IANA X Cattleya Miissi.v; IT seems strange that such a handsome, well- marked species as L;clia tenobrosa has not been even more largely used by the hybridist. Hy bridsolitained from it arc still comparatively few, though without exception all are not only beautiful in llowcr, but of good constitiition July 6, 1901.] THE GAKDEN. 13 DIAGRAM (section) SIIOWINC! ALTERNATIVE ARRANGEMENT OF THE FACE OF THE STONES ON A ROCK WALL AT AN ANGLE OF 45°. ( Reproduced from " Wall and Water Gardens.' ) and very free. Ljelio - Cattleya goLtoiana is a natural h3'brirl ; it is imported from Brazil, having for its parents, as a recent cross proved, L*lia tenebrosa and Cattleya Warneri, these two species growing together in the particular district which yields the hybrid. The subject of this note is strongly suggestive of Ijvlia tenebrosa in tlie shape and size of its flowers, but the pseudo - bulbs more resemble those of the Cattleya parents. The colour of the flower.s is, however, greatly modified, sepals and petals being of a tender fawn colour, warmly suffused with a shade of terra-cotta red, the broad petals particularly so. The dusky, almost black, hue so for iTs magnificent collection. The two splendid certainly gains cre- dence, as the two species mentioned have been crossed, and among the seedlings raised and flowered were forms exactly re- presentinga typical (iodefroy:c. On the other hand, tiode- froy;f at difl'erent times has been imported in con- siderable quanti- ties, both the type and the variety known as leuco- chiluni. In (lode- froya3 var. Her Majesty the flower is white, with a greenish yellow shade, dark pur- plish black reticu- lations and nebuUe being regularly dis- posed on each seg- ment. The pouch alone is unmarked, if numerous minute purple dots near ihe mouth of the slipper and on the infolding side lobes be excepted. The ren ainder is of a beautiful smooth porcelain white. C Y p R I p E D 1 u M (^odefroy,^; vak. Ophir. A distinctly coloured form and considerably larger than usual. The ground colour of the flower is soft creamy white. The upper sepal is almost covered with dark choco- late - maroon, the colour forming one very large irregular blotch, broken into divisions and rendered very conspicuous by the great contrast to the ground colour. The petals are also heavily marked, but not to the same extent as ihe dorsal sepal, while the lip is quite free from markings, and by com- parison appears of the purest white. It is also remarkable for its large size and blunt apex, quite unlike the pointed typical labellum of this kind. This variety is (juite unicjue in this respect, and also from the conspicuous blotch of colour on the upper sepal. Mr. Measures is particularly interested in Cypripediums, watching them with loving care, and The Woodlands is justly famed noticeable in the labellum of L;elia tenebrosa is in this hybrid replaced by a deep crimson - rose, shading into magenta-rose as it nears the frilled margins, which are white, faintly tinged with rose. A handsome cross and comparing favour- ably with hybrids obtained more directly from Lajlia tenebrosa as La?lia nigrescens, Lielio-Cattleya Martinetti, L.-C. (General Baden Powell, L.-C. Bletchle3'ensis, L.-C. niassangeana, &c. CvPRIPEDinM GODEFROY'/E HeR Ma.JESTY'. Probably no section of Cypripedium is more generally admired than ihat which includes C niveum, C. bellatulum, C. concolor, and C. Uodefroy*. With regard to the last-named there is considerable doubt as to whether it is a true species or a natural hybrid between C. bellatulum and C. concolor. The supposition as to its origin kinds now noted, with the variety godseffianuni, form a unique trio. GARDENING OF THE WEEK. KITCHEN GARDEN. Carrots. OW is a good time to make a sowing of slump-rooted Carrots for use in November and December, and ground recently occupied with eaHy Potatoes will be very suitable for the purpose. After the soil has been dug and broken as fine as possible drills may be drawn S inches apart, and if the weather still continues dry the ground must be watered in the evening previous to N sowing the seed. The moi'iiing is the best time to sow the.se light seeds, there being then less danger of strong wind than when the day advances. From seed sown on .July 12 last year we gathered splendid young Carrots to the end of Iho year, and from a sowing made a fortnight later, and left in the ground through the winter, a supply of medium-sized roots was available for bunching through March and April ; the later sown ones proved a great success, keeping their colour well until .young roots were obtained from the frames. Scarlet Model was the variety sown. French Beans may yet be sown to give supplies as late into tlie autumn as possible, and for this purpose a sheltered position should be chosen, where, if some protection can be given occasionallj' in September, the crop may be continued for some time longer. Earth up advancing crops and water with weak liquid manure, so that the pods may not become string}- through want of moisture at the roots, a thing which in seasons such as this will soon occur unless liberal supplies of water are given. Where a mulch can be applied less water will be necessary and the results will be better. Cold frames recently occupied with Potatoes, Carrots, &c. niaj' be planted with French Beans about the middle of July for late autumn supplies. Osborn's Forcing is the best for this purpose, as it takes up le.ssroom than most varieties and does not require staking. TtJRNIP.s. A good sowing of Turnips should be made now, and another a fortnight later. The ground for this croji can hardly be too rich, for it is well known that roots produced on rich soil are much better than if grown on poor soil, their growth being more rapid, and, consequently, the flavour milder. Turnips are best when drawn from the ground as they are required, but as this practice cannot always be followed it is well to sow a good breadth about the middle of July for use during the winter months. They should be lifted and stored away before frost sets in. (golden Ball is one of the best for this purpose ; it remains fit for u.se a long time both before and after it is pulled, and grows deeper in the ground than most varieties, and is therefore less likely to be afiected by frost in the autumn than many others. Thin advancing crops, and water freely to keep the ground cool, afterwards give liberal dustings of wood ashes to keep the fl}' in check. Leeks that were planted in trenches at the beginning of May will now be making rapid growth, and should receive liberal waterings of liquid manure ; adusting of soot will also help them if applied before watering. Earth up the plants as soon as large enough, and if required for exhibition brown paper collars should be used ; the soil maj' then be applied from time to time until the trench is filled up level with the surrounding bed. Plant out the main crop in deep drills 14 inches apart, and water freeh' during dry weather. Onion.s intended for exhibition should now receive a liberal dressing of guano and soot, which should be well washed in with water that has been exposed to the sun, and if hot weather continues a mulching of short manure will be of great benefit to them. It will keep the ground cool and reduce ihe need of frequently watering the bed. Whenever water is necessary a good soaking should be given, as nothing is more detrimental to this or anj' other crop than frequent dribbling with the water pot. Artiiieial manure must not be applied too late in the season or the bulbs w-ill split and cause disappointment. .John Dcnn. I'oj/a/ Kitchen Gardevi, Windsor. FRUIT GARDEN. Early Vines. When the earliest Grapes are obtained from pot Vines the latter should now be making good progress, not so much as mere size of cane, but ripening the wood made and finishing their growths. The Vines will now benefit if more ventilation be given ; indeed, with canes nearly full grown I would leave a little air all night at the back of the house. On the otlier hand, it is 14 THE GARDEN. [July 6, 1901. useless to huny plants that need ample lime to develop in this case. The Vines should be stopped at the length required for forcing another season, and then allowed to make growth freelj' at the top of the cane. Stop the laterals at the first joint, and give stimulants till the canes are full grown. Even in houses where the best attention is given. Vines in dry, hot weather are difficult to keep free from red spider, and the latter pest often appears at the ripening stage. To prevent this I would advise placing a bag of fresh soot in tlie water used for s\'ringing purposes : this will keep the Vines healthy, and even when the canes are nearlj' ripe it is well to keep the house moist and the fanes damped over after bright sunshine. Planted out Vines. For an early supply we rel^' upon canes planted out in a small border and in low pits. The same advice is applicable as regards the ripening, but more root-run being available top growth is strongest. For early Grapes next season it will be well to mulch the borders to keep them from becoming too drv, also to encourage surface roots ; and, to go over later Vines just about to colour, and remove berries if they are at all thick. Late houses will need little die heat wdiile the warm weather lasts, but if dull or damp it is well to keep the pipes warm. G. Wythes. Syon Houie Gardens, Brentford. INDOOR GARDEN. AzALK.i Indica. In most cases a satisfactorj' growth has been made under the influence of glass protection, the .syringe, and liberal feeding, and the next process in the cultivation of the above is the ripening or setting of the flower buds for another season's use. Sheltered positions against w-alls, but with a full exposure to sun, should be chosen, though if bright weather prevails at first then a slight shading must be fixed up, as the tender foliage is apt to scorch when placed directl3' in the sun on its being first exposed. A very free use of the syringe must be made to imitate as far as possible the conditions under which they have been growing, and the should be grown in preference at this season. Dractenas should be similarly treated, and the root made use of as well. Several of the greenhouse sorts make excellent house plants, and are less liable to injury than the finer-blooded, high- coloured strains ; D. congesta, indivisa, rubra, and Bruantii might be instanced as reliable sorts. Panioum variegatitm : Few, if any, plants are so generally used as this well - known favourite ; a large batch should be put in, using 4A-inch pots, and placing eight or nine cuttings in each ; this, while rooting, should never be allowed to get drv on the leaf, else the proper rooting becomes a difficult matter. Aralias. These very handsome subjects should also be attended to, as thej- are always admired ; they take readilj' at all times when practically worked : a smart bottom heat should here be afl'orded. Panax Victori;e; Root a hatch of this and continue to push in growth, also Aealyphas of sorts ; these when quickly handled and duly exposed to the sun will make useful sized plants b\- autumn, when, if not so handsome as those rooted at an earlier date, are nevertheless duly appre- ciated. ,J. F. McLeod. Dover House Gardens, Roehampion. DRV ROCK-WALI.ING, SHOWING HOW SPA(;ES ARE LEFT BETWEEN THE STONES. (Reproduced from " Wall and [Vater Gardens.") though from this date it will be well to lower the temperature in dull weather, a little fire heat will be advantageous. Canes forced yearly should have abundant supplies of food until growth is complete, and shorten laterals if these have been allowed free play, as it will be advisable to admit ample light to ripen up the wood. Vines at all weak should be allowed to grow freely at their apices, and by so doing root growth will make more headway. Later Vines just cleared of the crop should receive attention to keep the foliage clean and good as long as possible. Give also liquid manure to Vines in full vigour. Later Vines. Houses of Muscat and Madresfield Court Grapes that are of light construction or not well venti lated will need a slight .shade to keep the berries from scalding, and with the two varieties named it may be well to give the side or lateral growths a little more freedom, (jrapes that are fully ripe should be kept cool to keep the berries cjuite plump, although avoid a dry atmosphere, damping down freely in hot weather. It may be necessary application of liquid manure, as previouslj' advised, ly no means diminished. Red spider and thrips are sometimes troublesome, and should be guarded against ; to this end it is wise when practicable to thoroughly fumigate the plants bef(3re removing, as no better opportunity will ofl'er itself for some months, and, further, I would advise the use of soot in the water which is used in syringing. The standing quarters should be of coal ashes, with a liberal dusting of soot to prevent the inroads of worms, &c. Seasonable Propagation. To provide for autumn requirements it is most advisable to increase the stock of furnishing and flowering plants, especiallj' the former, by propagation this month, and, as the propagating quarters are usually less crowded now, the oppor- tunity is too good to be missed. Man}' Crotons with constant wear and tear in the season which is now drawing to an end have become unsightly, and as there are some useful cuttings on them tlie_\' should bo removed and duly rooted ; the narrow- leaved varieties are much more useful in the small stage than the broader and more robust sorts, and THE FLOWER GARDEN. HoLLVHOCJvS. The old waj- of raising Hollyhocks from cuttings of specially selected varieties has resulted in getting weakened stock that is liable to bad attacks of the orange fungus, which is so destructive to these plants, and which has caused them to be banished from many gardens. For- tunateh', by raising plants annually from seed we can baffle the disease to such an extent that fine spikes may still be grown, and my experi- ence is that seedlings from well- selected stock come nearly' if not quite true. Seeds sown now in the open border will make nice plants ready for planting out into their per- manent positions either in October next or early in the spring of next year. Unless the plants are to be transplanted from the seed-bed as soon as big enough to handle — a very good method, that tends to develop a good ball of roots for the final planting — the seeds should be sown very thinly, so that each plant ma}' have plentj' of room, for strong plants are a great desideratum in successful culture. The flower-spikes, now fast developing on the plants raised from seeds last 3ear, should be staked. Where especially fine flowers are desired, each plant should be confined to one spike and the buds lightlj' thinned, but I prefer for Hower garden effect to let the whole of the minor spikes develop, as they lengthen the season and hide the bareness of the main stems. They will well rcp.ay occasional soakings of manure water. Bkomi'Ton Stocks. The Brompton Stock, like the Hollyhock, has fallen into disfavour in manj' latter-day gardens, the reason for this being that they require a little more looking after and protection under glass during tlie winter; but they are well worth it, for no other kind of Stock is so handsome, the immense spikes of flowers produced being magnifi- cent. Sece proud of the specimen plants of Crotons, Dracienas, Anthu- riums, various Palms, A-c, that the stove contains: as before mentioned they are usually arranged l)y him at the York and other shows with marked success. The houses devoted to the accommodation of miscellaneous green- house plants and also the ferneries serve to .show hoiv rejiresentative a collection of indoor plants theie is at Belvedere ; indeed, it would be safe to say there are but few, if any, towns which possess such a garden, that at once denotes the keen interest taken in the welfare of plants, and also the best of culture that experience can give. INTEKIOR OF CORRIDOR AT i;l';),\ KIIKKK, nAKK( STRAWBERRIES AT BEDFORD. The name of Laxton is now so identified with the Strawberry that several of our most popular varieties have been raised cither by the late Thomas Laxton or his enterprising sons. These just reoenth' invited a large number of fruit growers and others to visit their extensive Straw- berr3' ground at Bedford, and on .June 24 a part3' of nearl3' forl3' persons went there to see, not onlv some thousands of seedling varieties, but also several scores of named ones, such as have been put into commerce over a period of some fifty 3'ears Probabl3- there is no similar Strawberr3' nursery like this one anywhere in the world, not so much because of extent or of number of old varieties, but because of the marvellous number of new ones grown. Very great care is taken every 3"ear to cross fertilise the flowers of various selected varieties. That is chiefl3' done on plants grown under glass, although a few maj' be done outdoors. \Vhen the fruits are quite ripe the\' are saved and duly labelled. By the earlv autumn these have dried up. The matter, ehieH3' skin and seed";, on each fruit is then rubbed up, and sown separatel3' in shallow boxes or pans. Naturall3-, this method necessitates a large amount of labour being expended in pricking out the seedlings thiiilv into other boxes, and from these in the spring months the3' are planted out to fruit. That, of course, does not result the first year, but the plants do so fieel3' the second 3ear. It is a com- mon occurrence that seedlings from one fruit show great diversit3', so that for the fruiting there is but one plant of a variety. Those whicli show good fruitfulness and other desired features are propagated, and some six to twenty plants, as the case ma3' be, are obtained by Layering, and are planted out and dul3' lalielled with numbers, the nature of the cross from wliich they are obtained being entered into a .book with a corres- ponding number. It is needful to grow an3' selected variet3', however full of promise it mav be, for several seasons to enable its character to be correctl3' ascertained. The visitors to the nursery' the other day saw literally myriads of these seedlings of diverse ages under trial, and produced from apparentl3' scores of diverse crosses. The firm's aim now, having put some superb varieties into commerce, is to excel their previous best. They gave us but a few years ago that wondrously popular \'arietv Ro\'al So\-creign, and now they have just obtained a first- class certificate for a variety admir- abl3' named The Laxton, which is from a cross bet«'eon Royal Sovereign ami Sir .Joseph Paxtoii, and they have in this seedling one that excels July 6, 1901.] THE GARDEN. 17 both parents in earliness, in solidity of llesh, and in flavour ; indeed, so tar as seen, and there are thousands of plants at Bedford, this new variety promises to he the very best all-round early Straw- berry ever ottered to the public. The fruits liave the shape of Royal Sovereign, the colour of Sir Joseph Pa.Nton, and the robust and free-fiuiting properties of both. A superb later variety is Trafalgar, out of Latest of All and Frogmore Late Pine. This isa great crojiper. Another marvellous producer and moderately late is Fillbasket, a distinct improvement on Latest of All. Anolhcr fine late form is Climax. Mentmore is already in commerce, and pro- duces very fine fruit ; so also do Leader and Monarch. " Waterloo is another of the firm's raising. Naturally to obtain such vai-ieties the selection from myriads of seedlings has to be very hard indeed, hence the proportion found worth putting into commerce, and thus to recoup for all the labour and time e.xpended is hardly 1 per cent., perhaps not nearly so many. A Royal Sovereign and a Laxton crop up only once in several years. Very interesting to see were many varieties, imported and otherwise, such as the pink fruited Louis Gauthier, a very heavy cropper and nice flavoured ; St. Antoine de Padoue, St. Joseph, and others — the so-called perpetual ones. Some of these have been employed as pollen parents in effecting crosses, with, so far, very interesting results. Such an il 1 variety as Keen's Seedling, in commerce over fifty years ; the equall3' old British Queen, Eleanor, Sir Charles Napier, Alton Pine, and others are grown less to find parentage than to enable exact comparison to be made. It must be confessed that they look somewhat poor when compared with the best of the Bedford productions. It seems hardly credible, but we counted over 100 diversely named varieties that have at some time or other been listed in trade of more recent crosses, although but a few out of many of each cross are now represented. Including many well - known varieties were Waterloo, Helene Gloede, Early Laxton, British Queen, Royal Sovereign, Monarch, La Grosse Sucrt'B, Fillbasket, Leader, .James Veitch, Latest of All, and Sir C. Napier. All of these have given numerous progeny, and many that show superior excellence. Evidently new Strawberries will be forthcoming from Laxton Brothers'for some years to come. It is noteworthy that very few seedlings show that heavy maroon colour which is seen in Waterloo and some others. It is felt that such colour is not acceptable. Rich scarlets and bright crimsons are most in favour. The soil at Bedford has hardly yet got into good Strawberry growing condition, as it is generally very rough or stony. When we saw it rain was badlj' needed to enable it to pulverise. All the same, the crops generallj' were splendid. In time the ground will greatly improve. The members of the Laxton firm merit all praise and encouragement. LIFTING ONCOCYCLUS IRISES. The reason why the plan of annual lifting, referred to by Mr. Whall, is so much out of favour with regard to Oncocyclus Irises is because they like beyond everything else to be left undi-sturbed in the same place. When moved from year to year they have to spend a long time in anchoring them- selves in the ground, and the blossoms which they yield in the following spring are very inferior to what they would have been if no such process had been followed. Let anyone say if it is not so who has seen them under the two conditions I have described. When Herr Van Tubergen wrote the article which appeared in The Garden in July, 1897, he had not reached the conclusions to which he has very recently come, and he has more than once said to me that his course of action is necessitated by the condition of Holland. I very much doubt if he would say now that what he wrote in July, 1897, is applicable to all other countries besides his own. He advocated moving because at that time it was a necessity for him to do it. I do not think he would recommend his friends to do th.e same thing in all other places. I have in days gone by very frequently lifted my Irises, because for a long time I knew of no better course to pursue. 1 now hold it to be the greatest possible error to do anything of the sort unle.ss I have some for which no room can be found in the frames. More even than thi.s : These Irises have responded so well to the u.se of bone-meal that I am hopeful that they may after a time get on continuously in the open ground as so many of their congeners do. It is too soon to say much about that, and at present I can only write very tentatively about it. It is certain, however, that their consti- tutions appear to be strengthened by the use of lime in the soil, and this is of happy omen for the future. 1 have found nothing but good from the presence of Ryde paving stones in my frames. The object in putting them there was of course to prevent the rise of moisture from below. They were very carefully arranged so that the thorough drainage is unimpaired, and there never has been the slightest difficulty on this head. I have of late not found it advisable to take away so much of the top soil in summer as I used once to think necessary, and it is even possible to carry that too far, but a con- tinuous watching of one's favourite plants is the best way for adjusting all minor points, and I know of no reason whatever for departing from the main outlines of the scheme which was advocated a long time ago. The only thing that is new is that Oncocyclus Irises appear to be— as I believe— lovers of lime. When Mr. Whall asks "Why should there be more rejoicing over one of these dusky beauties than over ninety and nine fair Irises which need no care at all?" I reply, in the first place, that they are not dusky beauties at all, and in the second my own private opinion is that nothing on the face of the earth, not even an egret's wing or the markings of a shell can go beyond Oncocyclus Irises in point of quaint- ness and elegance of form, in the exquisitely beautiful tracery which adorns them so well, in the contrasts they present, and very often in the soft and pleasing colour which arrests attention at once. If anyone looks on an Oncocyclus Iris as they are regarded by me he will think no trouble too great which can be expended upon them ; if he is of a somewhat different opinion he will do well to leave them alone. ,S'*. John's, Ryde. Henry Ewbank. SOCIETIES. ROYAL HORTICXTLTURAL SOCIETY. The meeting at the Drill Hall on Tuesday last was almost entirely devoted to Roses ; it was, in fact, tlie Rose show of the Royal Horticultural Society, in cnnjunclion with the National Rose Society. There were not sufficient Rose exhibits to HII the hall, which therefore presented a somewhat bare appearance after the recent splendid shows. In some of the classes competition was very keen, and hrought to the front many excellent blooms. Garden Roses and exhibition flowers were both shown in splendid form, and the Rose show, though smaller than the usual one, was of great interest. Competitive Classes. The competition was good, and in Class 1, for twenty-four single trusses, Messrs. B. Cant and Co., Colchester, came Hrst, the best blooms being Her Majesty, Bridesmaid, The Bride, Mme. Watteville, Maman Cochet, &o. In the midst, how- ever, was a splendid seedling named Ben Cant, a flower of large size and red-crimson tone: Messrs. D. Prior and Co., also of Colchester, took the second place. Other exhibito.s in the same class were Messrs. F. Cant and Co., Colchester, and Messrs. Paul and Son, Old Nurseries, C^heshunt. For eighteen single trusses, distinct, Mr. O. Ci. Orpen, West liergholt, Colchester, took the leading place with a nice set of blooms, and here we noticed Her Majesty, Cleopatra, Bessie Brown (an ex(|uisite blnr)ni), Catherine Mermet, Mr. Edward Mawley, and .Maman Cochet, all very line, well coloured, and in good condition. l''or eighteen single trusses, Mr. Charles Turner, Sbjiigh, was llrst, his best blooms including Comtesse de Nadaillac, Prince Arthur (very rich and dark), Maman Cochet, Uli'icli Brumicr, and MariSchal Niel, Mr. George Prince, Longworth, lierkshire, second, who had good blooms of Mrs. Grant, flatherine .Mermet, and Comtesse de Nadaillac. For twelve single trusses, Hrst, Mr. T. Halstead, f)ak Lodge, Reigate, whose lot contained good examples of Caroline Testout, Kaiserin Augusta Victoria, A. K. Williams, Souv. de President Carnot, and Etienne Levet ; second, Mr. F. Wellesley, Westlield, Woking (gardener, iMr. Gilbert), whose best flowers were InnocentePirola(large creamy white), Mrs. Grant, Baroness Rothschild, and Kaiserin Augusta Victoria. There were four competitors. For six single trusses, distinct, G. H. Baxtei-, Esi|., Hutton Park, Brentwood (gardener, Mr. H. Holloway), was first, showing well Her Majesty, La France, and Kaiserin Augusta Victoria ; J. Thurlow Thompson, Esq., The Laurels, Bound's Green, was second. Mrs. Haywood, Woodhatch Lodge, Keigate (gardener, Mr. C. .1. Salter), gained the first prize for nine single trusses of any one variety of H.P., H.T , or H.I!, with splendid flowers of Her Majesty; Kev. .7. H. Pemljerton was second, showing A. K. Williams in excellent form. For six single trusses of any one variety of H.P., H.T., or H.B., J. Bateman, Esq., Rose Vale, Archway Road, N., was first with blooms of Marchioness of London- derry ; the Rev. F. Page Roberts, Halstead Rectoiy, Sevenoaks, was second, showing Mrs. R. G. Sharman Crawford. Te.\s and Noisettes. F.u- eighteen single trusses, not less than twelve varieties or more than two trusses of any one variety, O. G. Orpen, Esq., West Bergholt, Colchester, was flist, exhibiting some beautiful flowers— Jlarechal Niel, Comtesse de Nadaillac, Ernest Metz, and Innocente Pirola being of the best. For eighteen single trusses, distinct, Mr. George Prince, Longwoith, Berks, was first, showing excellent blooms— Comtesse de Nadaillac, Mar^chal Niel, Catherine Mermet, and Medea for instance ; Messrs. D. Prior and Son, Col- chester, were second, showing good Maman Cochet, Inno- cente Pirola, The Bride, &c. For twelve single trusses, not less than nine varieties or more than two trusses of any one variety, the first prize fell to E. M. Bethune, Esq., Denne Park, 'Horsham— Sylph, Ethel Brownlow, and Maman Cochet being of the best ; Rev. I''. R. Burnside, Great Hambridge Rectory, Rochford, gained the second prize, good blooms being shown of Comtesse de Nadaillac, La Boule dOi', and Souvenir d'Elsie. For six single trusses, not less than tour varieties. Miss Beatrice H. Langton, Raymead, Hendon, N.W., was first, with Jilme. Cusiii, Maman Cochet, White Maman Cochet, Comtesse de Nadaillac, Sylph, and Bridesmaid ; the second prize was given to G. A. Hammond, Esq., Cambrian House, Burgess Hill. O. G. Orpen, Esq , took the premier prize for nine single trusses of any one variety, showing beautiful llowtrs of Maman Cochet ; G. H. Baxter, Esq., Uultoii Park, Bentwood (gardener, Mr. W. H. Holloway), sec(jnd with Innocente Pirola. For six single trusses of any one variety, E. M. Bethune, Esq., was first with Maman Cochet : Rev. ¥. R. Burnside second with Muriel Grahame. Garden Roses. For thirty -six distinct varieties, not less than three trusses of each, Messrs. Paul and Son were given the first prize, being very closely followed by Messrs. Frank Cant and Co., Colchester, second. The exhibit of Jlessrs. Paul contamed very fine examples of Lady Battersea, Aurore, Dawn, JIme. C^hatenay, Gustave Regis, Mme. Falcot, Ma Capuciue, Griiss an Teplitz, I'ldeale, &c. Included in Messrs. Fi-ank Cant and Co.'s exhibit were splendid flowers of Bardou Job, Beryl, Marquis of Salisbuiy, Isabella Sprunt, Clan-e .facquier, tjueen Mab, Himalaica, etc. In the class for eighteen distinct varieties of garden Roses, not less than three trusses of each, there was no competition. Exhibition Roses in Vases. MI.XED Varieties. For nine distinct varieties, seven trusses of each, Jlr. George Prince, Longwoith, Berks, was first, exhibiting beautiful flowers of Kaiserin A. Victoria, Fisher Holmes, Mrs. W. J. Grant, 4c. ; Jlessrs. B. Cant and Sons, Old Rose Nurseries, Colchester, were second with fine examples of Gustave Piganeau, Jlrs. W. .T. Grant, Ulrich Brunner, General .lacqueminot, &c. In the class tor six distinct varieties, five trusses of each, the first prize was given to the Rev. ,1. II. Pemberton, The Round House, Havering-atte-Bower, Romford - Gabnelle Luizet, iMrs. J. Laing, and A. K. Williams were included. Teas and Noisettes. Mr. George Prince, Longworth, Berks, was first for six distinct varieties, seven trusses of each — Comtesse de Nadaillac, Jlaman Cochet, and Innocente Pirola were very fine ; Messrs. B. Cant and Sons, The Old Rose Nurseries, Colchester, were second. A seedling Tea Rose, Mrs. B. R. Cant, a soft rose-red in colour, was also shown by Messrs. L. Cant and Sons. For six distinct varieties, five trusses of each, O. G. Orpen, Esq, was first— Mme. Hoste, White iMaman Cochet, and Innocente Pirola being the best. The prizes in the above four classes were contributed by the National Rose Society. Miscellaneous. A gold medal was awarded to Messrs. William Paul and Son, Waltham Cross, for a superb group. Many of the Hinis notable novelties had a place ; among them were the new climbing Rose Golden Ijueen, which has flowers of a uniff>rm shade of yellow, and the bud is prettily pointed. Another new kind is the decorative Tea Alexandra, a 18 THE GAEDEN [July 6, 1901. beautiful soft yellow that is quite charming. Then there is the Hybrid Tea Tennys(tn, of which much has been said ab'eady. and of which a tine dispkxy was made ; it is good in form, full, and handsome in appearance. Another decorative Tea is .Mrs. Kitto, carmine and flesh and rose, a mixture of shades, but a really pleasing novelty. A'ery flne. too, is the Hybrid Tea Blushing Bride, a capital name for a good Kose. These are some of the more prominent novelties, but there are others very fine that cannot be overlooked. The decorative Tea C'orallina, for example, is one of these, a flower after the style and colour of Papa Gontier, so much so that it may at siirht be taken for it. ^'ery beautiful, too, was Boadicea, the full white petals :uul rosy margin being in great contrast. There were also many singles and semi-doubles inson, Roma, Stafford Road. Wallington, was placed first for a simple and pretty arrangement of pink Sweet Peas, Pelargoniums, Grasses, Gypsuphila, Ac. ; Mrs. C. Chart', Park Hill Nurseries, Croydon, being second. Miss E. Knapp. 167, Oval Road, Croydon, gained the first prize for a hand bouquet of Spanish Irises. E. H. Coles, Esij., Birntwood, was tirst in the class for twelve phuits for table decoration. Mrs. Blake, Duppas Hill Terrace. Croydon, gained the tirst award for twenty-four bunches of hardy cut flowers. Eor twelve bunches of Sweet Peas, C. B. Ciisp, Esq., St. Margarets, Chichester Road, Croydon, was given the lirat prize, there being keen competition ; Mrs. W. H. Still, Castle Hill, Addington, second. Cut flowers were well shown, Mrs. Fuller, Mrs. Haywood, and F. W. Amsdeu, Esq., being the chief prize winners. F. Link, Esq., J.P., Homedale, Park Hill, won the tirst prize for a table group, showing a neat arrangement ; E. H. Coles, Esq., Birntwood, Upper Caterhaui, was second ; and R. V. Barrow, Esq., J. P., third. There was a good display of plants in pots, the principal prizes falling to Mrs. Blake, Mrs. Fuller, F. AV. Anisden, Es(i., F. Link, Esq., C. A. Blogg, Esq., W. G. Child, Esq., E.H.Coles, Esq., J. Chisholm, Esif., R. V. Barrow, Esq. (first for collection of Gloxinias). A. Butcher, Esq., Russell Dene, Parley, won the first prize frjr a group of plants. Fruit and vegetables. For three bunches of Black (J rapes, W. Lintott, Esi}., Marden Park, was first; H. Harris, Esq., Denne Park, Horsham, second. Black Hamburgh was shown in both cases. For three bunches of White Grapes, W. Lintott, Esq., was lirst, showing splendid Buckland Sweetwater ; H. Harris, Esq., was second with Fosters Seedling. For fifty Strawberries, one variety, W. Lintott, Esq , was tirst with really grand fruits of Royal Sovereign ; Mrs. Blake was second ; and H. Butcher, Es<|., third. For one Melon, Mrs. Haywood gained the premier award with a good fruit of The Countess. The chief prize winners in the vegetable classes were Mrs. Crowley, Miss Thrale, and Mrs. Blake, there not Ijeiug much oompetition. AYINDSOR ROSE SHOW. The exhibition held in the grounds adjoining Eton College on Saturday last, although perhaps hardly as good as those held in Windsor Castle slopes during previous years, was nevertheless the occasion of an excellent display. Open Classes. Messrs, Benjamin R. Cant and Son were successful in winning the Queen's Cup, their stand of forty-eight blooms, distinct, including splendid examples of Catherine Jlermet, Maman Cochet, Her Majesty, Auguste Rigotard, Bridesmaid, Mrs. W. J. Grant, &c.; Messrs. D. Prior and Son were second, and Messrs. Frank Cant and Sun third. For eighteen Teas, distinct, Mr. George Prince, Longworth, Berkshire, was first, .showing Medea, Muriel Grahauie, ilarechal Niel, Mnie. Cusin, and others finely; Messrs. Benjamin Cant and Son were second, and Messrs. D. Prior and Sun third. For twelve blooms, distinct (three trusses of each), Messrs. A. Dickson and Sons, Newtownwards, carried ort" the first prize, and included in their exhibit also was a beautiful bloom of Mildred Grant, to which the silver medal for the best Rose in the show was given ; Messrs. D. Prior and Son and Messrs. Benjamin R. Cant and Son were second and third respec- tively. Messrs. Frank Cant and Co. were first for twelve blooms of any Hybrid Perpetual or Hybrid Tea, showing fine samples of Bessie Brown ; Messrs. D. Prior and Son were second with Mrs. John Laing, and Messrs. A. Dickson third with Mildred Grant. For twelve blooms of any Tea or Noisette. Messrs. D. Prior and Son were first, showing Maman Cochet ; Mr. G. Prince, second, with Comtesse de Nadaillac ; Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons, third, with Mme. Cusin. Mr. George Prince gained the premier award for eighteen bunches of Roses ; included in his exhibit was a beautiful new Hybrid Perpetual seedling Bellefleur ; Messrs. Paul and Son, Cheshunt, were second, and Jlr. C. Turner, third. Amateurs. The Windsor Challenge Cup was won by C. Romaine, Esq., Old Windsor, being given to his stand of eighteen distinct single trusses — Duke of Wellington, j\Iaman Cochet, and XJlrich Brunner were very well shown; F. E. Layton, Esq., was second, and A. Wigan, Esq., third. For six blooms of any Hybrid Perpetual or Hj brid Tea, A. Munt, Esq., gained the first prize with Caroline Testout ; C. Romaine, Esq., being second. R. Foley Hobbs, Esq., was placed first for twelve, distinct. Rev. J. H. Pemberton was first for twelve bunches of garden Roses ; Mrs. Irving, second. For six distinct (three trusses of each), E. B. Lindsell, Esq., gained the first award ; Rev. J. H. Pemberton being second, and P. Burnand, Esq., third. For a display of cut Roses ilr. Irving was first with a very attractive stand ; Sir James Carmichael was second. For forty-eight distinct single trusses, E. B. Lindsell^ Esq., was first, showing excellent Horace Vernet. Mrs. J. Laing, Charles Lefebre, Bessie Brown, A'c. ; Mrs. Haywood was second, and C. Romaine, Esij., third. For a group of plants and cut flowers N. L. Cohen, Esq., was placed first with a pretty group of stove plants, Campanulas, Carna- tions, Ac, being intermixed ; Miss Ridge was second. A. Gilbey, Esq., was tirst for a group of plants with a very tastefully arranged lot of Crotons, Di'actenas, Carnations, Liliums, and Orchids; N. L. Cohen, Esq., second, and H. S. Chandler, Esq., third. L. Baker, Esq., gained first prize for a collection of fruit, with very good Black Hamburgh Grapes, Jfelons, Peaches, Strawberries, &c. ; j\[iss Ridge was second. A''egetables were very well shown considering the dry season. Mr. Ballantine, gardener to Baron Sir Henry Schroder, the Dell, Eghaiu, sent an exhibit of Orchids that was much admired. Trade Exhibits. Messrs. Thomas Ware, Limited, showed hardy lluwers and Begonias; Jlessrs. Laxton Brothers, Strawberries; Messrs. Jones and Sons, Shrewsbury, Sweet Peas ; Jlr. Amos Perry, Winchmore Hill, hardy flowers and Water Lilies; Messrs. Jacknian and Sun, Surrcj-, hardy fiowers and Roses; Mr. E. F. Such, Maidenhead, liardy flowers ; Mr. Turner, Slough, Pelargoniums and Ualadiums ; Messrs. Barr and Sons, hardy flowers ; JLessrs. Titt and Son, Windsor, floral designs ; Messrs. John Peed and Sons, Roupell Park, hardy flowers, Carnations, and Sweet Peas ; Messrs. James Veitch, Limited, hardy fiowers; Mr. B. S. Williams, I'pper Holloway, collec- tion of Iris ; Messrs. Cutbush, hardy lluwers and Carnations ; Messrs. Smith Brothers, Windsur, tarnations. SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION. The annual outing of the members of the above association took place on Saturday, the 2;ind inst., when a trip to the Hon. airs. Henderson's gardens and grounds at Fordel, in Fifeshire, was enjoyed in delightful weather. On the way to Fordel the party drove through the extensive grounds of Donibristle, where the sylvan scenery is most attractive. Fordel itself is remarkable for its plantations, particularly f(jr the number of the rarer conifera:! that appear to be planted everywhere, the commonest tree being apparently Abies Dougiasi, which is grouped in various parts of the grounds. Numbers of Sequoias are also in evidence, one group known as the Seven Sisters being composed of very large specimens. Even in the kitchen garden, around the glass houses, specimens of various shrubs are employed in very great immbers to furnish borders^not, however, to fill them up for lack of something better. The same ideas, are carried out, though to a less extent, in the flower gardens laid out close to the old Castle of Fordel, a Scotch dwelling built in 15S0, and still in excellent preservation. On one of the sides of this structure the ground is occupied by an extensive series of beds laid out in gravel walks, the borders having a thick low edging of box. Here are four Yews, excellent examples of topiary, and said to be nearly as old as the castle itself, and a Yew hedge, 1-1 feet thi'ough, is about the same age. This hedge divides the gardens into two, the castle occupying a position in the middle. A bowling green with flower beds in grass, with numbers fif cut shrubs, are the main features of the second garden. Nearly all the flowers used in filling the beds here, and borders in the kitchen garden, are of the bedding class, of which 70, QUO have to be prepared each year. The kitchen garden is somewhat restricted in size, and here the glass houses are erected. Pine Apples are well grown, and there is a series of low pits tilled with a varied collection of summer flowering plants. The A'^ines are some- what past their youth, but a crop just finishing of very fine black Hamburgh testifies to their being very far from worn out. Later houses hold Gros Colmar and Lady Downe's, both very good, and white Muscats. Other structures are furnished with Figs, Peaches, Ac, and Oranges find a place. Here we see more hedges, one just in front of this orangery being trimmed into the shape of an ornamented wall, with pillars, cornices, and coping. It is said to be al)0ut sixty years of age, and, like the other hedges, is in perfect condi- tion. A good specimen in fruit of Castanea crassifolia close by is of much interest. There is a good collection of Roses, all the dwarfs being pegged down. Leading from the Rose garden is a curious fernery, which one comes upon quite unexpectedly, situated in a low corner. Close to the modern house an extensive Pinetum has of late years been formed, and patches of Daffodil foliage among the grass give evidence of past spring beauty. JMr. Ramsay, who has been gardener and manager for about twenty-flve years, and to whose courtesy the members of the association are indebted for much of the pleasure and profit of their visit, conducted the party. At the close of the long inspection, Mr. Comfort, the president, conveyed to Mr. Ramsay the thanks of those present, at which stage, too, the party were photographed as a memento of a pleasant day, thereafter returning to Edinburgh by train. Besides the President, Mr. Loney, secretary, and Messr.^.. Todd, Scarlet, MacHattie, Fortune, and Griere were present, among others. READING GARDENERS' ASSOCIATION. The June meeting of the above association was held, by the kind permission of Colonel Baskcrville, at Crowsley Park, Oxon., on Friday evening of last week, when between fifty and sixty members were present. The great feature, from the horticulturist's point of view, of this lovely old-fashioned residence is the wild garden, occupying about fifteen acres, where Pa^onies, Digitalis, Delphiniums, Poppies, Sweet Williams, Irises, Jerusalem Sage, itc, grow and flower in their own sweet way, not fearing knife or spade, and forming a picture not readily forgotten. After a pleasant hour had been spent here, the party wended their way to the vegetable garden, stopping to inspect a magnificent Oak tree in the park, stated to have the largest stem in England. The borders of this garden are devoted chiefly to Roses, and the membei's were astonished at the luxuriant growth made. The trees had been allowed to grow wild, and, although carrying an immense number of flowers, yet many of the blooms were fit for the exhibition table. At the close of the ramble, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Colonel Baskerville for the permission to hold the meeting in his grounds, and to Sir. Tubb, the gardener, for his interesting remarks respecting the various plants noted. Since the winter session started last October new members have been elected at evcy meeting held, and this was.no exception to the rule, as five were added to the list on this occasion. given by Mr. Green, Redland, and won by Mr. F. Lee, Redland, who deservei great credit for the masterly way his paper was put together, proving that he has made a study of this most popular flower. Mr. Lee mentioned the rapid strides which Orchid culture has made duiing the past few years, the large importations into this country, as well as the reasonable prices which they can now be bought at, causing many horticulturists to make them their special hobby. The lecturer gave a selection of the best kinds to grow, such as Cyprip^diums, Dendrobiums, f'attleyas, Odonloglossums, and others, and also cultural directions, including potting, watering, Ac. The necessity of cleanliness was alluded to as the most important item of successful cultivation. Drainage needed careful attention in order to carry ort' the surplus moisture, owing to the more frequent waterings needed comiiared with other plants. For composts Mr. Lee recommended eciual parts living sphagnum moss and flljrous peat, proptr Orchid pots being preferable to the ordinary flower pot, allowing the air to circulate more freely amongst the roots, fresh air being most essenti;il to their well-being ; the different species rei[uired different treatment, ilr. Lee went into the cultivation of each in such a way that every member present was able to carry away many valualde hints. Concluding his paper, the lecturer mentioned a few of the different pests which Orchids were subject to, also the best methods for their destruction. Altogether, the paper was full of information, and was much appreciated. An excellent discussion followed, and Mr. Lee was warmly congratulated on his success. BRISTOL GARDENERS' ASSOCIATION. The monthly meeting of this society was hell at S^. Joh".:'s Parish Rooms on Thursday evening, June 27. Mr. E. Binfield occupied the chair. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. The essay for the evening was on the "Culture of Orchids," winning the first prize, kindly HAMP.-iTEAD HEATH PROTECTION SOCIETY. [To THE EDITOK of "THE GARDEN."] Sir,— On behalf of the llauipstead Heath Protection Society, we beg to ofter you our best thanks for the unwavering support you have given us in our endeavours to preserve the natural aspect and beauty of the Heath against the attacks which are now being made upon it. Certain statements that have appeared in the public Press now make it necessary that we should explaiii the position taken by our society with reference to the Tube Railway scheme, embodied in the Charing Cross, Euston, and Hampstead Railway No. 1 Bill. We are not opposing the construction of the Tube Railway — already sanctioned from Charing Cross to Hampstead — nor do we object to an extension of this railway outside the boundaries of the Heath in a northerly direction to Golder's Green. But the society are very strongly opposing the present proposal to tunnel under the Heath. This proposal they consider to be absolutely wrong in principle. The suggestion that a tunnel under the Heath might be allowed, provided no station were made within the precincts of the Heath is plausible ; hut quite unworthy of support. No railway either under or over the Heath should be allowed. It should avoid the Heath altogether. The Commons Preservation Society and the National Trust for Places uf Historic Interest or Natural Beauty write to us that they quite agree with us in thinking that "■ The right principle is to give access at as many points as possible on the border, but to keep the Heath one undivided whole.' To sum up, we cannot do better than quote a paragraph from a memorandum which has been extensively circulated : "The opposition which is supported by representatives of all classes of all shades of opinion lias been undertaken solely with a view to preserve the Heath from an invasion, which, if permitted, may have serious immediate effect on its aspect and attractions, with a danger of still more serious consequences in the future. The object to be achieved U the avoidance of any risk that this great and beautiful open space, on the acquisition and extension riften on one side oj the paper only, and addressed to the Editors of The Garden, SO, Tavistock Street Covent (rarden, London. Letters on business should be sent to the PrHLisHEi:. The name and addi'ess of the sender arc required in addition to any designation he 7n ay desire to be used in the paper. When more than one query is setit, each shozild be on a separate piece of paper. Names of plants.- Z/. Stoneha m.—Anchusa. italica. A'. M. />.—!, Ansellia Ininiills {pale f'trm) ; 2, Rhaiuiius catharticus ; S, Phillyrjca angustifolia. E. AUen.^1, Evergreen Kose Flora ; 2, Sediim Sieboldii and S. .Sieboldii variegatura ; 3, Nertera depressa. W. P. ( l\i<:h)ni>nd) should send his name. *' Alpine Book " (H. F. J.).— Write to Mr. Clarke, care of ilessrs. iJackhouse, York. Wild Geranium (C. B. S.)— The plant received was much withered and hardly in a condition to name correctly, hut appears to lie G. molle, common in cornfields and waste places. Foxfflove flowers (R. Ramsden),— Tlie condition of the Foxgloves sent is abnormal and not due to hybridisation as suggested. It is the result of tlie fasciation of the uppermost flowers, and is not uncommon. The cause is unknown. Ppepaping" g-pound (Jr. F., Northumberland).— li farmyard manure of any kind is not to be had, it would be as well to work into the top spit a dre.-^sing of the best Peruvian guano. All the ground for planting should be t-enched two spits deep, unless this would Ining up any bad subsoil. The manure should, of course, not lie buried deep, but iie kept within the top spit. The quantity to use would be at the rate of liozs. per stiuare yard, or 4cwt. to -newt, per acre. Damag'ed Beech leaves (Lady Maxwell).— Your Ueech trees are apparently attacked by one of the " dhot- hole ' fungi. There are some small bright green weevils tliat attack Beech leaves, luit we do not think that the present injury to the leaves is caused by them. The trees are probably too large to spray with any fungicide .such as Bordeaux mixture, so that the only thing you can do is to collect the fallen leaves and burn them. By doing this you will pnibably pi'event an attack next season, or, at any i-ule, you w ill mitiuaii-- it.s severity. Rose foliag^e with tapown patches (H. S. M.).— The transparent and brown patches upon the foliage enclosed are caused by one of the numerous sawfiies. The larvre are small, slug-like insects, tapering in width towards the tail, and exactly the colour of the Rose leaf. Examine the lower leaves of the plant before this damage occurs anotlier year, and you can easily destroy the pest. There is really no cure but hand-picking, uidess you remove the plants to new soil and prune back hard. We usually find this pest upon hot di-y soils, and upon somewhat starved plants. 8ome soot scattered on tlie ground would assist you to keep the pest in check. Dwapf Peas (S. M. D.).— Tf you prefer very dwarf Peas you can have of them really a good selection, for a dozen varieties at least might be named, all good and of diverse seasons. There can be no doubt but that wher-e the soil is naturally shallow, although it may be when dug well manured, these dwarf Peas are best, as they do not make so great a demand on the supporting capacities of gi'ound that taller Peas do. Very early dwarfs, ranging from If) inches to 18 inches in height, and may be sown in drills '1 feet apart, arc American Wonder, peihajis the very earliest, fniere points of shoots are much infested with the fly cut them oft and place them in a pail to lie eventually drowned or burned. Keep the trees partially shaded by double netting, also when the fruit is gathered syringe witli any insecticide freely, and later deluge them with clear water. Late Cherries and ilorellos on north walls will bear severe washings yet. and, on the whole, these washings do as much good as the application of insecticides. Shpub foP hedg'e (IxtjuiUEii).— Yew would be much best for the hedge. The ground should be well prepared at tii'st, and, after planting, the surface should he covered with a mulch of farmyard manure, a good dressing of the same being added to the prepared place both below and at tlie sides of tlie young trees, wliere their growing and feeding roots will reach it after a few months. Frequent waterings the summer after planting will do much good. Yews are much best planted in September, unless the weather is very dry and hot. If they can be obtained from a near nursery they should come by road and be lifted and replanted the same day. Sowing" Ppimula seeds (C. C.).— Whilst it would have been well to have sown Chinese Primula seed earlier, yet there is time to have fair -sized plants to flower in 5-inch pots, and from November onwards. Usual I y seed should be sown aljout the middle of May. It is full good time to sow Cineraria seed. Cyclamen seed is best sown in September early, as the plants need a year to enable them to become bloomers. Calceolaria seed should be sown now. Fill pans witli fine sandy soil, first putting into each some drainage. Press the soil down and gently water it. Let it stand a few hunrs, then sow seed tliinly on the surface, and very lightly strew more of the finest soil over it. Give them a very gentle damping, and stand the pans in a frame or greenhouse, keeping them shaded in hot sunshine and very gently watered as needed. Growth should follow in about fourteen days. Ixias (M.).— These are quite a success in a warm soil and sun. They must have a hot, fairly dry border, facing south, to succeed at all well. Plant the bulbs in the autumn. Standapd and Bush Roses failing- (E. M. D.). — You have doubtless allowed the aphis or green fly to gain the ascendancy upon your plants, and now the ants are after the honeydew the aphis exudes. Syringing with a good strong decoc- tion of quassia chips and soft soap would stop their ravages. Steep lib. of quassia chips in cold water for a few hours, then sim- mer for twelve to twenty- fuur hours in a gallon of water. Add lOoz. of good soft soaj), and then dilute it with water sufficient to make 10 gallons. There is a good preparation sold named " Abol." This would be less trouble and is very etlicacious. The trees are in a very unhealthy condition or you would not find aphis attack Iheiii in this way. Should advise you to apply some liquid niamire once a week and keep the foliage well syringed with either of the remedies recommended. Early in autumn transplatit the plants and either give them some fresh soil and return to their present position or, if possible, select a better piece of ground for them. The March followiiig prune hard, cutting the plants down almost to the ground ; the result will be clean and healthy growth, which will not be a prey to these insects, at least, not in such large numbers. A good trap for the ants would be a jar let into the grouiiil up to it.s rim and put into it a little syrup, rather thick. Thinning' fpuit (G. .T. S.).— You arc frjrtunate this year in having such abundant sets of fruits, as generally we 11 IXFA AUUANTIACA. find that the crop promises to be a fair but not a heavy one. In thinning heavy crops it is as well to begin by at once removing all the smallest fruits, as these would", even if perfected, make a poor sample. Some three weeks later, when the remaining fruits have more fully developed, you can remove possibly one-third or so of what is then left, but much must depend on the nature of the crop, and on trees of all description it is not possilile to state exactly how far apart fruit should lie. Something must always be left to the judgment of the grower. If you want your trees to finish their crops well up, you will do well to give them occasional soakings of \vater and lilteral manure mulchings. Reve d'Op Rose not floweping (W.B.J.).- The one great fault of this rampant Rose is its shy blooming propensity, and yet when well established and left unpruned it is in many gardens a glorious mass of bloom. We have a plant this year covered witli fine trusses of flower. The gi-owths producing the blossom spring from stout wood from l.V inches to 'Ih inches in circumference ; they are trained out to the right and left in a palmate fashion, and the only pruning the plant received was to out out dead wood and one or two worn-out growths. If your plant is a perfect thicket of shoots cut some clean out at once, retaining those produced last year especially, and spread out as mentioned above. Although this will not probal>ly enable you to obtain blossom this season, unless it be very late in the autumn, yet you should have a good crop of flowers next summer. Do not attempt to curtail the long shoots. All the pruning required is to reduce the number of growths when too crowded. Small lateral growths may be cut back if necessary in spring to three or four eyes, excepting where they are extra strong, then leave them from 0 inches to s inches long. If they, however, are not in the Avay, then we should advise you even to leave the laterals unpruned. Probable fpuit cpops (W. .r. C.).— What vou write concerningtheexeellent appearance of the fruiton yourtrees is, so far as we have been able to ascertain, fairly descriptive of the fruit crop genera'Iy. That being so, you must not conclude that you will obtain special prices tor yours when ready. Prices for fruit are usually determined by the nature of the crop bi the country. If it be thin, then they are high ; if abundant then they are low, the plent\- com- pensating the grower for the lowness of price. ' It is undesirable to assume that a crtip of fruit may be worth as much, especially when, in addition to the bulk or otherwise, so much also depends on the sample, and Ikav it may be gathered, assorted, and packed for market. AH that needs knowledge, and that can only be gained by experience. We have continually to be saying, and it is unpleasant to say, that foreigneis lieat us a long way in assorting and packing fruit fur market. Black spot on Tomatoes (WoKUiEiO.-Thedisease in the form of black spot, us seen on the lower sides theof Tomato fruits sent, is, unfortunately, too common, especially early in the season, and we have seen it strongly in evidence in the lunises iif tlie alilest growers. Later, as' the weather becitnies warmer and the plants stronger, more rapidly absorbing and utilising moisture, then it is less seen. It is a form of cladiosporum" generated by minute fungoid spores floating in the house, settling on the fruits, and made fertile because moisture in the form of vapour also settles on the fruits during the night, then condensesand accumulateson the under sides, and such moisture rapidly promotes genuination. You seem to have watered far too lilierally. Twice a week should be ample, and done in the morning, that all vapour might dry ott during the day. 1'he plants can hardly need lit]Uid manure yet ; indeed, such feeding is a prime cause of disease. Dust the plant freely with sulphur. That will fall from the fruit as they swell. Also gather any spotted fruits and bury them. If you choose to make up a solution of sulphate of copper and fresh lime, :ilbs. of each to 20 gallons of water, and give tlie plants an occasional syringing, do so, but the product is poisonous. Water far less, give plenty of air when warm, do not expose plants to cold currents, and be far more sparing with stimulants. In July probably you will liave no troid.)Ic. Pruning copdon Peaps (II. K. T.). — As your cordon Pear trees are now covered with shoots from VI inches to '1\ inches long it is evident that you must practice summer pruning. With the exception of any leading shoot to the tree, cut back to about five leaves every other one. Later you will find that tlie leading or front-leaf bud will send out a shoot. Let it grow G inches, then pinch it one-half its length, and keep pinched any further shoots. In the winter cut back each of these spurs to two or three leaf buds. These in the meantime should have undergone partial change from wood buds to fruit buds, and they would during the next season become so absolutely. If you find these spurs seem to be too thickly set on the trees, and for that reason the fruit buds may be small, then cut out one-third of them hard with a sharp knife or small saw. Books, &c., Rkceived. "The Studio " for June is, as usual, a charming number. There are two articles of especial interest— one liy M. (iabriel Mourey on "The Work of Jean Francois Raffaelli," the other by Mr. W. Shaw Spariow on " Some Water Colour Pictures by Miss Eleanoi- Fortescue - Brickdale." Among otlier features are "Some Recent Examples of the Jeweller's -Vrt in France," anci "The Glasgow International Exhi- bition." Among the pictorial supplements are coloured reju-oductions of drawings by M. Uafiinlli. an., Southampton Street, Stratid, the "Sunday Strand ' and the " Stiand '■ for .Inly, botVi, it is ahuost needless to say, excel- lent numbers full of interesting articles and illustrations ; also "Rodney Stone by Dr. Conan Doyle, issued at six- pence. Suppltment to " The Garden," July 6th, 1901. *8afei»^ GARDEN ^ 1=^?^-^? -^=^« '-=N No. 1547.— Vol. LX.] [July 13, 1901. THE ROSE GARDEN OF THE FUTURE. C""ELY as Koses are and have been hitherto in our gardens, it is scarcely too much to say that the beautiful Rose garden has yet to be made. They have been grandly grown, reflecting the utmost credit on gardeners and raisers, but, as far as v.e are aware, they have not yet been so used as to show all the best that Roses can do for us for the beautifying of our gardens and the gladdening of our hearts. It is not to be expected that the best possible use of Roses should ba commonly seen, for to do it well and worthily the Rose garden would have to be the work of the consummate garden artist ; of one who combines the knowledge that will enable him to rightly form the iilace in relation to its own circumstances and that of its environment, with a just appreciation of form and colour, and an intimate acquaintance with Roses. For among the multitude of Roses that may be had, one has to remember that they are derived from a great many different species, inhabitants of nearly all the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, and that their ways are as different and almost as many as their places of origin. So the maker of the Rose garden has to have a complete knowledge of the wants and ways of his material ; also in designing the garden, whether its lines be free or formal, he will bear in mind its best purpose, which is to present a picture or series of pictures of some of the most beautiful and lovable of flowers, disposed in such ways as may best display their own loveliness, and at the same time take their proper place in the whole scheme. The knowledge needed is not ojihj the first and most necessary thing, which is to be able to grow Roses. This is a purely horticultural matter, which should not be confounded with what comes after. The Roses of the Rose garden must be well grown, the material for the picture must be of the best, just as the artist requires the best quality in canvas, colours, and brushes ; but well-grown Roses only do not necessarily make a Rose garden, and that is why those that we see in many large places, where plentiful labour, and all needful means and appliances are freely provided, leave us with a sense of emptiness and regret, even though the Roses there seen may be of the loveliest, and grown to perfection. When this is felt, and alas ! it is in nearly all so-called Rose gardens, it is because it has not in the first place been considered as a whole, in proper relation to the place itself and all that is about it ; and, secondly, because no intelligent or careful thought has been taken about the arrangement of the details. There are the paints and brushes and the canvas, but where is the artist ? The Rose garden is usually a target of con- centric rings of 4 feet wide beds in turf, with arches at the four sides, and perhaps a meeting place of arches in the centre, and it is often placed in the middle or at one end of a rather large space of turf. Even this rather hack- neyed arrangement may be improved by good colour masses, though we have never seen such a garden that had even this redeeming merit. But now that our eyes have been opened to wider and deeper views of gardening and to a grasp of the subject that is not only more powerful but also more refined, and now that, in obedience to the almost unspoken demand, there has arisen a bountiful supply of new and beautiful things in the Rose world ; now that all is ready for the doing of better work, it is to be hoped that the knowledge of good growing and the e(iually necessary discriminating taste will work together, so that the Rose garden of the future may be so much better than those of the past days, as are the beautiful Roses that we now have than the wildings from which they have descended. Later we shall hope to deal in detail with the subject of the best use of Roses in Rose gardens. EDITORS' TABLE. Marguerite CAR^"ATIO^'S. "As I have had the same experience as R. Dean (page 266) with regard to Marguerite Carnations left in the open all the winter, I am sending you a small bunch of this most useful flower. The plants are strong and sturdy, some measuring IS inches across, requiring little or no staking, and full of bloom. In December we dressed them with an inch or two of fine sifted soil, and about March cut them back to prevent straggling. We also pegged down some of the side shoots. The result is eminently satisfactor}', as only very few plants succumbed to the winter. Frost does not seem to affect them, but I am told snow is often fatal, doubtless because it settles in the joints and causes the plant to rot. — B. M. B., Bedford." [With this note came some capital blooms of these useful flowers, in colourings of scarlet, pink, and white. — Eds.] Some beautiful e.xaniples of Fancy Pansies come from Messrs. Dobbie and Co., the well- known florists, of Rothesa}'. They are all such beautiful flowers that it is almost impossible to pick out any for special mention, but among the purple grounds T. Lauder, Miss Taylor, and Norah Watters are flowers of great beauty. Among the yellow grounds with very large blotches Tom Watters, George Stewart, Robert Whyte, David Russell, Lord Dunraven, and Ladj' Sybil are beautiful flowers. Mr. B. Willbourne is splendid in brilliant purple, dark purple blotch, and citron edges. .John McKaj' is a beautiful flower of the same class, with peacock-like markings on the upper divisions. .John Craiu is a beautiful flower, purple, bordered white. Two charming Pansies, white and light red-purple with deep velvet-purple blotches, are David G. McKa3' and .John Myles. The flowers are of large size, a good number of them being 3 inches in diameter. Sweet Pea Flowers. Mr. Arthur R. Goodwin sends us from the Elms, Kidderminster, flowers of several varieties of Sweet Peas. Prima Donna is of delicate pink colouring, a beautiful flower in every way ; Lady M. Currie, one of the best of the magentas, not too garish ; Miss Willmott, a charming rose-pink ; Hon. F. Bouverie, salmon-pink ; and Prince of Wales, purplish. Mr. Smith, Daisy Hill Nursery, Newry, Ireland, sends many interesting flowers, among them the following : Campanula peksicifolia Glant White and Daisy Hill. Few flowers are more beautiful in the garden at the present moment than C. persicifolia and its varieties, among which Giant White is worthy of note. Its flowers are semi-double, pure white, and massed in the garden make a good effect. Daisy Hill is a variety raised, we presume, in Mr. Smith's nurserj' ; its flowers are blue and without the coarseness of the more double forms of the species. Campanula sieirica var. diverc4ens is a very charming slender-flowered Bell-flower, with flowers of a clear good blue. A good kind for the rock garden or to naturalise if possible in grassy places. Iris spuria alba and I. ochroleuca. In this gathering were also the white-flowered Styra.x japonica, the purple Hedj'sarum multi- jugum, noble spikes of Orchis foliosa, Deutzia crenata macrocephala, and the two tall Irises named at the head of this note. I. ochroleuca is a superb Iris, so late, strong, and rich in colour ; and I. spuria and its forms are as tall, but possessed of a more delicate beauty. A Golden Elder. We have received from jNIessrs. W. Clibran and Son, Oldfield Nurseries, Altrincham, Cheshire, shoots of a very distinct Elder of good colour, the leaves quite cut and rich yellow, ^\■ith no trace of burning through the recent hot suns. It is evidently a tree of much value, and is named Sambucus plumosa foliis aureis. 22 THE GAEDEN. [July 13, 1901. NEW^ AND RARE PLANTS. The following obtained the award of merit of the Royal Horticultural Society on the ind inst. : — Pisiv Mrs. H. Young. — A promising garden or border Pink. The flowers are large, rosy lilac in ' colour, and richl3' coloured with violet-purple in the central and lower parts of the petals. The flower is sweetly scented. From Mr. H. Young, Pans}' Nursery, Cheshunt. Delphinium Dorothy Daniel. — This varietj' produces a large, handsome, and compact spike, the flowers being a violet-purple shade with pure white eye. The solitary flowers, too, are very large. From Jlessrs. James Kelway and Sons, Langport, Somerset. Rose Bellefleuk (H.P.). — A single - flowered kind, or, more correctly perhaps, a semi-double, owing to the addition of a second row of petals. The flower may be best described as an improved Carmine Pillar, being brighter in colour than this and considerably larger. The flowers are fully 4 inches across and ver}' attractive. From Jlr. George Prince, Longworth, Berks. Car.vation Maggie Hodgson. — A fine type of a crimson Malmaison Carnation, the calj'x longer and of more uniform shape than in most of the varieties of this group, perfect in form, no splitting being detected in any flower shown. The variety possesses a pronounced old clove fragrance, and for this alone will be welcomed. From Messrs. W. Cutbush and Sons, Highgate. Spir.ea astilboides Silver Sheath. — This variety of Astilbe japouica was shown under the above name, and we mention both for convenience of reference. The plant is well known, having been some time in commerce, the erect plume-like inflorescence, which is freelj' branched, showing a faint yet decided pale pink tinge amid the white- ness of the plumes. It is an e.xcellent plant, whether in pots or in border groups in sheltered places. From Mr. H. J. Jones, Lewisham. Ca.vna Miss Kate Gray. — A large and showy variet}' with flowers of an orange-scarlet hue, faintly lined with the former shade in the lower parts of the flower. Only a solitary spike was sho\vn, and we have therefore no idea of habit or the height attained bj' the variety. From Mr. H. J. Jones, Lewisham. SCOLOPENDRIUM VULG.ARE SaGITTATO CRISTATUM. — A curious and distinct form of the common Hart's-tongue, each frond bearing two oppositel}- placed crested lobes at the base, the apex of the main frond also being strongly crested. Shown by Mr. C. T. Druery, Shaa Road, Acton. First-class certificate. Shirley Poppies — It is curious that this beau- tiful strain of Poppies has not received earlier recognition from the floral committee, seeing how many years these lieautiful forms have been grown the world over. The flowers are of beautiful shades of rose and salmon, to say nothing of white, pink, and some slightly bordered flowers. Shown by the Rev. W. Wilks, Shirlej' Vicarage, near Croydon. Frst-class certificate. NOTES OF THE WEEK. Miss Ormerod.— With much regret we hear of Miss Urmerod's serious illness. VVe trust that her life, so well employed in the study of matters so nearly allied with the garden and farm, rnay yet be spared for the continuance of the invaluable work that has placed her name in a position of honour among scientists, and for her own enjoyment of her home and flowers in the evening of her days. Edinburgh Botanic Gardens.— Mr. Harrow, wlio for several years has had charge of the glass department in the Edinburgh Botanic Gardens, has, on the retirement of Mr. Richardson, been appointed to the charge of the outdoor gardens as well. Mr. Todd, the well-known Edinburgh florist, has a bit of ground which he stocks with flowers, Roses, Mignonette, and other plants suitable to the purposes of his business, and Sweet Peas not unnaturallj' are one of his favourite flowers. Mr. Todd raises quantities under glass to plant out, but in the case of anj' new sort which he expects to become a favourite, as with Coccinea this year, he goes a step further, and as soon as the plant is sufficiently strong it is decapitated, and the growing point rooted as a cutting. At present he has quite a nice row of that variety from cuttings in his place at Musselburgh. He informs us that roots are produced with certainty, and very freely, and, of course, the "struck" plants form a succession to those raised from seeds. This method of propagation opens possibilities far beyond the mere increasing of a special variet}', and no doubt its adaptability will be dul}' tested by enthusiasts. The Strawberry crop ' in Scot- land is turning out a most abundant one, though the dry weather if it continues will shorten the season considerably. Ro3-al Sovereign is now generally discarded as an outdoor variety. In drj' soils in particular it fails to 3'ield satisfactorilj-. It must, however, be grown, as no other sort quite equals it for pot culture. It is somewhat remark- able that the old Keen's Seedling for early gathering and Elton Pine tor late hold high positions in Scotland. Messrs. Daniels Bros., Limited, Norwich. — It is not often that provincial gardeners can conveniently meet together in numljers, and therefore the gathering of upwards of 200 East Anglian gardeners is especially interesting. Messrs. Daniels Bros., Limited, invited these gentlemen to dinner and to view their trial grounds and nurseries on the 4th inst., and the invitation was most heartily responded to, with the result that a verj' enjoyable time was spent. We hope to refer to this again next week. Superintendent of Leeds Parks.— We are informed that Mr. Allsop, late head gardener to Viscount Portnian, has been appointed Superintendent of the Leeds Parks. There were 21s applicants. Mr. G. Nicholson, Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew, is, we understand, retiring from the position he has so well filled for many j'ears past, on account of failing health, and Mr. W. Watson will we believe succeed him. Eng'lish Iris Empress.— In my garden the English Iris (I. xiphioides) is much more satis- factory for permanent planting than the Spanish Iris (I. xiphium), inasmuch as it does not require the frequent lifting and replanting needed bj' the latter in the greater number of gardens. Thus, one likes to grow some of the best of the named varieties, as well as larger groups of the others and of seedlings raised here. The English Iris is also so graceful in its form and in the way in which its falls droop down that it can be used in many ways. This new variet}', offered, I believe, for the first time last j'ear, is one of the most beautiful I have seen in bloom. Its great charm lies, perhaps, in the broad falls, whicli are wliite, with a margin of deep blue becoming lighter towards the end of the tall and shading irregularly into tiie white of the ground. The rest of the flower is a pleasing com- bination of blue and white. Altogether, the whole look of the flower reminds one more of the lovely I. hevigata than most of the other English Irises. Empress is a beautiful flower, only needing to be seen to be desired. — S. Arn^)TT. Rhododendron hirsutum.— After the beauty of the lij'brid Rhododendrons begins to fade we can, perhaps, find time to appreciate the more modest beauty of the Alpine Rose — Rhodo- dendron hirsutum — whose bright little scarlet flowers are attractive in the rock garden at the beginning of July. With me it comes after the others are over, and helps to brighten the rock garden when flowers of its colour are not verj' plentiful among the plants suited for such a place. It usually grows from 1 foot to 2 feet high, and is thus a most valuable thing for the rock garden. It is, of course, neither new nor rare, which is probably the reason why it is often absent from good collections of alpine flowers. — S. Arnott, Carsethorii, hy Dumfriiu-i, N.B. A g-ood summer Lettuce. — Your correspondent Mr. Wythes refers to several kinds, but omits to mention either the Tom Thumb or All the Year Round. These have the disadvantage of many, of being very old varieties, but after trying scores of kinds during the last twelve or thirteen years, we now confine ourselves to these two. For decoration we grow a few of the crinkled and tinted sorts, but we do not eat them. The Tom Thumb, for early, and All the Year Round, for mid-season and late work, are the best we know : thej' are good to eat, do not run to seed in drj' weather, and form beautifully crisp balls, which break up in the fingers. The Cos Lettuce does not grow properly here : it recjuires a warmer climate to take the bitterness out of it, although it grows to a fair size. Possibly neither of the varieties would be chosen for market work : they are not "showy" enough, but we only grow for our own use. — Thomas Fletcher, Grappenhall, Choihire. Sweet Pea Duke of AATestminster. — This variet}', so far this season, has not come up to expectations. As exhibited at the Crystal Palace last year it was a striking flower, and left the impression on one's mind that, should it prove free-flowering, it w-ould also prove a distinct acquisition. Careful comparison with other varieties places the one under notice at a distinct disadvantage, owing to the meagre character of its display. It may improve in the course of the summer, but at the moment it is not possible to say much in its favour. This is another instance of the toll}' of selecting a variety at an exhibition. At the bicentenary exhibition this varietj' was adjudged first prize in the deep_ blue or violet class. As a matter of fact, the standards are a deep ros3' maroon and the wings purple- violet. — C. A. H. Tufted Pansies Duchess of Fife and others of the same family.— Notwithstanding the recent drouglit tlie varieties in this interesting group of tufted Pansies are flowering well. They embiace Duchess of Fife, light primrose, distinctly edged with blue ; Gold- finch, pale, dull golden j'ellow, irregularly edged with pale purple ; White Duchess, white, also distinctly' edged blue ; and Ardwell Gem, a beautiful sulphur-yellow self, which has held its own among the newer things for years. The first three sorts represent the best of the edged or margined flowers, and the varieties are excellent for bedding. Small pieces planted in the spring quickly develop into handsome plants, and just now the plants are studded with numerous blossoms, eacli on a stout footstalk well above the foliage. The growth quicklj' covers the spaces intervening between the plants. A few plants cut back at the present time will serve the purpose of providing beautiful stocky cuttings for propa- gating in a week or two in anticipation of autumn planting. —D. B. Crane. The Royal Caledonian Horticul- tural Society has lately decided to discon- tinue the spring exhibition, and to hold instead an early summer show towards tlie end of May. Financial losses are largely responsible for the proposed change, and it is thought that the great influx of visitors to Edinburgh during the meetings of the Scottish Church Courts will do much to bring about a happier condition in money matters than has prevailed for some years back. Crystal Palace Fruit Show.— Schedules of the eighth annual fruit sliow, to be held at the Crj'stal Palace, Sydenham, on October 10, 11, and 12, are now ready, and maybe obtained on application to the secretary, 117, Victoria Street, Westminster, S. W. Applicants should enclose a stamp. Royal Horticultural Society.— At a general meeting of tliis society, held on Tuesday, the 2nd inst., thirty new Fellows were elected (making 014 since the beginning of the present year), amongst them being Lady Margaret Boscawen, Lady Bickersteth, Ladj' Tennant, Lady Whitehead, and Surgeon -Colonel Arthur Sanderson, A.M.C. A Lily show and conference will be held in the Society's gardens at Chiswick on Tuesday and Wednesday next. The committees will meet at 11 a.m., and plants, iSc, for certificate will be placed before them as at the usual meetings in the Drill Hall. The gates will be opened at 12 noon July 13, 1901.] THE GAIIDEN. 23 on Tuesdaj', closing at 7 p.m., and at 11 a.m. on Wednesday, closing at 0 p.m.. Fellows admitted free on showing their tickets. A conference on Lilies will be held at 2 p.m. Banks of Roses.— In his delightfnl " Book Abont Roses," Dean Hole says there should be "beds of Roses, banks of Roses, bowers of Roses, hedges of Roses, edgings of Roses, pillars of Roses, arches of Roses, fountains ot Roses, baskets of Roses, vistas and alleys of the Rose." How satisf3'ing it would be to have all these, but, alas ! one needs the space, to say nothing of the means. Theie are but few gardens, however, that could not have a bank or banks of Roses. If Dean Hole could write as above before the advent of so many lovely trailing kinds that we now possess, what would he say to the charming creeping Wichurianas and the brilliant Rambler Roses of the present day ? The question sometimes arises how best to plant a bank with Roses. I prefer the roots to be located where the}' can be cool and receive a natural supply of moisture, so that instead of planting on the summit, as some advo- cate, I would place them at the base and allow the growths to creep up round. We make much of the Hybrid Wichurianas, and rightly so, and I would strongly urge all lovers of these Roses to obtain the newer kinds, such as Alberic Barbier, Rf5ne Andre, and Wichuriana rubra, not omitting the exquisite Jersey Beauty, Ruby Queen, and Pink Roamer ; but there are among the older creeping Roses some kinds whose beauty for banks has not been fully recognised. What can be prettier than Felicit^-Perpetue, its pure white little rosettes so perfect in their outline, or Virginian Rambler, with its splendid trusses of delicate flesh-tinted blossoms ? Then there is the Crimson Rambler, which can be grown in every conceivable fashion and never fail to please. The three varieties named after the Graces — Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia — only need to be planted and allowed time to establish themselves. Then who can refrain from admiring the lovely Ruga or Flora? Queen of the Belgians, too, is a Rose that should be secured, for it is almost Tea-like in its beauty of bud, and was very beautifully shown at the last Drill Hall meeting. There are others, such as R. sinica Anemone, the very rampant Polyantha grandiflora, and the somewhat lesser Thunbergii, all well adapted to covering banks. So used they would certainly afford greater pleasure than Ivy and such-like creepers. — F. Sweet Pea Prima Donna.— It would be difficult to find a more lovely Sweet Pea than this. Although the richly-coloured selfs have much to commend them, there is a charm about the delicate pale coral-pink blossoms of this sort which one rarely meets with in others. It is quite distinct. In my collection the plant does not appear to be so robust as the majority of the others, but because of this it must not be assumed that it is a weakling. As a matter of fact, it flowers profusely; and very rarely indeed do the sprays develop less than three blossoms on each. The form is good and the individual flowers large. — C. Sweet Pea Prinee of W^ales.— Not withstanding the fact that this excellent variety did not receive any special recognition in the rose- colourep section last year at the great exhibition at the Crystal Palace, it still ranks as one of the best Sweet Peas of its colour in cultivation. The plant is of strong growth, and at the time of writing may compare favourably with other well known and robust sorts. For its colour it stands out most distinct among many others, and the flowers are verj' large, with an average of three on each spray. Just now the colour is superb, being a bright rose self. — C. A. H. Sweet Pea Black Knight.— This hand some, dark bronzy-chocolate flower is a distinct advance upon any other variety of this colour previously seen. Planted in clumps with others of various shades of colour its freedom cannot fail to attract attention. It was awarded first prize in the dark maroon class at the bicentenary show, last year, in a goodly competition, and the results obtained thus far this season amply justify the award then made. — B. C. Sweet Pea America. — This is un- doubtedly the most striking flower of the flaked or striped sorts, and deserves a place in all collections, however limited in point of numljcr. It is a distinct break away from what previously existed in this class or type of the flower, and will be appreciated for its bright blood-red flake or stripe on a white ground. It flowers profusel}-, the flowers being of good form, and in a cut state make a lovely vase for decorations. — C. A. H. A trial ground necessary. — The members of the fruit and vegetable committee, on July 5, when at Chiswick, took the unusual course of carrying unanimously a resolution of high commendation of the way in which Mr. S. T. Wright and his staft' had presented the remarkably fine trial of Peas there for the committee's in- spection. A better lot has not been seen there for many years, and it was suggested that advantage be taken of the assembling of the fruit and floral committees at Chiswick on Tuesday next to hold a joint informal meeting for the purpose of con- sidering how far it may be desirable to urge upon the council the importance of securing a good and proper trial garden, for enabling the trial work of the committees to be satisfactorily conducted in years to come. Peas and Lettuces at Chiswick.— A second meeting of the fruit and vegetable com- mittee took place in these gardens on July 5, there being a good attendance of members, Mr. G. Bunyard presiding. Mr. G. Wylhes, Syon House Ciardens, sent a new Melon (Wythes' Victoria), green fleshed, medium sized, well netted, and of such very rich flavour as to secure an award of merit unanimously. The large and remarkably well-grown collection of edible Peas was next examined. Of these a first-class certificate was awarded to Sutton's Prizewinner, heavy cropper and fine pods (height, 3 feet) ; awards of merit were given to Dwarf Telephone ('2 feet). The Sherwood (2 feet). Dwarf Defiance (2A feet), Danby's Stratagem (3 feet), Sharpe's Queen (3 feet). Prolific Marrow (3 feet), Sutton's Per- fection (2J feet). Centenary (3 feet), and Duke of Albany (5 feet). Strange to say, the latter fine Pea has not previously had an award. Similar awards previously made to Alderman, Mansfield Show, and Glory of Devon were confirmed. Old varieties, such as Omega (2A feet), Ne Plus Ultra (~> feet), and Prince of Wales (.3 feet), grown for comparison, were in excellent condition, but lacked the fine pods seen on newer varieties. An award of merit was given to a purple-tipped, long oval Turnip of the style of Jersej' Navet, but larger and better ; also to green cos long standing and fine hearting Lettuces from America, Jumbo and New Yorker ; and to Cabbage Lettuce Duke of Cornwall, very fine and sweet. Three marks were given to a similar Lettuce, Harbinger. The Lettuce trial had been most successful. A few later Peas have to be seen on Tuesday next, and possibly some of the earliest of the numerous Potatoes, of which there is a good trial. Lilies. — Our next issue will be specially devoted to the Lily, and a full report will be given of the conference to take place next Tuesday and Wednesday in the Chiswick Garden. Several illustrations will appear of the rarer kinds, such as Liliura rubellum, and in others the beauty of the Lily in the landscape will be shown. We anticipate a considerable extra demand for copies of this issue, and remind those of our readers requiring additional copies to send in their orders .early. The recent National Rose Society's Show. — This was quite a success, as our report shows. We were pleased to see that the aged president, the very Rev. S. Reynolds Hole, the Dean of Rochester, and the co-secretary, with Mr. Mawley, viz., the Rev. H. D'ombrain, were both present. The tents presented a pretty picture, but the flooring was positively dangerous to walk upon. We shall not be surprised to hear that several nasty accidents occurred. A plea for a British memorial day. — With blare of trumpet and beat of drum Decoration day has come and gone, and all, from the richest to the poorest-^even school children — have felt it to be their day. Flowers were con- tributed in vast ijuantities, the prairies were full of eager little ones plucking everyone's flowers ; and not these alone, but exotics and garden flowers were as lavishly strewed over American deid. Anew the soldiers' graves have been bedewed with tears, the more bitter that many mourners have now a son's or husband's as well as a father's to decorate — sad mementoes of the Cuban and Philippine wars. And it occurred to me, as I watched the school children take tlieir first impres- sions of patriotism, why it is that we have no memorial day. There lies no land under the sun that holds not England's dead, and hearts still bleed from the fearful losses of the Boer campaign. Should we not, then, set aside a day fitly to remember our heroes, homely and fustian as many of them were — "a poor thing, but mine own" — all soldiers of the Queen, every man of them, in the fullest sense of the phrase — so that our and their children in turn should know something of the spirit that fired their breasts? True, their graves, many of them, lie remote, but their regi- mental monuments could be decorated, if not their graves. Let us, then, in the sweet summer time heap flowers over those who hold now the " bivouac of the dead ;" whose dying eyes longed in vain for the sight of English May, or Scotch Heather, or Irish Shamrock ; who never more saw the sweet English lanes, but who died because it is "sweet and profitable to die for one's country." — C. Mac- QUARiE, Chicago, U.S.A. Rose Fortune's Yellow.— I enclose a photograph of my Fortune's Yellow in illustration of the delightful manner in which it has bloomed this season, quite eclipsing all previous perform- ances. It will readily be seen from the photograph that it has been allowed to grow pretty much at its own sweet will, many of the shoots being quite independent of the wall to which the older stems are fixed. The situation evidently suits it, in a warm corner of my back yard facing due south, where it has been simply baked alive during the recent hot dry summers. It was planted in a medium-sized hole dug in the stiff loamy soil of the yard five years ago, in a light mixture of leaf- mould and sand, and has seldom, if ever, been watered since, I have left untouched a slight mound of brick-earth originally put over the roots as a mulching, and no manure has ever been given in any form. We counted over 400 blooms — quite 500 we put them at — and when at its best the bush was indeed a brilliant sight, many gardening friends and neighbours having been to inspect and admire it. I may add that the leaves werenot shed at all. This agrees with the note on this Rose in The Gardkn of June 15, written by ray friend. Captain F. G. Coleridge, whose two trees I know well and have often admired. — S. G. Reid, Yahling. — [The photograph kindly sent unfortunately would not reproduce well. — Ens.] Rosa wichuriana Pink Roamer.— The typical Rosa wichuriana, or Luci:t', is so pretty, with its glossy foliage and its delightfully fragrant flowers, that one welcomes any of its hybrids which preserve its attributes. The earliest of these to flower with me has been Pink Roamer, which is pretty on a low wall with its pleasing green foliage (less glossy, however, than that of the type) and its pink flowers with bright orange-red stamens. It is, moreover, so deliciously fragrant that its little single flowers give as mucn perfume as several of the almost scentless Roses of greater size and with many petals. This fragrance is a strong point in wichuriana. It is to be hoped that the many hybrids now being raised from this pleasing little Rose, which is so useful for trailing in the grass or over a small tree or bush or rock garden, will retain this sweet scent. — S. A. A good late dessert Cherry.— Of early desseit Cherries there are some very good varieties, and few fruits are more useful, as they precede other stone kinds. My note now more concerns the later kinds, as they are most valu- able, as the variety I advise (the Late Duke) will hang such a long time without shrivelling, and is most useful for dessert. I am aware the flavour is less sweet than the earlier fruit, but few fruits have a more agreeable flavour than the •24 THE GARJDEi^. [July 13, 1901. THE BURNET KOSE (R. SI'ISUSISSIMA). one named. I think there must be two varieties. One we have under the name of Ronald's Late Duke is miicli sweeter than another Late Duke. Both are excellent, bear well, and give fine large juicy fruits, which will hang on the trees a long time ; indeed, in the north good dishes are gathered well into October. Those who have room should give late Cherries space, as the Duke varieties named rarely tail to crop, and the trees kept free of aphis in the early summer months give little trouble to keep them clean. The roots should be well supplied with moisture. — W. S. M. Iris oehPOleuca.— This strong growing and distinct species flowers in June and the beginning of July, affording a long succession of its beautiful large flowers, which are white edged and blotched with bright j'ellow. According to Nicholson's "Dictionary of Gardening" the habitat of this stately plant is unknown, but Johnson gives it as the Levant, and the date of its introduction as 1757. This, however, is of little importance to ordinary cultivators of the Iris, numbers of whom have doubtless included this species i]i their collection. Those who do not possess it and value tall conspicuous plants suitable for placing at the back of a herbaceous border, for grouping on the margin of ornamental water, or in the wild garden, will not regret planting it in such positions. Here it grows to the height of ih feet, and many of its flower-spikes carry five blossoms, which are clustered and arranged alternately on either side of the spike. — Thomas COOMBER. Aprieots on west walls.— In the southern parts of the country it is surprising to note how well the Apricots fhri\e on the aspect named, though it is only fair to add the .same success is secured on other aspects. Much depends upon the soil. I think trees on a west wall make a more vigorous growth than on the south. This may not be the case everywhere, but in a very light soil the trees certainly do better on the wall named. They make a very free growth, and I find as long as the trees grow freely there is less fear of canker and disease. Few stone fruits need more moisture in the early summer months than the Apricot, and unless plenty is given the trees will soon show signs of distress — the leaves droop, and the fruits fail to swell freely, being small and dry or flavourleso. Of oour.se, nnich depends upon the soil and position. In some gardens with land much drained more moisture is needed, and mulchings at this time of j'ear (earl^' in July) are most beneficial. We find as soon as a mulch is given the fruits quickly increase in size, and the wood for ne.xt season's fruiting is benefited. — G. W. S. THE BURNET ROSE (ROSA SPINOSISSIMA). Tni.s charming Briar, one of the two native species that are indispensable in our gardens — the other being the Sweet Briar -is one of the few Roses that is content with a poor and dry soil, for it is found wild in dry wastes, often among Heather in open moorlands not far from the sea. It is not only a beautiful thing in itself, but its double varieties, the Scotch Briars, are deliglitful little Roses in our gardens. Both the varieties and the species grow into such thicli masses that even when bare of leaves in winter"the clumps look well furnished, a great merit among Roses. Moreover, the masses of large black hips are also handsome in the late autumn, when the leaves are thinning and when those of them that are left are of a smoky red-bronze colour. THE FLOWER GARDEN. ONCOCYCLUS IRISES AT RYDE. Nl) liardy flowering plant of May can in any degree compare with these, not perhaps so much in gorgeous splendour as in the many ciuaiiit and fascinating cliarms. The interest is increased tenfold wlien the plants are seen to be doing well, ?".'., nuich better than usual, and with the promise, visible in their exceptional vigour and healthy appearaTice, of remaining so as permanent garden plants ; not of an}' one garden, hut of niajiy, if not, indeed, of all. The secret of it all Mr. Hwliank has alread}' told in the pages of The Gakuien, in a note all too brief considering its importance. This secret is /imn. It now seems strange that some one having a garden more or less charged with lime should not long ago have discovered that this is what these plants want. Hitherto they have been but rarely seen, and in no two gardens equally well grown. This is easily accounted for if the lime theory is the correct one, and from what I have seen there can be little doubt that it is so. Some may be inclined to attri- bute Mr. Kwbank's success to the excellent position of his garden in the Isle of Wight, but this does not account for it, for he has been experimenting with these Irises in this garden for twenty-five years with unequal results. Had the splendid climate of the Isle of Wight been specially favourable to these Cushion Irises, success would long ago have been assured, whereas, in Mr. Ewbank'sown words, he greatly regrets not having found out what he now knows twenty years before. It is after many and repeated failures that Mr. Ewbank now declares in favour of lime, not merely to grow them a little better than formerly, but as an essential to their proper cultivation. Now that the need of lime is known a more extended cultivation of these Irises maj' be expected. If this be so it will be very largely due ! to the continued study and enthusiasm put into the work by Mr. Ewbank. Of course, the lime may be introduced in various ways, either in superphos- phate, or in old mortar rubbish, oyster shells, or the like, and naturally in proportion to the class of soil existing. It would be useful if the right proportion of lime could be ascertained, so that we might look forward to having these Irises as permanent garden plants. Frequently in the past one has seen these Irises planted in the best of peat and such vegetable matter as leaf-soil — just the wrong mixture for a lime-loving plant. Quite recently I had an invitation from Mr. Ewbank to spend a day or two with him at Ryde, and very naturally much of this was spent in his garden and among the Irises. The latter were just beginning to flower, and tlie whole colleetion was very full of promise. In this garden these plants are provided with specially- constructed pits, formed with a G-inch front wall and a back wall 21 feet high, into which ventilators are inserted, the "ends being practically open. The great difference in height in the front and back walls is purposely arranged, so that a light may be placed thereon at a given time, and so secure to them the essential condition of prolonged rest, in imitation of that which they receive in their native haunts. So necessary is this, in my opinion, that last year — albeit, a dry and hot summer — I purposely lifted and fully exposed to the hot burning sun some rhizomes of I. lupina and I. Marie that had been more or less weakly in the soil. These dried-up rhizomes were exeeptionall}' weak and poor, and doubtless many would have discarded them out- right, but mj' motive was information, if po.ssible, and I certaiidy obtained it, for these veritable scraps now promise to make good flowering plants again. This out of soil and sun baking system I have much faith in, and almost as strong is my fixed idea for very firm planting, and so placing in position that the rhizome is more or less on the surface all the lime. I have had this idea of firm planting since 187.5, and it came to me from an experience with I. iberica, of which I had then a bed of some 'JOO fine clumps. This bed was raised slightly and sloped to the west, the soil being yellow loam, rather strong. Into this river sand was incorporated, and finally, before planting, the surface of the bed was both trodden and beaten to make it hard. I have never seen Iris iberica in such clumps and in such perfect vigour before or July 13, 1901,1 THE GARDEN. 25 since. How much of the success was duo to the firm planting I cannot say, neither can I say how much must be attributed to tlie loam, which I believe came from Banstead Downs, and therefore, I suppose, overlaid, and probably contained chalk. So strongly do I believe in firm planting, however, that some years ago I suggested in The CIarden that such firmness as I intended could be best secured by planting these Irises as an edging. What is equally important is plenty of moisture in the growing season. But before one can too openly e.xpress belief in this theory, it is necessary to grow the same plants and to flower them each year in succession, for it is comparatively easy to flower a finely developed rhizome that is of the current season's importation. Such flowering, how- ever, in the case of a capricious group like the Iris named, is not convincing. It is quite another matter with plants of home growth, and that have really been built up into clumps in our gardens. In this respect, judging from what I saw of Mr. Ewbank's collection a short time since, there is every hope of the plants becoming established and of making a feature in this richly stored garden in the early months of the year ; here much of the vigorous promise of the plants is the result of a sufficiency of lime in the soil. There- fore, in planting Oncocyclus Irises it should be remembered that, firstly, they must have lime ; secondly, a perfectly sunny spot ; thirdly, to plant in October, or as near this as possible, either in starting a collection or in replanting after a good resting period of the sickly plants ; fourthly, mix at least 1 foot or IS inches of loamy soil with sand and charcoal, adding old mortar rubbish finely broken, limestone chips or bone-meal freely with the soil, into which the roots will presently penetrate — growing plants could even be watered with lime water if need be ; lastly, plant quite firmly, and so that the rhizome is as near the surface as possible. Thus treated the day may be considered not distant when these strangely beautiful and varied flowers will be grown with success by a large number who as yet only admire them with longing eyes. Hampton Hill. E. H. Jenkins. For arranging with other plants in rooms this Mj'osotis is useful and effective, and is, in fact, a most valuable subject in any garden. Messrs. Clibran, of Altrincham, grow large quantities of this plant, and I am sure that if it were better known no gardener would be without it. Stoneleirjh. H. T. Martin. THE SCOTCH BRIARS AS CUT FLOW^ERS. The free way of growing these pretty little Roses makes them charming to arrange for room decoration. Nearly every arching spray takes a good line, the only difficulty Iseing that as each branch must be placed just rightly, and as if they are not fi.xed rather tightly they swing round into unbecoming postures, it is vnAl eithei- to fix them firmly at the base by some of the now well known con- trivances or to put them moi'e simply into something with a small aperture that the stems will fill rather tightly. In this case a black glazed foreign earthenware ]:)ot has been used, whose opening is not more than an inch wide. With this fixing at the top and the bulging form of the pot below the flower- laden branches can be ea.sily arranged in their natural way of growth. MYOSOTIS OBLONGATA ATROCCE- RULEA. The homely Forget-me-not is always much appro ciated by lovers of flowers, no matter how or in what part of the garden it may be situated. The one under notice is quite distinct from those varieties usually cul- tivated for a spring display in the flower garden. These are raised from seed each year, and as the plants go out of flower they are removed to make room for other occupants for summer, or in the case of the semi-wild garden the stock of plants Is replenished from self-sown seeds. I grow annually a large batch of Myosotis oblongata atroccerulea, and the plants remain in flower for several months in a cool greenhouse during winter and early spring. As they go out of flower they are cut down and an abundance of young shoots are soon produced ; these -are taken ofi' with a heel and inserted in pots of sandy soil, and when rooted are grown on freely in a pit or frame through- out the summer, affording them a shift as required. Having saved some seed this year I intend raising some plants in this way in order to ascertain which is the better method of propagation. The constitution of the plants is excel- lent when raised from cuttings, and a well grown batch plays a very important part in brightening up cool glass houses during the dull part of the year. I believe this variety was raised by M. Kotte, one of the large growers round Berlin. The flowers are borne very freely, and are of a very bright blue colour. They are admirably adapted for cutting purposes, for placing in vases with their own foliage, in which position they continue to open A jar fresh flowers for a considerable time. SHOW^ ROSES IN A SUBURBAN GARDEN. " You cannot expect to grow exhibition blooms in or near a town." Such was the reply of one of the Ijest known of the many growers of exhibition Roses, last autumn, to a modest enquiry on my part. I had explained the situation of my garden, which can be briefly summed up, like one would a prospective cab drive, as "within the five mile radius of Charing Cross." "Don't attempt it." This well meant and most disinterested advice, like a good deal of other advice asked for and received, was not, however, followed. I had had two years' experience in my garden of decorative Roses, and they had answered beyond my expectations, so why not try exhibition Roses 1 My first step was to join the National Rose Society, and here let me .say that I can imagine no society that is more helpful to its members, especially its younger members, than this one. Apart from the many official pamphlets, such as "Hints on Planting Roses," \\ith its excellent list of Roses for all purposes, etc., I have found all of its members with whom 1 have come in contact, from the genial secretary, Mr. Edward Mawley, downwards, always willing and anxious to answer any questions and to give a helping hand. To all lovers of the Rose who are not already members I would say join the National Rose Society at once. My ground Ijeing in good order I gave away, I admit with a pang, some fifty decorative Roses of the Tea and Hyl.)rid Tea type, and in place of them ordered only exhibition Roses, partly dwarfs, partly .standards and half-standards. My selection 1 confined to the following, which are given here in a rough order of merit, as far as the results I obtained from them will allow me to judge : —White Maman Cochet, Caroline Testout, Maman Cochet, Killarney, Mrs. W. .J. Grant, Mme. Hoste, Maniuise Litta, Mildred Grant, Marie Van Houtte, Mrs. Ed ward Mawley, Mrs. W. S. Crawford, Souv. de President Carnot, Clara Watson, Souv. de S. A, Prince, Anna Ollivier, Mme. de Watteville, Souv. de Therfese Levet, Caroline Kuster, Mme. Jules Grolez, Antoine Ri voire, and Mme. Eugene Buillet. Of no kind did I have more than three, of most only two trees. The great fault of the above selection, which was my own, and contrary to the advice of all whom I asked, did not become apparent to myself until I had staged my first box. I then found I had made a mistake by leaving out the Hybrid Perpetuals A prejudice, formed when I grew decorative Roses only, had led me astray. They are indispensable ; OF DOUBLE SUOTCn BRIARS. A SPRAY OF THE NATIVE BlIKNET ROSE ^R. SPINOSISSIMA;, FROM WHICH THEY ARE DERIVED, LIES ON THE TABLE. 26 THE GAEDEN. [July IS, 1901. without them your Ijox will lack colour and brightness. Having planted, staked, and mulched my Roses, I left them (wilhout any protection lifyond earthing up the dwarfs) to the tender mercies of our climate. They all came safely through the winter, and it may interest one of your readers, "E. R D ," with whom 1 had a little correspondence through your columns last autumn on the respective merits of beds below or on the surface versus raised beds, to know that the only Rose I lost last winter consisted of a tAvice removed old cut-back that was practically dead when planted for a second time. In due course they were pruned rather later than usual. 1 am inclined to believe in pruning late. One certiinly gtts rid of many grubs and eggs by so doing, but not by any means all. A deadly war must be carried on through April and May, especially against the maggot, the enemy /ncile j^rincej/s of the Rose. Then green fly requires attention, and the earlier the better. From the above Roses I have cut many excellent blooms, in fact all of the trees have had .show blooms on them at one time or another, but owing to the very early season I cut many Roses in May. Most ot my best blooms were over before the shows started, still I put up a box at Richmond with very satisfactory results, and I had the happiness of being congratulated by the well - known e.xhibitor aforesaid, whose comment, on being shown my box, was " Well, I would not have believed it possible ' " We may have had an exceptional season, though as far as I can gather that is not the general opinion, but I have succeeded in growing genuine blooms fit for exhibition within the five mile radius of Charing Cross, and my sole reason in acceding to the editors' request to write an article on the subject has been the hope that it may encourage some others similarly situated and close to towns to go and do likewise. If they do they will not, I am sure, regret it. Herbert E. Molyneux. Bfdntwood, Balhain, S. W. THE MODERN ROSE GARDEN. Is planting a Rose garden, be it on a large or small scale, the main point to be kept in view is that the Roses should flourish. It is pitiable to see in an elaborately arranged rosary stunted growths, stindards with pjny heads, and pillars unclothed with verdure. But this is far too often tlie case, simply through ignorance of the planter as to the preparation of the soil or tlie selection of tlie varieties. It is (|uite as practicable to have an artistic arrangement as it is straiglit beds and borders. But too often immediate effect is con- sidered, which is most detrimental to the ultimate well-being of the plants. If it were possil)lc to locate a new rosary upon a meadow adjoining the garden propel- tliis would be my ideal position. How the plants revel in a well-trenched loamv soil ! What vigour and hcaltli there is in leaf and shoot ! Failing this arrangement then no e.xpensc should be spared to fill the beds with good turfy loam to a depth of at least 2 feet ; but 3 feet would be better. Roses planted early in autunui in such beds are nearly always a success. I have known masses of such varieties as Mme Eugene Resal, Laurette Messimy, Souvenir de Catherine Guillot, &c. , to make marvellous growth in well-prepared beds, whereas in some gardens one finds them sim))ly dwindling away although good selected plants were set out ear'ly. Some- times one hears the remark that the Hyl)rid Porpetuals are growing beautifully, but the Tea Roses are a failure, and this failure is often attributed to the stock wliich the plants are budded upon. It is far better to suit the soil to the stock than to try and grow A\hat is not practicable. As the majority of the exquisite Tea and Hybrid Tea Roses are budded upon seedling Briars, then by all means when these predominate give then" a good deep root run, and, moreover, add gi'it and burnt earth to assist the drainage. The beds or borders for these should be elevated about 12 inches from the surrounding level, the raised sides being turfed. Where the seedling Biiar is used for Hybrid Perpetuals I should ad\ocate raised beds even for these, but plants on Manetti thrive best in level beds. Such arrangements as these can hardly be termed out of the way preparations. A few cart loads of loam are procurable for a small sum, and the extra expense incurred will well repaj' the planter. Next to the question of soil arises that of distance to plant the bushes, for these will certainly predominate in most rosaries. I am more than ever convinced that Hybrid Perpetuals require hard pruning. By that I mean reject all wood over two years old. Let anyone just now examine their plants of this class and they will see what liealthy growths spring from last year's wood. Even if a plant has Ijut two or three such healthy shoots it is better than a mass of stunted, maggot- eaten growths. Therefore this tribe may be planted from IJ feet to 2 feet apart. I consider 2 feet apart plenty close enough for the Teas and all Roses allied to them ; they may appear scanty at first, but the result will justify such planting, and until the plants meet the ground may alwa3's be carpeted with Violas, although we are told the Rose should have no rival to encroach on its preserves. I consider Violas, if harmoniously blended with the Rose, not only a very lovely additional feature, but they also aet as a mulch, and are far more sightly than surface dressings of manure. Roses can be stimulated by giving good lasting fertilisers in the soil without making the Rose garden horrid-looking witli coatings of manure just wlien tlie plants are in bloom. A well- ari-anged rosary should always be prOA'ided with liroad walks, and preferably of grass. This is not only more comfortable for getting among the beds and Ixirders, but in dry seasons it is most important tliat the water barrow should be taken close trj the plants. Is it possible to imiirove present daj'arrange- iiient of the various tribes ? I think it will be freely conceded that there is much room for improvement. Planting tlie ramblei' tribe on mounds or high banks give a lofty appearance, and provide at tlie same time shelter from nortli and east winds. The dell garden at Kew is what I sliould like to see as the approach to every rosarj-. A glorious mass of Carmine Pillar, as there displayed, is a perfect picture just now, the gorgeous colouring of the thousands of flowers relieved with the beautiful pale green foliage, and backed up by a stately Holly, is perfection in grouping- Then tlie high bank of the Dawson Rose and flanked by Rosa multiflora is seen to such advantage. A group of the single Austrian Yellow (R. lutea) in front, growing like a Willow, and planted on the level makes the masses behind all the more imposing. High mounds of Crimson Rambler, with the myriads of buds upon the waving growths, and further on another huge bank of the evergreen Rose Flora, with a plant here and there of Blairii No. 2, provides this opposite side of the dell with a succession of flower to follow the single kinds. Now to have sueli an arrangement as this, spanned here and there with an arch, covered with the exquisite free-flowering YelloM- Rambler Electra or the dainty Euphrosyne, would make an ideal approach to the most elaborate rosary. Having so many fine hai-dy Rambler Roses at our dispo.sal, a light but lofty structure in the centre of the Rose garden eould ipiickly be covered. This structure must not be at all ponderous, but it should rise to a considerable height, so that surrounding arches are given their meed of pro- minence. The various angles of the beds and borders may be planted with a Pillar Rose or a standard. Isolated bushes are in good taste, .so also are the 5 feet and 6 feet stemmed standards when budded with half pendulous kinds. A lieautiful Pillar Rose in the centre of a bed with a low growing mass of bushes around has a splendid appearance, and where the beds are so arranged that four paths diverge from a given spot, two arches intersecting each other and well covered with growth, give the rosary an imposing appear- ance. The Pillar Rose must ere long be a very important feature of a modern Rose garden ; so many of the newer kinds are best grown in that form. I would caution the planter against the too free use of the fleeting tj'pc of Rose in prominent positions. Let these be planted alternately with such free and perpetual kinds as it is possible to procure. The nianj' single species and varieties are more fitted for the shrub border than the Rose garden, unless the latter be on a magnificent scale ; then I would say plant all kinds. This modern rosary must of necessitj' consist mainly of the glorious profuse flowering Teas, Hybrid Teas, and Chinas, but the useful and fragrant Hybrid Perpetual, that up till now has served us well with grand colours and fragrant blossoms, must not be forgotten. Hedges of Penzance Sweet Briars, Rugosa Roses, also Scotch Roses and Austrian Briars, must be, of course, in the modern rosary or surrounding it. One of the approaches could be planted with the lovely Moss tribe, another with the sweetly pretty Rose Celeste, other approaches with the common blush China and the vigorous Bourbon Roses. Then by disposing of these commoner yet indis- pensable kinds the rosary proper can be filled with the excpiisite and free-blooming sorts that are now procurable. Naturally they will consist of varieties according to tlie owner's taste, but I imagine Roses with such perpetual flowering characteristics as Griiss an Teplitz, Enchantress, Mme. Abel Chatenay, Viscountess Folkestone, Hon. Edith (Jiftbrd, Marie Van Houtte, Corallina, Caroline Testout, ilrs. W. J. tJrant, Mme. Hoste, (i. Nabonnand, Papa (Jontier, La France, Canioens, Marquise de Salisbury, Mine. Pernet Duclier, &c., will be found in such numbers as will display the beauty of these lovely kinds. A greater variety can often be employed if Roses of one shade of colour and similar habit are located together. This re(piires considerable knowledge as to the ultimate growth of each kind, but any large grower who furnishes the plants would willingly gi\'e his experience to aid in this direction. Rambler Rose. HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSES. It has become the fashion of the last year or two to bestow all one's praise on the Tea, Hybrid Tea, and decorative varieties, and the H.P.'s, which have been with us so man}' years, are gradually getting neglected, both in the Press and the garden. But soon there must come the inevitable cry : " Where are the lovely dark Roses?'' and, how- ever beautiful a bed of Viscountess Folkestone may be, it would be much enhanced by the company of a lovely dark variety such as (Teneral Jacqueminot, introduced into this country in ISo.'i, and still one of our best Roses for all purposes. The Hybrid Perpetuals have got somewhat into disrepute owing to the short time they are in flower ; also, many kinds raised and sent out with flourishing descriptions, upon trial are found to be simply plants that struggle and produce one good bloom, anil then give up the effort to grow, being too much for them. If such kinds as the.so had never been sent out, and greater attention had been paid to the growth, free-flowering, and con- stitution of the Rose, the Hybrid Perpetuals would still hold the pride of position ; for it is a well- known fact, go where you will, it is always the dark red and the deep pink Roses that are in favour and comnianil the most admiration. 153' far the greater part of these are from the Hybrid Perpetual class. The term "Hybrid Perpetual" almost leads one to suppose the varieties should bo always in flower, but, as a matter of fact, in this instance it means flowering in summer and autumn. True, they do not produce as many blooms in the autumn as one could wish, and some even do not bloom at all in that season of the year, but they are valuable, nevertheless, as I will attempt to show. ^ ■ July 13, 1901.] THE GARDEN. 27 There are many H3brid Perpetuals which do not bloom until comparatively late in the summer ; others bloom quite early, but do not bloom again that year. By judicious selection and planting a succession ancl contrast of colour can be obtained, both early and late, with varieties that only bloom once. Let us suppose there are two large beds (either opposite or beside one another), and it is de.iired these beds should give a good displaj' about June, and again in August, and each bed to show a distinct colour. It will be necessary to plant two varieties in each bed, and the bushes should be fairly close together, sa}', 18 inches from plant to plant. In one bed put Mme. Gabriel Luizet and Auguste Rigotard, planted alternately ; in the other bed Captain Hayward and Baroness Roth- schild. Mme. Gabriel Luizet is very early flower- ing, and will be a blaze of pink about the middle of June. Captain Hayward is equally earl}', and in the opposite bed will be a glorious flood of rich red. When they are over, Auguste Rigotard (red) will soon begin to flower, and Baroness Rothschild . (light pink) will be a beautiful contrast. No doubt someone will say, "But why grow these Roses at all if they only flower once, when we can get similar sorts to flower twice ? " True, you can get similar sorts, but there is no early pink Rose that will flower in such pro- fusion and produce such quantities of absolutely perfect blooms as will Mme. Gabriel Luizet. Captain Hayward flowers at every shoot, the blooms are large and exceedingly bright ; in fact, they are two varieties that no Rose lover should be without, and, if grown in quantities as described, are sure to give unbounded delight. As regards the other t ivo sorts, Auguste Rigotard is one of the best late- blooming red H.P.'s, and everyone knows the beautiful pink Baroness Rot h s child Rose. There are many varieties that give a good account of themselves in respect to second flowering, and to name a few of the ver}' best I can confidently recommend the following, as they are all good growers, hardy, and flower freely : — flowers similar to our hybrids, and carrying the vivid colours of Duke of Edinburgh, Charles Lefebvre, &c., we must not neglect our Hybrid Perpetuals. Colchester. B. E. Cant. ROSE LEUCHSTERN. Visitors to the flower show at the Temple Gardens had an opportunity of seeing this fine novelty grown as a pillar or pyramid in a pot. That it will be much used for this purpose was manifest, judging from the high encomiums passed upon it. Apart from the beautiful combination of pink and white in the single flower, the variety has the distinct and valuable characteristic of retaining the blossom until all the buds have developed. This makes it a very useful Rose, a great advance over the many single kinds placed Alfred Colomb Clio Charles Lamb Dupuy Jamain Duke of Edinburgh ... Fisher Holmes Mme. Victor Verdier... Mrs. Sharmau Crawford ITlrich Brunner A.K.Williams Charles Lefebvre Crown Prince Doctor Andry Duke of Wellington ... General .Tac(iueminot... Mrs. John Laing Prince Arthur Bright red. Flesh colour. Bright red. Bright cerise. Crimson. Purple-crimson. Light crimson. Rosy pink. Cherry-red. Bright carmine. Velvety crimson. Purple-crimson. Carmine-red. Velvety red. Scarlet-crimson. Soft pink. Rich deep crimson. From an exhibitor's point of view, the Hybrid Perpetuals are indispensable, for they form his stronghold. However good a stand he may have of Teas and Hybrid Teas, he must have colour to show them off, and a stand without dark varieties is flat and rather unattractive. The same holds good in the garden and the house. Until there is a, race of hardy Hybrid Teas giving us the bold ROSE LEUCIISTERX. {Drawn by H. G. Moon from flotvprs sent by Messrs. iVm. Paid and Son. Slightly reduced.) on the market. The corymbs contain from thirty to fifty buds and blossoms, and lend themselves .readily to table and other decorative work, as the Penzance Sweet Briars have done, and they are more lasting than these lovelj' Roses, although without their delicious fragrance. Outdoors Leuehstern develops a very rich shade of pink at times, which accentuates in a remarkable manner the white eye. Although a Rambler Rose, it has not the rampant habit of Crimson Rambler, but it resembles that variet}' in leaf and wood, and also in its capability of flowering when treated as a dwarf bush. There are few more beautiful single Roses than this. Its flowers are a pure pink with white centre, and so freely borne that the whole plant is a mass of colour. It is a Rose for planting over pergola, pillar, arch, and arbour. E. ROSE NOTES FROM A W^OR- CESTERSHIRE GARDEN. The long drought has come to an end at la.st, and the welcome rain is pattering down on tlie dust- dry earth. Very patiently we have waited for it, so have the birds, who seem quite overjoyed as they hop over the dusty parched lawns. In spite of drought and rough wind. Tea Roses could hardly ha\'e been better ; they are so clean and so lavish of bloom. May frost, their greatest enemy, did not troulile them, and the warm weather in May suited them well. Caterpillars certainly have been troublesome, and many mornings I have come into breakfast hot and with an aching back from my endeavours to check the ravages of these voracious pests, only too well known to rosarians. Mj' motto is "Sapiens qui prospicit" when I see two Pvose leaves deftly woven together and tr3'ing to look happy and natural, while all the time a hidden enemy is quietly gorging itself with their tender juices. Of course it does not follow at all that, after you have patiently ex- plored the first hiding place you come to, you will find 3'our enemy. On the contrary, he is probably on those leaves lower down, which j'ou thereupon examine, only to find him not at home, and eventually to cap- ture him at the third attempt, safely conceak d between two leaves near the bottom of the plant. I almost fanej' that these caterpillars breakfast in one apartment, lunch in another, and dine in a third, although the quality and variety of the menu cannot difi'er much, unless it be that each leaf possesses a distinct flavour. But tliis supposition applies even more to the buds than to the leaves, and sad havoc has been wrought this season. A large trade grower informed me that he had hardly ever had such a plague to cope with. A properly manipulated finger and thumb are the best engines of destruction hitherto discovered. One evening a friend who is an ardent entomo- logist paid me a visit and found me at work among my Teas. To him I dilated on the inutility of caterpillars in general and of Rose eating ones in particular. He did not, however, fall in with my views, and notwithstanding the fact that he actually practises ^■ivisection on them and mounts them in glass cases along witli his butterflies and moths he manfully took up the cudgels on their bijhalf, and argued their case in a most lawyer-like manner. An enthusiastic disciple Ol Edw-ard Newman, he tried to convince me that all cater- pillars have their uses, even if they do destroy a beautiful bud of White Lady, which you were fondly hoping would win a medal at the Slushtoii Rose'Show. "Caterpillars," he said, "are some of the most industrious of insects. These you are so mercilessly destroying work quite as hard as the silkworms." I have, however, alw-ays been convinced of their energy and industry, but their utilitv is quite another matter. The first Rose, away from a wall, to bloom was that hardy pink Tea' Princess Marie d'Orleans, which opened on May 24. This was foUow-ed by that pretty Polyantha Rose, the Dawson, on the ■27th, Aglaia and Rugosa on the 29th, JIme. Berard on the 30th, and Souvenir de Catherine Guillot and Marie Van Houtte on June 1. Last year we picked the first Tea Rose on June 1.5, so that we were three weeks earlier this season. "Patience," says Rousseau, "is bitter, but the •28 THE GAEDEN. [July 13. 1 901. fruit is sweet." Aglaia has brnuglit this moral home to me in a most prac-tical fashion tliis year. Three years ago we made a small pergola leading Heucheras are most estimable plant.s from the garden to the tennis lawn, and planted it with such Roses as Reine Olga de Wurteniburg, Mme. Berard, Crimson Rambler, and others, including Aglaia. The second year they all grew well with the exception of the latter, which, how- ever, outgrew all the others and got a very bad name on account of its thorns. A note by "Philomel" in The Oartien advised patience, so I let it grow at will, only taking care to train the long shoots down, and tie them in so as to ensure their ripening. This year I am rewarded, for it is simply covered from top to bottom with masses of its pretty fragrant flowers, which open a bright yellow, and gradually fade to white with age. It is a cross between Rosa Poh-antha and Reve d'Or, and derives both scent and colour fr'om the latter. I am never tired of admiring Pernct-Ducher's lovely Tea Rose Beaute Inconstante. In my opinion" it easily eclipses even the beautiful Souvenir de Catherine Guillot, and I should think a more brilliant colour can hardly be obtained. That ex{(uisite hybrid Tea Mme. Jules Grolez has been very good this time. It is undoubtedly a capital Rose, and it holds its large fragrant pink blooms, which are reflexed in a most charming manner, well u]) on sturdy stalks. Antoine Rivoire is another favourite here, and although described as a very bad gr(jwer when first distri- buted, I cannot honestly say that I think it deserves this raputation. No douVjt these free- flowering hybrid Teas demand and d iserve high cul- tivation, especi- ally those that produce such e lormous flowers as do the La found tlic former very beautiful mixed with the wild Sweet Wood- ruff" (Asperula odorata), which is planted in good garden soil in a shady spot in order that it ma}' make longer growths tlian it does in its native wood. Tlie white form of Heuchera sanguinea is useful too, Ijut not nearly so desirable as micrantha, wliich is even lighter and more graceful than the well known Gypsophila paniculata. The rain has just stopped, and save for a gentle rustle of the wind among the trees, all is peaceful in the garden. Daylight is fading, but still the birds are singing their thanks for the bounteous showers. How fresh everything smells and how much greener tlie lawns look alreadj'. The Eglan- A' HYBRID NOISETTE ROSE M.ME. ALFRED <'ARR1ERE. tine fills the air with that fragrant incense about which Dr. Macquay sang years ago : " The Elms and Oaks scarce seem to know When tV,e whispering lireezes come or go ; Hut the bomiie Sweet Briar, slie knows well ; For she has kissed them— and they tell : And bear to all the west and south The pleasant odonis of her mouth." OrarcKcwI. AmiiUR H. (iooDWiN. ROSE MME. ALFRED CARRIERS AS A CUT FLOW^ER. Late in the .suninier and througliuut the autumn many are the Uoses that may be cut long stalked for free arrangements in water ; but early in June there is only this one good Rose that can be so used. Mme. Alfred Carrii'i-e, classed as a hybrid Noisette, has large pale leaves of the Tea Rose character and large loose flowers of a low toned warm white, capital to gather into a loose bunch in the hand and put straight in water without FINE form of Rosa l.-Bvigata is por- trayed by Mr. Moon in the accom- panying drawing. It is growing on the walls of Butt's Hill, Kingswear, South Devon, the residence of N. Baker, Esq. It is planted beneath a narrow balcony in a southern exposure, and is entirely sheltered from the north and east. It covers the wall beneath the balcony for a distance of over 30 feet, drapes the balcony itself with flowers and foliage, and has ascended the wall above to a height of 30 feet. It was received a few years ago from Abbotabad, in North - west India, and has thriven amaz- ingly, being a lovely sight when covered with flowers in May and early .lune. It usually commences its bloom display in April, but in the present year, owing to "the lateness of the season in the south-west, did not expand its earliest blos- som before the month of May. Although not llowering this year with the ]irodigal abun- dance it usually d i s ] 1 1 a y s , it holds at the time of writing over 200 blos- soms, the in- dividual flowers being of greater dimensions than ever, some of the blossoms that I have measured having been fi inches in diameter, though as a rule tliey rarely exceed ."li inches. I have been permitted, through the courtesy of the owner, to send flowers to many interested in Roses, and all have been unanimous in recognis- ing the excellence of the form. C'uttings from this Rose rarely flower freely in a small state, but one at Mr. T. B. I'.olitho's garden at ( ireenway-on-the-Dart, which has now covered about lOti square feet of wall, has reached a floriferous state. The native habitat of Rosa hevigata, which is held to be .synonymous with R. sinica, is China, but it has been naturalised in many parts of the globe. Thus, from its introduction and estalilishment in the United States, it has earned the title of Cherokee Rose, while it has also been common in tiie West Indies for a long ]ieriod, and is also naturalised in India. With this wide range, it is only natural that a considerable variation should occur in seeillings, but as far as I know no larger-blossomed form than the elaborate arrangement. It grows and blooms I .subject of the ilUtstration exists. Certainly July 13, ]901.] THE GAEDEN. 29 the blooms of the so-called Camellia Kose of the Riviera, which I believe to be R. sinica, do not, either in specimens I have seen on the Mediterranean shores or in England, approach itiri'size. Rosa gigantea has, I believe, never bloomed in the open in this country, and on my last visit to Kevp I was informed that the two great plants grown under glass at the Royal Gardens had not as yet produced flower. The diameter of the blooms of this species is affirmed to be 5 inches, which is less by an inch than that of the best flowers of the form of R. hevigata, of which I write, so that, even if the former were a free bloomer, it would not com- pare with the latter for size of individual flowers. R. lievigata is well worth a trial by anyone in the south- west who can aflbrd it a sheltered situation on a south wall. The flowers have a faint aroma of ripe Pear, which is very pleasing. A photograph of a small portion of the Rose in ques- tion appeared on page 207, vol. liii., of The Garden. S. W. F. of this Rambler, Paul's Carmine Pillar was sent out and quickly grew into favour ; so far it has given no direct progeny. Polyantha grandiflora is the finest hedge Rose there is-- an example at Che.shunt is 50 yards or more long, 1-2 feet high, and 10 feet or ]2 feet across — on both sides virtually avalanches of flower. Psyche, a seedling between Rambler and a Tea, won favour quickly ; it flowered so freely that it could be well exhibited, and is the best white companion to Crimson Rambler. It is quite as fine and showy. Your contributor SOME LATE FREE- GROWING ROSES. There has been a growing discontent with present Rose gardens, and the almost sole use of the fine exhibition Roses for garden decoration, to the exclusion of the free- growing Ayrshire and other climbers. These were creep- ing to the front when Turner's Crimson Rambler came out, and it was found that to use it well in the garden it must have its own free way, and not be pruned, trammelled, or ccmfined. But it would not do to have a garden of all Crimson Rambler, so others had to be found to give variety to our Pillar Roses, hedge Roses, and bush, fountain, and other forms of free garden Roses in contrast to the Rambler. The novelties came from many sources. The Ger- mans began with the three Graces — Thalia (white), Euphrosyne (pink), and Aglaia (yellow) ; they are pretty and free, and, though only summer blooming, are useful for pillars and hedges. But for quality the two last are already superseded by the Dawson Rose from Har- vard, a brighter pink and more free flowerer, and by Mr. Gray's beautiful autumnal Alister Stella Gray as a yellow. This my firm distributed in 1894, but it takes five to six years for a climbing Rose to be known and freely used. This Rose also supersedes Claire Jacquier, a non- autumnal. Encouraged by the success .S.I;/- /^r^ "P." in his note of it in last week's Garden has too slight a knowledge of this Rose. Writers should be careful of condemning without full knowledge. The last addition to these Roses is Eleanor Berkeley, an American seedling, to which with consent I attached a popular name in the Rose world. It is a mixture of pink and white, in beautiful forms of extreme lightness and as a KOSA L.EVIflATA. (From a dranivfj bp H. G. Moon. Slightly reduced.) grower will be a light coloured companion to the Dawson Rose. Leuchstern, a German JP variety, a single Rambler with a pretty white eye, which gives the individual flower the appearance of a Cineraria, is exceptionally free and of the '^■■i,: greatest beauty as a pillar in the garden. The new type of Rambling Tea, which I exhibited at the Royal Horticul- tural Society's m e e t i n g o n ■'59!^ , June 18, is a \_ -^ cro.ss between a seedling Tea and a Rambler raised by Mr. George Lang Paul. Miss W i 1 1 m o 1 1 selected it at the nursery, and as it grows most vigorously and is of a colour of salmon fawn and a yellow base, it seems likely to be useful. Just now some seedlings of Beaute Incon- stante crossed with Rambler are very beautiful. These were distributed last year. Purple Earl is of tremendous vigour, large bunches of ]iurple flower, and a tendency to autumn flowering. Wallflower is a semi-double light crimson, with a habit of clothing itself with flowers from base to tip. The Lion is a single crimson with white eye of equal vigour and even more free than Carmine Pillar. The conspicious LTna is another cross, Dijon Tea X a ramble Rose. You gave an illustration from a photograph of it on a trellis last year. The trellis is finer even this year. It is a light fawn, changing to white. The large flowers at a little distance are more like a Clematis than a Rose, Alas ! it is not perpetual. 30 THE GAUDEN. [July 13, 1901. Veitch's Electra is charming, a cross from William Allen Richardson and multiflora ; it has bunches of yellow flowers produced with great freedom. ' At the Drill Hall as a half Standard it was charming. Eubin, a new reddish carmine, is now in flower ; it is distinct in colour and good in growth. Cooling's Purity is a good pillar Rose, some- what double : useful as a large-flowered white. So far for the newer climbing Roses. In Eugf)sas one must expect good things. Atropurpurea is a fine advance in colour, almost a maroon - crimson ; the foliage is distinct. Helvetia, a white from Switzerland, has a starry single white flower. I fancy the novelties of the season will be the newer Wichuriana Roses, Jersey Beauty (single yellow). Gardenia (double yellow), Alberic Barbier (double deep yellow), and Rene Andre (a double flower of a new form of yellow, red and orange). All have the creeping habit and glossy leaves of the type, and should be ]jlanted on tlie top of a bank and allowed to creep down when they will form Rose carpets of much interest. Geoeue Paul. ROSE NOTES. White M,im.4N Cuchet. This is one o£ the best Roses in existence. As a show Rose it has the unusual merit of nearly always coming true, a split or quartered iiower being almost unknown. Anyone can grow it — it i= not difficult, like too many of our show Roses that can only be grown by the expert— and for beauty I consider it a type of what a good Rose ought to be. The name, perhaps, is liardly accurate, there being a distinct lemon shade in its petals, but that, to my mind, is preferable to white. KiLLARNEY. This is another show Rose of recent intro(luc- tion that can be recommended. The colour is a delicate pink that is quite distinct. Its only fault is that its petals are few, and the Rose apt to come thin, but its staying powers are really wonderful. Few Roses can beat it in this respect. Gkuss an Teplitz. This decorative Rose has come to slay. The blooms are medium in size, pretty in form, and of an excellent colour that cannot easily be accurately described. It has also the merit of being the most graceful growing Rose I know ; the foliage, too, is excellent. It is of semi-olimbing habit, and makes a capital standard. A leading nurseryman told me that he sold out of this Rose early last autumn, and he anticipates a big demand this, so those who want to try this Rose must order early. Two Good Clihp.eks. For a contrast on an arch or pergola two very satisfactory Roses are Ard's Rover and Mme. Alfred Carricre. The latter is well known, its white blooms always open well, and are very pretty. The former is a newer variety, but I am inclined to consider it the best dark refl climber we have. It has been more admired in the garden this summer than any climVjer I have, and although by no means in a good position has done well. I believe it originated at Dickson's Nursery in Ireland. It should be more grown than it appears to be. H. E. M. SCOTCH BRIARS IN HOUSE AND GARDEN LANDSCAPE. The two illustrations show one of the many uses of the charming Scotch Briar.s. A small house of the large cottage class stands on gently sloping ground. On the sunny side a small space of lawn, soon merging into copse, is at one end about 2 feet above the house level, sloping down to the actual level at the Qther. Ne.xt the house is a narrow border of Rosemary and China Rose, and then a patli. The question arose how best to deal with a piece of dry walling right and left of the shallow steps that give access to lawn and wood. It was decided to make a narrow peat fied for small Andromedas at the bottoni of the wall, whose top, following the slo|>e of the ground, dies out at the level at the further end, and at the top to plant Scotch Briars, which should bush over towards the house and meet the lawn on the upper side. The two pictures show the hedge of Briars after four years' growth, the one with the house being taken from the highest end of the lawn, and the other from close to the door that shows by the side of the long parlour window. GARDENING OF THE WEEK. THE FLOWER GARDEN. WITH the end of June came a most welcome break to the longdrought which kept the watering pot busy and plants in a semi-starved condition. The rain has made a wonderful diU'erence to the outlook, growth even in this shoit period being quite perceptible, and one may now hope for a good flower season. Lawns are nnich refreshed, and mowing, which had been practically suspended, will be resumed im- mediately ; also a frequent use of the roller will do the surface much good. Once or twice a year it is advisable to use the scythe, in addi- tion to the lawn mower, on any patches containing wiry grass that the mower only bruises. If this is carried out now these coarse grasses or "bents" will give very little more trouble, and the general appear- ance of the lawn during the autumn will be greatly im- proved. Young Trees. Where these are supported either by stakes or "guys" the ties ought to be loosened once or twice a year, and as tree growth hasbeen rapid this spring the swelling of the stems will be greater than usual, consequently it will be wise to .see to them so that the bark may not be in- jured by the tight- ness of the binding. Guy ropes are far safer than stakes, as the latter are sure sooner or later to chafe the' bark, as they have to be rigidl}' tied into liosition, while the ropes may be fairlj' slack to allow tor a little play with the wind, and may at the same time be so arranged as to srOTCii take the strain from whichever waj' the wind blows. BuLns AND Roriiii Grass. An objection to planting such things as Narcissi in grass is that the latter has to be left rough. This is true only to the extent of the early half of the year, and it ma}' now be made quite present- able, the bulb leaves having been ripened off by cutting it closely over, the cutting being resumed at intervals throughout the summer. By rather frequent cuttings in this waj' the coarser grasses are kept down and the finer ones increase. An}' bulbs for planting in grass that have not yet been planted should be put out at once. Pinks. Where time can be devoted to la}'ering Pinks this is the best method of raising strong plants, carrying out the work in the same way that Carnations are layered, but raising stock from pipings is much more quickl}' done, and with plenty of stock from which to get the pipings this plan answers very well. Prepare for their recep- tion one or more handliglits, in which place about 3 inches of very sandy soil. The handlights should be put in a shady place. ]5e sure that the pipings are not allowed to flag before insertion. Personally, I do not care to use a knife, but pull the pipings out at a joint, snip off the extreme tips of the leaves with scissors, and insert at once with a dibber, making sure that the base of each piping rests on the soil and with its stem well fastened. Water in at once when the handlight is full, and keep almost close until roots have formed, after which the}' should be planted out where flioy are BRIARS NEAR A COTTAGE FRONT. July 13, 1901.] THE GAKDEN. 31 to flower, or, if that place be filled with Slimmer plants, into nursery beds until these are removed. J. C. Tallack. Shipk}/ Hall Gardens, Derby. KITCHEN GAKDEN. Cabbage Seed "should be sown about July 20 for cutting in the spring. KUani's Early is the best variety that I know of for this purpose. Grown side by side here last season with several other sorts, it proved by lar the best, hardly any of them running to seed, while of Incomparable and Nonpareil nearly half bolted. Enfield Market was a good succession to EUani's, and very few plants bolted. When sowing the seed a piece of rather poor ground should be chosen, and the seed sown thinlj', so that the plants may not become drawn before planting time arrives, which should be about September 20; 1.5 inches between the rows and 1 foot from plant to plant will give quite sufficient room for EUam's, and 2 feet each way for Enfield Market or other large growing varieties. Red Cabbage may also be sown now for planting in September, so that a few heads may be ready earl3' next season. Shallots should be lifted as soon as read}' and laid under cover where plant}' of air can -■■■'-''-' '_ pass through them. When perfectly dried, they may be stored away, select- ing the best matured bulbs to keep for spring use. The dry weather of the past month has hastened the ripening of this crop before the bulbs are fully developed. Parsley may yet be sown in a sheltered position for winter and spring use, and, if possible, where frames can be placed over it in severe weather. Endive may be sown at once for late autumn and winter use ; it should be transplanted as soon as large enough to good ground, where rapid growth may ' be made, without which no salad is really good. Green Curled and Digswell Prize are the best for autumn use, and for winter in the open there is nothing so good as Round-leaved Batavian. If this variety can be planted on a sloping border, where the soil is of a light sandy nature, it will be found useful during the greater part of the winter, and if protection from wet can be given it will stand well into the spring. Lettuce maj- be planted on north borders, and another sowing made for succession. Green Unctuous and Sutton's Mammoth White Cos are the best for sowing now ; these two varieties will stand well in hot dry seasons after many of the others have run to seed. Marvel is also a good variety of Cabbage Lettuce to stand in hot weather. Radishes and Mustard and Cress should be sown frequently in small quantities behind a north wall. Radishes soon become hot at this season of the year, and are used principally for garnishing, for which the Long Red is generally considered the best. Victoria Spinach if sown now on a north border should give supplies nearly all the autumn, unless New Zealand Spinach has been sown to take its place. This is undoubtedly the best thing to do for hot seasons, for once established it will continue to produce large quantities of leaves the season through. Mushrooms. The hot weather of the past few weeks has been sadly against the production of this favourite luxury, but beds made up now should give supplies through September. Any open shed behind a north wall will suit them well at this season, the front of which may be covered up by mats to keep the afternoon sun from drying the surface of the beds. These should be made up to a good thickness in A HEDGE OF SCOTCH BKIARS. (See page so.) order to retain as long as possible sufficient bottom heat to keep the spawn moving. Spawn the beds at a temperature of SC, and cover with loam to the depth of 1 inch, afterwards a covering of straw may be given to retain the moisture as long as possible and reduce the need for water. John Dunn. Royal Kitchen Gardens, Windsor THE INDOOR GAEDEN. Palms. It is now some time, owing to the rush of work incidental to this time of year, since these have had any special attention paid them, and, in common with subjects subjected to heat, the I'eaves must be frequently sponged to keep them healthy. They should now, however, be well washed and generally overhauled. Any leaves that have from injury become ragged at the points should be neatly trimmed. This is a matter I confess I am not in favour of, but where Palms have to be largely used in the mansion it becomes a necessity, as the points are sure to suffer from frequent handling and from the dry and unfavour- able atmosphere of public rooms. A top-dressing will now also be required, and, preparatorj' to this, the surface soil must be removed to the depth of 1 inch, and a mixture of good loam chiefly, with a little .sand and leaf soil to keep it from baking on the surface added, and Clay's Fertilizer at the rate of a dessert-spoonful to a 6-inch pot well mixed with it. This should be well pressed down and when the roots receive the first watering, afterwards tepid water should be used and applied in sufficient quantity to saturate the whole root mass. This is the best manure known to use for colouring and sustaining the Palm. Fuchsias. These, having got a fair start, will be growing vigorously, and the stronger growing sorts should be selected and given larger sized pots. The judicious pinching and regulating of the growths must be well attended to if shapely plants are the object. Good rich soil, of which horse manure partly decayed should form a portion, must be given. The plants, unless when heavy rains prevail, should stand outside, but in such a position as to avoid the force of the wind, which soon works havoc .with the tender growths. Zonal Pel.akgoniums. These should also be exposed and stood well apart to admit of the full advantages of light and air. The stronger leads will require to be pinched, and, assuming that the pots are well charged with healthy roots, which they ought to be now, weak lic^uid manure from the farm, alternately with soot, should be given, say, twice weekly, but all attempts at gross growth should be avoided, as the best flowers are obtained from moderately strong, well-ripened wood. Persian' Cyclamens (irowth here being well on the move, plenty of air will be necessary. Shading, too, must be given in bright weather, and on very hot days we damp the shading material with cold water. Green fly is liable to attack the young leaves, and fumi- gating at regular intervals will keep this pest in check. It is well now to leave the light off the frames at night. This will charge the foliage with a natural moisture, which will help sustain it in the more trying temperature of the day. CypERUs alternifolius. Spring-sown stock and in 2i-inch pots will be sufficiently forward to bear being put into 4i-inch pots, using a somewhat light soil, with a sprinkling of oyster shell and lime rubble. Pot firmly and stand the plant in cool quarters. J. F. MoLeod. Doper House Garden.^, Roehampfon. THE FRUIT GARDEN. Wall Trees. In the southern parts of the country the welcome rains have done much to improve the foliage and give the earlier fruits the vigour needed in swelling up the crop. At this date most kinds of hardy fruit trees will need more attention in the way of stopping and feeding. Fruits of the early American Peaches, of which the Early Alexandra is one of the best on open walls, are colouring freel}', and should be well exposed by removal of leaf-growth and bringing to the light fruits that are badly placed. With us this Peach is not quite so early as usual. Doubtless the cold spring is answerable, and with other varieties not near the ripening stage there should be no lack of food and moisture also, as though the rainfall in the open may be 32 THE GAKDEN. [July 13, 1901, suiEoient, it will be found that trees are often dry at the foot of walls and need a thorough soaking. These trees are, I note, remarkabl3' healthj- this season where the^' have been syringed freely. This work should not be overlooked after the fruits are gathered, as much of next 3"ear's success depends upon the quality of this season's wood. Avoid crowding of new wood, onl_y sufficient being retained for the space allotted. There is no gain whatever in crowding in all the wood, as it prevents the latter ripening freely. Pruning and Cle.vn'sing. The same treatment noted for Peaches is appli- cable to the Nectarine, and the Early Rivers' on a south wall is swelling up freety. This ripens three weeks before the Lord Napier, so that there should be no lack of food if young trees are fruiting freely. With a change in the weather I notice mildew has appeared ; it was first observed on some old trees of Roj'al George. In such cases a solution of sulphur should be applied or Bentley's Mildew Specific ; tlie latter is sold ready for use and is very effective. It is also well to dust over badly-infested trees with dry sulphur. After sj'ringing, remove any bad leaves, as the new growths will soon fill up the empty spaces. Another pest that needs more labour to get rid of is the red spider, and here the same advice stands good. Syringe freely with insecticides in bad cases, but the pest cannot thrive if moisture is freely applied late in the daj', taking care that all parts of the trees are thoroughly moistened. Previous to syringing for removal of the above pests, the surplus growths should be removed and then some of the worst parts of the trees may be reached more readily. Newly-planted trees should have their leading shoots carefully nailed or tied in, and give each ample room, shortening hard back fore right shoots and pinching others to prevent crowding. Gross wood should not be encouraged. Plum, Cheery, and Bush Fruits. The growths on Cherries will need the same treatment as advised above. In the case of dessert Cherries much of the fruit is borne on spur growths, and by shortening weak side growths to 3 inches or 4 inches these will form spurs. Another good plan is to entirely remove any weak growths not required, and wherever possible lay in good healthy wood in vacant places. Morello Cherries are like the Peach, in that the best fruit is produced on young wood. This should be laid in freely, as at pruning time older wood may be cut out. At the same time superfluous shoots may be shortened and will form spurs. The Plum does not like too much shortening back ; it is well to lay in young wood freely, removing gross wood and cutting away that which is weaklj'. In the case of bush Apples and Pears, I do not advise the severe cutting back in summer as is often practised. This work done too early does not tend to fruit production next season. Far better thin out crowded wood, say in a short time, and by so doing admit light and sun to reach the fruits and ripen up the new wood. These trees will now take food freely, and liquid manure is most valuable for them. The surplus shoots of Raspberry stools should be cut away, retaining sufficient for next year's crop. Currant bushes may be cut over and netted from the birds. G. Wytiies. tiyon Home Gardens, Brentford. ORCHIDS. Platyclims. This is a group of Epiphytal Orchids, introduced from warm regions, and requiring the heat of the stove or Cattleya house. The plants may be grown in pots, pans, or baskets, kept well shaded from the sun, and repotted in equal proportions of peat and sphagnum moss when commencing to grow. A moist atmosphere is necessary at all times, and plenty of water should be applied to their roots when growing. The species though not numerous are beautiful and interesting, freely producing their graceful, drooping racemes, from the centre of the young growths. Some of the species form useful subjects for exhibition when good-sized, well-flowered specimens are grown. Platyclinis filiformis, P. glumaceum, P. cobbiani'm, P. uncatum, P. arachnitis, and P. cucumberinum are those generally termed botanical, yet they ai ■; all worthy of a place in every collection. P. fili- formis and P. glumaceum are more generally grown than the latter-mentioned species. P. filiformis (the golden chain Orchid) grows freely in a shady position in the stove, or with the warm C\'pripe- diunis : it is now in flower and growing freely, and should have plenty of water at the root until the bulbs have fully developed ; from then the supply must be reduced, merely giving sufficient to prevent the bulbs shrivelling. P. glumaceum is a handsome fragrant species and produces its flowers and develops its new growth earh' in the year ; it is now in a state of rest and should be kept in the cool intermediate house. Ver}' little water is necessary to keep the plants plump and healthy. As soon as growth commences the plant should be placed at the warm end of the Cattleya house. P. cobbiaiuim, P. uncatum, P. arachnitis, and P. cucumberinum should have similar positions. Trichofilia marginata. This is a free-blooming Orchid, one of the most beautiful of the genus ; it makes its growth in winter, and during that time should occupy a light position in the Cattleya house, and must not be watered too freely. When growth has finished it should be removed to the cool inter- mediate house and there remain until growth again commences, and given sufficient water only to prevent the bulbs from shrivelling. Too much water applied to the root when either growing or resting is highly injurious to any of the species of Trichopilia. T. suavis is now commencing to grow, and should be repotted if recjuiring more rooting space. Equal proportions of peat and moss should be used and not too much placed about the roots. This plant should be gi own in pots in a light position in the cool intermediate house, and should be raised somewhat above the rim on account of their deflexed flower scapes, which proceed from the base of the bulbs. F. W. Thurgood. Ross^yn Oarden'i, Stamford Hill, N. CORRESPONDENCE. ( The Editors are not responsible for the opinions expressed by their correspondents. ) LEVVISIA REDIVIVA. [To THE Editor of " The Garden."] SIR, — In your issue of June 1, just to hand, you have an illustration of and note on ijewisia Tweediei. At this moment there is in flower in the nursery L. rediviva, another very beautiful kind, and one I never saw in England. It seems of very easj' cultivation. The plants were brought to me last summer from the dry veldt. It grows in just such dry sandy situations as suit Calochortus macrocarpus and Fritillaria pudica. It passed through our wet winter all right, and I was much pleased to see it push up vigorously this spring. It has a rosette of small terete leaves, which die down before the flowers appear. The plants are now a mass of buds, and each plant has two or three expanded blossoms, each 2i inches to .3 inches across, soft rcse, and when fully open in midday they are almost flat. They graduall3' become cup- shaped in the afternoon and close entirelyat night. I'^ach flower is bigger than the whole mass of foliage. This is one of our native plants that should be better known. While on the subject of native plants I should like to put in a word for two especially. Calypso borealis and Sisyrinchium grandiflorum. The Calypso grows in our Fir woods, where the}' are sparse, and could be naturalised in anj' of your native woods if people would only recognise the fact that to plant it in soil Is cerlaiii death. Its roots run alcmg hi thi moss, but do not penetrate the ground. It is so fragrant and pretty and so plentiful here that people gather this charming Utile Orchid by the hundred and fill their windows with it. Our climate is very like yours in the old countr\', except that we get less rain in summer and more in winter. S. grandi- florum is found in pockets in the rocks, and needs a thorough baking in the summer. Such treat- ment as the Californian Calochorli receive would suit it admirably. Edward Alex. Wall.\ce. Inrertarish Wiirsery, J'ictoria, British Columbia. ■ [We are always ver}' glad to have such interesting notes as these from Mr. Wallace, drawing attention to good and little grown plants, and, above all, stating so plainly their cultural requirements. Lewisia rediviva is known and grown in England in good collections, though b^' no means so widely as such a beautiful plant deserves. —Eds. J REFRESHMENTS AT ROYAL HURTI- CULTURAL AND NATIONAL ROSE SOCIETIES SHOWS. [To THE Editor of "The Garden."] Sir, — The Roses at the exhibition were good, but the refreshments were not. I experienced the same altiiction at the Temple show of the Ro3'al Horticultural Societj', and so suppose this 's inevitable. E. B. R. SCHOOL GARDENS. [To THE Editor or "The Garden."] Sir, — The interest in the school garden continues to increase, and I have great pleasure in enclosing a copy of a letter from Mr. F. W. Burbidge, which seems worth}' of wider attention than I can give it through the school alone. Plants are kindly promised from Kew in the autumn, and locally people are very generous. Edw.vrd Pea ice. The following is the letter referred to : — Dear Sir, — In reply to your note of June 13, I beg to say that it seems to me most appropriate that you should establish and foster a good school garden in, perhaps, the oldest of gardeniijg and florists' flower centres in England. Norwich, as you know far better than I do, was once celebrated for its floral /t'?(.s- or feasts of flowers, and I suppose and hope that you find a love of the soil and its best products deep down in the hearts of the younger generation there now. 1 sincerely pray that God's grace maj- alight and linger on what was erstwhile His Chapel Field. " The bed rock of all good men's lives is the soil of their native land, and the thrift}- peasant is really and trulj' the backbone of all countries, old or new ; at the bottom of all happiness and wealth lie those peaceful industries which outlive the change of dynasties, the drums and trumpets of twenty conquests, while those countries alone are the richest whose wealth consists of happy and healthy human life in the field or in the garden.'' And so I wish all prosperit}' to your enterprise, and shall be verj' glad to assist you as well as 1 can, both by sending you from lime to time a few plants or seeds, and allowing j'ou to use my name as one in deep sympathj' with your work in school gardening. Much of modern education is wrong, so far as it fits people for emplo3'ment in the town and unfits them for garden or field avocations. It also makes many dissatisfied, whereas it ought, rightly carried out, to make people able, conlentcd, and happ.y. The School Board has given us the Hooligan and helped to drive our people from their native soil. Other factors nuiy be to blame, but our schools have also failed in their best and noblest work in that way. " To watch the corn grow and the blossom.s set, to draw hard lireath over plough or spade ; to read, to think, to love, to hope, to pray, these are the things that make men happy." Or, again, "The noblest of human life was appointed to be liy the sheep-fold or in the garden, and to be known as noble by the breaking of bread." As an Englishman and a lover of my country, I wish your project all success. I was born on the land and work on it still, loving it more and JULY 13, 1901.] THE GARDEN. 33 more every day, and feeling deepest reverence for every green leaf that grows to feed or beantify our lives. F. W. Bukbidce. NURSERY GARDENS. MESSRS. CHAELESWORTH AND CO., HEATON, BRADFORD. ORCHIDS are more popular than they were a few years ago, and to this increasing popularity may be traced ' the rise and progress of the Orchid establishment of Messrs. Charles- worth and Co., at Heaton, a suburb of the Yorkshire town of Bradford. Orchids and Orchids only are here cultivated, and very exten- sively too ; the houses in the lower nursery are filled principally with established plants of all the most important genera, while the upper nurserj' contains a priceless collection of undowered hybrids and seedlings in all stages of growth, that doubtless will in the near future add considerably to the treasures of the Orchid world. The public appearance of these in the horti- cultural world we must not, however, anticipate ; they will, figuratively speaking, when the time comes, eloquently speak for themselves. Rather would we draw attention to a few of the most remarkable Orchids contained in Messrs. Charles- worth's collection, representative of all that is best among this unique family of plants. Vigorous health is characteristic of the Odontoglossums, Cattleyas, Cypripediums, and the numerous other genera. The accompanying illustration will give some idea of how well the first-mentioned Orchids succeed in this Yorkshire nursery. Mr. Charles- worth firmly believes in the newOrchid compost that is now becoming so popular with Orchid growers, namely, leaf soil. This must be good and " leafy," having all the dust and small particles removed by a coarse-grained sieve. Mr. Charlesworth hopes in the course of a short time to cultivate practically the whole of his Orchids in this com- post, and to dispense with peat and sphagnum as a rooting medium. The results obtained so far with Odontoglossums and Cypripediums in particular are very remarkable. The small and usually delicate Lady's Slippers in the new compost grow with a surprising vigour, while Odonto- glossums make growths that in the ordinary compost appear to be almost impossible. Miltonias, too, with many are often poor growers, the leaves being of a sickly greenish yel- low, and would hardly be recognised when established in the leaf soil. ■Orchids that have refused to thrive in a mixture of peat and sphagnum, ■and indeed were quickly dying, have, when provided with a compost of leaf soil, not only recovered, but have made astonishing progress too. Cattleyas also and other genera are partially cultivated by Mr. Charles- worth in this new soil that he has so much faith in, and justly so. There seems to be a probability of Orchid culture being practically revo- lutionised, if the leaf soil continues to prove a success, which so far it undoubtedly has done. The culture ■of Orchids will at least be brought within the reacli of manj' more than has hitherto been the case it it can be proved and made generally known that some at any rate of the most popular genera can be grown under the same treatment as that accorded to ordinary greenhouse or warm house plants. That su'ch will prove to be possible in the near future we are sufficiently optimistic to believe ; it will, at any rate, be most interesting to watch what develop- ments follow when the more general ^ise of leaf soil for Orchids has been v/idely advocated. Amongst the Cypripediums, in forms and colours innumerable C. Dora Crawshay is conspicuous. This beautiful hybrid, which obtained a first- class certificate from the Roj'al Horticultural Society on November G, 1900, is tlie result of a cross between C. bellatulum and C. Charlesworthi. It was illustrated in The Garden for December 1, vol. Iviii., page 400. The dorsal sepal, about 3 inches in diameter, is rosy purple, mottled with white, and veined with a darker shade of purple. The petals are rosy jjurple, heavily suffused on the upper halves, and mottled with white on the lower portions. The lip also is purple, mottled with white, veined and spotted with crimson. C. spicerianum is represented by some remarkably fine plants ; never have we seen Vjetter. C. ley- senianum (barbatum Crossi x bellatulum), the dorsal sepal soft lose, spotted with purple, petals creani3' white, spotted with dark purple, lip flushed purple ; the beautiful little C. bellatulum, growing well ; C. barbatum Warneri, with white-tipped petals ; C. Mary Beatrice (C. bellatulum x C. Goweri), C. callosum Sandene, bearing two flowers upon the scape ; and C. insigne Sandene x C. callosum Sandera;, bearing a seed -pod, are other specimens of exceptional interest. Amongst the Cattleyas were noticed such chaste and beautiful things as C. intermedia alba, C. Mendeli alba, C. Skinneri alba, C. gaskelliana alba, and C. perci- valiana alba. Messrs. Charlesworth have a splendid lot of Cymbidium hybrids. Some are j'et unflowered, and will probabl3', during the next year or two, produce some distinct and valuable additions to the comparatively limited number of Cymbidiums now to be obtained. The bi-generic hybrids include Sophro-Lx'lia Eros (Sophronitis grandiflora x L;elia elegans Turneri), Lselio- Cattleya G. S. Ball (having produced flowers in three years from saving the seed, which must be something like a record). Lycaste Mary Gratrix, a cross between L. Skinneri and L. plana measure- siana, and Lycaste mesochlcena, with a remarkably fine bulb, bearing eloquent testimony to the value of the leaf-soil in which it is growing, were noticed. Comparettia maeroplecton, usually a most difficult Orchid to grow, is thriving quite well in the leaf- soil, and Cypripedium caudatum is represented by a plant whose vigour we do not remember to have seen equalled. From the same bulb emanated two growths, each of which flowered splendidly. Oncidium splendidum is also exceedingly fine. Maxillaria sanderiana, a plant that is not at all commonly grown : Oncidium marshallianum, placed in leaf-soil in baskets when newly imported, and evidently well liking the treatment ; Phaius Nor- man aurea, a fine yellow variety of the hybrid Norman, having obtained one first-class certificate and two awards of merit ; such are a few other remarkable Orchids that were recently in flower with Messrs. Charlesworth. Oncidium aureum, introduced by this firm from Peru, is an attractive flower, having sepals and petals greenish j'cUow, shaded with purple near the bases. The lip is large and of a brightgolden-yellow. The particular plants that have been mentioned are but indicative of the character of Messrs. Charlesworth's choicer collection of Orchids. Odontoglossums, Cattle3'as, Oncidiums, Cypripediums, and other of the more generally cultivated genera are, however, grown in very large quantities, and, in addition to those of greater rarity and value, make up a collection of Orchids that stands in the front rank. THE NATIONAL ROSE SHOAV. The annual exhibition of the National Rose Society, which, by kind permission of the Benchers of the Inner Temple, was held in the Temple Gardens, on Thursday, July 4, marks an epoch in the history of the society, and it is to be hoped that succeeding years will witness its being held there instead of in the Crystal Palace as has formerly been the case. It is undoubtedly better for everyone concerned, for the National Rose Society itself, for the public, and for the exhibitors. Her Majesty Queen Alexandra and H. R.H. Princess Victoria graced the exhibition with their presence in the morning, and under the guidance of the Dean of Rochester (Dean Hole) and Mr. Edward Mawley spent some considerable time amongst the Roses. The Rev. H. D'ombrain, Jlr. Mawley's colleague and co-secretary, was also present. Her Majesty was presented with a handsome bouquet composed of two kinds of Roses, namely. Her Majesty and Queen Alexandra (a new Polyantha Rose, exhibited by Messrs. James Veitch, Limited, and given a gold medal), two most appropriate varieties for its composition. The exhibits were placed in three large tents, and were most con- veniently arranged ; indeed, the completeness and convenience of the whole arrangements spoke HOUSE OF ODOMTOGLOSSUJIS IN MESSRS. CHAKIjESWORTlIS NURSERY. 34 THE GARDEN. [July 13; 1901. GOLD JIEDAL RUSE MRS. B. E. CANT. Shown bu Messrs, Benjamin Cant, and Sons, the Old Rose Nurscr recent exhibition.) volumes for the hard work of the hon. secretaries, who were most ably assisted liy tlie Rev. W. Willis, Mr. H. T. Wright, and Mr. Humphreys. Their endeavours, however, were well recompensed by the atlendancs of a large and fashionable gathering and the most delightful weather, two factors that combined to render'the Temple Rose show one of the most noteworthy in the history of the society. The width of the tents allowed so much space between the central and side exhibits that there was never any approach to discomfort or crowding. By leaving the end of the first tent quite open the heat under canvas was not felt nearly so much as would otherwise have been the case. The only item calculated to mar the enjoyment of visitors was, as a correspondent complains in a note else- where, the very unsatisfactory refreshments pro- vided on the lawn. For the price charged surely something better might have Vieen e.xpected. A similar complaint was made at the May Temple show, and then also not without reason. The exhibits were, on the whole, magnificent ; rarely lias a finer display of cut Roses been placed before the public. Dark-coloured varieties were not nearly so numerously shown as were those of lighter shades ; indeed, had it not been for the splendid class of seventy-two distinct varieties, they would have almost been conspicuous by their absence. Two gold medals were awarded for new seedling Roses to Messrs. James Veitch and Sons, Limited, Chelsea, for Queen Alexandra (Crimson Rambler x multiiiora simplex), a bright brick-red in colour ; and to Messrs. B. R. Cant and Son, the Old Rose Nurseries, Colchester, for Mrs. B. R. Cant, a new Tea. Illustrations of both these gold medal Roses are given in the present number of TiiK Garden. In the great class for seventy-two blooms, the first prize, with which are given the champion trophy and gold medal, was won bj' Messrs. tiarkness and Son, Bedale and Hitchin. The competition, how- ever, being very keen, the judges were still at work here when most of their colleagues had already finished. Teas and Noisettes were re- markably well shown, both by nurserymen and liy amateurs also, and the first prize stand contained blooms almost as near perfection as could be wished. Mr. .John Mattock was very unfortunate in lieing disqualified in the class for thirtj' - six bunches, he having in- cluded a bunch of Francisca Kruger, which figures in the National Rose Society's list of exhibition blooms. It would appear that the list needs revision, for there were several other varieties shown in the collections of garden Roses that grace an ex- hibition lioard equally well. To mention but one instance — Killar- ney. This was included in the first prize stand of garden Roses, and also figu red largel}' as an exhibition bloom in various collections, yet apparently it is not in- cluded in the society's list of exhibition blooms ; at any rate, it is not excluded from the garden Rose classes. The table decorations, on the whole, did not present any remarkable originality, although some of them were very charming ; in our opinion none was more beautiful than that arranged by Mr. 0. 0. Orpen, who made use of nothing but Pvosa himalaica, but the simplicity of the design and the exquisite beauty of the fiowers were most attrac- tive. A table cover of a darker colour would have made an improvement. We trust the exhibition has proved as great a success financially as it certainly has from all other points of view. Nursery.mens' Classes. Mi.xEU "Varieties. There were five entries in the class for seventy- two distinct varieties, and a most keen competition. After devoting a very considerable time to tliis class, the judges awarded the first prize to Messrs. Harkness and Sons, Bedale and Hitchin, and need- less to say the exhibit was an exceptionally fine one. Such a collection of blooms are rarely seen as were staged of Her Majesty, Marcchal Niel, Gustavo Piganeau, Jlaman Cochet, Bessie Brown, Mme. Cusin, Medea, Lady Mary Fitzwilliam, Duchess of Bedford, Ulster, Mme. C. Verdier, and Souvenir d'Elise Vardon. The exhibitors placed second on the list were Messrs. Benjamin R. Cant, the Old Rose Nurseries, Colchester, and an excellent second their e.xhibit was. Tlie flowers of Her Majesty, Mrs. Sharman Crawford, White Maman Cochet, Countess of Rosebery, (iolden (!ate, Bessie Brown, Comtesse de Nadaillac, and Ulster were splendid. Messrs. Frank Cant and Co., Braiswick Nursery, Colchester, were third with a fine lot also. For forty distinct varieties, three Itlooms of each, there were four entries, the first prize of £5 going to Messrs. A. Dickson and Sons, Newtownards, Ireland, whose blooms were, on the whole, excellent. Of the best were Comtesse , Colehester, at the de Nadaillac, Mrs. John Laing, Bessie Brown, S. M. Rodocanachi, Jlamie, Etienne Levet, Maman Cochet, and Caroline Testout. The second prize was awarded to Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons, and the third prize to Messrs. Frank Cant and Co. The class for forty-eight blooms, distinct varieties, brought forward some excellent flowers, the winner of the premier prize being Messrs. J. Townsend and Sons, Broad Heath, Worcester. Ulrich Brunner, Innocente Pirola, Killarney, Bessie Brown, Captain Haj'ward, Marquise Litta, (iustave Piganeau, and Mrs. K. Mawley were a few of the finest blooms. Showing a very creditable collection also, Messrs. J. Burrell and Co., Cambridge, were placed second ; the third prize falling to Messrs. (i. and W. H. Birch, Peterborough. There was keen competition in the class for twenty-four blooms, distinct, as there invariably is at all Rose exhibitions in this popular class, and Mr. (Jeorge Prince, Longworth, Berks, gained the first prize with a stand of splendid fiowers; included were beautiful examples of Maman Cochet, Mrs. E. Mawlej', Ulster, Muriel Grahame, Bessie Brown, The Bride, Souvenir d'un Ami, Catherine Mermet, &c. Mr. Charles Turner, Roj'al Nurseries, Slough, took second prize, followed by Mr. John Mattock, Oxford, third. For twenty-four distinct varieties, three blooms of each, Messrs. George Cooling and Sons, Bath, were fir.st ; Mr. J. Mattock, Oxford, second ; and Mr. Charles Turner, third. The first prize stand contained good examples of Bessie Brown, Captain Hayward, Ulster, Comtesse de Nadaillac, Mrs. Edward Mawley, &c. Teas and Noisettes. There were some lovely blooms in this section, remarkable alike for their almost perfect form and delicacy of colouring. Messrs. D. Prior and Son, Colchester, won the first prize for twenty-four blooms distinct varieties, with good fresh blooms of Innocente Pirola, Comtesse de Nadaillac, Maman Cochet, White Maman Cochet, The Bride, Mari'chal Niel, Muriel Grahame, &c. ; Mr. George Prince, Longworth, Berks, gained second place ; Messrs. B. R. Cant being third. The class for twelve blooms, distinct, was keenly contested, Mr. .John Mattock, Oxford, securing the premier award with a magnificent lot of Roses. Included in this stand was a remarkable flower of Souvenir d'Elise Vardon, to which the silver medal of the National Rose Society was given for the best Tea or Noisette in the nurserymen's classes. Comtesse de Nadaillac, Maman Cochet, Souvenir de S. A. Prince, and The Bride were splendidly shown also ; Messrs. .J. Burrell, Cambridge, were second ; and Mr. C. Turner, Slough, third. Mr. George Prince was successful in the class for sixteen distinct varieties, three blooms of each ; Messrs. B. R. Cant second ; and Messrs. D. Prior and Co. third. The blooms on the first prize stand gave one the idea that they had been damaged in transit, the petals of some varieties being quite brown at the tips. Exhibition Roses in "Vases. This is an excellent method of showing Roses to advantage, and it is to be hoped that this bold exposition of cut blooms will be widely followed. The regulations were tiiat twelve distinct varieties (to include not more than six varieties of Teas or Noisettes) were to be shown, seven blooms of each, each variety having a vase to itself. Mr. (ieorge Prince won the first prize, Messrs. Harkness and Sons being second, and Messrs. Paul and Son, Cheshunt, third. The first prize exhibit contained very good flowers of Innocente Pirola, Marcchal Niel, Captain Haj'ward (very fine), Maman Cochet, Souvenir d'un Ami, Ulrich Brunner, &c. Messrs. Harkness's blooms were ver_\- boldly displayed and most effective, although some of them were some- what coarse and fullj' expanded. For nine distinct varieties, seven blooms of eachj Mr. George I'rinco was first, and Mr. .J. Mattock second. "Garden" ok Decorative Ruses. Almost every exhibition now has its classes for decorative or garden l-ioscs, ami rightly so, for no Rose is at once more delightful and useful than July 13, 1901.] THE GAKDEJN. 35 the Ramblers, free-growing Teas, the singles, and •others included under the heading of "garden Roses." The exhibits in this class were amongst the most attractive in the exhibition. Messrs. Paul and Sons, Cheshunt, were first for thirty-six distinct varieties, not less than three trusses of each, Messrs. George Cooling and Son, Bath, being second. Mr. John Mattock, whose exhibit would undoubtedly have won a high place, was dis- .qualified for having included Francisca Kruger, an exhibition Tea. Messrs. Paul's stand included Lady Battersea, Rosa Mundi, Dawn, Old White Moss, Mme. Falcot, and Old Red Damask. In the second prize exhibit Lady Ardilaun, Ma Capucine, and Himalaica were notably tine. Mr. George Prince gained the premier award for eighteen distinct varieties, not less than three trusses of each, W. A. Richardson, Mosohata alba, and Gustave Regis were splendid ; Messrs. Frank Cant and Co., Colchester, were second, showing very good flowers of Marquise of Salisbury, I'ldeal, Hebe's Lip, and Mme. Pernet Ducher ; Mr. Charles Turner, Slough, gained the third prize. 'Classes Open to Nurserymen and Amateurs. For twelve blooms of Hybrid Teas, distinct, Messrs. Alex. Dickson, Newtownards, were first with an excellent exhibit, Mr. Hiigh Dickson, Belfast, being second, while Messrs. B. R. Cant and Messrs. I). Prior and Son were equal third. Messrs. D. Prior and Son won the premier award for twelve blooms of any white or yellow Rose with very good examples of Bessie Brown ; Mr. George Prince was second, showing Comtesse de Nadaillac, and Mr. John Mattock third with Marie Van Houtte. There were five more entries in this class. For twelve blooms of an}- light or dark crimson Rose, Messrs. B. R. Cant, Colchester, were given the first place with beautifully coloured examples of A. K. Williams ; Messrs. J. Townsend, Wor- cester, came second, showing Captain Hayward ; Messrs. D. and W. Croll, Dundee, being third with Duke of Edinburgh. There were three more entries. There were no less than thirteen entries in the class for twelve blooms of any light pink or rose- coloured Rose, Messrs. Burch, Peterborough, being first, showing beautiful flowers of Her Majesty ; Messrs. Perkins, Coventry, were ' second with Her Majesty; Mr. Hugh Dickson, Belfast, being third with Caroline Testout. The National Rose Society's silver medal for the best Rose other than H.T. , T. , or N. was given to a splendid bloom of Mrs. J. Laing in the stand of Messrs. B. and W. Croll, Dundee. For twelve blooms of anjf Tea or Noisette, Messrs. A. Dickson and Sons, Newtownards, were first with ■exquisite examples of Mrs. E. Mawley, Messrs. Harkness and Sons being placed second, showing Maman Cochet. Mr. George Prince was third, also with Maman Cochet, the blooms, however, being small. There were five more entries. For nine blooms of any new Rose, Messrs. A. Dickson, with a very fine lot of Mildred Grant, won the first prize, and also the National Rose Society's silver medal for the best Hybrid Tea exhibited by. nurserymen. Messrs. Frank Cant and Co. were second with Bessie Brown ; Papa Lambert gaining the third prize for Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons. In an interesting class for twelve blooms, distinct, of Roses offered for the first time in English nursery- mens' lists in the spring of 1898 and subsequently, Messrs. A. Dick- son -were first, their best blooms Shown by being Bessie Brown, Lady Moyra Beauclerc, Robert Scott, and Mamie. Messrs. Perkins, Coventry, gained the second prise, show- ing Gladys Harkness, Tennyson, &c., the third prize going to Messrs. Frank Cant. Killarney and Ulster were beautiful here. New Seedunc4 Roses. For not less than three trusses of anj' new seedling Rose or distinct sport, Messrs. .James Veitch and Son.«, Limited, Chelsea, and Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons, Colchester, were each awarded gold medals for Rose Queen Alexandra and Rose Mrs. B. R. Cant respectively, both of which are mentioned elsewhere. Decorative Classes. Miss West, Reigate, gained the first prize for a decoration of cut Roses for dinner table, arranged with any cut foliage. Ferns, or grasses, having an artistic arrangement with Roses of various colours and Maiden-hair Fern. Mrs. P. R. Green, Col- chester, was second with a tasteful table also, and Mrs. John Mattock gained the third prize, this arrangement, however, being rather a crowded one. Mrs. Green, Harold Wood, was awarded an extra prize. Mrs. J. Mattock won the premier award for a set of three spra3's of Roses suitable for ladies' wear, Mr. 0. G. Orpen being second, and Messrs. Perkins, Coventry, third. For twelve distinct varieties of single-flowered Roses, not less than three trusses of each, Messrs. Paul and Son, Cheshunt, were first, Messrs. Frank Cant and Co. second, and Mr. Charles Turner third. Mr. .John Mattock gained the first prize for nine distinct varieties of Roses suitable for buttonholes, Mr. George Prince being second. Amateurs. The amateur champion trophj'-replica, and first prize for thirty-six blooms, distinct, was obtained by Mr. E. B. Lindsell, Hitchin, with an exhibit that was especially remarkable for its freshness and brightness. The best included Innocente Pirola, Muriel Grahame, Bessie Brown, Mrs. John Laing, and Comtesse de Nadaillac. Rev. J. H. Pemberton, Havering-Atte-Bower, was second. having very good Her Majesty, Uirich Brunner, Bessie Brown, and Marchioness of Londonderry. Mr. A. Slaughter, Steyning, gained the third prize. In an extra class for twenty-four blooms, distinct, open to amateurs who have not previously won either the champion challenge trophy or tlie first prize in this class, Mr. W. Boyes, Derby, was first, on whose stand White Maman Cochet, Innocente Pirola, and Comtesse de Nadaillac were conspicuously good. Mr. Conway .Jones, Huccle- cote, (Gloucester, was second, and A. Tate, Esq., Downside, Leatherhead, third. The Ben Cant Memorial Prize was offered, together with a piece of plate, in class 27, which was also for twenty-four blooms, distinct. Rev. J. H. Pemberton, Havering-Atte-Bower, secured the first position, Mr. E. B. Lind.-^ell being second, and Mr. 0. G. Orpen third. In the first prize exhibit, S. M. Rodocoanachi, White Maman Cochet, A. K. Williams, and Her Majesty were notable. For twelve distinct varieties, three blooms of each, Mr. E. B. Lindsell, Hitchin, was first, showing very good flowers, particularly of Maman Cochet, Mme. de Watteville, Mme. Cusin, and Bessie Brown ; Rev. .J. H. Pemberton was a good second ; Mrs. Haywood, Woodhatch Lodge, Keigate, was third. Rev. J. H. Pemberton was first for twelve blooms of any Rose, except Tea or Noisette, showing Her Majesty ; Mr. E. B. Lindsell was second, and Mr. H. V. ilachin third. Open only to Growers or less than 2,000 Plants. For twenty-four blooms, distinct, Mr. E. M. Bethune, Denne Park, Horsham, was awarded the premier prize for, on the whole, a good stand of flowers, Mme. Gabrielle Luizet, Bessie Brown, and Comtesse de Nadaillac being some of the Ijest ; Mr. A. Slaughter, Steyning, was second, and Mr. N. C. Romaine, Old Windsor, third. For eighteen blooms, distinct, Mr. R. Foley Hobbs, Worcester, was first, Innocente Pirola, Caroline Testout, Marechal Niel, La France, Killarney, and White Maman Cochet being very well shown ; Mr. E. Mawlej', Berkhamsted, was second ; and Mr. R. E. THE FIRST PRIZE TWELVE TEA ROSE BLOOMS. Mr. John Mattock, New Headintjton N^irsery, Oxford- The silver medal bloom — Souvenir d'ElifC Vardoi. — is in the top row, tight hand corner.) 36 THE GARDEN. [July 13, 1901, West, Wray Park, Reigate, third. Mr. E. M. Betlnuie gained tlie premier award for eight dis- tinct varieties, three blooms o£ each, Manian Cochet, Mme. Gabrielle Luizet, The Bride, and Mme. Cusin being of the best ; Mr. R. Foley Hobbs, Worcester, was second ; and Mr. C. Jones, Huccleoote, Gloucester, third. Messrs. R. Foley Hobbs, F. W. Tattersall, Morecanibe, and E. M. Bethune were first, second, and third respectively for nine blooms of any Rose, except Tea or Noisette, the exhibitors in the order named showing Her Majesty (very good), Bessie Brown, and Mme. G. Luizet. The National Rose Society's medal for the best Rose other than H.T., T., or N. was given to a bloom in the first prize exhibit. Opex to Growers of Less than 1,000 Pl.\nts. iliss B. H. Langton, Hendon, secured the first prize for twelve blooms, distinct, showing excellent Captain Hayward, General Jacijueminot, Mrs. S. Crawford, Bridesmaid, Maman Cochet, &o. ; ilr. W. .J. Pegge, Beeston, Notts, was second ; and Mr. J. W. Bateman, Archway Road, N., third. For six blooms of any Rose, except Tea or Noisette, Mr. Whittle, Leicester, was awarded first honours with Her Majesty ; Mr. S. Morris, Leicester, second ; and Mr. F. Wellesley, Woking, third. Opex to Gkoweks of Less than 500 Plants. For nine blooms, distinct, Mr. E. A. Moulden, Stevenage, gained the first prize ; Mr. R. W. Bo«-\'er being second ; and ilrs. Tines, Hertford Heath, Hitchin, third. Mr. K. H. Giftbrd, Sutton, Surrey, was placed first, for six blooms, distinct varieties ; Mr. R. Boswell, Hitchin, second ; and Mr. W. Upton, Leicester, third. For six blooms of any one Rose, except Tea or Noisette, Mr. G. A Hammond, Burgess Hill, was first, showing Her Majesty ; Mr. GiSbrd being second, with Mrs. .John Laing ; and Mr. R. W. Bowyer, Hertford Heath, third, %vith Caroline Testout. Extra Classes. In the extra classes there were various restric- tions ; for instance, one class was open onlj^ to amateurs having joined the National Rose Society since the last metropolitan exhibition, another to amateurs never having won a prize at an exhibi- tion of the National Rose Society, and so on. Mr. fl'. Kingston, 5-2, Waterloo Road, Bedford, won the silver challenge cup for twelve blooms, distinct, the Ramsay cup, also for twelve blooms, distinct, being gained by Mr. 0. G. Orpen, Colchester, who included remarkably fine blooms of Mrs. E. Mawley. The challenge cup for six blooms, distinct, grown within eight miles of Charing Cross, was won by Mr. E. R. Smith, Muswell Hill, whose Ulrich Brunner and Suzanne Marie Rodocanachi were grand ; second. Miss Langton, Hendon ; third, Jlr. .J. F. Thompson, Bounds Green. Messrs. \\'. E. Martin, North Finrhley, A. C. Turner, Edg- C. .J. Page, Enfield, and Rev. J. H. Pemberton were other Open ooa ware, ROSE queen ALEXANDRA. (l:uisn! aiil s/n'cn. In/ Mewrs ./ I'ciVu/i awl Sons at tlie recent It i:e s.'.ir.f in the Temple Ga den!< ti'iul atcaidejt a tjolU ti.eJal.) first prize winners in the extra classes. Tea and Noisette Section. For eighteen blooms, distinct, the first prize and Tea and Noisette trophy was secured by 0. G. Orpen, Esq., West Bergholt, Col- chester, who showed beautiful blooms of The Bride, Marechal Niel, Souvenir d'Elise Var- don, Innocente Pirola, Cleopatra, Maman Cochet, &c. The National RoseSociety's silver medal for the best Tea or Noisette was awarded to a splendid bloom of White Maman Cochet in Mr. 0. G. Orpen's stand. Alexander Hill Gray, Esq., New- bridge, Bath, was second with an excel- lent lot of flowers, and Conway .Jones, Esq. , Hucclecote, Glouces- ter, third. For twelve blooms, distinct, A. Tate, Esq., ]>ownside, Leather- head, secured the first prize; A. H. Cray, Esq. , was second ; and F. VV. Flight, Esq., Twyford, third. A. Hill (Jray, Esc^., New- bridge, Bath, was first in tlio class for eight distinct varieties, three blooms of eacli ; 0. <4. Orpen, Esc^. , second ; and Mrs. 1''. W. Cam- pion, Trumpets Hill, Reigate, third. For nine blooms of any one variety, O. C. Orpen, Esq., was first ; A. Hill Graj', Esq., second; and Vj. M. Bethune, Esq., third. Only to Growers of Less than Plants of Teas and Noisettes. Rev. F. Page Roberts, Sevenoaks, was first for twelve blooms, distinct, Comtesse de Nadaillac and Maman Cochet being of the best ; Rev. R. Powley gained the second prize ; and Mr. F. Wellesley. Woking, was third. For nine blooms, distinct, R. Foley Hobbs, Esq., Worcester, was placed first ; Miss B. H. Langton, Hendon, winning the second prize ; and Mr. M. Whittle, Leicester, the third. For six blooms of any one variet}', Conway .Jones, Esq. , won the premier place ; R. F. Hobbs," Esq., being second ; and Mrs. E. Home, Reigate, third. Open Only to Growers of Less than 200' Plants of Teas and Noisettes. A. Munt, Esq., Slough, was first on the list for nine blooms, distinct ; G. H. Baxter, Esq., Brent- wood, being second ; and F. W. Tattersall, Esq., Morecambe, third. For six blooms, distinct, W. Upton, Esq., Leicester, won the premier prize , M. White, Esq., Wateringbury, being second; and R. W. Bowyer, Esq., Hertford, third. For six blooms of any one varietj', A. Munt, Esq., was awarded first prize ; C. Monies, Esfi. , Hitchin, second ; the third place falling to J. C. Trueman, Esq., Swanley. R. F. Hobbs, Esq., and T. B. Gabriel, Esq., Woking, gained the first prize in the two extra classes. Exhibition Roses in Vases. For nine distinct varieties, five blooms of each, H. V. Machin, Esq., Worksop, gained the first prize ; Mrs. F. W. Campion, Reigate, being second. There were no more competitors. For six distinct varieties of Teas and Noisettes, seven blooms of each, 0. G. Orpen, Esq., secured premier place with a very good exhibit ; A. Hill Gray, Esq., was second ; and Miss B. H. Langton, third. Decorative Classes. 0. G. Orpen, Esq., was successful in the class for a bowl of Roses lightly arranged with Rose foliage only, not more than thirty-six blooms to be used ; A. Hill Gray, Esq., second ; and Miss B. H. Lang- ton, third. In the classes for ladies only, for a decoration of cut Roses for dinner table, Mrs. Orpen secured the highest award ; Mrs. A. Cant, second ; and Mrs. Fearson, Reigate, third ; Mrs. P. R. Green, Colchester, gaining an extra prize. Mrs. L. Pawle, Pvowsham, Harrow, won the first prize for a vase of cut Roses, lightly arranged with any foliage ; Mrs. P. B. Mawley being second ; and Mrs. A. Uant third. Garden Roses. For eighteen distinct varieties, not less than three trusses of each, Alfred Tate, Esq. , Leatherhead, was placed first; H. V. Machin, Esq., Worksop, second ; and Mrs. F. W. Campion, Reigate, third. Rev. H. Pemberton was awarded an extra prize. Mrs. A. F. Perkins, Holmwood, Surrey, won the (xirdlestone memorial prize, a piece of plate, for twelve distinct varieties, not less than three trusses of each ; Jlrs. Dorothy Nesfield, Tunbridge Wells, was second ; and iliss B. H. Langton third. In class sixteen, for six distinct varieties (open only to amateurs who have never won a prize for garden Roses at an exhibition of the National Rose Society), W. G. Adcock, Esq., Torrington Park, North Finchley, was first ; F. H. Cooke, Esq. , Birch, Colchester, second ; and Rev. F. ,J. Tulford, Flaxley Vicarage, Newnham, Gloucestershire, third. Jlrs. F. W. Campion won the first prize for six vases of Sweetbriar Roses in six distinct varieties; 0. G. Orpen, Escj., and G. H. Baxter, Esq., being second and third respectively. Best Blooms in the Snow. Silver medals of the National Rose Society were awarded to the following blooms : — ASHTEURS. Best Rose other than Tea or Noisette. — Her Majest}'. From R. Foley Hobbs, Es(j. , Worcester. Best Hybrid Tea. —Bessie Brown. Ci. Moules, Esq., Hitchin. Best Tea or Noisette. — White Maman Cochet. (). (!. Orpen, E3<|., Colchester. ^^L. (^t£gr-®- V. GARDEN S?^4J-^3S^^-"=^C'- ^ L'!"^! ^=^^^^s^ No. 1548.— Vol. LX.] [July 20, 1901. HYBRID LILIES. C ONSIDERING how freely Lilies seed it is rather surprising that it is only of late years that we hear much of the raising of hybrid forms. Perhaps it is that the carefully cultivated garden kinds — that is to say, the garden forms of natural species — are so good that the attempt to mingle the various characters could not produce anything better than we have already. Thus we can scarcely imagine an improvement on the best form of L. caadiduni, or a grander flower than a bold L. auratuni such as L. a. platyphyllum. It is probable that the eflbrts of those who are now hybridising Lilies will end by pro- ducing ju.st a few excellent things and a large number of confu.sing nondescripts, much worse as garden plants than the types from which they are derived. Still, though it isditiicult to imagine it, there may still be potentialities of beauty unde- veloped in the Lily family. In support of this there is the lovely L. testaceum, said to be a hybrid of chalcedonicum and candidum, which, while possessing a beauty of its own, clearly shows the relationship to both parents ; to chalcedonicum in the form of the flower and the faint tinge of its warm colour, to candidum in its port and texture of bloom— the resem- blance to this parent being perhaps stongest in the half-grown state in the arrangement and carriage of the leaves. Certainly no one can deny the success ol' the Japanese natural hybrid of auratum and longi- florum, if that be, as is supposed, the true parentage of Lilium Alexandra?, but then in the Lily world there are not many such possible parents as those two grand species. L. Burbanki, a hybrid of L. pardalinum and L. washingtonianuru, is well spoken of, and there is reason to believe that Mr. Burbank before long will give the world some good new hybrids. The hybrids of Martagon, such as iMarhan (Martagon -I- Hansoni), are without doubt interesting, and have a certain degree of beauty, but the genus Lilium seems to offer a field for the working of better things. It is to be hoped that this industrious and able hybridist or some other enthusiast will work among the white Lilies. The orange yellows, in the croceum and Martagon grou]3S, are already so numerous, and to the unlearned amateur so confusing, that the best that can be done with them is to derive, if possible,' bold flowers of self colouring rather than a mere series of connecting links between species of secondary importance. It should be remem- bered that what is wanted in a garden is beautiful flowers rather than many different kinds of flowers. Many a possibly lovely garden is ruined by too great a mixture, and could only be redeemed by the practice of severe restraint in the number of kinds of things to be seen at one glance. A good hybrid Lily has been raised at Kew, named L. Kewense, the progeny of L. Henryi and a fine form of L. Brownii. It is of a creamy buff' colour turning nearly white, in general appearance something like a small auratum. A hybridist who could get the grand sub- stance of the tender Indian Lilies into hardy garden plants of good constitution would indeed be a benefactor to horticulture. THE LILY CONFERENCE. It has been our duty on many oc(;asions to praise the Royal Horticultural Society for its good work for horticulture, and those present at the Lily conference on Tuesday and Wednesday last must have felt that the society is not slow in helping horticulturists to become better acquainted with a noble race of flowers when there is a general desire for fuller information than already exists. During the past twelve months we have been enabled, through the kindness of many correspondents, to create a discussion about Lilies of some value to those who have a wish to plant and make them play their part in the garden landscape. The chair was taken by Mr. H. .J. Elwes, F.R.S., whose monograph of the genus is a standard work, and among others present were Mr. Baker, F.R.S., author of " Liliace*," whose work is one of the most important contributions of its kind published ; Dr. Henry, lately returned from China, and the discoverer of Lilium Henryi ; Mr. Yeld, Captain Savile Reid, the Rev. W. Wilks, Dr. Masters, and many others whose names are familiar to readers of The Garden through their recent contributions upon the subject of Lily culture in the British Isles. jNIr. Baker's paper was one of supreme importance, because it brought Mr. Elwes' monograph to date, including the thirty-five species and varieties not enumerated. Jlr. Baker spoke of the beauty of L. rubellum and L. Henryi, two of the recent acquisitions, and mentioned how rich Uj^per Burmah and Western _ China must be in new forms. We shall, with permission, publish Mr. Baker's paper from the Society's Journal when it appears, and the remarks, too, of Dr. Henry, who alluded to the vast field of discovery there is in Western China and the work of the French missionaries in collecting new species. He alluded also to the work of Messrs. A'eitch's collector, Mr. Wilson, in China, but said there was room for a hundred collectors in the Western parts. Western China comprising an immense area. With regard to L. Henryi, Dr. Henry said it was only found by him in two localities — on grassy .slopes about 2,000 feet above the sea, and on the tops of cliffs in limestone. He also mentioned that L. gigan- teum was found in the depths of high mountain forests. Mr. Elwes said how pleased everyone must be to have Dr. Henry present that afternoon, and mentioned how greatly indebted they were to the botanist for his labours, and then alluded to the opportunities aft'orded by Western China and adjoining countries for collectors. In the course of the remarks of more than one speaker the fact that Lilies enjoy being planted among or near to the roots of trees and shrubs was laid stress upon, and we were delighted with the remarks of the chairman about the planting of Lilies among shrubs in the Royal Gardens, Kew. Mr. Yeld, Mr. Wallace of Colchester, and others spoke during the afternoon, and the conference was continued on Wednesday, when Mr. G. F. Wilson and others contributed notes of interest concerning certain species and varieties. We have given in the i>resent issue many articles and illustrations about the great Lily family, and await the Society's Journal con- taining the many papers read at the conference with more than ordinary interest. It will then be seen that the Lily conference has accomplished permanent good in bringing about a better knowledge of the many beautiful species and varieties as yet little understood l)y horticulturists. The exhibition held in the vinery was chiefly of Lilies. Of course, it is impossible to get together a large representation of the flower, as Lily time extends over many months, and many of the most important groups, speciosum and tigrinum as examples, have yet to flower, but the gold medal display of '^Messrs. Wallace, the groups from Messrs. Perry, Veitch, Ware, and others represented the niost usually cultivated kinds, and those little known in English gardens, but of more than ordinary interest to the specialist, who delights in making experiments. EDITORS' TABLE. We receive from Salisbury from Mr. W. Bower- man, gardener to the Rev. Canon Bernard, a flower- spike of MiCH.iUXIA TCHIHATCHEWI. The whole spike at first sight much resembles that of a white Foxglove. The one sent bears 120 flowers and buds, without counting the buds as yet undeveloped at the top of the spike. The 38 THE GAllDEN. [July 20, 1901. individual flowers, unlike the Campanulas, to which Michauxia is closely allied, have eight divisions of the corolla. The M'hole plant is bristly. The portion of the flower stem sent is only that actually bearing the flowers, a length of nearly 3 feet. We are not informed as to the whole height of the spike. It is a native of Asia Minor. Though certainly a remarkable plant, we think it will scarcel}' rank among the best garden Howers. The blooms, though numerous, are small for the sixe of the spike. The flower is white, and its most con- spicuous feature is the large projecting stigma, thickly covered with pale yellow pollen, which appears to be combined upon it into a thick pasty and Hbrous mass before the corolla is e.xpanded. The radical leaves form a tuft of grey foliage coarsely toothed at the edges. iUr. Vv. Van de Weyer sends from New Lodge, Windsor Forest, Flowers or A Snapdragon with a part of the bloom doubled. Instead of the usual single lip only, it has in addition three or four misshapen lips within it. It is scarcely desirable as a garden flower, and Mr. Van de Weyer writes that he only keeps it as a curiosity, having no liking for monstrosities. GvPRn'El)[|l.M r.lRVIFLORUM. We received this charming Lady's Slipper recently from Mr. Field, Ashwellthorpe ( iardens. It is one of the best of the hardy Cypripediunis and beautiful in colour. New Border Pi.nks. Messrs. Young, of Cheshunt, send flowers of three new border Pinks of the large full double class. One of them, Mrs. H. Young, of pale pink colouring with deep blotches, lately received an award of merit at the fortnightlj' show of the Royal Horticultural Society. The others are of the same class in lighter colourings. We think these Pinks are likelj- to make much more useful garden plants than the laced show Pinks ; but we still want a race of these charming flowers of the good old black and white type, not so full of petals as to burst the calyx, and with a good scent. Gladioli's cardinalis Qpeen Wiliiel:mina. Mr. Charles W. Crosby, Brome Hurst, Dorking, encloses "a specimen of a new (lladiolus brought Jlrs. Edward Bayldon sends from near Dawlish (Devon) a bloom of LiLiuM Krameri of two flowers on a stem, showing well the beautiful form and tender pink colouring of this most lovely Lily, also its tine de- velopment in good cultivation. Jlrs. Bayldon saj'S that her clump of this Lily increases yearly in size and number of flowers. From the same place comes a grand spike of DELriiixiuiM, with single lilooms of unusual size, 2^ inches in diameter, and colouring of strongest pure blue, tinged and ba.'ked with deep red-lilac. In the same garden is a fasciated head of Liliuni speciosum with thirty buds, all of good promise. Fa.noy Carnation thk Ra.iail Mr. Weguelin, of Dawlish, Devonshire, .sends a flower of a superb Carnation named the Rajah. The bloom is of large size, very full, without the least indication of splitting, antl of a very dull lilac, dashed and coloured with salmon-red, or as near this tone as possible. It is a seedling from Lady Ardilaun. Mr. Weguelin writes: "The richness of the blood orange ground ajid the brightness of the heliotrope markings are better than anything I have yet seen. The flower has a perfect calyx, and is supported upon a strong stalk, and was cut from a plant in the open border. Had the plant been grown and flowered under glass the bloom would no doubt have been still better.'' The Rajah is apparently one of the show flowers of the future in its particular class. Rosa microphylla ruhra plena. I am sending a iew blooms of this pretty Rose. This comes into flower with me about a fortnight or three weeks later than R. microphylla simplex, and continues to bloom for several weeks. This is a very interesting Rose. The calyx is covered with thorns. It is a native of the Himalayas, and flourishes well on a dry soil .sheltered from cold winds. — T. B. Field, AfliircU/hor/ic Hall Oardfnfs, Norii'ich. I We thank Mr. Field most heartily for sending 60 many interesting flowers to our table. The Rose has very full rather flat-shaped flowers of bright purple-rose colouring. The calyx is thorny, and the leaves abundant and of soft green —Eds. J c Y !■ K I p e \> 1 u M I' a R V I FL o R U M . out by .Messrs. Krelage, of Haarlem." We thank our correspondent for so kindly sending a very beautiful flower, one of the pretty early- flowering tiladioli, which are so great a success in warm borders. The flower is bright and yet delicate in colour, the upper segments white with the merest suspicion of pink, and the lower ones with an oval blotch on the same ground, the blotch scarlet at the margin and sulphur-yellow in the centre. It is remarkably free. A Delicutfol Series of Carnation SEEDr.iNcs. A boxful of seedling Carnations, grown from Mr. Douglas' seed, comes to us from .\lr. Wj'thes, Syon House* iardens, Brentford, and wo have never seen a more charming set of flowers. There was not a poor coloured variety among them, and some were so distinct and good as to bo worthy of a name. A full red colour was most enjoyable, but there were yellows, lemons, crimsons, purest white, and the strange heliotrope colouring which some admire. It is pleasant to know that such good colours, strong stems, and abundant flowering can be had from seeds. Sweet Pea Dtke of Westjiin-ster. I saw in The Garden of last week a note referring to Sweet Pea Duke of Westminster, class- ing it as a vfery poor variety. Herewith I send you some flowers of it, which I picked from a small row in my garden. I find it one of the best varieties I am growing, the plants being (i feet tall and of a good strong growth, bearing a fine ijuantity of flowers on long stems. 1 may add I have them side by side with forty other varieties of the newest kinds. — C. B. Gajjriel, GunJalf, Herndl, Surrey. [Vte thank our correspondent for sending this evi- dently good variety. The wings are of a warm purple colour and thestandard ro.sy purple. — Eds.J RECENT PLANT PORTRAITS. Tui: .Jul}' ■ number of the liolnnical Mw/u-iii'^ contains portraits of NhodocUiidron cl/iiraly.v, a native of China. This is a handsome large white- flowered variet}' closely allied to the Indian R. formosum, and may, indeed, be considered as a form of that plant. It is one of the many fine plants for which European gardens are indebted to the French missionary. Abbe Delavay. Chelonoptii mo^chdld, a native of Japan and China. A ver}' pretty labiate, with blush-white tubular flowers, which have a ros\" throat. It is allied to Melittis melissophyllum, the Bastard Balm of the British Flora. Seed of this plant was sent to Kew by Mr. A. K. Bullej', and it flowered in the temperate house in UHJO, but did not ripen any seed. Iris chri/irtjilha, a, native of Persia. This fine species has ver^' large pale yellow flowers, and was introduced accidentally by Mr. Van Tubergen, of Haarlem, along with a species of Oncocyclus Iris since named I. urmiensis. C'yauolus hir-iiila, a native of Abyssinia. An exceedingly pretty free-blooming plant belonging to the family of the Tradescanti^e. It has edible tuberous roots about the size of a Chestnut, called Burko by the natives. It flowered at Kew in a greenliouse almost throughout the whole year. Impatiens c/irysimiha, a native of the Western Himalaya. This is a very bright and pretty Balsam, with golden-yellow flowers streaked with red inside. It was sent to Kew from the Saharun- pore Gardens by Mr. Dutliie, and flowered pro- fusely in the herbaceous ground in October, ISIMO, and ripened seed. The July number of the Itcnie dc VhorlkuKiirt Bdijn contains a fine douljle plate of a most beautiful Palm named Cyrloslachy Ihiitja mr. dun'rienantmi, with most conspicuous bright rose- coloured stem and leaf-stalks. The first part of the Brnit: Horlicolt for July has a coloured plate showing the fruits of three species of Crataegus or Thorn, named respecti\'ely C. Korolkowi, C. piiuiatifida, and C pentagyna. In the same number are also two woodcuts and full description of a little known if not new Daphne, Dapliiie Vcrhli, found in a wild state on the low mountains in the neighbourhood of Grenoble. By some liotanist in France this was at first lielieved to bo merely a dwarf and low- growing variety of 1). Cneorum, but M. Mottet, who describes it here, considers it cpiite sulticiently dist'nct to deserve a separate name. The first of the two woodcuts shows the entire plant nuuh reduced of a dense and cushiony habit of growth and exceedingly free blooming. The secoml shows two bunches of flowers of natural size. It is said to exhale a most delicate perfume,, and to flower in the latter half of May, about three weeks earlier than D. Cneorum. Plants of this pretty Daphne can be obtained from Mr. M. J. (!inet, Horti- culteur, a la Croix-Rouge a (irenoble (Isere) in France. The .sixth nundier of the sixteenth volume of IJiulciiid contains portraits of the four following ( irchids : /iy'iopeUdmn Cliiyi, a very handsome x'ariety, with large rosy purple lip. the upper part of the July -20, 1901]. Ti£E GARDEN. 39 flower is a rich chocolate-brown barred with green. It is by no means a new varietj', as it first flowered in 1S77. It is the result of a cross effected between Z. crinitum and Z. niaxillare by Colonel Clay. Lii'lia limViyana, a most beautiful and delicate variety, with pure white flowers with a rosy pink lip. Oneidium stelligerimi far. Ernesti, a pretty and distinct varietj', with yellow flowers spotted with chocolate and a most conspicuous clear rosy purple lip, uncommon in this family. It is named after Mr. Ernest Measures. Odon/oylo.i«u7n Brachnani, a pretty pale 3'ellow form of 0. crispum, with rich markings of chocolate-brown. W. E. (Jumelktox. NOTES OF THE WEEK. Sweet Peas grown near London.— Readers of The Garden will be surprised to learn that within the precincts of the City of London, on the 2nd inst., an interesting display of Sweet Peas was made in Winchester House, Old Broad Street, under the auspices of the National Amateur Gardeners' Association. It seems hardly possible to connect this busy centre of financial meetings with so laudable an object as the one under notice. The leading competition was for twelve distinct sorts in bunches of not less than twenty and not more than thirty sprays in each bunch. The difference in the exhibits in point of quality was difficult to determine, the prize medal and cup ultimately going to a well-known country grower. Il is another instance of the immense advantage of growing flowers in the country, the second prize winner cultivating his flowers within or just on the border of the five miles radius of Charing Cross. Apart from this fact, the leading exhibit was beautifully set up, the use of elegant glasses in varying heights adding materiall3' to the picture. Among the more noteworthy sorts staged on the occasion were Pi'inee of Wales, Queen Victoria, Sadie Burpee, Blanche Burpee, Prince Kdward of York, Golden Gate, Black Knight, Stanley, America, Mrs. .Joseph Chamberlain, Lovelj', Salopian, Mars, Lady Mary Currie, Prima Donna, and Queen Victoria. — ]). B. C. Norwich Rose show. — The annual show of the Norfolk and Norwich Horticultural Society was held in the grounds of Mr. E. T. Boardman, Town Close House, Ipswich Road. Roses were excellently shown, although the fact of the National Rose Society's show being held the day before somewhat diminished the number of entries. Messrs. (4. and W. H. Burch, Mr. C. T. Blofield, Rev. Foster Melliar, Rev. H. Berners, Rev. A. L. Frelowes, Mr. A. Cater, and Mr. W. H. Hamond were some of the leadingprize winners in the Rose classes. Strawberries Trafalgar and Fill- basket. — The variety Trafalgar was thought very highly of when first exhibited at one of the Royal Horticultural Society's meetings in June last year, and probably most growers have now formed an opinion respecting it. It would be interesting doubtless to many growers of Straw- berries to hear how it has succeeded in various districts under variable conditions. Here we planted 100 plants when it was first distributed, and it has proved to be a good variety to succeed Royal Sovereign (the latter being ripe this season on June 10 and Trafalgar on June 22), as was predicted of it last year when it was exhibited by its raisers — Messrs. Laxton Bros. It is a robust grower, possessed of good foliage, capable of resisting attacks of red spider, and produces runners freely. The fruit is very large, flattened conical in shape, and bright scarlet in colour, with a good flavour, but it has not yet proved to be so free a cropper as Royal Sovereign. It will, however, have to be a Strawberry of extraordinary ijualities that surpasses Royal Sovereign's combined good ones. I am pleased, however, to see by Mr. Wythes' note that the Messrs. Laxton have succeeded in raising a variety — The Laxton — that is considered to be an improvement upon it. If the high opinion formed is upheld after the \-ariety has been tested as Royal Sovereign has been, it will indeed be an acquisition. Fillbasket, another nieritorious kind recently raised by the Bedford firm, ripens with 'J'rafalgar in succession to Royal Sovereign, and, like the others named, it is a robust grower. It ia remarkably ])rolific, long and conical in shape, very large, brightly coloured, and well flavoured, although in this resjiect it is not so good as Trafalgar. I have not yet given either Fillbasket or Trafalgar a trial for pot culture. Perhaps some one who lias forced them will kindly give the readers of The Garden the benefit of their experience.— Thomas Coomeer, Motimonlh. The "Acme" bloom protector.— Our illustration depicts a new invention of con- siderable importance to Rose, Dahlia, and Chry- santhemum growers. As will be seen, the "Acme " protector is a device to protect the blooms of exhibition Roses, &c. , from wet, sun, or wind, and it has many good points. Perfect rigidity is secured by a S(iuare socket working on a square stick, tlie former lieing firmly held against the AND successful EXHIBITION RO.SE PROTECTOR. latter by a galvanised steel spring. Tlie protector will last for years, and may then be re-covered at only a trifling cost. Although the covering material (calico) is nst in itself waterproof, experience has proved that the angle at which the protector is made causes the water of the most severe rain storm to run off at the edge, and not to penetrate tile cover and damage the blooms. Mr. Richard West, Reigate, is the inventor. Messrs. James Veiteh's Carna- tions.— Probably no brighter displaj' of flowers can now be seen in London than is made by the border Carnations in the Chelsea nursery of Messrs. James Veitch and Sons, Limited. Planted in oblong-shaped beds for some distance on either side of the central pathway they are remarkably pretty, and comprise an endless variety of colours. Vellow-ground fancies seem now to be the most popular type of Carnations ; there are at least more varieties of these than of any other particular sorts, and probably the self-coloured varieties are requires plenty of manure next favourites. Many of the latter, however, as satisfactory border Carnations are yet dithcult to surpass for their good growth and free flowering. A few of the best selfs suitalile fcjr bedding are Bendigo (a rich purple), Edward Marshall and Joe Willet (scarlets), Sir Henry Irving (crim.son), Edith Ladenham, Helmsman, Mrs. F. Watts (white), and Miss Audrey Campbell (yellow) These varieties are all excellent for the l>order, as may be seen from the manner in which they are growing in the Chelsea nursery ; they are of good habit, and flower very freely. The above-men- tioned are all selfs. Equally good for border planting are Sportsman and Thetes (scarlet Hakes), Mayor of Nottingham (a purple flake that retains its character remarkably well), Admiral Curzon, (iilbert and Robert Houlgrave (scarlet bizarres). Due d'Auniale, J. D. Hextall, J. S. Hedderley (crimson bizarres), and of the fancy varieties Chameleon (slate and red), George Cruickshank, the latter a remarkably handsome flower, are note- worthy. Picotees include Mrs. Sharpe (heavy rose edged, a beautiful bloom), Norman Carr (thin rose edged), Clara Penson (thin purple edged), and Polly Brazil (heavy purple edged), also a remarkably fine variety. There are many noteworthy flowers amongst the new varieties, the border selfs and fancies including the following : Alcinous (ground colour lemon-yellow, heavily marked with purple), Bertie (pinkish white, heavily marked with crimson, vigorous habit), Don Carlos (a distinct variety, witli large hand.some flowers, yellow ground striped, and edged with rose-pink), and Rosalind (large deep crimson, sweet scented), both the latter having received awards of merit from the Royal Horti- cultural Society. The Khedive, a bright yellow, heavily marked and tinted with rose, is also a valuable new kin J. The new yellow ground Picotees include Caracci, Daniel Defoe, H. Falkland, Lady St. Oswald, and Lanzon. Governor Roosevelt (a dark red, with beatifully toothed petals). Lord Roberts (a rich lemon-yellow, verj' free flowering), and Beauty of Exniouth (pure white, that obtained an award of merit at the Cr3'stal Palace last year) are three Carnations of recent introduction that merit special notice. All the old standard varieties are, of course, represented in Messrs. Veiteh's collection, and add considerably to the beauty and brightness of the display. Note from Jamaica— Rose beetles. — We have Roses throughout the j'ear, and everv good rainfall is followed by a burst of them. One of these is the June burst. This is alwa3s the strongest of all, and with it come the Rose beetles These have not the gorgeous old glass and soap bubble iridescence of the English kind, but are plain gloss3' black, like the horned beetles that we called pinchabobs in our youth, but which are more properly designated stag beetles. They sta3' only a short time, and I do not grudge them their feast upon what I have so much of, more especially as the3' fasten almost exclusively upon the freest flowering kinds, evidentlj' attracted more by one class of scent than another. Cramoisie Supi'i-ieure and Malmaison are the favourites, and I rarelv find them on Roses with strong tea scent. At home I seem to remember that the3' were equally eclectic, for I associate Rose beetles with the old pink China Rose and with no other kind. Is that a fact or is it a failure of observation or memory ''. The old pink was our only kind of China Rose, and in the da3's I speak of Tea Roses were compara- tively scarce. What I mean is that they notably attacked China Roses and left other kinds, whicji for us were chiefly Hj'brid Perpetuals of the old mop pattern, cjuite alone. Perhaps they visited garland Roses and loose ones of the Damask type, but I do not feel sure about it. — W. J., Port Hoyal Mountains (2,(lil0 feet), ■lamaica. Pot-Marigold.— When I lived in England I (lid not know what a fine thing the old Pot-Mari- gold is. Now that I am obliged to take some care of it I do know. It is not the eas3' thing here that it is at home. The months when cloud alternates with sunshine are those that suit it. It is at its best from November to Februar3-, and is discouraged b3' the dry cloudless days of March. The only one I grow is a full pure orange. With me it and water, and thousih 40 THE GAKDEK. [July 20, 1901 it dislikes the iiercest of the sun it must be in a perfeetlj' open place. This is wliat makes the dithculty. When the Roses and the (ieraniunis scorch, as they sometimes do, the poor Marigold suffers too, and protests by half closing its flowers, while the whole plant visibly withers. I cannot depend upon its sowing itself as the African Marigolds do, and ha%-e always to save spring seed to sow in the autumn. — W. J., Port- J!oi/a/ Moinilain^ (2,lKli) feet), .liimakd. Harrow Rose show. — The Harrow Horticultural Kxhibition and Rose show has, under the good management of Mr. Lewis Pawle, the honorarj' secretary, now developed into quite an important and most interesting gathering. We are sorry that a detailed report of the show, which was held on .lulj' H, has been left over tlirough pressure on our space. Birds in the orchard.— I was much interested in reading an article in your paper entitled " Birds in the Orchard,'' page 4'24. Many years ago m}' Apples were very much spoiled by grubs, &c. , and a large percentage fell from this reason in a premature manner. Knowing that the female of the codlin moth was wingless I took to running fowls under the trees ever since, by which practice I get fine crops of clean fruit. The fowls eat everything of an insect kind on the ground, and the tits and other birds, which we take care not to kill, clear the bark and twigs of eggs. The droppings of the fowls, too, act beneficially on the trees, for I find if I dig amongst them the ground is a network of roots close up to the grass, sliowing that something tempts upwards which would not be the case if the grass were not manured, and I give no extra manure at any time. — H. U. Palmer, Slonrhank, Nayland, ('olflifsler. Fields of Narcissi.— Mr. J. w. Cross, bulb grower, Wisbecli, sends photographs, unsuit- able, we regret, for production, showing well the enormous scale upon whicii l)ulbs are grown in Mr. Cross's Wisbech nurseries. One of them represents a field of Tulips, the other two give a good idea of the pretty picture produced by a field of poeticus ornatus in flower. The white Bladder Campion.— Besides a patch of Dictamnus fra.xinella, I have allowed a mere weed to grow, the white Bladder Campion. Bj' chance I found out that sprays of this with amber coloured Alstncmeria make a marvellously beautiful arrangement for a small glass. The silvery grey bladders are of a pecu- liarly beautiful tint. I think no garden should be without it. — neenxloir'n, Ireland. Dia,n thus multiflorus Napoleon I II. — But for the trouble they often give to propagate, the Mule Pinks would soon become more popular garden flowers. In some few gardens the fine Napoleon III. is as perennial in its habit as any one could wish, but in others it blooms so freelj' as to exhaust itself if allowed to get its own waj-. Here it is rather troublesome in this respect, and I have to take care to propagate it regularlj- or it would be lost. One of the gardens where it is more perennial is that of Mr. James Davidson, Summerville, Dumfries, where it makes plenty of "grass," and does not disappear so readil3' as it does in many places. Dianthus Napoleon III. is very beautiful with me just now, and one enjoys the fine double crimson flowers it gives so freely on its 9-inch stems. — S. Arnott. [That excellent gardener the late Captain C. Nelson, brother of the late Rev. J. (i. Nelson, of Narcissus fame, had a good plan tor the renewal of these Pinks that was of especial use in the case of D. A t k i n s o n i , which so often blooms itself to death. He s i m p 1 3' r e - moved all the flowers from some of the plants ; these b 3' a u t u m n were fine spreading tufts that could be divided. B3' this means he secured a yearly supply of flowering plants. — Eds. | Tea Rose M a m a n Cochet. The flower represen ted was shown by Mrs.Ha3'wooil, Woodha tell, Reigate (gar- dener, Mr. C. .T. Halter), at the Cro\'don Horticultural iSociety'sshow. This and the White Maman Cochet are tw(^ of the most beautiful gar- den and exhi- bition Roses in existence. A useful f 1 o w e r basket.— It si-'cms a strange tiling that with every bod3' now w anting to ])ick flowers for house decora- tion with long stalks it. should J be so difficult to get exaetl3' the convenient sliape of basket to hold them. Several times last 3'ear letters came to us asking if we could say where such baskets were to be had. We have therefore taken some pains to have a suitable basket made, and, after a few trials, have arrived at a shape that will fulfil all the needs of those who want to cut flowers with stalks from 2 feet to 4 feet long. All who cut their own house flowers know the awkwardness of heav3' things like (Jladioli in a short basket, and how, even in a large one, heav3' flowers like these on one side will upset it when placed on the ground. The designer of the new pattern has taken all these troubles into consideration, and the result is a basket that is stable when placed down, capacious as well as convenient for the longest - stalked flowers, and quite light to carr3'. We shall next week be able to give an illustration of this, one of the most useful garden baskets 3'et introduced, and line that cannot fail to be of value to many. Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution.— Mr. .T. MiUmrn, the honorary secretary of the Bath and Bristol auxiliary of the above institution, writes to sav that at the Bath Rose show, held on Juty 1 1 , a stall was provided for the sale of spare Roses and other flowers which were kindl3' given b3' the exhibitors and others for the benefit of this excellent society, and a sum of t'll was realised. Mr. Milburn's address is '\'ictoria Park Lodge, Bath. TEA ROSE MA.MA.N COrilET. July 20, 1901.] THE GARDEN. 41 Solanum W^endlandii at Kew.— Of the several species of climbing Solaiiuiii suitable for indoor culture, this is by far the most showy, and a plant worth cultivating in any place where a strong-growing free-flowering climber is required. It was introduced from Costa Rica to the Royal Gardens at Herrcuhausen, Hanover, about twenty years ago, and was named after Dr. Wendland, the director of those gardens. In 18S2 a plant was sent to Kew, and e\'er since it has lieen one of the most striking of the roof plants in the succulent and Water Lily houses, and latterly in the Mexican house also, throughout summer. If allowed plenty of room the branches will attain a height of '20 feet or 30 feet, and will cover a large area. The leaves varj' greatly in form, some being simple, 7 inches long and 4 inches wide, others pinnatifid, and others again quite pinnate. The flowers are light blue, 2;j inches across, and borne in large heads, sometimes a foot across, from the ends of all the branches. They commence to open in May, are at their best in .July, and are rarely over before the end of summer. Though it rejoices in the tropical heat of a stove, it succeeds quite as well in an intermediate temperature, and is eciually at home with a somewhat restricted root run and planted in an open border. It succeeds well in loam, and can be increased by means of cuttings. A visit to Kew at the present time would go far towards convincing anyone of its worth. — W. Dallimoee. CaesalpiniaGilliesii.— Onasiinnywallat Kew a specimen of this showy and highly interesting leguminous tree is producing nine large heads of flowers. It is a South American plant, sometimes seen under the name of Poinciana Gilliesii, and has been in cultivation for a considerable time, though it is somewhat rare in gardens. For its foliage alone it is worth growing, the leaves being large, bipinnate, and very gaceful. The flowers are in dense upright racemes. Individually they are about 2 inches across, \vith large 3'ellow petals. The beauty of the flowers is considerably enhanced by the long red thread-like stamens, which pro- trude from the mouth of the flower to a length of several inches. For those who have gardens in favoured localities, and can afford a place on a warm wall, this would be an interesting plant to try. — W. Dallimore. Lilium giganteum at Cavens, N.B. — The noble Lilium giganteum has for a number of years been well grown in the garden at Cavens, in the south-east of Kirkcudbrightshire, and there has been a good specimen in bloom this season. This I had the pleasure of seeing a few days ago. It is growing in the position which was occupied by an even finer plant several years ago, i.e., the angle formed by the high walls of the kitchen garden, and having a south-east exposure. It is about 12 feet high and carries twenty-one blooms. Measured 3 feet from the ground, the stem was 10 inches in diameter. The one grown some j'ears ago was quite 14 feet high, and the dry weather we have had must have greatly reduced the height of this one. It is, however, most imposing and beautiful, with its glossy leaves and stem, and its fine, long-tubed flowers. Mr. John Cooper, the head gardener, takes much pride in growing L. giganteum well, and also in a fine plant of Lilium auratum, which has been established in the garden for a number of years. — S. Aknott. [This note would have been much more useful had the method of culture of this fine Lily been described. Cultural notes are always specially desirable. ^Eds.] The Countess of AVarwiek and hoPtieultUPe.— The Lord Mayor, with whom was the Ladj' Maj'oress, presided over a meeting which assembled at the Mansion House recently to hear the Countess of Warwick plead the cause of her Horticultural Hostel at Reading. Lady Warwick said that the college, which had been carried on with a capital of £1,600 for the last three years, had outgrown its home, its garden, and its resources. It afforded a jumping-oft' place into a lucrative profession for the daughters of professional men, and on that accormt deserved charitable support, because it helped women to help themselves. The King had been graciously pleased to express his approval of the scheme, which, by establishing the work on a larger foundation, would give it increased prospects of usefulness, and to tlie fund Mr. Astor, Mr. Beit, Earl y Earl Cre}', and a resolution offering their approval was carried l>y the meeting. Lilium Hansoni at Dumfries, N.B. — It is pleasant to one who admires this fine hardy Lily to see in how many gardens it is to be found in this neighbourhood. Mj' own plants were out of bloom by the beginning of July, but a few days later, largely spent in gardens further inland, showed (|uite a number of plants in grand con- dition. Without exception all looked healthy and vigorous, but the most thriving and the most beautiful were in the garden of Mr. .James Lotinrer, Northbank, Dumfries, where there was a noble clump of L. Hansoni in the most flourishing con- dition, and bearing many flowers of great substance and beauty. The plants were more than .5 feet high, and were a fine sight with their yellow- spotted flowers. — S. Ar^utt. Odontog'lossum wendlandianum Vineke'S VaP. — A pleasing form of this scarce Odontoglossum has recently flowered with M. Vincke-Dujardin, of Scherpsdaele, near Bruges, Belgium. Whetlier species or natural hybrid, this Odontoglossum, though it cannot be compared to erispum in size, is certainly handsome. The flowers are arranged closely on a stout raceme, and at first sight appear intermediate between a form of 0. andersonianum and 0. constrictum. The sepals and petals are almost ecjual in shape and size, narrow at their bases, then broadening and again tapering to an acuminate tail-like apex. The sepals are light golden-yellow, with, on the basal half, a few nearly confluent red-brown spots, and above these an irregular triangular-shaped patch of tiny reddish dots. The petals are marked much in the same waj', but the basal spots are neither as many nor as conspicuous, and the base is entirelj' yellow, except for a single central red line about half an inch long extending from the base of the column. The lip is remarkable in its construction, almost flat, six-eigliths of an inch broad at the base, abruptly contracting to half those dimen- sions in the centre and tapering slightly to the extreme apex, where the two sides fold together and form a short, curved point. The throat and base of the forked, ragged yellow crest is lined with red-brown on a yellow ground. The re- mainder of the lip is soft creamy white with two rows of red-brown spots proceeding from either side of the crest and meeting at the apex, but with a white margin between them and the beau- tifullj' feathered edges of the labellum. The old Roses at Kipkeonnell, Ncwabbey, N.B. — A few days ago I had the pleasure of my annual pilgrimage to see the great bushes of old Roses in the garden of Mrs. Maxwell- Witham, of Kirkconnell, Newabbey, which were then in their full glory, and gave me much delight. They have been in the fine old garden for many years, and form one of the greatest of its man}' attractions. At my request, Jliss Maud Maxwell- Witham ver}' kindly sent a box of blooms to Mr. Brotherston, whose knowledge of these old Roses is so great, and I am glad to learn from him that they meet with appreciation from one who knows them far better than I do. He speaks of some being "very lovely things," and it must be gratify- ing to the family who have preserved these .flowers for so many years to know that one so competent to appraise them at their true worth can thus speak of them. Tliese old Roses are mostly in great bushes, many feet in circumference, and the effect they give is simply grand. — S. Aknott. Plagius gpandiflopus.— It is not often that one comes across this distinct and singular looking border plant, so that I was pleased to observe a nice clump in the garden of Captain Stewart, at Shambellie, Dumfries. I believe it is now correctly spoken of as Chrysanthemum grandi- florum, although it is better known by the name given above, or by that of Balsamita grandiflora. Certainly the name of Chrysanthemum will hardly give the ordinary gardening reader any idea of the appearance of this rayless yellow composite, whose flowers, albeit somewhat stiff, becaui-e of the absence of the ray petals, are both luight and distinct looking. It has been lost from many gardens on account of its being scarcely hardy except in sheltered places in mild districts. At Shambellie, however, it proves hardy, although occasionally it is much cut up by the winters, which are milder in the west of Scotland than in the centre, but have the drawback of more moisture at that season. Plagius grandiflorus grows aVjout 3 feet high, and has bright yellow flowers of large size on stout stems. — S. Arnott. Peach talisteP.— The generally accepted idea with regard to Peach blister is that it is caused by some uncongenial climatic conditions prevalent when growth has commenced in spring, and this has been considered proven by the fact I hat blister seldom appears on trees under glass. That the cause dates further back than this I am convinced b}' the appearance of blister in an aggravated form on a young tree of Hale's Earl}', which I procured from the outside quaiters of a nursery early this year, before there was the least sign of growth or of buel swelling, and planted in a mid-season house. The attack was confined to the earliest formeel leaves, but ran its normal course through these, and since the}' were got rid of the growth made has been quite healthy. This, I think, proves lliat the disease germs were already stored up during the winter, and I am still fuither confirmed in this by the conduct of a similar tree of Stirling Castle that was removed at the same time from under glass and planted against a west wall outdoors. In spite of an untoward spring there has not been a blistered leaf on this tree, owing, I believe, to the fact that it 'via.s wintered under glass, and, consecjuently, escaped infection. ~J. C. Talt^ack. Violas. —The present has been far from a good season for Violas, and those having stood the test of the long-continued drought, anel that still promise to continue flowering and to grow freely, are well worth noting, especially when they com- bine with this freedom a good habit, gooel colour, and good form. Among others which have well stood the test here are Mary Robertson, a charming flower of good size and soft yellow colour ; Purit}', perhaps the best of the pure whites, the large flowers being borne on long and stout footstalks : Diana, blue, with deeper rays and white centre ; Mrs. Palmer, pale yellow, with a flecked blue edge, novel and distinct ; Bridesmaid, delicate pale lilac ; Mrs. Charles Gordon, very similar to that popular and well-known variety The Mearns, but with the light colour extended to the lip in addition to the upper petals ; and lona, somewhat similar in marking, but even richer in colouring and beauti- fully shaded. All the above are well worth adding to any collection, for they promise to be really good varieties for the flower garden, a character that cannot be given to a large percentage of those which find their way into commerce. -J. C. T. Ppesentation to Mp. John Andrews. — During the past twelve years of the history of the Woodbridge Society the reins have been held by Mr. John Andrews, to whose credit lies the present status of the society. Prior to his coming the society had ploughed along in a manner common to similar institutions, but after his introduction affairs have brightened -vvonder- fuUy, and Woodbridge now ranks as one of the great shows of the kingdom. To mark their keen sense of appreciation of Mr. Andrews' services the members of the committee resolved that a presen- tation might well be made. The members were circularised, and though the subscription was limited to 2s. ()d., no less a sum than .t'.50 was promptly raised. An Oak canteen of silver plate and cutlery was purchased, and the presentation was made at luncheon on the day of the show. Mr. John Loder spoke in very graceful terms to the valuable work Mr. Andrews bad done, and ilrs. R. J. Carthew made the presentation. The recipient made some characteristic remarks in acknowledging the gift, with which he was obviously much delighted. 4-2 THE GARDEN. [July 20, 1901, CARDIUCBINUM (LlLIfM iU(;A.NTECM), The fpuit crop in Scotland. The general opinion is that fruit of all kinds will be abundant. All the commoner sorts, as Currants, Gooseberries, &c. , are very heavily cropped. There was some loss in Apricots by frost at the flowering season, but fair crops notwithstanding will be forthcoming. Plums of all kinds set heavy crops. Pears, though not excessively plentiful, are a good average, and the fruit promises to be large and fine. Apples in some cases are onlj' an average, in others an overflowing crop. The weather was so hot and drj' while some varieties were flowering that the blossom dropped without setting, but the general result will be a good harvest of fine fruit. A promising feature of fruit trees is the large and healthy foliage with which they are furnished. This is the second year in succession that this has happened, an uncommon occurrence, and indicating a hot, dry season, as, on the whole, best for hardy fruits. Schizanthus wlsetonensis.— In reply to your correspondent, this plant may be sown any time between the end of the present month to the early part of ne.xt J'ear, and a single plant may be had in full flower for some three or four months. Seeds sown in a sandy compost and the seedlings pricked oft' when largeenough to handlegrowquicklj' in an airy position. During the winter months the plant flourishes easily in the Primula, Cyclamen, or Tree Carnation liouses. Care should be taken in watering during this period, and, when the flowering season is reached, the profusion of flower produced, with the beautiful light effect, well repays any attention given. We should be pleased to give any further particulars on emjuiry. — Hugh Low a>d Co. LILIES AS CLASSIFIED. The genus Lilium is, as classified by ilr. Baker, divided into six suli-genera, of which five especially concern our gardens. liULIRIOX (L. CANDIJJUM). Sub-genus I. is called Cardiocrinum. This has only two species, of which the best is Lilium giganteum. It has white, funnel-.shapcd flowers, and, unlike other Lilies, wide heart-shaped leaves, much like Arum leaves, on long stalks. Sub-genus IL is called Enlirion. The flowers in this are also funnel-shaped, but the leaves are long, either with their sides parallel (linear) or of some length thickest in the middle and tapering at both ends (lanceolate). This com] irises, among other Lilies, longiflorum, candidum, japonicum (other\Aise Brownii), and Krameri. Sub-genus II F. is called Archelirion. The Hower is of a very open funneLshape, and its divisions are widely spread, and a little turned back. The central style or pistil comes forward in a boldly curved line, and the stamens, in.stead of accompanying it more or less as in some other Lilies, diverge from it all round, giving the flower a distinct aspect. The leaves are either without stalk (sessile), or have the stalk very short. This sub-genus includes tigrinum, auratum, speciosum, and perhaps the newer Honryi. Sub-genus IV. is called Isolirion. In this sub-genus the flower is an open cup of orange, or reddish-orange colouring, such as the Orange Lily (L. croceum). Sub-genus \. is called Martagon. These are Lilies of more or less turn-cap or turk's- cap shape; L. canadense, which is bell-shaped, being the most notable exception. About half of them have the leaves in whorls. The purple Marta- gon and the scarlet chalce- donicum are the commonest representatives among garden Lilies. Sub-genus VI. is called Notholirion. This sub-genus is not here con- sidered, as it is a link with the Fritillaries, and the only two species it con- tains are difficult and l:iy no means indispens- able garden flowers. ISOLIRION (L. CROCEUM). LILIES OF RECENT YEARS. Apart from the Lilies that have become known to botanists within recent years (to which Western China largely contributes), many distinct and beautiful kinds have been introduced to cultivation within the same period, some of which have already become great favourites. As some Lilies take several years after their introduction to become at all generally distributed, and the term "recent" cannot in tiheir case be applied in the same sense as with plants that are very quickly jsropagated, I will commence with the beautiful and distinct Lilium nepalense, which was first shown by Messrs. Hugh Low and Co. in the autumn of ISSS. Few members of the genus, excepting, of course, the ( lolden-ra3'ed Ijily of Japan (L. auratum), have on their first introiluction to the pulilic attracted as nnich attention as this, the reason being two-fold ; firstly, so many dilTerent opinions prevailed that all Lily lovers were an.xious to see what L. iiepalense really was like ; and, secondly, it proved when seen to lie so distinct from any other kind, and so pretty, that everj-one was delighted. Being now fairly well known, little in the way of description need be said, except ARCHELIKIOX ( L. SPECIOSU.MJ. that the gracefully reflexed blossoms, which in shape and size are somewhat suggestive of L. szovitzianum, are of a yellow or greenish-yellow hue, witli a chocolate-purple centre. A good deal of individual variation exists in the shade of yellow, and also in the extent over which the purplish portion extends. The Nepaul Lily is, as a rule, late in starting into growth, and flowers generally in the latter part of the summer and early autumn. The base of tlie stem is of a par- ticularly woody texture, while the stout deep- descending roots are few in number. Except in the more favoured districts of England it must be regarded as essentiall}' a greenhouse plant. The introduction of this species was owing to the militar}' occupation of a part of Upper Burmah, a second species from the same source being L. SULPHUREUM. This is a far more vigorous grower than the preceding, and succeeds in some of our southern counties, besides which it forms a grand object when planted out in the greenhouse or conservator}'. It grows wild in conjunction with L. nepalense, the bulbs of which greatly resemble those of the other, but in L. sulphureum the}' are of much larger size, and in the case of strong examples push up a stem to a height of 0 feet or more. This stem is ver}' thiekU' clothed with narrow leaves, which in a J'oung state are tinged with reddish brown. As in man}' other Lilies, the leaves widen considerably towards the top. The large, trumpet- shaped, highly fragrant blossoms are creamy white, suffused with red on the exterior and on the inside with a deep yellow. A very noticeable feature of this Lily, which causes it to stand out quite distinct from its immediate allies, and with ver}' few exceptions from all the members of the genus, is the formation of comparatively large bulbils in the axils of the leaves such as occur in the Tiger Lily. By means of these bulbils it can be readily increased. This Lily, which was first exhibited and a certificate awarded it by the Royal Hor- ticultural Society on .June i!), 1.SS9, was named liy Jir. Baker L. wallichianum superbum, which aroused a good deal of controversy, it being so distinct in every way from Wallich's Lil}'. Some again considered it to be the L. ochroleucum of Wallich, while Mr. Baker, after a season or two, renamed it L. sulphureum. This accounts for the' three different names being still in use. the third species introduced a year or two after the pre- ceding, was for some time ex- ceedingly rare. It grows from 2 feet to 4 feet in height, while the drooping blossoms are bell - shaped, with the tips of the segments reflexed. The colour is white, tinged slightly on the exterior with greon, and spotted with crimson L. LoWL, from the same locality. ,m\ MARTAGON (l. MARTAGON). July 20, 1901.] THE GARDEN. 43 inside. It is essentially a greenhouse plant, and in that stiucture forms a delightful feature, as a rule, about midsummer. L. Henryi has proved itself to be one of the most valuable garden Lilies of recent introduction, as it is perfectly distinct, a noble Lil3', and thrives (not merely holds its own) in most districts and in any fairly good soil. It is one of the many desirable Chinese plants for which we are indebted to Dr. Augustine Henrj', after whom it is named. That gentleman sent some bulbs to Kew in the spring of IXS!), and they flowered there in August of the same year. It is at least an open question if at that time any one was prepared for the great success that ultimately attended the culture of this Lily out of doors, as at Kew it has exceeded iS feet in height, with over thirty of its gracefully reflexed, orange- yellow blossoms on a single spike. It is often referred to as the yellow speciosum, but though the indii'idual blooms are a good deal like this last in shape, it is in all other features widely removed therefrom. After the first intro- duction it soon became distri- buted, as not only were imported bulbs sent over, but seedlings raised in this countrj' grew away freely and soon reached flowering size. L. Alexandr.'e. This .Japanese Lily was first shown and received a certificate under the name of L. Uke-uri, but it was afterwards named L. Alexandra by Mr. Baker. There is a certain amount of doubt as to its origin, some regarding it as a hybrid between L. longifiorum and L. speciosum, while others mention as its sup- posed parents the long-flowered Lily and L. auratum. If it is a hybrid I am inclined to look upon the last-named suggestion as the correct one, as there is a cer- tain suggestiveness of L. auiatum in the flower, but none of L. speciosum. Though said to occur in a wild state on Uke Island, it may still be a natural hybrid ; indeed, it has been before now questioned whether L. auratum is a true species or the product of artificial fertilisation, on the ground that such a striking Lily was not discovered till a com- paratively recent period. In the case of L. Alexandras the bulbs are j'ellowish, as in L. longifiorum, while the flower is less of a trumpet than this last-named, and more tubular than L. auratum. The scent is much like that of L. longifiorum. The flowers are pure white, with thick, wax-like petals, that remain fresh for a considerable time. It is as hardy as L. longifiorum, and, in addition, a first-rate Lily for growing in pots, as it flowers freely when about IS inches high. This Lily has never become common, and good bulbs of it always realise a fair price. L. RUBELLUM. Yet another oriental Lily, which formed quite a centre of attraction at the Temple show in 189S, being thei-e shown for the first time. Its nearest relative is the extremelj' fickle L. Krameri, which in many ways it much resembles, but L. rubellum bids fair to be a better garden plant than the other. In both the flowers are of different shades of deep rose, but L. rubellum has rather shorter and more massive blossoms than those of L. Krameri. Though freshly imported bulbs of L. rubellum often stand for some time before thev start, those that have been a season or two in this country are among the earliest flowering of all Lilies. During the growing period tlie broader leaves of L. rubellum enable it to be readily distinguished from L. Krameri. L. Browni Varietiks. The early liistory of the typical L. Browni is wrapped in obscurity, but two very beautiful I-,ilies that first flowered at Kew in the early nineties were regarded by Mr. Baker as varieties of L. Browni. Both were sent by Dr. Augustine Henry in the same box as L. Henryi above alluded to. In the variety leucanthum the flowers are white, shaded a delicate yellow inside, and tinged with green on the exterior. It is a particularly the blossoms is not nearly so unpleasant as iu L. pyrenaicum. Like those named in conjunction with it, L. jank;eanum belongs to the Martagon group, and a bulb obtained from Messrs. Ware has done well in a loamy soil. L. (iRAYl, which first flowered with us in ISOl, was long previous to that time known to botanists, as it was discovered by Dr. Asa firay, on the Roan Mountain, Northern Carolina, in l,S4(l. (Jnly a single specimen, however, was then gathered, and it was after a lapse of many 3'ears that it was again found. Its near affinity to L. canadense was doubtless the cause of it being overlooked for so long. From L. canadense it differs in the flowers being smaller, less pendulous, and more open at the base, while the segments recurve very little, and are narrowed more suddenly at the apex. The colour is a deep orange red, spotted with maroon. In its peculiar rhizomateous bulbs and foliage L. Grayi is a counter- part of L. canadense. L. BoLANDEKI. This is most closely related to L. columbianum, and, like that species, needs a fairly moist soil and a partially shaded spot. The leaves, which are arranged in whorls, are of a glaucous green, while the flowers are small, bright red, and dotted towards the centre with blackish crimson. It is a pretty and distinct Lily, but cannot be looked upon as a good garden plant. Lilies that have been discovered within recent years, and of which only dried specimens or peihaps living plants in one or two botanic gardens are known, are at present of but little interest to the hor- ticulturist, though in time some of them may be regarded in a ditterent light. Those from Western China appear most pro- mising in this respect, as some of them at least are far more amenable to cultivation than the Lilies from the Californian dis- trict of North America, several of which are comparative failuies in most districls of this country. Besides the above, numerous varieties of some of the well known species, such as L. auratum, L. speciosum, L. elegans, L. um- bellatuni, &c., have been recorded, but their consideration scarcely comes within the scope of the present article. H. 1'. (To he continued.) LILIUM RUBELLUM, CLEAR PINK, FLOWERS THREE INCHES ACROSS. bold growing form, while the large, massive blossoms droop considerably. In the second variety — Chloraster — the stems are tinged with •brown, while the leaves are narrower and the flowers less drooping. The keels of the segments are greenish inside as well as outside of the flowers. L, JANK.EANDM. From the eastern part of Asia to Europe is a wide step, and L. jankieanum is as widely removed from the species previously mentioned. Its nearest relatives are L. pyrenaicum and L. carniolicum, both of which are, like it, natives of Europe. From L. pyrenaicum it differs in being a taller growing plant, with broader leaves, while the flowers are larger and of a clear 3'ellow, dotted slightly in the interior with brown. The odour of LILIUM RUBELLUM. Tbis lovely pink Lily may be considered one of the very best of late introductions, for not only is it ueautiful in all ways, but in light soils, at any rate, it seems to be very easy cf cultivation. Though it has come among us so lately its praises come from far and near, ard it is quite clear that it is becoming an extremely popular Lily. Its early time of blooming makes it all the more welcome. NOTES ON THE LILY DISCUS- SION. In view of the increased interest taken in the Lily family, it was a happy thought last year of the editors of The Garden to distribute circulars to all classes of horticulturists. These circulars con- tained questions relative to the behaviour of the 44 THE GAEDEN. [July i^O, 1901. LONGIFLORrM IN I'OTS, A STONE- ARRAX ■AVED ( :EI) with FOLIAfJE ALSO IN lARDES COURT. ing as they do in ordinary' garden soil, are well suited for grouping with shrubs or in similar positions. In height they range from the 0 inches or so of some varieties of L. elegans to the 3 feet or 4 feet of L. croceum. The Martagon section contains more species than anj' other, and several of them received favouralile mention, particu- larly L. Martagon and its varieties, L. Hansoni, L. chaloe- don:cum, L. pcmi- ponium, L. pyre- naicum, L. szovit- sianuni, and L. testaceum. The several North American species with rhizomatous bulbs are far more erratic in their behaviour, except L. pardalinum and L. superbuni, which, given soil more or less of a peat}' nature and fairlj' moist, as a rule do well. In one respect the members of the Martagon or Turk's- cap group differ widely from the cup - shaped Lilies i m m ediately preced - ing, for whereas these lastflower well the first season after planting, theMarta- gons need at least a year to establish themselves; iudeed, they, as a rule, con- t i n u e to gain In no class of plants of more importance ditferent Lilies and the conditions under which [ strength for several seasons, the}' were grown, and the answers when publi-shed , is the ailvice " let well alone proved to be of very great value to many, and I than in the Martagon section of Lilies, for estab doubtless acted as a stimulant to the numerous lished clumps once removed take a long time to aspirants in Lily culture. The fixing of a Lily recover their former vigour. Conference and Exhibition for this month at | The Tiger Lilies in their several forms gave (Jhiswick lias also tended to direct renewed atten- satisfaction to most contributors, and much the tion to this beautiful class of plants, though thev I same applies to Lilium speciosum. Of this last the scarcely lend themselves to this purpose as readily ' difference iu tlie time of flowering of imported and as some subjects which bloom at much the same j established bulbs is more marked than in any other time as each other, whereas the outdoor Lily j kind, and I have frequentl}' had these last blooiu season extends from May to the end of September. | two or three weeks earlier than the imported ones. Nearly all the correspondents regarded the i That the Madonna Lily (L. candidum) is not different Lilies from a gaiden point of view, hence everywhere a prey to the disease is shown by the their experience was particularly valuable, for it is , fact tliat more than half of the writers spuke of it in this way, with ver}' few exceptions, that these charming plants are seen at their Ijest. The behaviour of the different Lilies varied consider- ably. Some gave universal satisfaction, while in the case of others glimpses of success were few and far between. In all records there is a great tendenc}' to chronicle the successes and pass over the failures, and many of the circulars showed this, hence failures in tlie case of some species were probably more numerous than recorded. In perusing the various reports one is struck with the almost universal success attending tlie culture of the upright cup-shaped Lilies that belong to the Isolirion group. Of tliis section the species are Iiut few, viz., Lilium davuricum, L. croceum, L. bulbiferum, L. elegans, and L. umbellatum ; but the varieties are very numerous, and in some cases widely dissimilar from each other. These all belong to the early-flowering section, and, succeed- as a success. Lilium auratuni, always an erratic Lily, still maintains its reputation; indeed, that subtle fungoid disease, probably generated in the boxes when sent from Japan, seems to become more troublesome every j'ear. The long white trumpets of L. longiHoruni cause it to be a universal favourite, and for pot culture it is grown in immense numbers, Init as a Lily for the open ground it quickly deteriorates in many places, though large quantities of small buUis mark tlic spot. There are certainly many species that cannot be recommended to the beginner in Lily culture, though the veteran who understands the individual peculiarities of tlie different kinds may succeed with tliem, but even he is often puzzled, as the site of a bulb that flowered so well the previous year as to raise great hopes of it becoming permanently established is found when the expected stem does not appear above ground to contain only a few partially decajx-d scales. Experience, however, such as this only stimulates the Lily lover to increased eflbrts, as by that time he is well con- vinced that there is no roj'al road to success in the culture of some Lilies. Among the species that cannot be recommended to the beginner for out- door culture are L. avenaceum, L. Batemauua;, L. bloomerianum, L. callosum, L. canadense, L. concolor, L. columbianum, L. Grayi, L. Hum- boldti, L. Leichtlini, L. maritimum, L. medeo- loides, L. Maxiniowiczi, L. neilgherrense, L. nepalense, L. odoruni, L. parvum, L. phila- delphicum, L. pulchellum, L. rubellum, L. sulphureum, L. wallichianum, L. washingtonianum, and L. Krameri. T. LILIES IN POTS IN OUTDOOR GROUPS. In a newly - made garden, especially if it includes architectural accessories, -whether of refined and classical character or roughly built of some local stone, a great addition to the garden's beauty and delightfiilness is made by properly considered and designed places for the standing of groups of plants in pots. It would be the care ot the designer so to draw his plans that these spaces would not look hungry or naked in winter, while in summer the plants should appear to be occupying their own proper place, and not be there as interlopers or clumsy afterthoughts. The great advance of late years in the use of important plants, such as Lilies and Cannas, makes the consideration of such a department in garden design a necessity. In many cases it may be a sunk bed in the stonework, and where it is to contain some of the strongest growing ])lants, such as the older kinds of Cannas of large stature, a bed may be best, but just now it is the arrangements of plants in pots that is being con.sidered. Sheltered spots in connection with walled garden courts are about the best places for such groups, and Lilies will be the most important of the plants used. For this purpose the best kinds are longi- florum, candidum, auratum, Krameri, and speciosum. In such groupings nothing is more important as a suitable setting to the Lilies than to have a good supply of the best foliage, also in pots. For this the plants most to be recommended are Funkia grandiHora, and hardy Ferns are advised for the woodland grouiis, Male Fern, Lady Fern, and Dilated Shield J''ern. All these are grovm out of doors in a sheltered place, having been potted in October. The plants take two years (o come to their best, and will stand in the pots three or four years, after which they are thankful for a shift. The only indoor ]ilants used with these are Asiiidistras, which are much benefited by the outdoor treatment. There is no reason why any other plants of good green foliage that may be liked sliould not be used, but it is convenient to describe an arrangement that has been actually done, and found to answer so well that for three or four years it has remained unchanged. The groups of green are put out in the first week of June. In the place in question there is no convenience for bringing on early batches of Lilium longiHorum, so that the first Howcr effect is given liy yiots of white Oladiolus (the Bride), and some Hydrangeas, white and pink. But in the shady jilace all white and tender- coloured flowers look well, while all gain immensely from being iilaced in the ani]ilo groundwork of cool greenery of only a lew kinds of plant.s, and these not mi.xcd up, but easily grouped. A very sinijile mixture such as this of a few July 20, 1901.] THE GARDEN. 45 green things and a few kinds of Lilies is beautiful beyond compari.son with a iilacing of a miscellaneous collection of potted tiowers. A sunny place would be differently treated with other plants, but it is doubtful if any would be so pictorially satisfactory as the cool, shaded place, with it.s white or tender- coloured Lilies, and their amply sufficient groundwork of handsome greenery. LILIES IN THE ROCK GARDEN. When thinking of plants suitable for the rook garden, one does not always take Lilies into consideration, and yet some of the very best effects may be obtained by their use. In a rock garden of large extent and bold features there is no reason why nearly all but the very largest Lilies should not be planted ; Imt even in smaller places the bold and graceful upright Lily form may often redeem a rock garden from the over-squatness of treatment so often seen. Moreover, when one thinks of a delicate and brilliant gem like tenuifolium, with its scarlet turn-cap flower coming, as it does, so early in the Lily season ; of the small- growing orange-coloured jihiladelphicum ; of the many gorgeous and tender- coloured varieties of elegans (thunbergianum), with their small stature and large bloom ; of concolor and coridion, two charming dwarf kinds — one sees that Lilies in the rock garden should by no means be neglected. Several of the species are from rocky lands, and the complete drainage of the upper portions of the rock garden is greatly in their favour. NOTES FROM CORNISH GARDENS. In the iirst week of .June Nature is at her loveliest, and the six Cornish gardens that I visited were replete with beautiful plants. The Arum Lilies, extending round the verge of the lake at Trelissick on the Fal for a distance of 200 yards or more, were in full flower, and a thousand blossoms could have been cut without materially diminishing the display. These plants are grown in many sheets of water in the British Isles, but in no ease, as far as I know, are they to be met with in such numbers as at Trelissick, where their countless white spathes rising out of the still water beneath the giant Gunneras form an abiding remembrance. At Enys, a lakeside picture of ecjual but dis- similar beauty was provided by a deep band of the rose-coloured Primula japonica that bordered the lakelet along one of its shores, casting a glowing reflection on the dark mirror. On an island and on the further side rose colossal Gunneras, under whose foliage one might stand erect, one of the huge leaves, though not as yet fully spread, already measuring 10 feet in cliameter. In a bed composed largely of disintegrated granite and surfaced with sphagnum moss, Sarracenia flava and S. purpurea were in fine bloom. The flowers of S. flava, 4 inches in diameter and carried on stalks 18 inches high, with their maroon petals and central discs of pale yellow, were ver3' effective. The leaves, which, when they first appear, are like elongated bladders, eventually form hooded openings at their extremities, down which numbers of insects descend and perish. On cutting open two or three of the leaves the bases of the hollow tubes were found filled with a closely-packed mass of dead flies. At Enys and in other gardens Myosotidium nobile, which grows with exceptional vigour in the district, was passing out of bloom ; Ourisia coccinea and Haberlea rhodopensis were flowering well ; and (lerbera Jamesoni, of which I saw three fine specimens in the gardens I visited, was throwing up several flowers. This handsome plant does not succeed in many gardens, and it is therefore a special pleasure to meet with it in vigorous health. Lily of the Valley was growing rampantlj', so much so indeed that it had even thrown up its flower-spikes between the interstices of stone steps. Owing to Mr. John I). Eny.s having spent some time in New Zealand, the garden Is well stocked with many rare tre«s from that country, among which are Alectryon excelsum, the New Zealand Beech (Fagus ciifibrtiodes), the Ribbon tree (Hoheria populnea), and Podocarpus Totara. An enormous Cordyline australis, the produce of seed sent from New Zealand thirty years ago, is quite a feature, having over a dozen heads, and three healthy specimens of the rare Cordyline indivisa stand near by. I believe T am correct in stating that this Cordyline has only flowered once in the open air in the British Isles, namely, in Tresco Abbey (iardens, Isles of Scilly, in April, 189:"). I fortunately visited the islands at that time and was enabled to take a photograph of the specimen, which was subsequently reproduced in The G.akden, February 1, 18,06. Other notable flowering shrubs were Corokia buddleioides, the yellow-flowered Dendromecon rigidum, and Viburnum maerocephalum, while of Rhododendrons, R. cinnabarinuni var. blandford- ianum was bearing its soft red flower trusses, R. triflorum its pale yellow blooms, and R. Black Arab its maroon-crimson blossoms. In the garden is a fine Loquat which flowers annually, and among the many noble specimen trees is a large Cupressus macrocarpa with a bole 11 feet in circumference. A large Pinus insignis which was blown down in the first gale of the year proved on measurement to be 70 feet in height" In other gardens Dip- lacusglutinosus, generally a greenhouse plant, was in bloom, as wereHomeria coUina, the purple and white Salvia leucantha, the yellow Chrj'sobactron Hookeri, .Jacaranda mimosifolia, with droop- ing blue flowers, and Sisyrinchium convolu- tum. Embothrium cocci- neum was bearing its vivid vermilion flower clusters in profusion in all the gardens, and Abutilon vitifolium, always a feature in the south - west, was very beautiful, tall specimens, 10 feet to '20 feet in height, standing in sheltered nooks, being covered with their large lavender or white flowers. Incar- villea Delavayi was well represented by vigorous examples, one of these bearing eight flower scapes, and a large bush of Leptospermum scopa- rium, 10 feet in height and as much in diameter, was white in flower, while in another garden that lovely Rose Fortune's Yellow, which often proves a difficult subject to grow satisfactorily, was in profuse bloom, and Nandina domestica was affording mingled hues of crimson and green in its delicately cut foliage. At Tremough Rhodo- dendron Dalhousiie was bearing its trusses of pale yellow blossoms, but the splendid specimens of R Falconeri and R. Auck- landi in those gardens had been practically flowerless, a condition which has this season been prevalent in many gardens in the south-west in the case of the rarer Rhododendrons. I was enabled for the first lime to visit a garden in the neighbourhood of Truro notable for its large and choice collection of rare herbaceous and other subjects. Here the white-flowered Allium karata- viense was in bloom, as was the extraordinary A. Schuberti with its immense head of lilac-blue flowers. Alstroemeria maerophylla was coming into bloom, while both blue and wliite forms of Atragene alpina had covered several rough stakes with abundant foliage, and were flowering more freely than is their wont. Of Brodiieas, B. coccinea, B. c. violacea, B. Bridgesi, B. multiflora, B. volu- bills, B. ixioides erecta, B. stellaris, and B. Purple King were all in flower, as was Bomarea oculata, while the pretty annual Calceolaria i^innala was bearing its pale yellow blooms, and a grand plant of C. violacea, which had formed a bush 4 feet high and 5 feet wide against a wall, was covered with its lilac blooms, purple spotted and yellow throated within. Camassias embraced all the known kinds, and of the C^ampanulas C. portensehlagiana bava- rica was remarkable for its full purple and C. Burghalli for its large drooping French grey blossoms. Many have reluctantly given up the culture of Calochorti owing to their dying out, in spite of every care and attention, but in this garden Mariposa Lilies evidently find conditions to their hking, since several species that had not been touched for six years were in fine bloom. Chama;- cerasus Alberti was noteworthy, and of the Clematis family the dwarf C. ochroleuca and C. r.ILinjI KR,4.MERI IX THE KOCK GAKOEis. 'iFroni a p/iotngraph by Miss U'iHinott.J 46 THE GARDEN [July 20, 1901. coccinea. Michauxia campanuloides was growing strongh', and Maricaoalifoniic-a, willi its tall spikes of pi-im"rosc-like flowers, was blooming where it had seeded itself in the garden bank. I was shown the huge clump of Narcissus maxim us that pro- duced the enormous blooms that created such a sensation at the late Truro Daffodil show, which I was assured had not been moved or manured for five j'ears, and a large mass of Opuntia Ratinesquii, which is covered with flowers in the autumn. crispa were in bloom, as well as numerous varieties of the large-flowered section, of which the new Nellie Moser, with deep, wine-purple bars on silver-grey petals, was of exquisite beauty, the flowers being far larger and better coloured than many exhibited at tlie Temple show. Cornus canadensis was in bloom, as was Tricuspidaria hexapetala, better known asCrinodendronHookeri, while of the large assortment of Crinums J. yemense was throwing up its first flower-s^ike. The Yam (Dioscorea batatas), rarel}' seen in gardens, was grow- ing strongl}', numerous Dode- catheons were blooming, and different species of Eremurus held their tall spires aloft. Erigeron glabellum, E. glaucum, and E. serpentarum were in flower, and among the (iladioli, (i. Saundersi and G. tristis were present, while the tin}' Gunnera magellanioa, with leaves Ih inches in diameter and minute flower-spike o inches in length, was a revelation to one who only knew its giant relatives, G. maiicata and G. scabra. One of the most striking plants in the garden was Habranthus pra- tensis, of which there were two large colonies. The Amaryllis- like flowers are of a rich scarlet witli a 3'ellow throat, and are very bi illiant when in bloom. Few, however, are able to estab- lish them satisfactorily in the o|)en, and'they are but little known. I onlv noticed one spike at the late Temple show. P^'cella ignea, also in flower, appeared almost identical with the Haliran- thus. Of tlie Daj' Lilies, the orange Hemeroeallis Duniortieri was attractive, as was Heuchera micrantha rosea, with its 2 feet high spikes of minute flesh- coloured lilossonis. Two remark- able planLs, with narrow sharply- spined leafage, were Hesperaloe yuecaiefolia and H. Eagelmanni, the latter of which was sending up a slender, tall bloom spike. A large patch of H3'acinthus amethystinus, some 3 feet fipiare, made a beautiful breadth of soft blue, and of the Iris family numerous species were present. 'I'lie Oiicocyclus section were well grown, bricks, on which slates were placed, being sunk U inches lielow the surface, and the Irises planted above these, while during the ripening process they are covered with glass. A large clump of I. morioides was throw- ing up a quantity of vigorous flower stalks, and I. pavonia and I. graminea latifolia were in bloom. Several | Orobus canescens was bearing its blue flowers and forms of I. stylosa were included, amongst which | Ostrowskia magnifica showed eight strong flower was a very narrow-leaved variety named I. s. stems. A bed of 1(1 feet by (i feet was filled with splendens. Ixias and Sparaxis were blooming, as Orchis foliosa that was pushing up countless bloom sites, and of the many Trilliums the pink T. stylosa was still in flower. Trained up one of the pillars of the porch and along tlie top on two sides was a fine plant of Trachelospernuim jasminoides, which in the earlj' autumn is smothered in white scented blossoms. On the house walls were Lardizabala biternata, a large specimen of Mamlevilla suaveo- lens. a Pomegranate, Ficus stipulata, and manj' Roses, while other noteworthy plants were Asparagus retroflexus, Pheasanl's-tail (irass (Apera arundinacea), Arabia pentaphyl- lum, Broussonetia papj'rifera, ;■ Buddleia Colvillei, IJaphniphyl- lum glaucescens, Grevillea pen- dula, Clerodendron trichotomum. Hydrangea Mariesi, Andromeda japonica 10 feet in diameter, various species of Phormium, Philesia buxifolia, and Magnolia Watsoni, one of whose leaves was •2 feet in length and almost a foot wide. S. W. FiTZHEKBERT. LILIES IN GARDEN LANDSCAPE. The clear-cut form.s of many of the Lilies that are carried on tall stems, and their fine effect in bold masses, put them in the front rank as plants to use in ([uantity in such a way as is well shown in the illus- tration, where the beautiful Nankeen Lily (L. tcstaceum or L. excelsum) is seen in com- bination with large tree masses and wide sweejjs of lawn. It is seldom that one sees even in so large a garden as the fine one in Essex, where this bold plantingi has been so well done, so good and simple a treatment of one grand flower, and it should be noticed how much the 1 letter the Lilies are for not being distigurei by sticks or labels ^■k LTLIUM TESTACECM IN THE GABDEN LANliSCAl'E. was the blue - flowered Ixiolirion tataricum. Jeff'crsonia diphylla had passed out of flower, but on the rockery the lovely little Linaria alpina was bearing its purple and orange flowers in profusion. A large number of Lilies were in robust healtli, a clump of L. Henryi showing twenty flower spikes, and the little grown L. cordifolium filling a space of (i feet by 3 feet. The feature of the garden, however, as rjgards Lilies was the magnificent collection of L. giganteum, of which superb Lily about seventj' were throwing up towering flower stems, fifty of these, most of which had been r.iised fiom seed, rising from one bed. Never has it been my privilege before to 'ee Liliura giganteum in such quantity, and I could but imagine the gloiious sight that would bo presented bj' the bed in full bloom. Libertia azurea was in flower as well as the little Maianthennim bifolium and the scarlet Mitraria spikes, Olearia nitida was a cloud of white, and Othonopsis cheirifolia was spi-eading its yellow over a hollow treebole. Pentstemon cordifolius was flowering, and a Poppy, a .cross between P. orientale and P. rupifragum, was bearing medium sized scarlet blossoms, while the double form of the Welsh Poppy was also present. Pan- cratium illyricum was in bloom, but P. maritimum was not in flower, while two great bushes of Romneya Coulteri gave promise of prodigal blos- soming. This is one of the most beautiful shrubs in existence. Roses were largely grown for decorative effect. Penzance Briars being made a speciality. Senecilla carpatica, with Cabbage-like foliage, had thrown up a spire of bright yellow flowers G feet in height. Solanum crispum was in full bloom, and Streptopus roseus was bearing its bright flowers. Saxifraga pyramidalis was blooming in masses in various PROTECTION FROM SPRING FROSTS. Bearino in mind that our garden Lilies come from all countries in the northern half of the teni- perate world, from valleys, moun- tains, rocky heights, and" .swamps, we must be prejjared for the fact that their young growths pierce ' lie ground at very dirterent dates, and that, though no doubt each Lily in its own place comes out of the ground at the fittest season for its new growth, when we put them into our gardens we cannot suit them with the exact weather and temperature that they woukl expect in their own homes. It follows that most of the Lilies that come early out of the ground will need some kind of protectioii. The best protectioii of all is that of growing shrubs, whose branches nearly meet over the spot where the Lily is planted. This is one reason whv it is so strongly recommended that Lilium auratu'm and others should be grown through and among Rhodo- dendrons and other shrubs. The Lilies that like the closest growths around them may be known by having the lower part of the stem more or less bare of loaves, as is the case with anratum : those which, like candidum, spire up from a thick leafy mass show that they do not need the shrubby cover ; but for the early growing Lilies it is important that they should be given some shelter from frost. A mulch of short manure, of half-deca3'ed leaves, or of cncoa -fibre is good as a ground protection ; but somctliing is "wanted beyond this, for it often haijpens, when thegpound July 20, 1901.] THE GAEDEN. 47 covering only has been provided, that the Lily growth ))ushes through it while we have j'et to fear the late frosts of April and May. I"'ir boughs, either Scotch or Spruce, are capital for this sheltering, and one of our best Lily amateurs, writing from Kent, says that he has used the branches of Berberis Aquifolium with complete success. Even bare boughs, such as old Pea sticks, will, as gardeners say, " break the frost," and are much better than nothing. The same helpful amateur has sent these dates as those at which the growth of the following Lilies may be expected : — Date of Name oj' Lthf. a/jpeirancc. Lilium longiflorum Takesima March 8 L. auratuni platyphj'llum ,, 11 L. speeiosum cruentum ,, 17 L. Henryi 1 L. Hansoni | " ''^ L. speeiosum album Krietzeri ... .. 9!i L. Brownii ij. excelsum L. Parryi "| L. Burbanki j L. szovitzianum 1 ,-,0 " L. rubelluni J '' L. canadense J^I^-.y 4 L. Batemani (planted this spring) ... ,, 14 April 12 „ 13 ,, 20 Robert iSouthey tells u.s of another garden in France, on which much labour was expended without producing any beauty. The walks between were some- times of different colours ; some would be of lighter or darker gravel, red or yellow sand, and when such materials were at hand, pul- verised coal and shells ; it belongeil to M. Rabi, a very rich Jew merchant, and was surrounded by a bank of earth, on which there stood about two hundre ^ pleasure in the enjoyment of Lily beauty, it might be best arranged in some cool, sheltered, leafy l)lace; some shady bay in wood- land close to, though removed from, the garden proper. It should be in a place that was fairly moist yet well drained, where the Lilies would rise from ground rather thickly grouped 48 THE GAEDEN. [July 20, 1901, LILIUM AURATUM AMONO RHODODENDKOKS IN WOODLAND. with hardy Ferns, low bushes, and plants of good foliage. ^ Mr. K. W. Wallace, of Col- chester, in his highly instructive paper read at the meeting of the Koyal Horticultural Society on July 17, 1900, and published in that society's Journal, says : "An ideal spot for Lilies would be an open forest glade with a small stream running through it, near the banks of which the North American peat and moisture -loving Lilies would flourish : and higher up, away from the water, clumps of auratum, washingtonianum, Humboldti, gigan- teum, and all our finest species, would readily grow." If Lilies were jilanted in such a place, one kind at a time in fair quantity, we should be better able to appreciate their beauty and their dignity than when they are crowded among numbers of other flowers in the garden borders. The value of rather close shelter of tree and bush can scarcely be overrated, for the out- lying branches of the near bushes protect young Lily growths from the late frosts that are so harmful, and the encircling trees, not near enough to rob at the root or overhang at the top, liut so near as to afford passing shade and to stop all violence of wind, give just the protection that suits them best. It is a great advantage to have the Lilies in so well sheltered a place that they need not be staked, for staking deprives the plant of one of its beautiful ways, that of swaying to the movement of the breeze. It would scarcely be believed by any one who had not watched them u'n'staked how variously and diversely graceful aie the natural movements of Lilies. If they are tied up to stakes all this is neces- sarily lost, as is also the naturally dignified and yet dainty poise of the whole plant. Where the Lily groujis have pene- trated into true woodland, a back- ground (}f wild Bracken is the best that can be. Asthe Lilyground approaches the garden, clumps of Solomon's Seal would be admis- sible, and that good woodland plant of allied character, Smi- lacina racemosa, and plenty of our best hardy Ferns, Male Fern, Lady Fern, Dilated Shield Fern, and Osmunda, and some of the fine hardy American Fe r n s , a m o n g them also some of the Osnmndas, with Onoclea and Adiantum pedatum. Where the Lilies actually join the garden ground, no plant .suits tliem so well as the Irold- leaved Funkia grandiflora. Liliums longi- folium, Brownii, Ivrameri, and speciosum are specially thankful for this association. The Funkia also enjoys partial shade, for though it flowers best in sun, yet the leaves burn in its fiei'cest heat. No one would ever regret a good planting of Lilium longiflorum. Lady Fern, and Funkia. Funkia grandiflora is the best of the family, because the leaves are of the fresh, light, yellow-green colour that is so becoming to white and tender coloured flowers. Sometimes, where there is a permanent group of Lilies in a place where the roots of trees would be likely to rob a sjiecial compost, it is a good plan, as has been practised at Mr. Wilson's, to plant the Lilies in a sunken tub. THE LILY DISEASE. There is one disappoiutnient that growers of Lilies must occasionally be prepared for, namely, the Lilj' disease, often taking a form that is known as "spot.'' In some cases spots of brown fleca}' appear on tlie leaves, in others decay seizes some part of tlie half-grown stem as well, as if it had been subjected to a jet of scalding steam, and the stem falls over. Sometimes an almost full-grown stem is attacked at a late stage of its growth, and it is able to open one or two flowers, wliich present a miserable appearance, crowning tlie whole stem- length of decaying rags of leaves and blemished stalk. Kvidenee from the liest amateurs shows that disease is much more prevalent in imported bulbs than in those that are home grown, and that are therefore stronger and better able to resist its attacks. In the matter of disease Lilium candidum i.s as mysterious as in its other ways ; for one year a whole row will be in perfect beaut}', and tlie next they will be all infected. Its near relative, testaceum, is also commonly subject to disease, and of other Lilies auratum is one of the most frequent suflerers. When the disease appears in candidum some growers attribute it to want of proper drainage and therefore stagnant moisture at the root. The best growers agree in saying that this grand Lily must have good drainage, and most of them advo- cate a warm exposure. We do not know whether it suffers from disease in Italy, where it grows so luxuriantly. With regard to " spot " in auratum, the present writer was much struck last year by the fact that among some Lilies and Rhododendrons "spot" appeared among all that were in the sun, while those that were shaded escaped. The thought occurred whether it was possible that it was in this case not a disease originating in the plant itself but the direct burning action of the sun intensified by the lens form of drops of wet. There was no question of frost, as it was in ver}' hot weather, about the same time when a good many people noticed that leaves of all kinds were burnt and decayed very quickly when a wet dead flower had fallen and rotted on them. The existence of disease sliould make growers all the more careful to do the best they can for their Lilies, for if the plant is in a health}' state we may safely assume that it will not be attacked. Many columns have appeared in The Harden on the subject of the disfiguring and mysterious Lily illness ; no certain preventive or remedy has been suggested, but there is strong presumption in favour of the ethcacy of spraying with Bordeaux mixture, that great enemy of fungoid attack ; for the Lily disease is of that nature and is known to science as Botiitis cinerea. The recipe is given below. The beneficial action of sulphur is well known in vegetable as well as animal pathology, as in the treatment of mildew in plants and skin diseases in animals. One observant amateur treated his bulbs after the}' were dug up by shaking them up in a paper bag with some flowers of sulphur (sulphur in fine powder) so as to get it well in among the scales ; he said that the next season the plants did well and showed no sign of disease. Bordeaux Mixture. Sulphate of copper and fresh tjuicklime, lib. each. Dissolve the sulphate in a wooden tub and slake the lime in a pail or anything convenient. Pour the lime when slaked into the sulphate solu- tion, and add ten gallons of water, syringe gently with this mixture, and again a week or ten days later. WORKERS AMONG FLOWERS. THE P PROFESSOR BALFOl^R. ROFESSOR BALFOUR is one of Scotland's great men. He i.s a botanist with an instinct for good gardening, and in the beautiful Edinburgh city few yilaces are more interesting than the garden which under the ]n-ofessor's care has become one of the great botanic gardens of the wm-ld. jMany men we know willing to go forward in scientific research owe their success to his kindly, even enthusiastic, interest, and in Edinliurgh. indeed, or Scotland itself, his cliarming dis- position and rare knowledge have gained him troops of friends. It will interest, we think, sduie liotanists July 20, 1901.] THE GARDEN. 49 and horticulturists at home and abroad to know something of Professor Balfour's history. He was born in 1853, and has always lived in an atmosphere of science and flowers, as his father was Regius keeper of the botanic garden which the son now directs, and Professor of Botany in the university too. Professor Balfour is a thorough Scotchman. He entered the University of Pldinburgh as student of medicine and .science in 1780, gained the B.Sc. degree three years after, and became Baxter Scholar in Natural Science. He became P)octor of Science in 1873, M.B.C.M. in 1877, and JI.L). in 1883, and in 1877 was at the University of Strasburg under P)e Bary and Solms-Laubacli, and in the following year at the Wiirzliurg University under Sachs. But we soon find the profes,sor in his native city, for from 187-5 to 1878 he wa.s assistant to the Professor of Natural History in Edinburgh University. In 1879 Professor Balfour occupied the chair of botany at Glasgow, in 1884 became Sherardian Professor of Botany at Oxford, and in 1888 was again in Edinburgh, this time to occupy the same posts as held by his father. Although the professor is comparatively young, being only forty-eight years of age, he has through hard work and a well-applied knowledge rapidly risen to a proud position in the botanical world. No opportunities for study and training have been lost, and he speaks with delight of tlie intimate friendship between his father and Sir (then Dr.) .loseph Hooker, a friendship which gave him the privilege of being a frequent guest at Kew. It is interesting to know that the professor was botanist and geologist to the Transit of Venus expedition to Rodriquez in 1874, and a Botany concerning Rodriquez v\'as the outcome of his studies there, while he wa.s also with the Sokotra Natural History I'lxploration in 1879, and "The Botany of Sokotra" was the result, with the introduction also of the famous Begonia Socotrana. Professor Balfour reorganised the botanic garden at Glasgow, the new plant houses being built while he occupied the chair of botany, and when at Oxford he reconstructed the botanical department. His splendid work at Edinburgh is well known. A beautiful ciLy lias a beautiful garden, botanically a triumjih, and interesting to those who care little for botany in any form. Through his brilliant attainments, unllagging zeal, and earnest love for flowers Professor Balfour has secured the permanent establishment of the botanic garden as a national garden under the Grown. We hope shortly to illustrate the botanic gardens thoroughly, and shall then have occasion to allude further to the ]irofessor's good work, of which Edinburgh should be proud, a work accomplished by one of her most famous sons. PROFESSOR ISAAC BAYLEY BALFOUR. GARDENING OF THE WEEK. INDOOR GARDEN. Gardenias. GROWTH here will be robust, and in the case of young stock will require to be supported, a neat green- painted stick should be placed to each plant, to which the growths should be slung ; before, however, this is done it is well to take the opportunity to well wash the foliage ; this to some, especially when free of vermin, ma3' seem a needless under- taking, but as it adds so very much to the health of the plant it should not only be done now, but at regular intervals through- out the season. The value of this cleansing is well understood in gardens where a hard water charged with a chalk}' sediment, which soon disfigures the best foliage, has to be used. Similar remarks apply to Ixoras and Hydrangea paniculata grandi- fiora. The main batch of this will now be almost ready to be introduced to the flowering quarters, and before this is done it is wise to make the plants quite presentable. Sticks having some time ago been tixed to each growth the pots must be washed clean. This subject is particularly liable to red spider, and so insidiously does the pest do its work of mischief that the disfigurement of the plant is wrought ere it is noticed. For several years I have usuallj- located this H3'draDgea with such other plants as require frequent fumigating, and this is the safest plan to adopt with this really useful plant. HydEAXOEA HORTEMSIS and Thomas Hogg cuttings put in some time ago, now well rooted, may be put into JJ-inch pots, using a fairly rich heavy soil and well pressing same in potting. After the first week, in which the plants are kept in a frame, thej' should be stood on a bed of ashes in an exposed position and carefully watered tor a time. When well charged with roots weak liquid manure from the farm should be given. Roof Climhers. The most of these will be making robust and plentiful growth, and a dull day should Vje selected to overhaul them ; all gross and superfluous growths should be removed, and those selected loosely and gracefully suspended, exposing to view as much Hower as is possible, as of course there is a tendency to grow upward. Consequently, there is a corresponding desire to flower where they cannot be seen, and it is the grower's duty to so arrange them that from the interior of the house as many flowers as poisibic are seen ; in the case of any that require cleansing, as they sometimes do, they should be taken down where this is practicable and dipped in a suitable insecticide for the destuiction of the vermin present, and after this they should be well washed in clean water that all effects of the insecticide be cleared away. Watering, damping, and syringiiig during a spell of hot weather, as we are now" passing through, a judicious use of the water-pot and syringe has to be made. There is a feeling on the part of young men that the hotter the weather the more water is required at the root ; this is only so when the heat is assisted by a wind ; very often, instead of pouring so much water, often a great many degrees colder than the root mass, it is wise to give a syringing overhead and frequent damping of the paths, walls, and such surfaces. J. F. McLeod. Dover House Gardeiiv, Kcehamptov. KITCHEN GARDEN. Persevere with the planting of all winter greens as the ground becomes vacant, so that by the end of the month most of the winter crops will be planted. Plots recently occupied by earlj' Peas should be prepared for Coleworts or some other crop that will be removed from the ground in time for planting again in the spring with early Potatoes or some other crop requiring shelter. If matters such as this are thought about now it will greatly lessen the ditliculty of finding sheltering positions for early crops the following year. Late Broccoli and C4reens intended to stand late in the season should be planted in an exposed position, where the natuie of the soil is light and dry. Ground sueh as this will produce plants betterable to stand the winter than heavy rich soil, and plenty of room between the plants is also necessary, so that air and light may pass freely between them. Carter's Universal Broccoli is one of the best for standing late into the spring, and if given a dry open position should stand until Cauliflower may be out from plantations made in April. Late May is also a ver}' hardy variety, and Sutton's Latest of All may be kept until the middle of .June. One of the hardiest and best Kales for planting now is Read's Hearting Kale ; this will stand long into the spring Without running to seed. Asparagus Kale aud Veitoh's Sprouting Kale are also excellent varieties for late use. Celery. The latest batch of Celery should now be planted, and a liberal watering given to settle the soil about the roots. Plants put out now will not grow so large as the earlier plantations, but the}' will stand the winter better than those fully developed, and no doubt prove valuable for flavouring in the spring, while some of the best heads ma}' prove useful in an uncooked state. When earthing up the early Celery great care must be taken that none of the soil falls into the centre of the plants through too much being applied at one time. Previous to earthing up the beds should be examined, and if necessary a good wateringgiven, forit is impossible to grow good Celer}' if ever allowed to become dr}' at the root. Give frequent dustings of soot to mitigate as far as possible the ravages of slugs and Celer}' fly. Potatoes. Many varieties of early Potatoes will now be ready for lifting, and this should be attended to before the tubers have time to commence a second growth, which will soon take place, and especially after a heavj' rain, when the ground is warm, it then becomes a dithcult matter to secure sufficient tubers fit for next season's planting. Potatoes 60 THE GARDEN. [July 20, 1901. intended for seed should be exposed to the sun for a few days before tliey are stored away : a loft where the air ean pass freely through is the best place to keep them until frost sets in, when they must be removed to a place of safety. C'l'Cl'Mr.EK seed should be sown now for late autuniTi supplies, so that the plants may be well established before the dull weather sets in from this sowing. Cucumbers may be cut up to Cliristnias, when their places must be taken by plants sown a month later, and grown without a crop uniil they have quite covered the trellis. Plants in Hat pits that are bearing well should have frequent ^^'aterings of liquid manure to keep them growing freely, and all Cucumbers removed as soon as large enough for use, so that they may not exhaust the plants more than necessary. Keep the bine well tliinned out, and young shoots stopped at the second joint past the fruit, syringe freely morning and afternoon, and shut the frames up with as much sun heat as possible. John Dunn. lioyal Kitchin Gardeiif, Wiiidior. CHRYSANTHEMUMS. FEEDINI!. All Chrysanthemums, whether cultivated in pots or in the open ground, require a large amount of stimulants to perfect their blooms ; nevertheless, extreme care must be exercised in applying them 'i'he experienced know full well the serious results which will follow if manures are given indiscrimi- nately; especially docs this apply to many of the patent kinds. Valuable as these are when judiciously used, I strongly advise all to err on the side of little and often rather than overdosing the plants. All are anxious to attain to the highest standard of per- fection, both in foliage and (lowers, and some are not satisfied when to all appearances the phmts are in the best possible condition ; it is at this point when being over anxious that caution is most necessary, for when in full vigour serious injury is done. Over and over again I liave seen fine and promising collections ruined from this cause alone. No class of plants that I am acqnaijited with enjoys a change of food more than the Chrjsan- thennim, but I have long since come to the con- clusion that the principle should bo that which is made on the place, and at a very reasonable cost, viz., farmyard manure and soot ; it is most stimu- lating and safe, and any journeyman or amateur may be trusted to use it. I'lace one barrow load each of cow and horse manure into a receptacle holding about It lO gallons of water, also two bushels of soot tied in a bag. Fill with soft water if possible, and after standing twenty-four hours well stir. when it will be ready for use. Strain through a fine mesh sieve and dilute when at full strength, eight gallons to fifty of clear w^ater lieing ample. Keep adding fresh water as required and use more of the liquid in proportion. Much will depend, of course, when the manure and soot require to be renewed, on the number of plants grown, and the amount required, but this ean soon be ascertained b}- the apparent strength of the liquid. Another excellent manure, when it can be trusted, is Peruvian (Juano, but, unfortunately, verj' little is now imported. This is very powerful, and must be used with caution. I prefer to use this in a li(|uid form also, and I have found the safest and best wa}' is to fill a four-gallon ean half full, till up witli water, let it stand for twelve hours before using, thoroughly' stir up with a strong stick and pour a little into another can of clear water, about half a pint to four gallons will be ample; this should also be thoroughly stirred before using. Renew the stock-pot as it becomes weak. Bj- waj' of a change, Thompson's, Bentley's, and Clay's are also good. The quantity of Ichthemie (luano used should in no way exceed the instructions generally given with each package. The two latter are best applied on the surface, choosing showery weatlier if possible. During spells of prolonged wet weather, when little watering ean be done, manures should be given at first only every third watering, but later, when the plants becomethoroughlypol-bound, every other watering will not be too often. When to Commence. No hard and fast rule can be laid down as to this, but in no case should any be given befoie the pots have become nioderatel}' full of roots, as the compost provided for the final potting will have contained sutticient food up to this point, but generally' speaking, assuming the plants were potted by the first week in Maj', the middle of July will be about time to commence. Some of the more vigorous kinds will, without any apparent injury, take up more food than the weaker varieties, but in the end the results will not be improved, as in many cases the flowers will not open kindly, and will have a certain roughness about tlicm. ICspecially does this apply to the Mmc. Carnot type, and when onl}' two or three blooms are used on a plant. The growths of trained specimen plants must be regulated and tied. These will by now have filled their pots with roots, and will require feeding lilierally. With the large number of shoots and flowers these are expected to perfect, naturally more liberal feeding will have to be indulged in than is the case with plants which have to produce only a very limited number of flowers. Thoroughly syringe the plants twice or three times dail}-, and damp the surface of the ground on whicli thej' are G ROUN CAMIWNULA CENISIA, LII'E SIZE, W1T1[ ROOTINO SVSTEJl LIliE TU.VT OF (See pU'Ji: 'I'll. ) C. ALLIONU. Standing frequently in hot dry weatlier. Dust the under sides of the foliage occasionally with black sulphur to ward off attacks of mildew. E. BecivETT. Aldenham Hoiuit Gardeiui, Elslree, Herts. FRUIT GARDEN. Melons. The earliest fruits have finished well, and the next crop should be better flavoured than usual on account of the great amount of sun-heal it has received during the ripening process. A little advice as regards the crop just finishing may not be out of place. Many Melons are poor flavoured bj' hurrying the fruits too much at the finish, drj'ing the roots always causing the fruit to ripen preniaturelj'. Another e(|ually bad fault is excess of water or manure when the plants have perfected their fruiis, which greatly impairs their flavour. There should also be a lowering down of both temperature and moistme when the fruits are approaching the ripening stag"!. Plants that have onl}' a limited ijuantity of soil and are not planted on manure need more moisture at the finisli than if the roots have entered into the heating materials. It is also well to keep late growths more closely cut in this case. Fruits often crack badly given too much moisture at the finish. This also greatly att'ects the flavour. It is a good plan with fruits nearly ripe to remove them from the plants and place them in a cool house. Late Ceoi'S oe Melons. These include both frame and house plants. As regards the first-named good progress should now be made, and it will be well to keep the plants well attended to. removing useless or surplus growths so as to assist in swelling up the fruits. Plants in flower shoulil be kept drier and the flowers fertilised, and in all cases, both with frame and house plants, set three or four fruits at a time, or as quickly as they can be secured, as when only one fruit gets the lead it prevents others swelling. Plants cropping freely should have liquid manure at every other watering, unless the3' are running too much to leaf-growth. It is also desirable to top-dress plants at this stage. If onlj- a small quantity of soil was given at the start, the new soil should be made (juite firm by pressing over the roots, but avoid earthing up near the stems, as it prevents the plants getting free drainage, and canker is at times troublesome. For the latter disease use finel3- powdered charcoal and sulphur. Both with frame and house culture close early in the afternoon, S3'ringing freelj' overhead plants that have set their fruits, and keep the foliage healthy as long as possible. Potting Forcing Strawuekry Plants. If the plants were la3'ered as advised some weeks ago the3' should now be placed in their fruiting pots. I alwa3's like to get this work done in JUI3' if possible, but nuich depends upon the season, as at times la3'ers are more diflicult to obtain. La3'ers sent any distance should get a little extra attention if the weather is hot and dry, and in the case of weak growers or new varieties wc find it best to pot up, placing in a cold frame, shading heavily and keeping close for a few da3s. Treated thus growth is more rapid, and the plants soon make new roots. These plants do nnich better if given a strong soil and food in the shape of spent Mushroom manure D LINE or bone-meal. Pot very firndy, taking; -■ •■ care not to break the small liall of roots when turning out of the pots the runners were layered into, and after the potting give a thorough watering, and then oid3' water when necessar3', but damp the plants over- head freely with the .syringe several times dail3'. After potting stand the plants where worms cannot enter the pots-a hard coal-ash bottom is best, tiive ample room so that the plants can dry freely, and keep all runner growth removed as it appears. C. Wvtues. Syon Home Gardtm, Brentford. July 20, 1901.] THE GARDEN. 51 THE DWARF CAM- PANULAS. (Contiimed from pai/e 4-''-'-) C. BAEBATA (L.), whole chain of Alps from :^,400 feet to i\,0()0 feet, mountains of Norway, Carpathians, and Alps of Transylvania. Two botanical varieties are known, namely, C. barbata uniflora (A. DC.) (" Monogr. Campanul,'' page 247), which occurs not unfrequently on alpine heights, and C. barbata strictopedunculata (G. Jjeck), whose flowers, instead of nodding, as in the type, are held erect. G. firmiana (Vandel) is a synonym of C. barbata var. uniflora (DC). The characters of C. barbata are : Plant hairy, with single, nearly naked stalk, height 12 inches to 18 inches ; most of the leaves at the base arranged in a large rosette ; flowers large, drooping, on short peduncles, form- ing a simple, one-sided cluster ; corolla pale blue, bearded within with long hairs. In our plains it flowers in May and June. This species has never been found either in the Jura or the Pyrenees. It prefers silicious to calcareous soil, although it is not unfrequently found in the limestone Alps. Ker- ner* gives it as an essentially lime-hating plant, and as one liking silica, and says that it must have a soil free from lime. It does very well in England in the light, sandy soil of Surrey, where it flowers abundantly. It is not a biennial, as has often been asserted, but a true perennial. It is easily raised from seed. C. barbata alba is also in cultivation, and is fairly well fixed by seed. C. Barrelieri (Presl non Marnock), syns. C. fragilis hirsuta (A.DC), C. saxatilis rotundi- folia (Barr.), C. Cavolini_ B. (Ten.). This is a hairy form of C. fragilis, a native of the southern Appenines, occasionally met with, if not in gardens, at least in the catalogues of botanical collections. 0. Baumgartenii (Beck), syns. C. lancifolia (M. and K.), reniformis (Pers.), Austrian Alps. A species very near C. rotundifolia, of which it appears to be merely a variety, and from which it is distinguished by its leaves, which are all linear, narrow and stalked, and covered with glandular hairs. Of easy culture in rock gardens and open borders. C. Bocconi (Vill.), Alps of Austria. It is a C. ca3spitosa, whose basal leaves are numerous, narrow, nearly linear and imbricated, and whose corolla is narrower. What is generally grown in gardens under this name is C. pusilla. C. Breynina (G. Beck), Tyrole.se Alps. This species diifers from C. rotundifolia, to which it is near, by its narrow, entire leaves, never more than one-eighth of an inch wide, by the long indentations of its calyx, and by its large flowers, all bendmg over towards the ground. Of easy culture in border or rockwork. C. ctespitosa (Scop.), syns. C. Beilardi (AIL), C. coclilearifolia (Lam.), C. pumila (Curt.), C. rotundifolia (Willd.), C. tyrolense (Sohott.) ; Alpine and sub -Alpine regions of Austria, Lombardy, and the southern Appenines, of Carpathia and the Transylvanian Alps between 3,.500 feet and 6,000 feet, in the natural stone- heaps and crevices of rocks, and in loose stony masses of soil. A dwarf, creeping plant, with many underground stolons ; leaves of the base nearly sessile, ovate or obovate (the leaves of C. pusilla (Ilaenke), with which the "Index \MPANULA U LIONII ; ILOWERS li INCHES LONli. THE TUFT IN THE LOWER LEFT HAND CORNER, CONNECTED BY A STOLON TO THE MAIN PLANT, HAS THRUST OUT THE ciREATEK PART OF A TUFT OF SAXIFRACJA VALDENSIS, THE REMAINING PORTION SHOWING JUST ABOVE IT. ( For noting system see par(jminent, and, a.s of yo.e, one of the llnest of nil garden Lilies. The other representatives of the long lluwcrcd gronp weie longitlorum gigantenm aiul longillnium foliis viirie- gatum. iNumerous and gnoil too, .were the forms of > thunbergianum and uniliellatum The pretty forms of L. t'oridion, some clear golden and unspotted, others large yellow and freely dutted, and the richlj coloured L. concolor were freely employed in the group. Martagon and its allies in purple, white, and black were noted, also the rich vermil- ion of chalcedonicum, and the showy clusters of L. Hansoni. ■J'hen of more strictly peat-loving character we see L. superbum, pale yellow and few spots; L. Grayi, golden, slightly trumpet or funnel shaped from the (base and retlexing much ; L. pardalinuui, in red variations and spotted : L. Burbanki. which is possibly a hybrid betwixt those two immediately preceding. At present it is ditlicult tt» know what is Burlmnki true, as at least three foims were so labelled at the conference, a fact that is puzzling. Some forms of canadense were also seen, and one or two varieties of Humboldti, and amid them all the purity of the old JLuhjnua was there, and was uneiiualkd, and will probably so remain. It was a tine collection, and well merited Oie gold medal that was awarded to it. ^Ir. Amos Perry, Hardy Plant Farm, Wiiichmore Hill, N., had an excellent display of hardy flowers, amongst wliich were conspicuous the Ijeautiful Eremurus liuugei, Cani- pannla lautiflora ciicen Ah'Mindra, was sIiomu l>y Mr. A. \\ right, MundslcV Bnad. N<.rtli W alsbam, ami olitained an award of merit. W c shall refer to ibis iie\t week. July 20, 1901.] THE GAKDEN. 55 <_)itcuii> Committee. Messrs. lliigli l^uw and (.'o., Eiihekl, showed ( 'ypripedinm inagniticum. Sdiulields variety, C Fran Ida Brandt, C. [iawrenceanu-Cliarlesworthi, two very good forms of Cattleya s;askelliana, and Lielia X lona (L. tenebrosa x L. Dayana). Sir Frederick Wigan, liart., Clare Lawn, East Sheen (gardener, Mr W. II. Young), sent a Hower of Cattleya Whitei. Cypripedinni tautzianuni var. Voungi was shown liy Reginald Vuung, Es(|., Sefton Park, Liverpool (gardener. Mr. T. J. Poyntz). This interesting Hower is the result of a cross between V barbatum grandiHoruni and i". niveum. The cross wasett'ected JNfay '2ii, ISOli, seed sown Deceml)er M of the same year, and the seedlings, which were discovered November 1, 1S97, flowered in .lune, 1901. Cypripedium kimballiannm (Low's variety).— This differs from the type in being much more intensely and distinctly marked. Award of merit. (klonluglossnm maculatum thonipsonianum.— A splendid variety of 0. maculatum 'I lie sepals are buff-brown, the liroad petals yellow, tlieir bases being heavily blotched with brown. Exhibited by W. Thompson, Esq., Walton Grange, Stone, Staffordshire (gai'dener, Jlr. Stevens). First-class certificate. Odontoglossuni crawshayanum.— The result of a cross between O. Hallii and o harryanum The ground colour of the sepals and the petals is lemon yellow, and this is heavily blotched with deep chocolate - biuwn. There were four .(lowers un the raceme. Shown by De 1>. Crawshay, Esq. Award of merit. IIATII FLORAL FETE. Dklkjhtful weather and a good attendance favoured the Bath Exhibition, which was held in the Sydney Gardens <.»n the 11th inst. Huses formed the principal feature of the show, and were, on the whole, well shown. With the exception of a few classes, competition was not very keen. Messrs. A. Dickson were very successful exhibitors. The Kev. J. H. Pemberton's stand nf twenty-four distinct was remarkably tine, as also was Messi'S. Stephen Treseder's exhibit of Medea, and the La France of A. Hill Gray, Esq. Messrs. Cooling, George Pi-ince, and John Mattock also showed Roses well. Messrs. E. S. C^le, Rath, were very successful ill the plant classes. Rosen. OPEN CLASyEH. Messrs. A. Dickson and Sons, Newtownards and Ledbury, Herefordshire, won the first prize for seventy-two distinct varieties. This stand contained numy good blooms, for instance Marchioness of Downshire, Dnchessedeilorny, Mi's. W. J. Grant, Kaiserin A. A'ictoria, etc. Messrs. G. Cooling and Son, Bath, were second, several of the blooms being somewhat damaged. Marchioness of Downshire, Miss AYillmot, and Comtesse de Nadaillac were very good. There were no more entries. Korthirty-sixdistinjt varieties(trebles), Messrs. A. Dickson were successful, showing an excellent lot of blooms — The Bride, Bessie Brown, and Mrs. E. Alawley were of the best; Messrs. G. Cooling and Son, Bath, were second, there being no more entries. Mr. George Prince, Longworth, Berks, was tirst for eighteen, distinct (trebles), having a fresh and bright exhibit, ifaman Cochet, Horace Vernet, Catherine ilermet. and Her Majesty l>eing the best ; the second prize was awarded to Mr. .rohn Mattock, Oxford, the blooms, generally speaking, being somewhat smaller. For thirty-six distinct blooms (single trusses), I\Ir. John Mattock won the first prize with an exliibitof flowers of good even quality; Mr. G. Prince bein^j, second, and Messrs. Stephen Treseder and Son, third, both having good flowers. For eighteen Teas or Noisettes, distinct, Messrs. A. Dickson and Sons were first with a stand of well formed though small flowers. The National Rose Society's medal for the best Tea or Noisette, shown by nurserymen, was given to a tine bloom of Muriel Grahame in this stand ; Mr. George Prince was a close second ; and Mr. .Tulin Mattock, third. Messrs. Stephen Ti-eseder and Son were first for twelve single trusses of any yello"'"Rose, showing beautiful blooms of Medea ; ilr. Johii Mattock was second with Comtesse de Nadaillac. For twelve distinct varieties of exhibition Roses, shown in vases, Jlr. George Prince won the premier prize ; Mr. John Mattock being second. For twelve single trusses of any Rose, Messrs. A. Dickson and Sons won the first prize with White Maman Cochet; Messrs. George Cooling and Son, Bath, being second, with Mrs. Grant. Messrs. A. Dickson and Sons were first in the class for six trusses of any new Rose, 1S99-1900, with very good Bessie Brown ; Messrs. George Cooling, second, also showing Bessie Brown. For twelve single trusses of La France, Alexander Hill Gray, Esq., Bath, won with a splendid stand; JMessrs. A. Dickson and Sons being second. Garden RusKy. Messrs. G. Cooling and Son, Bith, were first for eighteen distinct varieties in liunches, with an excellent display, (.'rimson Rambler, Ma Capucine, and Bardou Job being the liest. Foi" twelve liunches of single Roses, Messrs. G. Cooling and Son won the premier prize, their exhibit including Himalaica, Irish Glory, Rugosa alba, and Coolings Crimson Redder. Mr. John Jlattock won the tirst prize for six bunches of Moss Rnses ; Messrs. G. Cooling and Son being second. A pretty display was made by the equal first prize exliibit of ifessrs. Cooling and Son for the most decorative arrange- ment of Rose-s (10 feet by -4 feet), Ferns, Palms, Ac, being used. Crimsun Rambler was remarkably fine. Mr. Alfred A. Watkius was placed eipial first, his group including some excellent blooms ; W. A. Hick, Esii- (gardener, Mr. E. Taylor) was third. Al\[ATEUliy, lAir twenty-four distinct varieties, Rev. .1. II. Pcmberton was first with an excellent lot— Mrs. Sbarnuui Crawford, Duchess of Bedford, A. K. AVilliams, Maman Cochet, Marie Van lloutte, Horace Vernet, and Bessie IJrown were tlie best ; Conway Jones, Esq., Hncclecote, Gloucester, was second. For twelve distinct varieties (trebles), Rev. .). H. Pember- ton was again fiist, showing bright and fresh bbioms; A. H. Gray, Escj., won the second prize with smaller ficjwers. 'J'he first prize for twelve distinct varieties went to W. A. Hick, Es(|., for good Roses ; Mrs. Rust, Bath (gardener, Mi'. Koliert Meuett), was second. R. Foley Hobbs, Es(|., Worcester, was first for eighteen distinct varieties— Her Majesty, Bessie Brown, and Marie Van Houtte being particularly good ; J. Hintim, Es(i., was awarded the second prize. R. Foley Hobbs, Esfi-, was first for six, distinct (trebles), Marechal Niiil and Caroline Testout being the best blooms. For twelve distinct varieties, W. M. Lovett, Esq., Bath, was first ; J. Hinton, Esq., being second. Alexander Hill Gray, Esq., won the premier prize for; eighteen Teas, with fairly good blooms, the stand lacking! variety of colour. Conway Jones, Esq., was first for twelve distinct varieties, having good flowers ; Souvenir d'Elise Vardon (a beautiful bloom) in this stand was given the National Rose Society's medal for the best Tea or Noisette (amateur); R. Foley Hobbs, Esij.. was .second; H. G. Francis, Esq., third. Alexander HillGray, Esq., was again first for six distinct varieties (trebles), showing beautiful blooms- Marechal Niel, Maman Cochet, and White Maman ('ochet were splendid. JjouQUETS, Cut Floweks, tVc. Messrs. E. S. Cole and Son, Weston Road, Bath, were placed first for a pretty exhibit. They were also second in the class for a basket of Roses ; A. H. Neunian, Esq., Bath, being first with a well-arranged display. Messrs. E. S. Cole and Son were also first for liunches of stoveand greenhouse cut flowers ; J. Chetwood Aitken, Esq., Bristol (Mr. J. Clarke, gardener), second. For the most tastefully arranged collection of Sweet Peas, Messrs. Isaac House and Sons were first with a beautiful display, well arranged with Sweet Pea foliage; Mr. Edwin Viner, Frome, was second with good flowers ; Mi\ Alfred A Walters, nurseryman, Bath, third. There were three more entries. For twenty-four Cariiatioiis or Picotees, Mr. Charles Wall, Tiverion-on-Avon, won the first prize with a very pretty lot of blooms ; Mr. Ford Hooper, Bath, being second. There were two more entries. Messrs. E. S. Cole and Son, were awnrded first place for a basket of cut flowers, using Orchids in variety, Roses, Liliums, Lfec. ; Mr. A. H. Newman was second. For twenty-four bunches of hardy herbaceous or perennial cut flowers, Mr. Alfred A. Waters was first with an excellent display, including Centaurea rutheniea. Coreopsis graudi-. flora, Alstroemerias, Eryngium ametliystinnm, &c. ; Messrs. W. .1. Stokes and Son, Trowbridge, were second. Plants. For a giijup of miscellaneous plants B. K. Cater, Esq. (gardener, Mr. W. Tanser) won the fii'st prize with a very pretty exhibit. Bamboos were placed behind, a very fine Vanda, Crotons, Francoas, Ac, being used, together with smaller plants. We were unable to find the winner of the second prize. ^Irs. Stothart was thinl. For a table of ornamental foliage or flowering plants (open), Messrs. E S. Cole and Son won the highest award with a neatly arranged exhibit, small Crotons, Orchids in variety, Coleus, Ferns, &c. were used. R. B. Cater, Esci., was second with an exhibit that lacked tightness to some extent. Messrs. George Cooling and Son were third, too many green foliage plants being used. For a siniilai' cxbiiiit (amateurs) the first prize was given to Major Dulierty, Bath, for a giaceful and light arrange- ment. Caladiuuis, Kraucoas, Eulalias, ation. Salopian, Fascination, and Miss Willmott amongst the many were the best. Messrs. Iianiels Brothers, Norwich, contributed splendid Sweet Peas, Malmaison Carnations, and some fine vegetables. Hobbies, Limited, Dereham, exhibited Crimson Rambler and other Roses, with Sweet Peas and herbaceous flowers, while Mr. A. Bunting, Colchester, showed Irises. In addition to the superb Pansies already alluded to, Messrs. Dobbie and Co. had Cactus Dahlias, Sweet Peas, and Violas, all in splendid condition. Messrs. Barr and Sons, King Street, Covent Garden, staged hardy flowers in their customary excellent style, and Japanese dwarfed trees. Messrs. G, Stark and Son, Ryburgh, sent Sweet Peas in variety, and Messrs. Thompson and Morgan, Ipswich, hardy flowers. THE SCTTON AMATEliRS' ROSE SOCIETY. The Sutton Amateur Rose Society held its t^ventieth exhibition on the Otb inst.,in the Public Hall, and the di.splay was one of the best of the series. The average of excellence was very satisfactory, altho\igh a few hopelessly bad flowers had crept in. The general beauty of the display would be much improved if a couple of classes C'juld be included for garden Roses, as these would break the regularity of the orthodox boxes. The management of the show was very good indeed. N\'e give the prize winners in a few of the leading classes. Tu all intents and purposes the show is divided into four sections, for all amateurs, for local amateurs, for nursery- men, and for ladies. The principal class in the last-named section was for a table decoration, in which Mrs. W. Palmer was easily first with a very efl'ective arrangement ; Miss M. \\'est second, and Mrs. .lolinson third. There were five competitors. In the mirsei-ymens classes, Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons, Colchester, won for thirty-six and twenty- four distinct ; Messrs. Harkness and Son, Bedale, following in each case ; in the thirty-six class they were dangerously close. Jlessrs. D. Prior and Son, <_'olchesicr, were third for thirty-six and twenty-four, and first for twelve Teas and Noisettes. This latter was a grand box that did not contain a bad bloom. They were of good size and form, fresh, and of lovely colour. The varieties were Ernest Metz, The Bride, Maman Cochet, Mrs. E. Mawley, Innocente Pirola, Bridesmaid, Marechal Niel, White Maman Cochet, Medea, Muriel Graharae, Jlme, Cusin, and Souvenir de S. A. Prince. Jlessrs. B. R. Cant and Sons were second with excellent blooms of Cleopatra, Medea, and Catherine Mermet amongst others. Messrs. Frank Cant and Co., Braiswick Nursery, Colchester, were third. Taking them as a whole, the blooms in the amateurs section were not right up to the mark, and as some of the leading growers were not represented we can only conclude that the date was too late. For twenty-four distinct, Alfred Tate, Esq., Downside, Leatherhead, was first, Mr. E. M. Bethune, Horsham, second, and Mr. P. G. C. Burnand third. There were five competitors. Mr. O. G. Orpen, West Bergholt, Colchester, was a long way ahead in the class for eight trel>les with Maman Cochet, White Maman Cochet, Mme. de Watteville, The Bride, ^Nfiiriel Grahame, Ernest Metz, Mme. Cusin, and Souvenir de S. A. Prince. Mr. P. G. C. Bu'nandwas a poor second, and ^Ir. E. M. Bethune third. For twelve Teas and Noisettes, Mr. E. ^1. Bethune was first. Mr. Alfred Tate second, and Mr. O. G. Orpen third. Though Mr. Bethune's flowers were large, the second prize set must have been very close up in pointing. For nine distinct. Mr. T. Halsted, Reigate, was first with Mrs. Sharman Crawford, Caroline Testout, Marchioness of Londonderry, La France, and Susanne Slarie Rodocanachi as his best. Mr. E. Wilkins, Sidcup, was second, and Mr. (!. H. Baxter. Brentwood, third. For six blooms of any one variety, Ur. E. Wilkins was first, Mr. T. Halsted second with Mrs. J. Laing, and Mr. H. E. Molyneux, Balham. third with La France. Mr. G. H. Baxter was the only exhibitor of nine Teas and Noisettes, and received the first prize. The principal local class was for the Alexander Clark Challenge Bowl, of which Mr. G. V. A. Schofield proved to be the winner. It was for nine distinct, and he staged a really good box: Mr. Keppel H. Gifford was second, and Mr. R. W. Miller third. For the Ladies' Challenge Bowl, six distinct had to be staged, and .Mr. (iifford was to the foi-e witli Frani;ois Michelon, Her Majesty, Mrs. .fohn Laing. Marchioness of Londonderry, Horace A'ernet, and Etienne Levet, all in excellent form : Mr. Scholield was second, and Mr. R. W. Miller third. For six Teas and Noisettes, Mr. Schofield was first with small refined blooms of Maman Cochet, Princess of Wales, ilarechal Niel, Souvenir de S. A. Prince, Princess Beatrice, and Catherine Mermet. Mr. E. J. Holland was second, and Mr. R. Fanden third. For six blooms of any one variety, Mr. Gifford was first with Jlrs. .Tolin Laing, Mr. W. Palmer second with La France, and Mr. F. G. Detman third witli ilrs. John Laing. MANCHESTER ROSE SHOW. In glorious weather the annual exhiliition of the Royal Bota- nical was held on the l.Jth inst. in the large exliihition house in the society's gardens. It eclipsed all its predecessors, owing largely to the many fine non-competitive exhibits, in which Sweet Peas played an important part. These alone contri- buted a charming display, and appeared to hold their own against the (lueen of flowers, and in one detail, perhaps, they surpassed them, for theirbeauty was sustained throngli- out the day, whilst the Roses soon showed signs of distress jn conseipieuce of the heat. The blooms when presented to tlie judges were smart and of beautiful colour, but lacked to some extent in size. Messrs. Alexander Dickson and Sons, Newtownards. fully sustained their high reputation in securing first honours iii six out of the seven classes confined to nurserymen, against many well known growers. For sixty distinct trusses, the famed Irish groweis won in this contest, in which seven growers staged, especially fine being the Duke of Fife and Marchioness of Londonderry. The flower of Horace Vernet secured the silver medal as the best H.P. in the show; the King's Acre Nursery Company, Hereford, was second with many good blooms, and Alessrs. Paul and Sons, Cheshunt, took the remaining prize. For thirty-six trusses, Messrs. Dickson again staged some beautiful l)looms ; Messrs. D. and W. Croll, Dundee, and Messrs. Paul and Sons were placed as named. For twenty-four Teas or Noisettes, Messrs. Dickson won with medium sized smart flowers, among the tiest being Mrs. Edward Mawley; Messrs. D. Prior and Son, Colchester, followed, with Mr. G. Prince, Longworth, as third. For twelve varieties, Mr. Prince led with a strong tot. .Maman Cochet in this box securing the silver medal as the best Tea or Noisette in the show. Messrs. Dickson and Mr. J. jMattock, Oxford, were placed as named. For twelve whites or yellows, Messrs. Dickson won with Bessie Brown ; Messrs. ('roll followed, and Messi's. .1. Townsend and Sons, Worcester, were third. For twelve light-coloured blooms, Messrs. Dickson led witli Her Majesty, Messrs. Croll second with Mrs. J. Laing, and the King's Acre Company third with the same vai'iety. For twelve crimsons, Messrs. Dickson won with a beautiful box of Horace Vernet with intense colouring, Mr. G. Prince was next with the same variety, Messrs. Paul securing the remaiiung prize with Reynolds Hole. In the amateurs' section for twenty-four distinct trusses, Mr. F. W. Tatier.5all, I\lorecainbe (gardener, Mr. J. K. (irant) led with some excellent blooms. i^Ir. E. li. Lindsell and Mr. W. Boyes took the remaining awards. For twelve varieties, Mr. H. V, Machin. \\'orksop. took the lead with the Rev. J. H. Pcmlierton, and Mr. F. W. Tattersall the second and third. For eighteen Teas or Noisettes, Mr. H. V. Machin held the post of honour, and for twelve varieties the prizemen were the Rev. J. H. Femberton and Messrs. Machin and Boyes. For twelve trusses of any white or yellow, the Rev" J. H. Pemberton scored with Mme. Hosle, Mr. Machin second with Kaiserin Augusta \'ietoria, Mr. Boyes next with White Maman Cochet. For twelve of anv light colour, Mr. ilachin led witli Her Majesty, Mr. R. Park, Bedale, second with Maman Cochet, and the Rev. J. H. Pemberton third with Mrs. J. Laing. For twelve crimson tlie Rev. J. H. Pemljerton got to the front with A. K. Williams, Mr. G. B. Lindsell with Alfred Colomb, and Mr. Machin with Gustave Piganeau second and third. In the local classes some improvement was seen over that of last year. For twenty-four trusses, Mr. H. Burgess was first, and the only exhiliitor. For twelve the prize takers were Mr. P. Hall, Altrincham, Mr. C. Burgess, Plumbley, and Major H. Cardwell. For six trusses, Messrs. C. Burgess, G. M. Midwood, and R. Hall were the favoured ones. For six Teas or Noisettes, the winners were Messrs. C. Burgess, R. Hall, and C. E. Redfern. For twelve bunches of Roses suitable for buttonholes, Mr. J. Mattock scored with good bunches, followed by Mr. G. Prince and Messrs. Townsend and Sons. For a display of Roses, Mr. G. Prince won easily with a pleasing arrangement on dark velvet, Mr. H. Machin second, and Messrs. Townsend third. For the best basket the winneis were Mr. J. Kirk, Miss A. Stanley, and Miss A. Robinson. For a collection of Sweet Peas, confined to amateurs, Mr. F. Smith won with a fine lot, Major Cardwell and Mr. J. Watt were placed as named. For twelve bunches, Jlr. J. Mattock and Major Cardwell took the leading positions. Amongst the groups staged not for competition, silver medals were awarded to Jlessrs. Eckford for a large collec- tion of Sweet Peas, Jeannie Gordon being a telling new variety. Messrs. Jones and Sons, Shrewsbury, also had a large collection, ilr. J. Derbyshire. Altrincham, contributed in the same form, and Messrs. Hinton Brothers, Warwick, had over eighty bunches on a drapery of yellow muslin. Miss Wilmott was a fine variety included. Mr. W. S. Pattison, Shrewsbuiy, had a pleasing collection of cut Violas and Pansies. Mr. Amos Perry, \\'inchmore Hill, had au interesting display of Water Lilies, the following varieties gaining certificates of merit : Nymphea lucida. N. Carolina nivea, and N. Laydekeri fulgens. Some twenty spikes of Eremunis Bungei formed an admirable background. Mr. J. H. White, Worcester, had a large collection of herbaceous and liardy bulbous cut Howers, Irises being well staged, including the fine new variety Queen Alexandra. .\ very fine Lilium auratum, carrying over 100 blooms on four spikes, for which a cultural certificate was awarded, was shown by Mr. G. Sharpc (gardener to Jlr. J. E. AVilliamson), Stretford. Mr. P. AA'^eathers, the curator, is to be complimented on the admirable show that was got together. UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT AND PROVIDENT SOCIETY. Tee monthly committee meeting of this society was held on Monday evening, the sth inst., at the Caledonian Hotel, Adelphi Terrace, Strand. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. Seven new members were elected. Mr. .(ohn Fairey (No. 2S9) was granted £1 10s. from the convalescent fund. A letter of thanks to the committee from Mr. G. Clinging was read for assistance from the con- valescent fund. A chei|ue for AH^ 5s. lid., being the amount standing to the ci-edit of the late Richard Smart (lapsed member) was granted to his widow. Cheques were granted to Messrs. G. Mouland and J. M. Barry, being (juarterly allowances from the benevolent fund, also cheques for the secretary's salary and Messi-s. Pollett's account. The treasurer reported that he had €187 '6s. Od. in hand. ITie proof of new rule books was then gone through and passed for the piiuters. Nine members are on the sick fund at the present time. FORM BY SUMMER SHOW. This admirable show, held in the suburb of Liverpool on July 10, progresses by leaps and bounds. Although the tent was again enlarged it was difiicult to find space for the increased number of entries. Roses, as usual, occupied the premier position, the classes being well filled, although the heat of the tent detracted to some extent from their beauty. For twenty-four varieties, Jliss 51. A. Kimmer won with a beautiful lot of medium-sized blooms, amongst the best being A. K. Williams, Horace Vernet, Her Majesty, Ac. ; F. A. Rocklift', Es(i. was a good second. For twelve varieties, B. Kennedy. Esq. won with a nice lot, which included some good Teas. For six varieties, the same exliibjtor again held the coveted position, which included the premier t'looui Mnic. Cusin. For six liglits, three varieties, six daiks, three varieties, and for twelve Teas, Noisettes or Hybrid Teas, c. Hacking, Esq. led the way in each class. For six distinct varieties, T. Carlyle, Esi|. had the best. For growers of less than ".iOii plants, the first prize wiiuiers were Messrs. F. W. Passmore, E. Sei-genson, and T. Pugh, the last-named securing the ju'lze for the premier bloom in this section. A new departure was a spechil sdver vase, presented by H. -Middlehurst, Esci. for the best twelve bunches of Sweet Peas, which brought out thirty-one competitors, making a grand display; the prize winners were Messrs. \\'. Dodd, G. Lunt, and Mrs. L. Watts, who were placed as named. The most successful plant exhibitors were Messrs. E. Ihirkell.L. Watts, K. A. Kockliff,and others. For fruit and vegetables the Kev. \V. ■!. Hambcrslonc, Messrs, .). iMolloy, .1. Aindow, J. Howard, and others. <^fey^ s::./\ GARDEN I ^■^:j No. ] 549.— Vol. LX.] [July 27, 1901. BLUI-: HYDRANGEAS. IT is well known that this grand shrub has the peculiarity of changing its normal pink colouring, under certain conditions of soil and situation, to a blue of varying ([uality and intensity. The same plants, with pink bloom in a young state, moved to a place where Hydrangeas habitually come blue, will there have blue flowers. If again removed to another place where the blue-producing influence is wanting, the same individual plant will again have pink flowers. The strange thing is that the blue colouring is not a matt, r of soil alone. We have our- selves grown plants from cuttings from bushes whose flowers were of as strong a blue as some of remarkable brilliancy of colouring that we received lately from Penrhyn Castle. In the hope of retaining the blue colour we even had some of the actual soil in which they came so blue sent to fill two tubs. This was from a place in Sussex, about ten miles from the sea, the soil, a stiff loam, almost clay, containing a good deal of iron. The place to which they were removed being forty-five miles from the sea, nearly half-way between London and Portsmouth, but here the Hydrangeas flowered pink, without a trace of blue. The commonly accepted recipes for inducing the blue colour — iron filings and alum — we have also tried, the result being a change of colour certainly, but only to a muddled mixture of bad pink and greyish purple. This was tried on two tub plants, one of them being one of the Sussex plants in the Sussex soil. The soil of the other tub was a mixture of about two parts peat and one part loam, with some old hotbed manure. These ]ilants recovered after a year or two and became clear pink again. Nearness to the sea appears to be a cause of blue colouring, but is not so always, for we have known bushes with clear pink colouring flowering year after year on the northern coast of the Isle of Wight within 100 yards of high water mark. The question of soil is interesting enough, but that of some cause unknown and apparently much more potent than that of soil seizes the imagination with a bewildering attraction. We invite discussion on this interesting subject, and if possible demonstration. The Hydrangea is so important a shrub of late summer and autumn in our southern counties, and so beautiful in both pink and blue colour ings, that we should be glad if any really trustworthy means of securing the alternative could be made known. The muddled between- colours, such as any one can get by the recipe.s, are of no use whatever ; the good clear pink is lost, and nothing but ugliness is gained. The blue must be a good blue or we would have none of it. SOME GOOD GARDEN PINKS W^ANTED. Traders in general are keenly alive to their commercial interests. We have sometimes had occasion to criticise what we think mis- directed energy in the way of producing and pushing plants of doubtful merit. But there is a class of plants that distinctly wants improvement, that is to say, that wants an advance in the way of general garden utility. The florists' Pink as it now is, in its several varieties, might' be an infinitely better flower for the garden. We say with intention florists' Pink, for at present it is little else, while there ought to be whole ranges of beautiful and deliciously sweet Pinks in every garden. No kind of plant answers so readily to horticul- tural ett'ort. It will cross to any extent, and many of the results, though perhaps not worthy of being called good garden plants, are excellent in thin, fine grass in dry, half-wild places. The great want is a good flower of the old black and white class. Good types of this probably still exist, most likely in Scotch gardens. We should be very glad to hear of it in any good form. It should be fairly double, though not crowded, and have a very dark chocolate-black blotch at the liase of the petal — the darker the better. The petal is rather solid and not much jagged, and it has a delicious scent. If any nurseryman would get up a really good form of this we can assure him that it would lie appreciated. Not only is it much wanted in our gardens, but "there is money in it " for a successful raiser or finder. There is a pretty single Pink called Beauty, which has in the single bloom the colour and arrangement that we want in a good black and white. All the ringed and edged Pinks that are shown as florists' kinds are of but little garden value in comparison with such a flower as a good black and white. If it were to lie easily had it would attain almost as great and as lasting a popularity as the old White Pink, whose place in our gardens and our hearts is so firmly established. There are plenty of the large late White Pinks of the Sinkins class ; most of them are too full of petals and burst the calyx ; moreover, they fail in light soils. We ask both amateurs and the trade to bestir themselves about really useful garden Pinks. A SWEET PEA OUTING. On Thursday, the LSth iiist. , Mr. N. Sherwood, the head of the firm of Mes.srs. Hurst and Son; seed merchants, Houndsditeh, London, invited certain representatives of the trade to meet the committee of the National Sweet Pea Society at the seed trial grounds of the firm at Kelvedon, Essex, to view the Sweet Peas trials there. A number of personal friends of Mr. Sherwood's were also invited. Amongst the representatives of the trade were Messrs. Pi. W. Ker, Liverpool ; Cooling, Bath; ( iarraway, Bristol; Atkinson, Sheffield ; .Jones, Lewishani ; ._T. H. Veitch, Chel- sea : A. Turner, Slough ; S. B. Dicks (Cooper, Taber and Co. ) ; .J. H. Laing, Forest Hill ; Pearson, Lowdham, &c. The Sweet Pea Society was repre- sented liy Mr. (ieorge Gordon, chairman of the committee; Mr. R. Dean, secretary; and most of the committee. Also present could be seen Mr. William Marshall, chairman of the floral com- mittee of tlie Royal Horticultural Societj' ; Mr. Owen Thomas, Royal (iardens, Frogmore, &c. ; altogether about sixty in number. Leaving Liver- pool Street soon after 11 a.m. in a special train provided bj' Mr. Sherwood, the company were met by brakes at Kefvedon Station and con- veyed to Prested Hall, Mr. Sherwood's shooting lodge near bj', wliere thej' were entertained at luncfieon, Mr. Sherwood pre.=iding, his son, Mr. Kdward Sherwood, occupying the vice chair. After Mr. Sherwood had given the usual lo}'al toasts, his health was proposed by Mr. C4eorge (iordon and, in response, Mr. Sherwood said it gave him very great pleasure to see the supporters of the Sweet Pea Society and his friends at Kelvedon. He was afraid the great heat of the weather and the drouglit which they were feeling -severely in that part of the country had affected the Sweet Peas, and therefore they would not see them in their best character. They had watered tliem and kept the seed pods picked oil', and he hoped the company would be interested in them. An adjourn- ment was then made to the trial grounds, and an in.spection of the varieties made. The compan)' divided themselves into parties, the principal aim being to select the best of the various colours which more nearly approacli each other, and the advocates of a reduction of the varieties will no doubt make use in due course of the notes made on this occasion. The committee of the bicentenarj' celebration of last year have in their recentlj' published report given a list of the best varieties classed under the heads of different colours, and their conclusions were generally confirmed on this occasion. An adjournment was afterwards made to Prested Hall for tea, and the deijarture for London was made early in the evening, Liverpool Street being reached soon after 7 p.m. All were delighted with the visit and Mr. Sherwood' profuse hospitalit}'. EDITORS' TABLE. (!o.\t's Rue. Mr. W. Baylor Hartland writes; "Mr. F. W. Burbidge was at Ard-Cairn two weeks since and saw the lovely tricolor or bicolor form of ("4oat's Rue. He said it may be a new plant. I had it from seed saved between the ordinary' wliite and blue. It is now in full bloom, and if you notice it 58 THE GARDEN [JtJLY 1901 is scented. In a j-oung state the foliage resenililes Polemoniuni variegatnin. If you think favouralily of it I will have a photograph taken and sent to you. It is now 4 feet high, and crowded with blossom." [The flowers sent to us were a beautiful purple and white in colour, and most abundantly produced. We should much like to see a photograph of Mr. Hartland's plant.] CAMrANUL.^ MIKAJilLIS. Messrs. J. Veitch and Sons, King's Road, Chelsea, write: "We send herewith a specimen plant of C. mirabili-s. The plant is grown in pebbles %vith very little soil, and this is the only way we have been able to get it to flower, and we a scape, are 5 inches long by 4 inches wide. The tube narrows down to a stalk 3 inches long, whose reddish tint enhances the beauty of the warnj white flowers. We hope that Mr. Ewbank will tell us more about this beautiful plant at some later time. At present, when just leaving home, he merelysa3's that it is "superlatively beautiful." Mr. J. S. Whall sends from Worksop single blooms and a good photograph of a remarkable Hyi'.rid Lir.v, between Parryi and pardalinum, which should prove to be a good garden flower, with these words: " I am sending you the last dying remains of mj' hybrid fjilj', which, though the3' do not fairly represent the Lily ^-T^.— -. — ;n — — :^^,-^~:, at its best, may be sufficient to give you an idea of the colour. The in- tense heat has taken offsomeofthe bright- ness. Mj' own feeling about the flower is that the male parent (L. pardalinum) is too strongly in evident'e. I am afraid the flowers sent will not show it, but the scent of L. Parryi is strongly marked. The bulb, too, is much more like Parryi than par- dalinum. You will see that the size of the spots varies in dif- ferent seedlings, though all are from one seed-pod. I sent two bulbs last autumn to Mr. Wilson, of Weyl)ridge. I have not heard what he thinks of them. Pos- sibly they will need a year to establish them- selves. I should like to see it thriving as it ought to do in tluit delightful aarden at Wisley," " A manual of injurious insects and methods of prevention," is the standard work on the subject. Written in the must clear and simple language and profusely illustrated, it is one of the indis- pensable books of the garden library. Like all serious workers, though honours were offered her on every side. Miss Ormerod loved a quiet life of study and observation. The preface to her book reveals the modesty of her nature and her grati- tude to all who helped her, of whom not the least is the sister who survives her. Her book will live to tell of a noble life toilfully spent in the direct service of all who dwell in the temperate regions of the world. NOTES OF THE WEEK. CAMPANULA MIRABILT.S IN A I'OT, kind. think this is the secret of success with this The seed was sown three years ago." fWe were so interested in this Campanula, kindly sent by Messrs. Veitch, that we photo- graphed the plant to show our readers how freely its flowers are produced, and those who intend to grow it should take Messrs. Veitch's advice to heart—" pebbles with very little soil." This is one of the recent additions to the Campanula family. It is a Caucasian species, and it ripens plenty of seed, which is easily raised. The flowers are about 2 inches across, bell-shaped, as seen from the illustration, and of a charming shade of blue, a pure and welcome colour. — Ens.] We receive from the Rev. H. Ewbank flowers of Criniim Vi!menense. The beautiful f^ily-like blooms, nearly a dozen on From Penrhyn Castle, North Wales, Miss Douglas-Pennant sends some Hyorancea Blooms of an unusually bril- liant blue colour. Hydrangea hortensis is the right name of the plant. It has the curious habit of changing its colour under special condi- tions of soil and other influences from the Jiormal pink to various degrees and qualities of blue. OBITUARY. ELEANOR A. ORMEROD. It is with sincere regret that we record the death of Miss Ormerod, which took place on .Saturday, July '20, at her home near St. Albans. Miss Ormerod's life-long work in the study of the |iests that devastate crops of field and garden, and the record of the knowledge acquired of the means of preventing their ravages is already well known to science. It is only our duty as well as our mourn- ful privilege to remind those of our readers who arc unaware of the helpful work to whicli this lady has given her life, to say that her book. Stpawbeppy Fillbasket.— Owing to the heat and drought in the southern portion of the country the earliest kinds of Strawberries, though a full crop in most gardens, were quickly over, and the mid-season varieties were more valuable on that account. One of the best of this section this season has been Fillbasket, and it has been doubly valuable, as it cropped later than President and bore enormously ; indeed, the Messrs. Laxton rightly named it Fillbasket, as it is a very free grower, of robust habit, with thick leathery Teaves, and the flower trusses are well thrown up. Its only drawback is the (luantity of fruit on the trusses. The fruits are very long, solid, bright glossy scarlet in colour, and of excellent quality. Of course, soils var}', and some varieties do better in one than another. This is a verj- light soil on gravel, and we find tlie strong growers do best if not grown more than two seasons. — W., Middlesex. Torenia FoUPnieri. of the several kinds of Torenia, the above, I think, is the best. Unlike the others, it is of a shrubby habit, and only rec|uires the protection of a cool house, where it will bloom continuously the greater part of the summer. It is now very ornamental in the conservatory, where its lovely flowers, which are of a bluish purple velvety colour, are greatl3' admired. It is best propagated from seed p.m. A lecture on "Some of the Plants Kxhibited " will be given liy the Kev. Professor G. Henslow, M.A., V.M.H., at three o'clock. Mr. PeteP BarP. — We have received an interesting account of a holidaj' cruise to the South !Sea Islands by i\lr. R. Cheesemaii, who left Sydney on December 1 for that purpose. His travelling companions were Mr. Peter Barr, of Daffodil fame, and Mr. C. McPherson, jiroprietor of the S/npparton Nc.ii'i. Mr. Barr is one of the most remarkable horticulturists of this generation. His powers of endurance are astonishing for one so advanced in j'ears, and he is certain of a hearty reception from his friends when he returns from his travels in foreign lands. Odontoglossum Cpispo-Copadinei. — A new and at the same time remarkably hand- some and distinct Udontoglossum — a natural hybrid — has just Howered with R. H. Measures, Esq., The Woodlands, Streatham. Viewing the flowers and raceme from a distance, one suspects a finely shaped crispuni of an extraordinary colour. On closer inspection hybridity becomes evident, and there can be no doubt but this, at present, probably unique form is a secondarj' hybrid between a beautiful form of the natural hybrid Coradinei (crispum and lindleyanuni) and crispum itself. No other hj'pothesis will satisfactorily account for the shape, formation, and colouring peculiar to the flowers. The growth and habit certainly closely resemble that of crispum, but considering that the plant obtains two-thirds of its characters from crispum and that lindleyanum is not unlike crispum in pseudo bulbs and foliage, this is as may be expected. At present tho flowers are of medium size, the sepals and petals have a around colour of white, shading on the apical halves to lemon-yellow, this shade gaining intensity as the apex is neared. The sepals bear several partially confluent blotches of clear cinnamon, and the petals a few irregular spots of the same colour. The extreme bases of bothsepalsand petalsarewhite, but just above is a broad blotch and a few spots of rose madder. The lip bears, as is usual in hybrids from lindleyanum, a large central blotch, in this case of rich red-cinnamon, with a few marginal spots of the same colour ; the fringed apex is cream-white, and the forked crest and base deep yellow. Altogether a meritorious jjlant. Liilium testaceum in south-west Scotland. — This tine and easily grown Lily is wonderfully plentiful in some parts of the south- west of Scotland, and especially in a portion of the south-east of Kirkcudbrightshire, where it is to be found in a good many gardens, large and small. From the manner of its distribution in the locality I think it must have originally come from one of the larger gardens, where it is still largely grown, and this is borne out by the enquiries I have made regarding its first appearance. I have been parti- cularly struck with the vigorous way in which this lovely Lily grows in one garden, where it is lifted at intervals along with the other occupants of the border, and replanted after the border has been heavily manured. Unfortunately for the effect the bulbs are not replanted in bold clumps but often singly, which takes much from the beauty of the plants. These are, however, very vigorous in the light sandy soil of the garden, and I conclude from this that this Lily does not resent removal so much as do many of the genus, and also that it does not object to the animal manure with which the border is fertilised. Personally, I do not care for frequent disturbance of L. testaceum, but the results in the garden referred to are much better than in my own, where the bulbs are seldom disturbed.— S. Arnott. Dianthus annulatus.— This name finds no confirmation in either the " Index Kewensis "' or the " Kew Hand List," but the name seems known in not a few nurseries, and it does not appear to be easy to assign it to any of the recognised species. I have here several seedlings from seeds obtained under the name of D. annulatus, and these remind one greatly in general appearance of some of those which can be rai.scd from a packet of seed of 1). tJyclops, a showy single pink. 'I lie plants of D. annulatus are of a belter habit, and, moreover, produce far more leaves, a great advantage for those who like to have Pinks upon walls, one of the most pleasing ways of growing this fragrant Mower. Seedlings vary rather in colour from rose to white, the greater number being Mhite, and the marking of the eyes is variable as well. So, too, is tlie fringing of the edges. Its slcms are about a foot long, and on a wall the large single blossoms are most pleasing. — S. Arnutt. Rose Reine Olga de W^uptembupg- at Apbigland, N.B. --There arc a few good gardens of modern I-toses in tliis neighbourhood, as well as others in which the older forms are still in favour. Among the former one must reckon Arbigland, the property of Colonel Blackett, where there has of late been a great addition to the number of lto.ses grown. Some of the older Roses on arches have been removed and better ones planted, and among these none is likely to be more satisfactory than Reine Olga de Wurtemburg. On arches in the walled garden it has a brilliant effect, and seems to have been planted just where it will have its fine colour and habit displayed to advantage. A large number of new Tea Roses have been planted this spring, and the prospects of their success are good, judging from the way in which other Teas grow at Arbigland. The soil suits Roses, and the grand blooms seen of the H.P.'s and others are most enjoj'able. — S. Arnott, C((rsijfhorii, III/ J)in)i/rie-<, jV./l. A good alpine Stpawbeppy.— There is much difference in the size of the alpine varieties, and though in the ordinary varieties mere size is at times objected to, this cannot hold good with the alpines, as larger fruits are more valuable. The Sutton large red is, in mj' opinion, one of the best of this small race of fruits, and not only is there increased size, but the <]uality is delicious. Like the small alpine, the fruits are borne in long trusses, and if grown specially from seed for late supplies will give good dishes well into the autumn. Last year I saw good dishes of this variety the third week in October from plants raised from seed in the spring of the previous year, but good dishes may be had in a shorter time. Seed sown now in a cold frame will give good fruit next autumn. jNluch better results are obtained from seedlings, and by sowing in a frame better atten- tion can be given to them, though for small quantities seed raised in pans or boxes and then transplanted will give a good return. — W. Potato Sutton's Ninety-fold. The seasons vary considerablj', and often the good ({ualities of certain vegetables are brought more into notice in consequence. This year Ninety-fold has been far away our best earlj' Potato. Planted by the side of the best kinds of Ashleaf, the one named has given us three times the weight of crop, and the qualitj' is splendid. I do not mention this to disparage the older and excellent Ashleaf section, but to point out how seasons aflfect variety. Owing to the heat and drought at the finish of the crop, and the extreme cold and late growth in the spring, a stronger growing varietj', such as Ninety-fold, is an advantage. Another point in its favour is its earliness and fine cooking qualities, and on account of its free cropping we plant it largely, as when large quantities are required daily it is a great gain to lift those kinds that give large tubers with little waste, as nearly all are fit for use. To get the best results from these fast growing varieties change the seed. Seed grown in the same soil previously does not crop so well. — W. The new Log'an Beppy.— A very fine basket of these fruits was placed before the fruit committee of the Pvoyal Horticultural Society at Chiswick on the Itith inst. , they were sent by the excellent secretary of the society from his own garden, and fortunately some valuable information was obtained as to their usefulness and easj' culture. The fruits shown were very large, and were grown in the open. They grow splendidly ever\' season, and the fruit is borne on the wood of the previous year's growth, so that it is necessary to carefully preserve sufficient new wood for fruiting next season. A word as to the quality of fruits — this \v;is good, Uiough a trifle acid. Many members thought it a valualile addition. The Logan Berry crops enormously, the fruit being borne on sprays, packed with fruit much larger than that of an ordinary Raspberry. Mr. Wilks has got the true stock, but the plants vary. I am pleased to note this new fruit crops well at Syon. We have it in a small border trained on a north wall against a building. It also docs remarkably well at Alnwick Castle on a soutli wall. In all positions it fruits a long time. — (I. Wvtiiios. Lilies at Chiswick.— While some of the Lilies that one might have expected to see at Chiswick were not there, there were on the other hand several, such as varieties of L. elegans, L. umbellatum, and even a good L. szovitzianum, all of which might reasonably be thought to be over by this time, particularly when the almost tropical weather is taken into consideration. .Many apparently preferred to await the publica- tion of the Society's .Journal in order to read the papers at their leisure, rather than be stewed in a tropical atmosphere such as prevailed under the tent. Of the Ijilies exhibited the most noteworthy were the fine group of L. testaceum set up by Messrs. Wallace, and the ([uantities of L. concolor and its variety Coridion that were shown. Neither of the two last-named Lilies are generally culti- vated in gardens, and in all probability the fine display represented a successful importation from .Japan, rather than English grown bulbs. For L. concolor with its bright scarlet blossoms Messrs. Wallace received a first-class certificate in l.SSJti, and at Chiswick an award of merit was granted to its yellow form— Coridion. Conspicuous among the rarer forms of L. elegans were Orange (^Hieen, rich orange ; atropurpureum, deep purple-crimson, in colour approaching Horsemanni or htematoch- roum, but with a more starry flower ; and venustum maoranthum, a particularly good form of that late flowering orange apricot tinted variety. Of the chalcedonicums, Heldreichii, as shown by Messrs. Veitch, was particularlj' fine. It is larger in all its parts than the ordinary form, and the flowers are of a clear bright unspotted tint. The North American species with few exceptions are rather erratic in their behaviour under cultivation, at least in this country. Among those shown were I-j. philadelphicum, a starry flower, of a reddish yellow tipped with a brighter colour, and spotted crimson. The flowers of this are upright, as in L. elegans, and it is remarkable among the members of this group for having the leaves arranged in whorls as in some of the Martagons. L. philadel- phicum is quite a miniature kind, and the tinj' bulbs frequently perish after flowering. Of L. pardalinum, one of the most trustworthy of the NorthAmericanLilies, several varietieswere shoT^n, and I also noted in good condition L. superbum, L. Humboldti, L. bloomerianum, L. cauadense in variety, L. Gra3'i, L. Parrj'i, and L. Washing- tonianum. A good deal of attention was directed towards a curious rather than beautiful form of the Madonna Lily (L. candidum), the petals of which were streaked with purple. The vaiious members of the Archelirion group, which includes L. auratum, L. speciosum, L. tigrinum, and their several varieties, as well as the distinct and noble L. Henryi, all showed traces of having been forced in order to get them in bloom, but collec- tively they formed a very showy gioup. As decorative plants those two choice varieties of L. auratum — the crimson-banded rubro vittatum, and Wittei, which is pure white, except for a j'ellow stripe down the centime of each petal — forma most eft'ective contrast. The Martagons, including the Japanese L. Hansoni, were, though past their best, all represented. In a confined place their odour is decidedly unpleasant. Last to mention, but bj' no means least, were the several members of the tube-flowered Lilies, of which L. longifiorum, represented b}' the varieties giganteum and albo- marginatum, were noteworthj', while a good opportunity was afforded of comparing L. Brownii and L. odorum, between which species a great deal of confusion has at one time or other prevailed. The more ornamental of the two is L. Brownii, and it also succeeds under cultivation better than L. odorum. — H. P. <30 THE GAKDEN. [July 27, 1901 The Scottish Horticultural Asso Ciation held an exhibition of summer products of the garden in l<;dinburgh on the I'Jth inst. The chief feature of the show was the large number of Strawberries staged, these having been forwarded from various districts of Scotland very far apart from each other. Jlr. Smith (Lord Stair's gardener at Oxenford) had a surprisingly fine lot of Dr. Hogg in the twelve dishes he exhibited, but undoubtedly the finest examples were those from Mr. Turner, Dalhousie Castle, his Royal Sovereign being superb, and Duke of Edinburgh and Yicomtesse Herioart de Thury very good. The same exhibitor showed also Raspberries and other small fruits, the first- class cultural certificate awarded being well won. Mr. Kidd, Carberry Tower, Mr. Temple, Carron, Mr. Taylor, Currie Hill, and several others also showed the same fruit. Other sorts of fruit com- prised a few bunches of Grapes and some late kept Apples. Of flowers, Sweet Peas were most in evidence, Messrs. Storrie and Storrie, Dundee, staging a fairly comprehensive selection of English and American sorts, and from Jlr. Eckford, Wem, a few dozens of his own varieties. Among gardeners' exhibits, the Sweet Peas from Mr. Alexander, Niddry House, were undoubtedlj' the nicest lot, and a first-class cultural certificate was awarded to these. Mr. H. Dickson, Belfast, staged seventy- two blooms of Roses of good quality, and received a certificate of like value with the last-named. Messrs. D. and N. Croll, Dundee, also set up some high-class blooms. Messrs. Cocker and Sons, Aberdeen, with cut, show, and garden Roses, staged lovely English Irises in great variety, Spanish Irises, among which Klond3-ke was conspicuously fine, and a variety of herbaceous cut flowers. The same class of flowers engaged the attention of Messrs. Cunningham, Eraser and Co. Carnations were not largely shown ; Messrs. Laing and Mather, Kelso, however, set up some vases of excellent blooms of Maimaison in variety, Lady Nina Balfour, Countess Consuelo, their novelty Duchess of Roxburghe, and a few others. Mr. Kidd also had an excellent lot of pink Malmaisons along with Sweet Peas. A most charming display of cut flowers was arranged by Messrs. Todd and Co., Roses, the best Sweet Peas, Liliums, and Mignonette being the more noticeable plants employed. The nurserymen of the city also sent contributions of plants to the show. THE AVILD ROSES AND THEIR VARIETIES. In recent years an interest has been taken in the wild types of Rosa, probably greater and more intimate than was ever previously the case. The hybridisation of several of them with the ordinary garden types has also brought into existence a fascinating group of varieties, which promise in future to hold a prominent place in the flower garden. From the ordinary Roses of the Hybrid Perpetual, Tea, and other allied groups, these wild or half-wild sorts differ inainlj' in their exquisite grace and luxuriance of habit, and in their wealth of blossom, as distinguished from the size and .shape of the individual flower. All the species, of course, have single flowers, as have also many of the hybrids mentioned in the following notes. For producing wild and natural effects many of them are exceedingly well adapted, especiallj' those of the multiflora (or polyantha) group. They are, in fact, rather out of place in the trim, well-kept areas v/hich provide the fittest setting for the Teas, Hybrid Perpetuals, and similar types of dwarf, neat-habited Roses. At the same time, many of the wild types are of sturdy habit, some even compact. The Sunk Ruse G.vkues at Kew, near the Pagoda (originally a gravel pit), is now devoted almost entirely to these free - growing species and hybrids. Growing on informal terraces and banks, held up by old tree stumps, the long rambling shoots of these Roses have their full freedom, and can show all their native grace and luxuriance to much better advantage than any arrangement of pergolas, arches, or stakes could ever allow them to do. Such varieties as Paul's Carmine Pillar, Blairii II., Dawson Rose, Flora, Pink Roamer, and Crimson Rambler, with species like R. lutea, multiflora, moschata, setigera, and wichuriana, give a succession of flower from earl\' .Tune to August. Besides these, there are species and varieties of more restrained growth, which also give charming effects and contrasts : and in the notes that follow I have run briefly through such species of Rosa as appear best suited for ordinary garden use, as well as a selection of their varieties and hyljrids. It. alba. — This beautiful white Rose is one of the best of the single-flowered sorts. Of doubtful origin, it is thought by botanists to be a cross between the Dog Rose (R. canina) and the French Rose (R. gallica). It is found wild in the central parts of liurope, but hitherto always in localities which point to its being an escape from gardens rather than a purelj' indigenous plant. In some of the best forms the flowers are .'i inches or more across, and give a charming display in late June and July. It is a shrubby plant of free, but not rambling, habit. The Rose known as R. macrantha is a fine form of this. /i'. a//ji«a. — This is a pretty Rose from the moun- tains of central Europe, and is noteworthy as being the parent or type of the Boursanlt Ptoses. It has smooth, shining, unarmed, or nearly unarmed, stems, and grows 4 feet or so high, the flowers being of a purplish rose colour. Its fruits are handsome and distinct : thej' are pendent, elon- gated, tapering, and bright red ; the bi-istles that frequently occur on the hips have an odour when rubbed almost exactly like that of turpentine. I'. Carolina, B. lucida, and B. nitida. — These are three American siJeoies of similar habit. Thej' form dense thickets of slender, erect stems 3 feet to .■> feet high, and, once established, will take care of tliemselves. The flowers of Carolina and lucida are rosy pink, those of nitida a brighter red. K. lucida and nitida are also noteworthy on account of their very glossy foliage. R. lucida flore-pleno is a double-flowered form, very pretty in the half- expanded state. R. Jerruyinea (li. rubri/o/ia). — Latterly this species, which is a native of. the mountains of central Europe, has been largely used for planting in masses for the effect its foliage produces. The leaves and young stems are covered with a reddish-purple bloom, and, seen in the mass, give a charming effect, especially in the earlier part of the season. The flowers are similar in size and form to those of the Dog P^ose, but are of a rich rosy red. The shrub grows 4 feet to o feet high, and is of rather erect habit. B. lutea {Aviti-ian Briar).— 01 all the yellow wild Roses this is the most lovely. In positions where it thrives it sends up from the base every year long arching sturdy shoots 5 feet or 0 feet long. These should never be touched with the knife till after they have flowered, which will be the following year. They are wreathed from end to end during June with rich glowing yellow flowers, and form the most beautiful arching sprays imaginable. The copper-coloured variety (R. lutea bieolor) does not appear to thrive so well, but it is worth trying for the effect of its unusual colour. The Persian Yellow and var. Harrisoni are double-flowered varieties, neither, in mj' opinion, so beautiful as the single ones. B. microphylla, — This is a distinct Rose from China, of very sturdy habit, and marked by its peeling bark. The flowers have a very charming fragrance, and are delicate rose in colour, being followed by large, yellowish, prickly fruits. Rose Maurice deVilmorin is a cross between this species and R. rugosa. The flower is one of the largest single ones I know, being 4 inches or even 5 inches across. B. moschata (the Mud- /?o»c).— Among the wild Roses with a climbing habit this species holds a high place. It flowers rather later than the majority of wild Roses (usually in early July), anci produces a great wealth of pure white flowers in large clusters. The effect of these masses of white -petalled flowers is greatly heightened by the prominent bunches of yellow anthers that fill the centre of each flower. This Rose will grow 15 feet to 'iO feet high (possibly consider- ably more), and is of strong, rampant growth. When young its long, succulent summer growths aie apt to be cut hard back by frost each winter, but when once a framework of really woody branches has been obtained it is quite hardy. Still, on account of this defect, it likes a little shelter when young, such as is att'orded by other shrubs with which it might be associated. The specific name refers to a slight musky odour that is, however, onlj' noticeable when the atmos- phere is moist. It is a native of the Orient. R. nivea (or R. Diipontii) is a form of this Rose, with large white single flowers, and a bushy rather than rambling habit. R. moschata flore-pleno ia a double-flowered form, remarkable for its free- flowering qualities. The Polvantha (ok multiflora) Groui". B. midtijlora. — The introduction of this species from Japan in IS'22 has proved to be an important event to modern cultivators of Roses. Several of the finest hybrids and varieties of the free, ram- bling type of growth owe their origin to it. The species itself is a shrub of great merit, producing as it does in .June a mass of pure white racemes so profuse as to almost clothe the plant in white. The single flower is one of the smallest of Roses, being about 1 inch across. It is ver3' fragrant. One character that distinguishes R. multiflora and its varieties from Roses of similar habit is the fringed stipules. Of the numerous varieties belong- ing to this group the following are the best I am acquainted with : Dawson Rose, raised by Mr. Jackson Dawson, of the Arnold Arboretum, by crossing multiflora with General Jacqueminot, haa proved a great acquisition. The flowers are semi- tlouble, pale rose, and are borne in great abundance .all through .June. The plant has a graceful arching habit, not quite so lax as multiflora. Crimson Rambler is now so well known that little need be said of it. Its glorious masses of crimson trusses, although perhaps somewhat hard in tint, make it one of the most brilliant and efi'ective of all Roses. It is rather later than the majority of this group, flowering in JUI3'. Electra is a new and promising sort, raised in Messrs. Veitch's nurserj' at Langley. Its flowers are semi-double, of a rich creamy yellow, and are especially attractive in the half- open state. Leuchstern, with the petals of its single flowers deepl}' tinged with rose at the tips and becoming paler at the base, is distinct and exceedingly pretty. Thunbergi is a single-flowered variety, whose white blossoms, not so abundant as in the ordinary multiflora, are about three times as large. B. ruhviiiiona (Sweet Briar). — In considering the Roses of wild or senii-wild origin, the Sweet Briar of our hedgerows cannot be omitted, because it is the parent of a group of lovelj' hj'brids, of which the Penzance Briars are the best known. The wild plant itself is welcome in the garden in the form of a hedge, or merelj' as a naturallj' grown specimen, for the sweet fragrance of its 3'oung shoots. Of the hj'brids, several of which ha\'e the true Sweet Briar fragr.ance, the following maj' Ije recommended : Lady Penzance, coppery yellow (a cross with an Austrian Briar) ; Lord Penzance, fawn colour : Jeannie Deans, crimson ; Janet's Pride, semi-double, white striped with rose. B. ruijom. — During the past few years this species has come into prominence because of the number of hybrids that have been obtained from it and put into commerce. Some of the double ones are valuable and beautiful Roses, such as Blanc double de Coubert, j\Ime. George Bru.mt, Mrs. Anthony Waterer, Chedane (iuinoisseau, &c. The type itself is a Japanese shrub, as hard^'tind robust as a Dog Rose. It grows (j feet or more in height, and is marked by its strong, spin}' stems, and large, rich green, shining wrinkled leaves. The flowers in the type are 3 inches or 4 inches across, rosj' crimson, and are followed by clusters of extremelj' h.andsome bright red fruits. A white single-flowei'ed variety (alba) and a double rosy purple one (flore-pleno) are in cultivation. Rosa rugosa is a useful Rose for planting in masses, form- ing in time dense, almost impenetrable thickets. R. nericea. — Of the Himalayan Roses none is more distinct and attractive than this. Its flowers July 27, 1901.] THE GARDEN. 61 are the earliest to appear out of doors (generally in late Maj') ; they are of a creamy white colour, and distinct in nearly always having but four petals. The foliage is very pretty, the leaflets being numerous and of small size, and the young wood in some forms is of bright red. It is a graceful bush, growing up to 10 feet in height. B. .lelii/em {Prairie lioie). — This is a -Julj' and August flowering species, and one of the latest of the wild sorts. It has a climbing habit, and, given rich soil, grows vigorously. The leaves have each three leaflets, and the young wood has a purplish red colour. The flowers are large and of a deep rose. It is one of the most distinct and useful of the America species, but its flowers have no fragrance. Scotch or Burnet Rcse (iRour. S. xpino'^issima. — Commencing to flower towards the end of Maj', this Rose is one of the earliest to break naturally into bloom. It is a shrub of dwarf growth, rarely more than 1 foot to '2 feet high, and is noteworth}' for its stems being thickly covered with bristles and spines. The flowers are while, lA inches to 2 inches across, single, and rather cup- shaped. It is a native of Britain on sandy and chalky heaths. Var. hispida (R. lutescens) is a Siberian variety of the Scotch Rose, remarkable for its strong and vigorous growths. It produces stout, erect stems, G feet to 7 feet high, covered, as in the species, with bristles and spines. The flowers, produced in late May and June, are of a beautiful creamy yellow, especially when newly opened. Var. altaica (R. grandiflora) is another tall, strong-growing Scotch Rose, (i feet or more high, with flowers half as large again as those of the type, and of a loveljf creanij' white. S. ochroleuca. — Belonging also to the Scotch Rose group (it is possibly no more than a variety of spinosissima), this Rose is distinct and valuable for the bright yellow of its flowers, a yellow as deep and pure as that of the Austrian Briar (R. lutea). A large mass of it in the Rose Garden at Kew made a brilliant display in early June this year. It is easier to grow than the Austrian Briars, and can be rapidly increased by dividing up the plants. /i'. rube/la, a dwarf bush with bright pink flowers, is supposed to be a cross between spinosissima and alpina. B. ii'ichuricma. — One of the last introductions among wild Roses — it is a native of .Japan — this species has already been put to good use by hybridists. It is a very distinct plant, although allied in a botanical sense to R. multiflora. It )ias a prostrate habit, and its foliage is remarkable for its glossy, varnish-like surface. The flowers are pure white, and in sunny spots are aljundantly produced. It is worth growing for its liandsome foliage and luxuriant growth. If allowed an old tree stump or something similar to ramble over, it soon forms a beautiful mass. Among the hybrids raised from it are ; Pink Roamer, .Jersey Beauty, pale yellow ; Gardenia, yellow ; Manda's Triumph, white ; and Universal Favourite, pink. All these are of American origin. Other Roses that may be briefly mentioned are : B. pomifcra, a bush}' plant, remarkable chiefly for the large bright red fruits, each of which is 1 inch to In inches long, and Apple or Pear-shaped, and covered witli liristles ; B. wehhiaiia, a species from the high Himalayas, of very distinct and graceful form; the branches are thin, IJue- white when young, and very spiny ; the flowers of a lovely lilac-pink. VV. .J. Bean. ORCHIDS. m MILTONIA VEXILLARIA Success in London. ILTONIA VEXILLARIA in its varied foruis is not considered one of the easiest Orchids to grow, but diffi- culties are overcome when a suitable position to meet their requirements is found. Much depends, however, upon the system of culture followed. I have on former occasions given particulars of our system of treatment fully in The Garden, so that there is no need to refer to it again. The accompanying illus- tration is reproduced from a photograph taken ir Mr. Measures's garden at Cambridge Lodge, Flodden Road, Camberwell. The garden is sur- rounded b}' high buildings and in a low lying district, within about a mile from the Thames, gasworks, factories, and foiuidries rendering it one of the most unfavourable positions that could A HOUSE OF Mll^TONIA VEXILLARIA IN THE COLLECTION OF R. FLODDEN ROAD, S.E. MEASURES, ESIJ., CAMBRIDCE LODGE, be selected for plant life generally. About i'lO plants of Miltonia ve.xillaria are grown, and they had been in the collection some time before i took charge, now nearly' nine years ago. This is a proof not only of the long life of Orchids, but also that some kinds at least can be successfully grown under conditions in which many of our more hardy plants fail. There has been altogether about twenty kinds certiflcated at different times by the Royal Horticultural Society, and as many of these are still in cultivation a brief note on some of the most prominent kinds may be of use. M. V. ALBESCENS. — This is rather a small flowered but exceedingly free kind. The sepals and petals are white, faintly tinted with rose on the apex, the lip white except the yellow disc. M. V. coiiuiANA is a pretty variety, the sepals and petals white suHused with rose, the lip white except the yellow and brown lines on the disc. The lip is in striking contrast to the rose tint of the other segments. The variety M. v. leucoglossa and some others that have been certificated in this way should only be considered as varieties of M. v. cobbiana. M. v. Constance Wican is a distinct and pretty variety, the sepals and petals blush white, with a pure white lip. M. V. Daisy Haywood is one of the finest of its kind, and is certainly one of the largest flowers I have ever seen, being pure white : the flower spikes I have seen on two or three occasions carrying six to eight flowers, each -t inches across. This plant was first exhibited bj' Mr. Salter from the late Mr. T. B. Haywood's collection on .July 2.3, 1803, when it recei\'ed a first-class certificate. M. V. dulcotense is an exceedingly dark kind, but the flowers are small ; it is very distinct and attractive. M. v. Empress Victoria Augusta is a lovely kind that was certificated on Maj' 25, 1898, at the Temple show, where it was exhibited by Messrs. Backhouse and Sons. M. v. Fairy Queen has pale blush sepals and petals, the lip is white with a pale yellow stain on the disc. The plant is of weaklj' constitution, but quite distinct in its way. M. V. Leopoldii is a larger and an improved form of M v. superba. The sepals and petals are deep rose, the lip rose with a rich maroon blotch on the disc of the labellum. It was first exhibited by Baron Schroder on September 17, ^^j^gi 1889, and was awarded a first-class f '*'.^S certificate. ^ M. V. jNIeasuresii may be classed as a large-flowered kind of the M. v. albescens section. The sepals and petals are blush rose, the large lip white with yellow on the disc. It was awarded a first -class certifi- cate when exhibited by Mr. R. J. ■ -- Measures on July 14, 188"). M. V. Memoria G. D. Owen. — This is undoubtedly the most distinct Miltonia vexillaria in culti- vation. There is a large blotch of maroon on the disc of the lip and at the base of the other segments. This lovely Miltonia was figured last summer in The (4arden, the drawing being taken from the plant exhibited at the Temple show, and proved one of the njost attractive subjects in the gold medal group of Sir Frederick Wigan, Bart. M. V. Mrs. H. Ballantine. — A most distinct and pretty variet}' that appeared with Messrs. F. Sander and Co. in 1891. M. V. PURPUKATO - radiato is a choice kind in the collection of Baron Schroder, its deep rosy purple sepals and petals and front lobe of the lip being brought into contrast by the light area in front of the large area of \'ellow, which is thicklj' covered with radiating rich brownish purple lines. It received a first-class certificate in ISSli. M. V. RADIATA appeared tlie follow- 62 THE GAEDEN. [July liT, 1901. ing year from The Dell collection. It is not so deeply coloured, but the large area covered with the radiating lines render it equallj' distinct. M. V. RUBKLL.v has small rosy purple Howers. This blooms later than the typical kinds, and helps to prolong the flowering season. Sr. V. .sui'ERB.v. — This is also a small-flowering kind, with a rich maroon blotch on the disc. It is a most distinct late-flowering kind, and one of the rarest of the ve.xillaria section. There are other kinds which have recently been certificated and described among the new plants in The (Iardk^n. H. .J. Chapman. luILIES OF RECENT YEARS. (Continued from page 4J.J Hyekid Lilies. I.N' addition to the original species previously enumerated, several forms have been obtained by artificial fertilisation, and it is very probable that we sliall see many other instances of the hybridist's skill among Lilies before long. For some reason or other the hybridisation of Lilies has until recent j'ears attracted but little attention, tliough L. TE.STACEUM, one of the finest of all garden Lilies, is of hybrid origin, and the gorgeous L. Parkmanni, now, alas ! little more than a name, excited our wonder and admiration over twenty years ago. Of more recent hybrids mention must be particularly made of Ij. Dai.hansoxi. This Lily resulted from fertilising the flowers of the dark coloured L. JIartagon dalmaticum with pollen from the yellow flowered L. Hansoni, wliich is a native of Japan. Both belong strictly to the Martagon section, hence the flower itself is altered but little in shape, the colouring, however, being just midway between the two. The petals present the appearance of a yellow ground colour, heavily clouded with reddish brown. It was raised by Mr. Fowell, Southborough, Tunbridge AVells— noted as the raiser of Crinum Powelli — and first flowered with him in July, 1890. The same cross has since then been effected by others, and the plant has proved so free a grower that it is now Very generally grown, though at present it is, of course, far from a cheap Lily. L. Marhan. The result of a similar cross, except that the white-flowered L. Martagon album was employed instead of the deep-coloured variety. This was raised by M. Van Tubergen, Haarlem, Holland, and a first-class certificate awarded it by our Ro3'ai Horticultural Society in 1S9S. It is after the manner of, but altogether a lighter flower than, L. Dalhansoni. L. Marhan has now found its way into many bulb dealers' catalogues. L. Beerensi, a cross between L. chalcedonicum and L. testa- ceum,^ was two or three years since in Messr.s. Ware's list, but I have not seen it for some time. It is a very pretty Lily, whose light red blossoms are about midway between its parents. L. Burbanki is an American production, obtained by Mr. Luther Burbank by the intercrossing of L. washingtoni- anum and L. pardalinum. It is highly spoken of on the Western Continent, but at present it has scarcely realised anticipations in this country. As its seed-bearing parent (L. washingtonianum) is such a disappointment here, we must not expect too mucli of anj- of its progeny. L. KEWENSE. This is the last to mention, but by no means the least interesting of the.se hybrid Lilies, for the cross was effected between two species so dissimilar in every way that, even knowing them well, it would be ditticult to imagine a form intermediate between the two. This is es.sentially a Kew pro- duction, as both the pollen parent (L. Henryi) and the seed-bearer (L. Browni chloraster) first flowered there. The cross, too, was made at Kew in July, 1897, xnd the first flowers opened there just three years later. The flower is very much like a small form of L. anrai.um. In colour it is creamy buff,' becoming almost white with age. The leaves are about intermediate between its parents, those on the upper part of the spike showing a decided affinity to L. Henryi. Besides the above-mentioned, numerous seedlings have been raised between the upright cup-shaped species— L. croceum, L. umbellalum, L. elcgans, and their-varieties — tlie result in some cases being very pretty forms, with decidedly showy blossoms, liut, as might be expected from their close relation- ship to each other, there is no decided break away from varieties already in cultivation. H. P. INSECT PESTS. THE DADDY-LONG-LEGS, OR CRANE FLY. (TirULA OLERACEA.) "^ HIS common and very well known insect is one of the greatest pests in gardens when in the larva or grub state. The parent insects are perfectly harmless in every way, although many ladies have a particular objection to them, as the}- have certainl\' a habit of flying into rooms of a summer's evening and trying to cremate them- selves in the candles or lamps. The}' do not always succeed, but more often go away singed and mutilated, but every now and tlien one more determined than his fellows returns again and again until the deed is accomplished. There are several species of these crane flies, but their habits are the same, so that the consideration of one species will sufiice. The grubs are commoidy known by the very appropriate name of " leather jackets," for their skins are very supple and tough, and they seem possessed with an extraordinary- amount of vitality. Neither drought nor moisture has mucheflect upon them, and they maj' be frozen until they are quite brittle, and might easily be snapped in half; but, if allow-ed to thaw again, they regain their powers and appear to be none the worse. These grubs feed on the roots of most plants, but they are particularly injurious to those witli tap-roots, as they will gnaw the root right through and then go straight on to another, which will be treated in ihe same way, so that one grub will soon do an enormous amount of mischief among plants with this kind of root. From what has been already said it will be easily understood that in- secticides are of very little use when one tries to destroy this pest, Ijut watering copiously wi th a strong solution of guano, nitrate of soda, or common salt has been found very useful, as the grubs, though fond of moisture and damp, undrained land, have a strong objection to these substances, which are of use to the plants though distasteful to the grubs. The latter often roam about at night, and may be caught in con.siderable quantities by nuxking a number of narrow, long trenches with upright sides, into which they fall and are unable to crawl out of, and may be found there the next morning. They may also be caught by laying pieces of turf, hoard, bricks, slates, &c., on tlie ground, as they will creep under such things for shelter during the daj'. Traps of slices of roots, such as Turnips, Mangolds, Potatoes, or Carrots buried about an inch below the surface of the soil near plants which it is feared may be attacked b}- them are often used with success. They are easier to handle and to find when l)uried if they have each a small «-ooden skewer stuck into them ; they should be taken up and looked at every morning. These grubs often attack lawns and pasture fields, to whicli, when in large numbers, they do an enormous amount of injur}'. As many as '200 have been taken from a square foot of ground from grass land. Rolling with a heavy roller at night or very early in the morning will kill numbers of them if the ground be- dry, or a good dressing composed of one part of lime to three parts of soot, or nitrate of soda and common salt applied at the rate of llcwt. of nitrate of soda to 3cwt. of salt have been found to check the grubs. Dressing the ground with gas lime is very effective and will kill the grubs, but, of course, it cannot be used near plants for fear of njuring them. Moles, rooks, starlings, peewits, seagulls, partridges, and pheasants are very fond of these grubs. The Daddy-long-legs is too well known to recjuire any description. The sexes may be distinguished by the body of the male terminating in a kind of club, while that of the" female is pointed. The grubs wlien full grown are about 1 J, inches or somewhat less in length, and about as thick as an ordinary lead pencil near the tail, from which they gradually taper towards the head, which is black and provided with a strong pair of jaws. The rest of the grub is of a dirty yellowish brown or broMnish grey colour. Down the middle of the back there is a broad leaden-coloured stripe, with a somewhat paler line on either side, iiut the colouring is very indistinct. At the tail are several fleshy protuberances, in the midst of which are two black spots. These are the apertures through which the insects breathe. They are entirely devoid of legs. The female flies lay their eggs in September or October, and may then often he found in large numbers flying over lawns and grass fields, \A'hen this is the case, many may be killed by running a roller or mowing macliine over them. The grubs are hatched in about a fortnight and are full grown in Jul}- or August, when they become chrysalides, from which the Daddy-long- legs emerge in a very short time. a. S. Sau.nder.s. AMERICAN NOTES. VlCTORI.V Tkickiori. noble aquatic plant has now been before the Tnis public for six years, and is comparatively little known. Many attempts have licen nuide to ■I'iii-; iiaiiipv- Haddy liimj-lnis. INC-I.KCS, (ii; (.'KANI') \'inalc- Undihh/uttg-tiiis. .'. Chritnaltn. '■''je» July 27, 1901.] THE GARDEN. Q?. cultivate it, but verj' few have succeeded in doing so. The greatest hindrance to its successful culti- vation has been the mistaken idea that it is a variet3' of Victoria Regia, and recjuires similar treatment. Any person wlio has grown hardj' and tender Nymph;cas knows full well that hardy Nymphitas will not grow under the same conditions as the tropical varieties, and that Victoria Regia will not succeed under conditions that are favour- able for tender Nymph:eas. No amount of cultiva- tion or acclimatising will make hardy Nympha'as tender, or tender Nympha'as hardy. Conditions closely akin to that in their native climes are necessary for success. Victoria Regia requires a temperature of 85" to 00'^ for seed to germinate, and this temperature is not too liigh for plants provided the}' have full sunshine and fresh air — out of door cultivation, natural conditions, j'es, and even a higher temperature. Hvery one knows full well that Victoria Regia is a tropical plant, even if he does not know from experience what tropical weather is. Such conditions are not congenial to Victoria Trickeri. Seed germinates freely in a temperature from 62''^ to G^'', and a good growing temperature is 75° to 80". These are the temperatures of the water. Where the temperature of the watsr falls below 70° there is danger of the plants suffering, ■ and if the temperature rises to 90" there is also danger of the plants suffering. I have known such eases in both extremes of temperature, though these may not be considered extremes. I have long ago advised a temperature for Victoria Trickeri similar to that for a Zanzibar Lily. Professor Cowell, of Buffalo, says Victoria Trickeri does admirably with him in a temperature of 75°. The end of June is a favourable time and the best for planting out Victoria Trickeri where no artificial heat is employed. Of course, the season _ has much to do with it, also the different sections of the countrj', but the present is the right time to plant out in the Mid-Atlantic States, also western and some eastern sections. All this is mere repetition of what has been said before, but I will here state that Victoria Trickeri grows wild in the tributaries and the quiet baj's of the Parana River in Argentina, South America, and is also found in Urugua}'. Look up the location and draw j'onr own conclusions as to climatic conditions. — JV. Trioker, in thp.Florists' Exchange. THE FRUIT GARDEN. FRUIT AT LOCK INGE PARK. FOR many years past these famous gardens have enjoyed an almost world-wide reputation for the production of high class fruit, and xluring the past few years the magnificent collections staged by Mr. Fyfe, at the Ro3'al Horticultural Society's meetings and other shows, goes to prove that the standard of excellence is well maintained. Mr. Fyfe, like many other well known Scotch gardeners, prides himself on Grape growing, and quite recently he had six varieties in splendid form, including Madresfield Court, Buckland Sweetwater, Foster's Seedling, and Black Ham- burgh, all ripe and splendidly finished, Muscat Hamburgh as nearly as possible finished, and several bunches of Lady Downe's in a good state of preservation kept from last season. The second house, planted with nearlj' all Ham- burghs, was bearing a very heavy crop of splendidl}' formed bunches with large berries colouring fast. The third one was devoted entirely to Muscats. The Vines were planted twenty-eight years ago ; young canes have been worked up from the bottom, and this year all the old rods have been removed with- out causing any break iu the supply, as the young canes are carrjdng a grand crop of large shapely bunches. Number four house was planted in 1896 with Muscat and Madre.sfield Court, and nothing could be more promising than these ; each Vine was allowed ten large bunches, all of which are shapely and well set. Number 'five, the latest liouse, is devoted to Black Alicantes, Lady Downe's, and (Jros Colmar, e-'.) C. Elatines (L.). — Low regions at the foot of the Alps .of Piedmont (near Pignerol, itc.) ; in Lombardy, Istfia, and Dalmatia, in the cracks of tlie walls and rocks. The distribution of this rare and ornamental plant has not been satisfactoril.v determined. De C'andolle in his " Monogra])hie " assigns Piedmont and Dauphiny, that Mutel was in error in noting it on the Mont Genevre in Dauphiny, and that the species does not belong to the flora of France. Moreover, the " Flore Francaise " of Gillet and ;\ragne does not include it. I do not know where else in France Jlutel can have located it, for I do not find mention of it in his " Flore du Dauphine."+ As for the indi- cation of Lombardy and the Austrian Alps, it may be that Nyman confuses it with elatinoides. Still, Kockt indicates it, but only in the Island of Cherso, south of Fiume, on the Adriatic. In any case the species is rare and beautiful ; it is also finite jjeculiar in its nature and its appearance. It is more or less downy, with heart-shaped leaves largely but sharply toothed ; the leaves of the base rounder. Flower-stalk flexible, branched, and set with flowers nearly to the top. The violet -blue flowers are small, the five-lobed corolla deeply divided, lobes lengthened— oval and pointed at the ends. The flowers are numerous, and keeji up a succession during the months of August, September, and October. The stems are brittle, and exude a milky .juice when they are broken. This pretty species is not easy to .grow. It requires a wall ; indeed, it is only in a wall that we can keep it permanently. It can be grown in jiots if the soil is thoroughly drained and jirepared as for t'. cenisia. It is easily increased b,y seed, but is very attractive to slugs, who come from all round to devour it. There is a variety glaberrima (DC.) that we grew for some years, and that appears to be hardier than the type. 0. elatinoides (Moret.) syns. C. elatines (Poll, non L.), petrasa (Zant. non L.), liapunculus brixianus (Greg.), C. pyramidalis (Clus.). Lombardy in rocky fis- sures at the base of the moun- tains. It is a downy species, with silvery grey foliage ; stem simple,in Elatines it is brancjied ; X» v'-'v. '^ < / 'y ^M^- 'AJIC.WI'I.A ELATINrS (l.IFE SIZE) AND A STNr:T,E Hl.dCiM MAIIMTIEP. sinuate ; leaves stalked, sharply toothed ; flowers small, very dark blue, d e e ]i 1 y divided into five ; divisions downy outside ; style twice the length of the corolla. It flowers from Sep- t e m b e r to November. This species does very well in a sunny wall in our gar- den, and grows quickly. It can- not endure damp, and only flowers well in the fis- sures of a wall or rock. At \\'arley, in Miss Will- mott's garden, this plant gi-ows very freely, and takes ( 1 u i t e another character than when wild or grown at (Jeneva.althouiih CAirPANULA EXCySA (l.IFE SIZE). it comes from our garden here. C. excisa (Schleich). The block of the Simplon and Alps of Saas, from Saas-Grund to Macug- naga, in the natural heaps of stony /h'/n-ix, from 6,000 feet to 8,500 feet. It is 'in error that this extremely local species has been assigned by NynianS and many others follow- ing him, to Piedmont and Lombardy. I have never met with it except in the above- mentioned localities : from the Binnthal through Saasthal, as far as Macugnaga to the south, and in the north of the Canton Tessin, in a region contained, says Dr. Christ,! between the Val Antigorio and the \'al Anzasca, south of the Simplon and the valleys of Binn and Saas to the north. It is a species endemic to Switzerland, a child of our soik It would appear to lie a young species iii healthy expansive p.-o.gress, not an old species inclining to wear out, for at La Linna'a, where it was jilanted, it has (piickly overrun a rocky space that was as.signed to it, and has even invaded some neighbouring rocks : while C. Allionii does not reiiroduce itself s]ionta- neously, and seems to be a species disjiosed towards retrogression and decadence. ( '. e.xcisa is a pretty plant of slender build, leaves * "Catalogue ties Plantes Vasoulaires du Dauuliinc'," I>age 2'28. I " Kloi-e du Daniiliiuij," by Mutel. Paris, 1S:|(I. t " Deutsche aiul Srhweizerllora," pape ;{'2S. S N.viuau's " S.vlli)p:!e Klurir Europivie." r l)r Ohrist's " La l^'lcuv de h Suisse et ses Oviffiues," July 27, 1901.] THE GARDEN. 65 narrow, linear, thin, and absolutely smooth, stems one-flowered, flowers graceful, drooping, corolla bell-shaped, blue-lilac, and having the striking ]ieculiarity of showing at the base of each lobe of the corolla a hole as if excised, which gives the flower a quite remarlcable and attractive equality. This _ species does not flourish in calcareous soils; it requires a, granitic rockwork and a poor soil, composed of one-third peat, one-third granitic sand, and one-third broken granite fragments. A joint of a wall or fissure of rock suits it admirably. It throws out great numbers of suckers, and overruns any rock work of the kind it likes. At Geneva I grow it in our sunny wall, but it does not flower well because the stones are calcareous. It is easy to raise from seed. Here it flowers in .lune, but in its own habitats in August. C. fragilis (Cyrill), syns. C. Cavolini (Ten.), cochlearifolia (Vahl. non Lam.), crassifolia (Nees) ; southern Appenines and Sicily, where it grows in cracks of walls and rocks. Nyman assigns it to Dalmatia, but tt.- »-:!:: I think wrongly ; at any rate, it seems extremely doubtful, for I have never seen a dried specimen from that region. It is not named in any flora of Austria that I have, and the " Index Kewensis " confines it to Italy. It is a dwarf ]ilant, with spreading, branching shoots that hang downwards ; leaves dull green, thick — those of the base rounded, cordate, bluntly toothed, those of the stem small. As they ascend, they become reduced to simple ovate - lanceolate bracts ; flowers large, wide open, from four to eight at the ends of the shoots ; the corolla is expanded, over an inch across, and deeply divided into five even lobes. It is of a flne light blue colour, with a very long white style in the centre. It flowers from June to August. This plant is not quite hardy with us, requiring a winter shelter of cold frame or cold green- house. It likes a place in rock in full sun, but it can be very well grown in a pot like other cold green- house plants. Often in the windows of our small Swiss towns, or on the outside galleries of mountain chalets, one sees enormous tufts of C. fra- gilis grown as window plants or in hanging baskets. The many branches hanging over the pot hide it com- pletely, and are covered with flowers for several months ; indeed, the plant is one of the most popular among those that are grown for rooms. It can be grown from seed, and is also easily increased by cuttings and division. C. fragilis var. hirsuta (A.DC.) is the same as C. Barrelieri (Presl.) ; frequent in gardens. Dietrich* describes a variety grandiflora of Van Houtte, which I have not yet seen. C. garganica (Ten.), syns. C. Elatines (Pen- tagn. non L.), Wahlenbergia flaccida (Presl.) ; Eastern Italy and Dalmatia, where Koch indi- cates it in the fissures of rocks in the island of Cherso, and Bornier in the Island of Cepha- lonia in the Greek Archipelago. t It is one of the most beautiful Campanulas, forming close tufts of light green foliage, with numerous herbaceous stems, which are wavy, spread out, and fully clothed with small, rounded, reniform, crenulate- dentate leaves ; light blue flowers of medium size, open, bell-shaped, looking upward. Flowering season, June to August. It requires a place in full sun in rockwork, and a soil composed of one-third loam, one- third peat, and one-third sand. In our .Tardin alpin d'acclimatation it does very well in the limestone wall mentioned before. I am not aware that it has ever yielded seed in gardens. It is easily increased by cuttings and divisions of the tufts. I have seen ju.st lately in several English gardens a hairy form of C. garganica named C. garganica hirsuta. It is a stout and strong growing variety, very downy, and of cajiital eflect in rockwork. At the Drill Hall on .lune IS I saw examples of several varieties of this Campanula, among them, shown by ifessrs. Ware, a very interesting C. garganica alba, also another form, dwarf and compact, wrongly named C. Erinus, this species being an annual and rather inconspicuous. This C. garganica compacta appeared to me to be a notable acquisition for the rock garden. C. hausmanniana (Reich). J — A hybrid bevveen C. barbata and Phyteunra hemis- phajricum ; distributed in 1890 (according to longer than the corolla and are covered with bristly hairs, by its leaves edged with rough hairs and by its few-flowered .stems. It flowers in June and July. Any soil that is not too heavy suits it. C. i.sophylla (Moret.) syn. C florihunda (Viv.) A species rare in nature. Its habitat is vaguely indicated by botanical authors as Liguria ; ZumagliniH specifies the place ; " in Liguria occidua ad promontorium di Caprozoppa." It is a sijecies very near C. fragilis, from which^it differs by its leaves being all alike, more 'finely toothed, and by its flowers being in closer corymbs. The flowers are wide open and of a fine blui.sh violet. C. isophylla alba is a garden variety much grown in England, especially in the south, where it adorns many a cottage window, and is much prized for windows and lianging baskets. One may sometimes see in the neighbourhood of London examples whose shoots measure from 2 feet to 2 feet 6 inches long, and that THE FAMOUS DRAGON TKEE AT TENEUlFfE. the descriptive labels of the Jardin alpin d'acclimatation) by the Jardin du Belvedere at Vienna. It was a failure with us, and since then I have been unable to hear of it again even at Vienna. (J. hispanica (Willk.). From the mountains of Spain to the Ligurian Alps.S — A pubescent plant entirely covered with short hairs ; stem stift' and upright ; leaves lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, more or less toothed ; the upper ones linear, flowers in more or less panicled clusters, carried on very short peduncles and gathered together at the tops of the stems and branches ; bluish violet. June and July. It can be grown in rockwork or border in medium soil and full sunshine. C. Hostii (Baumg.), "The Index Kewensis" includes this in rotundifolia, but it is certainly a distinct species, and was so considered by De CandoUe.Jl It belongs to the mountain regions of Transylvania and the Eastern Alps. It differs most distinctly from rotundifolia in the divisions of the calyx, which are much forni quite a curtain of flowers. Both blue and white forms are grown, but oftenest the white. A correspondent of the Gnrfnei- Zeitii/nf of Erfurt says that he has seen tufts in the garden of an English amateur that had nearly .-300 fiowers. It is not for me to ofler advice to English amateurs on the cultivation of a plant .so completely anglicised. (rencm. H. Coreevon. THE DRAGON TREE OF TENERIFFE. In the whole vegetable world there is no tree to which such an enormous age has been * " EncyclopiVdie der Gartenkuiist," page 171. t " Flora Orientalis." viii., page !)10. ; " Handliuch der Alpenflora;' by Delia Torre, page 213 § "The Index Kewensis" locates it ouly in Spain, but Mr. Bicknell, in the " Flora of Bordigliera and San Reiuo ' page 187, says that lie found it in the mountainous regions of the Ligurian Alps. ^ II " ilonographie des Campanulacees," page 277. ^1 "Flora pedemontana," vol, i., page 20S. 66 THE GARDEN. [July 27, 1901. attributed as to the famous Dragon Tree of Teneriffe. The tree is old, perhaps very old, but it is difficult to say what the age is. It cannot, however, be believed that it datesfrom the very remote periods attributed to it by De Caudolle and Humboldt, the former of whom considered that it had lived 6,000 years, and the latter that it might have reached 12,(iOi i years ; antedating recorded history and ex- tending back to an eai'ly period of mythology. There have even been those who considered that it may have been the veritable tree which guarded the gardens of the Hesperides,* and others have not found any difficultyt in believing that it may even have existed at the time when the peak "of Teneriffe was upheaved. It is obviously not possible to prove either the affirmative or negative of such statements as these, l>ut it is not difficult to find reasons for disbelieving them. In the first place, the tree is an " endrxieu,'' belonging to the family of AsparageiB, and, although it may be long lived, is, at a compara- tively early age, prone to become hollow. The wood is light and spongy, and was used in early times by the Guanches for making their shields or rondaches. It may be that the wood is more or less protected by the " Dragon's blood " or gum resin which exudes from the bark, and wliich acts in a measure as an antiseptic, but the tree always, nevertheless, becomes hollow when it reaches a good age, and it has of course no power of showing the annual concentric rings by which the age of an exogen will indicate its age approximately. The measurement of the Dragon Tree (Dracrena draco) at the Villa Franqui was made on Borda's first voyage with Pingre in 1771 ; not on his second voyage in 1776 with Varela. "It stands," says Humboldt,; "in the small town of Orotava, the ancient Taoro, one of the most delightful spots in the world. In June, 1799 ... we measured the tree and found it nearly 48 English feet. Our measurement was taken several feet above the root. Lower down and nearer to the ground Le Dru made it nearly 79 English feet. .Sir George Staunton found the diameter as much as \i feet at the height of 10 feet above the ground. The height of the tree is not much above 69 English feet." . . . "At the time of the first expe- dition of the Bethencourts, in 1402, it was already as thick and as hollow as it now is (!) Remembering that the Draccena grows extremely .slowdy, we are led to infer the high antiquity of the tree of Orotava. Bertholet, in his description of Teneriffe, says: "En com- |>arant les jeunes Dragonniers, voisins de I'arbre gigantesque, les calculs qu'on fait sur I'age de ce dernier effraient I'imagination." (Nova Acta Acad : Leop : Carol : Natune Curiosorum. T. xiii., 1827, page 781.) " I have given a representation of the ])ragon Tree of Orotava, taken from a drawing made by F. d'Ozonne in 1770, in the last plate of the picturesque Atlas of my American journey. (Vues des Cordilleres et mouvements des peuples indigenes de . rAmeri(iue, pi. Ixix.) I found d'Ozonne's drawing among the manu- scripts left by the celebrated Borcla." The appended quotation from Profe.ssor Smythe's book .shows how statements even on what a]ipears to be good authority require verification. " Teneriffe." (Page 424.) " Our Aberdeen jji-ofessor (McGillivray) Tlie Fortunate Isles, E. Pigot - Ogier, traiisl.ited hy V\ Lucock 1S71. " W'e ourselves have no doubt tlial the old f ible related to the very Divagon Tree w\iich all the world lias marvelled at . . . It is said to Ije Ki.iiOO or 12, nun years old," page .'t'2. tPiav.zi Smythe, "Teneriffe." ! liethoneourt's lir.it attajl< was in 14114, The suhniissinn was made seventy-nine years afterwards. had copied Baron Humboldt ; so we looked up his view in the Atlas and found that the tree was there only 95 feet high, not with Elm foliage, but rather that of a Sycamore, in the Italian style of engraving ; the trunk was smooth, sleek, and seemed to contain 20,000 feet of solid timfier." " Baron Humboldt's view not being taken from the tree itself, Imt from a drawing by il. Marchais, and that frrim a .sketch by M. Ozonne, we applied to the hydrographical department of . . . and a certified copy of Ozonne's sketch was forwarded through the courte.sy of Admiral Mathieu." " Here the tree is reduced to its correct height, and though the trunk has not the characteristic pyramidal slojie and the foliage too abundant, yet one can believe it to have been taken from Nature by some .sketcher in a great hurry." Owing to the fact that there is no record of the tree earlier than 1404 a.I)., the extravagant ideas concerning the age of the Dragon Tree have no foundation. The rate of growth much exceeds what has been supposed. For instance, w'hen the tree has attained a good age, and the stem becomes hollow, the external wood increases only by aerial roots, which add largely to the thickness of the trunk. Thus at the ground the tree in i|uestion gave 48 feet of girth and only 12 feet in diameter at 10 feet high. The stories of travellers that these measure- ments refer to the tree said to exist at the discovery of the island are by no means certain. There may have been, as there are at the iiresent time, other trees of great size, which may have been succeeded by trees of large girth, and these in turn may have succeeded the original tree. The Spanish accuracy in matters of age and observation is not always to be relied on. Thus, on ear like young Palm trees, each with its tuft of long sword-.shaped leaves at the top of a tall white and straight endogenous trunk. Add thirty years more and the definition of a Palm is gone ; for the stem brandies above, and each f>ranch has now in its turn become a sort of Palm tree." (Page 113.) An old gardener of ]\Ir. Smith's, who died twenty years ago at over ninety years of age, is said to have remembered these trees being planted. Of two trees planted by !Mr. Smith eighteen years ago the larger is about 16 feet high and meaf^ures 44 inches in girth. It has six branches 1), feet in length. The other is 11 feet high and has five branches. About 1 foot below the ])oint of branching the trunk of both is much narrower than elsewhere, which shows that a check in growth had occurred at some former period. A second much larger tree in the same garden has a girth of 1 1 feet at 3 feet from the ground. It is about 2.") feet high and branches into seven branches, each :i feet long to their subdivision into six, seven or eight secondary branches. These again divide into tertiary branches, which again are subdivided. From the data obtained from the younger trees I calculated that the tree was about 100 years old. In Mrs. Smith's house at Orotava I saw a painting by the late j\Iiss North of a some- what large tree which was blown down a few years ago. John Lowe, M.D., F.L.S. {To he continued.) BEAUTY IN THE KITCHEN GARDEN, Beauty and usefulness hand in hand are well depicted in the illustration given of the kitchen and fruit garden at Aldenham House, Elstree, Herts, the residence of Lord Aldenham. This photograph was taken at a ]iarticularly apjiro- priate season, the fruit trees in flower adding not a little to the general eft'ect. That much can be done to inqirove the usually bare and uninteresting appearance of the kitchen garden by judiciously arranged flower borders and grass bordered walks is undoubted. The sjilendid displays of vegetables made at various exhibi- tions by Mr. E. Beckett, the gardener at Aldenham, are well known, and it is not without interest to be able to show that the garden in which these prize vegetables are cultivated is no less beautiful than useful. GARDENING OF THE WEEK. KITCHEN GARDEN. DUR.IN(; the greater part of the summer the dr3' weather experienced has had I a most Irj'ing effect on all vegetable f crops, and those who ha\'e acted on advice given in former calendars respecting nnilching of such crops as Peas and Beans will now begin to reap the benefit of it. Watering without first covering the soil with manure is of little use in such seasons as this, unless there is an unlimited supply of water, and even then it is not nearly so good, for evaporation is going on so rapidly as soon to render the soil in a \\'orse state than it was before. I would advise, therefore, all those who can to proceed with mulching as rapidly as possible. The late Pea crop is an important one, and should receive liberal treatment from the beginning. The plants should be freely thinneil, and it the weather continues dry they should be mulched with stable manure, and receive liberal waterings of weak linuid manure and clear water alternatelj' — nothing short of a good soaking at any time. Frequent dribblings from the water- pot are verv injurious. As the autumn winds often prove injurious to late I'eas, extra care should be taken that sulhoient stout stakes are placed amongst the others to keep them upright during rough and windy weather. It is not too late to make a sowing of ]''.gj'ptian or Turnip- rooted Beet for late autumn use, and especially July 27, 1901.] THE GARDEN. 67 where the supply of long-rooted varieties is likely to run short before the time arrives for pulling the young roots next summer. When sowing tliis crop, which should be done without dolay, the drills should be at least 1.5 inches apart, and the plants thinned to (i inches apart as soon as large enough ; let the drills be well soalied before the seed is sown. Carrots sown for pulling in the autumn should be thinned to 8 inches or i inches apart, and the hoe kept moving freely amongst them to destroy as many young weeds as possible. iiive a good sprinkling of soot on the approach of rain. This remark may also apply to ISpring Onions, which benefit greatly by its application previous to a shower. Mint cut over some time ago for drj'ing will now be showing plenty of young shoots, which will be useful for some time to come. If the remainder of the plants are cut down now they will throw up plenty of young shoots to last into the late autumn, when they may be protected from slight frosts bj' sashes or other convenient covering until the time arrives for cutting from the forcing pit, which should be about the middle of Novenjber. The best way to have green Mint in the month of November and onward through the winter months is to have a sufficient quantity of roots lifted from the garden and placed close together on a mild hot bed of leaves, which will give sufficient heat to produce plenty of young shoots. The soil should be completely shaken from the roots at the time of lifting, then be laid ] inch thick o\'er the surface of the bed, and covered with leaf-mould to the depth of 2 inches. AsPARAOus Seedlings should be thinned out to grow the young plants as sturdy as possible. If sown in their permanent ((uartora they should be thinned to 12 inclies apart and a sprinkling of agricultural salt given to pro- long their growing season as far into the autumn as possible. Keep the hoe at work between the rows so that the beds may be (]uite free from weeds. Make frequent small sowings of Lettuce, Radish, and Mustard and Cress behind north walls, so that there may be no scarcity of these things during the autumn months. .John Ucnn. Royal Kilchen (iardens, Windsor. THE FLOWER GAKDEN. Border Carnations. In early districts border Carnations will now be readj' for laj'ering, and should he seen to without delay, for early layering and planting greatly increase the chances of successful culture through the e.xtra time given to the young plants for estab- lishing themselves in their permanent cpiarters before winter sets in. Though the dangers of late planting may be somewhat oliviatcd by wintering the plants in pots under glass and delaying plant- ing till spring, I have never found the results of this system to be nearly so satisfactory. Layering is in itself a simple operation, but there are one or two points that it is necessarj' to remember. The "tongue" should he cut on the lower part of the stem, about 4 inches down from the tip of the new growth, as it will be found that this portion of the stem is just tough enougli to bear the pressure needed to bring it into position, and not too iiard to emit roots freeljr. In pegging tlie layer, keep the tongue open and awa\' from the remainder of the stem, so that there shall be no healing together again. Instead of making mounds of the prepared sandy loam, whicli sliould be brought to the bed to place round the plants selected for layering, it is better to excavate some of the old soil to make room for tlie new, which should then lie packed into tlie holes and finished off rather below than aliovc the level, so tliat water may Ijc retained. Tlie advantages f)f this are great, especially in diy seasons. Frrjm four to si.x layers are ijuite enough for cacli plant to carry, and the latter number shoidd ne\'er be exceefled, except in cases where every layer is precious on account of short stock. The fewer layei-s in reason taken from each plant the stronger they will be, for the unlayered shcjots continue gi'owing and promoting root-action that will be needful to sustain the layered slioots. Peg the shoots (irmly and bury the stems in the new soil, after i\hich water well in, and continue to give water whene\er needed, so that there shall be no check to growth, (irowers will have their own particular favourites, but to those who have not grown them I can strongl}' reconmiend as a grand wliite border variety, hardy, and strojig, (leorge Macquay, and as an all-round good \-ariety for healthy grass, plenty of flowers, and to succeed where most other Carnations fail, Queen of the Bedders, a dwarf, bushy sort always a pleasure to see, whether in or out of flower. Ikis reticclata. The present is the best time of the year for plantiivg this exquisite Iris, an patronised. The entries showed a slight falling oH" compared to the pre- vious year, in-ohably owing to another tUtvire in the noiglil)()nrhood of Liverpool. I'ur the must tastefully arranged grunj), Mr. II. Ogdeii, uf West Derby, was the first and only e.vhibitur. The model gjudcu hrt.iught two com- petitors, in which Mr. T. Eaton, gardener to .1. Purringtou, Esq., Koby, was adjudged Mist. The same exhibitor also gained ttrst awards for four stove and greenhouse plants, four greenhouse plants in bloom, four and a single Ualjulium. For a stove or grcenhunsephint in bloom, .Mr. W. Lyon, gardener to \V. A. Mackenzie Smith, Esq., won with Swainsonia alba. The same exhibitor was also to the fore with six wcU-tlowered Gloxinias. Eor two July 27, 1901.] TKE GARDEN, 71 I.iliuiiis, Mr. P. (ivcetie, S'i'''le"^^'i' to Cwing very good blooms of The Gift, Mrs. J. Douglas, and Lidy Herniione. Mr. S. West won for three Picotees, yellow ground, with fine flowers of Lady St. Oswald. For a small group of Carnations, Mrs. Whitbourn, Ilford, was first, showing some very well-flowered plants ; A. F, Filter, Esq., 15, Streatham Hill (gardener, Mr. AV. A. Hurst), was second. For a group of Carnations (.'lO S(iuare feet), Alartin R. Smith, Esq., was flrst, with a splendid lot; M C. Turner second. The flrst prize for twelve Carnations or Picotees in pots was won by Martin R. Smith, Esq. ; Mr. C. Turner being second. Fanny, Argosy, Daniel Defoe, and Othello were the best in the flrst group, Galatea and Fashion being well sliown by Mr. Turner. For a single specimen in a pot, Martin R. Smith, Esq., won with Dot, bearing sixteen blooms ; Mr. T. Carruthei-s was second. The classes for single fiowers brought some very good blooms indeed, and the competition was very keen. Messrs. Thompson and Co., E. Charriugton, West, 72 THE GARDEN. [July 27, 1901. le consnitulatetl upon this congested district A. K. lirown, Cartwright, Robert Sydenham, ^Martin R. .Smith, Wellesley, J. J. Keen, D. Walker, and Spencer were the chief prize winners. Martin R. Smith, Esq., won the first prize for dinner table decoration, u^inij; chiefly yellow ground fancies and a few dark selfs. Mr. E. J. Wooten, Winchester, was second, nsin"; all yellow selfs. The first prize for a seedling Carnation was won l>y Mr. W. E. Charrington with a variety called Lady Constance Butler, a beautiful pale yellow ground fancy. A lirst-class certificate was awarded. NON-COMPKTITH'E EXHIBITS. Messrs. Phillips and Taylor, Bracknell, Berks, exhibited Carnation blooms in excellent variety. Messrs. .Tames Veitch and Sons, Limited, Chelsea, arranged a fine group of Carnations, the best kinds being well represented. Award tif merit. Messrs. .Tohn Laing and Sons, Forest Hill, displayed a very good lot of tuberous Begonias, both single, double, fringed, and bearded varieties being shown. Streptocarpuses and Roses were also remarkably well arranged by Messrs. Laing. Award of merit. IMr. F. G. Foster. Broekhampton Nurseries, Havant, exhibited a good collection of Sweet Peas. Mr. Henry T. Dixson, Woodside Gardens, Hailsham, Sussex, displayed Carnations and Sweet Peas in excellent variety. Mv. James Douglas, Edenside, Great Bookhani. arranged a beautiful lot of Carnations, including many new varieties. Hardy flowers in variety were shown by Messrs. Laing, of Forest Hill. Messrs. Cutbush, of Highgate, exhi- bited a group of remarkably fine Caraations. lUM^TLE. The council of this bomugh is to its endeavour to raise the tone of liy arranging for an annual exhi- bition and offering prizes for the best gardens, window boxes, ttc, and thus continuing the good work of their neighbour, the city of Liverpfiol. The show was held in the suitable position of Derby Park on July IS. In the plant section, yiv J. P.racegirdle, gardener to H. Watts, Es<|., w'on the premiei- awards in the following classes : For the nio&t tastefully arranged group not ex- ceeding lull s^^ Tattersall ; third, Rev. J. H. Pemberton ; fourth, H. V. Machin. Nine blooms of any Rose, except Tea or Noisette : First, F. W. Tattersall ; second, H. V. Machin; third, Rev. J. H. Peniberton. Division D, open only to growers of less than ii,00n plants of varieties in the National Rose Society's catalogue of exhibition Roses, including Teas nr Noisettes. Eighteen lilooms, distinct varieties : First, R. Foley Hobbs, Worcester ; ^4 f 5- NORTH LONSDALE ROSE SHOW. T'NPEK the auspices of the North Lonsdale Rose Society, the Northern Provincial National Rose show was, for the "Second time in the society's history, held in Todbusk Park, Ulverston, on the I7th inst. The local society, highly appre- ciating the honour that had been conferred upon them liy the National Rose Society, spared themselves neither time nor trouble to make the Northern Provincial a memorable success. In this, as in every other respect, they have every reason to feel satisfied, as it was generally admitted that it was the best exhibition of the year held under National auspices, not excepting the Temple show. Tliere was a strong muster both of professionals and amateurs, ami competition in almost every class was of the keenest description. In the nurserymen's classes, Ireland, represented by A. Dickson and Sons, Limited, Newtownards, County Down, wfm all along the line, and when it is understood that- owing to their boat from Belfast being four hours behind time— they had only twenty-five minutes left to complete their staging, it will lie readily admitted their success was plienomenal. One could have wished to -see a larger gathering of the southern growers present, but with Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons, Harkness and .Sons, W. Paul and Sons, A. Dickson and Sons, Limited, D. and W. Croll, Perkins and .Sons, Hugh Dickson, George Prince, John Burrell and Co., and .John Mattock, all there In force, it left little to be desired. Of amateurs there was also a goodly array of talent, including Rev. J. H. Pemberton, Messrs. E. B. Lindsell, II. V. Machin, R, Foley Hobbs, Conway Jones, A. H. dray, H. P. Landon, W. Boyes, F. W. Tattersall, ULl» .MKI.tAL CROUI' OF LILIES SHOWN j'.V MESSRS. WAF.LACE AND (O., I.IUJ.'UKS'IER, AT THE LILV rONl-ERENl'E. The silver medals for individual blooms were won l)y Messrs. Perkins and Son, iNFessrs. D. and AV. Croll, and Mr. George Prince. Ol'EN CLASSES. For twelve blooms of new Roses, distinct varieties, Messrs. A. Dickson and Sons were again an easy first, with even blooms, most of which were of their own raising ; IMessrs. Perkins and Sons second. For twelve white or yellow Roses : First, ^fessis. A. Dickson and Sons; second, Mr. George Prince; and third. Messrs. Perkins and Sons ; all shfiwing exceptionally good specimens of Bessie Brown. l''or twelve pink or rose-coloured : First, Mr. Hugh Dickson, (Her Majesty); second, Messrs. D. and W. Croll (Mrs. .1. Laing) ; third, Messrs. A. Dickson and Sons. For twelve crimson Roses : First, Messrs. Perkins and Sons (Horace A'ernet) ; second, Mr. Hugh Dickson (Captain Haywood); third, Messrs. li. R. Cant and Sons. For twelve distinct varieties of decorative Hoses, Mr. George Prince, Messrs. William Paul and Sons, and Mr. John Mattock were the winners, in the order named. For the best new seedling or sport, Messrs. A. I>icks(ni and Sons were awarded the National Rose Society's gold medal for Edith D'ombrain, a beautiful white-tinted hybrid Tea of great size and substance. For twelve distinct varieties of Teas or Noisettes, three blooms of each : First, Messrs. A. Dicksoti and Sons, Limitetl ; second, Mr. George Prince. For garden Roses, eighteen second, J. Campliell Hall, Mnnagban : third, Edward Mawley, Hereford. Six distinct varieties, three liloonis of each : Kirst, R. Foley Hobbs. Six lilooms of any Rose, except Tea or Noisette : i''irst, R. Foley Hobbs. Division E, open only to growers of less than l,0()ti plants of varieties in exhibition catalogue. Twelve blotmis. distinct varieties; First, M. Whittle, Leicester; second, S. Morris, Leicester ; third, George Monies, Hitchin. Division F, open only to growers of less than riiiu plants. Six blooras, distinct varieties : First, \\'. I'pton ; second, R. L. Garnett, Lancaster. Four distinct varieties, three lilooms of each (open only to those entitled to exhibit in Division E or F) : First, M. Whittle; second. W. Upton; third, S. Morris. Six blooms of any Rose except Tea or Noisette (open only to those entitled to exbilut In IHvisit.)n E or F): First, .1. H. Midgley ; second. ^L Whittle. Six bloom of new Roses, ilistinct varieties (open to all am;itcurs>: First, F. W. Tattersall; second. Rev. J. 11. Pemberton; third, W. Boyes, Derby. Tea and Noisette section. Division 2(opentoalI amateurs) Twelve blooms, distinct varieties : First, C. .lones,(!loucester second. Alec. H. Gray, Hath ; third, H. V. Machin. Nine blooms of any one variety : h'lrst, C. J(uies ; second, 11. \' Machin ; third, W. Boyes. Divlsit)n :J, open only to growers of less than r>(i(> i)lants of Teas and Noisettes in the society's exhibition catalogue. Nine blooms, distinct varieties: First, R. Foley Ilubbs, Worcester; second, ^1. Whittle, Leicester; third, Rev. J. H. Pemberton, Essex. GARDEN —^^- ^^^l No. 1550.— Vol. LX.] [August 3, 1901. SHADE TREES STREETS. FOR IN the middle ages it was accounted an act of piety to make or maintain a road or a bridge or to do anything in connection with them that would conduce to the safety or com fore of the wayfarer. The planting of trees tor shade or the placing of a shaded bench for rest came within the same category of pious works. In our days,, when rush and hurry and the pressure of business and the worship of bare utility fills the minds of most men, there are many who have almost forgotten the gracious aspects of the more leisurely life. It is probably from this cause that so many opportunities are lost that might be seized by those in authority for making the lives of our fellow creatures somewhat easier and pleasanter. In the days of extreme heat, such as we had to endure in the beginning of July, what a difference in comfort there would be between the bare sun-baked expanses of the streets of many a town, such as we all know, and the same spaces carefully planted with shade- giving trees. In narrow streets trees are of course out of the question, or in any street whose width is not enough to allow of easy traffic and trees as well ; but one cannot walk through any town, except the very few where the question has already been considered and satisfactorily answered, without seeing many a street or waste space or corner where a row or a group or even a single tree would not add immensely to both beauty and comfort. Where there is plenty of width, and espe- cially where houses fall back a little from the road, the trees may well stand just within the edge of the footpath or pavement. If there is still more width, there may be another row in the middle of the road. In this case the middle row of trees should not be quite evenly continuous, but perhaps five or six trees and then a gap, formed by leaving out one tree, in (jrder to allow traffic to move from side to side of the road. In many a town where a street runs north-west and south-east, a row of trees on its south-western side only might be an inestimable boon. Even in country villages there is often a bare place, especially where roads meet, where a few trees well planted and a plain strong Oak bench would be a comfort and a pleasure to many hard-working folk, and might be the means of converting unsightliness into beauty. For town trees the Plane has the best character, but other good trees are Wych Elm and Hornbeam, Sycamore, Maple, Lime, Lomlmrdy Poplar, and Horse Chestnut. The spreading growth of the Horse Chestnut com- mends it rather for a space like the Place of a foreign town. Here is also the place for Limes, for, though they are good street trees, yet when in bloom the strong, sweet scent, although a passing whiff is delicious, might be an annoyance if poured continuously into the windows of houses during the blooming time. The Wild Cherry, with its quantity of early bloom, would be a beautiful street tree, and in places where trees of rather smaller growth are desired there is the Bird Cherry and the Mountain Ash. The large American Mountain Ash is a good street tree, in autumn loaded with its handsome bunches of scarlet fruit. The larger Willows are also charming trees for streets. Many of the trees named, if their tops spread too near the houses, may with good effect be pollarded about 10 feet from the ground. SHORT STUDIES IN PLANT LIFE.-XIII. Plant Mimicky. One of the commonest features among plants is their assuming sinular forms, in one or more of their parts, to those of others, with which, however, they may have no affinity whatever. One expects to find all kinds of Larkspurs to be very much alike, so are all " papilionaceous " flowers of the Pea family. But if one compares the superficial appearance of the flowers of any member of that group with the blossoms of a Coleus (a labiate), or with Collinsia (of the Fox- glove family), one sees at once a strong resem- blance. In all these the stamens and pistil recline horizontally, a,nd are hidden within the boat-shaped anterior petal, so that the metliod of pollination by insects is precisely the same in each. Bracts are sometimes white or coloured other than green, and then they give an appearance of a corolla. This is consjiicuously so in some Cornels ; the " flower " of this plant is really an inflorescence of numerous incon- spicuous florets, having four white petaloid bracts, so that it imitates the flower of a Clematis most closely. In the case of Euphorbia .jacquini;eflora the five glands look like five scarlet petals ; but, like Cornus, the cluster of male and female flowers really form an inflorescence. Similarly Darwinia tulipifera resembles a tulip, but it is an inflorescence of numerous small flowers surrounded by large coloured bracts. Similarly with regard to vegetative organs this princijile of imitation is very common. Thus the pitcher of Nepenthes closely resembles that of Cephalotus ; both are of the same shape ; both have a lid with inrolled margins ; both have glands sunk into the inner surface, &c. ; yet, while that of Cephalotus is a metamorphosed leaf-blade, the pitcher of Nepenthes (as Sir .J. D. Hooker has proved) is developed out of a water-gland situated at the extreme apex of the blade. Again, the tendril of the Vine resembles that of a Pea, and that of the Passion-flower is like that of the Bryony; yet,^ while the Vine and Passion-flower have utilised flowering branches, the Pea and Bryony make use of leaves— i.e., such organs are replaced by the tendrils. Another and the most numerous kind of illustration is seen in plants of no affinity, but living ^ under the same or similar external conditions, which induce them to assume precisely similar structures. Thus, the massive angular stem, with spines instead ot leaves is seen in plants of the Cactus family in Mexico, in Euphorbias of the Soudan, &c., and in the Stapelias of South Africa. In all three the object is the same — viz., that of storing up water for the nine months in the year when no rain falls. Dicotyledonous aquatic plants with sub- merged leaves usually have them finely dissected. This is the case in the Water Crowfoot, in Cabomba, Helosciadium, Water Milfoil, Water Violet, Ceratophyllum, and many others, all being of difierent families. Another type of submerged leaf is ribbon- like. This occurs in Lobelia Dortmanna, Litorella lacustris, and very usually in aquatic Monocotyledons. The general inference is that the various types of structure, which resemble each other, are the common result of the interaction between the living protoplasm within the plant and the various influences of the sur- rounding conditions of life. Protoplasm being of the same nature in all plants, and environ- ments being alike, then .similar effects follow, and mimetic resemblances are the inevitable results. Geoege Henslow. OLLA PODRIDA. Do Lily Bulbs Rest? By this I mean do they ever lie dormant a year and then flower the following year? Of one Lily I can at any rate answer in the affirmative, as far as my experience is concerned. I have a clump of Lilium Brownii which has been established for some years. In this clump some bulbs do lie dormant, they seem to make no movement whatever, but on examining them I always find the bulbs sound, and the un- bloomed bulbs of this year will flower next. The most remarkable instance I have to record is not exactly a Lily, but it belongs to the order — viz., Ornithogalum arabioum. I cultivate it only in pots, but I have had it lie dormant for three years without showing the least sign of life or of decay. In the fourth }'ear it has come up strong and flowered well, the bulb has then gone to rest, and so takes its plant life leisurely. I do not hink 74 THE GAKDEN. [August 3, 1901. that I have found any other instances but these, but some of your correspondents may possibly add to the list. AUBKIETIAS. Among the herbaceous plants which tend to make our rockeries and borders gaj' in the spring time of the .year, there is none brighter than the different members of this hardy and easily culti- vated class. Aubrietia gr^ca is one of those most generally used for spring gardening, and it seems to me in no way particular as to where it is planted in the garden. Nicholson, in hia "Dictionary of Gardening," says that it will grow anywhere except under the shelter of trees, but I have it in one of my small rockeries, just in that situation where it has thriven wonderfully well. Some years ago when I was at Belvoir, the gardens being under the care of that prince of gardeners, Mr. Ingram, he gave me a root of the variety he had raised, to which he gave no specifio name, but which I have cultivated ever since as Ingram's variety, and from the description given of Aubrietia purpurea it seems to me to be that variety. There is another which I received from Mr. Ware, called A. Leichtlini, one of the brightest of our spring herbaceous plants, being of a bright reddish crimson, very dwarf, about 3 inches high, very free flowering, and a little later than A. gra?ca. \Ve are so much dependent upon bulbs for the brightening of our rockeries in spring, that both the Alyssums with their yellow flowers and the Aubrietias were most valuable. Anemone apbnnina. How charming this is in spring, and how easily it accommodates itself to any position. It adorns the rockery with its pretty light blue flowers, and spreads itself in all directions, but, unlike some roots, it does not monopolise the ground. The tubers die down after flowering, and some other plants take possession of the place it occupied. The white variety of it is also very charming, and it has come up with me from self- sown seed. Other varieties of this pretty tribe come on rapidly afterwards, and how beautiful are copses and shaws with our native Anemone nemorosa, and so, one after another, our spring flowers come and go. I suppose we look at these things with diilerent eyes according to age. To an Octogenarian there comes in all their brightness the saddening thought that it may be for the last time one is looking at them ; still, let us cherish them while we can, and be thankful for the amount of life and pleasure they give to us. H. H. D. NOTES OF THE WEEK= The Sweet Pea show.— We were very pleased to find a charming show of Sweet Peas at the Royal Aquarium on Thursday and Friday, the 2r)th and 26th ult. Of course the building is not suitable for a display of flowers so dainty in all ways as the Sweet Pea, and a heavy thunderstorm during practically the two days resulted in a very poor light ; but the promoters have no reason to complain of the second exhibition. Carnations at Edenside.— it is now Carnation time in Mr. James Douglas's nursery at Great Bookham, Surrey, and those who have ever had the pleasure of visiting Mr. Douglas at this .season will know well how much of interest there is to see. The several houses are filled with the most beautiful varieties, both new and old, of Carnations and Picotees that are anywhere to be found. All the best seedlings raised by Mr. Martin Smith, as well as those raised by Mr. Douglas himself, are represented, and, having said that, the excellence of the flowers, it is evident, is indis- putable. Not only are the glass houses full of these popular summer-flowering plants, but the borders outdoors are largely planted with them also, for convenience of propagation, however, and also to produce flowers of the best quality. Carnation culture undci" glass has everything to recommend it, and these are doubtless the reasons that influence Mr. Douglas in his following this practice. The wealth of flowers produced by the plants at Edenside is remarkable, and, together with the extraordinary variety of colour comprised in them, makes a picture of exceeding beauty. Amongst this wealth of blossom, particularly prominent are two new yellow-ground Picotees, from the seed beds of Mr. Jlartin Smith, and named respectively C'hilde Harold and Dot. The former has flowers of elegant form, whose margins are of deep rose. The plant is a vigorous grower. This variety has a remarkable record : it has received several first-class certificates, and for ten years in succession has won the prize for the best bloom at the National Carnation Society's exhibi- tion. In Dot, the ground colour is deeper, and the margin of a rich purple. This variety also has received a first-class certificate. Mr. Douglas has many beautiful new kinds, a few only of which we can note at length. The new yellow - ground Picotees include Evelyn, a distinct flower, the broad petals being margined with bright rose : Gertrude, one of the largest, with broad shell-like petals, heavily margined with bright rose ; Pamela, a clear primrose-yellow, the petals marked with a broad margin of rosy lilac ; and Tenella, a pretty flower, large and well formed, with a clear rose margin to the petals. Three new varieties raised at Edenside by Mr. Douglas must not be omitted. They are Conquest, a heavy red edge, with finely formed petals, a large and fine flower, of a clear j'ellow tint ; Perfection, a rich yellow, the petals broadly margined with scarlet ; and Royalist, a remarkably well - formed flower of clear yellow ground, petals margined bright scarlet. Among the quite new self and fancy border Carnations one may see Almoner, one of the best petalled yellows we have, a large handsome flower ; Ensign, large white self, delightfully scented, and having a perfect calyx ; Gaston de Foix, undoubtedly the finest yet raised of the amber-coloured varieties ; Gil Polo, a splendid crimson self ; Mrs. Charles Baring, a very distinct fancy, of free growth, the flowers are large deep yellow and distinctly margined and marked with crimson ; Sapho and Tredegonde are two selfs, the former a charming rose-pink, the latter of a decided rose colour ; (ilee Maiden, a flower of perfect form, the yellow- ground petals being beautifully margined, and slightly marked with clear rose : and Helios, a beautiful yellow ground, the flowers are large, of good form, distinctly marked with a broad margin of rich crimson. A variety named Rose Celestial, raised by Mr. Douglas, has pale rose-coloured flowers, most deliciously scented, quite equal to the old Clove in this respect. Amongst so many new kinds that have but little scent, this one should prove of great attraction. Miss ShiflFner and Clio, both raised by Mr. Douglas, are two other good ones. Clio is a distinct and pretty fancy, the ground colour yellow, petals nicely marked with scarlet and lavender. Miss ShiSher is one of the best of the pink border Carnations, the flowers are large, freely produced, and sweetly scented. Vivid is another good one raised at Edenside, being a rich scarlet, and highly recom- mended for planting out. We might name many more varieties that are deserving of special praise included in Mr. Douglas's general collection of Carnations, Picotees, and also Malmaisons, of which there are now many fine ones in cultivation, but it is unnecessary. A most interesting list is issued from Edenside, wherein are included descriptions of all the best varieties, with many valuable hints as to their culture. Cappentepla californica.- A few weeks ago two notes appeared in The (jarden relating to the hardiness of the above-named beautiful shrub. Perhaps it would intei'est some of the readers of The (!akiien to know that here in Winchester, on a chalk hill about ;i')0 feet above sea level, there is a bush of C. californica about 4i feet high, by about as much through, which has flowered freely and is now forming seed. The bush was planted out in the open border about seven years ago, and has never been seriously injured by frost. It has not been protected during the past two or three winters, and although young Bays, Laurustinus, Euonymus, and Veronica Traversi have been cut back verj' severely by last winter's frost, Carpenterias, both young and old, have only been slightly injured. No doubt their escape ma}' be attributed to the short firm annual growth. — E. HlLLlER, Win- chester. Calandpinia discolor.— The Cape house at Kew contains at the present time a large number of rare and showy plants, the one under notice being one of the neatest and prettiest. Like most of the other Calandrinias it is a native of Chili, and, although like many of the species, of old introduction, it is rarely seen in cultivation. It belongs to the perennial section, and has succulent stems and leaves. The leaves are green above and reddish below, and 4 inches or 5 inches long. The flowers are nearly 2 inches across, bright rose, and borne several together on slender stems upwards of a foot in height. The calyx of the unopened buds is curious, having a green ground streaked and spotted with purple. A loamy soil similar to that usuall}' given to suc- culent plants suits this species, and it will be found quite at home in a fairly dry, sunn}' green- house.— W. D. Humea elegans.— Though not so often seen as it deserves to be, this is one of the most effective plants we have, either for the garden or greenhouse, and it is also useful in the arrange- ment of groups or any decorations. The tall pyramidal panicle with drooping branches of tiny flowers give it a grass-like appearance. There are two varieties. In the ordinary form, the inflores- cence is of a reddish brown, and the other of a pale greenish white, the latter, of which some good specimens were seen at the Sweet Pea show, is by some considered the most graceful of the two, though for some purposes the dark-coloured variety is best. The Humea is a biennial, and comes from New South Wales. It was introduced just over 100 years ago. Seeds may be sown any time during the autumn. The seedlings should be potted singly in small pots as soon as they are large enough to handle. If sown early they may be grown in a frame, but should be removed to a cool house later on. A shelf close up to the glass is the best position for them during the winter. They must be potted on as they require it. If the plants do well they will require 8-inch or 10-inch pots for flowering in. They should be potted in good rich fibrous loam, and press the soil fairly firm. It is important not to leave them to get too much pot-bound before potting them on. Failure often occurs through sowing the seeds too early in the season, and then having to stand too long in the same pots. Watering requires careful attention, for like many other fine-rooted plants a little neglect may prove fatal. They are liable to die off just before the flowering period. After the final potting manure may be used from time to time, and at all times the plants should have a light airy position. — A. Hkmslev. Acacia armata var. ang'ustifolia.— With the large number of Acacias at hand suitable for greenhouse culture it is a great wonder that so few are in general cultivation. Not more than a dozen species are commonly grown, though three times that number are well worthy of attention. A. armata is a well known plant, and probably the most extensively grown, but its varieties are not often met with. The subject of this note is one of the most beautiful of the whole family, and succeeds well either in a pot or in tho border. It makes long thin arching shoots, clothed with narrow leaves Ih inches long, and produces small globular heads of bright yellow flowers from the axil of every leaf along the whole length of the previous year's wood. (Jrown in pots good plants, with six or eight shoots 2 feet to 2^ feet long, may be had in two years from cuttings, and make \cry good subjects for decoration. Planted out in a liordcr of sandy peat and loam it grows at least l."i feet in height, making a well furnished busli. In this manner it is seen to the best advantage, tlio long, graceful, arching shoots, clothed in green and gold, being very effective for several weeks in early spring. Like most of the Acacias, it docs much better if pruned severely as soon as the flowers are over. A variety of A. armata, known as pendula, is very similar to the one described, but has shorter leaves. Both may be seen in flower at Kew. — W. Dallimoke. August 3, 1901.] THE GARDEN. 75 Pine Apples at Chiswick.— The fine fruits grown in Austria, in Baron Rothchild's garden, by Mr. Roberts were much admired for their size and weight, thovigh even larger fruits have been staged by the same exhibitor on other occasions. It is gratifj'ing to see these fruits grown so well in private gardens, and another exhibit that called for more than passing notice was the splendid collection of Queen Pines, staged by Mr. Coomber, head gardener to Lord Llangat- tock, the Hendre, Monmouth. The fruits were uniform in size, and had remarkably small crowns ; indeed, so dwarf that it detracted somewhat from the size of the fruit. Not that a large crown is desirable, and at times there is too much, but here the fruits were very finely finished. I should have been pleased to see a larger collection from such a good grower, and given the gold medal of the society, as so few Pines are grown now. When they are staged so well they are most interesting. There can be no doubt but that there are different varieties of Queens. Evidently those grown at the Hendre are of an exceptionally good stock. — G. Wytiies. Rosa. WichUPiana is now covering a space of wall 0 feet high by "20 feet in length — one mass of foliage and flower in twenty months. — E. H. WOODALL. Lychnis ( Agpostemma) W^allcepi.— The hybrid Lychnis or Agrostemnia Walkeri is but little met with in gardens, although it has now been introduced for a considerable number of years, and is easily propagated by inserting the side growths in sandy soil in pots under glass or under a hand-light in the open ground. It is neater in its growth than the old L. coronaria, the old Rose Campion, in this respect coming nearer to its other parent, L. Flos-jovis. Its colouring, too, is bright and good, and is improved by the white foliage. I believe it is generally reckoned a bien- nial, but with me it is quite perennial in a dry, sunny situation. On comparing notes with Mr. Carruthers, the gardener at Shambellie, Newabbey, a short time ago, about this plant, which has been there for a few years, though not so long as in my own garden, we agreed that it is not a biennial in our district and soil. It seeds, but I have never raised it in this way, so that I cannot say whether it retains its character or reverts to one or other of the parents. The old name of Agrostemnia, as applied to some of these plants, is likely to survive for a long time before it is superseded by the now authoritative one of Lychnis. — S. Aknott. Ivy-leaved Toad-flax.— ^It was a pleasure to read an appreciative notice of my dear little friend the Ivy-leaved Toad-flax (Linaria Cymbalaria), or Kenilworth Ivy, as they call it in America. I can readily understand that it makes a good greenhouse plant, though I never saw it promoted to that dignity. It is just as happy on walls here in the tropics as in its native habitats in Surrey, where I first learned to love it. Every- thing about it is as it should be. From the matted centre to the extremities of the trailing shoots, which are seeking a foothold in the mortared joints, it is all perfectly beautiful, and the flowers are just the right size. It seems to me in perfection of proportion as well as beauty throughout, and I alwaj's look upon the large-flowered variety as something less good. — W. J. , Port Roycd Mountahis, Jamaica. Clianthus Dampiepi.^During the week of the Temple show I was fortunate enough to see the fine basket plant of the brilliant Clianthus Dampieri grown at Kew, and noted by Mr. W. Dallimore on page 467 of The Gardex for June 29. It was certainly one of the most effective plants of its kind that I have ever seen, basket culturS evidently suiting it perfectly, both from a cultural point of view and from the natural habit of growth, the gorgeous flowers with which it was covered being seen at their very best from below. As this plant is generally acknowledged to be a difficult subject to bring to perfection, and one that any gardener would be proud to grow if there was a prospect of getting even a small percentage of seedlings to do anything like as well as the single specimen at Kew had done, Mr. Dallimore would add to the value of his note by saying what stock wag used for this par- 1 ticular plant. Mr. Dallimore refers to the use of Colutea arborescens for the purpose in fiermany, but leaves us in doubt as to the practice at Kew, the generally accepted stock where grafting is practised being young plants struck from cuttings of C. puniceus. If a better stock can be found it would be welcomed, and might lead to this handsome subject being seen more frequently in gardens. — J. C. T. A ppotest fpom Le Japdin des Plantes. — We take the following note from the preface to the bulletin recently issued by the authorities of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. For several years past much has been heard about colonial gardens and the services they are able to render. Many criticisms have been made against France, a few of which were just. At different times also have been set forth the happy and great influence exercised by the Royal Gardens, Kew — the vitality and progress of English colonial gardens — how Kew distributes useful or interest- ing new plants to the colonies, and it has been added that nothing similar was done in France, This assertion is untrue and unjust so far as it applies to-day and the past sixteen years at least. Considerable efforts have been made, and important results obtained. This error has been already criticised by M. Dybowski at the Colonial Congrcs de Bruxelles (1897), and a little later in his work upon colonial experimental gardens. M. Martinet, editor of Le Jardin, has on several occasions made mention of the services rendered to the colonies by Le Museum (Le Jardin des Plantes). M. Fran^ais et M. Deloncee have also spontaneously given proof of the good work done by Le Museum. Those who have disregarded this appear not to have endeavoured to find out what was being done there, and in some cases had not even been there. The publicity given to this erroneous and regret- able assertion has been enormous. Rose Souvenir de William Rolbinson. — It seems impossible to exhaust the variety of tints which Tea Roses are capable of assuming. In this pretty noveltj' there are various shades of colour, and in many of our recent novelties in this section the combination of hues in one variety is remarkable. Perhaps most people will prefer the rich apricot colouring of the younger flowers, but when they are a day or so old they assume quite a Pseony-pink hue, with a perceptible violet and white shade of colour. The growth, too, is very free, not extra vigorous, but quite as strong as Marie Van Houtte, Anna Olivier, and such like. That it will be much sought after is certain, judging from the prevailing demand for these beautiful coloured Roses. — P. A ppetty new Polyantha Rose.— The cross fertilising of Roses is exerting its remark- able influence upon all the various tribes worked upon. Now that the hybridist's attention has been directed to these charming little liliputian Poly- antha Roses some striking colours may be looked for. One of the latest is Leonie Lamesch. Its flowers are a coppery-red, each one tipped with crimson in the way of a Pompon Dahlia. The tiny buds are quite a rich mahogany-red, a shade of colour not found in any other Rose. As the habit of this novelty is very dwarf, although sturdy, and, like all the group, very free flowering, I imagine it will be in much demand both for beds and borders as a front row plant or to pot up for conservatory decoration. — P. Rose Reve d'OP. — It may be of some interest to the correspondent, whose query on the above Rose was recently answered in the editorial notes, to know that we have a plant here in a cool house, covering between 600 and 700 square feet, and well furnished throughout. I planted it nineteen years ago, and let it have its own way the first few seasons, simply heading back the long shoots to the sound wood, and the same treatment is still practised, with the addition of the removal of all smaller growth not required to fill any gaps. It is a glorious sight everj' j'ear early in May, not an ideal florist's flower perhaps, but lovely in the bud and also in the partially expanded flower. The height of the house it partially occupies (nearly 30 feet) rendered it difficult to preserve clean foliage ill the old daya of tobacco paper, but the intro- duction of XL All has remedied this, and two or three applications in the course of the season are sufficient to clear the fly. A slight pricking of the border, followed by a good mulching of cow manure, is given early every summer. — E. BuRRELL. GodetiaS. — Twelve months last April I sowed a good deal of the seed of this flower (mixed varieties) in the garden of my cottage at .Sidmouth ; the flowers were most useful, as when cut and in water they last fresh so long and are of such pretty shades. In the autumn before I left I cut and dried a number of the seed pods for sowing the following spring, which I did the first week in May, but do not expect they will bloom much before the third week of this month. A number of seeds shed from the old plants when I went down last Easter I found growing in the vegetable beds. These before I left in May I transplanted into a sunny border, and I have had large bunches sent up to me weekly with other flowers since the first week of last month. Blooms of this flower last well when cut (even in a London room), and the shades are very handsome. The seed is cheap, and it grows with hardly any care in a good soil. — A. H. Tyrrell, Kfiisirigton. Campanula mipabilis.— I may say that gravel is certainly not essential to flowering this plant. What does seem essential is a long wait. Several plants are now in flower here in an ordinary clay border facing north. The flowers when they come are much like Canterbury Bells, and the practical question is whether it is worth while wasting such a long time to get such a result. I think the plant has been shockingly over-boomed. At the same time, I am a great believer in gravel for dealing with many difficult plants. Lilium rubellum, with which I can do nothing in ordinary soil, flowers finely planted in a foot of gravel. Mr. Smith, of Newry, gets first-class results from Iris stylosa under the same treatment. Eremuri have so far done well with me in gravel, though it is too soon to speak definitely as yet. This autumn I am going to trj' it for Oncocyclus Irises, and for Tulipa Greigi. For all alpine plants, especially in the seedling stage, a gravel mulch is an immense assistance. It keeps the soil moist, the collars of the plant dry, and the foliage clean. I grow all my alpine seedlings in flat beds, raised i inches, and mulched with 1 inch of gravel, and when one realises how easy it is from one plant of Gentiana verna or of Ramondia pyrenaica to have in three years .500 flowering plants, it is certainly worth while giving seedlings the associations the3' like. I do not believe the kind of gravel used is of much importance for the generality of alpine plants, though, of course, a few must have limestone. I use a gravel which has a good deal of clay with it. Mr. Wolley Dod gets equally good results from a granite gravel which is quite free from claj'. — A. K. Bulley, Ness, Nestov, Cheshire. Some Rose beds. — The association of other things with Roses in ordinary beds on lawns is not always advisable, but I have had several mixtures this season that have been very interesting, notably Papa Gontier and Augustine Guinoisseau on carpets of white and purple Pansies. It has been emphati- cally a Rose year, and the two varieties named were e.xceptionally sturdy bushes planted in the autumn of 1898, and are a mass of glorious buds. W^e have to give a heavy winter mulching on our light soil, and so the Pansies are not planted within 18 inches of the Rose stems, but they find their way over it as growth develops until very little bare ground is seen. Just now Gloire des Polyantha on a carpet of the common Musk is very charming. — E. Bdrrell. Two new Sweet Peas.— At the recent exhibition of the National Sweet Pea Society first-class certificates were awarded to two new varieties, Jeannie Gordon, shown by Mr. Henry Eckford, and Countess Spencer, from Mr. Silas Cole, gardener to Earl Spencer, Althorp Park, Northampton. The former has a beautiful rose- coloured standard, the wings being almost white, except that the colour of this variety is a deeper rose ; it appears to somewhat resemble Crown Jewel, a variety introduced five or six years ago from America. Countess Spencer is quite a distinct break, the wings are unusually large, and the general colour of the flower is a rich pink. 76 THE GAIiDEN. [August 3, 1901 North Lonsdale Rose Society.— We are very pleased to liear from Mr. G. H. JIackereth, one of the honorary secretaries of the above society, that the exhibition held at Ulverston, in connection with the National Rose Society, on Jul}' 17, was a splendid success, and in the opinion of Mr. Edward Mawley, who has bad great ex- perience of Rose shows, one of the best he had ever seen. Lilium Burbanki.— What is this Lily which received an award of merit at the recent show at Chiswick? We have been told that L. Burbanki is of hybrid origin, obtained by the intercrossing of L. pardalinum and L. washing- touianuni, but I failed to find any trace of the last named in the several forms shown, which were certainly a mixed lot. Some I should consider simply a good deep coloured form of L. pardalinum, such as californicura, while the others might be a cross between L. pardalinum and L. superbum. It appears to me the award should have been to Burbank's strain of hybrid Lilies, and not under any particular name. It is a great pit}' that these several kinds have been distributed asL. Burbanki, for no end of confusion has been and will be still further caused by such indiscriminate naming. At Kew there is a large bed of Burbank's hj-brid Lilies, in which all the forms above alluded to are represented, but there again I failed to find any trace of L. washingtonianum. — T. Kleinia Galpini at Kew.— A fine plant of this rare South African Composite is at the present time flowering freely in the Cape house at Kew. It was sent to Kew about eleven years ago by Mr. Galpin, who at various times has intro- duced quite a number of good garden plants. The specimen under notice is about LV feet high, and of bushy habit. The succulent stems are glaucous, and clothed with pretty glaucous leaves. The flowers are bright orange, and borne in dense heads an inch across, a consider.able number of these heads terminating each branch. After the flowers are over the stems die back, and produce a number of suckery shoots near to the base. These shoots root readily if placed in sandy loam and kept on the dry side. Sandy loam, to which a good quantity of grit and leaf-mould has been added, forms a suitable soil. Plenty of drainage is necessary, as it is impatient of stagnant moisture. Throughout winter and dull weather no water should be allowed to rest on the leaves and between the branches or decaj' will soon set in. A good figure of this pretty plant is given in the Botanical Magazine, t. 7-2.39. —W. D. Hoya imperialis at Kew.— A specimen of this magnificent species, the largest flowered of all the Hoyas, is now bearing several umbels of flowers in the stove house at Kew. It is a native of the Malayan regions, and was introduced between fifty and sixty years ago, but although such an old plant it is still rare. It grows well and rapidly trained to wires under the glass, and makes a lot of long stem roots. The leaves are 6 inches or 7 inches long, light green, with undulated margins. The flowers are 2 inches to 3 inches across, and borne about nine together in large umbels. They are thick and waxy in texture, and reddish brown in colour, with a cream-coloured coronna. Like many other plants from the same country it rejoices in a hot, moist atmosphere, and likes plenty of fresh water at the roots whilst growing. — W. Daiximore. Rose Maman Cochet.— There is no Tea of the non-climViing section that produces such strong shoots as does this Rose, and this must always be a great consideration with the planter. There are few Roses but what possess some blemish, and Maman Cochet has, unfortunately, a bad habit of producing divided blossoms. I think this is in part owing to the soil being too heavy. It would be interesting to hear the opinion of some of our great Tea Rose specialists upon this matter; whether they believe it to be an inherent trait in the character of the Rose, or if soil is responsible. I am inclined to the latter opinion, for under glass, where one has the soil more under control, I have had most perfect specimens. A perfectly formed flower of Maman Cochet, with the lovely flesh- pink colouring and the suffusion of yellow at the base of the petals, is as near perfection in a Rose as we shall probabl}' ever attain to. As a standard Maman Cochet is superb, making tliat fine spread- ing head we all like to see. When used in this way, ample space must be allowed between the trees. I saw a bed of bush plants recently, and they were quite 5 feet high. They had evidently been treated upon the moderate pruning plan, which suits this variety better than hard pruning. This Rose would be a capital one to plant against a G-feet to 7-teet wall. There are many Teas of the strong non-climbing section that are far more serviceable upon such walls than the so-called climbers of the Rt-ve d'Or type. Maman Cochet can never replace Catherine Merniet or Bridesmaid as a forcing Rose ; the flowers are much too lumpy, but it surpasses them for outdoor culture. In the Rose house Maman Cochet should find a place, and if it can be planted near one of the upright columns so much the better. Like its rival, Catherine Mermet, Maman Cochet has given us a white sport, and it very quickly appeared, only some four years intervening between the raising of the one and the development of the other. This white form was introduced by Mr. J. C'ook, of Baltimore, U.S.A. America seems to be the land of Rose sports. I should say Rose judges have had a diflicult}' this year to distinguish between White Maman Crochet, The Bride, and Marie Van Houtte, for in the show-box thej' resemble each other very closel}', but, of course, as seen growing there is a wide diftarence. I question if any Tea has been more grandly shown this year than White Maman Cochet, excepting Coiutesse de Nadaillac. If it is lovel}' now, it is doubly so in autumn, when the blush pink shading intensifies in the outer petals. I have seen some very highly coloured flowers of the pink kind, but this is doubtless due to the extraordinary sunshine. A crimson or deep pink form is not improbable by any means. Amateurs should be on the look-out for such an one. — Philojiel. [We gave an illustration of this beautiful Rose, that has figured so largely at most exhibitions this year, in The Garden of .luly 20.— Eds.] AW^ALK TO RADNOR, JAMAICA. To get up just before the sun is the natural thing in Jamaica, and the sun gets up at half -past five on the longest day and at half -past six on the shortest, so between six and seven I am starting, in my shirt sleeves, to pay a long day's visit to mj' kind friends at Radnor. Roughly, the divisions of the walk are as follows : A mile down the river, a mile up hill away from it, two miles down again in long winds to rejoin it, then a bridge and a mile and a-half of stiff climb on the other side, a mile of level, and a final steep pull of a mile and a-half, eight miles in all. When all the ups and downs are over I am but 1,000 feet liigher at the end. It is delightfull}' cool as I start. The pussies are under the delusion that this is their morning walk, and bound ofl' in high spirits in front of me, taking cover anon under the Coffee trees and stalking me from behind. As they see me turn down the hill along the public path, they give a few miauls and retrace their steps to interest them- selves among the lizards. It is a sharp descent of 200 feet to the river, and as it is approached the dew gets thicker on the grass which in\ades the road, as they are pleased to call it, so far that one cannot get along without being brushed b}' the net blades. Very pretty, though of limited extent, is the river up and down from the bridge, which is thrown in a single span from rocks conveniently' placed on either side, carrying it at a height secure from floods. The quick little river whirls below, full of cheerful talk. Plumes of Wikl Cane ((Jynerium saccharoides), suggesting Pampas (irass, but every way more beautiful, wave in the current of air which is always passing up or iloun the valley. Feathery Bamboos climb up the hills, and giant Aloes find footing in the unsealcable clilfs which lead the eye up to heights beyond. Not much of bright colour, except for a trail of crimson Ipomtea Horsfallitc in August, or perhaps al)ush of Orange Ebony (Brya ebenus). Crossing the bridge the path follows the river down, faii'ly level it wmild be imagined : biit that is not tlie Jamaica way. It climbs a knoll for the mere pleasure <^f climbing. It jumps down a breakneck descent just for the fun of tlic thing. There may be II Hi yards of level in the next mile, there is certainly not more. But what of that? The air is delightful, the path innocent of dust. Fern-edged, full of interest, whether the eyes are focusscd near or far. Perhaps from a habit of partly watching my feet, I see more of near objects than of distant ones, and only occasionallj' look up to take in the whole scene. More opportunity for looking about occurs on the next section, a slow, steep ascent by Bay Spring, a charming -watcifall, and Charlie Gully. The path winds up under stately Cedars (Cedrela odorata) and past giant Cuttton trees (Eriodendron anfractuosum). On the right, limestone banks with Ferns and scarlet Ai-himenes, Jamaica Forget- me-not (Browallia demissa), and yellow wild Fuchsia (Leianthus longifolius), whose kinship with tientian would not be suspected. Always a clear outlook on the left tov^arils the river, down steeps clad in Mango and Orange, with Coffee growing beneath them, up shaly clilfs on the other side to hill above hill, and hill rising above that, and again and again fresh liills bi-hind to the long bounding chain of the Blue Mountain range, and then at last sky. Words can never convey any adcfjuatc impression of mountains. Lovely ever at noonday in their shadelcss, naked state ; lovelier clothed in morning mist : loveliest perhaps as the evening sun sinks behind another moro western range, and the evening shade enwraps them from below swathe by swathe ; but just ^^■hat they mean and just what they express is summed up in \i'ords which involuntarily rise to mj' lips tjventy times in the course of tliis Radnor walk : " To me High mountains are a feeling." At Charlie Gulh', which is a sort of screen of stones and di'brit, whose face changes with every heavy rain, the umbrella generally goes up to give protection from sun to a head wearing only a light cloth cap. After a bend or two of the path, trees close in, and it goes down again. Soon a point is reached from which a complete change of view is obtained into a valley whose draining stream, the Falls River, is not seen though it is heard. This is a constant condition of our mountain walk — a climb up to the music of one stream, generally invisible — a dividing line of Uvu valleys reached — and a climb down to the mm-niur and increasing tumult of another. The path that lies before me has an invitingly steady gradient, but, before getting into the long, swingnig stride which comes naturally in such a place, a minute or two is ahi'ays given to the contemplation of a simple and delightful feature. The path is unusuall}' broad, and grass grows in it in lines and drifts, short, and well cropped by wandering goats, palest grey-green in this morning light, the dew suggesting hoar frost. And now otf down the hill ! Clean going, on a kind of clay without stones, qui tedift'erent to the rocky limestone of the ascent just accomplished. Half-way down, a short cut, which really is a short cut, over grass with pretty trees. Mango, Pimento, and Lotus (Bj'rsonima coriacea), the last especially handsome in summer with its wealth of orange flowers. As the river is approached the scarp on the other side is seen to be a tangled mass of Jasmine (.7. graeil- limum) and another escape from cidtivation in the river bottom is Clerndcndron fragrans. I some- times pick it and smell it, and am reminded of Browning's trenchant line on the scented j'outh of the Court of France : " What they call perfume and I call stink.' The river is crossed and the valley contracts. But just now as I swing down the hill the Blue Mountain range was facing me, and thecmtlook was vast and clear and free. Now I am hennned in and can see but a few yards ahead. The little invisible river has become a brawling, self-asserting companion — dashing, liiinliling, s|ilnshiiig. Lovely Rose-Apples (Kugenia .IaMii)oK) overshadow it, their Myrtle flowers eacli as big as a teaiup. It receives several tributaries, and after rain the walki'r has to become a jumper to get over some of August 3, 1901.] THE GARDEN . 77 them. Narrower and narrower grows the ravine, shadier and shadier, just room for river and patli, the river far below. Wo are back in tlie limestone with its restful grey cliffs. There is so much to look at that the pace slackens. Nowhere in the neighbourhood are brighter patches of Achimenes cocoinea. It mingles with Adiantum coneinnum, and is a dream of beauty. The rock walls dripping with wet are a perfect natural fernery. Magnifi- cent Bamboos arch overhead. The river frets and rages below. Presently a corner is turned and there is a new surprise. The ravine opens out and the Falls River joins the equally impetuous Yallahs, on the banks of which our walk began. And here, near this junction, stand two of the most astonishing flowering trees that are to be seen anywhere in the world. To say that they blaze with colour is no exaggeration. One is the orange-red Spathodea campanulata, the other the vermilion-pink Poinciana Begia. The only third to be named with them is Amherstia, but that does not make the same distant effect. The big river — big is a relative term, for it is but a considerable mountain stream — is not so pretty here as the small one. It lies in a broad bed, whose shingle expanse is but partially hid by the growth that manages to struggle up between floods. A sharp pitch leads down to a solidly constructed bridge, whose great length, taking up the whole breadth of the valley, is necessitated by these same periodic floods of October and May. The ascent of a mile and a-half on the other side is the hottest part of the walk, not because there is much sun, but because there is little breeze. This keeps the river course, and is soon lost as the path winds upwards, only to be met again at the narrow col at tlie top. "Take it easy" is the motto, and every step is beautiful. Perns, as usual, everywhere ; Orchids, whicli always come to any cleared place to show themselves, fringe the bank, and there are Aloes, Mountain Pride (Spathelia simplex), Philodendrons, and many another thing of majestic appearance. Lower growths are on the ground, but these have not the attraction of alpines, and except in wet places there is more than a hint of hot sun and sterility. The river looks better as we rise and winds prettily down to the point where it plunges into its next gorge. Half-way up is a place where a halt is alwaj's called to look at a copious spring w hich bubbles out of the rock under a tree root. I always long to carry off' this episoda for my garden. I, too, have my branching of hills. Why did not this cold, delicious spring break out just there ? Very near this is a something deliciously sweet, and I never can discover what it is. The air of the mountain lends itself to the diffusion of sounds and scents. A native stands on one hill and carries on a conversation with his friend who is on another hill half a mile oft'. Perhaps this scent is wafted from far, for I see nothing, not so much as a fallen blossom. You cannot go and look. Above is precipice, below is precipice again. That is the way witli Jamaica roads. Above a wall of rock, below the heads of bushes and trees. Reaching the top there is a mere knife-edge of col and an immediate plunge down again into the valley of the Negro River. But that way is not ours. Another path, which is really level this time, has been cut in the hillside, parallel to the river to meet it a mile higher up. We are piercing into the very heart of the mountains. They are wooded to the top. Here stand out clumps of Bamboo. There is a solitary Mango conspicuous on a high knoll, symmetrical as a Mushroom. In contrast to it a ragged Trumpet-tree (Cecropia peltata), which looks as if it might have afforded itself a few more ox those grand leaves. Hand- somest of all a Tamarind (Pithecolobium filicifo- lium), perfect in pose, delicate of leaf, showy with twisted scarlet seed-pods. These and an occasional Palm the eye catches from afar. The river is reached and crossed, and now there is another mile and a-half of steady work uphill. "Bush," as unworked ground is called, gives waj' to patches of cultivation, chiefly Coffee, with here and there an Orange and self-sown Pimento. We are getting too near the great mountains to see much of them. The little incidents of tlie path become more attractive— a patch of Kpidendi-um ooohleatum on a rock ; great breadths of Ageratum by the wayside, a curiously local weed, thriving prodigiously in places that suit it ; a cottage with bright hedge of Shoeblack (Hibiscus) and Barbados Pride (Poinciana pulcherrima) ; a natural rock seat at a shady corner, looking dowai on a glimmer of water among thickets of small Bamboo (Arundo Donax) ; pretty blue Hog-meat (Ipom^a), and Red-head (Asclepias curassavica), and Traveller's Joy (Clematis dioica), prettiest of climbers, whose seed vessels look just like those of C. graveolens. In March Pitcairnia bromeliasfolia hangs out its gay branched spikes of red. The soil gets more retentive as we rise, and there are interesting cups of clear water under the rocky wall on the right, while deep below on the left races a tributary to the river. This is presently crossed at a charming spot with a miniature waterfall and splendid Ferns, another place I want to carry off' for my garden. The waj" gets steeper. A short cut through Coffee is so abrupt that foothold is only to be got by catching into stony projections jutting out from the slope. Surrounding this is the narrowest of arrelen. I called the col a knife- edge. This is a razor-edge. A step to the right and you roll down to the Fernery stream, a step to the left and you will roll down the Coffee-clad steep. There is just room to get along azid that is all. If there is any air about it will be here, and it is welcome after the climb. Down in damp ground by the stream I can make out the handsome leaves of Cocoes (Colocasia). An old Mountain Guava (Psidium montanum) rains down sweet fruit on the path, sweet to smell, but hardly good enough to eat, at the corner where Radnor comes in sight. There is still a hot little bit to get up before reaching the house, where the most genial of welcomes awaits me, and the walk ends with a bath, a change of clothes, and a plate of ambrosial porridge and fresh milk. W. J. CRAMBE CORDIFOLIA. Even in good gardens that present the best opportunities, many are the chances wasted of using to the best effect bold plants of large TYPE OF A NOBLE HARDY Pf.ANT — ORA.MBE CJKLIJFOLIA — IN FLOWi;!:. 78 THE GARDEN. [August 3, 1901 size. This noble Caucasian plant, with its 6 feet of stature and cloud-like masses of bloom, is one of the finest things to use as an isolated tuft or on the fringe of woodland. The illustration is from a photograph by Mr. Newman of Berkhamsted. WOODLAND AND FOREST. THE OAK AND THE ASH. Unnoted Peculiarities. — Selection. THE old adage anent these two typical British trees coming into leaf, and denoting the weather accordingly, is not yet exploded in the popular belief, although I believe no accu- rate observer has ever recorded the Ash coming into leaf before the Oak. In fact, the adage itself runs two ways : — The Oak before the Ash, We're sure to have a splash, is one version, and the other is : — The Ash before the Oak, We're sure to have a soak. The present dry spring and early summer has given rise to much silly correspondence on the subject. What has caused many people to go wrong about the Ash is the fact that it comes into fiower early, sometimes as early as March, and generally in April, and the casual observer thinks the tree is coming into leaf, which is the kernel of the matter. The Ash flowers before it comes into leaf, and the Oak after, and the leaves of the Ash appear long after the flowers. It recjuires a higher tem- perature to bring the Ash into leaf, just as the Fig requires a higher temperature to bring it into leaf than the vine does. When seasons are very late, and vegetation comes on with a rush under a sudden rise of temperature, I have seen the Oak and Ash come into leaf together, but otherwise the Oak is always before the Ash. I know one Ash tree in a sunny sheltered dell, where it is protected from winds on all sides, that always comes into leaf long before the other Ashes, while some trees higher up, on an exposed site close by, are always long behind it. The temperature of the ground and degree of moisture also exert much influence on the rise of the sap and the leafage. Few could believe how quickly the sap responds in an Oak tree according to the weather. In our part of the Midlands the trees are barked standing, because purchasers of timber think it keeps and seasons better standing than it does lying after it is peeled. The usual custom is to fell and peel the trees afterwards, but one of the objections to that plan is that hardly any two Oak trees are ready to peel at the same time, whereas when they are peeled standing the trees can be taken according to the state of the sap. The man tries the tree with his barking chisel till he finds one that will "go" readily, and he strips it and so on. 1 have seen a sudden change in the weather and a drop in the temperature suspend barking operations altogether. Unless the sap is well on the move the bark will not detach. The sap thickens when the temperature drops and the bark sticks. Very local, too, is the effect. On a large tree the bark will sometimes come easily on the sunny side, and hold fast on the cold side. Foresters who want a good bark crop and as much as they can get, have to be sharper than any haymaker in precarious weather. The more favourable the weather the quicker the growth and the sharper the work has to be done. The brief spell between the first movement of the sap and the full leafing of the trees is the barking season, and the period may be long or short, just according to the weather. Before the leaves appear the sap is in flood under the bark, but after the leaves are fairly out they absorb it all and the bark adheres again. After the bark is got off the drying season begins. Where there are roomy sheds and convenience, and the bark can be dried and chopped at home, it is better for the vendor, but that can seldom be done, and the custom is to dry the bark on the gantry and then stack it, or, better, get it away at once. Delay and wet mean loss. The barking of Oak trees standing has revealed another fact interesting to vegetable jihysiologists. It is generally supposed that when a tree is ringed in the trunk — that is, a belt of bark cut off into the wood — the ascent of the sap is arrested and the tree perishes. An Oak tree, however, that is barked standing the whole length of the trunk will continue to live for a year at least, and if the top branches are not barked they will put forth full leaf, and often retain them during the summer, shedding them in the autumn like the others — all this time with the outside of the trunk as white and dry as a board. The inner bark cannot therefore be the only medium for the ascent and circulation of the sap. There has been a good deal of discussion lately about the varieties of the British Oak, but the conclusions drawn have been mostly of a botanical kind, and there are others of far more importance to the arboriculturist. No wider field is open to the raisers and improvers of new trees and plants than that relating to forest trees. There are good and inferior varieties probably among all our own forest trees, and selection might do much for the timber grower. It has been said that the botanical differences in the common Oak extend to the timber, and that the timber of Quercus, Pedunculata, and Sessiliflora can be easily distinguished. I never knew anyone who could tell the one from the other in the saw-mill, and I do not believe that they can be distinguished there. That the timber of different varieties of the Oak, and even differerent trees varies, there is, however, no doubt, and probably the extreme types might be known by their timber, but it remains to be proved. In every Oak wood there isamarked difference in the habit of the trees, rate of growth (vitality), texture of the timber, and the quantity of heart wood under equal conditions. In habit of growth hardly any two trees are alike, but there are some that show a marked tendency to produce lateral branches, and in others a tendency to grow fast and straight. The last are the best for timber. Trees of the most spreading habit can be made to grow quite straight by dense culture, but the naturally straight trees are the most easily managed. In Oak seed beds there are always all sorts and .sizes, strong growers and weak growers, and these ([ualities are retained more or less till tlie trees reach their final destination — the wood — and hence it is that under ei|Ual conditions we find trees differing so much in size at maturity. Nurserymen who rai.se forest trees cannot aft'ord to select only the very liest for planting purposes, but a certain amount of weeding-out is practised in lifting and transplanting, the weakest trees being replanted by them.selves. I have a strong conviction, however, that the latter always remain what they were at the first— weaklings. General experience in plant and tree culture points that way. Moral: Always select forest trees and plant the biggest and strongest only. As regards the hardness and texture of Oak timber much dejiends on situation and rate of growth, but here 1 am speaking of trees under ecpial conditions in that respect. Some trees are much harder than others, and no one knows that better than the feller. The (|uality of timber in trees, like the bones in animals, depends, I suppose, on constitutional pecu- liarities. The sap wood of the Oak in any tree is worthless as compared with the heart wood, and of course the tree with much of the former and little of the latter is of the least value. For inside work. Oak deals often contain much sap wood, and when the wood is not stained it can generally be told, but for outside purposes the sap wood is next to useless. Some Oaks make heart wood much earlier than others. It can always be told by its darker colour and texture, and the two are always clearly defined in a felled tree. It is extraordinary the difference the hearting process makes to the timber. The heart wood may be called the bone of the tree, and the sap wood the fiesh. If an Oak tree containing heart wood, however small, is allowed to lie for a year or two on the ground the sap wood decays and gets so soft that it may be rubbed off by the fingers, but the heart wood will be found as sound as ever. It is this lasting quality that makes old and long dead Oak trees keep sound. The heart wood of course increases in pro- jiortion with age, and the sap v\'ood grows less. In old trees the latter almost disappears or is only found in a thin rim next the bark, which is a certain si.gn that encrement has all but ceased, and that the tree has reached its maximum size and value, and if intended for timber should come down. This decrease in the sap wood extends to the limbs and branches, and a section cut from one of these will show the state of growth. The tindaer of the Ash does not resemble the Oak as regards the heart wood, and it is not such a long lived tree, but no forest tree differs more widely in the quality of its timber. Buyers know this well, and draw distinctions of various degrees between " tender " and " tough " Ash. The difference is certainly very marked, and can be told as soon as the axe touches the wood. A young Ash sapling from seed is always tough, and Ash woods ought either to Ije giown from seed or formed of one year old Ash .socdlin'^s dibbled y-l^ ^-v ^^^y^-:^-^ :^ ^4* r^*^,; ■'T.-i STaAWBEKKIES UKllWN IN BAUKKLS (AMKIOCAN WAY). calling to drive me out to see his Cyclamens when they were in their prime, and I shall never forget the impression which the magnificent display made upon me. There were many noteworthy plants and many beautiful blooms, but the most remark- able and beautiful was without doubt the one he has aptly named White Choker, which is repre- sented, though only poorly so, in the photograph. Its colour is white. The petals fall horizontally and measure 4 inches across, while the stalk is unusually long. Thanks to the continued advocacy of Mr. Laughton, the Cyclamen is rapidly gaining in favour here, and bids fair to become as common and as popular as the Violet ; and it occurs to me that it is due to Mr. Laughton that I should in this way give my testimony to the value of the work he hasdonefor horticulture in South Australia. He is an old patron and active worker in connection with the gardeners' and horticultural and flori- cultural societies. Adelaide. W. Catton Gkasby, F.L.S. [We much regret that the photograph so kindly sent by Mr. Grasby was not sufficiently good for reproduction or it would have given us much pleasure to have made use of it. — Eds.] THE FRUIT GARDEN. STRAWBERRIES GROWN IN BARRELS. OF early Strawberries the best are those i forced in pots under glass, the best I main and late crops are those from the f open ground, but there are places in which the ground area is limited, and amateur growers to whom green- houses are too costly a luxury, and to many of those fond of gardening it will be interesting to know that good crops of Strawberries may be grown in old tubs or barrels in any sunny and sheltered yard. We owe this system of Strawberry culture to our American friends, where technical methods are far more elastic and varied than they are with us in this country. When this plan was first attempted in England it was looked upon as a mere fad, or fanciful way of securing a crop, but it has since become better known and appreciated, and now good and useful supplies of table fruit are grown in barrels by amateurs, artisans, and others, who have or have not garden ground or other con- veniences to grow them in the usual way, and we find that nurserymen and practical fruit growers are now advocating a sj'Stem at which they looked askance only a year or two ago. Thus Mr. (ieorge Bunyard, of Maidstone, Kent, where Strawberries as field and market garden crops are grown on hundreds of acres of ground, tells us as follows about Strawberries in tubs or barrels : "This American idea proves to be of greater practical value than was anticipated, and will prove interesting to that large class of amateurs who do not force Strawberries or grow them in cold frames to procure a picking before they naturally ripen in the open beds. The plants we have seen appear quite luxu- riant, and ripen some ten or fourteen days in advance of those in the same gardens in the ordinary beds. This style of culture is apparently advisable for ensuring a verj- early dish, and if the tubs are set in a warm corner of the garden wall, or shaded nook by the house or green- house, they will repaj- attention. "The holes in the cask should not be over 5 inches in diameter, and good soil should be used at the time of planting. In the centre of the tub or cask three 4-inch boards arc fastened together, and have holes bored in them to prevent .sourness of the soil, the aperture being closed with some hay or like material. The water given to the plants must bo evenly distrihuted at the top watering ; superHuous water at the base of the casks can escape at the bottoms, which should have si.x 1-inch holes. A cask will take about eighteen plants on the sides and si.x on the top, so that twenty-four plants could be grown in a space of 3 feet in diameter. " It is claimed for this st3'le of culture that the fruit is very easily protected from the birds, and that from its position it is more easily ripened and keeps per- fectly clean. The same plants will (^robably last two years in a tub, but if fine large fruit is wanted it may be best to plant annually, using good stout plants from 3-inch pots. In other respects they can be treated as pot plants for forcing. As regards the best kinds for this culture we recommend the stronger growers, as Royal Sovereign, Sir .Joseph Pa.xton, President, Vicomtesse de Thury, Auguste Nioaise, Louis Gauthier, &c. But if smaller growers, such as Countess, British Queen, Ur. Hogg, Frogmore Pine, &c. , are desired, the holes need not be more than 3 inches over, while a trial can 1)6 made of late kinds, such as Waterloo, Ellon Pine, Eleanor, Queen of Denmark, &o. , placing the tubs under the shadow ■■f a north wall." It is especiallv necessary to have ])lentv of drainage at the bottom of the barrels, and the soil must be rammed down very firmly at planting time. When the fruit is set and swelling weak liquid manure water is an advantage, and this may be given when the shady side of the tubs are turned round to the light, say every three or four daj's, in bright, warm weather. The tubs may be elevated 10 inches or 12 inches above ground level on some simply devised turn-table, or sections of tree trunks cut so as to be a trifle higher in the centre than at the sides. At the Cork Agricultural and Horticultural show on Wednesday, .July 3, we saw three very handsome specimens exhibited by Dr. Osborne, of Lindville, Ballylemple, which were health}', well grown, very fertile, and orna- mental as well. The barrels were entirely concealed by fresh green foliage and dangling clusters of ripe and ripening fruit. These speci- mens were very much admired by the numerous visitors present, occupying as they did a pro- minent position amongst some very fine Begonias and other flowers in the pretty Swedish house belonging to Richard H. Beamish, Esq., who had lent them for the occasion to the show committee. Several correspondents having recentl asked STRAWBERRIES GROWN IN BAEEELS (ENGLISH WAY) 84 THE GAUDEK. [August 3, 1901. for our advice as to this American metliod of Strawberry culture, we have thus fully alluded to the question, and shall be glad to hear from Dr. Osborne or an}' other amateur who has been successful in securing good crops of fruit in this way. As the plan becomes better known it will, no doubt, be varied, simplified, and developed with advantage in other directions. The sj'stem has been successfully carried out in English gardens, notablj' at Gunnersbury House, Acton, W. , where Mr. J. Hudson grows nearly every kind of fruit in pots, or other portable receptacles, with such marked ability. — The Field. GARDENING OF THE WEEK. THE FLOWER GARDEN. Ni Ltliums. ANY of the earlj'-flowering Lilies will now be ready for transplanting, and where a change is needed there should be no delay in this work. We read much about the difficulties of transplanting Lilies successfully, but as matter of fact there are no difficulties whatever, providing the right time for carrying out the work is chosen, and an}' subsequent success or failure depends entirely on the choice of site and soil and the mode of planting. Lilies lifted soon after flowering have no active roots that will live over a year, and are at the stage when there is the least activity in the plant, the new bulb has formed, and with the first good rain will begin to emit young roots. It is after this stage has been reached that danger comes in disturbance, for the tips of new roots once damaged never recover, and will in some cases carry decay back to the base of the bulb, where it either dries up, or, in some cases and seasons, spreads and does much damage. The universally admired Madonna Lily is one of those which may now be lifted with entire safety, and if needs be it may be stored for two or three months without injury ; indeed, I advise that stock tainted with disease shall be so treated after being subjected to a thorough sun ripening for some weeks. In my case this has proved a great cheek to the disease, and I attribute the result to the check given to the autumn growth naturally made by established plants, as this growth becomes diseased in spring and transmits the disease to the flowering stems. Most Lilies may be grown in ordinary garden soil, but should in any case be surrounded with sand, plenty of which should aLso be mixed with the soil into which the roots are to spread. Deep planting is to be avoided where disease is prevalent, for I have found clumps growing near the surface and planted on raised ground to be quite healthy, while stock planted deeply near by and in low ground has been much diseased. In planting make the soil firm under the bulbs and let each stand firmly on its base. A.M.iRYLLis Belladonna. The so-called Belladonna Lily is another subject which should be planted now. As this plant requires thorough ripening to flower it success- fully a sunny site near the wall of a greenhouse or a dwelling-house should be chosen, and the soil should not only be well drained but well mixed also, with some material such as broken brick, which will have a tendency to foster early ripen- ing and a general dryness to the soil. Under the influence of a hothouse wall and in a narrow border these bulbs can be depended upon to flower annually. As they do not produce their leaves simultaneously with their flowers it is a good plan to plant with them some bulbs of the narrow-leaved Sternbergia lutea, which will be coming into leaf just as the Belladonnas flower, and will provide a dark green setting for the latter flowers. Bdnch Primroses. The great point to remember with bunch Prim- roses for spring bedding is to get the plants strong and big in the imrsery quarters before transplant- ing them to the beds in autumn. Divided plants are not nearly so good as young seedlings, for they do not give the length of stem or wealtli of flowers and leaves that younger stock give, there- fore the seedlings raised this year should have full attention to their requirements as to water, and as soon as they are big enough should be pricked out in nursery rows far enough apart to enable them to be lifted with good balls. A little well-decayed manure will help them considerably if just pointed into the soil so that the roots can soon reach it. Wallflowers. These, too. should be pricked off into nursery beds, giving them ample room, so that the foliage they make is stout and able to resist frost and cold winds to which they will be subject in winter. Choose for pricking oflf a piece of ground that has not been lately occupied by any of the Stock tribe. J. C. Tallack. Shipley Hall Gardens, Derby. FRUIT GARDEN. The Earliest Pot Peaches. These fruits may be obtained from pot trees or border trees planted out. If from pots it is a good plan to stand the trees outside in an open and exposed position, but if the trees are fully exposed the roots should not be so, as they dry quickly and soon sufl"er. A good bed of fine ashes or fibre will be good plunging material. Failing this, I have placed the trees in empty pots two sizes larger, and filled the space between with fine ashes. It is, however, advisable to place tiles or slates at the bottom of the pots to keep out worms. The trees will not now take liquid food as pre- viously, though a mulch of short manure over the surface will preserve the top roots and save labour in watering. There will be little pruning, though any gross wood may be removed, or useless old fruiting wood, but with pot culture, where pinching and stopping are attended to during growth, little pruning will be required now. The same remarks apply to Nectarines, and this season the new Cardinal Nectarine has proved to be a most valuable pot tree on account of its earliness, and in our own case pot trees were more prolific than those planted out. Trees in Early Houses. Here the culture is different, as the trees, owing to various causes, make more wood. As soon as the crop is cleared it is a good plan to cut out the old fruiting wood. It often happens that young trees are much too vigorous, and it is not the best policy to prune hard, as later on bud dropping will be troublesome. The best way to counteract gross growth is by lifting later on just before the leaves begin to change colour. When the trees are carefully lifted, the strong roots shortened back, and syringing overhead for a time is done, the buds are kept plump and the crop saved for the following season. In cutting away useless wood now, little pruning will be needed next autumn, but some of the early American varieties, such as Early Alexandra and Amsden .June, should have more small spray or twiggy wood left than on other kinds, as the fruit is generally produced on the weak growths. It is also advisable to allow for some bud dropping. Abundant ventilation should be given, also ample moisture at the roots. As long as top growth is healthy, the trees crop grandly. Should red spider have got a footing during the past tropical weather use an insecticide freely and syringe daily for a time. Later Trees. In our own case we have been obliged to shade during the hottest part of the day to keep the fruit from scorching, as the trees are close to the glass. Trees thus placed are difticult to get at and keep clean. It is always well to have late borders mulched to prevent dryness at roots, and where they are both inside and out, the latter should not be overlooked, as the roots will take food freely in addition to moisture. Trees in latest houses should be gone through and the shoots laid in, removing crowded or gross growth. The leafage over the fruits will need thinning. Now is a good time to determine on any alterations or new planting, for the latter, trees should be selected for the purpose. If on open walls they should be grown as thinly as possible to get the wood well ripened. Trees in cold late houses will need their final thinning. Such large varieties as Princess of Wales and others should have ample room ; the same remark applies to the late varieties of Nectarines — the fruit should be freely exposed. G. Wythes. Syon House Gardens, Brentford. KITCHEN GARDEN. COLEWORTS for autumn and early winter use should be planted out as soon as possible, and if dry weather con- tinues the ground should be saturated with clear water a day previous. Avoid watering the seed beds as far as possible or the young plants will become soft and unable to stand when planted in the open ground. Rosette is the best variety for planting now, and may be given 12 inches from plant to plant and 15 inches between the rows. Winter Spinach. A good sowing niaj' be made at once and another in a fortnight's time to stand the winter. The ground should be made firm previous to drawing the drills, which may be IS inches apart and 2 inches deep. Well soak them with water previous to sowing or failure will result. When the young plants are large enough they may be thinned to 6 inches apart, so that the leaves have plenty of room to develop, and nothing is gained by allowing them to remain on the plant after they are large enough for use. It must also be remembered that young leaves are superior to old ones, which become tough and hard through exposure to sun and wind. These plants will benefit by a sprinkling of soot before the crop is fit to gather, and this will give the foliage a dark green colour and help to keep wireworms from destroying its roots. No time should be lost in sowing Turnips for winter use, and as soon as the young plants make their appearance the}' must have daily atten- tion, using wood ashes and lime to keep the fly from destroying them. The early morning is the best time to dust these plants, which are generally wet with dew at tl5is season of the year. Red Globe, Green Top Stone, Golden Ball, and Chirk Castle are good varieties for autumn and winter use. A sowing may be made in a fortnight of Golden Ball and Chirk Castle to stand the winter in the ground. Give liberal supplies of water to all salad plants while the hot weather lasts, and if the ground is well saturated previous to planting Lettuce it will have a lasting eifect on the crop. I have seldom seen better Lettuce than we are cutting now from plantations treated in this way. The varieties are (ireen Unctuous and Mammoth White Cos. Cauliflowek plants should also receive liberal supplies of water, for there are few garden crops that suffer more than they do from the effects of dr}' weather, especially those recently planted. Some varieties are worse than others for buttoning, but none will give good returns without liberal treatment. French Beans should be planted now in pits, so that the supply may be an unbroken one as far into the autumn or winter as possible. The sashes need not be put over them until there is danger of frost, say, early in September. Earth up the latest plantations in the garden, and syringe liberally to keep red spider in check. Parsley sown in June will now be ready for pricking off into places where it can be sheltered. In the winter old brick pits or any such place where the soil is good will suit it well. The ground should be made firm, and the plants put close enough together to pay for covering with glass in severe weather. Where daily supplies are rcciuired this is tlic best method to follow. Hurdles may some- times be used willi great advantage on tlie approach of snow, especially if they are covered neatly with August 3, 1901.] THE GARDEN. 85 thatcli. This is by no means a costly covering, and it need not be an unsightly one. John Dcnn. r INDOOR GAEDEN. Souvenir de la Malmaison Carnation. The earliest layered batch having made satisfactory progress and abundantly rooted should be potted up into 3inch and 4J-inch pots, and as this is the first step of any importance in their cultivation a little advice may be useful. First, let the pots be either new or abso- lutely clean both outside and inside, and drainage be laid welJ and in ample quantity. I have found the following compost is best, viz., loam two parts, and while it is well to have this of a rich quality, anything approach- ing retentiveness must be avoided. A sieve should not be used, but let the fibre be finely worked by hand, and the finer particles carefully kept aside, as they will be found useful for some other plants. One part of leaf soil should also be provided, and the remaining part be equally made up of silver sand and horse manure, the latter partly decayed. Before mi.xing add t', dusting of soot, and if the loam is not of the first quality then a small portion of dissolved bones should I.e iucorpuraLed. The lasers being taken up as required with a good ball of soil adiiering, this should be carefully reduced to suit the size of pot it is decided to use. Press the soil firmly about the roots, but as these roots are yet soft and liable to injury, the potting must be carefully done. Examine the foliage as the work proceeds, and should any insect pests be in evidence then they should be subjected to a dipping in a solution of soft soap and rain water ; when, however, red spider or thrips are found, then some of the well- known safe insecticides must be used. A neat stick should be put to each to which the plant will be secured, no syringing of the foliage should be done, but about forty-eight hours after potting well water the plants, and after this the frame in which they are stationed should be aired, as an over accumulation of moisture must be guarded against. The later batches will now also be layered, and preparations should be made to have thera also potted up as soon as rooted. The majoritj' of plants having now finished flowering arrangements may be made whereby the larger specimens may be potted up, and soil as before recommended used, save in a rougher character. Campanula pyramidalis. These showy subjects will be making a grand display in the houses and serve to remind the grower of the stock for another season. Stock from seed sown in spring will be growing apace, and must be kept well supplied with root room. Good turfy loam, with a dash of sharp sand and Mushroom bed are suitable ingredients for use here. J. F. McLeod. Dover Hmise Gardens, Eoehampton. MR. dou(;l.\s's seedling carnations. ORCHIDS. Cypripediums form one of the most interesting and important genera, and comprise a vast number of species and hybrids, the majority of which are not difficult to cultivate — among these may be mentioned the warmth-loving species, the cooler growing kinds, and the bellatulum section — though somewhat varied treatment is necessary to bring all kinds to perfection. The warmth-loving species recjuire a temperature from 60° to 65" by night and 6.')'' to 70° by day by fire heat during winter, 65° to 70'' by night and 70° to 75° by day during spring and autumn, and correspondingly higher by sun heat during summer. The plants must be well shaded from the sun at all times, for if this is allowed to shine upon the foliage for a short time only it will soon turn the leaves yellow and disfigure the plants. A moist atmosphere is necessary at all times, especially in winter, when a great deal of fire heat is used, and during the hot summer months, for if allowed to become too dry the plants will soon present a miserable appearance, and become infested with thrip. If this occurs, the pest must be eradicated as quickly as possible, for in this state no Cj'pripedium can thrive. Plenty of water should be applied to the roots during the growing season, and even during winter and the resting season, which is short with Cypripediums, should never be allowed to become more than slightly dry. Spraying the Plants overhead once or twice daily, according to the state of the weather and the season of the year, is very beneficial. There are, however, some species quickly injured if water remains in the axils of the leaves, decay at their bases taking place. Such species as C. Irevigatum, C. youngianum, C. Stonei, C. rothschildianum, C. mastersianum, and others subject to this should be carefully noted and placed at one end of the house and treated accordingly. Air must be carefully admitted to the C3'pripedium houses as soon as the temperature is as high as required, and the amount gradually increased as the temperature rises, but at no time of the year should it be too freely admitted or evaporation takes place too quickly. Repotting may take place as soon as the plants commence growing, at whatever the season of the year this may be, and no better material can be used than equal proportions of peat and sphagnum moss. The bellatulum section need very careful cul- tivation— C. niveum, C. coneolor, C. Godefroyse, and many of the hybrids derived therefrom, differ in their requirements in many respects. Instead of the heavy shading necessary for Cypripediums generally, plenty ol light is beneficial to them, and overhead syringing should not be practised. Care also should be taken in applying Mater to tl e root. Instead of watering the plants with a pot, they should be dipped, and no deeper than just level with the base of the plant, in order to prevent water remaining in the axils of the leaves. In repotting the plants, fill the pots two-thirds their depth with limestone broken in pieces, according to the size of the pots into which they are to be placed, and over these a thin layer of moss ; elevate the plants a little above the rim of the pot, and fill up the remaining space just level with the base of the plant, pressing only moderately firm, with compost consisting of fibrous loam and peat in equal proportions, limestone or old mortar rubble broken fine and well mixed together ; the East Indian house being the most suitable for C. niveum and the Cattleya house for C. coneolor and Godefroyaa. C. bellatulum may be grown at the coolest end of the Cattleya house or the cool intermediate house, with such occupants as Anguloas, Lycastes, Miltonia vexillaria, &c., and all are best grown in pans suspended in a very light position. F. W. Thurgood. Rosslyn Gardens, Stamford Hill, N. EDITORS' TABLE. Seedling Carnations and Picotees. We have received another beautiful gathering of flowers (raised from Mr. Douglas's seed) from Syon House Gardens. The flowers were of great beauty, the Picotees especially showing very full, clear in colour, varied, and interesting. On another page we have made further allusion to the Edenside Carnations and Picotees. A New Pink. A correspondent sends flowers of a new seedling Pink, and we are pleased that attention is being directed to the existing need for good garden Pinks. The variety sent "flowers profusely, is of excellent form, never splits the calj'x, and the stalks strong and held well up." The colour is a decided rose with a crimson band at the base of each floret ; but the flowers sent were, however, certainly split. This may have been due to the heavy rains 86 THE GARDEN. [August 3, 19C1. of late. Our correspondent deserves encouragement, and should try and raise a white Pink with a good black base, as indicated in last week's Garden. We receive from Messrs. 7eiteh, of the Royal Nurseries, Exeter, a fruiting branch of EL.TiAGNUS EDUUS, with these words: "It forms a very ornamental shrub, and the jelly made from the fruit is very delicious if made before they become too ripe." The excellent flavour and fine colour of the jelly, of which Messrs. Veitch kindly send a sample, full}' deserve this well-bestowed praise. The oval semi- transparent drupes are very pretty on the stem : the}' are of a fair size, nearly half an inch wide by five-eighths of an inch long, and hang like small Cherries in clusters. The shrub should be a dis- tinctl}' beautiful thing at fruiting time. From the same good nursery comes a branch of Ribts gluti- nosa, a large fruiting form, the berries closel}' resembling black Currants, and disposed in the same manner. Examples of two excellent garden flowers also accompany these shrubs, (jaillardia. Primrose Dame, an all primrose coloured flower of good quality, and Messrs. Veitch's own form of Scabiosa cauca- sica, which deserves the additional name of niag- nifica, by which they know it. The flowers are .SJ inches in diameter, of good substance and excel- lent colour. It is the finest form of this beauti- ful plant that we have seen. Mrs. Bayldon sends from near Dawlish, Devon, some grand blooms of DouiiLE Scabious, among them some re- markable whites, almost round balls. These from the highest point of view are not the best, as the form of the flower is lost. Very beautiful are the low-toned rosj' reds and the deep red-purples. Messrs. Thyne and Paton, Dundee, send a bunch of handsome blooms of DiANTnus Napoleon III. This firm say in their letter: "The flowers are not so large as usual, owing to the continued drought, but still they look grand when there is a quantity together. We find little ditfieulty in keeping stock, as they grow nearly as freely as weeds." [Napoleon III. is a hybrid Pink that is so difficult to manage in many gardens that we regret that Messrs. Thyne and Paton did not mention the conditions of soil, &c., in which it does so well. Such cultural notes are always of value ; the mere statement that such a plant is flowering grandly in such a place, though of some interest in itself, has none of the instructive value that we should wish to be able to offer in all the notes on plants we publish. — Eds.] BOOKS. Flowers and Gardens. *~In the flood of garden literature that of late has swamped our tables, much of which might well have been left unwritten, it is a pleasure to welcome a new edition of this truly excellent book, written now nearly thirty years ago. Trained in the accuracy of scientific observation and endowed with a true perception of beauty, the writer pours out his delight and thankfulness for the beauty of flowers, so wording it that the most refined scholar and the humblesi and least educated may equally enjo}' it with him. A valuable addition to the book is the preface by the present editor (Canon Ellacombe), a portion of which is here quoted : — " It is not a book that should be buried or forgotten. In many respects it stands cjuite alone among the numberless books on gardening and flowers, for it takes a special line of its own, in which it really remains supreme ; a few authors have touched upon the s une line, but only in a slight sketchy way as a ELEANOR ORMEROD. Ix addition to the notice in our issue of last week we have pleasure in giving a portrait of this dis- tinguished lady, whose recent death has deprived the world of one of its most beneficent workers. Amongst the many honours conferred upon Miss Ormerod was that of the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws of the Universit_y of Edinburgh. THE late miss ORMEROD.] small part of the larger subjects on which they are writing, and a few have attempted some feeble imitations of the book and have failed signally. The particular line is this — Forbes Watson had been from his early years a lover of flowers and a student of botany, and he knew a great deal of the scientific structure of plants. He knew that there was nothing wasted in plant life, and that each stem and leaf and flower had its separate functions in building up the life of the plant. But to his artistic mind there was something in stem and leaf and flower over and above their functions in the growth of the plant ; there was beauty, a thing which some of his books noticed, but of which they gave no account. He could not stop there, he was a deeply religious man, and he felt that nothing was made in vain, and that the beauty of leaf and flower had its functions, and was as necessary to the life of the plant as an}' other part of it. So he set himself to learn what the flowers could tell him of this beauty which gladdened his eyes, but which he felt sure could be made to teach him more. Then he did as Job advised his friends to do if they wanted to know ' how the hand of the Lord hath wrought all this." Job said, 'Ask the beasts and they shall teach thee : and the fowls of the air and they shall tell thee ; speak to the earth and it shall teach thee ; and the fishes of the sea and they shall declare to thee.' This is exactly what he seems to have done : he went straight to the flowers — for the most part the commonest every-day flowers — and asked them to tell him the secret of their beauty, and he got his answer, and the answer was, that there was not a line of colour in any part, not an outline in any petal, not a curve in any leaf that could be spared or altered ; every such line of colour, outline, and curve had its work to do and did it, not only in the best, but in the only possible way." A pathetic interest is added to this beautiful book from the fact that it was written by a dying man. In the short earlier preface by his friend, Mr. J. B. Paton, we read : — " The papers published in this little volume were written to solace the langour of the last months of life, when a malady, which had crept by slow approaches upon him, broke down his strength, and arrested a professional career which had begun but recently. They be- token a mind gifted with qu'ck, clear, and delicate perception, independency of judgment, and unspar- ing truthfulness. These were my friend's charac- teristic gifts. They are dimly mirrored in these pages, but more clearly in the memory of those who knew him well. To them this little volume will be welcome, because of him ; to others, perchance, it may be welcome for the worth it has, because it tells of the beauty there is in (iod's fairest frailest handiwork in flowers, and bears some trace of the rarer amaranthine beauty of a soul which wore ' the white flower of a blameless life.' " A Garden in the Suburbs. I — A plea .-jant little book, telling of the experiences of a lady in her suburban garden. It is brightly written, with lively touches of humour ; the gardening itself is sound, and the pluck and patience of the garden's mistress, the joy she has in her success, and the philosophy with which she meets failure, should be an encouragement to thevery many others whose uorticultural possibilities are also confined M-ithin the two longer and one shorter boundary walls of a suburban " oblong." To these as well as to general readers the book may be recommended. Open-air Gardening'.*— This is abridged from the " Book of Gardening," which we have reviewed already, and thus the character of the present volume is indicated. It is a good book for the amateur, well printed and illustrated. Mawson's Art and Craft of Garden Making, reviewed in last week's (iARDKN, is published hy George Newnes, Limited, and by Batsford, and tlie price is -255., and not '21 s. The Book of Asparag-us.S— This is the first of a series of " Handbooks of Practical " " Flowers and Gardens." By Forbes Watson. .lohn Lane, London and New York. innl. t " A Garden in tlie Sulmibs." By Mrs. Leslie Williams. .Tohn Lane, London and New York. 1001. t " Open-air Gardening." Edited by W. 1). Drury. Ahlidscil from the " Book ot Gardening." Published by L. I'lieol nd. For six ornamental foliage plants, Messrs. Cypher and Son were again first, having large fresh plants of Kentias, Crotons, Victoria and angustifolius. Phoenix rupicola, and Latania borbonica ; second, Mr. Bailey, with smaller plants. For six zonal Geraniums, with good fresh, well-blossomed plants, Mi-. Dean, Newport, was a good first. For six exotic Ferns, Colonel Wallace led with large specimens of Davallia mooreana, Adiantum Farleyense, ilicrolepia hirta cristata, Ac. Groups. For a group 12 feet in diameter, Messrs. Cypher and Son were first with a splendidly arranged group of beautifully- flowered and graceful plants, comprising Crotons, Palms, Bamboos, Araleas, Orchids, Lilies, Ferns, Panicums, Ac. ; Mr. Carpenter, who followed, had a good arranged group of plants, many of them being more common. For Tuberous Begonias, 2r) feet square, with beautiful, well-grown plants, Mr. W. J. Dawson (gardener, Mr. Long) was placed first ; ilr. R. T. Williams (gardener, Mr. J. Jones) following with an almost equal production. For Sweet Peas, in a space 9 feet by 3 feet, Mr. W. Treseder, CarditT. who was the only exhibitor in this class, was awarded first prize. Cut Flowers. For Carnations, twelve distinct, Mr. Wall, Tiverton-on- Avon, Bath, was fii"st with a grand stand, his best being Willie Tylec, Nellie Pollard, Zingara, Brilliant, Mrs. Newman, Mrs. Hill, Ac. ; Mr. W. Treseder followed closely. For Picotees, twelve distinct, here again Mr. Wall led with Cecilia, Mrs. Keling, ilrs. Wall, Ac. ; Mr. W. Treseder, second. For Roses, twenty-four Hybrid Perpetuals, Mr. Stephen Treseder, Cardiff, first, with Caroline Testout, Marchioness of Londonderry, Duke of Albany, Eugene Verdier, Her Majesty, Ac. ; King's Acre Nursery Company, Hereford, who were second, had good blooms of Mrs. J. Laing, Alfred Columb, Robert Duncan, Ac. For twelve Tea Roses, Mr. S. Treseder was placed first, his leading blooms being Hon. Edith Gift'ord. Medea, Marjorie, nnd Souvenir dun Ami ; King's Acre Nursery Company being second. For stove and greenliouse plants, twelve bunches, Colonel Wallace was first; Mr. W. .1. Stokes. Trowbridge, second. For Cactus Dahlias, Mi'. W. Treseder was first with a fine stand containing Artus, Vestii, Lord Roberts, Lyric, W. .1. Thomas, and Floradora. Herbaceous plants, twelve bunches, Mr. W. Treseder, who was first, had a grand stand, well arranged. Sweet Peas Wi're splendidly shown, Mr. Stokes being first for twelve bunches. Mr, W. Treseder was awarded first prize for a shower bouquet, and also for a lady's spray and gentleman's button- hole bouquet. Trade Exhihit.'^. These made a splendid display. Mr. Basham, Fair Oak Nursery, Bassalcg, had thirty glasses of Sweet Peas in tine distinct kinds, and fifty dishes of hardy fruits in variety ; Messrs. Garraway of Bristol staged a fine group of stove and greenhouse plants ; the King's Acre Rose Company, Here- ford, staged several stands of Roses ; Mr. Stephen Treseder had a table of Roses nrranpcd in bunches; Mr. Blackmoor, Tiverton-on-Avon, a large stand of fine Begonia blooms; Messrs. Heath and Son Hugonias in pots ; and Messrs. Wheeler of Gloucester four dozen varieties of Sweet I'eas. (%w^^- GARDEN —^^- tX^^^ ^& "^Si No. 1551.— Vol. LX.] [August 10, 1901. BLUE HYDRANGEAS. IN response to our invitation to discuss the question of the causes of blue colouring in these tine plants, several letters have been received ; among them, those cjuoted below appear to be the most instructive. " Your note on colouring of Hydrangea hortensis 1 have read with pleasure. May I suggest that your failure to produce the desired blue colour in the pot plants, although the plants and soil were identical with those you so much admired, results from the fact that the plants in their native place derive most of their sustenance from the water, which having, in percolating through the soil and rock strata underneath, taken up the mineral constituents contained in it, in turn give these constituents to the plant. When placed in pots, though the soil may be the same, the water they are supplied with would probably be of quite a different analysis, and has not time to absorb the chemical constituents of the soil before being taken up by the plant. Even if the water they were supplied with was made up to the same chemical combination, .the result in the plant might be different, in the same way that a mineral water made up artificially to chemically correspond with that from a natural source fails altogether to have the same niedi- cinal effect on human beings. "In the same way, peat would be useless, unless the peat happened to contain the o.xide of iron (in sufficient quantity) which only at certain stages of growth, or rather decomposi- tion, exudes from it. You might get twenty examples of peat entirely free from it ; in fact, that generally sold has none at all. " I could .send you from Dartmoor water whichy derived from a deep peat-bed in my garden there, is deeply impregnated with iron, which would, I think, give you the blue colour in your Hydrangea. You would have to be careful in the use of it, as it is more or less poisonous to plant life, hardly any plants being able to thrive in it if unmixed with springs from a purer source. " A granite soil I could al.so send you which would give you, perhaps, the blue colour, this being a layer of soil, which, lying at a lower level than the peat-bed, has become impregnated with the exudations constantly flowing in small quantities from the peat. " In my garden here I am fortunate in having a bush of H. hortensis with the blue tint in the flowers. I should imagine it must be the largest plant so far from the West of England. It would be interesting to know the actual range of country in England in which it can be grown out of doors. My plant here measures about 6 feet high, has a circumference of .3.5 feet, and averages some 800 blooms. " My garden is on the slope of a hill, having London clay in the lower portion, the higher part being Bagshot sand formation overlying the clay. A layer of water unable to penetrate the clay after penetrating through the Bagshot sand oozes out at this point of juncture. It is just at this place that the Hydrangea grows, and the water being impregnated with iron, as shown by the deep blue-green of the sand at that spot, effects the colour in the Hydrangea. A layer from the plant put in .June two years since a little higher up the hill out of reach of the water, bears only the ordinary pink blooms. " Robert >Staek. " Upper Hale, Fariiham, Surrey." " On the subject of blue Hydrangeas in pots, 1 am sending you two flower-heads, one full grown, one just opened. They are not as blue as the outside one, still they y some nuicli liked for its acid Ijrisk flavour. It is a liright red colour all through, and is \-ery fine for preserving. Waterloo, the well knoM 11 very dark oi- nearly black Straw- berry, is very late, but it does not succeed in all soils. After a thorough trial we have discarded it for Oxonian, an equally late fruit, and a very free cropper. It does well in poor soils. Needing late fruits in quantity, we find Oxonian our Ijest cropper. Tliis variety is also known under tlie name of Eleanor, and the fruits are large but somewhat acid, a very hardy variety, and, though old, very trustworthy. There are others well worth including on account of their good quality, bvit some lack size. yuEEu OF Denmark is good, and a new fruit staged at the Chiswick conference on the 16th ult.. called Queen Alex- andra, was very promising. This obtained an award of merit. 1 have alluded to the New Perpetual Varieties, and doubtless this new race of Strawberries will in the future be much improxed upon ; they will give fruits well into the autumn. St. Antoine de Padoue is a valuable introduction, St. Josejjh being one of the parents, the other being Royal Sovereign, a valuable crcjss, which should prove interesting, giving larger fruits than the first- named parent ; it is a \evy free grower. This variety continues flowering late, and if the plants are well attended to in the summer give a good crop ill autumn. Louis (iauthier is also specially good for autumn supplies ; this is a pale fruit and crops a second time, and small runners planted late in the spring will give late fruits. Other late kinds are Oregon, a freer grower than St. .Joseph. Ija Constante d'Aiitoine is a larger fruit than St. .Joseph, and of great promise. The perpetual kinds need good culture, and they pro- duce large crops. Frdit Grower. SOME AVILD VIOLETS OF VIRGINIA. Wild Violets are alwa3's interesting, and some of them are beautiful subjects for the shady rockery and for naturalising in M'oods and copses. The flora of Virginia is rich in species of Viola, and it is about some of these that I wish to write. It is no difficult matter to gather six or seven kinds of these prettj' flowers in the course of a morning's walk in the immediate neighbourhood of Rose Brake, and, with one exception, all our native species are easy to transplant to the home grounds, where thej' do well without any special care. Unfortunately, that exception is the most beautiful of all our native Violets, the bi-coloured variety of Viola pedata, which has, so far, resisted all attempts to naturalise it here, though it covers a hillside within a mile of our little village. This hillside is mainly stift' clay on limestone foundation, and here Viola pedata does fairly well. But it is much finer on shadj' banks along tlie roadside, where I have often found it in a very hot, dry, and sunny situation. I have taken it up with all possible care, and, for its comfort, brought home with it a basketful of its favourite shaly, sandy soil. Planting it in this, on a sunnj- clay bank, I have had it to live a season or two, but that is all. At other times I have tried to naturalise it in the shade, but with equallj' disappointing results. 'I his is one of the few species of Viola that produces no cleistoganious flowers. IVlany of the flowers are seedless, and it seems to increase mainly from its rootstock. " Its preniorse root," says Professor Meehan, " is nothing but an under- ground stem, a little trunk, and the real roots, thread-like, proceed from it. This stem makes a new addition to its crown every year, and some of the lower portion dies away, just as in a Gladiolus corni, and this leaves the bottom of the little stem flat, or as if bitten off." Besides our beautiful wild variety of Viola pedata, of Pansy-like appearance, which has the two upper petals of rich purple velvet, and the others pale lavender, there is a pure ivhite variety which I have sometimes teen, and ^tl'ei's of dif- ferent shades of lightand dark lavender and mauve. If any Violet really deserves the name of blue, perliaps it is Viola cuouUata in some of its many forms. This Violet is very abundant in the Eastern States of America, so much so that it is known as tlie Common Blue Violet. It will flourish in sun or shade, but prefers the latter, its flowers are finer and their colouring richer in deep and son.ewhat moist soil than in dry situations, but it is found in wood, marsh, pasture field, and dry uplands, and also near the sunniest of our mountains, 5,000 feet above the level of the sea. It may be known by its large bright green, ovate or sometimes reniform leaves, which push up early in spring, the sides rolled inward when j'oung. This is one of our largest and most beautiful Violets, as well as one of the most variable, both in shape of leaf and in colour of blossom. One of the earliest to flower, it is often found in bloom late in the autumn as well as in April or May. It runs the gamut of most of the shades of colour that Violets assume, and some white and striped ones have been produced through cultivation. Viola sagittata is an early-flowering purple Violet with leaves of a deep green, which are sometimes sagittate, but which vary very much. Sometimes they are ovate, sometimes oblong, some- times lanceolate, cordate or truncate at the base, and crenate-dentate, or sometimes nearly entire as to the margins. The flowers resemble those of Viola eucuUata and are usuallj'dark bluish purple. They ma}' be distinguished from those of Viola cucullata by the fact that the flower stalks are longer than the leaf stems, so that ^'iola sagittata carries its blossoms well above the leafage, while the opposite is usually the case in V. cucullata, whose leaf stems are longer than its flower stalks. The darker colour of the leaves is another guide in discriminating between this species and the Common Blue ^'iolet. Most of our American Violets lack the great charm of fragrance, but the prett3' little Viola blanda, with its small flowers, which have blue veined lower and lateral petals, and rounded or reniform, crenate leaves, possesses the distinction of a faint, sweet perfume, and is prized on that account b3' all lovers of wild flowers. It is not uncommon in this neighbourhood, and is eas3' to naturalise in half shady moist places. One of the earliest to bloom, it likes swamp3' ground, and does not do very well in a dr3' situation. Already in bloom in my wild garden is a tiny little wild Pansj-, which seems to be a variet3' of Viola tenella, our Field Pansy, to judge from its foliage, which is ver3' Pansy like, with rounded upper leaves, the lower oval and all crenate dentate, the stipules foliaceous, laciniate or l3rate pininatifid. The little blossoms are about one-third of an inch broad, the two upper petals faintl3' stained with lilac, the others white, veined with dark purple. This is abundant on dry cla3' banks, where it spreads about happil3' in the hot sunshine. I have always found it in the same faint colouring, though our Field Pansy, as described in the botanies, is said to have 3'ellowish petals spotted with purple, a form with which I am not familiar. One of our Mountain Violets is Viola canadenis, which I sometimes find on clitt's and rock3' heights along the river bank. Some people have claimed fragrance for this species, as well as for Viola blanda, but I have not been able to detect it as it grows here. It is a tall Violet, often a foot in height, with leaf3' stems, the leaves often ovate cordate, but sometimes orbicular, and with finely serrated margins. The flowers are small, oiih' about half an inch broid, and while or nearly so, purplish sometimes on the outside, and veined with purple. The grove at Rose Brake is, in some places, colonised by stretches of a pretty lilac-blue Violet, which is now (April '29) just beginning to bloom. This is Viola villosa, the Southern Wood Violet of the botanies. It spreads abundantly under the trees where grass is sparse, and flowers so profusely that it is dirticult to avoid crushing the pretty blossoms beneath the feet in many parts of the grove when we are taking our morning surve3' of our little kingdom of flowers. When the leaves of this Violet are first dis- cernible early in spring the3' are a dull plum colour, and hug the ground as if the3' were afraid to trust themselves an inch above the surface. As the season advances tliev liec^ome bolder, the leaf stems lengthen a little, and tlie colour clianges to dark green. The flowers assume various tints and shadings of almost pure blue, true violet, and mauve. The3' are about two-thirds the size of those of Viola cucullata. Two species of yellow Violets, several others that have violet-coloured flowers, and one with cream-coloured blos.soms, are al.so found in this neighbourhood, but I fear 1113' article is already too long, and I must reserve the description of these until some future da3'. We'll Virginia, U.S.A. D. Dandridge. I August 10, 1901.] THE GARDEN. 95 V^rORKERS AMONG THE FLOW^ERS. MR. GEORGE BUNYARU. IN 1855, at the age of fourteen, I entered my father's office as clerk, and also passed through the routine of the seed business, which was then not so easily carried on as now, when packets have instructions printed on them. We made our own paper bags, and all seeds were folded up in brown paper, and it was considered an art gained when one could hold the packet in the left hand and write on it legibly at the same time. I was, however, Isefore the age when 1 introduced white demy paper for flower seeds, and prepared a stock of sorts in demand ready for customers who called. Seed orders were then rarely written out, and gardeners used to call, see the samples, and give their orders personally. In the summer and autumn there was mucli spare time, and 1 used to help pick the fruit and store it for family use, and market the surplus. In so doing I became fairly well acquainted with the chief sorts in commerce. Besides fruit trees we grew Roses and general nursery stock, and at that period employed fifteen men on 18 acres of land. The old foremen soon became very jealous of the interference of the young master ; but the exercise of a little tact secured them to me as faithful workers until their deaths, one having been forty-five and the other forty years in my service. Catalogues and adver- tising were then uncommon, and it was not unusual for two or three friendly nurserymen to combine to print a list ; the earliest I have is about 1841. My interest in fruits grew quickly, and when I began to get about the country I picked up mucli useful knowledge in that line. I was my father's third son, and when young not as strong as other lads, so it came about that I was kept at home until I became too useful to be sent away when my father's health began to fail. I was taken into partnership in 1863. We had then secured more land, and in 1869 the sale of a plot which we had rented in Maidstone .since 1796 com- pelled us to get into the country. After much enquiry we entered on our Allinaton Nursery of 20 acres as a great favour. Farming was then at its zenith, and land could not be had. This acreage was all grubbed woodland, and so poor that at fifteen years' growth it barely paid its rates at the wood sales ; but it proved admirably suited for fruit tree growing ; in fact, for all nursery stock, even Rhododendrons. About the same time a small holding of 18 acres was secured at the opposite end of the town, four miles lying between them. From 1869 the business developed rapidly. No chance was missed to secure more land. In the florist's department house after house was erected, and odd plots of land vrith glass houses were secured when possible. Catalogues were regularly published, and in 1880 the Maid- stone business liecame my sole property, which I have carried on alone since that time. In 1883 I may be said to have entered public life as an expert at the Apple conference at Chiswick ; since then I have been, so to speak, in the thick of fruit conferences and exhibi- tions—at the Chiswick Pear conference, at Edinburgh, Hereford, Worcester, Crystal Palace, &c. I think it was in 1880 I had the honour of first serving on the fruit committee of the Royal Horticultural Society. I was put off one year to make room for new blood, but with that exception I have served every year, and for three years I was elected on the council. which again I joined in 1900. It was through my etlbrts that the old Crystal Palace fruit shows were revived, and from my initiative that the rules for .judging were carried out by the Royal Hor- ticultiiral Society. I owe any success that has attended my eflbrts to the blessing of general good health, a retentive memory, and a plod- ding habit of mind that has enaljled me to organise and grasp all the manifold details of the branches of my pro- fession, whether they concerned fruit trees, shrubs, conifers, flowers, or vegetables ; and, further, to the backing up of my wishes and develop- ments by an energetic staff, with whom I have always had pleasant relations. The centenary of the business was cele- brated in Maidstone by a large show, where we offered prizes, and gave our townsmen a two days' floral treat. As is well known my firm has done much to encourage the fruit growing in- dustry in Britain, and for seventeen years has held the championship Extensive trials of have been held, and nearly two hundred and noted, and some I value very much Horticulture and the all hardy fruits. kinds of fruits in Strawberries alone sorts liave been tried four hundred Apples. the Victoria Medal of Royal Warrants con- ferred on me by the late Queen Victoria and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales ; also the freedom of the City of London bestowed for services in the great Guildhall show. I also look back with great pleasure to the many friends, both amateur and trade, whose acquaintance I have made through that magic Freemasonry which obtains among those who love horticulture ; to many of them I owe a debt of gratitude for information freely given. I have been connected with the National Rose Society and the Horticultural Club for twenty- two years, and hope to be spared yet for many years to help on the cause of horticulture, both by my pen and by the experience gained in forty- five years of active life. Many of my papers have already appeared in the Royal Horti- cultural Society's .Journals. Seeing that the success in a business depends mainly on general knowledge and equal oversight in every department, I never allowed myself a "hobby" therein, but my first love were Pansies. I was when young an ardent Lepidopterist, and attribute my quickness in discerning minute diflerences in fruits or flowers to this delightful study, which I could carry on without infringing business hours. But fruits have always been my chief interest. ME. GEOKOE BUNYARD. Though we have over sixty glass houses and a fine collection of herbaceous plants, ornamental shrubs and trees, my aim has always been to stock the best only, and to grow each subject as well as possible. As imitation is considered the sincerest form of flattery, I should feel honoured by having my methods adopted by most of the leading firms. The conduct of a large and exacting business forbad my hybridising and raising new kinds of fruits ; but most of the novelties introduced by my firm have attained great popularity, such as Allington Pippin, Royal Jubilee, Gascoigne's, and Lady Sudeley x\pples,and from our trials we have rescued the fine Pears Margaret Marrillat, Triomphe de Vienne, and Emile d'Heyst from obscurity. My gfand- father raised the first large Fuchsia with white sepals. Duchess of Kent, and I believe the first Coleuses with crimson centres to the leaves were put in commerce by us. Geoege Bunyaed. [Those who have the pleasure of Mr. Bun- yard's acquaintance, or, still better, friendship, perceive at once that here is the man of sound sense, of good heart, and of strong business capacity, qualities that seem to radiate from his commanding stature and fine countenance. His own words do not do justice to his work ; much is omitted. His writings on fruit growing, of which he says nothing, are of the utmost value. A practical gardener's shelf of useful books is hardly complete without Mr. Bunyard's "A Year's Work on a Kentish Fruit Farm" and "Fruit Farming for Profit."— Ed.s.] 96 THE GARDEN. [August 10, 1901. TREES AND SHRUBS. THE LILACS. THE comnioii Lilac — the most Ijeautiful, tlie most ])opular, and therefore the best kiinnii of our liardy fioA\eriiig shrubs — is truly an old-fashioned flower, for it has been the glorj' of English gardens since the days of those old- time gardeners Gerard and Parkinson, of the sixteenth centiir\% and still each recurring May- time brings to us its beaut}- and fragrance, which fascinate us in a way that few other flowering shrubs do. From tlie time that Parkinson grew it in a pot, with no doubt as much care and anxiety that is bestowed nowadays on a hundred guinea Orchid, the Lilac has, on account of its extreme hardiness and easy culture, become almost natu- ralised in these islands, as no^v we see it in copse niid )).M^_f.•r"^\■. l..-^ides ^jnr.I'-n^ hlTL"' nnd ^midl. DOUELK WHITE LILAC MME. LEMOINK IN THE GARDEN OF THE REV. W. SHIRLEY, SOUTH- WICK VICARAGE, FAREHAM. and even in the town forecourt. To everj' place where the Englishman goes to make a home he likes to have about him his Lilacs and Roses if the climate is at all suitable, or, even if unsuitable, he attempts its culture, as one may see in the hopeless attempts he makes to grow it on the jjlains of India, on account of its home associations. As in the ease of several other beautiful shrubs, the impro\'ement of the Lilac by the raising of new varieties is of comparativelj' recent date, for until about the last century, within the memory of some of the oldest among us, there were but few sorts differing from the original type varieties. Gerard and Parkinson write of the blue Pipe and the white Pipe (the Lilac being then called tlie Pipe tree, on account of pipes being made from its wood), besides the ordinary lilac-coloured sort, and Loudon writing fifty years ago only enume- rates the blue (cierulea), violet (violacea), the white (alba), and alba major, and one double called alba plena, seven in all. He just mentions, however, a jjne variety C'arob (or Charles X., as we know it), wliich about that time had been raised in France, and wliicli still is one of the choicest sorts, and partictilarly valuable for forcing into early bloom in winter. Since that time there has lieen great activity in raising new kinds in Franae, till now the list of named single sorts numbers upwards of fifty, while the doubles are almost as numerous. There are far too many named sorts in fact, as the differences betneen many of them are of the slightest, so that tlie selection of the best from catalogues, from the mere names and Ijrief descriptions (not always accurate) is perplexing to an amateur. To no raiser do we owe more to the inipro\ement of tlie Lilac of late years than to that famous veteran French hybridist, Victor Lemoine of Naric_\-, who lias made the genus Syringa one of his special studies, and favoured as he is by a climate suitable for the free seeding of the Lilac, he has been highly successful. Some of his new sorts are very beautiful, and for these and all the other delightful hybrid and seedling flowering shrulis Lemoine has given us for our gardens we ought to be grateful. No doubt he is still quietl.v Avorking at hybridising Lilacs, and we may hear at any time that he has succeeded in intercrossing the European Lilacs with the Far Eastern species of the genus, the Ligustrina section, which are so different from the Eastern species, differing in growth, as well as being, as a rule, much later in flowering. Therefore possibly we may soon enjo.v a liyliriouen Lilac, Siberian Lilac, and now Chinese Lilac. It is a vigorous grower and aliundant flowerer, and in some soils and climates reacher' 10 feet or 12 feet high, but never so tall as the common Lilac grows under the same conditions ; the panicles are larger and broader than those of the common kind, and the flowers are larger and of a rich rosy purple, deepening in the variet.^- rubra, Saugeana, and metensis, and in the varietj' Lilas Royal or Belgic Lilas de ilarly the flower clusters are more compact. There is no white varictj' of it, but this is much to be desired, and we hope that Lemoine or some other French raiser will succeed in obtaining it. Being a hybrid it does not seed, therefore the onl.\' \'ariation can lie obtained from sports or hybridising theS. vulgaris with S. persiea. A few years ago M. Lemoine, writing to The (iAUDEN, stated that he hoped to pro\e by hybridising S. vulgaris and S. persiea whether S. ehinensis would lie tlie result. He may have done so, but I can find no record of it. It flowers about the same time in May as the common kind, but lasts longer in bloom. The Persi-an Lilac ( S. penira), also a very old favourite, having been known so long ago in gardens as 1640, is often confused with the Rouen Lilac, but it is quite different, being smaller in stature, with much smaller lea\'es, and with an elegant spreading habit of growth. In the type the flower clusters are nearly as large as those of S. ehinensis, deep purple in colour, varying to almost a pure white in the variety alba. In the variety laciniata, known also as S. ficifolia, piniiata, and other names, the lea\es are cut or coarsely toothed. It is a beautiful little shrub, and suits a place where the tall growing kinds would be too large. Like the common and the Rouen Lilacs, it may be forced into flower at Christmas time, and, unlike the others, its small size enables it to be grown in pots for room decoration. Rarer Lilacs. The Lilacs described are the common kinds in gardens, but in the genus there are seven other species in cultivation, some of w'liieh are undoubt- edly worthy of attention in ornamental gardening outside botanical collections. These are S. AMURENSIS, EmODI, .JosIK.EA, .lAfONICA, OHLATA.PEKINENSIS, ANDVILLOSA. — These, however, have all been fully described in The (Jarden in 1S98 by Mr. Bean, in his re\-iew of the genus, so it is not Mortli w'hile to travel oNer the same ground, but only to name such as in the opinion of tiie writer are or will lie valuable for ornamental eflfect in gaidens. The most important of tliese species is undoubtedly S. .lAi'ONiCA, introduced some years ago, and still rare in nursery gardens. It is a large growing shrub, of bushy growth, and larger in foliage tlian .S. vulgaris. It bears large branching panicles of small white flowers, reminding one of those of the Privet, hence the name of the group to which it belongs (Ligustrina). These panicles in .Ta])aM and the United States attain as much as IS indies and even '2 feet in lengtli, liut whether it will grow in this country in such a wa_\- remains to lie seen. If it can be hybridised witli the blue Lilacs (Eu- Syringa section) tliere is no knowing what we may expect in the wa.y of fine Lilacs. The Himalayan Lilac fS. Emodi), thmigh it cannot compare w itli tlie common kinds for flower beauty, has a value in tliat it blossoms late and keeps compan,y with tlie Scotch Laburnum gene- rally, and a group of these together make an August 10, 1901. THE GAKDEN. 97 .attractive mass in late .June. It i.s altogetlier of sturdier growth than the ordinary Lilac, with large leaves and terminal panicles of pale purple flowers. Of greater ornamental Aahie is the varietj' rosea which was introduced a few years ago from the mountains about Pekin by Dr. Bretschneider, and in gardens (French chieliy) it i.s known as Syringa Bretsohneideri. It is more robust than the type, and bears large panicles of rosy-tinted flowers in June or later. As this Lilac is grown liy M. Lemoine, and who esteems it highly, we may reasonably look for some hybrid from it, and perhaps a late flowering race of Lilacs may accrue from it. There is a variegated-leaved variety of S. Eniodi, which is handsome when vigorously grown. The HrxGAKiAN Lii.ac (S. Jod- h^aj is an old shrub of moderate growth, but is not of great value, as it happens to (lower about the same time as we have a wealth of bloom from the commoner kinds. It is, however, interesting and worth growing if only for the sake of the pretty sentiment that attaches to its origin, having been found by Baroness Von Josika in her wander- ings about the Hungarian mountains in 1835. It may be best described as a small form of S. Emodi. In the Lilacs there is valuable material for the tasteful planter of gardens, yet how' seldom does one see in ordinary gardens full advan- tage taken of them for producing beautiful effects ? In the common way of planting they are dotted about shrubberies indiscriminately, and jumbled with trees and shrubs of a totally different character, so that the Lilacs cannot be seen to the fullest advantage. An isolated group of the choicest kinds, or even a simple hedge of the white or rich purple kinds is seldom seen, except in some old gardens, and still less seldom does one see any attempt at culture in the way of pruning and the cutting awa}' of suckers. At Kew one may see bold examples of grouping Lilacs, as well as well- developed specimens standing alone on grass, while about London one sees in the market gardens fine hedges of Lilac planted for the two- fold purpose of cutting from and providing shelter. The most beau- tiful Lilac hedge I have seen was that I enjoyed recently at the White Farm, Crichel (an enclosure devoted to white animals), where there are glorious hedges of the pure white Lilac Marie Le Gra3' in abundant flow'er — quite appropriate to the white surroundings. The onlj' cul- ture the Lilacs require is occasional manuring in light poor soils, occa- sional pruning so as to induce a bushy growth, as the growth is apt to become "leggy," and continuous attention in cutting away suckers, which are so plentiful as to rob the tops. Two or three suckers should be allowed to grow so as to keep up the .supply of strong vigorous stems. Lilacs can be made to form standards by keeping the bush from the outset to one stem, and when seen rising out of a low hedge of Lilac or a mass of the dwarf kinds they have a pleasing effect, and is one of the various ways they can be arranged in planting. Kew. W. GoLDRIJfG. know of a .single Oncocyclus Iris which resents the introduction of lime into the .soil, and I do know of many which seem to be all the bettei for it. But this does not quite justify a general statement to the efleet that a/l Onco- cyclus Irises are lovers of lime. I dare say they are, though it has yet to be jiroved aljout sonic of them. I am told that the Oncocyclus Irises which come from Palestine grow under different conditions from those which hail from Armenia, Persia, the Caucasus, and other parts of the world, and it is quite possible that they may call for a different regime in our hands, but 1 do not expect it, for I have already .some Howernig THE JLIME TREATMENT FOR ONCOCYCLUS IRISES. Just a word may be added to Mr. .Jenkins's kind and, as it seems to me, very correct letter. As a matter of experience I do not STANDARD LILAC MME. LEMOINE AT KEW few Palestine Irises which behave much as the others do, and the difference of locality from which they come does not seem to affect them in this country. Still, it would be interesting if those who are about to grow these beautiful Irises would keep account of the way in which they are severally treated, and record their success or ill-success next spring. I believe I can now speak with the utmost positiveness about a good many Irises, and I have no hesitation in saying that Iris Gatesii, I. lupina, I. iberica, and others are all the better for the incorporation of lime with the soil, and so many have been tried in this way it leads to a very probable if not quite certain conclusion about the rest. There are various points wliicli have yet to be made (piite clear, e :/., the proportion of lime that sliould be used in each case as comjiared with other things, also about the way in which it had best be introduced ; whether, as Mr. .Jenkins writes, " In superphosphate, or in old mortar rubbish, or oyster shells, or the like." I do not pretend to give any full answer to all this. I can only say I have used bone-meal, which I procured from Me.ssrs. Clay, of Stratford, near London, with such very good results that I can believe anything of it. That it may not be thought that I am only romancing about my most favourite flower, let me just be allowed to .say that I had a visit last spring from my old friend Sir Michael Foster, and he at once said about my Oncocylus Irises, " They are very good " ; about a fortnight afterwards, M. Hoog, of the firm of il. Van Tubergen, of which, I believe, he is the representative, usecl precisely the same words. Mr. .Jenkins has endorsed them in your columns, and M. Correvon, of Geneva, who was here a short time ago, would, I think, have acquiesced if his attention had not been so entirely taken up with a large breadth of Rosa berberifolia, which was growing hard by the Irises, that he could not get away from it or turn to anything else. At any rate there is very .--trong evidence that a good move has been made, and one only wants to make the best of it and to utilise it to, the uttermost. I may here mention one very interesting and curious fact, from which, however, I am warned that no certain conclu- sions can be derived. My fact is this : The.se Oncocyclus Irises when trcatt d as they have been by me during the last year, hold on a very much longer time than they have done before. I think I must have had them in blossom, more or less— and the less has sometimes preponderated over the more— for a period of at least three months, and they are not over yet : that is a long space of time, and only recently I plucked ;t very fine blossom from a hybrid between I. lupina and I. Ciengialti, which was raised and given to me by Sir Michael Foster. More blossoms, I think, are to come, but this holding on, and, indeed, the freshness of the foliage as well, for at least a month beyond any former period, can only be accounted for, so far as 1 can see, by the improved condition of the plants and by the strength which they enjoy now, but which they have never enjoyed before. My sagacious fellow-worker in this matter, M. Hoog, of the Zwanenburg Nursery, Haar- lem, is quite ready to admit that it may very likely be so. He only says he has known before now a persistency of blossom and foliage in much the same way in other things, which was not due to any acquired and lasting strength, and he hopes it is not like this in the present case. 1 do not think that much harm ever comes 98 THE GAEDEN. [August 10, 1901. from being an optimist, and I confess myself to be very decidedly an optimist in the case under consideration. It is only right that I should say that il. ^'an Tubergen, Juu., has taken the very greatest interest in this matter. He has allowed no e.xpense and no troulile to stand in his way, and he has been willing to go all lengths in solving this interesting but rather difficult problem. He has worked about it con- currently, but quite independently, with me, and we have often compared notes about the progress that has been made. He is cjuite a convert to the idea of using lime in the soil, and these are his words in a letter to me, dated May 2.5, 1901 : " I really begin to think that at last the difficulties have all been surmounted." And in another letter he says he has had a very convincing proof that the whole thing turns on the presence or absence of lime in the soil, and in a third, on which I cannot lay my hands just now, he describes how analysis has shown that the difference between the propor- tion of lime in the soil where Iris Gatesii Now let us hope that the glowing prophesy of Mr. .lenkins may be realised, and that the day is not far distant when these strangely varied and beautiful flowers will be grown with success by a large number who as yet only admire them with longing eyes. I think I cannot conclude this long letter better than by a (juotation from a capital treatise by Mr. Herbert H. Cousins, a professor of the Agricultural College at Wye, near Ashford, in Kent. He writes about " the chemistry of the garden,'" and says of his work ; " If this little book has a special gospel to preach it is of lime," and in this garden, in my small way, I have often found out what the gospel of lime means, <.;/., Myosotidiuni nobile very often failed with me till Captain Daubuz, of Buckingham Villa, one day said, " Why do you not try sea sand and smashed up oyster shells as it is so grown in Cornwall ? " It now fails me no longer. Primula AUionii appeared to be sick unto death till I treated it to bone- meal, and it has now astonishingly revived. Omphalodes luciliie responded to it at once, and so with several other things. I am a strong believer in the " gospel of lime," and I hope and think that Oncocyclus Irises will be added to the long list of those plants which get great good from it. Henry Ewbank. 67. John's, Ryde. MELON WYTHES' VICTORIA. (Recently given an award of merit hij the Royal Uorticultural hociety.) naturally grows and that in the ordinary soil which he has to do with in Holland is very great indeed. It is very odd, as Mr. .lenkins observes, that the advantageousness of lime in this matter was not hit upon before, though it is only truth to say that lime in some form or another has been used for this purpose by more than one person. Mr. Moore, the director of the Royal Gardens at Glasnevin, has told me that he used old mortar very freipiently in the cultivation of these Irises. What is new is that its value has now been brought ijrominently forward and emphasised and made much of. It haij been hitherto rather treated as an open question when it should have been set forward as a sine qua non. I almost wonder, as Mr. Jenkins does, that "some one having a garden more or less charged with lime should not long ago have discovered that this is what these plants want." Speaking for myself, I was quite put oif the right scent a long time ago by a curious cir- cum.stance, and put on the wrong one for many years in the self same way. A NEW MELON. In these daj'S, \\heii many Melons are shown, the advent of a new one is not so much noticed as fornierl}', but there is still room for a fruit of sterling merit. T li e new variety illustrated — Wylhes' Victoria — is certainly a handsome fruit and of e.xcellent flavour. This new fruit was raised at Syon House Gardens, the Duke of Northumber- land's Middlesex estate, bj' Mr. Wythes, whohas for many years takenagreat interestin these fruits, and has always studied their habit of growth. Free fruiting, dwarf growth, and free setting are desired. Melons get mixed so e seen at its best it ought to be grown a? an isolated specimen or in a group where there is sufticient light and air for its outer branches to sweep the ground. It then makes a rounded Inish, well furnished to the base, and grows ultimately 8 feet to 10 feet high. The pure white trusses are i inches to 3 inches across, and appear in early .lune at the ends of the branches. They are, conse